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23  WEST  MAN  brREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadion  de  microreproductions  historiques 


RF 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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Covers  damaged/ 
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T7|    Cover  title  missing/ 

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D 
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Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  cidessous. 

^OX  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


E 


24X 


28X 


32X 


i 

^ 

i 

e 

f 

6tails 

i 

s  du 

fiodifier 

[ 

r  une 

i 

Image 

1                  I 

)S 


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shall  contain  the  symbol  -^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
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Library  of  Congress 
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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

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papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
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dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »>signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  A  des  taux  de  r6duction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  6tre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


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to 


pelure, 
in  d 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


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mijUniiiDyim 


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'--    -  -.-OKAiS^rtdi-Mpiirt 


■■^mt^astUt 


y^'i^ 


THE  AFFILIATION 

or  THE 

ALGONQUIN    LANGUAGES. 


L 


BT  JOHN  CAUPBBLL,  U.k.. 
Pnifimer  of  Chunk  HUtory,  /Vttbytertan  CoUegt,  Mmtnal. 


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»«**iiTIW«iiiii«itaJirutf-^i^-t,.!AV**ii..'iaJi4*»rt«*visa_  . 


(From  tkt  Proi'Udingi  o/tht  Cawidian  ImtituU). 


THE  AFFILIATION  OF  THE  ALGONQUIN 
LANGUAGES,  . 


BY  JOHN  CAMPBELL,  M.A., 
fitjmar  (t^CAvrcA  HUtory,  PrubyltrUin  Cellegt,  Mmtnal. 


One  of  the  modem  scliools  of  philologists  has  not  heeded  the 
Boholaatic  maxim  concerning  entia,  but  has  shown  itself  ready  to 
multiply  origins  indefinitely  without  cause.  Catlin,  the  artist,  who, 
however,  was  very  far  from  l>eing  a  philologist,  saw  no  necessity  for 
showing  how  the  Americana  came  to  America,  or  that  they  ever  came 
there  at  all.  And  at  a  conference  on  American  subjects,  bold  some 
three  years  ago,  the  President  of  the  Anthropological  Society  of  Paris 
found  a  warm  reception  for  the  statement,  that  the  tnie  solution  of 
the  question  concerning  the  peopling  of  America  is  that  the  Americans 
are  neither  Hindoos,  nor  Phcenicians,  nor  Chinese,  nor  Europeans — 
they  are  Americans.  An  exception  has  been  almost  universally  made 
in  favour  of  the  Esquimaux  families  of  the  far  north,  whose  relations, 
physical  and  ILiguistic,  with  the  Aleutan  islanders  and  the  Asiatic 
Tchuktchi  are  too  striking  to  permit  denial.  In  order  to  maintain 
the  independent  origin  of  the  American  tribes,  it  has  been  found 
necessary  to  deny  the  existence  of  any  true  likeness  between  the 
languages  of  the  Old  World  and  those  of  the  New.  The  peculiar 
agglutination  or  synthetical  character  of  American  grammar,  which, 
from  the  Athabascan  area  of  the  north  to  tht  f  uegian  in  tlie  south, 
presents  innumerable  shades  and  broad  lines  of  difference,  has  been 
represented  as  without  parallel  on  the  Eastern  continent.  Yet  there 
are  synthetic  languages  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Australia  and  the 
Islands  of  the  Sea.  At  one  time  the  Indo-European  and  Semitic 
grammars  were  the  only  systems  compared  with  those  of  other  families 
of  speech.  To  these  the  Ural-Altaic,  comprising  the  Ugrian  of 
Europe  and  the  Tartar-Mongolian  of  Asia,  and  the  Monosyllabic,  repro- 


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y^;^t-^J,;ii!^=^*ri."tav-«^^T*'«^'"-'**>*^'^'''^'''*"*'' 


•^■"WiWW 


AFFILIATION   OF   THB   ALGONQUIN    LANOUAOBS. 


I 


Hented  by  the  Chinese,  have  l)een  added.  But  these  do  not  exhaust 
the  HyHtfliim  of  the  Eaateru  homiMphcre.  Wild  as  have  Ixsen  the 
statomeutH  made  rexarding  the  construction  of  languages,  they  have 
not  equalled  in  folly  the  hasty  utterances  on  the  subject  of  their 
vocabularies.  MimsrH.  Rivero  and  Tschudi,  in  their  work  on  Peruvian 
Aritiquities,  write  as  follows:  "The  analogy  so  much  relied  on  between 
the  words  of  tlui  AmericHn  languages  and  those  of  the  ancient  con- 
tinent have  ind\tced  us  to  make  an  approximate  estiuiate,  ai  far  at 
our  meana  would  permit,  of  the  numerical  value  of  the  idioms  of  both 
hemispheres ;  and  the  result  was  that,  from  between  eight  and  nine 
thousand  American  words,  one  only  could  be  found  analogous  in  sense 
and  sound  to  a  word  of  any  idiom  of  the  ancient  continent."  It  is 
evident  that  these  gentlemen,  who  deserve  well  for  their  services  to 
ethnological  science,  never  consulted  even  the  im))erfect  lists  of  the 
Mithridatos.  and  pursued  their  researches  within  such  a  naiTow  field 
as  to  falsify  the  tloctrine  of  chances  itself,  Mr.  Hubert  H.  Bancroft, 
to  whom  we  owe  a  work  of  great  value,  "The  Native  Races  of  the 
Pacific  States,"  allows  himself  to  be  led  avay  to  somewhat  similar 
conclusions ;  but  as  he  furnishes  us  with  a  list  of  so-called  Darien 
numerals  which  are  almost  pure  Gaelic,  without  noticing  the  pheno- 
menon, it  is  to  be  presumed  that,  while  a  diligent  and  successful 
collector,  Mr.  Bancroft  is  no  philologist. 

Turning  from  philological  to  physical  ethnology,  we  find  that  all 
the  American  families  have  been  called  Mongolian,  and  that  nearly 
all  attempts  to  affiliate  the  tribes  of  the  Northern  Continent  have  led 
inquirers  to  the  Mongolian  area  in  Eastern  Asia.  Even  Dr.  Latham, 
than  whom  there  is  no  better  authority  on  this  subject,  terms  his 
large  American  class,  American  Mongolidse.  Yet,  after  stating  that 
the  Esquimaux  are  essentially  Mongols,  he  adds :  "  On  the  other 
hand,  in  his  most  typical  form,  the  American  Indian  is  not  Mongol 
in  physiognomy.  With  the  same  black  straight  hair,  he  has  an 
aquiline  nose,  a  prominent  profile,  and  a  skin  more  red  or  copper- 
coloured  than  either  yellow  or  brown.  Putting  this  along  with  other 
marked  characteristics,  moral  as  well  as  physical,  it  is  not  surprising 
that  the  American  should  Lave  been  taken  as  the  type  and  sample  of 
a  variety  in  contrast  with  the  Mongolian." 

It  is  not  my  intention  in  this  paper  to  deal  in  a  loose  and  general 
manner  with  the  subject  of  American  ethnology,  but  to  confine  myself 
to  the  connections  of  a  single  but  °  large  family  of  the  aborigines  of 


;-  ..&t  ^i^-^tiix'-^iim  ir*-*  fc*;,-'..<>' 


'?J2..., 


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AFFIMAttOS  oy  TWe  AiOoyQriX  tANCllMOM. 


»•' 


lot  exhaust 
e  been  the 
,  they  have 
3ct  of  their 
)n  Peruvian 
on  between 
ancient  con- 
e,  a$  far  a$ 
ioms  of  both 
jht  and  nine    , 
;ous  in  sense    ■ 
,ent."     It  is 
r  services  to 
lists  of  the 
narrow  field 
H.  Bancroft, 
Races  of  the 
whftt  similar 
ailed  Darien 
ig  the  pheuo- 
nd  successful 

I  find  that  all  . 
1  that  nearly 
aent  have  led 
Dr.  Latham, 
xt,  terms  his 
r  stating  that 
On  the  other 
8  not  Mongol 
ir,  he  has  an 
•ed  or  copper- 
»ng  with  other 
lot  surprising 
and  sample  of 

e  and  general 
confine  myself 
I  alMrigines  of 


the  Northern  Coutiiient  wltli  the  OKI  World.  Tlii.s  is  the  extenhive 
Algoiinuiu  fiiiiiily,  roaolii«i»fioiii  Newfomidland  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  from  th«  I^brador  Esijuiinaux  and  Hudson's  Bay  Atha. 
basoans  to  the  Choctaw  area  in  the  Caroliuas.  Tlieir  collective  name 
was  Wapaiiaohki.  or  mm  of  the  east,  a  term  which  still  desigimtos  the 
Abenaki  tribe  of  Maine.  Their  trailitions  universally  refer  to  a 
migiutiou  from  tl)e  far  wo.st,  and  the  Great  Spirit  whom  they  wor- 
shipped had  his  home  in  no  forest,  prairie  or  lake,  but  on  an  island 
in  tlio  diatant  ocean.  The  principal  tribe  of  this  large  family  from 
the  earliest  period  to  which  tniditions  refer  wua  that  of  the  Leiini 
Lenape,  or  Delawarea.  C'losely  allied  to  them  in  langnnf^e  are  the 
IllinoiB.  includuig  the  Miniui,  Piaukashaws  and  other  clans.  The 
vord  Illinois,  like  the  Le'ini  of  Lonni  lionapo,  sigriifies  men.  The 
Shawiioes,  who  have  been  removed  from  Kentucky  to  the  We.stern 
Hoaervation,  speak  a  .somewhat  similar  tongue,  also  using  the  word 
ilenni  to  desiiguato  nutn,  but  favouring  the  lisping  th  in  place  of  the  «, 
and  cognate  letters  of  other  tribes.  The  MiasLiaguas,  wlio  originally, 
held  the  site  of  Toronto  and  the  coast  of  Lake  Ontario  down  to  its 
outlet  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  were  likewise  liniieeh.  North  of  these 
we  find  the  Ojibbeway  or  Chippowa  tribe,  with  whoso  name,  appear- 
ance and  language,  Canadians  are  most  familiar.  They  make  a 
sparing  use  of  the  letter  I,  and  term  man  eneneh,  replacing  that  letter 
by  n.  The  Crees,  who  call  theuiKoIves  A'chctkowuck,  and  border  on 
the  Ojibl^eways  to  the  west  of  Lake  3u])orior,  thence  spreading  to  the 
Esquimaux  in  the  east  and  the  Athabascans  in  the  west,  differ  much 
among  themselves  in  theii  pronunciation  of  certain  liquids.  The 
Athabascan  Crees  in  the  west  turn  the  Lenape  I  into  r;  the  Wood 
Crees,  into  tfi;  the  Hudson's  Bay  Crees,  into  y;  the  Plain  Crees 
into  jt;  while  those  of  Labrador  retain  the  Lenape  form.  At  the 
same  time  the  Cree  has  a  tendency  towards  a  species  of  alliteration 
in  the  .same  word,  repeating  the  characteristic  letter  in  place  of  the 
consonant  which  follows  it.  Thus  the  ilenni  of  the  Illinois  and 
Bhawnoes  becomes  indeed  inenew  among  the  Plain  Crees,  ithinew 
among  the  Wood  Crees,  and  eyitiew  among  those  of  Hudson's  Bay; 
but  at  Moose  Factory  it  is  ililew,  and  eyiyew  on  the  East  Main  coast. 
Passing  over  the  Nipissings,  Ot'awas  and  Algonquins  proper,  whose 
languages  arc  closely  allied  and  resemble  more  or  less  the  Ojibbeway, 
we  meet  with  the  Micmacs  of  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  ic,  whose 
•peech  connects  with  the, Lenape  through  the  Abenaki,  Etuhemin, 


1 


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0  AmMATroN  OP  thk  awonquik  tksdVAaet. 

Pftsaftmnquoddy  und  Pciioliscot  of  Miiino.     Tliey  also  use  tho  form 

alnew  for  miiii.     Miiiiy  extinct  trilH>H,  Huch  (w  tlie  MoliirniiH,  Nurra- 

gansetfl,  MiissacliuMrtts,  ifcc,  oiico  iiihu)>it«d  t)ie  Novr  Kn^lund  Htxles. 

Other  tribes,  liito  tlio  MononiouicH  and  Potawiitoinies,  dwell  Koufh  of 

LakeH  Superior  niul  Micliii(im  in  tho  WeHtoiu  States.     Four  trihes 

have  lately  \n'im  added  to  the  A]/,'oii(iiiin  family.     (Jiie  of  these,  the 

Botiiucks  of  Newfoundlaiul,  is  extinct.     The  others  are  the  Blackfoota 

Oil  tlio  Haskiitfhowan,  cxteiidinj^  west  to  tiio  Ilocky  M<niiititiiiN  ;  and 

tho  Arrftj»ahopf4  an-l  Shyonnes  farther  to  tho  south.     l>r.  liathain  has 

HUf,'f^8ted  a  uoiiiK'ction  of  the  Biackfoot  with  tho  Hailtsa  in  the  nrif^h- 

bourhood  of  Vancouver's  Island,  thus  linkinj^  tho  Algonijiiin  witii  the 

K(ia  languages  of  the  Pacific  coast.     It  is  hut  a  suggestion,  however 

and  I  have  not  been  able  to  verify  the  connection.     Ihit  there  seem 

good  reasons  for  finding  Algonquin  rosemblancos  among  tho  Haha])tia 

pr  Nez  Vitrei  tribes,  whoso  habitat  lies  farther  south  on  the  same  side 

of  tho  Bocky  Mountains,  over  against  the  Blackfoot  and  Shyenne 

country.     lj«t  this  be  catal)lished,  and  the  Algonquin  area  extends 

across  tho  whola  contiijent  from  the  east  to  the  extreme  west.     To 

tho  Siiliaptiu  relationship  I  make  for  the  present  no  reference. 

Tiie  Old  World  family  of  languiiges  with  which  I  have  affiliated  the 
Algonquin  dialects  is  the  Malay- Polynesian,  a  vast  group  extending 
from  the  Malayan  peninsula  to  New  Zealand,  and  from  Madagascar 
to  Easter  Island.  My  vocabularies,  while  BulUciently  extensive  to 
indicate  the  relationship  of  the  two  families,  are  not  sufficiently  so  to 
permit  me  to  point  out  the  particular  divisions,  Malay  or  Polynesia^^ 
Micronesian  or  Polynesian  jn-oper.with  which  the  Algonquins  coincide. 
ITor  do  I  imagino  for  a  moment  that  tho  Algonquins  are  tho  only- 
American  tribes  whose  course  of  migration  is  to  be  found  in  the  line 
of  Malay-Polynesian  languages  and  inllucnce.  In  the  tables  which 
accompany  this  paper  I  have  taken  a  selection  of  words,  tliirty  in  all, 
representing  nouns,  adjectives  and  verbs,  the  most  simple  and  charac- 
teristic, and  thus  least  liable  to  suffer  from  foreign  influences ;  and, 
grouping  them  according  to  their  varying  Algonquin  forms,  have 
compared  them  witli  analogous  forma  occurring  within  the  Malay- 
Polynesian  languages;.  They  will  be  found  to  present  such  close  and 
widespread  resemblances  as,  I  think,  to  ronder  difficult  the  task  of 
the  objector.  At  the  same  time,  the  very  partial  representation  of 
the  Malay-Polynesian  languages  which  my  materials  have  enabled 
me  to  give,  leada  to  the  belief  that,  with  a  more  extensive  stock  of 


.ifil«llllni-|lMi 


-  mm  ii"i- 


tUo  form 
H,  Nfirr*- 
1(1  HtHles. 

KOilth  of 

)iir  tiibes 
thtwp,  the 
(lackt'oots 
liiis ;  iind 
itliHiii  haa 
ilio  iifigh- 
,  with  the 

however^ 
lere  seem 
I  Siihnj>tia 
Bamo  Hid© 

Shyenne 
la  cxtendB 
west.  To 
ice. 

iliatnd  the 
extfluding 
ladiigiwcar 
teuHivc  to 
Butly  no  to 
'olyiiesiari, 
iH  coincide, 
•e  the  only 
in  the  line 
liles  which 
livty  in  all, 
ind  charac- 
inces ;  and, 
brms,  have 
the  Malay- 
h  close  and 
the  task  of 
entation  of 
ive  enabled 
ve  stock  of 


XTFILIATIOJJ   OP  THE   ALOONQUtK  lANQUAQEB.  7 

Tooahularics,  Htil)  more  Htrikin<j  and  dctliiite  rettiiltA  nii^hi  have  lH><'n 
obtiiiiiod.  To  tlio  thirty  woidn  above  inentioiH'id  I  hiivo  added  llio 
niuuei'iiU  of  tho  Algoni|iiin  laiigiiaj^eH  u|>  to  (en,  similarly  conipariii^ 
them,  but  with  results  not  quite  bo  favourable.  Btill,  even  in  tliia 
diificult  field  of  couiiiiiriMon,  ini|iortiint  analoj,'ipH  apptnir.  To  exhil)it 
tho  negative  side  of  th<i  argument,  I  have  plaood  over  ngainnt  tlio 
Algoucjuin  and  Malay-Polynesian  words  tho  corro8i)ondiiig  terms  ia 
the  Asiatic  and  allied  languages  from  which  th**  American  forms  of 
«l)00oh  might  naturally  bo  expected  to  t.il.j  their  derivation.  Hueli 
aro  the  Ugrian,  Mongol,  Tartar  and  Alantchu  tongues,  forming  the 
Ural-Altaic  class;  the  Samoiod,  Yenisei  and  Yukagir,  conveniently 
termed  Asiatic-lfyperbonian ;  and  the  JapancHo,  Aino,  Tchuktulii 
and  Kumtschatdalo,  which  aro  grouped  as  IV-ninsiiIar.  While  a  few 
analogies  appear  among  somo  of  those,  their  dissimilarity  from  the 
families  under  considemtion  is  well  worthy  of  attention.  Here  also 
I  must  confess  that  the  imporfoction  of  my  lists,  which  aro  not  selec- 
tions, but  contain  all  the  niatorial  at  present  in  my  possession,  hinders 
me  from  drawing  too  strict  a  line  of  domikrcation.  Lest  it  mig^it  be 
supposejl  that  the  analogy  of  the  Algonciuin  with  tho  Malay-Poly- 
nesian languages  to  which  I  huvo  couipared  theiu  is  shared  }»y  otiior 
American  families  of  speech,  I  have  set  forth  tho  prevailing  forms  of 
tho  ternjs  chosen  for  comiiari.son  in  tho  Athabascan  or  Tinneh,  the 
Wyandot-Iroquois,  tJie  Dacotah  or  Sioux,  and  tho  (Jhoctaw  clashes, 
with  all  of  which  the  Algonquin  tongues  are  in  geographical  relation. 
As  far  as  my  knowledge  of  the  Malay- Polynesian  languages  e.t- 
tends,  and  it  is  very  limited,  I  must  admit  that  tho  striking  lexical 
affinities  axa  not  borne  out  by  equally  close  resemblances  in  the 
structure  of  language,  as  wo  compare  for  instance  the  grammar  of  the 
Algonquin  with  that  of  the  Malays  or  of  the  Tonga  islanders.  There 
are,  however,  many  widely  differing  grammatical  forms  among  the 
large  Oceanic  class  to  which  these  belong.  The  Tagala  spoken  in  the 
Philippine  islands  is,  according  to  Dr.  Latham,  "essentially  agglu- 
tinate in  respect  to  its  inflection ;"  and  I  must  leave  to  those  who 
are  better  voi-sed  in  these  tongues  the  task  of  comparing  their  agglu- 
tination with  tl>'it  of  the  Algonquin  languages.  While  far  hom 
disparaging  clie  value  of  grammatical  forms  in  such  connections  as 
that  under  consideration,  I  am  as  far  from  believing  in  their  perma- 
nence. Words  are  tho  bones  of  language,  aiid  we  might  as  well  take 
the  whale  and  the  bat  out  of  tho  Mammalia  as  to  separate  tongues 


I 


gi 


-~^ 


\i 


_^^j>^jn\M*^^ilfim« 


r 


■T»»" 


n 


m* 


i,t-: 


Iff 


i 


R  AFFIMATION   Of  TUB   AUlOMQl'fK    LAirOITAOM. 

usin^  iiloiitioiil  conitnon  tortnn  on  account  of  minor  tliflT'Tcncpii  in 
gi-nniniiiticul  I'Dinliination.  Tlio  n>H<-nililiiiu'»>n  Iw-twcon  the  Al;{<)n(|tiin 
Hn<l  tlio  Miiliiy  I'tilviiottinn  vooal)iiliiiieB  nro  tin*  nilc,  not  the  bxa'ptioa; 
and  on  thin  Kmund  I  believn  that  an  exhauntivo  annlvHiti  of  the 
gniinniHtifnl  i'ouuH  of  th«  Inttfr  will  yot  exhibit  at  Imut  a  near 
Biii'rouch  to  Al^foii'iuin  Ntnioturo. 

Ill  addition  to  t'lo  f»c;,diitination  of  th«  Tagnia  and  kindred  Ianjrimge», 
a  featiiro  that  ajuieai-H  more  or  Ichh  in  all  the  PolyncHian  tong-.icH,  there 
Bi-e  iiuiiiy  pointH  of  rcstsnililnnre  :»h  woll  an  of  differeii-o  Itotwcon  the 
]Mnl;iy-ri.>lyi»CHia:i  and  i'.  i  Algoniniin.  They  agree  in  the  alwonce  of 
anything  like  true  gender,  and  in  theHiibstitution  for  itof  a  dintinction. 
of  nonns  into  animate  and  inaniiiiato.  The  Algonquin  langimgea, 
how(  i'r,  have  a  termination  for  tiio  |iliual,  while,  as  far  aH  1  am 
aware,  the  Malay-Polynesian  mark  plurality  l>y  a  pretixed  article  or 
particle,  or  by  tho  sutlix  of  a  numeral  adjective.  The  Algonquin 
n'uns  have  projierly  Hpeaking  no  decleiiHlon,  and  tliis  is  true  of  the 
Malay-PolyneHiMii.  Ji\«t  when  case  is  markcil  in  the  hitter,  it  is  hy 
forms  of  the  article  or  by  prefixed  prepositions  which  frequently 
coalesce,  wliile  in  the  foriuer  the  locative  is  denoted  by  a  Ruffix.  The 
genitive  also  jirecedes  the  nominative  in  Algoiupiin,  but  follows  it  in 
the  JIalay-Poiynesian.  Tho  Malay-Polynesian  languages  have  pre- 
positions, and  such  are  many  of  tho  Algonquin  particles  ;  but  othem 
are  postpositions.  This  ^vould  seem,  with  other  points  of  a  similar 
character,  to  indicate  the  position  of  tlui  Algonrpiin  languages  as  ono 
niidway  lietween  the  postponing  I'uraniansof  Asia  and  the  jn-eposing 
Malay-Polynesians.  The  Athabascans,  Iroquois,  Dacotahs  and  Choc- 
taws,  who  suiTound  the  Algonfpiins  on  every  side.all  use  jiost  posit  ions, 
niid  their  iniluence  in  this  and  other  directions  may  have  tended 
largely  to  render  the  Algoncjuin  grammar  somewhat  Turanian.  The 
substantive  and  tho  verb  are  but  feebly  distingui.shed  in  tho  two 
families  under  consideration,  and  in  many  eases  tiot  at  all.  In  the 
formaticm  of  derivative  nouns  tho  Malay  employs  a  prefix  as  v/ell  aa 
an  at!ix,  and  has  been  contrasted  with  tho  Algonquin,  which  makes 
use  of  tlio  stitlix  only.  Thus  from  Malay  tidor,  to  sleep,  conies  per- 
t'ldor-an,  a  bed ;  while  from  Creo  nipow,  to  sleep,  is  derived  nipawin, 
a  bed.  The  Polynesians  do  not  follow  the  Malays  in  this  respect, 
for  the  Tonga  mohe,  to  sleep,  gives  us  mohenga,  a  lied,  in  a  form  that 
is  thoroughly  AlgonqTiin.  In  both  families  tho  adjective  is  invariable, 
but  in  the  Malay-Polyuesian  its  place  is  generally  after  the  noun, 


ii'iiV"  iir^dfi  r 


'A  .4t*^*'i«^. 


'Mef^U^-LtMMi,- 


•■■  -^m&v^^wmsum*: 


mm 


•MMiiNllMliM 


ArFILIATIOM   Of   THE   AI-OONQIIIX    LANCHJAOES.  9 

while  in  the  Alj{oii<iuiu  it  nonnrally  prr^ddos  it.  There  aro,  however, 
•ulKx  particles  ♦hut  tako  tlio  jdaeo  of  adjeotiven  in  the  lutter  class,  and 
in  luoHt  caHBN  they  are  i-opreHeiitcil  by  verlts.  The  Malay- roiym'siiin 
ailjt'ctivus  am  often  hard  to  di«tiiiK"'*h  from  HubstaiitiveH  and  verbs. 
The  sign  of  conipivriMou  precedes  the  adjective  in  Algonquin,  hut 
follows  in  Tonga.  Jh.t  the  acciiHutivo  or  object  of  the  verb  follows  it 
in  both  Algoni|iiin  and  rolyiicHiim,  and  tluH  Hcparatos  them  from  tlio 
Turanian  langnageH.  Tense  in  designat<Ml  iiy  Hpecial  marks  in  omh 
case.  These  are  Algoiujuin  imrfect  At,  (ji,  futi^ro  ka,  ya;  in  Tonga 
present  <jooa,  perfect  na,  future  te.  A  larger  a<Mpiaintance  with 
Algon(|iiin  and  Mahvy-PolyncHian  forms  might  reduco  the  differetues 
between  these.  In  the  Tonga  the  index  of  tense  is  placed  before  the 
personal  pronoun  which  precedes  the  verbal  root,  e.<i.,  laakee,  fflve; 
na-o')-uvakee,  1  gave;  na-ger-makee,  thou  (javcut;  to-oo  uiakee,  I  shall 
give;  ♦ -"-ger-makee,  thou  wilt  give.  In  Algoni|uin  the  temporal 
indicet  omo  between,  the  pioi.oun  and  the  verbal  root,  e.g.,  maV-iW, 
give;  ni  ki-makew,  /  gai^;  ki-ki-makew,  thou  gnveaf;  ni-ki-makew, 
I  tiiall  give;  ki-ka-makew,  l/ion  wilt  give,  in  spite  of  tin  diHerence 
in  the  order  of  pronoun  and  temporul  index,  the  two  classes  agi-ee  l.» 
placing  both  these  before  the  verbal  root,  thus  entirely  disagreeing 
with  the  Turanian  languages  in  their  Ural-Altjiic  and  Dravidian 
divisions,  ihe  possessive  pronoun  or  its  equivalent  pr-eedes  in  the 
Algonquin,  and  either  precedes  or  follows  in  the  Malay-Polynesian 
languages.  These  languages  also  agree  in  dispensing  with  the  relative 
pronoun.  The  forms  of  the  demonstrative  in  Creo  and  Tonga  are  not 
unlike ;  Tonga,  this  aheni,  that  ahena ;  Cree,  thia  anah,  that  miha. 
The  same  is  true  of  the  inten'ogative ;  Tonga  ahai,  coeha  who,  whv-h; 
Cree  awewo,  kekway.  The  Polynesian  languages  have  an  artit;b, 
and  have  on  account  of  it  been  affiliated  with  the  liantu  or  ('atfre 
languages  of  Southern  Africa.  Dupouceau  and  other  writers  have 
insisted  that  the  initial  M  of  many  Algonquin  nouns,  which  generally 
precedes  those  that  are  not  in  a  construct  state,  Ls  the  article.  Others 
as  lirmly  deny  the  stateiuent,  but  have  not  accountet'  for  the  frequent. 
drojiping  of  this  letter,  e.g.,  mistik,  a  tree.;  raeyw-atik,  a  good  tree; 
much-atik,  a  bad  tree;  face,  mikwakun;  my  face,  ni-kwakun.  Un- 
doubtedly there  is  some  analogy  here  with  the  common  Bantu  prefixes 
mo,  ma,  me,  and  the  Tagala  article  ang.  The  ('afire  analogies,  ajiart 
from  language,  with  the  Algonquius  are  striking.  One  important 
point  of  resemblance  between  the  Algonquius  and  the  Malay- I'uly- 


i 


, „».  .—  j>ifcj^rf.i«4Jftw>'i&.«''''^''i'i«"''i'%'''''i"*''''«*i">""'*'f'°y* 


w 


10 


AFl'IUATION   or  TBE  ALGONQUIN   LANQUAQEK. 


iKsian  is  that  botli  employ  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person  plural  in 
AD  iiicluaive  auil  in  an  oxclnsire  form  : 

Atgomium — ninawint,  thry  and  I. 
kinawint,  you  and  I. 
Tonga — mow,  gimowoa,  they  and  I. 
tow,  gitowoa,  yau  and  I. 

I  mny  also  add  that  both  families  of  language  br.ve  six?cial  terms  to 
denote  elder  and  younger  brother,  sister,  ic.  Stich  are  the  main 
point*!  of  agreement  and  diversity  that  have  occaiTcd  to  me,  agreo- 
monts  which  T  Miink  no  more  extended  research  can  invalidate,  and 
dilferences  /i,  if  iiot  dne  to  purely  Americi^n  influences  derivecl 

from  Noi-tlierii  Asia  in  the  manner  alresidy  indicated,  may  disappear 
in  the  progress  of  investigation.  In  any  case  the  difficulties  in  the 
way  o*"  connecting  the  Malay-Polynesian  and  the  A'jjonquin  systems 
are  far  from  insupoitible.  One  imiwrtant  feature  which  the  two 
clai«es  }iossess  in  common,  and  by  which  they  are  distinguished  from 
other  familie'^,  Asiatic  and  American,  is  the  absence  of  harsh  sounds — 
the  softness,  wl.ich  has  Iwen  called  the  distinguishing  characteristic 
of  tlio  Polynesian  tongues,  and  whidi  has  attracted  the  attention  of 
all  who  are  in  any  Avay  faruiliar  with  Algonquin  speech. 

I  have  not  had  time  to  investigate  the  relations  subsisting  between 
the  manners,  customs,  supei-stitions,  »S:c.,  of  the  Algonquins  on  the 
one  hand  and  of  the  Malay- Polynesians  on  the  other.  Some  of  these, 
as  tree  woi'ship,  the  use  of  totems  and  similar  points,  have  been 
indicated  by  Sir  John  Lubbock.  Dr.  Pickering  makes,  I  know  not 
on  what  gi-ounds,  but  doubtless  for  very  satisfactoiy  reasons,  tho 
following  statement:  "If  any  actual  remnant  of  the  Malay  race  exists 
in  the  eastern  part  of  North  America,  it  is  probably  to  be  looked  for 
among  the  Chippeivas  and  tlie  Cherokecs."  The  Chippewas  or  Ojib- 
beways  are  the  Algonquins  with  whom  it  is  likely  the  distinguished 
ethnologist  was  most  familiar.  Vhe  long  black  straight  hair,  the 
prominent  features,  the  practice  of  depilation,  and  even  the  copper 
colour  of  the  American  Indian  in  general,  are  found  in  Polynesia ; 
and  the  moral  traits  of  the  Algonquins  find  many  analogies  in  the 
same  region.  The  stage  of  culture  attained  by  Iwth  j^oples  coincides. 
The  maritime  habits  of  the  ]\Ialay-Polyne«ians  have  simply  changed 
to  the  fluviatilo  and  lacustrine  in  the  Algonquin,  while  they  serve  to 
indicato  the  means  by  which  tho  islander  ••)ecame  the  inuabitant  of  a 
continent.     Dr.  Pickering  testifies  witli  others  to  the  long  sea  voyagea 


.^y-'- 


ii»-ft-itt>iwrawiii] 


AFFILIATION   OF   THE   AI-OONQUIN   IANO0AOE8. 


11 


plural  in 


terras  to 
the  inuin 
ae,  agree- 
(late,  and 
«  derived 
disappear 
ies  in  the 
n  systems 
I  the  two 
Hhed  from 
sonnds — 
racteristic 
tention  of 

g  between 
ns  on  the 
le  of  these, 
have  been 
know  not 
lasons,  the 
race  exists 
looked  for 
as  or  Ojib- 
itinguished 
t  hair,  the 
the  copper 
Polynesia  ; 
jgies  in  the 
IS  coincides. 
)ly  changed 
ley  serve  to 
ibitant  of  a 
sea  voyagea 


lof  many  Polynesians,  and  thus  designates  the  point  at  which  snch 
voyages  might  end  on  the  American  coast :  *'  The  Polynesian  groups 
*re  everywhere  separated  from  South  America  by  a  vast  expanse  of 
ocean,  where  rough  waves  and  perpetually  adverse  winds  and  currents 
oppose  access  from  the  west.  In  attempting  from  any  part  of  Poly- 
nesia to  reach  America,  a  canoe  would  naturally  and  almoat  neces- 
sarily be  conveyed  to  the  nortliem  extreme  of  California ;  and  this  is 
the  precijje  limit  where  the  second  physical  race  of  men  makes  its 
Appearance.  So  well  understood  is  this  course  of  navigation,  that  San 
Francisco,  T  am  informed,  is  commonly  regarded  in  Mexico  as  being 
on  the  i-oute  to  Manilla." 

Dr.  Edkius,  of  Pekin,  in  "China's  Place  in  Philology,"  says:  "On 
the  American  continent,  Turanian  and  Polynesian  linguistic  prin- 
ciples meet  in  the  various  Indian  languages."  And  elsewhere  he 
Affirms  that  "  we  are  warranted  by  linguistic  data  in  concluding  that 
there  was  a  Polynesian  immigration  from  the  Ocean,  and  a  Turanian 
immigration  by  the  Aleutan  Islands,  and  by  Iceland  and  Greenland, 
which  united  to  form  the  population  of  the  American  continent." 
Yet,  like  maaij'  other  writers,  Dr.  Edkius  seeks  his  Polynesians  in 
Mexico  and  Peru,  and  would  relegate  the  Algonquin  origines  to  a 
Mongolian  source. 

Mr.  Wallace,  in  his  "  Malay  Archii)elago,"  thus  descnbes  the 
pe^nliarities  of  Malay  feature  and  cliaracter :  "  The  colour  of  all  these 
varied  tribes  is  a  light  reddish  brown,  with  more  or  less  of  an  olive 
tinge,  not  varying  in  any  impoi'tant  degree  over  an  extent  of  country 
as  largo  as  all  Southern  Europe.  The  hair  is  equally  constant,  being 
invariably  black  and  straight,  and  of  a  rather  coai-se  texture,  so  that 
any  lighter  tint,  or  any  wave  or  curi  in  it,  is  an  almost  certain  proof 
of  the  admixture  of  some  foreign  blood.  The  face  is  nearly  destitute 
of  beard,  and  limbs  are  free  from  hair.  The  statui-e  is  t  lerably  equal, 
and  is  always  considerably  below  that  of  the  average  European;  the 
body  is  robust,  the  breast  well  developed,  the  feet  small,  thick  and 
short,  the  hands  small  and  rather  delicate.  The  face  is  a  little  broad 
and  inclined  to  be  flat ;  the  forehead  is  rather  rovmded,  the  brows 
low,  the  eyes  black  and  very  slightly  oblique;  the  nose  is  rather 
small,  not  prominent,  but  straight  and  well  shaped,  the  apex  a  little 
rounded,  the  nostrils  broad  and  slightly  exposed ;  the  cheek  lionea 
are  rather  prominent,  the  mouth  large,  the  lips  broad  and  well  cut, 
but  not  protruding,  the  chin  i-ound  and  well  formed. 


i  t 


■:  I 


i;)«»»-«>*«.-<**«'>4**jr  **''!^*''£iS,'^J''S^jS't'.H^''''"'''''^''t!''^?^'''-''"''J''i'''-''--*''' 


'v.:v  "*:'■'-:■  :-f 


fl9 


AFFILIATION   OP   THE  ALGONQUIN   LANGUAOE9. 


: 


"  In  this  description  there  seems  little  to  object  to  on  tho  score  of 
beauty,  and  yet,  on  the  whole,  the  Malays  are  certainly  not  liandsome. 
In  youth,  however,  they  are  often  voiy  good-looking,  and  many  of  the 
boys  and  gii4s  up  to  twelve  or  fifteen  yeai-s  of  ago  are  veiy  pleasing, 
mnd  some  have  countenances  which  arc  in  their  way  almost  perfect. 
I  am  inclined  to  think  they  lose  much  of  their  good  looks  by  bad 
habits  and  irregular  living.  At  a  very  oarly  age  they  chew  betel 
and  tobacco  almost  incessantly ;  they  suti'er  much  want  and  expasuro 
in  their  iisliing  and  other  ejccursious  ;  their  lives  are  often  ]>a«sed  in 
alternate  starvation  and  feasting,  idleness  and  excessive  labour ;  and 
this  naturally  protluces  premature  old  jige  and  harshness  of  foatnres. 

"In  character  the  Malay  is  impassive.  Ho  exhibits  a  reserve, 
diffidence,  and  even  bashfulness,  which  is  in  some  degi-eo  attmctive, 
and  loads  the  observer  to  think  that  tho  ferocious  and  blootlthirsty 
character  inipute<l  to  the  race  must  be  grossly  oxaggerateil.  He  is 
not  demonstrative.  His  feelings  of  surprise,  admiration  or  fear  ar» 
never  oi>enly  manifested,  anil  are  probably  not  stixingly  felt.  He  ia. 
Blow  and  delibeiute  in  speech,  and  circuitous  in  introducing  the  sub- 
ject he  lias  come  expressly  to  discuss.  These  are  tlie  main  fesitui-es 
of  liis  moral  nature,  and  exhibit  thoioBcivcs  in  every  action  of  hia 
life. 

"  Children  sind  women  are  tiniid,  and  scream  and  run  at  the  unex- 
pected sight  of  a  European.  In  tho  company  of  men  tliey  ani  silent, 
and  are  genorolly  quiet  and  olvedient.  When  alone  the  Mxilay  ia 
taciturn ;  he  neitlie'*  talks  nor  sings  to  himself.  When  several  are 
paddling  in  a  canoe,  they  occasdonally  chant  a  monotonous  and  plain- 
tive song.  He  is  cautious  of  giving  od'once  to  his  etjuals.  Practical 
joking  is  utterly  x-epugJiiuit  to  his  disjKisition,  for  he  is  jiarticuliirly 
Bensitive  to  bi-eaches  tif  eticpiotte,  or  any  intt  rferonce  with  the  jiersonal 
liberty  of  himself  or  another.  As  an  example,  I  may  mention  that  I 
have  often  found  it  very  difficult  to  get  one  Malay  servant  to  waken 
another.  He  will  cull  as  loud  as  lie  con,  but  will  liardly  touch,  much 
loss  sli£..ke,  his  comrade. 

"  The  intellect  of  the  Malay  race  seems  i-ather  deficient.  They  ar» 
incjiiMible  of  anything  beyond  the  simplest  combination  of  idea.s,  and 
Lave  little  taste  or  energy  for  the  acquiremout  of  knowledge.  Their 
civilization,  such  a^  it  is,  duos  not  seem  to  bo  indigenous,  an  it  ia 
entirely  couiiuod  to  those  nations  who  h&vo  been  converted  to  the 
Mahometan  or  lii'akmiuical  religions." 


» 


».■  '..Mt:  W.*i-j,.'-  '■^i.tiv^iU^\^fi* 


AFFILIATION   OF   THE   ALGONQUIN   LANGUAGES. 


13 


score  of 

inilsopie. 

y  of  the 

I'lOiising, 

jieri'ect. 

8  by  bad 

eiv  betel 

oxpasuro 

juuisod  ill 

our ;  and 

foatnres. 

reserve, 

ittiw/tive, 

Kwl  thirsty 

1     He  i» 

)r  fear  ar» 

■t.     He  ia 

g  the  sub- 

u  fwitm-es 

iou  of  his 


There  is  hardly  a  single  i)articiilar  in  all  the  above  description 
which  is  not  equally  applicable  to  the  Ojibbeway  oi-  any  other  mem- 
bar  of  tlio  Algonquin  family. 

The  piociso  form  Lenni  Lenape  I  have  not  yet  mot  with  in  any 
Malay  or  Polynesian  locality  as  a  national  or  tribal  designation,  but 
the  analogous  forms  Oi-an  Bouua,  Oi-aii  Malaya,  Oran  Akkyo,  suffi- 
ciently shew  whence  the  Delawares  derived  their  title.  The  Jiivanose 
and  JMiiIiigasy  fonus  lancm  and  ulun,  which  take  the  place  of  tho 
Malay  oran,  help  to  make  tho  coincidence  all  but  complete.  As 
confirmatory  evidence  of  tho  connection  which  I  have  established,  I 
add  oomiKirisons  of  the  peraonal  pronouns  and  of  a  number  of  mis- 
cellaneous words  in  the  two  families  related,  comparisons  which  lyght 
be  indefinitely  extended. 

The  pie|>iirati()u  of  this  jviper  ha\nng  been  made  somewhat  liurriedly 
in  tho  mi(Ut  of  many  other  engagements,  in  order  to  bring  tho  facts 
discovered  as  soon  as  jxjssiblo  before  the  Institute,  I  crave  the 
indulgence  of  its  members  for  unavoidable  imjwrfections,  trusting 
that  tlie  results  ol)taine(l  may  not  bo  witlit)ut  value  to  students  of 
Aracricau  anti({uities  and  the  scienoc  of  comparative  philology. 


;  the  unex- 

are  silent, 

►  Malay  is 

several  are 

and  plain- 

Pi-iictical 

jarticuliirly 

he  })evsonal 

itiou  that  I 

t  to  waken 

ouch,  much 

They  are 
r  ideals  and 
Ige.  Their 
>us,  as  it  ia 
erted  to  the. 


Hi-rtMlWif>m|l>ii.iBM( 


^■^^':f'!^■^^'ff^^'?!!k^^iffiii^^■  ifM^M:  '','j',ti  jj-'iKnta'  *  ■"  • ' 


14 


AFFILIATION   OF  THB   ALaOXQUIH   LANGUAOES. 


':*••.:■  ,,K'ir  ':/ 


■3        P-S  S  Is      t^ 

j-^  J3  C  C^  <  O  "- 


■S  n     afi.S  «  9 
«  a      S  e  c  5  ?  a 

S'S'S  »  \f3 


7 


MRPimiii 


wmmm 


APPILIATION   OP    THE   AI-OOJfQCIN   LANQCAaES. 


15 


s 


Sf  1  a  £  «.3-3 


M 
i 


t! 

?; 

c 

'•• 

Is 

a: 

SS.S 

f- 

»,-'''^ 

.s« 

■1^3 

11 

^3 
*M  a- 

1 


<? 


a 
g 

■3  q" 
B  3 

s  a 


■a 


t^     9 

tc.3  3  -a 
B  s  a  S 


I 


r 


I 


-  :S 

<?■■.-       ?  S  3? 
"  4  ■=    .  -  s 


J 

•Sea 

^*)  ^  -<  a  ?  * 

c  ^  =  a  «  !J 

•gasael 


i  ^i  I 

8  a  ^a\t 

ill"  ^i 


III 


::g   ki 


^o  3     J* 

^  S-.  .S 


a 


•iS-i^ 


■5- 


I 


•^?,  3?''y9!9^l* 


a    ■«    5 

8      s      0 
4  ^  0       '*>-.. 


.      'i-i     en     BB     **  .^^■•~     CO     C3 


»-,a  >«d  B  5  S 


5 

I 

.2 

e 
.S 


s 
5  * 

-I  ^-1 
•^  v:   -  "m 


•2    i   V 
1   ^  i! 

%»   -S 

•o  §  ?  J 

U  2-5  is  3'^ 
§•2-5 -51:? 


iS 


II 


S  3 


^.1 

^a.2;S,-.5*. 


I. a 


■i^  S  ?=s  Itbl  J-j'S" 

J<.:<J<  31s J4  5-J3J4  »,& 


5r 


I.? 

<?  = 

«  0 

82 


■2 

ii     ^    ?-. 
■O      Pai>l 

B.tadB^*^?«5 


ci  »  c  S.t:  p 

OJ  1;  O  4;  ^  c 

B  B  a  B  «  B 


-I 

ae(7'<iBBBssSsSsc>< 


!     M      »      --^     iS     >J  "^ 


( 


I- 

1^ 


.         ■ 


~»*       l^-.i.  >»>  W»Mn\  *^j»l>  *  M'"  i^ 


,-gi».tHijpjiy 


iiyw^iii » yiiii!i)|iw'w!»||iy|  V 


~''*>ll>l0»tllf^ 


'tt 


II 

*  a 

la 


AFFILIATION   OF   THE   ALGONQUIN   LANOUAOKB. 


3 
s 


ta.. 


9 


11 


•3  a 


^  ,j  -^  tf-   ». 

^^a  s  i^  a 

e-^  w  «-  (- 

X     -  v:  ii  jj 


•a 
i 


8 


.2     s ! 


P     l*=*S        Is 
.°  ,  ^  ^  ^  a  »S  S-5  e 


ztt 


trTo— r  v:  -  o  N 


4  u  5 


"13 


f^  ?•  ir  PH 


5-  fe  s 


^  «  3  g 


«  ;  .e  .=  .5  5  «  c  c  .=  a  S 


E  ■< ::  ^ 


>-  i*      I. 

'  ~  -^  §.  S  a  2  -S 

;    C  -S'  =    ^   K    S    ^ 


1  rib  III 

^  =  =  -^  5  .=  B  >- 


11 


-Jill" 


S.2.6,5.a     «2j5b  o  c  a  as.2  c^     s-m-^-^-hS  i<^^^ 


«  1 

1   t 

B     -s  s  s  tj  5 

5  ■  -  li  ^  ^  ^  - 
.3  a  a  c  s  a  s 


« 


•«»^ 


'Ee^i-TS 


Fi*«M«t»b«>^'U 


AFFJUATION    OF   THE   ALGOSQUIN    LANWUAOKS. 


17 


I 


It 


■i 


II 


3 


eg  i 


J3 

4 


^ 

s 


•n 

-4l 

*  .-s^-^  . 

fl 

;  3  -•  -.1 5  J 

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o  0  s  a,:m^ 

m 


I    i 

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"^  i 

B  .?  . 
--if  »5 
.S  it^-3 

S  S  B  o 


-I  i 

•S  s  a  t  1 


s  a  s  a  s  s 


•-a 
If 


1% 

■n 


I*  a  5  -    -  -^      3 


f'.?.;'..-?- 


llsUt 


2  fc'  s.":-!  ^  -^  I  c  -  :^  ^  .5  <  «.  3-  fe  g  -  i 

9i?oJaaS,ooa^^rij<iJ<J<c3^ 


H 


1^ 


B  r  =  a  "  a 


K  a 


•3. 


mml0i 


J   -3    § 


.3         t? 


?  .9 

--      e  o. 


llliiilll 


o    *   .    . 
V  w  n  V 


'      s  5  £  1 


»    1-5 

^  M  a  "^  •*  ji  ^  t^  -i  ,t;  -i  p 


I 


m 


\ 


^■% 


'-i^^^^^^S^i^^^S^^ssi^i'Si^^' 


18 


AfriLUTION  OP  THE  ALGOXQUIN  LANOUAOES. 


1 


lis. 

s 


•a  ■as 


■& 

I.I 
I'  ^ 


■?«i 


■5.5 
•9  ? 


oT-^ 


MMMMM 


I 


1  = 


§*^9'|s,|«£'^.:s. 


to  -**    -      ti  .^  e  ,»,*,c  o 
-  s  c  a  a  S  "^    .  .  S    -  . 


lo-"?--" 


I    1      * 

of        o  B 

llliil 


a   -  o  a  5 


I  i 


I 


I 


£■= 


•sl^ 


g  g  «  a 
a  0  aa 


r  o  5 


a  «  o  ~  *=  -5  a 

B  ."5  -^  -^  CJ  -=  o 

1.  ~  Q  —  V  o  a> 

p  g  £  s  0  a  a 


3. 
I 


I 

i 


<**■)■  JWi-'ih-fti** 


4£>i- '*■*<*-' 


M*a  "MJ(Si,*w.  — 


.•a 
?3 


3. 


^PUPMMMMPPIPM 


■mti 


AFFItlAflON  or  THE  ALGONQUIS  LAKOUAOKS. 


19 


i 


I 


I 
I 


1^' 


I 


i^,  1 

-  -I' 

M  3  5)  a" » 


ga-2'-^-  I, 


ri= 


5  5(J 


f?f, 


'  o  -g   .  =  p^  .-  a 


SSS«-, 


rUS^M-iSS 


Usa  «■§•-<  S^SJ 


fl*  'S  ■-*  fr!  iS  i*  S  r"^  ^  '*"  w 

A  ,a  A S S .d  p. Qa  e  a  A  a  9  B  g 


I 


.is  »  a  ! 

S    Ci   « 

R  fl  0  I 


AfFJLIATlOJf  OP  THB  AtnoJJQUlS  LANOt'AOM. 


i 
3 


Hi 

II 


it 


I 

It 

If 


llf 


I 

H 

w 

<  -a 


II 


1 


I 


t 


i 


.!• 


! 


fe'<  f'J  ?j#        .-  5. V  =     =1-' 

c  S    .  -     -  Eg  ►f^*-  1-    ,  3  ?  ? 


■fi: 


5  C  3 


14 


N~  — 


•§5.? 


till 


«  -  ' 


■£:.•=  -E  :rr  a  a  ^ 


TT  J,  o     e    5 

3  e  S  ^^  «     *!*  Si  r  a^ 
Ht  J-  S.'i.-^-    •Si'''    - 


m- 


15 


^^i 


'  u'z'^- 


ii 


2  ^  c 


_5 

!?    Si   fi 

d;    1^    0) 


;s5 


15 


sill 


Is 


ii^|555£lo  SMS  OSS' 


Hi 


i 


'^^llft0Ml^ififiiA^ii^^^ 


>yjMii(.iuijHi^ 


•J* 


I 

I 


It'.:  1 1 


mim 


mmm 


ArriLiATioN  or  thk  AUsosqniN  LANGUAani. 


HiM 


*^Kte 


31 


1 
i 


I 


! 


i  I 


3  i . 

1  jjti 


i3 


5 

■a 

I 

-3 


1 


I 


.^  ^  ts  3 

e  i  W  3 


f  11  li 


>5Sj 
B  g 


.~  a(<!-i^  "IBS!  2~  2> 


=  SKSa=53aaK,r. 

■~^  'f^    rt    <«•  ^4    ^4   «4    ^^    w    ••    n  »,« 


=1 


=  5 


-a 

1.4 


II 


u 

-  f  -£.  2 


li 


»     &    ?  -S 

l3|'.is.l||-J.ls:-J 


is 


V        .? 


§1 


ltd         h 


:2| 


Jig? 


^1 


,  +J  *a  .ti   4)  t!   ''    ^ 
'   ^   t-<  <^   4)   £  -l 

I  ^  n  O  S  2  I 


ii^a 


S  u  <n  MJi 

•J  4<  oj  « "a 


--^SHHMbJU 


I 


t  =  I  s  §  •§  • 

ei?  e  S  S     ■=  i 

fli  oj  C  S  -t  c  V  -^  . 


I 


32 


ArriuATioN  or  tub  ai.«on<iui»c  lanquaoem. 


4 

J 


I 
1 


hn 


i 


1% 


J  3  2  2  r;  1  "^^  ^  .a  fti 


19^  <o  in  tl) 


a  KITE'S 


S    s 


tEo'5,       -3 

5  a  H  £  13 1;  s  '■ 

Esagsass 


1 

,§2. 


I 


111 


8," 

-J    ^*^'^ 
3  sill 

3  0  41  -J  O 


Is   5I1    II 

iillll   III 

s  n  s  s  a  £.1! 


F  -8  3 


p  a  rt  ^  ^  ^ 

Baesai 


■~  w^a 


o  o 


s 


rtrt(4rJrtrt«le9Mprt; 


■gflaaas52a5j3S.&s 


#JiW^.*«4»M.  J,rffcM»*..W<^»  ^■■^^^■^t>^'-f»fi  il^ 


^A;>VJ^^j|^n%*» 


4 
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■WW  *■ 


1 1  la's 
? 

e 


.4  s  8.'<i^.3  3 


3  «  £  ■2  '" ! 


irriLUTiox  or  thb  aloonquin  lasouaom. 


28 


J 


s-sa 


i  II 


!    f 


i 


5 


as. 


inSSeSgaSSa 


■5 


^     I 

ill 


6        .« 

I        a 

gssa 


B  t/j     . 


I 


I 


I 
1 


.^t«I^Ha>Mt«Mi-^ 


mm 


u 


AFFILIATION  OP  THE  ALGONQUIN  LANQUAOES, 


3 


H.5 
55 


ill 

c4   d    3 

s  a  a 


Si 


I 


t 


I. 


P»3  O. 


111 

Ill 


fi  I' 


^1? 


'fl 


u 


^  E--  5"' 

lis. 


iBa 


it 


■?■=  *  ■ 

e--<SS 

E  ^  ■'^  ^  t?; 

'       .    .._-  -CCM 


«^ 


31  -a 


■a  S 


t 


2   3   4J 


*  rt 


f-i-S" 


2  £  S  .,_. 


^  -g  '£  H  t:  § 


III 

c'fl 


•3    <S§ 


5  » 


sftM 


.•"  .3  O 

■f|a| 
l-Ul 


i. 


ill 

u 

es-Sa 

} 

t 

S-   .« 


5!        n 


9   g.  a  ^ 


la 


i 


§1 


1 


C 

3 


cT     St 


'Si 

c  :S 

II 


.® 


I 


w! 


jffiNniiliMa 


r^tMgfilli»iii),faJsijJij^»t#l«l;i<ia 


I 

1 


wmmimmmmmmm 


AFFILIATION  OF  THE  ALaONQVIK  LANOUAOES. 


P" 


25 


If 


•S  «  s 


-•2S 
■as!" 

P.P<A 


.5 

MB 


§•1 

•31 


Si 


■3 


I'  ?! 

BB$,S 


•a 
g. 


If 


34 


s 

11 


3 

S  a  « 
5-aS 


4  5  I 

?s?  r 

.a; 


:  ?* 


rt  5  a 


-§5 


t;  ."•  ^.  »■ 


■y  ^^^ ,? 


rt  '-C'  a  r'*=   _  o  •*-*  -r  (Jw  <*?  .X  «   -  .'^  -^  -  -5  =  2  -^  r  tJ  *J  !=  S  £-o  «  ^  K  9 


SmS 


S|« 


■S--3 
•I 

ii 


aS  "  =  ■§ 

«^  O  ej  00 


& 


,6. 


:  to 


I 


■=— ■ 


^  s-"5 
aeiic 


s^^'-'"*'  'JWi».''#>y<'*y^'-'  '»^i^iw%!W'^ri^'*'W''^WM.'^-'*'- 


mrnrnp- 


AFFILIATION   OF   THE   ALC'NQUIN   LANOCAGES. 


I 


n 

6 

5 


Z'Z  3 

>■  -tit  = 


II 1 1 

a  a  ajz 


ills 


5 


I 


iiZ^.S^~  SBCJ* 


1 

E  t'i-rif  S  5  =  = 

-^st  ~  t:  ^ 


At  5 


5---^ 


.i=;jm^3p.,; 


'E§a'i«i3>iS5?'5S5iS53i.=  SJia 


u         T 


I 

EEBbJ 


^£i'^:-1-  S»; 


.  5~  S>;  5--S 


4  ; 


3  1-  ; 
H  5'i 


£=5 


ill 


Ills 


a 
;5 


•*:  .-  *^ 


i  ill?"  It;  2 


c?     1 


.-.   !•      *-        i 


£5 


§3 


k>^. 


,>:s- 


-  -  'I  g  r  ■ 

'13  =■: 


■■  *  f 


E2  oit  c  H  S  a  ac  c 


c  .-S  ?       ,.  S  i  .  u 

•S  ^  ■=     -5  .i  >,  g  a 

!  -S  a  a  ==  a  •=  -  ~  "^  S  5  i'^ 
:SlaSSHaE2£5fS5§ 


2  :      -  -       -'    - 


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AFFILIATION   OF   THE   ALGONQUIN   LANGUAGES. 


27 


-    5* 


SE 


5     t      ^ 
t3  «•  S  3 


1:1 

36    £    S 

t5i 


g^'iWii'if jpgc,  i.l'W'-'" 


I 


I' 


■*•  *j  ^  a 

*«  3  3  "S  "Si  - 
•^V  ^ii  tiH 


t¥ 


I 

53     6 


I 


•i  ''M  ■§ 

I  =  .?  c  a  -   i 

ST  rt     -  rt  =  'c  'So 


1    ^ 


5  "a- 


B. 


=* 


^~  -• 


"3. 

Ms---' 

«  a  g:  ti 

eeas 


—  ~  .<•  ; 


-3  >. 

s  =  e 


;  2  v: 


C    -0 

E.2 

IS 


"'~'—    .-"*"  ' 


S  B 


ft 


J3 


e 


e. 


.a- 


;t0.is 


'It? 


sea  > 


cue: 


E 

o 
E, 

.J 

Ill's 

-05 »;  = 


i    ^ 


g°    ^ 


*  =5-e   .el 


—  5  •    s 


Si  §> 


eg 


BQ.;;:  n^** 


C  p.5i«  PhS^  PtP-c 


S  ^      .5. 
ill  «■& 


I 


4£,        15 


II 


5<c; 


;  .V  's  "^ 


■i^  .v: 


-  L  -  -    *'*i  ° 

7  =  Siilosn£3 

•J  •_   1  .i  i  .-"  Fo  s;  V 
^^;<^^^  C.^  p. 


5  a 
SI 

s  5 


a 

is??. 

pwSc 

>;  -o   .'o    . 

-  -5    .S 

"^  =  «  J.  r 

--  rt  rt  rl  r: 
.•  »  *■       i 


=  -.    .§ 

III 

Hi 


f 


-:+Mrt^« 


f  *iii  1 1  B^^i  ^.ft  'j  4(Mt;  liiywM'iwWfji* 


^yj^feift^^-. 


28 


AFTltlATlON   or   THB  AtOOSQPTN   LANGDAOES. 


I 


•est 


sl| 


St. 


I       3 


l.""l 


■a 

■a 

I- 

i-  =  ^ 


&2. 


9         S- 


l?t 


S-3 
n3    - 


-3 


■Cj  a" 

S  »  3 


tc 


•S        © 
5     — ^ 

"  --  £  e  3  i  a «;"? 


■2  5  2" 


i^^\ 


%%l 


r?t^ 


a 

■3" 
a 


^=  a 
f3g 


^        ^g 


«a        •?• 


-    -    3 

5  bS- 


gJ.^-p'S 


3iaS!2j<J«  a 


■  o  a 


i  *      2 


^"2    -I 


II 


:=  5  ■j?  3  S   "  ^- 
o  »  ?  o  3  a  3. 


^ §£ 


>  J.a 


>»a-j.#abafe4«^~---l!jM~i^i^J«=^^3te3^ 


"j'-.v'-*-^^ 


'•i'm^f*^'^*^''  |^|f#MB!W!^^»M 


B  !!  V  1 

S>  a  M  a 


lis 


6 

I    I 


it    UU 


AFFILIATION  OF  THE  ALaOM<)UIM   LANOUAOES. 


29 


r 


I 


IS 

•s 


83 
o  ;3 


"S         3  V  S  o 

2  a  I  o  I V « 


i3  *)       2 


Ill 


5-2 


<3 


I 


.  r.";' 


nils 


•2  s'5 


T^-^  5  -  S 


,2505 


(3 
Si 
e 

a;i>3  . 


£■< 


^li:i|g*-.i^/ 


«c5 


s  n 


.--   ;-   -  -3  C^  1^ 

■3  a^^    -.2  S  3  J  aaan  =  3^.3  5  3  S 


III 

.n  3 


fill 


1 


!   So. 


III. 


n 


J^i'.S-' 


:  s  a  Fi  a 


f- 

a  a 


f 
I 


5 

I 


i 

o 


•3  V 

fi 

52 


I 


a 

:0    .0 


3  a  s  s  o  B 


£3g 

^  .3   » 
o  ao  <u 

s  s  s 


S.5s-i 

5  a  a  = 

s<  Oj  0;  >Xi  ^  ^^  i^ 

n  tf  q  a  n  fl  a 


Sis-*  3 
-*'.*  to 

J3  2 


-^■•rfwa*>w>lp"«B-»i#BWi'i^*Bi'i^>'=**-»tWt^*''''WWfc^  '"'*' 


» 


10 


AFflMATION   OF   THE   ALQOSQUIN   LANGUAaE8. 


Z^^^- 


21 
II 


I 


.J 


P  Is       .li:^ 

&  :  -  5  5  tc^ 

n  jii  •;?'D  -5 13 .3 


I 

g  *  £  :  S  ^  5  .£  =  £  c-  5  -     .Si  i-  2  = 


S        K 


j:  js  ^  .2  .5  ?.^  ii  ^  u 


,«  4  tCU-.S-TS 


•s 


!£  ' 

. ; 

:  :  « 

t^ 

M 

i « 

3  = 

^ 
M4 

II 

Eiil 

l! 

6s^  c 


I 


05 


g..5SS 

o  c    .    . 

'^-  TZ  "^  *-■ 
a  V  o  = 


5 


"  ^  a      1, 

•  w    -i  ■■';-=  i  i  "  "  •"  .= 


?5  I 


«9 


gS5  5a^  a, •»'«''•=' 


R    =  5^  !:  =  § 


j^|«-s|si=*. 


t  s  «  5  s  P 


13  P  P 


X    -K 


_  _^  -  w;  g  rt  S 
3  C  'Ss'2  OB  fi  c 


.;  ■«  S  5 .5 

n  s  e  s  s 


1 

-2 


3 

t  !s  .S  5  5  ' 


=  ~  ?-5:  Si.  I 


.•^c:  5.2" 


e 


t^-i^i  S     J<  e"^  -  =-*  2  »•*  *?  .a 
i  2  a  5ii  --2  £  oc  b'cs'b  s  a  B  d 


3  ti 


?  ?  •-■  c  =  .,  •■ 


i 


_:  3  S3 
■^  *K  "«:  — ■  "T 

(5  5  5  i^  f  ■ 


2  5  2  a  a 


SgSSScSaSSaSpoOi 


-i-*r"« 


-_i- 


_^^^g^^i'jjj>jgiHir)|j»^,in«^in;ig;  i|»f.  — = 


1=1    2 

Eri  i"^  ^  3  -3 
«■«  tea- 3. 9 


•s 

I' "  ■;'" 

.   •      to   . 
p  2  _•  =  >o      , 

•s2  a-s  li^s 


.J3     ---T-/    -  0?     - 
C  5  r-  •-  :=  •/:  .5  tf 

3  ^  £  ■?  i»  >  W 


MUM  »  p-iwinnww 


AFFILIATION   OF   THE   ALOONQUIU   LANGUAaKS. 


§        8 

s,-  -  ?= 

V  a    -je  =  ^-  3  " 


•1-3  I 

J-l ^ 

ill-    .^ii  I 
lfl.fi  ill '1-3 

B  «  a  «  M  u.^  s  M 


iff 


■WMfPHBW"""*"" 


81 


<!■':■ 


.3 


«  ;  3  3  ■;  *  - 

■S  -    ?i   :-  -^    :  3  O 


I! 
c-S  t.  B 

,  =  *■  -r, 


I' 


■g. 


CO         ^ 


o  s  e  u  3  u^  .:<i  £  a< 


ofeSa        ._         _  .^      - 


'        Si 


e 
.S 
a 
e 

•c 

■  5  »  !i     • 
'  -x  .5  -^  f? 

:S  t  fc  E 


i    -W"    S    ; 


;  T -r  =  jc  M - 


4  I. 

■5S, 


8 


£'3 


4 


2    *j  = 


r  g  S  =  M  =  -  'S"^  ;  -- 


•is?  e 

g,  ji  6i  £  a 

oT  5  5  *  =  3 
g  «  =  5 -~ 


?£     g?     ^I. 


=  ^    ,  rt  rt  5  3  ^ 
£  «  rt  :;  es  .£'  3  S 


2     J£5 

«3       g        £.  i  c  5 
13  s  s  a  ;^^;::^.s  a 


h 


g  E~ 

***  "^  -*" 
a"—  '^ 


*£  _-   .       .   -  -  p*  ^  ^  a  »o 

^  as  J*  i£M  5^S  t  i^  ^S 


2^fo!S.Ior,5i 

ei  ei  fi  a^  at  s  i-M 


n  ^  S 


•Sod 

1^  5 


-2--  3 


1   =    EJQ.L 


tLM  CI  «J 


-       o 

^1 


Hill 


■m'tg^jSa^^ 


^fttj*'*' 


ii»«iiwiifcg^in)^^ytft-*»w*'**j^gff'*»*''"''^*'f**" 


l*l!*«*(«Wi^#**")lW<**»Wm%^«tt9<Ba<?' 


32 


AFFILIATION   OF  THE   ALGONQUIN   LAX0UA0E8. 


ll 


5  §.^;- 


L 


lljrf 


i¥ 


a  - 


It 
^1 


S 

e 


§1 

J<     ""     >^«-     9< 


'1:2 

•? 

^  1- 

s= 

;^. 

p*   • 

o  to 

115 

il 


5 


r.5  o  ._.i 


J.  t_  - 
•g  ;2  ~  ''■■'">  T!  .i 

^  rt  -----  ^ 


5? 


«  )j   .j<  J  s  i 


s.; 


||||4l:SBil.^l^ 


^  c  a|    .  N  2 


lll^^ 


c'rt 


?;  -— )  J-  ^  "C  ^  (9  w  —  >  tr  ..  J 


s4  ^  s^ 


n«lll%H. 


■-to  =  rtf«l 


^ 


e 

=    ^    01 

«  I 


4)  ";  (^ 


<-3  ga. 


—  .3  V." 


^.sa-K^ie^ 


S     s 

■III 

■    -.6    . 

ii3s 


tf:  *  3'  2  9 
c  Pi  P.A  A  «*  «a  a  o  a  s 


S-S.2  3,jP^         . 


^3, 


,a:2 


r  "^  ■d' 


'  a  BO  u 


teg  rt^^^  c3  3 


15 


5s: 


■xii   ■  ■£ 


>    .  V  t:;  ^  *j  T  *»  '^ 


=  23 


■Si's 


j:a5 


-^ 


'■nS'^ 


} 


I 


•s^f*- 


'  'n^,'  :'t"'4' 


■,jj#jii;.» 


-tfci5i*'WK<S«*«!S*S^^ 


•MMfP 


AFFILUTION  OF  THE  AtaONQCIM   LANGUAOES. 


8S 


I 
f 


"^ 


gM  _ 


55o 


I 


•S  §  a  !<  J- 
t«.|.2-2  S 


5       gec  —  T*-.i*'* 


1 


^=1 


I 


Sas? 


S2^^ 


S  s  S  S  a"'  rf 
is  a  ^  c^  £3  _r-5» 

-^  1 « 3  2  g 


6 

Kill 


r^ 


=  S:  S 

3  rt,M 


I 


■3     ^i 


P^J 


1 


3|.i 


■1^1 


2  «2 


f!fVi-a 


*  -  *  -S  tf 


iH6i)...»<ay.si)ffl'*' 


■a  s    ' 

a        .3  a     is  »  ' 

..2  S  ««S.n.C  »,,-..  ^,,, 


"50       --  _ 


..  ".0.5  g  «  • 


KS^Si 


E  £:=•§.£  Ss2-r  £5 


.2  :3  . 


; ^  o-^  B  ^v-a'^ 


i 


^ 


I 


~v^^^  vH»atf;.yH-W^  ,^*mAiO*W  f  f»W»«w.-™WS«***-.,  ^ 


r-  JU-jWHatl  q**>f^PW 


i 


84 


ArriUATioS   of  the   ALr.OSQUIN   LANaUAGEB. 


i 


8.  -S-^ 


,  e 


5  ^  &-IJ 


I         c 

Ml 

2  ^  -=  5  P  S       ?,  >r  i  -S  r?  T  rt 


1 


-"r«'-s5£?  k£-^^ 


-iWgs^lj'^fei^J'S^S^i'ea^^Etesas*" 


iM^MM^iSHSl^ 


iPIMmpMMHMIifP 


■WOTMIM 


AFFILIATION   OF   TIIK    ALOONQt?IN    LANOtrAOES. 


35 


i^ 


■"■3     3' 


;i-iiSS-i 


.t 


I 


1^1 


II 


till  III! 


.1     . 

nil  di 


1,. 


Sil'^i  Simla's 


^^ 


slijl^ 


iJl^l 


J4 


53 


I. 


3 


3=, 


2  9..- 


5?^  3, 


s'ti  o  a  o  (3  fee 


g  d  tS  S  3  '»- 


i    i 


-^^^^::,^j^f*' 


.  ,-„, — a^^b^e^p.t^fl.^'^.^m^^'toiv^t.e^^jtt^^.^tit^g^^ 


J 


,  ■T^'Tf?.''- 


3G 


ArriUATlON   or  tub  ALOONQUIN   LANaUAOEU. 


1 


e 
I.I 


! 


1 


5l 


I 


12  ii  V*  a 


^^0 


II 


I 


a^  a 


8 


?    -sla 


§1 


!«'■ 


1  1 


1 


I 


n>i  i*ru.i<c<iiSiWi>m/iV);^|l' 


.  '•>'  > 


J-^  -  i^  ,V^>4;;,JJiS^K^1j*f*¥Mi-(*S''->'*»<*'*»«^^ 


8 


\ii 


§1 


■S 
II 


£3 

R  »  a 


Sis  V  &!> 


% 


p-t-*^* 


■««P*i*' 


>«««MaPH|Haa««* 


PMHapfNPMn 


ArriLiATioN  or  the  aloonquin  lanouaobs 


37 


^.l 


I 


i^jlllllliy  rilllii 


I 


It  I 


iU^mnu 


t 


3 

a 


Ii 


llltlUllllilflfllllMHIII 


I     I 

4 


} 


0IP**/^3«*W  'V-^  '»**'?"  ' 


I 


i 


«^ 


immmmm» 


38 


AFFILIATION   OF  THE  ALGONQUIN    LANGUAGES. 


VOCABULARY  III. 


Comparison  of  Pronouns. 


I 

Thou 


H* 

Wt 

70a 
they 

befon 
below 


AUIONQUIN. 

n«y«,  Cree 

keya,    " 

ki,  Delaware ;  kee,  Shawno 

ki,  Qjibbeway 

noh,  Ifatick;  neha,  Pelawart 

weya,  Cree 

00,  Shaiono 

keyanow,  Cree 

kcnawun,  Matick 

mow,  Micmac 

kistalmop,  Blackfiot 

neyunow,  Cree 

keyuwow,  Cree 

kennau,  r/alick 

ktnawa,  OjWbeway 

nahoh,  Natick 

winawa,  Ojlbbevtay 


Malay-Polynimian. 


naak,  Pelev 

kow,  PeUw  ;  kowe,  Ponafie 

koe  New  Zealand;  coy,  longa 

koai,  Moiay 

na,        " 

lya,  Tagala,  Malay 

aia,  Ton.j70 

cami,  TagoJo  ;  kaml,  Malay 

giinnwooa,  Tonga 

mow,  ronffO 

klta,  i'omipe ;  keete,  «o!o« 

naie,  Malagasy 

koc-ee-00,  Malay 

kamo,  Tagala ;  kamu,  Matov 

gimooa,  Tonga 

now,         '• 

ginowooa,  Ton^ft 


Prepositions  and  Adverbs. 


behind 
near 
at 

against,  about ) 
concerning,    f 


amooya,  Cree 

^^.'.^.Zee:  Uba,.iah.  m^ay  d^bao^ua.^^ 

U^Alaor^<I^in ;  cheke,  Cree  dekat,  Ma.lay 

kekok,  Cree  *"*• 

ooche,  Cree 


mua,  Tahiti ;  gi-inooa,  Tonga 

dee-mooea,  Malay 

atas. 


gi^  Tonga 


VOCABULARY  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  TERMS. 
Algonquin  and  Malay- Polynesian 


alone 

ant 

arrow 


uhes 

awake 
axe 


basket 
to  be 
beUy 

bone 
boat,  canoe 

body 

bow 
bread,  food 


breast 
bird 


Algonquin. 
raisewa,  raamo,  Cree 
pikoo,  Cree 
ayik       " 

kanouins,  anwi,  .4!£fiMi9«»» 
wepema,  Miami 
utooB,  attouche,  Cree 
pekootao,  Cree;  pingwi,  (^ibheway 


pakoonao,  Cree 

togkunk,  .AlgonijMin 

koksakin,  Htackjoot 

agucwet,  Ojihlmoay 

wutupewut,  Cru 

Itow,  Cree 

wachtey,  Dela'>eare 

mutai,  Crtt, 

ochkunne,  Shawno 

wuakiwooae,  Cree 

oot,  Cree 

missole,  Jlfioml 

eelo,  Ottawa  ;  yoa,  Qjibbevmy 

Iniwia,  Blackfoot 

uchapo,  Cree 

mechim, 

ayukoonow,  CrM 

pummeh,  Mohicnn 

totoah,  C)/i!)&«iiH<y 

penasew,  Cree 

pethesow,  "  ^ , 

benasew,Ctfib6«wV;pina«y,.4JlP>nai«*n 


Malay-Polynesian. 

inau,  Tahiti 

be,  Tonga 

kakM,  Amblaw;  osea,  Cel«M» 

giiahow,  Tonga 

pana,  Mtiloy,  Java 

dota,  (imbay 

aptai,  Bovrii ;  aftulia,  Sula 

kapok,  Ualeln 

peekeeis,  Pelew;  bangou,  Afola* 

togi,  Tongn 

kisscein,  Pelew 

ikiti,  Bntiinuruh 

tarapat,  Malay 

ada,  Malay 

wutan,  Jam ;  butah,  Baju 

motnt,  Afysol 

koknatea,  Amblaw  m^^ 

wog,  Oa-M;  vaka,  MarianM$,  Tonga 

oti,  ridore 

mallayae,  Pelew 

aoh,  JtfeTiodo ;  awali,  .fava 

inawallah,  Saparua ;  nanau    Amblaw 

jobi-,|obl,  Tidore ;  djub,  S«Jo 

raacinnan,  Malay 

kannon,  Biesnyan 

fafanga,  Tonspi 

tetai,  Malay ;  toot,  Pefew 
namo-bangou,  Tidore 
pitek,  Java  (fowl) 
mauok,  Java,  *". 


"^'S*t-of"- 


gVtjgiijji'i 


.•,/Attiiw 


,  Tonga 


'alay 
alay 
Malay 

Tonga 


,  CtUhet 

.,  Sula 
gou,  Malay 


.Baju 
ariannt$,  Tonga 


,  Java 

■  nanau,  Amblav 

iub,  Suia 


Pelew 


iWf»mijm<iim')m»  "'I'l.  i,.|.M'--i.-4.i.i- 


'**'?■ 


brother 


blue 

break 

buU 

blanket 

buttertty 

brain 

bring 

broom 

brush 

clothes 

cold 

chew 

climb 

cloth 

comb 

crooked 

deer 

die 

dog 


deceit 

dlvialon 

dream 

dry 

earth 

end 

face 


father 

fear 
fleah 

flib 

forehead 
fatigue 
feather 
to  fly 
finger 

forefinger 
flower 
flee 
fight 
grass 
rind 


grim 
hair 


heart 

heaven 
hot 

bouse 

hate 
hard 


AFFILIATION   OF   THE   ALGONQUIN    LANOUAOE8. 


89 


Aloonqdih. 
.  thetha,  Shaxvno 
netahcon,  Mohimn 
sayin,  Ottawa 
onuig,  Ojibbeway 
kasqiitcn,  Cree 
chepatuk,    " 

pekoowayo,  Cnc;  pikocko.itZpon^tn 
elapao,  Cret 
ukoop,    " 
kwakwapisew,  Cru 
ootip,  " 

pachewcyao,      " 
wapubikun,      " 
siuiku  tukuliikun,  Cru 
equichtit,/)«I<n«are;weyachikuna,Cr«« 
teu,  " 

tekl,  Abnuiki;  tegake,  Micmac 
miuemao,  mumakwamao,  Cree 
ukoosew,  Cree 
munltooakin,  Cree 
aekoohoon,        " 
wakiaew,  " 

hipaato,  Blaekjbot 
nipew,  Cret 
ayim,  Narrngnnset 
aiium,  Natick:  abnem,  OJiftSMwiy 
aiiieeteh,  Blnckfoot 
wuyuaehewawin,  Cne 
kukuyawlsew         " 
puaka,  " 

]>owamewin,CrM;  kebahwahnon,  Qjtt. 
pasoo,  Cret 
pockkl,  Dekivmre 
Mwapewyoo,  kiaepao,  C're< 
Bisseguk,  Abenaki 
mikwakun,  Cru 
keeliiigeh,  Miami 
ooh,  Delaware 
ootawemow,  Crtt 

meetungua,  Penobscot;  nootha,£Aaumo 
nlnnah,  Bluekfoot 
koostaohew,  Cree 
nuueohewln,   " 
wlauthee,  Shawno 
wonunya,  Arrapaho 
ojoos,  Delaware 
rigo,  Ojibbeway 
Kinoosaa,  Cru 
hakulu,  Pennaylvania 
alaakoosew,    Cne 
oopewal,  " 

pimeyow,  " 

yeyokicliichan, " 
kinoochichan,  " 
itoohikun,  " 
wapikwune,  " 
tupuaew,  " 

masekao,  " 

mnakooBi.-,  Cm;  mUack,  A^tqyin 
piu.pooyao,  Cru 
liaaiB,  Ojibbeway 
milach,  Delaware 
neleethe,  Shawno 

weehauknum,  Jlfohioan 

entahhee,  Miami 

nteh,  Mohican 

heyring,  Shawno  [guoddy 

epekit,  Mieaiac;  keaipetai,  Patiama- 

usiaoo,  Cne 

opee,  Shaumo 

rouyai,  Blaekfoot 

pukwatao,    Cret 

muskowisew,  " 


MilLAT-lPoLYMESIAN. 


taeao,  Tahiti 

tuakana,  Sew  Zealand 

tehina,  Tonga 

fonao,        " 

kotteetow,  Peltw 

ma-bida,  Menado 

fachi,  Tonga;  pata,  Malay 

lomboo,  Malay 

cafoo,  Tonga 

kupukupu,  Malay;  kokop,  Ttor    . 

ooto,  Tonga;  outac,  Malay 

baona,  Malay 

sappoo,    " 

aeecat,      " 

caguee,  Malay;  kakahu,  Niv)  Zealand 

toetoe,  Tahiti 

tijok,  diguln,  Malay 

iiiamah,  Malay ;  mamma,  Tonga 

caca,  Tonga 

gnatoo, 

cIsaarAf aJav 

bico,  Tonga 

paiow,  Baju 

pohi,  Tahiti 

yem,  Myeol 

anjing,  Malay 

niuntoa,  Bouton 

wahahee,  /Sandwich 

kaka,  Tonga 

vahe,     " 

m^nimbce,  Malay 

pan,  fahiti 

bucblt,  Malay ;  ptlita,  Rejang 

abio,  Malay;  hopea,  Tahiti 

hihtka,  Liang 

muka,  Malay ;  uwaka,  Manila 

lugi,  Sula 

nan,  Baiu 

tamal,  Tonga 

moduah,  Sandwich;  medua,  Tahiti 

nama,  Wahai 

coquet,  Malav 

manuvache,  Tonga 

waouti,  Awaiya 

wamut,  Myaol 

guai,  Sanguir;  ial,  Baju,  Ac. 

Tugo,  Salayer;  iko,  Tonga 

kena,  Sula;  ikan,  Malay,  &c. 

alia,  Malay 

lesaoo,  Malay 

busbook,  Pelew;  bvdM, Malay 

boona,  Tonga 

kakowana,  Sula 

kaniuke,  Mysol 

toohoo,  Tonga 

bunca,  Malay;  kembang,  Java 

Bweebuk,  Peuiv 

mokamat,    " 

moochie,  Tonga 

tumboe,  Malay 

low,  Tonga 

uwoleihamo,  Awaiya 

wultaftm,  J'eor 

volundoha,  Malagasy 

worko,  Bolanghitam 

yanton,  Malay 

Ati,  Btigii 

harani.  Sandwich 

aputu,  Batamerah,  ftc. 

aasatau,  Tidore 

abi,  Tonga 

umah,  Java 

benkee,  Malay 

maketihy ,  CeMiM,  fto. 


-j''  ■^^^■;^ifi^^^',!^^^,''"  \  "   ''»!'■' 


40 


AFFILIATION   OF   THE   ALGONQUIN   LANGUAGK8. 


Iron 

If 

iniect 

iiland 

journey 

kindle 

kntre 

lizard 

load  (a  canoe) 

loune 

love 

mat 

morning 

mosquito 

mother 


mountain 
mouse 
much 
neck 

name 


navel 

nail  (finger) 

nut 

odooT 

oU 

open 

pinch 

pass 

partake  (portion) 

paddle 

plenty 


^ 


)rosperity 

o  place 
pUun 
peel 
quiet 
nver 
ring 
rise 
rod 

rub 

reckon 

remnant 

road 

root 

sit 

serpent 

skin 


■tar 


•rtima 

■word 

Bing 

•moke 

■Imp 
■iSk 
■ask 


Algonquin. 
pewapisk,  Crte 
keapin,  Crte 
niunichoos,  Cm 
ministik,  Cn» ;  minnls,  Ojibbev<ay 

{lupanutisewin,  Cret 
Lwakootao,  Cret 
mokoman,  Ojibbewiy 
sapapistaeis,  Bhckfoot 
oosikeyas,  Cret 
poosehao,     " 
ikwa,  " 

sakebao,       " 
an«kan,  (Hibbtviay 
wapun,  (free 
sukimao,  Cret 
mikawo,     " 
ningah,  Miami 
nana,  Potawatomi 
nlwa,  Stuivmo 
walichiwi,  Shawno 
apikooses,  Cret 
avewak        * ' 

kwcgan,  4  Ijfonquin;  ohkokin,Bloct/ool 
oquiow,  Cree 
issenikasoowtn,  Crte 

weloowin,  Cret 

weroowiu,     " 

mitise,  " 

okanj,  Algonquin 

raiskuse,  Cree 

pukan,        " 

meyamao,  " 

memaye,  Miemac 

pemmee,  Abenaki;  plme,  Cru 

pasketa,  Crte 

cheatipatao,  Cret 

pasich,  Cret 

puke,      " 

apwoi,    " 

mlstuhe," 

mechatew,  Cru 

meyooayawin,  Cnt 

B,yAO,  '' 

mitoone,  _ 

petoopltao,         ' 

kelamisew, 

sibi,  l)j<bbtway 

uchunis,  Cru 

wuniskow,  Cret 

seskuboon,    " 

sisuonao,      "  <,'       V; 

itayetura,      " 

pewipichekun,  Cret  ?:■ 

mikana,  Ojibbeway 

wutupe,  Cree 

oonupew,  " 

kenabeg,  Qjibheway 

wusukai,  Crte 

utai, 


Malav-Polvnesun. 


wian,  Algonq^iiti: 

abnuugoon,  Ojihbeway 

watawesn,  Aberudci 

alangua,  Miami 

alank,  (Mbbtway ;  aUqua,  Shawno 

attack,  Cree 

auang,  AigonqtUn 

wudju,  Qjibbeway 

penapss,  Abenaki 

simakun,  Crtt  , 

nikumoo,    " 

ukwapatao,  Cru 

nebat,  Mitmae 

wechakisew,  Cru 

soosoopemao,  " 


busi,  MaUiy,  &0. 

capow,  Tonga 

mouga-inonga,  Tonga 

nu»a,  Bonru,  Amboyna,  «c. 

fouunga,  Toiiga 

cacaba,       *' 

macouosim,  Alfurot 

pisau,  Malay 

klhia,       " 

fowagi,  Tongi' 

okuta,  Bouton 

t    ika,  Mofay 

I  ,  ig    to,  ^Jaiela 

',      '         Itaratonga 

T„gt?it,  Bourn, ;  gmnoma,  Galela 

mako,  Buju 

inungi,  Samjuir 

inana,  Bofilon 

nafa,  Tongc 

voliits,  italagaty 

bokoti,  Bouton  (rat) 

])eepack,  Pelew 

kaki.  New  Zealand 

guya,  Tonga 

hlngoa,  Tonga 

gnalan,  Tagala 

pouranama,  Malay 

bito,  Tonga 

kanuko,  Celebes 

kuku,  Malay 

pooc,  Pelev! ;  beequce,  Malay 

namoo,  Tonga 

niineac,  IfoJoy 

fango,  Tonga 

buca,  Maiay 

tclioubat,  Malay 

piko,  Malay 

baguee,  Malay 

fche,  Tonga  i  pagavo,  Malay 

niataud,  MfUf ,' 

niaka,  N*vi  '/■.nl^uid 

moouua,  Ti''\;'. 

y-      ■  ", 

tonoo, 

fohifohl,     " 

lolongo,      "  . 

sawan,  Sangmr;      ■    JoMon 

tcblntchin,  Malay 

baugou,  " 

sceoa,  " 

gosso,  " 

ceton,  " 

lebignan,         " 

neko,  OaUla 

tefito,  Tonga 

nofo,       " 

nife,  Amblav!;  pok,  Myiol 

piai,  Mtnado;  usa,  Lariki 

kntai,  Saparua- 

unin,  Wahai 

klngkcng,  Tiirthora 

fetoo,  Tonga;  tabwettu,  Tahiti 

alaninatana,  Bntnmerah 

Untang,  Java;  meleno,  I'eJuH 

abbtiiduk,  PeUw 

oona,  A  v  <\i^ 

bahtu.  iu^ 

l)apa,  Tahiti 

songai,  Batta 

migniaguee,  Malmy 

acep,  " 

moopat,  Pelew 

bouBBOUC,  Malay 

tioup,  " 


.rt^^^fel*'-^ 


j^-^^t:^- — 


;TiiapWi'ii|iig||jj|pi|j|||(t^l|pj.jNiii..  mm^pim 


WPW! 


'HPiWMtf'iipit'Hm-;.  -WJlJP'liWIi  ■ 


''■4?' 


''•4 


ArFILIATION   OP  THE  AIX}ONQUIM    LANOUAOES. 


41 


robin 


iluy 


ALOOMqUIN. 

MaLAT-POLTVISI  KH. 

luro 

kachenahoo,  Cra 

songoo,      Malay 

•wear 

usplmoo,         " 

soumpan,     " 

■weep 

wapuwao,        " 

aapiwu,        " 

ipaar 

usimakun, 

sanoko,  Canuirian 

takuchiknn.     " 

tuwaki,  AmbUiv 

soft 

niunookow. 

musikoini,  Siinguir 

sour 

sewisew, 

axiiam.  Malav 

salt 

sewetaknn.CrM;  ciwItHgun 

Algoni/./in  siinuto,  BoUingkitam 

soul 

achak,  Cree 

alio,  Tdhili 

squint 

Htltapew,  Cree 

til  nil,  Tongn 

strong 

scpisew,      " 

strike 

ootaiiiuwao,  Cree 

(mwdriy 

t«,  toogi,  Tonga 

tree 

aliasui,  Abenaki;  apiiss,  Pcatama- 

polioo,  Miilit}! :  bougo,  Tonga 

to-morrow 

wapukn,  Cree 

bim»,  MiiUiy :  bongi-bongi,  Tonga 

throw 

pimoosinao,  Cree 

/ 

boingeetei:,  I'elew 

tail 

00800, 

♦ 

Igoo,  Tonga 

thoughtful 

niamitoonayetum,  Cree 

manatoo-natim,  Tojign 

turtle 

miklnak,                  " 

pigiioo,  Haliiy 

unlucky 

raalookooHew,           ■' 

malttia,  Tonga 

water 

lii,  rtelaware;  hij,  Penntybumvi 

i)oi,  B.y'ii ;  vai,  Xe.w  Zealand 

8ii>e,  abd,  Ojibbeway 

papi',  Tahiti ;  evi,  Eaater 

ohkeah,  Wackfoot 

akei,  Memido 

orenpeoe,  SovrUptou 

rami,  Malngaey 
mataugiti,  Tonga 

wind 

notin,  Alyoniniln 
liwaunwee,  Miami 

anguin,  Malay 

well  ^adverb) 

nieyoo,  Cree 

lieliai, 

where 

tanewii.  " 

deemaua,  Malay 

workman 

ootutooskao,  Cree 

toucan. 

write 

ojibiipe,  OJibbewm) 

papai,  Takiti 

wing 
work 

ootutukoon,  Cree 

ihoti,  Amboyna,  Ac. 

aputisew. 

petnliiol,  Mai. ;  faatuba,  Tongn 

walk 

etooniie,  Blickfmt 

liabani,  Tahiti 

a  well 

walipayan,  Cree 

lepa,  Tonga 

xlay 


mton 


Xtl 

■Jei 


,  Tahiti 
Tehiti 


b«A*'.U««U'J(i*.»-J    A'V^i^iii*^-''-'^- 


idaiii 


