129 


On the Insensible Gradation of Words, by J, P, Lesley. 

What practically happened years ago to every fossil —namely, to 
be studied in isolation, its surroundings and alliances unknown, is still 
to a great extent, the fate of those fossils of the intellectual world, 
words. When a word spoken by the people on this side of the globe 
is seen or heard to be like a word spoken by the people on the other 
side, if the meanings attached to its duplicate utterance can be allied, 
and especially if several such alliances can be catalogued, although 
merely as bald facts, ethnological reasoning upon origins and migra¬ 
tions is at once proceeded with. It cannot he denied that the science 
of comparative philology, although by no means in its infancy, la¬ 
bours under the defects of this rude method. Its grammars indeed 
are getting to be finished and proper tools for the scientific work¬ 
man, but its vocabularies are still of a barbarous and impracticable 
kind, mere museums of popular curiosities. It still remains a sub¬ 
ject for future demonstration, that in philology, as in palaeontology, 
the boundaries of genus and species are to be accounted conterminous; 
that the organic forms pass into each other by almost insensible grada¬ 
tions; and that not by hazard but by plan; and finally not by a plan 
dependent upon the merely accidental variation of radical elements, 
but on a plan of the variable and alternate development of members 
of a complex structure. 

Philology, as to its history, has three departments. First, the 
purely organic, containing all such involuntary or animal utterances, 
as the different species of men make, for the same natural reason 
that different species of animals quack, cluck, crow, scream, bark, 
bi'ay, howl or roar, each with sounds fixed by the quality of its or¬ 
gans and by the emotions of its inner nature. It is to be expected 
that the child’s organs will utter modifications of a given sound ut¬ 
tered with the same intent by an adult; and that one child will prefer 
guttural and another child labial utterances. It is reasonable, also, 
to expect that the African, the Malayan, the Esquimo, the Germanic 
groups of languages will be radically characterized by different soft 
and hard expressions, by liquid prefixes or guttural affixes, by sibi¬ 
lants, chucklings, and murmurs of their own, as we find they actu¬ 
ally are. The study of this department has been vigorously prose¬ 
cuted in one direction by able men, among whom, in this country, 
Kraitzer and Haldeman may be named as taking the lead. These 
have pointed out a multitude of true natural expressions. They tell 
us, for instance, that the Latin ex, K, S, and the English ou-t, may 


VOL. VII.—R 


130 


be known by the very sound itself to mean expulsion from the inside 
outward. And so of many other words. But the range of this in¬ 
vestigation has been hitherto kept narrow by the neglect of the other 
direction in which these studies should move on. No one has yet se¬ 
riously taken up the true characteristics of natural language, such as 
the clucks of Oregon and Caffraria, the final K of the hypoborean 
race, the infantine TL of Mexico and other local regions, the softly 
vocalized finals of Southern Europe, the utter abandonment of the 
Polynesian race to vowelism, the monosyllabic humour of the Sinitic 
stock, to study these in the same spirit with which Gardner and Nut- 
tall studied the sounds of birds; to study them, in fact, in connection 
and in harmony with other specific differences of men not as men^ 
but as animals. Yet until this is done, comparative philology has 
obtained no starting point. 

The vsecond department of philology is that of pure Bardic or My- 
thologic words—words which are to be studied as inventions and not 
as involnnfary organizations; to be regarded truly as fossils, scat¬ 
tered, fragmentary, inverted, pseudo morphed ; and, when understood, 
instructing us far more likely about migrations of mind than of body; 
rather about the exodus of priesthoods and sects than of races; about 
a picturesque, mysterious propaganda of symbols by priests and their 
initiated, and not about the carriage of household sounds, war cries, 
or love whispers, from one locality or habitation to another, by men 
still half animals. 

And the third department of philological investigation deals with 
these same empirical constructions, these originally crystallized bard- 
isms, not in their first forms, but in their secondary or sedimentary 
condition, as words broken down, pulverized, readjusted and cement¬ 
ed ; as words with some of their elements abstracted and with new 
elements infiltrated; tinged by climate and social habits, and meta¬ 
morphosed by tlje logic, art and science of successive generations. 
To use a geological simile, there are many primary regions of phi¬ 
lology like Bretagne and Western Ireland, Northern Spain, Dalmatia 
and the Caucasus, Ceylon, New Holland, or any other remote and 
secluded lands, where theclementary sounds of the ancient wordmakers 
still present themselves for comparison and analysis almost in their 
original phases. On the other hand most of the languages of the 
world and all the languages of the historic, artistic and scientific 
nations are of a genuine secondary order and need to be studied first 
as to their grosser ingredients, and these again secondly in a finer 
analysis. And one object of the charts presented here is to show in 


131 


reference to this last, that a few elements of a primary order are every¬ 
where employed in language as in chemistry, to construct elements 
of a second order and a third and a fourth, by a few simple laws of 
change, in such a series of gradations, that any word out of the 
thousand used commonly by any people may be selected indifferently 
and discussed with the same results as any other word; that even 
any given compound word will be found present in some well recognized 
form in nearly all the languages known, and yet will have different 
meanings in most of them; that there is therefore not the most distant 
approach to a common or universal language for all mankind beyond 
the fact that all use the same elements in the same endless round of 
composition, and cannot get out of this round; that the presence of 
the same words in two or more languages is therefore no prima facie 
evidence of kinship between the two or more tribes speaking those 
languages; that, therefore, ethnology cannot be considered as having 
yet taken hold of philology as one of its tools the right handle, or 
turned it to any useful purpose beyond the determination of very local 
questions. It can be shown, probably, that the study of philology must 
be distributed between—first, a strict investigation by expert naturalists 
into the primary animal sounds made by the species or varieties of 
mankind; secondly, an investigation of those words in hieroglyphic, 
classical and mediaeval history and mythology which remain to re¬ 
present those old introduced non-animal, transcendental ideas by 
invented signs, by arbitrarily attached sounds, and by mysteriously 
arranged syllables; and thirdly, the classification of all words used to 
express such ideas in modern times, according to the law's now^ so 
w'ell understood and obeyed in the study of chemical elements, fossils, 
and objects of the actual nature. 

The charts appended to this paper will speak for themselves in 
explanation of these views. They represent the gradual passage, 
through groups of forms, of the names w hich mankind have given to 
the five objects, MAN, HEAD, HAIR, HAND and STONE, in 200 
languages, more or less. They have been made up from the Russian 
Comparative Vocabulary of Catherine I, from the Mithridates, from 
Comparative Vocabularies of the dialects of the Caucasus, from Hale’s 
Volume of the Exploring Expedition, and a few other sources of in¬ 
formation open to all. Very few^ of the African words, however, are 
given, and only enough American words for comparison, as the object 
was to illustrate the subject, not to furnish a perfect specimen. In 
selecting letters the expression of the sound has been kept in view as 
the primary object, w'here it did not conceal the graduation. Hence 


132 


K is used for C, TJ for Tsch, &c. but no rule has been exactly observed 
throughout. Sometimes Sh is expressed by S, at other times the 
importance of the H is shown by writing it in full. 

The chief design has been to show how by prefixes and affixes, by 
the dropping out of medials, and the rejection now of the first and 
now of the last element, an almost infinite series of changes not only 
can be permitted, but have actually realized themselves in the lan¬ 
guages and dialects of the earth; how that no idea can be technically 
said to be expressed by man labially, or dentally, or gutturally, or 
nasally, seeing that the very same series of dissyllables which in one 
direction ends in a single labial, is sure, when followed in another di¬ 
rection, to end in a dental, and when followed in a third direction, to 
end in a guttural or nasal; while the very same simple guttural, den¬ 
tal, or labial, reappears in the diffierent series as a vehicle for different 
ideas. To illustrate by an example or two:— 

HAIR, from such double full forms as GURuGURu (197), CyPy’ 
HUiR (153), tJe'RaChe’R (159), (Ac., passes down through one long 
range of changes to become a simjde labial Fa (164), and through 
as long a range of changes in another direction, to become a simple 
dental oT (69). MAN passes on from similar full forms dowm to 
such simple forms as Mo, Tshu, or ;^oi. STONE becomes To, Ko, 
aL, aN, iSH and oFe. On the other hand, and to illustrate the other 
phase of the law, CaLGaSSen (137) means Hair,—KuDaCeS (58) 
means Man,—and CiT’XiN (158) means Head. MieZ (56), MeS 
(57), mean Man, while MaZda (171), MaZ (107), mean Hair. HaiR 
in English and XeiR Hand in Greek, GoiR Man and KeR Stone, 
cannot be distinguished philologically. Many other like instances 
W’ill appeal to the eye, without further remark; and would be innu¬ 
merable had w^e some scores of such tables made out. 

It follows, from facts like these, that two theories respecting the 
great body of monosyllables must be adopted. Inrst, they do not 
belong to the organic primary sounds by which our involuntary animal 
nature utters itself, and so their study in that department will be a 
failure. It is evident that a stone or a bird cannot relate itself in¬ 
differently to all the organs of speech in turn, if that be the kind of 
relation by which it gets itself named. If, for instance, its original 
organic name, not invented but simply exasperated by all mankind 
unconsciously, be TO, then it could not be KO, nor could it be ISPI, 
nor AN, nor of'e. Are these then alterations? but if that be once 
granted, the science of Comparative Philosophy commits suicide. 
Secondly, the great body of monosyllables so far from being originals 


138 


are fragments. All language is a breccia, or rather it resembles the 
great fossiliferous lime-rocks of the coal measures, full of the parted 
joints of encrini, once connected into living, waving, propagating 
stems and flowers of stone. In the construction of charts like these one 
can see how the stems came to be disjointed, and the isolated discs to 
be so strewn hither and thither among the secondary sediments of 
speech, the dialects of difierent tribes. To illustrate this: here is one 
actual formula of fragmentation. 


G U Ru G U 
U Ru U 
Lo U 
H U 
U 


Ru"| 

Ru 1 

Ru [> Hair 
Ru I 
Ru J 


I r 

\ 196 

I 191 
L 196 


Here we have the reduplicated form of the compound guttural, 
labial and lingual, and the dropping away of one part after another, 
until nothing but the end remains. 

The selection of these five particular objects of speech was made 
because they are among the most familiar to men, and have simple or 
unequivocal meanings, and therefore ought to be named alike in all 
languages, if such a fact were possible. Yet we see how they merely 
play different groups of runs upon the same gamut. They were selected 
also as good examples of a principal or type arrangement of the ele¬ 
ments in the full form, Ka Ba Ra Ta, the historical meaning of which 
I have endeavoured, in papers read before the American Association, 
to illustrate. There are undoubtedly many such type forms, all of 
which can be WTOught out by this method of visible classification. 

The positive results to be arrived at then seem to be these—1. The 
same radical sound, Ba for example (modulated of course as Pa, Fa, 
Va,’Wa, Ma), can be found in a large majority of languages, standing 
as a name for a majority of the objects of thought expressed by speech. 

2. In the midst of this apparent wuiderness of confusion, a very 
evident order will come to view', when all the sounds employed to 
represent one idea are classified in vertical columns; and this order 
will consist in their various groupings. Each idea is indeed expressed 
by all the signs know'n to the ear of man, but is most often expressed, 
or in other words is expressed by the greater nvmher of months^ in 
one kind of way, that is, by one group of analogous w'ords larger than 
all the other groups. The idea will be recognised as having, so to 
speak, a greater run upon one set of elements or combinations. And 
we may hope that as Lesquerox has succeeded in recognizing each 


134 


successive coal bed, not so much by any individual fossil, as by some 
diflerent group of plants, the plants themselves being nevertheless 
found in higher and lower beds than the one so marked, we in like 
manner will be able to distinguish languages ethnologically by this 
grouping of forms of words common to all, under special ideas. 

3. Charts like these prove the reality of certain facts in philology 
sometimes doubted; the reality, for instance, oi' deriimtim reversion; 
as in the Greek Aoy, Hebrew h’lpj Go-bo-1, becomes Go-lo-ba, &c. 
This will be of importance in discussing the kinship of neighbouring 
nations with inverted names such as Dorians and Rhodians, Italians 
and Latins, Berbers and Arabs, &c. I have pursued my own reseai’ches 
for some years with this in view as an established fact, that the bou- 
str'ophedon manner of writing is a reality in etymology and ethnology, 
as it was in mythology and common history. It made no difference 
to the inventor of a word whether one symbol or another came first, 
for he did not write to express a previously known sound (as we do), 
but set down the symbols of his ideas and afterwards accepted 
the sounds they gave him. In other words, in this department of 
philology letters make words and not words letters.* 

4. It seems to be evident that the liquids and dentals, as a rule, 
replace each other not by alteration but by alternation^ for none of 
these columns worked well until the L’s and R’s were put under one 
head and the Ts, Ds and N under another. There are, of course, 
many exceptional cases of true organic mutation.—In like manner it 
seems clear that the terminal NG of many languages is not a mere 
nasality, but that the G is the relic of a lost syllable beginning with 
a guttural. 

5. The loss of consonantal elements is seen to be indicated by the 
presence of diphthongs or groups of vowels, and especially by the 
concentrated diphthongs O and U. Also, the fact appears that not 
only any diphthong, but any strong vowel, can in time come to re¬ 
place not the labials only but any one of all the consonants; and our 
only salvation from this utter confusion to result from such a law—a 
veritable law of disorder or decomposition—is a systematic and general 
classification of words, not according to men’s theories of etymological 
relationships, but in a mechanical way, as we classify fossils and 


* Dr. Pickering has drawn my attention to the curious adventure, reported 
by Hale, of certain New Zealand savages who were drifted to another and 
distant island, and commemorated their salvation on its shores by deliberately 
reversing their whole vocabulary, pronouncing every word backwards. 


135 


minerals, in tables and in columns, to let their groupings reveal them¬ 
selves, and then we can begin again with our philological arguments 
on ethnology. 


136 


Some of the Changes through which the Word STONE passes in 

Egyptian, shaft of a column, (Bunsen) 

Celtic 


P T 
Pa T 
La B 
Te B 
Pi Pa 
Te Bou 
Tu Mu 
Ru Mi 
La Pi S 
La a S 


■ (13) 

50 

(171) 


( 22 ) 


La Pi 

Pe 



(23) 

Pa 

Ta 

R 


167 

Pa 

aT 

R 


168 

Pu 

©u 

R 


169 

Py 

TTeR 


(177) 

Pe 

T 

Ra 


21 

Pe 

P 

Ra 


26 

Po 

r 

Ra 


29 

Pi 

eT 

Ri 


46 

Pi 

er 

Re 


(28) 

Pe 

i 

Ro 


(27) 

Pi 

0 

R 

X'a 

25 

Bo 

i 


Xa 

162 

I'j 

u 


X 

126 

Fu 

a 

LLa 

125 

Fa 

TTu 


188 

U Fa 

Tsh 


160 

Ua 

Tsh 


158 

a 

Tu 

Po 

R 

R 

1 

j. 80 


Pu 

R 


79 


Ta 

RRua 

15 


Je 

Re 

Ra 

(171) 


Pzc 

> La 

1 

145 


PzjuL 

K 

f 144 


Jo 

L 


t 64 


Pzo Lo 
Sho Lo 
Zhu Lo 
Jio LLo 
Zho LLo 
DiSoLLo 
Ja Lo 
TshaLo 
Tshellu 
TshallTsh 
TshuLu N 
Sha Lu X 
Tshe Lo X 
STi 11 X 
STa ai X 
STo a X 


Lesgin (antsug) Caucasia, 

Pelilvi 
Karib 

Sapibocoro > American. 

Quichua J 
Latin 
Greek 
Italian 
Moultani *] 

Bengali 

Pecan t India 
Malabar 
Romaic 
Portughese 
Vallzan 

Yolosch (Walachian) 

French 
Romance 
Spanish 
Kurile Isles, E. Asia, ) 

Tomscago ocr V E, Asia. 

Tavgin J 

Magendie, (Australia). 

Kamschatka (J^oznye) 1 j, ^ . 

.. (Tigil) J 

Digor ■> Qaucassian 
Oset / m RTo 

Basque m RoT 

Pehlvi zQ Li0oc 

Lamut X. E. Asia. 

Tungus Ocotsck Sea 
Tshjobasch in Russia. 

Tungus 


(X. E. Asia.) 
1G8 Tangutch 
Coptic (Sand.) 
Greek. 


(143)1 
(141) I 
(146) Tschapogir 
(141) ^ Tungus 




Tungus 


138 J Tungus 


135 
117 
119 
137 

136 
38 


Mongol 
Casi-cumit 
Acuschen 
Calmuck 

Brat J 
Islandic 


N. E. Asia. 


X. E. Russia. 


E. Siberia. 


36 Cimbric 


ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 

ST 


a X 
ci N 
ai Xa 
ai Xs 
CO X 
e Xa 
0 Xe 
a X 
e X 
eeX 
eX 
iXG 


6b 

33 

30 


32 

31 

34 

37 

39 

41 


German 

Teutonic 

Gothic 

Dutch 

Celtic 

English 

Anglo-Saxon 

Old high German 

Danish 

Swedish 

Friziau 


- Europe. 







137 

the various Languages of Asia^ Europe and America. 


rce T 

Rus 

Ha DzaR 

Ge Je 

R 

Hi Ntzo Zo 
Gi T 

Co Du 

Ge D 

Ca ) 

Ca i 

LLe / 

Ce 

Ra 

Gu 

R 

Gu 

L 

Ca 

Lo C 

Ca 

La Zh 

Ca 

RreG 

Tu 

La K 

u Ju 

Ra K 

Ro CCo 
Ro CK 


12 Susdalian (Europe) 

85 Arabic 

118 Anda (Siberian) 

(152) Lumpocol ,, 

(27) Romance 

58 Lopar (S. Russian) 

/ 116 Tuschet I o-v • m * 

1 115 Ingreshet / Siberian Tartar 

45 Albanian (Greece) 

53 Lesquiz-dido (Caucasus) 

16 Irish 

17 Gaelic 
(18) Welsh 

114 Tschengis Tartar. 

Greenland Esquimaux 
24 Neapolitan 
English 


Te R P 


Comanche 


Cu 


66 

Cy 


(63) 

Cj 

e 

47 

Ce 

i 

(40) 

Cj 

Hi 

(63) 

Ce 

U 

^1) 

Ci 

B 

70 

Co 

B 

(67) 

Ce 

B 

61 

Ce 

B 

62 

Ci 

Bi 

56 

Ci 

Bi 

(55) 

Ci 

Bi 

TShiBi 

1 54 

TSi 

Bi 

j 

Ci 

BBi 

(55) 

VOL 

. VII. — S 



Sfrimiss } E- 

Wenger (Hungary?) 

Dutch 

Tscherimiss (Russia N. E.) 
Oseti, 2. ) ^ 

Oseti, 1.1 Caucasus 

Vogul, 2. 


Mord 

Moscow? 

Corel 

Ostland 


Russia 


Tschjochous 

Ostland 







138 


Ta NGa 
Ta NGaiT 
Tu NuNG 
De Nai 
i NGa 
i Na 
Sa xNGa 
Sg 2s G 
Sa 2sG 
Se XC 
Se XG 
Sa Xum 
Sa SSo 
Shi Sh 
Shi Sh 
Shi 
i Sb 
Zha 


Ta S 
Ta S 
Ta S 
Ta S 
Ta S 
Ta S 


J 


131 

(130) 

123 

142 

ill 

(177) 

7G 

77 

102 

( 22 ) 

(23) 

149 

150 
1G4 
IGl 

(146) 


Polar-Russian 


Taigin 1 
Carassjn j 
Lake 5Iacquarip (X. Holland) 


Samoiede 
|> Tungus 
5Ialabav 
Persian 

Koord 
Bocharian 
Latin 
Italian 

I Asia 
Assan j 

Chinese (Cipaisk) 
Japanese (Eponsk) 


Tschuktsch X.W.Am. UiGa K 


Armenian 
^Maltese 
Abassinian 
Abassinian 
Illyrian 
Osetian, 3, 4, 
Osetian, 5. 
zPiomance 


(107) 

8G 

113 

112 

(3) 

72 

74 


Ga Ca R 
Ha G Ra 
HauC 
Ha C 
Cu C 
Co 

Cnnv 

CoCS 


i 

Z 

59 

Zuren 

Asia. Cabarda 


/ ^'y 

i 

Z 

GO 

Permian 

Caucasian 111 

t My YVa 

i 

Z 

65 

Votet 

Caniashin 

132 

Fi 

Tsi 

S 

(27) 

Romanch 

Carassin(180) 

Py 

TshyS 

152 

Lumpocol Samoid (128) 

Py 

Tye 

s 

151 

Inbat 

Coibal 

133 

Pi 

Ta 

s 

88 

Tiirian ' 

1 Samoid 

127 

Po 

Ta 

s 

89 

Kasan 

Samoid 

129 

Po 

Ta 

s 

90 

iMestsh. 

Osetian 

(75) 

Pj u 

Ta 

s 

91 

Bashkir 

Samoid (123) 

Pu i 

Ta 

s 

92 

Xogai 

Polynes. 

197 

We i 

Ta 

s 

93 

Rodac 

Samoid 

121 

Pa i 

Ta 

Ta 

s 

s 

94 

95 

Tobolsk 

Tshatsc 

Samoid 

120 

J Pa 0 
tPa Co 

Ta 

s 

96 

Tschol. 

Manchu 

163 

Fe ;(-e 

Ta 

s 

98 

Cnsnet 

Tschjoc. 

157 

Fu Go N 


99 

101 

103 

104 

105 

106 


Barab j 

Teleutsch 

Khivan 

Kirgnis 

Turcoman 

Ecut 



Ta 

Zh 

97 

Enesei Tartar 

“X 

To 

Ti 

S 

T 

1 58 

Vogul on Tscherdyma 

Ge 

T 

So 

48 

Abari Caucasian 1 


T 

So 

51 

Lesquis dzar 1 

i 

T 

So 

52 

;^iinzag J 


Ty 

T 

69 

Vognl on Berezou 

^X 

To 

T 

67 

,, on Bercotursk. 

Ho 

Ta 

Tai 




Te 

Te Te 


Cora (Xew Mexico) 


Te 

TL 


^Mexican 


Te 



Koljnsch X. W. coast America 

i 

Ta 



Brazil (3 dialects) 


To 

i 

(128) 

Xarymscargo ocriiga (Samoyed) 


To 


(71) 

Ostet on the Xaryma (X. Russia) 





139 


Ci 

Pa 



87 

Ce 

Fo 



84 

C 

Ua 



109 

Ce 

Fa 



no 

Ce 

Fa 



108 

Ce 

Fa 

R 


(107) 

C 

Ua 

L 


155 

C 

Ua 

Li 


159 

Gi 

Be 

R 




Bu 

Ra 




Ma 

Ra 

Ma 



Yu 

Ru 

BaNG 



4Va 

La 

NG 



Ba 

Re 


166 


Be 

R 


(177) 


Me 

a 

N 

19 


Ma 

0 

N 

14 


jMa 

0 

N 

(18) 

aC 

Mu 

0 


42 


Assyrian 

Syrian 

Iineretian (Caucasus) 
Cuban ,, 

Cartalin ,, 

Armenian 

Corean ^ 

Kamscliatcadale, 2. / 
Sidney ) 

]Muruya | 


S. E. Asia. 


E. Asia. 


Peel River New Holland 
Bathurst | 

AVellington J 
Tsygan (Himalaya ?) 
^Malabar (India) 

»■ 

Welch 
Lithuanian 


aC Me NS 

aC Me NS 

Ca Mj e N 
Ca M meN 
Co iMi N 
Ca Mi N 
Ca Mi N 
Ca Mi N 
Ca Mi N 
Ca Mi N 
Ca Mi N 
Ca Mi N 
Ca M N 
Ca M 

Gu FF 0 N 
Oi F e N 
a F Nu 

o F e N 
o F e 
Ko 

Ko Va 
Ko Mo C 
Kb Ve CK 
Oo Ne 
Pi, the I oNe 
juasc. artic / o Ni 
e Ne 

Pi, „ aL 
A N 


} 


(43) 

44 



0 

1 

4 

0 

G 


Lettish 

Crivingo Livonian 

Polish 

Illyrian 

Polabsk 

Russian 

Old Schlavonic 

Bohemian 

Serbian 

Wendisli 


E. Europe. 


7 Sorabish 
11 MalO'Russian 
2 Slavo-IIungarian 
9 Cashub J 

153 Corean (E. Asia). 

82 Zidoniau? 4 

83 Chaldee [ S. W. Asia. 

81 Hebrew (l^x) J 

(27) Romanch (S. Europe), 
f Stone 

Ti . ! Flint 

Hungarian - 

[ Gravel 
Sahidic Coptic 
Memphite Coptic 
Sahidic Cojitic 


Coptic 

Egyptian (Bunsen Vol. 49). 




140 


Before passing to another example, a few words seem necessary 
here. It is evident that the scheme of radicals to represent the above 
table of words is the following:— 

T 

P 

LP 

LPT 

PT 

PTR 

TR 

TRN 

(TRP) once 
TR K 
R K 
K 
KB 
KBR 
BR 
K R 
K RK 
K K 

It is equally evident that this scheme would be improved,-if it were 
not actually completed, had we the words meaning Stone in all the 
other languages of the earth, four hundred more or less. In which 
case assuming only the three principal contacts and keeping within 
the range of triliterals, it might be represented thus:— 

P 

PT 
PTK 
P K 
TK 
TKP 
T P 
KP 
KPT 
K T 
TK T 
P KP 
P P 
KP P 
KP K 
K K 
K 

K TK 
TK T 
T T 
T 


141 


But if, as we see by llie above chart would take place, instead of 
only the three primary contacts P, T, K, we must add the lingual L 
or R as distinct from T, and in fact a fourth primary element, while 
N plays a prominent role as primary grammatical affix, it is easy to 
imagine the great extent to which the perfected scheme will descend. 
The point of remark, however, is this:—the scheme is not one made 
up artificially like a row of arithmetical numbers or algebraic figures, 
to see how many different compounds of three or four or five elements 
exist arithmetically in the abstract; on the contrary, it results from 
a process of alternate growth and decay, of alternate additions and 
elisions, or of alternate expansions of expression and contractions, 
under the influence of two very different, opposite but co-ordinated 
laws of speech, by one of which the human mind endeavours always 
to enlarge and make more precise its words for better comprehension, 
and by the other to shorten and sweeten them for use. Thus language 
has a phyllotaxis of its own, by which its stem is regularly occupied 
to the utmost possibilities of the occasion. 

As to the aboriginal meaning of these words for STONE, or which 
came first, or what radicals are original prefixes and what ai’e affixes, 
these are r’ccondite questions not involved in this discussion, and 
perhaps impossible to answer. 

It may, however, not be uninteresting to point out as a possible key 
to some of these riddles, the form PTR, PTL, contracted to P’R, P’L, 
(Romance Pciro^ Coptic Pif/Z, c. Boina, Piorna, Pjun, Fualla, die. &c. 
in the chart), which explains at all events the Greek as P- Tor, 

the tor, the tabor, the taurus, the tower, meaning the rock or stone; 
and shows why the Apostle of the keys was chosen to bear the church. 
The sermon was on the mount. But these suggestions are foreign from 
the subject of this paper. 

The Greek seems to be as true an inversion of tor, or tel, as 
the Tangutch RTo evidently is. And here mention cannot be omitted, 
however casually, of the intimate mythological connection between 
the ideas of STONE and MAN in language. RT was the Egyptian, 
ROT the Coptic word for both, while ReT meant form, species, 
sculpture; and herein lies the explanation: the principal bardic use of 
stone was to represent the human form divine, whether in sculpture 
on the native rock or propylon wall, or as set up in ambrose stones alone 
or in circles, or as termini, caryatides, images, or columns in the 
temple. Idolatry being ancestral worship, the stone PaTaR had the 
same name as father, Trarep, and all standing stones were legendary 
giants, or patriarchs turned to stone in some past age of human magic 


142 • 


or divine wrath. Yet in the next chart which gives the words for 
]\IAN in the same languages (designated not by their names but by 
ciphers to save space) the whole grouping of the chart is difTerent. 
A different aspect pervades the columns, and the prevalence of certain 
forms stamps a peculiar character upon the series. 


Some of the Phases of the Word MAN* 


Ma 


X 


82, 36 

Ma 


Xa 


80 

Ma 


Xd 


37) 

Ma 

Me 


DuR 

XeSCia 

} 

38 

Me 


XeSCe 


37) 

Me 


XiSC 


31 

Me 


XiSCo 



Me 


X SH 

1 

Oo 

Mi 

e 

XiSHa 


89 

Me 


X 8II 


35, 40, 51 

jM 

I 

X SH 


84 

e 


XaSH 


83) 

e 


XoSH 


84 



XaSHa 


17 


I 

X SHaX 


8 


I 

X TH 


85) 


I 

SH 


81) 

0 

I 

D TS 


163) 

a 

I 

Xu 


162 

Mo 


Xo 


Japan 

Ma 


Xii 


165 

a 

I 

T 


192 

V 

F 

I 

I 

To 

To 

} 

161 

Fa 


D SuL 


85) 

Ma 


XiTSeX 


177 

ll 

I 

Xi Ha 


174 

Ma 


XuSHeX 


178 

Ma 


XuSia 

1 

183 

oRaX U 

i 

RaallaX G 


194 

Boo 


X 


184 

Ma 


XuSH 


179, 166 

Ma 

Mu 

R 

XuSH 

D 

} 

169 

MuiiR 

1) 


168 

Me 

R 

eTe 

\ 


Me 


Sllio 

r 

1 1 u 

Mq 


S 


57 

Mi 


e Z 


56 

Mo 

u 

T Z 


29 

Bah 

nW 

: SHi 


51, 52 

Bah 

at; 

: SH 


50 

Mu 

R 

: I) 


65 

Mu 

li 

: T 


00 

Mo 

W 

: T 


59 

Ma 


t 'r 


107 

Ma 

w 

: D 


— 


143 


Mu 

Ru 

Ma 

Re 

Ba 

lo L 

Bo 

lo 

Ba 

lo 

Bo 

le 

Ba 

I 

By 

I 

Be 

I 

Bo 

i 

Ba 

R 

Fa 

R 

Vi 

R 

Be 

R 

B 

Re 

Mo 


Mo 


yi 


Mo 


Me 





CuuM 
Cu B 

>y i» 

Ge VaR 
G Oi R 
N G Uo I 
TaN Ga Ma 


i GueB 

Xa 

i N Ge 

Mi 

X 

i X 

i X Ge 

yii ni X 

Mi 

Xe 

i X ne 

Mi 

Xe 

eX 

Me 

T Shi 

XeX 

Me 

T Sh 

a L 

Ma 

T S 

uL 

Mu 

T S 

Lo 

Ma 

X 

XeL 

Ma 


Se Ra 

M 


Se Ro 

Ma 

aX 

SoXo X 

Ma 

X 

Xe Xe 


T SHe 

MeXe 


T SH 

eX Xe 


T SHe 

NiiXe 


T S 

Lu 


T S 

TeX Ga 


Ta 

Te Ga 


Ta 

Te Ha 


Ta 

T a 


Xe 

Ti 


Ti 

Ho 

le 

T 

Ho 

Gu I 

ZoX 

Gu I 


aGu 

Gu 

Ga 


Zi 



} 

} 

} 

} 

} 

} 

} 


t i 
110 
139 

MO, 146 
141 

142, 138 

143 

144 

145 

140, 139 
13) 

16) 

Latin 

47 

25 

Old Irish 

jNIandingo 

46 

23, 24 
28 

69, 127, 128 
126 

75, 130 
129 
83 
13) 

182 

191 

171) 

54 

56) 

55 

123 
122 

56 

61, 62 
163) 

175) 

193 

189 

121 

124 
120 

200 

197 

196 

198 
70 


15 

70 

113 

112 


72 




144 



Ca 

Za 

132, 134 


a:^ 

Sa 

131 


Ce 

Se 

104, 102 


Ci 

Si 

106 


Ci 

Shi 

92, 94) 


Cy 

Shy 

95, 97, 101, 120 


Cy 

She 

91 


Cu 

Shy 

98 


Gy 

Zhe 

99 


Ga 

Se 

74 


C 

Shi 

70) 89) 90, 91) 103 


Ce 

S 

70) 

KuDaCe 

s 

58) 

CeL Go 

La 

155) 

ui 

La Vo L 

157 

T Hu 

La 

154 

aJeN 

Ta VyLa N ) 

- 153 

Ku 

Te 

iRa N / 

Sa M 

S Ila 

L ) 

. 155 

tShaX 

Hs a 

La / 

CuPvuSa M 

Ga 


160) 

C RoS 

TsIIuha 

159 

uScaM 

Z Ha 


160) 158 


Z a 

Lai 

78 

elleM 

Co LLe S 

69) 

iri 

Go 

Lo S 

68 


Co LLe S 1 

66 


C 

La S J 


Co 

Ly S 

67 


i 

Li T 

147 


Hi 

T 

150 


Ce 

T 

151 


Ci 

T 

148, 152 


Cu 

N 

136 


Ga 

J) Zhe 

166) 



D Zhi 

164 


Ca 

DtShi 

108 


Co 

I) Shi 

109 


Co 

u N Shi 

147 


Co 

iu NG 

125 


HoMi NiS 1 

^2 


HoMo / 



Ho 

N S I 

■ 27 


Jo Mi / 


CyMy N •> 

Cy N 1 

137 


CuMu N G 1 
Cu N G r 

135 



NeRi 

45 



Ne ReSh 

170) 


TsHerioL 

8 


TsHi 

L VeC S 

43 


TMle 

Lo VieC 

1, 5, 11, 12 

2, 4, 7, 10 


TslI 

Lo VieC 


TsH 

lo VieC 

3 


TsJ[ 

Lo Vi C 

6, 9 


Tslli 

L e C S 

44 


Ts 

Mo GuS 

42 


TsHe 

Ke Vi 

63 


TsHu 

G 

111 


145 



TsIIu 


117, 119 



TsHe 


49 



ts ho TsHi 


48 



St e 

G 

114 



St a 

G 

116 



S ie 

K 

115 



S He 

X 

85 



He 

Ka 

118 



La 

X 

79 



Le 

G 

80 



LaKi La 

Ki 

184 



H UiNe 


17 



D iN 


18 



H eN 


14, 19 



eN 

1 

63 



eDeM 

/ 




S iN 


64 



aDeMiN 


65 



uDo.Ar 


82) 



aDaAl 


48) 81, 89) 93) 



aHeAI 


76) 77, 85) 88 94) 102, 105 


aH Ali 


167, 169) 



TaYo 


186, 187 



RoM 


166) 



Changes in the 

Word 

HAIR. 


Fa 

164 


Pa R Pe 

Comanche 

Mu 

77 


B Le BeN 

14 

Fe I 

29 


Ye Li SoC 

12 

Mu I 

92) 


Pa I CaoP 

67 

Mol 

76, 102 


P La u Cai 

42 

INIa Lia 

21 


Bo h 0 C 

187 

Ma Ou 

China 


Bu a C 

186 

VyR 

46 


Fu Ne 

163 

Pa U 

1 07 


Pu N 

192 

Pe L 



Pe S Cennet 115) 

Va L 

167 


Ala Z 

107 

Ba L 

169) 177 


Ala z I)a 

171) 

Mo Pvia 

190 


Ala t Ti 

43, 44 

Ba La 

166 


Be cl SHe 

116) 

uWa 11a 

Tuscarora 


Pa t u 

110 

Pi R Su 

Penobscot 


P teBa 

131 

P RuSa 

Robber Hi. 


oP ti Ba 

130 

Ba RaS 

72 


oB Be 

134 

Wo RoNG 

Lake Alac. 


iB Be 

133 

U RaN 

IVellington 


aP Ty 

132 

U L Lea 

15 


oP Te 

127, 129 

Yo L T 

17 


oP T 

126 

Yo LoS 

11 


aUo T 

73, 74 

Yo LoSe 

0 


oP Ta 1 

71 75 

RaS 

114 


oBi T j' 


CaZhe ReSH 

51 


uPa T 

72 

LeSn 

45 


HoP T 

130) 

Lo SSi 

6 


nGaP Ta 

125 

Y oSSo 

7 


nGoP T 

122 

Y LuSSe 

9 


ngeeP Ta 1 

121 

Y LaS 

1, 2, 4, 5) 


GyP Ty / 


Y LaS 



GeP T 

120 

P Ra M 

1 ^ 


CO B 

49 


VOL. VII.-T 




14G 


G 

0 Bo 

53 

C 

A BzII 

115 

K 

I toXG 

Sidney, 

G 

1 toXG 

Liverpool 

G 

I a X 

Bathurst 

KuBoaeu 

Moreton B. 

K 

G 

Poa Ti 

U I TsGhil 

\ Mexican 
j 


A Ro Cilia 

Ononclaffo 

G 

0 nuo;^ 

13 

G 

Ra GG 

16 

G 

I 0 Go 

200 


I R Gi 

188) 

G 

Y L 

, 88 


H A LaL 
A A I 
II AaU 
H AiR 
H A R 
H OiR 
H 0 R 
H 0 R 
K UiR 
cHeYeU 
KaPi L Le 
KaPeL Li 
KaYeL Lio 
KaBeL Lo 
GoA L T 
KaB a D 
KeY 0 
G U 
CAR 


X 


Bio 

BiX 
B 
Ba 
BiT 
H UiR 


GUI 
Ci R 
CyPj 
G U Ru G URu 


U Rii 
Lo 


U Ru 
URu 


48 

47 

33, 34, 35 
32, 40 
38 
41 

31, 37, 30 
Huron 

28 

24 
23 

25 

26 
18 
186) 

193 

160 

55) 

158 

157 

153 

197 

196 


Ca 
tJe 

nJ U Ri 
C le 
11 I 

I 

V 1 

a(i O n 
Ce 

t.Ie Ra 
t.le PioX 
nJ U Jli 
mJ Hi 
n.l U Hi T 

n.l U iU 

n U Hi 

ill lie l)i(’ 

iU 

n O (} IT 

U IT r 


191 
196) 

137) 

155 

138, 141 
87 

149 

150 
152 

lloclielaga 
154 

I 159 
Ta 139 

Ta 140, 146 
Ta 143 

Ta 145 

T 144 

Ta 112 

Te 78 

;n } 


II URu 
U Hu 

L Ga SseX 
L Ga I) 

G Tu 
G U L Ta 
X Ga H X 
X Ga R X 
X Ga 
s K o 
TJG URi 
X''' 

V 
( ’ 


147 


esa 

R 

C U 

N 

1 


dsi 

c 

C U 



79 


zi B 


Ca 


j 



B 

u 

Ca 


1 



HiU 




[ 

54 


HiU 


C 

SeT 

J 



iU 


s 

SeD 


55) 


U 

y 


s 

s 

SeN 

SeN 

} 

137) 


i 


C 

S To 

1 





C 

S To 

[ 

Mexican 




c 

SiL 

J 





Co 

S Se 


o 




Co 

Sa 

■) 



Ci 


Ca 


I 

O 


C 

KaXs 




^7) 


G 

RiXis 



oo 

T; 

iG 

L 




29 

TaiK U 

L 




Peel Rlv. 

Ti 

a U 

R 




^Muruya 

T 

Je 

R 




61 

T 

J a 

Ra 




117 

T 

J U 

L 




168 

T 

J U 

i-y 




169 

D 

J 0 

R S 




60 

B 

J 0 

R Si 




81 

1) 

Ji 

e 

R Si 

R Si 


} 

65 

T 

sa 

R 





SliiGa 

R 



J 

oO 

Shi ie 

R 



62 

Ze 

Ga 

R 



1 

84 

Sa 

a 

R 




Se 

a 

R 



81 

Si 

a 

PtU 




83 

eZ 

Ha 

c 

Ce 




dZ 

Hi 

c 

Ca 




©i 

Ga 





Nagailer 

©ieGa 





Chipewyau 

T 

Je 


X 




T 

U 

c 

Cu 




T 

U 

c 

CasaB 



T 

u 

c 

Ca 

P 




To : 

S" Ge 

151 

T Ue 


128 

Ts H Ua 


114 

TLoTs U 


118) 

Ts H :\le 


119 

T Ma 


108 

Turn Me 


IV ac CO on 

To Ma 


109 

oTo P 


102 

Jo P \ 

nP 


1 63 

i P 

u Vo 


199 

Sa Pi 


88 

Sa B 


H) 

Za B 


50, 52 

monZa Bo 

N 

Souriquoii 


148 


Sa U 
tS Ha 
S Ho 
tS Ha 
Sh Ha 

bi 0 
tS He 
tS He 
tZ a 
S a 
S e 
s y 


TsH 

TsH 

sH 

TsH 

TsH 

T 

Ts 

Ts LeR 
Ts 
Ts 
TsH 
S 
S 


} 

} 

} 


99 


97 

96, 98, 101, 104 
111 
27 
89 


90, 94, 
92) 93, 
91) 

64 


95 

103, 105, 91 


yS 

Sy 

1 135 

NoS 

Sy 

oT 

Ta 

66 

yT 

a 

123 

yT 


124 

aT 


66, 68 

oT 


69 

aS 


109 

aeTi 


Vogul 

NiiiaT 


Kuskatcliewak 

Nuia K 


Labrador 


Changes of the Word HEAD. 

Pe 

54, 57 

Pa 

162) 

i Po 

200 

uPo 

191, 196, 199 

euPo 

197 

eoPo 

195 

uMa ) 

Quiclnia, 

boMa / 

S. America). 

Bo PPe 

Florida AVaccoon. 

Bo PPe 

Yaoi. 

BoiiPou 

Carib Islands. 

oPouBou ■) 

Carib of the 

ouPouPou J 

Spanish jMain. 

PaoP 

162 

Vo Ba 

7 

Uai Ve 

68 

Bui 

63 

Pci 

18 

Poi 

54) 

Pee 

55 

Pie 

56 

Will L 1 

1 Delaware 

Wi Le j 

1 Indian. 

AVi L ] 

1 New Sweden or 

Wij 11 

y Sankikani in 

Wye 11 J 

1 N. America. 

MaaR 

118 

i\Iie 11 

118) 

ie R 

65 

eR 

65) 

0 L 

75 

0 Lo 

187 


149 


uLu 

132, 133 

oLol 

126 

oLlo 

127, 129 

BoKla 

Italian Robbers. 

BuRiia 

Basque. 

PuRa 

Australian, Peel Ft. 

PoLl 

English. 

P Re 

62 

P Re 

61 

YaRi 

124 

ShuB Le 

Caucas. for forehead. 

LaXC 

Araucanian, S. Am. 

Pa NG 

68 

Po NCe 

69) 

Pa NGa 

67 

Pa NCiiX 

66 

Be CeR 

57 

Be Gke 

Ay mar a, S. M. 

Pa Ccba 

4 Yarura in 

Pa Ccliu 

/ South America. 

Pa Cuacua 

Mobima, S. Am. 

NuChi Bu Ku 

Maipoor, S. Am. 

Be C 

117, 119 

Ba G 

171) 

AVa SSijehe 

Arawackan, S. A. 

Ba SIl 

88, 106 

Pa SH 

14 

Bo S 

64 

B SHi 

63 

Pe N 

14, 15, 18, 27) 

Ba i N 

194 

Pel) N 

19 

BiiDiaN 

Wellington, Austra. 

WoLoXG 

Lake Macquarie. Au. 

BaLa XG 

Bathurst, Australia. 

K WaR Te 

Caucasian, 4. 

C Ua R Te 

' 115 

C oR Te 

) 

C aR Ta 

114 

C 0 RieT 

45 

Chi u R La 

Italian Ptobbers. 

C i RaSSu 

\ 172 

J 

C i Ralle 

H 0 LaD 

130 

C 0 LaTsH 

155 

G uLu C 

\ 107 

C uL X 

C 0 L Ga 

J 

152 

C 0 B ( e 

148 

C 0 i Go 

151 

aC aXGa 

Tupi, S. America. 

aC aXG 

Suaraiisch. 

iall aXGe 

Brazilian. 

iCaii 

Mocabi. 

aCa 

Guaransch). 

iaKa 

Caucasian, 1. 

oiKe 

58 

iiKa 

112 

aGa 

113 

oG 

71 


150 


Ka 

Go 

Ka 

Mi 

KuK 

Ga 

Vu 

NG 

Co 

:si 

TCo 

Ca 

Pu 

T 

Ca 

Be 

Za 

Ca 

Be 

Sa 

Hau Pi 

T 

Hau P 

T 

Ho 

F 

T 

Heo Fo 

D 

Hu 

Vu 

I) 

Ho 

Fu 

H 

Ho 

Be 

D 

Ho 

P 

H 

Ai 

Va 

Da 

Ha 

i 

D 

He 

a 

D 

NisCo 


Ke 

To Co 




Ka 

Ba Pi.a 


Ca 

Pa La 


Ke 

Fe Le 


Ce 

Pa Li 


Co 

Be L 


Ca 

Ve L 


sChi 

a Ra 


tJe 

Ro 


s e 

Ro 



PvO 


oG 

Lu 


uGo 

L 


eCa 

R 


Ca 

R 


Ce 

R 


Ci 

R 


Jo 

R 


Za 

R 


Ze 

R 


Ga 

L 


Ga 

Lo 

Ba 

G 

La 

Va 

G 

La 

Ba 

Go 

'iTo Ba 

G 

J^o 

Va 

G 

Im 

Ba 

H 

lia 

Va 

0 

Lu 

Va 


Lc 

P»u T 


Lo 

Vu T 


Lc 

u T 


Ne MbaT 


No MaiT 


Ki 

i Pa X( 


Ns 

i Ma (S 


XhaMba 


Tsa Mbu 


70 

Iluastecan. 
Mudgie, Aust. 

1G5 

Kuscatcliewan. 

8 

155 

22 

26 

25 

30, 32 

35 

34 

31 
39 
38 
37 
40) 

130 
41 

32 

Villela, ■) South 
Lule, / America. 
Australian. 

183 

20 

21 

I 159 

Gypsey Borrow. 

I ICO 

70) 

72) 

79) 

76, 77, 102, 167 

I 168 

59, 60, 05 
65) 

77, 78, 79) 80 
13) 

0 Russian 
1, 2, 3, 5 
11 
12 

6, 10 

9 

4 

174 

154 

157, 153 
153 

131 

) Abipona, 

V Soutli 
J American 
Cariri, S. A. 

134 


Ka 


Caucasian 


Ta Vi 
Vi 
Ta Bi 
Du P 
aDa Ma 
Tshe>.I 
TsheN 
C sheaX 

aBa Ba Ca ^Ma 
uGo M 
Ce V 
Ga Po 
Ga Po 
Ko Pf 
Ca P 
GaP 
Co P 
GaU 

Xe G Ui Lo 
Tai GaVoPt 
Te Xa Ca M 
Do Lo Ci >r 
a Pt Ce M 
T Cii M 
T Ci N 
CT 

WiLuSTi Ca X 
To Gai 
Ta Gai 
TuL Gai 
To Lo Goi 
To L Go 
BumT C 
Be De Ge 
MeSTeReG Xi 
MaSTeR T 
Be Te R 
Ma Ta 
Mo XoLi 
Ta La 
TaLi 
Da Lei 
Tu La 
De Li 
DoL 
DeL 
Di L 
l)y L 
Do i 
Te U 
Da U 
T U 
Ty 

©ie 

eDeie 

TeXeTeie 

T^Te 

ToTao 

aDaDa 

DuDi 


108 

Mohegan 
101 
09) 

17 
IG 

Cayubaba, X. A. 

73 ; 74 
49 

23 

24 

34, 35 
27, 46 
13 
40 
180 

Mba^a, »S. Am. 

175 ‘ 

150 
145 
70) 

110 
53 
158 

Miiisi, X. Am. 

150 
140 
130) 

135, 137) 

137) 

186 

I 170 
) 

171 
50, 52 
100 
147 

177 

176 

178 
170 
138 
145 
144 
140 

130, 141, 142, 143, 146 

173 

164 

182 

i 

151 

Xaguiler 
(^liippewTan 
Hudson bay 

28 (French) 

29 
48) 

100 (Caucasian) 


152 


TioS Te 


27 

T eS Ta 


23 

eX Da 8 


184 

Na 8cliKo 


Kadjak 1 X. 

Na 8 KoK 


Tsciiegarr j Am. 

Til 8 


GO) 

iiD Zu 


1G3 

ecliu Ja 


Sapebocana,S. A. 

T Jii 81ia 


IGO 

T 81ia 


111 

Bi 8ha 


87 

Be 8ho 


84 

Bei 81io 


83) 

BuiS MaX 


171) 

Ba S 


86 

Bo Sh 


81, 82 (Hebrew) 

BaaS 

BeeS 


1 85 

Beo8 


83 

Bo 8a Ca = 

“my ] 

bead” hi Betoi, S. Amer. 

X"a c sMu 

1 Otliami 

Xa 


j Mexican 

Some of the Phases of the Word HAND, 

EeSe 


Peru, Cliequito. 

iS 


Lule, Paraguay. 

iSiCr 

1 

l Villelue „ 

iSi P 

Po 

Poo 

Poll 

1 


Mbo 

eMe 

GePo 


- Brazilian Tribes. 

clloPa 

J 

1 


iccHi Mo 

^ Lower 

icclli 

J 

1 Orinoco 

uGaBu Ho 

NoiiGaBo 

) 

^ Carib Isles 

Xu (5‘iPe 


IMaypure 


La GeBa 105 



alia 

124 

CuM 

CeV< 

uB 

J R 

1 48, 57, 42 

C UeB 

50 


i B 

20 

X^ 

Bi 

21 

x^ 

Bia 

12 

C Y 

B 

117 

Ga 

B 

135, 13G, 137 

C 0 

L 

08, 00, 42) 

0 

L 

8G, 42) 80) 

C U 

L 

00, 04, 80) 01) 104 

Ca 

L 

05, OG, 07, 101, 01) 105, 101) 10 


L 

04 

('he 

Li 

108 

G a 

La 

141, 1G3 

Ga 
' e 

U 

La 

1 140 

) 



153 



NGa La 


143 


N a La 


142 


N a Li 



146 

NGa L 
oNCo COL 



1 144, 145 


CeNGa R 



150 


CeNGa RaN 


119 

MiNaGiLGe 

N 


153 

MiN 

Gi La N 


157 

:MeX 

v La N 


156 

:mjN 

Ga Ga 

TZ 


154) 


a: Ca 

TSh 


158 


X Ce 

TZ 


155 


Ca 

Z 


118 


C 

Zi 


1 54 


tsHe 

Si 



Ji 

T 


85 


Ci 

Z 


47 


Ce 

Zi 


55, 56, 57 


Ce 

S 


\ 74 


C 0 

Ta 


i ^ 


Ca 

T 


66, 68, 69, 167 


C 0 

T 


74 


C 0 

Da 


49 


Ci 

T 


71) 


Ci 

To 


125 


Ha 

D 


169, 173 


Hu 

TTe 


131 


Cy 

TTe 


160 


Ha 

aT 


168 


Ha 

Te 


\ 177 


ea 

i 


/ 


Gi 

eT 


58 


Ha 

nT 


86 


He 

nT 


33 


Ha 

nD 


31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40 


Ho 

nD 


37 


HaM 

DuS 


30 


HaU 

N G 


41 


C UL 
C UL 

G 

Cu 


1 115 


C Ui 

C u 

C 

Ci 


1 114 


C U 

X 


80 


C 0 

X 


79 


C UU 

Gh 




C UU 



y Araucanian 


C Ue 



j 


Cii 



176, 178 


Iliia 



192 





109 


aHh 



111 


SHi 



110 


SCi 



179 


SHeU 



184 


Ca 

TaLa 


134 


Mu 

De TaR 

Ca 

123 


u 

DeNa 

Ga 

120 


u 

Da Da 


130 


u 

TuNoL 


129, 128, 127 


VOL. VII.—U 


154 


Ta aLo 


79, 118 

u DoL 


75) 

No Li 
NeLa 

} 

13G 

dZeLa 

N ) 


tSeR 


117 

tSePv 

c J 


DoR 

N 

19 

DiiR 

N 

14 

D Ra 

Na 

17 

D RieH 

86 

DoR 


45 

Te 

C 

162 

Na 

G 

119 

To 

GoN 

151 

To 

oN 

152 

To 

No 

159 

ShTo 

N S 

154 

aN 

GoSliT \ 


T 

eS T / 

i D 

D 

aS T 

77 

D 

eSiiT 

102) 

aD 

eSh 

100) 

D 

uS T 

109 

T S 

eS Te 

no 

S 

HeShT 

77 


HaS TaM 

172 

L 

aSh 

78 

Lee 

180 

iRi 


134) 

Tai 


182 

Te 


161 

uDa 


121, 120, 75 

iDa 


84 

ePa 

eD 

} 

81, 82, 83 

FeN 

iT 

} 

86 


Many of the above combinations are proven by the fact of their 
occurring in the same language, the same group of dialects, or the 
same group of well studied alliances. Many others are easily dis¬ 
proved by criticism, being mere coincidences. And many are probably 
misplaced, as to the range of their radicals in the vertical rows, and 
might be placed to fir better advantage to exhibit the law of insensible 
gradation. But the reality of the law is seen from these tables to be 
indisputable, and the further multiplication of tables will but heighten 
the illustration of the law. Arrange any one of the words of the 
Parable of the Prodigal Son, translated by the Antiquarian Society of 
Paris into the seventy or eighty local dialects of France, and the law 
is at once established. The most incongruous and dissimilar forms 
are seen to be organically derived from one another. The French 
words fiJs and garcon and the English boohij are but widely separated 


155 


fragments of a series of forms regularly graded like the words of the 
preceding tables. Bou-eBe. Bou-Be, Fiu, Fieu, Fi, Fe, FaiL, FiL, 
FiL-(4, VaL, VaLeT, FaNT, afFaNT, eNFaNT, eNFaN, afFaN, 
aFaN, eFaN, eFoN, MeNioT, MeXeGe, MaiNaChe, G-aR-CheeX, 
GaRChouN, GaeChoX, GaiChoN, GouGeaT, GouiaT, Gouia, 
GaRCouX, GaRCoX", GaSSoX^, HiL, and an abnormal form DRoLei, 
belonging to some other series, or to a part of this series too distant to 
appear more than this once among the Frencli patois; in fact a word 
bearing the same relation to the English DRoLL that FiL does to 
FooL, that Boube docs to Booby (German Bube, Boy). &c. 6ic. The 
most interesting point of this series is the change of FiL to HiL, 
through some lost form H’FiL or G.FiL, the reverse of which still 
remains in FiL.G, IMeX^aGe, (Xc. This lost form is found in other 
languages; as in the Dshar Lesguis Caucasian KiMiR, Child, con¬ 
tracted in Hungarian (as in French patois) to Gi’eR-mek, child. In 
the Lesguis Antshong and Chunsagh, on the contrary, we have 
TiMiR, the original, so to speak (through Ti’eR), of the French 
patois DRoLei; as in the Georgian Suaneti we have BoBosh 
(Irneritian Boslii) to explain the French patois BouBe, a contracted 
repetition of the original Hebrew form BaR-BaR, the diminutive of 
BaR, boy. 


Stated Meelingy November IS, 1S59. 

Present, eighteen members. 

Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. 

Judge Carleton, a new member, was presented by Dr. Bache. 
A letter was read from Dr. W. A. Hammond, U. S. A. dated 
Fort Alackinaw, Michigan, Nov. 5, 1S59, acknowledging notice 
of his election. 

The following donations for the Library were announced:— 

Journal Franklin Institute, No. 407. (Nov.)— From the Institute, 
African Repository, XXXV. No. 11. (Nov.) —From A, C. Society, 
Columbia College Annual Catalogue. 1859-60. —From the College. 
Inau. Addresses by T. W. Dwight and G. P. Marsh.— From the same. 
Pasigraphie mittels arabischer Zahlzeichen. Ein versuch von Moses 
Paic. Sernlin, 1859.— From the Author. 

Natural Philosophy, by B. Hobson, M. D. London Miss. Society, 
Canton, China; in Chinese, unbound.— From Dr. F. Bache. 


