is 
ial 


ees ay 


racial te ie Be oe tnt Dai bnnl et amin nied 




















Pitre tases r est tees 
eatetiteteiaaSr asia sleeaceleacation 
PS a aierereetstreririesriepeeee 


eres letstrestisats 
















Pg FL ihaw 


Da deisnage! 


A 
NEW EDITION - 
OF 


BISHOP WHITTENAL’S ” 









LATIN GRAMMAR. 


€ONTAINING A MORE 
COMPREHENSIVE PROSODY 
THAN HAS APPEARED IN FORMER EDITIONS: 


WITH AN ADDITIONAL 


COMPEND OF RHETORICK. 


oe SS Tt 
BY ARCHIBALD WALKER,.A M. 


EASTON: 
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 
® 


1811. 
















FeUSesTaba Teeth aape tee eeregtecegeeeepeeereeeereceene Pe Ten teeeret epee ry , a if 
(Oe) UE GREASE Gee 























pietsSstatesess 


—— 


Senteceir? 


Te Shwe 


TO. THE STUDENTS 


yey 


rs! 3 
areas pertatie sare 


Sibey 


AT THE 


EASTON ACADEMY. 


na ~. 
Sess 
‘= 
> 


Younc GENTLEMEN, 


"Tuts Treatise on Latin Grammar, which | 
wish to put into your hands, is, in a great part 
of it, the same with Bishop Whittenal’s Latin 
Crammar. I have chosen his method as pre- 
ferable to any I have seen; especially in the 
rules for the gender of nouns, and the variation 
of verbs. In this part the arrangement is so jus 
dicious, and every thing so concise and correct, 
as to admit of verv little improvement. But 
whatever alteration I have made, I hope, will 
not appear very incorrect. 


The Prosody here given may, perhaps, he 
found not inferior to that in any other grammar 
in use: though it has not been my aim to take 
in every word; but rather make it sufficient to 
point out the quantity of syllables, and the ver- 
sification which occurs in our usual short course 
of classical education. 


The Compend of Rhetorick, which I have, in 
a great measure, taken from that of Holmes, 
contains the names of the tropes and figures 


HARI en eR AAD R tam Rn AT See oT aa 
EHititan de ata ei erento ea ieee Re MTS SEH BD FLT OE 


it ey eae Sue ict 
SFudeberea teenie utes RE 





Pasnorsse arececterel 


s seesstyet ses: 
Ses ai = 
SPeecrerse ty tethitnrs jereseee a eee ears ass 
SIetretrsess eq sepere ees rie meaeees = 
34 Gissseseeeses 


eeeprepbrsepes 


Ses eereee ory 


DesebstytSgeerssis 
BTreteccentetatToe 
Maes perisgereesss 


Treg 
erereceasiacessth, 
oy ese ete eee ret) 


ain 
thi 
if 
a 
ae 
te 
1! 
oer 
it 
; 
i; 
334 


: 
ies 
th 
i i 
ie 
i 
Hit 
} 


a 


etesstacressseees 
Sie 


4, 



















with which the most celebrated orators and 
writers have embellished their works, with ex- 
amples taken from the same. 


I have not translated the verbs and nouns 
into English ; not because I wished to avoid la- 
bour, but that the learner might be made more 
industrious. by an early and more frequent ap- 
plication to his Dictionary. 


This compilation I have made in hopes you 
may proht by it in acquiring a critical know- 
ledge of the celebrated writers of antiquity, to 
the improvement of your judgment and taste; 
which, to any considerable degree, no one can 
attain, who is not well grounded in the primary 
rules vf literature. 


A. W. 



























(. Diep, on the 7th inst. in Hanover-street, 
|| the Rev, ARCH. WALKER, a native of 
'} Ireland, anda Clergyman of the Episcopal, 
Church—During a ‘residence of more than 
$0 years in this couptry, he conducted him- 
self asa corrett Minister of the Gospet, 
as an able teacher of the Greek and Latin | 
Classics, and as a-godd member of society | 
lie was a kind ‘husband, an affectionate 
} father, a faithful friend, and an honest man 
| —tle has le& a widow and five children. — 








A 
SHORT INTRODUCTION 
OF 


GRAMMAR. 


——_—Es CD =~ 


rN f 

(FRAMMAR teaches the right way of speech«. The 
Latin Grammar therefore the right way of speaking Latin. 
There are four parts of Grammar. 


The first teaches the right way to spell; thatis, how to 
pronounce the letters, and of them to make or write syllas 
bles; commonly called ORTHOGRAPHY. 


The second teaches single words, with their differences 
and variations; commonly called ErymoLocy. 


The third teaches the right way of joining. words in 
sentences ;, commonly called SYNTAX. 


The last teaches with what time to pronounce the seve- 
ral syllables in every word or seatence; commonly called 
PRosopy. 


heh i 
; TT ty Hehe brags 


Bit SaaS Hite peissteni ch pateraditeten ieserey tttce eee rere ayers eee 
faa RP eee Ree eee EERE 






















ye 32 
aett 


6 
ORTHOGRAPHY. 


There are twenty Latin Letters, thus written: 
ABCDEFGHIerJLMNOPQRST VorUX. 


K and W are not Latin letters; Y and Z are Greek lete 
ters: H (though commonly reckoned among the letters) is 
only a note of aspiration, and no proper letter: U after Q 
has no sounds; after S and G sometimes the sound of a 
liquid W, as “ngua, suavia: C before e and 2 is pronounced 
like S; Chlike K. G before e and /like ghorj. Tz before 
a vowel like sz, as Ratio; except in Greek words, or where 
goes before, as Tiara, istius. 


Letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. 


A. vowel is a letter which makes a full and perfect sound 
of itself; and cf them there age five in number, namely, 
aezou, to which is added the Greek vowel y. 

A. consonant is a letter which must needs be sounded with 
a vowel, as B with E; and all the letters, except the vowels, 
are consonants. 

The consonants of themselves either make no sounds, and 
are called mutes, as B, D; or imperfect sounds, and aré 
called diquids, and such are chiefly.to be reckoned * L and 
R; orthe sounds of more consonants than one, and are 
called double consonants, + X, Z, and J, between two 
vowels. ‘ 

A syllable is the pronouncing of one letter er more with 
ene breath, as A-ve. The letters of a syllable must not be 
disjoined. 

Note therefore, a consonant between two vowels begins 
the syllable ; as a-mo, le-go. Consonants which may begin 
a word, begin a syllable in the middle of a word; but those 
which cannot, belong to divers syllables, as doc-tus, tur-pis. 
Compound words are divided into their simple parts, as 
ad-es, dis-par. 

A. dipthong is the sound of two vowels in one syllable, 


* mand x only in Greek words. 
* mfor es, z for de or &s,7 for g7. 





a 


Great letters are only used in the beginning of proper 
names, of emphatical words, of sentences, and of verses. 

Great lettcrs standing single, or some few together, com- 
monly note numbers, or proper names. 


The Latins thus note Numbers. 


I 1 
If y. 
ili 3 
{lll or IV 4. 
V 5 
VI 6 
VII 7 
Vill 8 
IX 9 
x 10 
XX 20 
XXX 30 
XL 40 
L 50 
LX 60 
LXX 70 
LXXX sO 
XC 90 
C 100 
PTS orD 500 
Cly50r M 1000 
I99 5000 
CCI59 10,000 
1999 50,000 
CCCI999 100,000 


4 


One 
‘Two 
Three 
Four 
Five 
Six 
Seven 
Eight 
Nine 
Ten 
Twenty 
Thirty 
Forty 
Fifty 
Sixty 
Seventy 
Eighty 
Ninety 
A Hundred 
Five Hundred 
A Thousand 
Five Thousand 
Ten Thousand 
Fifty Thousand 
A Hundred Vhousand 


Latin for Names, &c. are thus abbreviated: 


A. Aulus, C. Caius, D. Decius, G. Gaius, L. Lucius, 
M. Marcus, P. Publius, Q. Quintius, Quirites or Questor, 
T. Titus, P. C. Patres Conscripti, Sp. Spurius, Sex. Sextus, 
Cos. Consul, Coss. Consules, R. P. Respublica, H. S. or 
L. L. S. Sestertius, S.C. Senatus-consultum, Bath. C. 
Anno Urbis Condite, S. P. D. Salutem Plurimam Dicit, 
D. M. P. Diis Manibus Posuit, S. P. Q. R. Senatus Popu- 


lusque Romanus. 


Hi 


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ebadetetstetetergaesasetetepenar serge renee eee er ey iain a 
Tb baneUcbas  E TEE HEE aE OEE ELE aE Gee 

































Pinter seth 
estes es) 

Dies d pr stiewsacatetisay: 
etatstcisssastoe > 


Ratatatetseees 
ots 3 


septoestiettittsas 


rte 


pSorsipsbtes peserrprscr ee sees 





ETYMOLOGY, 


OR 
AN INTRODUCTION 



















TQ THE 
EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH. 


A ED it 


i Speech are these Eight Parts following, viz. 





Novwn, ADVERB, 
Pronoun a ConJuNCTION 
: “e Declined. pak mek Undeclined. 
VERB, PREPOSITION, 
PARTICIPLE, INTERJECTION, 





OF A NOUN. 


A Noun is the name of any thing’; as the name of the 
hand in Latin is manus, the name of a house is domus, the 
name of goodness is bonitas. 


Of Nouns some are Substantives, and some are Adjec- 
tives. 


A Noun Substantive may stand by itself, and requires 
not another word to be joined with it to shew its significas 
tion; as Homoa Man: And it is declined either with one 
Article, as fic Magister a Master; or else with two at the 
most, as {Zic & hec Parens a Fathet or Mother. 


A. Noun Adjective cannot in speech stand by itself, but 
3s joined with another word called its Substantive, some 
property or quality of which it denotes; as Bonus Good, 

| Pulcher Fair: and it is declined either with three Termina- 
F tions, as Bonus, bona, bonum; or else with three Articles, as 
fic, hac, & hog Felix, Happy; Hic & hae Levis, & hac 
Leve, Light. 








































9 


Nouns are either proper to the thing they betokeh, a5 
Garolus Charles, Carolinus belonging properly to Charles ; 
or else common to more,as Homo a Man, Humanus belong 
ing to Men. 


NUMBERS OF NOUNS. 


Nouns are of two Numbers, the Singular and the Plural. 
The singular Number speaks but of one, as Lapis a Stone 3 
the plural Number speaks of more than one, as Lapides 
Stones. 


CASES OF NOUNS. 


Nouns are declined with six Cases, singularly and plural. 
ly; the Nominative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Accusative; 
the Vocative, aud the Adlative. 


The Nominative Case comes before the Verb, having 
commonly this token, a or the, before it, and answers to the 
Question who or what, as Magister dotet, phe Master 
teaches. before 

The Genitive Case is known by this token, gor s, at the 
end of the wand, ‘and answers to this Question, whose or 
whereof, as Doctrina Magistri, the Learning of the Master, 
er the Master’s Learning. 


The Dative Case is known by this token, to or for, and 
answers to this Question, to or for whom, or what, as Do 
Librum Magistro, 1 give a Book to the Master; 7702 habeo, 
J have it for thee. 


The Accusative Case has the same token with the Nomi- 
native, only it follows the Verb, and answers to the Ques- 
tion whom or what, as Amo Magistrum, Llove the Master. 


The Vocative Case is known by calling or speaking to, 
as O Magister, O Masters 


The Ablative Case is commonly joined with Prepositions 
governing an Ablative Case, as de Magistro, of the Master, 
coram Magistro, before the Master: Also zn, with, throughs 
for, from, by, and than, after the, comparative Degree, are 
signs of the Ablative Case. 


B 


Tibbetts ttt 


SET SSE saa tits nea as : i 
igs theasi satiacees cigdsatt sSbratheasdtage 0h ery PE ee aaa 
ei hi att TE ta cg Mm RE 









































recites 
setectise 7 
Sono Sees 


sta: S5s5s 
ripsnissstseessest 


peetstrtetsssestnioers 


cetsepe tie se sees 


10 


GENDERS OF NOUNS. 


Genders of Nouns are threes The A/asculine, of which 
are all words that signify a He: the Feminine, of which are 
. words that signify a She: the Neuter, of which are Nouns 

nding in wa; Nouns undeclinable in the singular number, 
an a words put artificially, or merely for masts A with 
others. 

Naimes given equally to Males and Females, are declined with 
the Masculine and Feminine Gender, (hic & hec,) and are said 
to be of the Common Gender. Nounsused by some writers in 
the Masculine, and by others in the Feminine, are declined hic 
vel hec, and are said to be of the Doubtful Gender. 


DECLINING OF ARTICLES. 


Articles (used as Signs of Genders) are borrowed of the 
Pronouns, and thus declined: 


Pluraliter. 

Mas. Fem. Neut. 
Nom. Hi, hz, hee 
Gen. Horum, harum, horuré 
Dat. His 
fice. WHunc, hanc, hoc Acc. Hos, has, hec 
Voc. caret, i.e. wanting Voce caret 
Abl, oe; hac, hoc Abl. His. 


Singulariter. 
Mas, Fem. Neu. 
Nom. Hic, hec, hoe 
Gen. Huis 
Dat. Ehute 


dle 


ECLINING OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIV Es 


There are five Declensions of Nouns Substantive, which are 
commonly distinguished by the ending of the Genitive Case 


{ 
The first Declension contains chiefly Nouns ending in a, 
re alt likin Feminine Gender, except they signify a 
; Genitive Case ends* in @, as in.the Example. 


Sineulariter. Pluraliter. 
Jvom. tiece Mus-a Nom. He Mus-e 
Gen. Mus-e Gert. Mus-erum 
Dat. Mus-e@ Dat. Mus-zs 
Acts Mus-am ACC. Mus-as 
Voce Wius-@ Voce. Nus-e¢ 
Aol, Mus-é Abl. Mus-zs 


* All Cases; both Singular and Plural, 7 ail Declensions, are 
Formed from the Gen. sing. except the Nom. and Vocs sing. 71’ 
the Mas. and Fem. and the Acc. it Nouns of the Neuter. 





ii 


A in the Genitive Case in old Poets is sometimes made ai, 
and the Compounds of Zamilza, ds, as aulai, Pater-familids. 

Nore, That the Dative and Ablative Plural are alike in all 
Declensions. 

Filia, naid, 
in is or in abus: So raay Serva, socia, and asina ; 
egud, liberta, make abus only. 

There are to be referred to this Declension three sorts of 
Greek Nouns; the first have the Nosninative Case in as, the 
second in es, both of them in the Masculine Gender, and the 
third in e of the Feminine, which are declined as iollows: 


and anima, make the Dative and Ablative Plural 
but Dea, mula, 


Fine-as 2G. : an ¢ a: a 
N, : a : Ac. : V. : Ab. 
Anchis-es : D. : en eye cor’ 


Some few Hebrew, as 4dam, Ada, ddam Ada, N. Penelop-e 

+i Ny Pres 

G. es, D.e, Ac. en, Vee, Abo ce. ‘The Plural of these Greek 
Nouns, if they have any, is reguiar. 

The second Declension contains No 

ts, of the Masculine Gender, and in um of the Neutere 


uns ending in er, 2r, urs 


The Genitive Case ends in 2, as in Example. 
Pluraliter. 


Singulariter. 
Nom. Hi Mavgistr-z 


Nom. Hic Magist-er 


Gen. Magistr-2 Gen. Mavistr-orum 
Dat. Magistr-o Dat. Magistr-zs 
ACCe Magistr-a7 Acc. Mapistr-os 
Voc. Magist-er Voce Magistr-2 
Abl. Magistr-o Abi. Magistr-zs 
Nom. Hic Domin-us Nom. Hi Domin-z 
Gen. Domin-z | Gen. Domin-orum 
Dat. Domin-o Dat. Domin-zs 
ACC. Domin-um ‘ACs Dornin-os 
Voc. Domin-e Voc. Domin-z 
Abl. Domin-o Abi. Domin-is 


Here it is to be noted, that the Nominative and Vocative 
xhout all Declensions, are 


Cases, both singular and plural, throu; 
alike, only in such Nouns of this Declension, whose Nominative 
Case singular ends in ws; whose Vocative 1s made by changing 
us into e, as Dominus, Voc, 0 Dontune. 

Except Deus, which makes O Deus, and is irregulariy declined 
in the plural Number; thus, N. Dii, G. Deorum, D. Dis, Acce 
Deosy Vs Diiy Ab. Diis: Yet the Poets deciine it rezularly.—~ 
Also the following Nouns make their Vocative ine oF IM ws 5 
agnus, lucus, vulgus, fofiulus, chorus, fluviuse 


aie 


ISS PSHRAST EEA eAe Sti tetriat Rate 
HEH Hit; past paiaga age gteSnuoe GREATS STANTS ESE teaatatt ys : 
Aedduusdeactudantsiaeianiuadee SHES HAE PRE aMEIURAET URE E TE RTE TREE ate TE 


anaesthetic SL Sabie 


Peta bibs 


eerie pefermeeers 


sp tacrititalaletens! 


Fora a HSE EE 


Brest 





































os 


fecatitrintrticetys 
siren 


piosrsetete 


state ote: 


Tes ree ersen tiie 


o-7~ $22 
strate ott 
ere dere tigers ye ree etree 








































12 


When the Nominative ends in ius, if it be the name ofa Mat, 
the Vocative is made by casting away us from the Nominative, 


as Geargius, Voc. O Georgi: So Filius and Genius make OQ Lil, 
Gent. 


Note, ‘that all Nouns of the Neuter Gender, of what Declens« 
sion soever, have the Nominative, the Accusative and the Voca- 
tive alike in both Numbers, and in the plural Number they end 


all in a, as in Example. The Dative and Ablative are also alike 
in all Declensions. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Nom. Hoc Regn-um Nom. Hec Regn-a 
Gen. Regn-z Gen. Regn-orum 
Dat. Regn-o Dat, Regn-is 
A\cc. Regn-um Acce Regn-a 
Voce Regn-um Voc. Regn-a 
Able Regn-o Abl. Regn-ie 


There are certain Greek Nouns ending in eus and os, both 
commonly Masculines, and in on Neuters, which are thus de- 


clined: N. Pers-eus, G. ei yel eos, D. eo vel ez, Ac. con ye] ea, 
V.eu, Ab, eo. 


Tened-os ; 
Norm "? ( Gen. z, Dat. 0, Ac.°on, Voc. e vel on, Ab. 
: Barbiteon, § Nom. Pl. 2 vel a, Gen. on, &c. 
a “OTs 


The third Declension contains Nouns of most endings and all 
Genders. Its Genitive case ends in #8, as in Example. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Nom. Hac Sed-ee Nom. Hz Sed-es 
Gen. Sed-zs Gen. Sed-zum 
Dat. Sed-z Dat. Sed-zdus 
Acc. Sed-en Acc. Sed-es 
Voce Sed-ee Voc. Sed-es 
Abl. Sed-e Abl, Sed-zdusg 


Bos makes boum, and bobus or bubuse 


Singulariter. Pluraliter, 
Nom. Hoc Corpus Nom. Hac Corporea 
Gen. Corpor-ze Gen. Corpor-um 
Dat. Corpor-z Dat. Corpor-zbus 
Acc, Corpus Acc. Corpor-a 
Voc. Corpus Voc. Corpor-a 


Able Corpor-e Abl. Corporeibus 





13 


The fourth Declension contains Nouns ending in us of the 
_ Plasculine Gender, and in zw of the Neuter. 
The Genitive Case ends in ds, as in Example. 








Singulariter. 

Nom. Hic Cas-us 

Gen. Cas-ie 

Dat. Cas-ui 

Acce Cas-um 

Voc. Cas-us 

Abl. Cas-% 

Singulariter, 

Nom. Hee Dom-us 

Gen. Dom-z or us 

Dat. Dom-o or uz 

ACCe Dom-um * 

Voc. Dom-us 

Abi. Dom-o 
Singulariter. 

Nom. Hoc Corn-z 

Psa 

ACC. Corn-z 

Voce Corn-z 

Abl. Corn-u 


Pluraliter. 

Nom. Hi Cas-ue 

Gen. Cas-uum, 

Dat. Cas-ibue 

Acc. Cas-us 

Voc. Cas-us 

Abl. Cas-tbus 

Pluraliter. 
Nom. Hz Dom-us 
Gen. Dom-orum or 
Dat. Dom-2bus [uum 
ACC. Dow-os or we 
Voce Dom-us 
Abl, Dom-zbus 
Pluraliter. 

Nom. Hec Corn-ua 
Gen. Corn-uum, 
Dat. Corn-zdus 
ACGe Corn-ua 
Voc. Corn-ua 
Abl. Corn-zéue 


Greek Nouns, Nom. Cli-o, Gen. ws, Dat. Acce Voc. oe 


The Dative Case sing. in some Poets is found in wu. 
Some Nouns make the Dative and Ablative plural in wbus 
ViZ. arcus, arius, ficus, lacus, portus, fartus, tribus, and veru; ge-= 


mu sometimes. 


The fifth Declension contains only Nouns ending ines. All 


of the Feminine Gender (except meridies and dies) its Genitive. 


Case ends in ez, as in Example. 


Singularitere 
Nom. Hec R-es 
Gen. R-ez 
Dat. R-ez 
ACCe R-em 
Voc. R-es 
Abl. R-e 


Pluraliter. 
Nom. Hx R-es 
Gen. R-erum 
Dat. R-ebus 
A.CCe R-es 
Voc. R-es 
Abl. R-ebus 


Compounded Nouns are to be declined in their simple Parts, 


as Nom. Resfublica, Gen. Reifublice, kc. but where one of them 
is a Genitive Case, that Genitive is not to be varied, as juriscor- 
gulius, jurisconsulid s fiaterjamilias, fatrisfamiliass 

padi) 3 / ? v do 


ay 


i araishr 

Nodeteletetssrtstristnegte tresses 
ebsinta tate ety ietedy ue 
ASEH pia t 


Apert i 
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seein bidet 


eee erere eres oeepeF. 
Wiopceuecatapreee. 2; 


Peperrenerererstsrertrenerarieres 


SITS eebirte terecetas 


geesagih anastasia ELEGY GN CHT ES 










































rotten ees att 


opted et lint peeps rte) 


rrricetetctysetetetstat 


Sis putrsrseerssieesinere eset 


ates 


erostiteebore 
rerietesriece® 


oe Sa 


Sten alyie ts sets gst 
, 


II SSL 
DIAS RS SRS 


(Stipes ts eats eats 
serreipeereeeteee 


Sutin 
riSepe3 


STisepetesetaretisess 


Sree sti 





Reise heer 













































14, 


THE DECLINING OF ADJECTIVES. 


A Noun Adjective of three Terminations is thus declined, 
after the first aud second Declension. 


Singulariter, Pluraliter. 
Nom. Bon-us, a, um Nom. Bon-z, a, a 
Gen, Bon-2, «,z Gen. Bon-orum, arum, orumr 
Dat. Bon-o, @, 0 Dat. Bon-zs 
Acc. Bon-wm, am, um Acc.  Bon-os, as, @ 
Voc. Bon-e, a, um Voc. Bon-i, a, @ 
Abi. Bon-o, a, 0 bl. Bon-is 


Adjectives in r have the Vocative like the Nominative. 

There are certain Nouns Adjective that are thus, declined 
throughout, save only in the Genitive and Dative singular, which 
they make in zus and 7, as 


Nom. Un-us, a, um 
ene Un-zus 
Dat. Un-i 
Acc. Un-um, am, um, &c. as Bonus. 


Unus has not the plural number, but when joined with a word 
which wants the singular; as uze Litere, una Menta. 

In the like manner are declined totus, solus, ullus, alius, alter, 
and uéer, with their Compounds (neuter, utergue, &c-) except 
that these four, ulus, alius, alter, and uter want the Vocative 
Case; only aus makes the Neuter Gender adiud, and the Ge- 
nitive Case alius, not alzus. 


Also ambo and duo are thus declined: 


Pluraliter. 
Nom. Amb-o, @, 0 
Gen. Amb-orum, arum, orum 
Dat. Amb-obus, abus, obus 
Acc. Amb-os, as, 0 
Voc. Amb-o, e, 0 
Abl. Amb-obus, abus, obus 


A Noun Adjective of three Articles and one Termination 
is thus declined, aiter the third Declension. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Nom. Hic, Hec, Hoc Feelix Nom. Hi & hz Feli-ces, & 
Hec Felic-za 
Gen. Felic-zs Gen. Felic-zum 
Dat. Felic-z Dat. Felic-zbus 
Acc. Hunc & hance Felic-em, Acc. Hos & has Feelic-es, & 
ty hoc Felix Hec Feelic-za 


Voce @ Felix. Voc. O Felic-cs, & é 










































15 


A Noun Adjective of three Articles and two T erminations, ig 
thus declined. 
Singulariter. Plurahiter. 

Nom. Hic & hac Trist-7s, & Nom. Hi & he Trist-es, & 
hoc Trist-e hac Trist-z@ 

Gen. Trist-2s Gen. Trist-222 

Dat. Trist-z Dat. Trist-zbus 

Ac. Hunc & hanc Trist-em, & Ac. Hos & has Trist-cs, & 
hoc Trist-e hec Trist-za 


Voc. O Trist-is & e Voc. O Trist-es & za 
Abl. Trist-e or z Abl. Trist-zbus 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 


Nom. Hi & he Melior-es, & 


Wom. Hic & hec Melior, & 
hac Mehor-a 


hoc Melitus 


Gen. Melior-zs Gen. Melior-wi2 
Dat. ; Melhior-z Dat. Melhor-26us 
Ac. Hunc & hanc Mélior-em, & Ac. Hos & has M lehor-es, © 
hoc Melius hec Melior-a 
Voc. © Meli-or & us Voce O Melior-es&a 
Abl. Melior-e or 2 Abl. Kiehor-zaus 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives whose Signification may increase or be diminished, 
may form Comparison. 

There are chitee Degrees of Comparison, the Postiive, the 
Comparative, and the Supfieriative. 

The Positive betokens the Thing 
as durus hard. 

The Comparative* somewhat exceeds its Positive in significa- 
tion, as durior harder or more hard; and it is formed of the first 
Case of its Positive that ends in 2, by putting ae thereto or; as of 
duri, hic && hec durior ; of trisii, hic O h hec tristtore 


bsolutely, without 'xcess, 








Beee a er eee aermans: isa aR EET A aE aI 


* Let me not be rashly censured for presump ation, though I 
here difer from a host of celebrated writers both of Latin “and 
of English Grammars. They have told us; that the Compara- 
tive and Superlative degrees heighten or lessen the Signification. 
1 cannot see how this can be the case. It is plain to me, that 
these degrees never /essen but always Aerghien the Signification 
They have attempted to illustrate what they have delivered | 
such examples as parvus, minor, minimus ; dtéle, less, least. Pa ar- 
vus signifies defective in size ; and does not minor, We, sigply 
a greater degree of that defect, and minimus the greatest de 
gree of that “defect? But some may say “ Does not yout Right 


a 
wn may 
1) XY Theat § 


2eyerend Guide assert, that Adjectives whose Significatiol 


Teste te te 7] sittti 


tf Hettihi zirtity _ 
ae Hi ce a ret ant RR 


eistctatetstets 338; 


Serete-s! 































16 


The Superlative exceeds its Positive in the highest Depreey 
as durissimus hardest or most hard ; and itis formed of the first 
Case of its Posi/ive that ends in é, by putting thereto s and SlMUsy 
as of durt, durissimus, and of ¢tristi, tristissimus. 


I’'rom these general Rules are excepted these which follows 
Bonus, melior, ofitimus ; malus, ficjor, fiessimus ; magnus, majors 
maximus; farvus, minor, minimus ; multus, flurimus, multa, flue 
Tima, mutlium, plus, filurimum. 


Also, if the Positive end in er, the Superlative is formed of the 


Nominative Case, by puttifig to it rimus, as fulcher, pulcherri. 


musi so vetus, (as if from veter,) veterrimus. 


Also, these Nouns ending in ds, make the Superlative by 
changing is into limus; as humilis, humillimus ; similis, similli« 
mus ; facilis, facillimus ; gracilis, gracillimus ; agilis, agillimus 3 
dotilis, docillimus. But all other Nouns ending in is follow the 
foregoing general Rule, as wiids, utiflissimus. 


Also, if a Vowel come before ws, it is to be compared by 


magis and maxim, as plus, magis pius, maxime pius ; ase 
siduus, magis assiduus, maxime assiduus. 

Some particular words are found otherwise compared, as 
assiduior, strenuissimus, pussimus, &c. so from tuus, tuissi« 
INUS.» 

Compounded Adjectives in us, descending from dico, fa 
eo, loguor, volo, are compared as if they ended in ens, as 
macnificus, magnificentior, magnificentissimus, &c. 


The Adjectives following want the Comparative: 


Tnclytus, inclytissimus Nuper, nuperrimus 
Meritus, Meritissimus Invitus, invitissimus 
Novus, novissimus Sacer, Sacerrimus, &e. 


These also want the Superlative : 


Juvenis, junior Longinquus, longinguior 
Sinister, sinisterior Opimus, Opimior 
Adolescens, adolescentior Senex, senior 


Some also want the Positive, as deterzor, deterrimus ; ocy- 
er, ocissimus ; potior, potessimus. 





be increased or diminished, form Comparison? ‘True; and I 
still agree with him. When I meet with the Adjective greater; 
or greatest, 1 may lessen it to great; and when I meet with 
tees, or least, I can lessen it to Uttles 
































17 


The defective Adjectives and Adverbs that are compared 
so as to come under any rule, change their termination into 
tor and.isszmus, as nequam, nequior, MeguissLmus 5 pentius, 
penitior, penitissimus. Some of these are only Compara- 


tives, as Ucentior, anterior from ante. 


OF A PRONOUN. 


A Pronoun is a part of speech much like a Noun, and is 
used instead of a Noun. 


There are nineteen Pronouns, eg, lus sui, ille, ipse, iste, 
hic, 18, qui, Quis, Meus, tUUS, SUUS, noster, vester, cujUus, 
nostras, vestras, Cujas ; whereof four have the vocative case, 
tu, meus, noster, and nostras, and all others want the voca- 


tive case. 
Pronouns are either Substantives, aS ¢g0, fee Oe 
Adjectives, as for the most part are all the rest, only zlle, 


iste, hic, is, and gués, are very usually put substantively, and. 
quid always» 


Of the Adjectives, these six, zc, ille, iste, is (together 
with its Compound zdem) and most especially guz, are Re- 
latives, because they relate to a thing spoken of before ; and, 
these six, meus, tuis, suus, noster, vesier, and cujus, are 
called Possessives, because they betokea Possession. 

a 

These three, nostras, vestras, and cujps, are called Gens 

tiles, because they properly belong to Countries or [actions. 
Also all the last spoken of are called Derivatives, because 
they are derived of their Primitives, mez, tuz, Sul, nostri, 
vestri, and cujus. Lastly, Pronouns betokening,-or as it 
‘were pointing out, a certain person or thing, are called Des 
monstratives, and such are Aic, ile, iste, and 75. 


Here it is to be noted, that Pronouns are very often com- 
pounded, and that either with Nouns, as aliquis, from a@lius and 
or Conjunctions, as 


quis; or with Verbs, as quivis, quilibet 
giquis, guisnam ; OY with Particles, as 7uéq qués/ame 


CG 





it tetetriptet ater eaete SESE ites 

HHA NMS: easeeeeetetgtgatt Li 

Eat HERE eet Ee enaceRa teen et ebers tat beat puedes Hee pad HB f 

FE Ee Te ee ee ee HATE iat tater LET RMR ATE SESE He ETE ea OREN 





























18 


iW THE DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 
il.) 
iW These three, eyo, tu, sui, are of the first Declension, and arg 
ie ¢hus declined: 
a Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
ty Nom. ego Nom. nos 
i Gen. mei Gen. nostrém vel nostr¢ 
hi Dat. mihi Dat. nobis 
ii | Acc. me Acc. nos 
i Voc. is wanting Voc. is wanting 
a Abl. me Abl. nobis. 
: Singularitere Pluraliter. 
f Nom. tu . Nom. vos 
Gen. tui Gen. vestrgm vel vestr? 
Dat. bi Dat. vobis 
a Acc. te Acc. vos 
he Voc. tu Voc. vos 
Abl. te Abi. vobis 


. sing. ? Nom. is wanting, Gen. sui, Dat. sibi, Acc. se, Voc. is 
Pi. wanting, Abl. se. 


Note, that the Pronoun Substantives are always taken to be of 
tie same Gender with the Nouns for which they are put. 


These six, lle, ifse, iste, hic, is, and guz, are of the second de; 
Glension, and are thus declined 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Nom. iste, ista, istud Nom. isti, istz, ista 
Gen. istius 


Gen. istorum, arum, orum 
Dat. isti Dat. istis 3 
Acc. istum, igtam, istud Acc. istos, istas, ista 


Voc. is wanting Voc. is wanting 
Abl. isto, ista, isto Abl.  istis 


Hile and ifise are declined like iste, only ifse does not make 
tjisud, but ifsum: for hic, hecy hoc, see page 10. 


Singulariter, Pluraliter. 
Hie) hy x es 
Nom. is, ea, id Nom. ii, eR, ea 
Gen. ejus Gen. eorum, earum, eorum 
Dat. ei Dat. iis vel eis d 
ki fcc. eum,eam, id Acc. €08, eas, ea) 
(} Voc. is wanting Voc. is wanting Eat. 


is Abl, co, eg, ) Abl. iis vel eis 




































19 


Hi 
Sinculariter. Pluraliter. : 
Nom. qui, quz, quod Nom.qui, que, = que | 
Gen. cujus yen. quorum, quarum, quorum ae 
Dat. cul Dat. quibus vel queis i" iH 
Acc. quem, quam,quod Acc. quos, quas, que : 
Voc. caret Voc. caret i 
Abl. quo, qua, quo, Abi. quibus vel queis 
vel qui if 


Likewise guis and guid are declined, whether they are Inters 
sogatives or indefinitess 


Pronouns being compounded, are declined as they were be- 
fore composition ; as egomet, meimet, mihimet, memct 5 quisnamy 
guenam, quodnam, &%c. Only neguis, aliquis, nunquis, siguis, in 
the Feminine sineular and Néuter plural, make @, not @5 ecquis 
makes both, and isthic makes isthuc for isthoc. In many Comes 
pounds only certain Cases may be used, as 


quisquis, : ( quoquo; 
Nom. Ac. quicquid, : Ab]. 4 quéqué, 
quicquid; quoquoy 


Acc. SES, Abl. SCS8Ce 


These six, meus, tuus, swus, noster, vester, and cujus, are of 
fhe third Declension, and declined like Nouns Adjective of three 
terminations. 

Meus, mea, meum, &c. Noster; nostra, nostrum, &c. only 
meus in the Vocative singular makes mz, mea, meum, not mee s 
and of cujus there is scarcely any thing read but cwja, cujamy 
@UjUMe 

Nostras, vestras, and cujas, are of the fourth Declension, and 
thus declined ; 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

Nom. hic, hec, & hoc nostra-s Nom: hi &2 hz nostra-fes, & 
Gen. hujus nostra-zis hec nostra-tia 
Dat. huic nostra-tz Gen. horum, harum, & ho- 
Acc. hunc & hanc nostra-tem; rum nostra-f7um 

é7 hoc nostra-s Det: his nostra-tzhus 
Voc. O nostra-s Acc. hos & has nostra-tes, & 
Abl. hoc, hac, & hoc nostra-fe, hee nostra-/7@ 

web nostra-z3 Voc. O nostra-tes & tia 


Abl. his nostva-szbas 


ras 


eagAs ASSERT a tmeer tes 
TIAA GROUT AEGuE Tua Hage pp tbs ne EE HEHE EEE 


igipeettt ert pr er penn TET 
: ? ret ert Tt ti 
aa ean 



























20 


All Nouns and Pronouns are one of the three Persongs+ 


The first Person speaks of himself, as ego 1, nos we. 


The second Person is spoken to, as ¢u thou, vos ye; and 
therefore of this Person is every Vocative Case. 


The third person is spoken of, as idle he, zi they ; and there- 
fore all cther Nouns, Pronouns, and Participles, are of the third 
Person; ‘only se may be of any Person. 


OF A VERB. 


A Verb is a part of speech joining together the rest of the 
words in each sentence, and besides its own signification of do- 
ing, suffering, or being, always implying some time, as amo.L 
love. 


Of Verbs, those which have Persons are called Personals, 
and those which are declined only through the third person sin- 
gular are called Impersonals. 


Of Verbs personal there are four kinds; Active, Passive, 
Neuter, and Deponent. 


A Verb Active ends in 0, and signifies to do; so that the 
sense is imperfect except another word is added’ to express to 
what that action belongs, as ame I love; and by putting to it 7 it 
may be a Passive, as amor I am loved. 


A Verh Passive ends in or, signifying to suffer, with one of 
these eight sions, am, are, art, is, was, were, been, be, as amor I 
am loved ; and by putting away 7 it may be Active, as amo. 


A Verb Neuter ends in 0, ov, or m, and expresses either be- 
ING, as sum, existo, Tam, (which Verbs are commonly called 
Verbs Substantive.) or suffering, as egrote I am sick, or such 
kind of doing as that the sense is sufficient without adding ano- 
ther word after the Verb, a% curro 1 run, glorior I boast; and 
when it ends in o it cannot take an 7 to make it a Passive, as 
sto 1 stand. 


Notwithstanding it elerantly forms an Impersonal Passive, as 
siaiur it is stood ; and-the Preterperfect Tense of many Verbs 
Neuter is fitly Englished like a Passive Present, as veri I am 
come. 


be ° qe . . * . 
A Verb Deponent ends in or like a Passive, and yet in signi 
fication is but Active, as doguor verbum-I speak a word. 

































21 
OF THE MOODS OF VERBS. 


“7erbs are declined with Mood and Tense. 
There are four Moods; the Indicative, the Imperative, the 
Subjunctive, and the Infinitive. 


The Indicative Mood affirms a thing, a 
asks a question, as amas tu? dost thou love! 
or commands, as ana love thous 


s amo Llove; or else 


The Imperative Mood bids 

The Subjunctive Mood has: commonly the same significa 
tion with the Indicative, but is used commonly after Conjunc- 
tions; and, by reason of its dependence on what went before, 
is called Subjunctive, as eram miser cum amarem, 1 was miséra- 
ble when I was.in love. 

Notwithstanding sometimes it is used after. Adverbs of 
wishing, as wiinam amarems I would I did love; and in such 
¢ase it is commonly called the O ptative Mood. And some- 
times it is used aione to sienify the thing as possible or. likely, 
with these signs, 7:@y, CaM, might, would, or should, and then it is 
called commonly the Potential Mood, as exfiectes eadem, you 
may expect the same ‘things; but very commonly it is used 
alone, especially in the Present and Preterperfect, or Future 
Tense, for the Imperative or Optative Mood, as videamus, let us 
see, tu videris, do you look to it; sometimes to express duty, as 
on non filius obediret parenit 2 

The Infinitive Moed signifies to do, to suffer, or to be ; it has 
neither Number, nor Person, nor Nominative Case before it, and 
is commonly known in English by the sign 70, as amare to loves 


The Indicative and the Subjunctive are called Finite Meods. 


TENSES OF VERBS. 


Times; the Present Tense, the 


There are five Tenses or 
terperfect Tense, the Preterpiu- 


Preterimperfect Tense, the Pre 
perfect, and Future ‘Tense. 
The Present Tense speaks of the time that now is, as ama I 
love. 
The Preterimperfect Tense* speaks of the time not perfe 
ly passed, as amabam I did love. 


t= 


* This Tense ‘speaks of the time passing during the past 
time of some incident; as, Alexander 
49 correfitus ests 


cTeteh pistydytebersteretst sins salad 
HtigiHannR TAPE AE ace eel Recast Rea Eat Eee PT REE re ' 
Se tn ec cH 


, dum canabat, grave, mer 





22 


The Preterperfect Tense} speaks of the time perfectly pasty 
With this sign Aave, as emavi I have loved. 



























The Preterpluperfect Tense speaks of the time more than 
perfectly past, with this sign had, as amaveram I had loved. 


The Future Tense speaks of the time to come, with this sign 
shall or will, as amabo I shall or will love. 


There are four Conjugations of regular Verhs. 


Verhs of the first Conjugation are distinguished by have 
ing a long before re in the Infinitive, as amo, amare. 


Verbs of the second Coniugation are distinguished by 
having e long before re of the Infinitive, as doceo, docere. 


Verbs of the third Conjugation by having e short before 
re of the Infinitive, as lego, legére. 


Verbs of the fourth Conjugation are distinguished by 


o 
having z long before re in the Infinitive, as audio, audites 


The formation of the Tenses. 


The Present Tense in the several Moods is formed from the 
Present of the Indicative by changing the Termination, as in 




















Indicative. Imperative. Subjunctive. Infinitive. 
conj.1. Am-o a em —— are 
conjJ.2  Doc-eo ae eam ere 
CONJ. 3 ye : vu 

Fug-zo me tam ere 
conjy.4 Aude-zo — ——2am — ire 


Le EE a ar ear meee arr ee 


t The Perfect Passive, with sum, denotes continuance: with 
Jui, it does not: as “ Nobiles a Gallis expulsi sunt.” This ins 
fers, that The Nobles continue in banishment. Nobiles a Gallis 
expulsi fuerunt ; sed jam revocati sunt. The Pluperfect Passive 
with eram, in like manner, denotes continuance: with Jueram it 
does not: as “ Romanum imperium, quo tempore Julius Cxsar 
in Galliam exercitum ducebat, Pompei virtute magnopere auctum 
erat.” Here it is inferred, that The empire continued enlarged 
at the time Czsar led an army into Gaul. Germani & Galli, 


qui a Romanis subacti fuerant, sxculo sequenti Italiam populati 
‘Romam ipsam ceperunt. 



























2a 


The Imperfeet Tense is formed by changing the Terminas 
tion, as in 


est iH} 
alipeseseye per re 


repsrrsitisey 


i 
Indicative. Subjunctive. i 
“5 - ti 
1 <Am-o, -d)am ——arem 
| 2  Doc-eo, -eam —erem | ae 
: s | 
GONJ> < 3 Leg-o, -ebam rere Lele i 
Fug-zo, -2ebam ——erem 


irem 





L4 Aud-ze, -ebam 


The Future Tense is formed by changing the Termination, 
as in 


Indicative. 
f 1 Am-0, ——daho 
2 Doc-e9, ——¢bo 





CONT) 3 4 Leg-o, am 
Fug-2o, ——-zam 
4, Aud-z9, iam 


{How to form the Perfect Tense is shewn elsewhere.] 





rom the Perfect are formed the Pluperfect of the Indicative, 
the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the Future of the subjunctive, and 
the Perfect and Pluperfect of the Infinitive, by changing tne 
Termination; as 


Indicative. Subjunctive. Infinitive. 
Perf. Plu. Perfo: Plies iets Peery 
Amav-2 -éram -erim -issem -€ro -isse 
Docu-<. -é@rum -€rim ~-issem -€ro sisse 


The formation of the Tenses in the Passive Voice. 


The Tenses which end in 0 in the Active Voice are made 
Passive by adding 7; and those which end in m in the Active 
Voice are made Passive by changing.m into r; as 








Indicative. Subjunctive. 
ACTIVEs PASSIVEs ACTIVEs PASSIVEs 
Pres. Amo Amor Amem Amer 
Imp. Amabam <Amabar_ - Amarem Amacer 
Fut. Amabo Amabor 
Pres. Lego Legor Legam Legar 
Imp, Legebam es cebar Legerem Legerer 


Fut. Legam Legar, Se. Ce 





etait tse 


beastatay ? ee 
a inn HART Sag a SST erect i an 





See titeceet eee 
Pearcieeses eet 


eset rs 
ei sesepresiees 


peaspersest 45454 


etecateret erect. 


gestaseteseassts UPN SAS 
essa: i= 
seeestsssestie 


ee 


Ris 


tsoences 


wis SuSE 


SSroesd 


SpeNtseseoabten st serosa se eesese 


aipeacerseeetaeeatons 
ote: : 
pias 
sa8es 
HS 


Bs 
saeeez" 


24 


‘The Present Tense of the Imperative, and of the Infinitive, 
is formed by changing the Termination, as in 


, 














Imperative. Infinitive. 
fi Am-or — Are ari 
| 2 Doc-eor ——Cre ert 

GONJ.< , a es —— re cee 
Fug-ior ene ed 
4 Aud-ior ire itt 





The other Tenses in the Passive Voice are formed from Pare 
ticiples and sum. 


Verbs in o may be conjugated by mentioning the first Person 
singular of the Indicative Mood Present Tense, the second Per- 
son singular of the same, (which is the standard by which the 
other parts of the Verb are measured to know the increase,) 
then the Perfect Tense, and Supine; and lastly the Infinitive 
Present—as 


Are. 





av, 











Am-o, as, atum, 


Verbs in or may be conjugated by mentioning the first Per- 
gon singular of the Indicative Present, then the Perfect Tense, 
and lastly the Infinitive Present; as 


Amor, amaius sum or fui, amarie 
Formation through Persons and Numbers. 


INDICATIVE MOOD. 


Present Tense. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

J love Thou He loves Welove Yelowe They lowe 
er do lovest or or does or do or do or do 
love dost love love lowe love love 

Ego tu ille nos vos ili 
i Am-o, eas, eat, -amus, ~atis, eant 
2 Doc-eo, =es, «et, «© emus, -Ctis, “ent 
e ° Lv) wf 
a Leg-o, vis, * -it, -imus, — #818, “unt 
Fug-io ~iS “it mus,  -ftis -lunt 
+ ° ? ’ e ? - id - . 3 e 
4 Aud-ig,  -is, alt, “7mUS, “#41, elunt 







































































85 


PRETERIMPERFECT TENSEs 


| Singulariter. Pluralitet. 

Zé loved Thou He loved We loved Ye loved They 
or did lovedst or or did or did or did loved or 
love didst love love love love did lové 

Y Am-a-bam, 
2 Doc-e-bam, 
Leg-é-bam, » -bas, -bat, sbamus, -batis, ebant 


3 tal 
Fug-ie-bam 
4 Aud-ie-bam 
PRETERPERFECT TENSE. 


Singulariter. Pluralitere _ 

Ihave Thouhast He has We have Ye have They have 

loved loved boved loved loved loved 
i Am-av-i, 
2 Doc-u-i, wit b " 5 ot eet og a am 
SE e ei, -1Stly “il, -IMUS, bistis, erunt or cre 
4 Aud-zv-i, 

PRETERPLUPERFECT TENSE. 
Singulariter, Pluraliter. 
d had Thou hadst Hehad Wehad Ye had They had 
loved loved loved loved loved loved 


Am-av- €ram, 
Doc-u-cram, 
Leg-cram, 

Aud-iy-eram, 


-eras, -erat,  -eramusy, -eratis, -erant 


ee 


FUTURE TENSE. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
I shall. Thou shalt He shall We shall Ye shalt They shall 
or will or wilt or wll or will orwill or will 
love love love love love love 
; Saeed: -bis, -bit, sbimus,  -bitis, -bunt 
3 Leg-am, 

Fug-i-am, “eS, -et, -cMUSs, -€tiss -ent 
4 Aud-i-am, 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Love thou Let him Love ye Let them 

. love love 
i Am-a iy -atOy “at, -ate, -atote, -anto 
2 Doc- -€, -et0, -Eto, -ete, -Etote, -ento 

Leg- Cy Py a vi wha -unto 

Fug-é f. -1l05 ~i0, -ite, -ilote, S tints 
® Aud-1,. Ito, -zto, -ite, -/tote; «junio 


Setgteabebia 


ire Patties Ht ions , 
eee Hae Seve na TE aD TERT 














































& 69 


Go tw e& 


& 03 © = nes 


g 69 09S we 


26 





The first Person may be®supplied out of the Subjunctive 


Present; as doceam let me teach, doceamus let us teache 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


PRESENT TENSE. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

Imay Thou mayst He may Wemay Ye may They may 
or can or canst or can orcan . orcan or can 
dove love love love love love 
Am-em, Sy “ety -emus, -€tis, -ent 

2 Pepe | . 
eae p78) eat, “amus, -alis, eant 
Audi-am, J 
PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE- 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

I Thou He We Ye They 
might mighist might might might might 
er could or couldst or could or could or could or could 
love love dove love love love 

Am-a-rem, 
Doc e-rem, 
Lee é-rem. > -res, -ret, -remus, . -rétis, -rent 
Fug-é-rem, 
Aud-i-rem, 
PRETERPERFECT TENSE. 
Singulariter, Pluraliter. 

Lf thou ~ He We Ye They 
might migkist might might might might 
fave have have have have have 
loved loved loved loved loved loved 

Am-ave-rim, 
teeepamn, -TIS, elit, -r7MUS,  -F7tlSy -rint 
Aud-iy-e-rim, . 
PRETERPLUPERFECT TENSE¢ 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

i Thou He We Ye They 
might mightst might might might might 
had loved had loved had loved: had loved had loved hadloved 

Am-av-issem, 
Seth ety -isses, -isset, -Iss¢mus, -issetisy -ssent 
Aud-iv-issemy 



































FUTURE. TENSEs 


Singulariter. Pluralitere i 
TL may or Thou mayest He may We may Ye may They may i 
can love or canst, orcan, orcan, orcan, or cans 
hereafter See Wo Ceo See ce 

1 Am-avé-ro, 

2 Doc-ue-ros -T1Ss “rit, er7mus, -ritis, -rint. 


3 Leg-é-ro, 
4 Aud-ivé ro, 

This Tense may be Enelished, I shall have, &c. Thou wilt 
have, &c. He will have, &c.e We shall have, Kc Ye will have, 


&c. ‘They will have, &c- 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 


PRETERPERFECT AND 
PRETERPLUPERFECT TENSE. 


PRESENT AND 
PRETERIMPERFECT TENSHe 


Amare, ¢0 love, 1 Axmavisse, Zo 2ave or had loved. 


Docere, to teach. 2 Docuisse, fo have or had tatigiite 
Legére, to reads 3 Legisse, fo have or had read. 


Audivisse, to fave or had heard. 


wm 67 WO — 


Audire, ¢o fear. 

The Infinitive Mood wants the Future Tense, but is supplied 
? Pppiled 

by the future in rus and esse 

FUTURE TENSEe 


) Amaturum esse, to love hereafter. 
Dociurum esse, to teach herecficrs 


2 
5 Lecturum esse, fo read heredfier. 
A Auditirum esse, to hear hereafter 
oy 
GERUNDS. 
Of loving or of In loving or in fo love or to 
being loveds bcing loveds be loved. 
1 Amandi, amando, amandume 
2 Docendi, docendo, docendum. 
§ Legendi, lezendo, legendum. 
4 Audiendi, audiendd, audiendums 
FIRST SUPINE. SECOND SUPINE» 


Amatuy, to de loved. 
Doctu, ¢o be taught. 
Lectu, zo be read. 

Auditu, to be beards 


1 Amatum, ¢o love, 1 
2 Doctum, fo teach, 2 
$ Lectum, fo read, 3 
4 Audztuim, to fear, 4 


tise ; Tayi ae 
ane ie Hl ee HG ee eR Ste RRR 






















B8 
Participleef. the Present, 


1 Amans, loving. 

Docens, éeaching. 
Legens, reading. 
Audiens, hearing. 


Participle of the Future, in rvs. 


Amaturus, to love or about to love. 
Docturus, to teach or about to teach. 
Lecturus, to read or about to read. 
Auditurus, to hear or about to hear. 


2 
3 
4, 


mo) to = 


SUM, which with Participles forms several Tenses in the 
Passive Voice, is varied in the manner following, with its Com- 
pound Possum, 


LNDICATIVE MOOD. 


PRESENT TENSE, 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
fam, Lhou art, Fe is Weare, Yeare, They are 
Sum, ES, est Stumus, estis, sunt 
Possum, potes, potest Possumus, potestis, possunt 


PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter, 
Twas, Thou wast, he was We were, Ye were, They were 
Er-am, ~ mek 
Poter-am,§ “** nat ~aMuUsSy AUIS, cant 


PRETERPERFECT TENSE.» 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Ihave been, thou hast, &c. tc. We have been, Ye, toc. ce 
Fu-i, . . ‘e w . . -erunt 
Ponti, § “1SCly -1t -1mMuUS, “15S, ere 


PRETERPLUPERFECT TENSE. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Jd had been, thou hadst, Se. See We had been, Ye had, Sc. Wee 
Fuér-am, 


ai “as -at -AMUS, -atis, -ant 
Potuér-am, ’ 
FUTURE TENSE. 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
4 shall or wilt be, &'c. We shall or will bé, Sc- 
Et-o,.° 9 


z i ot . a) Vee alti 5 nt 
Pat2r-o, F 1S) it imus, ACLS, u 



























29 
IMPERATIVE MOOD, 


PRESENT TENSE. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Be thou, — be he or let him be Be ye, be they or let them be 
Tu ille Vos illi 
Es esto, esto Este estote sunto 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


PRESENT TENSE. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

I may or can be, Tce We may or can be, ce 
Sim, S155 sit Si mus, sitts, gint 
Possim, possis, possit Possimus, possztis  possint 

PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE, 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
I might or could be, Ce We might or could be, Ute 
Fs-sem, i Ai 
-ses -set -sc mus -setis -S 
ok , ahs See ch 
PRETERPERFECT TENSE 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

I might have been, Ste We might have been, co 
Fuer-im, is it vn vii : 
Potuér-im,§ =”? 3 eTMUS, ~2UIS, aint 

PRETERPLUPERFEGT TENSE. 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 

Imight had been, ce We might had been, Se 
Fuis-sem, 5 ae 

3 -ses -set -semus -sctis sené 
Potuis-sem, ? Rani git ) 


FUTURE TENSEe 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
I may or can be hereafter, ee We may or can be hereafter, cs 
Fuér-o, . ‘ v rae ; 
: -1S “it -Imus ~1UiS -int 
PotuZr-o, ‘ ; : | 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 


PRESENTe PRETERPERFECT. FUTURE» 

0 be To have been To be hereafier 

Esse. Fuisse. Futzrum esse 
Posse. Potuisse. 


P4RTICIPLE PRESENT, Potens. 


i nn ae tt ara pehiptitst Te HERR IgTE STEg i ; 
uuE ti Heit it His Taare Hi if tt ue ts ane ae att ite if seit} ate 































, 






30 


Passive Form of the’four Conjugations: 


1 Amor, ameris or amare, amatus sum or fui, to be loved. 
2 Doceor, doceris or docere, doczus sum or fui, to be taughts 


3 


Legor, legeris or legere, lectus sum or fui, to be read. 


4 Auditor, audiris or andre, auditus sum or fuz, to be heardé 


Note. All Verbs in OR properly want the Preter and all 


Cognate Tenses ; but they are supplied by Participles and the 


Verb sume 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 
PRESEN? YENSEs. 
Singulariters Pluraliters 
I am thou art, he is, We are, ye are, theyy 
loved, OIC. L7C, ES c, ce, See 
1 Am-or,  -aris or -are, -atur -Raur, -ainYni, -antur 
2 Doc-cer, -eris or -cre, -€tur -emur, -enJai,  -entur 
4ueo-or. woe u y y vie -tint r 
g bese “Eris or -"re, -itur -Imur, -Imyni, Ree 
Fug-ior, 3 Ss 4: a -luntur 
4 Aud-lor, -1ils, or -1 ¢%) -Ziur -Imur, -Tiillly = -iuntur 
PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE 
Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Ewas, thou wast, he was, .We were, ye were, they were, 
ee. isCe ED Ce &ee Cc &TC6 
1 Ama-bar, 
2 Doc®bar, -baris és § 
Lege-bar, or -batur -bamur, -baiazni, -bantur 
o .~ gi 
Fuete-bar, «bare, 
4 Audié-bar, 
PRETEPPERFEC? VENSE. 
Singulariter. 
i Amatus : veds 
‘ a sum or fui, I have been (‘To ed 
2. Doctus eis: : tauchts 
is Ses or fuisti, Thou hast been< ) 
haere est or fuit He has been eae 
4 Auditus J : Lheards 
Pluraliter. 
1 Amati KS B loved. 
: . sumus or fuzmus, We have been 
2. Docti * it y * tauchts 
ecu estis or fuistis, Ye have been << par 
eer at, fuer r fugre 'e : 
4 AuditiJ sunt, fusrunt er fugrey They have been theatas 
































op | 


PRETERPLUPERFEC? TENSEs 


Singulariter. 


Amatus)) » fe A 
i ee “) eram or fucram, I had been [:loveds a 
S Tectus fe fucras, Thou hadst Bee a | 
~” T érat or fuer } Fe rea 
Aue He had been | ea, 
Pluraliter. 

BeAmate he woes 
2 Docti 7 eramus or foerdmus, We had been ee 
3 Lecti > eratis or fueratis, Ye had been 4 rea ‘ 

; e ree 
4 Auditi } erant or fuerant, They had been | biwad 


FUTURE TENSE 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
I shail or wilh thou shalt, he shall, We shall, ye shall, theys 
be loved ice &yc. Ce ec, ice 
1 Ama-bor, Wace a byt bY enn, cb 
Pek Gos. cris or -bere, -bytur -b mur, -Demunl, eDUl tur 
. Weg-ar, 


Fugi-ar, } -eris or -cre, -etur  -emur, -emini, -entur 
4 Audi-ar, 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


Singulariter Pluraliter. 

Be thou loved Let him he, tco Beye, We. Let them be, Ste 
: Arma-re -tor, Bs % 
2 - =tor “201 -minor, -ntor 

Doce-re -tor, 

3 Leg-e ere -2tor, -jtor -]znl -Iminor, -untor 

* Fug- -cre -7{0L, -ztor -2107111 -ImMInor, -iuntor 

- in Pee see) wv . 

4 Aud-zre -ztor, tor -imjni -iminory, -iuntor 


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


PRESENT TENSEe 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
F may or can thou mayst, he may, Wemay, ye may, they, 
be loved eFC. eFC. eC ETC. STC. 
1 Am-er,  -erisor-éere, -ctur -emur, -emini, -entur 
2 Doce-ar, | 
3 egars . -aris or sre, »atur eamur, -amini, -antys 


Fugi-ar, f 
4y Audi-ar, } 


~ 
ane i 


at qhtithet ith HE Hu Sept BE : + 
ic i HAA eae 0 Te a ge Ee 





Mi taste 
Siete eee : 
psriess pipeagere sn spaeueereeea pes 
satesseseres Sessseststets 
pgeeeetesess ries sie 


Sts; 
Peet 
Eeeeriess 

Steerer 


speeserssaeabestses 


rt 


Seip taba et eee eeresi eee teeth ete eee eee 


se emecemesersmesocssy 
Seater erpeseteteete: 
Sibiscokatergeeeareey st 


Sot 


Singulariter. 


_e 
BY 
PRETERIMPERFECT TENS. 


Ploraliter. 


dmight or could thou mightst, he might, We might, yemight, they; 


be loved 


1 Amar-er, >) 


ETC. ie ee. Fee Ce 


2 Docer-er, | 


e Legér-er, & -eris or -ere, -étur 
Fugér-er, | 


-emur, -é€mini, -entur 


4 Audir-er, J 


i Amatus) 
2 Doctus 
3 Lectus 
4 Auditus J 


2 Docti ! 
3 Lecti P 
4 Auditi J 


PRETERPERFECT TENSE¢ 


Singulariter. 


d. 
I might have been et 


Thou mightst have beeng 


He might have been Feud, 


sim or fuérim, 
sis or fuéris, 
sit or fuérit, 
Pluraliter. 
loved 
é ay nee : ( : 
szmus or fuer7mus, We might have beeh | taught. 


Stis or fuerjtis, Ye might have been ante 
sint or fuérint, They might have been L heard. 


PRETERPLUPERFEC? TENSEs 


Singulariter. 
1 Amatus ‘ : loved. 
9: Doktus 7 essem or fuissem, I might had been het ean 
8 Lecths esses or fuisses, Thou mightst had been< mm 
4 Auditus } esset or fuisset, © He might had been heey 
Pluraliter. 

1 Amati fs pith et Oe ‘loved. 
2 Docti 7 essemus or fuissemus, We might had been oo. 
3 Lect, cessetis or fuissetis, © Ye might had been < read 
4 Auditi | ©88eRt orifuissent, They might had been Uieard 

a ® 


FUTURE TENSEe 


Singulariter. 

1 Amatus) - ~ loved : 

a ‘| Ero or {uéro, I may or can be ¢ (3 
2 Doctus |S. vis } taught } & 
ace péris or fueris, Thou mayest or canst be< rad 2% 
J & see we 

ve. 1 Crit or fuérit, He may or’can be ! in 
4 Auditus } Cheard (2 
Pluraliter. 

i Amati - - 7 
2 Doct) | ’Lmusertuerimus, We may orcan be [loved 


) Lecti 


eritis or fueritis, 
} al 24 “ . z 
aa eC} or Tuer 
es Auditi } rint or fuerint, 


. 
Ye may or can ee ren > 


They may ercanbe era i 


hereafter, 






















































INFINITIVE MOOD. 


PRESENT AND PRETERPERFECT AND 
PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE. PRETERPLUPERFECT TENS & 


Amiri to de loved. 1 Amatum) ae (loved. 
Doceri to be taught. 2 Doctum |” To have (= tanehte 
Legi zo de read. 3 Lectum had been \ read. 


— . . i 1 
Audiri to de heard. 4 Auditum Rus \_hearde 


mm 03 WH = 


FUTURE TENSE: 


Amatum 7ri, or amandum esse, 40 be loved ‘7 
Doctum 7Zri, or docendum esse, to be taught 
Lectum 7ri,.or lezendum esse, o de read 


| 

hereafters 
-” - . . t 

Auditum 7ri, or audiendum esse, #o ge heard } 


me GO: WS we 


Tne Participle joined with ¢ré serves to any Gender or Num- 
ber invariably. 


Participle of the Preter. 


Amatus, loved. 
2 Doctus, ‘aught. 
S Lectus, read. 

4 Audztus, feard. 


ome 


Participle of the Future, in pus. 


Amandus, to be loved. 
Docendus, to be taughi. 
Legendus, fo be read. 
Audiendus, to de heard. 


& oo 0 — 


Of other Verbs in or. 


A Verb Deponent forms all its Tenses after the manner ofa 
Verb Passive; only it has Gerunds, Supines, and. both the Ac- 
tive Participles.. But note, that it 1s always to be Engiished 
actively, as in the following Example: 


Lequor, loqueris vel loquere, locutus sum vel fui, lequi, lo- 
quendi, loquendo, loguendum, locutum, locutu, loquens, loquen- 
dus © locutus, locuturts, to speak. 


The Preter Tense of all Verbs in oz, which have no Actives 
in 0, is made by supposing such Actives, and reducing them to 
rule, so as to form thence Preter Participles. 


BK 


\4 <4) Sure 
a 


shafts Cie ae cane SE aa Heese repeater —— 
ER ea ar ee ee nr 


Setetst Ri eeassieserpcessteree 
eeesenstatatptatetea 


a 
at wetertesesisee sisieee coe 
Cpa er sese rn poses aesenes cht Stee 
+ recesiiet teat 
ts 


TESTS 


cat 
4 


pei 


SSS Sees 


s: 
paeoe area eet 
reese tes ress 
Se ente a eeersa es asee ete 


Pessreseacegeeres 
Spioeetenst ease seee eee terres 


apleseeeeteeeta et eet 


eases coesess 
reetetees 
perapsessies 


Seecsessseearete 


reise 


SSESIS Ss: 


eae bi gesnpesetemamsees ci tee peste tee 
Swetrteteieases 





34 


A INDICATIVE MOOD. 


vit Pres. Loquor I sheak, loqueris or loquére thou sfeakest ; and 3@ 
ip | on, like Legor, keeping an Active signification. 

i Preterimp. Loquebar, I did speak. 

ak Preterfierf. Locutus sum or fui, Thave shoken. 

Préterflue Locutus eram or fuéram, J had spoken. 

Future. Loquar, Z shall.or will speak. 


" IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


Present. Loquére, loquitor, speak thou. 


ye SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


Preseni- Loquar, £ may or can speak. 

Preterimp. Loquérer, I might or could speak. 

Preierfer. Lovutus sim or fuérim, I might have sfokeus 
Preterfiu. Locutus essem or fuissem, J might had sfioken. 
Future. Locutus éro or fuero, J may or can speak hereaftera 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 


Present. Loqui, to speak. 
Preterf. Locutum esse or fuisse, to have or had sfiokens 
Future. Locuturum esse, to sheak hereafiere 





























Loquendi, of sfeaking. 


GERUNDS. 4 Loquendo, in sfeaking. 
-Loquendum, Zo sfeak. 
Locutum, Zo sfeak. 

SUPINES. } uf 


Locutu, to be sfiokeite 
aie 7 THE PARTICIPLES. 
Present. Loquens, speaking, 
fut. Pas. Loquendus, to be sfioken. 
Preterper. Locutus, having sfickene 
Fut. Act. Locuturus, to sfieak or about to sfieaks 


1 -. Of Verbs Compound. 


Ye Verbs may be compounded either with Nouns, as multiplice s 
Hf or with Adverbs, as. saiisfucio; or, which is most common, with 
Prepositions, as ”re/icio. 





HT Satara Ts 1rd eI tt, 
cai Hea 





be 
oD 


‘The Verbs following are not conjugated according to the 


common form or rules, 


and are therefore call Irregulars. 


Volo, vis, volui (Supinis caret), to de willing. 

Nolo, nonvis, nolui (Supinis caret), 70 be unwilling 

Malo, mavis, malui (Supinis caret), to de more willing. 
Edo, edis vel es, edére vel esse, edi, esum vel estum, (0 ed?. 
Eo, is, ire, ivi, itumy, 70 $0. So queo, to be able. 

Fio, fis, {72ri, factus sum, #0 be made or dares 

Fero, fersy ferre,)tuli, latum, to dear or suffere 


Its Comfiound aufero, for berter sound, thus varies tts first syle 


Ferror, fe 


Tam willing, 


Lam unwilling, 
Tam more willing 


f eat, 
LT £0, 


Iam made or done, 
I bear or suffer. 
Lam borne or suffered. 


We are willing, 
We are. unwilling, 
We are more willing, 


We eat, 


We £0, 


We are made or dones 
We bear or suffer, 


iable: aufero, aufers, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, to fake away. 
rris vel ferre, latus sum vel ful, 20 be borne or st erede 


INDICATIVE MOOD. 


PRESENT TENSEs 


Singulariter. 


Volo, vis, vult. 

Nolo, nonvis, nonvult. 
Malo, mavis, mavult. 

Edo, edis or es, edit or ests 
Eo, isy ite 

Fio, fis, fit. 

Fero, fers, fert. 

Feror, ferris or ferre, ferture 


Pluraliter. 


Voltimus, vultis, volunt. 
Noltimus, nonvultis, nolunte 
Maliimus, mavultis, malunt. 
Edimus, editis or estis, edunte 
mus, itis, cunte 

Fimus, fitis, ffunte 

Ferimus, fertis, ferunt. 


We are borne or suffered, Ferimur, ferimini, feruntur. 


Singulariter. 
thou wentest, 
SC. 


-basy 


I went 
er did 0 


%bam, 


Hits " Tape Seis taigi eth Setgheerty pre riety 
site pata RUE 
redats! peeeeges rg) f ti irl 


PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE. 


Pluraliter. 
he went, We went, ye went, they, 
eT Ce sc Git. Ca 
-bat -bamus, -batis,  -bant 









































ebstis at iatiys Hag N itt tt heresy a seat 
epee auteurs 

























o6 


FUTURE TENS Ke 
Sino ulariter. 
> 


Pluraliter. 
f shall or thou shalt, he shall, We shall, ye shall, they; 
will £0 ce Se, ic. Se. See 
I-bo, abisy We bit -bimus, __ -bitis, -bunt 
IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


Singulariter. Pluraliter. 
Be thou unwilling, Noli, nolito Nolite, nolitote 


: Es esto, esto Edite este 

visabeiatii. eh edito,.edito Estote sdivbtes$ Pony 
Go thou, 1 _Zto, Ito Ite Itote, eunto 

fe thou made, Fito, fito Fite {Tvote, fiunto 
Bear thou or suffer, Fer ferto, ferto  Ferte fertjte, ferunto 
Be thou borne or suf Ferre fertor, fertor Fer{m{ni ferzminor, fes 


Jered, runtor 
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 
Singulariter, Pluraliter. 
Vel-im, T may op { Willing 
Nol-im, “Is, its -1musy -itis, -int ae unwilling 
Mal-im, CRE 


more willing 
PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE, 
















Verr-er,eris or Ere, ctur. Pl. émur 


ny . Edeére, 


to eat. 
Esse, ‘ ; 


Saesapestetetatst esas esiSteen 
Srstitesetetstatecetatet alan; 


reese 


Io 
a 
steeee 


rere 


= 
oH 


Velle, to be willing. 
Nolle, to be unwilling, 
Malle, ¢o be more willing. 


Vell-em, } willing 

e Noll-em, unwilling 
est ’ 2, 

2 Mall-em, 1 might or | more willing 
'S Edér-em, -es, ete Pl, -Emus, -Ctis, ent. 1 i 
: or ess-em, | could be < 

= Fiér-em, madeordone 
“ Verr-em, | bear or suffer 


,emzni, entur | borne or sufs 


fered, 


INFINITIVE. MOOD, 


PRESENT AND PRETERIMPERFECT TENSE 


thy? Ferre, 2o bear or suffer. 
si Fiéri, 2o be made or done. 
id Ferri, to be borne or suffered, 








FUTURE TENSE, 



























itzrum esse, to go ia 
Esurum esse, fo eat \- heretifiere Ne 
Latwrum esse, to béar or suffer } a 
Eundi, 
GERUNDS. < Eundo, 
Hundums 
FIRST SUPINE. . SECOND SUPINE, 
Estum or esume Estu or ese 
Latum. Latu. 


PARVICIPLE OF THE PRESENT, lens, Gen. Euntis. 


The parts of these Verbs which ‘are not set down here are 
recular. Volo and Malo want the Imperative, and /Volo has not 
the third Person in that Mood. 


Of Verbs Impersonal. 


Impersonals, whether of the. Active or Passive Voice, are de- 
elineé throughout all the Moods aud Tenses in the Voice of the 
‘Third Person Singular only 5 asy 

Act. Delectat, delectabat, delectavit, delectaverat, delectadit, 
delectare ; 

Pass. Videtur, videbatur, visum est vel fut, visum erat vel 
Suerat, videbiiur, viderts 


Of a Participle. 


A Participle is a Part of Speech derived from a Verb, and 
partakes partly of a Noun, as Gender, Case and Declension; and 
partly of a Verb, as Tense and Signification; and partly of 
both, as Number and Figure. 

There are four kinds. of Participles, one of the Present 
Tense, and another of the Preter Tense; one of the Future in 
vus, and another of the Future in dus. 

A Participle of the Present Tense has its English ending in 
ing, as loving ; and its Latinin ans or ens; as amans, docens : aad 
it is formed of the Preterimperfect Tense of the Indicative 
Mood, by changing the last syllable into ms, as @madam, amans ; 
auxiliabar, auailians 5 froterdi, fosense 


spite 4 1s) , ah ii i} str eu. sary 
ae a pane cae 





tees 


weiss 


<— 


ee ee 

Cia anna 
SS 

etaaetars 
pagesessscatecgterstsser oe, 


aes 
a teeaat es. 
ihrer 


press 
SS = 


ea 


Ieee iaeree esse st 


Poeeerticororiess 
eH eaarar eel 


eerectesstesiscacesies. 


peeageeer arts 


SI SULGVS I 
Bie toerense scares ss 
parsPissriesece 


iparsbussretetien eta 


Sesto ss 


mansieterstses sts 
SSS SCSES 


o 
esetetesecea® 
Tt 
ct 


SIRES 
Sescstareasers 


So cteentasatestesy 
Soares 


ise 





OS 


A Participle of the Future in rus signifies to do, like the In« 
finitive Mood of the Active Voice 3 as amaturus, to love, or about. 
to love. And it is formed of the latter Supine, by adding rus, 
as doctu, docturus, 


Except fariturus, nasciturus, sonadiurus, arguiturus, eruiturus, 
nosciiurus, moriturus, oriturus, futurus. 


A Participle of the Preter Tense has its English ending: in 
d, t, or 7, as loved, taught, slain ; and its Latin in ius, sus, cus, 
aS AmMaiws, Visus, Nexus ; and one in uUus, as mortuus s and it is 
formed of the latter Supine by adding s, as decru, lectus. 


A Participle of the Future in dus sigbifies to suffer, like the 
Infinitive Mood Passive, as amandus, to be loved; and it is form- 
ed of the Genitive Case of the Participle of the Present 
‘Tense, by changing tis into dus, as amantis, emandus. 


Y rticiples of the Present Tense are declined like Nouns Ad- 
ject e of three Articles and one Termination; Participles of 
other Tenses, like Adjectives of three Terminations. Par. 
ticiples also may, as Nouns Adjective, form Degrees of Come 
parison, as amans, amantior, amantissimus. 


Of an Adverb. 


An Adverb is an undeclinable Part of Speech, joined chiefly 
to Neuns and Verbs to explain or perfect their Signiffcation, as 
egregic falleriss you are exceedingly deceived ; nimilm philoso- 
fihus, too much a Philosopher. 

Adverbs derived of Nouns Adjective may be compared, as 
docté, doctius, doctissim:. Also certain other Adverbs beine 
compared make Nouns Adjective, as hridem, firior, primus ; diu, 
diutior, diutissimus. 


Adjectives in the Neuter Gender often turn Adverbs, as Pri- 
min facile. 


Of a Conjunction. 


A Conjunction is an undeclinable Part of Speech which fitly 
joins Words or Clauses and Sentences together, as Paver i> 
Precepior, my Father and Master. 


Of Cenjunctions some are Copulative, as er Que, negue, quam 
aiter a Comparative Degree, &c. 
Some Disjunctive, as aur, vel, ve, &e. 
' Some Conditional, as sé, sin, modo, dum, nisi, 
Some Adversative, as guanguam, licet, ce 


Other sorts let use teach 






















































Of a Preposition 


A Preposition +s an undeclinable Part of Speech much like 
an Adverb, set before Nouns either in apposition to govern thems 
as Ad Fatrem, ov before both Nouns and other words in compo- 
sition, commonly altering their signification, as ¢docius, un- 
learned. 

The Voices of Prepositions set alone without their casual 
are not Prepositions, but are changed into Adverbs; as 


words, 
st dolebit, he that bewareth not before will 


qui ante non cavel fro 

be sorry afterwards. 
Of these Prepositions which may be set advetbially, many are: 

compared, and form both Adjectives and other new Adverbs, 

such as these which follow: 

Ante, anterior ; Intra, interior, intimus ; 

Citra, ciierior ; Post, posterior, fiostremus 3 

Extra, exterior, exiremus of Prope, profiior, froximus 5 

extimus. 3 é Sujira, superior, supremus ov 


Infra, inferior, infimus or tmuUs 5 SUMMUS 3 
3 b) sg > 
Ultra, ulterior, uliimus. 


six Prepositions which are never used but in com- 


There are 
position, viz. 
Am (before a vowel amd) about; Se, apart 5 
Dis, for better sound di, asun- Ve for vix, scarce 5 
der 3 Con (before by m, Pp, com, be» 


Re, against ; fore a vowel co) together. 


Of an Interjection. 


An Interjection is a Part of Speech which expresses a sudden 
passion of the mind under an imperfect Voice. 

Some are of Mirth, as evax, vah 5 

Some are of Sorrow, as ez, hei; 

The rest let use teach. 

° ° cy oe 

Nouns and Verbs sometimes become Interjections, vize when 
they are put to signify a sudden passion abruptly, as Mavzbes ims 
fandim amissis ; Sed amabe, te curds 


Brien rae enreiesse ts teri tee 
atest tedsselpssestr tre Hite serait we ‘ 
Oe re a a er roan 








xem sr 
; eelacs, 
ceaeteeeees 


stots 
Saipesesaes 
Seigtetaretae 


- 

3 seuooss 
SS 
Papenereeeter 


an 





Sahus btohen. 






















40 


NOMINA declinare & Verba imprimis pueri sciant ; neque 
enim aliter pervenire ad intellectum sequentium poss ik: Quod 
etiam monere supervacuum fuerat, nisi ambitiosa fedftfione ple- 
rique a posteriaribus inciperent; &, dum ostentare discipulos 
circa speciosa malunt, compendio morarenture 


QUINTILIANs 


Rules for the Genders of Nouns, Jrom their 


Swentfication. 


RULE I. 


All Names given to ‘Males, Tribes, and Sects; likewise the 


Names* of Rivers, Months, and Winds, are of the Masculine 
Gender. 


RULE II. 


The Names given to Females, with the Names of Countries, 
Cities, and Trees, are of the Feminine Gender, - 


EXCEPTIONS. 


The Name ofa Cityt ending in O is Masculine; also such as 
end in JZ plural,as Delphi, Parisii:. so are Abydus, Agragas, and 
Pontus. Such as end in t4,L, or R, are Neuter. 


The Names of Trees ending in R are Neuter ; except those 
Which end in §aster, which are Masculine. Dumus, rhamaus, 
vepris, are Masculine. Malus and rubus are doubtful. 


RULE Til. 


Names given equally to Males and Females, whose sex may 
be easily distincuishedware ofthe Common Gender ; as infans, 
bos. But the Gender of those whose sex is not easily distin- 
guished may be known from the following special Rules : such 
are aquila, passer, vulpes. 


re rt a Rs ee 


* Lakes and Bays, as Adria, may be referred to these. Small. 
er Rivers and Lakes are sometimes Feminine, taking their Name 
and Gender from Nymphs. 

+ Vesontio, &c. 

+ Preneste, Suthul, Tibure 
q Oleaster. 






























4d 
RULE IV. 
For the Gender from Terminations. 


Nouns ending in wm, and Nouns not varied in the Singular 
Number, are Neuter. 

Greek’ Nouns made Latin retain their original Gender; as 
¢ometa, Gombyx, periodus, poema. 

Words put artificially, or merely for themselves, are Neuter*. 


The following Rules, for the Gender from Declension, 
are called Special Rules. 


SPECIAL RULE I. 


Nouns not increasing in the Genitive are Feminine ; as sedese 
EXCEPTIONS. 


Nouns in er and ws are Masculine 3 as venter, a annus. So are 
antes, axis, callis, cassis, caulis, collis, crinis, cucumis, ensis, 
ta USCIS, follis, fustis, ignis, lemures, lienis, mensis, orbis, panis, 
piscis, postis, sentis, torris, vectis, vermis, ung uis ; and as, with 
its compounds, as decussis. 

Acus, alyus, Gomus, ficus, humus, idus, manus, porticus,  tri- 
bus, vannus, are’ Feminine. 

_ Amnis, anguis, canalis, carbasus, colus, clunis, fnis, funis, 
erossus, linter, pampinus, phaselus, specus, talpa, torquis, are 
aoubtful. 

Nouns ending in #, making zs in the Genitive, are Neuter 
as mare. 

Pelagus, virus, vulgus, are Masculine and Neuter. 


SPECIAL RULE II. 


Nouns increasing long in the Genitive are Feminine ; as pro: 
bitas, probitatis. 
EXCEPTIONSs 


Nouns, ending in or and osy with Nouns ending in O not de- 
rived from Verbst, are Masculine ; ;assermo. Also the follow- 


oe 








ay 


* These three, magnus, sum, non, are examples: 
Magnus est declinabile, magnus is declined. 
Sum est declinabile, sum is declined. 

Non est indeclinabile, non is not declined. 


+ Those derived from Verbs end in éi9, si0) wie; as ultio, des 
f#Nsio, CONNEXIOs 


He ee Oe Sea a ug arena 


iieset hosters 
Ststatrestatasateta! 
eect lesb oes . 
were 
issistnis 


atte t 


Neteceteceses 





eebeethtsesceresels 


wy ersssre torte ee 
PES = 


tes 


Satearseees 


peratas 


Tletteosee 


42 


ine: dens*, fons, glis, gryps, Mons, Mus, pons, pres, salt, sepg; 
sol, splen, volitans, occidens, oriens, torrens, tridens ; and the - 
compounds of as, as triens, semis ; and Nouns ending in wz 
derived from uncia, as quincunx. Dos and cos are Feminine. 
























These are doubtful: bubo, calx, limax, rudens, serpens,‘Stirps 3 
and dies, which is only Masculine in the plural. Meridies is 
Masculine. 


Nouns ending in ed and ar are Neuter; as animal, calcar. 


The following are also Neuter: xs, cor, crus, fel, jus, mel, 
lac, 0S ossis, a bone; and os oris, a mouth, pus, rus, thus, vas 
Vasis, Vere 

SPECIAL RULE III. 


Nouns increasing short in the Genitive are Masculine; as 
sanguis sanguinis. 
EXCEPTIONS. 


Iixcept Nouns exceeding two syllables, in do and go, which 
are 'eminine; as imago, dulcedo: also arbor, carex, ¢ompes, 
cuspis, fax, fides, forfex, grando, halcyon, hyems, nex, nux, pecus 
pecudis, res, scrobs, scobs, seges, spes, supellex, teges, trabs, with 
appendix, coxendix, filix, histrix, nix, pix. 


Nouns ending in ar, en, wr, us, and fut, are Neuter. So are 
ador, xquor, cadaver, cicer, iter, laser, marmor, papaver, piper, 
siser, uber, zingiber. But attagen, furfur, lepus, pecten,*salar, 
turtur, vultur, are Masculine. 

These are doubtful: adeps, cardo, cinis, cortex, culex, for- 
ceps, imbrex, margo, pulvis, pumex, silex. 

Note. In all Declensions the Gender of Nouns wanting the 
singular is found by supposing a Nominative singular; as ha 
fauces, as from faux; hi cancelli, as from cancellus ; he nugz, 
as from nuga. 


OF HETEROCLITES. 


Nouns that vary their Gender or Declension ; Nouns that are 
defective or redundant, are called ZZeteroclites. , 


Notns varying their Gender. 
Carbasus, jocus, locus, and sibilus, are Masculine and Neuter 
in the plural. | 
aN TSE SRS Son iy, 
* Bidens, m. livo, bidens, fV oyise 
* Sal is found Neuter also. 




































ey 
43 





Menalus, Tartarus, and pets 


Avernus, Dindymus, Gargarus, 
plural. ‘So are Perga- 


haps some more such, are Neuter in the 
mus, supellex, Panaruse 
flum, frenum, rastrum, are Masculine and Neu- 
Celum, Argos, are Masculine in the plural. 


Teteeeepe yeas 


Capistrum, 
¢er in the plural. 


eetats 
Stat see! 


—* 


asistat ers 


pestate Eatesptecptstateretesecs 


ee 


Pp e . 
Nouns varying Gender and Declension. 
num, are of the Feminine Gender 
lurale Vas. vasis, is of the second 
kes mznioruns or meniums 


Delicium, epulum, nundi 
and first Declension in the p 
Declension in the plural. Mania ma 


Nouns defective in Number or Case. 
Proper Names, when they denote only one person, or one 
thing, have but one Number. 


j The Names* of grain, things sold by 
metals, diseases, virtues, VICES, AGES, aris, 


All Nouns of the fifth Declension, except acies, dies, facies 
res, species, want the Genitive, Dative and Ablative plural. Like- 


wise labes, nex, atid soboles. 
ant the plural, or have in it only the 


weight, herbs, liquids, 
want the plural. 


The following Nouns w 
Cases set down. 


EEyum. -is erando paxt solum. 
zther hilum pelagus talio 
aer hordeum -2 plebs tellus 
callum. humus proles thus -ra 
cenum indoles prosapia -as valetudo 
electrum -a jubar pudor ver 
fama -as justitium pus | vesper 
fames mel -la quies vigor 
far -a macellum rus -ra vinum -2. 
fel metus -us salum virus 
fimus muscus salus vitrum 
forum -a mustum -a sanies viscum 
fuga -as nihilum siser vulsus 
gelu nitrum sitis 

gloria paupertas sopor 


* Triticum, saccharum, thymum, lac, aurum, podagra; casti 
tas, cbrietas, senectus, MUSI¢ds 
+ Paces.=-oracts 


eee Si A AE 





SRS SIC = 

esetestesseeas exee resets rit 

Srarpetcietparssipss eens = 
Pstascetearesttees - ate 


+, 


22 
eaibsrsrssbecsicied 


Seioarer sy 


spe Pret 


esse 


tere 
peepases 


Sees tete re pereeates 
soot 


$222 
eer 
Seeieeteast 


sabe eetesy: 


seeseteent 


cs 


Sie treeerreneseeete 
esse pare 


st 


44, 


Many Names of Feasts and Place 
Bacchanalia, Gabi, Locri, Delphi, Phil 
of Cities, 
Masculine. 


$ want the singular ; ag 


ippi. These four Names 
and perhaps some others of the same ending, are. 


The following 


Nouns want the singular, or have in it only the 
Cases set down. 


Aborigines estiva 


lactes penates 
ambages -e excubiz Jautie prebia 
antes exequiz lemures precordia 
antix exta liberi primores 
apine’ exuvie lustra primitiz 
arma facetix magnates proceres 
artus fasti majores quisquilia 
blanditiz fauces -e manubiz reliquiz 
calende feriz menia rostra 
cancelli flabra Mapalia Scopz 
castra fori mine _. tenebre 
clitelle Serre munia tesqua 
calites hiberna natalia thermee 
crepundia ilia non tric 
cunabula induciz nuge Valve 
cune Inferiz huptiz vergilie 
dirz Insidiz oblivia vindiciz 


Some Nouns vary their signification; as ZEdes, in the singu- 
lar, sienifies a temple; in the plural, a house: Plaga, in the 


? 


Singular, a country ; in the plural, a net, 


The following Nouns have but one Case: 

Dicis, expes, inficias, in 

Hoctu, permissu, promptu 
Tale 


gratis, jussu, injussu, nauci, natu, 
3 and astu, which has astus inthe plu- 


The following have only two Cases: 

Dica dicam, fors forte, impetis 
Fepetundis, spontis sponte, suppeti 
Jugeris jugere, verberis vetbere ; 


impete, opus, repetundarum 
®% suppetias, tabi tabo; with 
these two haye the plural. 


The following have three Cases - 


Cete, fas. grates, instar, mane, necesse, nefas, tantundem tan- 
tidem, Tempe, velupe ; with Greek Nouns in J, as sinapi; and 
Plus pluris, which has the plural. Its compounds, complures 
and perplures, want the singular. 





























































The following Nouns want the Nominative and Voeative sin- 
@ular: ify 
Dapis, ditionis, frugis, naris, opis, precis, Sordis, ViGtSe 

The Pronouns, except tu, meus, noster, nostras, want the 
Vocative. Nemo* wants the Genitive, Vocative, and plural 
numbere 

Nouns ending in U want the Genitive and Dative singular. 
Chaos wants the Genitive and the plural number. Ambo, duo, 
and tres, want the singular. ‘The cardinal Nouns of number 
want the singular; and all from three to an hundred, with the 
Adjectives mille, tot, and quot, want the singular and are not 
Nil and nihil, with some Hebrew words, aS manna, 


varied. 
and some Greek words, as epos, are not varied, and want the 
plural. Ponde and nequam are the same in both numbers and 


all caseSe 
Nouns redundant. 


The following are of the second and fourth Declension: Co- 
Jus, cornus, ficus, lacus, laurus, peuus, pinus, Quercus ; also, do- 
mus: But the Cases in me and mu in the singular, and in 72 and 
mis in the plural, are leit out. 

The names of feasts make the Genitive in zm and orums; as 
Bacchanalia. 

Greek Neuters in a, as poema, mak 
in is and 20us. 


e the Dative and Ablative 


Nouns of Greek origin sometimes make the Accusative singu- 
tar in 4; as aer acra, ather gthera, cassis cassida. 


Rs djectives. 


‘ved from animus, arma, bacillum, clivus, frae+ 
somnus, end either in ws or 28 3) Yet the 
Seminex is found only 


Adjectives der 

num, jugum, nervus, 

. Feminine of these in 4 is seldom found. 
in the Masculine and Feminine. 


The following Adjectives may be found of the neuter Gender 
in the singular, but never in the plural: degener, deses, dives 
excors, hebes, inops, locuples, memor, pauper; puber, sospes, SUu- 
perstes, teres, uber. Cordi and frugit, with whatever Adjectives 
end in J, are not varie de 


In a eT 


* Neminis is used in Terence. 


{ Cordiand frugi, scem rather Substantives in the Dative Cases \, 


Ha a RR cata 
gv gun HagatRAL THESES HERE Te 


siocetceecsstotalcstbasees 


eagoa seas pe rtaloe 


eee raeae ce prer Peres 


2.8: 


































wt Conjugating Verbs; 


Pules for forming the Perfect Lense, in the 
JSirst Conjugation. 


Verbs of the first Conjugation form the second Person* from 
the first by changing O into as, and the Perfect Tense by chang- 
ing @s into dvi; as am-o am-as AM-AVl, 


EXCEPTIONS. 


But do makes dedi, juvo juvi, lavo avi, sto steti. Crepo, cu- 
bo, ‘domo, ‘frico, mico, seco, sono, tono, veto, make wi. Neco 
kas necavi and necui. 


In the second Conjugation. 


Verbs of the second Conjugation form the second Person from 
the first by changing eo into esyand the Perfect Tense by chang 


ing cs into w; as doc-eo, doc-es, doc-ui. 


EXCEPTIONS. 


Ifa Verb end in geo with z or rbefore gee, the Perfect Tense 
ts formed by changing geo into si; as urgeoursi, mulgeo mulsi, 
it has also mulxi. Ardeo has arsi, hero haesi, jubeo jussi, ma-. 
neo mansi, mulceo mulsi, rideo risi, suadeo suasl, Sorbeo sorbul 
and sorpsi, torqueo torsi. 


Verbs ending in veo form the Perfect Tense by turning vee 
into vz ;/as moveo movi: So cieo makes civi, fleo flevi, neo nevi, 
vieo vievi. Augeo, frigeo, luceo, lugeo, make xi. Prandeo, 
sedeo, strideo, video, turn deo into di: Mordeo has momordi, 
pendee pependi, spondeo spospondi, tondeo totondi. 


In the third Conjugation. 


Verbs of the third Conjugation form the second Person from 
the frst by changing O and 7o into zs, and the Perfect Tense by. 
changing zs into Z; as leg-o leg-is leo. 














* The second Person is not to be omitted in conjugating Verbs 
in the Active Voice, since it is the standard by which the increase. 
of a Verb is known. . 












































4 


EXCEPTIONS. 


F 


Verbs ending in ho, g0, cto, guo, make xi in the Perféc¢ 
Tense; as traho traxi, tego texi. So coquo has coxi, dicd dixi, 
duco duxi, fluo fluxi, struo struxi, vivo vixis Go after & is turned 
into si; as spargo sparsi. Claudo, divido, laedo, ludo, plaudo, 
rado, rodo, vado, trudo, make siz And cedo has cessi, gero 
gessi, mitto misi, premo pressi, quatio quassi, UFO USssi- 

Verbs ending in zo make Jui, and in mo mut; as colo, vommo. 
So pinso, rapio, sterto, strepo, texo, make wi: And gigno has 
seni, meto messui, pono posui. But palo, sallo, and emo, make 
the Perfect Tense by changing zs-into J. 

A Verb ending in fo forms the Perfect Tense by changing fe 
into fsi 3 as scalpo scalpsi. Como, demo, promo, scribo, sumo, 
temno, likewise make /:s7. 

‘Verbs ending in sco and zo make v7; as pasco pavi, sino Sivi, 
sterho stravie Accerso, arcesso, incesso, lacesso, cupio, peto, 
make ivi: so quero has quxsivi, sperno sprevi, tero trivi. Fin- 
do, fundo, linquo, scindo, vinco, change és into JZ, losing 2 3; and 
yumpo makes rupi. Ago makes egi, capio cepi, facio feci, fran- 
go fregi, jacio jeci, sisto stiti. 

The following Verbs double their two first letters in the Per- 
fect Tense: curro, pedo, pendo, posco, tendo. _ Cado has cécrdi, 
exdo cxcidi, cano cécini, disco didici, fallo féfelli, pario péperi, 
pello pepili, tango tetigi, tundo tuitiidis 

The following have a double Perfect Tense: capesso, capes- 
givi and capessi ; facesso, facessivi and facessi; lino, lint, livi 
and levi; necto, nexui and nexi; parco, peperci and parsi;* 
pecto, pexui and pexi ; pluo, pluvi and plui; pungo, pupugi and 

punxi; sapio, sapui and sapivi3 vello, velli and vulsi; verro, 
verri and versie Pango to bargain, has pepigi; /ango to join, 
pegi; fango to sing, panxi: Sero to sow, has sevi; sero to place 
in order, serul. 


oC 
vo 
nd 


In the fourth Conjugation. 

Verbs of the fourth Conjugation form the second Person from 
the first by changing zo into zs, and the Perfect Tense by chang- 
ing zs into zvz; as SC+10, SC-is, Sc-ivie Ho, ‘queo, veneo, also 
make 7vi. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

Venio has veni: Sancio and vincio make xz. Farcio, fulcio, 
sarcio, sentio, sepio, have sz: and haurio hausi, cambio campsi ; 
amicio amicui and amixi; salio sald saliyi and sali. 


# Parsi is obsolete, 


SHS : Sfepessqergebsctetetes 
Stee 33 = <. 
ST SEL 3! = ore esigeeretsoeeson 


eatin btheiees. Seba sah ; 


ith tetechiet bt siete rtes =e 


SS Sas 























2 aeeest = o 
= 
eee : 


= 


Ceestet eters 


BUS 
parser eee 
eerssee paeree se 


Ses 


a 


Spesespesacas 
<sst Serer ac teseassepeeest es sts" : 
Somesessyoniens esieeeeetes eee tes 

pep esry staegeesetetenrteaes sess stiteeetaes < 





4g : 
Of Compound Perfect Tenses. 


The Perfect of a Compound Verb is the same with that of thé 
Himple ; as docud edocui. 


EXCEPTIONS. 


An extraordinary syllable of the simple Perfect Tense is taken 
from the Compound; as respondi: except the Compounds of. 
posco and disco. 


The Compounds of do, which are of the third Conjugation; 
make didz; as addo: but abscondo, abscondi. The Compounds 
of sio make stiiiz2 Decurro, €XCUrro, percurro, precurro, make 
cucurri or curria 


The Compounds of pungo make only punxi; but refungo 
makes repupugi and repunxi. Dimico makes dimicavi. 


Pilico, compounded ‘with a noun, sub, or re, makes filicavi ; but 
otherwise compounded it makes wé and avi: So discrepo, incre- 
po, make wz and avz. 


The Compounds of oleo make olevi 3 except oboleo, redoleo, 
suboleo, which make wi. 


Perfeet Tenses used only in Composition. 


The Compounds-of cerno make crevi; of cumbo cubui; of 
lacio lexi, only elicio elicui; of leo levi; of pario perui, except 
reperi and comperi; of quatio cussi; of Specio spexi: and per- 
cello perculi. 


Atules for Compounding certain Verbs. 


Arceo, cando, capte, carpo, damno, fallo, farcio, fatiscor, cra- 
dior, jacto, lacto, pario,. partio, patro, sacro, scando, spargo, 
tracto, change their first vowel into e+ likewise dejero and peje- 
ro from juro; anhelo from halo ; commendo from mando; per- 
petior from patior ; obedio from audio; compesco and dispesco 
from pasco, which make eséai in the Perfect Tense. 


Cado, cxdo, egeo, habeo (except posthabeo) lado, quero, ra- 
pio, sapio, salia, Statuo, laceo, teneo, when compounded, change 
their frst vowel into I: So'ambic the Compound of eo ; displiceo 
from flaceo: Andthese Compounds of maneéo, emineo, immined, 


3 
YAS 9H 3 . : Waly . 
pract MAN O, Qby ¢ MINeG, yy! yah + 


; uch make w in the Perfect Tense. 







































These Verbs—ago, capio, emo, facio*, fateor, frango, jacic, 
lacio, pango, premo, rego, sedeo, specio, tango—when com- 
pounded with a Preposition, change their first vowel into /, but 
retain the vowel of the Simple Perfect Tense in the Compound ; 
as perficio perfeci: Jego also, unless when compounded with 
pier, jira, re, sub, ov trans: these, diligo, intelligo, negligo, make 
lexis likewise cano, the Compounds of which, make czmwi in the 
Perfect; as cencino concinui. 

These Compounds are excepted: circumago, perdgo, satago 5 
coegi from cogo, degi from dego, coemo, supersedeo, circum 
pango, depango, oppango, repango, pergo. perrexi, surgo sure 
EEXle 

Calco, salto, scalyo, change @ into u. Causo, claudo, lavofy. 
quatio, lose «. The Compounds of plaudo, change au INtO Oy 
except applaudo. 


Rules for forming the Supines.. 


Ci, gi, qui, xi, in the Perfect, form ctum in the Supine ;. as. 
fegi lectum. Finxi, minxi, pinxi, rinxi, strinxi, lose 7, 


The vowel of the Present Tense that has been changed in the. 
Perfect, returns in the Supine ; as feci factum. 


An extraordinary syllable of the Perfect-Tense is taken away 
ia the Supine ; as momordi morsum. 

Di, li, ri, si, in the Perfect, form sam in the Supine; as vidi, 
yisum, velli vulsum. Fidi, fodi, misi, scidi, sedi, double s. 

Psi is made fium; as scripsi scriptum: but campsi campr 
sum. 

Ni, fii ti, vi, in the Perfect, form éum in the Supine ; as veni 
ventum, ste and sisto statum. 


The following also make the Supine in zum: amicui amictom, 
bibi bibitum, cavi cautum, colui cultum, consului consultum, de- 
di datum, docui doctum, emi emptum, farsi fartum, favi fautum, 
fricui frictum, fugi fugitum, fulsi fultum, eessi gestum, ‘hausl 


——— ne 





*® The Compounds of fecio which do not change @, take a Pas- 
zive signification by changing facio into fo ; as malefacio malefio, 
liquefacio liquefio, &c. but such are not compounded with a Pres 
position, but with Adverbs, kc. 

+ The Compounds of lavo, as diluo, are of the third Conju- 
gation. : 






oie Sabie 
presen serene ot 
: es: 


Sraseneei 


septate tate 


eras. 


sesee eaters 
ooaaptatetieeeeariet 


eaten se erSe Sass soe strat t ise beatae 
Happiecressssista seeds Tost 


sears esitttasreriseenrsatacsie ee 


Set 


teeseir ere eeeres 


scsctewmeeseesstsepieseteteeee 
pessesatiestisaseasiss 

sinssteraesesesteeetses: 
ae pamiscareeatitse 


3 
>: Terese 


al es ig, 
























50 


haustum, occului occultum, payi pastum, pepedi peditum, Peperi 
partun, pinsui pistum, rapul raptum, salui saltum, sarsi sartumy 
secul sectum, sepelivi sepultum, serul sertum, sevi satum, solvi 
solutum, tenul tentum, texui textum, torrul tostum, tuli latum, 
volvi volutum, ussi ustum. 


Other Perfect Tenses turn wi into ttum 3 as domui,domitums 
Except Verbs in wo, which turn wz into eth ; as induo: But 
Juo makes luitum, and rut ruitum. Cellui has celsum, censui 
censum, Messui.messum, pepull pulsum, verti versum, tutudi 
qupsum, venivi (from veneo) venum. Figo, flecto, fluo, necto, 
pecto, plecto, make xum. : 


The following have two Supines: alut altum & alitum, carui 
cassum & caritum, edi estum & esum, indulsi indulsum & indul- 
tum, lavi lavatum jJautum & lotum, miscul mistum & mixtum, nes 
eavi hecatum & nectum, pandi passum & pansum, potavi potae 
tum & potum, tetendi tensum & tentum, torsi tortum & torsume 


Of the Supines of Compound Verbs. 


The Compound Supint is formed as the Simples But the 
vowel of the Perfect is to be retained in the Supine’; as perdidi 
perditum, perfeci perfectum: except the Compounds of ago, 
frange, pango, tango, and teneo. The Compounds of tunsum 
make tusunt Vhe Compounds of sto make statum or stitume 
Cantum, raptum, turn @ into es sataum from sero makes situm, 
ruitum rutum, saltum sultum, and adolevi adultum. Cognitum 
aud agnitum come from notum. | 


Of Verbs in or. 


Verbs in or form the Perfect Tense by putting sum or fui with 
the P; articiple of the Perfect Tense ; 3 as legor lectus sum or fuis 


Adepiscor makes adeptus, 

comminiscor commentus, 

expereiscor experrectusy 

experior expertus, 

fateor fassus, 

fatiscor fessus, + 

fruor® fruitus, 

eradior gressuss 
. grascor iratus, 

labor Japsus, 


Joquor locutus, 

metior mensus, 

misereor misertus, 
snorior mortuus, 
nanciscor nactus, 

hitor nisus © nixus, 
obliviscor oblitus, 
Operior opertus, 

ordior (to weave ) orditus, 
ordior (to begin )-orsus, 





€ Some think fruor has no Perf-ct Tense, but perfruitus is founds 










































orior ortus, reor ratus, 
paciscor pactusy sequor secutts, ; 
patior passusy, i tucor. tultus & tutus, 
proficiscor profectuss ; ulciscor ultus, 
queror Questuss ulor ususSe 





The following Neuters in O have a Perfect after the manne? 
of the Passive Voice: audeo ausus, fido fisus, fio factus, Saue 
deo gavisus, mzreo, mestus, soleo solituss Sum has fui, possum 
potui, and fero tulle 


The following Verbs have a Perfect Tense after the manner 
of both the Active and Passive Voice ?, C&NO, Carved, JUNO, nubo 
nupsi & pupta sum, placeo, potoy prandeo, suesco, titubo, vapu- 


Jo: libet, licet; piget, pudet, tedet teduit & pertesum est 


The following Verbs want the Perfect Tense : ambigb, aveo, 
cerno, cluo, fatisco, ferio, furo, glabreo. glisco, labo, liqueo, liquets 
liquo, liquor, medeor, meio, Nexo, Hideo, polleo, reminiscor, rin-' 
gor, tollo, vergo. Vescore : 

All Inceptive Verbs want the Perfect Tense ; as hisco, pue- 
rasco: amdall Desiderative* Verbs; asmicturio: except partus 
yio and esurio. 

All Passive Verbs want the Perfect Tense; whose Active 
Voice wants the Supines; as cernor. 

All Verbs which want the Perfect Tense. want the Supines. 


che following Verbs also want the Supines: algeo, angas 
calveo, clango, compesco, congruo, conniveo, dega, disco, dis- 
pesco, flaveo, ferveo, Trigeo, fulgeo, gestio, incesso, INg1Uo, lam- 
bo, lingo, i nquoft, luceo, metuo, Mico, Ningo, parco, paved, ploy 
posco, prodigo, psallo, refello; respuo, rudo, sapio, satago, sca 
bo, sterto, sti ideo, strido, sugo, timeo, tremo, turgedos volo, ure 
eco; and arceo, the Compounds of which have ercitum; the 
Compounds of cado, as incido, but occido has occasum; and re- 
cido recasum ;. and the Compounds of nuo, as renuo, 


All Verbs Neuter which make wZ in the Perfect Tense want 
the Supines; as nigrai. Except caleo, careo, doleo, latco, ho- 
ceo, oleo, pareo, placeo, taceo, yvaleo, which have the Supines or 
the Participles derived from them. 


Ei NOL RES ae DNL Rs hada shel Se aL oer ee . 
_ * Desidcrative Verbs are formed by adding 170 to the lattes 
Supine ; as parturio from partu, from pario. 

4 The Compounds make lictum 5. as relictums 


























ssscgapeocsterecosesee 35 
Seimei ae 
eases 
ese saipeastipes seceeragteesd Sti 


et areoTeear erst 


Tresesets = re 
SSeS 


; SSeS ESS 
SSS 
= Sea 


= oor 
Sie 


caateasestasnetates 


esstesttisrusece 





52 


The following Defective Verbs have only the parts set dewii é 
Ind. Pres. Aio ais ait Fl. aiunt 
Imperf. Aieb-am -as -at Pi. -amus -atis -ant 
Imper. Ai 
Sud. Pres. Ai-am -as -at Pl. -amus -atis -ant Part. aiens’ 
Imper. Apage, Pl. Apagite. 
Imper. Av-ey -eto Pl. -ete -etote. Inf averes 


a is -eto, Pl. -ete -etote. Fut. -ebise 


m 


Inf. Salvere, valeres 


Sub. Pres. Aus-im, -is, -it. Pl. -ints 
Imper. Cedo. Fi. cedite. 
Sub. Fut. Fax-o vel fax-im, -is, it. Pl. -ints 
Sub. Imperf. For-em, -es, -et. Pl. -ent. Inf. fores 
dnd. Pres. Infit. Fl. infiunt. 
Ind, Pres. Defits Sub. Press defias. Inf. Pres. defieris 


dnd. Pres. Inqu-io vel inqu-am, -is, -ite Pl, -imus, -iunte 
_ Perf. inquisti, inquits 

Fut. inqui-es, -et. 

Imper. Inqu-e, -ito. Part. Inquiense ! 

Ind. Pres. Ovat. Part. Ovans. 


Ind. Press Queso; Pls quesumus. 


The following Verbs have only the Perfect Tense and the 
"Tenses derived from it. 


These Perfect Tenses have the signification of the Present 
Tense. 


Czp-i, > 
Memin-i, L vu wo a wu e 

" -cram) -erlm, -1sSe€m, -Ero, -isse. 
Noyv-i, fon tase citge cates 
Od-1, 


Imper, Memento. Pi: mementote, 


Osus sum, and esurus; ceptum, and cxpturusy are found. 
Dor; der, for, furo, are not found Simple. 


for dice, duce, face, fere; dic, duc, fac, fer, are usede 


¥ 





















a 


SYNTAX. 


SS yn Tax: which shews the connection of Words in a Seme 


tence, consists in Concord, and Government. There are titee 
Concords. 
CONCORD I. 
A Verb Personal agrees with its Nominative in Numbet 
and Person, as precefitor legit, vos vero negligilise 


A Verb Impersonal has no Nominative, and is commonly 
known by the sign Z in English, as me afioriel, it behoves me, 
er I ought; sidé licet, it is lawful for thee, or thou mayest.” 


CONCORD Ii. 


The Adjective agrees with its Substantive in Case, Gendery 
and Number; as emicus certus in re incerta cerniture 


CONCORD ITI. 


_ The Relative agrees with its Antecedentt in Gender, Num» 
ber, and Person; as vir sapit qui fauca loquiturs 


EXCEPTIONS. 


A Noun of rnultitude singular, or tvo or more Nouns singt 
Yar, will usually have a Verb, Adjective or Relative plurals 
which Verb, Adjective or Relative, shall agree with the Noun 


shi rs itp ror nlite IO Teo, eT 


* Whenever a Noun Adjective, or Participle, is set with the 
Jmpersonal est, the Adjective or Participie is to be put in the 
Wetter Gender; as Abeundum est mihi, 1 must depart. 
+The Antecedent is the Substantive that is repeated in the 
Relative. . 



























ae 


sGenol 2 = coats 
pee eas 
Sa iatets cece: 
nysersaiceeeste eee: 
* 


re 
eMetese ress teers ees 
Sore SS 


atesoses 


cictzest-ts 


aeaiiretorerepuitesetena ses 
eetee Siatetees, ios 


prea pero} <3 
Si sitetiet ee et ett 





54 
44 eae ir NPS ‘ th gdete ay Pe oy 
of the most worthy Person, or Gender; as Turba ruvne: Eg6, 
& mater, qui abfuimus, sumus tuti.* 

A Verb of the Infinitive Mood, or some member of a Sens 
tence, may, be the Nominative to a Verb, the Substantive to an 
Adiective, dv the Antecedent to a Relative; and then the Verb 
is put in the third Person singular, and the Adjective or Relative 


in the Neuter, Gender and singular number; as Diluculo surgeb 
re saluberrimuin est. 


A Verb, Adjective, or Relative, may sometimes be so placed 
between two Substantives, as to agree indiflerently with either 
of them; as Omziis ejus sermo sunt diré. 


Of the Government of Words. 


When there comes no Nominative Case between the Relative 
and the Verb, the Relative shallbe the Nominative to the Verb ¢ 
as Miser ille est gui nummos admiraiurs 


But when there comes a Nominative between the Relative 
and the Verb, the Relative shall be governed by the following 
Verb, unless it is more nearly connected with some other word 
in the sentence by which it may be govcrnedt; as Felix quem fas 
ciunt aliena pfericula cautum. Sectareé virtutem, gua nihil est 
meuuse | , ; 

Of Substantives governing Substantives. 

When two Substantives come together, signifying different 
things, the latter having a Genitive sign shall be the Genitive 
Case; as Lacundia Ciceronis. 


This Genitive may be changed into an Adjective Possessive 
agreeing with the preceding Substantive; as Patris domus, Pa- 
terna domtus. Sometimes the latter of two Substantives may be 
in the Dative Case ; a8 Urdi pater, urbigue mariluse 
og a ame eT fas. SS Vk 

* Let it be observed, that the first Person is more worthy than 
the second, and the second more worthy than the third: also 
that the Masculine Gender is more worthy than the Feminine; 
and the Feminine more worthy than the Neuter: unless in things 
without life, among which the Neuter is most worthy. More- 
over; when several inanimate things cf theMasculine or Femi- 
hine.Gender are S.:bstantives to Adjectives, or Antecedents to 
Relatives, the Adjectivesand Relatives may be putin the Neuter ; 
asarcus & calani sunl bona: arcus' & calami gue tu fregestic 

t+ Notr. Words, for the mostpart; are governed by those 
which go before them in the construction ; but the Relative and 
Juterrogatives, quis, uter, qualis, quantus, &¢e are mostly gove 
erned by the words which follow theme ~~ 


































53 


But Substantives signifying the same person, or same things 
are put in the same Case; or are said to be putin Apposition 5 
A$ Poter meus vir amat me fucrum, Lfodiuniur ofes irritamens 
ta malorume. 

An S@ective in the Masculine Gender signifying a persons 
and an Adjective in the Neuter signifying a thing, stands as a 
Substantive ; as Sefitem Gracie sapienicse Quantuin mali est in 
discordia ? 

Nouns shewing the praise-or dispraise of any person or thing, 
following.a Noun Substantive, or a Verb Substantive, may be 
put in the Genitive or the Ablative Case; as Puer bone indelis, 
or bona indole. 

Ofius and usus*, when Substantives, and Latin for need, rover 
an Ablative Case; as Ofius est mihi tuo judicio. Vigints minia 
wsus est jilto. 

La 7? sek 
The Government of Adjeciwes. 


Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, guilt, remem- 
brance, and Adjectives of a signification coptiary to these, -go- 
vern a Genitive Case; as Cupidus auri. Peritus belli. Sceler- 
isque furus. Conscius governs a Genitive with a Dative ; as 
Conscius sibi rectt est. 

Adjectives in az derived from Verbs, with particeps and com- 
pos, govern a Genitive 5 as Propositi tenax. Consilit farticcpise 
Comfios mentis. 

Partitive Adjectives govern the Substantives from which they 
take their Gender, in the Genitive plural ; and such Adjectives 
stand as Substanitives 3; as Hominum pfilerique rerum novarum- Cus 
pidi sunt. Quisquis fuit ille Deorum. 

Adjectives signifying advantage, likeness, pleasure, submis- 
sion, relation, and Adjectives of a signification contrary to these, 
govern a Dative. Case ; as Labor est utilis corperi. Sometimes 
Adjectives of likeness may govern a Genitive; as Damini siint- 
lis Se 

Adjectives which have a Passive signification govern a Dats 
jve; as Muliis fiedilis occidit ile bonis. Domus non ulli fervie 
VENLO6 : 

Adjectives of the Comparative Degree, when they are not 
followed by guam, govern that Noun with which the comparison 


EE ei ares a EEE REIL Sar Ee ne en io" A A ee 
_* Opus and usus are sometimes used as undeclined Adjcee 
tives. Pay Urey canarias, one 


ea 


siete 






Brisaratetsetesrytasssees?: 
saserearatesysasetnte tes 


pessteeseses 


<i epee 
ae 
Fe es 


at 
Ss statenes 


Ss 





56 


fs made, in the Ablative Case; as Aqud elacies frigidior est. Ade. 


Jectives of the Comparative Degree may govern, besides, am 
/iblative of the excess; as Sol multis partibus terr¢ major ests 


Adjectives signifying plenty or want govern an Ablative, and 
sometimes a Genitive; as Dives agris. Dives ofpum. 


Communts, alienus, immunis, proprius, govern a Genitive or 
Dative; as Commune est animantium omnium. 
COMMUNE CSho 


Dignus, indignus, preditus, captus, fretus, contentus, extorriss 
rofugus, &c. govern an Ablative Case; as Dignus es odio. 
Pp Deine Ss 


Dignus sometimes governs a Genitive; «° Militia est operia, 
alicra digna tule 


Lhe Construction of the Primitive, -and of the 
Possessive Pronouns ; % 


which are not to be used indifferently for each other. 


Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, cujus, are used when Possess 
sion is signified; as Imago mea, My picture which I possess. 
Mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, are used when the relation of person 
is signified; as Imago mei, My picture which is like me. 


Sometimes a Pronoun Possessive may answer for a Substan- 
tive to an Adjective, or an Antecedent to a Relative, and the 
Adjective or Relative is made to agree with the Primitive Pro- 
noun; as emo legat mea scrifita vulgo recitare timentis. 


Sur is used for Aim when Aim can be turned into Aimself, and 
for themselucs. Suus is used for his and their, when his can be 
turned into Azs own, and their into their own. 


Of two Antecedents, Aic commonly belongs to that which ig 
nearer to it; and ¢/e to the more distant. When hic, idle, and 
éste, in the same sentence, refer to Antecedents, iste belongs to 
¢he middlemost. 


Zhe Government of Verbs. 


Transitive Verbs govern the word, to which their force or ace 
fion passes, in the Accusative Case; as Percontatorem fugito. 
Corydon ardcbat Alexin. 


Verbs Neuter may govern a Noun, of a near signification, ia 
the Accusative; as Duram servit SET ULbUS ETI 


sit 


fioc mihi tecuna 



























































7 57 


Passive® Verbs covern the Agent in the Dative “ase; as Mos 
esta hovis viris, non occulta fietuntur. Vhe Agent is more free 
guently, afier Passive-Verbs in-the Ablative, governed by @ or 
ab; as Hector ab Achille inte: fectus est. 


Substantive Verbs and Verbs Passive of Naming, with Verbs 
Of motion#and gesture, will have the same Case after them 
which they have before them; as Pocta.salutor. Inceda regina. 
Sedeo judex. Fama est malum. Sometimes an Accusative Caset 
may follow Substantive Verbs when a different Case goes bee 
fore them: as Aodis non licet esse tam disertis, vel diser LOS. 


# 


A Genitive after a Verb. 


Verbs of esteemine or valuing govern a Genitive, and somes 
times an Ablative; as Won hajus te esiimo. Tribus denartis @s- 
fiinavit.—CICERO. 


Equi and boni are Genitives used after consnlo and facios 


Verbs of accusing, condemning. warning. and acqiitting, g0- 
vern a Genitive, and sometimes an Ablative, of the crime, or 
thing ; as Qué alterum incusat frrobri, ifsum se intuert Ghortete 
Condemnabo eodem egate crimine.  Morbus admonet nos mortis. 


Sum, when it signifies possession, property, or duty, governs 
a Genitive Case; as Reddite que Det sunt, Deo. 

But meum,.tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum, and Possessive 
Adjectives, are to be put with es¢ in the Nomini itive Case and Neus 
ter Gender; as Von nostrum est inter vus tantas compionere Ute 
tes. 

Satayo, misereor, miséresco, Fovern a Genitive Case: as Js 
rerum suarum satagit.  Misereoyr and miseresco may have a Da- 
tive; as Huic succurroe fiuic misercors 


Verbs which signify a strone affection of the mind, govern a 
Genitive Case; as Pendeo anime. Discructor Gntinis 


pipheni eee aneeven ee aen-tsnnen Sees awe wepeopmais ip.52 be Mean inn Lies eo eenere eRe EEE SL 








* A Verb is Active, or Transitive, when the word which is 
the Nominative to it causes the forces expressed in the Verb, to 
pass upon an object. A Verb its Passive, when the Nominative 
suffers the force, expressed in the Verb, from an Agent. 


+ This Accusative may be the same Case alte « thegVerb as 
the word nos, which may be understovd beiure lie V c1De 


H 

































o5 


he 
Hie tS A Dative after Verbs. } 
ih Pi All Verbs put acquisitively, which may be known by the sions 
hi to or for after them in English, govern a Dative of that person, | 
rey or thing, for which any thing is done ; as Hm queis consevimus 4 
ha ; agros / 
‘ie ~ To this Rule belong all Verbs that sienify to profit, compare, ’ 


bey give, promise, pay, shew, command, tell, trust, obey, upbraid, 

HH) threaten, and be angry ; with all Verbs of a contrary significa-) 
tion; as Multis minatur gui facit injuriam unt. Solus wbi certeé 

te Amyntas. Calo venit agmen aguarum. 


Sum, with its Compounds, (except possum,) governs a Da- 
tive ; as Multa petentidus desunt multae 


mt Sum, with many other Verbs, duco,tribuo, verto, &c. governs 
two Datives ; as Litio est avidis mare NAUILE. 


i When’swm may be translated into ave.in English, the word 
which goes before it and the Nominative in English, is put in the 
Dative, andthe word that follows is the Nominative to the Verb; 


as Namque est mihi pater domt ; For I have a father at home. 


Verbs compounded with fra, ad, con, sub, ante, fost, 00, iN, 
ern that word in the Dative upon which the 


inter, and sufer, SOV 
as ligo meis majoribus virlute 


force of the Preposition rests ; 
praluxtte 

But praevenio, precedo, prevertoy prevertor,precurro, pra- 
radio, govern an Accusative. 


Verbs governing divers sQases. 


i) guesce, irc. govern an Ablative Case ; as Justitie fungantur offi- 
He cits. Quo consuevit. 

Reminiscor, obliviscor, memini, govern a Genitive, or an Ace 
cusative ; as Omnia, que curant, senes meminerunte 
ane Potior, and several Verbs of abounding and wanting govern 
4 either a Genitive or Ablative ; as Veterisdmplentur vin Lgrese 
si ofitatd Troes potiuntnr arend. 
Ma] . . ° ° ° rr... 
li Verbs Active, of asking, teaching, clothing, with the Verb 
y . ¢ ~ 
i celo, sovern two Accusatives, one of the person, the other of the 

The Passives of these 

abatur sn 


/ Utor, fungor, fruor, gaudeo, dignor; letor, nitor, vescor, cons 


thing 3 as Zu modo posce Deum WeEniGM.s 
bat Verbs govern an Accusative of the thing; as Rog 
tentiams 


4 


pee rt yess sete yi reee ith tht 





a a 







































59 


Some Verbs may govern different Cases, still retaining the 
same signification; as Induo te tunicam, te tuRicd, or tht tunis 
cam; I clothe you with a coat. 

Some Verbs, according to their different significations, may 
govern different Cases; as Consulo tidz, t give you advice ; Cons 
sudo te, I ask your advice. 


Of certain casual words following Nouns, Verbs, and 
Participles. 

A Noun signifying the cause, instrument, manner, mean, or part 
by which any thing comes to pass; is put in the Ablative, afier any 
Verbs, or Nouns; as arjacults, ila certant defendere saxis. Ird 
jallidus. Pede claudus. 

A Noun signifying a price, is put in the Ablative Case; as 
Teruncio, seu vitiosg nuce non emerim. But an Accusative of the 
price may follow the Verb vadeo. 

Also the following are put in the Genitive Case: tanti, quan- 


ti, pluris, minoris, tantidem, quantivis, quantilibet, guanticunque 5 
as anti eris aliis, quanti tibt fuerts. 

A Noun signifying the measure of the bigness, or of the dis- 
tance of any thing, is putin the Accusative or Ablative Case ; as 
Jam mille fassus prrocesseram, vel mille fassibus aberam. 

A Genitive Case of the measure, may sometimes be found 
after Adjectivese 

A part of time answering to the question when, is commonly 
put in the Ablative ; as /\ocie latent mendée. Buta part of uns 
answering to the question how long, 1s commonly in the Accusa- 
tive ; as Hic tercentum totes regnaditur anos. 

The Proper Name ofa place, at which any thing is said to 
come to pass, if it be of the first or second Declension, and: siu- 
gular number, is putin the Genitive Case; as Romulus Kome 
primys TEgnavile 

But if the Proper Name of the place be of the third Declen- 
gion, or plural number, it is put in the Ablative; as Zhedis nutrt- 

tus an Argis. 

The Proper Name_of a place, after a Verb or Participle sigs 
nifying motion towards it, is put in the Accusative ; as Coucess2 
Cantabrigiame 

The Proper Name ef a place is put in the Ablative when the 
motion is from or by it; as Romd profectus est. 

Bomvus and Rus are used as Proper Names; and so are these 
Cenitives, hum, militia, bell ; as Domi & militig@ simul enucriite 
Cenfero me demum.  Rure reversus C8to 

































St 


Sars 
poserseneeestpr pase 


or 
Sostseae terete: 


peserese treoss 
Sipspsssaeeratiees 


Sarecisese 


ess 
eeease 


eereaeees 
BoceeS: 


Stat 


Site 
+ Sate 
u jeteees 
pease se tecies 


Se 
Seteraner el States 


estorsters 
rhemeie 


at 
Sreteeerereerseee treats 


evensrerst 5's 
worprsetess 


apse 


Ni 

hae 
tvs } 
(diet! 
a te ities 
pion) 


60 


The Names of larger places are governed by Prepositions 5 
as “neds ¢ Sicilia discedens in Africam appulsus est. 


A Noun or Pronoun Substantive, with a Participle expressed 
or understood, not connected with any other word by which it 
might be 2overned, must be putin the Ablative absolute; as Re- 
&e veniente hostis fugerunt. Me duce vinces, 


The answer to a question is put in the same Case with the 
word concerning which the question 1s asked; ag Quem librum 
levis’ Horatium. 


But if the words asking a question be an exception to a genes 
ral rule, the answer will be ti the Case required by the general 
rule; @s Quanti emisti scalpelium? Solido & piuris. 


re Ns A NR Be Nyy. Dhan 

Of the Infinitive Mood, Ger unas, and Supines. 
Verbs of the InSniive Mood generally follow other Verbs, 
er Adjectives 5 ws Juvat Usque moraris rat tom dignus 
amari. 

he Infinitive Mood frequently follows an Accusative Case; 
as Gaudeo te bene valere. Scio Horatium. carmina scrip- 
DISSC. 

his Accusative, by putting in quod, or ut, may be changed 
into a Nominati-e and the Verb put in a finite Mood; as Gau- 
deo quod tu bene vales. Scio quod Horatius carmina scripsit. 

Fhe Gerund. in pz follows Substantivesy or Adjectives; ae 
Fuit tibi causa videndi.. -Certlis eundi, 


Ths Gerund in do follows some one of these Prepositions—= 


@, 2, abs, dey €y ex, CUMy iy fro; as Lguavt @ discendo cito deter. 
TENLUN. 


The Gerund in do may likewise follow efitus, idoneus, or some 
such Adjective; and sometimes such Adjective is only under. 
stood—ds Qui cultus habendo ‘sit pecori. 


Ft is also used without a Preposition, when it signifies the 
Tanner, or mean——ce Scribendo disces scribere. 
The Gerund in’dum is used after some one of these Preposi- 


tlons—dier, unte, ob, or firofter; as Inter ceanandum hildres 
Cslee. 


These Gerunds, when followed by a casual word, may be 
ehanged into'the Gerundial Voice, and made to agree with 
that word, in Gender, Number, and Case; as Gloria Scnerands 
uel § Sluria Sencrandé melliss ink 











































6) 


The first Supine follows a Verb, or Participle denoting mo« 
tion; as Sfrectatum admisst. 


The latter Supine is used after Adjectives; as Turfe dict 


The Government of Impersonal Verbs. 


A Verb Impersonal governs the same Case as a Personal 
Verb of the same signification; as Me juvat, Mihi malefit a 
nullo. 

These Impersonals, interest and refert govern a Genitive*; 
as Interest magistratiés tueri bonos. But mea, tua, sua, nostra, ves- 
tra, and cuja, are in the Accusative alter zzferest ; and in the 
Ablative after refert. 

Attinet, pertinet, and spectat, are followed by the Preposition 
ad; as Shectat ad omnes bene viveres 


These Impersonals, peenitet, tedet, miseret, miserescit, pudet, 
piget, govern an Accusative of the person, and a Genitive of the 
thing ; as Ze@det me vile. 


A Verb Impersonal may be made to answer for any Person + 
slatur a me, a te, ad illoy a nobis, a vobis, ad tilts. 


The Government of Participles.t 


Participles govern the Cases of their Verbs; as Duilices ten- 
dens ad sidera falmas, Soalso Adjectives in dundus ;"as Pofite 


dubundus agros. “ 





* Upon what ground do J here differ from other Grammartis 
ans? J think Jnterest mea is literally, in English, lt 7s amongst 
my affairs; aid mea is governed by inter, with which the Verb 
is compounded. Nihil refert mea: literally, It bears nothing 
in an affair of mine. Here re, which is connected with /er?, is 
the Ablative from res ; and mea, tuay &c. agree with re. Some 
grammarians allege that no Verb governs a Genitive in Latin, 
but that some Substantive_is understood before the Genitive, by 
which itis governed. However that may be, the Genitive after 
interest may be governed by res understood ; as Interest res 
magistratés ; the Genitive magistratus after refer’ may be govern- 
ed by re, which, though perhaps separate at first, has, by irequent 
juxtaposition been united with feré. 

+ It may be fit to remark here, that the Agent is put after 
the Passive Participles, more frequently in the Dative, than ia 
the Ablative after a or ab ;- as Currendum est mihi, It is.to be rum 
by me, or, rather, [ must rune Pei) to al 


HOS a Raa 


Sotho creeet irs. 
aE 





62 


Participles, when they become Nouns, by losing the distince 
tion of time, govern a Genitive; as Alient apfetens, sui profi 
SUS. 

Exosus, perosus, pertesus, having an Active signification, 
govern an Accusative ; but having a Passive, a Dative; as Gers 
mant Romanis flerost sunt. Hxosus sevitiam. 


Natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, creatus, ortus, editus, genitug, 
likewise their Verbs, govern an Ablative; as Venus orta mari. 


The Government of Adverbs. 


Adverbs of time, place, and quantity, with ergo, may govern 
a Genitive; as Udi gentium. ‘Lune temporis, Satis elogueniia. 
Religionis ergoe 


Ein, and ecce, govern a Nominative, or Accusative; as Zn Pri- 
amus. Jin quatuor arase 


Derived Adverbs may govern the Cases which their Primi- 
tives govern } as Venit obviam illis Oftime omnium dixit. Casira 
gostra vesiris fprofuus urbem moventure 


Of Conjunctions. 


Conjunctions Copulative, and Disjunctive, couple like Cases, 
and like Moods, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons; as Péirus & 
Johannes frecabantur F docebant. 


Conjunctions may couple the Examples of a General Rule, and 


‘the Exceptions to that Rule ina different Case; as Ami hune 


galerum decem solidis FS filuriss 


The. Government of Prepositions. 


The following Prepositions govern an Accusative: ad, advers 
sum, adversus, ante, apud, cis, circa, circum, circiter, contra, 
erga, extra, inita, inter, intra, juxta, ob, preter, penes, per, 
pone, post, prope, propter, secundum, secus, supra, trans, 
versus, ultra, usquee 

The following Prepositions govern an Ablative: a, ab, abs, 


absque, coram, cum, de, e, ex, palam, pra, pro, sine.  Zenus 
eoverns a. casual word of the singular in the Ablative ; as tenus 


/mento; but of the plural in the Genitive—as aurium tenus. 


Cum is generally put after me, se,‘ te, nobis, vobis, quo, quis 
quibus; 4s mecum, quocume 


3 5. . _ -s = — - ane nto * oe 3 =p a 
ee Se a ee Sa ee 

























” . o 


























63 


These Prepositions following govern sometimes an Accusas | 
tive, sometimes an Ablative: clam, super, sub, subter, and ine 
Jn governs an Accusative, when it signifies info, ufion, towards, 
or against ; but an Ablative, when it signifies in, within, or among. 
Sub, a tile before, Zoverns an Accusative 3 as Sud noctem: and 


when motion into a place is signified, in, sub, and subter, govern 


an Accusative, otherwise an Ablative. 


A Verb Compound governs the Case of the Preposition with 
which it is compounded, when the casual word is affected by the 
force of the Preposition ; as detrudunt naves scofiulo. 


An Ablative Case is often found governed of a Preposition 
(especially iz) understood; as Apparuit specie humana: 1. €s 
én vel sub specie humana. 


Of Interjections. 


Hei and ve govern a Dative. Heu and froh,a Nominative or 
Accusative. ©, a Nominative, Accusative, or Vocative : and 


every Vocative is governed of O- 
kta 


EE Gp GE 


FIGURES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 


ProsrHesis apponit capiti; sed dpheresis auferts 
Syncope de medio tollit; sed HLpextheszes addits 
Abstrahit Apocofie fine; sed dat Paragoge. 
Metathesis sedem commutat literularum. 

Literulam Antithesis ipsam mutare parature 


Figures of Excess in Syntax. 


Preonasmus has more words than needs, 
And, to augment the emphasis, exceedse 


As, vidi oculis; audivi auribus. 
In Polysyndeton Conjunctions flows 
And every word its cop’lative must shows 
As, fatague, fortunasque virum moresque manusquce 
Parenthesis is independent sense 
Closed in asentence by a double fence» 


‘As, Credo, equidem, (nec yana fides,) genus esse Deorums 


yest tre: 









Parolce Particles does oft apply, 
Which needless are and nothing signify. 






Whe As, amarier for amari, dicter for dici, hicce for hits - 






Figures of Defect in Syntax. 





fi Errerpsis leaves a word or sentence out, 
weil When the conciseness causes not a doubt. 






am As, Qui cultus habendo sit peco1i; where aeftus is understood, 
: Ventum erat ad Veste ; where ¢emplum is understood, 
















7 Zeugma repeats the verb as often o’er 
_ | As construing words come after or before. 
i t 
| : As, Nec folium, nec arundo, iec unda agitatur vento. a 
i 4 ‘ 
bit : hs 
a: Syllefisis, ia more worthy, comprehends 
L The less; and former’s preference defends. 4 
| As, Ego, tu, & tuus frater, legimus. , 
He y 
‘ ts ° ° ° k 
Asyndeton, or (which the same implies) 
: Dialyton, the Cop’lative denies. 
As, Rex, miles, plebs, negat illud. 
aT 2 
Att ; 
ie | 
a Figures of Defect.in the Contéxt. : 
i 


JiyrPERBATON makes words and sense to run 
In order that’s disturb’d; such rather shun. 


pthissstrinhpseatoe 


eee 


moe 


As, Qualem ministrum fulminis alitem, &c. 


cetera 


ceiecey 


Hysteron doth misplace both words and sense, 
And makes the last what’s first by just pretence. 


cpeseeeepess 
eestirs 


Soo 
iptessestneriperaetsarirs 


aeons 


ear se 


i As, Nutrit peperitque. Illa in regione educatus & natus sum, 


ferersrrrerete 
spit 
essactessstelapeess 


ss 


= 


SSiaisescatetesesres 
es 


ani Hypa.LaGE doth Cases oft transpose ; 
| A liberty that’s never used in Prose. 


aa x 
SoS 


iseteste 


' As, Dare classibus Austros. 


sess 


oe °Tis HELLENISMusS, when we speak or write, 
We In the like style and phrase as Grecks indite. 


Signin 


riesectstort 
Sijcaiess-staee- 


eases 


TSS 


As, Mollium desine querelarum. Regnavit popalorum: 





FosiSasaprsestar sects. 


i 


a 
‘BH 
a 
by sr 


yh 
Fi 

++ 

» ait 

; S i 
Be T ih if 
b Stat 9 

Swe 

























65 


By Tests words divided oft are seen, 
And others ’twixt the parts do intervene. 


As, Que mihi cungue placent 5 for Quzcunquee 
Hypuen’s 2 dash, which parts of words doth: join; 
Or word to word, another word to coin. 

As, Semper-virentis Hymetti. 

ENALLAGE doth alter Person, Tense, 
Mood, Gender, Number, on the least pretence. 
As, Multum ipse pugnare, sxpe hostem ferire : for pugnabat, 
and feriebat. 
By Antrmazrra for one Part of Speech 
Another ’s put, which equal sense doth teache 

As, sole recens orto; for recenter orto. 
ANASTROPHE makes, what first should go, 

The last in place: Verse oft will have it so« 

As, Italiam contra ; for contra Italiam. 

By Evocatton we the third recall, 
In first or second’s place to fall. 


As, Populus superamur. Vos populus fiebitise 


A SynxtueEsis not words but sense respects 3 
For whose sake oft it strictest rules rejects. 


As, Pars maxima cesi. Dulcissime rerum. 
By Appositiow Substantives agree 
In Case; yet numbers different may bee 
As, Mons Taurus. Urbs Athena. 
By Antrprosis you may freely place 
One (if as proper) for another Case 


As, Urbem (for Urbs) quam statuo vestra ¢st 


Ht 


tEhtltiele. 4 





PROSODY. 


ett GD tems 






Recra syllabarum expressio “ res modica dictus qua tas 
ry men omissa, multa lingue vitia, nisi primis eximuntur annis, 
inemendabili in posterum pravitate durantur.”” 



















QUINTILIANe 


I will give another quotation, from the same author, which is 
very worthy of notice. 


‘¢ NAMQUE in omne voce, acuta intra numefum trium sylla- 
barum coutinetur, sive hz sint in verbo solz, sive ultime; & in 
his aut proxima extrema, aut ab ea tertia. Trium porro de qui- 
bus loquor, media longa, aut acuta, aut flexa erit: eodem loco ~ 
brevis, utique gravem habebit sonum: ideoque positam ante se, | 
id est ab ultima tertiam, acuet. Est autem in omne voce utique 
acuta, sed nunquam plus una: nec ultima unqvuam: ideoque in =~ 
dissyllabis prior. Praterea nunquam in eadem, flexa & acuta, | 
quoniam eadem flexa ex acuta. Itaque neutra claudet vocem 
Latinam.” , | 


In every word there, is an acute within the number of three 
A syllables, whether these be the only syllables, or the last: and © 
in these it is either the next to the last, or the third from the last. 
Moreover the middle one of the three, of which I speak, if long, 
la will be acute, or circumflex. 


Mi A short sy!lable, in the same place, will certainly have the ; 
Mh! grave accent ; and will therefore make acute the syllable before i 
it—-that is, the third from the last. 


a Besides, there is certainly an acute syllable in every word, but 
ae never more than one; nor ever the last: therefore it is the first 
f in dissyllables. ¢ 

































67 


er ig in the same word an acute and cite 


Wioreover, there nev 
m the acutee* Therefore 


eumflex: because the circumflex is fro 

neither of them will end a Latin word. | 
An acute syllable is pronounced with a quick, forcible aif I 

may use the expression ) emission of breath ; as in the second 

syllable of Camillus, and the first of legeres 

which (as we are told above) is from an acute, 

is always long, and must be pronounced with an emission nears 

ly the samie as in the acute, but resting longer, or falling, on the 

eyllable ; as iv the second syllable of Cethegus. 


-onounced without a forcible emission ; as in the 


A grave is pt 310) 
lest, and in the last syllable but one, of tantummoddes 


A circumflex, 


This mark - denotes a long syllable. 


This mark o denotes a short syllable. 


— 


PROSODY is that part of Grammar which teaches the quan- 
tity of syllables, and the art of versifying. 

Quantity, the space of time in which a syllable is pronounced, 
is twofold}, long and short. 
- Quantity is known from authority, and rulese 


Authority (from which the quantity of unvaried. syllables in 
the beginning, and in the middle of words, may be known) 1s 


the usage of the best writers. 


RULE I. 


When two vowels come together in a word, the first is short; 
@s in Deus. 
The Zin fio, when R does not follow, is long; as in fzam. 


The E before Jin the Genitive and Dative of the fith Declen- 
gion is long; as in diez: except in fidéi, réi, spét. 


See eee er ee ar 


* From this authority, the pronouncing 0s at the end of a word 
as 6s in Greek, must be faulty. Campos, &c. cannot, with pro- 
priety, have an acute or circumfex O in the last syllable. 

+ Quantity has been divided into long. short, and common. 
Syllables may be divided so, but quantity caa be only twotolds 





phyeass 





setetei espe seston sears: 


megeespspseaesee seas 
TESTS esa ST SS 
Beereeste sree eraste ots 





68 


The Zin us of the Genitive is common® with poets, but Jone 
with orators: except in ad7us, where it is always long; and ig 
alterius, where it is always short. 


Tn Jo and ote the first vowels are common. 


A vowel before Z final in the Vocative is long; as.in Cai, 
Pompei. 


When @ of the Genitive is turned into az, the a is long; as 
in aural. ‘ 


In Nouns of Greek origin the former of two vowels is fre- 
quently lung. 


RULE II. 


A vowel before two consonants, or a double letter, is long by 
position; as in arma, axis, MA] Or. 

But when in a word a muté goes before LZ, or R, the poet may 
vary the preceding vowel, which the orator makes short: as in 
volucris. itlowever, in ardium, simulgcrum, and sonie others, @ 
before the mute and liquid is al ways long. | 


RULE: HY, 

A dipthong is long in all words, except in fre before a vowel 
in composition. Also, a coutracted syllable is lone; as in Dein 
for Deorum. 

RGLE.TV. 


A Perfect Tense doubling a syllable has both short; as im 
didici: Unless when two consonants follow—as in cOcurris 
Czxdo has cze‘di, and pedo pépedi: 


RULE. V. } 
Perfect Tenses of two syllables have the first long; as in lég?. 


Except bibi, dedi, fidi, scidi, stéti, tiie 


RULE VI. 


All Supines. of two syllables have the first long; asin 9¢ume 
Except the Supines: from céeo, do, C0, LO) GUEO, TEU, SEFO, Sind, 
a¢o, and the compounds of rw. 


?? 


Supines in ¢tum have 4 lone—as in amatum. 
Supines in e¢um have # long—as in guéctum. 
tt 


* A vowel or syllable is said to be common, when the quantie 
ty may be cither long or short. . 


























































69 


Supines in étum, from Perfect Tenses in zv/, have r long—aa 
in Actitum. But all other Supines in ium have 2 short—as in 
rultum. 

Supines in uéwm have v long—as in volatum. 


RULE Vit. 


Derivatives retain the quantity of their Primitives. 


RULE VIII. 


Compounds: retain the ea nyyty of their Simples. But inntibas 
and pronaba, from nubo ; lejoro, and pejero, from j4ro; agni- 
tum, and coguitum, from nitum; veridicus, and the other is 
Compounds of dico, with amobztus® aud nidilum, are excepted. 


RCI Au 4 x 


A, DE, 2, SE, DI, are long in composition: Except in dirime 
and disertus. 
Pro in Greek words is short. 


Pero in Latin words ts long: Except in profanus, profari, 
praliteor, pratugus, prafundus, “prvfecto, prguepos, prgcella, pro- 
tervus, and prgpago the Noun. 

In procumbo, procurro, profundo, propello, propulso, and. 
the Verb propago, fro is cornmon. 

Re is short, exceptic the Impersonal reyert from res. 


Ad, ad, and-all ether Prepositions, are short. 


RULE X. 


A,and O, inthe first part of a Compound, are generally long; 
as in érauo, caso 

#, and J, in the first part of a Compound are paneraly short; 
as in wiinam. Except NEMO, lic fe aquam, hequando, néeguamy 
nequicquam, nequis, ncquitia, sedécim, semodius, venelicus; 
videlicet. 


The Z in adem, of the Masculine Gender, is long: likewise in 
ibidem, quzdam, siquis, tantcdem, and in the Compounds of 
dies; as in quotidie: Also in ubique, tibicen, triceni, biges 
quadrige. 


(reece LEE LE 


® Ambitus, ambition—ambitus, @ winding. 









































70 
RULE XI. 
Of the increase*® of Nouns in the Singular Number. 






Nouns of the first, and of the fourth Declension, have no ins 
erease in the singular Number. 


The increase of the second Declension is short; as in fuer 
fuéri s except Iber LbZri.t 


A, the increase of the third Declension,islong.; asin frobitas 
frrobitaiis. Except Nouns of the Masculine Gender in a/ and ar ; 
as salar, Annibal, Amilcar: Greek Nouns ina,as,and many inax; 
as poema, Pallas, corax: and Nouns which have a consonant 
before their termination S; as trabs: with bacchar, hepar, Ju- 
bar, nectar, par, and its Compounds; with anas, mas, vas, and 
fax, which have their increase short. Syfhax has its increase 
common. 


O, the increase of the third Declension, is long 3 as in /abor 
daboris. Except the Genitive Oris of all Nouns of the Neuter 
Gender; but os ris, and Nouns of the Comparative Degree. 

Arbor, bos, compos, halcyon, impos, lepus, memor, rhetor, 
have their increase short. Proper Names also; as Hector. 
And all Greek Nouns which have 6 in the increase; as ¢rifius, 
éripodis : with Allobrox, Cappodox, przcox.: Likewise Nouns 
ending in ods, ofs, have O short; as scrobs: except Cercops, 
Cyclops, hydrops. : 

E, the increase of the third Declension, is short; as in fasser 
fasséris. Except the Genitive in enis; as ren renis, which hap 
Z long: but Hymen makes Hyménis. 


Greek Nouns in es and er have Z long; as labes, crater: exe 
cept aér and ether. 
Hebrew Names also have Z long; as Daniel Daniclis. 


a 
Fex,: halec, heres, lex, locuples, merces, plebs, quies, re 
° ° . j 
ge ps, ver, Vervex, likewise have & long. 





* Nouns are said to increase when they have in any Case one 
or more syllables than in the Nominative. The increase Is the 
syllable before the last; if there be two syllables of increase, 
the two before the last are the increase, &c. 


+ Also, Adjectives in er, if they increase inthe Feminine 
Gender, Nominatiye Case, bave that increase sheri—es migey 
WUSCrae 






























71 


Fand Y, the increase of the third Declension, are short; ss 
dn sanguis sanguiznis. 

But Greek Genitives in inis and ynis have their increase longe 

Dis, glis, grypss lis, Quiris, Samnis, vibex, have their increase 
long. And Nouns ending in éz and ye increase long; as 
perdix, bombyx. Except from these, appendix, calix, coc- 
cyXx, coxendix, Eryx, filix, fornix, histrix, Japyx, larix, natrix, 
nix, onyx, Phryx, pix, salix, varixe Bebrix, sandix, have the 
increase common. 

U, the increase of the third Declension, is short; as in vultug. 
yulturis. 


But Genitives in uris, udis, and utis, from Nominatives in us, 
have their increase long; as in virtus virtutis except intercus, 
Ligus, pecus. Fur, lux, Pollux, increase long. 


RULE XII. 


The plural number increasing makes A, £, and O, long; but 
Zand U short, except in bubus. 


Of the Increase of Verbs. 
RULE XIil. 


M, the increase of a Verb, is long ; except inthe first increase 


ef do. 

E, the increase of a Verb, islong ; unless before # in the Pre- 
sent, and the Imperfect Tense of the third Conjugation; and 
before ram, rim, andro. is short in Jéris and bére, but long 


in reris and rere. 
T, the increase of a Verb, is short; except in the Present 
Tense of volo, sum, and their Compounds. 


Tis long in the Perfect zvi, and in the first increase of the 
fourth Conjugation; except in the first Person plural of the 
Perfect Tense; as in venjmus: or when a vowel follows ;. as in 
audiam.  Oritur is also excepted. Ri*, in the Subjunctive, is 


common. 
Q, the increase of a Verb, is long. 
U, the increase of a Verb, is short; except in the Participle 


in ruse 


* Tt is cenerally accounted short in the Perfect, and long ia 
the Future. 




















ee | 12 
; , ‘ ; Of Final Letters. 


aoe 
= 
Se ee OE ab ee ee SS Se 


1M iM +4 
eae RULE XIV. 
ie A final is lone; unless in «77, ie, quid. A is short in all q 
Ait - €ases, unlcss,in the Ablative, and the Vocative fiom a Nomi+ : 
ea Native in as : 
rie £& final.is short; except in Nouns of the first and fifth Dee 4 
Ni elensions ; and in ceté, fame, fere, ferme, ‘Tempe. . 
wb ‘ | 
ty # is long. in doce, and such Verbs. £ is long in all monosy]= P 
‘ Tables ; except enclitic and syllabic adjections. # is lone in 4 
aR Adverbs-derived from Adjectives of three terminations ; except. : 
in beng, male, superné. { 
( f final is long, unless in nis?, guas7, and Greek Nouns. In 4 
abt, ub7, and the dissyllable cuz*, the Lis mostly short: In mihz, F 
8262, sidi, it is varied. — x 
O finalis common: but in Greek Nouns, in Datives and Ab- :: 
Jatives, Jn monosyllables, and in Adverbs derived from Nouns, it § 


suit 


islong. Cid, dud, imt, modd, sci’, have O short. 
U final is long ; as in corniz. 


Y final is short. 


Es ee ee 


C final is long ; unless in donde, fic, nc, and Ave the Pronouns 
4, D, R, T, final, are short. 


ed 


<> t 


sit iia each enh eas 


Z final is short; unless in 77, sl, s3/, and Hebrew words. 


M final is short. Itis generally taken away in verse by Ece 


thlipsis. p 
WV final is long; unless in en increasing short—as omen; in 4 
Greek Nouns in dxm—as Rhodén, lidn; and in dx, in, tamény F 
widen, audin, and such Compounds. _ 3 
. 7 e S 
Of Final Syllables. | 
RULE XV. ‘ 
AS final is lone; unless in Greek Accusatives, and ina Noun # 
which makes adis in the Genitive. 
f ES fnal is long; unless in és from sum, fenés, and és in 
i 


= Vv 
ner Greek Nouns ; as cacoéthés, 





TE A ES A nla nesenemedely 
Ait * Cut is a monosyliable always in prose, and but seldom a 
} dissyllable in verse. 








~ 


73 


#S is also short in Nouns increasing short—as in segése 
From these are excepted abies, aries, Ceres, paries, pes. 
IS final is short: But in plural Cases, in aud2s and such 


Verbs, in vel7s, szs, vis Verb or Noun, @s islong. J» is long 
which makes iéés 01 entés in the Genitive; as Szmorzs, lis, 


OS final is long; unless in compds, impos, and Os ossis. 

Greek Neuters, and such as end in és have os short. 

US final is short. But monosyllables, Nouns increasing long 
$n the Genitive, and all Cases of the fourth Declension in which 
there is no increase, (except the Nominative and Vocative sin- 
gular,) have us. final long. 


YS final is short; as in Tethys: 


RULE XVI. 


The last syllable of any verse may be considered long, of 
ghort, as may best suit the pocts 


em 


A FOOT, or measure, consists of one or more syllables of 
a certain quantity. 

The principal simple feet are the 
Spondee of = - 15%. Tambic pees Dire 
VPyrrhic oo fuite Dactyl = ov praderé. 
"Firochee, Anapest 6 9 — nin ds. 


: = Oo tanlus vio 
brine Bacchic wie = duidudse 


Compound jects 


A Choriambic, of a Choree and Jambic, as QueSTEr 28 

Proccleusmatic, of two Pyrrhics, as celeriér. 

An Ionic @ majore, of a Spondee and Pyrrhi. 

An lonie @ minore, of a Pyrrbic and Spondee. 

These ten different feet are to be met with in Horace. The 
following are not used by the Latin poets, to whose works thé 
general course of education is at present confined, in our schovlse 


A Moloss — — = frra@iéndant. 

A Tribraco 0 9 léger’. 

A Peon, of a long and three short : the long may be placed 
in any manner with the short. 
The Cretic - 0 — d9/ftimdss 
Aimphibrac 9 - 0 dmicus 





































Sie nieseares! 


Sass elinyeteer ers: 


rerereesests 


Siatererss 


spterersneerses ee 


TSS 3 


restereses 


rH 
== 


eeateee 


preroseteretag 


a= = 


Basiageresetiecsbabesss 


SS] 


— ™ 
sereeetassers 
eS: 


es 


ee eeteterse eee 
SAS Sas 


tease pees e eee meee 


rat 


Sasgseseeiseessrsertes 


SY Se eeeaees 
steieteses 
os 
ees 


pesaceee sewer sees 
pe eticbtr este ates 


aitse 
eeastee: 





G4 


Heroic verse is composed of six feet, the fifth is a Daetyl, 
the last is a Spondee ; the rest are Spondees or Dactyls. 


Sometimes, to express what is slow or sedate, a Spondee may 
be the fiith foot. 


Elegiac Pentameter has the two first feet Spondees, or Dace 
tyls ; the third a Spondee; then two Anapests. The first syle 
lable of the third measure in this verse is called Casura.e 

This verse follows an Heroic Hexameter; as 


Hance ¢ua- Penelo-pe Jen-to 267 - mitzit_ U-lysse.* 
Nil mzhi-rescri-bas at-tamen:. ip-se venie 


The Czsura, the last syllable of a word, that remains after 2 
foot, gives a name to verse. 


When the Czsura follows the first foot, the verse is called 
Triemimeris; when the second, Penihemimeris ; when the third 
Hepihemimeris ; when the fourth, Enneemimeris ; when the fifth, 
Hendckémimeris. Elegiac Pentameter is, therefore, Penthémimeris. 


The Casura is very graceful in Hexameter, but especially af- 
ter the second foot. It is sometimes used suitably by Virgil 
after the fifth; as in exiguus muss; hum7 60s. 


The verse which HorAck uses, is—Ist. Choriambic, which is 
Dimeter of a Choriambic and Bacchic; as 


Lydia dic. - fer omnes. 
Or, Trimeter of a Spondee, a Choriambic and Pyrrhic; as 
Cui fla-vam religas - comame 
This is called Glyconic. 


Or, Tetrameter of a Spondee, two Choriambics, and a Pyre 
rhic3 as + 
Mece-nas atavis - edite re-gibuse 


This is called /sclepiad. 
Or, Pentameter Bacchic of a Choree, Spondee, two Choriamse 
bics, and Bacchic; as 
Te de-os o-ro Sybarin — cur frofieres — amando. 


Or, Pentameter Pyrrhic of a Spondee, three Choriambics, 
and a Pyrrhic 3 as 


Tu he - queseris - scire (nefas «) quem mili quem - ti. 








* The short syllables are distinguished by Jae characters, 
and the lung by Roman: a Ayfhen is used to separate the feets 


—a 


se a “Ee 





















£ 


Se ee saa = ieee, | ea 
So eS eS a ee Se 


ite SS i 


eS eget S e ee 


ae ie 


y 
\# 
i 
* 
ta 
is 
4 
@ 
:. 
i 
a 
i 
¢ 





sain 


Seite enstst 





























@d. Sapphic, of a Choree, Spondee, Dacty], and two Chorees 5 


as 
Jam sa-tis ter-ris nivis + atgue - dire 


$d. Alcaic, which is lambic or Trochaic.—The Alcaic Tambic 
ef two lambics, a Gesura, and two Dactyls ; as 


Vides - ut aleta - stet nive - candidum. 
The Alcaic Trochaic, of two Dactyls and two Trochees; as 
Flumina - constife-rint @-Cus0. 


which is Hexameter Katalectic*, or Hejta- 


ath. Archilochian, 
Hexameter of two lambics, a Cesura, 


metere-—Archilochian 
and three Chorees; as 


Trahunt-que sic-cas = machi-nz ca-rinas. (Katalectic-) 


Archilochian Heptameter, the fourth foot is a Dactyl, the last 
three Chorees, the rest are Heroic feet; as 


Solvitur - acris hy-ems gra-ta vice - veris - et Fa-voni.- 


sth. Heroic, which is Dimeter, Trimeter, Tetrameter, or Hex- 


@meicre 
Heroic Dimeter, of a Dactyl and Spondee ; as 
Terruit-urbem.. (This is called Adonics) 
Ardori-busgue co-1ne. (Hy perkatalectice) 


Heroic Trimeter: as 
Grato- Pyrria, sud - antroe 


Heroic Tetrameter; as 
Aut Efhe-sum bima-risve Co-rinthie 


Heroic Hexameter; as 


Lauda-bunt ali-i cla-ram Ahodon- aut Mity-lenen« 


6th. Zrochaic Dimeter; as 
Non e-bur’ze-que aure-um. '(Katalectic.) 


J ee 


* A verse is called Katalectic when it wants a syllable ; Hy- 
perkatalectic when it exceeds by a syllable. 





z : <= 
see ses esea tsa rorerse eer e3 
beh -8-Sreci see ta pert tperee 


3g 
ess 


- pose seeeer sg 


See 























Rs eee we tS 


eet fa! 
hit 
om 


th. fambic, which is Dimeter, or Trimetens 
1 aa Jambic Dimeter; as 


es cs nt ge 7 
i a Ee Oa 


a Ami-ce pro-pugna-cula. a 
Hh Sylva - dobo-rantes - gelu-quee (Hyperkatalectic,} ‘ 


fambic Trimeter; as . 


+ 


Ibis - Zébur-nis in-ter al-ta na-vium. 
‘Mea -reni-det in - domo -/acu-nar. (Katalectic.) 


ie _ Suis - ez ip-sa Ro-ma vi-rébus-ruit (This is called purg 
Hi, enarian lambic.) : 


Sth. Jonic a minore; as ‘ 


Miserarum est -negue amori- dare lusum 
Neque dulci- mala vino -davere aut So ae 
@nzMari - metuentes - fatruz ver-dera lin VULe 


A Stanza, or Strophé is sucha number of lines as contains the 
different sorts of verse in a poetic composition. 

A Stanza is Monocolos, when ever 
Dicolos, when there are two sor 
are three. 


y verse is of the same sort 3 
ts of verse; Zricoos, when there 


A Stanza is called Distrofithos, when the same sort of verse ree 
turns in every third line ; Lristropthos, when in every fourth 5 
dttrastrofikos, when in every fifth line. 


The different Stanzas in florace. 


Ist. Monecolos Choriambic Tetrameter. 


Maece-nas aiavis- edite re-gibuge 


8d. Dicoloe Tetrastropihos Sapphic and Adonics 


Jam sa-tis ter-ris nivis -atgue - dire 

Grandi-nis mi-sit faster - et ru-bente 

Dexte-ra sa-cras Jacu-latus~arces 
Terruiz- urbem. 


| 8d. Dicolos Distrophos Choriambic Trimeter and Tetrameters 
| Sic te - diva jotens - Cypfri 
Wien 


‘ Sic fra-tres Helenz - lucida Si-derde 


6 This separation is called a Dialysis, 





en ie $ititsHs HH ota ys reiestet eats ss tebe ah HESPEISPCETESPOPEna ATMS EOP — a 












































a7 


&th. Dicolos Distrophos Archilochian Heptameter and Pentas 
meter Hyperkatalectic. 
Solvitur-acris Ay-ems gra-ta vice-veris-et fa-vont 
Yahunt-gue sic-cas- machi-nx Ca-Pinas, 
5th. Tricolos Tetrastropihos Choriambic Tetrameter, Heroio 
Trimeter, and Choriambic Trimeter. 
Quis mul-ta gracilis -te fuer in -rTosa 
Perfu-sus Zyuidis - urget odo-rzbus 
Grato - Pyrrha, sud -aritro! 
Cui fla-vam redigas - comam? 
Sth. Dicolos Tetrastropiios Choriambic Tetrameter and Trimeter, 
Scribe-ris vaiio- fortis et hos-tium 
Victor - Maeoni- carminis a-tite 
Quam rem -cungue ferox-navidus aut - equigs 
Miles -te duce ges-serit. 
¥ih.e Dicolos Distrofihos Heroic Hexameter and Tetrametere 
Lauda-bunt alz-i cla-rara Fhodon - aut Mity-lenen 
Aut Ephe-sum dima-risve Co-rinthie 
gth. Dicolos Distrof:hos Choriambic Dimeter& Pentameter Bacchics 
Lydia dic -fer omnes 
: Te de-os o-ro-Syda-rin - cur froferes - amando. 
Oth. Dicolos Zetrastrofihos Alcaic Iambic, Dimeter Iambio 
Hy perkatalectic, and Tetrameter Alcaic Trochaic. 
Vides - ut al-ta- stet nZve - candidum 
Sorac-te. nec - jam - sus/z7e-ant onus 
Sylvx -dabo-rantes - gelu-que. (Hyp.) 
Flumina - consiite-rint @-cuco. 
40. Monocolos Choriambie Pentameter Pyrrhic. 
Tu ne - quasieris - scire (nefas) - quem mht quem - (2bi, 
11. Dicolas Distrofphos Trochaic Dimeter Katalectic, Iambis 
Trimeter Katalectic. 
Non e-bur ze-que aure-um. (Kat.) 
Mea -reni-det in-domo- /@ cu-var. (Kat) 
12th. Dicoles Distrophos Heroic Hexameter and Dimeter 
Hy perkatalectic. 
Diffu-gere n/-ves rede-unt jam - gramina -campis 
Arbori-busque co-mz. (Hyp-) 
ASth. Dicolos Distrofihos lambic Trimeter and Dimeter, 
Ibis - Zéburenis in-¢er al-¢a na-vium 
Mdiui-ce pro-pugna-culac 


el 
hot « 
#1 oat } 
\ it 
* yh 


‘ a 14th. Tricolos Tristrofhos lambic Trimeter, Heroic Dimeter, 
Hae Yambic Dimeter. 





Petti-mihil- me sic- ut an-tea-juvate 
Scridere- versicu-Jos (Hyp.) 


Ne t Amo-re per-culsum -grevi. 
he ry 4 A : BERS 
Bug: | 15th. Tricolos Tristrofihos Heroic’ Hexameter, Ilambic Dime« 
a ter, Heroic Dimeter Hyperkatalectic.. 
i He Be Horrida-tempes-tas coe-lum con-traxié e¢ -imbres 


Nives-gue de-ducunt- Jovem 
Nunc mare -nune silu-z.  ( Hyp.) 


nt 16th. Dicolos Distrofihos Heroic Nexameter, Iambic Dimeter, 


Molds zn-ertia-cur tan-tam dif-fuderié - imis 
Obli-vzo-nem sen-sibuse 


17th. Dicolos Distrofios Heroic Hexameter, Iambic Trime- 
ter pure Senarian. 


Altera -jam teri-tur bel-lis ci-vidébus- xtas 
Suis - et ip-se Ro-ma vi-ribus - ruite 


(8th. Monocolos Iambic Trimeter. 
Jam jam ef-fica-ci do - manus - scien-tiz. 
19th. Dicolos Distrofihes Ionic a minore, as befores 


g0th. Monocolcs Heroic Hexameter. 
Qui fit,-Mzce-nas, ut-nemo-quam sé - sortemy, 


srrmestetay er retereesteiete 
o 


Beetstae 


Samet, CD hems 


FIGURES OF PROSODY, 


EctTuxipsts m in th’ end has useless fixt, 
When a vowel or # begins the word that ’s nexts 


poms es 


Sueseseeiet ctetese 
EDO E at Ft Ss nr er aa aes 
pewstieat = 


pesavencs 


pesesreeerscerm Sts 
eeeesett Seats 


csivgtieerss 


os 


statbrs2e%5 
tes 


By Synacapua final vowels give way, 
That those in front of following words may staye 


Feteistetstateet 


ease pobre 


Sossess 


stint mechistetececetes 
SSS 
pase pisereeeseeeasy 


A SYSTOLE long syllables makes short, 
The cramp’d and puzzled poet's last resort. 


sere 


Fe 


‘ DrasTote short syllables prolongs; 
ish But this, to right the verse, the accent wrongs, 


Srslsrestasgsatereegessete 
Poese 


eeree 


t Syna@reEsis, whenever it indites, 
: Still into one two syllables unites. 


secteesrenssertes 


seeaatenet 


Dr2REsIs one into two divides, 
By which the smoother measure gently glides 


Seersiesereees 
sesnesrieseseaes 
saeeseite 


caries 
neest 


- * a 
epee bteresecerece cites 
Sretetacaisnssacitesisese. 


Bite at t} ait es 
ara as a 





as ae 
























“* 


ee laid mn 


rena re 


ee 


~~ 


RS ee ee ee a ee 
CE ee ea en ete ee 


Se ee 


a A a ee, ee 


ai pepusaties 



























A 
COMPEND 
OF 


RHETORICK. 


ep CD Gi ————— 


Reusroricx is the art of speaking and writing well and 
elegantly. Its principal end is to instruct, persuade, and please. 
Its parts are four, Invention, Disposition, Elocution, and Pros 
hunciation. 


Invention is the finding out proper arguments to instruct; 
persuade, or move. 


All arguments are grounded on (and therefore are to be 
sought from) reason, morality, or the affections, whatever may 
be the Topick. : 


There are three kinds of Topicks, the Demonstrative, the 
Deliberative, and the Juridical. 


The Demonstrative is used in speaking in praise or dispraise 
of any person, deed, or thing; as when a man is praised for 
his wisdom, industry, &c. in speaking of a deed from its jus- 
tice, honour, courage, manner, &c. as the return of Regulus to 
his enemies: in speaking of a thing, as when from its reasona- 
bleness, usefulness, &c. we praise any virtue; or for its evil efs 
fects we dispraise any vice. . 


The Deliberative is used by the orator, when he would pere 
guade to the performance of any thing, or dissuade frem it. 


The Juridical Topick is used in accusing, or defending, before 
a judge. 

The stating of a case, which is the issue it is brought to from 
the accuser’s complaint and the accused’s defence, may be Con- 
jectural, Finitive, in Quality, in Quantity. A case is Conjectue 
ral, when it is inquired whether a thing has been done, or not 
done: Finitive, when the name, nature, and definition, of a 
grime, &ce is inquired into; in Quality, when it is inquired im 


iets 


ears 


pretsess 
Ne Sarr. 


eat ee ee Se See AE PRS teSee SEIS 


eye etrtet stares ereetstaee tes, 
Seastetesstateesie 


ory 
it 


sirateteaste 


mats 





whatimanner a fact was done; as Milo killed Clotins, but he did 
it justly. Here the circumstances must be inquired into, and 
what in this case may be deemed just, or unjust, is to be proved 
by law. 


A case is in Qnantity, when the greatness or smallness of a 
erime is inquired into; in this.case, the time, words, actions, 
who, why, how, by whose assistance, &c. serve to amplify, or to 
@iminish. 


Disposition is the proper arrangement of ,the parts of an orae 
tion; which are generally the six following. 


The Exordium, in which the audiente has some intimation 
of the subject; and, from the natare of if, is disposed to benevoz 
ence and attention. In this part a speaker ought to be clear, 
modest, and concise. 


The Narration is a brief. recital of the whole case, from bee 
ginning to end ; which ought to be f/a7n, that it may be unders 
stood; Ukely, that it may be credited; pleasing, that it may be 
listened to; and short, that it may not tire. 


The Proposition is the explanation of the thing in dispute; 
in which the oration is sometimes divided into parts, which ne- 
ver ought to exceed four, at the most. 


The Confirmation is the part which contains the arguments 
in proof. In placing the arguments, Rhetoricians recommend 
that the strongest be set in front, and the weaker in the middle. 


The Refutation, or. the. Confutation, gives an answer.to all the 
adversary’s arguments ; and removes his objections by shewing 
them to be absurd, false, or inconsistent. , 


The Peroration, or Conclusion, is a recapitulation of the strong- 
est arguments, brought into one close view ; especially such as 
are most likely to move the passions and affect the heart, cone 
vince the judgment, orenlighten the understanding. 


Elocution is the proper, polite; and ornamental expression of 
thought; which is acquired by the conversation of gentlemen 
and scholars, by studying the most correct writers, and by using 
well chosen Tropes, and moving beautiful Figures. 


Tropes and Figures differ in this; the-former affect only sins 
gle worcs, the latter whole sentences. A Trope is the elegant 
turning of a word from its native and proper meaning to a relas 
tive improved senses 


eee 






























Ste! ee 
ae fa ee 


= 


SS 


Ae eS ae ee 


SF re 


Po ee ee ee 


Sei 
o 


Cea x 








ay a 
































81 
The principal Tropes are fours 


¥. A METAPHOR in place of .proper words 


Resemblance puts, and dress to speech affordse 


As, Et-vultus nimium Judricus aspicie 
2. A Metonomy does new names impose, 
And things for things by near relation she wse | 
As, Mars (i. e. bellum) sevit. Lego Horartum (ise. eyus 
scripta)- Lingua (i. > eloquentia) tuetur ium.  errum (kh ee 
gladius) vicit. . Frigida mors (i.e. que ficit frividos).. Ebibe 
cyathum (i. e- vinum) quo impletur. Fasces Tarquinii (i. e. im- 
perium LYarquinii). 
By the examples above, it appears, that the inventor is put for 
the matter for what ts 


the invention, the zustrument for the cause, 
made of it, the effect for the cause, the containing for the contaiit- 


‘ed, and an appendage for the subjecte 
3. SynecpocuE the whole for part doth take; 
Or, of a part for whole, exchange doth makee 
As, Nune annus (i. €2 ver) formosissimus. | Nune vicesimus 
preterit December. 
4. An Inony, dissembling with an airy 
Thinks otherwise than what the words declare» 


As, Quam belle (i. €- male) prelectionem recitasti } 


Affections of Tropes: 
a, CaTAcuresis words too far doth strain ¢ 
Rather from such abuse of words refrains 
As, Vir (i. e- dux) eregis. Pulchra minaturs i. eo promittit, 


6. Hyprrsote soars high, or creeps too low 3 
Exceeds the truth, things wonderful to shewe 


As, Alis fulminis ocior Fundus Laconicd efistol? minore 


7. By METALEPsi!s; in one word combined 
More Tropes than one you easily may find. 
As, Buphrates (i € Mesopotamia, iv ¢. ejus incole) movet 
bellum. 
a 
tisk 
Terms Englished. 
1. Translation, 2. Changing of names. — 3. Comprehensione 
4. Dissimulation 5. Abuse. 6. Excease Zo Participalione 


rat TD, 


ee nn mee 





SSSR 
c iSlarerecest® 


Sersterireetesnsts 


Cissseetss 


Seseareteses 


wenvrsctetretsest sesiea sete 
ey 
Setctrtess 


Breer: 


SomeerSaesgeceee, 


82 


&. An Atrecory Tropes continues still, 


, Which with new graces every sentence fill. 
Hen, As, Claudite nunc. rivos pueri, Sat prata biberunte 
i, ie O Nayis novi te. Gs 
ans 7, 

Ri Tropes unproperly accounted so, 
wi" 


eae. | 9. ANTONOMASIA Proper Names imparts, 
if From kindred, country, epithets, or arts. 
As, Eacides,i. @. Achilles. 


Ithacus, i. es Ulysses. Jrus, i. e3 
i Mendicus. 


dihetor, is ee Demosthenes, 


10. Litotes doth more sense than w 


ords include, 
And often by two negatives has stood. 


As, Tui beneficii neque immemor sum, i. € mMemor sum. 


1}. Ovomatorera coins a word from sound, 
sy which alone the meaning may be found. 
As, murmur, clangor. 
12, ANTIPHRASIS makes words to disagree 
From sense, if riehtly they derived be. 
As, Lucus from /ucéo, because it is shady. Philofiater [a lover 
of a father] a name given to him who killed his father. 
13. CHARIENTISMuUS, when it speaks, doth choose 
The softer for the harsher*words to use. 


As, Ne sevi, magna sacerdos. 


14. AsTErsmus loves to jest with strokes of wit, 
And slily with the point of satire hit. 
As, Qui Bavium non Odit, amet tua carmina, Mevi; 
Atque idem jungat vulpes, & mulgeat hircos. 
15. A Diasyruus must ill nature shew, 
And ne’er omit t’ insult a living foe. 
As, 








Non tu indocte solebas 
Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen. 
16, SARcasmus with a bitter jeer doth kill, 


ishoie And every word with strongest venom. fill 


ile 


As, Satia te Cyre sanguine, quem sit'sti, & cujus.semper ine 
satiabilis fuisti. Alios servavit, se ipsum non servare potest. 


J Se 
ee 





See 








8. Speaking otherwise. 
11. Feigning a-name. 
14. Wit. 15. Detrastion. 


9, For a name. 
12. Contrary word. 
16. Bitter taunt. 


10. Lessering. 
13. Softening, 


eee. a. ee ee 



















Lee Sees SS eS ee 


—- | US 


? 
at 


Pe sc Ge 




































ra} 
8o 


17, Parca by a proverb tries to teach 
A short instructing, and a neryous speeches 


As, Zthiopem) lateremve lavas. 


9, JENIGMA in _darkworls the sense conceals 3 
But that once known, a riadling sense Teveals. 
As, Arundo Nilotis [i. e- papy rus} profert Cadmi filiolas, 1. es 

Grrcas litteras ab illo inventase 


Figures of Words of the same sound. 


19. ANTANACLASIS in one sound contains 
which the various sense expla 


é 
es 
10Ss5 


More meanings 5 
As, Hic sustulit [t. e interfecit] matrer + Ile sustulit (i. ee 
educavit] fillum. ' 
90. By PLoce we a Proper Name repeat ; 
Yet as a Coinmon Noun the iatter eat 


As, Ex illo Corydon Corydon*® est tempore nobis. 


91, ANAPHORA gives more sentences one heady 
As readily appears to those who reade 
As, Dominus dedit ; Dominus abstulit. 
99. EpisTaroPHE more sentences doth close 
With the game word, whether in Verse or prose. ; 


As, Nascimur dolore, degimus dolore, & Vitam finim«s dolores 


- 4, SF ee beater tt Fo pay aE +1. , har 
93, SyMPLOCE joins these figures both together, 
A wy ee q 
$ Up 1tsci anothets 


And from both joined make 
bene, Caune, tuo poteram nurus €sse parenti? 


As, Quam 
s gener esse parent! 


Quam bene, Caune, meo potera 
04. EpANALEpsis words doth recommend 

The same at the beginning and the end. 
As, Pauper amat caute ; timet maledicere pauper 
er line, 


95. ANADIPLOSIS ends the form 
first desigme 


With what the next does for its 


As, Pierices, vos hec facietis maxima Gallo, 


Gallo cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horase 


nnn 





ager mene sticnee E 
17. A Proverb. 18 A Riddle. 19. Reciprocation. 20. Con” 
¢inuation. 21.. Reb Arsale 22s A turning tos 23. A’Compir 


gation. 24. Repetition. 


* i.e A dear shepherds 


25: Jeduplicalione 





Taher aT 
ribty 





bf 


sentence shifts tts place s 
and also middle Space. 
As, Crudelis ty quoque mater 
io Crudelis mater, an puer improbus ille 2 
: Improbus ille puer.s crudelis tu quoque mater. 


fe 27. An EtizEeuxts twice a wor 
1: b 4s, Ah! Corydon, Corydon, 


que te dementia cepit? 
re Me, me: adsum qui feci: in me convertite ferrum, 
wh he : 
fie ) 



























eae 26. By Epananos a 
a Takes first, and last, 





d repeats, 
On it treats, 


st ae 28. A Crimax by gradation stil] ascends, 
| Untii the sense with finished period ends. 


As, Quod dbet, id dice’ his; at 


quod écet, id satis audent g 
baa quodque audent jyaciuni 


és fsciuit quodcunque molestum este 


29. A Potyproron stil] 
If sense require it, in ty 


as, Pedi fies. Virg vir. 


the same word places, 
vo different Cases. 


figures of Words of like sound, 
80. PARANOMASIA 
When words but lit 


AS, dmentis 


to the sense alludes, 
tle varied it includes. 


sasat 
< eres 
tis = 2; -< 
SS Sete 
Spteteestetsieettees 


nen est gestus amaniis. Dum shiro SfiCTA. 


ssererereeere 


31. HomotoreLeuron ma 
With like sounds, in the e 


_ AS, Si vis te reddere Sonum, curas tolle graves, irasci Crede 
ye i 1 
firofanum, 


ose 
[iittala ee) 
paeweieseae 


Stepergeeseetsrseeeeetea 


kes the’ measure chime, 
nd of fettered rhyme, 


250 pace oe sree a ETS 
ot = 
preety tesserae 


ieieiaosssssaagerss 


$2. A Paracuesis sy 


llables sets twice ; 
But this, except in poe 


ts, is a vice. 


4s, O fortunatam natam me consule Romam! 


Ligures of Lxplication. 
Posts to the eye contracts 
aces, times, affections, acts, 


: As, Strenuus & fortis, causis 
| fiassage, Hor. Lib. 1, Epist. 7.) 
i i i 


33. Hypoty 
Things, p] 


que Philipus agendis.—[ See the 
26. A Regression. 


29.’ Variation of Case. 
it ending. 32, Allusion. 


<7. A joining together, 98, A Ladder. 
50. Likeness of words. 31, 4 like 
93.4 Representation, 



































85 


$4. PARADIASTOLE explains aright 
‘Things in an opposite and diffrent light. 


as, Fortuna obumbrat virtutem, tamen non bruit eames 
35. ANTIMETABOLE puts changed words again 
By contraries = Some beauty to expla. 
d 


as, Poema est frictura loguens, pictura est mutum fogmas 


36, Enantiosis poiseth different things, 
And words and sense as into balance bringse 


As, 4lba lingustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra lezuntur. 


37. SuNectosis to one subject ties 
‘Two contraries, and fuller sense supplies. 


As, Tam quod adest desit, quam guod non adstt avards 


3g. In Oxymoron contradictions mect, 
And jarring epithets and subjects greete 
As, Concordia discors. Strenua nos exercet inertia 


Figures for Proof: 


89. Eriotocy gives every theme a reason, 
And, with convincing arguments, doth szasone 


As, Sperne voluptates: Nocet empta dolore .voluptase 


AO. INVERSION makes the adversary’s plea 
A strong, nay best, defence that urged can bee 


As, Imo equidem: neque enim, si occidissem, sepélissem. 


Al. Protepsts an objection doth prevent, 
With answers suitable and pertinente 
As, Hic aliquis mihi dicat, cur ego amicum 
 Offendam in nugis? he nuge scria ducent 
In mala. 


42. Epirrore gives leave, and facts admits, 
Whether it speaks sincere, or counterfeits. 
As, Tum credo cum me arbustum vilére Myconis, 
A os . L > ¢ 
Atque mala vites incidere falce novellas. 
Rath eee ahh aaa etme Fes 
34. Discrimirations 33. Changing by contrarics. 36. A 
Contrariety. 37. A Reconciling. — 39: A witty, foolish sayinge 
$9. Shewing areason. 40. Inversione 4. Prevention. 42. Pers 
MissioNe 








simon 
SSS ses tata tal ststatcttistetsstete 





raze were Rete tetaeeate mat 

ay > 
peensereSiniesbasnetae ss cs 
Seieceipteseprsesneses 


cerse 


Peper seers reser rect 
rat as ss 

Riese Sate ee sere eres 

pesesgyivess ss oospers 


phe oe 
Boreas 
. 


eho 


eps pepe peers 
oes 3 Seas. 
pititretenstatitete tice 

sistant! 


es 
Sees 
SSS 


Ss SSS = westistlmweeueey 


bSisqaeieseas te 


saotee 


Weietersisstessting pete tesesaiese es 
sesee5 
ratte 
cI 


GY Huc illuc : 
4 


i 
0 

























Pigures for Amplifying. 

Nee . 43. An INCcREMENTUM by degrees doth rise, 

Hae And from a low toa lofty pitch it flies. 

1g As, Justum & tenacem propositi virum 

1 Non civium ardor prava Jubentium, 

‘ y F Non yvultus, Ke [ See the fiassage, Hor. Ode 33 Lib. 3.9 
i 44, Synonymy doth divers words prepare, 

Me, 3" Yet each of them one meaning doth declare. 


ce As, Tum fortes late ramos, & brachia tendeng 





45. A SuNATHReESMUS sums UP various things, 
ie ae And, as into one heap, together brings. 


As, Grammaticcus, Rhetor, Pictor, Poeta, Medicus, Magus, 
emia novit. 


46. AropHasts, pretending to conceal, 
The whole it meant to hide must needs reveal. 


68, Non dico horrendam rabiem, cultum majorem census 


47. PARALEIPSt{s cries, I leave*t behind, 
Vet it pass; tho? you the whole may finds 


48, Sed stupra, & flagitia omittam, 
48. PERIPHRASIS of words dath usea train, 
Intending one thing only to explain. 
As, Trojani belli scriptor, 2. e. Homerus. 
49, Hewptapgs, for Adjectives, doth chuse 
Their proper Substantives themselves to USCe 
1 sy Pateris libavit & auro, for aureis paterise 
50. By ERoresis, what we know we ask, 
Prescribing to ourselves a needless task, 
4s, Creditis avectos hostes?. aut ulla putatis 
Dona carere dolis Danagm? 
Mian |, 43. Increasing. 44. Partaking together of aname. 45. Cac 


thering together. 46. Not saying. 47. Leaving out. 48.Cire 
ny Cuimlocution, 49. One into two. 50, Questioning. 





Tipgdi 


i HAH SSS iH Ce ee siete Cees i ih 


































oF 


51. Py Ecpwowests straight the mind ‘s ra'sed, 
When by a sudden flow of passion seized. 


4s, Heu pietas? Heu prisca fides! Dit bani! 


59, ErrpHONEMA makes a final clause, 
W hen narratives and proofs afford a cause. 


as, Tanta molis erat Romanam condere gentem ? 


63. EpanortTuosis does past words correct, 
And, only to enhance, seems to reject. 


As, O clementia! Clementia dixi? FPotius patientia miras 


54, AposioPEsts Jeaves imperfect sense ; 
Yet such a silent pause speaks cloquence. 


4 


as, Quos ego—-—at motos prastat componere fluctus. 


55. ANACcNOSIS tries another’s mind, 
The better counsel of a friend to find. 
Peg 


As, Si ita haberet se tua res, quid consilii aut rationis inires? 


56. Aporia in words and actions doubts ;- 
And with itself what may be best disputes. 


As, Quid faciam? Roger anne regem? Quid deinde rogabo? 


57. ProsopoperA a new person feigns, 
And to inanimates speech and reason deigns. 


As, Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 
Officiique refers? (The Barth is sufifiosed to sfreak.;} 


58, AposTROPHE, from greater themes or less, 
Doth turn aside to make a short address. 


AS, Quid non mortalia cogis, 
Auri sacra fames? 


The attentive reader will find the most striking examples ofthe 
above ornamental figures in the Holy Scriptures; which, if not 
beyond our present narrow limits, might be easily shewn. 

a reece ee 

51. Exclamation. 52. Acclamation. 53. Correcting. 
54, Pausing. 55. A Communication. 56. Doubting. 57. Feign- 
ingaperson. 48. A turning away from the principal subject. 


#INIS 





ERRATA 





















nh i Page 9, for “of or s at the end of a word,” read of before; or 8 
|) at the end of a Noun. 

Hh" 

Cpa Page 14, at the bottom, add 


ah | Al. Hoc, hac, & hoc Felic-e or i Abl, His Felicibus, 


Page 16, for “ wtillissimus,” read wtilissimus. - 


‘ ‘ Page 17, for &€ nostras, VESITQAS, and cujus,” read n0siras, vestrasy 
ae and cujas. 


Page 40, line 3, for “ festatione,” read festinationes 
ae Page 72, line 21, for “donee” read donec. 


. Sprrere Stysitstee: 
Stier peaeerceeets 
: a 





Seeeee 
poeeteresessernr srs 
g 


District of - Be IT REMEMBFRED, That on this 
Marriand, to wit: twenty-first day of May, in the 
thirty-fifth year of the Independence of the United 
. 4. 8S. States of America, 4recyreatp WALKER, of the said 
District, hath deposited in this Office the Title of a 
Book, the right..whereaf he claims as author, in the’ words 
following, to wit: 


pesitrersesearreees 
= Ssrsbees 


‘A New Edition of Bishop Whittenal’s Latin Gramrar. 
Containing a more Comprehensive Prosody than has appeared 


in former editions: with an additional Compend of Rhetorick. 
By Archibald Walker, a. mv 


In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States 

it gg entitled “ An act forthe encourayement of learning by secur- 

‘Ing the copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the authors and 

proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned 2” 

and also tothe act entitled An act supplementary to the act 

entitled “an act for the encouragement of learning’ by secur- 

ing the copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the authors and 

Nii proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned,” 

and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, ene 
Ata gravibg, and etching, Historical and other Prints.” 


PHILIP MOORE, Clerk 
of the District of Marylands 





soeats 


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f 


a 


Tasers] 
EBS 
Hise 
= 
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Fiat 

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Secs, 
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Peet wy Perna irre pipe pep tie erp 


poe terr eters 
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Sa a gee ae 


tierra 


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fosrersststeer es oateta ete eaeee 


ebabieespbabe tropes weet besteerssetsnieees ie enest 


cpesrere seis : 
Specepereren tase sisasan eng a ate ne tease tats tata gta tenets esse ee: eon 
eae See ntrs ters notre mewn yere ny patyep he sebtrers nar bans apres nt sibs timed petneee oe teteasagess 
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pele taten antes tsb tersEeeret oS creiagipiaceot iy restesrer ss esitetayreerrenereteneeres 
RSS See eS 
pbs rasetenscpst teres prsetstesss st cten et canbe ss tere apne tenets States Streeters tera reat cs 


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ensteteegeas: 
: = oe 
SESea rp aceite stant eee het peter pres test ee testis tebe spe eatebs pee Seep Tere pe ae Tat Ere TS Soars eacatess: FIARY =: Sater atetsrscecetasecaty 
See aa Se a rare et eae x Se See ates erpetrertesyyss repost ssbenesese et ee 
Sevesocsrerstreerisst pphadpssketsesterssgereessesesbatpssapecnaterere tapeperstec! 
ot soot srerevect ESSE. a qneserecenattsesethse tie: ot “ a > = st 
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SlorSelibctasestteet sabecebies tetera betetabh etre Seb seed gSyaphe eget phe brn sogbcrsystongheer ante bets binebangae rrp arihe sdsiendat eeseaba nae seater bapasintbeastesast ace p BeseeteT eae + em 5 S <7. webeatesettees = 
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= Ss : 3 


e al =a a 


