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SMITHSONIAN 


MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 


> 


V.0 Le ri: 











oy ‘*RVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES, 
AND EXPERIMENTS PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN.’’—SMITHSON. 


, An 


e. 





WASHINGTON: 
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
1878. 




















ADVERTS BILE NT. 


THE present series, entitled ‘‘ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- 
lections,” is intended to embrace all the publications issued directly 
by the Smithsonian Institution in octavo form; those in quarto con- 
stituting the ‘‘Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.” The 
quarto series includes memoirs embracing the records of extended 
original investigations and researches resulting in what are be- 
lieved to be new truths, and constituting positive additions to the 
sum of human knowledge. The octavo series is designed to con- 
tain reports on the present state of our knowledge of particular 
branches of science: instructions for collecting and digesting facts 
and materials for research: lists and synopses of species of the 
organic and inorganic world: museum catalogues: reports of ex- 
plorations: aids to bibliographical investigations, ete., generally 
prepared at the express request of the Institution, and at its 
expense. 

The position of a work in one-or the other of the two series will 
sometimes depend upon whether the required illustrations can be 
presented more convenientiy in the quarto or the octavo form. 

In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well asin the 
present series, each article is separately paged and indexed, and 
the actual date of its publication is that given on its special title- 
page, and not that of the volume in which it is placed. In many 
cases, works have been published, and largely distributed, years 
before their combination into volumes. 

While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution to insure a proper standard of excellence in its publications, 
it will be readily understood that it cannot hold itself responsible 
for the facts and conclusions of the authors, as it is impossible in 
most cases to verify their statements. 


JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary SIE 




















DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 


U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ie Pity Leela lN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


we Ou (CVE E- 


(Nos. 1-10. ) 





PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 





WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 
PSF. 














TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Advertisement. 

ARTICLE I. CHEcK-LIsT or NoRTH AMERICAN BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA; with a sys- 
tematic list of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution based 
on the specimens contained in the United States National Museum. By Ep- 
WARD D. Copr. 1875. pp. 104. 


ARTICLE II. ConTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND, made 
in connection with the American Transit of Venus Expedition, 1874~75. By 
J. H. Kiwper, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United States Navy. I. ORNI- 
THOLOGY. Edited by Dr. ELuiorr Cougs, United States Army. 1875. pp. 51. 


ARTICLE III. ContriBuTIoNS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND, 
made in connection with the United States Transit of Venus Expedition, 1874—75, 
By J. H. Kiwper, M. D., passed assistant surgeon United States Navy. II. 1876. 
pp. 122. 


ARTICLE IV. Brrps or SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO, COLLECTED BY FRANCIS E. Sum- 
ICHRAST, FOR THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MusEuM. Prepared by GEORGE 
N. LAWRENCE. 1875. pp. 56. 


ARTICLE V. CaTaLOGUE OF THE FISHES OF THE BERMUDAS. Based chiefly upon 
the collections of the United States National Museum. By G. BRowN GOODE, M. 
A., assistant curator United States National Museum. 1876. pp. 82- 


ARTICLE VI. CLassiIFICATION OF THE COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE THE ANIMAL RE- 
SOURCES OF THE UNITED StaTEs. A list of the substances derived from the animal 
kingdom, with synopsis of the useful and injurious animals, and a classification 
of the methods of capture and utilization. By G. BRown GoopkE, M. A., assist- 
ant curator United States Nationai Museum. 1876. pp. 126. 


ARTICLE VII. ConTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN AND 
FANNING ISLANDS AND LOWER CALIFORNIA, made in connection with the United 
States North Pacific Surveying Expedition, 1873-’75. By Tuomas H. STREETS, 
M. D., passed assistant surgeon United States Navy. 1877. pp. 172. 


ARTICLE VIII. InpDEXx TO THE NAMES WHICH HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO THE SUB-DIVI- 
SIONS OF THE CLASS BRACHIOPODA, excluding the Rudistes previous to the year 
1877. By W. H. Dat, United States Coast Survey, 1877. pp. 88. 


ARTICLE IX. ConTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. Based primarily 
on the collections of the United States National Museum. I. REVIEW OF RAFIN- 
ESQUE’S MEMOIRS ON NORTH AMERICAN FISHES. By Davip S. JORDAN. 1877. 


pp. 53. 


ARTICLE X. ContrispuTions To NorRTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. Based primarily 
on the collections of the United States National Museum. II. A. Notes on 
Cottide, Etheostomatide, Percide, Centrarchide, Aphredoderide, Dorosomatide, and 
Cyprinide, with revisions of the genera and descriptions of new or little known 
species. B. Synopsis of the Siluride of the fresh waters of North America. By 
Davin S. JORDAN. 1877. pp. 120. 

III 














Department of the Bnterior: 
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


-- | — 


BULLETIN 


Or THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1875. 











CHECK-LIST 


or 


Nort American Batracuta AND REprmLi: 


WITH A 


SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, 
AND AN 
ESSAY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 


BASED ON 


* 


THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By EDWARD D. COPE. 





WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 
1875. 








ADVERTISEMENT. 


This work is the first of a series of papers intended to illustrate the 
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 
1846, 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. 

JOSEPH HENRY, 


Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


Washington, November, 1875. 














Department of the Dnterior: 


U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


—- )} ——- 


BULLETIN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN. INSTITUTION, 


WASHENG FON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
FS 4.5.. . 

















CONTRIBUTIONS 


YO THE 


PA ed Eb PS LOR Y. 


OF 


KERGUELEN ISLAND, 


MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE AMERICAN TRANSIT-OF-VENUS 
EXPEDITION, 1874-76. 


BY 


FE KE ID DR) Mees, 


PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEON U. S. NAVY. 


I. 
ORNITHOLOGY. 


EDITED BY Dr. ELLIOTT COUES, U.S. A. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1875. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


This work is the second of a series of papers intended to illustrate the 
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 
1546. 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. 

JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, November, 1875. 











PREFACE, 


The writer of the following notes has no pretension to the title of 
“naturalist”, and deprecates criticism of any technical errors that may 
ve found in his descriptions of the species. 

He wishes to acknowledge the kind courtesy of Dr. Elliott Coues, 
U.S. A., who has undertaken to edit these notes, and has encouraged 


him to offer them for publication. 
Di ERO, 


BROOKLYN, N. Y., July 1, 1875. 











INTRODUCTORY. 


The various parties which had been organized for observing the tran- 
sit of Venus in the southern hemisphere, five in all, were dispatched 
from New York on the Sth of June, 1874, in the United States ship 
Swatara (3d rate). ; 

After short stoppages at Bahia and Cape Town, and an unsuccessful 
attempt to land a party on one of the Crozet Islands, the party to which 
the writer was attached was landed at the upper (northern) end of Royal 
Sound, a deep indentation in the southern part of Kerguelen Island, 
otherwise known as “ Desolation Island.” The landing was begun on 
September 10, and on the 13th the Swatara sailed again on her easterly 
course, having put up a sufficiently commodious living hut before her 
departure. 

The party landed consisted of Commander Ryan and Lieut. Com- 
mander Train, astronomers, and Dr. Kidder, surgeon, all of the Navy ; 
and Messrs. Holmes, Dryer, and Stanley, photographers. Besides these, 
there were a cook and carpenter belonging to the party, and three boys, 
stowaways from Cape Town, afterward turned over to the British man- 
of-war. 

The preparation and registration of specimens was at first carried on 
in a small tent, to the great detriment both of the specimens and of the 
health of the collector, owing to the extraordinary dampness of the 
climate. Toward the end of October, a hut about ten feet square was 
erected, and a small stove set up, after which no more specimens were 
lost through insufficient drying. 

Kerguelen’s Island is a region of almost constant precipitation; only 
twenty-seven days out of four months being recorded as without snow or 
rain, and a still smaller number of nights. The thermometer ranged 
not far from the freezing-point ; the daily average being a little below it 
in September and October, and a little above it in November and De- 
cember. Whalers say that in midwinter there is no marked increase in 
the severity of the weather. The lowest thermometer recorded was 
18° F., and the highest 64°. The island is also deservedly notorious for . 


the violence of the gales, which almost constantly prevail, and which 
VII 


Vill INTRODUCTION. 


often arise with a suddenness that makes it very dangerous to go about 
in small boats. 

These climatic conditions have their natural effect upon the flora and 
fauna of the island; there being neither tree nor shrub—no plant, indeed, 
taller than the Kerguelen cabbage, while the very few species of phe- 
nogamous plants which do survive are such only as can thrive exposed 
to sudden and violent alternations of dryness and moisture and to fierce 
gales of wind. As a natural consequence of these facts, there are no 
land-birds or mammals, strictly speaking, indigenous to Kerguelen’s 
Island, and but a single shore-bird (Chionis minor). 

The island is of considerable size, about 90 miles long by 50 in width, 
and is composed, as to its southern part at least, wholly of volcanic 
rock, showing no signs of stratification. The northern portion contains 
stratified rocks, deposits of coal of littie value, and very ancient remains 
of silicified wood, indicating the former existence of considerable trees, 
and the submergence and subsequent upheaval of the land upon which 
they grew. The whalers say that a large glacier runs across the island, 
in a generally east and west direction, at about its center. In the in- 


— terior, the land is mountainous; peaks with sharp volcanic outlines alter- 


nating with table-topped hills. Mount Ross, the highest peak (about 
5,000 feet), is always snow-covered and quite inaccessible. Near the 
sea, in December, the snow-line was found on Mount Crozier at about 
2,600 feet above the sea-level. 

No flying insects were observed excepting minute gnats, and a Tineid* 
moth (which was perhaps imported), nor were the remains of any ever 
found in the stomach of any bird. Chionis and a teal were the only 
partial vegetable-feeders observed; all the other birds feeding exclus- 
ively on flesh, fish, or marine invertebrates. 

Toward the middle of October, an English party, to observe the transit, 
established itself about fourteen miles to the southward and westward of 
the American station, including a naturalist, the Rev. A. E. Eaton, 
already known to science by his botanical collections in Spitzbergen. 
Accompanying this party were two men-of-war, which remained by them 
during their stay. On the other side, at about the same distance to the 
northwest, was a German party, landed from the N. G. frigate Gazelle, 
and to which Drs. Naumann and Huesker were attached as naturalists. 
The Gazelle was engaged in a scientific cruise throughont the southern 








* Possibly the same as described by Rev. A. E, Eaton as Embryonopsis Halticella sp. 
noy., Entomological Magazine, Aug. 1875. 











INTRODUCTION, 1X 


waters; being fitted for deep-sea dredging and general natural history 
work. A large room was set apart, on the starboard side of the gun- 
deck, for the use of the naturalists—a very unusual concession to science 
on a man-of-war. 

On the 9th of December, the day of the transit, and fully three months 
before the Swatara could reasonably be looked for back again, the Mo- 
nongahela arrived most unexpectedly, having been ordered to take the 
party off. Fortunately for the natural-history work, the astronomers 
detained the ship until January 11; but it is greatly to be regretted that 
the original programme was not carried out, and that the months of 
January and February were lost in so interesting a locality. Both 
the English and German parties remained at their stations, intending 
not to leave until about the middle of February. The Monongahela 
proceeded to Cape Town, arriving February 5, and the collections were 
sent thence by sailing-bark to New York. 


According to Dr. Coues’ determinations, the collection contains 
twenty-one species of six families—Procellariide eleven, Spheniscide 
four, Laride three, Phalacrocoracide, Anatide, Chionidide, each, one. 














BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


CHIONIS MINOR, Haritl. 
LESSER SHEATH-BILL.—“ WHITE PADDY” of whalers. 


Chionis minor, HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool. 1842, pl. 2, f. 2. 
Gray & Mircu., Gen. of B. ili, 1849, pl. 136. 
SCHLEGEL, Handl. Dierk. pl. 5; De Dier. fig. p. 232. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 














ond +] é | | | 
7 mu & | 
S2|4 | Teal | | 
ge| & : z 
a 5 A 8 3S Remarks. 
° als | = 2 oO oO a 
22\2| s ec ee ee Sipe ly Sap 
= =~ “2 K g m SI = = S a Ss B 
Perea se ttt a Le eee le | ek Se 

1874, | 
68956) 27 | Oct. 12} o 15.50 {30.50 | 9.00 |....-- 1.50 | 1.35 | 2.00 | 1.85 | 0.50 | Skin. 
68957) 31 | Oct. 16 Q {14.00 |29.00 | 8.50 |...... 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 1.60 | 0. 45 Do. 
68955} 32 | Oct. 16] cf [15.00 |31.00 | 9.50 |...... P50 na G0) |) eCO") ie GO eesees Skin with sternum. 
ils SAMO be LE Mcrae [aaaices eae aol seeicci|| Selsacs|aanccnllsoeeisel|sceees|seseee! vee ss] Disemboweled and 

in alcohol. 
68958) 67 | Nov.14| of |15.'75 |32.00 | 9.35 |...... 1.50 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.60 | 0.40 | Skin. 
4 oe 27 | Dec. 5] of (2) }15. 00 |30.00 | 9.00 | 4.65 | 1.45 |...-.-] 1.65 | 1.55 | 0.50 | Alcohol. 
ite = 146 | Dec. 11} of (2) {14.50 |29.00 | 8.50 }....2.)...-..]...---] 1.75 | 1.50 | 0.50 Do. 
Sas Ps Dec. 29} of (2) |16. 50 |30.50 | 9.00 | 4.85 | 1.50 |.....-] 1.85 | 1.75 | 0.50 Pileatol aug car- 
olic acid. 

pe 204 } Dec. 29) 9 (2) {15.25 |29.15 | 8 85 | 4.50 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do. 
Baresc 1205 | Dee. 29) of (2) |15. 50 |29. 85 | 885+] 4.75 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 0.45 Do. 
Raa i Dec. 29} 9 (2) |15. 75 |28.85 | 850 | 4.75 | 1.35 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do. 

1875. 
Berar: basen lilian 40| Sasser cone ela ocsn | cone aoe sen|teecselescoes teecea|-kectes|-oos- =| Sternum of No: 32: 


Bill black and conical. On its upper surface a hood-shaped horny 
sheath, turned upward at its extremity, and not at all “ erectile” so far 
as my observation extends (see Cuvier, An. King., Chionis necrophaga). 
This sheath measures from 0.45 to 0.85 in different individuals, being 
rather larger in the male than in the female. The nostrils are separate 
and of large aperture. : 

Eyelids pale-pink, whence the Chionis is often called by the sealers the 
“sore-eyed pigeon”. A black caruncle extends from the base of the 
sheath upward to the front of the eye, both in males and females; more 
prominent in the former, and especially after the birds have paired. 

Tris purplish-black. 

Body entirely pure white. A scaly, black, blunt spine projects from 
the carpal joint of the wing (in the male) 0.35 to 0.40. In the female, 


this spur is represented only by a small knob, which is flesh-colored. 
1 


2 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


‘The plumage is very soft and light. Underlying the white plumage is a 
‘dense coat of slaty-blue down, similar to that usually found on sea-birds. 
Tarsus and foot dull white, with a flesh-tint; scaly and stout. Toes 4; 
not palmate; fourth toe placed above and on the inner side of the tarsus. 

Tail, spreading widely in flight, nearly square. 

Testes slate-colored, and of small size so late as November 14. 

Intestines contained fragments of sea-weed and beaks of cephalopods. 
The small intestine of No. 67 (original number) measured 29 inches and 
the large 19=48 in all. There is a distinct crop and muscular gizzard ; 
also, a marked dilatation of the small intestine beyond the pylorus, as 
if the latter divided the stomach into two portions, one muscular and the 
other membranous. Gizzard internally rugose. 

Eggs pointed, about as large as those of a guinea-fowl, aud marked with 
brown streaks. Three were found in the only nest of which I have reli- 
able information, and these were marked in different shades (auct. Rev. 
Mr. Eaton, naturalist to English transit-party). 

The Chionis was one of the first birds observed after landing at Ker- 
guelen Island. On the way up from the Swatara’s first anchorage to 
the final station selected, one of these birds alighted on the boat hoisted 
at the stern of the ship, and remained there for a considerable time, 
showing no fear of the persons standing upon the poop, and seemingly 
much interested in their movements. One of the first specimens taken 
was captured by hand, by Mr. Russell, of the New Zealand party; he 
having enticed the bird near to him by means of a dead one, killed with 
a stone. 

They were quite common in particular parts of the island, near the 
American station, especially in the neighborhood of the ‘ rookeries” of 
the cormorant (Graculus carunculatus) and of the rock-hopper penguins 
(Eudyptes chrysolopha), and upon rocks at and near high-water mark. 
In these localities, I have often observed them for hours ata time; their 
remarkable fearlessness and curiosity rendering it easy to get near them. 
On the 15th of October, for example, seeing a considerable number on 
the rocks at some distance away, I walked and climbed slowly toward 
them. They would scarcely get out of my way, seeming greatly inter- 
ested in my movements; and when I sat on a stone, keeping perfectly 
still, the whole party, twelve in all, came up to examine the intruder. 
They walked all around me, coming almost within reach; others flying 
up from more distant rocks to join them, and finally stopped, almost in 
a semicirele, for a good stare. I watched them at these close quarters 








CHIONIS MINOR. 3 


for an hour or more, and saw no sign of any power of erecting the horny 
sheath, attributed to them by Cuvier. They run with great rapidity 
upon the rocks, avoiding the little pools left by the tide, and seem dis- 
inclined to flight. When flying, they have a peculiar note, strongly 
suggestive of the “chat” of the common blackbird. The call at rest is 
a short rattling croak. I could not see that they ate or sought for any 
other food than a soft green sea-weed, which they stripped up with 
their bills, shaking the water out with a rapid flirting motion. I have, 
however, found in their stomachs the beaks of cephalopods, together 
with vegetable matter; and some that we afterward partially domesti- 
cated ate greedily of fresh meat. One that was kept for some time on 
the Monongahela showed a strong penchant for eggs, breaking the shells 
with its beak as if the operation were no novelty to it. On no ocea- 
sion, however, did I observe any sign of the carrion-feeding propensity 
which has given a name to the Australian species (C. necrophaga, Vieill.). 
On the evening of December 14, after skinning a sea-elephant, I went 
down at dusk to watch some other birds feeding on its carcass, already 
beginning to putrefy. A Chionis flew by, alighted near at hand, and, 
after a short time, moved on without going up to the carcass, although 
the latter was nearly covered with sea-birds. 

On the occasion first mentioned, after watching the birds for a time, I 
shot four specimens, not without compunction on account of killing such 
trustful acquaintances. When I walked off to get a sufficient distance 
away for a shot, the whole troop started to follow me, making little runs 
and stopping, as if filled with curiosity. I shot all four without moving 
from the spot, reloading for each, the birds not all flying out of range 
even after the gun had been fired. On subsequent occasions, various 
members of the party captured specimens by hand; all that was neces- 
sary to attract them within reach being to remain perfectly still. After 
one had been caught, it served as a lure for others. When taken home 
alive, they still showed no fear, but, when let loose in the house, took food 
readily, and, oddly enough, fought fiercely among themselves, using 
only their bills, however, and not the wing-spurs. None of us ever saw 
them fighting in the open air. When confined in a coop, they cluck and 
peck at the wood-work so like domestic fowls that I once arose in the 
night to shut the kitchen-door, supposing that the chickens, of which we 
had several, had come into the house. Although seemingly absolutely 
without fear, the specimens that we tried to domesticate bore confine- 
ment very illy, constantly beating themselves, during the day, against the 


4 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


bars of theircage. When let loose, they would often stay for several days 
near the house, feeding as peaceably among the chickens as tame pigeons. 
One, whose wing had been clipped, remained about the house for some 
weeks, but finally wandered off, and was probably killed by a Lestris, 
since I found its carcass, partly devoured, about a mile from the house. 

Opinions differed as to their edibleness; the Germans considering them 
the best bird on the island, while the whalers said that they would ‘do 
very well when very short of fresh meat”. We did not experiment upon 
them at all, the flesh being dark and apparently tough. 

The Chionis is one of the latest, if not the very latest, of the Kergue- 
len birds in pairing and nesting. They were observed to have begun to 
pair December 11; but no egg was found until January 10, the day of 
our departure, when the Rev. Mr. Eaton found several nests. To his 
courtesy I am indebted for my only specimen, unfortunately not accom- 
panied by any description of the nest, except a message that it was 
found near the sea. From Captain Fuller, of the whaling-schooner 
Roswell King, however, I learn that the Sheath-bill is famous for its skill 
in concealing its nest, never going near its eggs while any one is in 
sight. He states that they build in the crevices formed by rocks that 
have fallen upon or against one another, and that the nests are con- 
structed of dried grass. There were three eggs in the nest from which 
my specimen came, marked in different shades of color. I am quite 
positive that, up to January 5, none of the Chionis living near our sta- 
tion had begun to lay, since I kept them under the closest possible 
observation, being particularly anxious to get their eggs. The eggs are 
of unusually large size in proportion to that of the bird. 


QUERQUEDULA EATONI, Sharpe. 
Eaton’s TEAL. 


Querquedula eatoni, SHARPE, Ibis, July, 1875, p. 328 (quoted from advance sheets). 


I was entirely at a loss for a name for this teal; but, just as these sheets were going 
to press, I received, through the courtesy of Mr. Salvin, advance proof-sheets of the 


“ Tbis”, in which it is described as new. Mr. Sharpe’s description is reproduced in the 
accompanying foot-note.* 


*“ 4, supra brunneus, plumis plurimis griseo marginatis, rufescenti-fulvo maculatis 
aut fasciatis: scapularibus nigricantioribus: pileo paullo rufescentiore plumis nigro 
medialiter striatis ; facie laterali et gutture albicantibus, minuté nigro striolatis, mento 
fulvescenti-albo: corpore reliquo subtus albicante, brunneo marmorato, plumis plerisque 
pectoralibus versis basin griseo-brunneis aut medialiter brunneo striatis: hypochondriis 
brunneis, albido terminatis et rufescenti-fulvo transfasciatis: subcaudalibus rufescenti- 
fulvis, nigro adumbratis, longioribus nigricantibus fulvo terminatis; tectricibus alarum 


% > 











QUERQUEDULA EATONI. 5 


A rather small duck, the sexes of which differ but little (chiefly in the vividness of 
the alar speculum). Head and neck minutely speckled with blackish-brown and light- 
brown or brownish-white—the top of the head darkest, the sides of the head, the neck, 
and especially throat lightest. Upper parts brownish-black ; all the feathers broadly 
skirted with rusty-brown and pale-gray. Under parts dull whitish, mottled through- 
out with brown, more uniform and of a richer shade on the breast, in larger pattern on 
the sides and crissum. Axillars white, with dark-brown cross-bars; lining of wings 
dark-brown, with paler or white edgings of the feathers. Wing-coverts plain grayish- 
brown, or, in the 9, with narrow rusty-brown edgings; the greater row of coverts 
tipped with orange-brown, paler or whitish in the 9. Speculum iridescent green, with 
purplish and violet reflections, immediately bordered with bluck, this in turn margined 
with white on the ends of the secondary quills. In the 9, the green speculum is dull, 
and tinged with brown. Primaries fuscous-brown; tail-feathers the same, with pale 
edges, and irregular oblique rusty-brown markings, like broken V-shaped bars, The 
tail-feathers are all lanceolate-acuminate, and the tail as a whole is acute.—C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 





























saat 
53/2 
aa] 5 3 5 
Sis =. ° oe 
pen Hl <= irs Remarks. 
aa| e | a +3 ‘ a 2. 2 
SOME oS Sto awed eb : = EA & | = 
sell £2 jul elepeltalea)se;2e)els 
3 i) - © o = a} 
nm |o | Slee) eet were het eae ke Pete eq Ue asl 
1874. 

68974) 34 | Oct. 18) 9 {15.60 27.00 | 8.50 | 4.50 | 1.35 | 1.85 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.25 | Skin; stomach con- 
f | | tained isopods. 
68973) 68 | Nov.15| ¢ /17.25 |29.50 | 9.10 | 5.50 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 0.25 | Skin; stomach con- 
| tained gravel and 

| isopods. 
68975|207 | Dec.29| ¢& /19. 05. 29.75 | 9.10 | 5.25 | 1.50 | 1.85 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.35 | Skin; stomach con- 








| : | tained gravel only. 





Bill lamellate, greenish-gray at sides, black at tip and above, covered 
with skin, and finely toothed within. Tongue fleshy, toothed on pos- 
terior half of dorsal surface. 

Nostrils oval. 

Iris purplish-black. 

Head and neck brown, finely mottled with white, lighter over throat. 
In some males, the mottling varies, being finer and lighter, with green 
reflections at sides of head. 

Plumage generally dark-brown or black, tipped with white and mot- 
tled with paler shades of brown. Secondaries and tertiaries of wings 
edged with a narrow white band. Above this, in the male, is a band 


superioribus cinerascenti-brunneis, majoribus pallidé badio terminatis, fasciam alarem 
formantibus; remigibus cinerascenti-brunneis, secundariis exttis purpureo bronzinis 
albidoterminatis, speculum alarem bronzinum vix sub certa luce olivascente nitentem ex- 
hibentibus: secundario proximo nigricante vel aspectu externo viride nitente, medialiter 
cinerascente strigato, albo apicato: secundariis interioribus nigricantibus extis pallidé 
brunnescentibus albo limbatis: rectricibus mediis nigricantibus, reliquis brunneis albo 
marginatis, nonnullis rufescenti-fulvo notatis: tectricibus subalaribus brunneis, inferi- 
oribus intimis et axillaribus albis brunneo maculatis, tectricibus majoribus cinerascenti- 


6 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


one inch wide of lustrous changeable green, then a band of orange-browu 
one-fourth inch wide. 

Tarsus and foot ocher-yellow to dirty pale-green. 

Claws black; posterior nail very short and much elevated ; the other 
three covered by skin beneath to their extremities. 

Tail pointed. 

Stomach is muscular and generally contains gravel. 

These birds, which became the principal dependence of our party in 
the way of fresh provisions, are very abundant on the island, but gen- 
erally shy and difficult of approach. They were to be found inland, 
where I have seen them as high as 2,500 feet above the sea-level, and 
on the sea-shore when the tide was falling. They feed upon the roots 
of the Azorella selago, grass-seeds, earth-worms, and larve, and the smalt 
crustaceans which swarm along the sea-shore. They are strong in fli ght, 
rising readily from both land and water, and run upon the land like 
grouse or quails, with little of the clumsiness or waddling gait of other 
ducks. : 

It is probable that they begin to pair about November 10, since I 
observed pairs already formed, and the birds chasing one another in the 
air, etc., on November 14. They frequent the banks of brooks and the 
higher land during the breeding-season, and begin to lay about Novem- 
ber 15, building a rather deep nest on the ground, generally near the 
water, under a tussock, and well concealed by grass, deep, hemispher- 
ical, and lined with feathers from the breast of the female. There are 
four or five pale olive-green eggs, about three-fourths the size of a hen’s 
egg. Upon leaving the nest, the female covers her eggs with feathers, 
disposing the neighboring grass with considerable art so as to conceal 





bus ale inferiori concoloribus ; rostro plumbeo, culmine nigro: pedibus cinerascentibus, 
membranis interdigitalibus nigris, Long. tot. 15.5, ale 8.5, caud@ 4.8, tarsi 1.2. 

“. mari similis sed speculo alari absente, secundariis albo terminatis: cauda brun- 
nea, rufescenti-fulvo fasciatim marmorata. 

“ Hab. in insula Kerguelensi. 

“This plain-coloured Teal is allied to Q. gibberifrons and Q. creccoides. From the 
former it is at once to be distinguished by the fawn-coloured bar on the wing and the 
bronzy speculum, the wing-bar being broadly white, and the speculum black in Q. gib- 
berifrons. 

“Q. creccoides resembles Q. eatoni in having the fawn-coloured wing-bar; but then the 
speculum is black, and the greater part of the bill is yellow. 

“Q. eatoni also has the axillaries whitish barred with brown, whereas they are quite 
white in the allied species, and, moreover, it has remains of rufous-buff bars on most of 
the feathers of the upper surface, the back being uniform in the other species. Alto- 
gether the species seems very well pronounced. Besides the three examples brought 
by Mr. Eaton, I have found in the [British] Museum three Kerguelen Island skins, col- 
lected during the voyage of the ‘Erebus’ and ‘ Terror.’ ” 











GRACULUS CARUNCULATUS. t 


them, and if caught in the act of sitting, or near her nest, will often 
counterfeit lameness until the intruder has been enticed to a safe dis-. 
tance. If the drake be shot during the pairing-season, the female will 
remain near the body; when the female falls, on the contrary, the drake 
generally flies merrily away. The note of the female is a plaintive 
whistle; that of the drake a sonorous “ quack”, usually repeated three 
times. 

These birds do not migrate at all from Kerguelen Island, nor is there 
any other member of the family Anatide there represented. They are 
very palatable, and, since we never shot more at a time than were actu- 
ally needed, served us for the table during the whole time of our stay. 


GRACULUS CARUNCULATUS (Gm). 


CARUNCLED CORMORANT.—‘ SHAG.” 


Pelecanus carunculatus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 576, No. 25 (based on tke Carun- 
culated Shag, Laru., Syn. iii, 2, p. 603, No. 19). 
Pelecanus cirrhatus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 576, No. 28 (based on the Tufted Shag, 
Lartu., Syn. iii, 2, p. 606, No. 22). 


I have no hesitation in identifying this species as above, although the single adult 
specimen collected does not show the white transalar fascia spoken of by authors. 
Schlegel, moreover, quotes it from the present Jocality. The caruncles, which are con- 
spicuous features of the adult breeding bird, constitute two prominent yellow masses 
symmetrically disposed on the naked forehead at each side of the base of the upper 
mandible. The head and neck are lustrous, deep steel-blue, with purplish and violet 
reflections, contrasting notably with the rich dark-green back, the color of which is 
uniform, the feathers having no differently-colored edges. The entire under parts, 
from the bill, on a line along each side of the neck, are pure white.—C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 


} 



































2S) ie: 
as |S 
A> a 
ae | & | s | & 
Sea ate 3 2 
aa) & *= ca Remarks. 
S re : fe A ~ 
ad aq a ~ nD R ° 
Scene th 3 &D : os a Ep = 
aid | = ¥ A s 8 = a a 2 a S 
ss | 5 & 5 o aI Ss oS ret ¢ c ° eet 
We ° A ml] wz ica} = a fo iss} a AR | aA 
1874. 
68976 | 20 | Sept. 25 | 2 (23.50 |40.00 |10.00 | 5.50 | 1.75 | 3.50 | 2.00 | 3.35 | 0.35 | Skin. 
aaa 8} Dec. 4 1s AOD 4s O0U es ee leeraes peeks alnoesa= seca aol sce ouloasees Ounce aleghol: 
Beases POR bos oa asec cet eee eae emai oe oie liee se afc ae coaltaccnaats cman lt Do. 
Be ReomieMacte st. Poet eee ao cae lacs och. Saetesames lee es| ack aan bons Slemagac| gy ODIs 
Laas ee 24 eer ee eee eae | aoe veteee [sere ee lores Do. 
1 ' ! | | 





Bill black ; upper mandible sharply hooked; lower straight. Nostrils 
2, extending nearly to point of bill. Caruncles at base of bill brilliant 
yellow. Eyelid cobalt-blue. 


8 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Iris yellow. 

Head and body brilliant changeable steel-blue, with violet tints along 
back of head and neck. Back and upper surfaces of wings and tail 
lustrous dark-green. Throat from the bill and all under parts, pure 
white. During the breeding-season, the bird carries an erectile crest of 
about a dozen small plumes upon the top of the head. 

Tarsus and foot yellow. 

The foregoing description is taken from a female in bréeding-plumage. 

Hggs two or three in number, pale-green. 

Young perfectly naked for some time after hatching, black, and showing 
no sign of plumage. Bill black. Feet clumsy and misshapen; bones 
still cartilaginous, pale, and transparent. Abdomen very protuberant. 
December 24, a young bird had begun to show a hairy sort of plumage 
aiong the margins of the wings and about the rump. 

Only a single adult skin of this cormorant was preserved and brought 
home, a femaie in nuptial plumage. There is no better reason, I am 
afraid, for this omission than the fact that the birds were exceedingly 
plentiful and the preparation of the skins a very tedious job, so that it 
was put off from day to day for rarer specimens, until, in the hurry of an 
unexpectedly early departure, it was omitted altogether. From memory, 
I can only say that the young birds were of much more sober plumage 
than the females, destitute of the crest and brilliant blue eyelid, and 
generally rather smaller. All had white breasts and bellies; but there 
were many minor variations in plumage, which I suppose to indicate 
differences in age. 

They do not differ materially in habits from other species of cormo- 
rant, diving and swimming well, feeding entirely on fish, and often con- 
gregating for hours upon a projecting rock or headland, where, in pairing- 
time, they enact various absurd performances, billing and curveting 
about one another in a very ridiculous manner. The note is a hoarse 
croak, which never varies, so far as I have observed. They seem to be 
on particularly good terms with the Chionis, and are often joined by 
gulls when sunning themselves. 

They build upon shelves, for the most part in the precipitous faces 
of clifts overlooking the water; the base of the nest being raised some- 
times as much as two feet, and composed of mingled mud and excre- 
ment. Upon this pedestal is constructed a rather artistic nest of long 
blades of grass. Apparently, they continue to use the old nests year 
after year, adding a new layer each season, and thus building the nest 














BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS. 9 


up. ‘The first eggs were found November 5; there being sometimes two 
and sometimes three in a nest. They were procured at first by the kind 
assistance of Mr. Stanley, and a length of rope which tied us together, 
one end being knotted around the waist of each. One would then 
remain above and hold on, while the other clambered a little way down 
the face of the cliff and secured the eggs. After a time, however, I 
discovered a lot of nests, near a rookery of ‘rock-hopper” penguins, - 
accessible from below, where, on December 4, the young birds were 
first observed. Eggs green, with white chalky incrustation. 

The young are most ridiculous-looking objects, being pot-bellied, naked, 
and perfectly black, and seem to be less advanced in development at 
the time of hatching than most birds, the bones of the tarsus and foot 
being not yet ossified. Small fish were generally lying by the nests. 
The old birds were very solicitous about their young, hissing and stretch- 
ing out their necks, and refusing to leave their nests until pushed off. 
Yet, when I took one of the young away from the nest and placed it 
close by on the rock, the mother seemed neither to recognize its con- 
stant chirping nor to be aware that one of her brood was missing. Cer- 
tainly she paid no attention to it. The odor in the neighborhood of the 
nesting-places was most offensive. 

The young birds are infested with a tick of prodigious size, specimens 
of which have been preserved. 


BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS, (Less.) Coues. 


SOUTHERN SkUA.—“ SEA-HEN.” 


Lestris catarractes, Quoy & GAIMARD, Voy. Uran. Ois. pl. 33. 
Stercorarius catarractes, p., SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, fase. iv, 1863, Lari, p. 45. 
Lestris antarcticus, LESSON, Traité d’Ornith. 1831, p. 616. 
GOULD, B. Aust. vii, pl. 21. 
ScLaTER, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 390. 
ABBOTT, Ibis, 1861, p. 165. 
SCLAIER & SALVIN, Ibis, 1869, 284. 
ScLATER & SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, 579. 
Puinrprr & LANDBECK, Cat. Av. Chili, p. 47. 
Hutton, Birds New Zeal. 1871, p. 39. 
Stercorarius antorcticus, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 207. 
PELZELN, Orn. Novara Reise, p. 150. 
Buphagus antarcticus, CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, p. 127. 
Buphagus skua b. antarcticus, COUES, Birds Northwest, 1874, p. 605. 


i 


—C. 


— 
© 


BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 























with carb olic 
| acid. 




















, | | { 
Bling | | 
as |2 | | : 
eB = E | | | 3 & 
‘aA | | | s 2 Remarks. | 
2a | ‘a | (2 3 | | | Dal Wstea hte aie | aie 
a2 18 J = Ach Sven i fe S ra 
Ree Sa eee ae sh) a Be ee eee | 
Be teens lh Bay Ee] Eom | Se ae een | 
| fone (8 kc | [ircaroes 8 
leah maer4 | | \ 
| 68960 | 26 | Oct. 4} 9 |-..-.- FAPOO) Il ceive «|| praioerel|) CaO Ml As OU del OUin arciecna le seretee | Skin (from Mr. 
ete el lee | Stanley). 
68959) 42 | Oct. 27) of \24.00 | 54.00 | 1F..00 | 7. 25 | 2.25 | 3.15 | 3.00 | 2.85 | 0.65 | Skin. 
Lassa 1139 | Dec. 10]. ..)25.50 | 58.50 | 17.25 | 7.35 2.35 | 3.25 | 2.65 | 3.00 | 0.75 Alcohol, with eggs. 
68961 |188 | Dec. 24| 9 123.75 | 54.00 | 15.50 | 6.35 | 2.35 | 3.15 | 2.85 | 2.65 | 0.75 Skin with eggs. 
GDm | PMeGe 19 ies | he ceriafles meisee|| seniereraalll nee |i.) ital Rami eet (MEd a ea tN ae Specimen injected | 


1262 | Dec. 19 7 


| | 


| 
| } 








Gill black. 

Tris very dark steel-blue. 

Body generally dark-brown, mottled with black; basal parts of pri- 
maries showing as a broad white band beneath the wings during flight. 
Back sparingly mottled with dirty white. A single white feather often 
found near and below carpal joint of wing, among the coverts. Second 
primary longest. Considerable differences in general tint were observed, 
even in the same pair, some being very much paler than others. Stom- 
ach muscular; contents not identified, except in one case, when bits of 
egg-shell were found. 

Tarsus and foot greenish slaty-black, scutellated. Claws black, long, 
and strongly hooked. 

There being no land-birds on Kerguelen Island besides Chionis, the 
office and most of the habits of a buzzard-hawk have been assumed by 
this great skua. It was at first taken for a hawk by all of us; its man- 
ner of flight, watchfulness of the ground over which it flew, and habit 
of perching on spots commanding a wide view all suggesting this impres- 
sion. It was, indeed, difficult to believe the evidence of my own senses 
when I found a web-footed bird avoiding the water and preying solely, 
so far as my observation extended, upon other birds. When any of the 
party went out shooting, he was pretty sure to be followed by one or 
two “sea-hens”, as the sealers call them, and had often to be very 
prompt to secure his game before it should be carried off in his very 


presence. Mr. Train tells me that he had one day to stand, while re- 


loading, with his foot upon a teal which he had shot, a skua swooping 
down constantly after it if he stepped away even for a couple of yards. 
On another occasion (October 21), the same gentleman had crippled a 
teal, which was carried off, still living and not badly hurt, before his 























BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS. 11 


eyes, so that he had to shoot the skua to secure his game. November 
21, in order to settle the question whether they attack and kill their 
own game when it is unhurt, Mr. Stanley and I dug up, by the aid of 
the dog, a well-grown and nearly-fledged young bird (supposed to be of 
Majaqueus equinoctialis), as large as an ordinary domestic fowl. <A pair 
of skuas being near at hand, watching our proceedings, I threw the 
young bird up into the air, so that it flew some distance and alighted 
perhaps two hundred yards away from us. One of the skuas immedi- 
ately flew up to it, and killed it by repeated blows upon the head with 
its beak; the other remaining at some distance, on guard, as I at first 
thought, but, as afterward appeared, afraid of its mate; for, while we 
stood watching the first skua eating its capture (nearly as large as 
itself), the other approached by degrees, uttering short, plaintive chirps, 
but not daring to share in the meal. When, after a few minutes, we 
drove them off, the abdomen of the petrel had been torn open, and its 
entrails partly devoured. I[ could not see that its claws were used in 
tearing its prey; it seeming rather to depend upon the strength of its 
beak. On another occasion (December 18), a fully-grown Majaqueus, 
sitting, which had been dug up and probably slightly bruised by the 
dog, alighted in the sea after a short flight, and was at once fiercely 
attacked by a skua. The petrel showed extreme fear, uttering piercing 
shrill cries, and turning over to fight at each swoop, but finally took 
wing again and escaped. 

I saw this skua on one occasion feeding amicably with the gulls 
astern of the ship when at anchor (December 28); and, on January 18 
one was seen flying about the Monongahela for a few minutes, she being 
then about three hundred miles from the nearest land. As a general 
rule, its habits are terrestrial, and on the few occasions when, probably 
after poor success in hunting, I have seen it alight in the water, it has 
held its wings up perpendicularly, like a butterfly, as if afraid of wetting 
them. Atthe pairing-season, this trick of holding up the wings becomes 
quite a prominent characteristic. Two will alight upon a knoll, quite near 
together, holding their wings perpendicularly in the air, and set up a 
vociferous cackling. The note is loud, harsh, and hoarse, suggestive of 
the cry of the gull. 

I have never seen Buphagus pursue gulls to make them disgorge their 
food. On the contrary, both gulls and terns combine to drive them away 
as soon as they come into their neighborhood, particularly while nesting. 
Teven on one occasion saw a single gull driving a skua away from 
the neighborhood of its nest. On the 15th of October, I shot and wing- 





12 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


tipped one of these birds so that it fell into the water. It seemed 
unusually alarmed, looking up into the air, crying out hoarsely with a 
note unlike its usual call, and swimming very slowly for a web-footed 
bird. The great number of gulls which collected at once and began to 
attack it explained its fright, and it seemed to suffer so greatly that I 
fired into it again after a few minutes, and spoiled my specimen. It is 
noteworthy that, whereas other sea-birds when wounded invariably swim 
out to sea, this one endeavored to gain the land, plainly looking in that 
direction for safety, although I stood upon the shore, directly in its 
way. 

Eggs were first found November 17, two in number, marked by irreg- 
ular chocolate-colored blotches upon an olive-drab ground, and measuring 
2.75-3.00 by 1.50 inches. The nest is a shallow cavity in the long grass 
(Festuca), lined sparingly with grass-stems, and always inadry spot. The 
old birds make it very lively for the egg-hunter, attacking him on oppo- 
site sides with great vigor and determination, and keeping up an outcry 
that is really appalling. They are very skillful in leading one astray 
from the locality of their nests, never going near it when any one is in 
sight, so that it was a good while before I found the second nest, although 
I had spent more time in this quest than in pursuit of any other single 
object while on the island. Seeing a skua fly by the house one day 
(December 7), apparently going somewhere in a great hurry, I therefore 
snatched up a revolver (no gun being at hand) and followed him. He 
was going to join the female on her nest, as I suspected, and when I 
approached both attacked meas usual. I succeeded in killing the male, 
but emptied the revolver at the female without success, and was kept 
standing for certainly twenty minutes, pelting the enraged bird with 
stones as she swooped down at my head, with the two eggs in plain 
sight, but not daring to pick them up. A lucky throw finally disabled 
her, and I secured the eggs, which were very much paler than those 
gathered theretofore, and quite fresh. I suppose that this pair had been 
so often disturbed by our near neighborhood that they were later than 
usual in laying. 

It would seem that these birds pair once for all, since a single couple 
holds possession of each meadow-district, allowing no intruders; and 
since two were almost always seen together during our stay. An odd 
bird, whose mate had probably been shot, and which had a@ ragged 
wing from some stray charge of small shot, used to circulate around 
from district to district, being always attacked by both male and female 
as soon as seen. On the 20th December, however, I saw seven near 








Oo 


LARUS DOMINICANUS. ] 


together in one meadow. On the same day, I found a single egg in a 
nest which I had robbed December 3. I did not succeed in finding the 
young, but heard of a pair being seen on December 26. 

I cannot say how far the habits of ‘‘Lestris catarrhactes,” the northern 
representative of this bird, agree with what has been related of Buphagus. 
The latter certainly seems to me a remarkable instance of modification 
of habit, and even of form, resulting from the peculiar circumstances — 
in which it is placed. As among marsupials, where that type prevails, 
we find representatives of almost every tribe of mammals, so here there 
is a sea-bird occupying the place of a tribe as far removed from it struc- 
turally as the Tasmanian devil is from the fox. I should think it even 
probable that the introduction of a few pairs of hawks, could they accom- 
modate themselves to the conditions of the island, would relegate this 
skua very shortly to its proper place as a fish-feeder, and to the habits 

_of its northern congeners. 

A very interesting incident, although not directly related to its nat- 
ural history, occurred in connection with one of these birds on Decem- 
ber 17. On that day I scored one on the back of the head with a 
revolver-bullet so as to open the brain-cavity. It turned back-sammer- 
saults for twenty minutes without cessation, until I killed it, in fact. 
No matter what position it was put in, it immediately stretched out its 
legs and wings, and pushed itself over backward. Placed in the water, 
it endeavored to execute the same manceuvre, and was near working 
itself out of reach from the shore. The specimen was injected with car- 
bolic acid and preserved. The corresponding effect, that resulting from 
a wound of the cerebrum only, was at another time illustrated in a 
gull (see Larus), and both incidents recalled strikingly Dr. Weir Mitch- 
ell’s interesting experiments, performed some ten years ago upon pig- 
eons. 

LARUS DOMINICANUS, Vieill. 
SOUTHERN BLACK-BACKED GULL. 


Larus dominicanus, “‘ VIEILLOT ”.—LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berol. No. 846. 
PBuasivs, J. f. O. 1865 (pub. 1866), p. 378. 

Larus azare, “ Lesson, ex Azara 409”. 

Dominicanus azare, BONAPARTP, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 214. 

Dominicanus vociferus, Brucu, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100; 1855, p. 281. 

Dominicanus pelagicus, Brucu, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 3; 1855, p. 280. 

BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay. ii, 1856, p. 214. 

Larus vetula,  BAILLON”. 

Dominicarus vetula, Brucu, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 4; 1855, p. 281. 
BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 214. 

Dominicanvs fritzei, BRucH, J. f. O. 1855, p. 280 (L. fuscus, Fritze). 
BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 214. 


14 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISUAND. 


Larus antipodum, GRAY. 

Dominicanus antipodum, Brucu, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100, pl. 2, f. 8; 1855, p. 281. 
BONAPARTE, Consp, Av. ii, 1856, p. 214. 

Clupeilarus antipodum, BONAPARTE. 

. Larus verreauxi, BONAPARTE, Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 7; Naum. 1854, p. 211. 

Dominicanus verreauxi, BRUCH, J. f. O. 1855, p. 281. 

Clupeilarus verreauxi, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 221. 

Larus capensis, “Smita, MSS.” (Gray.) 

Larus fuscus, ‘‘ FRITZE”. -(Gray.) 

Larus littoralis, “FORSTER”. (Gray.) 

Larus antareticus, “ ELLMAN”. (Gray.) 


The bird from Kerguelen’s Land appears to be the particular style of southern black- 
backed gull to which the term antipodum has been applied. The bill is very heavy— 
as Bonaparte says, “rostro crassissimo fere gabianum simulante”. But I have no faith 
whatever in the specific distinctions which Bonaparte, Bruch, and others have sought 
to establish among these forms, and do not hesitate to bring them all under one head, 
following Schlegel and Blasius.—C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 









































Bel § | 

as) e) 5 

gals i 3 

arg (he | S 9 Remarks. 

5 = | & a ~ 

pied ess | a <5 a 2 2 

eee Tatas | 2 | & 3|2|s | & 
epee ecse clyhal We. etait ee Als Sg os = a eI 

a |O| A ja} | @ Fle | A |e Pa] ay a 
{ | 

| 1874. 
(58965) 25 | Sept. 29 |} 9 |23.00 |49.00 |15.25 | 7.00 | L.85 | 2.85 | 2.75 | 2.00 | 0.40 | Skin; adult. 
68964 58 | Nov. 7 |.../22. 75 {50.05 {15.00 | 8.00 | 1.75 |...... 2.40 | 2.15 | 0.40 | Skin; young; failed 
to identify sex. 
68966) §3 | Nov. 18] 9 |22. 50 |51.50 |16.00 | 7.80 | 1.50 | 2.40 | 2.25 | 2.20 | 0.40 | Skin; adult. 
68967) 84 | Nov. 21] 9 22.40 49.25 115.10 | 6.50 | 1.60 | 2.50 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 0.35 | Skin; young. 
103 | Nov. 26} of |23. 75 154.50 |16.00 | 6.60] 1.65 | 2.60 | 2.60 |} 2.25 | 0.30 | Skin; adult. 
689681156 | Dec. 14 | 2 |22.00 |53.00 |15.00 | 6.75 | 1.60 | 2.80 | 2.50 | 2.10 | 0.30 | Skin; young. 
1875. 
REED LOW NAs 2 |b srellioet alicia ccieial hee ee olfajarce.cict seo ese meister) meer ieee eet Young; alcohol. 
Deseo OO R eiearisy WO hres acamem haan cae | sen oot NS eal acces | cochlea Do. 
esc io feet AINA) pati scsc ciellniste aioe wien ererel| esc eet lien eee sce catecal atone | ee | eee Do. 
{ | | 





Hill, adult, saffron-yellow; a red spot at the eminentia symphysis. 
Young (No. 58) black, with a white spot over nostrils; line of symphysis 
of lower mandible white; (84) pale-pellow, irregularly streaked with 
black, black spot on pyramidal portion of lower mandible; (156) yellow, 
streaked with black, no spot on lower mandible. The measurements 
are of the “chord of the culmen.” From the gape, the bill measures 
from 2.25 to 2.70 inches. 

Tris, adult, mustard-yellow. Young (Nos. 58 and 156) brown-gray ; 
(84) bright-yellow. 

Head, adult, white; eyelid coral to deep orange-red. Young, head 
and neck brown, more or less mottled with white ; eyelid (No. 84) gam- 
boge. 
Body, adult, back and wings slaty-black, excepting a band of white, 
about one inch, at ends of primaries and secondaries; primaries with 
the usual pictura ; neck, breast, belly, tail, and under parts of wings 














LARUS DOMINICANUS. 15 


pure white. Young generally brown, mottled with black and white. 
Tail of No. 58 shows a black band at tip, while that of No. 156 is tipped 
very narrowly with white. The intermediate specimens have the white 
tips of primaries in various approximations to adult plumage. 

Tarsus and foot, adult, yellow, with a greenish tint posteriorly. 
Young pale-gray (156), yellowish-gray (84), or ash-colored (58), the scu- 
tellated line being darker than the rest. 

Claw black. 

Stomach muscular, containing remains of sheli-fish. 

Young (unfledged) reddish-brown, mottled with black. 

Eggs three in number, olive-green, mottled with black or very dark- 

brown. . 
_ These very handsome gulls were seen first in Table Bay in July, and 
afterward near the Crozet Islands. They are readily recognized by the 
broad, white, fringe-like band along the free edge of the wings. At 
Kerguelen they were very plentiful, breeding upon the island. So late 
as November 18, I note that the ovaries were not greatly enlarged, but 
that “ the birds show a good deal more excitement than usual of late, 
circling high in air, making a great outcry, and frequently leaving their 
feeding-grounds to fly inland in considerable numbers”. Two nests were 
found Deeember 21, containing each three olive-green eggs, plentifully 
marked with black blotches: The nests were built up of grass and sea- 
weed, and were very wet within, situated just beneath the edge of 
herbage that fringes the shingle-beaches. All of the eggs contained 
feathered embryos. I had been looking for them upon the higher land, 
where the birds had for some time had a habit of alighting in consider- 
able numbers, and hence had overlooked them at the time of first laying. 
We generally avoided the rough shingle in walking along the shore. 

Excepting some signs of excitement:already noted, and a tendency to 
congregate in considerable numbers high in the air, noticed early in 
November, there was never any very obvious sign that the gulls were 
pairing; no selection of mates or diminution of sociability. They nest 
also upon low land, at some distance from the sea. In such a spot, I 
found several young birds on January 2. 

They have several different notes or cries: one, which is uttered 
when the bird is swimming, at some distance from the others, has been 
mistaken more than once for a human call of distress; another, uttered 
when many are together, is like the ery of the laughing-gull. There is 
a sort of “creak”, uttered when the bird is swinging itself lazily along 
in the air. and a series of short calls, like the mewing of a kitten, 


16 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


that I have only heard when near their nests. It was this last call, 
given by gulls high overhead, that directed me to the nesting-place 
where the young were found, January 2. 

The plumage is very variable, according to age, as usual with gulls, 
seeming to indicate several different species. None of these birds ex- 
amined which were not in full plumage showed any enlargement of the 
genital organs. One specimen was seen flying which had almost ac- 
quired the adult plumage, excepting only that the head, neck, and 
under parts were sparingly mottled with gray. The fringe of white at 
the ends of the primaries and secondaries was quite distinct. 

On the 14th December, while watching the various birds which had 
gathered about the carcass of a sea-elephant upon the beach, I observed 
that gulls do not, in feeding from the surface of the water, use their 
feet and claws as instruments of prehension. They dip the bill down, 
seizing their prey by its aid only, even when at some little distance be- 
neath the surface, and, at the same time, strike the water sharply with 
their expanded feet, thus getting an upward impulse, which maintains 
their flight. Two little white-rumped petrels (7. Wilsonii), seen on that 
day for the first time in broad sunshine, performed the same manceuvre 
in a much more dexterous and obvious manner than the gulls. 

At this same time, I shot a specimen in unusually dark plumage with 
No. 7 shot, and at very long range. The bird seemed stupefied, but 
there was no external mark of injury except one shot-hole behind and 
above the right eye. When secured, it struggled violently, neither 
wings nor legs being in the least injured; but, left to itself, it showed 
no fear of, or wish to avoid me, stared about stupidly for afew moments, 
and presently put its head under its wing. I wanted to secure the bet- 
ter-marked specimen already mentioned, which was flying near with the 
rest of the flock, and, intending to take advantage of the sympathy 
which gulls always show for a wounded companion, set my capture on a 
little knoll, and retired to some distance. It put its head under its wing 
as before, and, although exposed to a fresh breeze which was blowing, 
seemed to have no difficulty in maintaining its balance. Not succeed- 
ing in drawing the specimen I wanted within range, I finished my bird 
after a little with a charge of small shot (No. 9), and preserved the 
specimen (No. 156). I omitted to mention that, when thrown up intc 
the air, it seemed to have full power of flight, but to lack the inclina- 
tion. I suppose that in this case the centers of reflex action remained 
intact, while such intellect as the bird possessed was paralyzed by a shot 
in the cerebrum. 














STERNA VITTATA. 17 


STERNA VITTATA, Gm. 


Wreathed Tern, LATHAM, Gen. Syn. iii, pf. ii, p. 359, No. 11. 
Sterna vittata, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 609. 
LatuHaM, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, p. 807, No. 12. 
Gray, Gen. B. iii, 1849, p. 659. 
BONAPARTE, Comptes Rend. xlii, 1856, p. 772. 
PELZELN, Orn. Novara Reise, 1865, p. 152 (very full account). 
Sterna albistriata, GRAY, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pl. 21. 
Hydrochelidon (Pelodes) albistriata, GRAY, Handlist, 1ii, p. 122, No. 11078. 


The fine series of this Tern collected by Dr. Kidder agrees minutely with specimens 
from New Zealand in the Smithsonian, identified with alhistriata of Gray by myself 
some time since. It is a true Sterna, with a close general resemblance to S. arctica or 
macrura of authors; with very long and deeply-forked tail, white or nearly so: the 
whole body pearl-gray, not apparently paler below than above, but fading into pure 
white along the sides of the black cap, giving the appearance of a white stripe on each 
side of the head; bill and feet coral-red. 

But there appears to be an earlier name for this species, in the S. viitata of Gmelin, 
based on the ‘ Wreathed Tern” of Latham, from Christmas Island. The descriptions 
of both these authors apply perfectly well to the specimens in-hand; and these are 
evidently the same as that described in detail by Pelzeln, l. c., who figures the egg (pl. 
vi, fig. 14). Pelzeln quotes the species from Kerguelen (Mus. Brit.), St. Paul Island (Exp. 
Novara), New Zealand (Mus. Vindob.), and Cape of Good Hope. Gray does not give 
vittata in the ‘ Handlist”—a circumstance tending to confirm my conviction that his 
albistriata is the same bird. Besides the two names above quoted, there are some others 
of partial pertinence, or supposed applicability to this Tern, which may be regarded as 
the antarctic representative of S. macrura, as the Buphagus of this region is of the true 
B. skua, or Larus dominicanus of L. marinus.—C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 























D 54 

a5 | 9 

a) 2 s 

eag;eée z 

Sah PS 

Baia 9 Remarks. 

Seals a 3 B 

as 5 : + a th : a a 

~S Sh oO “ on oO q a sS D oe) a0 

orig — ~ iM qa ~ s = = 3 r= ° a 

Bs |] sk S ® ® ‘A 8 rt v oS S ° 

ree or |), Sey) taal 93 a By es eae et eh eid ens 

«| 1874. 
rj Skin. 

Do. 
Do 


Skin with egg. 
kin. 
Young; alcohol. 
Do. . 


Do. 
Alcohol. 
Young; alcohol. 
30 | Skin. 














-l-)} +) 
Crore 


0. 
0.25 | Alcohol. 

















Bill coral-red? 


Iris very dark-blue. 
Head black-capped; a line of white feathers along lower margin of 


upper mandible extending backward one-half inch; a white streak 
2 


18 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


from the eye backward, as wide as the eye itself, fading into pearl- 
gray ; throat and cheeks pearl-gray. 

Body generally pearl-gray ; rump white. 

Tail paler on its upper surface than the rest of the body, forked, the 
left fork usually the longer [?]. 

Tarsus and foot coral-red. 

Claws brown or black; sometimes black with brown tip. 

Stomach always contained isopod crustaceans, rolled up into balls. 

Young, when first fledged, is yellow-brown, spotted irregularly with 
black; its bill, toes, and tarsus dirty-orange, blackening toward tips. 
Later, the colors grow darker, feet and tarsi becoming orange-red. The 
young is as large as a chick, and as unlike the adult as possible. 

Egg is single; of a brownish-green, blotched irregularly with black ; 
pointed at small end; and measures 1.78 by 1.22 inches. 

This pretty and fearless little tern was, perhaps, the most familiar object 
on the island; several of them being always to be seen during daylight 
winnowing the air over the masses of kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) which 
covered the waters of the bay by the station. They dive readily from 
a considerable height in the air, rarely missing their mark, a good-sized 
isopod crustacean, which seemed to constitute their sole diet. During 
the pairing-season (October), they remind one forcibly of the common 
sparrow; curveting around one another, with wings half-spread, and 
constantly chattering. They are very bold, showing scarcely any fear of 
man, and excited much the same kindly regard in all of us as the robin 
and such familiar birds do at home. 

They nest on rather high and broken ground, usually under the lee of 
a tuft of grass, and with little or no preparation. Sometimes a few dried 
stalks are laid together in the bottom of a barely perceptible cavity ; 
oftener a tuft of dead azorella-leaves, found ready to hand, serves their 
turn. An egg was first found November 7, very early in the laying- 
season, owing to the excessive solicitude of the old bird, which flew at 
me as I passed with amazing ferocity, snapping her bill, screaming, and 
making a curious sound, very like the “gritting” of teeth. Had she 
kept quiet, I should not have observed the egg at all. On November 
10 I note that many pairs had selected nesting-places, but had not yet 
begun to lay. A young bird was first found December 4, so like the 
ground in color that I was near stepping on it. It is*very large and 
heavy, and unlike the adult. On December 11, I got two young birds, 
and shot the old one belonging, as I supposed, to one of them. I must, 




















DIOMEDEA EXULANS. 19 


however, have confounded two different individuals when following it 
with my eye, since the nest over which the one I shot was hovering 
proved to contain an unhatched egg. Its mate flew up pretty soon from 
the sea, alighted by the dead body, and seemed to try to arouse it, pok- 
ing at it with its biil. Failing in this, he presently crept on to the egg 
himself, assuming his mate’s place and function. It is by no means 
uncommon to find a male petrel or albatross sitting, but I was not be- 
tore aware that the practice was followed by terns. 

The nests are built not far from the sea, usually upon the slope of a 
hillside, where drainage is good, and generally there are a good many 
near together. Upon the approach of man, dog, or skua, a warning 
scream is sounded, and the whole colony at once fly up and make com- 
mon cause against the intruder. The skua is actually afraid of them, 
and it is a steady-nerved man who will not dodge the vicious swoops 
made from time to time at his head. So near do they come on these 
occasions that most of my specimens were knocked down with stones 
while flying. 

DIOMEDEA EXULANS, Linn. 


THE ALBATROSS. 


Diomedea exulans, LINN HUS, Syst. Nat. i, 1766, p. 214, and of authors. 
Diomedea spadicea, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 568. 
Diomedea albatrus, Paras, Zoog. Rosso-As. ii, 1811, p. — 
Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Licht. 1844, p. 27. 
Diomedea adusta, TscnHuvt, J. f. O. 1856, p. 157. —C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 




















ay | 
Gals 
os |e ; 
ae|& Pals 
sa la Ss | s Remarks. 
SCra|s 5 * . = aa 
Bo a 3 a 2 iS o 
25/4 3 ! tp 8 th 4 c= 5 Ss ef 
PEEP ice Ipc tr) WAM Bolsa pe mec eet al Teedes ge! Pose oe Sg 
me vort-: Ar ile to fate Ot Bese i Mee? Mcrae Petes ie enc yee ot ig 
1874. 
62949 |181 | Dec. 18] ¢ [50.50 |130.00 [29.00 |10.00 | 6.50 | 4.75 | 4.85 | 6.70 | 1.00 
1875. 
68950 }251 | Jan. 2) Q [46.85 |123. 00 |26.50 | 9.00 | 6.50 |.-.... 5.00 | 6.50 | 1.00 | Young of year(‘). 














Bill white. Young of year pinkish-white. 

Iris very dark-blue to purple. 

Body generally white in adult; some of wing primaries, secondaries, 
and tertiaries being black, with fine, wavy, dark lines across parts of 
wing-coverts and back. The amount of black marking is variable, but 
appears to diminish with every moult. The young of the year are 


20 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


quite black, or very dark-brown, excepting the under parts of wings, 
throat, and cheeks, which are white, more or less mottled with black. 

Tail very short in proportion to the size of the body. 

Tarsus and foot white, with pale-blue tint, scutellated. 

Claws white. No rudiment of hind toe. 

Stomach membranous, filled with an oily fluid. 

Eggs siugle, white. 

None of these birds had shown themselves in the neighborhood of our 
camp until December 17, when Mr. Train captured and brought in the 
specimen No. 181, which he had carried more than two miles. It was 
found near an old nest, seemingly about to rebuild it, but no egg was 
found until December 30. On the 2d of January, the steam-launch 
of the Monongahela carried me several miles down the beach to the low 
strip which connects Prince of Wales Foreland with the mainland. 
Here I saw very many albatrosses nesting upon hillocks, built up some 
two feet, or more, from the ground. The nests are composed mostly of 
grass, and, being of different heights, seemed to have been used again, 
and added to, year after year. I counted twenty-three birds in sight at 
one time, each perched upon its nest. Being conspicuous by the white- 
ness of their plumage, and rarely very near together, they rather remind 
one of the whitewashed cairns set up by surveyors. Driven from the 
nests, and compelled to walk, they look not unlike overgrown yeese. 
The distribution of their weight compels them to stretch out their necks 
horizontally, and to walk with a widely-swaying gait. Two approached 
each other as I was watching them, and went through with some very 
odd mancuvres. One raised its head and spread out its wings as if to 
embrace the other, which remained with wings folded. Both then clat- 
tered their bills, and touched them together, first on one side and then 
on the other. This manceuvre was repeated several times. Phaebetria 
fuliginosa has the same trick of touching bills with its mate and clat- 
tering the mandibles about pairing-time; but I have never seen them 
approach one another with outspread wings. All of the nesting alba- 
trosses that I saw, without exception, showed a slight pinkish discolora- 
tion of the neck, as if a blood-stain had been washed out, usually on 
the left side, and extending downward from the region of the ear. 

They are dull birds, making but little attempt to defend their eggs 
beyond loudly clattering their bills. The sound thus produced is louder 
than would be expected, owing to the resonance of the considerable 
cavity included by the mandibles. It is very like the sound of a tin 








PHG@BETRIA FULIGINOSA. Oar 


pan beaten with a stick. I knocked several off with my heavy over- 
coat twisted up like a rope, and secured their eggs before they recovered 
sufficiently to approach the nests. They climbed on to the empty nests 
again, however, and sat as contentedly, to all appearance, as before. I 
believe that they do not lay a second time. Certainly, the nest robbed 
December 30 was still empty January 2, although occupied by the old 
bird; and the whalers, who are very fond of the eggs, assert that they 
never find a second one in a nest that has been once robbed. 

I have read somewhere that albatrosses and penguins nest together, 
but cannot see how it is possible. The king-penguin is the only one 
nesting in low land (as I am told), but none were found in this neigh- 
borhood. The eggs would be frequently immersed in water, unless 
raised on similar pedestals to those which the albatrosses build. (See 
Aptenodytes.) 

The specimen No. 251, which is almost entirely black, was captured 
at sea, January 19, in latitude 39° 23’S., and longitude 64° 33’ E., along 
with several others more or less marked with black. It is believed to 
be a young bird of the preceding year. 


PH@BETRIA FULIGINOSA, (Gm.) Reich. 
Sooty ALBATROSS.— PEE-ARR” of sealers. 


Diomedea fuliginosa, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 568, and of authors generally. 
Diomedea (Phebetria) fuliginosa, BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay. ii, 1856, p. 186. 

Phebctria fuliginoso, COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1366, p. 186. 

Diomedea spadicea, LESSON, Man. ii, 1828, p. 391. 

Diomedea antarctica, ‘‘ BANKS, ic. ined. 26”. 

Diomedea palpebrata, Forster, “ic. ined. 102”; Descr. Anim., ed. Licht., 1844. p. —. 
Diomedea fusca, AUDUBON, Orn. Biog. v, 1839, p. 116, pl. 407 ; Syn. 1839, p. 335; B. Am. 























vii, 1844, p. 200, pl. 454. —C. 
»~P :P 
List of specimens, with measurements. 

ae | | | 

ee) & 

As = | | E 

Be|s 6 | & 

aa| & | | 3 3 Remarks. 

Ore | s F = oe 

2615 re a . | a 2 | 2 

eo | +o 3 oD 3 0 : 3 a S | & 

eele| 8 [2/2 le l|elele 2/218) 8 

miieneaertea fa ha) esas) eae pal a ha 

Apta.: [pic] PST RHR PORES Tine) | 

68952) 37 | Oct. 30} ¢ |37. 00 |80. 00 22.00 |13.35 | 4.25 | 4.25 | 3.30 | 4.50 | 0.60 | Only head, foot, a 
sternum preserved. 

68951 53 | Nov. 2| o& |37. 00 {84.00 (22.00 /13.00 | 4.15 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 4.75 ) 0.75 | Skin with egg. 

60953 54 Noy. 2} 2 [34.00 |78.00 |20.00 |13.00 | 4.15 | 3.75 | 3.25 | 4.05 | 0.75 Do. 

ea ae Ne 0s eles lee cteal ee cocroe le ee cooseeleceeee .ae---|------|------| Embryo with egg. 








Bill black, with a pale streak, similar in form to that of Diomedea, but 
much smaller, more compressed, with different outline of feathers at 
base. 


22 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Head mouse-colored, paler on the top and back than elsewhere. 

Tris purple-gray. Eyelid covered with very small white feathers in a 
line one-eighth inch wide, above and behind eye. There are no other 
white feathers on the bird. 

Body generally mouse-colored, darker on wing-coverts and back. 

Tail pointed while the bird is flying, often fan-shaped while bird is at 
* rest, the central feathers being the longest. 

Tarsus and foot pale flesh-colored. Tibia naked 1.50 inches. 

Claws horn-white. Very small rudimentary hind toe. 

Stomach membranous; contained beaks of cephalopods and green 
fibrous masses supposed to be vegetable. 

Two specimens of the sooty albatross were brought into the camp on 

October 16, having been captured at the entrance of a shallow cave in 
the face of a rock some distance inland. They were kept about the huts 
for some days, showing no disposition to leave. One was hurt by the 
dog, however, so that it died, when the other quite unexpectedly walked 
to the edge of a rock, spread its wings, and flew off. The dead bird was 
much mutilated, so that I have preserved only its head, foot, and 
sternum, with the measurements. The flesh was unusually pale and 
soft, as if the bird were young of the year. 

October 24, two of the dusky albatrosses had made a nest upon @ 
shelf formed by a considerable tuft of cabbage and azorella, at the en- 
trance of a small cavity in the perpendicular face of a lofty rock, near 
the top of a hill some two milesaway. Here the birds could be both seen 
and heard. Their scream is very loud, and not unlike one of the calls 
of acat. At a distance, it has often been mistaken for the hail of a 
man. The name ‘“pee-arr” has been given as descriptive of this call, 
which is, I believe, peculiar to the breeding-season. Another pair was 
seen same day circling around the same hill-top. No eggs. November 
2, secured one egg and both birds. The nest is a conical mound, seven 
or eight inches high, hollowed into a cup at the top, and lined rudely 
with grass. The male was sitting when captured; the female standing 
on another old nest, not far away, but higher up the face of the rock. 
There was no evidence of an intention to rebuild the old nest. Both 
birds, but particularly the male, showed fight when approached, clatter- 
ing their large bills with an odd noise, and biting viciously when they 
got a chance. The male is perceptibly the larger bird of the two. The 
oviduct of the female was distended, and no other egg seemed to be on 
its way from the ovary, making it probable that she had just laid the 











OSSIFRAGA GIGANTEA. Ds 


single large egg found; but, of course, the evidence is not absolute that 
these two birds had paired, although found so near together. 

Although I have often observed the dusky albatross sailing along very 
close to the surface of the water, or circling around rocky hill-tops, I 
have never seen it feed, except in captivity. Then both birds ate freely 
of fresh meat. The peculiar call (which can be heard for a very long 
distance) is most often given by the setting bird, and answered by its 
mate flying near by. The egg is single, white, and very long in propor- 
tion to its thickness. 

November 12, I found another bird on a nest, in a locality similar to 
that already described. It stared stupidly at me, clattering its beak, 
and turning its head from side to side, but making no effort to escape. 
There was no egg. The narrow line of white feathers above and behind 
the eyes gives these birds a singular and striking appearance—a sort of 
wide-eyed, amazed air, that distinguishes them markedly from other 
birds. The white feathers are very minute, but quite perfect. 

The nest found November 12 was shortly after abandoned by the sit- 
ting bird, apparently because it had been disturbed. Another bird was 
found sitting on an egg on November 22, high in the rocks, and some 
four miles inland. Neither of these specimens was preserved. Nos. 85 
and 86 are the embryo, and the egg from which it was taken, found 
November 21, kindly given me hy Mr. Stanley, who captured the adult 
at the same time. 


OSSIFRAGA GIGANTEA, (Gm.) Reich. 


QUEBRANTEHUESOS.—BONE-BREAKER.—“‘ NELLY.” 


Procellaria gigantea, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 563. 

Ossifraga gigantea, REICHENBACH, Syst. Av. pl. 20, f. 332. 
BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1855, p. 186. 
CovEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 32. 
Procellaria ossifraga, FORSTER, Descr. An., ed. Licht. 1844, p. 343. 




















—C. 
List of specimens, with measurements. 
Bisciie 
as)}a 3 
as|4 E 
es |5 S = 
ga] a ° 3 Remarks. 
og Sa °: = a — 
ZS a = = a th a Ss o 
Se | Sy o ca o Ss = Ss D S oo 
Be ise 3 Bile 8 y a a| es g |e 8 
Peer! A licen ete (eis Late tet teat ee et ese 
1874. | 
veeeee|s se: Oct. 5] Q joa 00 \76.60 19.75 | 7.00 | 4.00 | 4.50 | 3.50 | 4.85 | 0.85 | Not preserved. 
68954 |155 Deo. ls do (35.00 |78.00 20.00 | 8.25 | 4.35 | 4.40 | 3.59 | 5.05 | 0.85 | Skin. 
ceases Lea VG icy a 4 pee pa dO Sa I ESR Hy AA Ee a nes A Cee Young ; alcohol. 
eee AES e SUNN esol eens ate | ec ee (Ei ee ge |e (ee | eee ln fh ne Do. 
oe 217 | Jan. 2 aals o Ree eee teers Ree tee ceed Re meene eae Pea Semone Do. 











24 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Bill pearl-gray, with a flesh-tint, to pale bone-yellow. 

Tris dark. 

Head dirty-brown, lighter than the rest of the body, with white spot 
of variable extent on the chin. 

Body geverally very dark-brown, the under parts being lighter than 
the upper. Feathers on belly and under side of wings tipped with red- 
dish-brown. ‘Testicles very small December 14 in No. 155. Stomach 
membranous. 

Tail fan-shaped. 

Tarsus and foot dirty-black, brownish-gray in young. Tibia naked 
for 2.35 inches. 

Claws streaked-black and yellowish-white. Distinet hind claw. 

The ‘‘ Nellies”, as the whalers call them, were first seen in the bay by 
our station on October 38, after which date they became quite com- 
mon. One was shot October 5 while flying over, but the specimen 
was not preserved. It was a female, and apparently a young bird, the 
flesh being unusually soft and pale. The sealers told me that they 
nested near by, and began to lay late in December. I found the young 
birds, however, on January 2, in the hollows between clumps of Azorella, 
almost fledged, and quite as Jarge and heavy as the adults. They are 
exceedingly filthy birds, ejecting the contents of their stomachs for two 
or three feet from their bodies, ana seeming to have a limitless supply 
to draw upon. Among the vomited matters I noticed many penguin- 
feathers. No old birds were to be seen at the time. Several young 
were found near together, and three were secured as specimens. In the 
same neighborhood was a young bird of an earlier brood, fully fledged, 
but not yet able to fly. Unless, therefore, there is more than one brood 
in a season, these petrels must be among the earliest to lay, instead of 
one of the latest, as we had been told. 

I found the adult birds, in considerable numbers, feeding on the ear- 
cass of the sea elephant, December 14. With their huge whitish beaks, 
lighter-colored heads (then covered with clotted blood), and disordered 
dun plumage, they reminded me strongly of vultures. Like vultures, 
also, they had so crammed themselves that they were unable to rise 
from the ground, although it was sufficiently rocky and irregular for 
them to do so with ease under ordinary circumstances. They waddled 
and stumbled to the sea, swam away, and did not rise into the air until 
half an hour or more of digestion, and perhaps of vomiting, had made it 
possible. I shot two on this occasion; but one succeeded in getting into 








MAJAQUEUS AQUINOCTIALIS. 25 


the water with a broken wing. The individual secured vomited copi- 
ously, as soon as wounded, an immense mass of undigested blood, fat, 
and intestines. The preparation and preservation of its skin was any- 
thing but a pleasant job, and, indeed, they are the filtbiest birds by far 
found on the island. I have never heard any sound from the Nelly, nor 
did I find any eggs. I never saw them attack other living birds, but 
have found them several times eating carrion. 


MAJAQUEUS AQUINOCTIALIS, (Linn.) Reich. 


“ STINKER” of whalers. 


Procellaria equinoctialis, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat. i, 1766, p. 213. 
GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 564. 
Latuam, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, 821. 
And of authors generally. 
Procellaria equinoxialis, Vir1LLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxv, 1817, p. 422. 
Priofinus equinoctialis, “ HOMBR. et JAcQ.” 
Majaqueus equinoctialis, REICHENBACH, Syst. Av. pl. 20, f. 340, 341. 
BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 200. 
Cougs, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 118. 
Puffinus capitis bone-spei, BRISSON, Orn. vi, 1760, p. 137. 
Procellaria nigra, FORSTER, Descr. An., ed. Licht. 1844, p. 26. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 
| 























23|8 

BA] 2 i 

ag|a Ee 

Sees 3 a 

BA A 3 3 Remarks. 

ZE\S as : jg | 2 | & 

a ene ae a) Be Bae By Build St lice 

mr oo ~ ¥ a 2 a = — oe H cS 8 

Ye js S a ° IZ 3 = 3 3 Ras ° 

meee ney. a het | fle) el ae | ee eet A ta 

1874. 

sent 29 | Oct. 14] g& |20.00 |54. 00 |15.00 |......] 2.90 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 3.25 | 0.65 | Skin. 

Be wet: 69 .|Nov.15| ¢& |21.00 |52. 00 |15. 34 | 6.00 | 2.35 | 2.75 | 2.75 | 3.00 | 0.55 0. 

Beacins iG Dee! 16). 2 sesasa| saree S| ieaedl se caeeile tes scl essue-|(PSeeee| 2-220) eee] Alcohol:/not meas- 
ured. 

Bsa Me Se | ees AG IPSS. lhewes olnces Saltisae sol bcocecllscec mails See alte acers cereal gee eats Do. 

paae ss OGD GGs 16) Sso4|Coaes| camae alone ss lpokier alesse cisscce |seetine!|Seemtes lis tacte.s Do. 











Bill worn (apparently) to greenish-white, remaining black in sutures 
Upper mandible strongly hooked ; lower much less so. Nostrils tubu- 
lar, distinct, and inclosed in a separate horny sheath. Upper mandible 
composed of four pieces; lower, of three. No cere. 

Iris black. 


Head black, excepting a white spot around base of lower mandible, 
and for one inch below and behind it. 

Body generally black ; a small tuft of white feathers on abdomen. 

Tail, middle feathers longest. 

Tarsus and foot greenish-black and scutellated. 

Claws black. Distinct hind claw. 


26 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Stomach internally rugose and partially muscular; contained the 
remains of crustaceans and beaks of cephalopods. 

A single specimen of these birds (No. 29) was dug up by the dog on 
October 12 from a very deep burrow under a clump of Azorella, but 
none others were seen until November 15, when they suddenly appeared 
in the day-time in considerable numbers. On December 16, I dug up 
specimens with eggs, and frequently thereafter. They nest in very 
deep burrows, with almost always a little pool of water at their entrance, 
and keep up an incessant squealing while the dog is digging for them, 
very like the sound of the water-whistle toys, or ‘‘ whistling coffee-pots”, 
sold on the street-corners. The note is, in other words, very shrill, and 
constantly trilling. They fight the dog more bravely than any other 
petrels, generally coming out of the burrow hanging to his ear, and keep- 
ing him off very successfully on the open ground. It was one of these 
birds that has been elsewhere spoken of as being attacked by a skua 
while in the water. ! 

The name ‘‘ stinker” is fully warranted by the rank odor emitted by 
the bird, and is given on the authority of the whalers on the schooner 
Emma Jane. Captain Fuller, however, of the schooner Roswell King, 
a very careful observer, tells me that the stinker is a much larger bird, 
and that it nests on the ridges of the high hills, not in burrows, and 
very late in the season. If so, I have never seen it. 

On December 18, while out in a boat, at some distance from the sta- 
tion, I saw very many black petrels, both swimming and flying, which 
strongly resembled these birds in every respect, except that they had 
not the white throat-spot described above. 

An embryo (No. 185) has been preserved in alcohol. 

Egg is single, white. 

One of the first birds dug out by the dogs after our arrival, on Sep- 
tember 15, was a large petrel, covered everywhere by long, gray, hairy 
down, and found quite near the station. They were found often after- 
ward, and were much hunted by the dogs as food. From their squealing 
when captured, the structure of their bills, the depth of the burrows in 
which they were found, the black plumage of those subsequently taken, 
and their offensive odor, I supposed them to be the young of Maja- 
queus, but was assured by the whalers that they were “ Mutten-birds”, 
and of quite a different species. A curious circumstance with regard to 
them is the fact that I never succeeded in getting any positive clew to 
the old birds to which they belonged. At different times, I set snares 
in front of the burrows, and sprinkled light dry earth within its entrance, 





wae = Sy 














a a it St 








ZESTRELATA LESSONI. 27 


but never captured any birds; nor did I ever find any tracks upon the 
earth. It certainly seemed as if the old birds had finally abandoned 
them. It must be remembered, also, that one of these young birds was 
found as early as September 15, and that I found Majaqueus with egg 
on December 15. The “ Mutton-birds” had certainly not begun to fly 
before December. The two specimens preserved were captured on 
November 10; the wings of No. 62 being then in fall feather, but the 
body still partially covered with down. 

No. 62, 16 by 38.75 by 12; bill, tarsus, and foot black; iris dark-blue. 
No. 66, 13.50 by 32 by 8; bill, tarsus, and foot black; iris dark-blue; 
younger than 62. [Not seen by me—probably some Puffinus.—E. C.] 


JESTRELATA LESSONI, (Garn.) Cass. 


WHITE-HEADED PETREL. 


? Procellaria alba, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 565. 
VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvii, 1817, p. 420. 
? Daption album, SHAw, Gen. Zool. xiii, 1825, p. 246, 
? Procellaria variegata, ‘‘ BONNATERRE”. (Bp. §& Gray.) 
Procellaria lessoni, GARNOT, Ann. Se. Nat. vii, 1826, p. 54, f. 4. 
Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. 1831, p. 611. 
GOULD, B. Aust. vii, pl. 49. 
REICHENBACH, Syst. Av. pl. 24, f. 2605; pl. 20, f. 339. 
4istrelata lessoni, CASSIN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, p. 327. 
> Cougs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 142. 
Rhantistes lessoni, BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. xlii, 1856, p. 768. 
Procellaria leucocephala, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht. 1844, p. 206. 
GouLp, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii, 1844, p. 363. 
Aistrelata leucocephala, BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay. ii, 1856, p. 189. 
Procellaria vagabunda, ‘‘SOLANDER”. (Gray § Bp.) 


This is a large, stout species, with a strong bill, and, in adult plumage, very hand- 
some. What is more important, in some respects, it is likewise one of the better- 
marked species of this difficult and thoroughly-involved group. I have reason to 
believe that its characters, relationships, and synonymy are worked out in my mono- 
graph above cited with fidelity and consequent reliability. Passing over some early 
names, of probable but unproved application to this species, it seems that lessoni of 
Garnot is the prior tenable name, though some authors give preference to leucocephala 
of Forster. When this name was first proposed I have no means of knowing, but I 
trace no published record of it back of 1844. This species has been figured by several 
authors, and is, or should be, now well known. In lieu of further remarks, I beg to 
refer to the paper already mentioned.—C. ; 


Measurements of a specimen. 





Be B E 
gE | 8 $ | & 
yeti 3 > | Remarks. 
aa) 3 a 43 ali es 
a2| 8 . = | S| 3 
el ee = 4 eI a = 5 
As z = ° a A a ° 
R 5 A |a| 4 a 3/34 


Ss  — 








1874. 
68969} 211 | Dec.29| 9 18.15 | 43.00} 12.15 | 5.85] 1.50 | 2.50 


1.85 | 2.20 | 0.50 | Skin. 
| 


Wing 
| Tail 
Bill 
Head. 
ge ee ‘arsus 








28 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


bill black, very stout and strongly hooked. 

Iris very dark-brown. 

Head pearl-gray: black shading around eyes; throat white. 

Body, back gray; dark-brown to black over wings; breast and belly 
white; tail pearl-gray. 

Tarsus and foot flesh-pink; black along upper surfaces of digits and 
on the web near the claw. 

Claws black. 

A bird was brought to me on September 19, which I then pronounced 
to be a fulmar, but which 1 now believe to have been an individual of 
this species. Unfortunately, being much occupied with other work, and 
supposing these to be common, I disregarded it and did not preserve the 
specimen. It never afterward came under my personal notice. Mr. 
Eaton, naturalist of the English party, visited us on December 9, and 
then told me that he had found a specimen, and, on December 29, the 
specimen preserved was brought home alive by one of the men, having 
been dug out of a very deep burrow by the dog, at a considerable dis- 
tance inland, and well up among the hills. He found no egg. I saw 
them following the ship on January 18, about seven hundred miles north 


of Kerguelen. 
GESTRELATA KIDDERI, Coues. 


KIDDER’s PETREL. 


Procellaria grisea, KUHL, Mon. Proc. Beit. Zool. 1820, p. 144, No. 15, fig. 9. Not of La- 
tham. 
SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 9. Exclusive of syn. ‘ solandri 
Gould”. 
Aistrelata grisea, Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 148. 
“ Procellaria lugens, Forst., icon. 21”, according to Kuhl. 
“ Astrelata inexpectata, Forsv.”, BoNAP., Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 189, but not of Forster. 
“ Procellaria unicolor, GOULD”. (Tide Gray.) 

The single specimen of this bird brought home by Dr. Kidder is of special interest 
and importance. It is of a species I never saw before, but one of which, with a degree 
of sagacity which proves equally unexpected and gratifying, I introduced a compiled 
account in my monograph, judging it to be, from the published descriptions, different 
from any one with which I was then acquainted. 

The characters of this bird agree exactly with the accounts given both by Kuhl and 
Schlegel, Ul. cc., of a bird they call Procellaria grisea ; and there is no reasonable ques- 
tion that all three of us have the same species in view. But there is little if any prob- 
ability that it is the same as P. grisea of Latham, which is described as having the bill 
two inches long, &c. (see what is said Proc. Acad. Phila. p. 148, foot-note, and p. 149, 
text). In my monograph, I permitted “grisea Kuhl” to stand, as the names fell in 
different so-called genera; but the groups are so closely allied, and birds of this genus 
are so commonly called “ Procellaria”, that it will tend to prevent future misunder- 
standing to apply to this species a new name. And, in so doing, I take pleasure in 
recognizing, to this slight extent, the excellent service which the author of this paper 
has rendered in extending, and especially in increasing the precision of, our knowledge 
of southern oceanic birds. 














CESTRELATA KIDDERI. 29 


For the characters of this species, and further discussion of some technical questions 
concerned, I would refer to the monograph already cited. The bird is a typical Astre- 
lata, of the group of smaller species that cluster around mollis of Gould and cookii of Gray 
(“genus” Cookilaria Bp.). It has every appearance of being a young bird, in dark 
whole-colored plumage, like others of this group when immature; but finding it breed- 
ing, with the egg, settles the question of its maturity. The whole plumage is dark- 
gray, nearly uniform, but sootier on the back and wings than on the under parts, with 
a peculiar glaucous shade throughout. The bill is very short, hardly over an inch long, 
and extremely thin, though deep and strongly hooked. Other proportions are indi- 
cated by Dr. Kidder’s measurements below.—C. : 


Measurements of a specimen. 


as | 8 

H2);2 

aa 

3 5|& Romarks. 
22/3 = 3 3 

meet : ry bh : 4 : : 

eT Oya Shoe. asi) oge 2 5 red i tered 3 Bo} E 

Soa igs 3 iS § ¥ E ‘3S = & 3 5 = 

Hi 3S RA ja] A A oH s = a o 






ef 


1874. 
68970! 39 | Oct.21| ¢ | 14.00} 34.50] 10.15 | 4.05 | 1.10 | 2.05 | 1.45 | 1.59 | 0.35 | Skin with egg. 


Bill black. 

Skin thickly covered with fat within. 

Plumage nearly uniformly sooty-gray, with a slightly bluish cast. 

Tail, middle feathers longest. 

Tarsus and foot dusky. 

Claws black. 

Egg single, white, 2.00 by 1.50 inches. 

These birds were found October 11, with eggs, in rather deep bur- 
rows, each one of which contained a little pool of fresh water, close by 
where the egg was deposited. They squealed shrilly when captured, with 
a note very like that of Majaqueus. The only specimen preserved was 
taken, with an egg, October 21. A young bird, taken December 13, and 
much resembling the young “‘mutton-bird” (see Majaqueus), but far less 
advanced than the latter at that date, I believe to belong to this spe- 
cies, although the evidence is not positive. It made no sound when 
taken from the burrow (specimen No. 160). 

These birds were common in burrows near our station early in October, 
and were neglected for others more difficult of access, under the sup- 
position that they would always be at hand. After October 21, how- 
ever, I never saw another adult specimen, and Mr. Eaton informed me 
in December that he had not yet found it at all. Doubtless, more dili- 
gent collecting and observation of the birds while they were still com- 
paratively plentiful would have cleared up the doubt which seems still 
to exist as to their specific position among strelate. Their neglect is 





30 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


only another instance of the tendency, which so often causes mortifica- 
tion and chagrin to the collector, to postpone those objects which are 
familiar and common for others mistakenly supposed to be rare and 
urgent. As Dr. Hooker has so feelingly said, ‘‘ These are, however, 
questions which propose themselves to us in the closet only, when the 
prospect of solving them is gone by; and when they but add to the 
thousand regrets over lost opportunities, the remembrance of which 
weighs so heavily on the mind of every naturalist that the brightest pros- 
pects of discovery in the fair future can never obliterate them.”—Flora 
Antarctica, vol. ii, p. 465. 

Perhaps the disappearance of these birds about the end of October 
may be explained on the supposition that they are really rare in the 
locality under consideration; but that we had, in selecting a station, 
stumbled upon one of their nesting-places, and actually dug up nearly 
or quite the entire community. 


OCEANITES OCHANICA, (Kuhl) Coues. 
WILSONW’S STORMY PETREL. 


Procellaria pelagica, W1Lson, Amér. Ornith. vi, 1808, p. 90, pl. 60, fig. 6, nec auct. 
Procellaria oceanica, KuHL, Beit. zur Kennt. Proc, 1820, p. 136, pl. 10, f. 1. 
BONAPARTE, Journ. Phila, Acad. iii, 1824, p. 233. 
Thalassidroma occanica, GRAY, G. of B. iii, 1849, p. —. 
Oceunites oceanica, Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 82. 
Procellaria wilsoni, BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, 1824, p. 231, pl. 8, f. 3, 
34, and pl. 9, lower fig. 
Thalassidroma wilsont of many authors. 
Oceanites wilsoni, Keys. & Buias., Wirb. Europ. ii, 1840, p. 238. 
BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 199. 


I have looked at a yreat many “ Wilson’s Petrels” from various parts of the world 
without having been able to see any difference between them. In any event, the bird 
here preseuted is the original “ oceanica” of Banks, Kuhl, &c.—it is the other one, 
wilsoni Bp., 1824, which is to be cut away from this one, if any division is attempted. 
Bonaparte has the thing hind part before in his Conspectus.—C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 





























fy | 
ae Hi 
ee | £ 
ga| 3 siti i 
ae a ° 9 Remarks, 
Ona a a e é ios + 
eS [eas . S 5 = o 
ee al aes 3 Na Se o ee eat are a | =o 
avlerrede | needed oh eel S13. ll Sua eile aes gal es 
Rh } AQ felln |e a Bp et Eh Be ay ee ea fee 
1874. c 
68933] 209 | Dec.30] ¢ 1*6.15 | 14.00 | 5.35 | 2.50 | 0.55 | 0.85 | 1.30 | 0.85 | 0.25 | Skin. 
(8932| 210 | Dec.30] 2 | 6.50 | 14.50 | 5.60 | 2.60 | 0.60 | 0.95 | 1.35 1.00 | 0.25 Do. 
{ 





Bill black. 
Iris black. 


ES nie 2 





| 























PROCELLARIA NEREIS. a 


Head, body, tail, and tarsus blackish, excepting a white band one-half 
inch wide across rump. 

Toes black, the webs with a yellow spot. 

These birds are crepuscular near the shore, like Procellaria nereis, and 
much more common near our station after their first appearance on 
December 8. I had previously seen them at sea east of the Cape of 
Good Hope; and, on December 14, I saw them out by day feeding on the 
oily matters floating away from the carcass of a sea-elephant. They 
frequent rocky parts of the hillsides, and flit about very like swallows 
in pursuit of insects. There seemed to be no flying insects on the island, 
however, other than very minute gnats. The two specimens preserved 
were shot on the evening of December 29, among the rocks near the 
top of the hill on which we were encamped. I never succeeded in find- 
ing the egg, but learn from Rev. Mr. Eaton, who found one on Thumb 
Mountain, some fifteen miles from our station, that it is single, white, and 
that the nest was made under a large rock not far from the beach. He 
found the egg on December 8. I have no doubt from what I have 
observed of its habits that it nests among and under rocks habitually, 
and usually at a considerable elevation above the sea. 


PROCELLARIA NEREIS, (Gould) Bp. 


THE SEA-NYMPH. 


Thalassidroma nereis, GOULD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1840, p. 178; Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii, 
p. 367; B. Aust. vii, pl. 64. 
Procellaria nereis, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. 1i, 1856, p. 196. 
CougES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 81. 


A large series of this pretty little petrel was collected, the first and only ones I have 
seen, excepting Gould’s types, from Bass’s Straits, now in Mus. Acad. Phila., from which 
the account given in my monograph was drawn up. It is asmall and particularly ele- 
gant species, quite different from any other known to me; the bluish color recalls birds 
of the Prion group. It comes very near P. pelagica proper in form, belonging to the 
same short-legged group, as distinguished from Oceanites and Fregetta, though the legs 
are longer than in P. pelagica.—C. 

List of specimens, with measurements. 























dil 
43 a : 
ag 5 ‘ F 
Ss ° = 
ae | s ° Remarks. 
Sa| a g re a | eo | @ 
=l a e ~ a bh 5 = ) 
+s "Sb 2 C on oO q Ss Ss n zt i) 
Bees Pee eee Bee ore ss oe i Brine 8 
a 6 A |ala a Boh) ee oe eee eb 
| 
1-74. . | 
68936 44 | Oct. 29) So | 6.50 12.75 | 4.75 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.25 loin - pair, 
68937 45 | Oct. 29; 9 | 6.50 13.00 | 4.75 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.25 |§ eo 
638935 46 | Oct. 31] o | 6.50 12.50 | 4.75 | 3.25 | 0.50} 1.90 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.25 | Skin. 
68938 47 | Oct. 31| o | 6.50 13.00 | 4.85 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 6.85 | 0.25 Do. 
68940} 157 | Dec. 15 Ce | G73 12. 75 | 4.50 | 2.50 | 0.50 | 0.85 | 1.25 | 0.90 | 0.25 | Skin with egg. 
68941 158 | Dee. 15| o | 6.55 13.00 |} 4.89 | 2.85 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 1.25 |] 0.80 | 0.25 Do. 
68934| 159 | Dec.15| ¢ | 6.75 13.00 | 4.75 | 2.65 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.25 | Skin. 





32 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Bill black; nostrils in separate tube, above base of upper mandible. 

Tris black. 

Head, body, and tail generally bluish-ashy, except lower part of breast 
and belly, which are white. Tail very dark at tip, and fan-shaped in 
flight. 

Tarsus, foot, and claws black. Tibia naked 0.50 inch. 

Egg single, white, sometimes speckled with reddish at the large end ; 
very large in proportion to the size of the bird. 

The first specimens were taken on the 28th and 29th of October, being 
dug out by the dogs from small burrows under clumps of Azorella. A 
pair captured on the latter date were found under a tussock not two 
yards above high-water mark, on the beach, under a high cliff. Noeggs 
were found at that date. Eggs were first found, December 12, under the 
overhanging margins of clumps of grass and “ Kerguelen tea” (Acawna 
ascendens), in a bit of swampy lowland near the sea. Strange to say, 
I have only found the male with the egg. In this locality, there were 
no burrows; the overhanging herbage seeming to afford sufficient pro- 
tection to the nests. 

This petrel is strictly crepuscular in habit when near its breeding- 
place; none having been seen by daylight except when disturbed from 
the nest. I believe its note to be a sort of chirping whistle, not unlike 
the creaking of a block, but did not succeed in settling this point defi- 
nitely. No eggs were hatched before our departure from the island. 
The birds are, at this season, perfect balls of nearly fluid fat. 


PSEUDOPRION DESOLATUS, (Gm.) Gray. 
‘WHALE-BIRD.” 


Procellaria desolata, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 562. 
LaTuamM, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, p. 825. But probably not of authors 

generally. 

Daption desolatum, SHaw, Gen. Zool. xiii, 1825, p. 244. 

Aistrelata desolata, COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 155, in part, with exclu- 

sion of much of the synonymy. 

Prion (Pseudoprion) desolata, GRAY, Handlist, iii, 1871, p. 108, No. 10923. 

Pseudoprion banksii, Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 166; but whether of the 
authors there cited ? 


The single prepared specimen in the collection agrees with the characters I give of 
P. banksii, so that I so identify it with little hesitation. I never identified the Procel- 
laria desolata of Gmelin in the least to my satisfaction, having allowed myself to sup- 
pose that it was an Gstrelata, being unconsciously biased by the fact that it had been 
very generally so considered by writers. In attentively re-examining Gmelin’s diag- 
nosis, with reference to the specimen in hand, I find, to my surprise, that it agrees in 
essential points with the bird brought in by Dr. Kidder, and I am forced to the con- 
clusion that Gray is right in referring it to my section Pseudoprion. It will be observed 




















PSEUDOPRION DESOLATUS. 33 


that in my monograph I did not identify Gmelin’s name, merely quoting his description, 
and adding to it a description of Schlegel’s from the same specimen that Kuhl handled ; 
both these authors having considered it the same as Gmelin’s bird, It would appear, 
however, that such is not the case, especially as we have Kamtschatka assigned as a 
locality. 

The bird here treated is Pseudoprion banksii of my paper, but whether the banksii of 
authors I am now uncertain. It is also, I have now no doubt, the original P. desolata 
of Gmelin, as correctly allocated by Gray, and, consequently, in part the dstrelata 
desolata of my paper, but is apparently not the desolata of late authors. 

The expressions used by Gmelin in reference to the dark band running clear across 
the body and wings, and the dark tip to the tail, point to a Prion, not to one of the 


(strelate.—C. 
List of specimens, with measurements. 





























_ & a 
ae | 3 | 
reas leapt : 
as |.5 z 
a a 3 Remarks. 
Sa |e a 45 s ° 
acca AS ; Sn a on 5 = 5 Ms = 
Sees |e e tk Le le la le |e | 8 |S 
aN. FY liad heey 3 Beco ip Mh cee a tebe Weve ol trae |e 
1874. 
65926 | 100 | Nov.24| | 10.50 93.35 | 7.25 | 3.85 | 1.15 | 1.60 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.25 | Skin. 
Fhe tn = 137%.) Decs LO} ac2|), 11.29 24.00 | 7.15 | 4.00 | 1.15 | 1.50 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.25 | Alcohol. 
Prestatevata 138 | Dec. 10}...| 11.50 24.10 | 7.50 | 4.00 | 1.25 | 1.60 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.25 Do. 
Seas 170: | Dec. 16)...| 10. 75 DA Oa | or \h4 OD) | 1d) | 1550) 130) (P1525) || 0835 Do 
Somes 171 | Dec. 16}...} 10.75 Dae T |) C20) | basta, | ds 20 | TP GON eon lseroO nL Ofee Do. 








Bill lavender-blue, widened at base ; upper mandible sharply hooked. 

Nostrils similar to those of Halobena coerulea, but more distinctly 
separated. 

Tris invisible during life, bluish-gray. 

Head blue-gray above; white line above eye; blue line from posterior 
angle of eye to join the tint at the back of the head; throat and region 
around base of bill white. 

Body generally paler than that of Halobena caerulea, but marked by a 
dark band running from wrist-joint along radial portion of wing to and 
across rump. This band becomes very distinct, when the bird is flying, 
as a v-shaped marking. 

Tarsus and foot lilac-blue; claw black at tip, lilac or white at base; 
middle claw turns sharply outward. 

Tail marked by a black band of one-half inch at the tip. 

This bird was at first confounded by me with Halobena cerulea, which, 
in life, it greatly resembles. It was much less common at our station 
than Halobena, none being observed until November 24; is smaller, 
much more pugnacious, and distinguished, on superficial examination, 
by the dark band at the tips of the tail-feathers; Halobena showing a 
white band in the same part. The beak, tarsus, and foot also are lav- 
ender-blue in Pseudoprion, but black in Halobena. 

Pseudoprion burrows near the sea-shore, in lowland, under stones, or 


o4 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


in stony ground. The burrow is similar to that of Halobena, and the 
birds begin to lay at about the same time. Both species being nocturnal 
in their habits, it was difficult to detect any differences between them in 
note or habits; I did not, at least, succeed in doing so. 

I tirst saw this bird at sea, on the way out, about a hundred miles 
southeast of Tristan d’Acunha (South Atlantic Ocean), in July. The 
vV-marking already described is very prominent when the birds are thus 
seen; and their irregularity of flight, using first one wing and then the 
other, with their tendency to fly in flocks, and disregard of the waste 
from the ship’s galley—traits nst common to other petrels—lead to their 
often being mistaken for shore-birds, or, at least, for that class of birds 
which are seldom seen far from land. I did not succeed in absolutely 
identifying any eggs. 

HALOBANA CASRULEA, (Gmn.) Bp. 


‘“ WHALE-BIRD.” 


Procellaria cerulea, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 560, and of authors generally. 
Pachyptila cerulea, Uliger, Prod. 1811, p. 275. 
Halobena cerulea, BONAPARTE, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 193. 
Cougs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, f. 163. 

Procellaria similis, FORSTER, “ic. ined. 86”’; Descr. Anim., ed. Licht. 1844, p. 59. 
Procellaria forsteri, SM1rH, Ill. 8. Afr. B., pl. 54. 

Readily recognized at a glance by the short, square, sharply white-tipped tail. 

There is no difficulty whatever with the specific names of this species; though I sus- 
pect that an expert in the intricacies of nomenclature, on diligently applying himself 
to the case, would discover that a different and probably a new generic name would 
here be admissible, if not actually required. (Zaprium, n.) 

This strongly-specialized bird appears to be rather rare in collections. Before exam- 
ining Dr. Kidder’s specimens, the first received at the Smithsonian, I had only seen it 
in the Philadelphia Academy.—C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 

















eee 

Seaike see ih aes 

[Srealae Shoe 

eel Gs ee irs Remarks. 

lee /3 aus e122 

aes lle 3 | e180 3 oe : ro es te | = 

== =e Wile (cif ob or Raa el A Lach ilo ide Sh bal fe 

jor Ol a cay LO |e tol) eae lea ea ete ea re 

1874. } 

(68924 LY Sept: 16K) (Oa os 50 me Beetle orcrere|| ie winters 150 cea) semen ee ae| ineeee Skin. 

| 68922] 41 | Oct. 24] 9 | 10.75 | 26.25 | 8.25 | 4.60 | 1.15 | 1.60 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 0.25 | Skin (very pale 
coloring). 

68923 | 43 | Oct. 29] 9 | 10.75 | 26.25 | 7.75 | 4.50 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 0.30 | Skin with egg. 

63925 | 63 | Nov..13| 2 | 12.00 | 25.25 | 8.25 | 4.75 | 1.05 | 1.50 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 0.30 Do. 

Yeon 152) | Deer) Emi bryos tess sas heeeer|(caemsri|| Soe) 2 =a sees pee eee Aleohol, in shell. 

ees 1539 PD Ses ail Wo hiring se reqs ote atete mated | te mrmrer = |=m arclesei| 2mm tte eset [ate eee eter Alcohol, 4 week 
old. 

penisole 141 | Dec. 11].--.| 11.00 | 25.85 | 8.50 | 4.50 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.25 | Alcohol. 

Seas 1427 DSCs, Wah V0] RN Gt al errr eatery eeteteseedl eim=tet= i=l] (armies | ola tar [teenie | eet Do. 

Saneer 143s) Dec. 1 | Volunp as: |pee sae eases seca eesae) | s= = alee eel | Saeed eto Do. 

SS aaee |144""| Dee: 11 |“Yojlung.< 4/3). seal Paece alee ec ac tees | vos eto ceo clell See emer ore Do. 

Setar 145 | Dec. 11 . | 11.25 | 27.35 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 1.25 | 1.75 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 0.30 To. 

Seen 1454| Dees Wil) Wohunig 270 ese ee | eeeeirs| Reena eens ewan | Secs eel eee aeetorers|| RAN CONO Le tay OnE ES 
of 145. 












































HALOBZNA CRULEA. 35 


Bill black ; upper mandible sharply hooked, lower much flattened at 
its base. 

Nostrils tubular, divided by a septum, looking upward and placed far 
back on the bill. 

Tris very dark-brown or black ; not visible during life. 

Head slaty-blue on top and at back, shading into paler slate-color at 
the sides. Throat and parts around insertion of bill white, the slate- 
tint nearly meeting, from each side, under the throat. 

Breast, belly, and under parts of wings and tail white; upper surface 
slaty-blue, shading into very dark tint; mottled with brown along prima- 
ries, secondaries, and tertiaries. Narrow white band, of one-half inch, 
at extremity of tail. The dark tint above mentioned runs from the 
carpal joint of either wing downward to the rump, making, when the 
bird is flying, a V-shaped marking, not so distinct, however, in this 
species as in Pseudoprion. 

Tarsus and foet black and scutellated (excepting No. 41, a very pale 
specimen, taken with the egg, in which they were noted as pearl-gray). 

Claws black, the middle claw being turned sbarply outward. 

Upon first landing (September 13), the hill-sides, apparently quite : 


deserted during the day, became at night perfectly alive with these 


birds and a species of Peiscanotdes (P. urinatrix, Gm.), flying irregularly 
about the rocks and hummocks of Azorella, and filling the air with their 
call. The note much resembles the cooing of pigeons, consisting of 
three short notes repeated in rapid succession and followed by two long 
ones, thus: “ kiik-ktk-kitk—c00-c60.” They seemed rarely to fly over 
the water, but to confine themselves to the neighborhood of their bur- 
rows, sometimes alighting and again taking wing—very much as if there 
were legions of bats inhabiting the hill. I never succeeded in satisfy- 
ing myself as to the object of this constant flight during the night, 
although I spent much time in watching them, since, so far as my obser- 
vation extended, there were no night-flying insects whatever upon the 
island, nor did the structure of the stomachs of these birds seem fitted 
to an insect diet. _ 

The burrows are excavated beneath the mounds of an umbelliferous 
plant, which abounds on the Kerguelen hill-side (Azorella selago, Hook. 
fil.), growing in dense masses of often several feet in diameter. The 
holes usually run straight inward for a foot or more, then turn sharply 
to the right or lett, parallel with the hill-side, thence downward, often 
doubling once or twice upon themselves and communicating with other 


36 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


entrances. At the bottom is an enlarged cavity, lined with fine root- 
fibers, twigs, ferns, or leaves of the “ Kerguelen tea” (Accena affinis, Hook. 
fil.), and quite dry. Here the single egg is to be found, always quite 
covered with dry powdered earth or the leaves above mentioned. The 
diameter of the burrows at their entrance is about that of a man’s wrist. 
Limpet and mussel shells were often found near by. Upon our first 
arrival, two birds, male and female, were usually found in each burrow 
during the day. After they began to lay, however, but a single one was 
to be found with the egg, usually, but not always, the female. 

When set free in the day-time, the mode of flight was irregular, as if 
the light were confusing to the bird. They always alighted in the water 
after flying a mile or so. The noise of their calling was incessant dur- 
ing the night, coming quite as often from the burrows as from the air, 
but became much less freauent after the middle of November, from 
which I infer that the call is connected with the season of pairing. 

The egg is white, single, and measures 1.90-2.00 by 1.45-1.55 inches, 
They had probably begun to pair by the time of our arrival (Septem- 
ber 13), and the first egg was found October 23, although doubtless 
they begin to lay earlier. A young bird, covered with slate-colored 
down, was found November 12, and frequently thereafter. 

The traveler who should visit Kerguelen Island only during the day, 
returning to his ship every night, might easily fail to observe the pres- 
ence of these birds at all, since, in the neighborhood of their burrows, 
they are exclusively nocturnal in their habits, being perbaps the very 
latest to appear after night-fall. They are, however, often seen at sea 
during the day, many hundreds of miles from land. 


PELECANOIDES URINATRIX, (@m.) Lacép. 


“ DIVER” and ‘* ———” of the whalers. 


Procellaria urinatriz, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 560. 
Pelecanoides urinatrix, “ Lackp.”, Gray, G. of B. iii, 1849, p. 646. 
Cougs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 190. 
Halodroma urinatrix, ILLIGER, Prod. 1811, p. 274. 
Bonaparte, Consp. Av. ii, 1856, p. 206. 
SCHLEGEL, M. P.-B. 1863, p. 37. 
Puffinuria urinatriz, GOULD, B. Aust. vii, pl. 60. 
Puffinuria garnoti, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 1826, pl. 46; Man. Orn. ii, 1828, p. 394; Tr. 
Orn. 1831, p. 730. 
Pelecanoides garnoti, Gray, G. of B. iii, 1849, p. 646. 
Halodroma garnoti, SCHLEGEL, M. P.-B. 1863, p. 37. 
Procellaria tridactyla, Forst., Deser. An., ed. Licht. 1844, p. —. 


As very strongly intimated in my paper, satisfactory diagnosis of the three currently- 
reported species of this genusis wanting. Nor is my faith in their distinctness increased 





PELECANOIDES URINATRIX. 37 


on finding that these specimens, which from the locality undoubtedly represent the 
original P. urinatriz, are fully up to the dimensions of the supposed larger garnoti, from 
the west coast of South America. Observed variation in the color of the feet, which 
is one point that has been relied upon, lessens the probability of distinctness, especially 
as the ascribed coloration does not coincide in every case with the dimensions. The size 
and proportions of the examples examined, as carefully measured in the flesh by Dr. 
Kidder, warrant me in adducing the garnoti of Lesson as a synonym of wrinatrix ; to 
which I still refrain, however, from adding the berardi of Quoy and Gaimard.—C. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 





























. | 
oe |e 
aais 5 3S 
vei ss ” 8 2 Remarks. 
Sa)38 a = a 2 B 
aol 5 = a = 5 ba} y 
soja; 2 ti) 2) 2 ae hee. | TE Bi Beis. hie 
BSE le o = a m= a om! 
Soe Che In | BES me lve | eg 

a — | 

1874. | 

62929] 2! Sept.19| g'| 8.50 {14.00 |......}...... Hepa eset cheese meee Skin. 
68930) 3] Sept. 19] ¢| 9.90 (14.00 |......]....-- ONZE! Gee lite, 20 | Saar ae | saoe Do. 
rer BES apts) RON er a0 tse 25 eases tee eee ON) kamen mena een eA DEED Do. 
68931) 59| Nov. 9] Q | 7.00 /13.00 | 4.85 | 2.25 | 0.75 | 1.60 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.30 | Skin; ovaries much 


enlarged; 2 ovules 
| nearly ripe. 
-15 13.00 | 4.95 | 2.40 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.25 | Skin; testicles enor- 
| mous, as large as 
sugared almonds. 





68927 | 60! Nov. 9 


Q, 
~2 


60 he 00 





68928 |101 
































Noy. 24| | 7.60 | 4.75 | 1.95 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.25 0. 
JSee5 140| Dec 10]. --| 8.00 |16.35 | 4.75 | 2.05 | 0.80 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.25 | Alcohol. 
eer 148) Dec. 11 |...) 8.25 (15.75 | 4.85 | 2.10 | 0.85 |.-----| 1.10 | 1.05 )-.-... Do. 
eas 172} Dec. 23 |---| 8.00 |16.00 | 5.00 | 1.75 |...-2.] 1.35 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.20 Do. 
Heese 173; Dec. 23 }.--| 8.00 |16.00 | 4.85 | 1.75 | 0.75 | 1.35 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 0.25 Do. 
ae toe 174) Dec. 23 |...|°8.00 |16.25 | 5,00 | 1.85 | 0.75 | 1.35 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.25 Do. 
ee ae 175 Dee. 23 }..-| 8.00 |16.00 | 4.75 | 1.80 | 0.75 | 1.35 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.25 Do. 


| ! 
| H 





Bill generally black; lavender-blue at quadrate basal portion of lower 
mandible. Upper mandible hooked ; both much compressed and flat- 
tened ; square at base. Nostrils placed far back, opening upward by a 
heart-shaped aperture, divided by a longitudinal partition, as if the 
upper half gf a tubular inclosure had been cut off, parallel to its long 





axis. 

Iris ash-colored ; not visible during life, when only the black pupi] 
appears. 

Head blue-black above; throat white. 

Body, upper parts blue-black; throat, breast, belly, and under part of 
tail white. Under down yarn-blue. Skin of belly naked. Plumage 
very fine and close. The body is remarkably large and heavy in pro- 
portion to the length of the wing; the latter being concave, similar to 
that of the quail. First and second primaries equal in length. 

Tarsus and foot are placed very far back, nearly in the axis of the 
body; lavender-blue ; not scutellated ; no rudiment of hind toe. 

Claws black ; middle claw turned outward. 

Tail very short, black above, white below. 








38 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


When the Swatara was endeavoring to land a party at Possession 
Island, the largest of the Crozet group, early in September, I noticed 
frequently a very small diver, which took wing immediately on arising 
to the surface of the water, and after a short flight dived, beneath it 
without first alighting. I suppose this to have been the bird now under 
consideration, although, as will be seen, I failed to verify the fact abso- 
lutely. On the first landing of our party at Kerguelen Island, this bird 
was one of the two most commonly heard at night, and seen fluttering 
about the hillside. Its note is somewhat similar to the mew of a cat, 
with a marked rising inflection of sound. It cannot rise from level 
ground in flight, but, once in the air, flies strongly and rapidly, with a 
rapidly fluttering motion of the wings, very like the flight of the com- 
mon English sparrow. It burrows in the same localities as Halobena, 
digging less deeply and making fewer turns in its burrow, and seems 
to remain therein during the day, being exclusively nocturnal in its 
habits when near its nest. Lays one egg, as large as a pigeon’s, white, 
and not sharply pointed; first found by me December 10. I did not 


succeed in finding any young up to January 10, the date of our depart- 
ure. 


I heard much from the whalers and others of the great diving powers 
of these birds, which their structure certainly seems to indicate, without 
being able to confirm the fact by personal observation. On the night 
of November 23, while I was watching by the sea-shore the actions of 
the birds flitting across the path of the moon’s light upon the water, 
with the purpose of settling this point, one flew close by my ear, with a 
great whirring of wings, from the sea and into the bank behind me. Jt 
could not rise again on the wing, and I captured it, with some difficulty, 
owing to the darkness, as it was making its way back to the water. I 
tied a long, light string to one of its legs, carried it out some yards on 
a plank-walk leading to the tide-gauge, and threw it into the sea. It 
swam well, and could rise from the water in flight, spattering for a long 
way with its wings, like a duck; but made no attempt whatever to dive, 
although much frightened and restrained from flight by the string. The 
experiment was repeated several times with no better success. (Speci- 
men preserved, No. 101.) The stomachs of all the specimens examined 
were found to be empty, and I have no clew therefore from the nature 
of their food. 

There seems to be no reasonable doubt of the diving powers of Pele- 
canoides, however, or that it habitually seeks its food in that way, not- 














APTENODYTES LONGIROSTRIS. 39 


withstanding its failure to exhibit in my presence when absolute identi- 
fication was possible. 

Nove 1.—The Cape Pigeon ( Daption capensis) and Yellow-billed Aiba- 
tross (Diomedea culminata?) have also been seen now and then near the 
shore, but were not found breeding by our party. The former appeared 
on the evening of December 8, near our camp; and I saw it again Jan- 
uary 2, flying to sea from inland, near Prince of Wales Foreland. The 
latter was common along the coast, and occasionally seen in Royal 
Sound. 

Nore 2.—Alecoholic specimens of an undetermined Puffinus are in the 
collection, but have not been examined by Dr. Coues. 


APTENODYTES LONGIROSTRIS, Scop. 
KING PENGUIN. 


Patagonian Penguin, PENNANT, Phil. Trans. lviii, 1768, p. 91, pl. 5, in part. 
Aptenodytes patachonica, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 556, in part. 
LaruaM, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, p. 878, in part. 
Pinguinaria patagonica, SHaAw, Nat. Mise. xi, 1797, p). 409 (nee Forst.). 
Aptenodytes longirostris, SCOPOLI, Sonn. Voy. p. 180, pl. 113. 
Cougs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 193, pl. 5, figs. 5-8 
(osteology ). 
_ Aptenodytes pennantii, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, 315, and of most subsequent autbors.. 
Spheniscus pennantii, SCHLEGEL, M. P.-b. Urin. 1866, 3; De Dier. p. 268, fig. —. 
Aptenodytes rex, Bp., apud Gray. 






































—C. 
List of specimens, with measurements. 
ana | 
gas 
5 4 we 
aa a z 
Sur g Sy = 
Ba ie s 2 | Remarks. 
- : . ~ 
so | B 3 4 a = 3 way | od ¢ Z| 3 |"a 
tS 5 aS ® 4 Sy 3 = ¢ cs = 5 
ec Seeoitcs | a e Be ae a hielwiel boas 
1874. | 
mesons 104 | Nov.26| ¢ 36.00) 31.50°) 12.50) |s--22-) 2.75 )..---.| 1.65 | 3.15 | 1.15 | Skin; lost. 
1875 
Jee 230 | Jan. 4| v 45 50Y son OOwscckeeeliectinde| tas cee seca ce See ce [ata we cleat! ol\ elms 
fe iaterae 231 | Jan. 4| Q 39.50 | 32.50 vette ee e| ieee ee |eee eee | eres ee | ee ee] seen ee | eee: Do. 

















The “wing”-measurement is the length of entire flipper. 

Bill pointed and narrow; upper mandible black; nostrils opening in 
slits which extend nearly its whole length. Lower mandible black 
anteriorly, flesh-colored over posterior half, as if covered with mucous 
membrane. 

Iris bright-brown. 

Head black. Yellow collar from front of throat upward to behind eye, 
narrow at side of neck, pyriform above. Throat black. . 


40 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Body generally black; breast and belly white. Feathers small, 
pointed, and spike-shaped. 

Tarsus and foot black. Tarsus very short. Foot three-toed, webbed, 
and very stout, resembling the foot of a plantigrade animal. Large cal- 4 
losity under heel, upon which and the point of the tail the bird balances | 
itself in standing, the toes not touching the ground. 

Claws black. 

Tail a bunch of bristles, compressed from side to side. 

Tibic are very long, and the skin covered internally by a very thick 





layer of fat. The superficial muscles have numerous and broad attach- | 
ments to the skin internaily. | 
The first specimens oc this penguin found near our station were met 


with on the beach on November 26, having apparently just come out of 
the water. There was but a single pair, both of which were secured, 
one being brought home alive. The other fought so fiercely that I had 
to kill him to get him home. Captain Fuller, of one of the sealing- 
schooners, informed me that skins taken at that time would be worthless, 
as the birds were beginning to moult. I skinned but one of the birds, | 
therefore, and endeavored to keep the other alive, tying it up on the | 
beach with a good long line to its leg. It had received a pretty severe | 
blow on the head while being captured, which may account for a good 
deal of dullness during the first week or so, and for a strong aversion to 
the water which it showed at first. After a time, it brightened up, and j 
would spend a large part of every day at the end of its line, splashing } 
in the water. It finally entangled itself in the sea-weed near the bot- | 
tom, and was drowned during the night (December 16). It slept bolt 
upright, balanced on its heels, swaying back and forth as it breathed, 
and snoring heavily. The neck is very extensible, so much so that the 
bird can stand at least a foot taller when excited than when at rest. It 
will frequently remain for twelve hours standing in the same place, and 
seems to me to be in every way a stupider bird than either Pygoscelis or 
Hudyptes. When thrown down, it raises itself by aid of its beak, press- 
ing the point against a stone. 

December 29, two more were captured on the beach at the other side of 
the point upon which we had settled. Mr. Holmes and I brought them 
alive across the top of the hill, and found it a very laborious undertak- 
ing. I tried to drive my bird; but a very short journey on an up-grade 
entirely exhausted his breath. After two or three attempts, he turned 
about, having made up his mind to fight it out to the last rather than 

















PYGOSCELIS TZENIATA. Al 


try any further. These penguins are muck less active on land than 
other species. 

One was found on the coast, several miles away, on January 2, but I 
saw no eggs or nests. Oaptain Fuller, of the schooner Roswell King, 
informs me that they do breed upon the eastern side of the island, on 
the lowland, but that they build no nests whatever, carrying the egg 
about in a pouch between the legs, and only laying it down for the pur- 
pose of changing it from male to female. I have questioned Captain 
Fuller again upon this subject since my return from the expedition, and 
he asserts that he has verified the fact repeatedly from personal observa- 
tion. The pouch, if there is one, can be no more than a fold of the skin, 
since none was noticed in skinning or measuring the specimens. The 
same story has been told of other penguins (see Pygoscelis). I can only 
say that I have always found Captain Fuller’s statements in other mat- 
ters to be reliable, and look upon him as an unusually careful observer, 
but can add no evidence of my own in this case. 


PYGOSCELIS TAENIATA, (Peale) Coues. 


“JOHNNY” of sealers and whalers. 


Aptenodytes papua, FORSTER, Comm. Soc. Reg. Gott. iii, 1781, p. 140, pl. 3. (Nomen 


ineptum.) 
BONNATERRE, Ency. Méth. i, 1782, p. 67, pl. 17, f. 3. 
GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 556. - 


LatHaM, Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, p. 879. 

VIKILLOT, Gal. Ois. pl. 299. 

Gray, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pl. 25. 
Eudyptes papua, Cassin, Orn. U. 8. Expl. Exped. 1858, p. 264. 

GOULD, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 98. 

Spheniscus papua, SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays- Bas, iii, 1866, p. 5. 
Pygoscelis papua, Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1871, p. —. 
Aptenodytes teniata, PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped. 1848, p. 264. 
Pygoscelis teniata, Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 195. 
Pygoscelis wagleri, SCLATER, P. Z, 8. 1860, p. 392. 


List of specimens, with measurements. 























R2)2 : 
ag| 8 5 
a3|5 lots 
ae) & 3S 3 Remarks. 
Za s < we) 3 un 2 & 
ae) 4 3 = A sb mi eee 3S 
See | 2 E £ Biwaleietin Poet Deate  l  e bse ae ao 
BS ln BP eee H a a|s o & | = 5 
marco | A lal 4 3 Ble ett ay Eth ee post tg 
1874. 
ee 2 208 | Dec. 30} Q | 30.50 | 21.50 | 10.00 | 5.60 | 2.85 | 3.50 | 1.00 | 2.60 | 1.05 | Skin; packed in 
1875. salt. ; 
ese 224 | Jan. 4|...) 29.50 | 22.25 | 9:95 | 6.50 | 3.25 |......] 1.25 | 2.35 | 1.00 | Sei Sex not re 
~-=--/225 |Jam, 4}...) 29.50 | 24.00 | 10.00 | 6.85 | 3.15 | 4.10 | 1.25 | 235 | 0.85 |¢ cote oes Packe 


2 Se SSS He Eee eee eee Eee EEE eee eee EE Ee 


42 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Bill, lower mandible and lower margin of upper mandible brilliant- 
orange; upper portion and tip of upper mandible black. 

Nostrils opening by slits at sides of bill, 1.25 inches from its tip. Bill, 
as a whole, long, narrow, and pointed. 

Head black, excepting an irregularly dumb-bell-shaped white band 
from eye to eye; the narrowest part of the marking being at the back 
and top of the head. 

Tris rich-brown. Pupil lozenge-shaped when contracted. 

Body, belly, breast, and underside of flippers white, the remainder of 
the body being black. The scales on the flippers are more evidently 
rudimentary feathers than in other penguins, the lowermost row being 
tipped with white. The feathers generally are small, pointed, and with- 
out distinct blade, similar to ‘ pin-feathers”. 

Tail compressed from side to side, formed of very stiff quills, and dis- 
posed like the canvas of a tent, the ridge looking upward. 

Tarsus and foot orange-colored, scutellated. 

Claws black. Distinet rudimentary hind toe. 

Cn the arrival of the Swatara at Kerguelen, these birds had already 
begun to lay, and we had their eggs for breakfast on the morning of 
September 10, finding them quite free from any fishy flavor, and, 
although rather insipid, a very acceptable change from sea-diet. ‘The 
fact that when cooked the albuminous portion only partially coagulates 
renders them less inviting in appearance than other eggs; and, prob- 
ably on this account, the custom is to serve only the yelks. Two or 
three of the birds were captured by the boat’s crew which went on shore 
after the eggs, and brought back to the ship, where they created a good 
deal of amusement. When walking away from the spectator, swaying 
from side to side, with flippers hanging well away from the body, they 
bear a ridiculous resemblance to small children just beginning to walk 
who have put on overcoats much too long for them. A rookery was 
found about two miles from our station, which I visited September 16, 
finding many eggs. It is established upon the seaward extremity of a 
high rocky ridge, running nearly parallel with the trend of the shore, 
and abutting upon the sea in lofty bluffs. At the foot of this ridge is a 
little rocky cove, where the penguins land, and beyond the coast becomes 
precipitous, the rocks rising perpendicularly some hundred or more feet. 
Up the very steep inland slope of this hill, thickly overgrown with the 
‘Kerguelen cabbage”* and ‘“tea”,t the penguins have to climb, after 





* Pringlea antiscorbutica. t Acena affinis. 














PYGOSCELIS TANIATA. 43 


crossing a considerable upland meadow. Numerous very distinct paths 
have been worn by successive generations of penguins, until the defiles 
cut in the sod near the sea are, in some cases, as much as four feet in 
depth. The track to a penguin-rookery and their landing-place are 
always marked by a remarkably luxuriant growth of a plant with 
long feathery fronds, belonging to the order Composite.* The tracks 
followed the course of a small stream in this instance, and ascended 
pretty sharp acclivities, steep enough to try one’s wind in following them 
up, until a level plateau was reached on top of the hill. The eggs (which 
were here never more than one to a nest) were laid either in hollows 
between the mounds of Azorella which covered the plateau, or in little 
bare spots scratched on their tops. I did not succeed in verifying the 
statement, constantly re-affirmed by whalers and sealers, that the female 
takes up her egg again into the oviduct, when disturbed, and carries it 
off; but I have seen a female, disturbed from the nest, drop her egg 
again at some yards’ distance when waddling off. I should suppose it 
more probable that she carried it between the thighs (tibize), the struc- 
ture of which makes such a proceeding quite possible. This particular 
rookery had been long known to the sealers, who make their rendezvous 


some ten miles distant, at Three Island Harbor, and who had already 


robbed the nests when we arrived; consequently, the birds had constantly 
been driven higher up the hill and farther inland, until, at the time of 
our coming, they were found nesting fully half a mile from their landing- 
place, and at an elevation of about three hundred feet. The eggs resem- 
ble in size and shape those of a duck, being, as a rule, rather larger. The 
brood from which my specimens were collected must have been at least 
the ninth or tenth laying since the season commenced. At other and 
more distant rookeries, subsequently visited, where the birds had not 
been so often disturbed, they were found to lay nearer the coast, and, as 
a rule, two young were found to each old bird. Singularly enough, one 
of these was always well-grown, apparently from one to two months 
old, while the other had just been hatched or was still in the egg. It 
must, consequently, be the practice of these birds to rear two broods in 
a season, keeping both in the nest at the same time. No other birds 
lay among or near them; and it seems quite impossible that the alba- 
tross should do so in any locality, as has been made evident in describ- 
ing the nest of that bird. 

Perhaps one hundred and fifty individuals were to be seen at a time 


* Leptinella plumosa. 


44 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


at the rookery near us, standing gravely together for hours and doin g 
nothing, as is their custom; but asmall proportion being nesting females. 
Probably half as many more, in companies of twenty or so, were labori- 
ously toiling up the steep paths from the sea. So long and difficult a 
journey seems strange enough, undertaken by birds so slow of locomo- 
tion as penguins. But members of this species at least are by no means 
slow in getting over the ground, and, although they do not unfrequently 
fall upon their bellies, they are prompt in picking themselves up again, 
and seem to look upon such falls as a natural part of their progress. 
They do not at all find it necessary to drag themselves up a gentle slope 
on their bellies by the aid of flipper and beak, as has been stated. 

No living thing that I ever saw expresses so graphically a state of 
hurry as @ penguin when trying to escape. Its neck is stretched out, 
flippers whirring like the sails of a wind-mill, and body wagging trom 
side to side, as its short legs make stumbling and frantic efforts to get 
over the ground. There is such an expression of anxiety written all 
over the bird; it picks itself up from every fall and stumbles again with 
such an air of having an armful of bundles, that it escapes capture quite 
as often by the laughter of the pursuer as by its own really considerable 
speed. 

On the 3d of December, near the landing-cove already mentioned, 
about the time of hatching, I observed a school of these penguins pro- 
gressing by leaps clear of the water; one following another in so rapid 
succession that two or three were always in the air, and with a motion | 
so like that of a school of porpoises, that I at first took them for those 
marine mammals. In the water, indeed, all awkwardness at once dis- 
appears; their speed in swimming being almost incredible, and surpass- 
ing, of course, that of the fish upon which they feed. 

December 4, I found one young penguin just hatched and three more 
still in the eggs, which they had broken with their beaks. As already 
stated, however, this rookery was very much behind time, and I knowof a 
young penguin having been captured as early as October 12. The young 
were covered with soft, hairy, pearl-gray down. Head black abeve and 
behind; bill flesh-colored; feet black on the soles and flesh-colored 
above. (Original numbers 119, 120, 121, and 122. 




















EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHA ? A5 


. 


EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHA? Brandt. 
Rock-HOPPER. 


? Ludyptes chrysolopha, BRANDT, Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. ii, 324. 
SCHLEGEL, M. P.-B. Urin., p.7. 
CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 204. 


The specimens collected by Dr. Kidder seem to agree better with chrysolopha than 
with chrysocome, in the lighter and more bluish shade of the upper parts, weaker Dill 
and general elongation of the coronal feathers; although the yellow plumes on cach 
side of the head are neither so long nor so brightly colored as in the Philadelphia 
Academy’s specimen, upon which my actual knowledge of chrysolopha rests. I am stili 
of opinion that difficulty will be found in establishing the supposed species upon a sat- 


isfactory basis.—C. : 
List of specimens, with measurements. 














wa; 2 fe 

fe) & 3 | 4 

eae € © Remarks, 

Sail, a 43 H a ° a 

Bo) |. Y 4 i . x Ss > 

S25] ¢ Bea si) Bh ar aay ARO a al aretha el a 9 

ae cs = is R I pe S = 2 a = 5 

wa ° AQ |wal 4 A aH a) & dH a 4 

1874. 

ae 50 | Nov. 1] of | 22.00 | 16.00 3.50 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 1.15 | 2.00 |......| Skin; afterward 
lost. 

Fe EDU ENOVe Lice 2es00) |) 18.00 Oe Meal meets eel nee tae |fore stokes eto se ell ee eiasel clnersiel Do. 

ee 186 | Dec. 23} 2 | 23.85 | 15.50 | *6.50 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 2.75 | 0.85 | 2.15 | 0.75 | Skin; preserved 
in salt. 

Soros 202 | Dec. 27; 2 | 23.00 | 16.00 | *6.50 | 5.25 | 1.75 | 2.85 | 1.00 | 2.60 | 0.75 Do. 

1875. 

eee 223 | Jan. 4] 9 | 23.00 | 16.00 | *6.50 | 5.25 | 1.75 | 2.80 | 1.00 | 2.65 | 0.75 Do. 

Bosal Acie | teats) Va | eel ews eed osasec geese | bac citieteeigelec es | sh ctee litte slcsesee | Skins, Not meas- 
ured. 

Ba ad 2 NTaBN c MeUnM ate | | rerero eta |hei=!pstarabeslisimicieis=)| eein arate |stats nal ao aie ernil ciate 3 [os arts |\etaosas Do. 

etna ean (eel eae o-\| nastier Ecce ie isaa seen esas | tee et | ecm attests elites tere (Bh Sor Do. 

pears CSUN e435 |[a nein mae a2 | ecisie a cilaeemics saci leeeee||ste oscilla eicel|c sean Do. 









































* Whole length of flipper. 


Bill conical, orange. Nostrils not apparent. 

Tris. deep-pink. 

Head black; crested by a broad horizontal layer of feathers, directed 
backward, and radiating from insertion. The marginal plumes, lying 
just above each eye, are mustard-yellow, those in the center being black. 
Tongue strong and pointed, furnished with five longitudinal rows of 
teeth, the palate being supplied with four. 

Body, throat and belly white; nape and back blackish; the dividing 
line between the colors running through the insertion of the flippers. 

Tail spike-shaped, flattened from side to side. 

Tarsus short and stout; “skin” white. Foot same color; three toes 
palmate ; hallux rudimentary, black on plantar surface. 

Eggs two, white; one generally larger than the other. 


A6 BIRDS OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


These brave little penguins had established a large rookery not more 
than two miles from our station, where I found them nesting on the 7th 
of December. They had begun to appear along the coast early in 
November ; two of them having been captured and skinned on the Ist 
of that month. Probably, they begin to lay about the first of December. 
The rookery above mentioned was established among the loose rocks, 
from the crevices of which a coarse grass (Festuca) grew abundantly, 
just where the débris from the precipice above makes a sort of steep 
‘‘Jean-to” against its side, and sloping sharply into the sea. The nests 
are rather more distinct than those of Pygoscelis, and most of them were 
lined with dried grass. Each contained two white eggs, of which one 
was usually larger than the other; and both birds were, as a rule, by 
each nest. Whether one hunts to feed the other or not, I cannot say. 
A small flock came in from sea while I was present, announcing their 
arrival by a single shrill whistle, frequently repeated, and answered from 
the shore. They were wonderfully courageous, erecting their sulphur- 
colored plumes, and trembling all over with excitement on my approach, 
while they kept up a strident cackling that was almost deafening. Al- 
though knocked off their nests and down over the steep rocks for often 
twelve or fifteen feet, they would pick themselves up and scramble back 
again with unabated courage, threatening, and even biting sharply, to 
the very last. I suppose that the thick layer of fat beneath the skin, 
particularly abundant in this species at this time, serves as a protection 
against the hard knocks which they frequently get in falling from the 
rocks; no ordinary fall seeming to have the least effect upon them. 
They seem to dread far more the attacks of their neighbors, which harry 
them from almost every crevice as soon as they leave their own proper 
nest. The whaler’s epithet ‘ rock-hopper” is in this case particularly 
well applied, since they are the most agile of all penguins, skipping 
from rock to rock, climbing very steep inclined surfaces, and getting 
over the ground with great speed. It is worthy of notice that these pen- 
guins always hop, using both feet at a time like a sparrow, and never 
walk, as do other genera. Cormorants and Chionis were their nearest 
and most friendly neighbors, particularly the latter. As soon as one is 
knocked off its nest, its mate immediately covers the egg, showing the 
same anxiety and courage. No eggs had been hatched so late as Janu- 
ary 4, the date of my last visit to the rookery. 

The apparent widening of the cheeks, caused by the erectile plumes 
and the position of the feathers below them, with the plumes themselves, 


Shee 

















EUDYPTES DIADEMATUS. 47 


looking not unlike “whiskers” on a front view, have given rise to the 
name ‘“sea-cats”, occasionally applied to these birds. 

On January 19, being then at sea, in latitude 39° 28’ south, longitude 
64° 33/ east, and fully six hundred miles from the nearest land, a small 
penguin, supposed then to be one of this species in poor plumage, was ° 
observed following the ship. It seemed to mistake the ship (Mononga. 
hela) for an island, and swam around it nearly all day, trying to find a 
landing-place, the wind being light, and the ship going from two and a 
half to three knots through the water. We had thus an excellent oppor- 
tunity to observe from above the penguin’s manner and great facility in 
swimming. It always dives when intending to swim with speed, and 
uses its flippers with great effect, looking precisely like a fish—a small 
shark, perhaps. It had not the slightest difficulty in keeping up with us. 


EUDYPTES DIADEMATOS, Gould. 
‘6 MACCARONI.” 


Bud uptes diadematus, GOULD, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 419. 
SCHLEGEL, Urin. M. P.-B., ix livr. 1866, p. 8. 
CoueEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 206. 


_ A fragment of skin, from a characteristic spot (top of the head), enables me to iden- 
tify the species as an inhabitant of Kerguelen’s Land.—C. 

These penguins nest upon Kerguelen Island, as I am informed, but 
not upon that part selected by our party as an observing-station ; nor 
have I any other specimens than a scalp, brought me as a present from 
Heard’s Island by one of the elephant-sealers. It appears, however, 
that they do not differ materially in habits from H. chrysolopha, choosing 
the same localities for nesting, and progressing by the same hopping 
galt. 

















BN DE xX, 


Page 
A. 
ACHNS ats). 2 seee~ lel ne) -'~ = = 36, 42 
AMstrelata desolata ....-----..----- 32 
priséa .-----~----------- 28 
inexpectata ....-..------ 28 
Net denies se sceiacies so ss 28, 29 
habits, etc. ..--.-- 29 
FesSOnieey= =e aciite Sanne 27 
habits, etc. ...--- 28 
PaTATMOSS ease e a < « atnyaimis ia /oy ees 19 
SOUR Ge CSon ane aoe se soeueT 21 
yellow-billed...--......-..- 39 
Aptenodytes longirostris.......---- 21,39 
habits, etc. 39, 40 
patachonica-_-..------ 39 
pennantiis.2225,--25.- 39 
NOU eee eles oo 
CBNVAA cn eelin- = === 41 
TOXM sha spies ee ene Se 39 
Azorella selago.--..+--.---------6, 26, 35 
B. 
Su ONG-DLOAKOL” « <cic cise acre secs oc 23 
Buphagus antarcticus ...-..-...--.- 9 
skua antarcticus .--..-.. 9 
C. 
Cabbage, Kerguglen..---..----.--- Vil 
ME POM DISCO a\sis onic elas Gink = aera 39 
Chionis.minor.--....-...---.-----. 46 
description —-----)-.-- 1 
habits; ete. 2-2. .-6.- 2,9 
IMGCESLING =o) ee eames 2 
NECLOPHAG ao o2\ 252 see 3 
Clupeilarus antipodum...--. Bae 14 
vérreauxi ......-..--- 14 
ACLOLES IE eg es a t Se cate 29 
Cormorant, caruncled /2:-..--2----- - 7, 46 
moues, Or hi iOtta=-oc2c sess cmc sl v,ix 
ierozet Islands: ...:c.--.--.---- vil, 15, 38 
BEREAPOTP ONG: 2)5-co o'er meepanee sei vii 
De i 
Bee OHION-ALDUM. 2620). ceew scence’ 27 
CADONSIS soe saen lena 39 
CesOlabUS sacciceuese eee S. oz 


4 


Page, 
Diomedea,albatrus----..---- .o22.. 19 
AAUSHA ce csawes eee ees 19 
BNbtALChI CAs se see eer ce 21 
Cullminatams --0 eee ses 39 
ORUMIANS yar creroeyetorewinen severe 19 
fOli@inOsajsses saes- shee 21 
PUSCArsdceco eee EYES 21 
palpebrata.:......25..--2 21 
spadiceas:2suloeos 28! pS EPeiL 
Dominicanus antipodum ..-....---. 14 
AZAD. 55-2 oss seloclee < 3 
APUZel. 555 FISPS ISAS 2 3 
pelagicuss2-e2255.55- 13 
Verreauxl «22. 6025-- 14 
VObulais. aiceec sees 5 13 
VOCIfeLUS tae <5 sae nine 13 
HD) Taye tea leper orate mere ete alat ster vil 
E. 
Eaton, Rev. A. B.....-.. viii, 2, 4, 28, 29, 31 
Embryonopsis halticella.......-.-- viii 
English transit-party.......---.-.- viil, ix 
Eudyptes chrysolopha........---.-- 45, 46 
echrysocomessa4---s==s— 45 
Gizdemabus)sssee= ee 47 
PapUaysse sees eee Al 
F, 
HMamilies wis trols ecrsce see 1X 
Mestued, COOKS oaeetatee cecal aie ctoe 12, 46 
Huller, Capty Jc Js--o--sjseoee 4, 26, 40, 41 
G. 
“Gazelle,” N.G. frigate -.......-.. a Arata 
German transit-party..----..------ Vili, ix 
Graculus carunculatus...--.....--. 7 
habits, ete -- 8 
Gull, southern black-backed..---.- 13 
Ee 
Halobeena cermleaicsccescslecse asa 30, 34 
habits, etc.-..--- 35 
Halodroma urinatrix....-....---- : 36 
PALM OMe seas oleae == 36 
FT OLMeS wane ascetsaiets te rseiete lean = vii, 40 
Hooker rsd. Diss itseacetcans'n 30 


50 


Huesker WD rs secretes acre eee vili 
Hlundsyisland@eeeertteeeeec aces 47 
Hydrochelidon albistriata.....--.- 17 
Je 
SOM Cases eee i teaali=7 eerie = 41 
L. 
Larus antarcticus ..........------- 14 
ADU OCUIM ce elm oie einstein 14 
RZ BEED os cies scion heres mmeeias iS: 
CAPeNSIS2.-2.5--seueeeeec-— = 14 
Gominicanus -2ceeneeoees ose 13 
habits, ete..-.-..-. 15 
TUSCUStscue ch C cee eee merce ees 14 
littoralis:.....-<. Raisers aes 14 
VTEC ARTs weaves eee mera ate 14 
ViOUU Aine ero asebtcleserstomeieloes 13 
Leptinella plumosa.......-.------- 43 
HVGSLLIS eee oss e te ecRs Sues Roce ements 4 
ANUALCHICUSeec-eacieetis- ele 9 
Cabarractes:.2-2mi-scc~- soe 9 
CatarEnactesees. yoni. ois eet 13 
M. 
“‘ Maccaroni” penguin....--....... 47 
Macrocystis pyrifera..........----- 18 
Majaqueus equinoctialis.-.......-- 11 


description 25 
habits, ete. 26 
“Monongahela,” U. S. ship-.-.-ix, 11, 20, 47 


Mutton birds =e. secer eee cw e 26, 27 
N. 

Nanmann Drees see - sees soarecrs Vili 
LON ely 778 os oe ee ee eee ecetee 23 
O. 

Oceanites oceanica........--..---- 30 

WiHlSODd 2. oe vdveetee 30 
(strelata. See Astrelata. 
Ossifraga gigantea ....---..-.--.-- 2 
habits, etc...... 24 
RP. 

Paclhryptila cerdlea ..-.---..6.2..< 34 

“Pad diy, ”awihtteasaaenysaelsoeeminis see 
Patagonian penguin ......-...----. 39 
‘OP G6-all Vea estceeiem eiela Siete elelaaie 21 
Pelecanoides garnoti .....---.------ 36 
ULI AEX epee ao 35, 386 
Pelecanus carunculatus -...-.---.--- a 
cinrhatiseecvsseet = oe. 7 
Pelodes albistriatal os. c2escee--e—= 7 
Ren cuin, Kime ses as. sce eese eer 39 


Retrel, < Kiddens? 22 sen. eey-ceriee =< 29 
“ white-headed”........-.- 27 





Petrel, ‘ Wilson’s stormy” ......... 30 
Pheebetria fuliginosa.. ..........-.- 20 
habits, ete -- - 22 


Pigeon, ‘‘isore-eyed 7 erss-c-eeeeee 1 
Pinguinaria patachonica........-.- 39 
Pringlea antiscorbutica.......-.-.-- 42 
Priofinus #quinoctialis....-..----- 25 
Prionidesolataie... s-osee-seeeoe eee 32 
Procellaria s#quinoctialis.......... 25 
alba, 2.2 s.dessseeerse ewe 27 
caerulea 2s eee eee : 34 
desolatar..2.20 2 se se.ce 32 
forsteri O25. 522k soa 34 
Gigantea =-2 2. -ssee = 23 
OTISE Beste ai celts 28 
lessONt 32-52 seetjoecses 27 
Jeucocephala ......---. 27 
AUVENS 2b. bs sea e 28 
MOLES =e = akisle = steecees 3l 
habits, etc ..-... - 32 
DITA So hac c settee 25 
oceanica-s--- 7. o-=\4=. 30 
Ossifta ga ase sca seene- 23 
pelagica2s: 2c. --2-'=-- 30) 30 
SIMMS ss sh Sees oe ose 34 
tridactylarese:s ssc 36 
Unicolorze sees soos. Se 28 
UTINAtLiE 23-2. ee 36 
Warlegatal. <2. coe 27 
wilsoni -3tet. ces meee 30 
Pseudoprion banksii-.--..- oeees scene 32 
Gesolatus=+ eset eee SOO 
habits, ete. - - 33 
PuUfiNUs 22 2 vere S ewes eee cee 27539 
capitis bonz-spei .-.--. -- 5 25 
Garnoti -- ce oe wees eee 36 
UEIMAtri Xe e eee ee 36 
Pygoscelis papua.....-----.------ : 41 
tONAAs see wee mente 41 
habits, etc..----. 42, 46 
Pygoscelis wagleri .-.-....---.---- AL 
Q. 
‘“‘Quebrantehues0s”..-....---- s==< 23 
Querquedula eatoni...-...-------- 4,5 
habits, etc..-.. - 6 
R. 
Rhantistes lessoni...--...-.------ : ai 
“Rock- hopper ”penguin..-.-.----- 9, 45 
Ross; Mis-fe seen eae a= eset rece eg VAOUL 
Russell) Mreseey emcee aemieeeio= = 2 


Ryan, Commander ...-.-.--------- 








51 

















’ Page. Page. 
F S. 4 Peroniep Ree ae sence. eis a 0 26 
ae a BOS SS ca eee a ae es “Swatara,” U.S.ship --.-...vii, ix, 38, 42 
BaR Cal c= nic, 6 ve <oee ee 
ped-nyMph” . ss. ceeoeseeeme sac 31 T. 
“ Sea-hen ” ot Le eS 9 Table Bay Neale leaky hte wie deste ori eile) 15 
ete en heal R acon se ere ee see ees 4 
Shag (see, also, Graculus)..---.---- zh 
eric, Nir... <4 cue eee fe | here, wreatled 2-1-2 saan. 22 c= 2. 17 
Sheath-bill (see, also, Chionis)...-.-.. 1 Thallassadroma poe ep aate 31 
kta, SOUtHErN Doce aes toe decee << = 9 sees See Shay eS 
Bpheniscus: papus-.22 -seec--2-- -- 41 ee hep 
: 2 1 eee 39 | Three Island Harbor.......--..---- 43 
Stanley, Mr viii, 9, 10. 11, 23 Train, Lieut. Commander. ...... vii, 10, 20 
p Sab ence seer ecen sen ey ? ? ‘ ) : : 
Stercorarius catarrhactes..---...:- 9 Tristan d@’Acunha......--....-...- E 34 
antarcticus....-.--.-. 9 : W. 
cerns al bistriataecc. 2... <<.cs.< Datos Wales birdie’ fee ce See eee 32, 34 
IRCA Rein sa 5 a5 wane 17 Z.. 
habits ete... ....,<s US) | PAM ee ey cater sein cS cls, race e 34 
o 
2 














Department of the Butferior: 
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ni a! 
BULLETIN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


No. 3. 


PUBLISHED UNDER ''HE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1876. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


This work is the third of a series of papers intended to illustrate the 
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 
1846. | 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. 

JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, Februury, 1876, 











CONTRIBUTIONS 


TO THE 


NATURAL HISTORY 


OF 


KERGUELEN ISLAND, 


MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE UNITED STATES TRANSIT-OF-VENUS 
EXPEDITION, 1874-76. 


BY 


Pare ie) DER. Me D:, 


PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEON U. S. NAVY. 


at. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1876. 





oe ee 
ie 


~ bil 
oe 











TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


SEMIN Oe teit cats sao 6 kia cele dc daainia ddicesslecias ctedcelscscce eecesccaccsaeSerwssuies 
TOG Vane tae caeic okie Sian cos we eemsisdes Sumtasins Saad se Steicdscd weeeleccciee 
EN Yate MEN cies earns Se acre a oem are Sete eee ceeenicic ales ooemle isto enerone 
eal OMG Gp perreyere teterer ss iaiate Seats alc cies! sicic ate a See lisin/w Sysiayslonsinioiays sis cinGelewwisioin hacia cekuewice 
BOTEAUVINTONT ES er tape ares ta: oo a1o ol niki ays arocs 2 Sia nioisietetare SiS Sele o/atatotie aca bisiSelarceicinaeeeremats 


ECHINODERMS........- ah ese SU eee ao oer a eae Seance meee ee clenele eee. 
UNITE) 7 Ate ial a oe rer yn cia svc cincniais ee sinte sine Seay eewims lee sone specisaciee sac 
PANE BHINIID ERGs = eee cls one emote ee ie ea aictelan Soret bis ee Siesta Ge cmlecmisiiseewenoseacescis s 
SRUDYOLICHIONIS! MINOR) sacs vorcsicic fice os ce celscne eset ecce cca sccsmscaeene 




















PREFACE. 


This bulletin embodies the results of an examination of the eggs con- 
tained in my collection, the identification of the plants by the various 
specialists to whom they had been sent and the determinations of the 
remainder of the zodlogical collections from Kerguelen Island. The 
appendix contains a brief description of the collections of Surg. E. 
Kersbner, U. 8S. N., in the Chatham and Auckland Islands and in New 
Zealand ; and of Mr. I. Russell, in New Zealand. 

The unknown young bird, supposed to be a Puffinus (Bull. No. 2, pp. 
26 and 27), proves to belong to Mistrelata lessoni; aud many of the 
eggs, being new to museums, present points of greater or less scientific 
interest. 

The botany of Kerguelen Island had already, as is well known, been 


_very thoroughly studied by Dr. J. D. Hooker, ii connection with Sir 


James Clarke Ross’ Antarctic Expedition (183941). His great mono- 
graph upon this branch of natural history, the Flora Antarctica, has left 
little for the botanical collector to do in that field, and, magnificently 
illustrated as it is, was of constant service to me while on the island. 
But seventeen flowering-plants are included in the collection, belonging 
to eleven natural orders; four of these being grasses. Three varieties 
of Ranunculus are added to Dr. Hooker’s list, while two Phenogams 
attributed by him to the locality (a Juncus and Limosella aquatica) 
were not found. Since, however, this distinguished observer did not 
have an opportunity of visiting the island during the season of flower- 
ing, many of these specimens have their weight in determining points 
which still remained doubtful in his mind; notably with regard to 
Lyaltia Kerguelensis. 

Other plants not heretofore attributed to this locality are: Polypodiwm 
vulgare, P. (Grammitis) australe, and Cistopteris fragilis, among Ferns; 
Grimmia frondosa (new species) and G. kidderi (uew species), among 
Mosses; D’Urvillea harveyi, Rhodomela gaimardi, Calithamnion ptilota, 
and Codium adherens, among Sea Weeds; and Pannaria taylori, P. glau- 
cella, Placodium bicolor, and Urecolina (new genus) kerguelensis among 
Lichens. 


6 PREFACE. 


The zodlogical collections, although comparatively smail, contain an 
unusual number of new genera and species, notably in molluscs, insects, 
crustaceans, and echinoderms. Descriptions of these have been fur- 
nished by Profs. Verrill, S. I. Smith, Dall, Hagen, and Osten-Sacken, 
and will be found under the appropriate headings. Thanks are due to 
these gentlemen and to others whose co-operation has added much to 
the scientific value of this report. 

The Bulletin concludes with a study of Chionis minor, an unique and 
little-known bird, with an attempt to establish its proper position in 
classification. a 

d. Honk: 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 

Washington, D. C., November 1875. 








nk st ate sete hn ON rte ip Ota BN Oe eg ang oe 











OOM OrGyY, «ELT... 


By J. H. KippER AND ELLIOTT COURs. 


CHIONIS MINOR, Haritl. (p. 1.)* 


Lays two or three eggs, differing much in color (auct. Rev. A. E. 
Eaton), about January 10, in the crevices formed by fallen rocks. The 
nest is made of grass-stems (auct. Capt. J. J. Fuller, not seen by J. 
H. K.). But a single specimen was preserved, given by the Rev. Mr. 
Eaton, and this was badly broken, but has been mended upon a plaster 
model. The specimen is regularly oval in shape, like a rather small 
and narrow hen’s egg. Seen under a Jens, the outermost calcareous 
layer appears to be deposited in an irregular net-work, upon a sub- 
stratum of dark slate-color. The shell is thick and of coarse texture. 
The superficial markings include several shades of dark sepia-brown, 


_ disposed in irregular blotches, but arranged, for the most part, longitu- 


dinally. These blotches are more plentiful and closely aggregated 
about the thickest part of the egg than at either end, and overlie a 
general café au lait tint, which proves, under the lens, to be due to the 
appearance of the dark substratum above mentioned, through the 
minute areolation of the outer calcareous layer. The measurements 
are as follows :— 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 
245 2.28 X 1.48 


QUERQUEDULA EATONI, Sharpe. (p. 4.) 


Lays four or five eggs, about November 15, in a deep hemispher- 
ical nest, excavated in the ground, generally near the water, well 





* This reference and others like it, placed after the name-headings, refer to a previous 
eport upon the Birds of Kerguelen Island by Dr. J. H. Kidder, U.S. N., Bull. Nat. 
Mus., No. 2, 1875. 

Measurements of eggs are in English inches and decimals. The lengthwise and cross- 
wise diameters, and, in some cases, the corresponding circumferences, are the dimen- 
sions given. 

The structure of the egg-shell is described as it appears under a Tolles’ }-inch triplet. 

7 


8 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


concealed by grass, and lined with feathers from the breast of the old 
bird. The eggs vary in shape from a regular ovoid to an ellipsoid, and 
differ considerably in size. The shell is thin, smooth (as usual in this 
family), and compactly homogeneous in structure, showing under the 
lens only very shallow linear depressions. Color is a uniform pale 
olive-green. Measurements are as follows, the braces including speci- 


mens found together in a single nest : — 














Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. Remarks. 
17179 1234 1.80 x 1.35 |) 
17180 123b 2.00 x 1. 40 
17181 123¢ 2.10 X 1.42 | >Set. No. 1. 
17182 123d 2.18 x 1.45 
17183 123¢ 2 LO OT ao Tes) 
17175 154a 1.90 x 1.40 
17176 154b 2.18 x 1.50 | 
17177 154e 2:00, % 50 [iene cial 
17178 154d 2.08 X 1.49 








GRACULUS CARUNCULATUS, (Gm.). (p: 7) 


Eggs are two or three in number, first found November 5. Nests are 
built on rocky shelves in the precipitous faces of cliffs overlooking the 
sea. The base of the nest is built up to a considerable height, some- 
times as much as two feet, and is composed of mud, excrement, and 
decaying vegetable-matter. Upon this pedestal are arranged blades of 
grass, inclosing a cup-shaped cavity some ten inches across. It would 
seem that the old nests are used year after year; a pew layer being 
added each season, so that they differ considerably in height. In shape, 
the eggs are long sharply-pointed ovoids. The structure of the shell is 
coarsely granular, and the color is an uniform pale green. Externally, 
there is the usual considerable calcareous deposit, which appears under 
the lens to be structureless, chalky, and disposed in masses of unequal 
thickness. It is here and there striated, wrinkled, or otherwise marked, 
as if deposited in a soft state, and afterward hardened by exposure to 
the air, leaving the shell proper partly exposed, especially about the 


smaller end. 





OOLOGY. 9 


The measurements are as follows :— 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. Remarks. 

17195 72a 2.45 X 1.53 } 

17195 72b 2.40 xX 1.57 | Set No. 1. 
17195 726 2.59 x 1.57 i 

17196 73a 2.60 x 1.62 su a 
17196 73 2.50 X 1.58 

17197 74a DrAli se We oar Beer: 
17197 74d 2.58 X 1.58 f 


Young.—In addition to the remarks already given upon the young of 
this bird by Dr. Kidder in his previous paper, the following facts are 
of interest: Much of the under mandible is pale bluish, the chin yel- 
lowish, with a transverse line of demarkation from corner to corner of 
the mouth, the color being sharply defined against the general blackish 
hue of the body. The horny tip of the bill is light-colored, as is usual, 
and the bill otherwise very soft. The aperture of the eye is extremely 
small; lids light-colored. The wings show the very tardy development 
noticed by Dr. K. in the case of the legs, being extremely small and 


soft. Another specimen, some eight or ten inches long, shows the same 


yellowish color of the pouch, abruptly defined against the blackness of 
the throat; the eyelids being, however, entirely dark. The wings and 
legs exhibit the same evidence of very tardy development. 


BUPHAGUS SKUA ANTARCTICUS, (Less.) Coues. (p. 9.) 


The nests are shallow cavities in the long grass, sparingly lined with 
grass-stems, and always situated in a dry spot. Eggs are only two in 
number in the four instances observed ; first found November 17. A 
single egg was found December 20 in a nest robbed December 3. The 
shape is a very broad ovoid, tapering rapidly to a sharp point. Shell 
is brittle and of loose texture, being composed of irregularly prismatic 
bodies set side by side perpendicularly to the surface. Externally it is 
coarsely granular. Color is dark olive-drab, marked superficially by: 
irregular blotches of Vandyke-brown. Deeper markings appear as 
blotches of dark bluish stone-color. The blotches are more plentiful 
over the butt-end. Those of the same nest agree generally in color, but 
different clutches show considerabie variety of tint. Nos. 134 a and 3d, 
(original number) for example, are generally of a pale olive-gray, and 
the blotches are scarcely deeper in hue than dirty Indian-yellow. 


10 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND 


The measurements are as follows :— 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. Remarks. 
11l7a 2.80 X 2.15 i) eed 
1175 2.91 x 2.18 (Pe ae embryos. 
17150 1344 2.85 X 2.00 ‘ ; 
17150 134D DyO EG e OoU (rs tea ae 
17149 200 2.70 X 2.10 Second laying. 





Nos. 117 a and b, containing embryos, have been sent to Prof. E. 8S 
Morse for examination. 


LARUS DOMINICANUS, Vieill. (p. 13.) 


Nests are built of grass and sea-weed, near the sea, and are gener- 
aliy wet within. Eggs are three in number, and in shape a pointed 
ovoid, approaching to pyramidal. The shell is rather stout, brittle, and 
composed of two distinct layers of about equal thickness. The external 
layer is coarsely granular in texture, roughly mammillated superficially, 
and of a dark olive-drab color, blotched by irregular spots of different 
tints, Vandyke-brown, sepia, slate-color, and brownish-yellow. The slaty 
markings are within the shell, the others on the surface. As in the 
case of Buphagus, those of the same nest are generally similar in mark- 
ing, while those of different nests show considerable variety of hue. 
The internal layer of the shell is closer in texture, of a pale apple-green 
color, and shows under the lens innumerable small whitish trapezoidal 
columns set transversely to the surface, in a matrix of a pale-green 
homogeneous basis-substance. The blotches are more closely aggregated 
at the large end of the egg than elsewhere, and vary in shade accord- 
ing to their situation, superficial or deep. Some specimens of these 
eggs are not distinguishable with certainty from those of northern 
gulls—Larus argentatus for example. 

The measurements are as follows :— 








Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. Remarks. 
17151 199a 2.93 x 1.90 | 
17152 1995 2.87 X 1.92 Set No. 1. 
17153 199¢ 2.75 X 1.85 J 
17154 201a 2.58 X 1.98 | 
17155 2016 2.53 X 1.92 fick No. 2. 


17156 201¢ 2.58 x 2. 00 











| 
} 
i 
| 


| 








OOLOGY. 11 


The young, a few days old, have the bill black, with yellow tip, the 
feet dull blackish, webs partly dull whitish. The general plumage is 
black, mottled with yellowish-brown, muci paler, inclining to white, 
below, as usual in this family of gulls. 

In embryos about to be hatched, the bill and feet are nearly colorless; 
the former somewhat mottled with black. The general plumage, so far 
as it can be determined from wet preparations, is much as has been 
already described. 

STERNA VITTATA, Gm. (p. 17.) 

The single egg is laid on high and broken ground, usually under the 
lee of a tuft of grass, and with little or no preparation. First found 
November 7. The shell is thin, elastic, and finely granular in texture, 
of general olive-green color. The ground-color varies widely, as usual 
in this family of birds, from rather clear green, with a suspicion of drab, 
to a decided brownish drab. Superficial markings are chocolate-brown 
of several shades, disposed in irregular spots and blotches, rather more 
thickly crowded toward the larger end. Deep markings show various 
shades of bluish slate-color, according to the thickness of the overlying 
deposit. The shape of the egg is a regular ovoid, and the measurements 


are as tollows:— 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 
17188 61 1.78 x 1.22 
17187 75 1. 82 X 1.29 
17184 76 1.82 X 1.27 
17185 77 1.83 X 1.30 
17186 738 1.75 X 1.23 
17189 96 1.85 Xx 1.20 

97 1,80 X 1.25 
NO ale 








The young, when first fledged, is yellowish-brown, spotted irregularly 
with black; its bill, toes, and tarsus dirty-orange, blackening toward 
tips. Later, the colors grow darker, feet and tarsi becoming orange- 
red. It is as large as a chick, and very unlike the old bird in marking 
and general appearance. Specimens of the embryos have been sent to 


_ Professor Morse for examination. 


DIOMEDEA EXULANS, Linn. (p. 19.) 


Nests are on tall mounds, built up of grass to the height of two or 
more feet from the ground, and, being of different heights, seem to have 


12 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


been used again and added to year after year. The egg is single, ellip- 
tical in longitudinal section, and but slightly thicker at the large than 
at the small end. Only occasional specimens tend somewhat to the 
ovoid form. The shell is white, of loose granular texture and roughly 
mammillated surface. There are no markings beneath the superficial 
calcareous layer, and the spots which appear on this seem to be adven- 
titious stains from the secretions of the oviduct, or accidental soiling 
after extrusion. Some specimens show a reddish stain upon the larger 
end, probably dried blood, since it is readily washed off. 
The measurements are as follows :— 








Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Length. | Width. | Long cireumf. | Short circumf. 
17097 222a 4. 96 3.18 13. 15 9. 65 
17098 222b 5. 08 3. 08 13.15 9.70 
17099 222¢ 4.80 3.18 12. 90 10. 04 
17100 222d 5. 21 3.25 13. 80 10, 50 
17101 222e 4. 80 3. 10 12. 80 9. GO 
17102 222F 4. 83 3, 22 13. 10 10, 18 











No young were hatched previous to January 11. 
PH@BETRIA FULLIGINOSA, (Gm.) Reich. (p. 21.) 


Nests on rocky shelves or in caves in the faces of lofty cliffs where the 
birds build a conical mound, seven or eight inches high, hollowed into a 
cup at the top and lined rudely with grass. Egg is single, broadly ovoidal, 
generally white, marked by a collection of specks about the larger end, 
somewhat like the adventitious stains on the eggs of D. exulans, but, as 
well as we can judge, less superficial. The shell is compact in structure, 
rather thin for its size, and superficially smooth to the touch. Under 
the lens, it is seen to be marked by minute pits and linear depressions, 
being thus decidedly different, both to the eye and to the touch, from 
those of D. exulans. 

The measurements are as follows :— 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Length. | Width. | Long circumf. | Short circumf. 


17104 52 3.95 2. 64 10. 50 8. 40 
17103 86 3.95 2. 60 10. 50 8, 25 





An embryo has been sent to Professor Morse for examination. 

















OOLOGY. 13 
OSSIFRAGA GIGANTEA, (Gm.) Reich. (p. 23.) 


Lays a single egg on open, rather elevated ground, at some distance 
(half a mile) from the sea. There was no vestige of an artificial nest when 
the young were found, January 2. These were then nearly fledged, and 
quite as large and heavy as the adults, occupying natural hollows 
between mounds of azorella. They are exceedingly filthy birds, eject- 
ing the contents of their stomachs for two or three feet from their bodies, 

‘and seeming to have a limitless supply to draw upon. When disturbed, 
they are soon surrounded by a puddle of vomited matters, and are, in 
this condition, by no means pleasant birds to collect. Among the ejecta 
were noticed many Penguin feathers. In the same neighborhood was 
a young bird of an earlier brood, fully fledged, but not yet able to fly. 
These Petrels must therefore be among the earliest in laying. The down 
of the young bird is entirely gray in color, the head is partly naked, and 
the bill, tarsi, and feet are colored nearly as in the adult, but somewhat 
paler. The first fully-formed feathers are similar to the adult plumage. 


MAJAQUEUS AIQUINOCTIALIS, (Linn.) Reich. (p. 25.) 


Nests in very deep burrows in hill-sides, generally under a mound of 
herbage. Near the entrance to the burrow, there is always, so far as 
observed, a small pool of fresh water. Egg is single, regularly ovoid, 
and white, without shell-markings of any kind. It is generally, how- 
ever, much soiled by secretions from the oviduct and dirt from the bur- 
row. The shell is thin, homogeneous, and compact in structure, very 
smooth to the touch, but under the lens is seen to be marked by sinall 
pits and shallow linear depressions. 

The measurements are as follows: — 


Smithson. No. Orig. No. | Measurements. 
17105 1294 3.00 X 2.10 
17106 189) 3.08 x 2.12 
17107 189¢ 3.18 X 2.19 
17108 189d epldae celia 
17109 189e 3.32 X 2.13 
17110 189f 3.14 X 2.20 
17111 1899 3.26 X 2.17 


No young birds were identified as of this species. 


14 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 
(ESTRELATA LESSONI, (Garn.) Cass. (pp. 27, 39.) 


On pages 26 and 27 of the report preceding this, upon the birds of 
Kerguelen Island,* were described a series of undetermined young birds, 
with the note by Dr. Coues, ‘Not seen by me—probably some Puffi- 
nus.” Upon examination of the specimens preserved, there remains no 
reasonable doubt that they are the youvg of Westrelata lessoni. The bill 
is that of an Cestrelata, and the measurements agree closely with those 


of CE. lessoni, both from dried skins in the museums of the Philadelphia - 


Academy and Smithsonian Institution, and as taken by Dr. Kidder from 
the recent specimens. These young birds were found on Kerguelen 
Island as early as September 15, living in deep burrows in hill-sides. 
At about the same time, an adult specimen was brought into camp by 
one of the men attached to the party, with the statement that it had been 
found with young, but was unfortunately not preserved, and the old 
birds were not found again until December 29, in a burrow without egg 
or young. It will be remembered that C2. kidderi, the only other species 
of the genus known to be found on the island, was taken with egg on 
October 21, and is thus excluded from consideration. From the Pro- 
ceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1866, we extract the follow- 
ing description of the young of GH. lessoni : — 

“No. 15709, Smiths. Register, Terra del Fuego, T. R. Peale.—Entire 
upper parts dusky fuliginous-brown; the dorsal feathers usually with 
somewhat light margins; the color deepening on the wings and back 
into brownish-black. Some of the secondaries, tertials, and upper co- 
verts have a slight cinereous tinge. On the head and nape, the brown 
is lighter than elsewhere; and a somewhat diluted shade of thir color 
extends adown the throat, thus completely enveloping the head, and 
occupies likewise the upper half of the breast, quite across, as well as 
all the sides under the wings. On the crissum, and especially on all the 
under tail-coverts, except immediately around the anus, the color again 
deepens into brownish-black. The rest of the under parts are white. 
The cireumocular region is darker than the adjacent parts. 

“ The foregoing is the most immature plumage known to me, and it 
will be noticed that not only the colors themselves, but the pattern of 
coloration, is radically distinet from those of the adults. In some spec- 
imens is recognizable a faint shade of a darker color on the tips of the feath- 





* Op. cit. vide note to p. 1 of this report. 
t Critical Review of the Family Procellariidsw, part iv, by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A., 
p- 144. 





OOLOGY. 15 


ers of the otherwise white under parts ; whence I infer that in very young 
birds the whole under parts may be brownish or grayish.” 

In the more advanced of the two specimens preserved (original No. 62), 
the entire body is as black as a crow. On the breast, however, and 
under parts generally, the bases of the feathers show white to near the 
ends, while upon the crissum and about the head they are grayish. The 
surmise of Dr. Coues, therefore, with regard to the young plumage, was 
in the right direction, but did not go far enough. The indications of an 
adult white and gray plumage are unmistakable. 

The very young birds first found were completely covered, as is usual 
in the family, with slate-colored down. The same covering is plentiful 
upon the younger of the two specimens preserved (original No. 66), 
and still distinct upon the elder. 

Below are contrasted three sets of measurements, viz: those of adult 


skins by Dr. Coues, and the young of the same from recent specimens 
by Dr. Kidder :— 















qi oleae 
= DQ 
z S fi a ap z = 0 E R k 
4 oo : emarks, 

a 0 4 = 6 B eet Ss 3 a = a 3 % 

a = A © A a we S o a = S 

R Soa daw Sila dt Bok el doe.) eo ja 
Be saeee eee canoe as|t noes |teee oe 11.75) 5.25) 1.50)...-..| 1.65) 2.00) 0.50) Adult skin (Cones). 


68969 | 211 Q 18. 15) 43. om 12.15} 5.85) 1.50) 2.50 
Etta seis 62 |--.-..| 16. al 38. 75; 12.00) 5.40) 1.40) 2.50 


It should be noted that the measurements of tail, bill, head, tarsus, 


1.85) 2.20) 0.50) Adult, recent (Kidder). 
1.65) 2.10) 0.40) Young, recent (Kidder). 








middle toe, and claw of the last specimen were taken from the skin, and 
are therefore not “ recent.” 


CESTRELATA KIDDERI, Coues. (p. 28.) 


Nests in deep burrows excavated in a hill side, each burrow containing 
a little pool of fresh water near its entrance. Egg is single, dull white, 
and very obtusely ovoid in shape, almost as globose as a Penguin’s egg ; 
first found October 11. Shell is thin, brittle, of compact structure, and 
marked externally by very shallow linear depressions, discernible only 
by aid of alens. There are no color-markings. 

The measurements are as follows : — 






Measurements. 








| Smithson. No. 





2.18 X 1.77 
2.20 X 1.75 
(Broken.) 






16 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


A young bird taken December 15, and much resembling that of . 
lessoni, but far less advanced than the latter at that date, was then 
attributed to this species, although, the old bird not having been taken 
at the same time, the evidence was not positive. It made no sound 
when taken from its burrow. Subsequent examination of the specimen 
fully confirms this surmise. The bird is still covered with pale slaty 
down; but the shape of the bill, and especially its narrowness from base 
to tip, taken in connection with the dates, place the identification beyond 
a reasonable doubt. 7 

OCEANITES OCEANICA, ([uhl) Coues. (p. 30.) 

Nests under rocks, usually on pretty high land, laying a single white 
egg. There are no eggs in the collection; but one was found by Rev. 
Mr. Eaton, of the English party, on Thumb Mountain, some fifteen miles 


from the American station, December 8. 
PROCELLARIA NEREIS, (Gould) Bp. (p. 31.) 


Nests under tufts of grass, or other low herbage, near the sea. Some- 
times it digs a small burrow; oftener the eggs are found simply covered 
by overhanging grass-stems, in lowland. The egg is single, compact in 
structure, smooth, and very fragile, ellipsoidal in form, and white, except- 
ing at the larger end, which is marked by a collection of small reddish 
spots interspersed with a few specks of very dark brown. If we are 
correct in our impression that the markings about the butts of these 
eggs are not adventitious, we have here an exception to the general rule 
that the Procellariide lay white eggs. In size, shape, and coloration, 
the egg recalls some of the least-spotted examples of that of the com- 
mon Meadow Lark (Sturnella magna). By aid of the lens are to be seen 
a tew pore-like punctations, widely scattered. 

The measurements are as follows :— 





| 
Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 








17194 157 1.30 x 0.95 





We have no information concerning the young of this species, none 
having been hatched at the time of breaking up the American station 
(January 11). 

PSEUDOPRION DESOLATUS, (Gm.) Gray. (p. 32.) 
Nests in the same localities and has the same habits as Halobena 


cerulea (q. V.). 














OOLOGY. 17 
HALOBZNA CAIRULEA, (Gm.) Bp. (p. 34.) 


Nests in deep tortuous burrows in hill-sides near the sea. Egg is 
single, ovoidal, and dull white, without color-markings. In the speci- 
mens measured, there is, however, as shown by the figures, the usual 
range of variation in contour. They remind one, in size and shape, of 
the eggs of a bantam hen. Shell is thin, homogeneous, and compact in 
structure, presenting under the lens a finely granular external surface. 
First found October 23. 

The measurements are as follows: — 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 


17161 49a 
17162 49b 
17163 49c 
17164 49d 
17165 49e 
17166 49f 
17167 49g 
17168 49h 
17169 49i 
17170 45 
17171 Ls 

17171a 41 

17172 63 

17173 71 


Fea Or Sete ant ae hee ROA tO 


fee Se 





The newly-hatched young have bill and toes slaty blue, with appar- 
ently pale-yellowish webs and brownish-black claws. The horny speck 
upon the bill is whitish, and situated high above the tip of the bill. The 
region about the base of the bill is largely denuded. They begin to 
hatch about November 12. 


PELECANOIDES URINATRIX, (Gm.) Lacépéde, (p. 36.) 


Lays one egg in a burrow in the hill-side, generally selecting the same 
locality as Halowbna cerulea. Burrow is straight, slanting slighily 
downward, and less deep than that of Halobena. Egg is a regular ovoid, 
tending in some specimens to ellipsoidal. First found December 10. 
Shell is white, thin, brittle, compact, and homogeneous in structure. No 
color-markings. 

2K 


18 NATURAL’ HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. _ 


The measurements are as follows: — 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. Remarks. 


17191 Badly broken. 


17192 1.62 X 1.15 Broken. 
17193 LOZ Mile 7 
17174 : 1.66 X 1.26 
17190 ‘ 1.65 X 1.25 





No young birds were found during the visit of the American party to 
the island. 


APTENODYTES LONGIROSTRIS, Scop. (p. 39.) 


No eggs or young in the collection. It is of this genus that the state- 
ment is made that the eggs are incubated in a sort of pouch, formed of 
a fold of skin, and situated between the tibie. The whalers met at 
Kerguelen Island confirm this statement; but no opportunity for direct 
personal observation was found during the stay of the transit-party. The 
male and female are said by the whalers to alternate in carrying the egg 
around. 

PYGOSCELIS TASNIATA, (Peale) Coves. (p. 41.) 


Had already begun to lay September 10, selecting the top of a mound of 
Azorella (a densely-growing plant common on the island), and scrateh- 
ing therein a shallow cavity. But one egg was found at any time in a 
nest; yet we have good reason for believing that these Penguins rear 
two young in a season, laying a second egg about two months after the 
first, and before the young bird has left the nest. The eggs are 
obtusely ellipsoid, some specimens being almost spherical; white, with 
a very pale greenish tint. The shell is thick, inelastic, and friable, 
covered by a thin layer of caleareous matter that looks precisely as if 
it had been daubed on with a coarse brush. The specimens preserved, 
being from a rookery which has been often robbed, are doubtless 
smaller and thinner-shelled than those of the first laying. 





























OOLOGY. 19 


The measurements are as follows:— 


{ 
| Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 


17112 5 2.50 X 2.08 
17113 6 2.61 X 2.00 
17114 a 2.52 < 2.17 
17115 8 2.42 X 2.05 
17116 a 2.68 X 2.18 
17117 10 2.32 X 2.10 
17118 11 2.70 K 2. 20 
17119 12 2.69 X 2.18 . 
17120 13 2.58 X 2. 10 
17121 14 2.40 x 2.18 
17122 15 2.49 X 2.18 
(17123 16 2.45 X 2.17 


Young birds were found just breaking the shell December 4. They 
are hatched much earlier when the rookeries are not so often robbed: 
as early as October 12, certainly. When first hatched, the young are 
covered with soft, hairy, pearl-gray down. Head black above and 
behind ; bill flesh-colored; feet black on the soles and flesh-colored 
above. 


EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHA? Brandt. (p. 45.) 


Begins to lay about the first of December, building among fallen 
rocks by the sea, making nests which are more complete than those of 
Pygoscelis teniata, and lining them with dried grass. There are two 
eggs to a nest, white, with a faint tinge of greenish, obtusely ovoid in 
shape, and usually one is distinctly larger than the other. The shells 
are thick, friable, inelastic, and often smeared in parts with calca- 
reous deposit. The external surface is punctured by minute pores, 
scattered widely apart, but presents no distinct surface-marking. 


20 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


The measurements are as follows:— 


Smithson. No. | Orig. No. | Measurements. 





17124 sid 2.83 % 2.05 
17125 za 2.60 X 2.07 
17136 *124¢ 2.56 x 1.88 
17137 124a 2.89 x 2.16 
17138 1245 2.39 x 1.92 
17139 124¢ 2.79 x 2.20 
17140 124d 2.50 x 1.79 
17141 124e 3.04 x 2.18 
17142 124f 2.52 « 1.89 
17148 1249 2.84 x 2.12 
17144 124h 2,58 x 2.00 
17145 124i 2.80 x 2.30 
17146 124) 2.58 x 1.93 
17147 1241; 2.80 x 2.11 
17148 1241 2.81 x 2.02 
17126 134a 2.94 x 2.15 
17127 134b 2.82 « 2.19 
17128 1340 2.95 x 2.15 
17129 134d 2.83 x 2.10 
17130 134e 2,32 x 1.80 
17131 134f 2.82 x 2.04 
17132 134g 2.50 x 1.99 
17133 134h 2.86 x 2.10 
17134 134i 2.82 x 2.15 
17135 134j 2.70 x 1.95 


17160 _ 2.52 X 1.80 


* Original number duplicated. 
EUDYPTES DIADEMATUS, Gould. (p. 47.) 


We have no direct information concerning the nesting or eggs of 
these birds. Whalers report that their habits in these respects are 
precisely similar to those of EH. chrysolopha, as was to be expected. 





Ee) a AINE A. 


A—PH/AENOGAMIA, FILICES, er LYCOPODIACE:. 


REVISED BY Pror. A. GRAY. 


I.—RANUNCULACEA, 


1. RANUNCULUS CRASSIPES, Hook. fii—Very common in and by 
fresh-water pools, and pretty well up on the hill-sides, among Acena, 
and in crevices of wet rocks. Varies greatly in size and vigor of 
growth in different localities. Begins to flower about December 15. 

2. RANUNCULUS TRULLIFOLIUS, Hook. fil—In small pools and 
running streams of fresh water. Not uncommon, but not found in 
flower. In two forms [the larger answering well to Dr. Hooker's 
specimens from the Falkland Islands; the smaller, with some entire 
leaves appareatly much too near FR. hydrophilus, Gaud. Neither of 
the two were before recorded from Kerguelen Island.—A. G.]. 

3. RANUNCULUS 
sea. Not in flower up to January 2. Found in company with R&. 


?—In low land, between two arms of the 





crassipes, Which here grew much more luxuriantly than near the sta- 
tion (among the hills). [A succulent species, with rounded and some- 
what-caudate leaves, an inch or more in diameter, deeply and obtusely 
3-7-lobed, on fleshy petioles a span or more long. It can hardly be a 
form of the preceding.—A. G.] 


IIl.—CRUCIFER. 


1. PRINGLEA ANTISCORBUTICA, R. Brown.— Kerguelen cabbage” 
grows abundantly near the sea-shore, and I have seen it as high as 
2,000 feet (Mount Crozier), where all other Phenogams but azorella had 
given place to Mosses and Lichens. Perennial, stout creeping rhizomes, 
sometimes 5 or 6 feet long and as many inches in diameter, stated by 
Dr. Hooker to be apetalous, on the authority of Mr. Anderson, who 


visited Kerguelen with Captain Cook (“petala nulla!” Fl. Antarctica), 
. 21 


22, NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


but I have found very many flowers with a single petal, clawed and 
faintly pink-tinted at the large end; many with two, some with three, 
and a few with four petals. They fall early and are easily overlooked 
when present. Axillary flowers are more frequently petalous than those 
crowded together upon the spike-like raceme. Observed to be in flower 
November 2. The leaves were eaten, as cabbage, by ourselves and the 
ship’s company of the Monongahela with relish; our fowls were fond of 
them, and they constituted the staple food of the live stock brought to 
the island by the English party and the Monongahela. 


III.—CARYOPHYLLEZ. 


.. COLOBANTHUS KERGUELENSIS, Hook. fil—Found with ripe fruit 
January 2, growing in both high and low land, among loose gravel and_ 
between stones. 

IV.—PORTULACE. 

1. LYALLIA KERGUELENSIS, Hook. jil.—Grows by preference on the 
sides of stony hills, almost always the southwest side, where it is 
exposed (by rapid drainage and heavy rains) to frequent alternations of 
dryness and moisture. Root thick, long, fleshy, and partly exposed 
above ground. One specimen was found straddling a good-sized stone, 
sending down roots on all sides. Flowers were first observed December 
14, and the plant was already in seed December 21, when no flowers 
could be found. The flowers are not “very inconspicuous,” as Dr, 
Hooker supposed they might be. They are plentiful, although apetalous, 
and prominent as to their stamens and pistils, lending a pale yellowish- 
green bloom to the mound which the plant forms, and quite conspicu- 
ous enough to attract the attention of the casual observer. Neither 
ean the plant be properly said to be “very local,” in this part of the 
island at least, since, although rare, many are usually found collected 
together in the same place. [Dr. Hooker’s specimens had only the cap- 
sules and calyx. With the present complete specimens, the whole struc- 
ture of the flower is made out. The sepals are four, thin, somewhat 
petaloid, oval, nearly unconnected. Petals none. Stamens three, 
hypogynous or nearly so, larger than the calyx, two of them alternate 
with sepals, and one before a sepal; anthers didymous, two-celled 
Style larger than the ovary, two-cleft at summit, the lobes linear, stig- 
matic for the whole length of the inner face. Ovules two or three from 
the base of the cell, campylotropous. Utricle fleshy, coriaceous, apicu- 
late with the persistent base of the style, apparently indehiscent. Seeds 
two or three. Testa small.—A.G.] 








BOTANY. Zo 


2, MONTIA FONTANA, L.—Flowers were first observed December 7. 
Habitat among gravel, near the sea, and (as remarked by Dr. Hooker) 
almost always very near Callitriche verna and Ranunculus crassipes. 


V.—ROSACE ZL. 


1. ACHNA AFFINIS, Hook. fil.— Kerguelen Tea.” The leaves have 
a considerable reputation among the whalers as a tebrifuge and anti- 
scorbutic. They are used as an infusion, hence the trivial name. 
Abundant everywhere, especially on northeast hill-sides near the sea 
and in low land. In the flowering state, the specimens accord well with 
the A. adscendens, as described and figured by Dr. Hooker; but in fruit 
the characters relied upon to distinguish the two become quite apparent. 


VI—HALORAGES. 


1. CALLITRICHE ANTARCTICA, Engelm. in Hegel MS. Syst. Callitr. (C. 
VERNA, Hook. fil, Fl. Antare.).—Grows in wet places, generally in 
company with Ranunculus crassipes, often under water or beneath precip- 
itous rocks overhanging and limiting rocky sea-beaches. Flowers first 
observed December 17. Montia fontana is generally to be found near at 
hand. 

VII.—CRASSULACEZ. 

1. BULLIARDA MOSCHATA, D’Urv.—Small, white, perfect, regular, 
tetramerous flowers, first observed in bloom December 18. Pistils and 
stems blood-red. Plentiful in crevices of rocks overhanging and closely 


neighboring to the sea. 


VIII.—UMBELLIFER. 


1. AZORELLA SELAGO, Hook. fil—One of the commonest plants, 
growing in mounds closely compacted together, often 2 to 4 feet in 
diameter, and composed of the dead stalks of old plants. Owing to the 
density of this crowding, only the surface is green, while deeply in the 
interior the old stems and leaves seem to be partly transformed into 
peat. It is this plant which makes walking so fatiguing on this island. 
The foot sinks into the soft mass at every step, and the hillocks are so 
closely joined together that for long distances it is impossible to avoid 
them. I could not find the hairs or bristles figured and described by 
Dr. Hooker as appearing upon the upper surfaces of the leaves along 
their venation (FJ. Ant. p. 284). Flowers were first observed November 
12, like small starry points, scattered over the mounds. They are never 
very conspicuous, and do not press well, owing to the strength and 


24 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND, 


resistance of the stems. Not pink as figured (fl. Ant.), but always pale 
greenish-yellow. Here and there is a patch of discolored leaves, white 
or yellow. 

IX.—RUBIACEZS. 

1. GALIUM ANTAROCTICUM, Hook. fil—A small trailing plant, found 
as undergrowth with Acawna, Grasses, Ferns, etc., generally near the sea, 
but extending well up the hill-sides. Flowers first observed December 
3. ‘Flores sessiles, albi, trimeri” (FI. Ant. p.303). I have found them 
guite as often 4-petaled as 3-petaled, and with a distinct peduncle. 
A single 5-petaled flower was found January 5. 


X.—COMPOSITZ. 


1. LEPTINELLA PLUMOSA, Hook. fil.—First observed in flower Novem- 
ber 30. This plant fringes the cliffs overlooking the sea, grows down 
to high-water mark in the low-land, and marks the “roads” to Penguin 
rookeries and the rocks frequented by Cormorants. It grows very 
thickly, forming a flat matted carpet very welcome to the eye of the 
wearied pedestrian, less on account of the silvery luster of its leaves than 
because it is a certain indication of firm ground. <A decoction of the 
leaves is used by the whaiers as an emetic, and is said to be prompt 
and effectual in its action. 


XI.—GRAMINEZ. 


1. TRIODIA KERGUELENSIS, Hook. jfil.—Flowers were first observed 
December 2. Grows among cliffs, altitude 300 to 2,000 feet. Very 
long, filiform roots. 

2. Festuca Cook, Hook. fil_—Very common in hollows on hill-sides 
near the sea. Flowers early in May. A fine large grass. [The plants 
seem to be male only; if fertile, they are in a much earlier state of 
inflorescence than Dr. Hooker’s specimens.—A. G. | 

3. FESTUCA ERECTA, D’Urv.—A straight, tussocky grass, with pur- 
ple panicles, observed in flower December 6. Found in flat land, alti- 
tude 200 feet, about a mile from the sea. 

4, AIRA ANTARCTICA, Hook.—A graceful grass, with oat-like panicles. 
Found in flower near the sea-shore December 21. Also observed among 
cliffs at considerable altitudes, 








ste NG Higa pa orig areal 





po e ee 











BOTANY. ; 25 


XII.—FILICES ET LYCOPODIACEZ. 


1. LOMARIA ALPINA, Hook. fil—Dr. Hooker mentions this Fern as 
«very scarce”. We found it exceedingly common; mostly barren. 

2. PoLYPODIUM (GRAMMITIS) AUSTRALE.—In crevices of rocks; 
rare. New to Kerguelen Island. 

3. POLYPODIUM VULGARE.—Crevices of rocks by running streams; 
altitude 200 feet and upward. Abundant. New to the island. 

4, CISTOPTERIS FRAGILIS.—Not common. Crevices of rocks near 
hill-tops. [* No specimens in the collection.—A. G.] New to the island. 

5. LYCOPODIUM SELAGO, Linn.—Rare. 

6. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM (var. MAGELLANICUM).—More common, 
but very local. 


B.—MUSCI. 


DETERMINED BY THOMAS P. JAMES, Esq. 


1. ANDREA MARGINATA, Hook. fil. & Wils. Fl. Antare. ii, p. 35%, 
t. 151, f. 1—On high rocks, 1,500 feet altitude. 

2. CERATODON PURPUREUS, Brid. Br. Univers, i, p. 480.—Jn a vari- 
ety of forms; very common. 

3. GRIMMIA FRONDOSA, James, sp. nov.— Laxe cespitosa vaice fasti 
giata, ramosa, fusco-viridis, gracilis; folia erecto-patentia, coacava cur 
vata anguste lanceolata canaliculata, in pilum hyalinum subls.vem termi 
nata, costa sub pilo evanida; inferne depilia rigida acumineta; margins 
erecta, cellulis basi oblongis laxioribus flavidis et uscae medium folii 
quadratis superne remotis subrotundis versus apicer obscuris.” 

Growing with Andreea marginata ; found only iz a barren condition. 

4, GRIMMIA KIDDERI, James, sp. nov.—* Compe2.cie globosa, pulviaata, 
pusilla fastigiata, ramosissima, atrato-viridis, rigida; folia caulina den- 
sissima, erecta patentia anguste lanceolata, iateriora canaliculatz acumi- 
nata strictiuscula superiora elongata curvulaija pilum brevem hyalinum 
sublevem producta; nervo ad basin lato infra apicem evanido margine 
erecta, cellulis basi angustis elongatis flavidis pellucidis superne sensim 
quadratis minutis subopacis.” 

Growing in small globular masses on hill-sides at some distance from 
the sea. The small balls formed by this curious moss seem not to be 
rooted to any other plant, but to be blown about by the wind indiscrim- 





* Probably lost in transportation. The identification was given me by Rev. A. E. 
Eaton, of the English transit-party.—J. H. K. 


j 
wy 
A 
5 


inately. The detached masses generally were found disposed in a fan- — 
shape, radiating apparently from a central point, as if a larger mass in 
which they had been aggregated had been broken up by the force of 
the wind. Found only in a barren state. Very local. 

5. RACOMITRIUM LANUGINOSUM, Brid. i, p. 402, t. 152.—Abounds on 


26 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


high rocks. 

6. ORTHOTRICHUM CRASSIFOLIUM, Hook. fil. @ Wils. 1. c. p. 125, t, 
57, f. 8; var. 2. acutum, C. Miill. Syn. i, p. 691.—This plant is monoi- ; 
cous, the male gemme being found terminal on separate, many-branched 
plants; also at the base of the female plants. 

7. WEBERA CRUDA, Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. p. 83.—In the shade of, 
and in the crevices of rocks; appearing in many forms. 
8. WEBERA ALBICANS, Whlb. F1. Lips. p. 353.—In wet, mostly springy 

places. 

9, WEBERA NUTANS, Schreb. 1. c. p. 81, var. 2. cespitosa.—In wet situ- 
ations on mountain-sides. 

10. WEBERA NUTANS, Schreb. var. 7. bicolor.—In shady places near the 
sea. 

11. BRYUM WARNEvM, Bland. in Brid. p. 675.—Growing with Brywm 
bimum. Not common. 

12. BRYUM GAYANUM, Mont. in litt. C. Mill. Syn. i, p. 267.—Rare. 

13. BRyUM BIMuUM, Schreb. 1. c. p. 83.—Common in wet and boggy 
places. 

14. BRYUM TORQUESCENS, Br. & Schp. Bry. Eur. fas. 6-9, p. 49, t. 
20.—F rom the rear of the transit-house, near the sea. | 

15. BRYUM PALLESCENS, Schwaeg. Sup. i, ii, p. 107, t. 75.—In damp 
situations. 

16. BRYUM ARGENTEUM, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1586.—On exposed rocks— 
and on bare ground. 

17. BARTRAMIA PATENS, Brid. Sp. Mus. iii, p. 82—Among shaded | 
rocks. 

18. BARTRAMIA FLAVICANS, Mitt. in Hook. Kew Jour. iii, 55.—Rear ~ 
of the transit-house, among rocks. 

19. BARTRAMIA APPRESSA, Hook. fil & Wils. Fl. Nov. Zel. 89, t. 86, 
f. 5 = B. evigua, Sulliv. U. S. Exp. Exped. | 

20. CATHARINA (ATRICHUM) COMPRESSA, C. Miill. Syn. i, p. 95.— — 
Polytrichum compressum, Hook. fil. & Wils. 1. ¢. ii, p. 410, t. 153.—On hill- » 
sides upon wet rocks. 

21. PLAGIOTHECIUM DonIANUM, Sm. Eng. Bot. i, 1446.—Hypnum den- 














BOTANY. 2% 


ticulatum, Linn.—H. obtusum, Whib.—On shaded ground, with Webera 
eruda. 

22. HYPNUM GRACILLIMUM, Hrsch. Fl. Bras. i, p. 78.—Found deep in 
the interior of a small dark cavern in a rock; 300-400 feet altitude ; 
caves had been tenanted by birds. 

23. HYPNUM UNCINATUM, Hedw. Muse. Fr. iv, p. 65, t. 25.—Abun- 
dant on hill-sides, among and on the sides of azorella mounds. 

24. HYPNUM FLUVIATILE, Sw. Muse. Suec. p. 63.—On wet and damp 
rocks in rear of transit-house, and other localities. 

25. HyPNWM FRIGIDUM, C. Mill. in Bot. Zeit. 1856.—Growing with 
Bryum Warneum. 

26. HypnuM LECHLERI, C. Miill. 1. c. 456, 1856.—On low ground. 

27. HYPNUM FLUITANS, Linn. Fl. Suec. p. 1074.—In fresh water and 
among bogs. 

28. HYPNUM RIPARIUM, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1596.—Growing with Ranun- 
culus crassipes in wet places. 


C.—LICHENES.* 


DETERMINED BY PROF. Epw. TUCKERMAN. 


The Lichens of this island were first observed by Dr. J. D. Hooker 
during the voyage of the Erebus and Terror (1839-1843), and his speci- 
mens were studied by Dr. Thomas Taylor, according to whose reckoning 
(Lich. Antarct. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 3, p. 634) the whole number of 
species was sixteen. Dr. Taylor’s herbarium is now included in that of 
the Boston Society of Natural History, but contains unfortunately very 
little to illustrate his Kerguelen determinations; and the lack of micro- 
scopical analysis makes it difficult, therefore, to avail ourselves of his 
work. - 

The collection now before me, made by Dr. Kidder, naturalist of the 
United States Transit Expedition of the present year, contains more or 
less satisfactory evidence of as many as twenty species, though not all 
of them determinable. Adding the three found in the Taylor herbarium, 
the whole number, according to this reckoning, will be twenty-three. 
And as eight or nine others are found in Taylor’s list, there is no doubt 
that this little Lichen-Flora is larger than it was taken to be. 

1. USNEA SULPHUREA, Mill. Th. Fr.— U. melaxantha, Ach.—Rocks.— 
According to Taylor, the place of this well-known antarctic lichen is 
taken in Kerguelen’s Land by another, the U. Taylori, J. D. Hook., 





* Extracted from the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, October, 1875, pp. 57-59. 








28 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


called ‘“‘handsomest of the vegetable products of this the island of Des- 
olation”. But this last, though received by Nylander (Neuropogon Tay- 
lori, Nyl. Syn. i, p. 273), is hardly well discriminated from the older — 
species by the description of either author; and I cannot separate any — i 
of the numerous specimens before me from bas got, during the same ; 
voyage, at the Falkland Islands (Herb. Hook.), which Taylor and Ny-— 

lander appear to have referred to U. melaxantha. ‘ 

2. PANNARIA TAYLORI, sp. nov.—Thallo foliaceo cartilagineo an 
luteo-fulvo, lobis apice rotundatis crenatis incisisque, subtus nigris 
hypothallo obsolescente; apotheciis (demum plusquam 2 millim. latis) 
Jecanorinis sessilibus, margine crasso ruguloso, disco plano fuscescente. — 
Spore ellipsoidex, simplices, incolores, 0,016-21™" long. 0,009-11™™ 
crass.—Rocks, Hooker (Herb. Taylor).—Medullary layer of compact, 
elongated cells, Collogonidia 0,002-5™" in diameter, solitary or in 
chains of 2-5. The specimen is rather more than an inch across. It i 
occurs with Placodium elegans, but wrapped apart, in Dr. Taylor’s col-— 
lection. 

3. PANNARIA GLAUCELLA, sp. nov.—Thallo foliaceo cartilagineo arcte ; 
appresso glauco-cinerascente, subtus pallido hypothallo obsoleto, lobis— 
radiantibus subintegris; apotheciis (0™™. 006-8 latis) lecanorinis adnatis, — 
margine integro demisso, disco dein convexo fusco-nigro. Spore imma-_ 
turee.—Rocks.—Specimens scarcely half an inch across. Elongated cells 
of medullary layer compact. Collogonidia 0,004-9™ in diameter, in 
chains often of 4-10. 

4, PLACODIUM ELEGANS, Link. D.C.—Rocks, Hooker (Herb. Tayl.).— 
Spores 0,010-17"™ long and 0,007-9"™ thick. Called Lecanora murorum x 
by Dr. Taylor (Herb.), but not reckoned in his Lichenes Antarct. 1. ¢. 
I< is perhaps better referable as above. 7 

5. PLACODIUM BICOLOR, sp. nov.—Thallo crustaceo-adnato rimoso- — 
areolato aurantiaco, cephalodio centrali (6-10™™. lat.) pluribusve de- 
pressis radiatim rimosis, concoloribus onusto, ambitu lobato; apotheciis— 
(2-3™™, lat.) sessilibus, disco plano nigro-fusco, margine tenui demisso 
subintegro. Spore in thecis uniserialiter octone, ellipsoidez, polari- 
biloculares, 0,020-30™™ lat., 0,012-20™™ crass., paraphysibus capillari-— 
bus.—Rocks.—Collogonidia of the cephalodia 0,006-9"™ in diameter,. | 
reddish, solitary or in short chains. The name and much of the char-— 
acter of Lecanora dichora, Tayl., 1. ¢., suggests the present lichen; but 
the infertile specimen, called (notwithstanding its orange color) Leca- 
nora yelida by Taylor (Herb.), appears to me to belong here. Thallus : 
at lengta two inches wide. 


—— 


as a a 3 


BOTANY. 29 


_ 6, LECANORA GELIDA, L. Ach.—_Rocks.—-Thailus and cephalodia stouter 
than I have seen them in the northern lichen. Spores 0,015-23™™ long 
_ and 0,006-12™ thick. 

| 7. L. HaGeEnt, Ach. Koerb.-~Rocks.—Several minute, lecanorine 
| apotiecia with white, crenate margins, appear to belong here, but have 
_atfYorded no sufficient analysis. Taylor reckons DL. subfusca in his list. 

_ 8. L. MACROPHTHALMA, Yayl. Nyl. Ureeolaria, Tayl. 1. ¢., Lecanora, 
_Nyl. in Flora, 1858 cit. Krempelh.—Rocks.—Thallus like that of L. gelida, 
with which it agrees in possessing similar, but more depressed, cepha- 
_lodia; being the third lichen thus curiously characterized in this smal) 
collection. The apothecia are externally best comparable with those of 
| Lecidea endochlora (Tayl. sub Urceolaria), but the lichen is probably 
_ to be referred to the sect. Aspicilia; though spermogones have not been 
observed. Thalli exceeding two inches in width. 





9. URCEOLINA, Geng. nov.—Apothecia urceolata, excipulo proprio 






-albido connivente discum rubrum submarginante, margine thallino 
-evanido. Spore ellipsoides, incolores. Spermatia acicularia, arcuata, 
sterigmatibus subsimplicibus. Thallus crustaceus, effiguratus. 

 URCEOLINA KERGUELIENSIS, sp. nov.—Thallo crustaceo adnato areo- 
| lato-verrucoso aurantiaco-fuscescente, verrucis gibbosis centroque sub- 
| Stipitatis in ambitum effiguratum coalescentibus ; apotheciis (cire. 1™™. 
| lat.) immersis, margine proprio tenui pallido v. dein livido-nigrescente. 
_ Spore in thecis uniserialiter octonz, simplices, limbate, 0,021-30™™ long., 
0,015-20™™ crass., paraphy sibus filiformibus.— Rocks.—Specimen scarcely 
_ two inches in diameter. Whole habit of the pale-ash-colored young 
| thalli that of similar thalli of Lecanora chlorophana; but the wart-like 
_areoles becoming a little stalked, and the color finally making as close 


| as possible approach, in the brown series, to dirty-orange in the 


| lemon-colored. More or less radiation is evident in the arrangement of 
the warts toward the margin, which becomes lobulate, and the extreme 
edge blackish. Habit of apothecia that of Urceolaria scruposa with 
undeveloped thalline margin. The lichen is not referable to Lecanora § 


Aspicilia, and is excluded by its exciple from § Squamaria. 

10. CLADONIA PYXIDATA, L. Fr.—On the earth. 

11. BIATORA RUBELLA, Hhrh. Rabenh.—Apothecia varying no little 
in color and size, but all referable to the v. inundata, Nyl. (Hepp. Eur. 
n. 289), as that is represented in North America. Spores 0,050-46™™ 
long and 0,0015-25™" thick. Reaction of hymenial gelatine with iodine 
violet. 

















30 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 





12, LECIDEA ENTEROLEUCA, F’r.—On dead grasses. 

13. L. ENDOCHLORA, Tayl. sub Urceolaria.—Rocks. (Herb. Tayl.) 

14. L. Fusco-ATRA, Ach., Fr.—Rocks.—And traces occur of three 
other Lecidew. 

15. BUELLIA PARASEMA, Ach., Koerb.—IRocks. 

16. B. STELLULATA, Tayl., Br. and Rostr.—Rocks. 

17. B. GEOGRAPHICA, L.—Rocks. 

18. SAGEDIA CHLOROTICA, Ach., Mass.—And there are insufficient 
traces of two other Verrucariet. ° 


b 


ALGAE. 


DETERMINED BY Dr. W. G. FARLOW. 


1. D'URVILLZAA UTILIS, Bory. 
2. D’URVILLZA HARVEYI, Hook. 
Two large specimens of what seems to be this species were brought 
home by Dr. Kidder. In the Flora Antarctica, the only species of 


en aa ae + os 


D’ Urvillea mentioned as found in Kerguelen’s Land is D. utilis, but, in 
the two specimens above mentioned, the perforations of the root corre- 
spond clearly to the description given of D. Harveyi. 


3. DESMARESTIA VIRIDIS, Lam. v.|\—Apparently very common. 

4. MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, Ag.—Partly of the typical form, partl 
the var. luxurians of the Flora Antarctica. 

5. ADENOCYSTIS LEssonu, H. & H. 

6. SPHACELARIA FUNICULARIS, Mont. ?—Quite a number of speci- 
mens, too small for accurate determination, probably belong to this 


Vi 


. 


2 3 SE ER US 


species. 
7. RHODOMELA GAIMARDI, Jont.—A single specimen of this species 
was collected by Dr. Kidder. This species is new to Kerguelen’s Land, 


PDR er TET ie ort 


the nearest recorded station being the Auckland Islands. 
8. DasyA (PoLystpHonIA, H. & H.) BERKLEYI, Ag.—Apparently 
very common. 
9. PTILONIA MAGELLANICA, Ag.—Fine specimens in fruit. 
10. DELESSERIA LYALLU, H. & 7. 
11. NITOPHYLLUM LivivUM, H. & H. 
12. NITOPHYLLUM FUSCO-RUBRUM, H. & H. 
13. RHODYMENIA PALMATA, Grev. 
14, RHODYMENIA CORALLINA, Grev.—Attached to Macrocystis roots. 
15. RHODYMENIA VARIOLOSA, H. & H.—A single specimen in fruit. 
16. GIGARTINA RADULA, Ag. 





ea 


of 
> 
Z 


Be: 




















CROZET FLORA. 31 


17. CALLOPHYLLIS VARIEGATA, Ag. 

18. CERAMIUM RUBRUM, var. SECUNDATUM, Lyngb. 

19. BALLIA CALLITRICHA, Ag. 

20. CALLITHAMNION PriLoTa, H. d&d H.—New to Kerguelen’s Land; 
previously recorded at the Crozet Islands. 

21. CODIUM ADH ZRENS, Ag.—New to Kerguelen’s Land; a not un- 
common species of Europe. 

22. ULVA LATISSIMA, L. 


CROZET FLORA. 


From some specimens preserved by officers of the Monongahela, when 
that ship visited Possession Island, the largest of the Crozets, on its 
way to Kerguelen, I have been enabled to identify the following-named 
plants as common to both islands:— 

1, PRINGLEA ANTISCORBUTICA.—Growing much less luxuriantly than 
on Kerguelen Island. 

2, ACAINA AFFINIS. 

3. AZORELLA SELAGO. 

4. GALIUM ANTARCTICUM. 

5. LEPTINELLA PLUMOSA. 

. LOMARIA ALPINA. 
7. A moss believed to be ANDREAZA MARGINATA. 


~-~ 
~~ 


8. Also “a small vine, with blue flowers, growing among scoriz.” 
No specimens preserved. 











GEOLOGY. 


The following is a list of the collection of minerals from Kerguelen 
Island, determined by Dr. F. M. Endlich, geologist to the Smithsonian 
Institution : 


Smithsonian No. 


9376. 


9377. 
9378. 


9379. 
9380. 
9381. 
9382. 


9383. 


9384, _ 


9385. 
9386. 


9387. 


9388. 
9389. 


9390. 


3K 


Basalt; containing decomposed olivine and small white erys- 
tals of chabazite. 

Basaltic rock. 

Basaltic rock decomposed. The red color is due to the pres- 
ence of ferric sesquioxide. 

Basaltic rock decomposed. Stained by ferric sesquioxide. 

Basaltic rock decomposed. Stained by ferric sesquioxide. 

Basaltic rock, very compact. 

Basalt ; containing small white crystals of chabazite in vesi- 
cles. 

Basalt, vesicular, with small crystals of chabazite and dark 
brown olivine. The red color of the portions exposed to 
atmospheric influences is due to decomposing magnetite. 
It contains also some augite in small particles. 

Basalt, slightly vesicular, containing augite, yellow olivine, 
and chabaczite. 

Basalt with olivine. 

Basalt with large geodes of olivine—typical olivine color. 

Vesicular basalt, the vesicles being drawn. out during the 
flow before rigidity of the material had occurred. 

Chabazite in basalt. 

Basalt coated with carbonate of lime, the result of the de- 
composition of its constituent minerals. 

Basalt with amygdules of calcite and crystals of chabazite 


and augite. 
33 


34 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


9391. Basalt with amygdules of calcite and crystals of chabazite 
and augite. 
9392. Calcite, radio-columnar. 
9393. Dolerite. A voleanic rock related to basalt, containing oli 
vine and labradorite. 
9394, Aragonite. Large radio-columnar colorless crystals found 


in deep pockets in basalt. 

SuMMARY.—‘ The volcanic rocks of the region examined contain a lim- 
ited number of zeolitic species, and some carbonates, as epigene products. 
The main rocks are basalt and dolerite, of uniform physical character 
and constancy of inclosed minerals.” 

The foregoing list represents fairly the constitution of the surface- 
rock in the southern part of Kerguelen Island. The streams had cut 
their way deeply in places, exposing extensive surfaces of rock; but 
diligent search along these water-courses failed to disclose any strati- 
fied or fossiliferous beds. At the northern end of the island, however, 
in the neighborhood of Christmas Harbor, stratified rocks are abundant, 
with extensive deposits of coal (of poor quality), and contain many 
trunks of petrified trees. For a specimen of these last I am indebted to 
Mr. R. P. Maynard, bearer of dispatches on board the United States 
steamer Monongahela; my own observations having been confined to 
the neighborhood of the head of Royal Sound, at the southern end of 
the island. 

Sealers and whalers say that there is a great glacier in the middle of 
the island, extending in a general easterly and westerly direction, and 
reaching quite to the sea on the western coast. Itis related by them that 
a party of fourteen French sailors, from a wrecked sealing-schooner, 
tried several years ago to reach the southern part of the island on foot, 
and that all but six perished in crossing this glacier from exposure and 
starvation. 

The island is hilly everywhere and in parts mountainous—Mount Ross 
reaching an altitude of over 5,000 feet, and Mount Crozier, near the 
American station, about 3,000. The higher peaks are remarkably sharp 
and irregular in outline, quite bare of vegetation, and mostly covered 
with snow. Table-topped hills are frequent, as also are level plateaux 
or terraces of basalt, projecting from the sloping sides of the less sharply 
defined hills. These terraces no doubt indicate former flows of the vol- 
canic material, but our limited field of observation did not permit suffi- 
ciently extensive investigation to determine the points of outflow. 





GEOLOGY. 35 


Should the islands of that region become at any time thoroughly well 
known, and a similar or identical feature be observed at different points, 
much could be learned regarding the distribution of land in that part of 
the world during the later Tertiary period. 

‘Many of the hills slope smoothly up to abruptly projecting rocky 
crowns of basalt. Some are quite smooth in outline, without these char- 





acteristic rocky crowns. Others, running in general southwest and 

northeast, are long and barrow-like, and seem to have been thrown up 

only or chiefly by the action of the winds, which are in this part of the 

world remarkable for their violence. The lee (north and east) sides of 

the larger hills are covered by broken rocks of all sizes, irregularly 

heaped together; while the weather, or south and west, sides are less 
-rocky and covered by fine gravel. 

‘Some ranges, especially those fronting the southeast, present abrupt 
cliffs, intersected by broad rock-strewn plateaux. On the tops of these 
celiff-walls, particularly in the small gorges that notch their crests, are 
frequent pillar-shaped rocks, standing alone and near together, and 
curiously carved, as if by the action of the wind and sand. On the 
higher slopes it was a common thing to find bowlders of great size rest- 





_ ing upon flat rocks, in such a position that it seemed quite impossible 
for them to have rolled thither. I never succeeded in finding surface- 
scratches indicative of former glacial action, nor would the abruptness 


) 
/ 


i 
\| 
| 
i 
2 
f 


of the physical outline of the country agree with such a supposition. 
It would seem that the present hills were at first lofty and irregular pro- 


jections of basalt, from which fragments have continually been broken 
| off by the violence of the winds and the action of ice. These fragments 
; have gradually become piled up against the bases of the hills on their 
lee sides until the long southeasterly slopes uow existing have been 


built up, from which the remainder of the original rock projects as a 
more or less rounded crown. On the weather or southwesterly sides 


the approach is generally more abrupt, less marked by large bowlders, 
and covered by smail, flat gravel, through which the bed-rock frequently 

crops out. Possibly accumulations of snow, filling the shallower 
hollows in winter and sliding down the hill-sides in summer, may have 
their effect in moving the bowlders above referred to. Such a body 
of snow still existed on Mount Crozier so late as December, which had 
been frozen by night and thawed by day until it had become nearly solid 
ice, quite capable of carrying rocks of considerable size with it should it 
ever slide down the hill-side. 








36 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


In some instances the projecting rocks have become s0 undermined 
by the action of the elements as to present very remarkable outlines. 
An immense mass of basalt, for example, facing northwest, some four 
niles from our station, seemed to be held by the strength of its material 
alone, so far did it overhang its center of gravity ; its base being deeply 
grooved and carved, asif by the action of the wind. 

The streams are numerous, and furnish an excellent supply of pure, 
very cold water; sufficiently pure, indeed, to be used by the photog- 
raphers. Strange to say, these streams seemed to be absolutely without 
animal life, perhaps owing to the extreme coldness of the water (aver- 
aging 42° Fahrenheit). Ponds are frequent on both high and low land, 
and often of considerable size. In many places are extensive quaking 
bogs, and here and there are to be seen deep pits where the surface has 
fallen in, sometimes to the depth of 30 or 40 feet. Quicksands, or rather 
mud-holes, are said by the whalers to abound, and in most unexpected 
places. They tell many stories of shipmates who have undertaken to ex- 
plore the island and have never returned, supposed to have been swal- 
lowed up insink-holes. Persons connected with the transit parties often 
got upon insecure ground, but no serious accident followed in any case. 

The general aspect of the island is desolate in the extreme. Snow 
covers all of the higher hills, against which the abrupt outlines of their 
dark basaltic ridges are most clearly defined. Only along the sea-shore is 
a narrow belt of herbage, of which the singular Kerguelen cabbage is at 
once the largest and most conspicuous component. The weather is also 
extremely inclement, there being scarcely a day without snow or rain. 
Violent gales of wind prevail to an extent unknown in the same northern 
latitude. It was often impossible to go on foot any considerable distance 
from the home-station on account of the severity of the wind. Sir J. 
Clarke Ross tells of one of his men being actually blown into the sea, and 
of saving himself from a like accident only by lying flat on the ground. 
Little squalls called “woolleys” (willy-waws ?) are particularly dreaded 
by the sealers. A small white sphere of cloud is seen high up on the 
mountain-side, and immediately comes down with immense speed and 
violence, often burying vessels bows under. These squalls are danger- 
ous not only by their violence but by their nearly vertical direction. 
In such a squall, on the 11th September, the entire transit expedition, 
with many officers of the Swatara, narrowly escaped with their lives 
and the loss of two boats, being overtaken while on their way from shore 
to the ship, anchored not more than a mile away. 




















GEOLOGY. 37 


Following is the monthly summary of the meteorological observa- 
tions: * 
United States observing station, Kerguelen Island; latitude, 49° 21’S.; longitude, 70° 
15’ E.; altitude of barometer above sea-level, 130 feet. 


: Wind : 
Saturation, mean 2 ieRain, 
Month. Barometer, mean. Thermometer, mean. percent “ ge. mean faa 
force 
8a.m.|2p.m.|8p.m.| 8a. m.| 2p. mM. | 8 p.m. |8 pial p.m.|8 p.m. ; Inches. 
September* .| 29.60] 29.52] 29.60] 42.9 AGA ODT ooulas|aaeesa|eneeen eases SS ie seece. 
October}. ---. 29.36 | 29.32} 29.32] 41.97] 41.6 oA, O08 ous a | Soe ook: Shhh SvGe |[Patseoa: 
November t.-} 29.73 | 29.74] 29.74] 44.9 50. 41.6 | .855 | . 792 | .823 5.3 2 


December§ -.} 29.53 | 29.39) 29.54] 49.02] 52.05 | 43.2 | .83 |.77 | .84 6. 45 6.3 


* Snow or rain, excepting two clear days. ¢ Twelve days without snow or rain. 
t Four days without snow or rain. § Nine days without snow or rain. 

The barometer touched its highest point, 30.30 inches, on September 
16 and November 17; the wind being light on both occasions, from the 
southward and westward, with rain on the latter date. On October 18, 
the day after a severe gale, the barometer fell to 28.74, the forenoon 
being clear with snow in the afternoon, and the wind from the south- 
west. Again, on October 25, the wind being light, from the northwest, 
with snow all day, the barometer fell to 28.72. This also was the day 
after a severe gale. As a rule, we were disposed to place more reliance 
upon the steadiness of the barometer as an indicator of good weather 
than upon its actual height; fierce gales, snow, and rain occurring with 
almost every position of the mercury, but generally preceded by either 
a rapid rise or a rapid fall. From the 4th of December, for example, to 
the 9th (the day of the transit), the barometer had fallen steadily but 
very slowly from 29.92 to 29.12; yet the morning of the 9th dawned 
perfectly clear, and one of the stillest that occurred during all of our 
stay. The barometer began to rise about 8 o’clock, coincidently with the 
appearance of heavy. clouds, followed by rain in the evening. 

The highest thermometers recorded were 64° at 8a. m., September 18, 
and 65° at 2 p. m., December 5; the wind being northwest on both 
occasions. The lowest recorded was 23° at 8 p. m., September 26, with 
a westerly wind. On one occasion, during a night early in September, 
the thermometer was observed to be as low as 189, this being the low- 
est temperature noted. In September the extremes of temperature 
were 64° and 23°; in October, 54° and 27°; in November, 604° and 
334°; and in December, 65° and 35°. 


*For detailed meteorological register, see report to Surgeon-General of the Navy, 
dated June 12, 1875; published by Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 1876. 





38 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


The force of the wind is figured on the scale usually employed on sea- 
going vessels, according to which the maximum is es representing the 
strongest possible wind, such as is experienced in a typhoon or hurri- 
cane. According to this scale the force of the wind was three times 
estimated to equal 11, and fourteen times 10, in violence. Such estimates 
are of course liable to a certain personal error on the part of the observer; 
but it is not probable that in this case the error lies on the side of excess. 
The average daily rain-fall for November was 0.205, and for December 
0.252 inch, no rain-gauge having been set up previous to November. 
Both the rain and tide gauges were extemporaneous contrivances, con- 
structed by Commander Ryan as soon as opportunity and leisure offered. 
By the latter the rise and fall of the tide were measured with consider- 
able accuracy, and were found to vary from 3 feet to 7 feet, according 
to the season of the month, and partly to the direction and force of the 
wind. The average rise of the tide was about 5 feet. 


MAMMALS. 


The only land-mammal found on the island is the common mouse 
(Mus musculus), which abounds everywhere; doubtless imported by one 
of the earlier sealers. It builds its nest in holes in sand-banks (in one 
instance in the brain-cavity of the skull of a sea-elephant), lining it 
with dried grass-stems or bits of oakum. #From the husks of grass- 
seeds scattered about the entrances to its burrows, I suppose these to 
be its principal food. 

Upon Cat Island, one of those bounding Three Island Harbor, the 
wintering-place of the sealers, the domestic cat has, for many years, 
existed in a wild state. It lives in holes in the ground, preying upon 
sea-birds and their young, and is said to have developed extraordinary 
ferocity. Recent attempts to retame individuals, even when taken 
quite young, have always, as I am informed, failed. I was not able to 
visit Cat Island during the stay of the transit expedition, and therefore 
am unable to say whether any obvious structural signs of reversion 
were presented by these animals. 

Rabbits, swine, and goats have been introduced upon the Crozet and 
some of the Kerguelen Islands from time to time, and have always 
‘hriven well. Hog Island, the westernmost of the Crozet group, is 
overrup with rabbits, which have also been introduced into Kerguelen 
by the English transit party. | 






é 


Male SE Bo SST 


< 
See 









hee 6 a 1S Sere 














MAMMALS. 39 


In former years the Kerguelen group of islands was noted as a 
favorite breeding-place for the sea-elephant (Macrorhinus leoninus, L.). 
On this account it has been much frequented by sealers for the last forty 
years, and resorted to also by whalers as a wintering-place, on account 
of the great security of Three Island Harbor, The sea-elephants have 
been so recklessly killed off year after year, no precautions having been 
taken to secure the preservation of the species, that now they have 
become very rare. Only a single small schooner, the Roswell King, was 
working the island during our visit, two others and a bark working 
Heard’s Island, some three hundred miles to the south, where the 
elephants are still found in considerable numbers. Probably they would 
Jong since have abandoned the Kerguelen Islands altogether but for a 
single inaccessible stretch of coast, “ Bonfire Beach,” where they still 
“haul up” every spring (October and November) and breed in consid- 
erable numbers. The beach is limited at each end by precipitous cliffs, 
across which it is quite impossible to transport oil in casks, nor can 
boats land from the sea, or vessels lie at anchor in the offing, from the 
fact that the beach is on the west, or windward coast, and exposed to the 
full violence of the wind. 

No sea-elephants “hauled up” in the neighborhood of the American 
station previous to December. On the 13th of that month, while a 
boat’s crew from the United States steamer Monongahela were waiting 
at a rocky beach for their officers, a small female of this species came 
out of the water and was captured and killed by them. It measnred in 
length 8 feet 10.inches, and in girth 8 feet 4 inches, being enormously 
fat. The layer of fat beneath the skin was 4 inches deep, and the body 
seemed almost formless; a skin stuffed with semi-fluid fat, that quivered 
and trembled, when moved, like jelly. The skin was prepared and pre- 
served, and the skeleton partly cleaned and sunk in a barrel for small 
crustaceans to work,on. Most unfortunately, during a very severe gale 
about Christmas time, it was carried away by the violence of the sea and 
lost. Two other skins and skeletons were procured for me by captains 
of sealers, one of which, a fine full-grown bull from Heard’s Island, said 
to have measured 23 feet in length, was also lost, along with fifty barrels 
of oil, while being rafted off to the schooner. The other, a small and 
immature specimen, came from the eastern Kerguelen coast, and has 
been brought home in safety. It was procured for me by Captain Fuller, 
of the schooner Roswell King. (See Nos. 15336 and 12455 National Mu- 
seum Catalogue.) The dentition of this specimen is complete, but the 


40 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


ossific centra of many bones, notably of the vertebra, have not yet 
become united together. Prof. Theo. Gill has examined and identified 
the skeleton, which, with two skins, constitutes the collection of this 
species finally preserved. 

The sea-elephant begins to “haul up” on the beaches of its breeding- 
places about October 10, and remains ashore until well into the month 
of January. The old bulls, which alone are provided with a proboscis, 
take charge, each, of a large number of females, guarding them from the 
approach of other bulls, and (so the sealers assert) prevent them from re- 
turning to the sea betore the young are old enough to do so with safety. 
During the breeding-season the bulls are very pugnacious, fighting 
fiercely with each other, and even attacking the sealers themselves. 
Although seemingly so unwieldy, they are described as getting over the 
beaches with surprising speed, advancing both flippers at a time and 
using them like crutches. The beaches of Royal Sound are fringed by 
innumerable wallows—cradle-shaped pits—in which the animals lie dur- 
ing the breeding-season, recailing the buffalo-wallows of our west- 
erm prairies. 

Theincreasing scarcity of the sea-elephant, and consequent uncertainty 
in hunting it, together with the diminished demand for the oil since the 
introduction of coal-oil into general use, have caused a great falling-off 
in the business of elephant-hunting. The Crozet Islands, for example, 
had not been *“‘ worked” for five years, and at Kerguelen there was only 
one small schooner engaged in this pursuit, two others making Three 
Island Harbor their headquarters, but spending the “season” at Heard’s 
Island, three hundred miles to the southward. It may, therefore, be 
reasonably hoped that these singular animals, but lately far on the way 
toward extinction, will have an opportunity to increase again in numbers, 
and that the sealers may learn from past experience to carry on their 
hunting operations with more judgment, sparing breeding females and 
very young cubs. When the Monongahela visited the Crozet Islands 
on December 1, they found the sea-elephant very numerous, although 
left undisturbed for only five seasons. 

Besides the sea-elephant the sea-leopard, (Ogmorhinus* leptonya, 
Blainy.) often visits the island, as doseveral species of seal. The sea-leop- 
ard is also sought for its oil, but is less valuable, being a much more 


*This name is substituted for Stenorhynchus, because the latter has already been 
ascribed to other animals: to a crab in 1819, and to an insect in 1823 and 1825. See 
W. Peters in Monatsbericht der Kéniglich Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Ber- 
lin, June, 1875. 





ery 


a i SAN 


Hei ng 


ee 





SR ede See 




















MAMMALS—FISH. 41 


active animal, and therefore less heavily loaded with blubber. The king- 
penguin is said to be its favorite food, a statement which speaks well for 
the sea-leopard’s activity in the water, the penguin swimming rapidly 
enough of course to catch the fish upon which it feeds. The leopard is 
described as pursuing and overtaking the penguin under water, rising 
to the surface and tossing it into the air, so as to catch it more securely, 
crosswise, in its jaws. 

Dr. W. Peters also describes a new species of Otaria,* the Arctophoca 
gazella, its specific name being given in honor of the sloop of war Ga- 
zelle, which carried the German transit of Venus expedition to Ker- 
guelen Island. And Rev. Mr. Eaton, naturalist to the English expedi- 


. tion, speaks of two “species of platyrrhine seal”,t in addition to the 


sea-elephant and sea-leopard. By our own party only four individuals 
of the Phocide were seen during four months’ residence on the island. 
Two of these were thought to be sea-leopards, and two sea-elephants, 
one of the latter having been captured and preserved, as above stated. 
Sealers speak of a few scattering fur-seals upon this and Heard’s 
Islands, but they have never been found in large numbers. 

Many species of whales and porpoises abound in the neighboring 


seas. In the early days of whaling in the Indian Ocean, these islands 


are said to have literally swarmed with whales, for which the numerous 
inlets and bays of the archipelago furnished secure and sheltered 
breeding-places. Even now this region is one of the best whale-fishing 
grounds of the Antarctic Seas. 


FISH. 


(IDENTIFIED BY PROF. THEO. GILL.) 


Very few fish were collected, owing tothe want of boats. Several 
attempts were made with set-lines from the shore, but without success. 
From the deck of the Swatara, September 9, was caught, with a hand- 
line, a fine specimen of Chenicthys rhinoceratus, Richardson, which has 
been preserved. (Catalogue National Museum, No. 16642.) 

There were also captured, at various times, under stones on the beach, 


at low water, small specimens of Notothenia purpuriceps, Rich., and 


Harpagifer bispinis, Rich. On the 2d January, dredging at 5 fathoms 
from the steam-cutter of the Monongahela, I obtained two small speci- 





* Loe. cit. 


+ Annals and Magazine, October, 1875. 


42 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN JSLAND. 


mens, one of which proves to be Notothenia purpuriceps, and the other 
(probably) Nototheniatesselata, Rich., hitherto reported from the Falkland 
Islands. Some of the dorsal rays having been injured in transportation, 
the diagnosis is not positive.* 

The sealers reported that at times they had caught a fish of consider- 
able size, “like a tom cod”, at the outer edges of the kelp-beds; but state ~ 
that fish are never very plentiful. None were found in the fresh-water 
streams. | 

A single specimen each of a species of Gobiesor and Clinus was 
brought from Table Bay, South Africa, having been captured on the 
shore. 


MOLLUSKS. 


By W. H. DAL, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


CEPHALOPODA. 


- Octopus ? 

Beaks of a cephalopod, perhaps an Octopus, were discovered by Dr. _ 
Kidder in the stomachs of sea-birds. Also an Octopus, dead on the— 
beach, after a storm, in too imperfect a condition for identification. 


GASTEROPODA. 


RISSOID. 


GENUS EATONIELLA, Dall. 
Eatonia, E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xvi, ser. iv, July, 1875, 70; (not Eatonia, Jas. 
Hall, 10th Rep. N. Y. State Univ. 90, 1857; Pal. N. Y. iii, 432, 1858.) 

The name Hatonia being pre-oceupied, as above, by Hall for a genus 
of brachiopods, I have substituted a modified form of it which does not 
appear to have been used. This genus is practically a thin, smooth 
Rissoina, as far as the shell goes, apparently bearing much the same 
relation to Rissoinad that Cingula does to Rissoa. 


EKATONIELLA KERGUELENENSIS. 
Eatonia kerquelenensis, E. A. Smith, 1. ¢. 70. 
Mus. No. 11898. 


The specimens, five in number, collected by Dr. Kidder at low-water 





* Gill, Synops. Notothenioids, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, 591.—Richardson, 
Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror, 5.—Giinther, Cat. Acanth. Fishes, ii, 260. 


























MOLLUSKS. 43 


mark on fuci, show such great variations in form of aperture, acuteness 
of the spire, and general proportions, that I am unwilling to describe 
them as new, though the diagnosis of Mr. Smith does not seem in all 
respects applicable to them. None of them exceed four and a half 
whorls in extent, the aperture being nearly one-half as long as the 
shell. A faint umbilical chink is perceptible in a greatly enlarged 
camera-drawing. The largest specimen is 4.57", in length and 2.3™™. 
in width. If, on comparison, the specimens should be found to differ 
from the form described by Mr. Smith, they may be called Eatoniella 
inflata. 

The operculum of this species, besides being subspiral instead of con- 
centric, differs from that of Rissoella Gray (=Jeffreysia, Alder) in having 
the process extended at a much more obtuse angle, but on the same 
side of the operculum. 


EATONIELLA CALIGINOSA. 
Eatonia caliginosa, E. A. Smith, 1. ¢. 71. 
Mus. No. 11899. : 
Two specimens, apparently of this species, were obtained by Dr. Kid- 


der. 


MURICID. 


PURPURA STRIATA. 


_ Buccinum striatum, Martyn, Un. Conch. 


Mus. No. 11900. 
New Zealand, Martyn; Kerguelen, Dr. Kidder, two specimens, one 
living; probably this species, which is common in New Zealand. 


PATELLID. 


PATINELLA MAGELLANICA. 


Patinella magellanica, Dall, Am. Jour. Conch. vi, 273, 1871. 
Patella magellanica, Gmelin. 

Patella deaurata, Auct. 

Patella ferruginea, Wood, Index Test. No. 22. 

Patella fusca, Dillwyn, Cat. ii, 1047, No. 70. 


Mus. No. 11901. 
Straits of Magellan, United States Exploring Expedition ; Kerguelen, 
dead on beach, seven specimens, much worn, Dr. Kidder. 


44 . NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. * 


PATELLA? DELESSERTII, Philippi. 
Mus. No. 11902. 


Straits of Magellan, authors; Kerguelen, one dead specimen 
probably of this species, Dr. Kidder. 


CHITONID:. 
GENUS HEMIARTHRUM, Cpr., MS. 


Valve terminales laminate, haud articulate, lamine laterales obso- 
lete ; zona lanuginosa, porifera; branchie postice. 


HEMIARTHRUM SETULOSUM, Cpr., n. s. 
Mus. No. 11903. 

H. t. latiore, curvata, olivaceo-fusca; jugo planato; mucrone sub- 
centrali? areis haud definitis; tot& superficie sensim quincunxiter 
granulosa, granis satis extantibus. 

Intus ; valva antic& et posticé conspicue laminata; laminis acutis, : 
haud incisis, haud regularibus, valde extantibus; subgrundis spongi- i 
osis, minimis; valvis centralibus et postica laminis suturalibus, tri- 
angularibus, maxime distantibus, extantibus, decliviter lateraliter, conti- 
nuis; sinu maximo, valde spongioso. 

Zona modica, haud expansa, solida, leve; sparsim minutissime lanu- 
ginaté; poris minutissimis, setuliferis ad suturas, et cire. iv, circum 
valvas terminales sitis, instructa, setulis minimis, curtissimis. 

Animal, pede capiteque normalibus; branchiis majoribus posticis, 
utroque latere circiter vi, medio pede tenus. Lon. 13™™. Lat. 7™™. 
Div. variante ad 1309. 

Kerguelen Island, on stones at low water, Dr. Kidder, two specimens. 

This shell, externally, resembles some of the coarse, ill-defined acan- 
thochitons. The girdle, however, is narrower and smoother than in 
that genus, and the pores so extremely minute that in a dry specimen 
they would escape attention. Within, however, the features are entirely 
new, though not unexpected. It forms a transition between Hanleia 
(mendicaria) and the articulate chitons. A single unslit lamina sur- 
rounds both the terminal valves, projecting far beyond the external 
layer. In the posterior plate this is continued forward to form part of 
the sutural laminz. These, in all the valves, slope off, both toward the 
middle and toward the sides, so as to take the place of the ordinary 
side-laminz, which here do not exist, | 

The specimen examined—hardened by preservation in alcohol and 








MOLLUSKS. 45 


_ softened in water only—had the plates so much affected by the decorti- 


cation of the whole jugular portion that I was unable to extract them 
in a perfect condition. However, all the characters could be made out 
except the mucro, which, judging by the remaining striz of growth, 
must have been central, or nearly so. (Carpenter MS.) 


HELICID A. 


HELIX (HYALINA) HOOKERI. 


Helix hookeri, Pfr. Mon. Hel. iii, 88, No. 531. 
Helix hookeri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. 208, n. 1474. 


Mus. No. 11904. 

Kerguelen Island, Hooker, Dr. Kidder. Gregarious about and under 
stones. Occasionally the shell of this species appears to be partly mem- 
branous, and in drying, from this cause, the spire is frequently abnor- 


mally flattened. 
SIPHONARITD 2. 


SIPHONARIA TRISTENSIS. 
Siphonaria tristensis, Sby. Gen. Sh. f. 3.; Dall. Am. Journ. Conch. vi, 1870. 
Siphonaria lessoni, Blainy. teste Rve. Ic. v., fig. 23, a, 6. 
Mus. No. 11905. 

Tristan d’Acunha, Rve. Orange Harbor, Patagonia, United States 
Exploring Expedition; Kerguelen, Dr. Kidder; abundant between tide- 
marks. : 


ACHPHALA. 
LASEIDZE. 


: LASEA RUBRA, Mont. 
Mus. No. 11906. 


- Kerguelen Isiand, Dr. Kidder, four specimens; with mussels. Dis- 


tribution world-wide: These individuals are rather larger than most 
northern specimens. 


BKEPTONIDZ. 


LEPTON PARASITICUM, N. 8. 
Mus. No. 11907. 


Shell small, elongate ovate, inflated, thin; beaks nearly central, not 
prominent, surface shining, but not polished, with the texture of a Pan- 
dora. Shell white, hardly sculptured, but under a high magnifying 


46 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


power showing delicate concentric lines and fine radiating, apparently 
pubescent, lines extending from the umbones. Margins of the shell 
covered by an extension of the mantle, provided on each side with seven 
or eight stout cirri or tentacular processes. A single larger cirrus 


above the foot at the anterior end. Siphon short, foot small, very close 


to the anterior end of the shell. 

Length, 2™™; height, 1.6%, 

Habitat, in the channels leading to the oral aperture of a species of 
echinoid (Tripylus), where it appears to lead a parasitic or at least a 
commensal existence. These echini were dredged by Dr. Kidder at 
Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, near the station of the United States 
observers, in five and twelve fathoms. These tiny mollusks were quite 
abundant on the particular portion of the echinus mentioned, but none 
were found on any other part. It would seem asif the soft parts, before 
becoming contracted by the alcohol, must have almost entirely envel- 
oped the shell. The latter was of such extreme tenuity that all efforts 
to remove it entire from the specimens resulted in its destruction. The 
teeth appeared, however, to resemble those of the other species of the 
genus; none of which, so far as I can recall, have been reported as com- 
mensal animals. 


MODIOLARCID. 
KIDDERIA, n. g. 

Shell minute, byssiferous, concentrically sculptured, with two minute 
eardinal teeth in each valve, and a partially internal ligament attached 
to a more or less prominent process on the inner hinge-margin of each 
valve. Pallial line simple. 

KIDDERIA MINUTA, 0. S. 
Mus. No. 11908. 

Shell minute, thin, inflated; shaped notunlike a short Lithodomus ; the 
upper posterior surface dark rose-color, the basal and umbonal portions 
of the valves whitish, with an excessively thin epidermis; the interior 
more or less suffused with rose-color, smooth, but not polished. Muscular 
scars indistinct, anterior scar rounded, posterior ovate. Umbones 
rounded, inflated, nearly terminal; anterior end of shell subtruncate, 
posterior end rounded. Surface smooth, under a high power showing 
minute rounded incremental concentric ridges. Cardinal teeth very 
minute, anterior largest, hinge-margin not thickened except at the liga- 
mentary processes. Ligament strong and thick, attached almost exclu- 


<j 


ae: 


Sh PIER aS 


oo, 
a 


—— 
Cae 


Se 


ee 


te PSS 


eK 


ei, 
ea 




















MOLLUSKS. AT 


| sively to the inner side of the hinge-margin, but partly visible from the 

— outside between the edges of the valves. 

Length of largest specimen, 4""; height, 3°"; diameter, 2.5". 

This minute shell was found attached to the byssus of Mytilus canali- 

— culus, and_at first sight might be readily taken for the fry of that species. 
An examination of the hinge and muscular scars, however, is sufficient 

‘to dispel this impression. 

It differs from Modiolarca, in its single anterior muscular scar, the 
presence of strong nymphe for the subinternal ligament, and in the full 
development of the cardinal teeth ; which, though minute, stand sharply 
out from under the cardinal border, instead of being subobsolete upon 
its internal face. The ligament falls little short of being entirely inter- 
nal. So strong, and so strongly attached is it, that all attempts to clear 
it from the hin ge-processes were ineffectual, and their exact shape (which 
appears to differ slightly in different individuals) could not be made out. 
In fact, in opening the shell, the valves would usually give way before 
the ligament. Its attachments appear to be entirely internal, though 
the edges of the valves do not quite close over its outer surface. The 
margin of the shell appears perfectly plain, and most of the specimens 
yossess a slender byssus. 

Modiolarca pusilla, Gould, appears (from the type specimens) to belong 
to this group, but it differs from K. minuta in form, color, and larger 
proportional size of the teeth. Gould’s figure does not well represent 
his typical specimens. They were from Tierra del Fuego, and among 
some minutie from Orange Harbor, collected by the United States Ex- 
ploring Expedition, I found several specimens of K. minute. In some 
respects this shell recalls Ceropsis of the Carditide. 

I am pleased to be able to connect with this interesting little form 
the name of Dr. Kidder, who has, with very limited opportunities and 
the disadvantage of a comparatively short stay on the island, succeeded 
in accumulating a most interesting fund of specimens and biographical 
notes. 


MYTILID. 


MYTILUS MAGELLANICUS, Ohemn. 
Mus. No. 11909. 


New Zealand, Straits of Magellan, authors; Kerguelen Island, Dr. 
Kidder; four living specimens, much eroded, and numerous dead 
valves. 


4S NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


MYTILUS CANALICULUS, Hanley. 


Mytilus latus, auct. non. Lam. 


Mytilus ungulatus, Rve. Conch. Ie. ii, 4. 
Mus. No. 11910. 


Chili, Reeve ; New Zealand, Hanley; Kerguelen Island, Dr. Kidder, 
living; abundant. The shell of this species closely resembles some varie- 
ties of Mytilus edulis, but the soft parts are quite different. The foot is 
large and quite flat beneath. The viscera and branchie are white; the 
foot and mantle edge streaked with dark brown. 

The following species, not obtained by Dr. Kidder, but described as 
new, by Mr. Smith, in the paper referred to; and other previously-de- 
scribed species, which are not enumerated in the paper in the Annals, 


were found by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, of the English party at Ker- — 


guelen. 


Struthiolaria mirabilis, Smith. 
Buccinopsis (?) eatoni, Smith. 
Trophon albolabratus, Smith. 
Littorina setosa, Smith. 

Kissoa Kergueleni, Smith. 
Eatoniella subrufescens, Smith, sp. 
Skenea subcanaliculata, Smith. 
Scissurella supraplicata, Smith. 
Solenella gigantea, Smith. 

Yoldia subequilateralis, Smith. 


[In addition to the foregoing, the collection contains individuals of an 
undetermined Doris, found in tide-pools, at low-water.—J. H. K.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


The class TUNICATA is numerously represented, both solitary and 
compound ascidians being abundant upon rocky beaches and attached 
to the great masses of kelp (Macrocystis) which fringe the shores of 
the island. A large solitary ascidian, of dark mahogany color, with 
tough, leathery envelope, was especially common just below low-water 
mark. Specimens were found as long as 5 inches. 

Flustra and numerous other forms of PoLyzoA grow luxuriantly 
upon the stems and leaves of sea-weed, presenting often remarkably 


=) 








INSECTS. 49 


delicate and beautifully branching forms. No brachiopods were col- 
lected, owing, I suppose, to the want of facilities for dredging, since 
better-known regions in the same latitude have been found to be partic- 
ularly rich in animals of this class. None of the Molluscoida have yet 
been identified specifically. 


INSECTS. 
COLEOPTERA. 


Several species of curculio, and a very few specimens of a small 
black beetle, were found at different times and in very diverse local- 
ities. The little black beetles were caught on rocks near the sea and 
about the roots of wet tufts of moss. They belong to the genus Oc- 
thebius, Leach, a member of the aquatic family Helophorida, McLeay, 
and are vegetable feeders in the perfect state. The British species are 
described as slow in their movements, creeping along the stems of 
aquatic plants, and often crawling out of the water upon the margins 
of fresh-water pools. There was no body of fresh water near the habi- 
tat of these Kerguelen specimens, but the herbage in which they were 


‘found is constantly drenched with rain and snow water. Westwood 


states (Guide to the Classification of Insects, London, 1839) that ‘this 
family appears to be confined to temperate climates, no species having 
been hitherto found as inhabitants of tropical countries, or, indeed, as 
belonging to the southern hemisphere.” 

A small black species of curculio was captured near the top of Mount 
Crozier, above the snow-line, early in the summer (November). It had 
just crawled out of a tuft of moss upon the surface of & rock. Other 
similar specimens had been found still earlier in the season under stones 
in gravelly soil, apparently torpid. Later, many different forms, some 
of moderate size, were found on the sunny faces of rocks near the sea. 
Many of these were colored green, blue, or brown, but the colors were 
generally dull. Most of the species were incapable of flight, their wing- 
cases being soldered together. Some of the largest forms were good 
fliers, however; the largest and most brilliantly colored specimen taken 
having flown into my hut one night, attracted by the light. These 
curculios were not observed to counterfeit death when approached, as 
is the habit of the family elsewhere. All of these various forms are 
pronounced by Professor Gerstaecker (to whom both these and the pre- 


ceding were sent for identification) to belong to the genus Phillobius, 
4K 


50 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Schénherr, the specimens being too much injured in transportation to 
admit of the determination of the species. The few drops of carbolic 
acid, added to the bottle of glycerine, alcohol, and water, in which they 
were preserved, seem to have been destructive to the more minute 
parts. 

Besides the foregoing, a single specimen of a small brown beetle, 
supposed to be an elater, was captured and preserved, but has some- 
how been lost in transportation. Mr. Eaton speaks of finding longicorn 
beetles, and “several species of Brachyelytra.” (Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
History, Oct., 1875, p. 291.)* 

It is somewhat remarkable that the prominent form in the Coleoptera 
of Kerguelen, an island destitute of trees and shrubs, should be the 
curculio, and that the only other form collected by our party should be 
a water-beetle, living at a distance from any pond or pool. The possi- 
bility of importation by the whalers, which have so long frequented the 
island, should be borne in mind in this connection. 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


The small vial containing the collection of Lepidoptera has been lost 
in transportation, A single flying tineid ‘moth was observed soon after 
our landing, but supposed to be a clothes-moth from our own boxes. 
While preparing some botanical specimens for the press on the evening 
of December 18, I captured two lepidopterous insects of moderate size, 
with very imperfect and abbreviated wings, active in their movements, 
and ‘seeming to be provided with two pairs of antenne, one being long 
and thread-like, the other shorter, pectinate, and curling backward over 
the top of the head.” These insects are noted in my diary as “ Podura- 





* The following species from Mr. Eaton’s collection have been described by Mr. 
Chas. O. Waterhouse, in the Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine (London, Aug., 1875, 
54), as from Kerguelen’s Land: 

Sus-OrpDER BRACHYELYTRA : 

FaMiLty, ALEOCHARIDZ: 

Phytosus atriceps, sp. nov. 
Sus-OrpER RHYNCHOPHORA: 

FaMILy, BRACHYDERIDINE: 
Canonopsis sericeus, gen. et sp. NOV. 
Agonelytra, gen. nov. 

Agonelytra angusticollis, sp. nov. 
Agonelytra gracilipes, sp. nov. 
Agonclytra brevis, sp. nov. 





a: 





| 








INSECTS. 51 


like moths of large size, with partly-developed wings, from the roots 
of plants.” Small Podure were not uncommon. With these excep- 
tions, no members of this order were observed during our stay, although 
often sought for, particularly at night.* 


DIPTERA. 
Fam. ACALYPTERA. 


(IDENTIFIED BY C. R. OSTEN SACKEN.) 


Calycopteryx mosleyi, Eaton, g. and sp. nov.; 

Anatalanta aptera, Eaton, g. and sp. nov. ; 

Amalopteryx maritima, Eaton, g. and sp. nov.—Entom. Mag., Aug., 1875. 
Early in November, the first species named above was found on the 

leaves of the Kerguelen cabbage (Pringlea antiscorbutica), and thereafter 

inincreasing numbers. The insects are of considerable size, dark brown 

in color, with long legs, and considerable activity of movement, looking 

not unlike large ants. This species is distinguished on superficial ex- 

amination by its long ovipositor, and by the prominent pubescence 


covering its abdomen. Upon the approach of the observer the insects 


drop from the leaves in great numbers, doubling up their legs and coun- 
terfeiting death. As the axils of these large leaves always contain a 
considerable quantity of water, the utility of the pubescence with which 
the insects are covered becomes very apparent, protecting them from 
getting wet by the film of air entangled in the hairs. Footless larve, 
supposed to belong to these insects, were found in abundance among 
the damp roots of moss and grass. 

On the 27th of November, I set a jar with its rim even with the sur- 
face of ‘the earth and baited it with carrion in the hope of catching 
beetles. It contained, in the morning, large numbers of Diptera of the 
second species (Anatalanta aptera), differing superficially from the pre- 
ceding by their lesser size, darker color, less pubescence, and much less 
distinct ovipositors. They were also much more active in their move- 
ments, and almost always found upon dead animal matter. They were 
not observed to counterfeit death on being approached. 

It was not until late in December that the third species was dis- 
covered on wet rocks at the edge of the sea. These are smaller than 
either of the others, quite black, not visibly pubescent, and provided 





. * Mr. Eaton describes only the tineid moth, viz: Embryonopsis halticella, gen. et sp 


nov. Ent. Mag., loc. cit. 


52 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


with small, triangular rudiments of wings. They cannot fly, but seem 
to use the wings in jumping, which they do with great activity, mak- 
ing it quite difficult to catch them. They do not appear to jump in any 
definite direction, but spring into the air, buzzing the small winglets 
with great activity, and seem to trust to chance for a spot on which 
to alight, tumbling over and over in the air. I never observed them 
jumping when undisturbed. 

These three genera of wingless flies present several anomalies not 
heretofore observed. With the structure of flies, they possess many of 
the habits of beetles, such as that of counterfeiting death when in danger, 
and seem to represent this order in the economy of the locality. The 
carrion-feeder (Anatalanta aptera) has no vestige of either wings or bal- 
ancers (halteres), “* Aptera anhalterata,” Mr. Eaton callsthem. The leaf- 
feeders show small seale-like bodies, which Mr. Eaton supposed to repre- 
sent the balancers (‘‘halteribus brevibus et parvis”). Baron Osten 
Sacken, however, finds that these scales are really representatives of 
the wings. The third genus (Amalopteryx maritima) represents a fur- 
ther step in the progress of development, possessing both wings and 
balancers, but still unable to fly. A small gnat, observed only during 
the time of flowering of the “ Kerguelen tea” (Acena affinis, Hook. fil.), 
was the only flying insect observed by me while on the island. Even 
the common house-fly had not yet been naturalized. Mr. Eaton men- 
tions also a species of Tipulide,* with imperfect or abortive wings. 


PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA. 


By H. A. HaGeEn. 
RHYOPSOCUS ECLIPTICUS. 


Head large, triangular, scarcely longer than broad, flattened above; 
occipital margin straight, very little notched in the middle. Eyes black, 
scarcely prominent, placed in the hind angle of the head; half as long 
as the head, half as broad as long, slightly rounded externally, with 
very large facets, only 15 along the external margin; ocelli wanting 
(Note 1). Nasus large, tumid, nearly straight before, the angles rounded; 
labrum half as long as broad, front margin straight, angles rounded; 
antenne inserted between the base of the clypeus and the eyes, long, 
nearly as long as the body, thin, 26-jointed; the two basal joints much 
larger, of equal length, cylindrical ; the six following ones nearly equal, 
cylindrical, a little shorter than the second one; the eight following 
ones a little shorter, somewhat ovoid; the last of them (the 16th) a 


* Described as Halyritus amphibius, Eaton, Entom. Mag., Aug., 1375. 














INSECTS. 53 


little shorter and more dilated; the following ten cylindrical, a little 
longer, except the shorter terminal one. Fine hairs are inserted around 
the joints, sometimes two on each side, sometimes more—up to four or 
six. In the basal part of the antennez the hairs are longer (Note 2). 
Mouth-parts strong; mandibule hooked, the base interiorily dilated and 
denticulated ; maxilla with an elongated interior lobe, with two series 
of teeth at the base; the long horny stem straight, bifid on tip, exterior 
branch a little longer; maxillar palpus 4-jointed, large, last joint longer, 
hatchet-shaped, with numerous hairs in small holes on the apical mar- 
gin; labium with two triangular inner lobes, and 2-jointed palpx, the 
first very short, the last large, similar to the last joint of the maxillary 
ones, but smaller. Prothorax more than half as broad as the head; the 
hind angles protracted into triangular lobes. Mesothorax and meta- 
thorax not very distinct, seemingly as broad as the prothorax, side lobes 
more rounded. 

Fore wings shorter than the abdomen, three times longer than broad, 
rounded on tips, anterior margins in a very flat curve, posterior nearly 
Straight; base of the wing a little narrower than the tip, rounded poste- 
riorly. The whole margin around the wing is bordered by a strong 
vein, thickly beset with oblique darker stripes or tubercles; and at 
larger intervals with longer stiff hairs, set in holes, mostly on the veins, 
some near by in the membranous part of the wings. One middle vein 
is soon furcated beyond the base into a superior and an inferior branch. 
The superior branch provides the anterior half of the wing; it is furcated 
very soon again, the two branches running parallel and uniting at about 
the middle of the length of the wing by an oblique vein. From the 
upper end of this oblique vein goes a short branch straight to the an- 
terior margin of the wing, and two longer ones to its rounded apex, the 
inferior of them again furcated at about its middle; from the inferior 
end of the oblique vein goes one branch, farcated half-way to the inferior 


part of the wing-apex; the inferior branch of the two last ones is, in 


the other wing, furcated again a short distance from the margin. The 
inferior branch of the furcation just beyond the base of the wing is again 
fureated just before the middle of the wing, and its superior branch 
again; so it goes, somewhat incurved, with three veins, to the apical 
half of the hinder margin. There go one (or two) straight veins from 
the basis in an oblique line to the basal half of the posterior margin. I 
aim not sure whether a short oblique vein goes from the basis to the 
anterior margin. The right wing is more irregular, and it seems that 


54 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 





the inferior branch, distributed to the apical half of the hinder margin, — 
comes from the superior one, somewhat in front of the oblique vein, and ; 
that its two inferior branches are derived, as in the other wing, from the 
basis. All veins are beset at intervals with stiff hairs, like the marginal 
vein. 

The hind wings are similar in shape to the fore wings, but shorter and 
narrower. The surrounding marginal vein similar but not so strong. | 
There are none of the long hairs in the hind wing. A middle vein gives off 
in the first third an oblique branch to the hind margin. This is the only 
vein in the hind wings reaching the marginal vein. All others cease 
more or less abruptly before reaching them. Shortly after a similar ob- 
lique vein goes to the anterior margin. In the middle of the length of 
the wing the main vein is branched, and gives a long inferior branch 













going to the hind margin near the tip without reaching it; then, the 
superior branch fureates in two parallel branches going to the tip; the © 
mferior one shows posteriorly an indication of the beginning of a branch. 

Legs long, stout, the posterior longer than the abdomen ; femurs stout 
and thick (perhaps the species jumps like many Psocide); tibia cylin- 


drical, as long as the femur, slightly hairy, with two movable spines on — 


the apex below; tarsi 3-joiuted, one-third shorter than the tibia, eylin- 


drical, the last joint long, the two others equal, and together two-thirds | 
of the length of the basal joint; at the apex of the last joint two claws, | 
thicker at their bases, the apex fine, a little bent at tip; between the 
claws a rounded plantula. 

Abdomen ovoid, more pointed toward the apex. The egg-valves 
very clearly visible (the specimen is a female); two exterior membra- | 
nous, elongated lobes, two horny interior stems, long, narrow, perhaps | 
articulated ; the apical part bent inward, and the tip again outward; __ 
between the two horny ones are two smaller elongated, pointed, horner 
stems, much shorter than the others. a 


The color is pale brownish-yellow, darker on head and mandibles; | 
antenne grayish; wings hyaline, colorless, the long hairs of the fore- : 
wings dark. . 

Length of the body a little less than 2 millimeters; expanse of fore | 
wing 14 millimeters. Locality Kerguelen Island, October, 1874.* 


\ 
| 





* The only specimen noticed during the stay of the Transit Party at Kerguelen was § 
captured October 17, within doors, and was mounted in balsam upon a microscopic / 
slide. Shortly before its capture some instrument-boxes, brought from Washington | 
and containing a quantity of packing-straw, had been unpacked in the same room; a} 
circumstanve rendering the habitat of the insect very doubtful at the time.—J. H. K. 





INSECTS. 55 


The specimen belongs, doubtless, to the so-called micropterous forms 
of Psocide, which oceur occasionally and are observed in many spe- 
cies. Mr. Westwood has founded upon such specimens the genus 
Lachesis proved by M’Lachlan to be, probably, a micropterous condi- 
tion of Cecilius pedicularius. In the Kerguelen specimen the short- 
ness of the wings (the fore wings are shorter than the body), and the 
reticulation not identical in both wings, show an aborted condition. 
The systematic place is rather doubtful. 

Within the section of Psocide with ocelli (I have stated that I be- 
lieve the Kerguelen specimen to be without ocelli) two genera have legs 
with 3-jointed tarsi. But in both (JMyopsocus and Elipsocus) the 
second joint is much shorter than the third, and the antenn only 
13jointed. Of the species described for those genera H. pumilis 
from New York is not very much larger, and is similarin colors. But the 
reticulation is very different and ocelli are present. In my two speci- 
mens the antenne and tarsi are broken. / 

Among the Psocide without ocelli only Psoquilla could be taken into 
account. The tarsi are of the same shape, the palpi also; the antenn® 
are equally multiarticulate, but Psoquilla possesses no hind wings, and 
the reticulation is scarcely related. I should add that Psoquilla is known 
only by three specimens of uncertain locality, and not in good condition. 

The genus Psyllipsocus, founded by Baron De Selys Longchamps on 
Psocus pedicularius Rambur, approaches this species more nearly in regard 
to the reticulation of the fore-wings, and has 3-jointed tarsi, but noth- 
ing is stated about their length, or about the presence of ocelli, or the 
number of joints of the antenne. The single specimen, in bad condi- 
tion, is perhaps also exotic, that is, imported into Paris with plants or 
merchandise. 

Therefore the specimen, not agreeing with any known species or ge- 


hus, must belong to a new genus, which I name Rhyopsocus, The char- 


acter of the genus would be sufficiently established ; ocellis nullis; an- 
tennis 26-articulatis palpis maxillaribus articulo apicali magno, truncato ; 
tarsis triarticulatis, articulis duobus apicalibus equalibus ; alis quatuor. 
The question whether the species is introduced from America, is not 
to be answered with certainty. All species hitherto known from Amer- 
ca differ from one another. The only species I have not seen is P. 
pusillus Harris, but the description differs. Now it is certain that not 
more than ten per cent. of the species living in North America are 
known, probably even less. 


56 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


The introduction of the Psocidz into foreign countries is very easy. 
Two species, living in Ceylon upon the coffee-tree, have been collected 
near Rio de Janeiro by Mr. B. P. Mann, on the coffee-trees introduced 
long ago from Ceylon. Perhaps they are also introduced in Ceylon. 
Atropos oleagina occurred in Ceylon, and was stated to have been im- 
ported with oil-cake from England; but there is no evidence that the 
Species is British. Other species of Atropos and Psocus occur in many 
parts of the world. The curious instance that R. eclipticus has aborted 
wings, like most of the Kerguelen insects, would in this case not be a cer- 
tain proof for the habitat. But it is certainly not impossible. 


NOTES. 


Notre 1.—As the presence or the absence of the ocelli is 2 very im- 
portant character, I have spent a considerable time in examining those 
organs. I confess that there are still some doubts about this matter. 
In the middle of the head, and in the same direction with the upper 
ends of the eyes, is a transverse air-bubble, or better, a hole filled with 
air, assuming the shape of the cerebrum, narrower toward the middle 
from behind, rounded at the end. But the two sides differ in shape. 
‘The left side is cylindrical, rounded at the outer end, with a cup like a 
watch-glass, imitating well the cornea of an ocellum; the right side has 
a similar shape, but the outer end is in some way extravasated, begin- 
ning from the place where on the left side the cornea-like cup begins. 
The place filled with the extravasation is represented on the left side by 
a hollow space, to be seen well marked in the interior of the head. A 
third anterior ocellus is entirely wanting, although the parts are all 
quite visible, and I see two little prominences which would represent 
the beginning of the two nervous commissures encircling the cesopha- 
gus. Though the whole interior of the body is transparent, and the 
digestive organs are quite visible, I cannot distinguish anything be- 
longing to the nervous system, not even the ganglia; probably they are 
too transparent. After all, I consider the above transparent, transversal 
organ to be the cerebrum, and the ocelli as wanting, the more so since the 
Psocidz known have either three ocelli or none, but never two. And 
even here, if the two posterior ocelli only were represented, they are much 
more separated from each other than in any species hitherto known.* 

Nore 2.—The antennee were broken; on one side only eight joints re- 
mained, on the other, twelve; but lying near by was the apical part of 





* So large a number of joints in the antenne is only to be found in species without 
ocelli. 


4 











CRUSTACEANS. 57 


fourteen joints. The joints are covered with numerous fine pores; but 
commonly one much larger pore on each side, below the middle, is very 
conspicuous in the middle joints of the antenna, principally in the six- 
teenth and preceding joints. Such a large pore contains the insertion 
of a sensitive hair. . 


No otber order of insect proper seems to be represented on Kerguelen 
Island than those already mentioned. Neither was any member of the 
class Myriapoda observed. Spiders of the wandering sort are abun- 
dant, their tents being numerous under almost every large stone. There 
are no web-builders, however, and, although individuals are numerous, 
the vaijety in form is slight. The collection has been sent to Mr. Will- 

‘jam Holden, of Marietta, Obio, for identification. 

A small red acarinus was very plentiful upon the leaf-stalks of the 
Kerguelen cabbage, and, indeed, wherever succulent vegetation was lux- 
uriant. Broad yellow bands, observed on the sides of rocks frequented 
by cormorants, were found to consist almost entirely of another variety 
of acarinus, yellow in color, and spotted on the back, somewhat like the 
“ Jady-bird ” ( Coccinella). 


CRUSTACEANS. 


DESCRIBED BY S. I. SMITH. 


DECAPODA. 
PINNOTHERID. 


HALICARCINUS PLANATUS, White. 


Cancer planatus, J. C. Fabricius, Entomologia Systematica, ii, 446, 1793. 

Leucosia vlanata, J. C. Fabricius, Supplementum Entomologiz Systematic, 350, 1798. 

Hymenosoma tridentatum, Lucas, in Hombron et Jacquinot, Voyage de lAstrolabe au 
pole sud, 60, pl. 5, figs. 27-33. 

Halicarcinus planatus, White, Annals and Magazine Nat. Hist., vol. xvii, 178, 1846, 
pl. 2, fig.1; Catalogue Crust. British Museum, 33, 1847——Dana, United States 
Exploring Expedition, Crust., 385, pl. 24, fig. 7, 1852.—Edwards, Annales des 
Sciences naturelles, 3me série, xx, 1853, 223.—Heller, Reise der ésterreichischen 
Fregatte Novara um die Erde, Crust., 66, 1865. 


Specimens of this species were collected at Kerguelen Island, on 
tocky beaches, and others were dredged in five fathoms. It was previ- 
ously known from Tierra del Fuego and New Zealand. The males are 
nearly equal in size to the females, and have very much stouter cheli- 
peds. 


58 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


AMPHIPODA. 
ORCHESTID. 


HYALE VILLOSA, Smith, s. n. 


Of this species there is in the collection only a single somewhat muti- 
lated specimen, from which the following description is taken : 

Male: Second and third segments of the peduncle of the antennula 
subequal in length, very slightly shorter than the first ; flagellum im- 
perfect. Ultimate segment of the peduncle of the antenna longer than 
the penultimate, and almost as long as the last two segments of the 
peduncle of the antennula; flagellum nearly twice as long,as the 
peduncle, and composed of about seventeen segments ; the last seg- 
ments of the peduncle and the proximal portion of the flagellum quite 
thickly villose. 

‘First pair of gnathopods with the carpus short and triangular ; the 
propodus not quite twice as long as broad, of the same breadth at each 
end, the palmary margin slightly oblique and a little convex in outline, 
armed with a slender spine on the inside at the rounded posterior 
angle, and clothed with a few hair-like seta, as is also the distal 
portion of the posterior margin ; the dactylus lang and strongly curved. 
so as to reach round upon the posterior margin. Second pair of 
gnathopods with the propodus caudate in outline, about five-sevenths 
as broad as long, and narrowed rapidly distally ; the palmary and pos- 
terior margins forming a continuous curve of nearly the same convexity 
as the anterior margin, densely villose throughout, and armed on the 
inside, at the tip of the closed dactylus, with a single stout spine; dac- 
tylus about half as long as the propodus, stout and strongly curved. 
Posterior pair of pereopods only slightly longer than the fourth pair, 
which are considerably longer than the third pair; the bases of these 
three pairs, with the posterior margins expanded, evenly arcuate and 
unarmed. Infero-posterior angles of the second and third segments of 
the pleon right-angled but not produced. Uropods all short; the bases 
of the first and second pairs reaching to the same point, and the inner 
rami in both slightly longer than the outer; third pair about as long as 
the bases of the second, and with the ramus about as long as the base. 

Length, excluding antenna, nearly 10™. 

Rocky beaches, Kerguelen Island. y 

This species is evidently very closely allied to Hyale hirtipalma (Allor- 








CRUSTACEANS. 59 


chestes hirtipalma, Dana, Crustacea United States Exploring Expedition, 
p. 888, pl. 60, fig. 4, 1852) from the coast of Peru. According to the 
description and figures, however, the propodus in the first pair of 
gnathopods in that species is much narrowed proximally, the propodus 
in the second pair is twice as long as broad, the palmary margin is 
slightly emarginated in the middle, and there is no mention made of 
any spine. The maxillz and maxillipeds agree well with the figures of 
those appendages given by Dana. 


LYSIANASSID. 


LYSIANASSA KIDDERI, Smith, s. n. 


~ 


Kyes of moderate size, oval and black. Antero-lateral margin of the 


head produced, nearly right-angled, with the angle very slightly rounded. 


Basal segment of the peduncle of the antennula stout and about as long 
as the head; second and third segments very short; flagellum scarcely 
longer than the peduncle; secondary flagellum about half as long. 
Antenna in the female scarcely longer than the antennula; all the seg- 
ments of the peduncle very short; the flagellum tapering rapidly, and 
composed of only seven or eight segments. In the young males the 
antenna is much longer than the antennula, and the flagellum is com- 
posed of twelve to fifteen segments, and furnished along the upper side 
with vase-shaped sensory organs. 

First pair of gnathopods, not subcheliform, short; carpus much stouter 
than the propodus and nearly as long; propodus tapering distally to 
scarcely more than the breadth of the dactylus, which is stout, and not 
more than a third as long asthe propodus. Second gnathopods slender ; 
carpus fully a third as broad as long, slightly narrowed distally ;_pro- 
podus almost as wide but not as long as the carpus; the extremity 
truncated, with the posterior angle produced into a small tooth opposed 
to the minute hooked dactylus, which arises at its base and below the 
middle of the terminal margin; the posterior edge is armed with short 
and acute spines, while the anterior edge and the sides are clothed with 
Slender sets, and the terminal margin, above the base of the dactylus, 
with longer and stouter setz, curved at the tips. Coxe of the third 
pair of pereopods broader than long. Posterior edges of the bases of 
the third to the fifth pair evenly curved, with only very slight emargina- 
tionsat the insertions of the very minute and widely-separated marginal 
hairs; the meral segments of the same appendages broad, and their 


60 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


postero-inferior angles strongly produced. Infero-posterior angles of 
the second and third segments of the pleon obtusely rounded and not 
produced. Uropods all short; the posterior pair especially so; the base 
as thick as long; the outer ramus slender and shorter than the base ; 
the inner minute, not more than half as long as the outer. Telson as 
broad as long, narrowed toward the extremity, which is truncated and 
slightly excavated. 

Length, excluding antenne, 3™™. to 4"™. 

Rocky beaches, with the last species. 

All the specimens received are apparently immature, and the males 

evidently, and very likely the females also, have not attained the adult 
characters. The species does not agree fully with the characters 
assigned by Boeck to the genus Lysianassa as restricted by him, and I 
therefore subjoin a description of the appendages of the mouth. 
‘ The mandibles are slender, with the molar area half-way from the 
tip to the attachment of the long and slender palpus which arises near 
the base. Theinner lobe of the first maxilla is large, reaches more than 
two-thirds of the way to the tip of the outer lobe, and is furnished with 
two very minute sete at the tip and numerous fine hairs along the 
immer margin; the palpus is very slender and tapers to a point, near 
which itis armed with a very few slender spines. The inner lobe of the 
second maxilla is broad and nearly or quite as long as the outer lobe. 
The inner lobe of the maxillipeds is elongated, armed at the tip with 
three obtuse teeth, and reaches to the distal extremity of the second 
segment of the palpus; the outer lobe is very large, unarmed, and 
reaches beyond the middle of the third segment of the palpus; the 
palpus is slender, the ultimate segment styliform and less than half as 
long as the penultimate. 

The antennule, mandibles, second maxiJlaz, maxillipeds, and posterior 
uropods are more like some of the species of Orchomene than they are 
like the species of Lysianassa, as described and figured by Boeck, and 
the characters assigned to Lysianassa by this author would require con- 
siderable modification to admit our species. 

Iysianassa kergueleni, Miers (Annals and Magazine Nat. Hist., iv, 
vol. xvi, p. 74, 1875), collected at Kerguelen by the Rev. A. KE. Eaton, 
judging from the very short description, is quite a different species and 
not a Lysianassa, even in the unrestricted sense in which that generic 
term is used by Kroyer and Bate, for the first pair of gnathopods are 
said to be ‘ subchelate.” 





2) 





| 
/ 
t 


CRUSTACEANS. 61 


GAMMARID Z. 
ATYLUS (?) AUSTRALIS, Miers (?) 


? Paramera australis, Miers, Annals and Magazine Nat. Hist. iv, vol. xiv, 75, July, 1875. 


? Atylus australis, Miers, loc. cit., 117, Aug., 1875. 


There are, in Dr. Kidder’s collection, a considerable number of speci- 
mens of an Atylus-like amphipod which I very hesitatingly refer to this 
species described by Miers from specimens collected at Kerguelen 
Island by the Rey. A. E. Eaton. Dr. Kidder’s specimens differ in 
several points from the very brief description given by Miers. The 
most important of these differences is the existence of minute secondary 
flagella upon the antennule of our specimens, while Miers’s species is 


said to have “ exappendiculate” antennule. Although the secondary 


flagellum has usually been said to be wanting in all the Atylina, it 
exists, according to Bate, in the young of the typical Atylus carinatus, 
Leach, and it has very likely been overlooked in the adults of some of 
the species of the group. Its minute size might ‘have caused it to be 
overlooked by Miers in the present case. This species cannot be re- 
ferred to the genus Atylus as restricted by Boeck, but, on account of the 


- doubt in regard to the identity of our specimens with the species de- 


seribed by Miers, and the doubt whether Paramera should be retained 
for Miers’s species if a distinct genus, I content myself on the present 
occasion with the following description of the species in my possession: 

The eyes are very large, oval, and black. The anterior margin of the 
head projects in a slight obtuse angle, between the bases of the anten- 
nule. The antennule are furnished with a minute secondary flagellum 
of a single segment, considerably shorter than the diameter of the first 
segment of the primary flagellum, but tipped with two slender sete sev- 
eral times as long as the segment itself. 

The gnathopods of the male are subequal, but those of the second 
pair are somewhat larger than the first. The carpus in each pair is 
about halfas long as the propodus, and the distal portion of the posterior 
margin is armed with numerous sete. The propodus in the first pair 
is about a third as broad as long; the edges are nearly parallel, but 
both slightly convex in outline; the posterior margin is furnished with 
fascicles of short, setiform hairs; the palmary margin is furnished with 
a narrow lamellar edge, is slightly oblique, evenly convex in outline, and 
the posterior angle is broadly rounded and continuous with the poste- 
rior margin, which, however, is armed, each side, with several stout 


62 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


spines. The dactylus fits closely to the palmary margin. The propo- 
dus in the second pairisin allrespects similar, but stouter, being fully half 
as broad as long; the palmary margin is a little more oblique, not quite 
as Convex in outline, and the spines at the posterior angle are stouter., 
The dactylus is so much curved that it does not fit closely the mid- 
dle part of the palmary margin. The gnathopods of the female are sim- 
ilar to those of the male, but much weaker and nearly equal in size, and 
the sete of the posterior margins of the carpi and propodi are very much 
longer. The propodus in each pair is only a little longer than the car- 
pus, about half as broad as long, and slightly narrowed proximally, and 
the palmary margin is very nearly transverse, with its posterior angle 
only very slightly rounded. 

The inferior margins of the first three segments of the pleon are 
slightly arcuate and armed on the outside with a submarginal series of 
short spines, but the edge is not serrate. The posterior margins of the 
first and second segments are nearly straight and make nearly a right 
angle, very slightly rounded, with the inferior margins, while the poste- 
rior margin of the third segment is arcuate with the inferior angle 
broadly rounded. The peduncles of the second uropods do not reach to 
the tips of the peduncles of the first pair, and the outer rami in both 
these pairs are much more slender and considerably shorter than the 
inner, which reach nearly or quite to the tipsof the third pair. Theramiof 
the posterior uropods are subequal, longer than the peduncles, taper regu- 
larly to acute points, and are armed along each margin with stout spines 
and long setiform hairs, the latter principally upon the outer mar- 
gins. The telson is about two thirds as broad as long, narrow«d dis- 
tally, divided two-thirds of the way to the base, and armed with a 
slender spine at the tip of each lobe, and often with one or two addi- 
tional spines on each side. 5 

Length of the largest specimens, excluding the antenne, in th females 
about 9™™; in the males a little less. 

The mouth-appendages agree very well with those of Atylus carinatus, 
as figured by Kroyer (Voyages en Scandinavie, en Laponie, ete., pl. 11, 
fig. 1), but the mandibular palpus is considerably stouter than repre- 
sented in the figures referred to, and the second and third segments are 
very nearly equal in length, the aceon segment somewhat stouter than 
the third. j 

Rocky beaches, Kerguelen Island. 





i 
! 











CRUSTACEANS. 63 


ISOPODA. 
ASELLIDA. 


JRA PUBESCENS, Dana. 


Jara pubescens, Dana, United States Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, 744, pl. 49, 
fig. 9, 1852. 


Associated with the following species upon rocky beaches, Kerguelen 
Island. Dana’s specimens were from Nassau Bay, Tierra del Fuego. 


SPHAROMIDE. 


SPHAROMA GIGAS, Leach. 


Spheroma gigas, Leach, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, vol. xii, 346 (teste 
Desmarest and Edwards).—Desmarest, Considérations générales sur la classe des 
Crust., 301, 1825.—Edwards, Histoire naturelle des Crust., vol. iii, 205, 1840.— 
White, List of Crustaceans in British Museum, 102, 1847.—Dana, United States 
Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, 775, pl. 52, fig. 1, 1852. 

A large series ofspecimens of all sizesfrom 5™™ to 29™™ in length were 
obtained, all the larger specimens from the gullets of terns, the smaller 
ones from rocky beaches. All the specimens agree with the typical 
gigas, and do not seem to approach the S. lanceolata, White, (Aunals 
and Magazine Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 345, 1843, and List of Crustaceans in 

British Museum, p. 102, 1847). 


SEROLID AE. 


SEROLIS LATIFRONS, White. 


Serolis latifrons, White, List of Crust. British Museum, 106, 1847 (no description ); 
Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, Crust., pl. 6, fig. 12,.—Miers, Annals and Maga- 
zine Nat. Hist. iv, vol. xvi, 74, 1875. 
Rocky beach, Kerguelen Island. 
Only one specimen was obtained. This is a female, and considerably 


larger than the British Museum specimen. Our specimen differs some- 
what in outline and proportions from White’s figure; but the differences 


are very likely due to sex, although the sex of White’s specimen is not 
stated. The antenne are smaller than given in White’s figure, the 
peduncle being scarcely longer than the head and the first thoracic seg- 
ment. The peduncie of the antennula reaches beyond the lateral angle 


64 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


of the first thoracic segment; the first three segments are scarcely longer 
than broad, the fourth about as long as the second segment of the an- 
tenna, and the fifth about twice as long as the fourth; the third, fourth, 
and fifth segments are flattened above, with the margins slightly raised, 
and with a strong median carina. 

Length from front of head to tip of pieon, 57™™; length of pleon, 
13™™; breadth of first thoracic segment, 24.5™™; greatest breadth at 
third thoracic segment, 26.5""; breadth at last thoracic segment, 


Ze 


ANNELIDS AND ECHINODERMS. 


By A. E. VERRILL. 
ANNELIDA. 


Very few species of annelids were collected, and only two species are 
represented by sutticiently well preserved specimens to warrant full 
descriptions. One of these is a large terebelloid worm belonging to 
a genus hitherto seldom met with and but imperfectly known. 


NEREIS ANTARCTICA, Verrill, s. n. 


One specimen of a Nereis, about two inches long, lacks some of the 
caudal segments and part of the tentacular cirri, but is otherwise pretty 
well preserved in glycerine. 

The body is moderately stout and tapers from near the head back- 
ward. The cephalic lobe is rather narrow, and suddenly more narrowed 
in front of the eyes, which are large and prominent, those on the same 
side almost in contact and nearly in the same line; the frontal antennz 
are rather long and slender; the upper tentacular cirri are. wanting, but 
the lower ones are rather long and slender, those of the posterior pair 
reaching back to the sixth body-segment. The buccal segment is nar- 
rower but considerably longer than the following ones, and has a me- 
dian obtuse angle projecting forward over the posterior border of the 
cephalic lobe. The lateral appendages of the anterior segments are 
rather stout, with a longer, slender dorsal cirrus. The upper ramus 
consists of two short, stout, obtusely rounded lobes, which are nearly 
equal in length and form, the upper one bearing the dorsal cirrus at about 
the middle of its upper side, on a slight swelling, while a fascicle of slen- 
der compound sete comes out from between them; these sete project 
about twice the length of the setigerous lobes, and all have a moderately 








Lee ae 


iS Vea Re Oa SS 











ANNELIDS. 65 


jong, slender, acute terminal piece. The lower ramus consists of a 
smaller, subacute, lanceolate upper setigerous lobe, which is a little 
longer than the upper ramus, and of a shorter, broad, stout, rounded 
lower lobe, bearing the small, slender ventral cirrus at its base. The 
setee of the lower ramus form two groups, the uppermost consisting 
partly of slender, acute seta, like those of the upper ramus, but longer, 
and partly of somewhat shorter ones with a short, curved, bidentate 
terminal piece. Farther back the form of the appendages changes 
gradually, chiefly by all the lobes becoming more elongated and acute, 
and by the gradual development of a special acute setigerous lobe on 
the upper ramus. Toward the posterior end of the body the upper 
ramus becomes more elongated than the lower, with a narrow, elongated 
upper ligula with the elongated and slender dorsal cirrus arising from 
a decided hump on the middle of the upper edge, and extending more 
than half its length beyond the ligula; and the lower lobe is also elon- 
gated, lanceolate, obtuse, with a shorter, acute, setigerous lobe arising 
from its upper side. The lower ramus consists of two lanceolate lobes, 
the upper or setigerous one being about as long as the setigerous lobe of 


the upper ramus, while the lower one is a little shorter. The setz are 
arranged as on the anterior segments, but those of the upper ramus are 


the longest; the ventral cirrus is very small and hardly one-fourth the 
length of the dorsal one. 

Kerguelen Island, on the beach; Dr. J. H. Kidder. 

It differs considerably from any of those known in the North Atlantic, 
and would hardly go into any of the generic divisions proposed by Dr. 
Malmgren. 

In the same bottle with this species, and probably made by it, there 
was a curious nest, made of tough mucus threads, which inclosed nu- 
merous small eggs in a long crooked band of many rows. The nest ison 
the side of a flat alga, which is drawn together by the external looser 
threads, as leaves often are by Tortrix larve. 


NEOTTIS, Malmgren (emended). 
Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, in Ofversigt af Kong. Vet. Akad. Forhandlingar, 1865, 388. 
This genus was established for the Terebella triserialis, Grube,* from 
Sicily, by Malmgren, but he states that he had only seen a mutilated 


specimen, and, owing, doubtless, to this fact, he erroneously gave as one 
of the characters of the genus the existence of fascicles of setz on all 





*Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte, xxi, 118, 1851, tab. iv, fig. 16. 
5K 


66 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


the segments of the body after the third. But Grube states that in his — 


specimens they exist on twenty-nine to thirty-one segments, ‘“fasciculi 
setarum capillarium utrinque 29 ad 31.” 

This genus, as thus emended, is characterized by having transverse 
groups of simple cirriform branchizw on each side of the second, third, 
and fourth segments; fascicles of sete commencing on the second branch- 
iferous segment and extending to about the thirty-second to forty-eighth; 
uncini, commencing on the third setigerous segment; the tori, changing 
to prominent papillz on the last setigerous segments, and as such ex- 
tending to the posteror end. The cephalic lobe is short, semicircular, 
bearing on its front edge numerous tentacles, and on the narrow margin 
behind the tentacles numerous minute, dark, ocelliform specks. 

The genus Streblosoma, Sars, is closely allied to Neottis, if not identi- 
cal, but in the former ocelli were not noticed. 

Thelepus, Leuck., and Thelepodopsis, Sars, are both closely related north- 
ern genera, the latter differing only in having gills on but two segments, 
while the former not only differs in the same way, but the fascicles of 
sete extend to the posterior end of the body. 


NEOTTIS SPECTABILIS, Verrill, s. n. 


Body moderately stout, much elongated; the tubercles bearing fascicles 
of setze commence on the second branchiferous segment and exist on from 
thirty-three to forty-four segments, the highest number occurring on a 
very large specimen; the size of the tubercles and the number and length 
of the sete decreasing backward, so that the last tubercles are quite small, 
with a few inconspicuous sete. The tori bearing the uncini, beginning 
on the third setigerous segment, are low and elongated elliptical, extend- 


ing downward to the ventral shields; farther back they become narrower — | 


and more prominent, becoming quite narrow and elevated &t about the 
twenty-fifth setigerous segment, beyond which the same changes increase 
at the last setigerous segment, and beyond, to the end of the body 


they become still more prominent and papilliform, exceeding the last of 


the setigerous tubercles; of the posterior segments there are 30 or 
more. On the second to the fifth setigerous segments there is a small 
rounded papilla between the setigerous tubercles and the tori, on each 
side. The ventral shields are not very distinctly defined in the alcoholic 
specimens, especially the posterior ones, so that the number cannot be 
accurately determined, but they are more numerous than usual; the 
anterior ones are short but transversely broad, with several deep trans- 








—— 





ANNELIDS. 67 


verse wrinkles. The cephalic lobe is short and apparently broadly 
truncate in front, the margin being slightly revolute, and bearing on its 
anterior surface, in a semicircular group, very numerous long canalicu- 
late tentacles, and on its posterior margin there are numerous minute, 
inconspicuous, blackish ocelli, forming a crowded row or band on each 
side; these ocelli are much smaller than in Thelepus cincinnatus of our 
coast. The upper lip is broad, somewhat cucullate, and is produced 
forward; in a front view it forms about two-thirds of a circle. The 
lower lip is crescent-shaped and less prominent. The branchie are 
slender, cirriform, much curled, and very numerous, forming trans- 
versely elongated groups on the second, third, and fourth segments; 
the most anterior group being considerably the largest, and extending 
down on the sides below the level of the setigerous tubercles of the 
succeeding segments; the third cluster of branchiz is smaller than the 
second. ; 

Length of alcoholic specimens, 150™™ and upward; diameter, 6™™ 
to S™™; some of the empty tubes indicate still larger specimens. 

The tubes are large and crooked, composed of a tough, thin, translu- 
cent, parchment-like lining, to which are firmly and closely cemented 
coarse grains and small pebbles of black volcanic rock, covering the 
whole surface, except on the upright terminal portion, which is usually 
coated with fragments of alge, mixed with sand. The tubes were at- 
tached to stones and pebbles. 

Kerguelen Island, twelve fathoms, with roots of Macrocystis pyri- 
fera; Dr. J. H. Kidder. 

An allied species has been described from the Falkland Islands ‘by 
Dr. W. Baird as Terebella bilineata, but he states that it has 36 segments, 
with fascicles of seta, which extend to the posterior end ; but it is quite 
probable that his specimen had lost the posterior segments and really 
belongs to Neottis, with which it agrees in the character of the branchiz. 


SPIRORBIS, species undetermined. 


The tubes of a species of Spirorbis, having three or four rather slender 
whorls, either coiled nearly in one plane, or with the part near the aper- 
ture turned upward, smooth, or with slight tranverse wrinkles, occurred 
attached to the tubes of the preceding species, and on alge. 

Without the animal, it is impossible to identify with certainty the 
Species of this genus. 


e 


08 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN, ISLAND. 


ECHINODERMATA. 
HOLOTHURIOIDEA. 
PENTACTELLA, g. n. 


In general appearance like Pentacta, but destitute of calcareous 
plates around the cesophagus, and having a distinct muscular gizzard. 
Tentacles ten, arborescent, nearly all equal in the typical species. Suck- 
ers in five double rows; the intervening spaces smooth. 


PENTACTELLA LAVIGATA, Verfill, s. n. 


Body elongated, fusiform, rounded, with thin integuments. Suckers 
alternating in two rows in each zone, not crowded, larger and more 
numerous in the three lower zones than in the two upper. Cloacal 
orifice with small and inconspicuous papilla. Tentacles ten, subequal, 
elongated, much divided arborescently from close to the base. Three 
very elongated vesicles, much dilated in the middle; slender at tips, 
where one of them is forked. Cisophagus not surrounded by any cal- 
careous plates, with the first portion for about half an inch cylindri- 
cal, minutely papillose externally. This is followed by a distinct, 
rounded gizzard, smooth externally ; beyond this the intestine is con-_ 
stricted, but soon expands into the wider part, which is long and con- 
voluted, with two principal folds, so that it is about three times the 
length of the body. Two arborescently branched respiratory organs ; 
one of them smaller than the other, with its numerous terminal branches 
among and around the ovaries ; the branches of both are elongated and 


slender; the ultimate ramuli are also elongated and often dilated at the» 
tips. Ovaries in a large cluster; the numerous tubes are simple and 


more or less moniliform, about half an inch long. The retractor mus- | 
cles are well developed and exteud from the base of the tentacles nearly : 









to the posteriorend. The cloacal cavity is large. The calcareous plates © 
of the skin are few in number, minute, and widely scattered, irregularly | 
rounded, with lobed or crenated edges, and perforated by four to eight | 
or more rounded pores, of which two or four primary ones are largest. | 
The smaller plates are often four-lobed, the lobes rounded and each of ft 
them perforated by a rounded pore, with narrow interstices, two of the 
pores often larger; this is perhaps the primary form, from which, by: 
additions to one or several parts of the border, the somewhat larger and 


—— ee 


ECHINODERMS. 69 


more irregular plates may have been derived. Color in alcohol, dull 


_ yellowish brown; tentacles yellowish white. 


Length of body, 80™™; diameter, 24"™; length of tentacles, 8™™. 
Kerguelen Island, twelve fathoms, January, 1875 (No, 214); Dr. J. H. 
Kidder. 


ECHINOIDEA. 


HEMIASTER CORDATUS, Verrill, s. n. 


Two quite distinct forms, which, for reasons given below, I believe to 
be the males and females of one species, occurred together in about 
equal numbers. ‘The specimens believed to be females have very deep 
lateral ambulacral grooves and large genital openings; in nearly 
every Specimen several young ones,* varying in size, were found in the 
ambulacral grooves, held in place by the convergent spines of the bor- 
ders, which meet across the grooves and interlock. Two of these speci- 
mens, on dissection, proved to be females. Those supposed to be males 
have much shallower ambulacral grooves and differ somewhat in form. 

The form of the body in the female is broadly cordate, depressed, with 
a decided emargination in front ; vertically truncate and slightly emar- 


ginate posteriorly ; broadest a little in advance of the middle. The 


lower surface is convex and swollen, especially posteriorly; the sides 
well rounded ; the interambulacral areas are swollen on the upper side ; 
the abactinal area and the anterior ambulacrum are considerably 
sunken; the latter has two well-defined double rows of pores extend- 
ing to the mouth. The lateral ambulacra are elliptical, rather broad, 
obtuse at the outer end, and deeply sunken, the anterior ones broader, 
but scarcely longer than the posterior ones, but those of the opposite 
sides are not quite equal in size or form. Ovarial openings large, 
usually but three, that opposite the right anterior interambulacrum 
being abortive. Lower border of actinostome rather narrow, promi- 
nent, and obtuse. Anal area ovate, the lower border rounded, the 
upper narrowed, but scarcely acute. Peripetalous fasciole well defined, 
bending upward but little on the posterior and anterior interambulacal 
areas, and passing nearly straight across the anterior ambulacrum, but 
bending upward nearly parallel with the antero-lateral ambulacra, so as 
to form a decided angle in the front part of the lateral interambulacral 
areas. Subanal fasciole indistinct or wholly wanting. The tubercles of 
the upper surface are small, crowded, and pretty uniform in size, ex. 





* These young have been sent to Mr. A. Agassiz for examination and description. 


70 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


cept along the borders of the ambulacral grooves, and especially along 
the anterior one, where they are somewhat larger; beneath they are 
considerably larger, but not crowded, the largest ones in front, the size 
decreasing toward the sides, and especially posteriorly. The spines are 
rather slender, mostly slightly curved, obtuse, and usually flattened at 
the tips; the larger ones, bordering the ambulacra, are mostly wider, 
flattened, and canaliculate at the tip; those within the grooves are very 
slender, and often capitate; the longer spines of the lower side are 6™™ 
to 8™™ in length, and much flatter toward the end. Color of spines, in 
alcohol, dark greenish brown or olive-green ; test, yellowish brown. The 
ovaries are composed of rather large lobules, looking like immature 
clusters of grapes, aud containing large ova. A specimen measures 
from centre to anterior emargination, 18.5™™ ; to-border of anterior inter- 
ambulacra, 21™™; to posterior end, 20™™; to lateral border, 18™™; to end 
of antero-lateral ambulacral grooves, 15™™; to end of posterior ones, 
15™""; breadth of antero-lateral grooves, 5 to 5.5™™ ; of posterior ones, 
4.5™™; depth of each, 5™™; height of test, 21™™; of anal area, 6.5™™; 
breadth of latter, 4.5™™. 

The specimens regarded as males are also cordate, and decidedly 
emarginate in front, but the form is more elliptical, owing to the ambi- 
tus being narrowed opposite and in front of the antero-lateral ambula- 
cra, so that the width decreases nearly equally from the middle, though 
somewhat more so posteriorly. The interambulacra are less swollen, 
and consequently the abactinal area is less sunken. The anterior 
ambulacral furrow is decidedly sunken, though somewhat less so than 
in the female; but the four other ambulacra are narrower and very 
much shallower than in the female, being but little deeper than the 
anterior odd one, with the sides sloping gradually to the central line, 
while in the female the sides of the grooves are perpendicular, or even 
overhanging, with a broadly-rounded bottom. The three genital open- 
ings are only about halt as large as in the female. In the character of 
the spines, tubercles, peripetalous fasciole, anal area, plastron, actinal 
area, and lower lip, the two forms agree very closely. 

Kerguelen Island, 7 fathoms; Dr. J. H. Kidder. 

On most of the specimens were several specimens of a small bivalve 
shell (Lepton parasiticum, Dall) most frequently attached to the under 
surface, near the mouth. This is evidently a case of ‘*‘ commensualism,” 
for the mollusk is not a genuine parasite but a ‘‘messmate” of the echi- 
noderm. 


ECHINODERMS. 71 


The specimens of this species described as females have some resem- 
blance to H. cavernosus, A. Ag.* (Tripylus cavernosus, Phil.), from Pata- 
gonia, which is the nearest allied form hitherto described. The latter 
differs, however, in its pentagonal or elliptical form, less emarginate 
in front, the anterior ambulacrum being but slightly sunken; in having 
the anal area elliptical and pointed at both ends; the peripetalous fas. 
ciole less angulated laterally ; the tubercles of the lower surface larger, 
etc. 

The specimens regarded as males resemble to about the same extent 
H. australis, A. Ag.t (Phil. sp.), also from Patagonia. The latter differs 
in being scarcely emarginate anteriorly and not cordate, in having the 
tasciole less angulated laterally, etc. The two forms from Patagonia 
differ one from the other in the same way as do the two supposed sexes 
of H. cordatus described above, so that, if my view be correct, the two 
forms described by Philippi will prove to be only the two sexes of one 
species for which the name australis would be the most appropriate. In 
H. cavernosus the genital pores are large, and the lateral ambulacral 
grooves are deep. In H. australis the genital pores are small, and the 
ambulacral grooves shallow. It is also probable that the sexes may 
_ differ in a similar manner in other related genera. 


ASTERIOIDEA. 


ASTERIAS RUPICOLA, Verrill, s. n. 


A small species, with five short, broad, rapidly tapered rays, bat little 
longer than the radius of the disk. Disk rather thick and swollen, rela- 
tively large. Rays swollen, convex above, flat below, broad at base, 
where the breadth is often equal to half the total length, measuring 
from the mouth. The longer radius is from two to two and a half times 
as great as that of the disk. The ambulacral furrows are broad, with 
very numerous, closely crowded, slender sucker-feet. The grooves are 
bordered by a single and very regular row of slender, slightly clavate, 
obtuse adambulacral spines, which are generally spread outward from 


* Revision of the Echini, part iii, p. 587, pl. XXI°, figs. 1 and 2, 1873. 

t Op. cit., p. 586, pl. XXIs, fig. 3. It is proper for me to state that after the above 
description was in type, Mr. A. Agassiz, to whom I had sent a specimen of each of the 
forms for examination, wrote to me that he thinks them identical respectively with the 
two species of Philippi here referred to, notwithstanding the differences noted. I have 
thought it best, however, to keep them separate until a larger series of specimens of 
the American species can be studied. 





72 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


the grooves at a wide angle. Beyond these there is a longitudinal series 
of larger and stouter obtusely conical ventral spines, arranged in diver- 
gent clusters of twoto four. Between these and the adambulacral series 
there are a few scattered spines and a series of large branchial papillae, 
mostly placed singly ; but above them the papille are numerous, mostly 
crowded in clusters of four to six, both on the sides and dorsal surface. 
Along the sides of the rays and separated from the ventral series by a 
wide space there is a.row of plates a little more prominent and larger 
than.the rest, bearing spines that are a little larger and more elongated; 
otherwise the spines are irregularly scattered, and nearly uniform in 
character, over the upper surfaces of the rays and disk. These spines 
are small, short, with obtusely rounded, and usually swollen, rough 
tips; they mostly arise singly from the dorsal plates, which are thin 
and flat, and rather closely united together. Madreporic plate nearer 
the centre than the edge of the disk, small, inconspicuous, rather sunken, 
composed of few convolutions. Major pedicellariz few, mostly situated 
along the inner border of the ambulacral grooves, longovategwith ob- 
tuse tips; minor pedicellariz few, with appressed spatulate or broadly 
rounded valves ; they do not form wreaths around the spines, but are 
mostly placed singly on the naked spaces between them, especially on 
the sides and ventral surface of the rays. Color of alcoholic specimens, 
dark reddish brown above, yellowish beneath. 

One of the largest specimens measures from mouth to edge of disk, 
12™"; mouth to tip of rays, 30"; breadth of rays at base, 12™™; length 
of adambulacral spines, 2.5". Smaller specimens have the rays rela- 
tively stouter and broader. 

Kerguelen Island, on rocky beach, common; Dr. J. H. Kidder, 1874. 


OPHIUROIDEA. 


OPHIOGLYPHA HEXACTIS, EK. A. Smith.* 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 17, iii, February, 1876. 
Disk hexagonal, with very shallow notches at the bases of the six 
rays; upper surface slightly swollen, covered with numerous irregular, 





* This species had been described as new, under another name, but the description by 
Mr. Smith was received while correcting the proof. Although there seems to be no ques- 
tion as to the identity of the species, my specimens differ slightly from those described 
by Mr. Smith. Therefore I] have allowed the description to remain, without change. 

In the article referred to Mr. Smith also describes the following species from Ker- 
guelen Island; Asterias meridionalis, Perrier; A. Perrieri, S.; Pedicellaster scaber, S.; 
Othilia spinulifera, S.; Pteraster afinis, 8.; Porania antarctica, 8.; Astrogonium meri- 
dionale, S.; Leptychaster kerguelenensis, S.; Ophiacantha vivipara,? Ljung.; Ophioglypha 


brevispina, S. 


2 
= 
re errr ae 








ECHINODERMS. 73 


unequal, and rather small convex scales, among which the primary ones 
may be distinguished by their somewhat larger size; radial shields 
small, wide apart, more or less encroached upon on all sides by the sur- 
rounding scales, the exposed portion being rounded or oval; there is a 
group of a few small scales in the notch at the base of the arms, but 
neither the notches nor the arm-plates are bordered with papilla. 
Lower surface of the disk covered with irregular, flattened scales. 
Genital slits, with a series of very numerous small, grain-like papille 
along the outer edge, and extending around the upper end and a short 
distance duwn the inner margin; on the middle of the outer margin 
they are crowded in three or four rows, but around the outer end they 
form a single row. Arms six, about twice as long as the diameter of 
the disk, convex above, rapidly tapering from the base to the tip. 
Upper arm-plates, near base of the arms, short, more or less concealed 
laterally by:a group of three or four small, irregular, imbricated scales, 
on each side, which usually do not extend across the arm, and toward 
the middle of the arm these are reduced to a single small, triangular 
seale, and this also soon disappears ; toward the middle of the arm the 
upper plates are nearly as long as broad, the outer and inner edges 
being nearly parailel and slightly eurved; fartber out they become longer 
than broad, and irregularly hexagonal, the proximal end narrowest. 
Arm-spines three, rather short, subfusiform, tapering to a blunt point, 
the upper one a little thelargest, the length about equal to that of the 
upper arm-plate toward the base of the arms, but shorter toward the 
end. Under arm-plates transversely elliptical, with a distinct angle in 
the middle of the proximal edge, where the lateral plates do. not quite 
unite, leaving slight pits toward the base of the arms. Tentacle-scales, 
‘beyond the middle of the arms, single, short, flattened ; from about the 
eighth to sixteenth joints there are two tentacle-scales, the inner one 
becoming quite small before disappearing; on the second to seventh 
joints there are mostly three tentacle-scales, the inner one quite small ; 
on the first, and sometimes on the second joint, there are four tentacle- 
scales, and also a similar group of three or four scales on the opposite 
border of the tentacle-pores. The outer oral tentacle-pore is very large, 
in the form of a broad, oblique fissure, occupying more than half the 
length of the jaw, bordered externally by a row of about five flattened, 
Squarish scales, of which the distal one is largest, and an inner row of 
four or five smaller ones, of which the proximal ones are situated within 


74 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


and below the border of the mouth-slits. The mouth-papille consist ot 
two small, conical, pointed ones at the angle of the jaw, below the teeth, 
and of an irregular row of two to four smaller ones on each side, run- 
ning outward and downward below the proximal papilla of the upper 
oral tentacle. Teeth, seven to nine on each jaw, stout, obtuse, the 
series often double in the middle. Mouth-shields broad, spade-shaped, 
the broad proximal portion terminating in an obtuse point, the some- 
what narrowed distal portion extending outward in the interradial 
spaces about half the total length and broadly rounded at the end. 
Side mouth-shields long and narrow, somewhat enlarged at the ends, 
narrower in the middle. The oral tentacles are very large in the 
alcoholic specimens, projecting inward beyond the ends of the mouth. 
slits, and nearly filling them up; they are divided into a series of lobes 
by transverse constrictions. 

Color of alcoholic specimens very dark slate-brown above; yellowish 
brown beneath. 

One of the larger specimens measures, across the disk, 18™™ ; length 
of arms from dorsal notch, about 35™™ (tips broken off ); diameter at 
base, without spines, 2.25"™; length of spines, 1™™. 

Kerguelen Island, five fathoms; Dr. J. H. Kidder. 

This species differs widely from all the previously described species of — 
Ophioglypha, in having six arms, in the shallow notches at the bases of 
the arms, and in the characters of the mouth-papillz and mouth-shields, 
but in size and general appearance it somewhat resembles some vari- 
eties of O. sarsii of the North Atlantic. In several respects it is re- 
lated to Ophiocten, but though the surface of the disk is covered witha 
thin, rough skin, it is not distinctly granulated. Although it would not 
properly go into either of these two genera, as they are ordinarily-* 
defined, it seems most natural to refer it to Ophioglypha, which may 
easily be emended in respect to some of the characters that may now be 
regarded as merely specific. 


ASTROPHYTON AUSTRALE, Verrill, s. n. 


Disk unevenly granulous, with ten prominent radiating ribs, starting 
near the center and extending to the lateral bases of the arms; they 
are broadest and highest near the outer end, which is gently sloped 
and evenly rounded. The ribs bear four to ten or more unequal, 


| 
j | 
| 


ECHINODERMS. 15 


large, stout, blunt spines, with rugose tips, arranged irregularly in 
one or two rows, or scattered unevenly, while there is usually a 
group of from three to six smaller spines on the spaces_be- 
tween the ribs at the bases of the arms, and often one or two on the 
interbrachial spaces, near the edge of the disk. Similar small, biunt 
spines, or tubercles, extend along the dorsal surface of the arms, either 
in single or double rows. The grains covering the disk and upper and 
lateral surfaces of the arms are quite uneven in size and prominence, 
with more or less numerous small, flattened plates or scales scattered 
among them, and in many parts these scales are more regular, with the 
grains arranged around their borders, this condition being most appar- 
ent on the arms; the prominent tubercles and spines are developed 
trom the center of similar scales or plates. The under side of the disk 
is more regularly granulous. The arms are rather slender and well 
rounded dorsally, dividing first at about their own diameter from the 
ends of the radial ribs ; the distance from the first to the second division 
of the arms is about equal to the larger radius of the disk; and from 
the second to the third usually somewhat greater. The terminal divis- 
ions are numerous and very slender. The arm-spines, toward the base 
-of the arms, are small, stout, fusiform, terminated by two acute spi- 
nules, and form transverse rows, usually from five to seven, but farther 
out they became shorter and stouter in rows of two to four; still farther 
out the two or three terminal spinules become curved, and near the ends 
of the arms they have the form of minute hooks. 

Color of one dried specimen uniform brownish yellow; of the other 
light grayish brown, with many narrow transverse bands of darker 
brown across the arms and radial ribs, changing into irregular streaks 
and spots of the same color on the interradial spaces. 

Thelarger specimen measures, from center to end of radial ribs, 16"™; 
center to edge of interbrachial spaces, 13"™; center to first division of 
arms, 21™™; diameter of arms near base, 5™™ to 6™™; beyond first divis- 
ion, 4™™; beyond second division, about 3™"; diameter of larger spines 
on radial ribs, 2™™; height, 2™™. 

Pearson’s Point, D’entricasteaux Channel, Tasmania, seven fathoms, 
clinging to Primnoella australasie ; Capt. Ralph Chandler, (Poughkeep- 
sie Soc. Nat. Science.) 


76 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


ANTHOZOA. 
ALCYONARIA. 
ANTHOPODIUM AUSTRALE, Verrill, s. n. 


Polyp-cells cylindrical or somewhat clavate, with eight distinct sulea- 
tions at summit, in contraction; the surface covered with small, rough 
spicula; the height variable up to a quarter of an inch or more. They 
arise from a thin encrusting or stolon-like coenenchyma, whieh is cori- 
aceous and roughened with spicula, like the polyp-cells. The polyps 
are irregularly scattered along the ccenenchyma, which creeps over 
the upright axis of Primnoella. Color, light orange-red. Height of polyp- 
-cells, mostiy 2™™ to 6™™ ; diameter, about 1.5™™, 

The spicula are small, but exceedingly variable in form, and most of 
them are covered with rough or even lacerate warts, which interlock 
and thus strengthen the tissues; many of them are flattened. The 
largest spicula, and perhaps the most abundant, are oblong, two to four 
times as long as broad, obtuse at the ends, and thickly covered with 
rough spinulose warts; others are enlarged and irregularly flattened at 
one end, which is covered with rough laciniate spinules and warts; 
others, equally rough, are shorter and sometimes irregularly rounded, 
about as broad as long; irregular. rough laciniate crosses are not un- 
common; and there are numerous slender fusiform spicula, acute at the 
ends, about as long as the largest ones, but not half as thick, and less 
roughly warted;. various other more or less intermediate forms also 
occur. 

Bluff Harbor, New Zealand, on Primnoella australasie ; Dr. E. 
Kershner. 

This species is more nearly allied to A. rubens, V., from North Caro- 
lina, than to any other species known to me. 


PRIMNOELLA AUSTRALASIA, Gray. 


Primnoa Australasiw, Gray, Proc. Zodlog. Society of London, 13849, 146, pl. 2, figs. 8, 
9; Annals and Magazine of Nat. History, 1850, 510. 

Primnoella Australasie, Gray, Proc. Zodlog. Society of London, 1857, 286; 1859, 483; 
Catalogue of Lithophytes or stony corals in the collection of the British 
Museum, 50, 1870. 

The specimens are simple, cylindrical stems, some of them more than 
three feet in length, with the base attached to shells. The polyp-cells are 


elongated, cylindrical, arranged in close whorls, and closely appressed 





ANTHOZOA. Ct 


to the surface of the stem, with the summit incurved and mostly con- 
cealed. ‘There are sixteen to twenty-four or more cells in a single whorl, 
and the successive whorls are so crowded as to leave only a narrow line 
between them, except toward the base, where the polyp-cells become 
shorter and imperfect, leaving spaces often equal to their length between 
the whorls; in these places the coenenchyma is covered with small im- 
bricated scales, similar to those of the cells. On the outer or exposed 
surface of the cells there are two alternating rows of imbricated scale- 
like spicula, ten to twelve in each row. 

The axis is slender, round, tapering from the base to the tip, where it 
becomes very slender and translucent yellowish horn-color, while toward 
the base it is dull grayish brown, opaque, rigid, and stony; the middle 
portion is grayish or ash-color, and sometimes whitish ; its surface is sul- 
cated with numerous slightly impressed grooves. Color of the cells and 
ecenenchyma, yellowish white. 

One of the larger specimens, imperfect at the tip, is about 36 inches 
(915™™) long; greatest diameter, 4™™ to 5™™; diameter of axis near 
base, 2.57"; length of cells, 2™™. _ 

Bluff Harbor, New Zealand; Dr. E. Kershner; several specimens. 

One specimen, from seven fathoms, near Pearson’s Point, Tasmania, 
was sent to me from the Poughkeepsie Society of Natural Science, as re- 
ceived from Capt. Ralph Chandler, U.S. N. 

According to the label of the last-named specimen, the native name 
is * Urialus.” - 

[ Actiniw were numerous along the rocky shores of Kerguelen Island. 
Specimens have been preserved in alcohol, but not in a condition to ad- 
mit of specific determination, the tentacles being, of course, retracted. 
All of those seen by me were of small size and sober colors, mostly of a 
dark brown; with the exception of one rather rare species, expanding 
to about the size of a silver half-dollar, the tentacles of which were of 
a brilliant vermilion. J. H. K.| 








Ae ty N DLS 


SURGEON K. KERSHNER’S COLLECTION, 


MINERALS. 


These include forty-two specimens, representing portions of Otago and 


other parts of New Zealand. <A considerable number was obtained from 


the museum at Otago, being specimens gathered during the geological 


survey 
Kershi 
cludes 
Africa. 
of the 


of the province. Of the remainder, most were collected by Dr. 
1er himself. Besides those already mentioned, this collection in- 
some fine specimens of copper-ore from the mines in Southern 
All of the minerals have been identified by Dr. F. M. Endlich, 
Smithsonian Institution, as per list following : f 


Original No. 








‘19. Pumice (typical specimen). 
{ 20. Doleritic rod& with zeolites. 
s | 21. Chrome-ore (Otago Museum). 
3 22. Hornblende. 
P= | 23. White quartz. 
o { 24. White quartz with decomposed feldspar. 
S | 25. [ron and copper ore. 
= | 26. Same as 20. 
> 27.. Pyrite and mica in chloritic schist (Otago Museum). 
| 28. Chalcopyrite (Otago Museum). 
29-40. Bornite (copper-ore) associated with quartz. 
41. Quartzitic rock impregnated with pyrite. 


42. Copper-ore. 


43. Lignitie coal (Germ. sp. name, Russkohle). 


. Feldspathic rock decomposed into caolinite. 


). Quartzitic rock containing caolinite and impregnated with pyrite 


46. Galena and quartz. 


. Druse of natrolite in basalt. 
. Sulphur. 
. Chaleopyrite (copper pyrite). 


80 


NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Original No. 


50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54, 
D0. 
56. 
57. 
58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 


Sulphur. 

Very impure graphite with quartz. 

Pyrite and quartz. 

Copper-ore, sulphide and carbonates. 

Natrolite in basalt. 

Same as 53. 

Compact limonite (hydrated sesquioxide of iron). 
Coal. 

Chrome-ore. 


Covellite (copper indigo), copper mineral. 


Same as 44. 
Sulphur. 


Aragonite (carb. of lime), radio-columnar. 


Fossils are not determined as yet; nor greenish mineral in basalt. 


Former appear to be carboniferous. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Nat. Mus. No. 


14783 
14784 3J 


‘ 
14782 Skull of Maori-ori, or Chatham Island aborigine, concerning 


two skulls, with leg-bones of Maoris, from Chatham Island. 


which Dr. Kershner writes that it was “picked up from the 
surface of the ground, having been exposed to the weather. 
It is said that this race never buried their dead, but carried 
them out and deposited them in heaps, where they were left 


to decay, so that the bones are easily found in many different’ 
parts of the island. They were cannibals; the remnants of © 


the race now found in the island having been known to prac- 
tice cannibalism as late as about ten years ago. They now 
number only about twenty-five souls, are limited to a reserva- 
tion, and sustained by the colonial government. The name 
Maori-ori is said to mean ‘before the Maoris,’ and indicates 
that these people, the aborigines of Chatham Island, had been 


subdued and, in great measure, displaced by the Maoris.” — 
It seems not improbable that this race represents also the | 


aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand, which had quite dis- 
appeared before the discovery of the islands by Europeans. 


Chatham Island lies east of New Zealand, at the distance of | 


about six hundred miles, in latitude 48° south. 





a 


APPENDIX. 81 


Nat. Mus. No. 


20255 stone hatchet and two chisels, also of stone. 
Skin and skeleton of Dasyurus maculatus. Concerning this ani- 


20254 Are stone implements of the Maori-ori; a large cleaver-shaped 


mal, Dr. Kershner writes that it was captured in the mount- 
ainous part of Tasmania, near Hobarton ; and that it is so 
destructive to young lambs that it is being rapidly extermi- 
nated by the colonists, who call it “tiger-cat.”. The skin is a 

- very fine one, and has been mounted and placed in the museum 
collection. 

1478 Skin and skeleton of Ornithorhyncus paradoxus, the “beast with 
the bill.” The skeleton is perfect, but the skin has been some- 
what curtailed by trimming, and is valuable only as exhibit- 
ing the softness and fineness af the fur. Obtained near Ho- 
barton, Tasmania. — | 

Strigops habroptilis, the ‘‘owl-eyed parrot” of New Zealand, 
obtained from Otago Museum by the courtesy of its curator, 
| Captain Hutton. The bird is nocturnal in its habits, burrows 

in the ground or -in holes in the rocks, and feeds upon 
worms aud grubs. It is becoming very scarce since the intro- 
duction of dogs and cats into the island. 

Buphagus skua antarcticus, shot at Hobarton. Same species as 
that observed at Kerguelen, the hawk-like habits of which 
were described in the National Museum Bulletin No. 2. This 
individual was shot in the act of devouring a tame duck which 
it had just captured in the yard of a resident of Hokarton. 
It is said even to attack young lambs, and to be very destruc- 

_ tive to domestic fowls. 

Skin of king- penguin (Aptenodytes longirostris) obtained at Ker- 
guelen Island, but really captured on the Falkland Islands. 
A large collection of bones of the moa (Dinornis), the great extinct 
New Zealand bird, from Christ Church (Middle Island), New 
Zealand. These have not yet been put together or carefully 





: examined. 

15485 Head and fins of Zrigla, sp., from Port Arthur, Tasmania. A 

fish nearly allied to and much resembling the “ sea-robin” of 
the New England coast. 

15484 Mutilated skin of Aracana, sp., from Hobarton, a fish closely re- 


sembling the trunk-fish (Ostracion). 
6K 





























82 


Nat. Mus. No. 
Hippocampus, sp. Port Chalmers, New Zealand. Of very un. 


2209 


2210 


NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


usual size. 


Anguilla aucklandii, Richardson, from Bluff Harbor, New Zea- 


land. An enormous eel. 


In the subkingdom MoLuusca, Dr. Kershner’s collection is pecu- 


liarly rich, including large series of shells from New Zealand, 
Tasmania, the Auckland and Chatham Islands, besides a very 
handsome Cephalopod (Ommastrephes), preserved in alcohol. 
The shells are now undergoing examination by Mr. W. H. Dall. 


The botanical collections, also very large, include specimens of 


the “Ake-aka,” an aromatic wood from Chatham Island, and 
of the seeds of the “ Kapu-kapuka” or Chatham lily (Jlyoso- 
tidium nobile, Hooker), a flower greatly prized for its beauty. 
The lily grows only on the verge of the sea-beach, in shady 
places, in a soil composed of rich mold mixed with sand. If 
cultivated in gardens it should be watered with salt-water. 
Besides these are series of ferns from all thé localities visited, 
and a considerable collection of flowering-plants from the 
Auckland Islands. The plants have been sent to Cambridge for 
identification; the woods are at the Agricultural Department, 


Washington. 


The collection of plants from the Auckland Islands was taken 


from the neighborhood of the German transit-station at that 
place, the same locality occupied by Sir James Clarke Ross 
when at the Aucklands in 1841, in the Erebus and Terror. 


The Crustacea, which have been identified by Prof. S. I. Smith, 


are found to be as follows: 


Heterograpsus sexdentatus, Kdw. 
Petrolisthes elongatus, Stimp. 
LDivoneca, near emarginuta, Bleeker. An isopod parasitic upon 


fish. 


The following note upon some interesting hydroids found in Dr. Kersh- 


ner’s collection is given as received from the writer, Mr. 8S. F. Clark, of 


Yale College : 


HYDROIDEA. 


‘‘Among the invertebrates sent to New Haven, for identification, by 


Dr. Kidder, is a fine specimen of a pedunculated ascidian, belonging to 


the genus Boltenia. This same genus is represented on the New Eng- 


























APPENDIX. 83 


land coast by the species Bolteni, the stems of which are the favorite 
abiding places of many hydroids; and it is interesting to note that the 
three genera, Sertularia, Sertularella, aud Lafoca, which are almost in- 
‘ariably represented on our New England species, are also represented 
on the stem of this southern specimen. 

‘“‘ The species of Sertularia is very close to, if not identical with, S. oper- 
culata of Linnzus; but there being no gonothecz present on either of the 
three species, I shall not attempt to make specific determinations. 

“ The genus Sertularella is represented by a species resembling in mode 
of growth the S. tricuspidata of Alder. Hydrothece alternate, stout, 
and with a tricuspid rim. Possibly this is identical with the Sertularia 
johnstoni of Murray. (Dieffenbach’s New Zealand, London, 1843.) 

“The third species is probably a member of the genus Lafoéa; it is a 
creeping form, and many of the hydrothece have only their upper por. 
tions free, the lower portions reclining upon the stolon. The ascidian 
bearing these hydroids was collected at Port Chalmers, New Zealand, 
in January, 1875, by Dr. E. Kershner, U.S. N.” 


: II. 


A considerable collection was also made by Mr. Isracl Russell, one of 
the photographers to the New Zealand party, mostly from the province 
of Otago, New Zealand. Mr. Russell’s collection includes a number of 
Maori implements, with some supposed to belong to a still older race 
(perhaps the Maori-ori). His bird-skins represent specimens of Larus 
dominicanus 2, Daption capensis, Casarca variegata, Gm., Podiceps cris- 
tatus (gustralis, Gould) 8 , Porphyriops crassirustris, Gray, Creadion carun- 
culatus, and two pigeons and a parrot, as yet undetermined. Besides 
these, there are a number of New Zealand birds preserved in alcohol, and 
a large collection of the bones of the moa. 

Other departments of natural history are well represeuted in Mr. 
Russell’s collection. There are a large number of fossil shells from Lake 
Wakatipu, New Zealand, and of recent forms from the same pit in 
which the Maori implements were found. Also, a considerable collec- 
tion of plants, and of insects, Crustacea, and small vertebrates which 
have not yet been studied. 

TEL. 

Mr. Edwin Smith, United States Coast Survey, chief of the Chatham 
Island party, sends three skulls, two of Maoris and one of a Maori-ori, 
for the authenticity of which he vouches. 





bea Neal Mion 
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* 


A STUDY OF CHIONIS MINOR WITH REFERENCE TO ITS STRUC- 
TURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION. 








By J. H. Kipper, U. 8S. N., anp Exitiotr Cougs, U. S. A. 


“This small family of birds [ Thinochorus, Attagis, and Chionis] is one of those which, 
from its varied relations to other families, although at present offering only difficulties 
to the systematic naturalist, ultimately may assist in revealing the grand scheme, 
common to the present and past ages, on which organized beings have been created.” 
(Darwin, Voyage of a Naturalist, New York, 1871, p. 94.) 


CHIONIS MINOR, Hartlaud. 


SHEATH-BILL; BEC-EN-FOURREAU. 


HISTORY. 


The genus Chionis was founded by J. R. Forster in 1788,* upon C. alba, 
discovered by him in the neighborhood of Cape Horn. In January, 


1841, Dr. G. Hartlaub wrote from Bremen to the Revue Zodlogique t 


that he had discovered a new species of Chionis in the museum at Ley- 
den. He described it as differing from C. alba by its decided inferi- 
ority in size, by the blackness of the entire beak, and particularly by 
the extraordinary shape of the sheath of the bill. His original deserip- 


tion and measurements are as follows: 


“CHIONIS MINOR, Nob., nivea, rostro nigerrimo, pedibus saturate fusces- 
centibus, spatio supraoculari subrotundo, nudo, nigro, rostri vagind sub- 
concavd, antrorsum ascendente, aperta (in Ch. alba, pland, incumbente). 


- 








C. minor. C. alba. 
MPR RLO Ley rare Ba) ote ite ASS aI ek gitar vs win wjecbe.e 28 eats Isp. 2 lig: | lip. 3 .lag. 
MOBLIVAC BL ONG erape een paerae ieee fs Sea clear este 1 2 1 4 
MINE OSENU AG CASI. co coc oc scan Hocin cc anocale Sees wm cs 7 8 
— Latitud. rostri ad angulum oris.......-..--.--- PEM 0 64 7 
Br seat ae ws ci tee oN oe Coie a 9 104 
ROT 8 Dee niet Paice SE cio) os cla ecu eeisiee 1 10 1 11 
CEL Neer ears ee ae hal Reade he Saha RO Sate 4 3 54 
LZR TINCT UG ete yt ReorsNINE) 2 gis Foes A se 2 i a 1 8 2 1 








*Enchiridion Hist. Nat. Ins. 1788, p. 37. 
t Rev. Zool., 1841, v. 5; ib. 1842, pl. 2, fig. 2. 


86 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


**Patrie inconnue.” 

In the following year he contributed a drawing (of the head) to the 
same periodical (pl. 2, f. 2). 

In 1849 C. minor was figured by G. R. Gray,* under a description of 
the genus which was placed by him in the fifth family (Chionidida) of 
Galline, the other members of the family being Thinocorus and Attagis. 
The supposed relationship between these birds was first pointed out, so 
far as we know, by Mr. Darwin,t in 1833, when, referring to Thinocorus, 
Atiagis, and C. alba, he utters the pregnant sentence we have chosen as 
the motto for this essay. 

De Blainville meanwhile, in 1836,¢ before C. minor had been described, 
turned his attention to the anomalous relationships of the genus, and 
decided that its nearest affinity was with Hematopus. The position he 
assumed respecting’ its relationships requires special consideration, 
since it was defended with learned ingenuity and has been generally ae- 
septed without question. : 

He based his conclusion upon the examination of a skeleton of the 
trunk of Chionis alba, obtained from M. Baillon, of Abbeville, with some 
details of its internal organization and natural history obtained from 
M. P. E. Botta, one of his assistantsat the Paris Museum. M. Botta’s 
specimen had come on board of a ship, during a commercial voyage 
around the world, in latitude 55° south, longitude 64° west (between 
the Falkland Islands and Cape Horn). Previous to this time specimens 
had been exceedingly rare, only three skins being known to exist, and 
no anatomical material being accessible. 

M. de Blainville enumerates, among those who had aiready treated 
of Chionis, Forster, Pennant, Latham, Gmelin, Bonnaterre, Illiger, 
Vieillot, Oken, Temminek, Goldfuss, Pabbé Ranzani, Quoy & Gaimard, 
Lesson, Wagler, Cuvier, and Isidore-Geoffroy. By these writers it had 
been successively and alternately considered as a wader (échassier), 
palmipede, and gallinaceous bird, allied (rapproché) to three different 
genera, or considered as a distinet family ; while it had been passed 
over by other naturalists, who did not consider the data sufficiently full 
for a determination; or heid to be incerta sedis, ‘ce qui est, en pareil cas, 
le parti le plus convenable.”§ 

*Genera of Birds, 1849, p. 522, pl. —. 


tNaturalist’s Voyage around the World, p. 94; cf., also, Voy. Beagle, 4to, 1841, pp. 
LIS S119! 

¢t Mémoire sur Ja place que doit occuper daus le systéme ornithologique le genro 
Chionis ou Bec-en-fourrean. < Ann. Sci. Nat. vi, 1836, p. 97. 

§ De Blainville, 1. ec. 











CHIONIS MINOR. 87 


The three specimens then known to De Blainville were, first, a 
skin in an English collection, for a long time unique (perhaps Forster’s 
type); second, one obtained by MM. Quoy & Gaimard from the voyage 
of the Astrolabe, in 1824; third, one obtained by MM. Lesson & Garnot, 
in the course of the voyage of the Coquille, when an individual came 
on board of the ship “at the distance of eighty leagues from Patagonia, 
the nearest land.” ‘Anderson observed it in flocks in Christmas Har- 
bor,” but appears to have given no description by which the peculiarity 
of the Kerguelen species (C. minor) was recognized, and of which this 
is the first recorded observation. 

M. de Blainville describes briefly the external parts of C. alba, and 
the skeleton, the latter including of the skull only the posterior part 
without the occiput, and being defective also as to the coccyx and 
limbs. He appears not to have seen either the muscles or viscera, but 
to have been dependent for his brief description of the latter upon the 
sometimes erroneous recollections of M. Botta. It should be noticed 
that the observations upon the natural history and habits of the genus 
had beep made upon specimens that flew on board of ships at sea, 
and therefore were not under their natural or wild conditions. 

_ His reasons for referring the genus to the vicinity of Hamatopus are 
summed up by himself (p. 106) as follows: 

“1°, Le nombre des vertébres 15—6—14—8, est le méme. 

«9°, Le nombre et la forme des cétes sont les mémes. 

“3°, Le sternum, de méme forme générale, a deux échancrures sub- 
égales, la supérieure un peu plus grande que Vinférieure. 

“40, Le canal intestinal a également troisceecums, dont deux terminaux 
médiocres et un median fort petit. 

“5°, Lestomac est également formé dun gésier > fort petit sans jabot. 

G2, La queue est courte et composée de six paires de pennes égales. 

“7°, Les ailes, formées de dix pennes 4 la main, sont aigués. 

«80, Les jambes sont peu élevées, et nues seulement vers le talon. 

“9°, Les tarses, non comprimés, sont également réticulés en avant 
comme en arriére. 

“10°. La plantedes doigts est élargie de maniere quwils semblent bor- 
dés latéralement. 

“11°, Ce sont également des oiseaux marcheurs et coureurs ; 

“12°, Habitant les rivages de la mer ; 

“13°, Ow ils cherchent leur nourriture, consistant en coquillages et 
peut-étre en animaux morts.” 


88 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELED ISLAND. 


Since M. de Blainville relied almost entirely upon the characters of — 
the sternal apparatus* in the classification of birds, it is not strange — 
that he should have found in their resemblance to those of Hamatopus — 
conclusive evidence of natural affinity. The errors of omission and 
of observatien in the above summary (which, it must be acknowledged, 
are not to be found in the description of those parts seen by De Blain- 
ville himself) will be discussed hereafter in their proper connection. 

In his coutinuation of Bonnaterre’s “ Tableau encyclopédique et mé- 
thodique @’Ornithologie” (pp. 1037, 1038), M. L. P. Vieillot speaks of the — 
black button on the wing, and describes the sheath of the bill as some- — 
times yellow, sometimes black. It would thus appear that Chionis minor 3 
was known and had been examined long before Hartlaub differentiated — 
the spécies; this black color of the epidermal outgrowths being one of — 
the principal specific features of his diagnosis. Bonnaterre’s first men-_ 
tion of the genus (as genus 83 of his list, p. exiij) gives no points to 
indicate whether he was describing C. alba or C. minor. 

In 1867 Mr. E. L. Layard, writing to the [bist from Cape Town, under 
date of June W mentions several specimens of C. minor brought alive 
to the Cape from the Crozet Islands by Captain Armson. “A single — 
egg obtained by him was unfortunately attacked by mice on board; q 
but enough remains to show its contour and color. The instant I saw 4 | 
it [was reminded of the eggs of Hamatopus.” He describes the egg | 
at some length, and of the living bird says: “He is most Hamatopus- — 














like in his motions, moving with great swiftness, and feeding on meat, — 
which he holds down between his feet and tears into shreds. He is _ 
very fearless, and attacked the cats which came near him. The legs | 
are livid brown [!], bill black, with a pink cere around the eye, the iris_ 
of which is deep black or dark brown in color.” 

On the 28th of November, 1867.4 Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited to the- 
Zoological Society a skin of Chionis minor, “ being that ofan individual 
of this species which had been transmitted living to the society by E. 
L. Layard, and brought from the Crozet Islands by Captain Armson.” — 
This was doubtless the same individual referred to by Mr. Layard in ‘ 
the passage just quoted. 





*A ces élémens les plus importans @une évaluation un peu positive des rapports 
natarels de cet oiseau (puisque j’ai montré, depuis long-temps, que Vappareil sternal, avec 
ses annexes, les renferme dans cet classe danimaux) j’ai pu joindre quelques détails — 
d’organization intérieure, ete.” (Op. cit., p. 99.) 

t Ibis, 1867, p. 458. 

¢ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867. 























CHIONIS MINOR. 89 


October 26, 1868,* the receipt of two specimens of C. minor by the 
Zoological Society, from Mr. Layard, was recorded without further par- 
ticulars. They came from the Crozet Islands. 

In the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology for November, 1869,+ ap- 
peared a letter from R. O. Cunningham, M. D., naturalist to Her Maj- 
esty’s surveying-ship Nassau, with a figure of the coeca, part of the in- 
testine, the stomach, and larynx of Chionis alba, accompanied by some 
measurements. He found that “ the legs present adecided resemblance 
to Hematopus, and the sternal characteristies are similar.” 

An egg of C. minor was received by the Zoological Society, January 
17, 1871,t concerning which Prof. Alfred Newton said: “No egg of 
either species of this genus had before been known, and this confirms, 
by its appearance, the systematic position of the form shown by oste- 


ology, its affinity, namely, to the plovers.” 


We have been able to find a record, therefore, of bit four specimens of 
this species, viz: 1. That in the Museum at Leyden, from which the 
original description was made, of unknown locality; 2. A specimen 
sent to the Zoological Society by Mr. Layard, from Cape Town, brought 
from the Crozet Islands; and, 3, 4. Two specimens from the Crozet Isl- 


ands, also sent to the Zoological Society by Mr. Layard, in 1868. 


The literature of the species is meagre, and we do not find that any 
attempt has been made either to verify or 1efute De Blainville’s conclu- 
sions, otherwise than by inspection of external characters, beyond Mr. 
Cunningham’s brief notes upon the digestive system. Authors who 
have differed from De Blainville respecting the systematic position of 
the genus have simply placed it where they pleased, apparently without 
feeling called upon to show cause for the faith that was in them. 

The late expedition to observe the transit of Venus at Kerguelen Is. 
land afforded an opportunity to improve our acquaintance with this spe- 
cies, which was taken advantage 0. Several specimens were preserved 
in alcohol, a number of skins were secured, and, during a stay of 
four months upon the island, as frequent and careful observations as 
possible upon the behavior of the bird during life § were made by Dr. 
Kidder. . 

It bears a strong resemblance to the pigeons in form and mode of 





*Proceedings Zool. Soc. 1868. 

t Pp. 87-89. 

t Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 57. 

§ See Bull. No. 2, Nat. Mus. 1875. 1 et seq., for full description of habits, ete. 


90 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


flight; is easily domesticated, remarkably fearless of man, dislikes wa- 
ter, cannot swim, is largely a vegetable-feeder, and its usual note is a 
harsh croak. These characteristics, taken together with its attitudes, 
gait, pugnacity, ready companionship with domestic fowls, and some 
obvious peculiarities in the structure of the digestive system, seemed to 
indicate affinity with the Galline rather than with Hematopus, so far as 
superficial characters have weight. And so strong was this impression, — 
based upon field-observation only, in the mind of the observer, that we 
have made a somewhat extended anatomical examination of two of the 
alcoholic specimens, and have studied the slender literature of the sub- 
ject, with the hope of furnishing the materials upon which to base inqui- 
ries that may establish the proper position of this confessedly doubtful 
group. Allowing due weight to the authority and great name of De 
Blainville, it is proper to remember that this particular species (C. minor), 
at least, differs from the type-species (C. alba), as described, in that itis 
largely a vegetable-feeder; that there is no record of its baving been 
seen “far out at sea”; * and in the characters upon which the diagnosis 
of the species is based. 

For comparison with Hartlaub’s original description, the field-meas- 
urements of eleven specimens are here quoted: t 


List of specimens, with measurements. 





















































= 2 . 
ae| é co aene ul 
[‘3.ai4 ; s S Remarks. 
fez SS le Berta tlie +a Reba Seas 
fers BR Sigg | seh alse Seen sles Ne rl eee areal 
Sol Sa a) Se oe ie ee aes Mee Sees 
1874. 
68956 | 27 | Oct. 12 3 15.50 [30.50 | 9.00 |} -. ..| 1.50 | 1.35 | 2.00 | 1.85 | 0.50 | Skin. 
(68957 | 31 | Oct. 16 Q |14..00) }29..C0'} 8.50.) .-....- 1,35 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 1.60 | 0.45 Do. 
168955 S2(Oct: 16) J (15:00! 3120019550) |): 2222 T9509) LCOS 80N}) TAGOW eee ser Skin with sternum. 
334 ROCT LOM. ch | (earacrecs |soesesch late sia eee mace te oe lasso tala [taser el | Disembowcled and 
in alcohol. 
‘48958 | 67 | Nov.14| ¢ {15.75 132.00 | 9.35 |...... 1.50 } 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.60 | 0.40 | Skin. 
Sea 127 | Dec. 5|¢°(2) 15: 00 [30.00 |.9.00 | 4.65 | 1.45 | .....| 1.65 | 1.55 | 0.50 | Alcohol. 
a2 146. | Dee.11'|o°(2)|14. 50 |29.00 | 8.50 )..... |.-..-- ae | 1.75 | 1.50 | 0.50 Do. 
Meneiag 203 | Dec. 29 | (2)|16. 50 |30.50 | 9.00 | 4.85 | 1.59 ]...... 14.85 1.75] 0.50} Alcohol and car- 
; | | bolic acid. 
eee 204 | Dec. 29 | 2 (2)|15. 25 }29.15 | 8.85 | 4.50] 1.35] 1.65 1.75 | 1.65 | 0.50 Do. 
veenye 205 | Dec. 29 |o(2)|15. 50 )29. 85 | 8.85 | 4.75 | 1.35 | 1.65 1.75 | 1.55 | 0.45 Do. 
Seaees 206 | Dec. 29 ¢ (?)|15. 75 |28.85 | 8.50 | 4.75 |} 1.35 | 1.75 | JoNS | 1.65 | 0.50 Do. 





* Vid. Darwin, Voy. round the World, p. 94, and Cunningham, Jour. Anat. and Phys. 
1869, p. 88. 
t From Bull No. 2, Nat. Mus., loc. cit. 























CHIONIS MINOR. 91 
DESCRIPTION. 


The first specimen selected for examination was taken from alcohol 
November 5. The field-measurements, from the flesh, are as follows :— 











Ie | iting 

e e a a Ss 8 ; | e 3 

Ee Bare) ond a a0 [Leas : 2 2 Remarks. 

ia| 5 | of : ep D ot aie i} eB oS Sy 

Beales e- | 8 | 8 y - 3 = & S = B 

Mm |O | A ni wv A | e a 4 as = a pa 

1874. | 

| mee} 146 | Dec. 11} Q (14.50 (29.00 } 8.50 |.....- : Been eee 1.75 | 1.50 | 0.50 | Preserved in alcohol. 
5 \ 














Plumage universally pure white, very soft and downy. Under plum- 
age slate-colored. Bill black, stout, conical; mandibles of equal length. 
Chord of culmen 1.22, gape 1.35, depth 0.80, width 0.55; depth of up- 


_ per mandible 0.37, width 0.40; depth of lower mandible 0.30, width 


0.55. Commissure nearly straight, with only a slight downward curve 
towards apex of bill. Lying over the upper mandible like a saddle, 
with the pommel tilted up into the air, is the horny black sheath which 
has given to this bird one of its trivial names. From the insertion ot 
the frontal feathers to its anterior end, this sheath measures 0.50. The 
flaps of the saddle project downward and backward below the tomial 
line, its anterior margin presenting two curves, convex forward, includ- 
ing one curve, convex posteriorly. The ‘* pommel” part of the sheath 
projects above the mandible, like a hood, 0.20 inch. From gape to apex 
the sheath measures 1.00; perpendicular depth 0.70, width of ‘ pom- 
mel” 0.30, of sheath between lower margin of flaps 0.45. At the sides 
the flaps are firmly soldered to the upper mandible, so that, in this spe- 
cies at least, erection of the sheath (attributed to CO. necrophaga or CO. alba 
by Latham, Lesson and Cuvier,*) is impossible. Structurally contin- 
uous with the sheath, and extending backward and upward from its pos- 
terior portion, is a thick, black, tumid strip of naked skin, deeply pitted 
by numerous follicular openings, some of which near the edges give pas- 
sage to hair-like feathers. It lies in contact with the eyelid superiorly, 
and the portion uncovered by feathers measures 0.55 by 0.30. Upon 
clipping away the frontal feathers, this black caruncle is found to ex- 
tend entirely across the forehead, as a squarish frontal hood, covered by 
white feathers so thickly as to be invisible in its anterior and central two- 
thirds. Its upper margin (somewhat wider than the lower) is abruptly dis- 
tinct, just opposite the highest part of theeyelid. The width of the carun- 
cle at its upper and widest part is 1.10; its height from the lowest inser- 
* Animal Kingdom, London, Orr & Co., 1849, p. 250. 


92 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 





tion of the feathers is 0.70. As already stated, the sheath is continuous — 
structurally with this caruneular fold, the epidermal tissue of the latter 
losing its follicles and assuming a horny structure at the wide angle be- 
tween the forehead and bill. In appearance the structure is strongly sug- 
gestive of the frontal papillose casque borne by the turkey* (Meleagris), 
Opposite the central concavity in the sinuous border of the side-flap of 
the hood appears, uncovered by the sheath, about half the aperture of 
the nostril, oval in outline, with its long axis nearly parallel with, butin- — 
clining slightly toward, the rictus. The nostrils are pervious. The eye- | 
lids are thickened and everted, during life of a pale pink, whence the 
name ‘sore-eyed pigeon.” Iris, dark-brown to black. 

The body is full and heavy. When at rest the head is withdrawn 
toward the body and the tarsi are nearly concealed by the plumage. 
Plumage universally pure white, remarkably soft and downy. ‘“After-— 
shatt” of body-feathers distinct and soft, measuring rather more than 
half the length of the main shaft.’ Wing primaries 10; first three — 


—— 


about of the same length, the second being, perhaps, a trifle the 
longest. The inner remiges equal the longest primaries. Tail slightly — 


~ +e 


rounded, spreading widely in flight. Rectrices 12, inner and outer 
vanes of nearly equal width, innermost being rather the wider. 

Tibia is naked for 0.40 inch, but covered to below the joint by — 
extremities of feathers. Tarsus is pale flesh-color, 1.70 inch; stout, 
flattened on its internal surface; narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; 


-ti¢in JS Ses 


covered by prominent hexagonal scales, which merge gradually into 


— 


iP eee 


scutellations on the toes anteriorly. Middle toe measures 1.5, longest 
claw 0.45 inch. A strong and distinet row of marginal scales fringes 
each toe, and a small web connects bases of third and fourth toes. 
First toe placed at the inner side of tarsus, distinctly above the level 
of the rest, and with its under surface directed externally. Claws 
strong, stout, blunt, convex above, concave and deeply grooved 
beneath; black above, pale horn-whitish below. Joints stout and 


large. 
DISSECTION. 


le PS RE ee ee Seti 


MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY. 


Pectoralis major arises from external border of clavicle in its whole— 


pe Sa 


length excepting its coracoid enlargement; from the whole length of 


* This extension of the caruncular casque across the forehead, being hidden by feath- — 


fe 


SE 


ers, has, we believe, never before been noticed, previous descriptions having mentioned ; 
i 
only the obviously naked strip along the eye. 


besarte es 


a. 


CHIONIS MINOR. 93 


lower border and about one-half the lateral surface of carina; and 
from the posterior and external third of the body of sternum, to be 
inserted by a broad flat tendon into the palmar margin of the pectoral 
crest of humerus. The pectoralis major is partly cleft, posteriorly and 





_ inferiorly, but the two parts coalesce to be inserted by a single tendon 
as above. 

Second pectoral arises from sterno-clavicular membrane, from the 
angle between the body and keel of sternum to within 0.25 inch of its 
posterior end, and from all of the body not occupied by the conjoined 
segments of pectoralis major. It is inserted by a very long cylindrical 
tendon, gliding through a tendinous sheath given off from the neighbor- 
hood of coraco-clavicular articulation, beneath the angle of their june- 
tion, into radial tubercle of humerus, 0.50 inch below its articulating 
surface. This is the levator humeri. 

Third pectoral (‘ pectoralis minimus” Coues*) arises fleshy, pyram- 











idal, from external border near superior external angle of sternum 
and from the adjoining margins of sternum and coracoid, for about 
one-third their length, to be inserted by a round tendon directly into 
inner border of humerus, near its head. In origin and function this 
muscle agrees with pectoralis minimus of Coues, and of Ofwen, 1836 
(but not with third pectoral of Owen, 1866, being an adductor and 
external rotator but not a levator of humerus; arising from external 





border, not angle, of sternum ; and passing through no trochlear groove, 
but being inserted by a straight tendon into radial tuberosity of 
humerus, which it depresses, not elevates). 

The article in Todd’s Cyclop. Anat. describes the third pectoral- 
’ substantially as it is here given; but in Anat. Vert., ii, 1866, p. 97, 
| apparently by some oversight, Professor Owen redescribes the third 
pectoral in much the same terms as he does the second, making it 
_ out to be a levator. 

Latissimus dorsi shows no peculiarity of origin or insertion. Ante- 
rior fibers are a thin narrow band of pale muscle. Posterior are darker, 
‘stouter, and blend, before insertion, with anterior. A few muscular 
“fibers pass downward from sterno-coracoid articulation, parallel with 








sternal ribs. 

| Hetensor plice alaris arises from coraco-clavicular articulation, send 
ing its tendon downward along the pectoral ridge of humerus. It is 
tiangular in form, covering the rest of the muscles of the shoulder- 
joint. Just beneath it lies the— 





* Ostvology, ete., of Colymbus torquatus, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1808. 


94 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Deltoideus, arising from coracoid end of scapula, filling the space | 
between the tendon of pectoralis medius and latissimus dorsi, to be— | 
inserted into the pectoral ridge of humerus. | 

Biceps presents nothing unusual. 

Infraspinatus and teres major* ave represented by a single muscle, 
which arises from the entire dorsal margin of scapula, and is inserted 
into the ulnar tuberosity of humerus. 

A stout fasciculus of soft, dark muscle, which arises from nearly the 
whole of the internal surface of coracoid and of the adjoining stout 
strip of membrane, passes outward and upward through humero- 
coracoid space to be iuserted into the anterior tuberosity of the 
humerus. Perhaps this is the muscle described by Owenft as the 
analogue of coraco-brachialis, aud said by him to “attain its greatest 
relative size in the Rasores, where it arises from almost the whole of 
the coracoideum.” 

Triceps extensor cubiti is divided into two distinct muscles, as usual. 

Numerous isolated fibres, representing platysma myoides, originate from 
anterior half of clavicle and proceed upward between the layers of the 
superficial fascia, to be inserted into the skin, superficial surface of 


cesophagus, and crop. 
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY. 


Sartorius as usual. 

Rectus femoris and tensor vaginew femoris (abductor magnus of Owen) 
arise thin and fan-shaped, by a membranous aponeurosis from the 
superficial fascia of the back and from outer margin of sacrum and 
ischium, to be inserted by t:co tendons, the uppermost going to the 
anterior part of the sheath of crurzeus, the lowermost to the head of 
fibula. The muscle is very thin and its tendon a delicate aponeu- 
rosis. , 

Glutei and crureus (including internal and external vasti) present 
no characters of particular interest. 

Biceps arises just above inner hamstring muscle from ischium, and is 
inserted into fibula, fully 0.8 inch below the knee joint. 

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus are inserted into tibia at about 
the same level, above insertion of biceps. 

Adductores and gastrocnemius not noted as peculiar. 





* Vid. Owen, Comp. Anat. and Phys., vol. ii, p. 95. Lend., Longmans, 1866, 
t Owen, 1. ¢., p. 97. 








CHIONIS MINOR. 95 


The thickening and expansion of the conjoined tendon, just over the 
posterior part of tibio-tarsal-joint, is very marked, adding much to the 
lever-power of the muscle. 

VISCERA. 

On removal of sternum and scapular girdle, the ribs being cut 
through at a short distance from the sternal margins, only trachea, 
pericardium, and liver became visible, covering in the rest of the 
viscera. A considerable deposit of finely granular sabulous matter 
was found upon the serous covering of the lungs and viscera, which 
was preserved for future examination. There is no sternal fold of 
trachea, its bifurcation appearing just above manubrium sterni. Cisoph- 
agus lies beneath and to the right side of trachea. It is dilated into 
a very wide, triangular, definitely-cireumscribed ingluvies, which meas- 
ures in the alcoholic specimen about 1.50 by 1.09 inch. : 

Proventriculus is but a slight dilatation of cesophagus, well provided 
with secreting glands internally. The glands are cylindrical in shape, 
and some of them measure quite 0.10 inch in length. They are disposed 
in a zone of unequal width about the proventricular opening of the 
stomach, extending very much further upward anteriorly than poste- 
_riorly, where the lining of the proventriculus soon becomes reticulated. 
The orifices of the glands are very large, and their general structure 
and disposition are clearly visible to the naked eye. 

Gizzard is elongated, 1.50 by 0.80 inch. Tendinous centres are sit- 
uated laterally, a band of stout muscle passing downward over the an- 
terior and central portion, spreading out over the bottom of the viscus, 
and curving sharply over posteriorly as a thick fleshy lip, the margin of 
which sinks into a deep sulcus, concave superiorly, and extending nearly 
the whole width of the stomach. From the centre of this suleus passes 
upward a stout muscular fascicle, diverging as it ascends so as to cover 
the posterior surface of the stomach, and its sides above the lateral 
tendinous centers. The duodenum is given off from the right side, 9.50 
inch from the lower border of proventriculus. Internally, the stomach 
is deeply rugous, the ruge running for the most part axially, but merg- 
ing in the upper third into a rough pavement of irregular prominences, 
produced by transverse sulci crossing the longitudinal. The principal 
grinding surfaces are, as was to be expected trom the external arrange- 
ment of muscle, anterior and posterior instead of lateral, as usually is 
the case. The gizzard contained several pebbles, three as large as a 
grain of coffee, the beaks of two cephalopods, shells of small patella, 
and a considerable mass of pale green vegetable matter. 


96 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


The small intestine passes oat from the gizzard on the right side, = | 
curving sharply backward (parallel to spine) for 3 inches, and returning 
upon itself to the level of its exit from the gizzard. Within this fold lies — | 
the pancreas, moulded to the intestine on each side, and quite filling the : 
interspaces of its curved surfaces. It is, therefore, about 3 inches in — 
length, constricted along its central axis, and spreading out along both | 
its ventral and dorsal surfaces. The anterior end is the larger, opposite : 
to which the hepatic and gall ducts empty into the duodenun at least 
6 inches from the gizzard. The pancreatic duct was lost in dissection, 
at a point about half an inch beyond the entrance of the hepatic duet, 
so that the point at which it empties into duodenum was not accu- — 
rately determined, but it is certainly below the termination of hepatic 
duct. The intestine of this alcoholic specimen measures 44 inches in all; ; 
that of a fresh specimen, measured in the field, being 48 inches in 
length.* The cca, which are quite as large in diameter as the intestine 
itself, are each 8 inches long, terminating in a mammillar point. From 
the origin of ceca to anus the distance is 3 inches; 23 inches below 
gizzard is another small cecal appendage, rather less than 1 inch 
long. j 

Pericardium is large and full, occupying the central parts of thorax. 
A process of the pericardium is produced downward upon and between ~ 
the lobes of the liver. The heart is large, and of the usual color. On q| 
each side of the trachea are to be seen the superior cave, with their 
branches, and beneath these lie the carotid arteries, which are double, 
the left being rather larger tban the right. They dip beneath the 
trachea and csophagus, converge, lying upon the anterior cervical mus- | 





cles, run parallel for about half an ineh, and divide into branches about — 
an inch and a half above the first rib. The specimen not being injected, _ 
we were unable to determine whether or no there is an anastomosis — 
between these arteries. The bifurcation of the trachea appears above | 
the sternum, presenting no sternal fold in this species. 

The liver is very large, extending on both sides for half an inch beyond ‘ 
the level cf the acetabula. Left lobe nearly as large as right. Pos- 
teriorly and superiorly, it is deeply grooved by contact with the other 
viscera; anteriorly, a long-tailed process passes forward and upward, 5 
ending in a sort of suspensory ligament; the process of pericardium ; 





*Mr. Cunningham records the length of the intestine of the larger species, C.alba, | 
as but 40 inches, the cca as7 inches each; distance between their origin and the anus, al 
2¢ inches. (Journ. Anat. and Phys. 1869, p. 89.) 





CHIONIS MINOR. 97 


above mentioned being, in fact, though not homologically, the principal 
suspender of the liver. The posterior margin of the right lobe presents 
two deep incisions, separating three pointed processes of liver tissue. 
The left lobe is sharply unciform, the concavity of the hook looking 
upward. A decided thickening of the isthmus, on the superior surface 
of the liver, indicates the third lobe. Gall-bladder distinct, empty; 
biliary ducts very large. 

The left ovary was found to have been quite active, resembling a 
bunch of grapes. We counted twenty-six vesicles as large as No. 6 shot, 
eleven of these being as large as No. 3, besides very many large enough 
to be distinct. ’ 

Oviduct tortuous; much enlarged; longitudinal plice very distinct 
and laminated, like the leaves of a book. The sex of this specimen, 
which had black wing-spurs, proves that that feature is not distinctive 
of male birds, as we had supposed.* 

Kidneys are large, 1.95inch ; moulded on their superior (dorsal) surface 
to fit the irregularities of the sacrum. Near the termination of the 
ureter, in the cloaca, are noticeable two small glandular bodies. 

Palate is wide posteriorly, bounded at the sides and anteriorly by the 


projecting edges of the bill. Half an inch from the tip of beak, in the 


median line, is a minute longitudinal crest; 0.10 inch behind this a 
decided tooth-like, bony process, directed backward ; 0.20 inch posterior 
to this are six tooth-like viili, directed backward and arranged, likeacomb, 
in a horizontal row. Here the lateral palatal ridges become prominent. 
Marking the anterior end of the aperture of the posterior nares, and 
0.30 inch behind the last-named process, are two longer tooth-like villi; 
on each side of this slit, in the sulcus between central and lateral palatal 
ridges, are six minute separate villi in a longitudinal row. Behind the 
slit for the Eustachian tube there is a transverse comb-like row of villi 
on each side, directed backward and limiting the upper and back part 
of the pharynx. | 
SKELETON. 

SKULL.—On examination of the skull as a whole, the brain cavity 

appears relatively very large and high. The frontal region is much 


. inflated, and the whole arch very convex. The attachments for muscles 


are generally not well marked, and the depression (crotophyte) for the 
insertion of the temporal muscle is almost obsolete.t Prominent points 
*B. ll. No. 2, Nat. Mus. 1875, p. 1. 
tThese observations are very different from those of Mr. T. C. Eyton on the skull of 


Chionis alba. He found the “ cranium with a very small cavity for the brain ; occipital 
i 


98 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


are: two deep fosse just above and parallel to the superior orbital mar- 
gins, a prominent bony crest (for the support of the caruncle) in front 
of these, the large size and subcircular form of the foramen maguum— 
all of which will be described in detail below. 

Occipital bone is convex inferiorly and irregularly trapezoidal in 
shape. Its crest is less prominent than usual, although quite distinct; 
shaped like a bow, with its extremities distinctly defined as far as the 
superior border of the meatus auditorius externus. The condyle is small 
and spherical (not nicked, as in Gallinw). Foramen magnum is nearly 
circular in outline, its anterior border being cut oft so as to form a high, 
broad arch. It measures in antero-posterior diameter 0.21, in trans- 
werse diameter 0.32 inch. On each side of the condyle is a broad space 
for ligamentous attachments ; laterally and posteriorly to these its 
pareccipital(?) portions extend downward as vaginal processes, protect- 
ing the posterior border of the external auditory meatus. From the 
foramen magnum to the crest extends upward a prominent median 
ridge, flanked by lesser ridges on each side from the lateral portions of 
the foramen. 

Sphenoid is irregularly pyramidal in shape, being produced forward into 
a long cultrate spine (basisphenoid), embraced by the two prongs of the 
womer aud upon which ride the palatine and pterygoid bones. There are 
no distinct basipterygoid processes. Only the marginal portions of the 
basisphenoid contribute to the floor of the orbits, its orbital plates pass- 
ing upward and outward to complete a septum between the brain and 
orbit. This septum is perforated in the median line by two irregular 
foramina for the transmission of the optic and olfactory nerves. The 
inferior (optic) foramen is heart-shaped, the apex of the figure being 
directed upward, and the lateral lobes much prolonged. The superior 
(olfactory) foramen presents the outline of the ace of clubs. As these 
are the chief anterior foramina of the brain-case, they probably transmit 
oiler nerves distributed to the orbit and face, as well as the olfactory 
and optic. Rising from the superior margin of the basi-sphenoid is the 
inier-orbital septum, perforated anteriorly in this species by an irregular 
vacuity, and posteriorly by aa extension forward of the optic and olfac- 
tory toramina already noted. The interorbital septum is, however, 


ridge very prominent; *_* * * ridges for the attachment of the masseter muscles 
sirongly marked.” (Osteologia Avium, Loudon, 1867, p. 176.) As we cannot believe there 
is any marked difference in the skulls of C. alba and C. minor, we simply fail to ap- 


preciate the pertineuce of the author’s remarks in this case. 











CHIONIS MINOR. 99 


properly speaking, incomplete only as regards the irregular foramen 
above mentioned. It is marked anteriorly by prominent stout bridges 
of bone, disposed so as to form the letter Y, which are continuous 
apparently with the notable exostosis marking the anterior portion of 
the frontal bone. 

Parietal and temporal bones are not distinctly limited, owing to the 
complete ossification of the brain-case. The external auditory meatus 
is large, and so well protected by its surrounding periotic processes as 
to seem to be almost a tubular prolongation of the skull. 

Os quadratum is in shape somewhat like a molar tooth, its crown be- 
ing directed downward, and one fang (i. e. orbital process) projecting 
upward, forward, and inward nearly to the body of the basisphenoid. 
It presents five articulating facets ; one inferior, broad, triangular, and 
marked by three marginal mammille, for the mandible; one external to 
and a little above this, for the zygoma; two, on its upper surface, for 
articulation with the temporal; and one, internal to these, for the 
pterygoid. 

Pterygoids ate relatively slender, 0.32 inch long, flattened from side 
to side, and slightly twisted upon themselves. -They diverge from the 
palato-pterygoid articulation at an unusually wide angle, rather more 
than 90°. 

Vomer is long, slender, bifid posteriorly, apparently extending from 
pterygo-palatine articulation to beyond the anterior extremity of the 
maxillo-palatines. Its complete anchylosis with the palatines, however, 
renders it impossible to determine exactly its posterior limit. Its su- 
perior surface is deeply channeled for its whole length. Beneath the 
vomer are to be found the mavwillo-palatines and palatines, the latter 
soldered together on each side, but quite separated in the middle line. 

Palatines are thin lamine, irregularly concavo-convex. ‘They present 
two prominent lamine, external and internal. The external, which con- 
stitutes most of the bone, flares widely outward and downward, ending 
behind transversely, yet with a gently-rounded angle. From its under 
surface descends obliquely inward the much smaller internal lamina, 
likea keel. — 

Mawiilo-palatines.—These bones are rather stout, squarish, tumid bod- 
ies, anteriorly joining the palatines at a point, but in all the rest of their 

xtent cutirely separated therefrom, as they also are from the vomer 
and from each other. The ‘‘body” is a very thin osseous wall, inclosing 
a2 hollow cavity. Anteriorly the palatines are produced as maxillary 


100 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND 


processes to form the lateral borders of the palate and part of the osse- 
ous support of the basal portion of the bill. 

From these accounts it appears that the palatal structure, as a whole, 
is what Huxley calls schizognathous. 

Frontal bone is marked by two very distinct deep fosse, occupying 
nearly the whole roof of the orbit, separated from one another by a 
prominent central ridge, and bounded anteriorly by a curious exostosis, 
which supports the fleshy caruncle of the forehead. The floor of this 
fossa is perforated by an anterior large circular foramen, transmitting 
the nasal duct of the gland which occupies the fossa. Behind this are 
several irregular perforations, disposed in a line parallel with the orbital 
margin. This last (the orbital margin) extends horizontally as a thin 
lamellar process, completing the roof of the orbit on each side. The 
remarkable exostosis above referred to may be described as consisting 
of two prominent bosses, one on each side, separated by a shallow cen- 
tral fossa, and presenting somewhat the outline of a bat with wings 
extended. From the external portion of each “wing” runs downward, 
parallel with the nasals, a slender bone (mazilla), articulated above by 
an expanded condyle, joining, below, the rest of the maxilla at the base 
of the bill. A narrow linear space is left between these bones and the 
nasal on each side. The construction of these parts is what Garrod 
calls schizorhinal. 

Zygoma or malar bone is long (1.00 inch) and slender, of uniform diam- 
eter throughout, extending from the os quadratwm to the base of the bill. 
It diverges rather widely from the middle line, the distance between its 
posterior attachments measuring 1.00 inch. Zachrymals are distinct, 
although small, easily detached, and liable to be overlooked. They are 
crooked little nibs of bone, with heeled base of support. 

Mandible expands posteriorly into a flat articulating head, marked 
superiorly by a deep, irregularly concave glenoid cavity. On the internal 
side of this projects upward, and a little inward, a stout pyramidal 
process, slightly hooked toward its apex. Directly behind the articula- 
tion projects the angle of the mandible, a lamellar rostrum, nearly square 
in outline and very slightly canted upward; 0.15 inch in diameter. Ex- 
ternally there is a low pyramidal prominence, its apex filling the angle > 
between zygoma and os quadratum, at their articulation. The body of. 
the mandible is continued forward to the symphysis as a thin strip of 
bone, flattened from side to side, and sending upward a very thin 
lamella from its external surface to complete the contour of the bill. At 








CHIONIS MINOR. 101 


about the middle of the mandible, this lamella is incomplete, leaving a 
long, oval foramen, parallel to ramus, measuring 0.40 by 0.10 inch. 


General measurements of skull. 


Inches. 
Ceip lial. CLES ttOl tiprOLmDIUD oie miaiaaoicic.c @iamiaeiel sal minieieloke Salmi a(ensnie seis cele Sisiele 2. 60 
Occipital crest to fronto-maxillary articulation...............--..------- .----. 1. 40 
Mind brot akmlltat bases ccncete <scset usm a min Sele cclericlss acme cis cep toitetia seeses 1. 00 
Swudth betweenmeatus aAUditorile). 22. jWacsel-ceie aaice saheeine vse s/s nininre oom ae 0. 42 
SPAiTEIMoPlON SUN Ot VAIN CASOse mee aiec sci c- Sass teicece eee ce ce ce waa. cesiocie eine eee 1. 00 
EI<iLeme heicht) Ory bralhy Case see cces cel doceeoo nes casls noes ctsiss Seeciceen eee 0.75 
Bei ot frontalerests - 26. sais oant=<el ces Aas eli peewee ta s|ae'i22 < Belen op 0. 80 
Peicht of trontal eresh; middle) Line. . 2. ine. -caie'-\to mm cinisi dec ele aces adenine sees «ef, On SO 
From fronto-maxillary articulation to tip of bill..-.-.....-.-.-...-.---------- 1. 40 


The length of the symphysis is about one-fourth that of the entire 
mandible. 

VERTEBRZX.— Cervical are thirteen in number, differing considerably 
in shape. The second, third, and fourth show a distinct and prominent 
neural spine, which becomes very small on the fifth, and can scarcely 
be said to exist at all on the others. The second, third, fourth, ninth, 
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth present also very prominent laminar hyp- 
apophyses, which are not developed on the others. The bodies ef the 
first four are very short, rapidly lengthening to the ninth, which is the 
longest, and again diminishing to the thirteenth, which is about as long 
as the fifth. All the cervical vertebra but the atlas present large and 
distinct vertebral foramina, narrowing gradually toward the skull. The 
arteries which pass through these would seem to be of unusual size, 
since the bodies of the vertebra are deeply grooved beneath for their 
reception. Rudimentary ribs are distinct on the last five cervical ver- 
tebrae, as uncinate processes directed downward and backward from the 
extremities of the transverse processes. They are less obvious farther 
up the neck. 

Dorsal are eight in number, each carrying a rib, of which all but the 
first and last articulate also with sternum. Each rib articulates both 
with the body and transverse process of its vertebra, leaving a space 
between its tubercle and head, which completes a morphological con- 
tinuation of the vertebral foramina. From the third to the eighth 
inclusive the dorsal vertebre show very prominent lamellar neural 
Spines, forming, by their apposition end to end, a continuous thin per- 
pendicular ridge, which projects above the dorsum of the bird. The 
bodies of the fourth and fifth are much compressed and flattened trom 


102 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


side to side, making a semblance to a series of prominent lamellar hyp- 
apophyses along this part of the column. The transverse processes also 
of all except the first dorsal are very thin and broad, projecting as a 
series of flat tiles above the heads and tubercles of the ribs. The last 
dorsal lies between the crests of the ilia, beneath and abutting against 
which the rib which it bears comes out. The sacro-lumbar vertebra, 1. 
e., those which are anchylose with each other and which articulate 
with the pelvis, appear to be thirteen in number. Viewed from. above, 
the broad, expanded portion of the sacrum (opposite the acetabula) _ 
shows six inter-trabecular spaces, the contour of the exposed surface 
being approximately diamond-shaped, about 3 inch broad at the widest 
part by 12 inches in length. The median line above is flat, without 
indication of spinous processes. Viewed from below, the conjoined cen- 
tra of the sacro-lumbar vertebra are a narrowly fusiform mass, broadest 
about opposite the middle of the ilia. Inferiorly they are fattened and 
somewhat excavated, though anteriorly pinched together and deepen- 
ing to join the articulation with the last dorsal vertebrae. The trabecule 
are longest and most distinct opposite the acetabula, two of them being 
especially prominent, while anteriorly four or five are conspicuous. 
Then follows an interspace of about the same length, in which they 
nearly disappear; nor are they strongly marked toward the posterior 
extremity of the column. 

The caudal, 7. ¢., unanchylosed post-sacral vertebrae, are nine in num- 
ber, considering the pygostyle as one. Pygostyle is simply laminar, 
with thickened under edge, irregularly quadrilateral in shape; long 
diameter, inch. Of the other vertebra, the transverse processes of 
the intermediate ones are shorter than those of either extremity. Mod- 
erate neural spines, with no obvious hypapophyses except on penulti- 
mate vertebra. The whole series presents no special characters.* 





*Comparison with De Blainville’s vertebral formula will show several points to be 
considered. 

In the first place, De Blainville is in expressed doubt as to the number of post-sacral 
vertebrie, and his formule, as given at p. 102 and at p. 106, differ with each other, the 
first being 1s5—6—14—7 = 42, the other being 15—6—14—8=43. Accounting for this dis- 
crepancy on the supposition of imperfection of his specimen, we throw the post-sacrals. 
out of further consideration, and turn attention to the remaining elements of his form- 
ula, which are really less different from ours than appears at first sight, we giving 13. 
-—8—138, and he 15—6—14. 

For we reckon the last costiferous vertebra as dorsal, be as sacral. This leaves the: 
numeration of non-costiferous anchylosed lumbo-sacrals the same, namely, 15, in each 


case, adding one to his numeration of dersals. We furthermore. reckon as a dorsal 








CHIONIS MINOR. 103 


Sternum measures 2.40 inches by 1.20 at upper borders, and is there- 
fore exactly twice as long as broad. (Others measure 2.5 by 1.3, No. 
324; 2.42 by 1.20, No. 232.) The manubrial process projects slightly in 
front of anterior border, sending downward a small, thin beak-like 
process. Articulating surface for coracoid extends from external and 
posterior margin of mannbrial process, nearly meeting its fellow above 
it backward and outward, to an angular prominence on the ridges limiting 
sterno-coracoid articulation .80 inch from the manubrial process. Whem 
the coracoid has been removed, the anterior margin of sternum is nearly 
transverse, showing only a shallow curve upon each side. The costal 
process projects laterally beyond lateral margins of sternum 0.22 ineh, 
and behind coracoid articulation. There thus presents on each side 2 
triangular space, defined in front by the ridge limiting sterno-coracoidl 
articulation, its base occupied by a grooved facet for coracoid, and its 
two other sides constituted by the horizontal and lateral margins of the 
costal process. 

The ridge limiting sterno-coracoid articulation inferiorly is prominent 
and sinnous—bow-shaped. Itextendsnearly to lateral margin of sternum, 
which is a thickened ridge, bearing facets for the articulations of ribs 
on its flattened wide edge, and passing upward to join costal process at 
nearly aright angle. Costal process is flat and obtusely pyramidal im 
shape. It projects upward and outward, and covers the posterior aspect 
of sterno-coracoid articulation. Body is slightly constricted at its middle 
part, where it measures 1.00, expanding again posteriorly to measure 1.40 
inches from apex to apex of its external laminze. Posterior border is 
convex, the xiphoid process being cut off transversely. The posterior 
border is deeply incised on each side by two notches, of which the inner 
measures .40 and the outer .45 in depth, measuring from the curved 
margin indicated by the extremities of the intervening strips of bone 
(hyposternal elements of Owen). The outer notch is thus a little deeper 
than the inner, yet, owing to the convexity of the posterior borders of 
the lateral parts of the sternum, the two lamine limiting the notches 
are almost exactly of equal length. The margins of the lateral sternal 
elements are thickened, as already stated, becoming stoutest in the area 





that vertebra which bears a distinct, though small and asternal, rib. Removing this 
disputed one from his cervical series, and adding it to the dorsal series, gives the eight 
dorsals we enumerate. The only discrepancy, in total numeration of cervical, dorsals, 

and sacro-lumbars, between his count (35) and ours (34) is one cervical. There being i 
certainly but thirteen cervicals in our specimens, C. alba must possess one more cery~ 


ical than C. .zinor, unless De Blainville miscounted. 


104 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


oceupied by the articulations of sternal ribs, about junction of anterior 
and middle thirds. Here the ridge is re-enforced by the thickened line, 
limiting externally the area of origin of pectoralis medius. At the pos- 
terior edge of costal process it bifurcates, becoming continuous on the 
one side with the ridge limiting coraco-sternal articulation, and with the 
external and posterior margin of the costal process on the other. The 
area occupied by the origin of pectoralis medius is the thinnest part of 
the bone. eel begins strictly at apex of manubrial process, whence a 
sort of beak is given off, its margin looking downward and backward 
for 0.30 inch. Then follows a sharp angle, with a quite deeply exca- 
vated curve, backward, downward, and forward again, to the most 
prominent part of the rostrum. The anterior border of the keel is 
therefore quite deeply concave, and its anterior extremity pointed. Its 
inferior border is slightly convex, and runs backward and upward, 
bifurcating at its extremity to join the angles of the expanded gladiolus. 
It measures along its curve 2.1, and at its deepest part, opposite the 
anterior angle, 0.80 inch. Its anterior border is much thickened by 
a stout ridge, proceeding backward and downward from the internal 
angle of sterno-coracoid articulation. 

Coracoid measures 1.30 inches in length, and consists of a subcylin- 
drical shaft and two expanded extremities, bearing three articulating 
facets. ‘The scapular extremity is produced upward and forward, ter- 
minating in a prominent facet for the articulation of the clavicle. This 
articulating head arches over inward, so as to constitute, by aid of a 
coraco-scapular ligament, a considerable foramen continuous upon the 
coracoid with a deep groove which runs down upon its lower face, and 
is bounded by a ridge of bone internally. Three-tenths of an inch above 
and behind the anterior end of the coracoid is a broad articulating 
surface, extending entirely across the posterior face of the bone, for the 
scapula. At the external junction of scapula and coracoid is the glenoid 
cavity. The shaft of coracoid is inferiorly convex, superiorly flat, and 
toward its posterior end slightly concave. It sends off a remarkable 
sickle-shaped spine from the outer side of its posterior head, which curves 
slightly upward and extends just to the extremity of the costal process 
of sternum. Internally to this, on its posterior margin, is a triangular 
spine, extending backward, which fits into a corresponding depression 
in the ridge limiting sterno-coracoid articulation. From this spine the 
articulating facet extends inward, arching upward at the same time, 
and measures 0.40 from without inward. Including the external spine 
above referred to, the bone measures .63 across its base. 








7. 


CHIONIS MINOR. . 105 


Scapula is long and sword-shaped. It is flattened from before back- 
ward near its articulation, and from side to side from its midde third 
outward, being slightly twisted upon itself. It articulates with the 
coracoid by a broad oblique head, marked posteriorly by three promi- 
nences, and measures 2.10 inches in length by an average width of 0.15 
inch. 

Furculum is moderately stout, U instead of V shaped, its sides at first 
parallel, then curving gently toward each other. It runs backward, 
with little downward inclination, and its apex is directly beneath the 
manubrium sterni, falling far short of the apex of the sternal keel. 
There is no prominent process at the union of its two elements, only a 
small mass of bone, facing the manubrium. 

ibs are eight in number, of which all but the first and last articulate 
with sternum. Splint ribs are distinct, averaging 0.40 inch in length, 
slightly curved, pointed, and directed obliquely upward and backward; 
but we cannot say how many there are, owing to the carelessness of the 
person who boiled the subject. 

Humerus measures 2.70 inches in length; a slender bone, slightly 
eurved, like an italic f. Its head is much expanded and flattened from 


without inward, covering the region of the joint as with a shield, con- 


vex externally, concave internally. “Itis marked by many deep grooves 
and depressions for muscular attachments, and by a very prominent 
ridge along its dorsal surface, whereto are attached the tendons of the 
pectoralis major and minor, latissimus dorsi, and scapular muscles. 

Lhe forearm is slightly longer than the humerus, measuring 2.9 inches 
from elbow to wrist. The radius measures 2.70 inches, and the ulna 2.80 
inches. Both bones are rather stout for their length. Just below the 
carpal joint is given off from the radial side of the carpus a prominent 
exostosis, knob-shaped, 0.30 inch long by 0.20 inch wide at the base, 
growipg out perpendicularly to the axis of the bone. This knob sup- 
ports the wing-spur, is undoubtedly bony, but presents no recognizable 
evidence of independent ossification. The principal bone of the meta- 
carpus, that representing the middle finger, carries two phalanges, 
Ineasuring together 1.20 inches. To its ulnar side is attached at each 
end the metacarpal bone of the fourth finger, which acts as a splint- 


bone, being quite separate excepting at its extremities. This fourth 


metacarpal carries but a single phalanx. The radial metacarpal is a 
small spicule. 
Femur measures 2.1 inches in length. Trochanter is flattened so as 


106 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


to protect the joint externally, and rises above the margin of acetabu- 


lum, 


Tibia is much longer than femur, 3.30 inches. Its head is much ex-— | 


panded, with a very prominent anterior flattened process, triangular in 


shape and curved slightly outward. 
Fibuia is distinct above; united to tibia by a thin, bony bridge along 


the middle part of its course; becoming free again asa very slender rod, 
which is finally fused with tibia at about its center, and quite lost an — | 


inch above its tarsal extremity. 


Tarso-metatarsus terminates in three double condyloid facets, claw-" 
like, partly separated. The outermost is shortest (highest), the middle _ 


longest, and the innermost one intermediate in length, About one-tenth 
of an inch above the junction of the middle and innermost elements is a 


foramen quite through the bone from before backward, and about large — 
enough to admit an ordinary pin. From the head to the end of the — 
middle division of its lower part the bone measures 1.75 inches, to the — 


inner division, 1.65, and to the outer, 1.50, inches. 


Toes are four in number. The first toe, articulated to the metatarsus i 
above the level of the rest, has two elements. Its accessory metatarsal 
is very short. The second toe, articulating with the inner condyle, | 
has three elements, successively diminishing in length. The third toe ai 
has four elements, similarly diminishing ; and the fourth toe has five, of — 
which the first is longest, the second and fourth next and equal, the | 


third next, and the fifth shortest. 


Pelvis is long, compressed anteriorly in the middle line of its dorsal sur- _ 


face, expanded posteriorly, and diverging so as to include the sacrum. 


The crests of the ilia extend so far forward as to cover the articulation of | 
the last rib, and are separated in the middle line only by the. lumbar neu- ‘| 
rapophyses, to which they are closely apposed, being turned up toform a 
sheath. Eight-tenths of an inch from the anterior margin of the pelvis | 
the ilia begin to diverge, inclosing a hastate interval, which is filled up 


by the sacrum. Here the dorsal surface of the ilia becomes convex — 
(from concave), presenting a well-defined, smooth surface for the origin 


of the gluteal muscles. Posteriorly, the ilium ends in a sinuate border 
limited externally by a prominent ridge, which terminates posteriorly | 
in a considerable spine, the tuberosity of the ischium. The acetabulum | 
is perforate, protected posteriorly and superiorly by a prominent bony il 
lip, which separates it from the ischiatic foramen. Between the ischi- a 
atic foramen and the acetabulum, and inferior'to both, is the obturator — 








i 
i 
| 


HY 





@ 
ey 


: 


4 


" 
CHIONIS MINOR. 107 


space, limited below by the pubis and above by the ischium. It is con- 
verted during life into an oval foramen by a stout ischio-pubic ligament. 
The ramus of the ischium runs downward and backward as a long fal- 
cate process, flat, thin, and curved on the flat somewhat inward. The 
pubis is long, very slender, shaped like an italie f, and crosses the is- 
-chium externally to its ramus, extending 0.40 beyond it, curving inward 
as it passes backward. Both ischium and pubis extend considerably 
beyond the coccyx posteriorly, and approximate each other, inclosing, 
with ilium, an irregular, circular outlet, of which the sacro-pubie diam- 
‘eter is 1.30 and the inter-ischiatic 1.10 inches. Internally the ilia are 
deeply excavated opposite the sacrum for the kidneys, so that the 
acetabular and ischiatic foramina pass out laterally from the cavity so 
formed. Its roof is crossed by the sacral trabecule, and encroached 
upon by the sacrum, somewhat like the ridge-pole and lateral ties of the 
roof of a house. This iliac cavity is limited anteriorly by the margin 
_of a ridge formed by the fusion of the ischium and pubes. Posteriorly, 
_althongh the rami of the ischium do not articulate or fuse together, 
they touch, doubtless closing during life the whole obturator space, here 
very long and narrow. 


STATEMENT OF CONCLUSIONS DEDUCED FROM THE FORE- 
GOING. 


HABITS, GENERAL APPEARANCE IN LIFE, AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. 


The observer is first struck by the strong resemblance which Chionis 

_ bears to the pigeons, in general appearance, gait, and mode of flight. 
The general shape of the body is of an ordinary columbine character, 
the head being notably small, as usual in that group, the neck short 
and full, and the body plump; the tail, moreover, having but 12 rectrices. 
The sheath of the bill may furnish a distant analogy with the soft, 
swollen membrane which covers the nostrils throughout the Columba. 
But this is a mere resemblance, the affinity indicated being, as will be 
seen later, with such sheaths as the Procellariide and especially Lestri- 
dine bear. The strongly convex outline of the frontal feathers at the 
base of the upper mandible is a very decided columbine feature. These 
superficial resemblances to Columbe are not correlated with more impor- 
tant structural characters, and are themselves overbalanced by other 
external features, which indicate relationship with other groups. Thus 
the pterylosis is entirely different, large after-shafts and abundant down 
























105 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


being present. The pterylosis stops above the suffrago; the inner rem- | 
iges reach to the ends of the primaries in the folded wing. As to the f 
exterior portions of the body not covered with feathers, the feet are en- 
tirely different from those of the pigeons, in the shortness and elevation 
of the hallux and other features, while the bill, aside from the sheathed 
portion, is altogether diverse. The reference of this form, therefore, to, 
or even near, the Columbe is out of the question. ‘ 

The only external character indicating a passerine affinity is the form | 
and size of the beak, which are decidedly corvine; an anaiogy which, - 
however, is as feeble as that deduced from the croaking note of the 


bird when on its feet, and has, of course, no taxonomic significance. 


i 





allel with the tail instead of meeting each other above it. The frontal | 
caruncular casque presents an obvious resemblance to the combs which 
ornament so many of the typical Galline. The few tail feathers and 
contour of those of the forehead are, however, columbine rather than 
gallinaceous, while the elongation of the inner remiges and general 
shape of the wing is rather grallatorial. The feet, in almost every 
particular, are thoroughly gallinaceous, even to the character of the 
marginal fringe of the toes, which retains strong pectinations instead _ 
of presenting the smooth border characterizing the feet of many of the © 
Grallatores. The points in which the fect differ from those of most 
Galline are: The reticulation instead of the anterior scutellation of the 
tarsus, and nakedness of the lower portion of the tibie; both these | 
features being essentially grallatorial, though shared by the gulls. As” 
to other naked portions of the body: The presence of the wing-spur : 
indicates affinities lower than the Galline so far as it has any taxonomi¢ | 
value, such spurs being a rare accident of higher (é. e., more recent) 
birds, and its development being most pronounced in older, more gen | 
eralized types—struthious birds, for instance. The abundance of gray | 
down is an indication of relationship with pelagic birds, and by so far | 
removes the bird from the neighborhood of Galline. The legs are alto- | 
gether below the average grallatorial length, and the small extent (one- 
half inch) of the unfeathered part of the tibia seems to assimilate it, 
as De Blainville has observed, with the gulls. The system of coloration 
also is extremely gull-like. The bird, in fact, closely resembles super- — 


ee 
' 
| CHIONIS MINOR. 109 
ficially Pagophila eburnea, or Pagodroma nivea. The thoroughly anom- 
-alous bill offers nothing of interest in this connection. On the other 
hand, the bird’s omnivorous diet, halits under confinement, easy domes- 
tication, dislike of water, entire inability to swim, and many other 
points in its habits, are strongly gallinaceous characteristics, by so 
much removing it from the vicinity of either grallatorial or natatorial 
birds. 

_ Proceeding to consider the relationships of Chionis with Gralla as to 
external features, the following points present themselves: A small, 
flat, twelve-feathered tail, a wing with the inner remiges equaling the 
longest primaries, a tibia bare below, a completely reticulate tarsus. 
These are all grallatorial features. As to other indications to be 
afforded by external characters alone, we should not cmit to refer to a 
struthious feature already noted by W. K. Parker (Trans. Zool. Soc., 
vol. v, p. 207) in the following terms: ‘There are certain curious, 
thoroughly marine plovers (Chionis), in which the sheathing of the 
upper jaw is very perfect. They thus retain a struthious character, but 
In an exaggerated condition.” 

Upon one point which we consider important, the required data are 
wanting. We refer to the nature of the bird, whether altricial or pre- 
cocial. The now well-known egg itself has been perhaps hastily con- 
‘sidered to be decidedly pluvialine; yet, for all we can see, it is quite as 
thoroughly larine. Now, as we shall see beyond, the relationships of 
the bird are nearly balanced between the plover-snipe and the gull- 
petrel groups. If Chionis lays regularly four eggs, and if the young 
run about at birth, this would be a great argument for De Blainville ; 
‘if it lays two or three eggs, and rears its young in the nest, the boot 
would be on the other leg. 

In summing external characters, therefore, we see how exactly Chionis 
stands between grallatorial and natatorial birds, retaining slight but 
perfectly distinct traces of several other types of structure. 

Inasmuch as M. de Blainville is the only naturalist who has made 
any careful study of this genus (based upon specimens of C. alba), 
and as his conclusion that its nearest affinities are with Hematopus 
have never been formally disputed, it seems proper to consider here the 
external features upon which this distinguished naturalist based his 
deductions. 

In the first place, De Blainville labored under the disadvantage of 
never having seen a specimen of C. minor (it had, indeed, not been dit- 


110 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 







ferentiated at the time of his description) which we regard as clearly 
the type species of the family. Secondly, the description of the living | 
bird te which he had access related only to individuals observed under — 
the unnatural conditions of confinement cn shipboard, which may ace 
count for the discrepancies between his and our descriptions of its hab- ‘| 
its, and tends to invalidate the conclusions which he draws therefrom, — 
While he has stated fairly and accurately many of the resemblauces to i. 
Hematopus, or in other words to Grallatores, he seems to us to have- 
failed to give due weight to the many important points of dffierence 
from that family, some of which we have already discussed, and others — 
of which will appear ina stronger light as we proceed to examine the 
internal structure. 


MUSCULAR AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS. 


The muscular system affords less important and decisive indications 
than either the digestive or osseous. According to our dissections, the 
general disposition of the pectoral muscles which act upon the hume- 
rus is, as would have been anticipated from the mode of flight, rather 





gallinaceous than grallatorial. This statement is borne out by the rela- 
tive development of the several pectorals, the bulk and extensive ori- . 





gin of a * coraco-brachialis” (see page 94), and a specialization of a sort of — 
platysma myoides with reference to its action upon a large crop. A 
tolerably minute description of the more important muscles has been 
given on a preceding page as material for further comparisons than we 
are at present prepared to undertake. 

In the digestive system we meet at the outset with several gallinaceous 
characters. The breadth of the mouth, especially near the base of the 
bill, shape of the tongue, and general disposition of the several palatal — 
and lingual appendices, are rather those of a gallinaceous than of a 
grallatorial bird. In the shore-birds, among which Hamatopus falls, 
narrowness of the bill and constriction of the whole buccal cavity is a 
very distinctive feature. The slender cesophagus of Chionis, much nar- 
rower than is usual in shell-eating birds, presents the extremely rasorial 
feature of a large and circumscribed crop. The proventriculus is not a 
marked dilatation of the esophagus. Its solvent glands differ widely 
from those of the Galline in their simple structure, approaching, in this 
respect, to those of various water birds, such as the swan and gannet. 
But the low taxonomic value of this feature is illustrated by the marked 
differences exhibited by those of so nearly related birds as the swan 
and goose, for example. No greater value attaches to the disposition 





CHIONIS MINOR. gd 


of the zone of glands as a whole, since it varies widely in closely-allied 
genera. 

The gizzard appears to bé unique, so far as we know, in the antero- 
posterior, instead of lateral disposition of its masses of muscle. The 
development of muscle is intermediate between the great masses found 

in the Rasores (and such Natatores as the goose) and the less considerable 
layers found in Grallatores, but altogether different from the thin mem- 
_ branous bags of fish-eating birds like gulls. The length of the intestine 
{about three times that of the bird), and its calibre, do not differ greatly 
from the same characteristics in Rasores. The ceca are very long, and 
dilated toward their blind ends ; in this respect totally unlike the gral- 
latorial type, in which the ceca, when present, are commonly small and 
simple. 

The third cecum, of uncertain significance, is distinct, although small. 
This appendage is found in various grallatorial, some struthious, and 
many other birds. On the whole, it is safe tosay that the digestive canal 
is decidedly rasorial in character. 


OSSEOUS SYSTEM. 


From a decided position among Gallinw, on the other hand, certain 
parts of the skeleton exclude this bird as effectually as the existence 
of asternal keel renders the consideration of struthious affinities un- 
necessary in this connection. The sternum departs furthest from that 
of astruthious bird, and next most widely from the very peculiar raso- 
rial form. The most cursory inspection throws out at once the deeply- 
cleft, strongly specialized sternum of gallinaceous birds. Itis of a very 
Simple generalized type, presenting characteristics to be found in widely 
diverse groups of birds, but on the whole resembles most closely the 
commonest form of the sternum of the Laride, with a marked likeness 
also to the breast-bone of a plever. .The obvious resemblance of this 
bone to that of Hamatopus is the central point of De Blainville’s argu- 
ment. Yet we are inclined to believe that the sternal characters upon 
which De Blainville most relies as distinctively pluvialine are simply 
the most generalized features of the bone—those which, under various 
modifications, are to be found in the greatest number of different groups. 
And simple comparison shows beyond dispute a greater resemblance 
of this sternum to that of the gulls than to that of wading birds. 

The general form, the existence of a prominent manubrial process, 
the width and extent of the costal margins, the great prolongation of 


LZ NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


the costal processes, the development of the keel relative to the size of 
the body of the bone, the general disposition of the coraco-sternal aatic- 
ulation, and the doubly-notched posterior border, are all thoroughly ; ' 
gull-like. The point of difference of this sternum from that of the gulls, | 
is a moderate rounding of its posterior margin, so that the outer of the 
two spurs of bone does not reach so far back as the inner; the reverse - 
being the case in Laride. Such form of the posterior margin is a com- 
mon grallatorial character; nevertheless, in Limosa, for instance, this 
border is perfectly transverse. Moreover, the difference between Chi- 
onis and Larus in this respect is less than tie difference between Larus — j 
and its near neighbor Lestris. In the wading birds the manubrium is — 
either absent or quite small, the keel is very deep in proportion to the 4 | 
extent of the body, and the body is compressed anteriorly, and very 4 
deeply hollowed. As to all of these features, the sternum of Chionis : 
differs from that of the plovers and approaches that of the gulls. In — 
comparison with either plovers or gulls, there is a feature peculiar to — 
Chionis in the relation borne by the furculum to the sternum. For 4 
both gulls and plovers have a strongly bent furculum with a well devel- | 
oped posterior spine reaching nearly to the apex of the sternal keel; 7 
whereas, in Chionis the furculum is scarcely bent, has no spine what- 
ever, and its apex is closer to the manubrium than to the sternal keel. 
In place of a posterior spine there is a slight process of bone directly *. 
facing the manubrium. 

The clue to the true affinity of the bird furnished by these gull-like 
sternal characters, is traceable in every part of the skeleton. 

To begin with the skull. The Gallinw may be at once thrown out of 
the discussion by the absence in Chionis of the following, among other, 
distinctively ‘ alectoromorplic” features.* The occipital condyle is sim- 
ple, not notched; there are no basipterygoid facets, the pterygoids 
articulating with the basisphenoid only at their extremities; the in-— 
ternal lamella of the palatine bone are strongly developed instead of 
rudimentary; and the shape of the palatines, as a whole, is radically 
different. The maxillo-palatines are long and spongy, instead of being 
lamellar. WVomer is large, conspicuous, and completely anchylosed with 
the palatines. The articulation of the quadrate bone with the temporal 
is very different, nor is there in front of this bone the immense fenes- 
trated process so conspicuous in Gadling. The angle of the mandible is | 
not strongly upeurved. There are great pits on top of the skull for the 


EEE EE EEE eee 



















* Huxley on Classification, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 459. 


CHIONIS MINOR. TTS 


lodgment of the nasal glands not seen in Galline. In fact, the curious 
frontal bosses found on some cocks are one of the most obvious points of 
resemblance, aside from the fact that the palates of both are schizogna- 
thous; but a fortuitous exostosis like this has, of course, no classifica- 
tory significance. 

On the other hand, every important feature of the skull is identical 
with the characters presented by the skull of the gulls. So perfect is 
the resemblance that after careful comparison the principal discrepancy 
between the two skulls that we are able to detect is the wider divergence 
of the pterygoids from each other, and the consequently more posterior 
position of the palato-pterygoid articulation in the skull of Chionis. 
The most trifling details of the gull’s skull are repeated in that of Chi- 
onis. It is needless to enumerate them. There is, however, a character 
of uncertain value in the front of the gull’s orbit, where a strong trans- 
verse plate of bone projects, bounding the orbit anteriorly; no such 
formation being found in Chionis, wading, or gallinaceous birds. As to 
the angle of the mandible, it is found to be in Chionis essentially as in 
the gulls, yet with a slight production posteriorly, much like that found 
in some wading birds. In general, the slight differences observed be- 

tween the details of the skulls of Chionis and gulls are differences of 
degree only; a less development of bony ridges and processes, a greater 
relative breadth, and less forcible expression of differential details. The 
difference in the form of the rostrum, which is likely to attract attention, 
is of no significance whatever, since extraordinary differences in this 
respect are found among the Laride themselves (cf. Rhynchops, e. q). 

Nitzsch first, from consideration of the pterylosis alone, and Huxley 
subsequently, with reference to the skeleton, have demonstrated a very 
close, although not generally recognized, connection between the great 
plover-snipe group and the gulls; and in discussing the affinity of Chionis 
to the gulls, we might be supposed to imply nearly or quite as intimate 
relationship with the plovers. But in Chionis we miss precisely those 
characters which are relied upon to distinguish the plovers from the 
gulls, namely, an extensive naked space above the suffrago as regards 
pterylosis, and the presence of distinct basi-pterygoid processes as 
regards osteology. Furthermore, plovers do not possess the great 
pits on top of the skull which are so conspicuous in ZLaridew and in 
Chionis, their rostrum is slender and elongate, their maxillo-palatines 
are never swollen or spongy (as in Chionis), and the angles of their 


mandibles are produced into slender recurved processes. 
8K 


114 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


Throughout the skeleton, minute and careful comparison, bone by bone, 
shows only close similarity between Chionis and the gulls, as great as 
that already signalized in treating of the skuil In short, had we 
only the skeleton of Chionis to go upon, we should be obliged to place the 
genus in Laride@ ; its peculiarities being less widely diverse from those 
characterizing that family than are to be found within the limits of the 
family itself. ; 

We thus find in Chionis a connecting link, closing the narrow gap 
between the plovers and gulls of the present day. In our opinion, this 
group represents the survivors of an ancestral type from which boti 
gulls and plovers have descended. And this opinion is strongly sup- 
ported by the geographical isolation of its habitat, affording but few 
conditions favorable to variation.* 

In the practical matter of classification, it is evident that Chionis is 
not exactly referable to either of the two groups between which it stands. 
A consideration of its external characteristics, its digestive system, or 
its osteology, solely, would lead to very widely diverse conclusions. 
For we have presented in this bird a genus with the general appear- 
ance, gait, and flight of a pigeon, with the beak and voice of a crow; 
with the habits of a wader, yet dreading the water, and with the 
pugnacity and familiarity with man of a rasorial bird. With the last 
group its digestive system would certainly place it, to say nothing of 
the long after-shafts of the feathers. And osteological comparison estab- 
lishes its position definitely between the gulls and plovers, but rather 
nearer to the former. 





* It is interesting to note in this connection that the fauna of Kerguelen Island is 
rather remarkable as containing several forms of animal life whose structure would 
give no clue whatever to their habits, so aberrant has been the progress of their va- 
riation in the peculiar conditions under which they live. Thus the great southern 
skua (Buphagus skua antarcticus, Bull. No. 2 Nat. Mus., p. 11) has there adopted the 
habits of a land-hawk ; three very remarkable genera of apterous Diptera occupy the 
place and live the life of leaf-eating and carnivorous beetles; and the only beetles 
found by Dr. Kidder were curculios (in a country without trees or shrubs), and a small 
water-beetle (Octhebius), living at a distance from any body of fresh water. The cur- 
culios lived upon the rocks and moss, and had lost their northern habit of simulating 
death, while one genus of apterous Diptera had taken wp the habit, and lived upon 
the leaves of the largest plants there represented. Several orders of insects, includ- 
ing Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Neuroptera, among the commonest else- 
where, are here entirely absent ; so that those which are represented are placed among 
altogether anomalous surroundings. As Latreille has said (Hist. Nat., vol. xi, p. 51), 
“La nature en général a un certain nombre de modéles qu'elle reproduit avec des modifications 


dans tous la classes, et méme dans les ordres,” 





CHIONIS MINOR. 115 


Such distinctive characteristics, amounting almost to anomalies, cer- 
tainly appear to us to be of a super-family value; equivalent in taxo- 
nomic importance to those upon which the groups which Professor 
Huxley has characterized by the termination “-morphe” are founded. 
Much of the discussion which Chionis has occasioned has grown out of 
the tacit assumption that it was merely a genus or family, which must 
go somewhere in a pre-established system; the fact being simply, that it 
is a member of no recognized group, aud must consequently alone con- 
stitute one of super-family grade. 

Such w group, therefore, we propose to establish, upon the following 
combination of characters: 


CHIONOMORPH Zh. 


Palate schizognathous ; no basipterygoid facets ; divergence of the ptery- 
goids greater than 90°; maxillo-palatines inflated or spongy, not laminar ; 
angle of mandible not hooked; nasals schizorhinal ; marked supraorbital 
Sosse. 

Furculum without a spine; its apex nearer manubrium sterni than the 
point of the keel; asmail bony pr cess over its symphysis, facing manubrium. 
Osseous system thoroughly Larine. 

A definitely circumscribed crop; a strongly muscular gizzard, the muscu- 
lar masses being antero-posterior instead of lateral; very long cecal append- 
ages. Digestive system generally resembling that of the Galline. 

Contour-feathers with well-developed after-shafts ; abundant gray down- 
feathers; tibiw naked below; rectrices 12; inner remiges equaling the 
longest primaries; outline of frontal feathers convex. 

Beak corvine, peculiarly sheathed. 

Feet not palmate; digits, 4; hallux short and elevated. 


There being but a single family and genus recognized in this group, 
it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish those characters which are 
of family value from those which may prove to be only generic. Indeed, 
it is rather upon the extraordinary combination here presented, of very 
diverse characters, than upon the importance attaching to those of any 
single “system” of the birds’ anatomy that we base the suborder hereby 
proposed. We regard the Chionomorphs as constituting exactly the 
heretofore unrecognized link between the Charadriomorphs and Ceco- 
morphs, nearer the latter than the former, and still nearer the common 
ancestral stock of both. 

Mr. A. R. Wallace (Remarks on the value of osteological characters in 


’ 


116 NATURAL HISTORY OF KERGUELEN ISLAND. 


the classification of birds) “will not allow that the osteological charac. _ 


ters are an all-sufficient guide (in classification), believing that the 


whole structure of a bird and its corresponding habits may be pro. _ 


foundly modified, while its sternum may closely resemble a common 
form, and vice versa.” (See Ibis, 1864, pp. 36-41.) Chionis is a forcible 
illustration of this sound remark. 

It seems worth while to note a generic distinction probably existing 
between Chionis alba and the so-called C. minor. We have not had the 
opportunity of examining the former, and must judge solely by the de- 


scriptions thereof which have been published. According to De Blain- a 


ville there is even a difference in the number of the cervical vertebra. 
He describes C. alba as possessing one more cervical vertebra than we 
find in C. minor. No descriptions allude to the extension of the ca- 
runcular casque entirely across the forehead in either species. The var- 
ious descriptions of C. alba indicate a very different arrangement of 
the caruncular folds about the eye; the sheath of the bill in C. alba is 
flat and closely apposed to the upper mandible, as in Lestris, while in C. 
minor it is canted upward anteriorly and tubular, almost as in the 
petrels. 

These characteristics, among others, seem to us to be supra-specific ; 
and in view of the fact that we consider Chionis minor to be undoubt- 
edly nearest to the ancestral type, we propose to call it Chionarchus.. Its 
name would then bein strictness Chionarchus minor (Hartl.). 








ft IND Xx. 


Page. 

A. 
Acena adscendens....-.....-..---- 23 
BELT Siocon rover ratoarcnsee aie ate 23,31; 52 
BVI OLD testa mses amnie efeleaniavse =~ 5 51 
BMPATNIN a oho arcrcsch sate chaise cea atmo 57 
BP i oscte iaparategac Se one eS <= 45 
BPMATETIL Way <hcfor sn sicjok heiaicrnas csr ave oe el 77 
Adenocystis lessoni ----- --- so siete 30 
Agonelytra angusticollis .....---.-. 50 
BROVISPeaeoce es ae 50 
pracilipes/ssseus<2 320 4-6 50 
mina antarchica.:..-..ccsssseccis--- 24 
BERET ICA ois Seisecce sapeisice «oes coh cic 82 
‘Alcyonaria Eee acl teocae ces esoe aces 76 
BR eee ec as Bre ao ae ie earare 30 
Allorchestes hyrtipalma......-.---- 59 
BOD MUD OC Win, avant mista i- aij sieisbnise 58 
Amalopteryx maritima.......----. 51, 52 
Anatalanta aptera .......--....-.. 51, 52 
mndresa marcinata...--..--------- 20,01 
Anguilla aucklandii.......--...--- 82 
 AOEELIGEY es  SSa A eces en 64 
Anthopodium australe ..-.-..----. 76 
UtHOZOa:. 20... --- Peer farts 76 
Aptenodytes longirostris .......-.. 18, 31 
BPMCAN Meee clenas ws S5: ceee oameise 81 
BEBPOUILO RS 22 esa Se eek so tae 34 
mrctophoca gazella.......---..---- 41 
BMC Set wos Sho 2 aie Sette LA 48 
Be Son secs ack eee Does 63 
Seeerias TOpicola.... =... -csesoss--s 71 
BPETIOLN CA) 2 oan. Sac eee sees a 
Astrophyton australe ........--.-. 74 
mrylus (7) australis ..2............ 61 
RPL RSet s 5255 odee'snin cei 33 
Bumrella Selago. ...2 -.-. .-2-+--2-2-- 23, 31 





Page. 

B. 
Ballia callitricha...-....-.----.2=-- 3L 
Bartramia appressa -.-.-------.--. 26 
Havicansa sess 2) sata) 26 
PALCNS ose . Paes neeeicre 26 
BasalitavianleblesiOles== ais =< sre 33, 34 
“peastawilb barbie on nas ace creiee Se el 
Beetlesta-e st asss-s-sse- seas cee 49 
BiatoraTubellaessssecs. sess sees 29 
Bolteniaewe.* ssn sso aces 82 
Bonfire: beach ec eem aaa: nose Seice 39 
Bryomiraneenteumeeeces aes ace 26 
DIMMs Ss eee ess cee ees 26 
SAV ANUM sss - see eee ase 26 
pallescensS. ase. eea= sss - 26 
HOrguescens\ tes.) s- tae 26 
Bouccinopsis) eatonia-s--- s-sse jee 48 
Buccinumystriatvum~scesees sess: 43 
Buellia geographica.......-.-...-- 30 
PAlAseMaeass saree sale 30 
stellulatars #52: oS eetoes = 30 
Bulliarda moschata- -... .....----. 23 
Buphagus skua antarcticus ....... 81 
eggs of 9 

C. 
@alerte paesseeee een too scene 30 
Callithamnion ptilota.........-... dl 
Callitriche antarctica ..-.--..----- 23 
Callophyllis variegata.......---... 31 
Calycopteryx mosleyi............. 51, 52 
Cancer planatug-42-.- Sees eee = 57 
Capetown, minerals trom...--. .-. Sn eO 
Carpenter Mi Se2-—..-s5-mesesae-ee dd 
Casarca variegata...-.....--...--.- 83 
Catharina: compressac..-c2-s-0<~-= 26 
Cat Island....-....-.. s--<a..s---- 38 


118 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Cats yrnniwildaie-oecs soos eros 38.| Dinomis, -2> Sete. oes -e eee eee eee Sie 
Wenhalapogs- tes s=+te---\toseem nies 42 | Diomedea exulans, eggs of.....-... 11 
from New Zealand.... 82)| Diptera 2---cccoar seieNe= eee eee 51 
Géraminum: rubrum. .2.. 2:2. 2-2-)--.= 3h) |sDolerite 252. -osemccce=ee meee eee 34,79 
Ceratodon purpureus.......--.---- 25)| Doris.... .---.» <-2- sa22 snes eee 48 
Geropeish cranes oath aketee taseece 47.| D’Urvillea harveyi 2)-2csc2-=2 see 30 
Chabazite.aass2 ete else tees 3 utilis): ous wteeemeereee 300 
Chenicthys rhinoceratus......---. 41 E. 
‘he bs R Rete ye ee re ar 
Ee eee Baton, Revs A. Ei 2.2 eens 7, 25, 48, 60 
Chatham Island lily .....--. --...- 82 
Chi h : 116 Hatonia <...2 ccc cs eceee eee eee 42 
Meee aren. ae Hatoniolla...2<s.-s1-2022 eee 42 
Chionis, De Blainville on......--.- 87 Ba 
2 - caliginosa ......-.-----. 43 
historysOf mes. feet cnsicinie 85 : ; 
: kerguelenensis..---.-...-. 42 
minor, anatomy of..-...--. 92 
ae subrufescens.--- .--= === 48 
description of....-. 91 | 
: ’ Echinodermata <2 2a ceeecees 68a} 
discussion of charac- 
Eehinoidea ...-=,--h- assem 69 
ters PN kal ati vt sada 107 E b . h lti 11 51 
sis vellaicsncezcer 
+ eggs of.....2..---. | a OOO , 
Endlich, Dr. F. Mis scares sees 33, 79 
study ofess-o acess 85 
Chionomorphey .......--.--------< 115 Eudyptes el ae eggs of. ---- : 
Ohttonidi ys sass. o-oo ese teweees 44 Se Oe aa. a eae 
Cistopteris fragilis.....--....-+.-. 25 F. 
Cladonia pyxidata ...-...--..----- 29 | Farlow, Prof. W.G..------+------- 30 
GlarkyS. sche os=< csesleenacsce 82 Féris oo. 3. eee 95 
Coal on Kerguelen Island....-...-. 34.) Festuca cookii..2 soos ee ee 24 
Codium adhwrens..-.-..-.-.s22s-- 31 erecta. o/c ee eee 24 
Coleoptera e222. 2. seen eno eee 49) Wish oes. 41 
Colobanthus kerguelensis --.....-. 22 Flies, wingless.......--.--------e- 51 
Coues, Dr. Wiiott. 2-2 1.<6 seeks Ziptets) habits'of. .. 2 51, 52 
Creadion carunculatus --......-.-- 83:| Wlustra-.-cs..-.. 1 48 
Crozet Islands, flora of ............ 31 | Faller, Capt: Jee eens 7,39 
sea-elephants on... 40 G 
CTUSLACOAUS Soe cz acRcees see oee 57 ; 
from New Zealand and Galium antarcticum ..-..5.2-. 22. 24,31 
Chatham Islands . -. g2 | Gammaride . 5. ...;.52s23eseueneaee 61 
Wurcmiosk: 230.752 see ee ag | Gasteropods «2. .....2225 .2e meee 42 
7 Geology :<2625.0 5-556 eee 33 
: Gerstaecker, Prof -.22s08 sauuesoee y 49 
MBA Meta = 2-52-22 're ene oe 4,82 Gigartina radula--.-2ane eee eee 30 
Daption capensis ...... .......-..- 83 | Gill, Dr. Theodore ........--.----- 40,41 
Dasya berkleyi ttre cece cee eee eee 30) | Glaciers..2 o2c..02 ee eee 34 
Dasyurus maculatus .............. 81-| Goats ...ocdcc2id lo ee 38 
Decapoda -.....--..--....-------- 57 | Graculus carunculatus, eggs of... 8 
Delesseria lyallii_ 2.25. 222-2. 22. 30 young of .- 9 
Desmarestia viridis ............... 30 


GrasséS i. i cceccc cece ee eee 24 





“a 





INDEX. 119 
Page. Page. 
BMP LOL PAC oe se as /= a ceieatoniee tar 21 | Kerguelen, physical geography of..- 34 
wGrimmia frondosa.-.-..-.....----- 25 tea cose ee ee, 23, 52 
etd erie cs see eae ose aes 25 water-supply of -....-... 36 
H. Kershner, Surgeon E..-.....3, 76, 77,79, 80 
Kad deria yeep crbreeiss wees eee 46 
US ae, 4,52 Hirt MOL a oni a. 46 
Halicarcinus planatus-..-....----- 57 Reni pen maine. ce ees aie w am 81 
Halobena cerulea, eggs of .-..---. 17 
young: of =~. 17 L. 
Hanleia mendicaria.........-..--- EAT doritay ed, ee 34 
Harpagifer bispinis ..-.......----. Dee Ee phe’ crses acapella 83 
Helicids .-----.------------------ 45 | Larus dominicanus........-.------ 83 
Beehookerice= =< -s2- seein -'slsccls 45 eggs of .....--. 10 
ATOLLS, Beeps eeoribseoeneeaS 44 young of....... 11 
setulosum. .--.------ Ae | Wieancn robras tes vs eee cece tes O12 45 
Hemiaster australis...........---- Meh seid eee mae hg ki ee TY ee 45 
CEs ee oa a Mecanora gelida: .222 25542 42.528 542 29 
cordatus.-.-.. 7... meet OO Raconie-. sce. eee Sie ae 929 
Heterograpsus sexdentatus.....--. 82 macrophthalma ... ..---- 29 
Hippocampus.-..----------- teeeee 82 | Lecidea endochlora ........------- 30 
Hog Island...-....---.-.----.---- 38 eEnteroleuca -eseee eee eee 30 
Memigen; William..:.--...--...--<. 57 fasco-atratas «le seu ai Sih. 30 
Erolothurioidea ......-..--2.2- 2... Gn Mepidopteraies: -.cs225ane5 sale eee 50 
Hyale hyrtipalma....--....-..---- 58 | Leptinella plumosa ..........----- 24, 31 
villosa ..--...------++-++--+ S04), eptonide, 2.o-s 2.0 Cee 45 
Hydroidea..-..--. ----+----+++ +++. 82 | Lepton parasiticum.............-. 45,70 
Hymenosoma tridentatum......-.. 57 | Leucosia planata .........2--.---- 57 
Baypnum fluitans.......-.--../.... Dial SAGHERRI hod coe se ND 27 
fluviatile .-..-....--..-.. 27 | Limosella aquatica............+--. 3 
frigidum .----.---------- 27 \| Tittorina setosa.222-2)522-.22, 2-2 48 
gracillimum -..-... neces SM VONGCA)s.soseneee eked eee eee 82 
lechleri ..--. -----+-+---- fil Momaria alpmaso«2s.setvec.s oe... 25,31 
riparium .-----.-.------+ 27 | Lyallia kerguelensis .........----. 22 
uncinatum ..---- ++. +... 27 Lysianassa kergueleni -...-.-.-.--. 60 
Ne Ridder [sass Se wince 59 
I Peo kine yh Site! 49 Lycopodium clavatum ---.....-.-... 25 
LE CEE aR a 63 Seog ee 
J. M. 
Juera pubescens .........-....-22- 63 | Macrocystis pyrifera ..........-. 30, 48, 67 
- Macrorhinus leoninus.. -..... 2-2 -. 39 
- Magnetites na-biatons WER 38 
mapu-kapuka”....-..-..-22-%... 82 | Majaqueus equinoctialis, eggs of. -- is 
Kerguelen cabbage ...........-- Dist ove! Mammalac: ss: tease. Sua ee ro bot 38 
meteorology of.....-.--.. 37 | Maori-ori, remains of.....--. -.---. 80, 83 


120 INDEX. 
Page Page. ’ 
Maoris, skulls and .bones of.. .----- 80:83) |{Octopus <s.sic-cccceece += eee eee 42 
stone implements of --.---- 81,83 | Gstrelata kidderi, eggs of ....-.... 15a 
Maynard, R. P..--..--.----------s 34 young of ...-.-. 16 
IMI COR Seater eae ete cneicse eee 38 lessoni ..-2..2s=tosete eee 3 
Moa, bones of..--.. .--- See ceae cae 81, 83 YOung, Ob eercose= 14 
Modiolarcid@ ..----i02-= --ssceums=- 46 | Ogmorhinus leptonyx..----..--.-. 40 
Modiolarea pusilla .....-.- .--.---- AT;| Olivine. 22-2 2t2 4. 2eee eee eee 33 
Molluscoidavscseces ea ee eae 48 |.Ommastrephes:--- 252 cssceeeeeeee 82 
Mollusks:-2esee sre eeaee eee eee AQ) |Ophiocten<-<-.- esse emaalseiteteemree 74 
from New Zealand. ..-.-. 82 | Ophioglypha hexactis..-....-.--.. 72 
Montia, fontanae-c---2-252-2--->-- 23 Sarsil -s-oe eee esoaee 74 
Morse, Prot. BxiS.25.c-24 2 oenee=si- 10,,12)| (Ophiuroides .----2--2ceoneeeeeeee 
MOSS8e8) oo <- lenepeniosees semiee eine 25" |;Orchestida'<=-= <222 22 eeseeseeeeeee 58 
Moths\ 22 222.<eeeecpiobs sciocesyosinm 50 | Ornithorhynchus paradoxus. ..---. 81 
Mount? Crozier: 2.7206 «<<. -Seser 34 Orthotrichum crassifolium ........ 26 
beetles on..-...---- 49 | Ossifraga gigantea, eggs of.....--.. 13 
Ross ..-------------------- 34 young of ...... 13 
Manricid i secees. ese emsem ame 43 | Osten-Sacken, R.::.:.2222e2e2-2-- 4a 
Mis/muscolus' .2easensee cee eee es 38) Ostracions: s.< 222 eee 81 
Myosotidium nobile......--..---.. 82.) Owl-eyed parrot :<2<2::!52s-0eseee 81 
My tiie 222 Sissies teat = tones 47 
Mytilus canaliculus!s 222 -cclsemiene 47, 48 P. 
edulign cc. ccte see ese A8:| Pannaria plancella...-.,..sssceeeeee 28 
Vatus)cc cto = 2 sec eerie 48 taylori .... 22:22. Seas 28 
marellanicusies 2 cece ere 47 | Paramera australis..... ..-:5-.- 61 
UNCULAGUS oc Sc eteceer esas 48 | Patella deaurata....---.-.....-2c¢ 43 
N. delessertiits 45ers eee 44 
INCDUNIS 22 canc deccuet sa ceeecena oes 65, 67 ferruginea ....---2-.--+--- 43 
Spectabilis: cscs sews esce- ec 66 fusca, .<..ct dee 43 
Nereis antarctica?.-.2- 2222-52-32. 64 magellanica:,.<seee sees 43 
New Zealand birds..-.....--...:.. 83\| Patellids........ oe 43 
crustaceans.....----. 83 | Patinella magellanica....2cesse-6 43 
fossils..------------- 80 | Pelecanoides urinatrix, eggs of .... 17 
Insects ---.-.---. .--- 83 | Pentactella levigata...caeesessaes 68 
minerals ..--...-.--. 79 Peters, Dr.cW « cccacceeo ceases 40, 41 
plants...-..--..----. 83 Phrenogamia 2... -.222 5-2 eee Q1 
shells ---..--..------ 83 | Phillobins .....2 22.0 cecceeceecee ee 49 
vertebrates...-.....- 83 | Phebetria fuliginosa, eggs of..---. 12 
Nitophyllum fusco-rubrum ........ 30 | (Phytostis atricops_/ ease eee 50 
lividum...--.--...-.. 30.1 ‘Pinnotheridss .-2.\-.ce see 57 
Notothenia purpuriceps ........... 41 _Plagiothecium donianum...-..---. 26 
5 tesselata --....-....-.. 42 | Placodium bicolor .......-.------- 28 
: 0. elerans <22- to. tenes sees 28 
Oceanites oceanica, nests of....... 16; Podures..c, ee 50, 51 
PUMP EES coo ma oetae Saino ees 49.| Podiceps cristatuss-...225-.2-5e-<0 83 

















Ro eo nk eos 83 


INDEX. 121 
Page. Page. 
Polypodium australe.............. 25 | Siphonaria tristensis.............. 45 
VHISATC) S22) .2% eee 20) | SUIDNOMATNO Ds < aoc onseraanittsiSeaeinue 45 
COR a arthritic slate mactis 48 | Skenea subcanaliculata .........-. 48 
Porphyriops crassirostris...-....-.-- SSr Smith will) sJesuses cosa chee coos 83 
Primnoa australasi#.-..-.-..-----. (G7 MSmuGh Prot Sal... Ses eaaco. sec 4,57, 82 
Primnoella australasiw....--..---- 75,76 | Solenella PISANCA) oo aeecc os Sone 48 
Pringlea antiscorbutica -.-....---. 21, 31 Sphacelaria funicularis............ 30 
Procellaria nereis, eggs of ....-.... 16 || Spheroms gigas 222 2.c 55.2 sas--- 63 
Pseudoprion desolatus, nests of.-.. 16 lanceolata ............. 63 
Pseudo-neuroptera..-.....-.-..... G2 PS VIdertser re steel otats setscss Se! saac en 57 
Petrolisthes elongatus.....-....--. 82) PSPIPOLIIS) oe cten Sclecjsicese ce canes, 1 OF 
Beer amacelanican. 22.0.0 S250 » 50) SURESH Cos ccscccesccocescumeesen TL 
murpura striata..--...---..-s.---- 43 | Sterna vittata, eggs of ............ 11 
Pygoscelis taniata, eggs of....-... 18 YOUNS Ofs oo. cecc ses abt 
young of...... 19) || Stratified rocks)... 026. c.0.6cece 34 
Q SULCUlOSOM BS 2a- a 2ake cate catalan wis ease 66 
* Strigops habroptilis. .............- 81 
Querquedula eatoni, eggs of. .-.-.. “| Struthiolaria mirabilis ............ 48 
R. SS WANG aes JA hierar ceed ed ew 38 
PRETO Soin noice ficis cistantsic cjeciciainisie'e's 38 T. 
_Racomitrium lanuginosum -.....-.. 26 F 
Ranunculus crassipes ....-.--.---. 21 Tasmanian tiger-cat -.....---..... 81 
Pos ien ek ns. o1 Terebella bilineata...............- 67 
hs eit eh Pade 91 MPISCTIANIS occ .- sais 3 disse 65 
Rhodomela gaimardi .............. 30 ie a Sears ae a 
Rhodymenia corallina...-.....--.. 30 Lenya als Se ay 
Pei tay so tae loe.s 30 Thtes telacd ALD OReanes/ scsi ce<e 39 
VieIOLOBH ye<2-cataeere Sain, VOU Deigla caer adr a, a ea eee a 
ee 50 Triodia kerguelensis .........:.--- 24 
ee er eleniyiess os es 48 Trophon albolabratus ............. 48 
RP 42 Sewn BS eeerien aa oeeets seen ecnee 81 
Be eS citnan nto duacanduaceatre 3, 83 TDRSS BOSE ROE EEC Coben ne 
8. U. 
Sagedia chlorotica ........... ..--. 30 | Ulva latissima..--....-.....-...-. 31 
Scissurella supraplicata ........... 48 | Ureeolina ...-.....-.. .---..------ 29 
Be ohan@. 2-2-6260 o-cecc<2s< 39 kergueliensis.........--< oo 
Habitseee. eee 40 Wrialusee es eeeces moans ae oceania 77 
Ceci AQ. | Usnes sulphures. 2-12. 32.5- 6 cn 27 
ADS scene aes 41 Wis 
ne nnn one ann OD liverrilf@ Prof AG Ws tcc teases... 4; 64 
Berelinlatifrons...........-..<--s-- 63 . 
REMI i See ee Sie et 83 W. 
OLICUSPIG ata) sees sees S3q|VWebers, albicans-s-sesisceseese ces 26 


CTU cetera eee oe 26 





122 INDEX. 


Page 
Webera nutans ....-.---.------ cane 26 Yar 
warneum....- sepeeeee meee 26 
WiOlM Bocce cerscccelsssccseecestecee 64 | Yoldia subequilateralis........... 


. 


o 





TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS .-..-.. ..---- w200 ---- ee eee one mone cee wane eet nee 3 


Part I. Arrangement of the families and higher divisions of Batrachia and 


Reptilia. [Adopted provisionally by the Smithsonian Institution. }-- a 
Glasses abrachy ayes cess e ae ee ae ole aie el aiaay= elatote aio psia ete lee eiatiel=i= alarel= satel a 
OPA ere AUR ae eet ae ee eta aotearoa nies ave rale aieieteiete= ale iaieiaini=, == a 
Stewocep lala seats ete sea 9 ale ma ele amie etal lal= eae im im =)~ icine 10 
Goya ni ayes siesta rare stata etelae aceial aici a isso ate alate relat 11 
Wino cies daSeeeceas jaeeasto bene con ccocuE Geppedoanee 11 
PRO GeTO ae ne eee setae ieee aiake ite ohsetereeele ale eee mata i= 12 
Trachystomata .....--- eee ene aha eeininiecte te ea ere ee oat as 12 
Chas Weal oe Se sais eens a flee ae iatone sata ional al sel ol slo aw Simm = === == 12 
Cinieip Ow OS PIO Oo soennSo cose sees cuoauS CocnoD baad oose cuane 12 
IDG RAINEY sooceaeatoeu sponses sca ocbouo bose Soeoeeepaoee 13 
@rocodtliameess ste eae eae sete oicle ee ieee stein 14 
SamTOpLely elds. = = cise one e ee cect mai aaa crea alma tine ot 14 
PATI ONTOC OMIA setae re eee eet eee ioe area tae oe lelateystetetayeiere ie = sierra 15 
Mei iiy Ober yl ayn c ects secs cele see see niente ears ein w= Sa 15 
RlnyvnGhoce phe are = epee terete tee etete red are areata alelieltelect== = 15 
Mestudimataneccen tre ae ccs oe ee nese aeieeealacce see eer 16 
acer bill eee eee oe a aieieeiore oe eins ohne taeiala © cicinea ee teisie ine 17 
AVG HOMO MOT pei e eee nee rae ate eteret ee ata erates etatel term reel 20 
Ophidiatten sr r=) isn = seem mes anal eens solani ani 21 

Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Reptilia of the Nearctic or 
NorgheAmenicanirealimyee screen ce teoacrscaaceetsan a cia teens ce = 24 
GlassuBatnaGhian sessmece ote cee eee etae seme messes cide csslen aces ietelsercwsele 24 
Ondersirachystomatae: aeeet sae salts a= cela ioe corer ealseiesa) - 24 
Proteida ete. Sees Ae hated tae eaelsstowe cise ciaeiss aiaaie 24 
Caducibranchiatai seco sensors eee acl sso seas oa Sas 25 
AUT teats See eee aise oe meee ie rare encase aie sisi ofel w aaceaial ae 29 
BMOMMOnM at Ma see eo ee acie satewiacc ssecisge ce aeneee ae 29 
PIRMISUERNLAraemesce cae See see eeeciete es screens 30 
FATCITOT ARE ans tie kee cies aoe ejne acsasaisioeisence se coe seis 30 
VaTMORIM ae meee ee ce se ce cee ae tenia sia sainntta ose 32 
ClasssRepiillape ae eis taser seaistaneok, weete eelctaceitanets ciceesieaes 33 
Order @ pada ean ee sic ke eee aerate nc) Calc ebie, olin eters 33 
Solenoolyphasee a= ee eae isi cele ccioce ccwecele sconces 33 
Pro peroply plas sees essen s a sare acis)s: eee came siers 34 
ASIN Bi ae aaa cee ies caine ain aidlcjatce ice cisine,naraisiou cece 34 


COLSCOPHT Canes ea te ote ian tele eites cleietee Merete sand eas, = 44 


II 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Reptilia, &c.—Continued ; 


Part III. 


Pari fy. 


Class Reptila—Continued : 

Order Lacertilia ...-.----. . 2-225 ieee cee ene cee enn cree nee 
Opheosauri..---- -----5 eee 2 seen ee cece es tees cere cece ee 
Pleurodonta...--. ---- 2-2 ee eee cree ee eee ee tet e neces 

Typhlophthalmi....------------ -----+ +--+ -++-+----- 
Leptoglossa ..-- ---------+ e222 eee e ee coerce reer eee 
Diploglossa ..------ -----+ s+ 2-22 eee eee cere e reer eee 
Tguania ....------------ 22-2 eee eee ee eee eee 
Nyctisaura ..---.-- ---- +2222 22 ee ee eee eee eee eer eee eee 
Testudinata. ..2.- soc. cnn Se cnae jesse weep mianla iaatainl seis 
Ath@Ce «ccc wesc s ode sale cms 2 ce sem cneinereeee soeieteete 

Cry ptodira ...--..----- .----+ enone cone cee ees anne enon 


CrocOdiliascccenws ccc sos So cueeciccetsoe pec eee eee eee 


On geographical distribution of the Vertebrata of the Regnum Nearec- 


ticum, with especial reference to the Batrachia and Reptilia..-..---- 
I.—The faunal regions of the earth ...-.. ..---. ----.-+--.s2-0 2-2 022+ 
TI.—Numiber of species - 3. <.-2.5..5- << <6 < -aeie see eerie eee 
TIl.—Relations to other realms <--- 2-22.52 55 cosmo one eestor eee 
IV.—The regions 


Austroriparian 3226 22 <cicisnic oe seep eee eeiee tele eter 
HMastertvesout < foce bia becetee ce cee eee Mado a¥e asta tea era ete 
Central 


Pacific 


V.—The Austroriparian region -...-.:..<..-s-sueeeek oslo en ene 
VI—The Eastern: region... 0.222 ces0 se else een pee eee eee 
VII.—The Central region 
VIII.—The Pacific region 


IX.—The Sonoran region. ...-- 


ee a i ee | 
ee 


X.—The Lower Californian region 


XI.—Relation of distribution to physical causes.....-..------- -+--- 
Bibliography 


A.—Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia........---- 


B.—Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American 
Batrachia and Reptilia 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Page. © 








fe 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


The present contribution to North American Herpetology is a prodro- 
mus of a general work on that subject, undertaken some years ago at 


‘the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The mate- 
rial which has been accumulating in the museum of that Institution 


has offered great advantages for the investigation of the questions of 
anatomical structure, variations of specific characters, and geographical 
distribution. It is believed that these subjects are much elucidated by the 
study of the Batrachia and Reptilia, since these animals are especially 
susceptible to physical influences; since, also, they are unable, like birds, 
and generally not disposed, as are mammals, to make extended migra- 
tions, their habitats express nearly the simplest relations of life to its 


surroundings. 


In prosecuting these investigations, it has become necessary to adapt 


the nomenclature to the results obtained by study of many specimens 


as to the variation of species. It is a common observation that the 
better a species of animal is represented in our collections, the wider do 
we discover its range of variation to be, and the greater the number of 
supposed distinct species does it become necessary to reduce to the rank 
of varieties. The definition of a species being simply a number of indi- 
viduals, certain of whose physical peculiarities belong to them alone, 
and are at the same time exhibited by all of them, it is evident that, 
since it is impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to predicate 
What those “certain peculiarities” shall be, the only test of specific defi- 
nition is the constancy of those characters, Hence it is that the most 
diverse forms of one species may differ more from each other than two 
recognized species. In the investigation of North American cold-blooded 
Vertebrata, I have observed that many species are represented by well- 
marked geographical varieties, which, following the example of some 
ornithologists, I have called subspecies. Many of these have been here- 
tofore regarded as species. 

In illustration of these remarks, certain species of the genus Ophibolus 


may be selected. The most northern and the most southern forms of the 
3 


4 


genus, the O. triangulum and O. coccineus, have always been regarded as 
distinct species; and so numerous are their differential characters, in col- 
oration, size, and squamation, that this view would seem to rest on a sat- 
isfactory foundation. I find, however, that individuals exist which rep- 


resent every stage of development of each character which distinguishes 
them, although certain typesappear to be more abundant than the interme- 
diate ones. 0. triangulum is a species of larger size, with two temporal 
plates, a row of large dorsal spots, and other smaller ones on the sides, on a 
grayish ground; with a chevron, and often other marks on the top of the 
head, and a band posterior to theeye. 0. coccineusis a small snake with a 
small loreal plate and one temporal shield ; color red, with pairs of black 
rings extending round the body, and no markings on the head excepting 
that the anterior ring of the anterior pair crosses the posterior edge of 
the occipital shields, forming a half collar. The transition is accom- 
plished thus: The lateral borders of the dorsal spots of O. triangulum 
break up, and the lateral spots become attached to their anterior and 
posterior dark borders. The chevron of the top of the head first breaks 
into spots, and then its posterior portions unite with each other. The 
borders of the old dorsal spots continue to the abdomen, where the — 
remaining lateral portions finally meet on the middle line, forming a 


black line. This breaks up and disappears, leaving the annuli open; 
and these are then completed in many specimens. The general colors 
become more brilliant and the size smaller. The head is more depressed ; 
in immediate relation to this form, the loreal plate is reduced in size, 
and the two temporal shields of O. triangulum are reduced toone. Every 
form of combination of these characters can be found, which represent 
six species of the books (in North America), viz: O. triangulum, O. doli- 
atus, O. annulatus, O. gentilis, O. amaurus, and O. coccineus. The oldest 
name is the QO. doliatus, Linn. Another series of specimens resemble 
very closely those of the subspecies coccineus ; in fact, are identical with 
them in color. The loreal shield is, however, extinguished, and the rows 
of scales are reduced by one on each side. These specimens simply carry 
one degree further the modifications already described. Yet, on account 
of the constancy of these characters, I am compelled to regard these 
individuals not only as a distinct species, but, on account of the absence 
of the loreal plate, as belonging to another genus. This is the Calama- 
ria elapsoidea of Holbrook; the Osceola elapsoidea of Baird and Girard. 
It affords an illustration of the principle, which I have elsewhere insisted 
on, ‘that adjacent species of allied genera may be more alike than remote 





5 


species of identical generic characters,” which indicates that generic char- 
acters originate independently of the specific.* 

The classification of the present list is illustrated by the above remarks. 
I now briefly allude to the rules I have followed in adopting a nomen- 
clature. These rules are those in general use in the United States, as 
based on the revision of the rules of the British Association for the 
Advancement of Science by a committee of the American Association, 
and elaborated in more detail by W. H. Edwards,t after Thorell and 
Wallace ; in other words, the law of priority is followed under the fol- 
lowing definitions : 

(1) A specific name given by an author must relate to a description 
or plate of the object intended. 

(2) A generic name of a species must be accompanied by a separate 
definition of the genus intended, by reference to some of its distinctive 
features. 

Nove.—These two rules are properly regarded as the safeguards of 
nomenclature, since they offer the only means by which the writings of 
authors in the sciences concerned can be intelligible. The necessity of 
these rules will become increasingly apparent, since, as the systematic 
sciences become more popular, sciolists may publish pages of names in 
any of their departments, with the effect, should such names be author- 
itative, of indefinitely postponing the cultivation of the subject. A 
generic diagnosis is not necessarily perfect in the early stages of the 
classification of a science, and may be found later to embrace more than 
one generic type; hence, the following additional rule has been found 
necessary : 

(3) In the subdivision of a genus, names of the new genera are to be 
adopted in the order of priority of the definition of the divisions to which 
they refer; the remaining natural generic group retaining the original 
name, unless the latter has been already given to one of the divisions, 
as prescribed. 

(4) Priority reposes on date of publication, and not on date of read- 
ing of papers. 

Of course, consistently with tke above rules, as divisions of high rank 
must be defined in order to be understood, names of these unacvompa- 
nied by definitions are not binding on the nomenclator. 

In regard to orthography, the same code of rules has been followed, 
viz, in the Latinization of all words of Greek derivation. This has been 


*Origin of Genera, Philadelphia, 1868. 
+The Canadian Entomologist, 1873, p. 32. 





6 





applied especially to the compounding of family-names. Thus, if the 
generic name is spelled according to Latin rule, the family-name derived — 
from it must be so also; hence, I write Scaphiopidae, not Scaphiopodidae; 7 
Rhinoceridae, not Rhinocerotidae. Ry 

In the check-list, the correct name of each species and subspecies is — 
given with reference to a good description. To each is added its geo- 
graphical range. 





eRPAV ES, Dy cle. 
ARRANGEMENT 


OF 


THE FAMILIES AND HIGHER DIVISIONS 


OF 


BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA. 


[ADOPTED PROVISIONALLY BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. ] 


Crass BATRACHTA. 
Order ANURA. 
(Anura, Duméril; Salientia, Merrem, Gray.) 
RANIFORMIA. 


(Raniformia, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., v, 114, 1865.’) 


Ranidae = Ranidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 114- 
119, 1865.? 
Colostethidae = Colostethidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. 


Phila., 1866, 130.° 


1 Raniformia, partim, Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gén. 


* Ranidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 1&9, 1867; Ranidae, Polypedati- 
dae, and Cystignathidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 4-26. 

§ Colostethidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 197, 1867; “Calostethidae,” 
Mivart, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1869. 





8 


FIRMISTERNIA.' 


(Bufonoid Raniformia, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila, 
n. 8;, vi, 190,;1867.). 


Dendrobatidae | = Dendrobatidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, — 
103-104, 1865.° , 
Phryniscidae = Phryniscidae, Cope, J. A. N. Siam 
Phila nk, vi, 190, 1867.° : | 
Engystomidae = Engystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. 7 
Phila.; n-s:, vi, 190; 166d. | 
Brevicipitidae = Brevicipitidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. + 
Phila., n.s., vi, 190, 1867." | 


GASTRECHMIA. | 
(Gastrechmia, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., n.s., vi, 198, 1867.) ¢ 


Hemisidae — Hemisidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., . 
n. S., V1, 198-199, 1867." 


4Firmisternia. Believing the arciferous or raniform sternal structure to have about __ 
equal systematic value with the presence or absence of teeth, I have separated the 
toothless families with raniform sternum under the name of Firmisternia. It is not 
impossible that this group may turn out to be inseparable from the Gastrechmia. The 
toothed Aglossa must be distinguished on the same principle from Pipa, and the sub- 
order is accordingly named Odontaglossa. 

® Hylaplesiidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 124-126. 

© Brachycephalina, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 42. 

7 Engystomidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100-101, 1865; Michrylidae, Brachymeridae, 
Engystomatidae, Hylaedactylidac, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858. 

5 Brachymeridae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 101-102, 1865. 

* Hemisidae; Rhinophrynidae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865; Rhinophrynidae 
- et Phryniscidae, pars, Mivart, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1869, 281-288. { 








BUFONIFORMIA. 


(Bufoniformia, Duméril et Bibron, partim ; Cope, partim.) 


| Rhinophrynidae = Rhinophrynidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. 

| Sal. B. M., 127, 1858." 

Bufonidae = Bufonidae, Cope, N. H. Rev.,v, 102- 
103, 1865." 

Batrachophrynide = Batrachophrynus, Peters, Monatsb. 
Pr. Akad. Wiss., 1873, 411. 


AGLOSSA. 
Pipidae = Pipidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 
2-3, 1858.” 
ODONTAGLOSSA. 
Dactylethridae = Dactylethridae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. 
Be M2, b8as.” 
ARCIFERA. 
- (Arcifera, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 104, 1865.") 
 Cystignathidae = =Cystignathidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., vy, 





1057 18655 

10 Rhinophrynidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865, pars, nee Mivart; Cope, Jour. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 189, 1867. 

1 (Bufonidae) Chelydobatrachus, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., part., 1858, 51, 53-54. 

12 Pipidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 98-99, 1865; Pipidae, Mivart, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lon- 
don, 1869, 287, 295. 
| 8 Dactylethridae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 99, 1865; Dactylethridae, Mivart, Proc. Zodl. 

_ Soe. London, 1869, 295. 

M4 Arcifera, Cope, Jour. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 67-68, 1866. 

6 Cystignathidae, Ranidae partim, Cystignathidae, Uperoliidae, Bombinatoridae 
partim, Alytidae partim, Hylodidae, Gthr.; Ranidae partim, Polypedatidae partim, 
Discoglossidae partim, Mivart, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1869. 











10 


Hemiphractidae = Hemiphractidae, Cope, J. A. N. S: 
Phila... n. s., V1, 69, 2866: 


Hylidae > Hylidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 96, 
1Ba8- | 

Scaphiopidae = Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. 
Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866.” 


Pelodytidae — Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., 
vi, 69, 1866." 

Asterophrydidae = Asterophrydidae, Cope, J. A. N. 5. 
Phila., n.s., vi, 79-80. 

Discoglossidae = Discoglossidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 
105-107, 1865.” 


Order STEGOCEPHALI. 
(Stegocephali, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1868, 209.) 


LABYRINTHODONTIA. 
Baphetidae = Baphetidae, Cope, MSS. 
Anthracosauridae = Anthracosauridae, Cope, MSS. 
GANOCEPHALA.’ 
Colosteidae = Colosteidae, Cope, MSS.” 


16 Hylidae, Cope, T. A. N.S. Phila., vi, 83-85, 1866. 

17 Seaphiopodidae partim, N. H. Rev., v, 107-108, 1865. 

'S Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pars, Cope, olim, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 
1866. 

'’ Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866; Discoglossidae partim, 
34, Bombinatoridae partim et Alytidae partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858; 
Mivart, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1869, 294-295 

°° Stegocephali, Cope, Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 6-7. 

21 Colosteus, Cope. 





{i 


MICROSAURIA. 
Phlegethontiidae = Phlegethontiidae, Cope, MSS.™* 
| Molgophidae = Molgophidae, Cope, MSS.” 
_ Ptyonudae = Ptyoniidae, Cope, MSS.” 
— Puditanidae = Tuditanidae, Cope, MSS. 
 Peliontidae = Peliontidae, Cope, MSS.™ 
; Order GYMNOPHIDIA. 


(Gymnophiona, Miller.) 


Caeciliidae = Caeciliidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. 
My 5%; 1890. 


Order URODELA. 


; S ire tid ; Gr ; P. 7 q 
Pleurodelidae — Be ray 


Pleurodelidae, London, xxvi, 
137-143, 1858. 
Salamandridae” =Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. 8. Lon- 

don, xxvi,; 142-143, 1858. 
Hynobiidae” = Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N. 5. Phila., 
n. 8., vi, 107, 1866. 
Desmognathidae = Desmognathidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. 

Phila., n. s., vi, 107, 1866. 
Thoriidae = Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 
1869, 111-112. 


la Phlegethontia, Cope. 

2 Molgophis, Cope. 

23 Lepterpeton, Huxl.; Oestocephalus, Cope; Urocordylus, Huxl. 

** Pelion, Wyman. 

* Salamandridae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 1866. 
*6 Hynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Gray, 1850. 





— 


} 
12 | 


Plethodontidae” = Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. N.S | 
Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, 1866. -_—_ | 

Amblystomidae® = Amblystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. &: 
Phila., n. s., vl, 105-106, 1866. 


Menopomidae — Protonopsidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. 
B. M., 52-54, 1850. . 

Amphiumidae — Amphiumidae, Cope, J. A. N. 5. 
Phila., n. s., vi, 104-105, 1866. 

Cocytinidae = Cocytinidae, Cope, MSS. 


Order PROTEIDA. 


Proteidae = Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. 
| M., 64-67, 1850. | 






Order TRACHYSTOMATA. 


Sirenidae = Girenidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. : 
M., 67-69, 1850. 


Crass REPTILIA. 
Order ORNITHOSAURTA, 
(Ornithosauria, Bonaparte, Fitzinger, Seeley.”) 


Dimorphodontidae = Dimorphodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. | 
A. 8. 1870, 234, 1871 | 





7 Plethodontidae, Cope, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 106, 1866, partim Gray, 1850. 
78 Amblystomidae. Plethodontidae partim, Gray, 1850. 

29 Cocytinus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874. 

8° Ornithosauria = Pterosauria, Owen. 

31 Dimorphodontae, Seeley. 


13 


Pterodactylidae = FPterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
| S., xix, 234, 1871.” 


Order DINOSAURIA. 


(Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley ; Pachypodes, Meyer ; 
Ornithoscelida, Huxley.) 


SYMPHYPODA. 
(Symphypoda, Cope ; Compsognatha, Huxley.) 
Compsognathidae = Compsognathidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
S., xix, 234, 1871” (name only). 


Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
; S., 234, 1871 (name only). 


GONIOPODA. 
(Goniopoda, Cope; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.) 


Megalosauridae = Megalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
S., xix, 254, 1871 (name only). 

Teratosauridae = Teratosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only). 


ORTHOPODA. 
(Orthopoda, Cope; Therosauria, Haeckel.) 


Scelidosauridae = Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P.5., 
Hiss Svea GL 1869. 


* Rhamphorhynchae et Pterodactylae, Seeley, loc. cit. 

33 Compsognathidae = Compsognathus, Wag. 

*4 Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsus, Cope. 

* Megalosauridae, Huxley. 

*6 Teratosaurus, Plateosaurus, Meyer, etc. 

57 Scelidosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. 








14 


Iguanodontidae — = Iguanodontidae, Cope, T. A. P. Say 
Nn, sy xivy91, 1869." ¥: 
Hadrosauridae = Hadrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. B., | 
n. s., xiv, 91-98, 1869. | 
Order CROCODILIA. 
(Crocodilia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.) 
PARASUCHIA. 

Belodontidae _ = Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5. | 
| xix, 234, 1871 (name only).” 
AMPHICOELIA. : 
Teleosauridae = Teleosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5.,3 | 
xix, 234, 1871 (name only). 

Goniopholididae = Goniopholis, Owen, ete. 


PROCOELIA. 






Thoracosauridae = Thoracosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 


S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).” 
Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5% 
xix, 235, 1871 (name only).® ‘ 


Order SAUROPTERYGIA. 


(Sauropterygia, Owen.) 
1 Placodontidae = Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.5., 
xix, 235, 1871 (name only).~ 


88 Touanodontidae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. 

89 Hadrosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. 

40 Thecodontia, Owen, pt.; Cope, Tr. A. P. S., 1869, 32. 

41 Thoracosaurus, Leidy, Cope. 

* Crocodilidae + Alligatoridae, Gray, + Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thee | 
ampsa, Cope, etc., Pr. A. A. A. §., xix, 235, 1871. : 

# Placodus, ee 








15 
Plesiosauridae = Plesiosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). 
Hlasmosauridae = Elasmosauridae, Cope, Tr. A. P.5., 


Tes.) XLV; Ono, ps 40. 


Order ANOMODONTIA. 
(Anomodontia, Owen.) 


Dicynodontidae = Dicynodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
De kik, 2ooutarhk (name only)” 

Oudenodontidae = Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).” 





Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. 


Ichthyosauridae — Ichthyosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
: Siva HIB AS 1. 


Order RHYNCHOCEPHALTIA. 


Protorosauridae = Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 
De) XIX, 200, 1871 (name-only).~ 

Sphenodontidae =Sphenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 

| eee A od les 

_ Rhynchosauridae = Rhynchosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 

, S., xix, 235, 1870 (name only). 


44 Nothosaurus, Pistosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus, ete. 

# Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, ete. 

46 Dicynodontidae, Owen, Paleontology. 

47 Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleontology. 

48 Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum). 

* Hatteriidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., 1864, 225-7. 
60 Rhynchosaurus, Owen. 








16 


Order TESTUDINATA. 


ATHECAE. 
(Athecae, Cope, P. A: A: ALS., xix, p. 235) 1370y 

Sphargididae = Sphargididae, Gray, Ann. Philos., 
US 25% 

Protostegidae = Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. 5, 
1872, 413. 

CRYPTODIRA. 

Cheloniidae = Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso- — 
phy, 1825.” : 

Propleuridae = Propleuridae, Cope, Am. Jour. Se. 
and Arts, 1, 137, 1870. 2 

Trionychidae = Trionychidae, Gray, Annals of Phi- — 
losophy, 1825.” ‘ 

Emydidae = Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. 
W831; Dtocilem 

Chelydridae = Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. N. H. 
Ts aa 

Cinosternidae = Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. 
Hist: U2 S.4,°347: 

Testudinidae = Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S, 


Phil., 1868, p. 282." 
61 Sphargididae, Bell, Fitzinger, Agassiz. 
® Cheloniidae, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1825; Agass., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871. 
3 Trionychidae, Bell, Wiegmann, Dum. et Bibr., Agass. 
4 Emydidae—Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). 
4a Chelydra, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1872. 
5 Testudinidae, Gray, Agass. 











. 17 


Pleurosternidae = Pleurosternidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. 
| Phila., 1868, 282 (name only). 

| Adocidae =padeciaae, Cope, ok AvoP. S., 
i 1870, 547. 


PLEURODIRA. 


(Pleurodira, Dum. et Bibron; Chelyoidae, Agass.) 


Podocnemididae = Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. 
Phila., 1868, 282. 


| Chelydidae = Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. 8. London, 
E 1869,. pp. 208-209. 

| Hydraspididae — Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. 58. 
} Ba Phila., 1868, 282. 
|Pelomedusidae = = Pelomedusidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. 
: Phila., 1865, 185; 1868, p. 119. 
‘Bternothaeridae —Sternothaeridae, Cope, P. A. N. 5B. 


Phila., 1868, 119. 


| Order LACERTILIA. 
| @uacertilia, Owen; Cope, P. A. A. A.5., xix, 236, 1870.) 
RHIPTOGLOSSA. 


(Acrodonta Rhiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope; 
Chamaeleonida, Miiller.) 


Chamaeleontidae - = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards 
| B. M., 1845, 264 (name only).” 


_ % Wiegmann, Gray, etc. 
20 








18 7 


PACHYGLOSSA. 


(Pachyglossa, Cope; Acrodonta Pachyglossa, Wagler, 
Fitzinger, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 226-227.) 


Agamidae = Agamidae, Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845, 
230. | 
NYCTISAURA. 


(Nyctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.; Cope, P. A. N. 8.7) 
Phila., 1864, 225.) ; | 








Geeconidae = Gecconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. 
M., 1845, 142.” 
PLEURODONTA. | 
(Pleurodonta, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 226.) | 
a. Jquania. | 
Anolidae = Anolidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila 
18645 2272287 | 
Tguanidae = Iguanidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., | 


1864, 227, 228.” 


b. Diploglossa. 


Anguidae — Anguidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila.J@ 
1864, 228. ; 
Gerrhonotidae = Gerrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5S. | 
Phila., 1864, 228. | 


&™ Cope, Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1871. 
®§ Touanidae pars auctorum. 
*’ Zonuridae, pt., Gray. 





i. 


19 
Xenosauridae — Xenosauridae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. 
Phila., 1866, 322. 
Helodermidae = Helodermidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards 


B. M., 1845." 


c. Thecaglossa. 

(Thecaglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope.) 
Varanidae = Varanidae, Cope, P. A. A A.5., xix, 
237, 1870. 

d. Leptoglossa. 


(Leptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope.) 


Teidae == Reidac, Cope, Pi A. Av iA. Sy). xix, 
| 237, 1871." 
Laeertidae = Lacertinidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. 
: M., 26-44, 1845.” 
Zonuridae = Zonuridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., xix, 
Pease (is. 
Chalcidae ' = Chalcidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 
i 57-58, 1845." 
- Scincidae = Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 
70-120, 1845.” 
Sepsidae = Sepsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 


121-126, 1845." 


% Helodermidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., 1864, 228; 1866, 322. 

® Teidae and Ecpleopodidae, Peters, Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 229) ; 
Teidae, Anadiidae, Cercosauridae, Riamidae, Gray. 

® Lacertidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228; Lacertidae et Cricosauri- 
dae, Peters; Xantusiidae, Baird. 

 Zonuridae, pt., Gray ; Lacertidae pt., Cope. 

" Chalcididae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 

® Scincidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 

® Sepsidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 








20 


e. Typhlophthalmi. 
(Typhlophthalmi, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 228.") 


Feyliniidae — Anelytropidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. 
Phila, 1864, 2302" z| 
Acontiidae = Acontiadae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. 
M., 126-127, 1845.” 4 
Aniellidae = Aniellidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 7 
1864, 230. 
OPHEOSAURI. 
(Opheosauri, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 226.") 
Amphisbaenidae = Amphisbaenidae, Gray, Cat. Tort. 
Croc., ete. B. M., 69, 1844.” | 
Trogonophidae = Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort. i 


Croc., etc. B. M., 68, 1844.” 


Order PY THONOMORPHA. 


(Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P.S., n.s., xiv, 175-182, 7 
1S 70>?) | 


Mosasauridae > Mosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. 5., 
n. 8, xiv, 182-211 ovo: 


67 Typhlophthalmi, pars., Dum. et Bib. , Erp. Gen. 
6 Typhlinidae, Gray. 
69 Acontiidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 





70 Ophisauri, Merrem; Annulati, Wiegmann; Ptychopleures Glyptodermes, Dum. et 


Bib.; iinpiiepecnnides: Miiller. 
7 Amphisbaenidae, Wiegmann. 
” Trogonophes, Wiegmann, Fitzinger. ; 
*% Pythonomorpha, Cope, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1869, 251; Lacertilia Natantia, 
Owen, Paleontographical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles. f 












- Typhlopidae 


- Stenostomidae 


_ Tortricidae 


| Uropeltidae 





Xenopeltidae 


Pythonidae 








21 


Order OPHIDIA. 


SCOLECOPHIDIA. 


(Scolecophidia, Dum. et Bib.”) 


= Typhlopidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., 
xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” 
= Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., 
xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” 
TORTRICINA. 


(Tortricina, Miiller.”) 

= Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 
1864, 230. 

= Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 
£864:,230" 


ASINEA. 


(Asinea, Miiller, Cope.) 


a. Peropoda. 
(Peropoda, Miiller.) 
= Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. &. 
Phila., 1864, 230.” 
= Pythonidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 
1864, 230.” 


_ “Scolecophidia et Catodonta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 
7 Epanodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 

' %Catodontiens, Dum. et Bib.; Catodonta, Cope, olim. 

7 Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 

~® Uropeltacea, Peters ; Rhinophidae, Gray. 

™ Xenopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British India. 

®© Holodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 


22 


Boidae —Boidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila.y 
1864, 250. | | 
Lichanuridae = Lichanuridae, Cope, P. A. N. 8% 
Phila., 1868, 2. ¥ 


b. Colubroidea. 


Achrochordidae = Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8 
Phila:, 1864, 231% 
Homalopsidae = Homalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. 3 
Philay 1864, 4167 f 
Colubridae = Colubridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S3m 
Kix, 238, 1870. s | 
Rhabdosomidae = Rhabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. 7 F| 
S., xix, 238, 1870. | 





PROTEROGLYPHA. 






a. Conocerca. 


Elapidae = Flapidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Philage 
1864, 231. i 

Najidae = Najidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Philay 
1864, 231." | | 


81 Aproterodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 

8 Achrochordiens, Dum. et Bib. 

83 Natricidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 50-84, Potamophilidae, Jan. | 

84 Asinea, Group 3-bb, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 231; Calamaridae, 
Olgodontidae, Coronellidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Dendropranten) Dryiophididae, 
Psammophididae, Lycodontidae, Scytalidae, Dipsadidae, ete., Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes — 
B. M., 1858, et op. alt. c 

Se Garon aridae partim, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 2-22. 

86 Blapidae (pars), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 269-237. 

7 Elapidae (pars altera), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237. 





b. Platycerca. 


_ Hydrophidae = Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M., 
o A sop AO 1349.” 


SOLENOGLYPHA.” 






(Solenoglypha, Dum. et Bib.) 


: Atractaspididae = Atractaspididae, Gthr., Cat. Snakes 
Be Ms 23901856." 


 Causidae = Causidae, Cope, P. A. N. S:, Phila., 
; 1859, 334. 
Viperidae = Viperidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., 


| ack 
-Crotalidae = Crotalidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.” 


 &Hydridae, Gray; Hydrophidae, Schmidt, Fischer; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859 
| 333. 
_ 9 Viperidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333. 
_ % Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334. 
% Viperinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giinther. 
_ ®Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1859; Giinther, Cat. Col. Snakes B. 
M. et auctorum. 








PACE AT, 
CHECK-LIST 


OF 








\ 


THE SPECIES OF BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA 


OF 


THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICAN REALM. 


BATRACHTA. 


TRACHYSTOMATA. 
SIRENIDAE. 
SIREN, Linn. 


Siren lacertina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herpetology, vol. v, p. 101.— 
The Austroriparian region; extreme points North Cerna Florida, 
Matamoras, Mexico, and Alton, Llinois. 


PSEUDOBRANCHUS, Gray. 


Pseudobranchus striatus, LeConte; Holbrook, American Herpetology, 
vol. v, p. 109. Georgia. 


PROTEIDA. 
PROTEIDAE. 
NECTURUS, Raf. 


Necturus lateralis, Say; Holbrook, Am. Herp., vol. v, pp. 111, 115. 
Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States; 
from a few points in the Austroriparian. 


Necturus punctatus, Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina. 


25 


CADUCIBRANCHIATA. 
AMPHIUMIDAE. 





e AMPHIUMA, Linn. 


ls a+ 
ne 
| 
in 


nt 


_ Amphiuma means, Linn.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. Austrori- 
parian region, from North Carolina to Mississippi. 


1 MURAENOPSIS, Fitzinger. 


~ Muraenopsis tridactylus, Cuvier; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 93. Mis- 
sissippi and Louisiana. 


MENOPOMIDAE. 


MENoPoMA, Harl. 


_ Menopoma allegheniense, Harl.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 95. All 
tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisianian dis- 
trict to North Carolina. 

Menopoma fuscum, Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 99. Headwaters of the 

Tennessee River. 


i. AMBLYSTOMIDAE. 


p | AMBLYSTOMA, Tschudi. 


_ Amblystoma talpoideum, Holbrook ; Cope, Proceedings Academy Phila- 
delphia, 1867, p. 172. Austroriparian region; mountains of South 
Carolina. 

_ Amblystoma opacum, Gravenhorst ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1867, 
p. 173. From Pennsylvania to Florida, to Wisconsin, and to Texas. 

Amblystoma punctatum, Linn.; Cope, loc. cit., 1867, p. 175. United 
States, east of the plains ; Nova Scotia. 

Anmblystoma conspersum, Cope, loc. cit., 1867, 177. Pennsylvania to 
Georgia. 

_Aimblystoma bicolor, Hallowell; Cope, loc. cit., 178. New Jersey. 

_Amblystoma tigrinum, Green; Cope, loc. cit., 179. United States, east 

2 of the plains. 

_ Amblystoma mavortium, Baird; Cope, loc. cit., 184. United States, in 

x the Central, Sonoran, and Pacific regions. 

Amblystoma mavortium, Baird; subspecies californiense, Gray ; Cope, 

loc. cit. p. 187. Pacific region. 








26 


Amblystoma obscurum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Lowa. 
Amblystoma wxiphias, Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Ohio. 
Amblystoma trisruptum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 194. New Mexico. 


Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies jeffersonianum, Green; 
Cope, loc. cit., p. 195. Pennsylvania and Ohio, and northward. 


Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies laterale, Hallowell ; Cope, 


loc. cit., p.197. Canada and Wisconsin, and northward, 


Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies fuscum, Hallowell; Cope, _ 


loc. cit., 197. Indiana and Virginia. 

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies platineum ; Cope, loc. cit., 
p. 198. Ohio. 

Amblystoma macrodactylum, Baird; Cope, loc. cit., p. 198. Pacific 
region. 


Amblystoma paroticum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 200. Vancouyer’s Island | 


and Washington Territory. 

Amblystoma aterrimum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 201. Northern Rocky Mount- 
ains. 

Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird and Girard; Cope, loc. cit., p. 202. 
Pacific region of Oregon and California. 

Amblystoma texanum, Matthes; Cope, loc. cit., p. 204. Texas. 

Amblystoma cingulatum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 205.- South Carolina. 

Amblystoma microstomum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 206. Austroriparian and 
Eastern regions, west of the Alleghany Mountains. 


DICAMPTODON, Strauch. 


Dicamptodon ensatus, Eschscholz, Zodlogical Atlas, part v, p. 6, pl. xxii. 


Pacific region. 
PLETHODONTIDAE. 


BATRACHOSEPS, Bonap. 


Batrachoseps attenuatus, Eschscholz, Hallowell, Jour. Acad. Phila., 
1858, p. 348. Pacifie region. 


Batrachoseps nigriventris, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 98.5 


Fort Tejon, California. 


Batrachoseps pacificus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. 1865, p. 195. Santa Bar- 1 


bara, Cal. 
HEMIDACTYLIUM, Tschudi. 


Hemidactylium scutatum, Schlegel; Duméril et Bibron, Erp. Générale, ~ 


ix, p. 118-9. Rhode Island to Ilinois, and to the Gulf of Mexico. 





Se 


ae 


= 
a res 


+ 


APE 











27 
PLETHODON, Tschudi. 


Plethodon cinereus, Green, subspecies cinereus, Green ; Cope, Proceed, 
Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 99. Eastern region. 


Plethodon cinereus, Green, subspecies erythronotus, Green; Holbrook, 
N. Am. Herp., v, p. 43. Eastern region. 

Plethodon cinereus, Green, subspecies dorsalis, Baird, MSS. Louisville, 
Ky.; Salem, Mass. 

Plethodon intermedius, Baird, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 209. 
Vancouver’s Island. 


Plethodon glutinosus, Green; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p. 99. Hastern and 
Austroriparian regions. 


Plethodon oregonensis, Girard ; Cope, loc. cit., p.99. Pacific region. 
Plethodon flavipunctatus, Strauch., Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 
187% xvi, 71. ? New Albion, Cal. 

Pleihodon croceater, Cope, loc. cit., 1857, p. 210. Lower California. 


STEREOCHILUS, Cope. 
Stereochilus marginatum, Hallowell; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, 101. Georgia. © 


MANCULUS, Cope. 


Manculus remifer, Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass., 
1869, p. 84. Florida. 


Manculus quadridigitatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 65. North 
Carolina to Florida. 


SPELERPES, Raf. 


Spelerpes multiplicatus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 106. 
Arkansas. 


Spelerpes bilineatus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Kastern and Austrori- 
parian regions, excepting Texas. 

Spelerpes longicaudus, Green; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and 
Austroriparian regions, except Texas. 

Spelerpes guttolineatus, Holbreok; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. North and 
South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. 

Spelerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies ruber, Daudin; Cope, loc. cit., 
1869, 105. Hastern and Austroriparian regions. 





28 


Spelerpes ruber, subspecies sticticeps, Baird, MSS. South Carolina. 


Spelerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies montanus, Baird; Jour. Acad. | 
Phila., vol. i, p. 293. Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to — 
South Carolina. 


GYRINOPHILUS, Cope. 


Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, Green ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, 
p. 108. Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Alabama, 


ANAIDES, Baird. 


Anaides lugubris, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p.109. Entire Pacific 
region. 
Anaides ferreus, Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p. 109. Oregon. 


DESMOGNATHIDAE. 


DESMOGNATHUS, Baird. 


Desmognathus ochrophaea, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 113. 
Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia. 

Desmognathus fusca, Rafinesque; Cope, loc. cit., 115; subspecies fusca, 
Raf.; Cope, loc. cit., 116. Essex County, Massachusetts, to Biloxi, 
Mississippi. 

Desmognathus fusca, Raf., subspecies auriculata, Holbrook; Cope, 
loc. cit., p. 116. South Carolina to Louisiana. 

Desmognathus nigra, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 117. Alleghany Mount- 
ains, from Pennsylvania southward. 


PLEURODELIDAE. 
DIEMYCTYLUS, Rafinesque. 
Diemyctylus torosus, Eschscholz; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 5. 
Pacific region. | 
Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspecies miniatus, Raf.; Hallowell, loe. 
cit.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 57. Eastern and Austrori- 
parian regions. 
Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspecies viridescens, Raf.; Holbrook, 
N. Am. Herp., v, p. 77. Eastern and Austroriparian regions. 








29 


ANURA. 
BUFONIFORMIA. 


BUFONIDAE. 





Buro, Laurenti. 


| Bufo punctatus, Baird; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 29. 
' Sonoran and Lower Californian regions. 
Bufo debdilis, Girard; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv.,, ii, p. 26 (B. insidior). 
Sonoran region. 
+ Bufo halophilus, Baird; Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Pacific 
- region. 
— Bufo columbiensis, Baird; Girard, Herpetology U.S. Expl. Exped., 77. 
Pacific region and Montana. 

Bufo alvarius, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Sonoran 
. region. 
| _ Bufo microscaphus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1566, p. 501. 
! Sonoran region. 
Bufo speciosus, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Lower Rio 
a Grande (Sonoran). 
| - Bufo lentiginosus, Shaw, subspecies frontosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 
| a 1866, p. 301. Sonoran region. 

5 _ Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies cognatus, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, 
' p- 21. Texan district. 
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies americanus, LeCente; Holbrook, Girard, 
| U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25. Eastern and Austroriparian 
regions to the plains. 
: Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies lentiginosus, Latr.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., 
. v, p. 7. Austroriparian region. 
_ Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies fowlerti, Putnam, MSS. Massachusetts to 
Lake Winnipeg. 
_ Bufo quercicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 13; Cope, Proce. Acad. 
e Phila., 1862, p. 341. Floridan and Eastern Lousianian districts to 
‘ North Carolina. 
_ Bufo valliceps, Wiegmann; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv.,, ii, p. 25, 
pl. xl, figs. 1-4 (B. nebulifer, Girard). Texan district (also Mexico). 








30 


FIRMISTERNIA. 
ENGYSTOMIDAHE. 
ENGYSTOMA, Fitzinger. 


Engystoma carolinense, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 23. Austroripa- 


rian region. 
ARCIFERA. 
HYLIDAE. 
Acris, Dum., Bibr. 


Acris gryllus, LeCoute, subspecies gryllus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, 
p. 131. Austroriparian region. 
— 
Acris gryllus, LeConte, subspecies crepitans, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. 
Surv., ii, p. 28. Eastern and Central regions. 


CHOROPHILUS, Baird. 


Chorophilus triseriatus, Wied, subspecies clarkii, Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. 
Surv., p. 28. Texan district. , 

Chorophilus triseriatus, subspecies triseriatus, Wied. Central and East- 
ern regions. 

Chorophilus triseriatus, subspecies corporalis, Cope, MSS. New Jersey. 

Chorophilus nigritus, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 107. South 
Carolina and Georgia. 

Chorophilus angulatus, Cope (Cystignathus ocularis), Holbrook, N. Am. 
Herp., iv, p. 187. South Carolina. 

Chorophilus ocularis, Daudin (Cystignathus ornatus), Giinther, Cat. Bat. 
Salien. Brit. Mus., p. 29. South Carolina and Georgia. 


Chorophilus ornatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 25. South Carolina; 
Georgia. 
Hyua, Laurenti. 


Hyla curta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 313. Lower Californian 
region. 

Hyla regilla, Baird; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 60. Pacific region. 

Hyla eximia, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 29. Sonoran region. 


Hyla andersonii, Baird; Cope, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1862, 154. New Jer- 
sey to South Carolina. 








ol 


Hyla squirella, Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pl. 50. Austrori- 
parian region. 


3 Hyla carolinensis, Pennant; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 29. Austro- 





riparian region. 
Hyla carolinensis, Penn., subspecies semifasciata, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. 
Phila., 1856, 306. Texan district. 


_ Hyla pickeringii, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pl. 34. Eastern region. 

_ Hyla femoralis, Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 31. Eastern 
part of Austroriparian region. 

Hyla versicolor, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 28. Eastern 
and Austroriparian regions. 

Hyla arenicolor, Cope; Baird, U. 8. Bound. Surv., 29. Sonoran region. 

Hyla cadaverina, Cope; Hallowell, U.S. P. R. R. Surv., x, Williamson’s 
Report, 21. Pacific region. 


Hyla gratiosa, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, 146. Florida; Lower 
Georgia. 
SMILISCA, Cope. 


Smilisca baudinii, Dum., Bibr. ; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., p. 29, pl. 
Xxxviilil, figs. 1-3. Lower Rio Grande, Mexico. 
CYSTIGNATHIDAE. 


LITHODYTES, Cope. ; 
Lithodytes ricordit, Dum., Bibr.; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1862, 153. 
Southern Florida (Bahamas; Cuba). 
EPIRHEXIS, Cope. 
Epirhexis longipes, Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., pl. xxxvii, figs 1-3. 
Lower Rio Grande. 
SCAPHIOPIDAE. 


SPEA, Cope. 
Spea bombifrons, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 53. Central region. 


Spea hammondii, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 53. Pacific 
region to San Diego. 


Spea multiplicata, Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Near city of Mexico. 


ScApPHiopus, Holbrook. 


Scaphiopus varius, Cope, subspecies varius, Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Lower 
California. 


32 


Seaphiopus varius, Cope, subspecies rectifrenis, Cope, loc. cit., p. 93. — 
Sonoran region. 
Scaphiopus couchii, Baird; Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Sonoran region. 


Scaphiopus holbrookii, Harlan; Cope, loc. cit., p. d4. Eastern and Auee " 


troriparian regions. 


RANIFORMIA. 
RANIDAE. 
RANA, Linn. 


Rana areolata, Baird and Girard, subspecies capito, LeConte, Proc. Acad. 
Phila., 1855, p. 425. Floridan district. 

Rana areolata, Baird and Girard, subspecies areolata, Bd. Gir., U.S. 
Mex. Bound. Surv., 28, pl. xxxvi, figs. 11-12. Texan district. 
Rana montezumae, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 27. Mexican 

plateau. 

Rana halecina, Kalm; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 91; subspecies 
halecina, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, pp. 141, 250. Eastern 
coast-countries of Hastern and Austroriparian regions. 

Rana halecina, Kalm, subspecies berlandieri, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. 
Surv., p. 27. Entire Interior of North America; Mexice. 

Rana palustris, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 95. Eastern 
region. 

Rana septentrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 61 (R. sinuata, 
Bd.). Canada to Montana. 

Rana clamitans, Merrem.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pp. 85-87. East- 
ern region, Louisianian district. 

ana catesbiana, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 77. Hastern and 
Austroriparian regions, 

Rana temporaria, Linn., subspecies aurora, Bd.; Gird., U.S. Expl. Exped. 
Herp., p. 18. 

Liana temporaria, Linn., subspecies silvatica, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. 
Herp., iv, p. 24. Eastern region. 

Rana temporaria, Linn., subspecies cantabrigensis, Baird, Proc. Acad. 
Phila., 1854, p. 61. Canadian district of Eastern region to Rocky 


Mountains. 
Rana pretiosa, Baird; Girard, U. 8S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 20. Pacific 
subregion. 


4 


en Ot i in at Tea tt ct a i a 











33 


QPHIDIA. 
SOLENOGLYPHA. 


CROTALIDAE. 
APLOASPIS, Cope. 


Aploaspis lepida, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 206. Western 
Texas. 


CROTALUS, Linn. 
Crotalus pyrrhus, Cope, Proc. Phila., 1866, p. 308. Central Arizona. 
Crotalus mitchellit, Cope, loc. cit., 1861, p. 293. Lower California. 
Crotalus cerastes, Hallowell; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 
14. Arizona. 


Crotalus tigris, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 14. Ari- 
zona. 

Crotalus enyo, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 293. Lower California. 

Crotalus horridus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iii, p.9. Eastern and 
Austroriparian regions. 

Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies adamanteus, Beauvois; Baird 
and Girard, N. Am. Serpents, p. 3. North Carolina to Florida. 
Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies atrox, Baird and Girard, Cat., 
p. 5. Indian Territory and Texas to Sonora and Southern and 

Lower California. 


Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies scutulatus, Kennicott, Proce. 
Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 207. Arizona. 


Crotalus lucifer, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.6. Pacific subregion ; mount- 
ains of Arizona. 


Crotalus polystictus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 191. Table land 
of Mexico. 


Crotalus confluentus, Say; Baird and Girard, loc. cit., p.8. Central and 
Sonoran regions, entering Texan district of the Austroriparian. 
Crotalus molossus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 10. Sonoran region, enter- 

ing the Texan district. 
CAUDISONA, Laurenti. 


Caudisona rava, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 191. Table land of 
Mexico. 


3H 


34 

Caudisona miliaria, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 11. Austroriparian an 
region and Sonora. 
Caudisona edwardsii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 15. Sonoran region. 


Caudisona tergemina, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat.,p.14. Eastern region 
west of the Allegheny Mountains; Georgia. j 


ANCISTRODON, Beauvois. 


Ancistrodon piscivorus, Lacépéde, subspecies piscivorus, Lacépede; Baird 
and Girard, Cat., 19. Austroriparian region, except Texas. 


Ancistrodon piscivorus, Lacépéde, subspecies pugnax, Baird and Girard, — 
Cat., p. 20. Texan district. 


Aucistrodon contortria, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 17. Entire East-_ 
ern and Austroriparian regions. J ( 

Ancistrodon atrofuscus, Troost.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iii, p. 43. — 
Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. q 


PROTEROGLYPHA 
ELAPIDAE. 
ELAPS, Schneider. a 
Maps fulvius, Linn., Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 21; subspecies fulvius. 4 | 
Austroriparian om , 


Dlaps fulvius, Linn., subspecies tener, Baird and Girard, sae p. 22. 
Texas, 


Elaps euryxanthus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 337. Sono- 
ran region. 


Llaps distans, Kennicott, loc. cit., p. 338. Chihuahua; Florida. 


ASINEA. 
COLUBRIDAE. 


CARPHOPHIOPS, Gervais. 
Carphophiops helenae, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 100. South- 
ern Hlinois; Mississippi. | 


Carphophiops amoenus, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 129. Massachu- 
setts to Louisiana and Illinois. 


Garphophiops vermis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Mis- ; 
souri; Kansas. 








35 


VIRGINIA, Baird and Girard. 
Virginia harperti, Dum., Bibr., Erpétologie Générale, vol. vi, p. 135. 
Texas; ? Georgia. 
Virginia valeriae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 127. Maryland to Illinois 
and North Carolina. 
Virginia elegans, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Southern 
Ilinois ; Arkansas. 


HALDEA, Baird and Girard. 
Hlaldea striatula, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 122. Virginia to 
Texas. 
TANTILLA, Baird and Girard. 
 Tantilla planiceps, Blainville; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 154. Lower 
7 California. 
Taniilla gracilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 132. Texas. 
Tantilla hallowellti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 7. Texas. 


_ Tantilla nigriceps, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, 328. Texas; 
New Mexico; Arizona. 


Tantilla coronata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 131. Georgia; Mississippi. 





_ ABASTOR, Gray. 


_ Abastor erythrogrammus, Dandin; Baird and Girard, Cat., 125. North 
| Carolina to Alabama. | 


FARANCIA, Gray. 


Farancia abacura, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 123. Austro- 


riparian region. 
CHILOMENISOCUS, Cope. 


Chilomeniscus stramineus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 339. Lower 
California. 


| Chilomeniscus ephippicus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 85. Owen 
Valley, California (Sonoran subregion). 


Chilomeniscus cinctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 303. Sonora. 
CHIONACTIS, Cope. 


Chionactis occipitalis, Hallowell, U. S. Pacific R. R. Survey, vol. x, Will- 
iamson’s Report, p. 15. Fort Mojave, Arizona. 





30 


Chionactis occipitalis, Hallowell, subspecies annulata, Kennicott, U.S. 
Mex. Bound. Sury., vol. ii, p. 22. Colorado Desert, Arizona. 


ContTIA, Baird and Girard. 


Contia mitis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 110. Pacific region. 

Contia isozona, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 304. Utah; Arizona, 
Contia episcopa, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 22. Texas. 
Contia pygaea, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 222. Florida. 


Sonora, Baird and Girard. 
Sonora semiannulata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 117. Sonora. 
LopiA, Baird and Girard. 
Lodia tenuis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 116. Washington Territory. 
GYALOPIUM, Cope. 
Gyalopium canum, Cope, Proce. Acad. Phila., 1860, 243. Arizona. 
CEMOPHORA, Cope. 


Cemophora coccinea, Blumenbach, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 118. Aus. | 
troriparian region. i 
RHINOCHILUS, Baird and Girard. 
Rhinochilus lecontei, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 120. Sonoran and South- 
ern Pacific regions. 
OSCEOLA, Baird and Girard. 
Osceola elapsoidea, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 133. Virginia to 


Florida, 
OPHIBOLUS, Baird and Girard. 


Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies coccineus, Schlegel; Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p. 89. Florida to New Mexico; Kansas. f 

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies amaurus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 
1860, p. 258. 

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies gentilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 
90. Arkansas. 


Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies annulatus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. 
Phila., 1860, p. 329. Kansas; Arkansas and Texas. 








OF 


Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies doliatus, Linn.; Cope, Proc. Acad., 
1860, p. 256. Maryland and Virginia to Kansas; Raraneaead Louisi- 
ana, and Texas. 

Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., var. triangulus, Boie; Baird and Girard, Cat., 
p. 87. From Virginia northward to Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin. 

Ophibolus multistratus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 328. Ne- 
‘braska. 


Ophibolus pyrrhomelas, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 305. Arizona 
and California. 


Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies boylii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 82. 
Pacific and Sonoran regions. 

_ Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies conjunctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 
1861, 301. Lower California. 

Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies splendidus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 
83. Sonoran region. 

Ophibolus getulus, var. sayi, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 84. 
United States, between the Allegheny and Rocky Mountains, from 
the Gulf of Mexico to Illinois. 

Ophibolus getulus, Linn.; subspecies getulus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p. 85. From Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, east of the 

| Alleghenies. 

 Ophibolus californiae, Blainv.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 153. Lower 

. California. 

Ophibolus rhombomaculatus, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 86. 
North Carolina to Georgia. 


Ophibolus calligaster, Say; Cope, Proce. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 255, Illi- 
nois to Kansas and Arkansas, 


DIADOPHIS, Baird and Girard. 


Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies punctatus, Linn.; Baird and 
Girard, Cat., p. 112. United States and Canada, east of the plains 
and Texas. 


Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies stictogenys, Cope, Proc. Acad. 
Phila., 1860, p. 250. Texas. 


Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies amabilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., 
p.- 113. Pacific and Sonoran regions; occasional in Texan district 
and Central and Eastern regions as far as Ohio. 


- 


38 


Diadophis dysopes, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, p. 251. Habitat unknown, 

Diadophis arnyi, Kennicott, Proc. Acad., 1859, p. 99. Illinois and Kan 
sas. 

Diadophis regalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 115. Arizona; Sonora. 


CONIOPHANES, Hallowell. 


Coniophanes imperialis, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 23.) 


Chihuahua. 
HYPSIGLENA, Cope. 


Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, 246. Lower Califor- _ 
nia north to San Diego. i 
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, subspecies chlorophaea, Cope, loc. cit., | 
1860, p. 247. Arizona. | 


SIBoN, Fitzinger. 


Sibon annulatum, Linn., subspecies septentrionale, Kennicott, U.S. Mex. 
Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 16. Southwestern Texas. 


TRIMORPHODON, Cope. 


Trimorphodon lyrophanes, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 343. Lower — | 
California and Arizona. 





PHIMOTHYRA, Cope. i 


Vhimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 104. Lower California i] 
and Sonoran regions to Utah and Texas. | 


Proc Acad: PRI! 1866, p. 304. ; 
Phimothyra decurtata, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1868, p.310. Lower California. 





DRomIcUS, Bibron. 


‘ * 
Dromicus flavilatus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 223. Coast of 
North Carolina. 
CYCLOPHIS, Giinther. 
Cyclophis vernalis, DeKay; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.108. Eastern and | 
Austroriparian regions ; rare in the latter. 


Cyclophis aestivus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 106. Austroriparian nf 
region, and the Hastern as far as New ioe Maryland, and South- — 
ern Illinois. i 


3g 


COLUBER, Linn. 






















Coluber emoryi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 157. Texas and ihe Missis- 
sippi Valley to Kansas and Illinois (C. calligaster, Kenn.; C. rhino- 
F megas, Cope). 

Coluber lindheimerii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.74. Texas and Arkansas, 
— Coluber vulpinus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 75. Massachusetts to Mich- 
i : igan, Kansas and northward (C. spiloides, D. & B.). 

— Coluber quadrivittatus, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 80. North 
a Carolina to Florida. 

_ Coluber obsoletus, Say, Kennicott, Proce. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330; sab- 
___ Species obsoletus, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 73. Entire Eastern 
| United States, from Middle Texas to Massachusetts. 

_ Coluber obsoletus, Say, subspecies confinis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 76 
: (C. rubriceps, D. & B.). Austroriparian region; Western Missouri. 
Coluber guttatus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 78. Austroriparian 
region to Central Virginia. 


SPILOTES, Wagler. 


¥ Spilotes couperii, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 92. Georgia. 
Spilotes erebennus, Cope; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 158. Texas to Ala- 
bama (Georgia obsoleta, B. & G.). 


PITYOPHIS, Holbrook. 


ityophis melanoleucus, Daudin; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 65. New 
. Jersey to Soath Carolina and Ohio. 
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, subspecies sayi, Schlegel; Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p. 151. Illinois to Kansas and northward. 
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. mexicanus, Duméril et Bibron, Erp. Gén., 
vol. vii, p. 236. Sonoran and Central regions, entering the Texan 
district. 
Pityophis sayt, Schlegel, var. beliona, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 66, 
- Sonoran and Pacific regions, with Nevada and Utah. 
Pityophis catenifer, Blainville; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 69. Pacifie 
‘region. 
Pityophis vertebralis, Blainville; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 342 
(P. haematois, Cope). Lower California. 
Pityophis elegans, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 18. Sonoran 
region. 





40 
BASCANIUM, Baird and Girard. 


Bascanium constrictor, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 93. Central, 
Austroriparian, and Eastern regions. 

Bascanium constrictor, Linn., subspecies vetustum, Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p.97. Pacific region. 

Bascanium anthicum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1862, p. 238. Loui- 
siana(?). 

Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies flagelliforme, Baird and 
Girard, Cat., p. 98. South Carolina to Florida. 

Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies piceum, Cope, MS. Camp 
Grant, Arizona. 

Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies testaceum, Say; Baird and 
Girard, Cat., pp. 99 and 150. Lower Californian and Sonoran re- 
gions, with Nevada, Utah, and Texas. 

Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies laterale, Hallowell, Proce. 
Acad. Phila., 1855. Sonoran and Pacifie regions. 

Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies taentatum, Hallowell; Baird 
and Girard, Cat., pp. 103 and 160. Pacific and Sonoran regions; 
Utah and Nevada. 





Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies ornatum, Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p. 102. Western Texas. 
Bascanium aurigulum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 301. Lower 
California. 
CHILOPOMA, Cope. 
Chilopoma rufopunctatum, Cope, Report on Reptiles of Wheeler’s Survey 
west of one hundredth meridian, 1875 (MS.). Sonoran district. 


EUTAENIA, Baird and Girard. 


Hutaenia saurita, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 24. Austroriparian 
and Hastern regions. 

Butaenia sackenti, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Floridan 
district. 

Hutaenia faireyi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 25. Mississippi Valley, from 
Louisiana to Wisconsin. 

Hutaenia proxima, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 25. Valley of the 
Mississippi, from Wisconsin to Louisiana; Texas; Northeastern 
Mexico. 

Hutaenia radix, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. Central region to Lake 
Michigan ; Oregon. 








41 


Butaenia inacvostemma, Kennicott, subspecies megalops, Kennicott, Proc. 
Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330. Sonoran region. 

Butauenia hammondii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Pacifie 
region. 

Eutuexia marciana, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 36. Arkansas, Texas, 
and entire Rio Grande Valley. 

Hutaenia vagrans, Baird and Girard, subspecies vagrans, Baird and 
Girard, Cat., p. 35. Central, Pacific, and northern parts of Sonoran 
regions. 

Hutaenia vagrans, Baird and Girard, subspecies angustirostris, Kennicott, 
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Southern Sonoran region. 

Lutaenia elegans, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. California. 

Eutaenia cyrtopsis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 333. Lower 

- Californian and Sonoran regions. 

Hutaenia ornata, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 16. Valley of the 
Rio Grande del Norte. 

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31. 
Entire North America. 

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies ordinata, Linn.; Baird and. Girard, 
Cat., p. 32. Northern part of Eastern region; Nova Scotia; North 
Alabama. 

Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies sirtalis, Linn.; Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p. 30. North America, excepting the Sonoran, Lower Cali- 
fornian, and. southern half of Pacific regions. 

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies parietalis, Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky 
Mts., i, p. 186. Central and Pacific regions; Illinois. 

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies obscura, Cope, MS. Eastern subre- 
gion north of Washington; northern part of Pacific region. 

Hutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 51. 
North America, except the Sonoran and Lower Californian regions. 

Hutaenia sirtalis, Baird and Girard, subspecies pickeringii, Baird and 
Girard, Cat., p. 29. Pacific region; Minnesota; Texas. 

EHutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies tetrataenia, Cope, MS. Pitt River, 
California. 

Hutaenia atrata, Kennicott, Cooper and Suckley’s Zo6l. Wash. Terr., 
p. 296. California. 

Hutaenia cooperii, Kennicott, in Cooper and Suckley’s Nat. Hist. Wash. 
Terr., p. 296. Washington and Oregon. 


42 
STORERIA, Baird and Girard. 


Storeria occipitomaculata, Storer ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 137. East- 
ern region; South Carolina; Georgia. 

Storeria dekayi, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 135. Central, ‘Auge 
troriparian, and Eastern regions. 


TROPIDOCLONIUM, Cope. 


Tropidoclonium storerioides, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 190. 
Plateau of Mexico, 


Tropidoclonium lineatum, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856. Kansas | 


to Texas. 
Tropidoclonium kirtlandii, ota Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 95. 


Illinois ; Ohio. 
TROPIDONOTUS, Kuhl. 


Tropidonotus clarkii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 48. Texas. 

Tropidonotus grahamii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 47. The Mississippi 
Valley, from Louisiana to Wisconsin; Michigan. 

Tropidonotus leberis, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 45. Austroriparian 
and Eastern regions, including Texas. 

Tropidonotus rigidus, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 46. Pennsylvania 
to Georgia, east of the Allegheny Mountains. 

Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies validus, Kennicott, Proc. 
Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 334. Lower Californian and Sonoran regions ; 
Utah. 

Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies celaeno, Cope, Proc. Acad. 
Phila., p. 541. Lower California. 

Tropidonotus compsolaemus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1860, p. 368. 
Florida. 

Tropidonotus compressicaudus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 
339. Florida. 

Tropidonotus ustus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila, 1860, p. 340. Florida. 

Tropidonotus fasciatus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 39. Austro- 
riparian region. 

Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies sipedon, Linn.; Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p. 38. Eastern and Austroriparian regions, excepting Texas. 

Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies woodhousei, Baird and Girard, 
Cat., p. 42. Texas to Missouri. 


Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies couchii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad., 
1860, p. 335. Sonoran region. 








43 


 Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies erythrogaster, Shaw; Baird and 
1 i Girard, Cat., p.40. Austroriparian region, except Texas; Michigan 
and Kansas. 
Tropidonotus taxispilotus, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43. 
' North Carolina to Georgia. 
_ Tropidonotus rhombifer, Hallowell; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43. Loui- 
. siana to Illinois and Michigan. 
 Tropidonotus cyclopium, Dum. et Bibron; Cope, Proc. Acad., 1861, p. 299. 
| Florida. 

HELICOPS, Wagler. 





| Helicops allenii, Garman, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 92. 
Floridan district. 
HETERODON, Beauv. 
Heterodon platyrhinus, Latreille; Baird and Girard, Cat., p.51. Entire 
Austroriparian and Eastern regions. 


_ Heterodon platyrhinus, Latr., subspecies atmodes, Baird and Girard, Cat., 
. p. 57. North Carolina to Georgia. 


_ Heterodon simus, Linn., subspecies simus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 59. 
Austroriparian region, excepting Texas. 


Heterodon simus, Linn., subspecies nasicus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 61. 
Sonoran and Central regions and Texas. 


BOIDAE. 


CHARINA, Gray. 


_ Charina botiae, Blainv., Nouvelles Annales Mus. Hist. a iii, 1834, 57. 

'' Lower Carne region. 

a Charina plumbea, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 139. Pacific region; 

* ? Nevada. 

% LICHANURIDAE. 

f LICHANURA, Cope. 

q Lichanura trivirgata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 304. Lower 

zy California. 

_ Lichanura m yriolepis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali- 

a fornia. 

_ Lichanura roseifusca, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali- 
fornia. 





$4 


SCOLECOPHIDIA. 
STENOSTOMIDAE. 
STENOSTOMA, Wagl. 


Stenostoma dulce, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 142. Sonoran region; 
Texas. 
Stenostoma humile, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 143. Pacific region. 


LACERTILIA, 


OPHEOSAURI. 
AMPHISBAENIDAE. 
RHINEURA, Cope. 
Rhineiira floridana, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1861, p. 78. 


Floridan district. 


PLEURODONTA. 
TYPHLOPHTHALMI. 


ANIELLIDAE. 


ANIELLA, Gray. 


Aniella pulchra, Gray. Pacific region, from San Francisco southward. 


LEPTOGLOSSA. 
SCINCIDAE. 
OLIGOSOMA, Girard. 


Oligosoma laterale, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 133. Austro- 
riparian region; Northwest South Carolina. 
EUMECES, Wiegmann. 


Eumeces septentrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 256. Minne- 
sota and Nebraska. 











45 


Eumeces egregius, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 256. Florida. 

Eumeces onocrepis, Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem., 1869, p. 82. 
Florida. 

Eumeces tetragrammus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, 256. Lower Rio 
Grande. 

BEumeces anthracinus, Baird, Jour. Acad. Phila., i, p. 293. Pennsylvania 
to Texas, in mountains. 

Eumeces inornatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 256. Nebraska. 

Eumeces multivirgatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 215. 
Central region. 

Eumeces leptogrammus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 256. Central 
region. 

Eumeces obsoletus, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129. 
Sonoran region, and borders of Central and Austroriparian. 

EHumeces guttulatus, Hallowell; Sitgreaves’s Report on Zuni, p. 113. Sono- 
ran region and Western Texas. 

Eumeces skiltonianus, Baird and Girard; Baird in Stansbury’s Report 
Salt Lake, p. 349. Pacific region. 

Humeces fasciatus, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 117, and pp. 
121,127. Central, Austroriparian, and Eastern regions. 

_ Eumeces longirostris, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 313. Bermuda 


Islands. . 
LACERTIDAE. 


XANTUSIA, Baird. 


Aantusia vigilis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 255. Pacific sub- 

region. 
TEIDAE. 
CNEMIDOPHORUS, Wiegmann. 

Cnemidophorus maximus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Lower 
California. 

Cnemidophorus grahamii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 
128. Eastern Sonoran region. 

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 109. 
Sonoran and Austroriparian regions, to Southeast Virginia. 

Cnemidophorus inornatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. South- 
ern Sonoran region. 

Cnemidophorus octolineatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. 
Southern Sonoran region. 


46 


Cnemidophorus perplecus, Baird and Girard, Proe. Acad. Phila., 1852, Da | 
128. Rio Grande Valley. = 
Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies tessellatus, Say; Baird, U. 8. 


P. R. R. Surv., x, Beckwith’s Report, p. 18. Southern Colorado, | 


Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies tigris, Baird and Girard; 
Stansbury’s Report Salt Lake, p. 338. Pacific and Sonoran regions 
to Utah. q 

Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies melanostethus, Cope, Proc. 
Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Southeast Arizona. , 


Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies gracilis, Baird and Girard, a 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 128. Southeast Arizona. 


VERTICARIA, Cope. 


Verticaria hyperythra, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 103. Lower — 
California to San Diego. 


DIPLOGLOSSA. 


ANGUIDAE. 


OPHEOSAURUS, Daudin. 


Opheosaurus ventralis, Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 139, — 
Austroriparian region; Tennessee; Kansas. 


GERRHONOTIDAB. 

BARISSIA, Gray. 

Barissia olivacea, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. Southern 
California. 

GERRHONOTUS, Wiegmann. 

Gerrhonotus nobilis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129. a 

Sonora. 


Gerrhonotus principis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. 
Northern Pacific region. 


Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, Blainville (@. formosus), Baird and Girard, _ 


Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. Pacific and Lower Californian 7 


regions. 


Gerrhonotus grandis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 176. 
Pacific region. 













i. AT 
i Gerrhonotus scincicaudus, Skilton, Am: Jour. Sci. Arts, 1849, p. 202. 
fi Pacific and Lower Californian regions. 

‘2 Gerrhonotus infernalis, Baird and Girard; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 
1866, 322. Western Texas. 


i 


HELODERMIDAE. 
HELODERMA, Wiegmann. 


 Heloderma suspectum, Cope; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., plate xxvi. 
Sonoran region. 


IGUANIA. 
IGUANIDAE. 
HOLBROOKIA, Girard. 


| Holbrookia maculata, Girard, subspecies maculata, Girard; Stansbury’s 
Report, 1852, p. 342. Central and Sonoran subregions. 


_ Hoibrookia maculata, Girard, subspecies propinqua, Baird and Girard, 
Proc. Acad. Phila. 1852, p. 126. “Texas. 


 Holbrookia texana, Troschel; Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, 
p. 125. Sonoran region; Western Texas. 


is CALLISAURUS, Blainville. 


 Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies ventralis, Hallowell; Sit- 

a greave’s Report Zuni, p. 117. Sonoran region. 

Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies gabbii, Cope, MS. North- 
ern Lower California. 


i Pe ie 


a 


Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies dracontoides, Blainv., Nouv. 
Ann. de Mus., p. 426. Southern Lower California. 





Settee’ he 
Ma 


Uma, Baird. 


oy 


— 


es 


Uma notata, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Sonora region. 


igs 


SAUROMALUS, Duméril. 


4400 


 Sauromalus ater, Duméril; Baird, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 6. 


Sonoran region. 
CROTAPHYTUS, Holbrook. 


Crotaphytus colloris, Say; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 79. Sonoran 
region; Central region to latitude 40°. 


oo 


eee 





48 ee 
Crotaphytus wislizenii, Baird and Girard, Stansbury’s Report Salt Lake, _ 
p. 340. Pacific and Sonoran regions; Nevada, Utah. 


Crotaphytus reticulatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Western 
Texas. 


DipsosauRus, Hallowell. 


Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126, 
Lower Californian, Southern Pacific, and Sonoran regions. 


UTA, Baird and Girard. 


Kia thalassina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Lower California. 
Uta graciosa, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 92. Pacific region. 


Uta nigricauda, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1864, p. 176, Lower Cali- 
fornia. 


Uta schottii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Southern California. 


Uta ornata, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p.126. Sonoran 


region. 


Uta stansburiana, Baird and Girard, Stansbury’s Report Salt Lake, p. 
345. Pacific, Lower Californian, and Sonoran regions; Nevada, 
Utah. 

SCELOPORUS, Wiegmann. 


Sceloporus ornatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 5. Southeastern 
Sonoran region. | 

Sceloporus jarrovii, Cope, MS., Zoé]l. Wheeler’s Expl. west of the 100th i | 
merid., 1875. Sonoran ree (Southern Arizona). 

Sceloporus aie Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126. 
Sonoran region. 

Sceloporus torquatus, Peale and Green, Proc. Acad. Pe li, p. 131. 
Southern Sonoran region. 


Sceloporus couchii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Southern | 
Sonoran region. 


Sceloporus marmoratus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178. 
Sonoran region ; Utah. 


Sceloporus biseriatus, Hallowell, U. S. P. BR. R. Sury., X Williamson’s 
Report, p. 6. ? Habitat. f 
Sceloporus undulatus, Harlan, subspecies undulatus, Harlan; Holbrook, 


Am. Herp., ii, p. 73. North America, except Sonoran and Lower 
Californian regions. 














AS 


Sceloporus undulatus, Harlan, subspecies thayerii, Baird and Girard, Proc. 
Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 127. California, Utah, New Mexico, and Rio 
Grande Valley. 

Sceloporus consobrinus, Baird and Girard; Marcy’s Report Ked River, 
1853, p. 237. Sonoran and Central regions; Oregon and Texas. 
Sceloporus scalaris, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, 1834, p. 52. So- 

nora. 


Sceloporus floridanus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Florida. 
f Sceloporus spinosus, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 50. Texas. 


Sceloporus clarkii, Baird and Girard, subspecies clarkii, Baird and Girard, 
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 127. Sonoran and Southern Pacific 
regions. 

_ Sceloporus clarkii, Baird and Girard, subspecies zosteromus, Cope, Proc. 
Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower California. 


PHRYNOSOMA, Wiegmann. 


Phrynosoma modestum, Girard, Stansbury’s Rept. Salt Lake, p. 365. So- 
noran region. 


Phrynosoma platyrhinum, Girard, Stansbury’s Rept Salt Lake, p. 361. 
Utah and Nevada. 


Phrynosoma maccallii, Hallowell; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9. 
Desert of Gila and Colorado. 


Phrynosoma regale, Girard, U. 8S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9. Desert of 
Gila and Colorado. 


Phrynosoma planiceps, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178. South- 
ern Sonoran region. 

Phrynosoma cornutum, Harlan; Girard, Stansbury’s Rept. Salt Lake, p. 
360. Texas. 

Phrynosoma hernandezii, Girard, Herp. U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 395. New 
Mexico; Rio Grande Valley. 


 Phrynosoma douglassii, Bell, subspecies ornatissimum, Girard, Herp. U. 
S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 396. Sonoran region. 


Phrynosoma douglassii, Bell, subspecies douglassit, Bell; Girard, Herp. 
U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 398. Entire Central region; Oregon and 
Washington. 

Phrynosoma blainvillei, Gray ; Be U.S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 400. 
Pacific region. 

4H 


50 






Phrynosoma coronatum, Blainville, Nouv. Mém. Museun, iv, p. 28. Lower 4 


California. 
CyYcLuRA, Harlan. 


Cyclura hemilopha, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower Cali- , 
fornia. ° : 
ANOLIDAE. 
ANOLIS, Merrem. 


Anolis principalis, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, 67. Austroripa- f 
rian region. . 
Anolis cooperii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 254. ? California. 


NYCTISAU RA: 
| GECCONIDAE. 


CoLEONYX, Gray. ? 

Coleonyx variegatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Sonoran 
region. 4 
SPHAERODACTYLUS, Cuv. 


Sphaerodactylus notatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Suryv., p. 12. Key 
West, Fla. (Cuba). | 


PHYLLODACTYLUS, Gray. 


Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, Wiegmann, Nova Acta. K. L. C. Acad. xvii + | 
p. 241. Sonoran region. 


Phyllodactylus xanti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., p.102. Lower California, 
DIPLODACTYLUS, Gray. ‘| 


Diplodactylus unctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 102. Lower Cal-— 


ifornia. ; 
i 

TESTUDINATA., ; 

ATHECAE. : 

SPHARGIDIDAE. : 


ware 


SPHARGIS, Merrem. s 


Sphargis coriacea, Rondelet; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 45. Atlan- 
tic coast to Massachusetts. A 


RH 


51 


CRYPTODIRA. 


CHELONIIDAE. 
THALASSOCHELYS, Fitz. 


| caouana, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 33. En- 
| tire Atlantic coast. 





ERETMOCHELYS, Fitz. 
Bretmochelys imbricata, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 39. South- 
ern Atlantic coast. 
Pretmochelys squamata, Linn.; Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., 1, p. 382. 


Pacific coast. 
CHELONIA, Brong. 


| Chelonia mydas, Schw. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 25. Atlantic 
coast south of Long Island. 


_Chelonia virgata, Schw.; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 379. Pacific coast. 
TRIONYCHIDAE. 


AMYDA, Agassiz. 

_Amyda mutica, Lesueur, Mém. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., xv, p. 263. Middle 

and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and the Saint Lawrence. 
ASPIDONECTES, Wagl. 


_ Aspidonectes JSerox, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 11 
Georgia to Western Louisiana. 


| Aspidonectes spinifer, Lesueur, Mém. de Mus. d’Hist. Nat., xv, p. 298. 
Middle and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and Saint Law- 
rence. 


| Aspidonectes asper, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 405. Lower 
Mississippi tributaries. 


_ Aspidonectes nuchalis, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., i, p. 406. Cumber- 
land and Upper Tennessee Rivers, Tennessee. 


_ Aspidonectes emoryi, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., i, p. 407. Texas. 


CHELYDRIDAE. 
CHELYDRA, Schw. 


Chelydra serpentina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 139. From 
Canada to Eeuador. Wanting in the Pacific subregion. 


52 
MACROCHELYS, Gray. at 


Macrochelys lacertina, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 147, 
Tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to Western Tex j 
extending to Missouri in the Mississippi. 










a \\ 
i 


CINOSTERNIDAE. 
AROMOCHELYS, Gray. 


Aromochelys odoratus, Latreille ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 133. Aus | 
troriparian and Eastern eronone i 
Aromochelys carinatus, Gray ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 423. Louisianian dis. i 
trict. 


CINOSTERNUM, Wagl. 


‘ 
Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, sae subspecies pennsylvanicum, Bose; | 
Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 127. Austroriparian (? Texas) and 
Eastern aa bteciens y | 
Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Bose, subspecies doubledayi, Gray, Cat. { 
Tort., Crocod., and Amphisb. B. M., p. 33. Southwestern United 


States. 4 

° = , Pp a 
Cinosternum sonoriense, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 183. Ari-- 
ZONA. a 


e 

Cinosternum flavescens, Agassiz, Contrib. Nat. Hist. U. 8., i, p. 430. . 
Arizona. a 
Cinosternum henrici, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 182. Sonoran 
subregion. 


EMYDIDAE. j j 


PSEUDEMYS, Gray. a 


m| 


Pseudemys rugosa, Shaw ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p.55. New Jersey 
to Virginia. | 
Pseudemys concinna, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, pp. 119, 6£ : 
Austroriparian region (? Texas). 
Pseudemys mobiliensis, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 71. Florida to the 
Rio Grande of Texas. | 
Pseudemys hieroglyphica, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,.1, pu: Miata, 
Western, and Gulf States. a 


: 
Pseudemys scabra, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 49. North / 
Carolina to Georgia. : 


53 















Pseudemys troostvi, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 123. Valley of the 
: Mississippi to Illinois. 
| Pseudemys elegans, Wied.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 115. Central 
region and Texan district. 

MALACOCLEMMYS, Gray. 
-Malacoclemmys geographicus, Lesueur ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 99. 
Mississippi Valley to Pennsylvania and New York. 
Malacoclemmys pseudogeographicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 103. 
| Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin and Northern Ohio. 
Malacoclemmys palustris, Gmelin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 87. 
Coast from New York to Texas. 


CHRYSEMYS, Gray. 
Chrysemys picta, Herm.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 75. HKastern 
region; Louisiana, Mississippi. 
Chrysemys oregonensis, Harlan; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 107. 
Central region. 
Chrysemys reticulata, Bosc; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 59. Gulf 

States. 

CHELOPUS, Rafinesque. 

Chelopus guttatus, Schneider; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 81. East- 
ern region east of Ohio. 


4 Chelopus muhlenbergii, Schweigger ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. i, p. 45. 
: New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. 


Chelopus insculptus, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 93. East- 
ern region east of Ohio. 


| 
_Chelopus marmoratus, Baird and Girard; Hallowell, U.S. P. R. R. Surv., 
x, Williamson’s Report, p. 3. Pacific region. 


| Emys, Brong. 
| Emys meleagris, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 39. Alleghenian 


district of Eastern region to Wisconsin. 


. CISTUDO, Flem. 

fl a 

_ Oistudo clausa, Gm., subspecies clausa, Gm.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., 
; i,p. 31. Eastern region and Louisianian and Floridan districts. 


_ Cistudo clausa, subspecies triunguis, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Austro- 
riparian region to Georgia; Eastern Pennsylvania. 


_ Cisiudo ornata, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Central region. 


o4 
TESTUDINIDAE. 







TEstTubDoO, Linn. 

Testudo carolina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,i, p. 25. Austroriparian : 

region, not north of South Carolina. . 

Testudo agassizii, Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.* Southern Pacific and — 
Western Sonoran regions. 


CROCODILIA. 

CROCODILIDAE. 

ALLIGATOR, Cuv. ' 

Alligator mississippiensis, Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. ii, p. 53, 
Austroriparian region. a 
CROCODILUS, Cuv. 


Crocodiius americanus, Seba. ; Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gén., iii, p. 119. Flori-_ 
dan district. 2 





Enumeration of genera and species. 





Genera. Species. 
BATRACHIA. 
Trach ystomatda..< «4.0202 = seme eceees 2 2 
Proteidat; 2.2 2a. oe tek eee eee Lerche ome 2 
Uredelace= chosen acca eee oe ce eee 15 49 
ATUDA 5a: Shoei acre Se ee eel eee Le 48 j 
— 29 —— 101 
REPTILIA. 
OPHIDIA. 
polenogly phase “aerate eee eee 4 18 
Proteroglypha <..:.c.-- Jebel eine Soe 1 3 
INSINOA otis a SSS her ee ee ye eee 36 109 
Scolecophidia:<~3.ctaasepete se ee eee 1 2 
42 —— 132 
LACERTILIA. 
Opheosauri? ...2S.ncecncc cone eee lt 1 
Pleurodonta i. .2t oes ee ches eeeeee 22 76 
N ycetisaura’. tss 2... vee ee 3 5 
— 26 — 82 
TESTUDINATA. 
ATH ECAC i ct ast. Gee ways tne one tereee a ii 
Ory ptodita . 22s. .0n2 sce 2 oak ee ee 16 40 
—i1lT — 41 
GROCODIETAS «tse ee Ge ee svete cue eee 2 2 
a Oe 
Total species: ..:..66.054.0.k.ck oe eee 58 


* Referred to, vol. for 1870, p. 67. 


Pea RE Pi. 
ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 


OF THE 


VERTEBRATA OF THE REGNUM NEARCTICUM, 


WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE 


BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA. 


I.—THE FAUNAL REGIONS OF THE EARTH. 


As is well known, the life of the different regions of the earth presents 
marked peculiarities. The differences are, in some measure, connected 
with the geographical and topographical relations of the continents. 
To each of them, peculiar divisions of animals are found to be confined; 
and the sum of these, or the “fauna,” is found in each case to present 
marked characters. The districts thus marked out are the Australian 
~ (which includes Australia, Van Diemen’s Land, New Guinea, ete.); the 
_ Neotropical, including South America, the West Indies, and Mexico; the 
Nearctic, or North America; the Hthiopian, or Africa south of the Desert 
of Sahara; the Palaeotropical, which embraces India and the adjacent 
islands; and, lastly, the Palaearctic, or Asia north of the Himalaya, 
Europe, and Africa north of the Great Desert. These six districts are 
variously related by common forms, as well as distinguished by different 


ones. The name of ‘‘realms” has been given to them. 





The Australian realm is peculiar in the absence of nearly all types of 
-mamumalia, except the Ornithodelphia and the Marsupials; in the pres- 
ence of various Struthious birds; in great development of the Hlapid 
serpents, and absence of the higher division of both snakes and frogs 
(i. e., Solenoglypha and Raniformia); in the existence of Dipnoi (Cera- 
todus) and certain Characinid fishes. On the other hand, many of the 
lizards and birds are of the higher types that prevail in India and Africa, 
viz, the Acrodonta and the Oscines. 

The polar hemispheres each possess certain common forms which are 
not found in the other. Thus, in the southern, which is here understood 


as embracing the three realms called Australian, Neotropical, and 
55 


56 


Ethiopian,* the Sirenian mammalia ; Struthious birds ; EHlapid and Pero- 
podous snakes; Dipnoan, Chromid, and Characin fishes ; and Pleurodire 
tortoises, are universal, and not, or very sparsely, found in the northern, 
Of other groups peculiar to the Southern or Equatorial regions, the 
Edentate mammalia belong to the Neotropical and Ethiopian ; the Osteo- 
glossid fishes to the Neotropical, Palaeotropical, and Australian ; while 
monkeys occur in the southern faunae, except the Australian, and in 
the Palaeotropical. The Ethiopian shares many peculiarities with the 


Northern. Thus, Insectivorous mammals, Viperine snakes, and Rani- — 


form frogs, are only found here in the southern hemisphere. 

The Neotropical realm only possesses exclusively the Platyrhine mon- 
keys and the great majority of the humming-birds. It shares with 
other Southern regions the Edentate and Tapiroid mammals; Struthi- 
ous, Pullastrine, and Clamatorial birds; Elapid snakes; Arciferous 
frogs; and Characin, Chromid, Osteoglossid, and Dipnoan fishes. It 
has but few types of the Northern regions; these are numerous pleuro- 
dont Lacertilia, the Acrodonts being entirely absent; and a few bears, | 
deer, and Oscine birds. 

The Ethiopian realm is that one which combines the prevalent features 


of the Palaearctic region with the southern-hemisphere types already — 


mentioned, together with some found elsewhere only in the Palaeotrop- 
ical, and a very few peculiar. The two latter classes not being men- 
tioned elsewhere, they may be here enumerated. This region shares, 
with the Indian alone, the Catarrhine monkeys, the Hlephantidae Rhi- — 
nocerotidae, and Chamaeleons. Its peculiar types are the Lemuridae, — | 
Hippopotamidae, and Cumeleopardalidae, anong mammals, and Polypter- 
idae and Mormyridae among fishes. 

The Northern realms of the earth agree in possessing all the earless 
seals; but most of its common characters are shared by India and 
Africa. With these regions they possess most all of the Ruminant and 
Insectivorous mammals, and all the Raniform frogs. The Palaearctic 
and Palaectropical are very much alike, and ought probably to be 
united. The latter differs in possessing monkeys, elephant, rhinoceros, 
and tapir, Hlapid serpents (cobras), and Osteoglossid fishes. In other 
respects, aS in mammalia generally, Oscine birds and fresh-water fishes, 
and reptiles generally, it agrees with Northern Asia and Europe. 

The Nearctic or North American realm is that with which we have 
here to do. It extends from the Arctic regions to a line drawn across 
Northern Mexico, and includes the peninsula of Lower California. It 
EA 


*“Eogaea” of Gill, characterized in his article “On the geographical distribution of 
Fishes”, in the “Annals and Magazine of Natural History” (4), xv, 255. ° 








ae 
eer 
ar 


ot 


agrees in many points with the northern fauna of the Old World, and 


has been united with it by some authors; but its peculiar types, and 


those which it shares with South America, are too numerous for such an 


arrangement. Its relations are exhibited in the following table : 





| 


Agrees with Palaearctic 
in— 


Differs from Palaearctic in— 











Peculiar forms. 








Neotropical forme. 





SBHIANI 11h PENOLA...) 02sec aoe o seas = eons Bassarididae. 
Procyonidae. 
Antilocapra . ..--..-.-- Megadermatidae. 
Mophitisi-esce-- oss Dicotyles. 
Didelphys. 
BESTE SUO DU 22 seianin= oes oie a anion sae aienincas Cathartidae. 
Tanagridae. 
Icteridae. 
Clamatores in general. 
Trochilidae. 
Meleagridae -...------- Odontophorinae. 
; Alligators. 
Amivid and Gerrhonotid lizards. 
Iguanid lizards. 
Emyd tortoises -....-... Chelydrasst—- sack ee Cinosternidae. 
Solenoglyph and Elapid venomous 
snakes. 
Raniform frogs . .--.-.-- Scaphiopodidae .... ..-- Arcifera. 
Plethodontidae. 
he Amblystomidae. 
 Diemyctylus. 
Megalobatrachus . ...... Trachystomata. 
Necturus. 
Amphiumidae. 
Percid fishes............ Aphredoderidae . ...-.- Siluridae. 
Cottidae. 
MORIN) 2 2 a Gals. Sues Hypsaeidae. 
Accipenseridae. 
Spatulariidae. 
Cyprinidae -............| Plagopterinae. 
Gasterosteidae. Catostomidae. 
Amiidae. 2 
| Lepidosteidae. 
Petromyzon. 





The special peculiarities of the Nearctic region are then chiefly seen 


in the Fishes and Batrachia. 


In Birds and Mammals, its prominent 


divergences from the northern regions of the Old World are seen in the 
numerous representatives of forms which are characteristically South 


58 


American. Of these, the birds offer many genera peculiar to North — 
America, while the few Mammalia are of Neotropical genera. The 


greatest resemblance between the North American and Palaearctic 
region is seen in the Mammalia. Around the Arctic regions as well as 


further south, several species, both of Mammalia and Birds, are _ 


identical. 


Among Mollusks there is also much resemblance. Anodonta, Unio, | 


and Succinea are common to both the nerthern faunae, but have no 
common species; all three greatly predominate in numbers in North 
America. The snails of the west coast are very European in character, 
but there are but few Pupae in the Regio Nearctica, and no Clausiliae, and 
Bulimus is represented by few species. 


Il.—NUMBER OF SPECIES. 


The numbers of the Vertebrata found in the Nearctic realm are nearly 


as follows: 





MAMMALIA: 

MONODETOMOLOS £ ozs os Sala Se swiclecs pee ee eee 0 
Marstpiauiecs® Masa e seme. ae ss ares Oe cera eeee 1 
MECN aie ® a cee es So aie oie eto te plea te tame 1 
ROdCNHE< o..2.. civ Sains heat se eek eee 139 
TNSCCUVOTA 6 a2 el tN oA Saale okie Hee eee 28 
CRPOpter GOs. os.s Sk bs Sedee oes ee bee 23 
COACH Sac nce ce iene ee Se ee ee hae 42 
SUOND esc Vee Soak e ee ee eee eee 2 
DEL UY COULCU: yen eo orn hol Mee Si eles evedey ae Sree 0 
Probvoscideg: 27 2 Bea ee eee Shicieskereee 0 
Perissodactyla ou Silos st le 2 eee 0 
erodes: Omnivora... 20. Saves ee ee eee if 
: Ruminantia. 2.2 055 s.06 4 see ee 14 
Pinnipedigssca8: 2 2.86 case eee Shi 

Carnivora 
Bissimpedta © oo. sje oo ce sees eee 46 
Brivmates.o. 96. 2% so Se ee eee uf 

AVES: 
O8CINGS oOo ibis cd ns a Ee eee 306 
Passeres 

Clamatoves (5.5. oa\u see wd see avalar: 33 
LYGOUGCY {2 oe va ian 5 eee So Le 36 


Syndaciyleo- koe tien go sities Shei ee tl Soe 20 


a 
- 
a 
5 
it 
(e: 
* 
i 
am 
‘i 


SN I AS HI AR ANE ELM 


310 — 














59 


AvES—Continued. 


PHU. Soca ces mere NVSM SAL sine Sets eyaie\oies dice saabe's i 
BAER TUNGM ht Paral tana state ee talota alah a acl cinta! odd cinie = dai viele 61 
REALASURGED NO He crit ae A Roe eat Ralde adc welll estes dicictdeete c 12 
CRU EIULO Ne ane > aleratalale) bee Sta 2 Ware Siete Baers Ma eee ys 22 
SES RUPE NMES Coe och decate Rin lota Oh Mejetetetlel al asta shale ce vial as's!s aie 0 
GrOUGe 2. soc ehr Erneta sietalantsiete manne aan sae e eerie cae 81 
ERINELMNOSULES ak sacle a eich Mae eee Ae ehaa a cease 49 
UCUANG POWER! 5 cra ho clashes doin Awe vindtcectaes Soe ae tee ets 13 
TCONGUBETINES S35 ane Mimic ier Nera etal aide: CONS ate asics aleve sae ol 
LU GODOMES: a4 Saati ta Su sud avr sale ed cals Facies daae.ge «chet 51 








| Reprints: 


ORG COGUIG) SE coo Setaiacwicielacia: rocks Gaia ia Saseveleaiare ea areas 2 
Testudinata ....- ge Lac Sy ee tas de wearer anal Sten a natian ba toe 41 
Lacertilia.....---. Bich age at afc te eV pote ape tee ve et oracha annie 82 
OONG See acs 3s anne sein ciate ate wilt oe wicie's a pte 132 





BATRACHIA : 








VARIES shoanf sa haya ata sore Po waccieter sare sie Stele Sioa Seles 48 

CROCE ae Sar ele is ee tS or Maat Nile /actra ls ayaa close 49 

GUID RODITAG core > face, Ts yherd Sok ee See eine eco iace axe 0 

EOE CU Re ers eran e rene ei a lalo waar aas acto ee ere ale 2 

PRP MCIUSTOUO LO atest MWe Meike oan cis cte Wey oo Se a ce wre 2 
PISCES : 

i PURATYNQOQNUGNY. «85 oe cree ois ee was 12 

e DOCU AA CALMS OE EOE DOE OR ee 0 

; DeseGes shook yahoo Dyson lene 178 

' | SU ICHTO DUC Ut sporti etal a ty Stee dict eranai ates 2 

: Percomorphi<, Epilasmia .......-.--- Pee eeu pte BS 18 

CUP MOONE TI tere Secon oo = nS hate, hisln clot 77 

IER POG OCR Sera as Satie Bra arabe a cane = s,s ons 3 

PAWUUCEL I EIDE Ott sea cert ches Mattos ye tne ota 36 

\ TA CTO GSONLUD oa > a he eee an ie ah) 22 

PSM TLOUTAL IR Me ae tae era cadr yo cisfein oy a td ope a bya 2 gine 30 

[ERECTA ae I BO EE REE Ee OREO 8 

LEE UOIGTYS OM aes SEG Ie Ment Ne ARS to Ag 20 

ETUC tence Aa to 2 ie aiah x 5) snk) 4 icra wicks iw S's) 8 ai~ = ic 

PEI ILE OUTIL GDh lats< Siete ohe-5 cto sins! ates ox ee ora tae 10 

rae CROMER Nice aie = WS ole ale as iar soln wis atm =m 13 


101 


PiscES—Continued. 








OPOME 5 oe ae oso oie neers eerste eee ree 34 
Tsospondylt . <5 5 ho 2 25 see 2 2 reulae'e setae een 70 
Plectospondylt.:\.--.00;- lene ost ene ati 150 
Scyphophori......--s00+-- +22 200- ee eeee = Joe eee 0. 
INEMAlLOGNALRY 2225-2, an eeteio ee sees Hee oie 27 
INOUUCONERG © Lee aie eee eran etaia tela ee) rene nae 0 
Glanenchelt: 2.2 22s oomteae aleteme «ete sel= la eee 0 
TeRGhiy OCCONG As. eter aye eye sialon oie yea a hahaha the. ate pea, 0 
Folostomis 223 335 see eet ep bee ee eee eee 0 
Tnchelycepiialt: <r tae fares eraieter-elerinte ere ee 2 
COlocephali Pe oa sa Sih ek, eee Bens, oe erento ene 3 
HM Aleoomorply..< 1. 22s. toe setinee eaee eee es eee 2 
Ginglymods oo oo ie Seete enw cdecs ie tice + oto ee 15 
Glaniostomics < 6.o.0 Fad SI ee see eh oe eee 30 
GLACHOSLONA. 22: ew Saw de eed ares eis ee eee it 
HOLOCEPRANL . Sec ehce Los ae Taller see? toa ee eee 2 
LAGIOSLONN os tant eee eee ole) holade ceeded ee 46 
TOD NOUS Stee 8 aig Sams Shay eat ase Ne cence ae ne 0 
516 
IDERMOPPERI « 2vele ice cides dee ooo eee ee eee eee ee 8 
DEP TOCARDEE 6315 2G 50 'te oe {ns 8 chaise Stele oe ee 1 
Total species of Vertebrata ................ |e brs, COs 


This number is considerably below the truth, as many of the fishes, 
both of the ocean and of the fresh waters, remain undescribed. 

It is more difficult to state the number of species of the inferior divis- 
ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 8,000 species of Cole- 
opterous insects have been discovered in the Nearctic region, and that 
this is probably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give 12,000 
species of this the most numerous order, and the Lepidoptera, Hymenop- 
tera, and Diptera will follow at no great distance. Probably 50,000 is 
below the mark as an estimate of the number of species of insects of this 
region. One thousand species are to be added for the remaining Arthro- 
poda—say, 200 Myriopoda, 400 Arachnida, and 400 Crustacea. Of worms 
of land and water there are numerous species, the greater proportion 
of which are not yet known to science. 

The number of the Mollusca and Molluscoida from the coasts and inte- 
rior of the North American region is about 1,824, of which only 400 are 
marine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes, 


pints, 


at 









ee? 
ae a 


ETE 


- 


are 


cnet cate saadan 











61 


and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed among 
the classes as follows: 


BORE EZ EAN OOD) Ate cites, tery ees rattan rg PA oy rn ea ect ans arco ga malaial whe ovis er: 25 
BREST RINIAN IAG os ohare Aer mee OS Rene sere Ne Cy chee eahs uta amie ociwie- ki ca 400 
Fresh-water...... fi a ht eB only iy (HR * 438 
PROSOBRANCHIATA ‘ i 
INEST Osteen 2 tele ee ede shee levaid cs eistever ae nite ee 297 
EEE HE COEIIA ere ee eae ala ce orale! Wa e cralels/ eens fa ties oratet 28 
POPISTHOBRANOHTATA GN. s Jolie occ yokes Se LS ee en ae a ape pkg 53 
ROP OTA Ke er shire as code wl ee ee ee Cceabre eas BLE Spore nti nae 25 
UAT ETS GST ETOT ae gai SPS SE AN pa ae 8 A 01 ae 4. 
Fresh-water.....-... Rape ee a SUES Oa 596 
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA ‘ aye 
Marines. Fie eres eae FOL 377 

MOLLUSCOIDA. 
Beer ENRO) POP WAL Ci 295i Meine Dealt Salk Oye oe aes CARL Seen as La 10 
BARS (iD) JOA eae ene DUE sis, era Ae Om earth ey Oe RC Pes me yey) BERENS a Pe 30 
PESESAYC COZ: ACT rset See yc Rs ete tiated boys ceed ANE Te ve ain T Stn Sree FU RES RU 39 


The remaining divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to 
number nearly as follows: 
ECHINODERMATA (123). 


East Inte- Weat 
coast. rior. coast. 


eres OP EMENTSIDIA he tec use tals ctow screens a .bts 2 ee ais .o2 VET ee 
SI MEDEICOTEVBYAU TS 290s Sraks cat sa Couatety: RID My ate sige SOM ULL iS 
SIEM OPTPRVAU. Fs «Sie techie es sla Garde nce aes teal rs x Diss S200 
PREVACID HVA eS Goon ee Re satis ceieate ae ieee. Seta Sn 17 ee sired 
COELENTERATA (144). 
MEDUSAE: 
HPS OPO wie aicto ela a atace) aires nr aloud ane wheats es SOP Ste ae 
DE ONOPMOEG at cars Sete ain a ated ways aieite a e.a : Oi imerndatar. (eee 
CTENOPHORA.....-. Perel euch ible Eat? ee Aine hh agate hee ee eee coe 
BeGW PE 2222 lS a e's Berea hat eRe eer neat el eo onan ay epee ace ka 
PV DROIDWA. = ..52.-.:. Osh tea ten Sheen Akt ty Sts: ep Dares 


The divisions of Protozoa are weil represented in our waters, but the 
numbers of our Spongiida, INFUSORIA and RHIZOPODA, have not yet 
been ascertained. 


III.—RELATIONS TO OTHER REALMS. 


It has been already remarked that several species of Vertebrata are 
common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, ete. Thus, the 


62 


wolf extends throughout the northern hemisphere; the same may be ‘ 
said of the fox, the ermine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not 
improbable that our buffalo (Bos americanus) is a variety only of the B. 
bison of the Old World, and that the grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) bears 
the same relation to the European brown bear (U. arctos). There are 
also certain corresponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox 
( Vulpes fulvus) is nearly related to the European fox (V. vulgaris), and 
the red squirrel (sciurus hudsonicus) to the S. vulgaris of Europe. The 
elk and moose (Cervus canadensis and Alces americanus) respectively 
answer to the C. elaphus and Alces europaeus. 

The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group (Cariacus) — 
mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm; while the species of the 
orders Rodentia and Insectivora are mostly of characteristically distinct 
species or higher groups. 

Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are the 
most characteristic of any continent, and here we find in North America 
the greatest number of species, genera, and families of birds which 
differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal- 
lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but in limited numbers; while the genera 
of finches are mostly distinct, and the vireos, tanagers, wood-warblers, 
Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the bulk of our avifauna, do 
not exist in the Old World. On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers, 
and warblers are absent from North America. ; 

As we direct our observation to birds of extended flight, as the 
Accipitres and water-birds, cases of identity of species of opposite con- 
tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to 
the northern regions. The marsh-hawk (Circus cyaneus), peregrine 
falcon, fish-hawk, and golden eagle are examples among Falconidae. 
Among Owls, the cases are still more numerous; such are Nyctea nivea, 
Surnia ulula, Otus brachyotus, Strix flammea. Some of these present 
geographical varieties. Corresponding species are common here, é. g., 
the American— 


Haliaétus leucocephalus to H. albicilla of Europe ; 
Buteo swainsonii to B. vulgaris ; 
Falco sparverius to F. tinnunculus ; 
Falco columbarius to F. aesalon ; 
Bubo virginianus to B. maximus ; 
Otus vilsonianus to O. vulgaris 5 
etc., ete. 








63 


The Nearctic realm possesses a peculiar family, the Cathartidae 
(turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has no vultures 
properly so-called. 

There are several wading-birds common to the two continents; and 
cases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still 
more numerous. The Gallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct, 
though not without a few corresponding species. 

Among lower Vertebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one 
| frog (Rana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water, 
the northern pike (EHsox lucius). The numerous tortoises of North 
America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the 
western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal 
' life as the corresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Ohelydra is 
peculiarly North American, and the Cinosternidae are Mexican in 
character. 

The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor 
differences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all 
of Neotropical families, except the scines (Humeces), which are found 
elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all 
peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo- 
tropical, Mexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a 
correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows: The Nearctic— 


Teiidae to Lacertidae ; 
Gerrhonotidae to Zonuridae ; 
Iguanidae to Agamidae. 


The Batrachia present relations to the Europeo- Asiatic fauna in the 
Species of one genus (Rana) of frogs, and one genus (Notophthalmus) 
of salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachian fauna is 
highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Hyla (tree-frogs) exists in 
numerous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs 
(Scaphiopidae) are nearly all peculiar to this fauna. The toads are 
of a peculiar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Bufo. The 
salamanders present the greatest peculiarities. The large family of 
Plethodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial; while 
the genera Desmognathus and Amblystoma, each alone in its family, 
present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire- 
dons, or larval Amblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their 
metamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining 
unchanged. 


64 

As permanent gill-bearing Batrachia, Necturus represents the Palae- 
arctic Proteus, and Siren is quite peculiar to North America. The 
Amphiuma, or snakelike Batrachia, calls to mind the similar extinet 
forms of the Coal-Measures ; while Protonopsis is represented by living 
species in Eastern Asia, and by a fossil genus in the Miocene of Ger- 
many. 

The marine fishes embrace some species which range both coasts 
of the North Atlantic. Such are the salmon, the haddock, the mackerel, 
ete., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on 
the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet (Mugil albula) isa | 
valued food-fish, and is caught and packed in great numbers. The 
fishes of the Pacific coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantic, 
except a few circumpolar forms, as Gasterosteus aculeatus ; but several 
(as Gadus vachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the 
warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others 
exist which have a great range over several seas, noticeable among 
which are certain species of Plectognathi, particularly of Diodon, Ba- 
listes, ete. 

The fresh-water fishes embrace many families characteristic of the 
northern hemisphere, as the cods (Gadidae), Percidae or perch, the scul- 
pins (Cottidae), pike (Hsocidae), chubs (Cyprinidae), the saimon, and 
herring, eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the catfishes, the 
region reminds us of the tropical and southern regions; though it isa 
singular fact that one of our genera (Amiurus) is represented by single 
species in China. 

The suckers (Catostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all 
fresh waters; but here, again, a single species (Curpiodes sinensis) has 
peen detected in China. This is paralleled by the genus Polyodon (pad- 
dle-fish), of which one species is found in the Mississippi Valley, and 
one in the Yang-tse-kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Neare- 
tic waters is the presence of the family of Lepidosteidae, or bony gars, 
which is represented by two genera and numerous species. No form at 
all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting again one 
species in China, and one other which is found in the adjoining Neotrop- 
ical region. Not less peculiar are the species of dog-fish (A mia), type.ot 
the order Halecomorphi, which have some remote affinities with South 
American forms, 

The relations to the Neotropical realm are in part indicated in the 
table on page 57. But few species are common to the Nearetic and 





6 


qn 


| Southern Neotropical realms. But one mammal (the cougar, Felis con- 
_ color), and no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, extend into 
| Brazil ; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both 
realms. These are mostly waders, as follows: 


Rallus crepitans. 
Limosa fedoa. 

Tryngites rufescens. 
Actiturus bartramius. 
Heteroscelus brevipes. 
Symphemia semipalnata. 
HBreunetes petrificatus. 
Aegialitis vilsonius. 
Nyctherodius violaceus. 


_ Yo these must be added the turkey-vulture, Cathartes aura. Then 
| certain marine birds and a few fishes extend along the coasts of both 
| regions, but their number is comparatively small. 

_ The number of species of the Nearctic realm which occur in the Mex- 
ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples 
of mammals, and several species of wood-warblers, vireos, and hawks 
represent the birds as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The only 
reptiles are the snapping-tortoise and the ringed snake Ophibolus dolia- 
| tus ; the only batrachian is the Rana halecina berlandieri. A few other 
Species, as Hutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same 
"region. 

Inthe higher groups of the genus and family, we have greater com- 
_Munity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batrachia and 
| Reptilia extend to its Brazilian region, but there are a few common 








genera of Mammalia (Mephitis, Procyon, Ursus, Sciurus, Hesperomys, and 
' Didelphys), and a number of birds, especially among’ the lower orders, and 


he number of genera which enter Mexico and Central America is much 


greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, and 


| batrachians, as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds. 


66 


MAMMALIA. 
Lyne. 
Urocyon. 
Putorius. 
Bassaris. 
Geomys. 
Thomomys. 
Ochetodon. 
Arvicola. 
Neotoma. 
Sigmodon. 
Cariacus. 
Antilocapra. 


REPTILIA. 


Crotalus. 
Candisona. 
Ancistrodon. 
Tropidoclonium. 
Tropidonotus. 
Eutaenia. 
Trimorphodon. 
Hypsiglena. 
Ophibolus. 
Phimothyra. 
Pityophis. 
Coluber. 
Taatilla. 
Chilomeniscus. 
Cinosternum. 
Chelydra. 
Pseudemys. 
Chelopus. 
Sceloporus. 
Phrynosoma. 
Heloderma. 
Barissia. 
Gerrhonotus. 
Oligosoma. 
Eumeces. 
Cnemidophorus. 





67 
BATRACHIA. 


Amblystoma. 
Spelerpes. 
Spea. 

Rana. 


Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. They are 
Girardinus, Gambusia, Haplochilus, and Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae, 
and Atractosteus of the bony gars. The southward distribution of the 
above genera terminates at various points; but those which belong to 
the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly 
confined to the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with 
a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic, 
which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject 
will be considered in a subsequent paper. 

In comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region. of the 
Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the 
Reptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the Anolis prin- 
cipalis, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, ‘and 
there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of 
_ Florida. The Anolis is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in 
_ the Nearctic realm which occurs in the West Indian region. The West 
Indian genus Dromicus is represented by one species, a rare snake from 
the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no community of 
species and none of genera, excepting in the case of the cosmopolitan 
genera Bufo and Hyla. 





IV.—THE REGIONS. 


We may now consider the variations exhibited by the component 
parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six 
principal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian, 
_ Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro- 
| riparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the 
isothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Va., and occupies a 
belt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes 
‘south of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the Mis- 
Sissippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis- 
sippi, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the 
high lands of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Rio Grande. 





















a 
XH 


The Eastern is the most extended, reaching from the isothermal line of 
77° BF. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west i | 
of the Mississippi River. Many of its forms extend up the bottoms of | 
the rivers which flow to the eastward through “The Plains.” The Cen- | 
tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the- 
Sierra Nevada, and south on the mountains of Nevada, and along the 
mountains of New Mexico. The Sonoran includes parts of Nevada, New 
Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora in Mexico. It does not cross the Sierra 
Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower 
California. It sends a belt northward on the east side of the Sierra 
Nevada as far as, including Owen’s Valley in Eastern California, latitude 
37°, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies — 
the lower valley of the Rio Grande, and extends into Texas as far as 
the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in Western 
Mexico as far as Mazatlan. The Lower Californian region occupies the 
peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego. | 
The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions” 
included in Eastern North America differ from all the others in the : 
abundance of their turtles and the small number of their lizards. 
Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar- | 
riers. Hence, though its species present great varieties in extent of | 
range, it is not divided into districts which are very sharply defined. : 
The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than _ 
the cooler; and as we advance northward many species disappear, while — 
a few others are added. The natural division of the eastern part of the | 
continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which | 
traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have | 
been proposed, viz: The Carolinian; the Alleghanian; the Canadian ; 
and the Hudsonian. | 
The Austroriparian region includes the Floridan, Louisianian, and | 
Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of reptiles not 
found elsewhere, while the region north of it possesses none, its genera 
being distributed over some or all of the remaining regions. The num- | 
ber of peculiar species in all departments of animal life is large. 
It presents the greatest development of the eastern reptile life. Six- | 
teen genera of Reptiles and eight of Batrachia do not range to the | 
northward, while ninety-nine species are restricted in the same manner. 
The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area are— 


69 
LIZARDS. 


Anolis. 
Oligosoma. 


SNAKES. 


Haldea. 
Cemophora. 
Tantilla. 
Spilotes. 
Abastor. 
Farancia. 
TORTOISES. 


Macrochelys. 


CROCODILES. 
Alligator. 
BATRACHIA. 


Engystoma. 
Manculus. 
Stereochilus. 
Muraenopsis. 
Siren. 







MANE Re ATT ES 


I have omitted from this list ten genera which are restricted to one or 
b. other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Anolis 
(chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char- 
_ acteristic genera. No genus of lizards is peculiar excepting Anolis and 
| Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the 
Nearctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of Neotropical char- 
‘ cter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as 
the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re- 
gions; such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Elaps 
(also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celuta, Virginia, Haldea, and 
| Storeria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern 
 Tegion. 

_ This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the 
- tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found 
here, especially of Hyla (tree-toads), Rana, and Chorophilus. 












Zz. 


, 70 


There are no less than nine genera cf birds which do not, or only — 
aceidentally, range northward of this district. They are— . 
Piotus. 
Tantalus. 
Platalea. 
Hlanus. 
Ictinia. 
Conurus. 
Chamaepelia. 
Campephilus. 
Helmitherus. 
All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or ; 
farther. 
Among mammals, but few species and one genus (Sigmodon) are 
confined to it. Lepus aquaticus and L. palustris, the cotton-rat, the 4 
Florida Neotoma, ete., and a few others, are restricted by it. The fish- Ly 
fauna is very similar to that of the Eastern region, under which it~ 





will be considered. 
The Fastern region differs from the Austroriparian almost entirely 


in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities by which it © 
is so widely separated from the Central region. No genus of mam-_ 
mais is found in it which does not range into the Central or other — 
region, excepting Condylura (star-nosed mole); but numerous species — 
are confined to it, not extending into the Austroriparian. These number. : 
from twenty totwenty-five. Among birds, the following genera are shared — 
with the more southern region only: Quiscalus, Seiurus, Oporornis,) 
Helmitherus, Protonotaria, Parula, Mniotilta, Ortyx. No genus of Rep-_ 
tiles, and but one of Batrachians (Gyrinophilus), is confined to this’ | 
region; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It 
has but three genera of lizards, viz, Cremidophorus, Humeces, and Scelo- 
porus, which are universally Nearctic. The Batrachian genera not found 


in the Central are— 
Scaphiopus. 


Tyrinophilus. , 

Spelerpes. j 
Plethodon. . c 
Hemidactylium. 
Desmatognathus. 
Menopoma. 
Necturas. 





71 


The characteristics of the fish-fauna of Eastern Nearctica are much 
more marked; two entire orders, represented by the gar (Ginglymodi) 
and dog-fish (Halecomorphi), are confined to it, and a series of genera of 
Percidae, embracing many species, known as Htheostominae, have the 
same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority 
of the genera of Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions, 
the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow- 
ing rivers and streams which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or 
paddle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.* 

The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests, 
as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each 
peculiar in its vegetation : the division of the plains, which extends from 
the eastern border to the Rocky Mountains; and the Rocky Mountain 
region itself, which extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered 
with grass, and is almost totally treeless; the latter is covered with ‘‘sage- 
brush” (Artemisia), a short stout bush, which forms extensive areas of tree- 
less brush. The grass-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it 
formerly sought also the tracts of grass occasionally found among the 
Artemisia. The region, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern 
by the possession of several genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, 7. e., An- 
tilocapra, Haplocerus, and Ovis, as well as certain species of the same group, 
i. e., Cariacus macrotis (black-tailed deer) and C. leucurus. Other genera 


_ of mammals which distinguish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Cynomys, 








Spermophilus, Dipodomys, Perognathus, and Lagomys.. A few species 
of Spermophilus extend into the northwestern portion of the Eastern ; 
while the extensive genus Geomys (the subterranean gophers) range 
over the Central subregion, and into the Western and Gulf States 
the Austroriparian as far as the Savannah River. A great many species 
of birds are peculiar to the Central region, and the following genera : 

Oroscoptes. 

Hydrobata. 

Myiadestes. 

Neocorys. 

Salpinctes. 

Picicorvus. 

Chondestes. 

Calamospiza. 

Embernagra. 

Centrocercus. 

Pedioecetes. 











* Excepting the course of the Mississippi, and perhaps the Rio Grande. 


72 


The game-birds of the Central region are larger than those of the — 
Eastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrocercus urophasianus ; the Pedi- : 
oecetes phasianellus, or cock of the plains; the Tetrao obscurus; several — 
ptarmigan (Lagopus) ; and Bonasa; the last three Palaearctic genera 


also. 
The reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are especially rare. 


Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern district, it e } 


adds Phrynosoma, Crotaphytus, and Holbrookia. Among snakes, no 


genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and Llaps are wanting. There is 


but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batrachians are few; 
most of the genera of Anura are found, except Hyla. Among sala- 
manders, the only genus is Amblystoma; but this is abundant, its large 
larvae developing in the temporary pools of many arid regions. The 
burrowing-frog, Spea bombifrons, ranges the same region, and breeds in 
much the same way. No genus of Batrachians or Reptiles is peculiar 
to the Central region. 

Fishes are few in families and species, largely in consequence of the 
poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In the Western Colorado 
and the Humboldt, perch, pike, Siluridae, herring, cod, eels, gar, dog- 
fish, and sturgeon are entirely wanting. Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Sal- 
monidac, and Cottidae are the only families abundant in individuals and 
species. The same remarks apply in great part to the Columbia River, 
where, however, the Salmonidae have a great development. These sal- 
mon are principally marine species, which ascend the river to deposit 
their spawn. They belong to many species, all peculiar to the region, 
and embrace incredible numbers of individuals. 

The Pacific region is nearly related to the Central, and, as it con- 
sists of only the narrow district west of the Sierra Nevada, might be 
regarded as a subdivision of it. It, however, lacks the mammalian 
genera Bos and Antilocapra, and possesses certain peculiar genera of 
birds, as Geococcyx (ground-cuckoo or chaparral-cock), Chamaea, and 
Oreortyx (mountain-partridge). Of marine mammalia, there are several 
peculiar types, as the eared seals (Otariidae) and sea-otter (Enhydra). 
There are some genera of reptiles, e. g., Charina, related to the Boas, 
Lodia, Aniella, Gerrhonotus, and Xantusia, which do not occur in the 
Central subregion. There are three characteristic genera of Batrachia, 
all salamanders. viz, Anaides, Batrachoseps, and Dicamptodon; while the 
Eastern genera Plethodon and Diemyctylus re-appear after skipping the 
entire Central district. The other types of Eastern Anura are found 
here, there being two species of Hyla. 


“a 
a) 





73 


A single species of tortoise (Chelopus marmoratus) exists in the Pacifie 
‘ region. 
The fresh-water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district in 

being poor in types. It adds the viviparous Pharyngognathi of the fam- 
| ily of Embiotocidae, which is represented by a number of species. The 

marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great number 
of species of Salmo and Sebastes and the variety of types of Cottidae. In 
_ its northern regions, the genus Chirus and allies have their peculiar hab- 
 itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Cottus) exists on the same 
coast, and several valuable species of cods (Gadus auratus, G. periscopus, 
| and Brachygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong 
| especially to the northern coasts. 
The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de- 
_Scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found 
in the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals 
than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are 
_ different from those of the Central ; such are Callipep!a (partridge), Cich- 
I lopsis, Mitrephorus (Tyrannidae), Campylorhynchus, and Geococcyx. Most 
of these genera occur in Mexico, and the last-named in California also. 
_ Itisin Reptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The 
_ following genera are not found in any of the other regions described : 


LIZARDS. 


Heloderma. 
Sauromalus. 
Uma. 
Coleonyx. 


SERPENTS. 


Gyalopium. 
Chionactis. 
Sonora. 
Rhinochilus. 
Chilopoma. 


Right other genera of Reptilia are peculiar to this fauna and that of the 
Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder- - 
ma, Coleonyx, and allies of Gyalopium of the above list are more largely 
developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the Neo- 
tropical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran 





74 


region is characterized by a peculiar structure of the rostral plate, which , 
is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree; two of — 
the genera (Phimothyra and Chilomeniscus), common to the Lower Cali- | 
fornian region, present the same peculiarity. > 
This region is the headquarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no 
jess than nine species found in it, of which six are peculiar. It also 
possesses a majority of the species of horned toads (Phrynosoma) ; only 
four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu- — 
dinate fauna is very poor, possessing a few species of Nearctic charac- 
ter, and three Cinosterna, two of them of Mexican type. : 
The Batrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Urodela, but several ; 
of the Anura. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one Rana, 
bat six species of toad (Bufo), this being the headquarters of that genus 
in the Regnum Nearcticum. The eastern genus Scaphiopus appears here, 








instead of the Spea of the other western regions. There is one species — 
of tree-frog. i | 
Two species of turtles of the Cinosternidce have been found. The ‘ 
fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo- 
rado River proper, the Salmonidae and Cottidae appear to be wanting, : | 
leaving only Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. A strongly-marked division | 
of the former, the Plagopterinae, which embraces three genera, is mainly : | 
restricted to the Colorado River drainage, and is the most striking feature F ! 
of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region. i | 
The Lower Californian region much more nearly resembles the Sonoran — } 
than the Pacific region. It possesses, however, many peculiar species st 
of birds and reptiles. Scines appear to be wanting, but other lizards | 
abound. The following genera of reptiles have been found here, which 
do not occur in any other region of Nearctica: i 
LIZARDS. 
Verticaria. 
Diplodactylus. 
Cyclura. 


SNAKES. 
- Lichanura. 


These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America. _ 
It shares with the Sonoran only, the following: q 





15 


LIZARDS. 


Dipsosaurus. 
Callésaurus. 
Uta. 
Phyllodactylus. 


SNAKES. 

Trimorphodon. 

Hypsiglena. 

Phimothyra. 

Chilomeniscus. 
These genera constitute the most characteristic feature of the two 
faunae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho- 
don, Hypsiglena, and Phyllodactylus are well represented in Mexico. 

Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Hyla, Scaphiopus, and 
Bufo, but, on the other hand, Plethodon, as in the Pacific and Eastern. 
Of the fresh-water fish-fauna, nothing is known; the streams are few 
and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary 
of California. 

Among the Invertebrata, the Mollusca present facts of distribution 
similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata. 
Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Pacific districts are plainly 


marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are 


entirely confined the Streptopomatidae and the great majority of the 
Unionidae, which together constitute more than two-thirds the species 


of the Nearctic realm. Of land-shells, the great series of toothed snails 





(Mesodontinae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con- 
fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the 
group of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina and Hygromia. The 
Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects 
Mollusea, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific 
region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of 
the four hundred land-shells described from the Regnum Nearcticum be- 
long to the western coast. Among snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and 
Polymita are represented by handsome species. Macrocyclis and Bin. 
neya belong especially to this region. 

As is to be supposed, the Insects indicate a greater number of subdi- 
visions than the other animals. The fresh-water Crustacea have been but 
sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution 3 
thus Cambarus (craw-fish) and Artemia are found everywhere where 
physical conditions are suitable. 








76 
V.—THE AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION, 


V2. Reptiles whose distribution corresponds with the area of the 
Austroriparian region—24 : 


Trachystomata. 


Siren lacertina. 
Anura. 


Engystoma carolinense. 
Acris gryllus gryllus. 
Hyla squirella. 
Hyla carolinensis. 
Ophidia. 


Caudisona miliaria. 
Ancistrodon piscivorus. 





Elaps fulvius. 

Haldea striatula. 

Farancia abacura. 
Cemophora coccinea. 
Ophibolus doliatus coccineus. 
Coluber obsoletus confinis. 
Coluber guttatus. 
Tropidonotus fasciatus. 


Lacertilia. 
Oligosoma laterale. 
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus. 


Opheosaurus ventralis. 
Anolis principalis. 





Testudinata. 


Macrochelys lacertina (except Atlantic slope). 
Pseudemys mobiliensis (except Atlantic slope). 
Pseudemys concinna. 

Testudo carolina. 


Crocodilia. 
Alligator mississippiensis. 


As aleady remarked, this fauna is composed of the Floridan, Louis- 
ianian, and Texan districts. 











} « 


ar e— 


oe 


The Floridan district contains either peculiar species of animals, or 
those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic 
 pirds are chiefly of the latter character, but among reptiles the follow- 
_ ing are confined to it: 


V». Species confined to the Floridan district of the above—18: 


Urodela. 
Manculus remifer. 


Anura. 
Hyla gratiosa. 
Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas). 
Rana areolata capito. 


Ophidia. 
Elaps distans (Sonoran also). 
Contia pygaea. 
Eutaenia sackenii. 
Tropidonotus compsolaemus. : 
Tropidonotus compressicaudus. 
Tropidonotus ustus. 
Tropidonotus cyclopium. 
Helicops allenii. 


Lacertilia. 
Rhineura floridana. 
Eumeces egregius. 
Eumeces onocrepis. 
Sceloporus floridanus. 
Sphaerodactylus notatus (Cuba). 
Crocodilia. 


Crocodilus americanus (Cuba). 


Of the above, the species of Crocodilus, Sphaerodactylus, and Litho 
dytes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the above 
list which are peculiar to the Floridan district of the Nearctic fauna 


Lithodytes. 
Helicops. 
Rhineira. 
Sphaerodactylus. 





78 id 


A venomous snake, the Elaps distans, is common to tkis district and _ | 
the Sonoran fauna. ek 

Some small mammals are confined to this region also. The genera of 
birds that do not range north of it are— 


Certhiola. 

Zenaeda 

Oreopelia \ Pigeons. 
Starnaenas | 
Rostrhamus Raptores. 
Polyborus | 

Anam . 2 Waders. 
Audubonia 
Phoenicopterus. 
Haliplana Teas: 
Anois 


The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa- 
rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of — 
Mammalia, the genera Alces, Mustela, Jaculus, Arctomys, Fiber, and Condy- 
lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit, 
etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, ivory-billed wood- 
pecker, parrakeet, etc., while its laps fulvius, or coral-snake, is one of the 
most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also 
confined to it, viz, Caudisona adamantea, and the well-known moccasin 
Ancistrodon piscivorus does not range outside of its boundaries. A 
species of the West Indian Dromicus (serpents) has been found on the 
Atlantic coast. 





V°. Species confined to the Louisianian district—36: (E confined to 
the Eastern portion; W to the Western, as far as known). 


Trachystomata. 
Pseudobranchus striatus. E. 
Proteida. 
Necturus punctatus. E. 
Urodela. 


Amphiuma means. 
Muraenopsis tridactyla. W. 
Amblystoma talpoideum. E. 
Amblystoma cingulatum. E. 


79 ‘ 


Stereochilus marginatum. E. 
Manculus quadridigitatus. E, 
Spelerpes guttolineatus. E. 


Anura. 


Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus. 
Bufo quercicus. 

Chorophilus nigritus. 
Chorophilus angulatus. 
Chorophilus oculatus. 
Chorophilus ornatus. 


Ophidia. 


Crotalus adamanteus adamanteus. 
Virginia harperti. 

Virginia elegans. W. 

Tantilla coronata. 

Abastor erythrogrammus. 

Osceola elapsoidea. E., 

Ophibolus rhombomaculatus. 

Coluber quadrivittatus. EE. 

Spilotes couperii. E. 

Bascanium flagelliforme flagelliforme. E. 
Bascanium anthicum. W. | 
Tropidonotus taxispilotus. 

Heterodon simus simus. - 


Testudinata. 


Aspidonectes asper. W. 
Aspidonectes ferox. 

Aromochelys carinatus. 

Pseudemys hieroglyphica. (?) 
Pseudemys scabra. 

Chrysemys reticulata. 

Cistudo clausa triunguis. (Penna.) 


A number of the genera of the above catalogue are not yet known to 
extend their range into the Floridan or Texan districts, as follows : 
Pseudobranchus. 
Muraenopsis. 
Virginia. 
Abastor. 
Osceola. 








| 


80 


The genus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether 
within the Texan district is not certain, as the line separating the latter 


‘from the Louisianian district is not well known. The Spelerpes multi- 


plicatus, a rare salamander from Western Arkansas, is in the same way, — 
of uncertain reference. 


The species of the following list have a peculiar range, some of them 


(marked E) extending beyond the borcers of the Austroriparian region — 
Ve, Species which range along the Mississippi Valley and not east- 


ward of it—13: 
Urodela. 


Amblystoma microstomum (E.). 


Ophidia. 
Carphophiops helenae. 
Virginia elegans. 
Ophibolus calligaster (E.). 
Coluber emoryi (E.). 
Eutaenia faireyi (E.). 
Eutaenia proxima. 
Tropidonotus grahamii (E.). 
Tropidonotus rhombifer. 


Testudinata. 


Macrochelys lacertina. 

Psendemys troostii. 

Malacoclemmys geographiea (E.). 
Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.). 


The Teran district of the Austroriparian region is not the range of 
any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the 


Louisianian district, many of which are represented by correspond- 
ing and peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be 


enumerated, besides a salamander and a toad. Several species of mam- 
mals are also peculiar to it, 7. e., five rodents and two skunks. Of birds, 
three appear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Ortyx teranus, Vireo — 
atricapillus, and Milvulus forficatus. Many Mexican birds are found on | 
the Rio Grande, while a few enter Texas to a greater distance, as Icterus 
parisorum. The high northwestern regions of the State should be 
assigned to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two partridges 
(Callipepla squamata and Cyrtonyx massena) and the tinch (Peucaee { 
cassinii), . 











81 
Several genera of mammals, birds, aud reptiles exist in the Texan 
region, which constitute its chief claim for distinction from the Louis- 
ianian ; these are— 
MAMMALS. 
Dicotyles (Nt.). 
Bassaris (P. Nt.). 


BIRDS. 
Geococcyx (P.58.). 


REPTILES. 


Holbrookia (C.8.). 
Phrynosoma (C. 8. P.). 
Stenostoma (Nt. P.). 


None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the 
Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran; and (Nt.) the Neotropical 
region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan 
district, viz, the jaguar and the peccary. 

V*. Species confined to the Texan district—21 : 

Caducibranchiata. 

Amblystoma texanum. 

Anura. 
Bufo valliceps (also Mexico). 
Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii. 
Hyla carolinensis semifasciata. 
Rana areolata areolata. 

Ophidia. 
Crotalus adamanteus atrox. 
Ancistrodon piscivorus pugnax. 
Elaps fulvius tener. 
Tantilla gracilis. 
Tantilla hallowellii. 
Tantilla nigriceps. 
Contia episcopa. 
Ophibolus doliatus annulatus. 
Diadophis punctatus stictogenys. 
Coluber iindheimerii. 








82 q 


Eutaenia marciana (extends W.). 
Tropidonotus clarkii. 
Tropidonotus sipedon woodhousei. 


Lacertilia. 


Holbrookia texana. 
Phrynosoma cornutum. 


Testudinata. 


Aspidonectes emoryi. 


VI.—THE EASTERN REGION. 


















This fauna presents four districts, viz, the Carolinian; the Alleghe — | 
nian; the Canadian; and the Hudsonian. These are distinguished by _ 
the ranges of mammals and reptiles, and the breeding-places of birds. i | 
The Carolinian fauna extends in a belt norto of the Louisianian, and — 
south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend 
from Long Island, south of the hill-region of New Jersey, to the south. 
eastern corner of Pennsylvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide 
belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central North Carolina, and 
then narrows very much in passing round south of the Alleghenies of 
Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, the greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and _ 
the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin | 
and Minnesota, all of Iowa, and the greater part of Missouri. The _ 
Alleghanian embraces the States north of the line just described, 
excepting the regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now 
describe. This includes Northern Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, 
with the Green Mountains; the Adirondacks and summits of the Alleg- 
hany Mountains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada East and north 
of the lakes. The Hudsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal 
of 50°. It has great extent west of Hudson’s Bay, and is narrowed 
southeastward to Newfoundland. 


VI®. Species peculiar to the Eastern region—34: 
Proteida. 
Necturus lateralis. 


Caducibranchiata. 


Menopoma fuseum. 
Amblystoma bicolor. 











83 


Amblystoma xiphias. 
Amblystoma jeffersonianum. 
Spelerpes ruber montanus. 
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. 
Desmognathus ochrophaea. 
Desmognathus fusca fusea. 
Desmognathus nigra. 


Anura. 


Bufo americanus fowlerii. 
Chorophilus triseriatus corporalis. 
Hyla pickeringii. 

Rana palustris. 

Rana temporaria silvatica. 

Rana temporaria cantabrigensis 
Rana septentrionalis (nearly). 


Ophidia. 


Caudisona tergemina. 

Virginia valeriae. 

Ophibolus doliatus triangulum. 
Cyclophis vernalis (rare south). 
Coluber vulpinus. 

Pityophis sayi sayi. 

Storeria occipitomaculata. 
Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata. 
Tropidoclonium kirtlandii. 


Lacertilia. 


Eumeces anthracinus. 


Testudinata. 


Aspidonectes spinifer. 
Amyda mutica. 
Pseudemys rugosa. 
Chelopus guttatus. 
Chelopus muhlenbergii. 
Chelopus inseulptus. 
Emys meleagris. 


The Carolinian fauna 1s not so marked among reptiles as among birds. 
One genus of the former, Cnremidophorus (swift lizard), does not range 
north of it, with the genera Virginia, Cyclophis, Haldea, and Pityophis 


among serpents. Species contined in their northern range by the same 


limit are— 


Genera of birds restricted in the same way are— 


The Alleghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species : 
of Reptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do 
not extend north of it are the following: 


Ophibolus doliatus doliatus. 
Ophibolus getulus. 

Tropidonotus sipedon erythrogaster. 
Pseudemys rugosa. 

Malacoclemmys palustris. 

Hyla andersonii. 


84 





Guiraca. 
Helmitherus. 
Mimus. 
Polioptila. 
Gallinula. 
Herodias. 
Florida. 
Himantopus. 
Recurvirostra. 


LIZARDS. 


Sceloporus. 
Humeces. 


SNAKES. 


Carphophiops. 
Coluber. 
Cyclophis. 
Tropidonotus. 
Ophibolus. 
Heterodon. 
Caudisona. 
Crotalus. 
Ancistrodon. 


85 


BATRACHIA. 

Chorophilus. 

Hyla. 

Hemidactylium. 

Desmognathus. 

Menbpoma. 

Necturus. 
The species thus restricted number twenty-six. The genera of birds 
which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are-— 
Sialia. 
Vireo. 
Pyranga. 
Harporhynchus. 
Troglodytes. 
Cyanospiza. 
Pipilo. 
Ammodromus. 
Sturnella. 
leterus. 
Zenaedura. 
Cupidonia. 
Ortyx. 
Meleagris. 
Ardetta. 
Rallus. 
The catamount, red-squirrel, jumping-mouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed 
_ mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna. 
, The Canadian fauna is distinguished for its few reptiles (there being 
_ only seven species) and Batrachia, as follows : 





TORTOISES. 
Chelydra serpentina. 
Chelopus insculptus. 
Chrysemys picta. 

SNAKES. 
Bascanium constrictor. 
Eutaenia sirtalis. 
Diadophis punctatus. 
Storeria occipitomaculata. 








86 


FROGS. 


Rana temporaria cantabrigensis. 
Rana septentrionalis. 


SALAMANDERS. 


Desmognathus ochrophaea. 
Desmognathus nigra. 
Spelerpes ruber. 
Spelerpes bilineatus. 
+ Spelerpes longicauda. 
This fauna extends south along the crests of the Alleghenies, where 
we find the catamount, snow-bird, red-squirrel, and brook-trout (Salmo 
fontinalis), and Desmognathus ochrophaea, as far as Georgia. 
Several mammals are restricted in northward range by the boundary 
of this fauna; such are the buffalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-cat, panther, 
star-nosed mole, etc.; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do 
not range, according to J. A. Allen, south of it. 
VI*. Species confined to the Canadian district, or nearly so: 


Urodeia. 


Amblystoma jeffersonianum laterale. 


Anura. 


Bufo lentiginosus fowlerii. 
Rana septentrionalis. 
Rana temporaria cantabrigensis. 
In the Hudsonian district there are no reptiles, and the fresh waters 
begin to present various new species of Salmo and Coregonus (trout and 
white-fish). The catamount, fisher, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel, 
ground-hog, ete., do not range north of it. The following singing-birds 


breed there: 
Anthus ludovicianus. 


Saxicola oenanthe. 
Ampelis garrula. 
Aegiothus linaria. 
Plectrophanes lapponica. 
Plectrophanes nivalis. 
Plectrophanes picta. 
Leucosticte tephrocotis. 


: | 
The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe. — 
Numerous waders and swimming-birds breed in this region, the whole | 








87 

number being thirty-six; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander 
north of it. To this category many.of the common species of the Mid- 
dle States belong. 

North of this the species of vertebrates are circumpolar or arctic. 

The ichthyological fauna of the two Eastern subregions remains to 
be considered. For the present, they will be united, though the distri- 
bution of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con- 
trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the 
seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle 
in view, we may revert briefly to this distribution over this district of 
the Nearctic region. This large area is characterized by the distribution 
of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as yet exam- 
ined—those of Semotilus, Ceratichthys, Hypsilepis, Catostomus, ete., or 
by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations; and by 
the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in 
its different portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi 
constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari- 
ations presented by the Atlantic-coast streams might be regarded as 
exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of 
both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (1), which belongs to the Lake 
region, which, in the district, commences at latitude 42° and extends to 
the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity 
of the Atlantic subdistrict (IL) may be said to be the abundance of Hsox, 
Salmo, and Anguilla, and the absence of Haploidonotus. The first two 
are abundant in the Lake region, while Anguilla and Haploidonotus have 
but a partial distribution there. In (III), the Mississippi basin, Hsow is 
represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Salme 
occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists 
in the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in 
those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in 
those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is 
especially characterized by the paddle-fish (Spatularia or Polyodon), the 
Shovel-sturgeon (Scaphirhynchops), and the alligator-gar (Atractosteus) ; 
also by the buffalo (Bubalichthys), the Cycleptus, etc., among suckers, 
and the fork-tailed catfish (Ichthaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Hap- 
loidonotus is the characteristic genus; and among those allied to the 
herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afflu- 
ents. The gradation from the Mississippi grouping of species to the 
Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order from 


88 


those emptying into the Gulf of Mexico toward the east and northeast, 
until we reach the rivers of Massachusetts and Maine, where the great- 
est modification of the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed 
out by Agassiz, who calls this region a ‘“‘zodlogical island,” and enu- 


merates the characteristic Nearctic genera which are wanting there. I 


give now a list showing the points at which Mississippi genera cease, as 

we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our 

present knowledge extends. 

Gulf rivers: Haploidonotus has not yet been indicated from eastward 
of these, except in the Lake area. 

Roanoke: Campostoma ceases here. 

James: Micropterus and Ambloplites cease. 

Potomac: Pomoys, according to Professor Baird (verb. commn.), ceases 
here. 

Susquehanna: Ceratichthys, Bxoglossum, Chrosomus, Carpiodes, cease. 

Delaware: Clinostomus, Hypsilepis analostanus, Enneacanthus, and Lepi- 
dosteus cease. 

Hudson: Semotilus corporalis, according to F. W. Putnam (verb. commn.), 
ceases. 

The types remaining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis- 
trict (LV) are first, then, Salmo, Esox, Anguilla, Perca ; and, secondly, the 
general types Boleosoma. Semotilus, Hypsilepis, Stilbe, Hybopsis (bifre 
natus), Fundulus, and Amiurus ; and the Lake types Lota and Coregonus 

VII. THE CENTRAL REGION. 

VII. Species peculiar to the Central region—12 : 

Anura. 
Spea bombifrons. 

Ophidia. 
Ophibolus multistratus. 
Eutaenia radix. 
Eutaenia vagrans vagrans. 
Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis. 

Lacertilia. 
Eumeces septentrionalis. 
Eumeces inornatus: 
Eumeces multivirgatus. 


Holbrookia maculata maculata. 
Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii. 











89 


Testudinata. 


Pseudemys elegans. 
Chrysemys oregonensis. 


Cistudo ornata. 
VIll.—THE PACIFIC REGION. 
VIII*. Species confined to the Pacific region—44 : 
Urodela, 


Amblystoma m acrodactylum. 
Amblystoma paroticum. 
Amblystoma tenebrosum. 
Amblystoma aterrimum. 
Dicamptodon ensatus. 
Batrachoseps attenuatus. 
Batrachoseps nigriventris. 
Batrachoseps pacificus. 
Plethodon intermedius. 
Plethodon oregonensis. 
Anaides lugubris. 
Anaides ferreus. 
Diemyctylus torosus. 


Anura. 


Bufo halophilus. 
Hyla regilla. 
Hyla cadaverina. 
Spea hammondii. 
Rana temporaria aurora. 
Rana pretiosa. 

Ophidia. 
Crotalus lucifer. 
Contia mitis. 
Lodia tenuis. 
Pityophis catenifer. 
Bascanium constrictor vetustum. 
Eutaenia hammondii. 
Eutaenia elegans. 
Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii. 





90 


Eutaenia sirtalis concinna. 
Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia. 
EKutaenia cooperii. 

Eutaenia atrata. 

Charina plumbea. 
Stenostoma humile. 


Lacertilia. 


Aniella pulchra. 

Eumeces skiltonianus. 
Xantusia vigilis. 

Barissia olivacea. 
Gerrhonotus principis. 
Gerrhonotus grandis. 
Gerrhonotus scincicaudus. 
_Uta graviosa. 

Uta schottii. 

Phrynosoma Dlainvillei. 


Testudinata. 


Chelopus marmoratus. 


Gerrhonotus multicarinatus is common to the Pacific and Lower Cali- 
fornia regions. 
IX.—THE SONORAN REGION. 
IX*. Species confined to the Sonoran region—68 : 
Anura. 

Buto alvarius. 

Bufo debilis. 

Bufo microseaphus. 

Bufo speciosus. 

Bufo lentiginosus frontosus. 

Hyla eximia. (Mexico also.) 

Hyla arenicolor. 

Scaphiopus varius rectifrenis. 

Scaphiopus couchii. 


Ophidia. 
Crotalus pyrrhus. 
Crotalus cerastes. 
Crotalus tigris. 











91 


Crotalus adamanteus scutulatus. 
Crotalus molossus. 

Caudisona edwardsii. 

Elaps euryxanthus. 
Chilomeniscus ephippicus. 
Chilomeniscus cinctus. 
Chionactis occipitalis. 

Contia isozona. 

Sonora semiannulata. 
Gyalopium canum. 

Rhinochilus lecontei. 

Ophibolus pyrrhomelus. 
Ophibolus getulus splendidus. 
Diadophis regalis. 

Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha chlorophaea. 
Phimothyra grahamiae. 
Bascanium flagelliforme piceum. 
Chilopoma rutipunctatum. 
Eutaenia macrostemma. 
Eutaenia vagrans angustirostris. 
Tropidonotus validus validus. 
Tropidonotus sipedon couchii. 
Stenostoma dulce. 


Lacertilia. 


Eumeces obsoletus. 

Eumeces guttulatus. 

Cnemidophorus grahamii. 
Cnemidophorus inornatus. 
Cnemidophorus octolineatus. 
Cnemidophorus tessellatus gracilis. 
Cnemidophorus tessellatus melanostethus. 
Gerrhonotus nobilis. . 
Gerrhonotus infernalis. 

Heloderma suspectum. 

Callisaurus dracontoides ventralis. 

Uma notata. 

Sauromalus ater. 

Crotaphytus reticulatus. 

Uta ornata. 


92 


Sceloporus ornatus. 
Sceloporus jarrovii. 
Sceloporus poinsettii. 
Sceloporus torquatus. 
Sceloporus couchii. 
Sceloporus marmoratus. 
Seeloporus clarkii. 
Phrynosoma modestum. 
Phrynosoma maceallii. 
Phrynosoma regale. 
Phrynosoma planiceps. 
Phrynosoma hernandezii. 
Coleonyx variegatus. 
Phyllodactylus tuberculatus. 


Testudinata. 
Cinosternum sonoriense. 
Cinosternum henrici. 
Cinosternum flavescens. 
Testudo agassizil. 
Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed in Nevada only. 


X.—THE LOWER CALIFORNIAN REGION. 
X*, Species peculiar to the Lower Californian region—27 : 
Urodela. 
Plethodon croceater. 


Anura. 
Hyla curta. 

Ophidia. 
Crotalus enyo. 
Crotalus mitchellii. 
Tantilla planiceps. 
Chilomeniscus stramineus. 
Ophibolus californiae. 
Ophibolus getulus conjunetus. 
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorhyncha. 
Phimothyra decurtata. 
Pityophis vertebralis. 
Bascanium aurigulum. 








93 
Tropidonotus validus celaeno. 
Charina bottae. 
Lichanura trivirgata. 
Lichanura myriolepis. 
Lichanura roseofusca. 


Lacertilia. 


Phyllodactylus unctus. 
Phyllodactylus xanti. 
Cnemidophorus maximus. 
Verticaria hyperythra. 
Callisaurus dracontoides. 
Uta thalassina. 

ta nigricauda. 
Sceloporus clarkii zosteromus. 
Phrynosoma coronatum. 
Cyclura hemilopha. 


XI.—RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES. 


The first observation with regard to the Batrachian and Reptilian 
fauna of North America is the usual one, viz, that the number of spe- 
cific and generic types exhibits a rapid increase as we approach the 
tropics. Of the area inhabited by these forms of animals, less than one- 
fourth is included in the three Southern regions—the Austroriparian, 
the Sonoran, and the Lower Californian; yet these contain more than 
half of the entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are 
found in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the 
total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly 
resulting from the very small production of animal heat by these ani- 
mals, that temperature, and therefore latitude, has the greatest influ- 
ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than 
in multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col- 
ored reptiles are not wanting in the tropics, brilliantly-colored species 
are much more abundant there than in temperate regions. Although 
the Regnum Nearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south- 
ern districts are the habitat of most of the species characterized 
by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a 
wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Desmatog- 
nathus among salamanders, and Hyla among frogs. So with snakes of the 
genera Crotalus, Caudisona, Ophibolus, Bascanium, and Hutaeniu. It is 


d4 


also true of the lizards of the genera Phrynosoma, Holbrookia, and Sce- 
‘loporus. Eutaenia and Sceloporus become metallic in the Mexican sub- 
region, as is also the case with the Anoles. The North American species — 
of Anolis does not display metallic luster, while a large part of those of 
Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the West Indies exhibit it. 

Another important influence in the modification of the life in ques- 
tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmospheric moisture. In the 
case of the Batrachia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since 
a greater or less part of their life is, in most species, necessarily spent 
in the water. The reptiles are less dependent on it, but, as their food 
consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation 
for sustenance, the modifying influence of moisture on their habits must 
be very great. 

The Central region combines the disadvantages of low tempera- 
ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos- 
phere ; hence its poverty in Batrachia and Reptilia. There are but nine 
species of both classes peculiar to it, while a few others enter from sur- 
rounding areas. 

The distribution in the other regions is evidently dependent on the 
same conditions. Thus the well-watered, forest-covered Eastern and 
Austroriparian regions are the home of the salamanders, the frogs, 
the tree-toads, and the turtles. The dry and often barren Sonoran and 
Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacific re- 
gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination 
of the two types of life; it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with 
numerous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one‘tortoise. 

Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen 
in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed 
by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the 
body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This 
prevails throughout the Batrachia and Reptilia of the Sonoran re- 
gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of 
which red is much the most usual. This peculiarity doubtless results 
immediately from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, possessed 
by all cold-blooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume 
the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of 
such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces- 
sary, and as such habits become automatic, the permanence of the color 
is naturally established. 











yd 


95 


Another peculiarity of the Sonoran region, and which it shares 
with a part of Mexico, is the predominance of snakes which possess an 
extraordinary development of the rostral shield either forward or out. 
ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred 
such genera to a group he termed the Probletorhinidae, but which has 
not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of’ ten genera of 


snakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are 
found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares 


two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter 


| _(Phimothyra) is closely imitated by a genus (Lytorhynchus) which occurs 
on the borders of the African Sahara. The Heterodon of the Eastern 


States, though not contined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds 


there; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon 


Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As 
the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto- 
gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela- 


_ tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment 


and food. <A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relation 


_ to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the 


foot in the genus Uma, a charactér exhibited in higher perfection in the 
South African genus Ptenopus. * 
The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in part to their adapta- 


' tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones 


especially developed for excavating purposes. 





* Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 321. 


EAE kV 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


The present list only inclades the titles of works and memoirs which 
embrace discussions of systematic or distributional relations of the 
reptiles of the Regio Nearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe- 
cies only will be added at a future time. 

The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially 
investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer; while Baird, Agassiz, 
LeConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe- 
cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Nearctica. In 1856, 
Dr. Hallowell remarked the rarity of salamanders and turtles in the 
Sonoran region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the 
complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles 
in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the 
faunal subdivisions of Eastern North America with great success, 
basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia. 
The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian 
i; regions, and elevated the Austroriparian area to the same value, 
_ adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay 
Iam greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information 
on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor 


ig _ Baird on the birds and mammals. 








A.— Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia. 


1817. Cuvier. Reéegne Animal. First edition. Paris. 

1820. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum. 

1824. Wagler, in Spix Serpentes Brazilium. 

1825. Latreille. Familles Naturelles du Régne Animal. Paris. 
1825. Gray. Genera of Reptiles in Annals of Philosophy. London. 
1826 (June). Fitzinger. Neue Classification der Reptilien. 





* Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 309. 
ae 97 


1826 (October). Boie, H. Erpetologie von Java in Ferrusac’s Bulletin 


1827. 
1830. 
1831. 


1832. 
1832. 


1834. 


1837. 


1837. 
1839. 


1841. 


1845. 
1844. 


1844. 


1845. 
1849. 


1849. 


1850. 


1853. 


98 1 


des Sciences Natureiles et Géologiques. 
Boie, F., in Isis von Oken, p. 508. 
Wagler. Natiirliches System der Amphibien. : 
Miiiler. Beitriige zur Anatomie der Amphibien, Tiedemann u yy 
Treviranus’ Zeitschrift fiir Physiologie, iv, p. 199. } 
Wiegmann und Ruthe. Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin. 


Vertebrati. Rome. &: 
Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. i. General Clas- 
sification and Anatomy. The Testudinata. Paris. 
Wiegmann. Herpetologia Mexicana. Berlin. 
Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. ii. Testudinata ; 
Lacertilia, in general. i 
Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. iii. Crocodilia, 







Chamaeleontidae, Gecconidae, Varanidae. 
Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. iv. Sauriens — 
(Iguanidae and Agamidae). Paris. 
Schlegel. Essai sur le Physionomie des Serpens. Hague. 5 
Daméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. v. Lacertidae, b 
Chalcididae, and Scincidae. 
Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. viii. Batrachia oi 
Gymnophiona, and Anura. 
Fitzinger. Systema Reptilium. Vienna. . 
Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. vi. Ophidia in 
general; Scolecophidia and Asinea, parts. 
Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians 1 4 
in the British Museum. London. | 
Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London. 
Gray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museum. _ 
London. ; 
Baird. Revision of the North American Tailed Batrachia, ete. qI 
Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281. ' 
Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the British 
Museum. London. 7 
(January). Baird and Girard. Catalogue of the Serpents of North : | 
America. Washington. j | 
Duméril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidiens 4 
Institut de France % 








1854. 


1859. 


1860. 


1864. 


1864. 
— 1865. 


1866. 
i 1867. 
51867. 


1869. 





1863. 


1869. 


1870. 


99 


Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale. Tome vii, part 1, 
Ophidia Asinea; part 2, Venomous Serpents. Tome ix, Batra- 
chia Urodela. Tome x, plates. 

LeConte, J. Catalogue of the North American Testudinata. Por- 
ceedings of Philadelphia Academy, vol. vii. 

Gray. Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. 


London. 
Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United 


States, part ii. North American Testudinata, p. 233. 

Gray. On the Classification of the Old World Salamanders. 
Proceedings of the Zoédlogical Society, London, p. 255. 

Giinther. Catalogue of the Colubrine Serpents in the British 
Museum. London. 

Giinther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the British 
Museum. London. 

Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the 
Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 330. 

Owen. Paleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Rep- 
tiles.) 

Jan. Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi Descritti e Disegnati per 
VIconografia Generale. Milan. 

Cope. Characters of the Higher Groups of Reptilia Squamata. 
Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224. 

Giinther. Reptiles of British India. Ray Society. 

Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groups of Batrachia Salientia 
Natural History Review. London. ‘ 

Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 

Cope. On the Families of the Raniform Anura. Journal of the 
Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189. 

Giinther. Contribution to the Anatomy of Hatteria. Philosophi- 
cal Transactions. 

Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves ot 
North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical 
Society, vol. xiv. 

Cope. A Review of the Species of Plethodontidae and Desmogna- 
thidae. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 93. 
Jope. On the Homologies of some of the Cranial Bones of the 
Reptilia, and on the Systematic Arrangement of the Class. 
Proceedings of the American Association ‘for’ the Advance- 
ment of Science, p. 194. Cambridge. 


1870. 


1872. 


B—Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American 
1857. 
1866. 
1866, 
1866. 
1869. 


ASTI: 


1873. 


100 


Gray. Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the 
British Museum. London. 
Huxley. Anatomy of the Vertebrata. London. 


Batrachia and Reptilia. 


Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United 
States, vol. i, part i, p.449. On the Geographical Distribution — 
of North American Testudinata. } 

Baird. The Distribution and Migration of North American Birds. | 
American Journal of the Sciences and Arts, p. 78, 184-347 (Jan- 
uary). | 

Verrill. Report of some Investigations upon the Geographical 
Distribution of North American Birds. Proceedings of the Bos- 
ton Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 259 (May). 


Cope. On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sonoran Province 


of the Nearetic Region. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acad- 
emy, p. 300 (October). 
Cope. On the Origin of Genera. Philadelphia. . 
Allen, J. A. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, 
vol. ii, No. 3, p. 404. 
Cope. Gray’s Atlas of the United States, p. 32. Geographical 
Distribution of North American Vertebrata (with map). | 











eK 


Beds Oa eee tela ol aaa soln leiate teil 30 
mAchrochordidae....-. ..-....-.--.- 22 
PECOMURUAC eam <' cio cee caccme mes 20 
MUMIS Ee YS ais Solarian. lee awishaciiacie(s 30 
PRAOCIOHOM SA soso cnet s se sins ose 17 
SCE CGE teeta ee leer al 18 
SHOE So0e Set onededeceetecmon cnet 9 
Alleghanian district........--..-.- 84 
Per VOOR Pees isia asian Satan se) ose ate = 54 
PUM DLVSUOMAc\o—— = = omc niejasainee nmin 25 
Ss Amblystomidae...-..-.-.....-.---- 12, 2 
Beimphicoelia..-. .----..2---- --s--- 14 
UTP HISHRENIO AG! 2 2)=- <= uenases cs 20, 44 
RSME GD ENMU Nepales fete eral sia aren = aay ete 20 
MED MMMM AG = 55.2023, oc winston cyse eo 12,25 
PMEENWULBa oy oto So iawiss = ais,clnioeisie ate iaieiace 51 
BMP OS erst epee: we eae nee 28 
MMCISOLOCOM eS. ot bee aca sees eas 34 
: BEAU BO Sei ec rays 2s = Sociale a) mial 18, 46 
Pam sl iaeiats 2 oS sa Sareea npacoaeless 44 
PMMA RS Aettase a roe creie ere Seiemandlasie 20, 24 
a RV A ee a et 18, 50 
MOIS... 02. 2-2. -- mie Haines sSeeiers 50 
MaTIOMOdONtia.--... .---ceeiceccen oss 15 
- Anthracosauridae ..............-.- 10 
PRU eee ee Somers anise coc oe sae Wao 
£ BEPISAS PISS 22s ---) mic a Soa ser 33 
Beetciiora -°---. ..---. .---.....--.- 9, 30 
Beeeromiochelys.. -. 22. 02-22 see cee 52 
_ Arrangement of the families and 
ie higher divisions of Batrachia and 
MEE OIS oe Oe oo ac scion eens socincewic a 
iZ BEMRIGOTIOGLOS. 2 kos screws alencicainie 51 
feeeAsinea........ .- MOR 2 SEs Noe SS 21, 34 
& meverophrydidae ..---..----. -----. 10 
BEMEMEGie foe HS 2 ee le ce dace 16, 50 
ea tractaspididae........-...---.--- 23 
_ Austroriparian region.-..........- 68, 76 
REMERON Sto Soe A wJane neta ato 10 
arissia......... Rica) Solttiace BS paratan 2 le 46 
Se a eee eres 40 
mepatrachia .........-- Pek Soviets Se 7,24 
_ Batrachopbrynidae..-.............. 9 
BEMPEAONOSODS. . 2.62... 20c5 sone secon 26 
BEPBNONTGAG 25.02. Secgcacienoes- 14 
BEMPT AWW). 22. oo. eis ote ce kms a 97 
BERNE ORM en iso 8 ec ola alee 22, 43 
mesrevicipitidac .............-.2.-.-- 8 





IB ULO women eae ees faces cal saclay: 29 
BurOntdaceensmecneuceceeee eke eas 9,29 
PULGMMOLMMA oar ancl se se oe ae eel 9, 29 
Caducibranchiata: -.- ==... -.2.2.<.- 25 
@Waecilidaes sas sade ls ose saya ees il 
@allisauruseecs owaenas «choosen 47 
Canadian fauna.. ...-. SP ARERR Cees 85 
Carnoliniantraumaie sa) sass. oe eae or 84 
CaLnphophiOps .--eecees-c)ss season 34 
@auwdisona' 2 os ete, ee os Nas 33 
Causidaers qceces ss see oree acini op sere 23 
Comoplarayses- ans) pa can aiaiaa.- 36 
Centralinepionee sss eee Aloo 
Chiral cide sas eee ene ae ene 19 
Chamaecleontidae--+- ---.--42e6 226 17 
(Charing en aeesece as eae eee 43 
Check-list of the species of Batrachia 
and Reptilia of the Nearctic or 
North American realm.......-.-- 24 
Chelomitdaere cease cosas oan tose 16, 51 
Cheloniaess-s ses scee ene ees aa see 51 
Chelopuste asso se ae aaancieteiee 53 
Chplydudgesce oss Mes cole Te 17 
@helv dinars te ssaaence Secon setae 51 
Clhelvdmidagese sseee ese ees eee 16,51 
Chilomeniscus) 2-264. oc2mis6 22-546 3d 
@hionachisess es s0o ces se eeee ese 35 
Chilopomaes- a2 saas6\ cscs etecece 40 
Chorophilus): 22s. 2.- s-6\- =e ese aoses 30 
od ee NG ere 53 
@inostermidaere.---sccces cose camae 16, 52 
Cimosternuin, S. -2 eee seas. eae 52 
Wishad Offset soe ner eo erseeet ee 53 
Cnemidophorns sss -jseee os 4-1 51- 45 
Woeyiimidser=seesrease seen sees 12 
Coleoniyiess as SoS 4 eo sec seco 50 
Wolosterdagecc jose sac seer eee 10 
Wolostethidae).<- S342. 2 os-.45 soe - se ia 
GColabehss sense cnasrssoseses fea ae 39 
Colubnidaess-2 ees coos iaeaeee sees 22, 34 
Compsoonathidae =... =. ~.--<. -22.- 13 
Coniophanes 226 sos. cs oqee se 338 
Contlarecene ah: aise sit eects 36 
Grocodiliag ask eens at eae 14, 54 
Crocodihdaetjs-o-2,.0 2228 css<niecs== 14 
Crocodilus 23st eo eats cease 54 
Crotalidacicaces ees cn eee cesses Dee 
@rotalosks cate cosesn ees sce sesisess + 33 


102 











Page 

Crotaphytus --...-----------+--- we 47 | Helodermidae......-.. .-----.----- 
Cryptodira .-...-----------++-+-ee- 16,51 |; Hemidactylium).-2-\-2-.44-sse eres 
@yclophis:--< wseso0<eo-see—-0'e- ae 38 | Hemiphractidaes sist --s5 soccer 
Oycluracecs sence eereons- ee oes 60" | Hemisidae 22 J--15--- eae oe 
Cystignathidae.... ..----.--------- 9; 31 | Heterodon 3.2222 - se oats soe ee 
Daetylethridac.---....-----2+--- == 9 ||) Holbrookia .22¢ 2525-4 tect ee eee 
Dendrobatidaces: 2.62.2. sc2eeeuece 8 |) Homalopsidaec: =) Seas eee= een eee 
Desmognathidae ..---- --- Seer 12528 | Hudsonian district\.c2-22 5250-2 -o= 
Digdophiszs- -c<\cceessceeeecene a= oY | Hydraspididae --- 522s sence 
Dicamptodon:.---- -...s.2-sse--< < 20 | Hydrophidact=esees-e-ee oa oes 
Dicynodontidae.....-------------- LS |) Hylaeccss: 2aic sneer 
Diemychylus-s-=- Jajec crew 28 || Hylidae:222-.) 2 2e6seeee ee seer eee 
Dimorphodontidae .....----.------ £2 | Hynoblidae-322\- 222 cect 
DinOsauria: 125 02. scee5e=~e= == =~ = 13 | Hypsiclena:-<.35.-28cse. eee ceeee 
Diplodactylus...<)..-..+=2=-- 2-=<s 50 | Tehthyopterygiass>-5-22.e es eee 
Diploglossa ...-..------------+---- 46 | Tchthyosauridae==22 e225 5-553 
DipSOsaUTUS: .2-s202s0 42. s-o eee =e= 48's Trugnia: Scece eet set eee 
Discloglossidae.----'.5<'.2..-2---- 10 |. fruaniddes- seca aaa eee eee 
DLOMICUS S26... s~se eh oe asesee so 38 | Isnanodontidaes:22.)4.0- -s-5- 5-5 
Hastert Tapion sj.c5cce. ose seta see 68, 82 | Introductory remarks......-..--- 
lapldae)ec a= tee meee elas oe = 22,34 | Labyrinthodontia........-.---.--- 
He lapseeeees ses = science sas ease 34,| Teacertidaes..< 222-22 a e-eceeeeee 
MTaASMOSBUTIARE 5 - =). -cttese ele sare 15) | Macertiligna-e2- ae oeerctteeee era 
BMY GIGAG Ne mess enitae os aeatee ee 16,52 | Leptoglossa 5 --<e--1 cases scene 
(My Siseres siiesecitecn eae mse oa O38 || Wichanuray scan en esse ereee 
BMG YSLOMAs sac series ate commie le als 30 || Lichanuridaes-co se. s+ a eeasapeciee 
PMNS ystomidac.<s4<— 22 e152 sso 8).30\ | Tinthodytess2 see ae eee eee ere 
Eipirhexis'.. 22226 ssce es tajacisie sew ces St: odigu22 ese eee eee eee 
UME CES ean arse Nama emacs 44 | Louisianian district....-.--.--.--- 
WUbONIAG SSS Ase aes tae eee 40 | Lower Californian region...-...-.- 
Bretmochelys= == 2)ssscccesos- as seas 51 || Macrochelyseo-. sooo eee 
ParanGig eres eae care nema ee setae 30) | Macrolleminiys 22 -- =2-(o—) nese 
Faunal regions of the earth.----...- oO || Manculus): 22. semsssceiseee eee 
Poyliniidaes.< sedercon os econ es 20 | Megalosauridae...- -2-.-2%22- eae 
BTMisternia esse ces cee a eke ee 8,30 || Menopomiatacscnceee ce eee eee 
Mloridan districts. #525.--2sc.sc- +e 77 \*Menopomidae-ccess.ss---e ese sen 
Ganocephalaicz.c2-s)sc2s.-o-e + oeee 10 | Microsaurial cess ceeeree eee eee 
Gastrechmig-5-. oo cee- 2-2 = eons 8 | Molgophidaess2222\2ea- earner aera 
Gecconidmrsecias-e ee eeces iene 18,50 | Mosasauridae:s22-. -- eee ee oe ee 
Geographical distribution in the Mursnopsis’..2 cs 2 cette eee 

Regnum Nearcticum, with special Najidae ses SSS setae erie 

reference to the Batrachia and Necturts! 22.220 oos acer 

Re pUMithe satan eee eee 55'| Number of species/..222.---. --c-- 
Gerrhonotidae =. ..-. <5 far ounce sso 1€, 46 | Nyctisaura .2.--25c¢e ee eesseee sees 
RCLEWONGUIS s27cte <= ose eee tees 46 | Odontaglossa :22 222-2222) -ceseeeee 
Goniopholididaee-s.-2234-..555- 222 14 | Oligosoma ..2 22222202222) eee 
Gomopotarercs-- sass ta-omt see) 13 | Ophibolus': 322 235 eeetoeers eee 
Givalopimnaessae aes nea sean aoe 36 | Ophidia .1s972 200052" see ee 
Gynmophidiaeece!..<°. 5. )sacc = 11 | Opheosaurta te s2)):esee- ee eee ee 
Gyrinophiluspecs-sccsc<sset cece. 28 | Opheosanrus:4 5245 2eeee- eee 
Hadrosauridae-..2)5-=-.5222 2.0. ---2 14 | Ornithosauria eee eee eee 
Riel came epee csetn Seo eae 35 | Ornithotarsidues2-J--be-e =-seee ee 
HLGlicopsieteeratsiae sts - s seh os 43 | Orthopoda: =: 22 esses sea ee eee = 


FClOd GEM aera ae eee ica 47 | Osceola 


ee 








ion 





{ 
Page. 
mOudenodontidae..-..----....---.-- 15 
Bebachyeglossa 1.5. 52-6 -.-- sees ne seme 18 
BECMIC LEGLON = )2-sin=iroeiels ve ieioe ee 72,89 
MEEATABUCNTD ajc cyeem amis corse eens 14 
BE ONTULAD! Se cc\sseceiedicccm seemnere 11 
BLOC YAADO) so - 12 iar cinwieseiaceioen 10 
Bs OTN GUSTO Oj sec ctershne peuceamiemreneeers 17 
PaO O GUY TAN == (cf-74/= oe a etseel aie sia) 38 
Phiegethontiidae ....---.-.-------- 11 
PABCYVMISCIGIE 1.2.25 sei os cia aoqsee secs 8 
TENE YNOSOMA= Ae 's\c Se cists sos siclaieies AS 
hy llodactylus) ..5.5-..--sa0:-<s-65 - 50 
BRIG svete fe cisj2ie is shes arcicedelsiafaaer cise 9 
RMrrer aR 2 cris ol cer yak a pst 39 
COM OUbICRE <s.cc- ooo a ccc oe mec 14 
EMESIOSAUDICAO dc(o2 a= sae/ce sec ceine 15 
PRE GHOMON! 58 foes Was ses Seis eee 27 
mcthodontidad....--2.-<4-2-c26--+- 12, 26 
VSULOMe GEE, = =~ cise Sey ecmrcicinie Si HES 
PE CULOUIEG Ese ae setiosiee os esses 17 
He CULOGOMUAcse cw sateen iscsi 44 
HelewUrosternidae:. <. -- 2. ss.5 see see se 17 
odocnemididae...--. .2--.-.2.---< 17 
AMONG OO Ae Meicteey ae ia: ate & seis eee arene 14 
BRON OUIIMAO = 2/4 Sata ere es cee. see 16 
MMU OLO AI ee aio Dcieievale sclera cisialoae 12, 24 
Pa OUCLO AO) se een o mea rsciciaerscayeione 24 
noveromly phar: 252-22 Ne o~ cei S- 22, 34 
SeerOvOTOSAUTIAAS ..- 2-2 22-5 - sense eS 
Meeerowostegidae...-..--5.-.-.---5--- 16 
BEMIS oo (nce toes wwe. tots © 52 
PAE OOrANCHUS) sha. ses sericea s 24 
Haierodactylidae........=..5-.--.. - 13 
PAOLO AGH: oe 22 ciels Sei ice.cciibecietnesye 11 
BEEEBOICUO! . 35 SoS 0 cbes week ce 21 
BeBENOHGMOT DNS. 252. <- <2 = <2-- 2 20 
SE TETRIS RSS NRE Se ea ee 32 
MMC Oy ria. sey cack hy ty a, 02 
Raniformia - teroe 


Relation of fe eeauen a pi aieal 


BEMIS OS itera cvercae eo elen ce kis © 93 

eiations: to other reali Seer 58 
MMB 2 Popo gS ss ON ele 12 
Benabdosomidae.<.--5.\s22-.222255- 22 
BORED Rete sce A te 44 
LL cr 36 
Semophrynidae ....-........-..--- 9 
BEIIOENO. «22. oes iG besos wees = 17 
mhynchocephalia ...........-....- it 
Benynchosauridac .............----. 15 
Beramandridac....-. .---- --<-<s20 11 
BEMERERENTIS 2S SPE oe Sate 47 
BOR PONY G18 «5. oo. 56 Se eescicwee oe 








14 | 


Page 
Seaphiopidacwn aos sss coe sec ce 10, 31 
SEaphiopus) oc cse Weaisssiss cess sea : 31 
Sceli@osauridtes ews cheeses soci e im 13 
NECLONOLUBL Ree nlc cmeeek ee ceca steel 48 
SGMCICRG jis o cea pia wares ease soe 19, 44 
Pcolecophidiaaccs sesecsoccom eee. 21, 44 
Be psldaeieuacervcccicneaseineiio cate Berets 19 
Siboneect = see se tecseeehee ee ah 38 
SIPETE. SE ROS CE Se Reece ae oe betes 24 
Sirenidageks se. eas eases cess ese 12, 24 
SmMMISCa epee se eee eee neler tee dl 
Cstole yall olniit ese sohene Bapeogecooc 23, 33 
SOnoras soo wae costes ee Sasi 36 
HOMOLAM LES ONE = =a eee= eee alert 73, 90 
SPeaeecs ass aceasta ao wie seeree 31 
Spelerpes)- 224-245 ec=-seg-soses=ss = 27 
Sphacerodacty lus sess .22-=- o-- = = 50 
Spharcidida@erassssseece seeeeiee == 16, 50 
SPHALDIS Ese s~ ssaeisicise ase esesy east: 50 
Sphenod omtidaeess sss 4-46 s--6 2-41 15 
Spllobesnseemeae a cemevaacices asics oi 39 
Stegocephaliee a jesse sae ell 10 
StenostOMmayse as eae cease 44 
Sienostomidge- cose aces enee sss 21, 44 
Stereochilusi sa. sess stem se eee 27 
Sternothacridae. oo. 6 2-0-5 cee eel 17 
SUORGTIAY ses ccaois siaeic ce semeintl> Sarees 42 
Sym ply pod assesses assesses cet 13 
Mamibillanwertascec ee ecaiositione Gersiocs 3o 
TeMlae@se asc cess Soe mousse ease 19, 45 
Meleosawridaecas seseeae eee ee 14 
MeEvtOSaUllG RO see eet a eli 13 
Mest u Gun a Gale cars Sele eleere are teretoio ae 16, 50 
MestUdini GAOse .2 assem eee 16, 54 
Mestwd oye eases soa ocr 54 
MERA p CISUEICt anes aan else oeese, ae 80 
Mhalassochelyss---y-54+. 35-2 51 


The regions of the Regnum nearc- 


ELC UMMM ee cleric ies essere aie 67 
INVORACOSAURIG eles ae eee ere 14 
Roni epee sete seas a selene 11 
NOHO DAs Sans cs6d ada nébosocecc 21 

ROEtHIOIMNANEE seco eons acta eeee ee 21 
Mrachysuomabay sees. soe seeeee een Leet 
irionyG hides eesece= settee te = 16 
brimorphodonies sa-1c to aes 38 
Mroconophidaewss=a sa aeeee rate 20 
‘ropidocloniumeree ser see ae 42 
Tropidonotus\s24. 5-27-42 26-= == 42 
Ruditanidaesasesa.e- sense oe esis 11 
ivphilophthalmies ete aes -leet= = = 44 
Myphlopidaces se css= oo s-les.2-2eo 21 
GM ee teere atom ee snietteeemeies a2 sisi 47 


LOL 00) i 


Page. Page, © 
(Orodelane ete ase ae ene teeteaacioe 11 | Works treating of the geographical 
Uropeltidae..---.-.--------------- 21 distribution of North American 
UW hah sateen a eis. ntnctmint eel 48 Batrachia and Reptilia.-........ 100. 
Waranideeie sess. 0S- ceo eer een 19) (Kombusia,. 2220. 22 eee ee eee eae 45 
\Wigianlnink soe oee pep eeee coeds Soe 46 |. Xenopeltidae: 2.222 cece ceeecioe 21 
IDG AO ser onan seen seer eee 23 || MONOSANTIGAC |. ..52-21c 2 eee toe ene 19 
VAN ayer Stole oe inci eee 35) || AONUMA Loa see se cess ais alta erate 19 


Works on the classification of Ba- 
trachia and Reptilia......--.--- 97 


o 











Department of the Bnterior: 
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


—— 4 — 


BULLETIN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


No. A. 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1876. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


This work is the fourth of a series of papers intended to illustrate | 
the collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the 
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the | 
Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress | 
of August 10, 1846. ; 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed — 
by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. } 

JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 

Washington, February, 1876. 











ae 


BIRDS 


or 


SOUTH WHSTEHERN MEXICO. 


COLLECTED BY 


FRANCIS E. SUMICHRAST 


FOR THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


PREPARED BY 


GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1875. 











CATALOGUE OF BIRDS COLLECTED BY PROF. FRANCIS SUMI- 
CHRAST, IN SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO, AND NOW IN THE NA- 
TIONAL MUSEUM AT WASHINGTON, D. 6. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 








A few years since, an arrangement was made by Prof. Joseph Henry, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with Prof. Francis Sumichrast, 
for an extended exploration of the Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuan- 
tepec, Southwestern Mexico, for the purpose of procuring specimens of 
its natural history 

At the request of Professor Henry, I undertook the examination of 
the birds coutained in these collections ; and they have been forwarded 
to me from the Smithsonian Institution, from time to time, when received, 
- During the past four years, four instalments have been sent me, con- 
taining 321 species, represented by more that 1,700 specimens. 

Circumstances occurred which prevented quite so full an exploration 
of the isthmus as was at first intended; however, the specimens sent 
(which are of a remarkably fine character) bear testimony to Professor 
Sumichrast’s efficiency as an industrious and energetic collector, and the 
many valuable notes manifest his accuracy and intelligence as an 
observer. 

In answer to a remark in one of my earlier letters to him, expressing 
my surprise that so few new species had been obtained, he says: “I am 
not astonished at the small number of new species that my first two 
collections contain. The region of the Pacific is comparatively much 
poorer than that of the Atlantic. This must be attributed to the extreme 
dryness of the soil; to the scarcity of vegetation and of insect life; and 
to the duration of the winds from the northeast and southwest, which 
there prevail with great violence.” | 

Professor Sumichrast sent me some valuable notes on geographical 

-distribution, which are given below. 

He has sent also biographies of many species, which are in their 

proper places in the catalogue. Finding that these biographies did not 
Oo 


| 
, f 
rh 
1 


extend through all the families, I wrote him for an explanation, and got 
the following reply: “I regret to be unable to tell you certainly which 
are the biographies and notes that I forwarded to the Institution. Al- 


6 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


most all my books and papers were carried off in 1871 during the pillage 
of my house in Juchitan, and I cannot verify the dates of my invoices to 
the Institution.” 

In December, 1871, Professor Sumichrast was obliged to leave Juchi- 
tan on account of the revolutionary state of the country, and made his 
residence at Santa Efigenia, which he writes me is “a hacienda thirty 
leagues or so south of Tehuantepec, at the foot of the Cerro de la Gineta, 
and on the border of the State of Chiapas.” Tapana, a locality often 
given, he says is “a village in the neighborhood of Santa Efigenia.” 

All communications from him are designated by quotation-marks. 
“NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF THE BIRDS IN THE ISTH- 
MUS OF TEHUANTEPEC. 

“The contraction of the American continent between the ninety- 
fourth and ninety-fifth degrees of longitude west from Greenwich forms 
what is called, quite improperly perhaps, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 
whose width between the mouth of the Rio Coatzacoaleos and the Bay 
of Ventosa is about one hundred and eighty miles. 

‘* In a physical point of view, the isthmus may be considered as divided 
into three parts, first, an eastern, extending from the Gulf of Mexico 
to the Puerta; secondly, a central, from the Puerta to the Chivela; and, 
thirdly, a western, from the Chivela to the Pacific. The eastern part, 
formed principally of alluvial land and watered by the Coatzacoalcos 
and its affluents, has its largest portion covered with thick and damp 
forests, whose vegetation rivals the greatest beauties of tropical nature. 
The central region presents an undulating surface, embossed with innu- 
merable lomas, or hills, which, rising gradually, unite on the western — 
side with the mountains of the Sierra de los Mijes, and, toward the east, — 
with those of the Sierra de Chimalapa. Although watered by numer- 
ous streams, it presents, nevertheless, but a scanty vegetation, essen- 
tially characterized by oaks on the side of Sarabbia, and palm-trees on 
the plateau of Chinela. The western division, or plains of the Pacific, 
is very dry, and its vegetable physiognomy presents a striking contrast | 
to the rich plains on the Atlantic slope. Of the few rivers which flow — 
through it, the most important are the Tehuantepec, Juchitan, Chicapa, 
and the Ostula. These are so low during part of the dry season that 
the inhabitants of the villages and ranchos situated on their banks have 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. | 


no drinking-water but that which they draw out of holes dug in the 
sand. 

“From that it can be easily explained how the number of animal 
forms, as well as the vegetable, decreases perceptibly in proportion as 
you advance from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

“In a zodlogical point of view, the preceding division into three 
regions is modified in this sense, that the central part or mean does not 
present any distinguishing forms which can characterize it. 

‘A line drawn on the map through’the villages of Santa Maria, Chima- 
lapa, and San Juan Guichicovi would indicate quite correctly enough 
the boundary-lines between the two zodlogical provinces or regions 
which divide the isthmus, and almost that of a division of the waters 
which flow to the Atlantic and the Pacific. Several places situated on 
the crest of this line present, as might be expected, a mixture of forms 
belonging to each littoral; thus, in the neighborhood of Barrio, Conurus 
aztec and petzi, Chrysotis autumnalis and albifrons, Psilorhinus morio, 
and Calocitta formosa, &c., are found together. 

“Tt is to be noticed that, while the species belonging to the western 
province seldom or never leave it to spread in the opposite direction, 
several of those in the eastern province advance, on the contrary, to 
within a short distance of the shores of the Pacific. To quote as ex- 
amples: Turdus grayi, Attila citreopygia, Muscivora mexicana, Rhyncho- 
cyclus cinereiceps, Oncostoma cinereigulare, Chiroxiphia linearis, Chrysotis 
levaillanti, Pteroglossus torquatus, Penelope purpurascens, Orax globicera, 
Tinamus sallei, &c.; all of them species whose place of development is 
without contradiction in the limits of the Atlantic region, but which 
are found in the immediate neighborhood of the Pacific, (Santa 
Efigenia). 

“The difference in the level of the ground, which exerts elsewhere in 
Mexico such a great influence over the geographical distribution of ani- 
mal species, only exists in a slight degree in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; 
one of the culminating points of this territory, the Cerro de Mazahnua, 
is not elevated probably more than from 500 to 2,800 feet above the level 
of the sea. We must not, therefore, expect to find in the isthmus prop- 
erly so cailed any of the indigenous species which elsewhere charac- 
terize alpine regions. The few species of that region which are found 
in my collections have been gathered out of the isthmus; some in the 
Sierra of Oaxaca, others in the mountains of Gineta and of Zapotitlan. 

“If, in order to establish a sort of parallel between the two ornitho- 


8 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


logical horizons of the isthmus, we seek what especially distinguishes 
the western province from that of the Gulf, we will find— 

“TI, That it is less remarkable for the number of forms that belong to 
it than for the absence of others which predominate in the eastern part, 
to which they give their own physiognomy, and, if I may so express it, 
one more essentially neotropical. 

“II, That it presents, in relation to the preceding, a marked numerical 
inferiority in the following families: Turdidw, Tanagride, Fringillide, 
Momotide, Trogonide, Ramphastide, Picide, Columbide, Perdicide, and 
Tinamide. 

“TIT. That it is remarkable for the almost entire absence of the 
families Dendrocolaptidew, Formicaride, and Piprida. 

‘“‘Up to this time, I bave only found two native species of Thrushes 
in the plains of the Pacific. The first, Turdus flavirostris, does not go 
southeast of the city of Tehuantepec, where it appears at distant 
intervals, at a period when certain fruits are ripe (Achras, Spondias, 
&e.) It is probable, as Professor Baird indicates (Review of North 
American Birds, p. 31), that its center of propagation isin the neighbor- 
hood of Colima. The second, Mimus gracilis, is very abundant on the 
dry plains which extend from Tehuantepec to Tonala. We can give an 
account, it appears to me, of the numerical inferiority of the Turdide 
in the west of the isthmus by considering that Thrushes in general are — 
more especially attached to cold and mountainous countries, and, as it 
has been seen, the same characteristics do not exist in the isthmus prop- 
erly so called. Besides, the plains of the Pacific have but a scanty 
vegetation, formed for the greatest part of leguminous plants, which 
birds whose natural diet is berries (as for example Planesticus) seek for 
but little. This latter circumstance explains also the absence of several 
genera of Tanagride, such as Rhamphocelus, Phanicothraupis, Lanio, &e. 

** Trogon citreolus is the most common Trogon.in the west of the 
isthmus. It is less sylvicoline than its congeners; and the yellow color 
of its iris is not found, to my knowledge, in any other Trogon of Mexico. 

** Ramphastos carinatus belongs to the eastern part of the isthmus, 
in the terres chaudes. Aulacorhamphus prasinus is not found, from what 
Iam called upon to believe, in the isthmus proper, but only in the 
mountainous and temperate parts, which border it on the northwest 
and southeast. As to Pteroglossus torquatus,I have not found it else- 
where than at Santa Efigenia. 


“* Momotus mexicanus is the only species of the family that is resident 

















BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 9 


in the province of the Pacific. M. lessoni and Eumomota superciliaris 
occasionally appear; but they are considered to be wanderers from the 
province of the Gulf, where Hylomanes momotula also occurs. 

“The resident species of Picidea, on the plains of the Pacific, are 
Campephilus guatemalensis, Dryotomus scapularis, and Centurus a urifrons. 

“The genera Geotrygon, Lepidenas, and Talpacotia, of the eastern 
coast, are not found on the western shore of the isthmus. 

“A species of Ortyx (O. coyolcos) represents the family of the Per- 
dicide on the plains of the Pacific, which, in the eastern province, on the 
contrary numbers several representatives. 

“The specimen of Tinamus sallai in my collection comes from Santa 
Efigenia, a spot which may be considered as extra-isthmique. 

‘¢ Notwithstanding my assiduous researches, I have been unable to 
meet with but a single representative of Dendrocolaptida, Dendrornis 
eburneirostris. 

“© Chiroxiphia linearis in my collection comes from Santa Efigenia. 

“In exchange for the numerical inferiority in regard to the above- 
mentioned families, we observe a greater development in those of the 
Sylviidw, and perhaps also of the Tyrannida@, particularly the genera 
Polioptila and Myiarchus. The eastern coast of Mexico has furnished, 
up to this time, but a single species of Polioptila. (P. cwrulea), and, 
moreover, it probably only resides there in winter; on that of the Pacific 
we find, besides the preceding, two species with a black head, P. nigri- 
ceps and P. albiloris, both indigenous. Myiarchus lawrencii is the only 
species of the genus which can be called common on the coast of the 
Gulf of Mexico. On the opposite shore, the Myiarchi are abundant, and 
are dispersed almost everywhere in the forests and on the plains. 

“The following table, although very incomplete, will give a sort of 
parallelism of the most characteristic species of each of the two orni- 
thological regions of the isthmus. 


“COTE ORIENTALE. “COTE OCCIDENTALE. 
“ Turdus grayi. “ Turdus flavirostris. 
** Campylorhynchus zonatus. “ Campylorhynchus humilis. 
“ Thryothorus maculipectus. “ Thryothorus pleurostictus. 
“ Granatellus sallai. “ Granatellus venustus. 
‘* Hemophila rufescens. “* Hemophila ruficauda. 
““ Oyanospiza parellina. - “ Cyanospiza leclancheri. 


“ Cassiculus prevosti. ‘S Cassiculus melanicterus. 


10 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


¢ Tcterus mesomelas. « Tcterus pectoralis. 

“ Psilorhinus morio. “« Calocitta formosa. 

** Momotus lesson. ‘¢ Momotus mexicanus. 

“ Trogon caligatus. ‘¢ Trogon citreolus. 

“* Piaya cayana. ‘¢ Piaya mexicana. 

* Conurus aztec. “* Conurus petzt. 

“ Chrysotis autumnalis. “ Chrysotis finschi. 

“ Ortalida vetula. “ Ortalida poliocephala. 
* Ortyx pectoralis. ** Ortyx coyolcos. 


‘‘ The preceding remarks apply exclusively to indigenous species. It 
would be interesting if 1 could record here some facts relative to the 
distribution of the species which reside in the isthmus in the winter- 
season, or only during their flight; but this study would require several 
years of continued observations which were made simultaneously on 
both coasts. This part of Mexico is, moreover, less favorable than any 
other for observations of this kind. The shrinking of the continent, the 
absence of natural barriers, there make the dispersion of traveling-birds, 
from east to west and vice versa, very easy. Another cause, which must 
bring several migratory species on the shores of the Gulf ot Tehuantepec 
in winter, is the prevalence of northeast winds in the isthmus. These 
winds, which blow there with extreme violence from the mouth of Octo- 
ber, undoubtedly force a large number of birds that are traveling along 
the Atlantic shore toward Central America to swerve from this line, 
and push them toward the opposite coast. An analogous cause, the 
prevalence of southeast winds from the month of March, that is to say, | 
that the time that the emigrant species return to the north, operates | 
with an inverse action, by bringing the species coming from the south | 
along the eastern shore toward the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. I will 
limit myself to state here the presence in winter of Dendreca gracie in 
the mountains of Tehuantepec, and the extraordinary abundance at the 
same time of Chondestes grammaca and Euspiza americana on the plains 
of the Pacific. 

“The shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, or, to speak more properly, — 
those of the salt-lakes communicating with the ocean, which extend — 
from Ventosa nearly to Tonala, are inhabited by a great number of 
aquatic birds. Although belonging, for the most part, to northern spe- 
cies, it is probable that a large number of them make their nests there. 
I have found there in August, a time when the migratory birds have not 











BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 11 


yet made their appearance in Mexico, examples of Numenius, Limosa, 
Calidris, Ereunetes, &e. 

** An interesting fact to be observed is that the greater part of the 
Laride which I have gathered on the shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec 
are identical with those of the Atlantic. I will give as examples Chroico- 
cephalus atricilla, Sterna anglica, Sterna antillarum, Hydrochelidon fissipes, 
and Rhynchops nigra. 

‘“¢ Professor Baird (Review of North American Birds, p. 267, and Dis- 
tribution and Migration of North American Birds) has already men- 
tioned, as a fact worthy of notice, the presence of the first three of these 
species at Mazatlan. He speaks of the SN. antillarum as a winter resident 
at Mazatlan, Colima, and Manzanillo. It is curious that on the shores 
_ of the Gulf of Tehuantepec the opposite appears to take place. At San 
_ Mateo del Mar, a village eight leagues from Tehuantepec, I have not 
seen, in the months of Kebruary and December, 189, and February, 
1870, a single bird of this species (S. antillarum); while in August, 1869, 
they appeared there in considerable numbers. The natives have assured 
me that in the month of June this Sterna makes its nest on the sand- 

banks which intersect the lakes in the neighborhood.” 


Fam. TURDIDA. 


1, Catharus occidentalis, Scl. 
“Sierra Madre, prés Zapotitlan ; January, 1870.” 


2. Turdus mustelimus, Gm. 
“Tehuantepec City.” 


3. Turdus swaimsomi, Cab. 

‘Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April 14, 1869. 

“Tris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible whiti$h ; feet pale: 
brownish.” 


4. Turdus grayi, Bp. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868. 

“Tris brown; bill greenish-olive; feet livid fleshy. 

“* | have only observed this species at Santa Efigenia, where it is not 
very abundant, and where its presence is explained probably by the 
neighborhood of the Sierra de Chimalapa.” 


%. Turdus flavirostris, Sw. 
* Tehuantepec City; November, 1869. 
“Tris cinnamon; bill yellowish, tip dusky ; feet dull flesh-color.” 


12 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


This is an abundant species in Western Mexico, to which section it 
seems to be restricted ; common at Mazatlan, and also obtained on the 
Tres Marias Islands by Colonel Grayson. 


G. Melamotis cz#rulescems (Sw.). 
«‘ Sierra Madre, prés Zapotitlan ; January, 1870.” 


7. Harporhynchus curvirostris (Sw.). 
“Tehuacan (Puebla); August, 1868. 
“Tris orange; bill black; feet livid blue; vulgar name Cuitlacochi.” 


8. WMimus polyglottus var. caudatus, Baird. 
“ Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 
“ Tris orange-yellow ; bill and feet black.” 


9. Wimus gracilis, Cab. 

“Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 

“Tris orange-yellow; bill and feet black.” 

There are six specimens which I consider to be this species. They’ 
differ from examples from Yucatan in being rather smaller and more 
slender; in having the wings and tail brownish black, and the color of 
the upper plumage of a brownish ash. In Yucatan specimens, the wings 
and tail are deep black, and the upper parts bluish ash. These last 
agree closely with Cabanis’s description of JM. gracilis. The specimens 
under examination were collected in October. The differences in color 
may be seasonal. 

Fam. SYWLVEEDA. 
10. Polioptila cz#rulea, Linn. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Juchitan; August and December, 
1868. ; 

“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower whitish; feet black. 

“'This species, which is not uncommon in the neighborhood of Santa 
Efigenia, only resides there perhaps in winter, or during the flight. I 
have not seen it there since the menth of March.” 


Lil. Polioptila albiloris, Scl. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Tehuantepec City; May and De- 
cember. 

“Jris dark brown; bill black, except two-thirds of basal portion of 
lower mandible, which is light plumbeous; feet plumbeous.” 


12. Polioptila nigriceps, Baird. 
‘Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; Quiotepec (Oaxaca); April. 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 13 


‘Tris brown; basal half of lower mandible plumbeous, upper 
mandible and tip black ; feet plumbeous. 

“‘Common almost everywhere in the west of the isthmus and in the 
dry and warm districts of the State of Oaxaca; frequents the ravines 
and the thin woods; goes almost always in pairs.” 


Fam. TROGLODY TID. 


13. Campylorhynechus zonatus, Less. 

‘“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September. 

“Tris cinpamon-red ; upper mandible black ; lower horny; feet yel- 
Jowish olive.” 


14. Campylorhynchus jocosus, Scl. 
“ Dondominguello (Oaxaca) ; August, 1868. 
“Iris red brown; bill blackish ; feet dusky ash.” 


15. Campviorhynechus humilis, Scl. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City. 

“Tris bright brick-red; bill blackish; basal half of lower mandible 
and feet light plumbeous. 
- “This is the most common species of the genus that I have met with 
or the shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. It advances toward the 
northeast to San Carlos, on the route from Tehuantepec to Oaxaca. It 
is a very lively bird, whose song at the time of mating is agreeable and 
varied ; except at this time, when it lives in pairs, it is almost always 
seen in small flocks.” 


16. Salpimctes obsoletus (Say). 
“Tehuantepec (Cacoprieto) ; June, 1872.” 


17. Cyphorinus leucostictus, Cab. 
* Tehuantepec (Guichicovi); Septeinber, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black; feet dark plumbeous.” 


18. Thryothorus maculipectus, Lafr. 

** Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible black, lower horn-color; feet dark 
ashy-blue.” 


19. Thryothorus pleurostictus, Scl. 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Guichicovi, Tapana; March to 
October. 





14 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish-black, lower light bluish- 
fleshy ; feet light-brown.” 

“One of the indigenous birds, the most dispersed in the woody locali- 
ties on the west of the isthmus, and the only sylvicoline wren that I 
have there met with up to this time. Endowed with extreme vivacity, 
it is continually in motion, running along the ground and climbing the 
shrubs and creepers, in search of insects; and this occupation is always 
enlivened by the cries of pleasure or the animated trills of the male 
bird, which reveal his distant position in the interior of the wood. | 
Besides, it is quite tame, and may be easily approached; the report of a 
gun, even, does not appear to frighten it much. In very woody spots, 
several couples of them are often seen devoting themselves with ardor 
to the chase, or busy carrying materials destined for the construction 
of their nests. This nest, made with skill, is woven with dry grasses, 
whose stems are fine and elastic. It has the form of a retort, and is 
fixed horizontally around the stem of a bush, often at the fork of two 
branches. From the beginning of May to the middle of July, I have 
found these nests, containing from 3 to 5 eggs of a beautiful greenish- 
blue color, clear, and of a diameter of about 22 millimeters. The bottom 
of the nest, where the eggs rest, is lined with hairs, mingled with the 
fine down of certain seeds of Bombacées.” 


20. Thryothorus bewickii var. leucogaster, Baird. 
‘* Puente Colorado; August, 1868. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet dusky.” 


Fam. MOTACILLIDA. 


2. Anthus ludoviciamus (Gm.). 
‘Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869. 
** Bill blackish; base of lower mandible dull yellowish; feet brownish.” 


Fam. MINIOTEIL TED A. 


22. Seiurus auricapilius (Linn.). 

“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible blackish-brown, lower and feet light- 
fleshy.” 


23. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gm.). 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April, 1869. 

“Tris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible paler; feet light- 
brown.” 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 15 


24. Seiurus ludovicianus (Aud.). 
“‘ Tehuantepec (Barrio, Santa Efigenia); September and January. 
“Tris brown ; bill blackish ; lower mandible paler; feet pale-fleshy.” 


(25. Mmiotilta varia (Linn.). 

“‘ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible black, lower fleshy; tarsi dark oli 
vaceous; toes olivaceons yellow.” 


26. Parula americana (Liun.). 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Tehuantepec City; October and 
January. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible brown, lower whitish-brown at tip ; feet 
brownish.” 


27. Helminthophaga ruficapilla (Wils.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Santa Etigenia) ; December and January. 
“Tris brown; bill bluish-ash, culmen dusky ; feet olive-brown.” 


28. Helminthophaga peregrina (Wils.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December and January. 
“Tris brown; bill ashy, culmen and tip dusky ; feet dull olive.” 


29. Demdreecca zstiva (Gm.). 
‘‘Tehuantepec (Barrio, Chihuitan, Guichicovi, Santa Efigenia), Don. 
dominguillo (Oaxaca); August to December, January and February. 
“Tris brown; upper mandible black, lower light plumbeous; feet 
light brownish-yellow.” 


3. Demdraeca virenms (Gm.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet brownish.” 


31. Dendreeca coronata (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January. 
“Tris brown ; bill and feet black.” 


32. Dendreeca blackburmiz (Gm.). 
“Tehuantepec City.” 


33. Dendrecca castanea (Wils.). 

“ Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower yellowish; feet brow2- 
ish-yellow.” 


16 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


$4. Dendreeca maculosa (Gm.). 

“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and March. 

“Tris brown; bill ashy ; culmen and a line along the lower mandible 
dusky ; feet brownish, toes tinged with yellow.” 


35. Dendreocca dominica var. albilora, Baird, Am. Nat., 1873, 
p. 606. 
«« Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869.” 


36. Dendroecca graciz, Coues. 
‘s Sierra Madre, prés Zapotitlan ; January, 1870.” 


37. Opowvornis formesus (Wils.). 

‘ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“ Iris brown; upper mandible brownish-black, lower brownish-black, 
except at base, which, with the feet, are light fleshy.” 


38. Wviodioctes cwerulescenms (Gm.). 

“ Tehuantepec (Barrio, Guichicovi); September, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower paler; feet light 
brownish-yellow.” 


$9. Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolatus (Pallas.). See Ridg- _ 
way, Am. Nat., 1873, p. 808. 
“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Iris brown; bill brownish, lower mandible yellowish; feet light- 
brown.” 


40. Basileuterus rufifroms (Sw.). 
“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black; feet fleshy.” 


41. Setophaga ruticiiia (Linn.). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; April, 1871.” 


AY. Setophaga picta, Sw. 
‘Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); January, 1869.” 


43. Setophaga miniata, Sw. 
“Sierra Madre, prés Zapotitlan ; January, 1870.” 


44. Granatelius vemustus, Dubus. 
‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); January, 1869. 
“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish-black, lower plumbeous ash; 

feet dull ashy-brown.” | 











BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. de 


45. Geothliypis philadelphia var. macgillivrayi (Aud.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Chihuitan); Tehuantepec City ; November, 1868. 
“Tris brown; bill blackish, most of lower mandible pale; feet light 

flesh.” 


46. Icteria virens (Linn.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November and January. 
‘Tris brown ; upper mandible blackish, lower whitish ; feet dull ashy.” 


Fam. HIRUNDINID. 


47. Progne leucogaster, Baird. 
‘Tehuantepec (Barrio) ; October, 1868. 
“Tris dark-brown ; bill black ; feet brownish.” 


48. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. 
‘Tehuantepec City; October. Tehuacan (Puebla); August. 
“Tris brown ; bill brownish-black ; feet brown.” 


49. Petrochelidon swainsoni, Scl. 
‘Tehuantepec City ; October, 1369. 
*‘ Tris and bill dark-brown; feet grayish-brown.” 


90. Cotyle riparia (Linn.). 
‘* Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.” 


Fam. VIREONIDAE. 


Ol. Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cass. 
“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; April and May. 
*“Tris red; bill dusky above, light ash beneath ; feet light brownish- 
ash.” 


o2. Vireosylvia gilva var. swainsoni, Baird. 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); January, 1869, April, 1871.” 


o3. Vireo noveboracensis (Gm.). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868.” 


o4. Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); De- 
cember and January. 

“Tris brown; bill bluish-ash, culmen and tip of both mandibles 


dusky ; feet bluish-ash.” 
2 


18 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


oo. Lanivireo solitarius (Wils.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City; Chiapas (Gineta — 
Mountains) ; October and January. 
‘‘Tris brown; bill plumbeous, culmen and tip dusky; feet plumbeous.” 


o6. Vireo belli, Aud. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City; October and — 
December. 

‘Iris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower and feet light plum- 
beous.” 
o7. Vireo hypochryseus, Scl. 

** Quiotepec (Oaxaca); August, 1868.” 


o8. Hylophilus decurtatus (Bonap.). 
‘* Tehuantepec (Chimalana) ; March, 1869. 
“Tris brown; feet light-brown.” 


09. Cyclorhis flaviventris, Lafr. 
‘Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Petapa) ; September, 1869. 
“Jris ciunamou; upper mandible light-brownish fleshy, lower bluish; 


feet fleshy.” 
Fam. LANIIDE. 


60. Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides (Sw.). 

* Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. . 
“Tris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible paler; feet dull 
grayish-ash.” } 
Fam. AMPELIDA., 

61, Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). 
‘* Tehuantepec.” * 
Fam. TANAGRIDE. 
62. Euphonia affimis (Less.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Barrio); Tehuantepec City ; October, 1868. 
“Tris brown; bill black, bases of both mandibles light-bluish ; feet 
dark lead-color.”’ 


63. Euphonia hirundinacea, Bp. 

“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“ris brown; upper mandible and tip of lower black, rest of lower 
bluish ; feet ashy-plumbeous.” 


G4. Chlorophonia occipitalis (Du Bus.). 
‘Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869.” 











BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 19 


65. Tanagra abbas, Licht. 
‘Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black; feet dark-plumbeous.” 


66. Pyranga zxestiva (Gm.). 
* Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November and January. 
“Tris brown; bill light fleshy-brown ; culmen dusky ; feet brownish.” 
There are four specimens (two of each sex), which do not differ from 
specimens of P. estivu from the Atlantic States. The variety named 
P. cooperi by Mr. Ridgway thus appears to range farther to the north. 


67. Pyranga hepatica, Sw. 

«Tehuantepec (Guichicovi); Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; September 
and January. oe) 

“Tris brown ; bill bluish, culmen and tip of lower mandible dusky ; 
_ feet light brownish-ash.” 


68. Pyranga ludoviciana (Wils.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Ishuatlan, Santa Efigenia) ; December and January. 
“Tris brown; bill yellowish, culmen dusky ; feet dark ashy.” 


69. Phenicothraupis rubicoides (Lafr.). 
‘* Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet hazel-brown.” 


70. Phenicothraupis fuscicauda, Cab. 
“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black, tip yellow ; feet light-brown.” 


7i. Lanio aurantius, Lafr. 
“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black; feet grayish.” 


72. Saltator grandis (Licht.). 
** Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869.” 


73. Saltator atriceps, Less. 

“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Santa Efigenia) ; September, December, 
and February. Sa 

“Tris brown; bill black ; feet brownish.” 


Fam. FRINGILLIDE. 


74. Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Santa Etigenia); January, 1869,” 


20 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO 
75. Cardinalis virgimiamus var. carmeus, Lexs., 
‘“ Huamelula.” 


76. Guiraca czxrulea (Linn.). 
“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan); Huitzo, near Oaxaca; August and No- | 
vember. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet dusky.” 


7¢7. Guiraca parellina (Licht.). 
“Tehuantepec City, Huallago ; October and December. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet grayish-brown.” 


78. Volatinia jacarina (Linn.). 
* Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
‘Tris brown; bill black, most of lower mandible bluish; feet blackish.” 


79. Phonipara pusilla (Sw.). 
“ Dondominguillo (Oaxaca) ; August, 1868. 
“ Tris brown; bill black ; feet light-brown.” 


80. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868. 
‘Tris brown ; bill dull fleshy ; feet brownish.” 


Si. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.). 

‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City ; November and 
December. 

“Tris brown ; bill and feet brownish.” 


82. Cyanospiza leclancheri (Lafr.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Tapana); Tehuantepec City ; April and October. 
“Tris brown ; upper mandible brown, lower fleshy ; feet brownish.” 


S83. Cyanospiza rositz, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vol. x, p. 397. 
‘‘ Tehuantepec (Cacoprieto) ; January, 1872. ei 
“Tris brown; upper mandible blackish ; lower pale-bluish ; feet livid- 

plumbeous. ‘Total length, 14 centimeters; wing, 72 millimeters; tail, | 

55 millimeters.” 

Since my description of the male of this species, the missing speci- 
mens, fortunately, have been received. An examination of the male — 
shows no point of difference from my description worthy of comment. 

There is but a single specimen of the female (the only one as yet | 
obtained), of which a description is now given. 

Plumage above of a dull ochreous-brown, tinged with blue on the | 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. DA 


head and-lower back; rump and upper tail-coverts dull Jight-blue ; 
middle tail-feathers dull blue, the outer webs of the other tail-feathers 
similar in color, the inner webs blackish-brown; quill-feathers dark- 
brown; the smaller wing-coverts and the outer edges of the larger 
quills pale-blue ; the other wing-coverts and the tertiaries have margins 
the color of the back; chin grayish ; under plumage of a dull brownish 
rose-color, paler and clearer on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; 
bill and feet similar in color to those of the male. Types in National 
Museum, Washington, D. C. 


84. Euspiza americana (Gi.). 

“Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Guichicovi); Tehuantepec City; Septem- 
ber and October. 

* Tris brown; bill brownish, tinged with yellow ; feet hazel-brown.” 


So. Passerculus savanna var. alaudinus, Bp. 

‘* Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower mandible and feet 
fleshy.” 


S86. Zonotrichia mystacalis, Hartl. 
~“Tehuacan (Puebla); August, 1868. 

“Tris reddish-brown; upper mandible black, lower light-blue; feet 
fleshy.” 


87. Spizella socialis (Wils.)._ 
“ Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869. 


88. Spizella socialis var. arizonz, Coues. 

‘** Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible brown, lower mandible lighter; feet 
brownish flesh.” 


S89. Spizella atrigularis, Cab. 
** Chapuico (Puebla); January, 1868. 
“Tris brown ; bill brownish-orange; feet brownish.” 


90. Peuciea ruficeps var. boucardi, Scl. 
* Puente Colorado (Puebla); August, 1868. 
“Tris brown ; upper mandible horny-brown, lower bluish; feet fleshy.” 


91. Coturniculus passerinus (Wils.). 
“Tehuantepec City; November, 1869. 
“Tris brown ; upper mandible dusky, lower light-bluish ; feet fleshy.” 


Die BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


92. Embernagra rafivirgata, Lawr. 


‘* Huamelula.”’ 


93. Hzeemophila rufescens, Sw. 
“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; upper mandible black, lower bluish; feet dark flesh- 


color.” 


94. Heemophila ruficauda (Bonap.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City. 
“Tris light reddish-brown; upper mandible black, lower bluish-fleshy; 


feet fleshy-brown.” 


95. Hzemophila sumichrasti, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., vol. 
Xe sO: 
‘* Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; September, 1868. 
“Tris brownish-red; upper mandible blackish, lower mandible and 
feet fleshy.” 


96. Pipilo maculatus, Sw. 
“ Cieneguilla (Oaxaca, alpine region).” 


97. Pipilo albicollis, Sci. 

** Huitzo, near Oaxaca; August, 1868. 

‘Tris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower bluish-ash; feet gray- 
ish-brown.” 


98. Chondestes grammaca (Say). 
‘Tehuantepee (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November, December, 
and January. 


“Tris brown ; bill bluish; culmen and tip dusky; feet fleshy.” 


99. Chrysomitris notata (Du Bus.). : 

‘*Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); January, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible blackish-brown, lower dull-ashy ; feet 
brownish.” 


Fam. ALAUDID. 


100. Eremophila alpestris var. chrysolzaema (Wagl.). 
‘Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August, 1869. 
‘* Probably resident on the Pacific plains, where it seems to be abund- — 
ant in July and August. 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 23 


Fam. ICTERIDE. 


101. Cassiculus melanicterus (Bp.). 

“Tehuantepec (Barrio, Chihuitan); Tehuantepec City; October, 
November, aud December. 

“ Tris brown; bill greenish-white; feet blackish-brown. 

“This bird (called by the Creoles Tordo de fierro (Iron Thrush), and by 
the Zapotéques bigoseguiba, which has the same meaning), although 
proper to Western Mexico, often wanders from the coast. A few years 
ago I found it near Tehuacan (State of Puebla). In the isthmus it is 
especially abundant near Chihuitan and Huallaga. Like Cassicus pre- 
vosti, it has a disagreeable smell, and is generally infested with vermin.” 


102. Cassicus prevosti (Less.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Santa Efigenia); May and September. 
‘Tris light-yellow ; bill yellowish-white; feet bluish-ash.” 


103. Icterus prosthemelas (Strickland). 
““ Tehuantepec (Chihuitan) ; December, 1868.” 


104. Icterus melanocephalus (Wag!l.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
‘Tris brown ; bill black; base of lower mandible and feet bluish-ash.” 


105. Icterus mesomelas (Wagl.). 
“* Tehuantepec (Guichicovi); September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible and feet bluish-ash.” 


106. Icterus gularis (Wagl.). 

“ Tehuantepec (Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia). 

“Tris brown; bill black, with the base of the lower mandible and 
feet bluish-ash.” 


167. Icterus pectoralis (Wagl.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Santa Efigenia); June and September. 
“Tris dark-brown; bill black; base of lower mandible bluish; feet 
bluish-asit.” 


108. Icterus formosus, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Lye., vol. x, p. 184. 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia, Juchitan); June, September, and 
December. 
“Tris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible and feet light- 
plumbeous.” 


24 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


109. Feterus spurius var. affinmis, Lawr. 

“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City. 

“Iris brown; upper mandible black, lower ashy-blue; feet dark 
ashy-blue.” 


110. Molothrus ceneus (Wagl.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Tapana); April, 1869. 
‘Tris red; bill and feet black.” 


111. Wolothrus pecoris var. obscurus (Gm.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 
‘Tris brown; feet black.” 


112. Sturnella magma var. mexicana, Scl. 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Barrio, Santa Efigenia); September and February. 
‘‘ Tris hazel-brown ; feet light fleshy-brown.” 


113. Quiscalus macrurus, Sw. 
‘Tehuantepec (Barrio, Juchitan); September and October. 
‘‘ Tris pale-yellow ; bill and feet black.” 


114. Quiscalus mexicanus, Cass. 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet black ; inside of bill yellow.” 


Fam. CORVIDZE. 


115. Cyanocitta coronata (Sw.). 
*“* Cieneguilla (Oaxaca, alpine region) ; August, 1868. 
‘** Tris brown ; bill and feet black.” 


116. Cyanocitta californica var. sumichrasti, Ridg. 
‘¢ Nacaltepec (Oaxaca); August, 1868. 
‘Tris brown; bill and feet black.” 


117. Calocitta formosa (Sw.). 

“Tehuantepec (Juchitan); Tehuantepec City; August, September, 
and November. 

“Tris brown; bill and feet black. 

“This is the most widely scattered and the greatest busybody of all 
the birds of the isthmus. You cannot take a step out of inhabited 
localities without being assailed by the vexatious scoldings of these 
Chavis (that is the name which is given to them). Not content with 








a 
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 25 


hooting at you as you pass, they torment you, follow you, cross the 
road in front of you, and accompany these gymnastic performances by 
clapping their bills, by whistling, by scolding in every tone and on 
every key. Excessively bold, it does not fear to approach farms and 
feed upon the meat which is put out to dry in the sun (tasajo), in com- 
pany with species of Cathartes and Quiscalus. If an animal, a horse or 
an ox, for example, should fall exhausted from the effects of a wound, 
the Chavis make no scruple of attacking the wounded spot, either to 
earry off the pieces of flesh which are loose, or perhaps to obtain the 
larvee of carnivorous flies which are developed there.” 


118. Xanthura guatemalensis (Bp.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December and January. 
“Tris yellow; bill black; feet ashy-blue.” 


119. Psilorhinus morio (Licht.). 
‘‘ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
‘‘ Tris brown; bill yellow; feet black, mixed with yellow.” 


120. Corvus corax var. carnivorus, Bartram. 
_ * Tehuantepec (Barrio, Tapana); April, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet black.” 


Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID&. 


121. Dendrornis eburneirostris (Sw.). 

*« Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Ishuatlan, Tapana, Santa Efigenia). 

* Tris brown ; bill whitish horn-color ; sides of upper mandible brown 
ish; feet dull-olive.” 


Fam. TYRANNIDE. 


122. Attila citreopygius (Bp.). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); May, 1871. 
* Tris cinnamon ; bill horny; feet plumbeous.” 


123. Sayornis sayus (Bp.). 
**Chapulco (Puebla); August, 1868. 
“Tris brown ; bill and feet black.” 


124. Sayornis nigricans (Sw.). 
* Tanatepec.” 


@ 
26 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 
125. Todirostrum schistaceiceps, Scl. 
“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Iris brown; bill black, extreme tip whitish; feet light-bluish.” 


126. Oncostoma cinereigulare, Scl. 

“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Cacoprieto, Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; 
April to September. 

“Tris grayish-white; bill black ; medial face of lower mandible whitish; 


feet fleshy.” 


127. Ornithion incanescens (Max.); (Camptostoma im- 
berbe, Scl., see P. 4. S., 1873, p. 577). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December and January. 
“Tris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible yellowish; feet 
blackish-ash ; commissure and mouth orange.” 


128. Wviozetetes texensis (Giraud). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Barrio, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia). 
‘‘Tris brown; bill and feet black.” 


129. Rhynchocyclus cinereiceps (Scl.). 

‘* Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); January to May. 

‘Tris pearl-gray ; upper mandible blackish ; lower mandible and feet 
dull flesh-color ; interior of mouth black.” 


130. Pitangus derbianus (Kaup). 
‘Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Tapana, Santa Efigenia). 
‘Tris brown; bill and feet black.” 


131. Myiodynastes luteiventris, Bp. 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April, 1869. 

“Tris brown; bill black ; extreme base of lower mandible dull-fleshy ; 
feet dark brownish-ash.” 


132. Megarhynchus mexicanus (Lafr.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia). 
“Tris brown; bill and feet black.” 


133. Muscivora mexicana, Scl. 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; June and December. 

“Tris brown; bill black ; central part of lower mandible yellowish; 
feet fleshy-yellow.” 


| 


! 











i 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 27 


134. Pyrocephalus rubimeus var. mexicanus, Scl. 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City. 
“Tris brown; bill and feet black.” 


135. Empidonax minimus (Baird). 

“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia, Tapana, Guichicovi); Te- 
huantepee City; Chiapas (Gineta Mountains). 

“ Tris brown; upper mandible brownish-black, lower dull-fleshy ; feet 
black.” 


136. Empidonax flaviventris (Baird). 
*‘ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Santa Efigenia) ; December and January. 
“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish-black, lower yellowish; feet 
blackish.” 


137. Empidonax traillii var. pusillus (Sw. et Rich.). 
‘““Tehuantepec City; October, 1869. 
‘‘Tris brown ; upper mandible black, lower light-brownish ; feet black.” 


138. Empidonax hammondi (De Vesey). 

*‘ Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869. 

“Tris brown; upper mandible blackish, lower light-brownish ; feet 
black.” 


139. Contopus borealis (Sw.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Icacoprieto) ; September, 1872.” 


140. Contopus pertinax, Cab. et Heine. 
“Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); January, 1869.” 


141. Contopus virens (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Tapana); April and May. 
“Tris brown; upper mandible black, lower dull-yellow; feet black.” 


142. Contopus virens var. richardsonii (Sw.). 
** Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Tehuantepec City ; April, May, and October. 
“Tris brown; upper mandible black, basal half of lower brownish- 
yellow; feet black.” 


8 
143. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). 


“ Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 
“Iris brown; bill black, lighter at the base of lower mandible ; feet 
blackish.” 


28 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 
144, Myiarchus crimitus var. cooperi (Kaup). 
“ Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); April and December. 
‘Tris brown; bill black; feet dark ashy-brown.” 
145. Myiarchus cinerascenms (Lawr.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; Chiapas 





(Gineta Mountains) ; April, October, November, and January. 
‘Tris brown; bill black; extreme base of lower mandible dull-fleshy; 
treet blackish.” 


146. Myiarchus lawrencei (Giraud). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Dondominguillo (Oaxaca).” 


147. Myiarchus flammulatus, Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vol. xi, 
Dit: . 
“‘ Tehuantepec (Cacoprieto) ; June, 1872.” 


148. Tyrannus melancholicus var. satrapa (Licht.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Tapana, Barrio); Dondominguillo (Oaxaca). 
‘Tris dark-brown; bill black ; feet brownish.” 


149. Tyrannus crassirostris, Sw. 
‘Tehuantepec (Chihuitan) ; Los Cues (Oaxaca). 
‘* Tris dark-brown ; bill and feet blackish.” 


150. Tyrannus carolinensis (Gm.). 
‘* Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; May, 1869. 
“Tris brown ; bill black ; feet dark-plumbeous.” 


1O1. Milvulus forficatus (Gm.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Chibhuitan) ; Tehuantepec City. 
‘Tris brown; upper mandible blackish, lower paler ; feet brown.” 


Fam. COTINGID®. 


102. Tityra personata, Jard. and Selb. 
“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; March, April, and January. 
“Tris dull cinnamoy-red ; bill black at end for half its length ; basal 


half of bill, lores, and orbits pale-carmine ; feet ashy-brown.” 
& 
153. Hadrostomus aglaiz (Lafr.). 


‘¢ Dondominguillo (Oaxaca); August, 1868. 


“Tris brown ; upper mandible blackish, lower bluish horn-color ; feet | 
ashy-blue.” 














BIRDS OF SOUrHWESTERN MEXICO. 29 


Fam. PIPRIDAE. 


154. Chiroxiphia limearis (Bonap.'. 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana); June, 1869. 

“Tris dark-brown ; bill black; feet orange. 

“This Manakin, the only one that I have found in the western part of 
the isthmus, dwells only in certain localities, thickly wooded, at the foot 
of the Cordilleras, on the banks of streams, and still it is only in the 
solitary ravines and the most shady nooks that they need be looked for. 
Very difficult to discover at any other time in the midst of the thick 
forests that they choose for their dwelling, their retreat is easily dis- 
covered in the breeding-season by the loud and continuous cries made 
- by the males during the greater part of the day. Two males are almost 
always found together, perched side by side on the same branch; a 
curious fact which I have a long time wondered at, but the following 
observation enlightened me. <A female, pluming herself, is perched a °* 
few steps away from these two gallants, who, anxious to please her, 
begin a loving joust the most diverting, ascending and descending with 
their wings half-closed, their feathers disheveled, and their throats 
inflated with pleasure and the effort of singing. This continues some- 
times for more than a quarter of an hour, and recommences after a few 
minutes’ rest, during which the female shows her pleasure by the 
trembling of her body and the fluttering of her wings. Nothing can 
be more graceful than this picture when a ray of sunlight, piercing the 
dark vault of the forest, enlivens the scene and brings out the bright 
tints of black velvet, of azure and purple that adorn the coats of these 
little feathered actors. With an excessive natural confidence, the 
Chiroxiphia allow themselves to be approached very near without 
showing any fear, and the sound of a gun hardly frightens them.” 


Fam. MOMOTIDA®E. 


155. Momotus lessoni, Less. 
‘Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Chimalapa) ; March and September. 
* Tris red; bill black ; feet blackish.” 


156. Momotus mexicanus (Sw.). 

‘Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Barrio, Santa Efigenia) ; Los Cues (Oaxaca); 
‘August to December. 

“Tris red; bill black; base of lower mandible whitish horn-color ; 
feet dull-cinereous. 


“a 
et 
As 


30 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. * 


“« This is very common in all the western regions of the isthmus from 
Barrio to the Pacific. It comes from there through the State of Oaxaca 
to Tehuacan (Puebla), where it is not rare. It is almost universally 
called guarda-barranca or garderavin, because it generally lives in | 
ravines, and digs its nest along the sides.” 


157. Eumomota superciliaris (Sandb.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Tapana, Cacoprieto); April and May. ° 
‘‘ Tris dark-brown; bill, black ; feet grayish-black.” 


Fam. ALCEDINID#. 


158. Ceryle torquata (Linn.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Chibuitan, Santa Efigenia); November and December. 
“Tris dark-brown; bill black; base of both mandibles grayish; feet 


light olive-green.” 
8 





159. Ceryvle alcyonm (Linn.). 
‘“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868. €| 
‘“Jris dark-brown ; bill black, basal half of lower mandible whitish | 

horn-color; feet dusky.” 


160. Ceryie amazona (Lath.). 

“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November, December, 
and January. 

‘“‘ Tris dark-brown ; bill and feet black.” 


4 





161. Ceryle americana var. cabanisi, Tsch. 
Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November, December, 
and January.” 


162. Ceryle superciliosa (Linn.). 

‘* Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); April, 1871. 

“Iris brownish-black ; bill black; base of lower mandible fleshy; 
feet dark-brown.” 


Fam. BUCCONID-E. 


163. Bucco dysoni, Gray. 
‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); May, 1871. 
“Iris dark purplish-red ; feet dull-plumbeous; bill black.” 


BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. ae 


Fam. TROGONID &. 


164. Trogon puella, Gould. 
“¢ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Chimalapa) ; March and September. 
“ Tris brown; bill yellow ; feet yellowish.” 


165. Trogon braccatus, Cab. et Heine. 
“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris dark-brown ; bill ashy-blue; orbits yellow; feet plumbeous.” 


166. Trogon citreolus, Gould. 
‘Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Ventosa, Tapana, Santa Efigenia). 
“Tris yellow ; eyelids violet-blue; bill bluish-ash ; feet cinereous.” 


Fam. CAPRIMULGIDE. 


167. Chordeiles texensis, Lawr. 

. Tehuantepec (San Mateo, Santa Efigenia); August and January, 
1869. 

“tris dark-brown; bill brownish; feet dull-brown. 

“At Santa Efigenia, where I killed most of the specimens of this 
Night-hawk, they live during the day hidden at the foot of mountain 
in woods and thickets. They come out a short time after sunset, and 
then appear in great numbers above inupdated places and savannas. 
Their flight is easy and graceful; but it is quite difficult to shoot them, 


because they easily escape from sight on account of their dark color 
and the feeble light of the twilight.” 


168. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.). 
* Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869.” 


169. Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmn.). 

“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November, December, 
and January. 

“Tris dark-brown ; bill pale-brown, tip dusky ; feet dull-fleshy. 

“This species is very common in all the warm and temperate lands 
of Southern Mexico, where itis known under the name of Tapas camina 
(conore chemin) or Ataja camina (qui embarrasse le chemin), derived 
from the custom it has of lying flat on the roads. Its ery, which is of 
two kinds, may be expressed by the syllable piou - piou - piou - piou— 
| pu-e-t-ou. The latter part, uttered with force, is probably a ery of 


_» appeal (or challenge). The second, which it repeats from time to time, 
is shorter, ow - i - iow.” 





5 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


170. Nyctibius jamaicensis (Gm.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia).” 


Fam. CYPSELID. 


171. Chetura vauxii (Towns.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Guichicovi); September, 1869, 
‘‘ Tris dark brown; bill black; feet blackish.” 


Fam. TROCHILIDE. 


172. Campyloptecrus hemileucurus (Licht.). 
‘Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); January, 1869.” 


173. Lampornis prevosti (Less.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December, January, and February. 
- ‘Tris dark brown; bill and feet black.” 


174. Trochilus colubris, Linn. 

“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; October, Novem- 
ber, and December. 

“ Tris brown; bill and feet black.” 


175. Heliomaster pallidiceps, Gould. 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January.” 
» ; 


176. Heliomaster leocadia (Bource.). 
‘* Tehuantepec City ; October and November, 1869. 
‘¢ Tris, bill, and feet black.” 


177. HMeliomaster constanti (Delatt.). 
‘“‘ Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); January, 1869.” 


178. Cyanomia cyanocephala (Less.). 
“ Tehuantepes (Guichicovi) ; September and January. 
‘Tris black; upper mandible black, lower bright carmine, with the 
tip black; feet black.” 


179. Cyanomia violiceps (Gould). ° 1 
“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); May, December, and Jan 
wary. 
“Tris brown ; bill rosy-red, tip black ; feet plumbeous.” 
180. Pyrrhophzna cinnamomea (Less.). 


** Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December and January. 
‘¢ Tris black; bill bright carmine red, tip black.” 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 33 


18. Pyrrhophzma devillei (Bourc.). 
“Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869.” 


182. Pyrrhophzna riefferi (Bourc.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi); September, 1869.” 


183. Thaumatias camdidus (Boure. et Muls.). 

“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“Tris black; upper mandible black, lower light carmine, with the tip 
black; feet black.” 


184. Circe doubledayi (Bourc.). — 

*‘ Tehuantepec (Chilhuitan) ; November, 1868.” 

A single specimen of this rare species is in the collection, and the 
only one I have ever seen. Mr. Gould, in his monograph of Trochilida, 
says but two specimens were known. Since that time, however, others 
may have been obtained. I wrote two years since to Professor Sumi- 
chrast to endeavor to procure more examples, but he has not as yet 
been able to do so. Its locality is now determined, wl ich, at the time 
it was described by Mr. Bourcier, was thought to be the “Rio Negro,” 
though Mr. Gould states that his specimen was marked as from ‘Chi- 
mantla, Mexico,” which he thought was correct, as its allies, ‘with 
obscure tippings to their tails, such as latirostris, caniveti, auriceps, &c., 

were denizens of that country.” 


185. Chiocrolampis camaveti (Less.). 

‘Tehuantepec (Guichicovi); September, 1869. 

“Tris and feet black; basal two-thirds of bill carmine-red, terminal 
third black.” 

Fam. CUCULIDZ. 

186. Crotophaga sulcirostris, Sw. 

“Tehuantepec (Juchitan); September, 1868. 

“Tris dark brown; bill and feet black.” 


187. Diplopterus mavius (Linn.). 
‘ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia).” 


188. Piaya cayanma (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Barrio); September and November. 
“Tris red; bill, lores, and orbits light olive-green ; feet bluish-ash.” 
189. Piaya ridibumdus (Gm.). 


wm 


Zehuantepec City.” 
3 


34 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


190. Moroecoccyx erythroepygia (Less.). 

“¢ Tehuantepec (Chihuitan), Tehuantepec City ; October and Decem- 
ber. eo 

“Tris brown; bill orange-brown; culmen blackish; orbital skin green- 
ish-yellow before the eye and azure-blue behind the eye; feet dull fleshy. 

‘Similar to Geococcyx mexicanus in its terrestrial habits. Indeed, it 
never alights except on the lowest bushes; woody places, les bejucales 
(places full of entangled creepers), and hedges are its favorite spots. 
It runs very quickly, and easily escapes from sight. Its flesh, like that 
of the Geococcyx, has an unsavory and disagreeable odor.” 


191. Geococcyx mexicanus (Gm.). 

‘‘ Tehuantepec (Juchitan); August and September. 

‘Iris brown, separated from the pupil by a narrow golden ring; © 
orbital skin blue and red; bill bluish-gray, culmen dusky; feet livid- 
bluish. 

‘This bird, quite common in the west of the isthmus, there bears 
the name of Corre-camino (Spanish) or Ceré-quidja (Zapotique).” 


Fam. RAMPHASTIDA. 


192. Pteroglossus torquatus (Gm.). 

‘¢ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January and March. 

‘Tris yellow; orbital skin red; feet greenish-olive. 

‘Common in the woods at the foot of the Cordilleras at Santa Efige- 
“nia, at Tapana, at Tanatepec, &c. I have been told that Ramphastos 
carinatus is found at times in the same localities. I have not there met 
with it.” 


193. Campephilus guatemalemsis (Hartl.). 

“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan), Tehuantepec City; November and De- 
cember. 

‘Tris light yellow ; bill horny-white; feet ashy.” 


194. Dryocopus scapularis (Vig.) 
“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; November and December. 
“Tris white; bill white; feet dark ashy-blue.” 


195. Picus scalaris, Wagl. 
‘* Puente, Colorado (Puebla); August, 1868. 
“Tris brown; bill blackish; feet greenish.” 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 35 


4196. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.). 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); Janu- 
ary, 1869. 

« Bill horny; feet dull greenish.” 


197. Chioromerpes wrugimosus (Licht.). 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Guichicovi); Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; 
April, September, and January. 

“Tris brown; bill black; feet bluish-ash.” 


198. Mielamerpes formicivorus (Sw.). 
“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi); Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); September 
and January.” 


199. Centurus aurifroms (Wagl.). 

“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia); September, 
November, and January. 

“Tris red; bill blackish; feet dull greenish-ash.” 


200. Centurus hypopolius (Wagl.). 

‘* Chapulco (Puebla) ; August, 1868. 

“Tris brown ; bill blackish ; feet ashy-blue.” 

This seems to be a rare species, as there is but a single specimen in 
the collection, and I have not met with it in collections from other parts 
of Mexico or from Guatemala. 


Fam. PSITTACIDZA. 


201. Ara macao (Linn.). 

*‘ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City, December. 

“Tris yellow; upper mandible whitish, lower black; skin of cheeks 
rosy-white ; feet black. 

*“ Hixcessively common.in all the western part of the isthmus, especially 
between Niltepec and Tapana. It ascends very high on the sides of mee 
Cordillera, where it is even seen in the pine-forests.” 


202. Ara militaris (Linn.). 
“Mountains north of Tehuantepec.” 


203. Conurus aztec, Souancé. 
“Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 
“Tris reddish-yellow ; bill whitish; feet black.” 


36 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


204. Comurus petzii (Leibl.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; September, No- 
vember, and December. 
‘Tris and orbital skin yellow; bill yellowish-white; feet yellowish, 
marbled with brownish. 
‘‘ Hverywhere abundant; this species lives indifferently in the woods, 
on plains, and in the neighborhood of inhabited places. It is the same 
with Chrysotis albifrons.” 


205. Brotogerys tovi (Gm.). 

‘Tehuantepec (Tapana); June, 1869. 

“Tris brown; cere whitish; bill light brown; feet fleshy. 

“This little paroquet appears confined in the west of the isthmus to 
the neighborhood of the villages of Zanatepec and Tapana, where it is 
called Catarina or Gachupina. It never leaves the thick woods, where 
it keeps on the largest and highest trees, which makes its capture quite 
difficult, because it is confounded with the foliage. It is sought as a 
pleasure bird on account of its small size and the ease with which it 
may be tamed. The Indians of the valley of Oaxaca, who come to trade 
in the State of Chiapas, bring a great number to sell in the interior.” 


206. Clarysotis farimosa (Bodd.). 

“Santa Maria (Chimalapa). 

‘‘ Another species of Chrysotis, although it may be rare, lives in the 
neighborhood of Tapana (its body is entirely green, the nape of the 
neck and at times the forehead are spotted with yellow, its beak is 
blackish, its size that of CO. ochroptera). I regret that I have been una- 


ble as yet to procure specimens of it. I have only seen it in captivity.” 


267. Chrysotis auropaliliata (Less.). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); May, 1871. 
“Tris orange-red; bill blackish; cere black; feet grayish.” 


208. Chrysotis levaillamtii, Gray. 
“Tehuantepec (Barrio, Petapa) ; October, 1868. 
‘“‘Iris orange; bill and feet dirty white.” 


209. Chrysotis autummalis (Linn.). 
“Tehuantepec (Barrio); September, 1868. 


“Tris orange-yellow; bill dull yellowish, blackish along the cutting- 
edges; feet light greenish-ash.” 











BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTLRN MEXICO. oe 


210. Chrysotis albifroms, Sparrm. 

“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Juchitan); Tehuantepec City; October 
and November. 

“Tris yellowish-white; bill light yellow; cere and feet dull white.” 


Sil. Chrysotis finschi, Scl. 
‘* Tebuantepec City ; October, 1869. 
“Tris orange; bill dirty-white; feet light gray.” 


Fam. STRIGID ZA. 


Sie. Glaucidium ferrugimiuma (Max.). 

‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City; Chiapas (Gineta 
Mountains); October, January, and March. 

‘Tris yellow; bill, cere, and feet greenish-yellow.” 


213. Glaucidium gmoma (Wagl.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Tapana); Tehuantepec City; May and October. 
“Tris yellow ; bill, cere, and feet greenish-yellow.” 


Zid. Speotyto cumicularia var. hypogza (Bp.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Juchitan); January, 1870.” 


215. Bubo virgimiamus (Gm.). 
** Tehuantepee City; October, 1869. 
“Tris yellow; bill blackish; feet dull grayish; nails blackish.” 


ZG. Ciccaba migrolimeata, Scl. 
** Tehuantepec City.” 


Zig. Ciccaba squamuiata (Licht.). 

“ Tehuantepec City; November, 1869.” 

Upper plumage dark brown, mottled with pale rufous; head, neck, 
and upper part of back rather sparsely marked with smali fulvous-white 
spots; tail blackish-brown, crossed with six white bars, which are more 
or Jess clouded with light brown, ends of tail-feathers white; quills 
blackish-brown, with faint lighter bars on the inner webs and pale ful- 
vous bars on the outer; inner webs of secondaries clear, very pale ful- 
vous; under lining of wings dark reddish-fulvous ; larger wing-coverts 
ending with reddish-fulvous; under surface white, tinged with fulvous, 
the feathers marked with conspicuous shaft-stripes of clear dark brown; 
sides and thighs of a light clear falvous; bill dusky horn color, the end 
light yellow ; toes brownish-yellow. 


Length (skin), 144 inches; wing, 93; tail, 64; tarsi, 24. 


38 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICU. 


I feel confident of being correct in referring the bird before me to 
Syrnium squamulatum, and thereby establishing its validity. By late 
writers, it has been considered identical with S. virgatum, Cass. This spec- 
imen is clearly distinct from Mr. Cassin’s species, in which the coloring is 
much darker throughout, having the throat and breast of a dark brown, 
which in S. squamulatum are white; the light markings on the upper 
plumage of §S. virgatum are rufous and in wavy lines, not, as in the 
other, in distinct whitish spots; the sides are dull fulvous; the thighs 
dark reddish-fulvous, with irregular narrow brownish bars; in S. squa- 
mulatum the thighs are of a very pale clear fulvous and immaculate. 
There are but five bars on the tail of S. virgatum, the other having six. 
The two species do not differ materially in measurements, except that 
the tarsi of S. squamulatum are much longer. 

The only description I have found of this species is by Bonaparte 
(Cons. Av. i, p. 53), with which the specimen under examination agrees 
closely. Bonaparte was not acquainted with S. virgatum, but probably 
noticed in Mr. Cassin’s description some similarity to that of S. squamu- 
latum, as he has, l. ¢., “Quid Syrnium virgatum, Cass.” 


218. Pulsatrix torquata (Daud.). 

‘¢ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869. 

“Tris brownish-orange; bill light greenish-horny ; last scutellze of 
toes ashy.” 


219. Strix Mammea var. pratincola, Bp. 
‘* Tehuantepec City.” 


Fam. FALCONIDE. 

220. Spizaétus manduyti (Daud.). 

** Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869. 

‘‘ Tris orange-yellow ; cere and lorum greenish-yellow ; toes yellow. 

‘*@uite common in the large forests of the eastern coast of Mexico; 
it appears very rarely in the plains of the Pacific, where probably iso- 
lated individuals alone are found. This bird has the habits of the 
buzzards; it never leaves the woods, awaits its prey perched, and lives 
principally upon rats and other small quadrupeds.” 
221. Spizacius melanoleucus (Vieill.). 

** Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia).” 
S22. Pandion thaliaetus var. carolimemsis (Linn.). 


*“ Tehuantepec (Chiluitan); Ventosa Bay ; Snel 1871. 
‘Iris yeliow; feet bluish-ash.” 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 39 


223. Thrasaectus harpyia (Linn.). 

“ Tehuantepec (Almoloya); October, 1868. 

“Tris dark brown; cere and bill black ; feet yellowish-white. 

“The Harpy Eagle is exceedingly rare in Mexico, of which there is 
probably not a native bird; and its capture is truly a work of chance. 
The isolated birds which have been found there up to this time have 
probably been brought by some atmospheric disturbance, which has 
driven them beyond the natural limits of the zone in which they live.” 


224. Hypotriorchis albiguiaris (Daud.). 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Oaxaca; June and August. 

“Tris dark brown; bill blackish-blue; cere, lores, and orbits yellow; 
feet orange-yellow. ; 

“Quite universally dispersed in the warm and temperate districts of 
Mexico; this falcon mounts at times up to the cold regions. It is quite 
rare in the dry plains which border upon the Gulf of Tehuantepec, and 
becomes more common as you approach the mountains. It is a resident. 
It mainly attacks other birds, and vigorously hunts pigeons.” 


225. Hypotriorchis femoralis (Temm.). 
“ Tehuantepec City.” 


226. Timmumculus sparverius (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec City; October, 1869. 
“Tris dark brown; cere, orbits, and feet yellowish.” 


207. Asturima plagiata (Licht.). 

“Tehuantepee (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City ; 
October to January. 

‘Quite common on the two coasts. It frequents thin woods, shores 
of rivers, and lives upon rats, birds, and insects.” 


228. Rupormis magmivostris var. griseocauda, Ridg., Proc. 

Bost. Soc. of Nat. Hist., xvi, 87. 

“Tehuantepec (Chiluitan, Almoloya near Barrio, Santa Efigenia) ; 
May, October, November, and December. 

“Tris bright orange-red; cere and feet yellow; bill bluish-ash; base 
of lower mandible greenish-yellow ; feet yellow.” 


229. Geranospiza migra (Du Bus). 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; June, 1871. 

“Tris bright red; upper mandible black, plumbeous at base, lower 
mandible light plumbeous; cere black; feet orange. 


40 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


“Common enough on both sides of Mexico. This beautiful hawk 
resembles in its colors the Urobitingas, and by the lightness of its shape 
the Micrasturs, whose characteristics for the most part it possesses. It 
never leaves the woods, where, gliding with rapidity among the thickets 
of vines, it gives chase to the small lizards, tree-frogs, insects, &e. It 
is bold enough, and will allow itself to be approached carefully, but if 
slightly wounded it takes to flight on the ground with the greatest 
rapidity.” 


230. Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieill.). 

“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City; April, July, and 
November. 

“Tris dark brown; bill black; cere, lores, and orbits, olive-green ; 
feet yellow. 

“This species, as one might judge at first sight from the shortness 
of its wings and the length of its tarsi and tail, is a very bad navigator. 
It is found almost always in the midst of thickets in the interior of 
great woods, never in exposed places. The only use he makes of his 
wings is to fly from one tree to another. Different from most birds of 
prey, who seek for their victims sometimes wheeling, sometimes perched 
on the top of dead trees, this one rarely leaves the shelter of the thick- 
est foliage. It has sometimes the habit of squatting along the branches 
like the Caprimulgide. In this position, it is easily seen by the hunter. 
Its voice is strong and its ery analogous to that of Herpetotheres cachin- 
nans ; resounding for a long distance, it sounds like the syllables ka - ha - a, 
ka - ha - ha, given with the full strength of its voice. A popular preju- 
dice makes the repetition of this cry an indication of a change of weather, 
whence the common name of Llama-norte is given to M. brachypterus, 
the name which it shares on the Pacific coast with Herp. cachinnans. 
The name which they bear in common on the Atlantic coast is that of 
Vaquero. 

“The food of M. brachypterus is composed principally of reptiles and 
above all of saurians. Hidden in the foliage, he waits for the young 
iguanas, lizards, &c. The Cyclures with the pointed tail (Ctenosaura 
acanthura et quinquecarinata) seem to be favorite game for him; his 
gizzard and his stomach almost always contain the remains. He attacks, 
also, young birds and insects. 

“« Notwithstanding the delicaey of his appearance, he is endowed with 
remarkable tenacity of life. It is rare that the first shot kills him out- 
_ right. If, wounded in the wing, he falls to the ground, he flutters away 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. Al 


‘ 


at so rapid a rate that a dog can scarcely follow him; and if he finds in 
his way a mass of dead branches, a hole, or a thicket of vines, he hides 
himself so well that it is difficult to find him. 

“The young (of the first year?) are distinguished from the adults, 
not only by the plumage barred with black underneath, but also by the 
color of the bill. With the adults, this latter is black; with the young, 
it is of a greenish-olive, darker on the culmen; the cere and the lores 
are of a yellowish-green, and the feet of the young are of a more lively 
yellow. At all ages, the iris is of a reddish-brown.” 


231. Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linn.). 

“ Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Tehuantepec City ; October and December. 

“Tris dark brown; bill blackish; cere yellowish; feet dull white. 

“Dispersed on the two coasts of Mexico, this bird is known under 
the name of Vaquero at Vera Cruz and Llama-norte at Tehuantepec. It 
frequents with preference savannas, clearings, or the border of woods. 
Its large head, the custom that it has of ruffling its plumage when some 
object attracts its attention, and the grotesque gestures that it some- 
times makes, give it a certain likeness in physiognomy to the owls. Its 
ery, which is very loud, is heard from a distance, and in the opinion of 
the natives forebodes the approach of rain or the north wind. Its food is 
principally composed of snakes, lizards, and grasshoppers.” 


232. Accipiter fuscus (Gm.). 

‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City; November and 
January. 

‘Tris reddish-orange; cere greenish-yellow; feet yellow.” 


233. Aecipiter cooperi, Bp. 
‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia).” 


234. Buteo borealis (Gm.). 

“Tehuantepec City; Cacoprieto; January, 1872. 

“Tris clear yellowish-brown; cere olivaceous; bill plumbeous; tarsi 
clear yellowish-green.” 


225. Buteo pemmsyivanicus (Wils.). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868. 
“ fris hazel-brown; cere yeilowish-green ; feet yellow.” 


226. Buteo pterocies (Temm.). 
“Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; July, 1869. 
“Tris hazel-brown; cere greenish ; feet yellow.” 


a 


42 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


237. Buteo minutus, Pelz. 

“ Telfuantepee City ; October, 1869. 

“Tris brown; bill black, extreme base of both mandibles bluish; 
cere greenish-yellow ; lores greenish ; feet yellow.” 


228. Antemor umicimectus var. haryrisi (Aud.) 

‘ Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 

‘Tris hazel-brown ; cere, lores, and orbits yellow; bill light bluish- 
ash, tip dusky; feet orange-yellow.” 


239. Urubitinga zonmura (Shaw). 

‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia, Barrio); Tehuantepec City; Chiapas 
(Gineta Mountains) ; October to February. 

“Iris brown; cere greenish-yellow ; feet yellow.” 


240. Urubitinga amthracina (Licht.). 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); December, January, Feb- 
ruary, and May. 

‘Tris brown; cere and lores greenish-yellow ; feet yellow. 

‘‘ These two species of Urubitinga, of habits almost analogous, are 
essentially river-birds, like the species of Cymindis ; that is to say, they 
prefer the borders of rivers and of streams and wooded localities to all 
other places. In Mexico, they never leave warm and temperate lati- 
tudes, and even in the latter they are always rare. The kind of food is 
varied; being naturally voracious, they despise no living prey, and I 
have taken out of their stomachs small quadrupeds, young birds, rep- 
tiles, crustacea, and insects. They are fond of fish, and on the borders 
of shallow brooks they easily catch the smaller kinds. When they are 
at rest, their appearance is heavy and resembles that of the buzzards, 
but on the wing their flight is easy and graceful. On fine days, they 
can be seen wheeling at a great height, sometimes together, describing 
large circles and giving out sharp cries from time to time. On the 
ground, they are not wild and are easily approached. They make their 
nest, coarsely formed of small sticks, at the forks of the branches of 
the highest trees. Toward the 15th of April I have found the young, 
recently fledged and covered with a white down.” 


244i. Cymimdis cayememsis (Gm.). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); April, 1871. 


“Tris brown; upper mandible black, the lower, cere, lores, eyelids, 
and feet bluish-ash, the cere spotted with black. 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 43 


_ This bird prefers the forest for its dwelling above all other places, 
| but it goes almost always near seas and rivers. It is evidently a resi- 
/-dent of Central Mexico, for toward the middle of May of this year 
| 1871) I killed a female, whose ovary contained eggs developed enough 
to lead one to believe that they were just ready to be laid. It gives 
_ preference to trees of the thickest foliage; it is rarely seen on naked 
_ branches. Very fond of mollusks, like others of his tribe, he hunts 


_ often on the ground and on the damp soil of forests bordering the sea, 


or the sides of brooks, searching for gastropods, either of land or water. 
_ From this habit, his bill, his feet, and his feathers are often much soiled.” 


242. Cymindis umcinatus (Ill.). 
“Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); January and May. 

“Tris white; cere and lores green; spot below nostril and the eye 
yellow ; feet orange-yellow. 

‘‘ Notwithstanding the great difference of plumage between the old 
_ and young of this species, their identity is easily recognized, in a fresh 
state, by the beautiful yellow appearance of the naked skin between 
the eye and the bill. The habits of this species are almost identical 
with those of C. cayenensis ; that is to say, that they prefer the woods 
in the vicinity of water. Its food is composed principally of mollusks, 
and I have found their stomachs almost always full of the remains of 
a large species of Orthaticus, a land gastropod very abundant in the 
woods of Western Mexico.” 


243. Ectimia plumbea (Gm.). 

“Tehuantepec (Chimalapa); March, 1869. 
_- Tris brown; bill horny; feet brownish. 

* It comes from Chimalapa, where, as on the coast of Vera Cruz, it is 
only a bird of passage. I observed a few years ago, near San Andres, 
Ticatla, several bands or companies of these birds traveling toward the 

orth.” 


244, Circus Cyameus var. lamdsomius (Linn.). 
“Tehuantepec City ; winter.” 


246. Polyborus tharus var. audubonii, Cass, 
“‘ Partout universel.” 
Fam. CATHARTID. 


246. Cathartes papa (Linn.). 
* Partout universel.” 


44 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. e | 


247. Rhynogryphus aura (Linn.). _ 
“ Partout universel.” 


248. Catharista atrata (Bartr.). i 
‘“ Partout universel.” 


Fam. COLUMBIDA. 


‘249. Columba flavirostris, Wagl. 

‘¢ Tehuantepec (Tapana); December, 1868. 

‘Tris reddish-orange; orbits and feet carmine; bill whitish, base 
rosy-red. 

‘Common at the foot of the Gineta Mountains, Santa Efigenia, 
Tapana, &c. Perches always on the highest trees.” 


250. Zemaidura carolimemsis (Linn.). 
‘¢ Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); January, 1869.” 


25h. Chemepelia passerima (Linn.). 
‘‘ Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869. 
“Tris light brown; bill dull carmine, tip dusky; feet light fleshy.” 


252. Scardafelia imca (Less.). 
‘Tehuantepec City; October, 1869. 
“Tris bright red; bill black; feet carmine.” 


253. Welopelia leuwcoptera (Linn.). 
‘Tehuantepec City; October, 1869. 
‘‘Tris orange; orbital skin bluish; bill black; feet dark carmine.” 


204. Leptoptila albifroms, Bp. 

‘Tehuantepec (Santa. Efigenia); Tehuantepec City; October and 
January. 

‘Tris orange; bill black; orbital naked skin bluish; feet carmine. 

‘‘ Quite common in the west of the isthmus; frequents the woods with , 
preference; perches little, and goes almost always in pairs.” | 


Fam. CRACIDZE. 


Vso. Crax glebicera (Linn.). 

‘“* Tehuantepec (Tapana); June, 1869. 

‘Tris brown; feet ashy; cere yellow. 

“ Known throughout Mexico under the name of pheasant. It only 
frequents the forests, and is seen only alone and in pairs.” 





BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 45 










256. Penelope purpurascems, Wagl. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December, 1868. 

“Tris, lower part of gular skin, and acrotarsus carmine-red ; upper 
part of gular skin, orbital, and loral skin violaceous-black ; bill black. 
“Common name Pava at Tehuantepec, Faison griton or Cajolite at 
Vera Cruz. Abundant in all the thick woods of the isthmus. It goes 
_ generally in small flocks. It is good game, and the flesh is less dry and 
‘more savory than that of the Hocco. Its bones, it is said, give attacks 
of epilepsy to the dogs who have eaten them, and even kill them. Like 
the Hocco, the Pava is easily tamed.” 


(257. Ortalida poliocephala, Wag.) 
“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Barrio); Tehuantepec City; April, Septem- 
ber, and November. 
‘‘Tris hazel-brown ; orbits and gular skin carmine; bill light plum- 
beous; feet ashy. 

‘This species belongs properly to the coast of the Pacific, where it 


bears, as elsewhere, the name of Chachalaca. Is abundant everywhere.” 


(258. Ortalida vetula, Wagl. 

*“ Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869. 

“Tris brown; gular naked skin carmine ; bill and feet bluish-ash. 
“This species is more abundant on the eastern coast of the isthmus.” 
Fam. PERDICID®. 

(259. Ortyx coyolces, Gn. 

_ “Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); May, June, and December. 
“Tris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower lighter; feet light 
| brownish-gray. 

“Common in all the plains on the west of the isthmus, where it is 
| called Codorniz. It alights sometimes in trees when pursued.” 


| Fam. CRYPTURIDZ. 

260. Nothocercus sallaei, Bp. 

| “ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December, 1868. 

“Tris hazel-brown; upper mandible brownish, lower pale; feet red. 
“ Killed near Santa Efigenia. It never appears in the plains.” 


Fam. CHARADRIID ©. 
261. @dicnemus bistriatus, Wagl. 
“ Tehuantepec (Tapana); December, 1868. 
“Tris greenish-yellow; bill black, base of lower mandible yellowish- 
_ green; feet pale-greenish.” 


A6 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 





262. Sqatarola helvetiea (Linn.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (San Mateo); Fepruary, 1869. 
“Tris dark brown; bill black; feet dark ashy.” 


263. Mgialitis vocifera (Linn.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); January, 1869.” 






| 
264. Mgialitis semipalmata (Bp.). 
“ Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February. | 
“Tris dark brown; Dill black, extreme base orange; feet dull yel- 
lowish.” 


265. Mgialitis collaris (Vieill.). 
‘‘ Tehuantepec City ; October and November. 
“Tris dark brown ; bill black, extreme base of lower mandible fleshy; _ 
feet light flesh-color.” 


Fam. HAMATOPIDE. 


266. Hzematopus pailiatus, Temm. 
*¢ Tehuantepec (San Mateo, San Francisco); February and April. 
“¢ Tris chrome-yellow ; bill and orbits bright coral-red ; feet pale flesh- 
color.” 


267. Strepsilas imterpres (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August, 1869. 
“Tris brown ; bill black; feet orange-red.” 


Fam. RECURVIROSTRIDE. 


268. Himantopus migricollis, Vieill. 
‘Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August, 1869. 
“Iris carmine-red ; bill black ; feet light carmine.” 


Fam. PHALAROPID#E. 


269. Lobipes hyperboreus (Linn.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Ventosa); October, 1869. 
“Tris dark brown; bill black ; feet dark plumbeous.” 





Fam. SCOLOPACID &. 


270. Macrorhamphus griseus var. scolopaceus (Say.). 
‘Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February, 1869. 
“Tris dark brown; bill dull olivaceous, greenish at the base ; fect 
greenish.” 


4 







BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. AT 


271. Micropalama himantopus, Bp. 
“Tehuantepec (San Mateo); February, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black ; feet yellowish-olive.” 


272. Ereunetes pusillus var. occidentalis, Lawr. 
“Tehuantepec (San Mateo); Tehuantepec City; August, October, 

and February. 

“Tris dark brown; bill black; feet dark olivaceous (nearly black).” 


273. Actodromas minutilla (Vieill.). 
“ Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 
‘Tris dark brown; bill black, its extreme base and feet greenish.” 


274. Actodromas maculata (Vieill.). 

‘“ Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 

“Tris brown; bill blackish, dirty yellowish-green at base; feet dull 
yellowish-green.” 


275. Calidris arenaria (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February. 
“Tris brown; bill black ; feet dark olivaceous (nearly black).” 


276. Limosa fedoa (Linn.). 

‘Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February. 

“Tris brown; basal half of bill flesh-colored, apical half dusky; feet 
dark ashy.” 


277. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.). 
“ Tehuantepec (San Mateo). 
“Tris brown; bill blackish, at the base grayish; feet ashy.” 


278. Gambetta melanmoleuca (Gm.). 
* Tehuantepec (San Mateo); February, 1869. 


“Tris brown; basal half of bill grayish, terminal half dusky; feet 
yellow.” 


279. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.). 
“Tehuantepec (San Mateo); February, 1869. 
“Tris brown; bill black; feet yellow.” 


280. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.). 

“Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Tehuantepec City ; October and April. 
“Tris dark brown; terminal half of bill black, basal half greenish ; 
feet light olivaceous-green.” 


48 BIRDS OF SOUTITWESTERN MEXICO. 


281. Trimgoides macularius (Linn.). 
‘Tehuantepec (San Mateo, Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City; 
August, October, and December.” 


282. Numenius lomgireostris, Wils. 

‘‘ Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; December, 1868. 

“Tris brown ; upper mandible blackish-brown, lower mandible lighter; 
feet ashy.” 
283. Numemius hudsomicus, Latham. 


“« Tehuantepec (Ventosa Bay) ; December, 1869. 
‘Tris brown; bill black, basal half of under mandible fleshy; feet 





ashy.” 
Fam. TANTALID®. 
284. Tantalus loculator, Linn. 
«“ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868.” 


285. Ibis alba, Linn. 
‘Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August, 1869. 
“Tris light-blue; naked skin of face fleshy-red ; bill and feet fleshy.” 


Fam. CANCROMIDA. 


286. Camcroma cochiearia, Linn. 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January.” 


Fam. PLATALEIDZ®. 


287. Platalea ajaja, Linn. 
‘‘ Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); February, 1869. 
‘Tris and feet carmine-red.” 


Fam. ARDEID &. 


28s. Ardea heredias, Linn. 
‘Tehuantepec City.” 


289. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.). 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Oaxaca; August and December. 
“Tris yellow; bill black; basal half of lower mandible light-bluish ; 
extreme base of upper mandible and lores orange-yellow ; tarsi black ; 
toes yellow.” 


296. Demiegretta leucogastra Var. leucoprymma (Licht.). — 
‘* Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 
“Tris straw-yellow ; lores yellow; upper mandible black, lower clay- — 

yellow; feet green.” | 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO, 49 


291. Demiecgretta rufa (Bodd.). 
“ Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August, 1869. 
“Tris yellow; bill blackish, grayish at the base; feet black.” 


292. Demiegretta pealei, Bp. 

“* Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 

“Tris yellowish-white ; lores light-yellow; bill fleshy, along culmen 
and at tip black ; feet black.” 


293. Florida caerulea (Linn.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia).” 


294. Butorides virescems (Linn.). 

“Tehuantepec (Barrio, Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; October 
and December. 

‘‘ Iris yellow; lores, orbits, and nearly all the lower mandible yellow; 
upper mandible brownish-black ; feet olive-green.” 


295. Nyctiardea grisea var. maevia (Bodd.). 

‘** Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869. 

“Tris red; upper mandible and tip of lower black; lores, most of 
lower mandible, and feet greenish.” 


296. Ardetta exilis (Gm.). 

‘* Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869. 

“ Tris light straw-yellow ; bill yellowish, except upper surface of upper 
mandible, which is blackish; upper surface of tarsus and toes greenish, 
under surface yellow.” 


297. Tigrisoma cabimisi, Heine. 
“Tehuantepec (Tapana, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec 
City ; Venta Salada (Puebla); April, August, October, and February. 
‘Tris yellow; orbits, lores, gular sac, and feet greenish ; upper man- 
dible black, lower greenish-yellow.” 


Fam. RALLIDZ. 


298. Aramus scolopaceus var. giganteus, Bp. 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); February, 1869.” 


299. Aramides albiventris, Lawr. 
“ Tehuantepec (San Francisco) ; April, 1869. 
“Tris reddish; basal half of bill reddish, terminal half greenish ; 


feet carmine.” 
4 


50 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


200. Gallimula galeata, Licht. 
“‘ Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869. 
“Tris brown; frontal plate and bill dark brownish-olive ; apical third 

of bill olive-green ; feet greenish.” 


201. Fulica americana, Gm. 


“ San Mateo.” 
Fam. PARRID A. 


302. Parra gymmostoma, Wagl. 
“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia, Zonatepec); March and April. 
“Tris dark-brown; Dill, alar spurs, and frontal leaf bright-yellow ; 
upper base of bill bluish-white, the space between it and the nasal leat - | 
dark-carmine ; feet greenish.” 


Fam. ANA TIDE. 


303. Demdrocygma autummalis (Linn.). 

‘Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; June, 1869. 

“Iris brown; bill bright-fleshy, tinged with yellow near the nostrils; 
feet light-fleshy.” 


304. Cairima moschata (Linn.). 
“¢ Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); March, May, and December. 
‘ Tris clear chestnut-brown ;: bill bluish-white, with transverse black 
spots; nasal caruncle and sides of head black; caruncles carmine-red ; t 
feet black.” 


Fam. PELECANIDA. 


205. Pelecanus fuscus, Linn. 
‘¢ Ventosa Bay.” 


20G. Pelecanus ervthrorhynechus, Gm. 
‘* Tehuantepec (San Mateo).” 


Fam. GRACULIDE. 


307. Graculus maexicamus, Brandt. 

“Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December, 1868. 

“Tris green ; bill dark-fleshy; culmen and tomia dusky; gular sae 
brownish ; feet deep-black.” 


Fam. PLOTID®. 


308. Plotus ambimga, Linn. 
“ Tehuantepec (Santa Hfigenia) ; December, 1868.” 








BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 51 


Fam. TACHYPETID®. 


‘309. Tachypetes aquilus (Linn.). 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (Ventosa Bay); November, 1869. 
‘Tris dark-brown; orbits and gular skin dark-plumbeous, with a 


tinge of violaceous ; feet carmine.” 
Fam. LARID A. 


310. Larus delawarensis, Ord. 
“Tehuantepec ; February and March.” 


Sit. Larus califormicus, Lawr. 

“Tehuantepec (San Mateo); February, 1869. 

“Tris hazel-brown ; bill grayish-white, behind the yellowish-white tip 
a black vitta; feet dull greenish-white.” 


312. Chroicocephalus atricilla (Linn.). 

‘“ Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Ventosa, San Mateo); February, August, 
November, and December. 

“Tris dark-brown; bill and feet reddish, tip of bill bright-red, pre 
ceded by a dusky spot or vitta; inside of mouth light-sanguine.” 


313. Gelochelidom amgiica (Montagu). 
‘Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February. 
* Tris dark-brown ; bill black ; feet brownish-black.” 


314. Thalasseus maximus (Bodd.). 

** Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February. 

“Tris dark-brown ; bill bright orange-red; feet dark-brown; under 
surface of toes brownish-yellow.” 


315. Thalasseus camtiacus (Gm.). 

“ Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February. 

“Tris dark-brown ; bill black, with the tip yellow; feet dark-brown ; 
under surface of toes yellowish.” 


$16. Sterma forsteri, Nutt. 
* Tehuantepec (San Mateo, Ventosa Bay); December and February. 
“Tris dark-brown; bill black, its extreme tip whitish; feet dark- 
- orange.” 


317. Sterma dougalli, Mont. 
* Tehuantepec (Ventosa Bay).” 


1 


I 


52 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 


Sis. Sterma amtillarurmna, Less. 
‘¢ Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August, 1869. 
“Tris dark-brown; bill yellow, tip dusky; feet dull orange-yellow.” 


319. Hydrochelidom fissipes (Linn.). 
“ Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August, 1869. 
‘Iris dark-brown; bill black; feet dark-brown.” 


320. Rhyrmechops migra, Linn. 

‘¢Tehuantepee (San Mateo); August, 1869. 

‘Tris brown; basal half of bill coral-red, terminal half black; feet 
coral-red.” 


Fam. PODICIPID&. 


321. Svibeoeyclus domimicus (Linn.). 
‘Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; September, 1868. 
“ Tris orange; bill black, tip whitish; feet black, tinged with grayish.” 


o 





ALPHABETICAL: INDEX. 

















Page. Page, 

MPMI ILGD. -/ccloie oe caine sminial lie = mn Ae EC ASBICUS Eisen omic citi saisiea nae clone ate 23 
Be miromus’..-.-. .2--6-4.52-02255 Agim Cuan Ss laeeeicetesetic sees ce cece 44 
th Mmrralitg ss. .2.80.. 8 a Ate Crthartestal ieee. 26 00 Les. Ak 43 
BMBIIOED 15 Fo 0 osm t wojeSecigeienicie =. oot CUGUATEIGES see e cies ais co's ouwen one es 43 
PMCCOMNG esc.) 22 Scio see bases osede SUPE Gabiimusi came es ras wcrc ache ce see 11 
MCU Oleic coal tacoma ncn) oe eaa = POPP MER Oe ce ten nto ee Notas elec. ae 30 
BROUIR 2 se cok cnc asco seam pee TOA WenbUmmaeee 8 Sei ark oe 35 
BEF ere ca ise Seco Ma sche accecn se 50 | Chemepelia .....--- Be Notte as sna aoe 44 

J BRE SEIN S Sopra Secs nis ko 'slagl cm. ss ai are Aaa Mee buna eee eyeene ie a si al o-atagi tae 32 
BOMBS): oo sion w cece cca cases cis HAS Chraradpiidie ses anes cases ane os 5 
SRHELOSLOUNUS caja 2 =e) ae bale ose SE EC inoxip lia seas eae ees cee eas esos 29 
BME eM elo alia chic, Sidiajec co vinnase'sins See Shy || Clnlkornlirn os Geo5 csogacesu soso case 33 
PPTL EN oe Sia 2 oh ort Maciel 2 ccc clare 49S CHIGrONerpeS <5 245 55252 OS sae eas 35 
ROMANS = aes aoa scn ene esis She's 3 49 | Chlorophonia..-.--.- Mitseteicnis sects 18 
BML O Arce feign clavevsie sien bei Sisle a) aie isis 48 ew Chondestes:.c s7-h-<e 2 es ees cence 22 
BREH ELC esate witiare e sists et sice Sie AS Ae @hordeilesseeeis: sa ce aces ee eee 31 
BMEMOUEUES scoffs cr 2) siat legit maine ais ADF eChroiceceplhallusmec= s-seeeee === == 51 
MEMRETEIE (522i 5c ss 5 vias Ses scans SORE CHIGYSOMIUb DS reer ae eerae ass ee 22 
EM se OE Chirvsotisee see tiece ae rae esas aets 36 
BrMMUeU CONUS =.) 2:<je'<- ¢:c's a/ch ones ae LGp | Ciccabates-as-6 css s<:o ase see oe =ise 37 
BrOcOperys ...- ....-~---- Tae eao es POMC URC esate leet ee eee ee 33 
aes San ee sere tee atS ot STeit CILCUS soe els eeieecn aciasoys aris tacsince 43 
BEE ee on St oa acetic ene 8 SU. |) GQMUErions 2). 4 is,_ Seta, cmnte se sae se as 18 
Bucconide ....-. LSS pehainate DSi oy 30 dP COMMIS |..6 3 Sone ae cet Soca 44 
Meee cus ss cis vein cc sels e a AL Columbides ©-.0.5ce-0- +2: See er 44 
MMIC Soo 52 RE ATE a ote thee as AGE Contopiuse ca. 4 <2 225- = See ee 27 
PeMiNINa..-..----.- Spain al ee: ad SOM MOONUnUS? Aes aamnae eee ena ee eae: 35 
Pee S toe soc (tes biave orclsyaiacleysinse las AFC orvil des acisiesers te ate = syste 24 
BPROO Git st race Se crore Sac Se site nsizcd SAME CORVUS Soe aces te oe eee Sa ctesacts 25 
BPO VNNUS 0... Joes 225+ ne SAP COtimeids «5.2 lac sso 2s aston: 28 
mecampylopterus ...........-.--.-.- Boe |p Cobummicullsieess seen seca ae on 
mecampylorhynchus ..-.--...--...-. ISP O 5 ae een eT 17 
MEMEMCLOMS ..<-.. --------. 225 -n--- 43,| Cracidz..:..-.. ete aoe ia RO 44 
BUMMRTOTOIGS 2. 8 o's 2. ko al cae geese ASSAM (OMT EAEKe Sas yobs aoc PR ace 44 
Bemiimnleids.... ... 2.52. 5<2--5. 31 | Crotophaga....- Bee cite so ates os able 33 

UI Poe ci os ae da als dace OO, Ory pturidie-.-422 862. oss en ssee 45 
MBE ert sak sya Dea wNSeligse a0 sae. Se sire sclaeis aca 32 


54 INDEX. 


Page. Page. 
Oued. seen ee ee eee 33. | Herpetotheres <2... 285. 4-52 41 
Cyanoeitta ce sccncsos cencseeerHc 24 | Himantopus;-2 2 2--eas eset aeer 48 
@yanominiess-2...3--25 e<<--4es- 32 | Hirundinidi =2/5-—-2ss5eres eases 17 
@yamOspiza .= cei cael caters a taeleee 20) |) Hirnndo 2-2-1 Pe aaseeiee oe eee 17 
GrGlOrbis es sierra icimain ne masee = ei 18;| Hydrochelidon, 237) s--eceeomiaeeee 52 
Cymindisasss sasons ss ose te ninenctee 42) Hylophilus . - .2--2.cce- sete ecaeeeee i7 
Ox MOUs 22 4 bec 6) 4 eta oeiats 13'\ Hiypotriorchis: 2522 ee seca see-ee 39 
Wemureenehiges <2 cece Hee eee AB EMIS. . 2-22 ceeds cease ee eeeee 48 
Wendrocolaptidw 2-5. .ce=s sense 25), | Hiebert <li ice tee ei ree i7 
Dendrocyena:: 25/22. .s2--.5ee BO; | eteridee 31a) een eee See eee 23 
Wendresen..2 6s. 2752 eerececinina ee 15:)) Feterus: 2.2 acts seiten nese eee 23 
Wend rorn iss eeseee cian e cece 2onl Metinides scene weer ceieeee 43 
Diplopberus joewagecceee =< aor 3ds| MAM POLIS: ee cee) etl eee 32 
TNO COPUS aces Gees o es ise teeeeet 3A. | plbamiid sso etaareutee ee eee 18 
imi berWa gray ease cana sosc eee eal GA Ose) aia(atap ae Senta eee eae 19 
Mpidon ax eo. sacs o aceon marine 97: |) Liamivired: s.-co--eets eee eeee 18 
Prem ophilay ss. ss. eee <1 sche see 225) Marl dele evnte etnies seats nee aes 51 
IDA om sae Sa osesee rend teas AY. | WHaTUS ‘ert ouusaalaiclo seis eee Seer 51 
UMOM OTA ate eae eater 30: |;Weptoptilacs {esse -seseessee ee oe 44 
WuphOnie' Soee se pee posse sy wins See 18) | Leimosas ssc sce argos ee 47 
TUS PIAA eae cern wise Ee eases Sere D1 | THHOGIP eS ao ver erstate ree eee 46 
Hal Conid err aete eet eais sp- ae aents 36. | Macrorhamphus ssc 46 
EMlonid ase s/oecc cece yeeerica= dees 49) |(Mecarhynchus-ccesee ames 26 
Eirini eee syee eee, sao eee encrreet 19:)\Melanerpes 24 <s2-/cesseeeee eee 35 
OI Gaye ensdirew sto setae carseee 50) (Melanobis: 22. .1ciceeccetee eee 12 
Gallinwla ss S555 cence sapere 50; | Melopelia... = 05c2c0-- eee 44 
Gambetta sto s223 2. 5) ee oneness AW” (Micrasturt ~.--s.hiecie= eae see 40 
CeWWibiaeascotessedsocepaeasarcs 48, | ‘Micropalama.....-< 022.2. sen seer 47 
Gelochelidon 22eeee cate e eres. bee SL) Milvulus’..0-.ceneasaseseseseesee 28 
GE0COCCY Xee-e ec ericsee eee eeeer ener 34} Mam US ernie reed nonrareete eerie 12 
Geothly piso: te ae ee cece eciee 17) | UMiniotiltan2 ieee eee eae 15 
GerinOspizaie ces crises sees shee eee 39) |’ Mniotiltidze. <ese cece See eeeeee 14 
Glaucidinmees esses se mert ne eee 3¢) | [Molo thirlSryyecren. oe scree 24 
GE CUNLC GS, oot crane sieveeoee etre cise oye 50" (Momotidses.c.s aces eee oe eee 29 
Graculuses shoe csccmceniccacaerne 50°| Momotusi.c. <<oc se seseee eee 29 
Gimnatelluse: 2 o.chao sme sce = eee uses 1G} Morococeyx 2.22): han-at tas eee 34 
(Grulimeve aeeE ier ese. ree oe eee 20) Motacillidee 320 acterseerr eee 14 
ElACROsStGMMS yee. - a. cncrigee. eee 287 | MUMSCIVOLAaaciiois sector ee tere 26 
Mematopodidees.. 2-52. 22 aieeke 46) | “Myiarchus 2 o-acceeeeee eee ete 27 
ELSIIM ACOPUS ater ie aes aetna 46 | Myiodioctes 5. -2.-eers eee ee 16 
Ieeemoplillay ers eepece Mee cies cee 22 | Myiodynastes._-..2cse---e eee ee 26 
nro OL My NC MMS ae ee ede an 12{|'Myiozetétés 22.0e) te ea ee 26 
ICU IMelES ses Sse See ca eee 19%) Nothocercus soa see -eeee eee e 45 
RUG OMASTERR. <e e tees eee eee 393 (NUM EnIUS scene. eee eee eee 43 
Helminthophagars =. ceases -eise 15° |" Nyctiardea 2 c7ec nen eee eee 49 














Nyctibius .:--.: 
Nyctidromus --. 
QGdicnemus .-- 


MN COSTOMA? Ane miesracienuacite oes 


Oporornis ..---. 


Ornithion .....- 


Eee ieee 
Barride. | 25 
HE ee eye ce 


Passereculus .---- 


> Pelecanide ----- 
Pelecanus ...-- 

Penelope ..---.-- 
Perdicide. -.:.... 


Se 


EEtrochelicdonwasescccee eacucs ees 


Reucwe a) <2 Gece 


Pheenicothraupis 


Phalaropodide .. 


BEHOnIparay: .---- 


Pitaugus ...... 
latalea: .. 4... 5. 


Eloteid 2.25... 
BAUCUS 25:02 
Podicipide --..- 
Polioptila =. .--. 
Polyborus ..-.-. 


PeuOeNe....----.-< 


Psilorhinus..-.-.. 


Psittacids ...... 


Pteroglossus .-.. 


MARR rE DK tere eee AS ee Ll ih te ad os) 


Pyranga.....: .. 


egrocephalus-._.-.- 2. cccne.us 


Pyrrhophena... 
Quiscalus......- 
Ballide .......- 


Recurvirostrid:e 


INDEX. 
Page. 

SOM MRM ORMISH ans ae nares acts cei sieeynsit ots 
Dies OINOORVpNUSha sso clas eet es 
AGu miUmyAco plies ss ste secre eee 
Ponieulnenchocyeluse re asaa 2) lee 
GH erUlnym ChOpstas setae eae eect as 
26) Salipinctes >a e aaeine | sacle eeiais 
As. Saltatopmens os tscee se eeese es sie sa 
45 SAVOLNISH sae sey seh kis a) sa ereienaia 
BSnliescandatell aims seen seein areas occ 
HOM SC OLOW ACI ce terete eee eee 
BOM MSetopliapaee te ome tae, ea aN 
HOw PIS GIURUSh etree are e teresa aaa = tate serere 
DIRS PeObybOret cess tesa sic scieree ee as 
HON PS PMY Lapleuses eae oss e esis cs Sa a 
HOR PSPIZACUSL Seon ots ceem tee aate ara 
ADE Spizellaie eae tas ose cis ssisateis a\ciniciel i= 
ASW Pe OGUatarOlawes ~e=5 see seas eae 
ZANE SUC TDA a ee epee eal eee Sister tera ete 
Qik | Strepsilsiescten see teeese eso ae aes 
LOR Strode sees. re woe Sane 
AGH ES DEINE Wek a hten em armen tance yttiote ee 
SO MUU Cll ree acres. ates reescrs sens ta/croe 

oh TOylDeOGMelus| scan aaa areci scr ae ates 
SAME S vill Cee oem tery era bs (ere retpe eye aie ofa 
222 TSvIM henge se eee setae alias 
ZF} Pachiy petites as ss aes aie. SLRs 
COM | Mlsenni a eraemieay ote reer ee ase Be 
dep Tanaris foe ne sch oko tee 
ASC Meiratalluswhe sae seer koe ee 
OOF ihalasseusein shel es onan eel ake 
OOP Praumatiasicont.ses2., S228 See Oe 
den Pihivaasstustesc sea ees 82 La en 
12e | PeEhnyothorus*seceree ss esesses secs 
ASK MeRISOMa. =e sue. Leeec eee teense 
Pel PmniMewluss 2S 5sc552 52-2 cot 
Pr tal RRM Tea each Vance oki 2a et gate te 
SOG) POdITOStPU IME senses cast see shee 
SAN RTrim ge oides sss sose scloce eter eece 
GH Mrochilidea..s 222235 252550 sila Wetet 
ION Mrochilas 2 Seriinltcc-s Pare se atoete. 
at) Troclodytida-... 5.<< 2: beatin oe 
Som RO ONG eens Aint Sout ae eee Lea 
Fl PREOMOICD yes ewe ye Mees oa 
BOM Panel ee oe ve crsdansee ees 


46 


Turdus 


13 
19 
20 
44 
46 
16 
14 
37 
3o 
38 
21 
46 
ol 
46 
38 
24 
52 


« 


47 
51 
19 
18 
48 


56 


Py ranDlde.< ose ieces is <= elena 
yYPANMUS\. sce: sae ose “sien s)alaeens 
Wrobitinears 2. 0.52--)<je ese ele 


INDEX. 


25 | Vireosylvia 


28 | Volatinia- 
42 | Xanthoura 
17 | Zenaidura 


17 | Zonotrichia 


eee wees tee eee ew eee eee oo ee 





Department of the Bnferior: 
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 





ae eg as 


BULLETIN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


No. 5. 


—____. 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE, 
1876, 








ADVERTISEMENT. 







This work is the fifth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the | 
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United | 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian | 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 
1846. 
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by. 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. | 
JOSEPH HENRY, | 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


Washington, November, 1875. 


CATALOGUE 


OF THE 





FISHES OF THE BERMUDAS. 


BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE COLLECTIONS OF THE UNITED 
STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By .G.- BROWN. GOODE, M.A. 


ASSISTANT CURATOR U. 8S, NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
LS 76.5: 





TABLE: OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Beronne rorya? ONAL ES s.cc'e lesan an aan a cases am aya een a cwe.c ne OS 7 

Gopopraphy,of the islands;< 2-3. feebea recs <geo ieee ee aoe 
Piusheries\and fish-marketis) -<sijmi-i-osse.cenaucemieseue ates tae RES ein eee 9 
The relations of the Bermudian fauna......--...--.----. ---- cece ence eon 11 
EG UAT AIO fee mint lei ge aie ernie iain eee pee Mo bes by bho ve 15 
MISt Of SPECS 2 5<cc<< cic maces! iatcsonjscteisne SoG be Ae Pass, Sees DSi Soeee RRS 19 
Mialtheld2a 5s <2 a5 4 5 o:c ones, sicis' sn cistign sh ecisa cece asec esas seat seeesawesbas 19 
Malthe vespertilio, (Linn.) Cuv. subsp. vespertilio.. ..---.--......-... 19 
AMGEN MATL O was <1stsolieis oeaiainincs s'sie cine ob sae Seas ioets S RISe Mee ee aceen ald 20 
Pterophryne-picta,-( Val.) Goode.o--.2.t een. ns soon sss eases eee ee 20 
Dron on tidewater mete sie shee a= selmi ial aii) <i(oler Saini e Stata] ai=tsini aero 21 
Paradiodon hystrix, (Linn:)) Bleeketecesa- 2-5-1 sonia seeet eee eee 21 
Chilomycterus reticulatus, (Linn.) Bibron. ....---.-.---. ----+. ------ 21 
PROLTOGONHG Dyas see teres once mseiciosa Sain risen cis sic Sum iese ree aa See 22 
ChilichthysiSpencleri, (loch) | Geode sss. 425 sa eee nied See esate 22 
OstTaciid Des. sie eeisiecasce selene seins eines oe Shae tie eae ah acts 23 
Ospracium triquetrum., bins. ee ees sees oe eee eneeee a tee: 23 
Ontracimnquadricomie, Minn: :tpde.55 5-2. closed tees A ee . 24 
IBalistide yo .5255)4- 5-2 - aseae aes Pi Seaeieieh ac el af oe ie) = Saat eae ett tie eral 25 
DAMSteSCAPTISCUS, GIR jan oe ae) soe wes aes osataas ease cre cone tees 25 
Alutera seripta, | (Osb.) Bleeker sso < = << <= s10, nat Sone Sees ee aeelaee ese 26 
Epa FI Oe AAT PRL No oleae alee mer eae lin masse rarenrseay ar oieear ciace eee 27 
HUPPOCAMPUBS, SPasc sos gas=5eess5-ancisead he see eones “eats 27 
BS VaR A ere ee eee gin anes ee en cute She at iy Nera Sp 27 
SyNenavwus, JOnesit,, Gaither ve ons) < seienta sis) eee ponies eee eaten 27 
PATH OS LOW Co sane eas aia ee Spade eae Bema eis aig aioal seh oerciel ero ave wis Oe 27 
Anlostomawmaculatoms Valse ncn scee- eae eee eae lesetiesee See eenee 27 
PUIGPABLCRIC = 35a cinerea cameo eds ante bie are winonersiniaan ales ax. baee Ome 27 
etroyia) bermudensis, On 69..=-=5) eee nal eee scene aoe eee eee 27 
PVCWT A cytes he A Ae SS ao ane ee Re 28 
Labrosomus nuchipinnis, (Q. § G.) Poey...---. 22-200 eeeene cone eee ee 28 
Saletiad: FOxbilisy Ong G ome oe ose ea el Bae oo tan ents 29 
Prd eee aces Sad ecaplaboeaie nap bax aasmepemaak alae ASU MIE HEC 31 
Dactylopterus volitans, (Winn.)) Cuts -cse aes e ss cmees se nee cal aeene 3l 
PSE Ey Seo wisi Mesias dyes we TAME es oe a ae ae Tee era eT 32 
SCAMS TAGIBNS Gls. 2o -1-snniss eee le tea ee ees Se ee ie ad 32 
Pseudescarnsivetnila, (Sch) .Gill co... ck Bose Sauee sea eet ee 32 
Pseudoscarus ceerulens, (Bl.) Giinther..:...222. .2l2 2) wocece cece eee 33 
Ria Biel ee ear etc eee te a Se ee os oo eee Ig 35 
Cherojulisiradiatusy Clings) Goode sas se eeu aoe eteee sees eee 30 

3 








Page. 
List of species—Continued. 
Lachnolemus faleatus, (Linn.) Val...-. .--. «+--+ pe Sete pe eee tees 36 Sr 
Harpe rufus, (Linn.) Gill.....---- Siisic wloi nse eo isiieisioe ses eels Sepa 37 
Pomacentridse.- 4222 2202 fen awe eens eee 6 So 5- eee ee eee 38 
Glyphidodon saxatilis, (Linn.) Cuv, ...---.----+ ---2++ +--+ + +--+ +--+ 38 
Gorrid aso sc oe secs oe sane Sonn Sac eee saaa cate Sere oe eee ee 39 
Eucinostomus gula, (C. § V.) Goode..----.----------+-----+ +22 2020 39 
Eucinostomus Lefroyi, Goode.... -..- ------ «74+ +2-+-+ -5 22 sess see 39 
Tenthidida ..--..-. .---------+-------- wba n+ de eee SiR noes ieee 41 
Acanthurus nigricans, ( Linn.) Gill..--.. .-2--- «+--+ seo eee sees sede 41 
Acanthurus chirurgus, (Bl.) Schn. 25.2. o< ~~ < -.ssewsnnosa seas seen = x 42 
Chistodontidiec. se o2-scc2 oe ae oe 2-1 o sed ence asses eeaeen sos see nae Sere 43 
Sarothrodus bimaculatus, ( Bl.) Poey..---- woistd la oi site a ee age SET 43 
Holacanthus ciliaris, ( Zinn.) Lacép.....- <<<<+.<2s- -20s o<-005-: 283582 43 
Holacanthus tricolor, (Bl.) Lacép. ..-< 223522252 < a= 22 wa 4s eae aes 44 
Xiph deeees se se sha sie wis See seine oe see einen mneiners eieeek =e eee ee 45 
Scombrid@ sss. sa. s25-s252s --2- 22 < co oe aso as meee eerie a= a rpaenreieate 45 
Orcynus alliteratus, (Raf.) Gill... 2. «-.5-. <e-< pec sees sce Reet 45 
Carangid®e ... ..-.-< 220.2 es snes teeg cena snes seen oe emsmaineee eiee cues 46 
Decapterus punctatus, (Ag.) Gill... .....-.. ccscceecen see fesse esee tes 46 
Trachurops crumenophthalmus, ( Bl.) Gills... 2242-25 .2sses ss sees 47 
Paratractus pisquetus,,(C. gf V.) Gill. 22s. seenis eae seaisase ee See 47 
Naucrates ductor, Jinn... 22. .s5s8s853 sud tes Saket easel ht Heda 48 
Zouichthys fasciatus, (Bl.):S8w.2- 65. sec con ce seem casino tS 48 
Coryphaenid® . 2... 2scc.s0,cs05205555 ssc0 soos scan aes See Se eee eis Soe 48 
Coryphena hippurus, Linn ..-2 2.2 5-228 Jj. ios oe Pee Ua Bese 48 
Mullidee 223.22 222 actslecse cess seecss stints seed seers ae eee 49 
Hypeneus maculatus, ( Bl.) Cuv.......----- iecsoercssss0 SU 49 
Berycid® o22 6 c.cccks eed ste seks wesc SUMS ase eee eee 49 
Holocentrum sogo,, Bloch 2c .ca< cass cove S625 0-5-5 s ese e Soe e OL eee 49 
Scisnidee <2. :2 lence cbmc cciva sore cadena cOte eee desea 50 
Pareques acuminatus, (Schn.) Gill...i.c<nase.c cee een see Cosa eee 50 
Sparidwee- 2. wast secer eee cee ieee bout Rene la Ueee taba eeuee nao 51 
Calamus.megacephalus, (Sw.) Poey ..-..«<--+ eccses aod. seca nnt vcsbee 51 
Calamus:orbitarius, Poey is. 2..<.csee ce cee eee ee ee 51 
Sargns. variegatus, (Lac.) Goode 2.5.2. 2sip Ayeua 2 esaaiGree Besueee 52 
Pimelepterids\.o<s0sa5<255 Ses 5 sri Rice aero ee ee 52 | 
3 iPimelepterns Boseii, Laee... -axcoci-seuca eens eset eee ee eee 52 
Pristipomatids.. sos <5. h6 sa seein se Ss So ee eee 53 
Hzmylum capeuna, ( Licht.) Goode ..c<« inccceinuccax vase suse ee ee eee 53 
Hemylum chrysopterum, (Linn.) Cuv.......<22s0 isccc: - 2s seetwlene 53 
Lutjanus caxis, (Schn.); Poey ..:.. =. cc se eee ees cee eee 54 
Lutjanus aya, .(Block:) Gill. ...~.., s2os02. ca eee tae ee 55 
Serranide .o20 f6,5255.26,/5-5 55) 1-2 nas Hae vee aere eee em be emae ae eae eee 55 
Trisotropis undulosus, (Cuv.) Gill ...... 2.22... gable cat. Se eee 55 


Trisotropis guttatus, (Schn.) Gill...... 22-2. ceoe eecees = sccees eeee ee 56 





Page. 
List of species— Coutinued. 

Epinephelus striatus, (Bloch.) Gill.........-..-.---- es sea cteiuee bY 
Epinephelus guttatus, (Gmel.) Goode .......--. -.-..-..-- ----------- 58 
Enneacentrus punctatus, (Linn.) Poey ..-....--+-----------0--.---2- 59 

Hy poplectruspuella, Gur.) Gall. = 04.22. shoo ou steed Meas doles cin= ce 60 
Pchenei Gidea saas sao aae saslswete = Sancta siaereisatsisieiaoal os aate ta tel emereoumane ree 61 
Sobyiseuldeere sacs ste east a aie ate eee eee een ser otee Senet et tts entree arr 61 
Sphyreena spet,: (eat) Goede aaaataatewre! seiolsine a= eo clea eae aster ae iere 61 
Sphyrzna picuda, Schn ..---- Grrr te cee cence es cere cee eee 62 
Mrachypleridiorss sss seca-ersa assassins hele ei ara seaiiar staan 63 
Reralecuscladius,-CMWalv:)) Cady Viswscses se tes sae cece eel eee 63 
Mupilid pieren eee nesses se ccs cinea as sete maar ctomia eleielereel= easier ete see sel ate 63 
MuooilelizayeValeeeancms cae as essen se tan sete aetore een eee ee aioe 63 
Belonid 2a) sassaeise aa st Sasiatios ts ate Sees a eae eaielel eidee clan oeie ele matte noe 64 
Scomberesocid@ ....-.. ...-- ropsfem See) a ee is eee alah Stave cetera le leNiate oiaclare panne Sine 64 
Hemirhamphus Plein Val een -oe sees s.|: seer. esses ius 64 
Exocetus exiliens, Gmel ..:-.5 2-221 2.2.25: Wi cS Rs aEss eee ates cause 64 
Gyprinodontid==--.--=...-.-52=- Bearshare eaves Beare a aye ete ral pe ey =e etal 68 
Fundulus bermuda, GARTER ists Se ed ha no One aan Ss ae ee 68 
SSVMODORbIC ao meee serosa erie rate arate ai atta ee ate ale ia mem ere te ates etek ae eternal te 68 
Svmnodus lacerta,.(Val.) Goode man aac cacisyaticwen vases in saa ys crea alee. 68 

NG PIG ec cee are ee atise ere aie we wee See coe tee hamebs ate cas camer 638 
Mesalops thrissoides; Bloch.) Gtk: soss24 222s ss essere seca ane elon ate 68 
Clupeideersoc cece ces Seeertcck Sales tre oe aoe elk arate tetas DIS Seas ie, 69 
Sardinellatanchovid ae Vial secre toes S sais anak rar oe eters 69 
Harengula macrophthalma, (dtanz.) ....2. 2... 2202. ee ecco e se es oon 69 
Opisthonema, thrissa,(CLing)sGa |; 2S. ecciceetse coee see eee eos eee 69 

ya pera Meee ays ec ecors < fais Peete ere Cis rok erect aaa GE Se ERROR LAr 70 
Emorawlisichosrostomus; Goede enrolls cheteic > eee ees 70 

Oy primi dao yo2 Sessa Sy edctactaera sts Gomes ccreh eens Baker a 
CATASSIUISTAUTALUSs LUI) ys UT eater reyes late cet aonoe teeta niatete rarer esata = 71 

Aer ertal Tee) toca: votate mor oe oo oelaaice eens ees ae REPEC E pe ie tems 71 
Anguilla bostoniensis (Les.) Ayres ..---..--------.--------- jee sit 71 
Minar cen 0 2 6 -(alaiec) ge minysnicisisiag a sine ees SSS elo ne rae OST ee 8 te 72 
Gynmothorax;moringa,, (Cus) iG oodesseaae Jan 5 teases ee ose aa 72 
E.chidnajcatenata, (Bloch) -Bukr pass. 25a is2- eescsehe beats lee eee oes 73 
NRA TED ayes ta seers oii w)ayd ova si eceeiceimicve nied aiaie sisier sale One ine crns lee Sia seek Uae 73 
GA MAT Bicester arc (cteratayerars suai Miare Uretrate sielceakciare Gi sedis awd SA UE ee 73 
Sep nya Hn CL 2 operat cnaren store tatee are cae area Sto Sra a Vote gov Rare SS PASE ee ee 73 
SCALE CH Sparro ya eho rarer aoe ett yen rae Na IIe Sen PE Bese Peay pears & 5. Ae 
Galeorbinid2a 25 $o21585 soe oqace Bao iat ose s SoS Ae Tate Sa ee ese 73 
Mustelusicanisy (Mitch,) DeKay cesses isan aot oe nee eee eens 73 

AD DEN GUNG <jafe stocks ota ite ioe Wola « Solajsela aura drsour ieee aleideet son obit Maar 7d 
Additional species observed by Mr. Jones.....-.--..----. -22- 2-22 eee eee = 75 
PMO Satpal sno aaa dow aee 2 coe jioaw gale eeiakeoae Cheat aust oe TES e Me cee 77 








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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


A visit to the Bermudas during the months of February and March, 
1872, afforded opportunities for collecting the notes and specimens upon 
which the present paper is based. The enumeration of species here 
attempted, although necessarily far from exhaustive, is believed to indi- 
cate, with some degree of accuracy, the character of the ichthyological 
fauna of the group; and it is hoped that this list, with its annotations, 
may not be without interest as a contribution to geographical zoology. 
Surprisingly little has been done by naturalists in the investigation of 
the marine life of this region, interesting as it is likely to prove on 
account of its isolated, mid-atlantic position, the peculiarities of its cli- 
mate, and its proximity to the Gulf Stream, rendering so easy observa- 
tions upon the influence of ocean-currents in the distribution of living 
forms. The ichthyologist finds here the best of opportunities for the 
study of pelagic and migratory species. <A broad field lies before some 
resident naturalist who will do for the ichthyology of the Bermudas 
what Poey and Bleeker have done and are doing for that of the East 
and West Indies. Comparatively little could be done in two months, 
least of all in winter and early spring, when stormy weather rendered 


explorations of the reefs impracticable, and often prevented the fisher- 
men from leaving their moorings in the harbors. At the time of my 
visit, only seven species of fishes had been recorded from this locality ; 
and the only authentic information regarding the fish-fauna was con- 
tained in one chapter, which was unfortunately very short, of Mr. Jones’s 
admirable little work,* the author at that time not having turned his 
attention to the study of this class. The list given by Godett should 


*The Naturalist in Bermuda; a sketch of the geology, zoology, and botany of that 
remarkable group of islands; together with meteorological observations. By John 
Matthew Jones, esq. (of the Middle Temple), assisted by Maj. J. W. Wedderburn (late 
42nd Roy. Highlanders) and J. L.Hurdis, esq.—With a map and illustrations.—‘ Every 
kingdom, every province, should have its own monographer.”—Gilbert White. London: 
Reeve & Turner, 238, Strand.—1859. 12mo, pp. xii, 200. 

t Bermuda, its History, Geology, Climate, Products, Agriculture, Commerce, and Gov- 


ernment. By T. L. Godet. London, 1860. 12mo. 
a 


8 


be ignored, as it is taken almost bodily from Gosse’s “ Naturalist in | 
Jamaica.” 
In the present list, I enumerate seventy-five species, most of which were 
personally observed ; for convenience of reference, all species known to 
occur in this locality have been included. In working up my notes, I 
have endeavored to supplement previous descriptions by (1) descriptions 
of the colors of the fishes while living, (2) notes on size and proportions, 
(3) observations on habits, (4) hints in reference to the origin and mean- 
ing of their popular names, (5) notes upon modes of capture and eco- 
nomic value. The meaning of the specific names employed has been 
defined by partial synonymies, to which critical notes are occasionally 
appended. To make the list a more complete contribution to chorolog- 
ical knowledge, a brief note has been given upon the geographical 
distribution of each species. 
The scheme of classification proposed by Professor Gill * has been 
followed throughout. I am indebted to Professor Gill for valuable sug- 
gestioas and the identification of two or three of the more doubtful 
species. 
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ISLANDS. 
The general topography of the Bermudas is so well known that no 
detailed account will be necessary. It may not be out of place, how- 








* Arrangement of the Families of Fishes or Classes Pisces, Marsipobranchii, and 
Leptocardii. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution by Theodore Gill, M. D., Ph. D. 
Washington: published by the Smithsonian Institution, November, 1872. 8vo, pp. xlv1, 
50. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 247.) 

Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North America, by Theodore Gill. < 
Report on the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New England in 1871 
and 1872, by Spencer IF. Baird, Commissioner, &c. pp. 779-822. 

Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North America, by Thecdore Gill, M. D. 
Ph. D. Washington. Published by the Smithsonian Institution, 1873. 8vo, pp. 50. 
(Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 283.—A reprint of the preceding). 

On the Limits of the Class of Fishes. ‘By Theodore Gill, M. D., Ph. D. < American 
Naturalist, vol. vii, pp. 71-77, February, 1873. (Reprinted with repagination, 8vo, pp. 
9; no title-page.) : 

The Number of Classes of Vertebrates and their Mutual Relations, By Prof. Thedore 
Gill. (Abstract ofa Communication to the National Academy of Sciences, made October 
29, 1873.) < American Journal of Science and Arts, vi, December, 1873, pp. 432-436. 
Reprinted with repagination, 8vo, pp. 4; no title-page ;) also reprinted Annals and 
Magazine of Natural History, (London,) xiii, pp. 71-73, Jan. 1874. 

Article Fish and descriptions of the various families, prepared by Professor Gill, as 
associate editor in the department of zoology, &c. < Johnson’s New Universal Cyclo- 
pedia and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge. * * * A. J. Johnson & Son, New 
York. 








9 


ever, to refer to those features which bear more particularly upon the 
homes of the fishes. The sunken atoll, which is the foundation of the 
group, is shaped like an ellipse, its major axis twenty-five miles in 
length, its minor axis thirteen. The major axis runs in a northeast and 
sonthwest direction, the chain of main islands lying on the southeast 
edge of the ellipse, and forming a nearly continuous line twenty-six 
miles long, the lower or western end curving, nearly in the shape of a 
shepherd’s crook or a fish-hook, to the southernmost focus of the sup- 
posed curve. The main islands, five in number, are separated by narrow 
channels, fifteen or twenty feet in depth, and their shores are deeply in- 
dented by shallow bays and lagoons. The reef, which approaches within 
a few hundred yards of the shore of the main islands on the south, is dis- 
tant on’ the north and northwest from five to nine miles; the intervening 
space is crossed and recrossed by submerged reefs and ledges of coral 
limestone, and dotted in the neighborhood of the main islands by smaller 
islands and emerging ledges to the number of three hundred or more. 
The harbors are not particularly calm, but there are many broad bays 
whose surface the severest storms scarcely ripple. Within the encircling 
reef the depth of water rarely exceeds twelve and fourteen fathoms, 
while beyond this reef the bottom rapidly slopes to the level of the 
Atlantic bottom. Twenty miles to the southwest by west are two or three 
ledges, to which the fishermen resort for line-fishing in fine weather. 


FISHERIES AND FISH-MARKETS. 


‘ 

The Bermudian fisheries have always been famous. A large number 
of the poorer islanders, particularly the negroes, are professional fisher. 
men, and are bold and skillful sailors, though their ambition only suffi. 
ces to keep them at work when purse and larder show signs of exhaus- 
tion. Every cottage has its little garden, where bananas and sweet- 
potatoes grow for the trouble of planting, so that the fishermen are not 
entirely dependent upon their occupation for support, and the supply of 
fish often falls far short of the demand, and this is especially the case in 
the winter, when the landing of a boat is the signal for a general rush 
to the shore. The people of Bermuda, over twelve thousand in number, 
are dependent chiefly upon the fisheries for their animal food. Large 
Shipments of cattle and sheep are received from the United States, but 
these are monopolized by the wealthier classes and by the garrison, so 
that their flesh rarely finds its way to the tables of the negroes, who num- 
ber over seven thousand, or of the poorer white colonists, who constitute 
more than one-half of the remaining population, 


10 


The fishing-boats are built in the English style, drawing five or six feet 
of water, deep-keeled, sloop or schooner rigged, and usually provided 
with a large well in the hold, in which the fish are brought in alive. 

The only market is the water’s edge. In the large towns, Hamilton 
and St. George’s, the quay is lined nearly every morning at sunrise by 
a long row of fish-boats. The fish swim in the wells until customers are 
found for them; when one is selected, it is taken up in a landing-net or 
by a gaff-hook, and quickly killed by thrusting a sharp awl into the base 
of the brain; it is then bled, skinned (rarely scaled), eviscerated, and 
delivered into the hands of the purchaser, a loop of palmetto fiber 
always being attached for convenience in carrying. At an early hour 
the fares are disposed of, and the boats are under weigh for the fishing- 
grounds. At almost any time, however, row-boats filled with small 
seined fish may be found at the quay. Those who live in the country- 
parishes watch the return of their neighbors’ boats at night-fall, and 
thus secure their supplies of fish. 

Fish from such a market cannot fail to be fresh, and the excellence of 
the Bermuda food-fishes is due to this, and to the fact that they are never 
allowed to die of suffocation in the air, but are killed quickly and bled. 
The Angel-fish (Holacanthus ciliaris) is perhaps the most highly 
esteemed; next in rank are the various species of Pristipomatide, Ser- 
ranide, aud Sparide, with the Hog-fish (Lachnolemus falcatus). All 
others are regarded inferior in quality. The price of fish is fixed by law 
at fourpence a pound, an advance of one penny having been made within 
a few years. 

Most of the line-fishing is done among the outer reefs or on the outer 
banks, twenty miles distant. The favorite baits are the flesh of the 
‘* Bermuda lobster” (Palinurus americanus) and the “ Spanish lobster” 
(Scyllarus equinoxialis), and that of some of the larger fishes, such as 
the ‘* Mackerel” (Orcynus alliteratus), and the Morays (Murenide). The 
Pilchard (Harengula macrophthalma), Shad (Eucinostomus gula and £. 
Lefroyi), and the Robin (Decapterus punctatus), are used as ‘“full-baits,” 
as are also the various kinds of “ fry ” (Atherina and Engraulis sp.). The 
‘“‘ Scuttle,” a large Octopus, very common on the reefs, is also frequently 
“used, its toughness making it a very lasting bait. Many of the choicest 
and largest species, such as the Pristipomatide, Serranide@, and Scom- 
bride, are taken exclusively with lines. 

The Sparide, Labrida, Scaride, the smaller Serranida, and many others, 
with great quantities of the large crustaceans so much in demand for 
bait, are captured in basket-work fish-pots constructed of split cane. 














LE 

These are built on the same principle with the lobster-pots in use on the 
New England coast, but are very peculiar in shape. A fair idea of one 
of them may be gained by imagining two crockery-crates placed together, 
with the ends at an angle so as to form a very thick capital letter V, 
with arms about four feet square, the entrance being through a funncl- 
shaped aperture placed in the inner angle. Smaller and more portable 
pots, made after the same model in annealed wire, are also in use. 
Such pots are baited with fish or lobsters, and anchored in two or three 
fathoms of water. 

Shallow seines, a hundred yards or so in length, are plied in the bays, 
and with them are taken vast numbers of the smaller school-fishes, such 


as Sargus variegatus, Pimelepterus Boscti, Mugil liza, Eucinostomus gula, 





Bucinostomus Lefroyi, Hemirhamphus Pleti, Decapterus punctatus, &ec. 
These seines are usually tanned with the bark of the mangrove-tree, 
(Rhizophora mangle.) : 

Circular casting-nets, ten feet in diameter, are used with much dex- 
terity in capturing small fish for bait. 

The “ grains,” a heavy, two-pronged instrument, resembling an ordi- 
nary fish-spear or gig, is carried in every boat, and used in striking 
large fish. The skillful grainsman seldom misses his mark, and in these 
waters, clear as crystal, this instrument is effective at the depth of ten 
or twelve feet. 

During the winter months, recourse is had to the fish-ponds, which 
are stocked with the surplus of the sammer’s catch. These are of simple 
construction, usually natural pools in the rocks, or protected coves, 
inclosed by loosely-laid stone walls. Hundreds, sometimes thousands, 
of large fishes are here stored up for seasons when the severity of the 
weather’is such as to prevent the usual visits to the fishin g-grounds.. 
The largest of these, the “ Devil’s Hole,” on Harrington Sound, is visited 
by almost all the strangers on the islands, a small fee being charged 
for the privilege of seeing the fishes feed. Several hundred large Groupers 
and Hamlets (Hpinephelus swriatus) are usually confined here; and, when 
bait is thrown into the pond, the visitor ean see only a close array of 
widely-stretched hungry mouths, each six or eight inches in diameter. 


THE RELATIONS OF THE BERMUDIAN ‘FISH-FAUNA. 


These islands, considered in reference to their marine fauna, lie 
on the extreme northern and eastern boundary of the West Indian 
“Region.” All the more characteristic fishes of this “Region” are 
represented in Bermudian waters, and the invertebrate fauna, as far 


12 


as investigated, appears to have very similar relations. The reef- 
building polyps find here their farthest northern remove from the 
equator. That the subtropical character of the marine fauna and 
flora is determined to a great extent by the influence of the Gulf 
Stream is rendered very evident by comparing the life on the land 
with that of the surrounding waters. The latter is much the wore trop- 
ical and West Indian in character; while the former, although many 
West Indian species are represented in the flora, is a curious assemblage 
of forms brought together from various quarters by winds, ocean-cur- 
rents, and the agency of man. Drift-wood and seeds from the Antilles 
are cast up in great quantities with the flotsam and jetsam of the shore, 
and many of the commonest plants of the Bermudas are supposed to 
have found their way thither in this manner. Thus the transporting 
power of the Gulf Stream appears to have been quite as important in the 
introduction of tropical forms of life to this group as has been its thermal 
effect in rendering it a suitable home for them. Since the Bermuda atoll 
is comparatively recent in origin, it is not difficult to believe that it has 
thus been supplied with living forms. Many fishes of the West Indian 
fauna have been found in the waters of the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, 
the Cape Verde Islands, and other points in the Eastern Atlantic; it 
appears easy to account for their wanderings by an extension of the 
action of the same transporting agent. 

The occurrence of several strictly European species is also to be noted. 
All of these appear to be powerful, rapid swimmers, with the exception, 
perhaps, of Synodus lacerta. 

The subjoined tables are intended to exhibit the geographical relations 
of the fishes observed in Bermudian waters. Several of the species men- 
tioned in the paper are not included, since confusion in their synonymy 
has rendered their limits of distribution doubtful. 

The total number of species enumerated is 75. Of these, 18 are so 
widely distributed as to be of little importance in a comparison of this 


nature. Of the 57 remaining, 50, or 86 per cent. (68, or 89 per cent. of 
the whole number, 75), are common to the Bermudas and the West | 


indies; 18 species, or 32 per cent. of the whole, or 37 per cent. of those 
common to the two faunas compared above, occur on the coast of Bra- 


zil, only 2, however, south of Bahia; 8 species, or 14 per cent., are found | 
on the eastern coast of the United States north of Georgia; 4 of these — 


are undoubtedly accidental there, while 2, Decapterus punctatus and Pa- 
ratractus pisquetus, have a range along the coast from Rio de Janeiro to 
Cape Cod, and the seventh, Anguilla bostoniensis, is not sufficiently 














| 
* : 


13 


established in its specific relations to warrant generalizations; 13 species, 
or 23 per cent., occur in the Eastern Atlantic; 3 of these have not been 
recorded west of the Bermudas, and I prefer for the present to consider 
them as wanderers from the Mediterranean fauna. The relations, fau- 





nally, of others, such as Balistes capriscus and Pimelepterus Boscii, are 
somewhat problematical. 

Four species of marine fishes and one inhabiting brackish water are 
known to be peculiar to the group. 


Species common to the Bermudas and West Indies. 


Ostracium triquetrum. Epinephelus striatus. 
Pseudoscarus superbus. Epinephelus guttatus, 
Pseudoscarus coeruleus. Hypoplectrus puella. 
Cheerojulis radiatus. Mugil liza. 

Lachnolemus falcatus. Auostoma coloratum. 
Eucinostomus Lefroyi. Hemirhamphus Pleii. 
Acanthurus coeruleus. Exoceetus exiliens. 
Sarothrodus bimaculatus. Megalops thrissoides. 
Calamus megacephalus. Sardinella anchovia. 
Calamus orbitarius. Harengula macrophthalma. 
Lutjanus caxis. Echidna catenata. 
Mesoprion aya. Zonichthys fasciatus (South Caro- 
Trisotropis guttatus. lina). 


Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, and Eastern Atlantic. 


_Chilomycterus reticulatus (Saint Helena). 
Chilichthys Spengleri (Madeira, Cape Verdes, and Western Africa). 
Ostracium quadricorne (Saint Helena, Western Africa, Cape of Good 
Hope). 
Sphyrena picuda (river Niger). 


Common to the Bermudas, Brazil, Cape Verdes, and Ascension Island. 


Salarias textilis. 


_ Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, and Northern Brazil. 


_ Malthe vespertilio. Pareques punctatus. 
Scarus radians. Hemylum capeuna. 
Eucinostomus gula. Hemylum chrysopterum. 
Hypeneus maculatus (RiodeJanei- Trisotropis undulosus. 

ro). Hemirhamphus Pleii. 


Holocentrum sogo. 


14 
Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, Brazil, and the Eastern Atlantic, 


Labrosomus nuchipinnis (Gorea). 

Harpe rufus (Saint Helena, Rio de Janeiro). 

Glyphidodon saxatilis (Cape Verde Islands; accidental in New Eng: 
land). 

Enneacentrus punctatus (Cape Verde Islands). 

Gymnothorax moringa (Saint Helena). 


Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, Brazil, and the east coast of the 
United States. 


Acanthurus nigricans (South Carolina). 
Decapterus punctatus. 
Paratractus pisquetus. 


Common to the Western Atlantic and Western Pacific ?? 
Anguilla bostoniensis. 
Common to the Bermudas, Mediterranean, and Eastern Atlantic. 


Sargus variegatus (Madeira). Synodus lacerta (Madeira). 
Sphyrena spet (Canaries). 


Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, Madeira, and the Mediterranean. 
Pimelepterus Boscii (accidental at New York). 


Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, east coast of United States, Ma- 
deira, Mediterranean, and the Pacific. 


Balistes capriscus. 


Pelagic: Atlantic. 


Hippocampus, sp. Exoceetus, sp. 
Dactylopterus volitans (Mediterra- Mustelus canis. 
nean). Isuropsis punctata. 


Pelagic: both hemispheres. 


Paradiodon hystrix. Coryphena hippurus. 
Alutera scripta. * Leptecheneis naucrates. 
Antennarius marmoratus. * Ptheirichthys lineatus. 
Trachurops crumenophthalmus. Regalecus gladius. 
Orcynus alliteratus. * Sphyrna zygeena. 

* Naucrates ductor. * Reniceps tiburo. 





* Not personally observed. 





15 
Peculiar to the Bermudas. 
Syngnathus Jonesii. Engraulis cheerostomus. 
Lefroyia bermudensis. Fundulus bermude. 
Acclimated. 


Carassius auratus. 
POPULAR NAMES. 


The names in use among the fishermen afford some curious studies. 
Where practicable, hints in regard to their origin have been given. 

I observe that of the thirty-three names given by Catesby* as in use 
in the Bahamas at the time of his visit to those islands, one hundred 
and fifty years ago (1724-25), twenty-six are applied to common species 
in the Bermudas. Nearly all of these are applied to fishes of the same 
family or genus, and most of them to the same species. This may per- 
haps be explained by the common origin of the colonists of the two 
regions. It is an interesting instance of the persistency of common names, 
Many of these names are in use at the present time in the southern 
Atlantic States, thongh usually applied to different species. 

Subjoined is a list of names in use among the fishermen, to the appli- 
cation of which I can give no clew :— 


Glare-eye Squirrel. Shad Porgy. Sunburnt Shark. 
Black Jack. Scotch Porgy. Rainbow. 

Deer Grouper. Red-tail. Thumper. 
Spanish Hog-fish. Bone-fish. Mermaid. 

Black Hog-fish. Grubble. Skip-jack. 
Clucker. Yellow Tang. Slippery Dick, 
Sand-eel. White Belly. Prickly Hind. 
Runner. Blue Belly. Sardine. 
Blue-bone Porgy. Permit. Sand Mullet. 


White-bone Porgy. Sand Shark. 





*The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands ; containing The 
Figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Plants: Particularly the Forest- 
Trees, Shrubs and other Plants not hitherto described or very incorrectly figured by 
Authors. Together with their Descriptions in English and French. To which are 
added, Observations on the Air, Soil and Waters: With Remarks upon Agriculture, 
Grain, Pulse, Roots, &c. To the Whole is Prefixed a new and correct Map of the Coun- 
tries Treated of. By Mark CatxsBy, F.R.S. London * * * * MDCCCXXXI- 
XLII. 2 vols. folio. 





16 


The English names given to the species in this paper are those which 
are commonly applied to them by the islanders, and no others are 
employed. 

The following identifications of Catesby’s species are suggested in con- 
nection with the plates of fishes given in the second volume. These 
conclusions were reached after a careful examination of the synonymy of 
the names here proposed as adopted by later writers, especially Linné, who 
appears to have founded several species upon these figures and descrip- 
tions. In many cases, comparative measurements have been made with 
these plates and the fishes they are supposed to represent, so as to make 
the identification as accurate as might be. A casual comparison will show 
the reader how closely the local names correspond to those in use in the 
Bermudas :— 


T. 1. Umbla minor, marina, &c. (BARRACUDA) is Sphyreena picuda. 
Vulpis Bahamensis is Albula conorhynchus. 

T. 2. Perca marina gibbosa, &c. (THE MarGaTE Fis) is (?) Hemylum chrysopterum. 
Saurus ex cinereo nigricans (THE SEA SPARROW Hawk) is Synodus fetens. 

T. 3. Perca marina, pinna dorsi divisa (THE CROKER) is Micropogon undulatus. 
Perea marina rubra (THE SQUIRREL) is Holcocentrum sogo. 

T. 4. Perea marina rhomboidalis (THE Pork FIsH) does not agree with Lagodon 
rhomboides, to which it has been referred. The figure is too indefinite for deter- 
mination and does not agree with the author’s description. 

Perea marina pinnis branchialibus carens (THE SCHOOLMASTER) is equally indef- 
inite ; the pectoral fins were evidently an afterthought of the artist. 

T. 5. Perea marina venenosa, &c. (THE Rock Fisu) is Trisotropis guttatus, or some 
allied species. 

T. 6. Perca marina capite striato (THE GRUNT) is some species of Hamylum, perhaps 
H. arcuatum. 

Albula bahamensis (THE MULLET) is Mugil sp. 
T. 7. Perea marina puncticulata (THe Necro Fis) is Enneacentrus ouatalibi. 
Perea cauda nigra (THE BLACK-TAIL) is very like Ocyurus chrysurus. 
. Hirundo (THE FLYING FisH) is unidentitiable, but is probably the common 
Barbados species, perhaps Exocetus Roberti, M. & T. 
Perca marina sectatrix (THe RUDDER FisH) cannot be recognized, but is prob- 
ably one of the Stromateide. 


3 
or 


Perca fluviatilis gibbosa ventre luteo (THE FRESH-WATER PEARCH) is Pomotis 
vulgaris. 

T. 9. Turdus pinnis branchialibus carens (THE MANGROVE SNAPPER) is quite unrec- 
ognizable, the grotesque figure without pectoral fins being evidently imagi-— 
nary. 

T. 10. Turdus rhomboidalis (THE TANG) is Acantharus nigricans. 

Turdus cauda convexa (THE YELLOW FisH) is probably Enneacen‘rus ouatclibi. 
Compare T.7, supra, ; 








T, 12. 


Ee 


. Tardus flavus (Tur Hoe Fisn) is perhaps Harpe rufus; is certainly a Labroid. 


Turdus cinereus peltatus (THE SHaD) is a Eucinostomus, and closely resembles 
the new Bermuda species E. Lefroyi. 

Turdus oculo radiato (THE PUDDING-WIFE) is a young specimen of Cherojulis 
radiatus. 

Alburnus americanus (THE CAROLINA WHITING) is clearly Menticirrus alburnus, 
with which its shape and the barbels on the chin would place it, in spite of the 


manifest omission of the second dorsal fin. 


. Mornnyrus ex cinereo nigricans (THE BoNnxE-FIsH) I am unable to identify, 


though the name is in use at the present day in the Bahamas. 


. Cugupuguacu Brazil (THE HIND) is Epinephelus guttatus. 


Saltatrix (Skrpsack) is Pomatomus saltatrix. 


. Suillus (THE GREAT HoG-FIsH) is Lachnolemus falcatus. 
. Aurata Bahamensis (THE PorGy) is probably Chrysophrys auratus or C. orbi- 


tarius. 


. Salpa purpurescens variegata (THE LANE SNAPPER) I cannot place. 


Petimbuabo Brazil (THE TOBACCOPIPE-FISH) is Fistulari tabaccaria. 


. Novacula ceerulea (THE BLUE-FISH) is Pseudoscarus ceruleus. 
. Unicornis, Piscis Bahamensis (THE BAHAMA UNICORN-FISH) is Alutera scripta. 
. Murena maculatus, nigra et viridis (THE Muray) closely resembles Gymnothoraz 


rostratus. 


. Murena maculata nigra (THE BLack Muray) is not clearly identified. 

. Turdus oculo radiato (THE OLD WIFE) is Balistes vetula. 

. Bagre, &c. (THE CaT-FISH) somewhat resembles Noturus flavus. 

. Harengus minor Bahamensis (THE PILcHARD) is some small Clupeoid. 

: Anthea quartus, Rondeletii (THe MuTTON-FISH) is a Lutjanus, perhaps L. aya 


or some allied form. 


. Remora (THE SucKING Fisn) belongs of course to Echeneidide, though lack of 


detail will not allow even generic identification. 


. Solea lunata et punctata (THE SOLE) I do not know. 

. Orbis levis variegatus (THE GLOBE FIsH) is Chilichthys turgidus. 

. Psittacus piscis viridis, Bahamensis (THE PARROT FIsH) is Pseudoscarus Catesbyi. 
. Acus maximus squammosa viridis (THE GREEN GAR-FISH) is Lepidosteus osseus. 
. Acarauna major pinnis cornutis (THE ANGEL FISH) is Holacanthus ciliaris. 


2F 








FISHES OF THE BERMUDA ISLANDS. 


LIST OF SPECIES. 


MALTHEIDA. 
MALTHE VESPERTILIO, (Linn.) Cuv., subspecies VESPERTILIO. 


DEVIL-FISH. 


| Lophius fronte unicorni, LINNE, Mus. Ad. Fried. 1, 1754, 55.—ARTeEpI, Syn. Pisce. 1788, 88. 

Guaperva, Brown, Hist. Jamaica, 1756, 457, pl. 48, f. 3. 

Rana piscatrix americana, SEBA, Locup. Rer. Nat. Thes. Dese. 1, 1758, 118, tab. Ixxiv, f. 2. 

Lophius vespertilio, LINN, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 236; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 402.— GMELIN, 
Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 480 (partim).—BiLocn, Ichth. iv, 1787, 8, taf. ex. (on 
a drawing by Plumier).—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 140.—Lacti- 
PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1, 1798, 302-315. 

_ Malthe vespertilio, Cuvier, Réegne Anim. 1817—MULLER & TRoscHEL in Schomburgk, 

| Hist. Barbados, 1848, 678.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 200 (par- 

tim).—POEY, Mem. ii, 1861, 382; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 406.—Cupr, 

Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 480.—GiLL in Baird’s Rep. Sea Fisheries of New 

England, 1873, 792. 

_ Malthea vespertilio, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 1837, 440.—Sroren, Syn. Fish. N. 

; Amer. 1846, 131.—GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer. 1861, 47.—LUTKEN, Nat. 
Foren. Vid. Med. 1895, 5. 
| Malthea vespertilio, DEKay, New York Fauna, Fish, 1842, 452. 










A single specimen of this species was noticed in the collection of Mr. 
John T. Bartram, of Stocks Point, Saint George’s Island. It is recorded 
from various points in the West Indies. Dr. Gitinther has united all 
described species, except Malthe cubifrons, Richardson, under the name 
Malthe vespertilio. The species thus limited is very variable in respect 
tothe length of snout, which in some individuals equals one-sixth of 
| the entire length of the fish, in others reduced to one-twentieth or one 
_ twenty-fifth. Professor Liitken recognizes three species within these 
i limits ; Malthe vespertilio, represented by the synonymy given above; 
19 





20 


Malthe longirostris, Cuv. & Val., che Guacucuja of Marcgrave ;* and — 
Malthe notata, Cuv. & Val. These species seem to correspond with cer- — 
‘ain limits of variation, and are probably entitled to subspecific rank, 
particularly since these limits of variation are correlated with their geo- 
graphical distribution. The form designated as vespertilio corresponds 
to section (6) of Giinther, having the snout one-ninth or one-tenth of 
the total length, and is recorded from Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, | 
Porto Rico, and Martinique. 

M. longirostris corresponds to section (a) of Giinther, having the | 
snout one-sixth of the total length, and is recorded from Bahia and | 










Para. 

M. notata was described from Surinam, and, according to Dr. Giinther, 
from young specimens. Dr. Giinther identifies it with a Demerara | 
specimen, and refers it to section («), having the snout one-thirteenth | 
of the total length. 

M. angusta, corresponding to section (7) of Giinther, with the snout | 
one-twentieth to one twenty-fifth of the total length, represents the | 
minimum development of snout, and is known from Brazil. a 

Malthe cubifrons, Richardson, is undoubtedly entitled to full specific 
rank. 


ANTENNARIID. 


PTEROPHRYNHE PICTA, ( Val.) Goode. 


DEVIL-FISH; MARBLED ANGLER. 


Lophius histrio, var. b, pictus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 124. 
Chironectes pictus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 293, pl. 364. 
Antennarius marmoratus, var. a, picta, GTHR., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 186. 
A single specimen was given me by C. C. Keane, esq., of Hamilton, 
and I saw several others. The fish is pelagic, occurring only in the 





warmer parts of the Atlantic. Its home is among the floating masses 
of Gulf-weed (Sargassum bacciferum). It is often brought ashore in the: 
beds of this alga, which is thrown up among the rocks in great heaps. 


after the winter storms. I have seen its curious nest, consisting of a 
bunch of eggs adhering in glutinous masses to the Sargassum, the 
whole cluster large enough to filla quart measure. One of these was 
thrown ashore in February, and is now in the collection of J. Matthew: 
Jones, esq., of Halifax, Nova Scotia. 





* Historia Naturalis Brasiliz, 1648, p. 143. ~ 





te ame 


21 


DIODONTID AL. 
PARADIODON HYSTRIX, (Linné) Bleeker. 


SEA HEDGEHOG; SEA PORCUPINE. 


| Guamajacu Guara, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brazil. 1648, 158. 

“Diodon Hystriz, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 335; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 413 (not Gmelin) 
Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 449, according to BaRNEVILLE, Revue zoologique 

1846, 141).—Pory, Mem. ii, 1861, 361—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 

} 1870, 306.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 480. 

| Paradiodon hystrix, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth. v, 1865, tab. cevii, f. 2—Pory, Rep. Fis. 

Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 430. 

: Erizo, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 60, lam. xxix, f. 1-2. 

Diodon atinga, BLocn, Ichth. iv, 1787, 75, taf. exxv, (not Linné).—GMeEtin, Linné, 

. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1449.—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 511.—Lack- 

PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1801, 1-3.—SHaAw, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 434.—MULL. 
& Troscu. in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 1848, 677.—Kaup, Wiegmann’s 
Arch. Naturg. xxi, 1855, 227—Jouan, Anim. Nouy. Caledonie, Mem. Soc. 
Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1861~63, 18—BLEEKER, Enum. Pisc. Arch. Ind. 
1859, 203. 

Diodon attinga, RuPPELL. Verzeichn. Senckenb. Mus. Fisch. 18 2, 35. 

Diodon Plumieri, Lactérkpe, op. cit. ii, 1, 1801, 1-10, pl. iii, f. 3. 


Diodon Brachiatus, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 213 (founded on Parra’s figure No. 1, cited 







above.) 
Diodon punctatus, CUviER, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. iv, 1818, 132, and Régne Animal, 
1817, p.—. —BLEEKER, Verhandl. Bat. Gen. xxiv, Blootk. Vissch. 1852, 19. 


This species, common in the West Indies, recorded also from the 
‘Pacific anf the Indian Archipelago, is occasionally found here, and, on 
account of its bristly skin, is greatly prized by curiosity-hunters. It is 
never eaten. I saw four specimens, each about eighteen inches long. 

7 CHILOMYCTERUS RETICULATUS, (Linn.) Bibron. 

Orbis muricatus et reticulatus, WILLUGHBY, Ichthyographia, 1685, 155, tab. J, No. vii.— 
3 SeBa, Locup. Rer. Nat. Thes. Desc. iii, 1758, 58, tab. xxiii, f. 3. 

| Ostracion subrotundus, aculeis undique brevibus triquetris raris, ARTEDI, Gen. Pisce. 1738, 
, 52, No. 16. 

Diodon reticulatus, LinNt, Syst. Nat. 1, 1758, 334.—GmeExrn, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 
1449. 

| Chilomycterns reticulatus, BIBRON apud BARNEVILLE, Revue Zoologique, 1846, 141.— 


- BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth. v, 1865, 54—Gtntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 
313. 


_ Diocon atringa 3, LINNE, op. cit. ed. 12, 1, 1766, 413. 
| ? Diodon atinga, Pory, Mem. ii, 1861, 361; Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 429.—Corr, 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 480. 


| 
| 


Dr. Giinther records a single specimen from the Bermudas. Another, | 
in the University Museum at Middletown, Connecticut, is said to have | 
come from the same locality. | 

Additional data are necessary in order to determine the true relations _ 
of Linné’s Diodon atringa (atinga). Barneville and Bleeker consider it 
identical with Diodon orbicularis of Bloch. Giinther does not commit | 
himself decidedly, although he cites, under Chilomycterus geometricus, | 
Maregrave’s Guamajacu atinga, upon which the species of Linné is pre- | 
sumably founded. The relations of the species D. atinga are important | 
as throwing light upon the relations of the genus Diodon, of which it | 
must be considered the type; there can be little doubt, however, that 
Bleeker is right is retaining in this genus those forms which have three 


rather than two roots to their spines. ; 

+ | 

TETRODONTIDA. ; 

CHILICHTHYS SPENGLERI, (Bloch) Goode. | 
SWALLOW; PUFF-FISH. 

Telrodon Spengleri, BLocu, Ichth. iv, 1787, 134, taf. exliv.—ScuNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. | 

Ichth. 1801, 504.—Lacktpkps, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 1798, 476-501.—SuHaw, Gen. 

Zool. v, 1804, 445.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 284.—Copn, | 


Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 479. 
Tetrodon Plumieri, LACEPEDE, op. cit. 476-504, pl. xx, f. 3 (on a drawing by Plumier). 
Tetrodon marmoratus, RANZANI, Nov. Comm. Acad. Bonon. iv, 1840, 72, pl.x, f. 1—Lows, 
Trans. Zool. Soe. ii, 1841, 193.—VALENCIENNES in Webb and Berthelot, Hist. | 
Nat. Canaries, Poiss. 1836, pl. xx, f. 2. * 














A single specimen of two inches was found on the beach at Bayley’s 


Bay. The species ranges from Madeira and Northwestern Africa to the 


) 


Caribbean, and no doubt frequently occurs about the Bermudas. Bloch, 


in his description, figures the species with the imperforate nasal tenta- 


cles of the genus Arothron, giving the East Indies as its habitat. Mak- 


ing due allowances for the notorious carelessness of early ichthyologists 


' 


mec e 


in fixing the localities of specimens, and for the lack of detail in their 


i 


drawings, we believe that the present name should be retained, since the | 
fish figured by Bloch is unmistakably the one before us. Should time_ 
render it necessary to adopt another name, that of Ranzani, who 
described the species accurately, may be substituted.* : 

Color.—Above, light chestnut; beneath, clear white; a lateral band | 








* Tctrodon marmoratus, RANZANI, Novi Commentarii Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon iv, 1840, | 


Pie, plax, figs: 


23 


of tawny white, from chin to base of caudal rays, where it is confluent 
with a ring of the same color around the extremity of the caudal 
peduncle ; beneath this lateral band a row of brown spots, of irregular 
size and fifteen in number, three being on the caudal peduncle ; above 
a similar row, often very obscure. Caudal brown, with broad, median 
transverse band of yellow; other fins immaculate. 

When inflated with air, the diameter of the belly is considerably 
greater than half the entire length of the fish. 

Its habits are doubtless very similar to those of Chilichthys turgidus 
(Mitch.) Gill, common on the east coast of North America from Cape 
Cod to the Antilles, which it much resembles, and which is very likely 
to occur in the Bermuda waters. 


OSTRACIID A. 
OSTRACIUM TRIQUETRUM, Linu. 


CUCKOLD. 


Ostracion triangulus, tuberculis, exiguis numeris aculeis carens, ARTEDI, Gen. Pisce. 1738, 
57; Syn. Pisc. 1738, 85. 

Ostracion polyodon inermis triqueter, LINNH, Mus. Ad. Fried. 1, 1754, 60. 

Ostracion triqueter, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 330; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 407.—BLocn, 
Ichth. iv, 1787, 106, taf. cxxx.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1441.—ScHNEI- 
DER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 498.—LackEPEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1, 444.—SHaw, 
Gen. Zool. vy, 1804, 420.—MULL. & Troscu. in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 
1848, 677.—HOLLARD, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1857, 154.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 
viii, 1870, 256. 

Ostracion triquetrum, Pony, Mem. ii, 1861, 361; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 442. 

Ostracium triquetrum, Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 475. 

Rhinesomus triqueter, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish. & Rept. ii, 1839, 324. 


. Common, as it also is throughout the West Indies and the Gulf of 
Mexico. Its length seldom exceeds eight inches. Its habits are slug- 
gish, and it hugs very closely the bottom, where it is frequently taken » 
in fish-pots. 
- The locomotion of the trunk-fishes is very peculiar, and I found an 
excellent opportunity for observing the movements of a Cuckold con- 
fined in my aquarium. The propelling force is exerted by the dorsal 
and anal fins, which have a half-rotary, sculling motion resembling that 
of a screw-propeller; the caudal fin acts as a rudder, save when it is 
needed for unusually rapid swimming, when it is used as by other fishes. 
The chief function of the broad pectorals appears to be that of fanning a 





24 


current of water through the gills, thus aiding respiration, which would 
otherwise be difficult on account of the narrowness and inflexibility of 
the branchial apertures. 

When taken from the water, one of these fishes will live for two or 
three hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and when restored to 
its native element seems none the worse for its experiences, except that, 
on account of the air absorbed, it cannot at once sink to the bottom. 
The Cuckold is not valued for food, though Iam unable to learn that its 
use is ever followed by fatal results such as attend it in some of the West 
Indies.* ; 

The local name is not applicable, and has probably been transferred 
from some other fish, as, for instance, the following species, which is 
known in Jamaica as “the cuckold.” 

Color.—Dark brown, thickly studded with circular spots of yellowish- 
white, each about two lines in diameter. The epidermis is often 
abraded, leaving the shell uniform tawny-white. 


OSTRACIUM QUADRICORNE, Linné. 
Cow-FISH. 


Piscis triangularis cornutus Clusiit, WILLUGHBY, Hist. Pisc. 1686, xiv, tab. J. 

Ostracion triangularis 2 aculeis &c., ARTEDI, Syn. Pisc. 1738, 85, No. 9. 

Ostracion quadricornis, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 331; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 408.—Btocu, 
Ichthiv, 1787, 113, taf. cxxxiv.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1442.— 
SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 499.—Lactépkpk, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1, 1798, 
442, 468.—SuHaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 424.—Kaup, Wiegmann’s Arch. Naturg. xxi, 
1855, 218.—HobuarpD, Ann. Sci. Nat, 1857, 148.—BLEEKER, Poiss. Guinea, 1863, 
20.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 258. 

Ostracion quadricorne, POEY, Mem. ii, 1861, 362; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 439. 

Ostracion ( Acanthostracion) quadricornis, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth. 1865, 32. | 

Ostracium quadricorne, COPE, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 474. 

Letophrys quadricornis, SWAINSON, Hist. Nat. Fish. & Rept. ii, 1839, 324. | 

Chopin, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 31, lam. xvii. ‘ 

*Ostracion Lister, LACKPEDE, op. cit. 468, pl. xxiii, f. 2. 





Ostracion sexcornutus, MITCHILL, Amer. Month. Mag. ii, 1818, 328. 

Lactophrys sexcornutus, STORER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 246. 

Ostracion cornutus, MULL. & Troscu. in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 1848, 677 (not 
Linné or Bloch). 

Ostracion maculatus, HOLLARD, op. cit. 149. 


Common; its habits much like those of Ostracium triquetrum. Its 
range is much wider, including Saint Helena, Guinea, the Cape of 





*Schomburgk, History of Barbados, p. 677. 








25 


Good Hope, and Charleston, S.C. Its occurrence in the Indian Arch- 
ipelago is extremely doubtful, as Bleeker himself admits. This spe- 
cies is extremely variable, in length, breadth, and height of body, 
length of tail, and length of caudal, and these variations seem to be 
individual as well as related to age. MHollard’s Ostracion maculatus * 
and the various species dubia of Poey + will probably prove to be forms 
of this species. 

The presence of plates upon the caudal peduncle is apparently accidental. 
They may possibly have some relation to sex, but certainly none to age. 
Out of fourteen specimens examined, five had plates above and below, 
one had two above, and six had none. In none of the specimens can I 
distinguish traces of the spine in the middle of the dorsal ridge men- 
tioned by Dr. Giinther. The color of young specimens is well described 
by Giinther; the bands on the cheek are, however, of a bright blue. 
Adult specimens are colored in a rich bright blue, which quickly van- 
ishes after death. In some individuals, the color is worn from the ridges 
of the carapace, leaving patches of light brown. The largest specimens 
are twenty-one inches long. 

The Cow-fish is, I was told, much esteemed for food, and is frequently 
~ baked whole in its shell. The popular name, like the Cuban “ toro” and 
the Jamaican * cuckold,” refers to the two horn-like supra-orbital spines. 


BALISTIDA. 
BALISTES CAPRISCUS, Gmelin. 


TURBOT. 


Balistes capriscus, GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1471.—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst 

Ichth. 1801, 476.—Lactr&pr, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1798, 1, 372, pl. xiii, f. 3.— 
" SHaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 411—Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 51.—YarRELL, Brit 

Fish. ii, 1841, 472.—HouuarpD, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1854, 309.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 217.—GIL1, in Baird’s Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern 
New England, 1873, 793. 

Balistes fuliginosus, DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 339, pl. lvii, f.188.—SrorEr 
Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 243. 

Capriscus fuliginosus, GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 56. 


Common. Very erratic in its distribution, having been observed in the 
Pacific at Panama, at Madeira, in the Mediterranean, and on the coast of 
Great Britain. DeKay figures a specimen taken in New York Harbor; the 








“Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vii, p. 148. 
t Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, ii, pp. 489-440. 


26 


United States National Museum has specimens from Wood’s Hole, Mass., 
Charleston, S. C., and the Tortugas; it is not recorded from the West 
Indies. The Turbot attains a weight of five or six pounds; its flesh is 
not unpalatable, and its tough, shagreen-like skin is used for polishing 
purposes. It has a habit of swimming on its side, just at the surface, 
like the Sunfish (Mola rotunda), and, from this habit as well as perhaps 
a fancied similarity of its form to that of the European Turbot (Rhombus 
maximus), its name appears to have been derived. It no doubt breeds 
in these waters; I have seen young individuals not exceeding three 
inches in length. The species should be compared with Balistes sobaco, 
Poey. No other species of this subfamily were observed. 

I suppose the ‘Old-wife,” “*Ocean-turbot,” and “ Black-turbot” of the 
fishermen to correspond respectively to Balistes vetula, Linné, Canthider- 
mis maculatus, (Gmelin) Bleeker, and Melichthys buniva (Lacépeéde), all of 
which, as well as Balistes ringens, Linné, are quite certain to occur in 
these waters. . 
ALUTERA SCRIPTA, (Osbeck) Bleeker. 

Unicornis Piscis Bahamensis, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carol. Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 
ii, 1743, 19, tab. 19. 

Balistes scriptus, OSBECK, Iter. Sin. 1765, 144.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1463. 

Aluteres scriptus, BLEEKER, Ned. Tyds. Dierk. iii, 1865, 28; Ichth. 1865, 141, tab. 
cexxvii, 4. 

Monacanthus scriptus, GUNTUER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 252. 

Lija Trompa, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 46, lam. xxii, f. 1. 

Balistes Levis, BLocw, Ichth. xii, 1797, 68, tab. cecexiv.—SHaw, Gen. Zool. v. 1804, 
405. 

Aluterius levis, Cuvier, Réegne Animal, 1817.—Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fish. 355.— 
BLEEKER, Verhandl. Batay. Gen. xxiv (Balistide), 21.—Hortarp, Ann. Sci. 
Nat. 1855, 15.—Day, Fish. Malabar, 1865, 355. 

Alutera levis, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish. & Rept. ii, 1839, 327. 

Aleuteres levis, RICHARDSON, Voy. H. M.S. Sulphur, 1845, 131, pl. 1xi, f. 3. 

Balistes Monoceros, var. Levis, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 463. 

Balistes ornatus, Proct, Bull. Philom. 1822, 131. 

Aluteres pareva, LESSON, Voy. Coquille, ii, 1830, 106. 

Aluterus venosus, HOLLARD, op. cit. 14, pl. 1, f. 3. 

Alutera picturata, Pony, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 183; Rep. Vis.-Nat. Cuba, 
ii, 438. 

Aleuteres picturatus, COPE, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., 1870, 476. 

A specimen twenty-one inches long was taken off the islands in April, 
1572. The occurrence of the species is so unusual that it has no common 
nume. It appears to be strictly pelagic, and is recorded from China, 
the Indian Archipelago, Tahiti, New Ireland, Coromandel, the Cana- 
ries, the West Indies, Brazil, and South Carolina. 














ae 
HIPPOCAMPIDA. 
HIPPOCAMPUS, sp. 
SEA-HORSE. 


Two specimens, apparently of different species, were secured ; but, 
owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the published descriptions, it is 
impossible at present to identify them. One agrees tolerably with H. 


antiquorum, Leach. 
SYNGNATHIDA. 


SYNGNATHUS JONESIL, Giinther. 


Syngnathus Jonesii, GUNTHER, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1874. 


This species was deservedly dedicated to J. Matthew Jones, esq., F. 
L. 8., who is doing so much toward elucidating the natural history of 
these islands. Pipe-fishes are not uncommon. SS. pelagicus, Osbeck, is 


likely also to occur. 
AULOSTOMID A. 
AULOSTOMA MACULATUM, Valenciennes. 
TRUMPET-FISH. 


Trompetero colorado, PARRA, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 63, lam. xxx, f. 2. 

Aulostoma matulatuus, VALENCIENNES in Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1817; ill. ed. Poiss. 
1829, pl. xcii, f. 2. 

Aulostoma coloratum, MULL. & TrRoscn. in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 173.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 536.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 
1868, 386.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 480. 


A dried head of this species was shown me by C. C. Keane, esq., of 
Hamilton. The fishermen speak of two Trumpet-fishes found here, one 
of them designated the Black Trumpet-fish. One of these is proba- 
bly Fistularia tabaccaria, Liuné. Mr. J. Matthew Jones informs me of 
the capture, in 1874, of a specimen of Fistularia serrata, Cuv., hitherto 
known only from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 


FIERASFERID A. 
. LEFROYIABERMUDENSIS, Jones. 


Lefroyia Bermudensis, JONES, Zoologist, Jan., 1874, 3838. 


A single specimen four and one-half inches long was taken by Goy- 
ernor Lefroy in the summer of 1873. 


“Total length rather more than 45 inches. Greatest depth at the ver- 


28 


tical of the pectorals, three lines and one-half. The length of the head 
is slightly more than one-seventh of the total length. The greatest 
width of the head is rather less than one-third of its length. Body 
naked, attenuate, compressed. Facial outline rugose. Eye moderate; 
horizontal diameter of the eye-cup, one and three-quarter lines; vertical 
diameter, one and one-quarter lines. Gape of mouth wide. Lower jaw 
shorter, and received within the upper. Cardiform teeth of irregular 
‘size in both jaws, vomer, and palatines; those of the latter largest. 
Branchiostegals seven, inflated, united below. Vent thoracic. Pec- 
torals originating at the upper angle of the operculum, three lines in ex- 
tent, of delicate soft rays. Dorsal indistinct, commencing in a groove 
at about the vertical of the twentieth anal ray, continuous to caudal 
extreme; when in conjunction with the anal, it forms a small filamentous 
tip. Anal prominent, commencing immediately behind the vent, in 
advance of the vertical to the upper angles of the operculum, and extend- 
ing to the caudal extreme. About its centre, it is equal in depth to that 
of the body at the same position. Owing to the delicate texture of the 
fins, it is impossible to determine the number of rays, but those of the 
anal exceed one hundred and forty. Color when dried, out of spirit, 
golden-yellow. The body transparent, showing the vertebra within, a 
condition, according to General Lefroy, equally observable in life.”— 
Jones. < 

The genus proposed by Mr. Jones has not yet been defined, and the 
name Lefroyia can be adopted only provisionally. 


BLENNIIDA. 
LABROSOMUS NUCHIPINNIS, (Quoy & Gaimard) Poey. 


MoLuy MILLER. 


Clinus nuchipinnis, QuoY & GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool. 1824, 255.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 262. ‘ 

Labrosomus nuchipinnis, PoEY, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308. 

Clinus pectinifer, CUV.& VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xi, 1836, 374 (female).—MULu. & Troscu. 
in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 671.—CasTELNAU, Anim. Nouy. &c. 
Aniérique du Sud, 1855, Poiss. 26. 

Labrisomus pectinifer, SwAInson, Nat. Hist. Fishes &c. 1839, 277.—Corr, Trans. Am, 
Phil. Soe. 1870, 473. 

Labrosomus pectinifer, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 105.--Pory, Mem. Hist. 
Nat. Cuba. ii, 1861, 381. 

Clinus capillatus, CUV. & VAL., op. cit. 377 (male).—MULL. & Troscu., |}. ¢. 

Labrisomus capillatus, SWAINSON, l. c. 











29 


Labrosomus capillatus, GILL, op. cit. 107.—Pokry, I. c. 
Lepisoma cirrhosum, DEKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 41, pl. xxx, f. 94.—STORER, 
Syn. Fish. N. Am. 49. 


Very common under stones in tide-pools and in crevices; their habits 
closely resembling those of the ‘“ Rock-eel” (Muranoides mucronatus), 
so familiar to naturalists on the New England coast. Some individuals 
are brilliantly colored with red beneath, while others are gray. These 
differences are most probably sexual. My largest specimens are four 
inches long. The species is recorded from the Antilles, Bahia, Gorea, 
and the National Museum has specimens from Florida. 


SALARIAS TEXTILIS, Q. & G. 


Salarias textilis, Quoy & GarmaRD, MS.—CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 
xi, 307. 

? Salarias vomerinus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 349. 

Salarias vomerinus (Cuv. & Vau.?) JENYNS, Zool. Voy. H. M.S. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 88, 
play; fh! 3: 


This species, found in tide-pools in company with the preceding, ap- 
pears to be identical with that brought by Quoy and Gaimard from the 
Isle of Ascension. The measurements do not agree precisely with those 
given by Valenciennes (which are expressed in very general terms) ; its 
colors, however, are precisely the same. It agrees in many points with 
the specimens collected by Darwin at Porto Praya, and provisionally 
referred by Jenyns to Salarias vomerinus, C. & V. 

The Bermuda specimens have the vomerine teeth and the four ventral 
rays, the omission of which in the description of Salarias texrtilis was 
Jevyn’s chief reason for not referring the Cape Verde specimens to that 
species. The affinities of S. textilis and S. vomerinus, always considered 
close, have some light thrown upon them by the discovery of vomerine 
teeth in the former. The question of their identity, however probable it 
may seem, must be decided by the comparison of a larger series of speci- 
mens. Such study will probably result in the establishment of a new 
genus for the reception of the species at present referred to Salarias, 
which possess vomerine teeth. 

A detailed description of the Bermuda specimens is given for conve- 
nience in future comparisons. The greatest height of the body, at the 

‘beginning of the dorsal, is slightly less than one-sixth (0.16) of the 


extreme length, and is four-fifths of the length of the head; the height of 
the lowest part of the caudal peduncle equals one-half the greatest 


height of the body (0.08). The head measures one-fifth (0.20) of total 


30 


length. The eyeis slightly elliptical, and its longitudinal diameter equals 
the length or the snout, or one twenty-fifth (0.04) of the total length. The 
interorbital space equals half the diameter of the orbit, and is concave. 
The profile is very obtuse, and the eye is situated just within the angle 
formed by profile and crown. There are two broadly-palmated supercil- 
iary filaments, not so long as the diameter of the orbit; two similar but 
smaller ones at the nostrils; also two short filaments, one on either side 
of the nape. The lips are crenated at the sides of the mouth, though 
not anteriorly. In addition to the row of numerous small movable teeth 
common to all the species of the genus, there is a long recurved canine 
tooth on each side of the lower jaw, behind the series of small teeth; also, 
a transverse row of minute teeth on the anterior portion of the vomer. 

The dorsal fin originates just behind the nuchal filaments, at a dis- 
tance from the snout (0.22) slightly greater than the length of the head ; 
its spinous portion nearly equals its soft portion, the former measuring 
0.30, the latter 0.31. A deep notch almost separates the two’parts. 

The anal fin originates at a distance from the snout equal to one-half 
the length of the body exclusive of the caudal (0.42). Its first ray meas- 
ures 0.07, its penultimate ray 0.12, its ultimate ray 0.05. The caudal is 
four twenty-fifths (0.16) of the total length, and is slightly rounded at 
the extremity. The pectorals equal the head in length (9.20), and barely 
reach to the vent. The distance from the snout to the upper axilla of . 
the pectorals equals the distance to the origin of the ventrals, and also 
the length of the ventrals (0.11). 

The lateral line is faintly indicated by a delicate line, arching above 
the pectorals, then running'straight along the middle. 

The radial formula is as follows:—D., XII-15; A., II, 151; C.,.3-6- 
5-3; P., 14; V., I-4. 

The color is greenish above, becoming white beneath. Twelve or 
fourteen brownish-violet cross-bands, arranged in pairs, and in part 
interrupted by three series of whitish dots, so as to form a row of quad- 
rate blotches just above the lateral line. The third row of white dots 
is more pronounced, the dots becoming short lines, and is situated on 
the lateral line; a fourth series, less pronounced, may be seen near the 
lower edge of the body. 

A Y-shaped figure of brown upon the chin, the arms extending for- 
ward, and three other fine brown lines on each side of the throat, extend- 
ing transversely upward and backward, continued upon the cheek and 
opercle by lines of fine brown dots. A row of similar dots may be seen 











dl 


a little below the base of the anterior part of the dorsal. The fascize 
upon the sides extend on the dorsal, where they take an oblique direc- 
tion backward. They are most pronounced at the base of the dorsal, 
forming a series of squares at the peint of its junction with the body. 
The caudal has five or six irregular vertical lines. The anal is pale at 
its base, the tips of the rays dark brown, pectorals and ventrals dusky. 


Measurements. 
PGLEOTNG LOMO UN ODO G Qe eth onthe Posie te nyccaicl Sinnins ole cia eieisal aiseeciaicice:visabae; sdiniacie 1.00 
san van le ales here Nii aos oe ceys oop salsiegsinisistccts stelshe wise ins se cin sas\ ese ciem ccc selolas 16 
ere aCe WOM beer eye anatomical si aels sateen nee aa aatee eee ae te alent as cpanel sole nele .20 
Greatestrwidt hiss Sates oe pub ba Senos ea ee eect sa cclenem eatie 14 
engihiof snouts! 35-2245 pase fie Seis Pie Saya a Nepsiee yaiciereio al esiets; sieyaie 04 
Wadthiof interorbital area emer emet ee icine «oscars Socnse ass sccnccncce .02 
ive se DIAMG DeBoer soe seer scream aieniani oe lem einsi s\n at nase) cies sical inte Siw! sicle ei 04 
Worsal(spinous)/s Distance fromisnouts j-o4 oc -1. 26 Jose ccecicccccecetccc-cecs (ces ee 
Heneth: of basesasyasce secede sees - sss ceee se cistccsecccieaes ol 
Greatest heiphtr 2/52 oS. Uae a es SE. ceceiee eae sek. 08 
Ke0it) i Rength on Base tte fit: 0c arts os 20 eslewclg ath seledegcninelece( S00 
Smeatesh MGISMs ys His aie ob eae ses anit awinia ea dodo apie se cc's emeci ol 
anal: Distance from snout......-- <3 .---<#--«n/0----- be erate taeve a is: emstetion ciate 42 
Heiohtrattinsti ray. se < 2 4seces oa scenes a acas sie a sesmela ce cate veist, sc 11 
Flere hitiabilastayers oo cee eas can wenies ciuaesis|acic cai eca acca cecicces sssces 05 
Peotoral’-Distaned from'snout ati axilla... j<.0 ease). ob e6 cose dewee ce cece eens nll 
PE ERs aE See eee eee tesa k eed ETS aa ade fash ee 20 
Pemitaie tO inianee fromisnout sation 2h) Ske oe ue es tee Whe ues obese jew! 2 11 
OIG iran ees a emt ee ape Sia a ee ae Mie Me i eee cre ala a a eS 11 


TRIGLIDA. 
DACTYLOPTERUS VOLITANS, (Linné) Cuv. 


Pirapebe or Miivipira, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 162. 

Trigla volitans, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 302; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 498.—GMELIN, 
Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1346.—BtLocn, Ichth. x, 1797, 93, tat. eecli.—ScHNEI- 
DER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 12.—Suaw, Gen. Zool. iv, 622, pl. xci. 

Dactylopterus volitans, Cuv. & VatL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1829, 117—DrKay, New York 
Fauna, Fish. 1842, 49, pl. xvii, f. 464.—Mtuier & TroscHet, Schomburgk, 
Hist. Barbados, 1848, 667.—GuicnENoT, Explor. Scient. Algérie, Rept. & 
Poiss. 1850, 41.—CasTELNau, Anim. Nouv. &c. Amérique ‘du Sud, Poiss. 
1855, 26.—Pory, Mem. ii, 1861, 367; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 304.—GILL, 
Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 43; Baird’s Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern 
New England, 1873, 799.—GUtnTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns. ii, 1861, 222.— 
Barrp, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 824. 

Morcielago, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 25, lam. xiv. 


32 


Polynemus sexradiatus, Mircuiti, Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 323 (figured as “ The Six- 
rayed Polyneme,” Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, pl. iv. f. 10). 

Dactylopterus communis, OWEN, Descr. Cat. Ost. Series, Roy. Soc. Surg. 1, 1853, 66. 

Gonocephalus macrocephalus, GRONOW, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 106. 

Rare and without a common name. The Colomal Museum at Hamil- 
ton and Mr. Bartram’s collection at Saint George’s each contain a dried 
specimen. Mr. Jones secured one in Hamilton Harbor in October, 
1851. 

The species ranges from Newfoundland to Rio de Janeiro, through- 
out the West Indies, and to the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mediterra- 
nean, where it is comparatively common. 


SCARIDA. 


SCARUS RADIANS, Valenciennes. 
SPANISH PORGY. 


Scarus radians, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 207.—STorER, Syn. Fish. 
N. Am. 1846, 147.—GtnTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 207.—GUICHENOT, 
Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1865, 10.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 
1870, 462. 

Labrus radians, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. &c. Amérique du Sud, 1&55, 29. 


Common, occurring in large schools. The greatest length observed 
was eight inches. Though seined in quantity, the Spanish Porgies are. 
not eaten, their flesh, like that of the other members of this family, 
being dry and flavorless. 

The species is recorded from Bahia, Mexico, and Saint Martin’s. 
Specimens from Barbados and Jamaica are in the National Museum. 
Bermuda appears to be the northern limit of its range. 

Color.—Above, olive, tinged with reddish-brown ; beneath, rose-color; 
head, upper part of body, and dorsal marbled with brown; caudal 
irregularly banded with black, the extremity and spots on the mem- 
brane white; anal immaculate (in six specimens); base of pectorals 
black ; chin white. 


PSEUDOSCARUS VETULA, (Schneider) Gill. 


MuD FISH. 


Vieja, PARRA, Descr. Dif. Picz. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 58, lam. 28. fig. 1. 

Scarus vetula, BLOCH-SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. 1, 1801, 289 (description founded on 
Parra’s figures)—Cuv. & VauL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 193.—STORER, 
Sn. Fish, N. Amer. 145.—MULLer & TroscHEL in Schomburgk’s History 
of Barbados, 184%, 674.—Coprr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461. 














33 


Pseudoscarus vetula, Giri, MS. 

Scarus superbus, Pony, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1860, 218. 

Pseudoscarus superbus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 218.—Pony, Rep. 
Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1858, 346. 

Pseudoscarus psittacus, GUNTHER, op. cit. 225. 


The Mud-fish is very common, its gorgeous colors making it very 
conspicuous as it swims. The young may be seen by the hundred in the 
shallow rock-pools, while in the deeper waters the larger fish are sailing 
about with the precision and regularity of a squadron of cavalry under 
drill. Though its flesh is not unpalatable, this fish is not often brought 
to market; the enormous scales are much used in faney work. The 
species is recorded from several Antilles. 

The young fish differ much from the adult in coloration, their markings 
closely approximating those of Pseudoscarus sancte-crucis (Schn.) Gthr. 
Since no specimens of the latter species measuring more than eight or 
nine inches are on record, and none of P. vetula, in adult coloring, less 
than eighteen inches in length have failen under my observation, it 
seems possible that the two species may be the same in different stages of 
growth, particularly since both are usually recorded from the same 
locality. The question of their identity may be easily decided by the 
Bermudian naturalists. 

As is indicated in the synonymy, vetula is the specific name properly 
belonging to this species. Parra (I. c.) gives an excellent figure.of the 
fish under the name Vieja, and on this figure Schneider founded his 
Scarus vetula, the specific name being a translation of Parra’s Vieja. 
Of this fact, Valenciennes was aware, and by it he was guided in adopt- 
ing the name of Schneider. Professor Poey renamed the spectes with the 
remark : ‘“C’est a tort que M. Valenciennes rapport la figure de Parra 
au Sc. vetula,” seemingly forgetful that Schneider’s name was founded 
not upon specimens, but upon Parra’s figure solely. Dr. Giinther, adopt- 
ing the views of Prof. Poey, cites Scarus vetula as a synonym of Pseudo- 


scarus psittacus, (Linn.) Gthr. 


PSEUDOSCARUS CAIRULEUS, (Bloch) Ginther. 


& CLAMACORE” OR * KILMAGORE.” 


Novaculsz cerulea, CatESsBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, ii, 1743, 
18, pl. 18. 
Coryphena cerulea, BLocu, Ichth. v, 120.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1791. 


Scarus carulcus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1, 1801, 288, 
3 °F 





34. 


Pseudoscarus coeruleus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227—-GUICHENOT, Proc. 
Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1865, 24.—Pory, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 
348. 

Trompa, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 57, lam. xxvii, f. 2. 

Loro, PaRrRA, 1. ¢. f. 1. 

Scarus loro, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 288. 

Scarus trilobatus, LackPrDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 21. 


Sparus holocyanosus, LACEPEDE, op. cit. 45. 


The “‘Clamacore” or “ Kilmagore” is very unusual in Bermudian waters; 
a single specimen of thirty-six inches was taken outside the reefs in 
April, 1872, and was an object of much curiosity. The color in life was 
brilliant turquoise-blue, fading to olive-green in alcohol. The species 
is recorded from Cuba and some of tbe adjoining islands. 


Dr. Giinther suggests that this species is probably only the adult stage 
of one of the other species, such as Pseudoscarus chloris,* but an ex- 


* The study of the synonymy of this species has brought to light an error, which 
nay be referred to here. It appears that Parra’s Vieja, No.3, and Schneider’s Scarus 
chloris, founded upon the figure of Parra, belong, not to Pseudoscarus, as is intimated by 
Dr. Giinther, but to Scarus; such is the judgment of Professor Poey after consulting 
the type of Parra’s description, preserved in the Museum in Madrid. M. Guichenot, 
after an examination of the types in the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, retains in 
this genus Scarus virens, Valenc. There now remains only Scarus quadrispinosus, Val., 
as a synonym of Giinther’s Pseudoscarus chloris, and, of these names, that of Valen- 
ciennes has undoubted priority. The reversed synonymy should stand then some- 





what as follows :— 
SCARUS CHLORIS, Schn. 

Vieja, PARRA, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 59, lam. 28, f. 3. 

Scarus chloris, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 289 (on Parra’s figure).—Cork, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
1870, 461. 

Pseudoscarus chiloris, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227. 

Scarus virens, Cuv. & VAUL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 203.—SToreER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 146.— 
MULLER & TROSCHEL in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 674. 





Scarus chrysopterus, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 286, pl. lvilii—Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 185.—SToORER, op. cit. 143.— 
CopE, op. cit. 462. 
Scarus lateralis, Pony, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1860, ii, 219; Rep. Fis. Nat. 1, 1867, 337, 375. 





Hapirat.—Cuba, Santa Cruz, Saint Christopher’s, Saint Thomas, Martinique, Porto 
Rico, Barbados. 


PSEUDOSCARUS QUADRISPINOSUS, ( Valenc.) Guichenot. 


Scarus quadrispinosus, Cuy. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 197.—STORER, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 
144. 

Pseudoscarus quadrispinosus, GUICHENOT, Proc. Soc. Imp. Sci.-Nat. Cherbourg. 1865, 27. 

? Scarus obtusus, POEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1860, 217; Rep. Fis.-Nat. ii, 1868, 349. 

Pscudoscarus chloris (not Bloch), GUNTHER, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227.—Corg, Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc. 1870, 461. 


Hasitat.—Saint Thomas, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas. 





35 


amination of specimens has convinced me that this is not the case. In 
the National Museum are two. well-characterized specimeus of Pseudo- 
scarus ceruleus, measuring nine and fifteen inches respectively, both of 
which have the hump upon the profile well developed, though not so 
prominent as in the adult specimen of thirty-six inches. Parra’s two 
figures (lamina xxviii) named ‘ Loro” and “'Trompa” represent differ- 
ent ages of this species, the prolonged caudal lobes as well as the addi- 
tional size of the caudal lobe being characters of age. 


LABRIDA. 
CHGROJULIS RADIATUS, (Linné) Goode. 


BLUE-FISH. 


Turdus Oculo radiato (Pudding-wife), CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carol. &c. 1743, ii, 12, tab. xii, 
. fig. 1. 
Sparus radiatus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1, 1776, 472.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 
1788, 1278. 

Doncella, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 95, lam. xxxvii, fig. 1. 

Julis cyanostigma, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 1839, 391 (type 6 inches long).— 
MULu. & Troscu. in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1845, 673.—STorErR, Syn. 
Fish. N. Am. 1846, 139. 


Platyglossus cyanostigma, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 161.—Copr, Trans. 
Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 464. 

Cherojulis cyanostigma, PoEY, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ti, 1868, 334. 

Julis Principis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 402, (type 14 inches long).—SToRER, op. cit. 140, 

Platyglossus principis, GUNTHER, op. cit. 164. 

Julis patatus (partim), Cuv. & VAL. op. cit. 398 (types 13 to 15 inches long).—STorER 

op. cit. 140. 

The Blue-fish is frequently taken in the pots, though not valued as 

food. My largest specimen measures sixteen inches. The common name 

refers to the color of the adult fish. The species is recorded from several 

of the West India islands. 

Color.—In the adult, a brilliant azure-blue, each scale edged with 
bright pearly-green. A longitudinal band on anal and the margin of 
the dorsal light blue. In the young, the prevailing hue is brownish, a 
large light-blue spot on the base of each scale. Head with spots and 
longitudinal stripes of light blue. Dorsal with broad margin, and four 
lines of spots and blotches, longitudinally arranged, of the same color. 
Caudal with broad white margin, outer rays blue to the extremity, the 
base of the fin thickly spotted with the same. Anal with border and 
two longitudinal lines of blue, the fin being thus divided into three 





o6 


nearly equal parts, a large circular spot of the same color at the base of 
each ray except the first. Pectoral with the first five rays and a nar- 
row transverse line across the base from the fourth ray blue. 

My notes on the colors of young and adult specimens of this species 
have led me to believe that the different ages have been described un- 
der several different specific names, as the synonymy given above would 
indicate. Julis cyanostigma was the name given by Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes to specimens six inches in length, Julis principis to those of 
eleven inches, while those ranging from thirteen to fifteen inches are 
included under Julis patatus. The specimens of larger size (“‘Vindividus 
a plus de quinzes pouces”), included under the latter name, probably belong 
to another species. The ’Mudian fishermen recognize the difference in 
color to be caused by age.* I have seen specimens with the colors of 
immaturity, which had attained the length of ten inches. It will proba- 
bly be found that the change of color is not restricted to any fixed 
period in the growth of the fish. Should farther investigations sustain 
the opinion of Dr. Giinthert that Linné’s Sparus radiatus is a different 
species from that figured by Catesby, the specific name cyanostigma 
should be retained. 


LACHNOLAEMUS FALCATUS, (Linné) Val. 
HoG-FISH. 


Suillus (Great Hog-fish), CaresBy, Hist. Carol. Florida and the Bahama Islands, ii, 
1743, 135, tab. xv. 

Labrus falcatus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 284; ed. 12,1, 1766, 475.—GMELIN, | 
Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 1, 1788, 1287.—Lac&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. &c. iii, 1803, 
425, 463. 

Lachnolaimus falcatus, Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 276.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 87.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 330.—Copgr, Trans 
Am. Phil. Soe. 1870, 464. 

Lachnolaimus aiguia, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 277, tab. 388 (type 11 inches long).—SrorER, ~ 
Syn. Fish. N. Am., 136. 

Lachnolaimus dux, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 285 (type 8 inches long).—STORER, l. c. 

Lachnolaimus suillus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 286 (type 24 inches long).—STORER, l. c. 

Lachnolaimus caninus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 288 (type 10 inches long).—STORER, l.¢. 

Lachnolaimus psittacus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 291.—SToORER, l. ¢. 


Very common here, as it is throughout the West Indies. Hog-fish 





*Since the above was written, I tind that very similar conclusions have been reached. 
by Professor Poey, who gives under Chwrojulis cyanostigma a synouymy much like the 
wubove. 

tCat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, p. 164, note. 








37 


ft Ledge, at the entrance to Hamilton Harbor, is marked by a pyramid of 
‘ stone, called the “ Hog-fish Beacon,” which is surmounted by a huge 
iron image of a Hog-fish. 

The long streamer-like appendages or continuations of the vertical 
_ fins give to the Hog-fish as it swims a singularly graceful appearance. 
9 The beauty of those exposed in the market is frequently marred, how- 
_ ever, by having had these ornaments bitten off by the craw-fish and 
3 lobsters confined with them in the wells of the boats. 

The Hog-fish attains the weight of twenty pounds, and is among the 
"choicest of table-fish; its hard, white, exquisitely-flavored flesh has 
- never been found injurious here, though in some parts of the West 
Indies it is regarded with suspicion. The common name refers to the 


ee 


_ swine like profile and dentition. 


HARPE RUFUS, (Linné) Gill. 


SPANISH LADY-FISH. 





| Pudiano vermellio, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c., Brasil, iv, 1648, 145. 
Turdus flavus (Hog-fish), CaTEsBY, Nat. Hist. Carol. Florida and the Bahama Islands, 
‘. ii, 1743, 11, tab. xi, f. 1. 
_ Labrus rufus, LInnt, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 284; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 475.—GmeE Ltn, Linné, 
Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1287.—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 244.—Lac&pepr, 
Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1803, 427. , 
Cossyphus rufus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 108.—Cors, Trans. Am. Phil. 
Soc: Phila. 1870, 463. 
Harpe rufus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1863, p. 222. 
Bodianus rufus, POLY, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 331. 
Perro colorado, PARRA, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 3, lam. iii, fig. 1. 
Bodianus bodianus, BLocu, Ichth. vii, 1797, 24, tab, cexxiii. 
Cossyphus bodianus, Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 1839, 103. 
Lutjanus verres, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. eclv. 
_ Sparus verres, Suaw, Gen. Zool. iv, 1803, 414. 
— Cossyphus verres, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouy. ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, Ichth, 
1855, 27. 
Sparus falcatus, BLocn, op. cit. tab. celviii. 
Bodianus Blochii, Lackphpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 279, 290. 
Harpe ceruteo-aureus, LACKPEDE, op. cit. 426, 427, tab. viii. fig. 2. 
Labrus semiruber, LACEPEDE, op. cit. iii, 428. 


Not common. The species is also recorded from various of the West 
India Islands, the Gulf of Mexico, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Saint Hel- 


ena. Closely-related species are known in the Spanish and French An- 
tilles under the names “ Doncella” and “ Demoiselle,” and the Bermu- 





38 


lian name may perhaps be incerpreted to mean “ the fish which the 
Spanish call Lady-fish.” The name is not inappropriate, for the species 
is remarkable for the grace of its form and the beauty and elegance of 
its colors. My specimens measure eight inches. 

Color.—Head and upper half of body to the third ray of the soft dor- 
sal rich chestnut-brown; the remainder, including the lower half of the 
operculum, bright golden-yellow. 

The lips have conspicuous folds. The pre-operculum is very percepti- 
bly denticulated. The two anterior ventral raysand the soft dorsal and anal 
and the caudal lobes are much produced, the dorsal and anal prolonga- 
tions extending to the middle of the median caudal rays; the outer cau- 
dal rays are twice as long as the median. 


POMACENTRID A. 
GLYPHIDODON SAXATILIS, (Linné) Cuvier. 


, Cow-PILOT; SERGEANT-MAJOR. 


Jaguacaquare, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil. iv, 1648, 156. 

Sparus fasciis quinque transversis fuscis, LINNK, Ameen. Acad. i, 1749, 312. 

Chetodon fasciis quinque albis, cauda bifurca, LINN, Mus. Ad. Fried. i, 1754, 54. 

Chatodon saxatilis, LINN, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 277; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 466.—GMELIN, 
Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1253.—Bxocun, Ichth. vi, 1787, 71, tab. cevi, f. 2. 

Glyphisodon saxatilis, Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 446.—MULLER & TROSCHEL 
Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 674.—CasTELNAv, Anim. Nouy. ou Rares, 
Amérique du Sud, 1855, 11. 

Glyphidodon saxatilis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 36.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. 
Cuba, ii, 1868, 329.—Coprkg, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461. 

Chatodon Marginatus, BLocu, op. cit. tab. eevii—Lac&ripeE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 
451, 463. 

Chetodon Mauritii, BLocn, op. cit. tab. cexiii, f. 1—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 
1801, 234.—LackPmpk, op. cit. 452, 470. 

Chetodon sargoides, LACEPEDE, op. cit. 453, 471, 472. 





Very common in sheltered waters. The largest, six to eight inches in 
Jength, frequent the shallow shaded coves in company with Pseudoscarus 
vetula, Holacanthus ciliaris, and Sarothrodus bimaculatus. The young may 
be seen basking in every shallow tide-pool. The origin of the common 
name is not apparent, unless it refers to some supposed relation between 
this species and the Cow-fish (Acanthostracium quadricorne), such as 
Naucrates ductor is supposed by sailors to hold with the Sharks. The 
fish is sometimes called the “ Sergeant-major,” in allusion to the chevron- 
like bands of yellow on the sides. The species is very common through- 








39 


out the West Indies, and has been observed as far south as Bahia and 
east to the Cape Verde Islands. Its accidental occurrence at Newport, 
R. I., has been recorded. 

Color.—Adults golden-green, young golden-yellow, with five black 
cross-bands, which are not as broad as the interspaces between them, 
the first from a point in front of the origin of the dorsal to the base of 
the pectoral; the second below the third and fifth dorsal spines; the 
third from the eighth and tenth dorsal spines toward the vent; the 
fourth from the twelfth and thirteenth dorsal spines to the middle of 
the anal; the fifth below the end of the soft dorsal and continued on 
the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal. 

The ventrals, soft dorsal, and anal are produced; the fourth and fifth 
rays of soft dorsal and the fifth and sixth of anal longest. Dorsal and 
anal prolongations in young reaching to a point half-way between the 
posterior angle of dorsal and the base of caudal rays; in adults reach- 
ing quite beyond the base of caudal rays. External caudal rays twice 


GERRID 2. 
EUCINOSTOMUS GULA, (Cwv. & Val.) Goode. 


SHAD. 


Gerres gula, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 464.—JENyNS, Zool. Voy. H. M. S. 
Beagle, 1842, 58—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 255.—MULLER & 
TROSCHEL, Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 1848.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 
1861, 368. 

Diapterus gula, Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 323. 

Common and securedin quantity in the shallow bays, with Decapterus 


the length of median. 


punctatus, Hucinostomus Lefroyi, and Trachurops crumenophthalmus. The 
largest specimens seen, which were apparently adult, measuresix inches 
in length; intermediate sizes down to one inch were observed. 

The species has also been seen about Martinique, Santo Domingo, 
Cuba, Jamaica,and Bahia. The “ Turdus cinereus peltatus ” of Catesby,* 
for which he gives the common name of “Shad,” seems to be identical 
with this species or the closely-allied Hucinostomus aprion, if not with the 
following species. 

EUCINOSTOMUS LEFROYI, Goode. 
LONG-BONED SHAD. 
Diapterus Lefroyi, Goopr, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, viii, 1874, (Aug.) 123. 


This species is distinguished from all other members of the family and 
genus by its relatively greatly-elongated form. The body is fusiform, 





* Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas, ii, p. 11, tab. xi, fig. 1. 


A() 


compressed; its greatest height, at the thoracic region, being a little less 
than one-fourth (0.23) of the total length, and a little more than one- 
fourth (0.27) of the length without caudal (0.89). In Hucinostomus aprion, 
the most elongated of the species hitherto described, the greatest height 
is but one-third of the length. 

The height of the body is uniform under the spinous portion of the 
dorsal, sloping gently, and at a nearly uniform angle above and below, 
to the middle of the caudal peduncle. The height of the body behind 
the dorsal (0.10) is less than one-half, that of the least height of the tail 
(0.06) is one-fourth of the greatest height of the body. 

The scales are large, measuring 0.03 and 0.04 in height, and 0.02 and 0.03 
in length; they form about forty-five oblique transverse rows between the 
head and the caudal, four and a half longitudinal rows between the 
back and the lateral line, and ten longitudinal between rows the lateral 
line and the belly. 

The length of the head (0.22) equals the greatest height of the body, 
and is double the greatest width of the head (0.11); the height at the 
pupil (0.14) is double the width of the interorbital space (0.07). The length 
of the snout (0.06) equals the length of the operculum (0.06); when the 
mouth is protruded, the length of the snout is doubled (0.12), and when 
retracted, the posterior extremity of the intermaxiilary process extends 
to the vertical through the center of the pupil. The nasals are very 
prominent, and the nostrils are nearer to the orbit than to the extremity 
of the jaw. The orbit is circular, its diameter (0.08) one-third the length 
of the head. 

The origin of the dorsal is slightly behind that of the ventral; its dis- 
tance from the snout (0.31) twice the length of its base (0.16). The dorsal 
spines are graduated nearly in the proportion (I= 0.02; If = 0.12; IIi 
= 0.11; [LV = 0.10; V = 009; Vi= 0.085; Vill 0N Zar V0 0see 
= 0.04). The notch between the spinous andsoft portionsis very deep, and 
the connecting membrane barely perceptible. In the soft dorsal, the fifth 
ray is the longest (0.09), and equals the fifth spine; the succeeding rays 
diminishing regularly to the last, which equals the ultimate spine (0.04); 
the length of its base (0.20) is greater than that of the spinous dorsals. The 
anal begins behind the center of the body (0.56); the first spine is very 
short (0.01), one-fifth the length (0.05) of the second, which is slender; the 
first ray is the longest (0.08) ; the succeeding rays regularly diminishing 
in length to the last (0.03). The lobes of the caudal are equal; the outer 
rays in length (0.21) five times the inner ones (0.04). The extremity of 
the pectoral reaches the vertical from the last dorsal spine; its distance 











41 


from the snout at the axilla (0.25) is nearly equal to the length of the 
body. The ventral spine resembles the fifth dorsal spine in shape and 
size. The length of the longest ray (0.11) slightly exceeds one-third of the 
distance from the snout to the ventral axilla (0.30); the axillary append- 
r age consists of four lanceolate scales, the first and the longest as long 
as the last ventral ray. 

Color.—Silvery, witha bluish tint above; axils of the pectorals and 
_ extremity of snout brownish. Radial formula: D. IX, 10; A. IT, 8, P. 
af; V. 1,5; C. 3, 9;:9) 3. 

The unit of measurement used above is the one-hundredth of the total 
length, which in an average specimen is 7.29 inches (0™.185). The 
_ species is common in the protected inlets about the islands, in company 
with the preceding species, the “Shad.” The “ Long-boned Shad” are 
in much demand for bait, and are easily seined in large quantities. 

The species is dedicated to his excellency Maj. Gen. J. H. Lefroy, F. 
R. 8., governor of the Bermudas, a gentleman of well-known scientifie 
attainments and reputation, who, while doing so much for the social and 
political welfare of the islands, is also taking an active part in the devel- 
opment of their natural history. 

Since the publication of the preliminary description of this fish, I 
have had the opportunity of comparing specimens from the Bermudas 
with others sent from Havana to the National Museum by Professor 
Poey, by whom the species had been recognized as new, and described 
in MS. under the name of Hucinostomus productus. The specimens are 
precisely the same, and coincide in having only two anal spines; a 
character in which they differ from the remainder of the genus, and 
which may prove to be, as suggested by Professor Poey, an indication 
of generic distinction. 


TEUTHIDID. 
| ACANTHURUS NIGRICANS, (Linné) Gill. 


DOCTOR-FISH. 


Turdus rhomboidalis, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Flor. and the Bahama Islauds, ii, 1743, 
10, tab. x, fig. 1. 

Chetodon nigriscens cauda albescente eqali utrinque aculeata, ARTEDI, Desc. Spec. Pisce. 90. 

Chetodon nigricans, Linnh, Syst. Nat. ed. 10,1, 1758, 274; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 462.— GMELIN, 
Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1245. 

Acanthurus nigricans, GILL in Baird’s Report Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 
1873, 801. 


42 


Acanthurus coeruleus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 214.—Cuv. & Vat, 
Hist. Nat. Poiss. x, 1835, 179.—GuICHENOT, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 
1845, 121.—STorer, Syn. Fish. N. Amer. 1846, 112.—CasTELNavu, Anim. Nouy. 
ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, 1855, 25, pl. 12, f. 2.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. 
Mus. iii, 1861, 336.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 355.—Copg, Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. 1870, 474. 


Not uncommon. The species extends through the West Indies, and 
has also been observed on the coasts of Florida and South Carolina. 
Its quick nervous movements, as it plays about the recesses in the reef, 
are very characteristic. The local name has reference to the lancet-like 
processes on the sides of the caudal peduncle. The “Barbero” and 
‘“‘ Barbeiro” of Cuba and Brazil, and the ‘ Chirurgien-bleu,” ‘‘ Porte 
Lancette,” and “ Saigneur” of the French Antilles, are names of similar 
origin. 

Color.—Bluish-brown; dorsal and anal with numerous obliquely lon- 
gitudinal lines of light blue. Caudal spine amber-colored, glassy, pos- 
teriorly half as long as anteriorly. A prominence in front of orbit; 
profile of snout slightly concave. Operculum, pre-operculum, and scap- 
ular bones with deep strie. Upper jaw with seven, lower with eight 
five to eight lobed incisors. 


ACANTHURUS CHIRURGUS, (Bloch) Schneider. 
DocToR-FISH. 


Chatodon nigricans, BLocn, Ichth. vi, 1787, 60, tab. eciii (not Linné). 

Acanthurus nigricans, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 211. 

Cheetodon chirurgus, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. eeviii—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1788, 1259. 

Acanthurus chirurgus, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 214.—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. x, 
1835, 168.—GUICHENOT, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1845, 120.—SrorEr, 
Syn. Fish N. Am, 1846, 112.—CasreLtnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Amérique 
du Sud, 1855, 24.—GUnrueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 329.—Pory, Rep. 
Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1863, 355.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 474.— 
GILL in Baird’s Rep. Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 801. 

Acronurus fuscus, GRONOW, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 191. 


This species undoubtedly occurs, associated as it always is with the 
preceding. The name “Tang,” found in the list of local names, is prob- 
ably applied to one or both, if we can judge from the remarkable corre- 
‘spondence of the local names in the Bermuda and Bahama groups. 








43 


CHATODONTID A. 


SAROTHRODUS BIMACULATUS, (Bloch) Poey. 


FOuUR-EYED FISH. 


Chetodon bimavulatus, BLocH, Ichth. vii, 1797, tab. eexix, f. 1—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. 
Ichth. 1801, 225.—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 1831, 67.—SToreEr, Syn. 
Fish. N. Am. 1846, 86.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 9.—Pory, 
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 371. 

Sarothrodus bimaculatus, Pony, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868,353.—Copn, Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. 1870, 474. 


The “Four-eyed Fish” is usually seen in sheltered coves, lazily swim- 
ming a few feet below the surface, under the shadow of some high rock. 
Its local name has reference to the eye-like spots near the tail, which 
the fishermen believe to be a true pair of eyes. The species is also 
recorded from the northern West Indies. 

Color.—Pearly-gray ; snout, posterior edge of operculum, base of pec- 
toral, the anal, caudal, and dorsal bright yellow, blending into the gray 
of the body. <A band, black, edged with yellow, extends from a point 
in front of and below the first dorsal spine across the eye to the margin 
of interoperculum ; soft dorsal with a large round indistinet black spot 
at its base between the fifth and twelfth rays, and a small spot of deep 
black at its angle; soft dorsal with narrow marginal line of black; soft 
anal with narrow, submarginal band of light blue, anteriorly edged 
with black; caudal with terminal band of bluish-white, with bright- 
yeliow center; base of ventrals blotched with yellow. 


HOLACANTHUS CILIARIS, (Linné) Lacépéde. 
ANGEL-FISH. 


Acarauna major pinnis cornutis, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama 
Islands, ii, 31, tab. xxxi, 1743. 

Chetodon griseus fasciis quatuor fuscis, LINNG, Mus. Ad. Fried. 1, 1754, 62, tab. xxxiii, f. 1. 

Chetodon ciliaris, LINNK, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 276; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 465.—GMELIN, 
Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1252.—Biocu, Ichth. vi, 1788, 83, taf. ccxiv.— 
SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst., Ichth. ed. 1801, 218. 

Holacanthus ciliaris, LAchrhpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 527-534.—Cuv. & VAL. 
Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 1831, 154.—GUnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 46.— 
Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 371; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 351.— 
GILL, Baird, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 802. 

Gabelita, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1787, 11, tab. vii, f. 1. 

Chetodon Parre, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 235 (on Parra’s figure). 





Ad 


Chetodon squamulosus, SHAw, Nat. Mise. » 200. 

Chetodon Catesbeii, SHAw, Gen. Zool. iv, 1, 1803, 325. 

Chetodon cornutus, DESMAREST, Déc. Ichthyol. 

Chetodon aculeatus, GRONOW, Cat. Fishes (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 72. 








Common. The species is found, also, in the West Indies, at Bahia, 
and on the coasts of Mexico. The Angel-fish is partial to sheltered 
parts of the reef, where it may be seen lazily and gracefully swimming 
or floating a few feet below the surface. Its motions are very slow, and 
it frequently swims upon its side, or, sinking to the bottom, swims per- 
pendicularly to the surface, where its bright colors flash for a moment 
as it floats broadside upward. I have frequently seen them grazing 
upon the alga-covered rocks. The Angel-fish attains the weight of four 
pounds, and as far surpasses all the other fishes of the region in its 
delicious flavor as in its lovely hues. The largest I have seen measured 
fifteen inches from snout to extremity of soft dorsal. 

Color.—Brown with a shade of olive-green, each scale edged with a 
lighter tint; on the dorsal and anal fins, the brown has reddish tinge. 
Chin, nape, base of pectoral, borders, and spines of operculum and pre- 
operculum, bright cobalt-blue. Extremity of pectorals, bright yellow. 
Borders of dorsal and anal bright blue, passing through a vivid green to 
bright yellow on the slender streamers formed by the prolongations of 
the soft dorsal and anal fins. Caudal bright yellow, with narrow border 
of greenish blue. Base of ventrals blue, passing through green into 
yellow at the extremities. Young and half-grown individuals are orna- 
mented with three or four broad transverse bands of blue and yellow. 

My specimens, some twelve in number, differ from all descriptions in 
the absence of the spot of brown, encircled with blue, on the nape. I 
have examined numerous West Indian specimens and find it universally 
present. Should this character prove constant, the Bermuda Angel-fish 


may be considered a geographical variety, Holacanthus ciliaris, var. 
Bermudensis. 


HOLACANTHUS TRICOLOR, (Bloch) Lacépéde. 


BLACK ANGEL-FISH. 


Acarauna, EDWARDS, pl. 583, f. 4. 

La Veuve Coquette, DUHAMEL, Trait. Gén. Pesch. 1782, pt. 2, pl. 13, f. 1. 

Catalineta, ParRA, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 12, lam. vii, f. 2. 

Chetodon tricolor, BLocn, Ichth. xii, 1797, tab. 425.—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 
1801, 219. 





<s 





45 


Holacanthus tricolor, LACKEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 525-530.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. 
Nat. Poiss, vii, 1831, 162.—CasTrLNau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Amér. du Sud, 
1855, 19.—GUnTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 49.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. 
Cuba, ii, 1861, 371; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 352. 

Occasional. Mr. Jones captured a specimen in 1871, and the name 
occurs on the local list. The species occurs throughout the West Indies, 
an d is also recorded from Bahia and Trinidad. 

Chetodon arcuatus, (Linn.) Cuvier, is also likely to occur in these 


waters. 
XIPHIIDA. 


The name of “ Sword-fish” occurs on the local list. The common 
Sword-fish (Xiphias gladius, Linn.) must occur in Bermuda waters, and 
probably also Tetrapturus albidus, Poey, and Histiophorus americanus, 


© OCuv. & Val. 


The following reference to the Sword-fish occurs in “* Newes from the 


: Bermudas,” a pamphlet dated Burmuda, July, 1609, and reprinted in 


“ Force’s Historical Tracts,” vol. ii. 
Whale, Sword-fish G Threasher.—*‘ The sword fish swimmes under the 


whale, & pricketh him upward: The Threasher keepeth above him, & 


with a mighty great thing like unto a flaile, hee so bangeth the whale, 
that hee will roare as though it thundered, & doth give him such blowes, 
with his weapon, that you would thinke it to be a crake of great shot.”— 


(Page 22.) 
SCOMBRID A. 
ORCYNUS ALLITERATUS, (Rafinesque) Gill. 


MACKEREL. 


Scomber alliteratus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri &c. Anim. Sicilia, 1810, 46. 
Oreynus alliteratus, GILL, Baird, Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 
802.—BarrpD, Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 825. 


Maquereau ad Quatre Points, Grorrr. St. HiLarig, Desc. Egypt. Hist. Nat. 1813, pl. xxiv, 
f. 3. 


Thynnus Leachianus, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iii, 1827, 414. 

Thynnus thunnina, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 1831, 104.—BLEEKER, Verhandl. 
Batayv. Genootsch. xxiv, 1851, 36.—TrmMM. & ScHLEG., Fauna Japonica 
Poiss. 1850, 95, pl. 48.—GuICHENOT, Rept. et Poiss. Exp. Scient. Algérie, 1850, 
Poiss. 57.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 364. 

Orcynus thunnina, Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, 1867, 321; ii, 1868, 362. 

Thynnus Brasiliensis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 110.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 
373. 


Thynnus vagans, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. ii, 1830, 162, pl. exxxii. 


46 


Large schools were observed in March. This large and powerful 
pelagic fish has been observed in the Mediterranean, on the east of 
Norway, in the East Indies, on the coasts of Brazil and Cuba, and was 
found in 1871 by Professor Baird in large numbers at Wood’s Hole, 
Mass., and several have since been taken on the shores of Southern New 
England. It is highly valued for bait, but is the only large fish which 
is not thought good to eat; though rather oily, I think it superior to 
many of the Bermuda food-fishes. It attains the length of two feet and 
a half. . 


CARANGID A. 
DECAPTERUS PUNCTATUS, (Agassiz) Gill. 


RoOuUND RoBIn. 


Scomber hippos, Mrrcu1Li, Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 246 (not Linné), (figured as “The 
Hippos Mackerel,” Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, pl. 5, f. 5). 

Caranzx punctatus, AGASSIZ, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisce. Brasil, coll. Spix, 1829, 108, pl. 
lvi a, f. 2.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833-38.—DEKay, New York 
Fauna, Fish, 1842, 122, pl. 73, f. 123 (copied from Mitchill),— Storer, Syn. Fish. 
N. Aim, 1846, 101.—GGNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 446. 

Decapterus punctatus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; and in Baird, Rep. on Sea 
Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 803.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 
1868, 368 (see, also, Mem. ii, 374).—BatrD, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern 
New England, 1873, 825. 

Very common. This species ranges along the coast from Brazil to 
Cape Cod, and has been seen at Cuba and Martinique. The Round 
Robin is seined in great numbers in Hamilton Harbor, in company with 
the various species of Clupeidw and Gerrida@, and is sold from row-boats 
along the quay at the legal rate of four-pence a pound. The largest 
measure six inches. “Jigging robins” is a favorite amusement of the 
little negroes. A few bread-crumbs are thrown over the dock, and the 
little fish collect in such numbers that a line with a bare fish-hook 
jerked rapidly through the group seldom fails to impale one or more. 
The local name seems to be fanciful in origin; at Barbados, it is given 
to the allied species Decapterus macarellus, which perhaps also occurs 
at the Bermudas. 

Color.—ADove, olive-brown; beneath, white, with pearly reflections. 
A golden stripe along the lateral line, studded with small black spots, 
which cease at the commencement of the lateral plates. Eye yellow, 
with black iris. 











4G 
TRACHUROPS CRUMENOPHTHALMUS, (Bloch) Gill. 


. GOGGLER; GOGGLE-EYE. 


Scomber crumenophthalmus, BLocu, Ichth. x, 1797, 65, taf. ccexliii. 

~ Caranz crumenophthalmus, Lackrispn, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 107.—Cuv. & Wate 

Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833, 62.—GtnTueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 429. 

_ Trachurops crumenophthalmus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; and in Baird, 
Reps. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 803.—Pory, Rep. Fis. 
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 367.—BairpD, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New Eng- 

, land, 1873, 825. 

Scomber balantiophthalmus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 29. 

Scomber plumieri, BLOCH, op. cit. tab. ccclxiv.— SCHNEIDER. op. cit. 30, 

Caranx plumieri, CUV. & VAL., op. cit. 65.—MULL. & Troscu., Schomburgk, Hist. Barba- 
dos, 1848, 669.—GUICHENOT, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1845, 110. 

f Caranz Daubentonii, LACEPEDE, op. cit. iii, 59, 71. 

Caranx macrophthalmus, RUPPELL, Atlas, Reise Nord-Africa, Fische, 1828, 97, tab. xxv, 
f. 4 (not Agassiz). 

Caranx macrophthalmus, AGAssiz, in Spix, Select. Gen. & Spec. Pisce. Brasil, 1829, 107, 
pl. lvi a, f. 2 (not Riippell). 

Caranz mauritianus, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie & Physicienne, Zool. 1824, 359. 


Common; the species, like the preceding, is found in the West Indies 
and on the coast of the United States to Southern Massachusetts; it is 
found also at Mauritius, in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Red Sea, 

and on the coast of Guinea. The Goggler reaches the weight of a pound, 
_ is found with the preceding, and is used for food. The local names refer 
to its great, staring eyes. 

Oolor.—Above, bluish ; beneath, silvery white. 


PARATRACTUS PISQUETUS, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. 


JACK; BUFFALO JACK. 


Caranx pisquetus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833, 97.—Pory, Mem. Hist. 
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 373. 

Paratractus pisquetus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; Baird’s Rep. Sea 
Fisheries of Southern New England 1873, 803.—Pory, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 
1868, 365.—BarrD, Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 825. 

Caranx chrysos, DEKAy, Fishes, New York Fauna, 1842, 121, pl. xxvii, f. 85 (not Scom- 
ber chrysos, Mitchill).—Batrp, Fishes New Jersey Coast, 1855, 22. 

Carangus chrysos, GIRARD, Ichth. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. 1859, 23. 

Caranx hippos, HOLBRvOK, Ichth. South Carolina, 1856, 88, pl. xii, fig. 2 (not Scom- 
ber hippos, Linné). 

Carangus hippos, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 36. 

Trachurus squamosus, GRONOW, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 125. 


The Jack, or Buffalo Jack, is common, occurring also in the West 





48 i 


Indies and on the coast of Brazil, and the United States as far north — 
as Cape Cod. Its habits closely resemble those of the preceding spe- 
cies. My largest specimen is nine inches long; the fishermen claim that 
the species attains the weight of five or six pounds, but they probably 
confound this with some other species of the same family. | 

Color.—Above, light slate; beneath, pearly white; snout and line over | 
the orbit blue. Second dorsal margined with black. Base of lateral 
plates and tip of caudal light brown. 


NAUCRATES DUCTOR, (Linné). 


* 


PILOT-FISH. 


Gasterosteus ductor, LINNH, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, p. 295. 

Naucrates ductor, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, p. 312, pl. 332. 
This universally-distributed species occasionally finds its way into — 

the hands of the Bermudian fishermen. 


ZONICHTHYS FASCIATUS, (Bloch.) Swainson. 


BONITO. 
Scomber fasciatus, BLocu, Ichth. x, 61, taf. ccexli, 17; Syst. Ichth. ed. SCHNEIDER, 29. | 
Seriola fasciata, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 211, 1833.—GUnruHeEr, Cat. Fish. | 
Brit. Mus. ii, 464. 
Zonichthys fasciatus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish. & Rept.—GIL1, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. 
Am. 1861, v, 36, and in Rep. U. 8. Com. Fish. 1871, 803. 
Halatractus fasciatus, PoEY, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 373, 1868. 


Not uncommon ; recorded also from Cuba and South Carolina. A 
Specimen was taken near New York in October, 1875, and is now in the — | 
National Museum. The Bonito is an excellent tabie-fish, and reaches 
the length of two feet or more. 

The ‘“Amber-fish,” the “ Guelly,” or ‘ Cavally ” (Caballa 2), the “ Slip- 
pery Dick,” and the “ Skip-jack ” of the fishermen probably belong to — 
this family ; but, as I secured no specimens, they cannot be identified. 
The “Skip-jack” is perhaps an Oligoplites, and the ‘Amber fish” is 


doubtless a Seriola. 
CORYPHANIDA. 
CORYPHANA HIPPURUS, Linn. 


DOLPHIN. 


Coryphena hippurus, LINNS, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i, 446. 





I observed a Dolphin, measuring five or six feet, playing about our 
steamer in the Gulf Stream, about two hundred miles northwest of the 
Bermudas. The Dolphin is well known to the fishermen. 


49 


MULLIDAL. 
HYPENEUS MACULATUS, (Bloch) Cuv. 


GOAT-FISH. 


- Pira metara, MarccRave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 156, 181. 

Mullus maculatus, BLocu, Ichth. x, 1797, 79, tab. 348.—ScHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 
1801, 78. 

Upeneus maculatus, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1829, 478.—SroreEr, Syn. Fish. N. 
Am. 1846, 48.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i, 1853, 223; ii, 1861, 367.—CasTEL- 
nau, Anim. Nouv. &c. Amérique du Sud, Pois. 1855, 6.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. 
Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 408.—Coprg, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 471. 

Mullhypeneus maculatus, Pony, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 307. 


I did not secure a specimen, but was told that a fish of this descrip- 
tion is common among the reefs. Godet, in his ‘‘ History of Bermuda,” 
gives a description of color which is apparently taken from specimens 
by him, which renders the identification sufficient!) certain. The spe- 
_ cies is also recorded from Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, and Rio de Ja- 
- neiro. 


BERYCIDAL. 
HOLOCENTRUM SOGO, Bloch. 


SQUIRREL. 


Jaquaraca, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 147. 

Perca marina rubra, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, ii,, 
1743, 2., tab. ii, f. 2. 

Bodianus pentacanthus, BLocu, Ichth. vii, 1797, 29, tab. cexxxv (a badly-distorted copy- 
of Marcgrave’s figure). 

_ Holocentrus sogo, BEOcH, op. cit. 46, tab. ecxxxii. 

_ Holocentrum sogho, Gi, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 41, 186; and in Baird’s Rep. on Sea 

Fisheries of South. New England, 1873, 804. 

| Holocentrus rubellus laminis branchiostegis serratis etc., BROWN, Hist. &c. Jamaica, 1799,, 
447, 

Sogo holocentrus, SHAW, Gen. Zool. v. 1803, 555. 

Bodianus jaguar, LackrEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. &c. iv, 1803, 236. 

_ Seiwena rubra, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 82 (not Forskal). 

| Bolocentrum longipinne, Cuv. & Vat., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1829, 181—SrTorER, Syn. 

Fish. N. Am. 1846, 46.—GUnTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 28.—Coprn, 

Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 465. 


Common; its bright color and nervous darting motions rendering it 


one of the most conspicuous denizens of the rock-pools. It is found 
4 F 





50 


throughout the West Indies and south to Brazil. Their voracity is very 
great, and the tyro in angling usually finds his first prize to bea “Squirrel.” 
They are not often eaten. They breed plentifully about the islands, and 
reach a length of fifteen inches; the lobes of the vertical fins becoming 
proportionally more and more produced with age. The local name is 
the same as that given by Catesby, and refers to a grunting noise 
uttered by them, which resembles the bark of a squirrel. 

The Cuban form seems to be nearly the same; but Professor Poey 
hesitatingly places it in a distinct species. 


SCLANID Ai. 
Genus PAREQUES, Gill, MS.* 


PAREQUES ACUMINATUS, (Schneider) Gill. 


CARRUB. 


Grammisies acuminatus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch. Syst. Ichth. 1801, 184. 

Eques acuminatus, CASTLENAU, Anim. Nouv. &c. Amérique du Sud, Poiss. 1855, 11.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 280.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 
1861, 370; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 325.—Copr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 
A71. 

Eques lineatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1880, 169. 


Common here, though of rare occurrence elsewhere, having been 
observed only at Cuba, Santa Cruz, and Bahia; not valued for food. My 
specimens measure eleven inches. The name ‘Carrub” is inexplicable, 
unless it be a corruption of ‘ Carp.” 

Color.—Tawny:yellow; extremities of fins and base of pectorals and 
ventrals blackish-brown; head blotched with the same. ‘Two specimens 
have seven straight, longitudinal lines upon the side; the third is with- 
out any traces of such markings. Whether this difference is sexual, I 
have no means of determining. The first dorsal is one-fourth the height 
ot the body, measured immediately below it. 





* The genus Pareques is distinguished, according to Professor Gill, by the develop- 
ment of the spines of the first dorsal fin in normal number, (ten or eleven,) as well as 
other osteological characters. 














51 


SPARIDA. 


CALAMUS MEGACEPHALUS, (Swainson) Poey. 
GOAT’S HEAD PORGY. 


Pagellus calamus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 206, pl. 152.—Pory, Mem. Hist. 
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 367. 

Sparus calamus, Pony, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308. 

Calamus megacephalus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish, ii, 1839, p. 222.—GuICHENOT, Mem. 
Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, xix, 1868, 112.— Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. x, 
1874, 178. 


Common; found also in the West Indies, reaching south to Bahia. 
My specimens measure from six to eighteen inches. 


CALAMUS ORBITARIUS, Poey. 
SHEEP’S-HEAD PORGY. 


Pagellus orbitarius, Poky, Mem. Cuba, ii, 1860, 201; 1861, 367. 
Sparus orbitarius, Pony, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308. 
Calamus orbitarius, Poky, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., x, 1874, 79. 

Common; recorded also from Cuba. This species very closely resem- 
bles the preceding in form and habits, butis easily distinguished by the 
shortness of the snout, which gives it a very abrupt profile. In S. cala- 
mus, the diameter of the orbit is contained twice in the distance from 
the extremity of the snout to the perpendicular from the anterior border 
of the orbit; in S. orbitarius, once and one-half. The height of the two 
specimens before me is the same; and, in S. calamus, the height is con- 
tained in the length twice and three-quarters; in S. orbitarius, twice and 
one-half. The specimens measure sixteen and fifteen inches, respect- 
ively. 

Color.—Both species, greenish-olive, with golden longitudinal stripes. 

The names Goat’s-head and Sheep’s-head no doubt refer to the enor- 
mous pre-orbital bones which impart an ovine physiognomy to the fish. 
The Porgies are taken with the hook in large quantity, and rank among 
the most salable kinds. They live in deep water; and, when brought to 
the surface, their bellies are greatly expanded from the removal of pres- 
sure, giving them a very comical appearance. 


52 


SARGUS VARIEGATUS, (Lacépéde,) Goode. 
CHUB. 


Sparus Surgus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 278; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 469.—GmE LIN, 
Linné, Syst. Nat.1, 1788, 1270.—Buiocn, Ichth. viii, 1797, 31, tab. cclxiv.— 
SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 270.—LackPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 
1803, 27, 77.—Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 236, 

Sargus variegatus, LACEPEDE, op. cit. iv, 1803, 207 (from Haty, Encyclopédie Mé- 
thodique.) 

Sargus raucus, GEOFFROY Str. HiLarrE, Descr. de ’Egypte, Poiss. 1813, pl. xviii, f. 1. 

Sargus Rondeletii, Cuv. & VaAu., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 14, pl. exli.m—VALENCIENNES. 
Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries, Poiss. 1836, 28.—GUICHENOT, Expl. 
Scient. Algérie, Poiss. 1850, 46.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1861, 44. 


Very abundant; occurring in large schools in company with Pimele- 
pterus Boscii, which it closely resembles in form and habits. It is strietly 


European, and is especially common in the Mediterranean, but has 
not been found west of Madeira and the Canaries. I have carefully 


compared Bermudian specimens with Mediterranean specimens in the — 


Bonaparte collection labeled Sargus Rondeletii. The Chub is seined in 
vast quantities in Hamilton Harbor and other secluded bays. My spe- 
cimens measure from ten to twelve inches. 


PIMELEPTERIDA. 


PIMELEPTERUS BOSCII, Lacépéde. 
BREAM. 


Chetodon cyprinaceus, BROUSSONET, MS.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1269, note 

Pimelepterus Boscii, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 429.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. 
Poiss. vii, 1831,258.—VALENCIENNES, in Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries, 
1836, pl. xix.—DEKay, Zool. N. Y. Fishes, 1842, 100, pl. xx, fig. 56.—SToRER, Syn. 
Fish. N. A. 1846, 89.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 497.—Gix1, Cat. 
Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 31—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 323.— 
GILL, in Baird’s Rep. on Sea Fisheries of 8. New England, 1873, 805.—Ba1rp, 
Rep. Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1873, 824. 


Pimelepterus incisor, VALENCIENNES, op. cit. 805. 

Common. The Bream is always found in company with the preceding 
species, to which it is very like in size, shape, and habits, and is taken 
with it in large numbers and brought to the market. It is easily dis- 
tinguished from the Chub, as far as it can be seen under water, by the 
large black spot just behind the dorsal. Itis also recorded from Madeira, 





53 


the Canaries, Jamaica, and Cuba. A single specimen was taken in the 
spring of 1873, at Staten Island, New York Harbor, by Mr. C. L. Copley, 
and sent by him to the Smithsonian Institution. 
Color.—Golden-brown, with a longitudinal stripe of gold along the 
center of each row of scales, a silvery streak along the preorbital. 


PRISTIPOMATIDA. 


HAMYLUM CAPEUNA, (Lichtenstein) Goode. 


WHITE GRUNT. 


Capeuna Brasiliensibus, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil, i, 1648, 155, f. 163. 

Grammistes trivittata, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 188 (on Marcgrave’s figure) 

Serranus capeuna, LICHTENSTEIN, Abhandl. Berl. Akad. 1820-1, 288 (on Maregrave’s fig- 
ure). 

Hemulon quadrilineatum, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 288, pl. cxx.—Srorer, 
Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 75.—GUnNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 316.— 
Porgy, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 319.—GILL, in Baird’s Rep. Sea Fisheries of 
S. New England, 1873, 806. 

Hemulum quadrilineatum, Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 471. 

Hemulon quinquelineatum, Porky, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 419; Rep. Fis.-Nat. 
Cuba, i, 1867, 310; ii, 1868, 162. 

Common; occurring in schools. My specimens measure four inches. 
Cuvier’s description of the color is excellent ; but Giinther, in quoting it, 
fails to mention, either in generic or specific diagnoses, the brilliant red 
of the lips and mouth, which Cuvier thought of sufficient importance to 
found upon it his generic name Hamulon. I have made use of the 
specific name capeuna, because it seems to have priority over that 
usually accepted. The name trivittata cap scarcely stand, since it is not 
only inapplicable, but sure to mislead, as is evident from the two other 
names which have been given to the species, viz, quadrilineatum and 
quinquelineatum. 

The species is recorded from Brazil, San Domingo, and Cuba. 


HA MYLUM CHRYSOPTERDM, (Linné) Cuvier. 
MARGATE-FISH. 


Perca marina gibbosa cinerea (Margate-fish), CATESBY, Hist. Carolina, Florida, and 
Bahamas, if, 1743, 2, pl. ii, f. 1. 

Perca chrysoptera, LINNh, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1766, 485.—GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 

1788, 1314. 

a Lutjanus chrysopterus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 186, 226. 





54 


Hamulon chrysopteron, Cuy. & VAL, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 240—DrKay, New York 
Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 85, pl. vii, f. 22.—SroreEr, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 75.— 
Houirook, Ichth. South Carolina, 1855, 120, pl. xvii, f. 1—Gtnruer, Cat, 
Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 313.—GILL, in Baird’s Rep. Sea Fisheries of S. New 
England, 1873, 806. 


The Margate-fish of the fishermen is probably this species. It is 
common in summer, but was not to be found in the markets at the time 
of my visit. The species is recorded from the West Indies and Brazil. 
The fishermen recognize several others, as the Yellow, Streaked, Spotted, 
and Black Grunts, all of which probably belong to this family, if not to 
this genus. 

LUTJANUS CAXIS, (Schneider) Pocy. 


GRAY SNAPPER. ~ 


Caxis, ParRA, Descr. Dif. Pie. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 14, lam. viii, f. 2. 

Sparus Caxis, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 284. | 

Lutjanus Cazis, Pony, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i, 1867, 269; ii, 1868, 293.—GILL, in Baird's 
Report on Sea Fisheries of 8S. New England, 1873, 806. 

Bodianus Vivanet, LackprpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, pl. iv, f. 3 (on a figure by 
Plumier). 

Sparus tetracanthus, BLOCH, Ichth. viii, 1797, 279, 930 (on a figure of Plumier), 

Cichla tetracantha, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 338. 

? Bodianus striatus (Fasciatus), SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 335, tab. Ixv. 

Lutjanus acutirostris, DESMAREST, Dée. Ichth. pl. ii, f. 1 (fide Cuvier). 

Mesoprion griseus, Cuv. & VaAL., His. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 471.—SToRER, Syn. Fish. N. Am, 
1846, 34.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 195. » 


Very common; distributed also throughout the Caribbean Sea and | 
the Gulf of Mexico, and, according to Giinther, who considers it | 
identical with Mesoprion goreensis Cuv. & Val., extending east to the | 





African coast. It breeds abundantly, and hundreds of individuals 
from four feet to four inches in length may be seen in almost any sheltered 





nook. Itis one of the most delicious of food-fish, its flavor not unlike that - 
of the Blue-fish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Its ‘extreme cunning renders it — 
very difficult to capture with either hook, pot, or grains, and bas gained | 
it the soubriquet of ‘Sea Lawyer”. The market-name is “Gray Snapper”. | 

Color.—Dark gray, changing but slightly in spirits. | 

The synonomy of this and the allied forms is much ensnarled, and @ | 
careful study of a full series of specimens 1s desirable. 


| 
: 





55 
LUTJANUS AYA, (Bloch) Gill. 


YELTING; GLASS-EYED SNAPPER. 
Acara aya, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &e. Brasil, 1648, 167. 
Bodianus aya, BLocu Ichth. 1797, 33, tab. ecxxvii (on a figure by Prince Maurice).— 
Lac&épkEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 286. 
Mesoprion aya, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 457.—? GUICHENOT, Sagra’s Hist. 
Nat. Cuba, Poiss. 1845, 24.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 198. 
Lutjanus aya, GILu, MS. 
Bodianus ruber, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Nat. ed. 1801, 330. 

Common. It probably breeds, as individuals of all ages occur; the 
largest weigh ten pounds or more, and are much esteemed as food. Its 
abrupt profile and large eyes give it a very sparoid appearance; to the 
Jatter feature it no doubt owes one of its popular names, a similar epi- 
thet being applied to the large-eyed Stizostedium amzricanum, the Wall- 
eyed or Glass-eyed Pike of the great lakes and the Mississippi Valley. 
The name “ Yelting” is very puzzling. 

Color.—Brilliant rose-red, fading in spirits to grayish-olive, with black 
blotch along the base of the soft dorsal; base of pectoral deep black.* 

“he species is peculiarly West Indian. Large specimens are some- 
‘times brought in winter to the Washington market, in lots from Florida. 

The Schoolmaster Snapper and Silk Snapper of the fishermen prob- 
ably belong to this genus. The Spot Snapper and tbe Yellow-tail cor- 
respord doubtless to Mesoprion uninotatus (Cuv. & Val.) Gill, and ‘to 
Ocyurus chrysurus (Bl.) Gill. Lutjanus cynodon (Cuv.) Gill probably also 
occurs. All these species are peculiarly West Indian. 


SERRANIDA. 
TRISOTROPIS UNDULOSUS, (Cuvier) Gill. 
ROCK-FISH. 


Perca marina venenosa punctata*(Rock-fish), CATEsBy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and 
Bahamas, ii, 1743, 15, tab, xv.—-Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 386. 

Serraniis undulosus, Cuy. & VAL., op. cit. 295.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 
143. 

Trisotropis undulosus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 105. 

Serranus brunneus, Poky, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba ii, 1860, 1314. 








* Dr. Gunther, in the ‘‘ Synopsis of the Species”, which serves as a key to the genus 
places this and the preceding species under the head “aa. Ground-color olive, with a 
yellow, green, or brown shade.” This is certainly very apt to mislead, and illustrates the 
difficulty of drawing correct ideas from the study of distorted and discolored museum- 
specimens. 


56 


Trisotropis brunneus, GILL, 1. e.—Poty, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 156, °34; Annals 
Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. ix, 1870, 305. 

Serranus arara, Pony (not Cuv. & Vat.), Mem. ii, 1860, 132. 

Serranus decimalis, Pony, Mem. ii, 1860, 138. 

Serranus cyclopomatus, POEY, Mem. ii, 1861, 353; Rep. 11, 1868, 284. 

Serranus latepictus, PokyY, Mem, 1i, 1861, 353. 


Very common; recorded also from the West Indies and the coast of 
Brazil. The Rock-fish attains the length of four or five feet, and is ove 
of the choicest of table-fishes, though Catesby declares that his ‘‘ Rock- 
fish”, which seems most probably the same, ‘has the worst character 
for its poisonous quality of any other among the Bahama Islands”. 

Color.—Brown, thickly mottled with large, irregularly quadrilateral 
spots of brownish-violet. The sides of the head are marked with wavy, 
irregular lines of deep violet. Dorsal broadly margined witb black; 
caudal, anal, and ventral tipped with deep black, which gradually 
shades into the color of the body ; pectorals tipped with orange. 

It may be regarded as somewhat doubtful whether the species of 
Cuvier is identical with that whose diagnosis is given by Dr. Giinther 
under the same name, since the former makes no allusion to the yellow 
tips of the pectorals. Professor Poey, after an examination of one of 
Cuvier’s types, pronounces it distinct from his Serranus brunneus by reason 
ot a slightly-rounded caudal. The Serranus undulosus defined by Giin- 
ther coincides with Poey’s Serranus brunneus in its truncated caudal and 
in other respects. I have provisionally accepted Giinther’s identifica- 
tion of Cuvier’s species. Catesby’s figure disagrees in its slightly-forked 
caudal, but in other respects corresponds with the specimen before me; 
and, since no conjecture has been offered as to its relations, I have, 
after making allowances for the carelessness which the artist manifests 
in many of the other plates, ventured to refer it to the same species. 


TRISOTROPIS GUTTATUS, (Schneider) Gill. 
RED ROCK-FISH. 


Bonacé cardenal, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. His. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 29, lam. xvi, f. 1. 

Johnius guttatus, SCHNEIDER, Blech, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 77 (on Parra’s figure). 

Trisotropis guttatus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 105. 

Serranus cardinalis, Cuv. & Vau., His. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829,378 (on Parra’s figure).— 
‘SroreER, Syn. Fish., N. Am., 1840,27.-GUnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 
57, note 19.—PoEyY, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i, 1867, 200. 

Trisotropis cardinalis, POEY, op. cit. ii, 282; Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. ix, 1870, 303. 

Serranus rupestris, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. ix, 1833, 437.—STORER, op. cit. 29.—GUNTHER, 
op. cit. 14%. 














57 


With some doubt I refer to this species the Red Rock-fish of the Ber- 
muda market. In habits, form, and dimension, it much resembles the 
preceding. It isrecorded from Saint Bartholomews, Cuba, and San Do- 
mingo, and at the latter place is called by the same name as in Ber- 
muda. 

EPINEPHELUS STRIATUS, (Bloch) Gill. 
HAMLET; GROUPER. 


Cherna, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 50, lam. xxiv. 

Anthias striatus, BLocu, Ichth. ix, 1797, 109, tab. 324 (on a figure by Plumier). 

Lutjanus striatus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 324. 

Serranus striatus, CUV & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 288.—SroreEr, Syn. Fish. N. 
Am. 1846, 27.—GUICHENOT, Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss. 1850, 12.—GUntuer, 
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 110. 

Epinephelus striatus, Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 105.—Pory, Rep. Fis. 
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 285.—Copr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 466. 

Anthias cherna, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. ed. 1801, 310 (on Parra’s figure). 

Sparus chrysomelanurus, LackPRhE, op. cit. 160. (on a bad copy of Plumier’s figure). 


Very common; found also throughout the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf 
of Mexico. The Grouper attains an enormous size; and, on account of 
its abundance and the ease of capturing, it is used as food more than any 
other species. Its flesh is rather inferior in flavor and coarse in texture, 
especially that of large individuals. Great numbers are caught off the 
islands, and are brought in the wells of the smacks to the artificial ponds 
along the shore, where they are kept for the market, and are fed on fish 
and lobsters. 

The “ Devil’s Hole” is a large natural pool near the center of the main 
island, and about one hundred feet from the south shore of Harrington 
Sound. Here a large number of Groupers may usually be found con- 
fined, and the place is much visited by strangers. At feeding-time, when 
one looks into the clear waters of the pool, nothing can be seen but an 
array of great open mouths. When the food is thrown in,a scene of 
indescribable commotion and splashing ensues. They are very fierce, 
and rush savagely at anything which looks eatable. I have seen two 
large ones, each four feet in length, seize the opposite ends of a cuttle- 
fish arm tugging for several minutes at the tough morsel before the 
question of ownership could be decided. 

The young fish are called Hamlets; but, after reaching a length of 
eighteen or twenty inches, are known as Groupers; the latter name is 
a corruption of the Portuguese Garoupa, which is applied to a similar 
fish found at Madeira. 


58 


Color.—Adult fishes range from a light-slate color to a deep chest- 
nut-brown. In some individuals a narrow band of black extends from 
the tip of the snout to a point between the eyes, where it divides; the 
branches extending, one to the origin of the dorsal and the other to the 
angle of the operculum, and upward to unite with the first at the origin 
of the dorsal. The lips and throat are bright vermilion. 

A great variation is apparent in the color of different individuals, 
which has not yet been satisfactorily explained, though it is no doubt 
due to the depth of water or color of the bottom in the place where they 
are taken, as is suggested below under Hnneacentrus punctatus. The 
fishermen claim that the color of individuals confined in the ponds 
changes from one extreme to the other within the period of a few weeks. 
I have myself seen very considerable variation in color in the course of a 
week in fishes confined in shallow fish-ponds. The young fish are always 
‘slate-color and are also marked with six or seven broad, transverse bands 
of light brown and a large quadrangular black blotch across the back 
of the tail behind the dorsal. 


EPINEPHELUS GUTTATUS, (Gmelin) Goode. 
HIND. 

? Cugupuguacu, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 169.—SLOANE, Voyage aux fles de 
Madére, des Barbades, de St. Christophe, et de la Jamaique, 1727, tab. cexlvii.— 

Cugupuguacu Brazil, CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahamas, ii, 1743, 14, 
tab. xiv (the Hind). 

Perca guttata, GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1315 (on a figure by Catesby).—Cuv. 
& VaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1828, 372. 

Bodianus apua, BLocu, Ichth. vii, 1797, 37, tab. eexxix (on a figure by Prince Mau- 
rice).— LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 296. 

? Serranus apua, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 287 (citing as a synonym Piratiapia, Marc- 
GRAVE, op. cit. 158). 

Serranus apua, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 140. 

Lodianus marginatus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 331. 

Very common ; recorded also from Jamaica, and probably from Bra- 
zil. The Hind is readily sold in the market, where specimens two feet 
in length are sometimes seen. 

The name Hind perhaps refers to the spotted markings as similar to 
those of the deer. The name is found in nearly all the English West 
Indian islands, applied to the spotted species of this family. 

Color.—Brownish, red, or rosy-white, with numerous small circular 
spots of deep rose-color, fading to brown in spirits. Vertical fins 
broadly margined with black. 











59 


_ The Hind is subject to great variations of color, specimens from the 
“white water”, where there is a bottom of white sand, being nearly 
white, while others have the ground-color a dusky reddish-brown. 

The descriptions of Gmelin and Bloch were both founded upon draw- 
ings, and their relations are somewhat doubtful. The former has been 
preferred, since the figure of Catesby agrees precisely with the Bermuda 
‘* Hind”, except in the smaller number of dorsal spines, a matter of detail 
not likely to have been noticed by Catesby, judging from his other fig- 
ures. The Bermudian form is much more likely to be identical with that 
from the Bahamas and Jamaica than that from Brazil, if, indeed, they 
are not all identical. Giinther records from Jamaica his Serranus apua, 
which is, beyond a doubt, the Bermuda species, thus furnishing another 
argument for its identity with that figured by Sloane. 


ENNEACENTRUS PUNCTATUS, (Linné) Poey. 
BUTTER-FISH or CONEY (yellow variety); NIGGER-FISH (red variety). 


Carauna, MARCGRAYE, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 147.— LICHTENSTEIN, Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 
1820-1, 278. 

Perca marina puncticulata (Negro-fish), CATESBY, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Ba- 
hamas, ii, 1743, 7, pl. vii. 

Perca punctata, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, 291; ed. 12, 1766, 485 (on Catesby’s 
figure). 

Enneacentrus punctatus, Pony, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 288. 

Guativere, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 7, lam. v, f. 1, 2. 

Holocentrus auratus, BLocu, Ichth. vii, 1792, 57, tab. ccxxxvi.—SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. 
Ichth. 1801, 314. 

Gymnocephalus ruber, SCHNEIDER, op. cit. 346, tab. xvii (on a figure by Prince Maurice). 

Serranus ouatalibi, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 381.—STormr, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 
1846, 56.—GUICHENOT, Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss. 1845, 15.—MULu. & 
Troscu., Schomburgh’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 665.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. 
Mus. i, 1861, 120.—PokEy, op. cit. 202.—Corer, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila, 1870, 
446. 

Epinephelus ouatalibi, GruL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1865, 105. 

Bodianus guativere, SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, 336 (on Parra’s figures). 

Serranus guativere, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. 383 (limited to Parra’s f. 2).—SroreEr, |. ¢.— 
MUii. & Troscu., |. c.—Core, 1. ¢. 

Serranns carauno, Cuy. & VAL., op. cit. 384 (on a drawing by Prince Maximilian).— 
CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, Poiss. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1. 


Common; recorded also from the West Indies, Brazil, and the Cape 
Verde Islands. Its small size and the softness of its flesh render it of 
little economic value. In this species, as in the preceding, the range 
of color is very great; some individuals are orange-yellow, with blue 


60 


spots confined to the head and anterior part of the body ; others are 
red, slightly dingy above, and thickly studded throughout with black 
dots, each of which has a blue center. The specimens examined were 
not very fresh; and, from the rapidity with which the colors change, I 
can readily believe that in life they were as brilliant as is indicated in 
the description of Cuvier.* The yellow form corresponds to the typical 
Perea punctata or Serranus guativere, and is known as the Butter-fish or 
Yellow Coney; the red form corresponds to Serranus ouatalibi, and is 
known as the Nigger-fish. 

Professor Poey suggests that the former inhabits shallow and the 
latter deep waters, and thus explains the variations of color. These 
would seem, however, to depend more upon the color of the bottom 
than upon the depth. On the coast of Maine, the bright-red variety of 
the Cod (Gadus morrhua, Linné) is found only on bottoms covered with 
Red Algie, such as Ptilota serrata, Delesseria sinuosa, and Rhodymenia 
palnata. 

The names Butter-fish and Nigger-fish are in use also at Barbados, 
Saint Thomas, and the Bahamas, as applied to this and an allied species. 
The first refers to the color and soft, oily feeling of the yellow variety; 
the latter probably also to color. 

The Black Hind, Prickly Hind, and Black Coney are probably allied 
Species, but not having seen them I can only surmise their,character. 

A “Soap-fish” also occurs, probably either Rhypticus saponaceus 
(Bloch) Cuvier, or Promicropterus maculatus (Holbrook) Gill. 


HYPOPLECTRUS PUELLA, (Cuvier) Gill. 
CATAPHEBE. 


Plectropoma puella, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 405, pl. xxxvii.—GuICcHE- 
NOT, Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss, 1845, 18.—SrorEr, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 
1846, 31.—Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i, 1852, 62, lam. ix, f. 2.—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 165. 

Hypoplectrus puella, GiLL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 236.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. 
Cuba, ii, 1868, 290. 

Plectropoma vitulinum, PoEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i, 1852, 68. 


Common in the rock-pools; recorded also from Martinique and Ja- 
maica. My specimen measures three inches. The name seems to be 
peculiar to Bermuda, and its origin is not apparent. 

Color.—Olive, with six violet-black cross-bands ; the third very broad 
and conspicuous and below the fourth and tenth dorsal spines. <A /ine 





* Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, ii, 331 








61 


around the orbit, another from posterior nostril across anterior edge of 
orbit to lower limb of preoperculum, then broken, then continued to base 
of ventral; and two others across the operculum; the anterior extend- 
ing over the base of pectoral to belly, blue. Several blue spots between 
the orbit and snout. Fins yellowish. | 


ECHENEIDIDA. 


Fishes of this family are freqently taken, clinging to sharks or to the 
shells of turtles.* The sharks thus encumbered are frequently much 
emaciated. Leptecheneis naucrates (Linn.) Gill, L. naucrateoides (Zuiew) 
| Gill, and Ptheirichthys lineatus (Menz.) Gill are probably the most com- 
mon species of ‘* Suck-fish ” found here. 


SPHYRANIDA. 
SPHYRANA SPET, (Haiiy) Goode. 


BARRACUDA. 


Esox dorso dipterygio LINN, Mus. Ad. Fried. ii. 1754, 100. 

Esox sphyrena, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. 10.1, 1758, 313, ed. 12; i, 1766, 115; GmeE.in, Linné, 
Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 1389.—Btocn, Ichth. xi, 1797. 

Sphyrna sphyrena, BLocn, Ichth. 1797, taf. ecelxxxix.—SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 
1801, 109.—Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 332. 

Esox spet, Hay, Encyclopédie Méthodique, iii, Poissons, 7187. 

Sphyrena spet LACKPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1803, 326-8.—? BonapaRTE, Iconografia 
della Fauna Italica, iii, Pesci, plate with part 152. 

Sphyrena becuna, LactkrEDE, op. cit. 327-9, pl. ix, f. l.—Cuv. & VaL., Hist Nat. Pois. 
ili, 1829, 340 (part) ; and vii, 1831, 507. 

Sphyrena vulgaris, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit. iii, 1829, 327,—GinTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. 
Mus. ii, 1861, 334. 

Sphyrena viridensis, Cuv. & VAL., sc., op. cit. 339. 


Common; frequently found in the markets, and eaten with impunity, 
as far as I could learn. My specimens measured nearly two feet, and it 
is said to attain a much greater size. This is not the Barracuda of the 
West Indies, but the common species of the Mediterranean known by 
the Spanish as Hspeto and by the Italians as Sfirena and Luzzo. Its oe- 
currence so far west has, I believe, never before been observed. Giinther 





* All four species of the pelagic turtles of the Atlantic are common, and were ob- 
served by me, viz:—Sphargis coriacea, Chelone mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, and Thalas- 
sochelys caowana. These, with a small saurian, Lumeces longirostris, Cope, make up the 
reptilian fauna of the Bermudas. 


62 


considers the Sphyrana borealis of DeKay,* described from specimens 
eight inches long taken in New York Harbor, to be the same. This might 
be inferred from the somewhat loose language of the description; but 
the figure shows it to be closely allied to, if not identical with, Sphyrena 
picuda. The origin of the first dorsal is shown by the artist to be situ- 
ated almost directly above the extremity of the pectorals and far in 
front of the middle of the fish. The locality, New York, given by Dr. 
Giinther for his specimen “purchased of Mr. Brandt” must, I fear, be 
placed in the same category with that of Lake Champlain given for 
specimens of Chilomycterus geometricus and Tetrodon turgidus,t aud with 
some of the cases of reptiles described as North American by Duméril 
and Bibron from collections professedly North American. : 


SPHYRANA PICUDA, Schneider. 
SENNET. 


Barracuda, SLOANE, Voyage aux iles de Madére et de la Jamaique, ii, 1727, 185, pl. 
ecxlvii, f. 3. 

Umbla minor marina maxillis longioribus (Barracuda), CATESBY, Hist. Carolina, Florida, 
and the Bahamas, ii, 1743, 1, tab. 1. 

Picuda, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 90, lam. xxxv, f. 2. 

Sphyrena sphyrena, var. picuda, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. ed. 1801, 110, tab. xxix, 
f. 1.—MULLER & TROSCHEL, Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 667.—GUN- 
THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 336. 

Esox barracuda, SHAW, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 105. 

Sphyrena barracuda, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ili, 1829, 343, pl. Ixvii—Srorer, Syn. 
Fish. N. A. 1846, 47.—MU.LiLER & TROSCHEL, |. c.—Copr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
Phila. 1870, 472. 


Common; breeding plentifully. The young may be seen basking in 
the sun in the shallows, where they are seined in large numbers. My 
largest Specimens measured over two feet in length. Both this and the 
preceding species are eaten with impunity, though the former is regarded 
with suspicion on the Mediterranean and the latter has to answer for 
several well-attested cases of ciguatera, though in some of the West 
India Islands it is eaten freely. 

The popular name is also in use at Barbados, sila it is applied to 
the same or an allied species. Schomburgk spells it Sinnet. 

The species of this genus are not yet very accurately defined. Pro- 
fessor Copet takes exception to the supposed identity of S. ree and 


Sar ¥ Zoology OF New York Wane 90. ull feet 196: 
t Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 285. 
t Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472. 











63 


S. barracuda. The latter may be easily distinguished from the preced- 
ing by observing the situation of the first dorsal. In S. spet, this begins 
in the middle of the body and far behind the extremity of the pectorals; 
in S. picuda, on the anterior half of the body and above the extremity 
of the pectorals. The first is much the slenderer, and has nearly double 


the number of scales in the lateral line. 


TRACHYPTERID. 


REGALECUS GLADIUS, (Walbaum) Ouv. & Val. 


Spada marina, IMPHRATI, Heth 

Cepola gladius, WALBAUM, Artedi Gen. Pisce. iii, 1792, 617. 

Regalecus gladius, CUV. & VaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. x, 1835, 352, pl. ecxevili—GUNTHER, 
Cat Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 308.—HuTToN, Fishes of New Zealand, 35. 

Gymnetrus longeradiatus, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iii, 1827, 296. 

? Gymnetrus capensis, Cov. & VAL. op. cit. 376. 

Regalecus Jonesii, NEWMAN, Zoologist, 1860, 7019. 


This is the great ‘ Sea-serpent ” which came ashore at Hungary Bay 
in the winter of 1860, the capture of which has been recorded by Mr. J. 
Matthew Jones.* . 

Portions of this specimen, which measured 16 feet and 7 inches in 
length, are preserved in the British Museum. 

This specimen is thought by Giinther to “ probably belong” to the 
species given above. The well-identified specimens of the species are 
all from the Mediterranean, the largest 92 feet long, while the relations 
of the specimens from New Zealand and the Cape of Good Hope 
are conjectural. The data are not sufficient to warrant the adoption of 
Newman’s species, founded on the Bermuda specimen as a good one. 


MUGILID&. 
MUGIL LIZA, Valenciennes. 


MULLET. 


Mugil liza, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xi, 1836, 86.—JENYNS, Zool. Voyage H. 
M.. 8. Beagle, Fish, 80.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 423.— 
Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 388 
Very common, especially in Hamilton Harbor and other shallow bays; 
breeding. They are seined, and brought to market in large numbers. 











* Bermuda Royal Gazette, Jan. 24 and Jan. 31, 1860.—Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 185. 





64 


I have some hesitation in referring the Bermuda Mullet to this spe- 
cies, though it appears to be identical with that taken at Bahia Blance 
and Monte Video by Darwin and described by Jenyns.* | Poey consid- 
ers his Mugil lebranchust separated from this species by characters of 


doubtful value. 


BELONID A. 


The Hound-fish of the fishermen is a Belone; but as I could get no 
specimens for careful examination, it is not possible to say to which of 
the nineteen West India species it belongs, or whether two or three 
species are not confounded under the same name. 


SCOMBERESOCID Ai. 


HEMIRHAMPHUS PLEIJ, Valenciennes. 
GAR-FISH. 


Hemirhamphus Pleii, Cuv. & VauL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xix, 21, 1846.—GUNTuHER, Cat. 
Fish. Brit. Mus. vi, 268.—Coprr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 481. 


Common; recorded also from various points in the West Indies and 
from Bahia. The Gar-fish occurs in enormous schools, and is seined in 
quantity for the market. I observed two sizes, the smallest averaging 
eight inches, the larger twenty inches. The fish of different sizes swam 
in separate schools. 

The name Gar, applied so indiscriminately to fishes with long slender 
beaks, is probably the old Saxon word gar, which means a weapon, a 
lance. The name Half-beak usually given to fishes of this family is much 
more appropriate. 

EXOCQETUS EXILIENS, Gmelin. 


Exocetus exiliens, GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 178s, 1400.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. 
Poiss. xix, 1846, 114.—Ricuarpson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, ili, 129.—GUN- 
THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vi, 1861, 291.—GuILL, in Baird’s Rep. on Sea Fisheries 
of Southern New England, 809. 

Exocetus fasciatus, LESUEUR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 1821, 8, pl. iv, f. 2. 


A single specimen was brought me March 1 by some negro fishermen 
who had caught it in Hamilton Harbor by holding a tin pail (“kettle”) 
under it when it leaped from the water. I kept it alive for some hours, 








* Zool. Voyage H. M.S. Beagle, Fish, 1842, 80. 
+t Memorias sobre la Historia Natural dela Isla de Cuba * * * ii, 1861, 260, tab. 
18, f.3; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 388. 








* 65 

and had an opportunity to observe its motions. Its favorite position 
was on the bottom of the dish, where it would remain with its pectorals 
and ventrals widely expanded, looking very like a large butterfly sun- 
ning itself on a flower. When disturbed, it would fold its fins close to 
the sides of its body, and swim about with great velocity by rapid, long, 
' Sweeping strokes of the tail and posterior half of the body. The extent 
to which it flexed its body was quite remarkable, almost reminding one 
of the motions of a Shark. When much excited, it would rise into the 
air with a sudden spring, its pectorals and ventrals expanded, seeming 
to have no difficulty in leaving the water in a space less than a foot in 
diameter: I am inclined to believe that the impetus from the action of 
the caudal is all that is used in leaving the water, and that the motion 
of the pectorals in flying-fishes is not begun until the fish is fairly in 
the air. It seemed very timid and watchful, and any quick motion of 
the hand within its sight would start it into rapid, nervous action. 

The figures given by Lesueur and Edwards* are very accurate; but all 
published descriptions fail to mention the most striking character, 
viz, the deep notch in the membrane between the second and third 
pectoral rays, which seems the more apparent from the fact that the 
second ray is longer than the third, and projects in a spine-like process ; 
the membrane between the third and fourth rays is slightly emargi- 
nate. The fourth ray is much the longest and the rays posterior to 
that regularly decrease in length. 

The Bermuda fishermen recognize two kinds of flying-fish, the pelagic 
variety and this, which they believe to live among the sea-weed and 
seldom leave the water. The specimens of this species on record are 
all quite small: Gmelin describes his as “at via digito longior”; Lesueur’s 
was three inches long; Valencienne’s was ‘ petite”; and Edwards’s figure 
indicates that his was diminutive. They may prove to be the young of 
some other species; but this is not probable, since no other form has 
pectorals of such peculiar form. The absence of barbels, if this be a 
character of immature Lxocetida, is also noteworthy. 

A detailed description is. given below :— 
Radial formula: D.12; A.12; P.18; V.6; L. lat. 48. 
The body is slender, its height being less than one-eighth (0.12) of the 


_ total length. Viewed from above, its outline is that of a narrow wedge, 





with its base at the nape and its apex at the extremity of the lower 
caudal lobe. The greatest width of the body is at the nape, where it is 





* Gleanings in Natural History, pl. cex. 


5 F 


66 t 


equal to the greatest height, which occurs at the same point. The 
length of the head is one-sixth (0.17) of total length, and its greatest | 
width equals, that of the body. The orbit is circular, and its diameter 
equals the interorbital space, which is half the length of the head. The | 
snout is very short, equaling one-sixth the lengtheof the head; the lower | 
projects far beyond the upper jaw. The interorbital space is deeply } 
concave. The dorsal and anal fins begin at a point slightly behind the 
middle of the body, and are nearly alike in shape and in the length of — 
the base and of the longest rays. The pectorals measure three-fifths | 
(0.58) of the total length, extending nearly to the base of the caudal fin. 
The first ray is half as long as the second, which projects far beyond the | 
margin of the membrane in a spine-like process; the third ray equals | 
the second, while the fourth is much longer. The membrane between 
the second and third rays is deeply, between the third and fourth slightly, — 
emarginated. The rays succeeding the fourth gradually decrease in | 
length. The ventrals begin slightly in advance of the middle of the | 
body, in length equaling a third (0.31) of total length. The five poste- 
rior rays are bifid nearly to the base. The tips of ventral and pectoral | 
fins are equidistant from the snout. The upper lobe of the candi 
measures two-thirds the length of the lower lobe. | 
Color.—Back bluish, shading into the silvery white of the Hae five | 
broad lateral transverse bands. The snout transparent white. Two) 
yellow spots upon the nape.  Pectorals and ventrals black at base and | 
at margin, and with broad, irregular bands and blotches of black and 
dark blue; where unspotted, clear, colorless, and transparent. Caudal — 
lobes each with a terminal spot of black; the lower with spot of same } 
color on its outer margin half-way from the body to its extremity. | 


Extreme length, 0™ .073 .. 2-2 --- -- -- eens cme ee oo nee oe nce one ene sens wee 100 t 
Body: | 
Greatest height. e522 seers tho cs etcteinte nee iB ih Sh a a nha Rad eas .12 4 
Greatest: width®ieecs cesceee see ebemes ae eines persis oe ecele se pele lee lee onto 124 
Height at ventrals, 22 -. so sce [anc's wcnen monies ecco oslo sem nee see . 10°F 
Height of tail behind dorsal fin --...--.---.--------- +--+ -----+------ +--+ 06 F 
Head: 
Length ..-. 22-2 conn cone ne cen cone meee nen nn cnn cence e nee e cece eens ee : 17 | 
Distance from snout to nape. .... 22-2. one one wees conn e - 2 oon oa 22 w= ee 15 | 
Greatest width sco" ane mae oe eee ete ates Bieeraters mae h iste sine ote let eetet sree ere 12 | 
Width ofinterorbitaliaredes: sauce see see ee eee ee ee eal toe peel cee ia 10 
Mength of snouts. c2esseec carer cosine esis ee eee ee Zs 5 Sots eee .03 
Eye: 


Diameters cis k of lds Tae sar eeaclenes bate alate anions etal aeta er icrateraie ie aici avalos ererale terete . 08 








—=— => 





‘ 


67 
Dorsal: 
DD eG Ane ere MSN Obs eteiea= es aekeeee mat eis steleia sale allel claieleele piaialm=la elm =lnt~/sia) c/s)sTo - 56 
MeN OGM OL DISC se eeis a= aiseia te etal alain al elm mialwie (nla amano oa olein nln = aie o[= == namin a= = oan poles 
Rereatesu orb ities apo ee heehee Sek oni em es ae coc Soke cewe seca se sia 
’ Anal: 
Distance from snout.-.-.-.- Ee OAD a etn tse pens Stevie Rs Sy . 56 
GLeatesipnelen ie sas eee eee ge ae cole ae satan nei acne se ouifuin clawalcisiciacicce .14 
Caudal: 
Meno ph OLUp per LAYS aa .2 4 scene) tasers cers ee sets cicim ae aicic sc vesaseetsasceciesine .15 
Men rthvotelower rayse see. see eats oa eae sition esis ccisselesscloscaiccs ess 6 23 
Pectoral : 
Distance Aromisnoub:at upper BxUla. sel tecss ss docalde sacelsniesce cass ss - 16 
AE GH DUI see sea esetels tiem ss (ola clan a cide ciate Som de feele erleieecisess ciccicolsec cos clcciclss .98 
Distances sip trom SNOW baa epee se eee eke mieaia=) «ciel cisints Sic eiaes winseiss eicciainis . 80 
Ventral: 
Wistance Of base from SNOU tise jaclcccsice! seis ciseale so aasisases eee cee descse sss . 45 
GG OG aetna rete acim ocak ersaiafeavalasteincsice's See) aine = /sisises c= eyaseets 32 
WIS TANGO. OLsbipLOMmMeSnOULs-- 5 ese ee cee ceo e ce ees ee ote arcus ulessceuscesse 78 


The Exocetus exiliens of Bloch is totally different. 
I obseryed numerous specimens of the pelagic species in the vicinity 


of the islands, both on going and return. I take from my note-book 
some observations on their flight. 


“ February 10, 1871.—Several flying-fishes were observed on approach- 


_ ing the islands; usually they were single, but often a school of half a 


dozen or more started out from under the side of the brig. The dis- 
tance of flight varied from six to one hundred yards. When they 
leave the water, the pectorals assume a rapid vibration, reminding one 
of the flight of a grouse, the tail also rapidly vibrating. The fins soon 
assume a rigid position, and the fish rises over the crests and falls in 
the trough of the waves, following their motion; sometimes it dashes 
through the crest, and on re-appearing the fins are again in motion. 
They seem unable to fly except in a straight line (I afterwards saw 
them veering considerably from a straight line, taking a direction nearly 
at right angles with their first course), but are not dependent on the 
direction of the wind. The motion is very bird-like, but the illusion is 
dispelled by the decidedly piscine splash with which the fish plunges 
into the water. It wasa truly beautiful sight as the fishes emerged from 
the waves, their silvery fins quivering and glistening in the light.” 
Iam convinced that at the moment the fish leaves the water the 
tTnode of propulsion changes from a true swimming motion to a true 
flying motion. The leap with which it leaves the water is due to the 
former, and is analogous to the spring from the ground or from a perch, 
made by some birds in the act of taking wing. 


68 


CYPRINODONTIDA. 
FUNDULUS BERMUDA, Giinther. 


Fundulus Bermude, GUNTHER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874. 


Very common in the brackish water of the swamps and in ditches, 
Attains the length of four inches. 


SYNODONTID 4. 
SYNODUS LACERTA, (Valenciennes) Goode. 


SNAKE-FISH. 


Salmo Saurus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. 2 ed. 11,511, 1766; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1376. 
Saurus lacerta, Cuv & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxii, 463, 1849 (not Risso). 
Saurus griseus, LOW, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii, 188, 1841.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 
6 
v, 395. 


A- specimen, seventeen inches long, was taken off the “‘ ducking-stool ” 
in March, by aline fisherman. Its occurrence in this part of the Atlantic 
is very novel, but it agrees closely with a specimen of Saurus griseus 
sent to the United States National Museum by Dr. Giinther. Its color 
was dusky-gray above, yellow below. Its formule are as‘follows:— 


Branchiostegals, 16-17 (on opposite sides), D. 12; A.12. Lateral 


line, 60. Transverse line, 2 


ELOPID A. 
MEGALOPS THRISSOIDES, (Bloch) Giinther. 


TARPUM. 


Camaripucuagu, MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 179. 

Clupea cyprinoides, BLocH, Ichth., xii, 1797, 24, tab. cecciii. 

Clupea thrissoides, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 424. 4 

Megalops thrissoides, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868, 472.—GILL, in Baird’s 
Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 810. 

Clupea apalike, Hatty, Encyclopédie Méthodique.—LactPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1803, 
425, 461. 

Clupea gigantea, Suaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1803, 173. : 

Megalops atlanticus, Cuv. & VAL.; Hist. Nat. Poiss. xix, 1846, 398.—MULLER & TRO- 
SCHEL, Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 676.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 
1868, 423. 


. 


Extremely rare; a single skin about six feet long was shown me 
in the collection of John T. Bartram, of Saint George’s. The species 








69 
_is recorded from the Gulf of Mexico, Demerara, Trinidad, Guadaloupe, 
Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, Martinique, and Cuba. 

The species is very abundant on the eastern coast of Florida and in 
‘the Saint John’s River, where it is known as the Jew-fish. Several 
_ specimens were taken on the southern coast of New England and New 
York in 1874. 

_ The name is inexplicable, but may have some connection with the 
name “ Caffum”, which is given to the same fish in Barbados. 


CLUPEIDA. 
SARDINELLA ANCHOVIA, Valenciennes. 


ANCHOVY. 


Sardinella anchovia, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Pois. xx, 1847, 269. 
Clupea anchovia, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868, 421. 


I refer with some doubt to this species a small fish which occurred 
in great schools during the month of March, and were seined together 
_ with Decapterus punctatus, and sold in quantities along the quay. Their 
_ average length was about five inches. 


HARENGULA MACROPHTHALMA (Ranzani). 
PILCHARD. 


Clupea macrophthalma, Ranzant, Novi Commentarii Acad. Scient. Inst. Bononiensis, v, 
1842, 320, tab. xxiii—GUnTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868, 421.—Core, 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 483. 

Harengula sardina, Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1863, 310; Rep. Fis.-Nat. ii, Cuba. 
1868, 418. 

Common; also recorded from various islands in the West Indies. 

_ Great quantities were seined during the month of March, and sold from 

row-boats at the water’s edge. Their average length was nine inches. 

| Poey’s Harengula sardina appears to be the same. The name is derived 

- from England, where an allied species, Clupea pilchardus, Walbaum, is 

commonly known as “the Pilchard”. 


OPISTHONEMA THRISSA, (Linné) Gill. 


' HERRING. 


Clupea minor, radio ultimo pinne dorsalis longissimo, Brown, Civ. and Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 
1756, 443. 
? Clupea corpore ovaio, LINN, Ameen. Acad. v, 251. 


70 


Clupea thrissa, Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 318; ed. 12, 1, 1750, 524; 
GMELIN, Linné, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1405 (part).—Broussonet, Ichth. 1, tab. | 
x.—?Brocu, Ichth. xii, 1797, 27, taf, eeeciv (from a drawing by Plumier).— 
SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. ed. 1801, 424.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, 
vii, 1868, 432. 

Meletta thrissa, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xx, 1847, 380. 

Opisthonema thrissa, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 37; Cat. Fish. E. Coast N.- 
Am. 1861, 54; and in Baird’s Rep. on Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1872, ! 
811. § 

Opisthonemus thrissa, Pory, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1886, 419. 

Clupanodon thrissoides, SP1x, MULL., & TroscH., Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 
676. 

Megalops thrissoides, AGASSIZ, in Spix’s Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pisce. Brazil, 1829, 45, pl. 

Xl: 

Megalops oglina, LeEsuEUR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1, 1817, 359. 

-Chatoessus oglina, GRIFFITH, Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, x, 1835, 439.—DrKay, New 
York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 265.—Srorer, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 209. 
Chatoessus signifer, DeKay, op. cit. 264, pl. xli, f. 132.—STORER, op. cit. 210.—Batrp, 

Fishes of New Jersey Coast, 1855, 35.—Joners, Naturalist in Bermuda, 103. 

Chatoessus eumorphus, Gossr, Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, 1851, 290 (notes). 

This species was taken in great numbers during the month of March. 
They occurred in schools in two distinct sizes; the smaller, perhaps the 
young of the previous year, measured four inches on an average; the | 
adults, ten. The species is common in the West Indies, and has been | 


taken as far north as Newfoundland. 


ENGRAULIDIDA. 
ENGRAULIS CHGROSTOMUS, Goode. - 


Hoe-mMoutTH Iry. 
Engraulis cherostomus, GOODE, Amer. Journ. Science and Arts, viii, 1874 (Aug.), 125. 


Common in the bays in large schools; used extensively for bait. Its — 
enormous mouth has given it the name of ‘“ hog-mouth fry.” 

This species closely resembles Lngraulis surinamensis (Bilkr.) Giinther, — 
differing from it, however, in several respects. The height of the body 
:0.16) is a little greater than two-thirds of the length of the head, and 
is contained six times in the total length, and slightly more than four | 
limes in the length to the end of middle caudal rays (0.90); the height 
at the ventrals is less (0.13). The scales are large, in thirty-eight 
oblique rows between the head and the caudal. The length of the | 
head (0.22) is less than one-fourth of the total, and is double its height 
at the pupil (0.11); its greatest width (0.08) is about one-third of its | 





“1 


iength. The orbit is nearly circular, and its diameter (0.05) equals the 
length of the snout (0.05) and the width of the interorbital area (0.05). 
The snout projects far beyond the lower jaw, the extremity of which 
just passes the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The 
maxillary is dilated above the mandibular joint, rather tapering behind, 
and extends to the gill-opening. ‘The gill-rakers are fine, setiform, not 


‘\) longer than the eye (0.05); about twenty-five on the lower branch of the 





outer branchial arch. 

The origin of the dorsal fin is in front of the middle of the body (0.45 
from thesnout), and directly above the extremities of the ventrals. The 
length of the first ray (0.06) is half that of the second (0.12), which 
nearly equals the length of the base (0.11). The origin of the anal is 
atthe middle of the body (0.51 from the snout), and below the posterior 
dorsal rays; its greatest height (0.11) nearly equals that of the dorsal. 
The length of the middle caudal rays (0.08) is two-fifths of that of the 
outer rays (0.20). The length of the pectorals (0.11) equals the length 
of the base of the dorsals (0.11), the extremities reaching to the origin 
of the ventrals. Length of ventrais, 0.09; and their distance from 
snout, 0.35. 
- Color :—Back and sides brownish; belly white; a broad, clearly-defined 
lateral band of silver as wide as the diameter of the orbit (0.05). 

Radial formula:—D. 13-14, A. 23-24, Length, 2.68 inches (0™.63). 


CYPRINIDA. 
CARASSIUS AURATUS, (Linné) Bleeker. 


GOLD-FISH. 


Cyprinus auratus, LINN, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, 323.—Jonxs, Naturalist in Bermuda, 
1863, 103. 

Carassius auratus, BLEEKER, Cyprin. 255.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868, 32, 

Common in the brackish water of the ditches. Mr. Jones states that 


it was introduced from Demerara many years ago. 


ANGUILLIDA. 


ANGUILLA BOSTONIENSIS, (Lesueur) Ayres. 
EEL. 

Murena bostoniensis, LESurvR, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1817, 81. 

Anguilla bostoniensis, AYRES, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, 1842, 279.—Gunrumr, Cat. 
Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 31.—G1x1, in Baird’s Rep. Sea Fisheries Southern New 
England, 1873, 811.—Barrp, Rep. Sea Fisheries Southern New England, 1871, 
826. 5 


(72 


Common in the ditches and dikes of the salt-marshes. Mr. Jones 
states* that it attains the weight of two or three pounds, and is very 
destructive to young ducklings. It is not eaten. ; 

I obtained a specimen measuring five inches, which I refer with some 
hesitation to the above species, as measurements made from speci- 
mens contracted by strong alcohol are not satisfactory. The length of 
the head is contained once and a half in the distance between the gill- 
opening and the dorsal, twice in the distance between the gill-opening 
and the vent. The distance between the origins of the dorsal and anal 
is contained once and a half in the length of the head. 


MURANIDA. 
GYMNOTHORAX MORINGA, (Cuvier) Goode. 


SPECKLED MARAY. 


Murena maculata nigra (Black Murey), Caressy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, arfal 
Bahamas, ii, 1743, 21, tab. 21, 174. 

Murena moringa, CUviER, Regne Animal, 1817.—SToRER, Syn. Fish N. Am. 1846, 235 

Murena moringua, RICHARDSON, Voy. H. M. 8. 8S. Erebus & Terror, Ichth. 1846, 89.— 
Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1856, 89. 

Gymnothorax rostratus, AGASSIZ, in Spix’s Selecta Gen. et Spec. Brasil, 1829, 91, tab. 1, 
a.—MUt.i & Troscu., Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbados, 1848, 676.—Poky, Rep. 
ii, 1860-1, 259, 427.—Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 483. 

Murenophis rostratus, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Amérique du Sud, 1855, 80, 
plein tai: 

Murenophis curvilineata, CASTELNAU, op. cit. 81, pl. xlii, f. 2. 


Occasional: the species occurs throughout the West Indies, at Bahia and 
at Saint Helena. My specimen measures three feet, and las the verti- 


cal fins edged with white. These fishes are said to attain a length of five 
or six feet, and are considered excellent food by the lower classes: Iam 
told, however, that serious cases of poisoning have been occasioned by 
their use. The Speckled Maray is not rare, but by no means as common 
as the Green Maray. I saw a single specimen of the latter, but as I could 
not obtain it for study I was unable to determine its specific relations. 
It resembles closely the ‘‘ Muray” of Catesby,t which I have reason to 
believe is not identical with his “ Black Muray”, as is generally sup- 
posed. 7 
* Naturalist in Bermuda, p. 103. 


+tNat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahamas, 20, pl. xx—dMurena meculata nigra 


and viridis. 





73 


ECHIDNA CATENATA, (Bloch) Blecker. 


Gymnothorax catenatus, BLocu, Ichth. xii, 1797, 69, taf. ceecxv. 

Murena catenata, RICHARDSON, Voyage H. M.S.S. Erebus & Terror, Ichth. 1846, 95.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 151. . 

_ Pecilophis catenatus, Kaur, Cat. Apod. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1856, 100. 

_ Echidna catenata, BLEEKER, Ned. Tyds. Dierk. ii, 242. 


Dr. Kaup (l. ¢. sup.) gives Bermuda as a locality for this species ; it 
also occurs at many of the West India Islands, at Trinidad, and on the 
coast of Dutch Guiana at Surinam. 


RAIA... 


The names Sting Ray and White Ray would indicate the occurrence 
of one or more species of this order. -ditobatis narinari (EKuphrasen) 
Miill. & Henle is likely to occur here. 


LAMNIDA. 


Mr. Jones records a specimen nearly eight feet long taken in March, 
1850, which he believes to be the Lamna punctata figured by DeKay.* 


SPHYRNIDA. 


- The Hammer-head Shark known to the fishermen is probably the 
Sphyrna zygena (Linné) Miiller & Henle. 


SCYLLIIDA. 


The large Shark confined in the Devil’s Hole is probably Ginglymo- 
stoma cirratum (Gmelin) Miill. & Henle. 


GALEORHINID A. 


MUSTELUS CANIS, (Mitch.) DeKay. 
NURSE SHARK. 


° 


° 


Squalus canis, Mrrcui.1, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 486, pl. Ixiv, f. 209. 

Mustelus canis, DeKay, Zool. N. Y. Fish, 1842, 355, pl. Ixiv, f. 209.—SToreEr, Syn. Fish. 
N. Am. 253.—Barrb, Fishes New Jersey Coast, 39,1854; Rep. U. S. Com. Fish, 
1871, 827.—GILL, Cat. Fishes E. Coast N Am. 59; and in Baird’s Rep. U. S. 
Com. Fish, 1871, 813.—Pory, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 453. 

Common. My specimen measured three feet, and one of the oviducts 
contained a young one eight inches long. It agrees exactly with speci- 
mens of Mustelus canis from Wood’s Hole, Mass. 

The Nurse is considered excellent food; after it has been boiled until 
tender, and then fried in its own fat. The sharks are rarely eaten, how- 
ever, except by the negroes. 

* Zoology of New York, Fish, 352, pl. lxiii, f. 206-207. 








os 


APPENDIX. 





ADDITIONAL SPECIES OBSERVED BY MR. J. MATTHEW JONES. 


After the preceding pages were in type, I received from Mr. Jones a 
list of the species collected by him in the Bermudas. In order to repre- 
sent as fully as possible the present state of knowledge in reference to 
the fish fauna of these islands, I venture to give below the names of 
those species cited by Mr. Jones which have not fallen under my per- 
sonal observation. Many species are of course included both in his col- 
lection and my own. The specific names below are given on the author- 
ity of Mr. Jones, who employs the nomenclature of Dr. Giinther’s “Cata- 
logue of the Fishes in the British Museum”. 





EES i. 
Diodon maculatus. Platyglossus bivittatus. 
Tetrodon rostratus. Glyphidodon celestinus. 
Ostracion trigonus. Acanthurus chirurgus. 
Balistes maculatus. Cheetodon eapistratus. 
Monacanthus aurantiacus. Holacanthus tricolor. 
Syngnathus Jonesii. | Caranx dentex. 
Centriscus, sp. Caranx carangus. : 
Fistularia serrata. Caranx chrysos. 
Rhomboidichthys lunatus. Thyrsites prometheus. 
Hemirhombus aramaca. Auxis Rochei. 

_ Lefroyia bermudensis. Seriola Dumerilii. 
Brotula barbata. -Seriola zonata. 
Centronotus, sp. * Trachynotus ovatus. 
Blennius crinitus. | Coryphena pelagica. 

-Gobius soporator. Corypheena hippurus. 
Seorpzena Plumieri. | Mullus barbatus. 
Scarus Catesbyi. | Sargus argenteus. 
Pseudoscarus psittacus. Mesoprion chrysurus. 


Pseudoscarus sancte-crucis.* - Hemulon macrostoma. 


*[Probably the young of Pseudoscarus vetula ; see discussion on page 32, supra. ] 
73 





76 





Heamulon xanthopterum. Saurus myops. 
Serranus coronatus. Albula conorhynchus. 
Rhypticus saponaceus. Ophichthys acuminatus. 
Apogon imberbis. Murena miliaris. 
Priacanthus macrophthalmus. Murena maculipinnis. 
Regalecus gladius. Mureena sancte-helene. 
Belone hians. Acipenser sturio.* 
Exoceetus lineatus. Carcharias obscurus. 
Saurus foetens, AXtobatis narinari. 

[tt] 











LD ex: 


Page. 
Acanthurus chirurgus ........... 13, 42, 75 
Acanthurus nigricans ....-....---. 14, 41 
Acipenser sturio 2225525. 2 2522s 76 
me bobatis narinari. ..522.-2-0-.2--- 73,76 
Albula conorhynchus.........----.. 76 
Alutera scripta ..-...-----. fesse 14, 26 
PSIMNGL=HSW oSo2 o.- oi Se acicice Saoe sic 48 
BARC HOV pecicntelatoaise'sieincienicetscia'sai 69 
Beek aH 23) 32550. e 10; 17043 
Angelfish, Black......-...- eT ee 44 
BRAUN tncwice, cafe ccs Scone =o 71 
Anguilla bostoniensis ........--.-. 12,71 
PATIGOMMATIGD: = <.-a01-2 ces oe s- sew = 20 
SepOLOM.AMDErDIS...--- <-- 00 sc--5~ 76 
BMD DON GIG ra cicersisca nae Sse Sema a Ns aS 
BMP MTONM eos alec cie'sei cin sel sacs vowels 22 
BIOTIN, Spaicioce = oases cecs5, os 10 
Aulostoma maculatum ...... ...... 27 
BPONOSLOMIME I2'So ne ceccs coceek Jess 27 
PEARISUEVOCHEOM 5 ccc. Sana ose me tan 75 
Bahamian names ...-.........-... 15 
BERN So eos becca esac ct sces 10, 11 
Balistes capriscus --.............13, 14, 25 
Balistes maculatus .............-.. 26,75 


Balistes ringens........-.....-..-6 26 
REAISUCS SOUACO:sic.<.c5 s/s sm5 8 Sec ciceas 26 
Eealistes vetdla..-... ..2. 22.0000 26 
BIBER IG gon. ees eo aiynne 2k 25 
BBE MOMUCT coe 6 SEG, sos 9, 10 
MERE Ak POS IG eh ee 42 


Meera John I". 21. \.0...5s.snce 19, 32 
loneynians=.. 02-0222. 2.2cce ss i 76 


BRLOITI Oe eee oe ae oe 64: 


Ben eee es ce 49 
MGR aCkotnt ot so fc ec ek. Ae ee 15 
Ret ee te ol sae coe eee 16 


Page. 

Bleeker} Drs-Wesces asso esse esse 7,22 
Blennidas2scseaeresssecacee sce s 28 
BIpnniUsyerinitusesss2-4--265 222 2 ee 75 
Bloch aawsee tase cewee aes s ceksilets 22 
Binerbolly Meese eee. 15 
Bluesfish? 4.282 ees sess sesscase ccs 17, 35 
Bone-fisht: oes saecse Sees eeae cess 15, 17 
BonibO ss ececsce cen sce eaceesesase 48 
IBLeAM sae eas sussesceasocces ose he 52 
Brotulajbarbatars--s5--csceeeeeee. 6 75 
Buitaloack es ee sees co eee eae 47 
Bubterstishhe Hes sete cece cicee te se 59 
E@aballapeesnece sesee roe te cee. 48 
Wafiamsessesnsecaccies cece ces 69 
Calamus megacephalus...-.....-.. 51 
Calamus orbitarius::<252--2: 2... .- 51 
Canthidermis maculatus.......--.. 26 
Wananordcets ceetre sais lsisiasiste isis estar la 46 
Caranx cardneus: :s).2-222lee cscs 75 
Caranx chrysosteoe soca) oscaes ace 75 
Caranxdéntexsss22 a! sists cose ones 75 
Carassius!auratus:-.222.<2-2..-22:. 71 
Carcharias obscurus....-.-.-.----- 76 
Carelessness of early ichthyologists." 22 
Carolinan Whiting => =s52 225... {0222 17 
@arrubyesssce2 estes S52 cck eee 50 
Casting-nets\-252.--2222.- cee tell 1t 
Cataphébe)tt2teratscen-tsccmecese 60 
Catesbya Mark attests eee oe ore 13 
Catesby’s species:......2.-2222 222.2. 16, 39 
Catfish tts heist th seaer eee 17 
Cavallly 222 eeestive cee rae eS 48 
Centriscus) sp) - eee ee eeo eee. 7d 
Centronotus;Spe--s sees oe 7d 
Cheerojulis radiatus...---......... 13, 35 
Chetodon arcuatus -............-. 45 
Chetodon capistratus -...........- 75 
Cheetodontidies 72a. oe see see 43 


Page. 
‘Chilichthys Spengleri ...-... bereits 13, 22 
Chilichthys turgidus .........--.-- 23 
Chilomycterus geometricus ..-..... 62 
Chilomycterus reticulatus ..:..--.. 13, 21 
Chirurgien-bleu -.- 2-22 ser sec cients 42 
CHUD 2 se ecie cn cae = = ieee eee 52 
Clamacores so. 2 foe enieerine 33 
Glucker ieee cess oeeee pean eeeeee 15 
Clupeides 225 ere reneecsecins ooo 69 
Colonial museum ......---...----- _ 82 
COnGy aces Ao eee ert ace stele nie 59 
‘ Conéy,; Black: 3 -ees {2c c esses 5 60 
Confusion in synonymy .-...-.----- 12 
Coryphena hippurus...--.-....-- 14, 48, 75 
Coryphena pelagica .....----..-.. 75 
Coryphenide .o 225.2. <5. 22 = ceca 48 
aC Owe HSe eee csc a ak her oc 24 
Cowepilotiee saree cn pcense ccc omnes 38 
@rokeriec ee ssigeice sie = 220 oe eaters aes 16 
Crustaceans sec 32 sis see, « Salsleeisione 10 
@uckoldiges-scc-scrssoa-s o- eaieelae 23 
@yprinidiws <2. sac: Ahscaeise sae @1 
@yprinodontida ...... .-...-.. Rafa 68 
Dactylopterus volitans.........--- 14, 31 
Pecapterus macarellus ....-....-.. 46 
Decapterus punctatus --.. 10, 11,12, 14, 39, 
46, 69 
Deer Grouper sss. secsee-ssieece as 15 
Pemoiselle i... - cosine cere ciocas ai 
Depth of waters... --...-.-2.s2-<5! 9 
DWevil-fishsc.c- oases eee ee ee Lo 0 
Dewil’s Holes ei asee seen ceaeee 11, 57 
Moctor=fish 2... 5.5 cee ee eee 41, 42 
Molphin. <2 226 22 Ses sos Pane meee. 48 
Woncella 125.) c'esVaveneeiee eee 37 
Diapterus Lefroyis-s2--eeeeseee 39 
Diodonvatinga 2... . sos. seaerssoees 22 

Diodon maculatus’ <2 ce ceesserse == a 
Wiodoniorbicularis.-- sseeussoeece 22 
Wiodontides i... sss secs seceeeep 21 
Echeneidide..-... Taisen eee eee 61 
Echidna catenata’.. 22. -.22ps6e-50 73 
Bee e ee etic (o 29 2 a aeiies (arco sees oases Be all 
Mlopidee ee ek ccae ce ctewose cess 68 


me rauligid eer assess see eeeee 70 





Page 
Engraulis ......-. Weetoeiieie act sitetels 10 
Engraulis cheerostomus ...--..-.--.- 7 
Enneacentrus punctatus......-.... 59 
Enumeration of species -...-..---- 12 
Epinephelus guttatus .-.......---- 58 
Epinephelus striatus .......--.--.. 11, 57 
Eucinostomus aprion..-.....------ 39 
Eucinostomus gula..-.....--- 10,411, 135.39 
Eucinostomus Lefroyi--...--.-- 10, 11, 13, 39 
Eucinostomus productus ......---. 41 
HUropean SPeCieS 2-5. 6a Se.0 memicinie 15) 
Hxocetus'exiliens)-.22-)-eseer ieee 64 | 
Bxocetus lineatus! .--2.-).2s2s- sess 76 
Fauna of the Bermudas...-..-...- 11, 12 
ierasferidias2 = cs-es cece Sete ae 27 
Mish: markets)<.5-.2'<e% a<0losspoeee 10 
Mishspondsijcececcaseeises eee eeer il 
Rishi pots: Secchi cae oes eae zi 10 
HSHCTIES 2 so selasiieniceeleserenieeia 9 
Fishing boats..-.--.--------------- 10 | 
Mistularia serrabtase- ec scce sees Neth 
Fistularia tabaccatia.---.-----.--. 27 | 
Flora of the Bermudas -..--: .---.. 120 
Bbvime fishes ee ot ee 16,64 | 
Hour-eyed fish ~- o- << .cosee sesso 43 
IBY. atcial on apoio tieion a eiteeacine a eee aeete 10 | 
Bry, Hoc-moutheas<s> > ses see seit 70 | 
Poll-balts:shsacuce ste. cose ee ees 10 } 
Fundulus Bermude® ..---.-.------- 68 ! 
Galeorhinid 2 (cp sjale cine cialeerereiee 73 | 
Gar-fish 22 )22 Saas see ence oe eeeeae 17,64 | 
Garoupala-seeesa= Dae apiegaprsta ete So oT 
Gerridia:) 5.2.20. «syeeneeeeare 39 | 
Gill, Prof. Theodore......---..--.- 8, 50 
Glare-eye Squirrel. = esc sacccceee = 15 | 
Glass-eyed Snapper -......-@..-... 55 
Globe-hsheaSasac- ete ameter i 17 | 
Gold=fishy 2522-5 - celeste aceleesereaee 71 4 
Glyphidodon czlestinus -..---.---- 75 |) 
Glyphidodon saxatilis..-...-.----- 14, 38 } . 
Goat-fish: |: \7 Lat eee eee 
Gobius soporator....--...-----.- ae 75 
Godeti eli eneartes eens ear 7 } 
Goggle-eye ...5.. .......-c05-2---- AZ 
Gogeler Ujac.. seee asec cere aran 47 








= — 





Page 
Gosse’s, naturalist in Jamaica...... 8 
BRYAIN Se Aes Sioe ooa Se cee ees cesctes oes Th 
AVI OUAP Pel sass o's setsies esse asin 54 
PROUMeR ee esas cces ase {Rasases 11, 57 
POU per WCOLec =a ia shecee easels sr 15 
pM Ole ee saa see ae eee =e) e ae 15 
SLUM Gane oc ete e eae eee Cons seat 16 
Ponte lack: 2-35 ssse aaa eso ce os 54 
Rnb spotted: ctiieee sot esee oes 54 
Raut VV Ibe ae oes coe hee ee oe Sees 53 
PeruMteVEllOws secs ee meses cee eee 54 
BUACUCU Qe ose sees Teese 20 
Guamajacu atinga ..-.....- au ee 22 
> Guichenot, M ..---. Se eer ele sere 2 34 
| Brive liliviestea se saescec ease ase stot. 48 
SGI Stream sess False ee se esse 712 
Beraltweeds 22 Sees Ms oy Mh 20 
Gunther, Dr:--...--.- 19, 20, 22, 25, 33, 34, 55 

_ Ginglymostoma cirratum...-...... 7 
_ Gymnothorax moringa .-..-...--.. 72 
Pare MUlOne as Sosa scsealtn sea: ramers 53 
Hemulon macrostoma-...-.-.-.----. 75 
Hemulon quadrilineatum ---.--.-.-. 53 
_ Hemulon xanthopterum ......-..-. 76 
eemy lum capeuna.-- 2.25 5-s2-- 53 
Hemylum chrysopterum .......... 53 
iit Nett asc tosecasesetese encase 64 
BEIM GU AS ee es is ore ae hia h Be 7, 
BeMeOIS po o26 322 S2icr eA eS ee 9 
Harengula macrophthalma -....-.. 69 
Betunpe Tutus 62. ook 14, 37 
Barrnpton Sound \:22s<2-355222.-4 11 
Hemirbamphus Pleii ---..-.- Perea 11, 64 
Hemirhombus aramaca........---. 75 
BEMRE oa ater cee See See ese 69 
eee 8 202582 520 LE TP 
meine lack 22. ce SPSS saree 60 
Seid, Prickly: 22... 2... fos tee ee 15, 60 
mauppocampids .--2-......2)22..2. 27 
Hippocampus antiquorum......-.. 27 
Beippocampus, sp ..2022 .22 225052224 14, 27 
Histiophorus americanus .......--. 45 
Meas 2k 2 cco eS 10, 17, 36 


eeee-lish, Black -: 225222 27250.2 52.8 15 


@log-fish, Spanish ..:.'...22.2.2..0. 15 





Page. 
Hog-fish Beacon.........-.-. oe 37 
Holacanthus ciliaris......-..--..- 10, 38, 43 
Holacanthus) tricolor ==+22s.22¢..-5 44,75 
Holocentrumisogo asses 22>.) 13, 49 
Hound fishy esses eta 5 Lee 64 
Hypeneus maculatus....-----.---- 13, 49 
Hypoplectrus puella ---.......-.--. 60 
Introductory remarks ...-..-.----. 7 
JAC tars Sane sseeneteeaccse see 47 
Jewetish aos es sare ee 69 
Pigeinrer ss OSes SeNeR Mp ar ties 46 
Jones, J. Matthew. ...7, 20, 27, 32, 45, 62, 75 
Julis cyanostigma ..--...----.---- 36 
Julssiprincipis sess es cee ote eee 36 


Julis patatuss. 25235 42i soe ee 36 
Keane, Cs C2 s3sec52 228 


Killinpefishtess ose 225 22-722 10 
Rilmaevoretso gece des et tas- scene 33 
Habridwesscsc sess cass esate 2 10, 35 
Lachnolemus faleatus........--- 10, 13, 36 
Labrosomus nuchipinnis ...--..--. 14, 28 
Lady-fish, Spanish *:25/sss0. 222. 7 
Kane) Snapper so s5esseiesse sss5 eee = 17 
AMM Ge sss Soest eee 73 
Lamna punctata..-..g--..----.--. 73 
Wetroyiass5ohs heels ee 28 
befroy, General Jabs. sos -naces ce 28, 41 
Lefroyia bermudensis ...-.---..-15, 27,75 
Leptecheneis naucrates..--.....--. 61 
Leptecheneis naucrateoides....--.. 61 
ine nis hin pees aes area are 10 
bist of species. -—=-2)-=- We eeleese 19,75 
Hopsterm bermudaee-e) eee eee eee 10, 37 
ouster Spanishi.22 sa see. ee tee 10, 37 
OLO Gs ese aes co tee acs coe ones 30 
Mut anusl aya secre s eee eae 5d 
Lutjanus-caxis--.--..--.- eee ee cs 54 
Lutjanus cynodon ...... Se ae eee 55, 
utkenserofessObieecness ce scee ores 19 
Mackerel 222th sctettacaacreras see 10, 45 
Malthe augusta.......-....-.----- 20 
Malthetcabitrons:.csss css. 2-2 - 19, 20 
Mialiheldaess 222s tss2 esc naee a 19 
Malthe longirostris........---.---- 20 
Malthe notata ..........- oe 20 


80 


Page. Paga 

Malthe vespertilio:-.-2 2. soeccoseme 13,19 | Ophichthys acuminatus .......-..- 76 
Mangrove Snapper ..---. 222 scs-- 16 | Opisthonema thrissa .-........-.-. 69 
Maray, Black 252: onion eeree 17 | Orcynus alliteratus ------. ...-:- 10, 14, 45 
Marbled Anolers.c.22% <j -seeencee ere 20 | Origin of Bermuda colonists. .---.. 15 
Margate-fish...-...- oi Sie eee 16453) |Ostractidis "222 25 Se aa aers ee ee 23 
Megalops thrissoides..---.-..----. 68 | Ostracion trigonus ---.-....--..--- 75 
Melichthys buniva ..-.......-...-- 26 | Ostracium quadricorne ..-.-..----. 13, 24 
Mermaid. -soscn soe meee eee 15 | Ostracium triquetrum.......---- 13, 23, 24 
Mesoprion chrysurus ....-..----.-- 75 | Palinurus americanus ...--.-.--.-- 10 
Mesoprion goreensis.........------ . 54 , Paradiodon hystrix ..........--.-. 14, 21 
Mesoprion uninotatus .-......---.. 55 | Paratractus pisquetus....-...... 12, 14,477} 
Middletown University ..---...---- 99 | Pareques -.---.---- 222-220 -oeeen 50 
Molly. Milleric.. Jom. sete tee esate 9g | Pareques acuminatus ........---.. 13, 50 
Monacanthus aurantiacus ......-.- 75 |arrot-fish .- --2-e ep oct wee ete 17 
Mara y. foe eeteee enon tein cuinen tee 10,17 ;Eearch .----. .<---0 -Seece serene cc 16 
Morayaspeckledis-ce-- socjsne to bine (2 HEOEMIG Sos. 2. ose ale eens 15 
Mud fish: scsscutocineelcetesecmte saa 32 | Persistency of common names..--.. 15 
Mucilidae ssi a- snes ceeso~ssieee 63: | Pilchard’ eases sesso ee eee 10, 17,19 
Mucil Jebranchus<-2--s224 2-2 426 64 isPilot-fish* 2.4222) 42asnccee ase esaee 48 
MugilMizascse. so eeeetes ciottosacs 11;63'|;Pimelepterus Boseii:ss2s5).s5-s55e 52 
Miuitbleti.2 = 2-15-22 epee Se rere es 16463)|\eeipe-fishes sos 4- so sec oee eee 27 
Mullet Sand os. soe te jeee oak 15 | Platyglossus bivittatus........-.-. om 
MN ee ree aera Sraseray cele Sapna 49 | Poey, Prof. Felipe..-...--..-.-33, 34,36, 41 
Mullusibarbatustencessnesccsss ene 75 | Poisonous fishes ......-.... 24, 37, 56, 62, 72 
Murena maculipignis ..-..-..----- 76) |meomacentridss: jcss-. ssuenioee seen 38 
Mursena miliaris: 52 joss soon. eee 76 | -Bopular names).: oa. shaee= cess 15 
Murena sancte-helene............ ON | PROLLY so ceae eons eae sooede acienaee 17,51 
Murenid 222/22 - cpmoeecenieh see 100|\nPorey, Blue-bonessse=-4) tose se sos 15 
Mureenoides mucronatus ......... Z 29 | Porgy, Goat’s-head ...-....---..==< SL 
Muray. (See Moray.) orgy, Scotch -eosa-oeeee eee ete 15 
Mutton-fish =: ecesaceisncn acess 17 | Porgy, Sheep’s-head.-.-.... ..--. Bini 51> 
Mustelus Canis: <<. seo sejsisiscieees Wo) | @ROrgy, Spanish. oc seeieeialsete E 32 
Names used in United States ..---. 15 | Porgy, White-bone ----22...<-.---- 15 
Naucrates ductors-s 2-5. sa-cemeeces 14°48) ‘Porte-lancette ~<- - 535252 seen 42 
Necroifish: ccs 3. sccuewoenere oeee 16 dwBork=fishi.t joo. anes ae eae eee 16 
Negroes, Bermuda ....-.---.<--.-- Pots 5. 23.3 eee 10 
Newes from the Bermudas. ..--.-... 45 | Priacanthus macrophthalmus...... 76 
Nico gerifishs= 2225 oa seers 59) |sbrice of fish . 5.2 2. -\c see enn eee 10 
Narse Shark...... satel Uebastalp eater 73i\¢eriekly. HMind).-22 -\essaen eee 15 | 
Ocean Lurbot-... +. sae eee 96)|sPristipomatide zasseeneeeaeseeeees 10, 53 
Octopus ess s2 5 = Sbseis cae oeeee 19 | Promicropterus maculatus.---.-.--.- 60 
Ocyurus chrysurus: - <-/32jese bee ciete 55 | Pseudoscarus ceruleus .-.--..----. 13, 33 
Old names retained .---.....-<.-:- 15 | Pseudoscarus chloris ......--...--- 34 
Old=wite tcc... diate eee 17,26 | Pseudoscarus psittacus.......--.-- 33,75 
Oligoplites << - << .--a<< se5ecerer 48 | Pseudoscarus qnadrispinosus ..-.-. 34 











81 


Page. 

Pseudoscarus sanct#-crucis..-.....- 33, 75 
Pseudoscarus vetula ...-. ase eee 13, 32, 38 
fish ss eco cttacsetoe secede se 23 
Bidding wite-ss2=-o2tcstesceceoee 17 
Ptheirichthys lineatus-.........--.. 61 
ierophryne picta ~-22-.'-+ <<. -e<- 20 
Red Deseo tte sess tee cess tae seu es 73 
BPAIMVOW issue sVew eee tes ee ee 15 
med Rock=fish ss.-.csss0 nw isseee ve Se 56 
Re O-Call ses tee cee See Sees 15 
Reef-building polyps.........---.. 12 
BUGOIS)t wes oss octets Rete os Se ceed 9 
‘Regalecus gladius.........--..---- 63, 76 
Reptilian fauna of the Bermudas -. 61 
‘Rhomboidichthys lunatus ......-.. 75 
‘Rhypticus saponaceus..-......----. 60, 76 
PODIUM ees or ta eae ee maae Gene ae 10 
Reet G eae oe race osene 16, 55 
OCK=BAROM sack cs ewe ss weaee tse 56 
LOUNGE RODIN ssccce sceses ces scares 46 
MOM EretShscsces cases csicce eee eee 16 
UMMM ea eee contac cece ce se see. 15 
SEOMOUL svete onesie sense sats 42 
Eaavind toxtilisetcccscsecc. ose ee ee 13, 29 
Sealarias VOMernus--22-2-..222-.-2 29 
Bano -Coleae sere eRe a hoe 15 
SenOamMmlonms sets eset tore cemeee 15 
Rand-Sharkeces seeeesss sae eee 15 
PardinGucencnetoren et scinnt see ee 15 
Sardinella anchovia..........-.... 69 
BEePAOSUT 2 Shoe theese eG cae Ss 20 
Sargus argenteus .......---..----. 75 
Pargus Rondeletii......'......-.... 52 
Sargus variegatus...-.....---..--- 11, 52 
Sarothrodus bimaculatus........13, 38, 43 
BeeeTS S(BCCHS 1-2250/0cs0ccsa= as. ss 76 
Saurus griseus.......-. esbelsee ciemias 68 
BMENS WNYVOPS. 2 so -omececs coe csc 76 
SGC EY ia oe ag 10, 32 
Berns Catesbyl 22-22 2.2.2.2---.- 75 
SRALUSICHIOLIS: coc scac ccce acces ese 34 
ME ACUSMACIANS2. cess ceesce coaace 13, 32 
RESUME VANOHS sc S5 5s ce2 odiece oadelen 34 
Bee HSHOS oo See Se bes BSS ; 11 
BEGIN ARLOE hes) s2 es oon. Soe c eke 16 


6F 


Page. 
Schoolmaster Snapper-....-.-....... 55 - 
OCIMMID: S52 cl sakes nworwdons leeeee 50 
Scomberesocid® .. .... ..2.---- ---6 64 
SCombrideiousareussveccercdest eseu es 45 


Scorpzena Plumieri...............- 1D 


Nenttlomteseccnwcccewcsccateccus ss 19 
Scyllarus equinoxialis ..........-. 10 
SCyAltideeeeesoe eee ceeicciecle eae 73 
Nea-hedgehog:s s- ssosacee See. Les 21 
Sea-horses ssc eee ecetcew ese ese ‘ 27 
Sea-porcupme scecc ewer ss = 21 
Nea Law yer-ossscswaeeee sobs Ss 54 
Nea-serpenti see et jae ee clewioe sleet 63 
Sea Sparrow Hawk .......-....--- 16 
NOINES IS sss hae vee o ae 11 
NOMN Ch ee eserscs Sees A 63 
Sergeant Major :s-020s us ods se 38 
Serlolarsssecesctsseeecss eos Skee 48 
Seriola -dumerilii...-.. :.0s....-.-. 75 
Neriola zonatarc timc setae seees 75 
Serranide:ssse3os sores aus se sss Ss 10, 55 
Serranus|apuars2os2) sacc- eee saree 59 
Serranus brunneus................ 56 
Serranus coronatus...--...---..--- 76 
Shadissgeaeseeacs 222 SSR 10, 15, 17,39 
Shad, Long-boned..-.--.--...---.. 39 
Sharky Sandeets sis 235455352823, 15 
SharkSunburnt:ss..ssse.5 22-25 15 
Sheep’s-head Porgy ..---.-.--.---. 51 
Silkk:Snapper:: ss52 ese 22S 2S2 55 
Skip Jack: ssssscsessosee He 15, 17, 48 
Slippery: Dick.eosasceewi ese saleeee 15, 48 
Snakestishy ee 2 aiys ccm siesen se sco ate 68 
Snapper, Wanesaacsiicosse cosscese 17 
Snapper, Mangrove ..-.-.--....---- 16 
Snapper, Schoolmaster ........-... 55 
SHAN pel Silks aetce seers eee sce 55 
SAPO SPOlisa1. = ssaceie sess = 55 
Soap-fish-stsesertt sects once 60 
Bol@ist sss ebsc hah adelecsssedecitwse 17 
Spariderssyassac-sesescanesss cee: 10, 51 
Sparnsibadiatis\asecsciseeiseetcs <i 36 
Speckled)! Moray ss2ss2-nc- sce ose 6 72 
Sphyrena borealis ........---.---. 62 
Sohyreba picks s. oss ccencces 2-0 62 


Page. 
Sphyreena spet...-.. .---- oa eae 61 
Sphyreenids......-- peanaelecmiaismete 61 
Sphy raids sree cisce cmiemecsenie sete oe 73 
Sphyrna zygena.....-.--- > eS 73 
Spot Snapper ..---. ...6 scse-J-- <n 55 
Spotted! Grunb, << cieccerereseccr= 3 54 
Squirrelensteesececeeeee eee sa a 16, 49 
Stimpgerayioe caer sce esees c= oe -ee™ 73 
Streaked Grunt. -< oes ccc eeeeacse> 54 
Suck-fshioecceeee cece. ses ce sleet 61 
SHOKING-fOM cee ope ccce ne == bape = 17 
Sunburnt Shark jo 2-)os0 -o0e sre =\0 15 
Swallowiecse sce sesee sence a aceois 23 
S\wOLd<fShe ote rsowscie anlatonae‘se'=ela~ 45 
Syngnathid~ ...-------. ---- ------ 27 
Syngnathus JONES eee njocescienss LO laaco 
Syngnathus pelagicus ..-.-....--- = 27 
SyNOCONWODe aeae ses eee sce sie iee 68 
Synodus lacerta..... .-...-+.+----- 12, 68 
MAL PUM sessed eae nr ec eacisaees 68 
Mableiof;contents::)< <<<. <-.,.- case 3 
PLAT Oyeeierey cele ee tell snie icin sisal ele 16, 42 
Tetrapturus albidus .....-...----.- 45 
Tetrodon marmoratus .-....-.---.- 22 
Metrodon(rostratus, <<... .-552--< 75 
Metrodon)turcidus).- 95/352). seen 62 
Tetrodontide. ..- 2.52 -6.<cecce = 22 
Mouthidide)-- << s-1s----seeoeenoee 41 
PhuM Pers so acc eae eee eeeeeee 15 
Thyrsites prometheus ......--..-.-. 75 
‘obaccopipe-fish......--<...c<-,s-2ie6e i7 
Topography of the islands........ 8 


° 


Pag 
Trachurops crumenophthalmus -.14, 39, 47 
Trachynotus ovatus... ....-...--+6 7 
Merachypteride-2-cec eee eens 63 
Transporting power of Gulf Stream. 12 
PrighiO@ soc oc sec eEeReeeeeee sas 31 
Trisotropis guttatus --....---..... 56 
Trisotropis undulosus .--....---..- 55 
Prom pa esses secre ane teers 30 
Traumpet-tish: oA 23 cen epee ae 27 
Trumpet-fish, Black...---......... 27 
Murbot seeeee Sicsreeieceus seasieee 25 
(Turbot; Black; -aaepeceeee eee ee eee 26 
Turdus cinereus peltatus .....---.. 39 
Wnicorn-fishyos se pcb seen ces a 
Valenciennes ~ -s52< ee meriactetennis 33 
Wee peiee ee ee re 33 
Wrest Indian revion) -/.2- sce -'-eni> il 
WV RIGO-RAVic ccm oelesitesia meee eee 73 
Wihlite-Belly 2... -t.s cso eee 15 
White-bone Porgy |... <3). 52 ss se's 15 
White:Gronts. .2-cossseeee ete 53 
Wihiting cect soc sa anicce sree aces 17 
Whiting, Carolina ..........---0-- 17 
Miphias\oladinss socio atte eee 45 
Miphildss.: s2-% 4.2. sess Be 45 
Vollow=fishys 2-22 'sn ja. saaceeesseoe 169) 
Wellow Grunt <2 \.- ssa) sreee 54 
Yellow-tailse- ss-sjoss-so scene eee 55 
Yellow Tang. ..s.\22.5.tso0-oeeeecee 15 
Welting:)2 8-06 22c oo seers 5oma 
Zonichthys fasciatus .............. 13,48 














Department of the Bnterior: 
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Bie eee 2 


BULLETIN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


INFoLG: 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION (F THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1876. 


PNM ENA PrOMATL, “EXHIBITION, 1876. 
BOARD ON BEHALF OF UNITED STATES EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 


CLASSIFICATION 


OF THE 


COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE 


THE 





ANIMAL RESOURCES or tae UNITED STATES. 


A LIST OF SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, WITH 
SYNOPSIS OF THE USEFUL AND INJURIOUS ANIMALS 
AND A CLASSIFICATION OF THE METHODS 
OF CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION. 


By G. BROWN GOODE, M.'A 


ASSISTANT CURATOR U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


WASH EN GEON:: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
L376. 





ADVERTISEMENT. 


This work is the sixth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the 
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 
1846. 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution. and printed by 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. 

JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, February, 1876. 











PREFACE. 


The following classification has been prepared by Mr. Goode to facili- 
tate the work of collecting and arranging the material gathered by the 
National Museum to illustrate the resources of the United States as 
derived from the animal kingdom, in the International Exhibition of 
1876. It is also intended to indicate the general character of the 
articles which are to be included in this branch of the exhibition. 

Contributions of specimens of the different classes enumerated are 
much desired, for the purpose of making the proposed display complete, 
and should be addressed to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 
». C. 

JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 





‘Section A.—ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS 
' TO MAN. 

BN IMNES eee see ae ar DSS a eae oe eee ee ns fe eS 
| HResHernen (CATOLVOLes)) ce eis yes Sacer tise one ease os cee eet ef clee aes cea eae 


Binnipedia; (Seals, QeC.)cacens= case eles ee aan ss sisal es © ss 
PeUMmeantatas (hooteduanintals) sce cs tamer setae mete et-m ae cet scsintes taiai1— 
meroboscidess (Glephamts; GC.) asesers + a5 -seisicclseccee es sens secs se 6 cies 
MP SILEMIA(SOA-COWS OCs) eecn aois soba acess ye ciclnceaisiatei siessiins Se =f) wasieis's 
PeC@ote:((whales).. ccc essnsisees closer cers Sams sele ee ciscesmees cee tes se 
Denticete; (sperm whales'and dolphins)-=2- ----2----- --<- -s--+------< 
Mysticete::(baleentwihales)) <s2-2- cscs. oneis--1oo se cee aor Sone ees ask 
mC hiropberay (WAS) so =ose stare sealers sisemineeiae dees elaeccen weet coscse Secs 
PeInSeChivioras(MOlesautuyraseac ade eae senso ncteciees aseiemees cme ealencee 
Saas CE Sio (APD OLS) eae teal leet ale ieee oe ote ee erent 
Bishi) (CUGNLALCS sep erie e clan eats = sane oe elas Poses ae oa eee Sai 
me Marsupialian Marsuplates) wee cosesceccue sees sac ccecon «nae siceciecs se 


PRIZASSOLES; (MAGSCLINGS i cccco viessss awteoe cosas soe seteccis steic ease sces oe 
Bp lICATI ES. | (WOOCPCCKOLS) stein tee misictee seine aaa aie eet ah ae armor aciepore 
MCC UCILIN (CUCKOOS)nssc5.) coos seca Semin = ceases, Se condeoceel cake 
MBLSILUACI, (PALLOUS)) si nosencn ses ss ccss Saeacesaeaes ssosceecices wesw see ce 
MPA LOLES (MITOS OL PLS)scsas aca cee en seis aoe sce ese ees soos Seas 
MM OlMp 3 (PISEOUS))o2 sce cis satersee Sale oae nemceceee ee ceris meses once aoe 
mGalline(cullimaceous DILGS IM Part)ic.s ses asseed cess ceece coecee cee ees 
mals Calas (DOVES) sesasie oe etl aoa ess iat oe eee eee aes doe es 
MIELOCL ONES 4 (MELONS) passccttncs ets sae a eels ae Pare cease oni ta seceeee ee 
BE MERNGLIOS, (GEAUOS | occ petace wo sane sous Se Nmens sou alee deca ness 
: Lamellirostres, (flamingoes and anserine birds)..-......-.....--..----- 
MBO aAnOpOdess (COLMOLAMLS) hrc a= aaa eae tee ine set eee scicins 6 
- Longipennes, (gulls) ..---. Jala Sess ee SoM C EEE aS a'= sta sibasiwake ce os 
Meyronodes, (probes and auks)..2.-.. 25222022053 2222 ode lene ot 


. Sphenisci, (penguins) .---...---. ee ale 


Rissipedias Candicarniviores resect eee ante ene eae eae nee = : 


oO * 


Or 


SD S& Sc KO 


CS tN EN 


oo ce nonnwn  « 


~ 
— 


Ce ae 
we wm Re mB RPP eSB Ooo d © 


VII ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


II. Reprites—Continued. 
27, Lestudinata;(borvoises) zene. acieoe ae coor eee cee conser aeomesne nares 
28h acertilian(izarGs) ice eceemeles =o lc se em eels nice seCneinen tenneraetates 
29. Ophidia, (Serpents) ) <2. 2 -cjee = wicislnise wee winnie wins wivie elnlalmlale/aate/= iain oiala= i stele 
Tis AMPHIBIANS pe lacisstes/ oan aye eee cioehan ic asin) 1 a5 0.0 ee aie! ie ielnje at spares oa telenereteletete eleters 
BO;-ANUTA, |GrOrs) ea ecm iset seers a clase) dace) ssw eo aletetaioheletetellelore lata leiepete eer fete teres 
Sl-Urodela (salamanders) o> se sae eco = a peo oie Sete lies ete enete Seeteriere 
32.) broteida, (menobranclins; 8&0): = = /<io1- alsiewiel seeie ole eiaie obese im elenele miolelenelatsieters 
So. eLrachystomatas (SILMS))a- <1 ons sic elses seems omen eemiseie mecha erect seenee 
WERE ISHES eee necro eee sees ccm ccicie isle eto ter aiaialalie ale ot etote estate oleae teeter atetetats 
34s Rediculatin(an Glens); ois. 2ces/- sacle oo see eer ee eee ees 
35. Plectegnathi, (globe, trank, and file fishes).-...-.----2-5 -2cascec-- meee 
36:.luophobranehil; (pipe-fishes, G&c.))-- 5. ccc ce mee ce tine eem ame iaas eerie 
37. Hemibranchil)(sticklebacks, ¢.))3<<j0 2) sci sesisent= ae eke sieetes ee aiieine eee 
38. Teleocephali Beale sisi sec elaiie ls 2 srelwicte loa) e ys tete Re aoe la iate reveals tere teeta onereieciers 
Hetcrosomata, (flat fishes) 525 .22- esses eccrine sas eee eee eee Eeeeae 
Anacanthini; (cogs; &C;))).s.)-:e-e eso eee =e seem ele aera 
Acanthopteri, (spiny-finned fishes). -<--.--. socceme nc eae aoe ae 
Pereesoces, (mullets; &c. )\s-.-<.,255- 55 eee ceee see eee seme Serer 
Synentogvathi, (gar-fishes and flying-fishes)..............--..---.-.-- 
Haplomi, (pikes, &¢.) 2.22 - 222 <n, ssecSs sacle see spos sesee  eseece nee 
Tsospondyli; (salmon, herring, d&¢.)/jona- 4 ee ele ee eee eee 
Eventognathi, (carps) =. .2.2s-cocoeeee eps enss seater eee see 
39, Nematognathi, (cat-fishes))-<2. 22. < cece see 5 -pe see Geese eee 
40. Apodes; (eels) -- cc 2-62). -.- ce oc nis oo sce out) Soe eIsers Selec ee eras 
41. Cy. cloganoidei, (amias) —. 5.6... ..\..ccle cics - eee een See see es sa eee 
42, Rhomboganoidei, (gar-pikes) .......--.-. +--+. -----. .----- Batsjaroeie eines 
A3: Sélachostomi,(paddle-fish) 2: (2-222 cesses = eee eee eee 
44, Chondrostei, (sturgeon's) =: s--2%.5-5 sec seca ce ce ceeiee eee ee eee 
VI. ELASMOBRANCHIATES :. 2-24.00 0:5 s¢/ecc sencss cael ssaccsmesn eee eaen eee eee 
A5, Holocephali, (chimeras)):_ 22. sown sone coe haemo cetine ee elece tee eemaere 
46. Rais, (skates and Tays) 225.265 <2 sto ee ee Sees 2 ee pace cee ae eaeeenee 
47. Squalt; (sharks) accens eee oaoeeeeoaecce 2 Goo coe ee eC eee eee 
ViLT.. MARSIPOBRANCHTATES «550 \<isctelsnic ee, cinsie cere ae eee eae eee Cee nee eee 
48. Hyperoartia, (lamprey) 2.52 420.200 soa. oh os.c 52 ee ee None Be eee eee 
49) Hyperotreti, (hags) ecco. asce0) sacs ete ccescee te aos See eee eee 
Wille EPTOCARDIANS |< 22) i. 2 Satie sehie dss ee ee ciao dincew terse eee enone re Eee Eee 
50-sCirrostomi; (ancelets)Ss2c. soe ceeacne scan oeee eee eee eee eee 
TIX, VINSE CTS cae mstewtictewiet sino! 1a cis iolaus inte. sic peie ose oe eyelet ten tee ee ee gee 
Olt. Insecta; (iNSéCts) ecu ca cinb Soe eoce oc cose ee cee eee Ree 
522 Myriapoda, (centipedesseees) -s5 6522 ce1. nals cicie oo a ee Cee eee ee seeee 
IX, -ARACHINBANS oo s,osic.ccinee tie eee mitotane ne wieieeiserre win 5 S's soci aioe aise ct ee eee 
Do. Arachnida, (SPlders)\aa-cteeeee eecelseeee tee Bic cinete: Set ar aha aymsers Terra Ree eee eee 
XT ARTHROPODS 3.22 52 sec.ses Saud c el tcinis enlace Sosae ae sinister eee ee eee 


o4..Crustacea,.(erabs! G2e:)) ohecis scnia eee eisicclswictsiee aes eel ae ene ee eee 


13 


16 





TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


| XID. WorMS ....------ 22-22 eee ee eee ne eee rece rene ern cee tee sees 
55. Annelida, (annelids).-.. .--..----. ------ -- 2-20 eee eee tee eee eee eee eee 






56. Scolecida, (spoon-worms, &¢.) .-.--.--------- Se ants see paerel aaiois siclsiare oie 
i IIT. MOLLUSKS... -.. 0-2-2 -- 2-22 enn ne nen enn ne secon cane nen nnn cree ee 
57. Cephalopoda, (cephalopods) ..---. --+- -----+ +----- +--+ 222 see ere eee eres 
58. Gastropoda, (sea and land snails)...... .----- -----+ ----2+ -2--2- 22-2 2+ 
59. Conchifera, (ordinary bivalve mollusks) ..---.--.----- -----+----+-+-+----- 
BM) FRADIATES of ac soe see os tte cme iteminniceinc mnasleceete issiseeweess 
60. Echinodermata, (echinoderms) .-.-.--. .----.-----+ s2---+ -----0 2-228 - eee 
i 61. Coelenterata, (acalephs and polyps). Sete ee hee eee Sees Sas 
BY PROTOZOANS .-. 2 122-25 cccce Joc n a Soe ewcn ec de enne nos ese cee ne ease eee 
| 62. Rhizopoda, (sponges and foraminifera) ...-...-----------+----+-----+--- 


SecTION B.—MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 


tApparatus of direct application. 
s 
lq I. HAND-IMPLEMENTS, (SIMPLE TOOLS)...--.---- --------2- sesces ee ee eee n coon 


* For striking. 


*** Hor thrusting. 
5. Spears and prods.--.-. Sa See EE Siac aro ate tise ee amiacicte='s 


MOPMPLEMENTS HOR SEIZURE) OF OBJHCT. o24 3222. <2 gece se cone seco cc mcs seeicee 


, * Scooping-instruments. 
Gm SCOOPSiae as seer ee ss soe eee ae ai aaal wie lati iats Veit inlet = wim oisieisielsieimie)winai= 


** Grasping-hooks. 





. Hooked implements, (used with single motion, that of hooking). -.----- 


~1 


8. Barbed implements, (used with two motions, the first that of thrusting). 

Pee Hon fae eC ee rye ara See eee Sate aainte eats aaa eta e ala tain ierelele teat 
*** Grasping-lines. 

10. Nooses, (lariats and snares) ...-... .--- ---2-- 2022 20-00 en woos eee ones 

Memo rdedslines;|(bDOlAS) ec sast- 5-6 sessieeaee sects scel= ae ieaiae = ee 


EMU CLOS yoo tet oactet fa «= my = = einen a. e'e/aininy aan amen eels e aeid sella Emini = 


RBIS TTT een ene SOAS is ieee eS al OU Se Pe ce cleat alone cee eee eG 


* Simple missiles, (those propelled by the unaided arm.) 
mer Cledewelchts. oa. nc ac - soc seiclee eee ada ca sidan sadn dacieleniam.caiseisie~e 
f4wHurled sticks..acc. $2-.-2 202 WSIS SS ARIE ye SEE tee ow lays 
SeRITEDCHMRTONTS TICS vo. % oc ok ce, sce sie pece' n= sisvenle ete ewen wes sas re 





21 


21 
21 


22 
22 


22 
22 


23 


23 


25 


x ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


** Centrifugal missiles, (propelling power augmented by artificial lengthening of the arm.) 


i Page 
III. MisstnES—Continnued. 
16. Slings, and spears thrown by strapS..-..----.--------- +--+ -+----+------- 26 
17. Missiles thrown by “ throwing-sticks”......---.------ +--+. --+------- 26 


*** Missiles propelled by a spring. 


¢ Spring consisting of bent rod. 
1SUBowssalhd Arrows: .-cecr = oSe< - sec ce ss coee meee bon seea meso teats 26 


tt Spring consisting of elastic cord. 


19. India-rubber slings........ -----. .----+ ---208 20+ enn ne een e == Pacers 27 


ttt Spring consisting of metallic helix. 
20. Spring guns ...--. --.--. ----- 2 eo ene ene ee ne ee ee eee ee ee ee eee 27 


**** Vissiles propelled by compressed air or water. 
Q1. Air-guns. .....----- --- 2-2 eee eee eee cee ene cee ee ce eee ce cree eee eee 2 


22, Water-gun8.... .--. .- 2-22 een ne te eee cece ne ene cee een cen e ene 27 


***** Nissiles propelled by combustion of gunpowder. 





2B al Hihyset) 11 \: ee eee eee eee iGe HO umm OUo oemded Danas odoseode a oSS 27 
24. (Accessory.) Ammunition and its preparation......-.--.-..---------- 2 
25. (Accessory.) Accessories of loading, repairing, and testing fire-arms .... 29 
26. (Accessory.) Accessories of carrying fire-arms. (Accoutrements)...--.- 3 

IV BAITED HOOKS—ANGLING-TACKLW 22.50 o-eco cen nes teers eet ee eee 31 
27. Hooks with movable lines.—Hand-tackle .............---.-----.------ 3 
28. Hooks with stationary lines.—Set-tackle.......--.---------------- --- es 3L i" 
29. (Accessory.) Parts and accessories to angling-apparatus....-.-...----- 320 | 

ttt Apparatus to a greater or less extent automatic. 

Wi, UNETS ).5.5:2 ce sacs oc Sarco Se ceseai nope ele re ener eee tee ates oer felon 35 
30. Entangling (meshing) nets....-. calob otis soe So Crate wae ees ene 3D 
31."Eincircling ‘nets... = 225225 222 22s wceena~ cee cea ome ere erecta ee teeta 39 

ttt Apparatus entirely automatic. 

Vi. TRAPS... oe décoclcdenwe lc le Seceie ced ic oHeeene eee ae ee 37 Ti 
32 Pen-braps. eens eae cee soa cleo eine ne ee ee eeene eet ere eee 37 
$3." Clutehimg-trapasss-0s 225 (As sec -ab usec nn eee See ene 38 |] 
34. Mall-trapsAxss- ssscsas sects le aaeeitice Pee mee eeeer ae seme ed Hatem: 39 4 
35, Missilezbraps ite Jooc 5c etiserd ose base eiaeee aetstee eee te ee ee ee 399 
36. Adhesive preparations 4... s..cere cones cece cee Ree ee eeae eae eee 39 ] 

Vil. APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE, DESTRUCTION. <.- 7-52 .2/jone ona) senate 39 1 
S7, VPOISONS = ~2 6 st es 2S see ee ee eee ee see eles noe eee eee ee 39 
36. Asphyxiatine apparatus... 2. hook Seen nce ve enna eee see eee 29 ‘ 
80.. Torpedoes... ..-+c-2286 sence Pee Oe eae hae 39 | 


ttttt Accessories to the chase and fishing. 


Vile EL UNTENG-ANTNMATIS 22.02 soos ine ore ete ere ental aten stare ate ace stele lotel sl oteterele tetera teeta tate ; 
40.) Hunting-mamm@ale sc 264.2 A cote. cee easiaca cisions eee et eree tte 39 





TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI 






Page. 

VIII. HuntinG-anrmaLts—Continued. 
41. Accessories to hunting-mammals.-...........-..---.--.. Fars ee late eee ea 41 
PNG S-MIRGS | ate se eee Sete gatos a ses GRA betel 41 
BS aeA CCESSOLLESE tO UMM C= DINGS See avenee Leese ce he eee heey een Lhe 41 
AA PEON NSHeSs. cc asec nce ene eines Coe sae elec e ae a aks ye A Le 41 
PP UCOVS AND: DISGUISHSs-s-jssids cone cos ese seceikecons cote seeee sees asses ees. 41 
AG aes alent c/sveo css Saee ee eee ERS YU Re ee eee A ae, Sate ee Lee 41 
AGED ECOVS: acini = sisieyocn eas ere cee ioe Seema Mes ye eR Rh oh aan 42 
AULA ONCE eines ae einilaicicte Senne tose See Sea Sase cate cea eeaee ese aens MRu. 42 
Ge URSUIT—ITS METHODS! AND APPLIANCES) ...- 222-126. -tocle-saesen aes. cece 42 
Ae Methods ar LransporiahlOMi =. +. sss <--1s5algaae ae eeemad sates ance Soses 42 
AD Camp-OuUtht ss Ss ace see Noe ale Maa vee oma inthine se ane tatels alsin settee: 44 
HO Personal equipmentss 2220s. estas sans geeeesceee a tae e eee egNSE 2 45 

SEecTION C.—METHODS OF PREPARATION. 

1. PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF FOODS...-.-. .----. +--+ ----0-0 see ees 47 
iL Preservation of ‘the living animals, (see, 3)---- ..--2--.---- <-s------- 47 
DePrescL Valor O rtresh Me absence ayers aioe eee Seo ie Lee lacine etree ene AT 
See DTV Oyo = om 1 haar Sais oi hiciaiee ole wie wictniaieial ccsiete Saptine sotay-te(seeteasinia apsiain s/s = 47 
ran) TUNER NL LC Lee eee ete oStream nessa oe lama ise e 48 
| ERE MARAT ONO LI) ALS Getlateacee os chee eho) opoie tele ay ated oa evap ie ele acer sions. =\c 48 
i i. MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE FABRICS, FELTS, AND STUFFINGS......---------- 43 
: HME OMEN ATO MAMMA Sse oaens, <\a/nic sensemiacte He = ae een nee aa a see ee 48 
eEOM wih al OW ON Clacton is aicie hae oats lope e amereiai che Sele aefeciey Saya ss hea 49 
| SILO MTC aD HOLS ae ie aoe crete as ele atop tee wage ayaa oars saute ore alae 49 
| OME Tonsil Of INseChS eee wee se.o aa cete ee one Se ee ate 49 
| LOS Hromisoth parts.of other invertebrates: ..222 0562+ f 2-2-5 22-25 5--s4-- 49 
t " fT PREPARATION OF THE SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES...-....--.-- ---------+----- 49 
: Hie OM CST pT Opeeteeere tte neta ater Fae eternal cleat eter steesisiete ain atsl oe sieiaste etate 49 
| Bre SeH TURRET Oitre eeee mie cape ava Staats x cninin a us a ears ts eine temo es oie i dears 50 
ls Hes nr ORessing oe oe a) clases soca as olise de Sek tae se dss Sess caeat ces 50 
4 pe Meat Mol CLCSSIN Oy. sajsas.aeicieitie Sais wal alae er among Pec. Sosies seteee feces 50 
iieevanutacturevof quill articles. 2-1/2 caste soe sae Sees = eee ew aveeeees 51 
eta WD WOOL WOK ais sascce s= screve wens eee anos ee aa a 51 
MeL EPATATION OF THE HARD TISSUES)... o26-ousossee poses s Jeccadeesccss-ee 51 
| PeeevOry, CULhing and CarVvING 2. <'s.5~6 soos Jus Helysi eae ieee. 51 
fiemiereparavion of horn and hoots: 2554 sesss2n!b sense eel dee sieee dee ae welea be 51 
fmbreparationiot whalebonGteseo sas sa=ss ssn oe Hote stoe cco ek socisaeeeeks 51 
Peeirepacabion Of Lortolse-shelliio. 252. s25N4ssscs oases sccwers=socesewecn ue 51 
| Eeetteparation of fish-scale work, &@.. ier icn oe cece ce cdesenncecaasacns 52 
) | SEAL AION OF MACT Oot ty Sia ek Seek ofereie or ecto on 4a ot ee een ae 52 
: SEER eMatatiOm Of Coral’ I: 552/252 6 oo Sooo nina mim) sn SO Fades tle 52 
| Peeereparation of other hard tissues..02 2 sls JIC 1 See PD ee 52 
(te PREPARATION OF OILS AND GELATINES....)..--2.-----+ --02 sees aceesceee cece 52 
: Yo. Extraction of whale-oils.--...--..--:.-L--< SAeeseetes Lashes Sse Steet 52 
) BilStraAchiom Of OuAer mammal Oils. 2 <1 Aaa as's ecto ae oo ctaiale oa oe'e so -\2 © = 52 


XII ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


V. PREPARATION OF OILS AND GELATINES—Continued. 
97, Extraction of bird and reptile oils..---+------------ccrrrrte corer rr 
08. Extraction of ish-oils .5.. o<----++-+2--°-=-- 79> cone ane ere nne 
99, Extraction of glue, gelatine, and isinglass.----- ---- +--+ es-7se277- s0707" 

VI. PREPARATION OF DRUGS, PERFUMES, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. -------+----- 
30, Preparation of perfumes... <= 4. ----~----"2 062 “or aaa osnae ae gars 
$1. "Manufacture of ivory-black.. .---.-+=------02= ser sooo se noes 9 sear a 
39. Manufacture of prussiates...-..---------+ s=---9 so -o ce ren err a 
$3. Manufacture of murexides..---- -----+ ----+- <95229 *05 earns anna 
34. Manufacture of cochineal colors..-. -------+ +--+ trrrrrcrrrrr re 
35. Manufacture of inks .--------- oes wee oe als Dele San eis sella a elel eS aralera raat 
35 Manufacture of albumen ....---- -- +----2 22 s~ 200g o> eigen 
$7. Manufacture of pepsin .-.. .----- «+--+ ---- s29 2 sp roar Race Sars ae 
38. Manufacture of phosphorus ..---- .----- +--+ s--2er soe ross cere rrr 
39. Manufacture of sal AINMODIAG -.. =. -0- seme ece = oo ew o =e eee ender 
40: Manufacture of ammoOnia.-22 /=< =<! 5-25 ee err oe as eae 
41. Manufacture of albumen preparations..-- ---- rt, i ASM Tey elie santeatarcioer 
42, Manufacture of propylamine.----. .----- -----+ -sre52 crores reser re 
43. Manufacture of formic acid. -.:-~--= 5224-222 9S see ena 


44. Manufacture of carbazotates...----- ------ -222 sorcerer nr 


AG; Bucking of lime+2.2+.2-.2225 6¢-- 026-222 a eee 
1X. PRESERVATION OF THE ANIMAL FOR SCIENTIFIC USES.----------+---+------ 
47. Preservation of wet preparations ...-.----------+sere srr rrn errr 


AG, Skéleton-malking:-2s2-t<-128-2-6 «72 = ce-- = een Sorc: ca se 


40; Modelingics2.. iiscesiedc0-e-scemrcn> 5 ote" ae ar cee a 
BO. "Daxidermy....---2-=20s-2e2-22-4 see «econ sce ae 
51. (Accessory.) Photographie and other delineating apparatus.---------- 


Section D.—ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 


To FOODS. <2 sececececsetere+s2qoc207 22 1+ 2277s see 
1, Foods ina fresh condition ..-----------2=->--72- 7-7 7etnogs a 
9, Foods diied.and smoked ...- ---- .<---- -=-2==-scFratr se: 4 ae 
8 Foods salted, canned, and pickled ..---.-+-----s 272555 "0777 Tt 
A. Gelatines; (see 24) <- += v-2<2- 2222-772 2+ >= => 2a ee 


5. Baits and foods for animals... -+-...---0+-*aces4 26> 79 sao eee 


Bi Mextile fabri0s.-..¢-2-5--2er2-srere2:2>> --"= "272 
III. MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES...- ------+---7-°-- 


* Hard materials. 











| L. INVESTIGATION 


4 
\ 


. 





II. PROTECTION 


‘ 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


III. MaTERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES—Continued. 
EILOOISFATICNG LAWS ys seen an tata tate Sattar ielaral el eveiace satel etere= sie)rs 521 
ORP a GOneee seieccars sta ee ae Ses ars eae Sol te ich te ialewiwicier = Se ae au cecesiacaase 
TS aeROTGOISE-S Olle crie see eee mae ere ere teen sero eet epe nein Stars sietarais ayslovas/eieiciaiaie 
WAR SCALES aes Satie mces seen ced ieee ins eee sia prt Sees SENS Stele aislaisnia ss 
SELB hs Seer ear ap er ore epee pee arses ete toe ars Seah ies aes A a 
MGM NOLS eyes a eho ota oa Aric eae emerieec sss suits 
[7b OL Teeter era meet Beat openyss ty Sees nine ee aitjore cee aerials Se chs « thats eeclete 
LSM kUsOnialveanhlies sees ees sete eee es sts le ae aek cts Sere ee aia reterereneia: i 
19. Other materials derived from invertebrates...--..----.---.----------- 

** Flexible materiats. 
OME ah OTe toa sores aston aroma Scene ep cor= Sit aia sree olla reraisiotayaye mers, ae siecsie 
lem Lair GawOOls(SeelalsOrs)) easter pares alas Sle alana ol ere elatieta = aol 
DOMBCL UN Si aerets ser ees area ee etree ee eee ens RUE te Ee Cees 
Sem LOAN CLS ise rae each ciara tel eee ava cere ek Matas, Seeora tate tee ete! bt ee taney sia Reese Naa 
oAmGelatine vad: tin olass shes ss- ooeces ees lope tate ae See nee est ace ee 
25. Flexible materials from insects and mollusks..-....----.-------------- 
GMS PORES asain. atta oie Galas louse Saisie nisin inl = SS ee egnee ees eae cinyees/nee.e cise 


HA OMSHAN MASS risers acais sche aiere oe a aieieimee ae ee eiaia aes Ae Sets 
23. Perfumes 
29. Coloring materials 


30. Chemical products and agents employed in the artsand medicine. ...--- 
31. Fertilizers. 
32. Limes, (see under 30) 
33. Other materials 


ee 
ese tee wee ee eee ee eee we we eee eee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee 


i ee i a ny 


Section E.—PROTECTION AND CULTURE OF USEFUL ANIMALS. 


1. The methods of the United States Fish Commission...-.......----.--.- 
Pa ELeSOLVAulOMmOl CAME aANG Me Dano) se wasn roe ia) sea a ce cirss eee cls 
ae CareroteanimMals Ty ean bivul ye ae cise cen eee ete ols ry aiereieies Hie ea ate Sie heme 
4. (Accessory.) Enemies of useful animals ..--...--.-...--- a Seale, ecne= 

PER SEUN GC EE VIGt elo ten a em ae ee Sra tae ee eae eae We ees Saat a aae eaten 
MEropscatlon of mamMmals.ia- oats oss aerce ace sciences cliemsie sence 


. Propagation of birds 


weet eee ene te ee eee ee ee ee tee te eee we ee wee wees 
wee ee eee ee ee ee we ee et te eee Ce ee ee ee ewe wee 


. Propagation of amphibians 


5 
6 
7. Propagation of reptiles 
8 
9 


PPEEODAGAHON OM MSHS... osis~ sara aionisi tose =) Pa ieins o snle = wisi jamnehes seine aac 
MeO PAO ALL OM ON MMSEC Uma ais a2 anak ne alse leo) Sails nae ahjweaio sniper acres 
Hiteropacaviontoimlecchestas wos sasse ona chee fobs Jae acm see se kac ae 
imeeropar ation) Of mollusks. -ea sc jena se mina nc cee) ig) tae slew. io nels sale 
EeeerOpAe ALOR Ole COPaldes oe = 22-13. Sosa Ne olson winnaar sateen ene alae acne 
“Lo LETRO EEE OTN BES) 07011042 ee ae ae 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


ee 


82 


85 
86 
88 
89 
89 


90 
92 
92 

vo 
96 
96 


97 
97 
97 
98 
98 
98 


9S 








INTRODUCTION, 


The system proposed in the following lists has been hurriedly pre- 
pared, and is necessarily very incomplete; it is intended merely as a 
provisional classification, to be used in collecting the materials for the 
exhibition, and in their preliminary arrangement. 

The first group, SECTION A, is an index to the whole series; it will 
include all North American animals which are directly beneficial or 
injurious to man. Although every species, down to the very least, ex- 
ercises some influence upou human well-being, it seems scarcely practi- 
eable to attempt the exhibition of those which affect it only indirectly. 
Those species are considered useful which supply food, clothing, shelter, 
implements, materials, and amusement; those injurious which endanger 
the life or personal comfort of man, or destroy those animals and plants 
which are of direct benefit to him. In the enumeration of animals, 
the names of the orders are given, followed in parenthesis by the best- 
known names of the more important species included, and a brief note 
on their principal uses. This enumeration, being simply of convenience, 
makes no claim to zoological precision. 

SECTION B embraces all instruments and methods employed by the 
hunters, trappers, and fishermen of North America, aboriginal and 
civilized. Not only those which are directly employed in destruction 
or capture are included, but the means made use of in pursuing or 
attracting the animals and fishes, and the personal equipment of the 
pursuer. The collection will be a monograph of a/l matters relating to 
the chase and the fisheries of the country. In preparing the classifica- 
tion here submitted, the principles of zoological classification have been 
followed as closely as possible; each distinct form has been considered 
a species ; and the specific forms have been grouped into genera, families, 
and orders according to the general balance of their affinities. Form 
and manner of use have not been without weight, but superficial resem- 
blance has been set aside, and the idea given the first importance. 
Thus, barbed spears and harpoons have been placed with the “ hooked 
instruments,” while plain spears and lances are grouped with the 
knives and clubs. In studying the place of the fire-arms and bows and 


arrows, the missile itself has been regarded as more important than the 
1 





2 INTRODUCTION. 


machine which propels it, and the latter is placed in a subordinate 
relation. 

In one group, that of nets, convenience in arrangement of the speci- 
mens seems to demand that material, a character of small importance, 
shall be made prominent. Two widely diverging groups of apparatus 
are associated under the head of nets, viz, encircling-nets, the true rela- 
tions of which are with grasping and scooping instruments, and entang- 
ling nets which belong with the traps, where a third group of nets, the 
pound and weir nets are actually classed. Where the exigencies of 
administration of the specimens demand that they should be arranged 
otherwise than in their exact systematic position, full cross-references 
are given. 

The simplest implements have always been placed first, the series 
advancing in the order of complication of structure. Thus we have 
in the beginning the apparatus of direct application, or tools, including, 
first, those implements which are used in the hand, and which increase 
its power in a simple way, such as clubs and slung-shot, which merely add 
to the weight of the fist, followed by the knives, axes, and spears, which 
in their simplest and primitive form were sharpened stones and pointed 
sticks. Second, are the grasping-implements, or those by which the 
power of the fingers is extended. In this series the same principle of 
progress from simple to complex is followed; in the scoop we have the 
idea of the hollow palm of the hand developed in various forms, while the 
grasping-hooks and grasping-lines are the artificial extensions of the 
human finger. Under hooked instruments, the simple hooks, or those 
which are attached to the object by a single motion, a pulling one, are 
placed first, followed by the barbed implements, in which the attach- 
ment is made by a thrusting, succeeded by a pulling motion, and then 
by the tongs and forceps, which are essentially double hooks. The suc- 
ceeding division is that containing the lasso and bolas, which are 
worked at long distances and require great skill, succeeded by the 
tangles, which are, in principle, assemblages of lassos, entangling objects 
among their fiber nooses. 

In the third division, that of missiles, the same principle of succession 
isadhered to. First are placed those missiles which are propelled by the 
unaided arm; then those in using which the arm is artifice ally length- 
ened, as with the sling, string, or darting stick; then those in which the 
propelling power is derived from the elasticity of rods and cords, the 
strength of the arm having become subsidiary; closing with those in 








INTRODUCTION. 3 


the use of which the strength of the arm is of no essential value, and the 
propelling power originates in chemical combustion. 

Accessory to these are groups containing those articles used in the 
manufacture, testing, loading, and transportation of these missiles, and 
the machines which drive them through the air. 

In a fourth division is the apparatus of angling, which is separated 
from hooked implements with which the form of the articles would natu- 
rally place them, since they are not implements of grasping, but partake 
of the nature of traps, being in part automatic. 

The group of nets is a heterogeneous one, as has been stated above, 
consisting of two divisions, the first that of entangling-nets, belons 
ing properly with traps, while encircling-nets are in idea instruments 
for grasping. 

In arranging traps a logical succession has been preserved as far as 
possible. Those traps are considered the most simple in which the 
animal is penned by its own act, without any change in the arrange- 
ment of the trap. The pit-falls or “tipes” are first, followed by the mazes 
or labyrinths of greater or less complexity. Then come the traps in 
which the entrance is closed, either by the falling of a door or by the 
falling of a box-like trap, as a whole, so as to surround the animal. 
Under clutching-traps are placed those which seize the animal, as in the 
fingers, while crushing-traps are those which seize or impale it bodily. 
Adhesive preparations, such as bird-lime, close the series. 

The accessory divisions, including hunting-animals, decoys, and dis- 
guises, and the methods and appliances of pursuit, do not admit any 
thorough classification, and are arranged with reference to convenience 
of exhibition. 

SECTION C includes all methods of utilizing animals’ products. It 
might be more satisfactorily arranged with the following section, were 
it not for the inconvenience of exhibiting models and tools in the same 
cases with the manufactured products; the arrangement of the two sec- 
tions is nearly the same. 

In SEcTION D are grouped all useful substances derived from the animal 
kingdom. In order to avoid the omission of any products which are 
or may be obtained from North American animals, this enumeration has 
been made general, those not American being included in parentheses. 
This enumeration is far from complete, and is intended simply as an 
aid to future study in the same direction. 

SECTION E includes all articles illustrating the culture and protection 
of useful animals. 


4 


SE Car tiOwN, A. 


ENUMERATION 


OF 


ANIMALS BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN, 


(WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THEIR USEFUL APPLICATIONS.) 





I. MAMMALS. 


l. FERAE: 

FISSIPEDIA. (Cats, pumas, jaguars, ocelots, lynxes, wolves and 
dogs, foxes, fishers, martens, minks, weasels,. 
wolverenes, badgers, skunks, otters, sea-otters, 
bears, raccoons, and the domesticated cat, dog, 
and ferret.) 

Useful products : 
Food, (bears, raccoon, &c.) D. 1. 
Fur, (all the group.) D. 6. 
Leather, (dog, cat.) D. 20. 
Textile fabrics, felt, (raccoon.) D. 8. 
Ivory, teeth, (bear, fox, &c.) D. 9. 
Claws used by Indians, (bears, puma.) JD. 11. 
Hair, for brushes, (badger, dog, weasel, skunk, bear.) D. 21. 
Oil, (bears.) D. 27. 
Perfumes, (civet, &c.) D. 28. 
Medicinal products, (skunk.) D. 30. 
Chemical agent, album gracum, (dog.) D. 30. 
Useful traits: 
Susceptible of domestication, (wolves (Indian dog,) foxes, 
otters, bears, raccoon, dog, cat, ferret.) 
Employed in hunting, (dog, cat, ferret.) B. 40. 
Employed in fishing, (otter.) B. 40. 


on 


6 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1, FERAE—Continued. 
I’isstpPEDIA—Continued. 
Injurious traits: 
Enemies of man, (cats, wolves, bears.) 
Enemies of domestic animals. 
Marauders on crops, (bears, raccoon.) 
Stench nuisances, (skunks.) 
Modes of capture. B. I, I, III, VI, X. 
PINNIPEDIA. (Fur-seals, sea-lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-ele 
phants, walruses.) 
Useful products : 
Food of aborigines. D. 1. 
Fur, (fur-seals, &e.) D. 6. 
Leather, &c., parchment from viscera, (sea-lions, hair-seals, 
walruses.) D. 20. 
Oil, (hair-seal, hood-seal, sea-elephant, &c.) D. 27. 
Ivory, (walrus.) JD. 9. . 
Injurious traits: Destroy fish. 
Modes of capture. B. I, Ill, V, X. 

2, UNGULATA. (Bison, musk-ox, mountain-goat, mountain-sheep, an- 
telope, moose, caribou, elk, deer, peccary, and the 
domesticated ox, goat, sheep, hog, horse, ass, and — 
camel.) 

Useful products: 

Food, fresh, smoked, and pickled, (all the group.) D. 
M25 os 

Fur, (bison, musk-ox, goat, sheep, moose, &¢.) D. 6. 

Leather, (all the group.) D. 20. 

Textile fabrics and feit, (ox, goat, sheep, camel, musk-ox.) 
DTS 

Ivory and bone. D. 9. 

Horn, (bison, ox, goat, sheep, deer, elk, &c.) D. 10. 

Hoof, (bison, musk-ox, goat, sheep, deer, horse, &c.) D. 11. 

Hair, bristles, and wool, (bison, ox, goat, sheep, deer, hog, 
camel.) D. 21. 

Gelatine and glue. D. 4, 24. 

Oil and fat. D. 27. 

Perfumes, (musk-ox, musk-deer.) D. 28. 

Coloring materials from blood and bile. D. 29. 











ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 7 


2. UNGULATA—Continued. 
Useful products: 
Chemical products. D. 30. 
Fertilizers. D. 31. 
Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication. 
Modes of capture. 3B. I, I, III, V1, 1X. 
3. PROBOSCIDEA. (Elepbants.*) 
Useful products: Ivory. D. 9. 
4, SIRENIA. (Manatee, or sea-cow.) 
Useful products : 
Food.y, Ds 4d, 
Leather. D. 7, 20. 
Oil. D. 27. 
5. CETE. (Whales.) 
DENTICETE. (Beluga, narwhal, porpoise, b'ack-fish, killer, gram- 
pus, sperm-whale.) 
Useful products : 
Food, Indian, (sperm-whale, porpoise.) D. 1. 
Oils, (all the group.) D. 27. 
Spermaceti, (sperm-whale,) 
Leather, (porpoise, beluga.) D. 7, 20. 
Bone and ivory, (narwhal, sperm-whale.) D. 9. 
Perfume, ambergris, (sperm-whale.) 
Injurious traits: Destroy fish and seals. 
Modes of capture. B. I, I, II, X. . 
MYSTICETE. (Right, or whale-bone whales.) 
Useful products : 
Food, (right-whale.) D. 1. 
Baleen. D. 12. 
Oil, (right-whale, &c.) D. 27. 
6. CHIROPTERA. (Bats.) 
Useful products: 
Food, Indians. D. 1. 
Felting material. D. 8. 
Guano. D. 31. 
Useful traits: Destroy troublesome insects. 
Injurious traits: Disseminate troublesome insects. 





* Llephas primigenius, found fossil in North America. 


8 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


7. INSECTIVORA. (Moles and shrews.) 

Useful products: 

Fur, (moles.) D. 6. 

Felting material, (moles.) D. 8. 
Usefal traits: 

Destroy burrowing insects, &c. 
Injurious traits: Burrowers. 
Modes of capture. B. VI. : 

8 GLIRES. (Squirrels, prairie-dogs, showtl, marmots, musquash, bea- 
ver, rats, mice, lemmings, porcupines, rabbits, and the 
domesticated rabbit, and Guinea-pig.) 

Useful products : 
Food. D.1. 
Fur, (squirrels, showtl, marmots, musquash, beaver, lem- 
mings, rabbit, &c.) D. 6. 
Textile fabric, felt, (musquash, beaver, rabbit.) D. 8. 
Ivory, (beaver.) D. 9. 
Leather, (rat, beaver.) D. 7, 20. 
Hair and down, (rabbits.) D. 21. 
Quills, (poreupine.) D. 21. 
Perfume, castoreum, (beaver.) D. 28. 
Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication, (squirrels, rab- 
bits, &c.) 
Injurious traits: Marauders. 
Modes of capture. B. I, LI, Il, VI, VI, VIII, TX. 
9. BRUTA. (Armadillo, &c.) 
Useful products: Shell used by Indians in various manufae- 
tures. D. 14. 
Injurious traits: 
Burrower. 
Marauder. 
10. MARSUPIALIA. (Opossum.) 
Useful products : 
Food. 2Dii. 
Hair used in felting. OD. 8. 
Injurious traits: Marauder. 
Modes of capture. B. I, II, ill, VI, VIIL 











ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS 9 


I. BIRDS. 


11. PASSERES. (Thrushes, stone-chats and blue-birds, dippers, king- 
lets, titmice, nuthatches, creepers, wrens, larks, 
wagtails, warblers, tanagers, swallows, waxwings, 
greenlets, shrikes, finches, starlings, black-birds 
and orioles, crows and jays, fly-catcbers, and do- 
mesticated sparrow, canary, Wc.) 

Useful products : 
Foods, (thrushes, rice-birds, &c.) D. 1. 
Ornamental feathers. D. 23. 
Useful traits : 
Destroy insects. 
Song-birds, (generally susceptible of domestication.) 
12-13. PICARI A’ AND CUCULL. (Night-hawks, whippoorwills, swifts, 
humming-birds, trogons, saw-bills, 
kingfishers, cuckoos, woodpeck- 
ers.) 
Useful products: Ornamental feathers, (humming-birds, tro 
gons.) D. 23. 
Useful traits : 
Destroy noxious insects, (night-hawks, swifts.) 
Destroy tree-borers, (woodpeckers.) 
Injurious traits : 
Destroy fish, (kingtishers.) 
Destroy birds’-eggs, (cuckoos.) 
Destroy fruit, (woodpeckers.) 
Destroy trees, (sap-sucker.) 
14. PSITTACI. (Parroquet and domesticated parrots.) 
Useful products: Ornamental feathers. D. 23. 
Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication. 
15. RAPTORES. (Owls, hawks, eagles, vultures, buzzards.) 
Useful products : 
Ornamental feathers. D. 23. 
Quills. D. 22. 
Useful traits : 
Susceptible of domestication and use in hunting.! 


‘Nine species of falcons, hawks, and owls have been employed in the chase by 
Europeans. 





10 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


15. RAPTORES—Continued. 


Useful traits : 
Scavengers, (vultures, buzzards.) 
Destroy vermin, (owls, hawks.) 
Injurious traits: Destroy domestic animals, eggs, &c. 
16. COLUMBE. (Pigeons and doves.) 


Useful products: 
Food. 
Ornamental feathers. D. 23. 


Useful traits : 
Game-birds. 
Susceptible of domestication. 
Used as targets, (wild pigeon.) 5B. 25. 
Used as carriers, (carrier-pigeon.) 

17. GALLINAS. (Turkey, grouse, partridge, sage-cock, ptarmigan 
quail, and the domesticated peacock, guinea-fowl, 
and fowl.) 

Useful products: 
Foods, flesh. D. 1. 
Ornamental feathers. D. 23. 
Quills. D. 22. 
Albumen. D. 30. 

Useful traits : 
Game-birds. 
Susceptible of domestication. 

18. LIMICOLAL, (Plover, ring-neck, surf-bird, oyster-catcher, turnstone 
avoset, stilt, phalarope, woodcock, snipe, sandpiper 
dunlin, godwit, sanderling, willet, tattler, yellow 
shanks, green-shanks, curlew.) 

Useful products: 

Food: Flesh. D. 1. 

Eggs. DD: 1. 

Feathers. D. 23. 

Useful traits: Game-birds. 
19. HERODIONES. (Ibises, spoonbills, herons, egrets, bitterns.) 

Useful products: Ornamental feathers. D. 23. 
Useful traits: Destroy vermin. 











ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 11 


20. ALECTORIDES. (Cranes, rails, crakes, gallinules, coots.) 
Useful products : 
Food, (rails, crakes.) D. 1. 
Feathers. D. 23. 
Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication, (cranes.) 
21. LAMELLIROSTRES. (Flamingoes, swans, geese, ducks.) 
Useful products : 
Food: Flesh, (geese, ducks.) D. 1. 
Eggs, (geese, ducks.) 
Ornamental feathers, (flamingo, geese, &c.) D. 23. 
Down, (geese, ducks.) D. 23. 
Useful traits: 
Susceptible of domestication, (geese, ducks.) 
Used as decoys for other swimmers, (brants, ducks.) 
22, STEGANOPODES. (Gannets, pelicans, cormorants, darters or 
water-turkeys, frigate birds, tropic birds.) 
Useful products : 
Ornamental feathers, (darters, tropic birds.) D. 23. 
Leather, (of feet.) D. 20. 
Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication.! 
23. LONGIPENNES. (Gulls, terns, skimmers, petrels, albatrosses 
shearwaters.) 
Useful products : 
Food, eggs. D.1. 
Ornamental feathers, (gulls, terns, &c.) D. 23. 
Oil, (petrels, &c., used by Eskimos.) D. 27. 
24. PYGOPODES. (Loons, grebes, auks, puffins, guillemot, murres.) 
Useful products : 
Foods, (eggs.) D. 1. 
Ornamental feathers, (grebes.) D. 23. 


Feathers used as furs, (grebes, auks, &¢.) D. 8. 
25. SPHENISCI. (Penguins.) 


Useful products: 


Feathers used as fur. D. 6. 
Oi Di 2% 





1Graculus carbo used in Europe for fishing and a similar species in China. 


12 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


HI. REPTILES. 


26. CROCODILIA. (Alligator, crocodile.) 
Useful products: 
Food. D.1. 
Ivory. JD. 8. 
Leather. D. 20. 
Oil, D220. 
Musk. D. 28. 
Injurious traits : 
Huemies of man and domestic animals. 
27. TESTUDINATA. (Tortoises, terrapin, leatber-back, green, logger- 


head, and hawks. bill turtles.) 
Useful products: 


Food: Flesh, (green turtle, terrapin, gopher tortoise.) D.1. 
Eggs, (green turtle, terrapin, gopher tortoise.) 
Oil from eggs, (green turtle.) D. 27. 
Shell, (turtles.) D. 13. 
Perfume. D. 28. 
Methods of capture and transportation. E. 3. — \ 
28. uACERTILIA. (Lizards, skinks, horned-toads, chameleons, scor- 
pions, joint-snakes, &c.) 
Useful products: Food of Indians. JD. 1. 
Medicinal product: (Skink.) D. 30. 
Useful traits: Destroy noxious insects. 
29. OPHIDIA. (Snakes.) 
Useful products : 
Leather, (rattlesnakes, bull snakes.) D. 27. 
Medicinal products, (rattlesnakes, copperheads.) D. 30. 
Oil, (rattlesnakes.) D. 27. 
Useful traits: Destroy vermin. 


Injurious traits: Enemies of man, (rattlesnakes, copperheads, 
and moccasins.) 


IV. AMPHIBIANS. 


30. ANURA. (Frogs, toads, hyla, &c.) 
Useful products: 
Food, (frogs.) D.1. 
Material for physiological instruction, (frogs.) 











ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 13 


30. ANURA—Continued. 
Useful products: 
Weather indicators, (hyla.) 
Useful traits: Destroy noxious insects, (toads.) 
31. URODELA. (Salamanders, axolotls, and menopomes.) 
Useful products: Foods, aboriginal, (axolotls.) 
Useful traits: Aquarium use. 
Injurious traits: Enemies of young fish. 
2. PROTEIDA. (River-dogs, hell-benders.) 
Injurious traits: Enemies of young fish. 
33. TRACHYSTOMATA. (Sirens.) 


V. FISHES. 


34. PEDICULATI. (Sea-bats or devil-fish, goose-fish or angler, 
mouse-fish, &¢.) 
Useful products: Baits, (goose-fish.) D 1. 
Injurious traits: Enemies of aquatic birds, (goose-fish.) 

. PLECTOGNATHI. (Sun-fish, rabbit-fish, porcupine-fish, swell-fish, 
box-fish, trunk-fish, cow-fish, file-fish, trigger- 
fish.) 

Useful products: 
Food, (file-fish, trunk-fish.) D. 11. 
Clothing, (helmets made from porcupine-fish.) D. 20. 
Oils, used in medicine, (sun-fish.) D. 27. 
Shagreen, (file-fish, trigger-fish.) D. 30. 
. LOPHOBRANCHII. (Sea-horse, pipe-fish.) 
Useful traits: Aquarium use. 
. HEMIBRANCHIL. (Snipe-fish, trumpet.-fish, stickleback.) 
Useful traits: Aquarium use, (sticklebacks.) 
Injurious traits: Destroy eggs of other fishes. 
. TELEOCEPHALI: 
HETEROSOMATA, (Soles, flounders, flatfish, turbot, halibut.’ 
Useful products: 
Foods: Fresh. D. 1. 
Smoked, (halibut.) D. 2. 
Pickled, (halibut.) D. 3. 
Baits, D. 5. 





14 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


38. TELEOCEPHALI—Continued. 
ANACANTHINI, (cod, pollock, haddock, hake, ling, cusk, burbot, 
rockling, lance.) 
Useful products: ’ 
Food: Fresh. D. 1. 
Salted, wet, (cod,) (cods’ sounds, tongues.) D. 3. 
Salted, dry, (cod, haddock, hake.) D. 2. 
Bait, (lance.) D. 5. 
Isinglass, (cod, haddock, hake.) D. 24. 
Leather, (N. W. coast Indians, cod.) D. 27. 
Oil, (cod, haddock, hake, livers.) D. 30. 
ACANTHOPTERI, (Wolf-fish, blenny, oyster-fish, toad-fish, lump- 
fish, sea-snail, goby, sea-robin, gurnard, scul- 
pin, sea-raven, Norway haddock or hemdur- 
gan, red-fish, rock cod (west coast), black-fish, 
or tautog, cunner or chogset, parrot-fish, vur- 
parous-tish (west coast), surgeon-fish, angel- 
fish, cheetodons, sword-fish, bayonet-fish, scab- 
bard-fish, mackerel, cero, tunny, bonito, 
erevallé, pompano, pilot-fish, dolphin, butter- 
fish, weak-fish, drum, croaker, :king-fish, 
whiting, bass, sheepshead, scup or porgy, 
grunts or pig-fish, black bass, sunfish, straw- 
berry bass, rock bass, perch, groupers, striped 
bass or rock-fish, blue-fish, tailor, cobia, remora, 
barracuda.) 
Useful products : 
Food: Fresh. D. 1. 
Salted, wet, (sword-fish, mackerel, tunnies, pompa- 
noes, blue-fish.) D. 2. 
Baits. D. 5. 
Isinglass, (weak-fish, drum, &c.) D. 24. 
Ornament, scales, (parrot-ush, drum.) D. 14. 
Injurious traits : 
Poisonous, (barracuda, dolphin, &c.) 
Enemies of vessels, (Sword-fish, bayonet-iish.) 
Parasitic on useful fishes, (remora, toad-fish, and sea-snail, 
(on oysters and pectens,) &c.) 
Bait-thieves, (sculpins.) 











ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 15 


. TELECOPHALI—Continued. 
PERCESOCES. (Atherines, mullet.) 
Useful products: 
Food: Fresh. D.1. 
Salted, smoked, (mullet, mullet-spawn.) D. 2. 
Salted, wet, (mullet.) D. 3. 
Bait, (atherines.) D. 5. 
Scales, (mullet.) D. 14. 
SYNENTOGNATHI. (Gar-fish, flying-fish.) 
Useful products: 
Food: Fresh. D.1. 
Salted, smoked, (gar-fish, flying-fish.) 1. 
HApuLomi. (Blind-fish, pike, pickerel, minnows.) 
Useful products: 
Food, (pike, pickerel.) D. 1. 
Bait, (minnows.) D. 5. 
Injuricus traits: 
Enemies of other fishes and of aquatic birds, (pikes, pick- 
erels.) 
ISOSPONDYLI. (Capelin, oulachan, smelt, white-fish, salmon, trout, 
tarpum, herring, menhaden, shad, alewiie or gas- 
pereau, anchovy, &c.) 
Useful products: 
Food: Fresh. D.1 
Salted, (shad, salmon, white-fish, herring, &c.) D. 2. 
Smoked, (herring, salmon, &e.) D. 1. 
Canned, (salmon, menhaden, sardines, &c.) D. 1. 
Eggs. D.1. 
Sauce, (anchovy.) D. 3. 
Oil,(salmon, oulachan, white-fish, menhaden, herring.) D.27. 
Bait, (capelin.) JD. 5. 
Ornamental scales, (tarpum.) D. 14. 
Guano, (menbaden, herring, &c.) D. 31. 
Modes of culture. E. 9. 
EVENTOGNATHI. (Suckers, dace, buffalo-fish, carp, tench, &c.) 
Useful products: 
Food. D. 1. 
Bait. D. 5. 
Artificial pearls. D. 29. 
Modes of culture, (including domesticated species.) E. 9. 


16 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 


39. NEMATOGNATHI. (Cat-fish, “bull-heads,” &c.) 
Useful products : 
Hood. “Dai 
Guano, (cat-fish.) D. 31. 
40. APODES. (Eels, congers.) 
Useful products: 
Food: Dia. 
Bait, eel-skins. D. 5. 
Leather, (eels.) D. 20. 
41. CYCLOGANOIDEI. (Mud-fish, or amia.) 
42, RHOMBOGANOIDEI. (Gar-pikes.) 
Useful products: Seales, used for arrow-tips. D. 14. 
Injurious traits: Enemies of other fish. 
43. SELACHOSTOML. (Paddle-fish, or spoon-bill) 
44, CHONDROSTETI. (Sturgeons.) 
Useful products: 
Foods: Fresh. D.1. 
Smoked. D.1. 
Eggs, pickled, (caviare.) D. 3. 
Chorda-dorsalis, dried, (veziga.) D. 2. 
Isinglass, (sturgeon.) D. 24. 
Oil; D275. 
Seales. D. 14. 
Useful traits: Scavengers. 
Injurious traits: Said to destroy eggs of white-fish. 


VI. ELASMOBRANCHIATES. 


45. HOLOCEPHALI. (Chimera, or king of the herrings.) 
46, RATAS. (Skates, rays, “ devil-fish.”) 
47. SQUALL (Sharks.) 
Useful products: 

Food, (sharks, skates.) D. 1. 

Bone, (sharks.) D. 9. 

Oil, livers, (sharks, rays, &e.) D. 27. 

Shagreen, (sharks.) D. 20. 


Injurious traits: Enemies of man and fishes. 








ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 17 


VII. MARSIPOBRANCHIATES. 


48. HYPEROARTIA. (Lamprey-eels, or nine eyes.) 
49, HYPEROTRETI. (Suckers, or hags.) 
Useful products: Food, (lamprey-eels.) D. 1. 
Useful traits: Scavengers, (hags.) 


VII. LEPTOCARDIANS. 
50. CIRROSTOMI. (Amphioxus.) 
Modes of capture. D. 6. 


IX. INSECTS. 


51. HEXAPODA. (Bees, butterflies and moths, flies, beetles, bugs and 
lice, grasshoppers and crickets, dragon-flies and 
caddice flies.) 

Useful products : 
Food of aborigines. 
Honey, (bees, &c.) D.1. 
Wax, (bees, &e.) D. 30. 
Baits, (flies, bees, dragon-flies, beetles and their larve, 
grasshoppers, &c.) D. 5, B. 45. 
Silk, (moths.) D. 8. 
Coloring material, (cochineal insect, &c.) D. 29. 
Blistering preparations, (Spanish-flies, &c.) D. 30. 
Wings used in the arts, (beetles.) D. 19. 
Useful traits: 
Puncture trees, producing galls, manna, lac, &c. 
Injurious traits: ; 
Injurious to vegetation, (numerous species.) 
Internal and external parasites, (flies.) 

52. MYRIAPODA. (Centipedes, millipedes.) 

Useful products: Food of aborigines, (eggs.) D. 1. 
Injurious traits : Venomous, (centipedes, millipedes.) 


X. ARACHNEANS. 


53. ARACHNIDA. (Spiders, scorpions, mites, &c.) 
Useful products: 
Fine threads used by opticians, (spiders.) 
Silk, (spiders.) 


18 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 


53. ARACHNIDA—Continued. 
Useful traits: Destroy noxious insects, (spiders.) 
Injurious traits : 
Venomous, (scorpions.) 
Parasites, (mites.) 


XJ. ARTHROPODS. 


54. CRUSTACEA. (Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, lim- 
noria, fish-lice, lernzeans, sand and water 
fleas, barnacles, horseshoe crabs, &c.) 
Useful products : 
Foods, (fresh and canned crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, 
crawfish, lobsters.) 
Baits, (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, &c.) 
Manures, (horseshoe crabs.) - 
Useful traits: Skeleton cleaners, (beach fleas, &c.) 
Injurious traits: 
Parasites on fishes and marine mammals, (barnacles, fish- 
lice, &c.) 
Destroy earthworks, dams, &ce., (crawfish.) 
Destroy submerged timbers, (limnoria, &c.) 
Modes of protection against injurious species. E. 4. 
Methods of capture. D. 7, 31, 32. 


XII. WORMS. 


55. ANNELIDA. (Sipunculoids, leeches, earth-worms, serpule, sea- 
worms, &c.) 
Useful products: 
Food of aborigines, (earth-worms.) ‘D. 1, 2. 
Baits, (earth-worms, sea-worms.) D.5. 
Useful traits: 
Used in surgery, (leeches.) 
Used as barometers, (leeches.) 
Injurious traits: External parasites of animals, (leeches.) 
Methods of culture, (leeches.) E. 11. 
56. SCOLECIDA. (Tape-worms and flukes, planarians, nemerteans, a 
trichine, thread-worms, rotifers, &c.) | 
Injurious traits: Internal parasites, (numerous species.) 











ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 19 


XIU. MOLLUSKS. 


57. CEPHALOPODA. (Octopus, nautilus, argonauts, calamaries or 
squids.) 

Useful products: 
Food, (squids and their eggs.) D. 1. 
Bait, fresh and salted, (octopus, squids.) D. 1, 5. 
Ink, sepia, (sepias.) D. 29. 
“ Bone,” used as food for animals. D. 5. 
‘¢ Bone,” used in arts and manufactures. D. 19. 

*58. GASTROPODA. (Land-snails, sea-snails, whelks, limpets, &e.) 

Useful products: 
Food, (numerous species.) D. 1, 2. 
Bait, (limpets, &c.) D. 5. 
Nacre, (top-shells, ear-shells, &c.) D. 15. 
Shell used in arts and manufactures. D. 16. 

Useful traits: 
Carrion-feeders, (strombus and other siphonated genera.) 
Food of useful animals. 

Injurious traits: 
Predatory on other mollusks, (murex, buccinum, natica, &c.) 
Injurious to vegetation. 

59. CONCHIFERA. (Ordinary bivalve shells.) 

Useful products: 

Food, fresh, dried, and pickled, (numerous species.) D 
fp 23: 

Baits, (clams, mussels, &c.) D. 5. 
Pearls and nacre, (river-mussels, pearl-oysters, &c.) D. 15 
Shell used in arts and manufactures. D. 16. 

Injurious traits: Borers in wood and stone, (ship-worms, pholas 

gastrochena, date, shells, saxicava, ungulina, Wc.) 


XIV. RADIATES, 


60. ECHINODERMATA. (Sea-cucumber, sea-urchins, star-fishes, ophi 
urans.) 
Useful products : 
Food, fresh, (sea-urchins and their eggs.) D. 1. 
Food, dried, (béches le mer.) 


S————<—_—_— 
* Tunicata, brachiopoda, and bryzoa are omitted, on account of their very remote 
usefulness. 








20 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 


60. ECHINODERMATA—Continued. 
Injurious traits: 
Burrowers, (various echinoids.) 
Destroyers of useful mollusks. 
61. CHLENTERATA. (Acalephs, polyps, &c.) 
Useful products: Coral, various species of polyps.) D. 17. 





Injurious traits: Clog seines, weirs, and fishing-lines, (acalephs.) © 


XV. PROTOZOANS. 


62. RHIZOPODA. (Sponges and foraminifera.) 
Useful products : 
Food, ‘mountain meal,” (foraminifera.) D.1 
Infusorial earths, (foraminifera.) D. 18. 
Sponges, used in arts and manufactures. D. 26. 


4 


SHC ETON, 5B. 
(THE CHASE AND THE FISHERIES.) 


| MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 
I. HAND IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS. 


* For striking. 
1. CLUBS: 
a. Unarmed clubs: 
Salmon-clubs, used by the Indians of the Northwest coast. 
Other fishing-clubs. 
Hunting-clubs. 
b. Armed clubs: 
' Stone-headed clubs. 
Clubs, armed with teeth or bone points. 
Clubs, armed with metal points. 
2. SLUNG-WEIGHTS: 
a. Slung-stones. 
b. Slung-shot. 
e. (* Morning stars.”) 
d. (“ Flails.”) 


3. KNIVES: 
a. Straight knives: 


** For cutting. 


Hunting-dirks and daggers. 
Hunting-knives, scalp-knives, &c. 

| Blubber-knives, aboriginal and recent. 
Boarding-knives used by whalemen. 
Whaleman’s boat-knives. 
Bowie-knives. 

| Flaying-knives, aboriginal and recent. 
Splitting-knives. 

Heading-knives. 

Sailors’ and fishermen’s sheath-knives. 
Hunters’ sheath-knives. 
Slivering-knives, used by fishermen. 


Oyster-knives. 
21 


22 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


3. KNIVES—Continued. 
a. Straight knives: 
Mackerel rimmers or fatting knives. | 
(Swords, including the various forms incidentally used in 
hunting, sabers, cutlasses, machétes, creases, &c.) 
Stone and bone knives, used by Indians and Eskimos. | 
Skin scrapers and parers, used in preparing leather. 
b. Clasp-knives: 
Sailors’ clasp-knives. 
Hunters’ clasp-knives. 
Clasp-dirks. 
Jockey knives. 
4, AXES: 
a. Axes, proper: 
Tomahawks. 
Hatchets. 
Whaleman’s boat-hatchets. 
Cleavers. 
Axes, used by fishermen and hunters. 
Head-axes for whalemen. 
b. Cutting-spades: 
Whale-spades : 
Cutting-spades. 
Throat-spades, flat and round shank. 
Wide spades. 
Half-round spades. 
Head-spades. 
Blubber-mincing knives. 
Chopping-knives. 
*** For thrusting. 
5. THRUSTING SPEARS AND PRODS: 
a. Fishing-lances. 
Whale-lances. 
Whaleman’s boat-spades, thick and thin. 
Seal-lances. 
Fish-lances. 
b. Hunting-spears. 
c. Bayonets. | 
d. Prodding-awls, used in piercing the base of the brain in killing | 
fish for the table. 

















MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 23 


IJ. IMPLEMENTS FOR SEIZURE OF OBJECT. 


* Scooping-instruments. 


6. SCOOPS. 
+ For hand-use. 

a. Shovels: 
Clam-shovels. 
Trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals. 
Hand-scoops. 

b. Hand-dredges, used in collecting mollusks. 

c. Pile-scrapers. 


tt For use with sounding-lines. 


d. Armed leads: 
Common “ deep-sea lead.” 
Deep-sea-Sounding apparatus. 
e. Cup-leads. 
Jf. Scoop sounding-machines. 


** Grasping-hooks. 


7. HOOKED INSTRUMENTS. (Those used with a single motion, that 
of hooking :) 
a. Single-pointed hooks: 
Gaff-hooks. 
Boat-hooks. 
Jigs. 
Rabbit and squirrel hooks, used by the Ute Indians. 
Snake-hooks. 
Clam-hooks. 
Hoes and picks used in gathering shell-fish. 
Forks used in handling salted and dried fish. 
Whalemen’s hooks: 
Blubber-hooks. 
Blubber-forks. 
Junk-hooks. 
Lance-hooks. 
Can-hooks. 





24 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


7. HOOKED INSTRUMENTS—Continued. 
b. Many-pointed hooks: 
Grappling-irons. 
Lip hooks or grapnels, used by whalers. 
Toggles, used by whalers. 
Oyster-rakes. od 
Clam-rakes. 
Oulachan rakes or spears. 
Squid-jigs. 
c. Twisting-rods, used in drawing small mammals from their 
burrows. 
8. BARBED IMPLEMENTS. (Those used with two motions, the first 
that of thrusting :) 
a. Spears with fixed heads: 
Harpoons. 
One-flued harpoons. 
Two-flued harpoons. 
Toggle-harpoons. 
Harpoon-bullets. (See under 23.) 
Gun-harpoons. 
Other whaleman’s “ craft.” 
Barbed spears, (with single point.) 
Grains, (with two prongs.) 
Gigs. 
Bird-spears. 
Otter-spears. 
Sea-otter spears. 
Seal-spears. 
Walrus-spears. 
Eel-spears. 
Flounder-spears. 
Sturgeon-spears, (west coast.) 
Octopus-spears. 
Crab-spears, used in Rhode Island. 
6. Spears with detachable heads: 
Lily-irons. 
Dolphin-irons. 
Indian harpoons of shell and iron. 
Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron. 





MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 25 


8. BARBED INSTRUMENTS—Continued. 
b. Spears with detachable heads: 
Indian fish-harpoons. 
Other fish-harpoons. 
(For accessory apparatus, see under 29.) 


9. TONGS, &c. 
¢ For hand use. 


a. Tongs (with two handles :) 
Oyster-tongs. 
Oyster-rakes. 
b. *¢ Nippers,” (with cord and handle.) 
Snake-tongs. 
Sponge-tongs. 
Coral-tongs. 
tt For use with sounding-lines. 
ce. “Clamms” for deep-sea soundings, (forceps closed by a weight.) 
(Ross’s “ Deep-sea clamms.”) 
(Bull-dog sounding-machine.) 
*** Grasping-lines. 
10. NOOSES. 


t Stationary nooses. 
a. Jerk-snares : 


Bird-snares. 
Fish snares, of wire, gut, hair, &c. 


tt Thrown nooses. 


b. Lariats and lassos: 
Lariats with rope noose, made from hair, hemp, and rawhide. 
Lariats with metal noose. 
(Chilian bird-lariat.) 
li. LOADED LINES. (Bolas.) 
a. Bird-slings, used by Eskimos. 
b. Bolas, with one or several weights.) 
****® Pntangling lines. 
12, TANGLES. 
a. Tangles: 
Swab-tangles. 
(Dredge-tangles, used by English collectors.) 
Harrow-tangles. 
Wheel-tangles. 





26 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 


IIT. MISSILES. 


* Simple missiles, (those propelled by the unaided arm.) 


13. HURLED WEIGHTS. 
a. Stones and dises thrown by the hand. 
b. Weights dropped from an elevation, (dead-falls, not automatic.) 
14. HURLED STICKS. 
a. Straight sticks: 
Clubs used as missiles. 
b. Curved sticks: 
Throw-sticks, used by the Moqui Indians of New Mexico in 
hunting rabbits. 
(Boomerangs.) 
15. HURLED SPEARS. 
a. Darts and lances. 
** Centrifugal missiles. (Propelling power augmented by an artificial in- 
crease of the length of the arm.) 
16. SLINGS AND SPEARS THROWN BY STRAPS. 
a. Slings. 
b. Spears, with straps used in throwing them. 
17. MISSILES PROPELLED BY “THROWING-STICKS.” 
a. Spears with throwing-sticks, used by Eskimos: 
Series of throwing or darting sticks. 
*** Missiles propelled by a spring.—t Spring consisting of bent rod. 
18, BOWS AND ARROWS. 
a. Bows: 
Simple bows. 
(Cross-bows.) 
(Ballistas.) 
b. Arrows: 
Lance-arrows. 
Harpoon-arrows, used in fishing. 
Blunt or club arrows, used in killing birds. 
c. Accessories of bows and arrows: 
Holders. 
Quivers. 
Arrow-head pouches. 








MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 27 


18. BOWS AND ARROWS—Continued. 
f d. Implements of manufacture: 
Flint-chipping apparatus. 
Arrow-head sharpeners. 
Shaft-gauges. 
Cord-twisting apparatus. 
Shaft-polishers. 
Glue-sticks, used in fastening head of arrow. 
tt Spring consisting of elastic cord. 
19. INDIA-RUBBER SLINGS. 
a. Pea-shooters, used in killing birds. 
tit Spring consisting of metallic helix. 
20. SPRING-GUNS. 
a. Spring-guns. 
**** Missiles propelled by the compression of air or water. 
21, AIR-GUNS. 
a. Blow-guns, (missile propelled by the breath :) 
Blow-guns carrying arrows. 
Blow-guns carrying balls. 
b. Piston air-guns. 
e. Reservoir air-guns: 
Air-guns. 
Air-gun canes. 
22. WATER-GUNS. 
a. Syringe-guns: 
Humming-bird guns. 


EEEKE Five-arms. 
23. GUNS AND PISTOLS. 


a. Muzzle-loading arms: 

With smooth bores: 
Muskets. 
Fowling-pieces. 

Cane- guns. | 

Pistols: 
Single-barreled pistols. 
Revolvers. 

With grooved bores: Rifles. 
Ritle-muskets. 
Rifle-carbines, 

Pistols. 


28 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


23. GUNS AND PISTOLS—Continued. oi 
b. Breech-loading arms: 
With smooth bores: 
Fowling-pieces. 
Pistols. 

With rifled bores : ¢ 
Muskets. 
Hunting rifles. 

Carbines : 
Single-barreled carbines. Eee 
Revolving carbines. 

Pistols: 

Pistols. 
Revolvers. 
ce. Whaling-guns: 

Bomb lance and gun. 

Harpoon ball and gun. 

Harpoon-gun. 

Harpoon bomb-lance gun. ] 

24, (ACCESSORY.) AMMUNITION AND ITS PREPARATION, 
a. Explosives : 

Gunpowder. 

Gun-cotton. 

Percussion powder: 

Caps. 
Needle percussion. 
Primers. 

Wood powder. 

Dynamite or giant-powder. 

Nitroglycerine. 

Dualine. 

Lithofracteur. 

Colonia powder. 

Other explosives. 

b. Missiles : 

Bullets. 

(Accessory) bullet-molds. 

Shot. 

(Accessory) methods of manufacturing shot. 








MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 29 


24, (ACCESSORY.) AMMUNITION, &c.—Continued. 
b. Missiles : 
Explosive bullets, shells, &c. : 
Bomb-lance. 
Meigs’s shells. 
c. Wadding: 
Bulk wadding. 
Prepared wads. 
(Accessory) wad-cutters. 
d. Ammunition-measures : 
Measures. 


Shot-measures. 
Powder-measures. 


Weighing-scales. 
e. Prepared ammunition : 
Cartridges: 
Ball-cartridges. 
Shot-cartridges. 
Wire-cartridges. 
(Accessory) paper-shells. 
(Accessory) metallic shells. 
JF. Methods of preparing cartridges: 
Loaders. 
Crimpers. 
Cappers. 
25. ACCESSORIES OF LOADING, CLEANING AND REPAIR- 
ING, SIGHTING, AND TESTING FIRE-ARMS. 
a. Instruments for cleaning, loading, &c.: 


\ Attached to pouches and separate. 


Rammers. 
Swabs. 
Charge-drawers, ‘ worms.” 
b. Sights, &e.: 
Muzzle-sights: 
Plain sights. 
Slit-sights. 
Globe-sights. 
Peep-sights. 
Breech-sights : 
Plain sights. 
Graduating sights. 


30 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


25. ACCESSORIES OF LOADING, &c.—Continued. 
b. Sights, &e.: 
Telescope-sights. 
Levels, attached to guns 
Wind-gauges. 
ce. Targets: 
Practice-targets. 
‘¢ Gyro-trap ” targets. 
Pigeon-traps and accessories of pigeon-shooting. 
d. Recoil-checks. 
26. FOR CARRYING ARMS AND AMMUNITION. 
a. Ammunition-holders: 
Powder-holders: 
Horns. 
Flasks. 
Canisters. 
Shot-holders : 
Pouches. 
Belts. 
Cartridge-holders : 
Pouches. 
Boxes. 
Belts. 
Vests. 
Cap-holders: 
Pouches. 
Boxes. 
Cap-straps, used by Indians. 
b. Weapon-holders: 
Slings for arms: 
Shoulder-slings. 
Saddle-slings. 
Holsters. 
Belts: 
Pistol-belts. 
Racks and cases: 
Gun-racks. 
Gun-cases, 





MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 31 


IV. BAITED HOOKS. ANGLING-TACKLE. 


97. HOOKS WITH MOVABLE LINES. 
a. Tackle for surface-fishing : 
Fly-fishing tackle. 
Salmon-tackle. 
Trout-tackle. 
Black-bass tackle. 
Shad-tackle. 
Trolling-tackle : 
Trolling-tackle. 
Whiffing-tackle. 
Drailing-tackle. 
Gangs of hooks for minnow-bait. 
Surf.tackle for throwing and hauling: 
Striped-bass tackle. 
Redfish or bass tackle. 
Bluefish tackle. 
Nide-drailing tackle : 
Pasque and cuttyhunk bass-tackle. 
b. Tackle for fishing below the surface: 
Short hand-gear : 
Mackerel-gear. 
Deep-sea gear: 
Cod-gear.. 
Halibut-gear. 
Flounder-gear. 
Shark-gear. 
Tautog-gear. 
Other bottom-gear. 
Bobs: 
Hel-babs. 
28. HOOKS, WITH STATIONARY LINES.—SET TACKLE. 
a. Surface lines: 
Spilliards, or floating-trawl lines. 
b. Bottom-set lines: 
Trawl-lines, or bull-tows. 





oe ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


29. (ACCESSORY.) PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF ANGLING- 
APPARATUS AND OF HARPOON AND SEINE LINES. 
a. Hooks, including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent 
and aboriginal manufacture. 
Plain hooks: 
Fly-hooks. 
Trout-hooks. 
Salmon-hooks. 
Cod and halibut hooks. 
Hooks for general use. 
Bass-hooks. 
Jigs and drails: 
Mackerel-jigs. 
Blue-fish drails of bone and metal of the various pat- 
terns, Newport, Noank, Providence, Provincetown, &c. 
Block Island drails. 
Pearl-squids of various patterns. 
Bone-squids. 
Metal-squids. 
Petticoat-squids of flannel, &c. 
Spoon-baits, plain and fluted: 
Bass-spoons. 
Pickerel-spoons. 
Trout-spoons. 
Blue-fish spoons. 
Other trolling-spoons. 
Artificial flies on hooks : 
Salmon-flies for each month. 
Trout-flies for each month. 
(Accessory.) Fly-books. 
b. Lines, (twisted and plaited :) 
Silk-lines. 
Grass-lines. 
Linen-lines. 
Cotton-lines. 
Cotton-hemp lines. 
Bark-lines. 
Manila-lines. 
Hide-lines. 








MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. oOo 


im 29. ( ACCESSORY.) ANGLING-APPARATUS, &c.-—Continued. 
b. Lines, (twisted and plated :) 
Gut-lines. 
Lines made from sea-weed, (Nereocystis Liitkeana,) and used 
by natives of Alaska. 
(Lines of sea- weed, (Chorda filum,) used similarly in Scotland.) 
(Accessory.) Apparatus for twisting lines. 
c. Snoods, leaders, and traces: 
‘‘Cat-gut,” (sheep,) snoods, and leaders. 
Silk-worm-gut snoods. 
Salmon-gut snoods. 
Flax-snoods. 
Gimp-snoods, 
Wire-snoods. 
; ‘‘ Sid-straps.” ‘ 
— ° ad. Whalers’ chains and lines: 
| Head chains and ropes. 
Fin-chains. 
Fluke chains and rings and ropes. 
Head pike and ring. 
(Accessory.) Blocks, pendants, cutting-blocks, &e. 
e. Sinkers: 
Boat-shaped sinkers, plain and shearing. 
Pipe-lead sinkers. 
Bullet-sinkers. 
Plummet-sinkers, sugar-loaf, pear-shaped, and double-taper. 
Banker-sinkers. 
Seine-sinkers, of chain, lead balls, lead rings, stone, &e. 
(Accessory.) Molds for sinkers. 
Jig-molds. 
Other sinker-molds. 
f. Spreaders : 
Chopsticks. 
One-armed chopsticks, or “ revolving booms.” 
g. Floats: 
Line-floats of wood, cork, and quill. 
Harpoon-floats of bladder, inflated skir, and wood. 
Seine-floats of cork, wood, glass, and rubber-tubing. 
Keg and other floats for lobster-pots, gill-nets, &e. 
Whale-line drag. 








34 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


29. (ACCESSORY.) ANGLING-APPARATUS, &c.—Continued. 
h. Reels: 
Simple reels for fly-fishing, with and without check. 
Multiplying reels for bass-fishing, with and without check. 
Other multiplying reels. 
Gunwale-winches, 
Dredge-line rollers. 
Trawl-line rollers. 
Seine-windlasses. 
7. Line-holders: 
Winders. 
Spools. 
Whaleman’s line-tub. 
Tubs for trawl-lines. 
Seine-reels. * 
k. Rods: 
Straight rods, of cane, wood, whalebone, &c. : 
Salmon-rods. 
Trout-rods. 
Bass-rods. 
Pickerel-rods. 
Other rods. 
Folding-rods. 
Tips of rubber, whalebone, &c. 
Tell-tales, used in trolling. 
Tell-tales for fishing under the ice. 
(Accessory) cases for rods and rod-tops. 
I. Swivels: 





Box-swivels. 
Hook-swivels. 
Pot-gauge swivel. 
Cod-line swivels. 
Trawl buoy-rope swivels. 
m. Clearing-rings. 
n. Disgorgers. 





, MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. Fi 


V. NETS. 





30. ENTANGLING-NETS. 
a. Meshing-nets, (entangling in meshes :) 
{ BARRIER-NETS. 
Rabbit-nets, used by Indians of the Southwest. 
Bird mesh-nets. 
Gill-nets, used in great lakes. 
t DRIFT-NETS. 
t Those drifting across the tide. 
Shad gill-nets, used in southern rivers. 
Bass gill-nets. 
Salmon gill-nets. 
Mullet gill-nets. 
tt Those drifting along the tide. 
Mackerel gill-nets. 
Herring gill-nets. 
b. Pocket-nets, (entangling in pockets :) 
. Trammel-nets. 
§ 31. ENCIRCLING-NETS. 
| a. Seines: 
Seal-seines. 
Manatee-seines. 
Shad-seines. 
Mullet-seines. 
Menhaden-seines. 
Bass-seines. 
Blue-fish seines. 
Capelin-seines. 
Herring-seines. 
Cod-seines. 
Lance-bunts. 
Baird collecting-seines. 
Bait-seines. 
“ Wly-tail” seines of North Carolina. 
b. Hoop-nets : 
Handle, or dip-nets: 
Bull-nets, (worked with ropes and blocks.) 





36 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


31. ENCIRCLING-NETS—Continued. 
b. Hoop-nets : . 
Handle or dip-nets: a 
Scoop-nets, (herring-nets, pound-scoops, car-scoops, &c.) ‘ 
Landing-nets. 
Eskimo auk-nets. 
Baited hoop-nets : 
Crab-nets. 
c. Trailing-nets : 
Trawls: 
Beam-trawl. 


(Otter-trawl.) 
Dredges: 
Flange, or ordinary dredge. 
Rake-dredge. 
Oyster-scraper. 
(Coral-dredge.) 
Towing-nets: 
Surface tow-nets. 
d. Folding or jerk nets: 
Purse-nets: 
Mackerel purse-seines, (pursed by weight.) 
Menhaden purse-seines, (pursed by hand-ropes.) 
Cast-nets : 
Mullet cast-nets. 
Pompano cast-nets. 
Bait cast-nets. 





Clap-nets for birds. 

Rabbit-spring nets. 

Spring-weirs, (St. Lawrence.) 
Sieve-traps, (for birds.) \ 

e. (Accessory.) Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture: ~ 
Raw material of nets. + | 
Babiche. (See under D. 20.) a 
Netting-fibre. 
Netting-twine. 
Netting-needles. 
Mesh-needles. 
Hanging-needles. 
Eskimo netting-needles. 





MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 37 


VI. TRAPS. 





| 32. PEN-TRAPS. 
a. Pocket-traps: 
Pitfalls : 

Pits, covered. 

Barrel-traps. 

Jar mole-traps. 

“¢ Rabbit-tipe,” used in England. 
Salmon-baskets, (Columbia River.) 
Salmon-weirs, (Upper Columbia River.) 
River-weirs, with pockets: 

Kel-traps. 

Fish-slides : 
Shad-slides, used in the rivers of North Carolina. 
b. Labyrinth-traps: 
Corrals. 
Turkey-traps. 
Weirs, or pounds: 

Heart-pound. 

Salmon-weir. 

Virginia Indian weir, (figured by DeBry.) 

Salmon hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence. 
Funnel-traps : 

Fish-pots. 

Lobster-pots. 

Eel-weirs, (with leaders.) 

Eel-pots, (without leaders.) 

Barrel-pots, for eels. 

West India wicker fish-pots. 

Set-nets. 

Fykes, (set-nets with leaders.) 

Bass-traps. 

ce. Door-traps: 


+ Closed by the falling of a door. 


Box-traps. 
Rabbit-traps, (figure 4.) 
Brick traps, (figure 4.) 





ae ANIMAL BESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


32. PEN-TRAPS—Continued. 
ce. Door-traps: 

Box-traps: 
Musquash traps, with hanging doors. 
Rabbit-traps, for mouth of burrows. 
Self-setting box-traps. 
Double box-traps. 

Spring-door traps. 


it Closed by falling of whole trap. 


Bowl-traps. 
Cob-house bird-traps. 
Pigeon-nets. 


ttt Closed by falling of tide. 
Bar-weirs. 
d. Sheaf-traps: 
Sheaf-traps, (New York Harbor.) 
33. CLUTCHING-TRAPS. 
a. Noose-traps: 
Snares: 
Footpath-snares. 
Barrier-snares. 
Springes. 
“ Round mouse-traps.” 
b. Jawed traps: 
“¢ Steel traps :” 
Newhouse traps: 
No. 0. Rat-trap. 
No.1. Muskrat trap. 
No. 14. Mink-trap. 
2. Fox-trap. 
3. Otter-trap. 
4. Beaver-trap. ' 
No. 44. Deer-trap. 
No. 5. Small bear-trap. 
No. 6. Great bear-trap. 
Spring bird-nets. 
(French bird-trap.) 





MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 39 


34. FALL-TRAPS. 

a. Crushing-traps: 
Deadfalls. 
Figure-four traps. 

b. Piercing-traps: 
Spear-falls. 
Mole-traps. 
Harpoon-traps. 

ce. Spring-hooks: 
Pickerel-hooks. 

35. MISSILE-TRAPS. 

a. Cross-bow traps. 

b. Spring-guns. 

36. ADHESIVE PREPARATIONS. 

a. Bird-lime, &e. 

b. Hoods, boots, &e. 





iS 
oe 
- 


' VII. APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION. 


37. POISONS. 
a. Food poisons: 
Phosphorus poisons. 
Strychnine. 
Arsenic. 
Corrosive sublimate. 
Cyanide of potassium. 
Opium poisons. 
| b. Blood poison: Woorara 
ie 38. ASPHYXIATORS. 
. a. Apparatus for smoking-out. 
b. (Apparatus for suffocating with fumes of sulphur.) 
_¢. Apparatus for drowning-out. 
39. TORPEDOES. 
394. STOMACH-SPRINGS. 
a. Eskimo whalebone springs, used in killing bears. 


VII. HUNTING-ANIMALS. 


40. HUNTING-MAMMALS. 
a. Dogs. 5 
b. Hunting-leopard. (Cynailurus jubatus.) 





40 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


40. HUNTING-MAMMALS—Continued. 
c. Weasels and ferrets. 
d. Otters. 
41, ACCESSORIES TO HUNTING-DOGS. 
a. Dog-whips. 
b. Dog-whistles. 
c. Dog-collars. 
d. Dog-food. 
e. Dog-earts. 
f. Dog-muzzles. 
42. HUNTING-BIRDS. 
a. Falcons. 
b. Owls. 
e. Cormorants, (Carbo sinensis, used in fishing in China.) 
43, ACCESSORY TO HUNTING-BIRDS. 
a. Hoods. 
b. Perches. 
e. Cormorant-collars. 
44, HUNTING-FISHES. 
a. Remora, used in West Indies and Australia. 


IX. DECOYS AND DISGUISES. 





45. BAITS. 
a. Natural baits: 
Flies and other insects. (This should include a collection 
of those insects which, as the favorite food of fishes, are 


+ j 
; 
a, 
} 
rE 
i 
q 


imitated in making artificial flies.) 
Worms. 
Mollusks. 
Salted baits, (prepared.) 
Menhaden. 
Herring. 


Squids. 

Clams, long. 

Clams, hen. 

Pea-roe of cod, (used in French sardine-fisheries, and largely 
exported.) 


a 4 eee 


Grasshopper paste, used as a substitute for pea-roe. 
Tolling baits, “stosh,” &e. 





MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. Al 





_ 45. BAITS—Continued. 
| a. Natural baits: 
(Accessory) methods of preparing baits: 
Bait-cutters. 
Bait-mills. 
Bait-ladles. 
Wheelbarrows for bait-clams, (Nantucket.) 
Bait boxes and cans. 
Bait-needles. 
b. Artificial baits: 
Trolling-spoons. 
Spinners. 
Squids and jigs. 
‘‘ Bobs,” used in southern waters. 
Artificial flies. 
ce. Accessory to b: 
a. Fly-books. 
b. Raw materials for making artificial flies. 
e. Tools for making artificial flies. 
, d. Pastes. 
f 46. DECOYS. 
io a. Scent-decoys. 
b. Sound-decoys: 
Animal calls, whistles, &c. 
Bird-calls. 
c. Sight-decoys: 
Living decoy animals and birds. 
Decoy-dogs, used in hunting ducks. 
Stool-pigeons. 
Tame decoy-ducks. 
Tame decoy-brants. 
Imitations of animals and birds: 
Decoy swimming-birds. 
Decoy-waders. 
Imitations of fishes: 
Lure-fish used in taking Mackinaw trout. 
Blanket-decoys, (for antelopes.) 
Lanterns and otier apparatus for fire-hunting and fishing, 
Lanterns for still-hunting. 





42 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


46. DECOYS—Continued. 
c. Sight-decoys: 
Lanterns for weequashing, or fire-fishing, for eels. 


‘ 


Jack-lanterns for tishing. 
47. COVERS. 

a. Movable covers: 

Masks: 
Deer heads and antelope heads. 

Movable copses. 
Covers for hunter. 
Covers for boats. 

b. Stationary covers: 
Hunting-lodges. 


X. PURSUIT, ITS METHODS AND APPLIANCES. 


48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION. 
a. Personal aids: 
Snow-shoes. 
Skates. 
Alpenstocks and staves. 
Portable bridges. 
b. Animal equipments: 
Harness: 
Horse-trappings. 
Dog-harness. 
Girths, sinches. 
Bits, cabrestos, spurs. 
Saddles: 
Riding-saddles. 
Pack-saddles. 
Aparejos. 
Riding-pads, (for buffalo-hunting.) 
Furpack-saddle, (Hudson’s Bay Territory.) 
Vehicles: 
Deer-sledges. 
Dog-sledges. 
Wagons. 
Dog-carts. 
Fish-carts, used in Nantucket. 


% Sa 
, 
“| 








MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 43 


i 48, METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION—Continued. 
| c. Boats: 
Hunting-boats, fishing-boats : 





Birch canoes. 

Canoes used by Indians of the northwest coast in 
whaling. 

Kyaks or bidarkas. 

Umiaks or bidarras. 

Indian raft-boats. 

Launches. 

Dug-outs. 

Portable (paper and canvas) boats. 

Duck-boats. 

Scows. 

Oyster-boats. 

Whale-boats. 

Seine-boats, (sea use.) 

Seine-boats of the lakes. 

Potomac seine-boats. 

Dorys, sharpies, and dingies. \ 

Pound-boats of the lakes. 

Italian fishing-boats, (California.) 

Pinkies, (Martha’s Vineyard.) 

Adirondack boats. 

Alexandria Bay boats. 

Surf-boats. 

Whitehall boats. 

Oyster-canoes. 

Ducking-boats. 

Cat-rigged fishing- boats. 

Mackerel-smacks. 

Oyster-smacks. 

Menhaden-smacks. 

Menhbaden-carryaways. 

Bank cod-smacks. 

Smacks with wells, used near the coast. 

Smacks employed in fish-trade. 

Whale-ships. 

Sealers. 


44 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION—Continued. q 
c. Boats: % 
Herring-boats. 
Mackinaw boats. ) 
Pe ee \ Used in the Great Lake fisheries. 
Norwegian boats. ; 
Pound-boats. 5S 
Oyster-pungies, (canoe and square-sterned,) employed — 
on the Chesapeake. 
Oyster police-boats. 
Steamers : 
Mackerel-steamers. 





Menhaden steam-mills. 
Lake gill-net steamer. 
W hale-steamers. 
Sealing-steamers, We. 
Accessory to fishing-vessels : 
Rigging, masts, sails, cordage, pulleys, sockets. 
Anchors, killicks, chains. 
Sail-needles, palms, fids, marline-spikes. 
Oar-locks, chocks, oar-rests. 





Stepping-irons for whale-boats. 

Crotches and oar-rests. 

Paddles and oars. 

Rudder-heads, wheels, tillers, &c. 

Fog-horns, trumpets, drums, &e. 

Cabin, blubber room, cooks’ and binnacle lamps and 4 
jacket-lamps, signal, binnacle, and common lanterns. 

Compasses, barometers, &c. 





Astronomical instruments, sextants, quadrants, chro- — 
nometers, hour and log glasses. . 
49. CAMP-OUTFIT. 
a. Shelter: 
Lodges. 
Tents. 
Huntmg-camps. 
Hunters’ houses. 
Fishing-houses. 








MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 45 


49, CAMP-OUTFIT—Continued. 

b. Furniture: 
Hammocks. 
Beds, couches, stretchers, and lounges. 
Blankets, rubber and Mackinaw, and fur robes. 
Fuel. 
Apparatus for kindling fire. 
Lamps and lanterns. 
Tools. 

ce. Commissary supplies: 
Cooking-apparatus, kettles, and stoves. 
Table-furniture. 
Preserved meats, &c. 


_ 50. PERSONAL EQUIPMENTS. 
a. Clothing: 
Hunting-suits. 
Cloth-suits. 
Skin-suits. 
Water-proof suits. 
Oil-skin suits. 
Boots, moccasins, leggings. 
Water-proof boots. 
Wading boots and stockings. 
Riding-boots. 
Moccasins. 
Leggings. 
Hats and caps. 
Protection from insects: 
Nets for beds and for face. 
Ointments, (such as tar and sweet-oil.) 
Smudges, (such as pyrethrum powder.) 
Shields, breastplates, and defensive armor. 
b. Trappings: 
Belts. 
Cross-belts. 
Game-bags. 
Game and fish baskets and slings. 
Wallets for lines and other tackle. 





A6 _ ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


50. PERSONAL EQUIPMENTS—Continued. 
c. Optical instruments, &e.: 
Snow-goggles. 
Telescopes. 
Field-glasses, &e. 
Water-telescopes. 
d. Medical outfit : 
Medicine-chests. 
Hunters’ and fishermen’s flasks. 
e. Artificial lights: 
Lanterns for camp and ship use. 
Torches. 








SECTION C. 
METHODS OF PREPARATION, | 
J]. PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF FOOD 





: 
he. 
ees 


1, PRESERVATION DURING LIFE, (see under E, 3.) 
_ 2. PRESERVATION OF FRESH MEATS. 
a. Refrigerators : 
Ice-boxes and refrigerators. 
Refrigerator-cars. 
(Accessory.) The ice-trade: 
Ice cutting and handling apparatus. 
Methods of manufacturing artificial ice. 
Ice-houses. — 
b. Other accessories of preservation : 
Meat-hooks. 
Skewers, &c. 
“a Carving-tools. 
)3. PRESERVATION BY DRYING. 
L a. Sun-drying apparatus: 
Beach dryers. 
Flake-drying : 
Newfoundland flakes. 
F Massachusetts flakes. 
i" Covers for fish-drying. 
b. Smoke-drying apparatus : 
Herring smoke-houses. 
Halibut smoke-houses. 
Salmon smoke-houses. 
Sturgeon smoke-houses. 
Aboriginal drying-houses. 
Methods of drying haliotis, used by the Indians of California. 
47 





48 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


4, PRESERVATION BY CANNING AND PICKLING. 
a. Salting fish : 
Knives, (see under B, 2.) 
Sealing-apparatus. 
Tables, tubs, &e. 
Barrels. 
(Accessory.) Salt: 
Specimens of the salts used in preserving fish. 


Model of salt-mills used on Cape Cod in former days. 


b. Canning meats: 

Model of salmon-canning establishment. 

Model of sardine-factory. 

(Accessory.) Cotton-oil, and its manufacture. 

Model of lobster-canning factory. 

Model of oyster-canning factory. 

5. PREPARATION OF BAITS. 

a. Bait-mills, knives, choppers, &c., (see under B, 2 and 3.) 
b. Bait tubs, vats, &e. 


I]. MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE FABRICS, FELTS, i 


AND STUFFINGS. 


6. PREPARATION OF WOOL AND HAIR OF MAMMALS. 
a. Preparation of wool cloths: 
Washing. 
Shearing. 
Stapling or assorting. 
Scouring. 
Combing, carding, and plucking. 
Spinning and reeling. 
Weaving. 
Fulling and teazling. 
Cropping. 
Pressing. 
b. Weaving worsted cloths. 
ce. Felting and the hat manufacture: 
Bowing. 
Pressing. 
Stopping. 


—) 
- 
i 
; 
; 











METHODS OF PREPARATION. 49 


6. PREPARATION OF WOOL, &c.—Continued. 
c. Felting and the hat manufacture : 
Rolling-off. 
Shaping. 
d. Preparation of curled hair for stuffings. 
7. PREPARATION OF WHALEBONE. 
a. Preparation of stuffings. 
8. PREPARATION OF FEATHERS. 
a. Preparation of down for stuffings. 
b. Preparation of feather fabries. 
ce. Preparation of ‘ brillantine.” 
d. Preparation of flocking for wall-paper, from refuse quills. 
e. Preparation of fibres for manufacture of plush carpets. 
9. PREPARATION OF SILK OF INSECTS. 
a. Preparation of silk of silk-worms: 
Boiling the cocoons. 
Reeling. 
Spinning. 
Dyeing. 
Weaving. 
10. PREPARATION OF SOFT PARTS OF OTHER INVERTE: 
BRATES. 
a. Preparation of silk from byssus of Pinna. 
b. Preparation of sponge stuffing. 


Ii. PREPARATION OF THE SKIN AND ITS AP- 
PENDAGES. 


lil. CORRYING OF LEATHER. 
a. Processes of currying : 
Dipping. 
Graining. 
Scraping. 
Dressing. 
b. Implements employed by curriers : 
‘¢ Head-knives.” 
“ Pommels.” 
‘“¢ Stretching-irons.” 
“¢ Round-knives.” 
‘“‘ Cleaners.” 


50 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


11. CURRYING OF LEATHER—Continued. 
b. Implements employed by curriers: 
‘¢ Maces.” 
‘¢ Horses,” or trestles. 
‘¢ Dressers.” 
‘¢ Treading-hurdles.” 
ce. Eskimo and Indian currying methods and implements. 
d. Methods of dressing gut and sinew. 


12. LEATHER-DRESSING. 
a. Processes of tanning leather : 
Soaking. 
Liming. 
Tanning. 
b. Processes of tawing or oil-dressing leather: 
Soaking. 
Liming. 
Oiling. 
c. Apparatus of leather-dressing, recent and aboriginal. 
13. FUR-DRESSING. 
a. Processes of fur-dressing: 
Currying. (See under 12.) 
Scouring. 
Tanning. 
Lustering. 
Plucking and dyeing. 
14. FEATHER-DRESSING. 
a. Method of preparing ornamental feathers: | 
Scouring. 
Bleaching. 
Washing. 
Azuring. 
Sulphuring. 
Scraping. 
Dyeing. 
b. (Art of plumagery.) 
15. MANUFACTURE OF QUILL ARTICLES. 
a. Manufacture of quills for pens: 
Sand-bath drying and steaming. 
Polishing. 











METHODS OF PREPARATION. 51 


15. MANUFACTURE OF QUILL ARTICLES—Continued: - 
a. Manufacture of quills for pens: : 
Dyeing. ; 
Shaping. ‘ 
b. Manufacture of tooth-picks. 
c. Manufacture of floats and other articles. 
d. Manufacture of quill brush-bristles. - 
16. HAIR AND WOOL WORK. 


© 


IV. PREPARATION OF HARD TISSUES. - 


17. IVORY CUTTING AND CARVING. 
a. Manufacture of handles, trinkets, billiard-balls, &e. : 
Turning and sawing. 
Polishing. 
Bleaching. 
b. Manufacture of organ and piano keys: 
Sawing. 
Strip-sawing. 
Polishing. 
Bleaching, &c. | 
c. Other processes. Peet : 
18. PREPARATION OF HORN AND HOOF. : 
a. Steaming. 
b. Pressing. 
19. PREPARATION OF WHALEBONE. 
a. Cutting and other processes. 
b. Manufacture of whip-makers’ stock and whips. — 
c. Manufacture of umbrella-maker’s bone. : 
d. Manufacture of ribbon-weaver’s bone. 
e. Manufacture of hat and bonnet maker’s bone. 
J. Manufacture of suspender-maker’s bone. 
g. Manufacture of stock-maker’s bone. 
h. Manufacture of dress and stay maker’s bone. 
2. Manufacture of billiard-table cushions. 
k. Manufacture of surgical instruments. | 
l. Manufacture of whalebone-brushes. ~ 
m. Manufacture of rosettes, woven-work, and trinkets. 
n. Other whalebone manufactures. 
20. PREPARATION OF TORTOISE-SHELL. 


. 
& 


ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 3 


or 
bo 





. PREPARATION OF FISH-SCALE WORK. 

. PREPARATION OF NACRE. 

3. PREPARATION OF CORAL. 

. PREPARATION OF OTHER HARD TISSUES 


VY. OILS AND GELATINES. 
25. EXTRACTION OF WHALE OiL, (WITH MODELS OF TRY- 
WORKS, CLARIFYING-VATS, &c.) 
a. Preparation of body-oil: 


bo by 
— 


bo 
Co koe 


bo 
Tig 


Cutting in and stowing. 
Leaning and mincing. 
Trying. 
Bailing. 
Cooling. 
Barreling. 
Refining. 
b. Preparation of head-oil. 
e. Preparation of spermaceti. 
d. Instruments and appliances of rendering whale.oil : 
, Boarding- knives. 
Leaning-knives. 
Mincing-horse and mineing-Knives. 
Mincing tub. 
Mincing-machine. 
_ Blubber-fork. 
Try-pots. 
Vire-pike. 
Stirring-pole. 
Scrap-hopper. 
Skimmer. 
Bailer. 
Cooler. 
Deck-pot. 
Casks. 
26. EXTRACTION OF OTHER MAMMAL OILS, | 
27. EXTRACTION OF BIRD AND REPTILE OILS. } 
28. EXTRACTION OF FISH-OILS, (WITH MODELS OF BOILERS, | 
, PRESSES, CLARIFYING-VATS, &c.) 
. EXTRACTION OF GLUE, GELATINE, AND LSINGLASS. 


bo 
© 


METHODS OF PREPARATION. 53 


VI. DRUGS, PERFUMES, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. 


30. MANUFACTURE OF PERFUMES. 

31. MANUFACTURE OF IVORY-BLACK. 

32. MANUFACTURE OF PRUSSIATES. 

33. MANUFACTURE OF MUREXIDES. 

34. PREPARATION OF COCHINEAL COLORS. : 
35. MANUFACTURE OF INKS FROM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 
36. PREPARATION OF ALBUMEN. 

ot. MANUFACTURE OF PEPSIN. 

38. MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHORUS. 

39. MANUFACTURE OF SAL AMMONIaAC. 

40. MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA. 

41. MANUFACTURE OF ALBUMEN PREPARATIONS. 

42. MANUFACTURE OF PROPYLAMINE. 

43. MANUFACTURE OF FORMIO ACID. 

44, MANUFACTURE OF CARBAZOTATES. 


Vif. MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS. 


45. PREPARATION OF GUANO. 
a. Model of fish-guano works: 

Grinders and pulverizers. 

Mixers. — 

Guano in its various stages, with its ingredients, South Caro- 
lina phosphates, Navassa phosphates, scrap, (crude, and 
dried,) sulphuric acid, kainite, screened and unscreened 
guano, and sea-weed used in preparation. 


VIE. LIMES. 


46. BURNING OF LIME. 
a. Models of kilns for burning shells. 


IX. PRESERVATION OF THE ANIMAL FOR SCIEN- 
TIFIC USES. 
47, APPARATUS FOR MAKING AND PRESERVING ALCO- 
HOLIC SPECIMENS. 
a. Tanks and jars: 
Agassiz collecting-tank. 





54 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


47. APPARATUS FOR MAKING AND PRESERVING ALCO 
HOLIC SPECIMENS—Continued. 

a. Tanks and jars: 
Army collecting-tank. 
Museum storage-tank, Agassiz model. 
Anatomical jars. 

‘ Self-sealing jars, used in collecting. 

Phials. 
Tube-phials. 

b. Syringes for injecting. 

e. Inflatable bags. 

d. Preservative mixtures: 

* Aleohol. 

Glycerine. 
Carbolic acid. 
Chloral hydrate. 
Piecrie acid. 
Osmic acid. 

e. Labels: 
Metallic labels. 
Parchment labels. 
Indelible inks, pencils, *&e. 

48, APPARATUS FOR .PRESERVING AND MAKING SKELE | 


TONS. 
a. Preparation of the bones : 


Macerating-vats. 

Boiling-vats. 

Cleansing and bleaching preparation. 
b. Mounting of the bones: 

Scraping-tools. 

Articulating-tools. 


49. APPARATUS FOR MAKING CASTS. MODELING. 
a. Materials: 


Clays. 

Plasters. 

Glues. 

Papier-maché and carton pierre, 
Gelatine. 

Parafline. 

Collodion. 








METHODS OF PREPARATION. 55 


49. APPARATUS FOR MAKING CASTS, &c.—Continued. 
b. Frames and modeling tools. 
ce. Molds: 
Of plaster. 
Of gelatine. 
Of paper. 
Of paraffine. 
50. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND MOUNT 


ING SKINS. TAXIDERMY. 
a. Tools: 


Flaying-tools. 
Scraping-tools. 
Taxidermists’ tools for stuffing : 
Forceps. 
Pliers. 
b. Preservatives and insect-powders : 
Arsenic and arsenical soap. 
Corrosive sublimate. 
Salt, alum, &c. 
Persian insect-powder. 
Syringes for application of insect-powder. 
Tobacco, snuff, used as preservatives. 
c. Frames, &c.: 
Wooden frames. 
Wire frames. 
Plaster model-bodies. 
51. (ACCESSORY.) PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER DELINEAT 


ING APPARATUS. 
a. Photographic apparatus: 


Lenses. 
Cameras and fittings. 
Camera tripods and stands, with model. 
Fish Commission stands. 
Plates, and their results : 
Wet plates. 
Dry plates. 
Dark closets. 
b, Camera obscuras. 
c. Mechanical delineators. 
d. Methods of heliotyping and engraving illustrations. 





SEC LION PD: 


ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLI- 
CATIONS. 


I. FOODS. 


1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION. 

This section may include specimens of the marketable 
animals in a fresh condition in refrigerators. 

For convenience in making up and arranging this portion 
of the collection, a list is appended of the animals used 
as food in the United States. Many others are available, 
but for various reasons are not commonly eaten. 

a. Mammals: 
Grizzly bear, (Ursus horribilis.) 
Black bear, (Ursus americanus.) 
White bear, (Thalarctos maritimus.) 
Raccoon, (Procyon lotor.) 
Buffalo, (Bison americanus.) 
Musk-ox, (Ovibos moschatus.) 
Mountain goat, (Mazama montana.) 
Mountain sheep, (Ovis montana.) 
Antelope, (Antilocapra americana.) 
Moose, (Alces malchis.) 
Woodland caribou, (Tarandus rangifer, subsp. caribou.) 
Barren-ground caribou, (Tarandus rangifer, subsp. grenlan. 

dicus.) 

Elk or wapiti, (Cervus canadensis.) 
Virginia deer, (Cariacus virginianis.} 
Mule-deer, (Cariacus macrotis.) 
Black-tailed deer, (Cariacus columbianus.) 
Peccary, (Dicotyles torquatus.) 
Manatee, ( Trichechus manatus.) 
Fox squirrel, (Sciwrus cinereus.) 


Gray squirrel, (Sciurus carolinensiz.} 
57 





58 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
a. Mammals: 
California gray squirrel, (Sciwrus fossor.) 
Tuft-eared squirrel, (Sciurus Aberti.) 
Red squirrel, (Sciurus hudsonius.) 
Flying squirrel, (Sciuropterus volucella.) 
Woodchuck, (Arctomys moxax.) 
Marmots, (Arctomys caligatus and flaviventer.) 
Polar hare, (Lepus timidus, var. arcticus.) 
Prairie hare, (Lepus campestris.) 
Northern hare or white rabbit, (Lepus americanus, and L. 
americanus Var. virginianus.) 
Red hare, (Lepus americanus, var. Washington.) 
Baird’s hare, (Lepus americanus, var. Bairdii.) 
Gray hare or gray rabbit, (Lepus sylvaticus.) 
Sage rabbit, (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Nuttalli.) 
Audubon’s hare, (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Auduboni.) 
Trowbridge’s hare, (Lepus Trowbridgei.) 
Jack rabbit or mule rabbit, (Lepus callotis.) 
California hare, (Lepus californicus.) 
Marsh hare, (Lepus palustris.) 
Water hare, (Lepus aquaticus.) 
Opossum, (Didelphys virginiana.) 
b. Birds: 
Reed bird or rice bird, (Dolichonyx oryzivorus.) 
Wild pigeon, (Hctopistes migratorius.) 
Turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo.) , 
Wild turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo, var. americana.) 
Spruce grouse, (Tetrao canadensis.) 
Dusky grouse, (Tetrao obscurus.) 
Sage cock, (Centrocercus urophasianus.) 
Sharp-tailed grouse, (Pediacetes phasianellus.) 
Prairie grouse or prairie hen, (Cupidonia cupido.) 
Ruffed grouse, (Bonasa umbellus.) 
Snow ptarmigan, (Lagopus albus.) 
Rock ptarmigan, (Lagopus rupestris.) 
White-tailed ptarmigan, (Lagopus leucurus.} 
Bob-white or ‘ quail,” (Ortyx virginianus.) 
Plumed partridge, (Oreortyx pictus.) 





PRODUCTS AND THEIK APPLICATIONS. 59 


1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
b. Birds: 

California partridge, (Lophortyx californicus.) 
Gambel's partridge, (Lophortyx Gambeli.) 
Sealed partridge, (Callipepla squamata.) 
Massena partridge, (Cyrfonyx massena.) 
Black-billed plover, (Squatarola helvetica.) 
Golden plover,(Charadrius fulous var. virginicus.) 





Kildeer plover, (Aegialitis vociferus.) 
‘Wilson’s plover, (Aegialitis wilsonius.) 
Ringneck plover, (Aegialitis semipalmatus.) 
Piping plover, (Aegialitis melodus.) 
Stilt sandpiper,(Micropalama himantopus.) 
Ruddy plover, (Calidris arenaria.) 
Woodcock, (Philohela minor.) 
American snipe, (Gallinago wilsoni.) 
Red-breasted snipe, (Macrorhamphus griseus.) 
Willet, (Zotanus semipalmatus.) 
Tell-tale, (Totanus melanoleucus.) 

— Yellow-shanks, (Totanus flavipes.) 
Upland piover, (Actiturus bartramius.) 
Long-billed curlew, (Numenius longirostris.) 

_ Hudsonian curlew, (Numenius hudsonicus.) 

Eskimo curlew, (Numenius borealis.) 
Clapper rail, (Rallus longirostris.) 
Marsh hen, (fallus elegans.) 
Virginia rail, (Rallus virginianus.) 
Carolina rail, (Porzana carolina.) 
Yellow rail,(Porzana noveboracensis.) 
Trumpeter-swan, (Cygnus buccinator.) 
Whistling swan, (Cygnus americanus.) 
White-fronted goose, (Anser albifrons.) 
Snow goose, (Anser hyperboreus.) 
Brant, (Branta bernicla.) 
Canada goose, (Branta canadensis.) 
Mallard, (Anas boschas.) 
Black duck, (Anas obscura.) 
Pintail duck, (Dajila acuta.) 
Gray duck, (Chaulelasmus streperus.) 





eet! eae 


60 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
b. Birds: 

Widgeon or bald pate, (Mareca americana.) 
Green-winged teal, (Querquedula carolinensis.) 
Blue-winged teal, (Querquedula discors.) 
Red-breasted teal, (Querquedula cyanoptera.) 
Shoveller, (Spatula clypeata.) 
Wood duck,(Aix sponsa.) 
Big black-head, (Fuligula marila.) 
Little black-head, (fuligula affinis.) 
Ring-necked duck, (Fuligula collaris.) 
Red-head, (Fuligula ferina, var. americana.) 
Canvas-back, (Fuligula vallisneria.) 
Golden-eye, (Bucephala clangula.) 
Barrow’s golden-eye, (Bucephala islandica.) 
Butter-ball, (Bucephala albeola.) 
Long-tail duck, (Harelda glacialis.) 
Harlequin-duck, (Histrionicus torquatus.) 
Eider duck, (Somateria mollissima.) 
King eider, (Somateria spectabilis.) 
Scoter, (Gidemia americana.) 
Velvet duck, (Gidemia fusca, var. velvetina.) 
Surf duck, (Gdemia perspicillata.) 





_Long-billed scoter, (Gidemia perspicillata var. Trowbridget.) 
Ruddy duck or bar duck, (Hrismatura rubida.) 
Sheldrake, (Jlergus merganser.) 





Red-breasted merganser, (Mergus serrator.) 
Hooded merganser,(Mergus cucullatus.) 


c. Reptiles: 
Gopher tortoise, (Testudo carolina.) 
Diamond-back terrapin, (Malacoclemmys palustris.) 
Red-bellied terrapins, (Pseudemys rugosa.) 
Florida river-terrapin, (Pseudemys concinna.) 
Alligator turtle, (Macrochelys lacertina.) 
Snapping turtle,(Chelydra serpentina.) 
Soft-shell, or leather-back turtle, (Aspidonectes ferox, &c.) 
Green turtle, (Chelonia mydas.) 
Pacific green turtle, (Chelonia virgata.) 
Loggerhead turtle, (Thalassochelys caouana.) 





-PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, 61 


1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
d. Amphibians: 
Frogs, (Rana catesbiana, clamitans, &c.) 
e. Fishes, (eastern coast :) 
File fish, (Balistes capriscus.) 
American sole, (Achirus lineatus.) 
Flat fish, (Pseudopleuronectes americanus.) 
Smooth flounder, (Pleuronectes glaber.) 
Sand flounder, (Lophopsetta maculata.) 
Flounder, (Chenopsetta ocellaris.) 
Southern flounder, (Chcenopsetta dentata.) 
Four-spotted flounder, (Chanopsetta oblonga.) 
Halibut, (Hippoglossus americanus.) 
Newfoundland “ Turbot,” (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides.) 
Pollack, (Pollachius carbonarius.) 
Cod, (Gadus morrhua.) 
Tom-cod, or frost fish, (Microgadus tomcodus.) 
Haddock, (Melanogrammus ceglefinus.) 
Hake, (Phycis chuss.) 
Squirrel hake, (Phycis tenuis.) 
Cusk, (Brosmius americanus.) 
Whiting, (Merlucius bilinearis.) 
Norway haddock, (Sebastes norvegicus.) 
Rose fish, (Sebastes viviparus.) 
Tautog, or black-fish, (Tautoga onitis.) 
Chogset, or cunner, (Tautogolabrus adspersus.) 
Hog fish, (Lachnolemus falcatus.) 
Angel fish, (Holacanthus ciliaris.) 
Sword fish, (Xiphias gladius.) 
Spear fish, ( Letrapturus albidus.) 
sail fish, (Histiophorus amerveanus.) 
Mackerel, (Scomber scombrus.) 
Chub mackerel, (Scomber colias.) 
Bonito, (Sarda pelamys.) 
Horse mackerel, (Orcynus secundi-dorsalis.) 
Spanish mackerel, (Cybium maculatum.) 
Cero, (Cybium cabalia.) 
Striped cero, (Cybium regale.) - 
Crevallé. (Carangus hippos and Paratractus pisquetus.) 





62 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
e. Wishes, (eastern coast :) 
Pompano, (Trachynotus carolinus.) 
Short pompano, (Trachynotus ovatus.) 
Butter-fish, (Poronotus triacanthus.) 
Squeteague, (Cynoscion regalis.) 
Spotted squeteague, (Cynoscion carolinensis.) 
Drum, (Pogonias chromis.) 
Spot, (Liostomus obliquus.) 
Silver perch, or yellow-tail, (Bairdiella punctata.) 
Red fish, or spotted bass, (Scicnops ocellatus.) 
King fish, (Menticirrus nebulosus.) 
Southern king fish, or Bermuda whiting, (Menticirrus albur 
NUS.) 
Croaker, (Micropogon undulatus.) 
Sailor’s choice, (Lagodon rhomboides.) / 
Sheeps-head, (Archosargus probatocephalus.) 
Scuppaug, or porgy, (Stenotomus argyrops.) 
Grunts, (HZemulon arcuatum, &c.) 
Gray snapper, (Lutjanus caxis.) 
Red snapper, (Lutjanus aya.) 
Grouper, (Hpinephelus morio.) 
Spotted grouper, (Hpinephelus guttatus.) 
Jew fish, (Promicrops guasa.) 
Sea bass, (Centropristis atrarius.) 
Squirrel, (Diplectrum fasciculare.) 
Striped bass or rock fish, (Roccus lineatus.) 
White perch, (Morone americana.) 
Moon fish, (Parephippus quadratus and P. faber.) 


Triple-tail, (Lobotes surinamensis.) | 
Blue fish, (Pomatomus saltatriz.) E 
Striped mullet, (Mugil lineatus.) ; 


Silver-sides, (Chirostoma notatum.) 
Silver gar fish, (Belone longirostris.) 
Skipper, (Scomberesox scutellatus.) 
Mummichogs, (Hydrargyra majalis, &c.) 
Capelin, (Mallotus villosus.) 

Smelt, (Osmerus mordax.) 

Salmon, (Salmo salar.) 





PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 63 


1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
e. Fish, (eastern coast :) 
Sea trout, (Salmo immaculatus.) 
Tarpum, (Megalops thrissoides.) 
Menhaden, (Brevoortia menhaden.) 
Shad, (Alosa sapidissima.) 
Alewife, or gaspereau, (Pomolobus pseudoharengus.) 
Tailor herring, (Pomolobus mediocris.) 
Herring, (Clupea harengus ) 
Mud shad, (Dorvsoma cepedianum.) 
Anchovy, (Engraulis vittatus, &c.) 
Sea eel or conger, (Conger oceanica.) 
Hel, (Anguilla bostoniensts.) 
Sturgeon, (Acipenser oxyrhynchus and A. brevirostris.) 
Lamprey eel, (Petromyzon americanus.) 
f. Fishes, (fresh waters :) 
Burbot or lawyer, (Lota maculosa.) 
| Fresh-water drum, (Haploidonotus grunniens.) 
| Small-mouthed black-bass, (Micropterus salmoides.) 
Large-mouthed black-bass, (Micropterus floridanus.) 
Rock-bass, (Ambloplites rupestris.) 
Sacramento “ perch,” (Archoplites interruptus.) 
Sun-fish, (Pomotis aureus.) 
Black-eared sunfish, (Pomotis auritus.) 
“ Bream” of Southern States, (Calliurus, Lepomis, Enneacan- 
thus, Chenobryttus, numerous species.) 
Strawberry or grass bass, (Hyperistius hexacanthus, and Po- 
moxys storerius.) ) 
Yellow perch, (Perca flavescens.) 
Yellow pike-perch, (Stizostedium americanum.) 
Gray pike-perch or sauger, (Stizostedium griseum.) 
Canada pike-perch, (Stizostedium canadense.) 
White bass, (Roccus chrysops.) 
Short-striped bass, (Morone interrupta.) 
Lake pike, (Hsox lucius.) 
Pickerel, (Hsow reticulatus, E. fasciatus, E. cypho, S&c., &e.) 
Masquallonge, (Hsox nobilior.) 
Brook trout, (of eastern slope,) (Salmo fontinalis.) 
Brook trout, (of western slope,) (Salmo tridea.) 





64 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1, FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
J. Fish, (fresh waters ») 

Utah trout, (Salmo virginalis.) 

Oquassa trout, (Salmo oquassa.) 

Lake trout, (Salmo confinis.) 

Salmon trout or Mackinaw trout, (Salmo namaycush.) 

Siscowet, (Salmo siscowet.) 

Sebago salmon, (Salmo sebago.) 

Missouri trout, (Salmo Levwisi.) 

White fish, (Coregonus albus.) 

Otsego white fish, (Coregonus otsego.) 

Lake herring, (Argyrosomus harengus and A. elupeiformis.) 

Black fin of Lake Michigan, (Argyrosomus nigripinnis.) 

Michigan grayling, (Thymallus tricolor.) 

Mountain grayling, (Thymallus montanus.) 

Suckers of eastern slope, (Catostomus teres, &c., Ptychostomus 
aureolus, &c.) 

Suckers of western slope, (Catostomus occidentalis, &c.) 

Fall fish, (Semotilus rhotheus.) 

Chubs of eastern slope, (Semotilus corporalis, &¢.) 

Chubs of western slope, (Lavinia exilicauda, Algansea, sp., &c.) 

“Pike” or “salmon trout” of California, (Ptychocheilus 
grandis, &e., Pogonichthys ineequilobus, &e.) 

Dace, (Ceratichthys biguttatus, &e.) 

Buffalo fish, (Bubalichthys bubalus.) 

Shiner, (Stilbe americana.) 

Carp, (Carpiodes cyprinus, &¢.) 

Catfishes, (Amiurus catus, A. nigricans, &e., Ictalurus ceru- 
lesceus, &c., and many other siluroid fishes.) 

Sturgeon of the lakes, (Acipenser rubicundus.) 

Shovel-nose sturgeon, (Scaphirhynchops platyrhynchus.) 

g. Fishes, (western coast :) 

Flounders, (Platichthys stellatus, Lepidopsetta umbrosa, &c.) 

** Soles,” (Parophrys vetulus, Psettichthys melanostictus, &c.) 

Halibut, (Uropsetta californiana, Hippoglossus, sp., &¢.) 

Tomcod, (Microgadus proximus.) 

Cod of Alaska, (Gadus macrocephalus.) 

Rock fish or rock cod,” (Sebastomus rosaceus and species of 
Sebastosomus, Sebastichthys, &c.) 





PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 65 


1, FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION—Continued. 
g. Fishes, (western coast :) 
Rock trout, (Chirus constellatus.) 
“Cod” of San Francisco, (Ophiodon elongatus.) 
Black fish or “ sheeps-head,” (Pimelometopon pulcher.) 
“Perch,” (numerous species of Embiotoca, Holconotus, &c.) 
Bass,” (Atractoscion nobilis.) 
Cognard or little bass, (Genyonemus lineatus.) 
San Francisco ‘ smelt,” (Atherinopsis californiensis.) 
Pacific smelt, (Osmerus elongatus.) 
Salmon, (Salmo quinnat, &c.) 
Oulachan, (Thaleichthys pacificus.) 
Sardine or pilchard, (Pomolobus cwruleus.) 
Herring, (Clupea mirabilis.) 
Sturgeon, (Acipenser acutirostris, &c.) 
Columbia River sturgeon, (Acipenser transmontanus.) 
h. Crustaceans.! 
a. Mollusks.! 
2. FOODS: DRIED AND SMOKED. 
a. Mammal preparations: 
Jerked bear-meat. 
Jerked seal and walrus meat, (Indian.) 
Jerked and smoked buffalo-meat. 
Dried and smoked beef. 
Dried and smoked venison. 
Hams of various kinds. 
Jerked porpoise-meat, (Indian.) 
Jerked squirrels and other small mammals. 
Pemmican. 
Meat-biscuit, desiccated meat, meat extract, (extractum carnis,) 
desiccated milk, &e. 
Sausages. 
Cheese. 
b. Bird preparations: 
Jerked birds, (Indian.) 





‘The various applications of these groups are enumerated in the “ List intended to 
give a general idea of the useful products (other than vertebrates) of the sea and shore, as 
well as of the interior waters of the United States,’ prepared by Mr. Wm. H. Dati, and 
printed as Circular No. 2 of series (C,) National Museum series. 


5 


66 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


9, FOODS: DRIED AND SMOKED—Continued. 

c. Reptile preparations : | 
Dried lizards, (Indian.) 

d. Fish preparations : 

Smoked halibut. 

Dried cod, haddock, hake, &c. 

Dried and smoked mullet and roes. 

Dried and smoked garfish, flying-fish, &e. 

Smoked herring, alewives, &c., and their roes. 

Smoked salmon, oulachan, white-fish, smelt, &e., and their 
roes. 

Smoked sturgeon. 

Veziga, prepared from the notochord of sturgeons. 

e.. Insects : 

Dried grasshoppers, (Indian.) 

f. Worms: | 
Dried worms, (Indian.) 

g. Mollusk preparations : | 
Dried abalones, (Haliotis,) prepared by the California Chinese. 
Dried siphons of Schizotherus prepared by the Indians of | 

the northwest coast. 
Dried slugs, (Lima, &c.,) used by Indians. 

h. Radiate preparations : 

(Dried holothurians, “‘ béches de mer,” used by Chinese.) 

2. Protozoans : 

(“ Mountain meal,” a kind of infusorial earth, mixed with | 
flour, and used as food in Lapland and China.) | 
3. FOODS: SALTED, CANNED, AND PICKLED. 
a. Mammal preparations : 
Salted buffalo-meat. 
Salted beef. 
Salted deer, reindeer, elk. 
Salted tongues of beef, buffalo, deer, horse. 
Salted pork. 
Canned milk of the various brands. 
b. Bird preparations : 





Canned turkey. 
Canned chicken. 
Canned goose. 








PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 67 


3. FOODS: SALTED, CANNED, AND PICKLED—Continued. 
b. Bird preparations: 
(Canned ortolans, (Hmberiza hortularia,) esteemed a delicacy 
in Cyprus.) 
c. Reptile preparations : 
Salted and canned turtles and turtle soup. 
Canned frogs. 
d. Fish preparations : 
Salted halibut, halibuts’ fins, &c. 
Salted cod, cods’ tongues, sounds, and roe. 
Salted mackerel. 
Salted Spanish mackerel. 
Salted bluefish. 
Salted pompano. 
Salted sword-fish. 
Salted mullets. 
Salted salmon. 
Salted white-fish. 
Salted trout. 
Salted shad. 
Salted herring. 
Salted gaspereau. 
Salted menhaden. 
Salted anchovies. 
(Spiced lampreys) used in Europe. 
Anchovy-sauce and “ essence of anchovies.” 
Canned menhaden, in oil, “American sardines.” 
Canned menhaden, in oil, ‘American club-fish.” 
Spiced menhaden, ‘“ ocean trout.” 
Canned herring, in oil, “* Russian sardines.” 
Caviare, prepared from roe of the various sturgeons. 
(Caviare, prepared from roe carps, used by Jews.) 
(‘“‘ Boutargue” or “ botargo” prepared on the Mediterranean 
from the roes of Labrax and Mugil.) 
e. Crustacean preparations : 
Canned lobsters. 
Canned crabs. 
Canned prawns and shrimps. 
J. Mollusk preparations: 
Canned oysters. 


68 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


3. FOODS: SALTED, CANNED, AND PICKLED—Continued. 
J. Mollusk preparations: 
Canned clams. 
Canned little-neck clams. 
Canned scollops. 
(Cockles, (Cardium edule,) used in Europe as pickles and 
catsup.) 
4, GELATINES. 
a Mammal gelatines, (see also under 24 :) 
Gelatines made from tanners refuse and from sinews. 
Gelatines made from feet and hoofs. 
Gelatines made from bone and ivory shavings. 
b. Bird gelatines: 
(Nests of esculent swallows, (Calocalia esculenta, C. fuciphaga, 
C. indifica, &e.,) exported from Indian Archipelago to 
China.) 
c. Fish gelatines or isinglass, (see also under 24.) 
d. Insect gelatine: 
Gelatine from cocoons of silk-worms. 
5. BAITS AND FOODS FOR ANIMALS. 
a. Prepared baits, (see under B, 45.) 
b. Food for domesticated animals : 
Oil-factory scraps. 
Fish-seraps. . 
Cuttle-fish bone, (see under 18.) 


I]. CLOTHING. 


6. FURS, (embracing the furs in their rough state, (peltries,) and in the 
various Stages of preparation; also the manufactured arti- 
cles, such as robes, rugs, cloaks, sacks, tippets, cuffs, muffs, 
hats, caps, gloves, trimmings and linings.)! 

a. Mammal furs : 
(Diana monkey, (Cercopithecus diana,) of West Africa.) 
(Black monkey, (Colobus polycomus, and other species,) of West 
Africa—trimmings, &c.) 
(Abyssinian monkey, (Colobus guereza.) ) 





1 Note.—For convenience in arranging the general collections of the museum, this 
list has been made unusually full, and includes all furs known to be found in American’ 4 


and European markets. 











— 





PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 69 


6. FURS—Continued. 
a. Mammal furs: 

(American howling-monkey, (Mycetes, several species)—muffs.) 

(Lion, (Felis leo,) of Africa and Asia—rugs.) 

(Tiger, (Felis tigris)—rugs, &c.) 

(Leopard, (felis pardus)—rugs and saddle-cloths.) 

Puma, (Felis concolor)—carriage-robes, rugs, &e. 

Ocelot, (Felis pardalis)—rugs. 

Jaguar, (felis onca)—rugs. 

Cat, (Felis domestica)—robes and philosophical apparatus. 
Black cat. 
White cat. 
Maltese cat. 
Tortoise-shell. 

(Wild-cat, (Felis catus,) of Europe and Asia—robesand linings.) 

(Snow leopard, (Felis irbis,) of Asia.) 

Kyra, (Felis eyra.) 

Yaguarundi, (Felis yaguarundi.) 

(Cheetah, (Cynailurus jubatus,) of India and Southern Asia.) 

Bay lynx, (Lynx rufus)—rugs, and, when dyed, muffs and 
boas. 

Canada lynx, (Lynx canadensis)—rugs and trimmings, and 
dyed muffs, boas, &e. 

Dog, (Canis familiaris.) 

Eskimo dog. 

Wolf, (Canis lupus)—linings, rugs, and robes. 
White wolf. 
Black wolf. 
Gray wolf. 
‘‘ Blue wolf.” 
Red wolf. 

Coyote, or prairie wolf, (Canis latrans\—rugs and robes. 

(Jackal, (Canis aureus,) of Old World.) 

Red fox, ( Vulpes alopex, var. fulvus)—robes, (mostly imported 
to Turkey.) 

Cross fox, ( Vulpes alopex, var. decussatus)—robes, trimmings. 

Black and silver fox, (Vulpes alopex, var. argentatus)—mufts, 
cloaks, trimmings ; also, fox-skins dyed to imitate lynx; 
also, various imitations of silver-fox, made from skins of 
more common varieties. 


70 “AMIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


6. FURS—Continued. 
a. Mammal furs: 
Arctic fox, (Vulpes lagopus.) 
White fox. 
Blue fox. 
Kit fox, (Vulpes veloxr)—robes, muffs, trimmings. 
(Cossae fox, (Vulpes corsac,) of Asia.) 
(Mountain fox, (Vulpes montanus,) of India.) 













Gray fox, (Urocyon virginianus)—rugs, robes, and linings. 
(Spotted hyena, (Hycna crocuta,) of West and South Africa.) 
(Striped hyena, (Hycana striata,) of West Africa and India.) 
Fisher or pekan, (Mustela Pennanti)—linings, tails used for | 
trimmings. 
American or Hudson’s Bay sable, ( 1ustela americana)—cloaks, 
muffs, cuffs, boas, linings, &e.: 
Silver variety. 
Orange variety. 
Brown or common variety. | 
(Russian sable, (Mustela zibellina,) of North Europe and Asia | 
—cloaks, muffs, boas, linings, &c.) 
(Tartar sable, or kolinsky, (Mustela sibirica)—cloaks, muffs, | 
and dyed to imitate Russian sable.) 
(Pine marten, (Mustela abietum,) of North Europe and Asia.) | 
(Stone marten, or French sable, (Mustela saxorum,) of Eu- | 
rope—dyed to imitate sable.) 
(Beech marten, (Mustela foina,) of Europe and Asia—dyed to | 
imitate sable.) | 
(Polecat, fitch, or ferret, (Putorius vulgaris,) of Europe and 
Asia.) | 
Ermine, or weasel, (Putorius erminea,) of Northern Hemi- | 
sphere—cloaks, linings, &c.: | | 
Royal ermine, trimmed with astrakhan fur, (miniver.) 
Siberian ermine. 
Long-tailed weasel, (Putorius longicauda :) 
Summer dress, 
Winter dress. 
Mink, (Putorius vison,)—cloaks, muffs. 
Wolverine, (Gulo luscus,)—muffs, robes, linings. 
American badger, (Taxidea americana)—muffs and rugs. 


PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 71 


6. FURS—Continued. 
a. Mammal furs: 

(European badger, (Meles vulgaris)—mutis and rugs.) 

Skunk, Alaska sable, (Mephitis mephitica)—mutfts, boas, &c. 

White-backed skunk, (Conepatus mapurito.) 

Striped skunk, (Spilogale putorius.) 

Otter, (Lutra canadensis,) with specimens of the plucked and 
dyed fur—muffs, trimmings, We. 

Sea otter, (Enhydra marina)—mufis, gloves, collars, cuffs, 
trimmings. 

Black bear, ( Ursus americanus)—caps, rugs, muffs, robes, &c. 

a’, Cinnamon variety. 

b. Silvery variety. 

(Brown bear, (Ursus arctos,) of Europe and Asia.) 

Grizzly bear, (Ursus horribilis)—rugs, robes, trimmings. 

White bear, (Thalarctos maritimus)—rugs, robes, and used 
extensively by the Eskimos. 

Ragcoon, (Procyon lotor)—hats, linings. » 

Fur-seal, (Callorhinus ursinus)—cloaks, hats, gloves, muffs, 
linings, trimmings, We. 

Cub fur. 

(Antarctic fur-seal, (Arctocephalus aucklandicus, &e.) 

- Hair seal, (Pheca vitulina and Phoca Richardsii)—coats, caps, 

linings for shoes. 

Harp seal, (Pagophilus grenlandicus,) with specimens of the 
white fur of the unborn cub, and the blue fur of the young. 

Hood seal, or bladder-nose, (Cystophora cristata.) 

Square flipper, or bearded seal, (Hrignathus barbatus,) with 
specimens of fur dyed to imitate leopard. 

Banded seal, (Histriophoca equestris)—used by Eskimos as fur. 

Gray seal, (Pusa gryphus.) 

Ringed seal, (Pagomys fetidus.) 

Bison, or buffalo, (Bison americanus)—rugs and robes. 

a’, Mountain bison. 

b. Common bison. . 
Musk-ox, (Ovibos moschatus)—robes, rugs, and trimmings. 
(Yak, (Poéphagus grunniens,) of Asia—robes and trimmings.) 
Mountain goat, (Aplocerus montanus)—robes, &e. 


72 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


6. FURS—Continued. 
a. Mammal furs: 
(Llama, guanaco, paco, and vicugna, (Awchenia, sp.)—trim- 
mings, &¢.) 
Goat, (Capra, sp.)—rugs, trimmings. 
a’. Angora goat. 
b. Cashmere goat. 
c. Other varieties. 
Sheep, (Ovis aries)—rugs, trimmings, &e. 
a. Astrakhan sheep. 
b. Caracoul sheep. 
ce. Other varieties. Lamb-skins and dyed furs. 
Antelope, (Antilocapra americana)—rugs. 





Moose, (Alces malchis)—rugs and robes. 
Elk, (Cervus canadensis)\—rugs and robes. 
Reindeer, ( Tarandus rangifer)—robes, coats, gloves, &c. 
Caribou, (Larandus rangifer var.)\—robes, coats, gloves. 
Mule deer, (Cariacus macrotis)—trimmings, robes. 
Virginia deer (Cariacus virginianus)—trimmings, robes. 
Mole, (Scalops and Condylura, sp.)—robes, garments. 
(European mole, (Talpa europwa)—robes, garments.) 
Woodchuck, or siffleur, (Arctomys monax)—robes, exported 
to Europe as ‘white and gray weenusk.” 
Marmot, (Arctomys caligatus)—robes, trimmings. 
Parry’s marmot, (Spermophilus Parryi)—robes, trimmings. 
Gray squirrel, (Sciurus carolinensis, &c.)—trimming ; tails 
used for boas. 
(Squirrel, or “calabar,” (Sciurus vulgaris,) Northern Europe 
and Asia.) 

a’. Siberian squirrel. Trimmings, muffs, capes, &c.; tails 

used for boas, dyed to imitate sable. 
b. ‘“ Weisenfels linings” of the white fur of the belly. 
Showt'l, (Haplodontia leporina)—used by Indians. 
(Chinchilla, (Chinchilla laniger,) of South America—mutfts, 
wantles, boas, cloak-linings, and trimmings.) 

Musquash, (Fiber zibethicus)—muffs, capes, caps, and linings, 
and imitations of beaver-fur. 

(Neutria, or Coypu, (Myopotamus coypus)—linings and muffs, 
and imitations of beaver.) 











PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. @ 


6. FURS—Continued. 
a. Mammal furs: 
(Beaver, (Castor fiber,) of Northern Eurgpe and Asia.) 
Beaver, (Castor canadensis)—linings and muffs. 
White beaver. 
Spotted beaver. 
Rats and mice, (Mus., sp. var.) 
Lemming, (Myodes torquatus and obensis)—robes. 
Rabbit, or cony, (Lepus cuniculus)—children’s furs, and imi- 
tations of seal, beaver, &e., exported largely to China. 
White variety. 
Blue variety. 
Brown variety. 
American native rabbit furs, such as Lepus glacialis, used for 
muffs, boas, and feltings. 
Possum, (Didelphys virginiana.) 
(Kangaroo, (Macropus giganteus,) of Australia.) 
(Ornithorhynehus, (Ornithorhynchus anatinus, ) of Australia.) 
b. Skins of birds used as furs: 
Turkey furs, (Melagris gallopavo, &c.) 
| Gull furs, (Larus argentatus, &c.) 
Grebe furs, (Podiceps aristatus, &e.) 
| Loon furs, (Colymbus torquatus, &c.) 
| Swan furs and swan’s down trimmings, (Cygnus americanus, 
| &c.) 
| Pelican furs, (Pelecanus fuscus, &c.) 
Adjutant crane, (€iconia argala)—feathers used as fur. 
Puffin furs, (Fratercula arctica, &c.) 
Penguin furs, (Aptenodytes, Pennantii, &c.) 
Feathers of common fowl used in trimmings. 
7. LEATHERS. (See under 20.) 
8. TEXTILE FABRICS. 
a. Prepared from hair of mammals : 
Human hair used in manufacture of watch-chains. 
Hair of bats used in felting and in plaiting ropes in Central 
America and tassels in New Caledonia. 
Hair of raccoon used in felting, (largely exported to Ger- 
many for the use of hatters.) 
Hair of weasels and sables used in felting. 





74 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


8. TEXT (LE FABRICS—Continued. 
e Preparations of hair of mammals: 

Hair of fur seal woven with silk in the manufacture of shawls. 

Moose hair and its fabrics. _ 

Ox and calf hair used in the manufacture of imitation woolen 
goods. 

Sheep’s wool, with specimens of fleeces and stapled wools, 
from various breeds and localities, short-wool fabries, 
broadcloths, merinoes, flannels, mouselins de laine, serges, 
tweeds, blankets, carpets, and tartans, worsted fabries, 
stutfs, bombazines, camlets, shawls, plushes and velvets, 
hosiery, and yarns, felts, felt-cloths, and felt-hats. 


Goats’ wool with specimens of mohairs, cashmeres, plushes, | 


velveteens, camlets, and shawls. (For manufactured wigs 
and perukes, see under 21.) 

(Yak (Poéphagus grunniens) wool with specimens of yak-lace 
and other fabrics.) 

(Camels’ hair with specimens of fabrics, plushes, felts, shawls, 
&e.) 

(Hair of llama, paco, guanaco, and vicugna, with specimens 
of alpaca, guanaco, and other fabrics, and umbrellas and 
other articles manufactured.) 

Hair of horses used in weaving furniture-covers, crinoline- 
skirts, and bags for pressing oil. 

Hair of buffalo used in plaiting ropes, lariats, &e. 

Fur of mole used in felting. 

Beaver (castor) fur with specimens of the felt cloths, hats, &e. 

(Neutria-fur used in felting and in the manufacture of hats.) 

Musquash fur used in felting. 

Possum hair with fabries of Indian and other manufacture. 

Fur of rabbit and hare used in felting, with specimens of hats 
and cloths. 


Whalebone fiber used in weaving cloth covers for telescopes, 


&e. 
b. Prepared from feathers of birds: 
Cloths woven from feathers, (China.) 
ce. Prepared from silk of insects: (This collection should include 
specimens of the cocoons, the raw silk, the spun silk, and of 
the various fabrics, plain and figured silks, satins and satin- 
ettes, shawls, damasks, brocades, crapes, and ribbons.) 








; PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 1D 


8. TEXTILE FABRICS—Continued. 
ce. Prepared from silk of insects: 

Silk of common silk-worm, (Bombyx mori.) 

Silk of Samia cecropia, Samia polyphemus, and other native 
American moths. 

(Silk of exotic moths other than Bombyx mori, such as the 
tussah, (Bombyx pernyi and Bombyx mylitta,) the moonga, 
(Saturnia assamensis,) the joree, (Bombyx religiosa,) the 
ena or arindy, (Bombyx cynthia.)) 

Fabrics woven by the insects themselves, as Tinea padilla. 

Silk of spiders. 

d. Prepared from byssus of mollusks. 

(Fabrics woven from byssus of the wing-shell (Pinna nobilis) 

and other mollusks.) 


Hl. MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MAN- 
UFACTURES. 


* Hard materials. 


9. IVORY AND BONE. (This collection should include specimens of 
the various ivories and bones in their rough 
state, and manufactured into buttons, 
trinkets, cutlery-handles, canes, pen and 
pencil handles, brush-handles, billiard and 
bagatelle balls, dice, piano-keys, harness- 
rings, combs, false-teeth, philosophical in- 
struments, and as used by portrait painters 
and photographers.) 

a. Ivory of mammals: 

Tusks of walrus used for trinkets, handles, jewelry, buttons, 
paper-knives, counters, &e. 

Teeth of bears, dogs, wolves, foxes, peccaries, and other large 
mammals, used as implements, arrow-tips, and ornaments, 
by Indians. 

Elk-ivory used by Indians in ornamentation. 

Tusks of mammoth elephant (Hlephas primigenius) from 
northern America and Asia, with Eskimo carvings and 
specimens of “ Siberian ivory.” 


76 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


9. IVORY AND BONE—Continued. 
a. Ivory of mammals: 


(Tusks of African elephant with specimens of sawed and 
scroll ivory and of the manufactured balls, combs, piano- 
keys, handles, rings, canes, buttons, trinkets, bangles, and 
miniature tablets.) 

(Tusks of the Asiatic elephant and their applications.) 

(Teeth of hippopotamus as used for handles for surgical in- 
struments, index-fingers, and formerly for false-teeth, 
(trade-name, * sea-horse.”) 

Teeth of wild-hog used in manufacture of jewelry, vinai- 
grettes, We. 

Teeth of peceary. 

Ivory of narwhal used for canes. 

Teeth of sperm-whale and their application to the manufac- 
ture of balls, buttons, and trinkets. 

Incisors of beaver used by Indians for chisels, knives, and 
ornaments. 

b. Ivory of reptiles: 

Teeth of alligator used for jewelry, whistles, cane-handles, 

buttons, &e. 
c. Ivory of fishes: 

Sharks’ teeth used in arming weapons. 

Teeth of sharks and other fish used as trinkets. 

Jaws of the sleeper-shark (Somniosus brevipinna) used for 
head-dresses by Indians. 

d. Bone of mammals: 

Parts of splanchno-skeleton of ferae, used as charms. 

Bones of bear and other large mammals, used by Indians for 
implements, and as tablets for paintings. 

Bones of buffalo and of the domestic ruminants, used as 
substitute for ivory in the manufacture of buttons, han- 
dles, combs, &e. 

Sperm-whale jaw-bone, used for harness-rings, martin- 
gales, &e. 

Horn-cores of ruminants, used in manufacture of assayers’ 
cupels. 

e. Bone of birds: 

Bones of birds, used by Indians and Eskimos in making 

awls, needles, flutes, bird-calls, and dress-trimmings. 





PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 77 


« 9, IVORY AND BONE—Continued. 

f. Bone of fishes : 

Fish-hones, used by Indians and Eskimo in making imple- 
ments. 

Shark’s vertebrae, used for canes. 

Bones of sharks and skates, used (in Japan) in making 
imitation tortoise-shell. 

g. Waste bone and ivory: 

Use in manufacture of bone-black, ivory-black, and bank- 
note ink, (see under 29.) 

Use in manufacture of sizes and glues, (see under 24.) 

Use in manufacture or gelatine for food, (see under 4.) 

Use in manufacture of phosphorus, carbonate of ammonia, 
(hartshorn,) and sal ammoniac, (see under 30.) 

Use in manufacture of bone-charcoal for filters, (see under 
30.) 

Use in manufacture of paper. 

Use of shavings in case-hardening gun-barrels and other fine 
steel. 

10. HORN. (Embracing the varieties of horn known to commerce, the 
split and pressed horns, and the various manufactured 
articles, such as jewelry, combs, and handles. 

a. Horn, employed as a material : 

Horn of rhinoceros, used for handles and trinkets, cups, 
boxes, whips, and canes. 

Horns of ox, sheep, and goat, used for handles, buttons, 
combs, powder-flasks, cups, boxes, stirrups, spoons, and 
imitations of tortoise-shell, also “ sensitive Chinese leaves,” 
and formerly for transparent plates in lanterns and horn- 
hooks, for trumpets, and for finger-nails in lay figures. 

Horn of buffalo, used like that of ox. 

(Horn of Asiatic buffalo, (Bos bubalus.) ) 

Horn of mountain-sheep and mountain-goat, used by Aleu- 
tians, in making spoons, bowls, and numerous other imple- 
ments. 

b. Antlers: 

Antlers of deer, elk, and moose, (stag-horn,) used in the 
manufacture of handles for instruments, trinkets, and but- 
tons. 


78 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


10. HORN—Continued. 
b. Autlers: 
Antlers of deer, elk, moose, and nearly all species of rumi- 
nants, employed for ornamental purposes. 
ce. Chemical and other applications : 
Burnt horn, (cornu ustum,) used in dentifrices. 
Carbonate of ammonia, (hartshorn,) manufactured from deer- 
horns, (see under 30.) 


11. HOOFS AND CLAWS, &c. (Embracing the commercial hoof, and 
the various stages of manufacture 
represented by specimens.) 

a. Hoofs: 
Hoofs of ox and bison, used in making buttons, combs, and 
handles. ' 
Hoofs of horse, used like those of ox and bison. 
Hoofs of musk-ox, deer, and antelope, used by Indians in 
ornamentation. 
Feet of deer, used for knife-handles, stool-feet, &c. 
b. Claws: 
Claws of bear, puma, wolf, &c., used by Indians in orna- 
mentation. 
(Claws of lion and tiger, used by jewelers for trinkets.) 
Human nails, used by Indians for ornamental trimmings. 
c. Chemical applications of hoofs and claws: 
Use in manufacture of prussiate of potash, (see anda 30.) 
Use in manufacture of glue, (see under 24.) 


12. BALEEN. (Embracing the commercial baleen in its various 
grades, Greenland, Northwest Coast, South Sea, fin- 
back, and hump-back, with the split, twisted, and 
dyed bone.) 

a. Whalebone, as used by manufacturers of ribbons, hats, um- 
brellas, whips, canes, boots, fishing-rods, billiard-tables, but- 
tons, handles, brushes, surgical instruments, stays, corsets, 
crinolines, harness-rosettes, covers, stuffings, light woven 
hats and bonnets, &c.; also, imitation whalebone, (wallosin,) — 
made from rattan. 

13. TORTOISE-SHELL. (Embracing the carapace entire, and the com- 

mercial shell. blades, feet, noses, and head.) 











PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. (ks 


13. TORTOIS£-SHELL—Continued. 

a. Shell of tortoise (Hretmochelys imbricata, E. squamata) used in 
manufacture of combs, handles, jewelry, inlaying, and but- 
tons, together with imitations of tortoise-sheli in horn, shark’s 
bone, and celluloid. 

b. Shells of land tortoises, used by Indians for pots, scoops, and 
rattles. 


14. SCALES. 
a. Shell of mammals: 


Shell of armadillo, used by Texans and Mexicans. 

b. Scales of fishes used in ornamental work, with specimens of 
flowers and other articles manufactured : 

Scales of parrot fishes, (Scaridew and Labride.) 

Seales of mullets, (Alugilide.) 

Scales of sheepshead, &c., (Sparide.) 

Scales of drum and bass, (Sciaenide.) 

Scales of Serranidx and perches, (Percidae and Labracide.) 

Scales of Lobotide. 

Scales of tarpum, (Hlopide.) 

Scales of herrings, (Clupeidea.) 

Scales of Cyprinide. 

Scales of eels, used in the north of Europe to give a pearly 
luster in ornamental house-painting. 

Scales of gar-pikes, used by Indians for arrow-tips. 

(Pearl white, or essence d@ Orient, prepared from scales of Al- 
burnus lucidus and other Cyprinidz and Clupeide, used 
in making artificial pearls.) (See under 27.) 

Shagreen of trigger-fish, (Lalistes,) used in polishing wood. 

Shagreen of sharks, used as leather, (see under II, B. 5,) and 
for polishing purposes, particularly in the manufacture of 
quill pens. 

Seales of sturgeons, used by Indians for implements. 

For gelatine as a material and the arts and papier glacé, 


see 24. . 
15. PEARL. 


a. Pearls and nacre, (embracing the pearl-yielding shells, with the 
pearls and the mother-o’-pearl in the rough state, with the 
manufactured buttons, handles, and jewelry, pearl-powder, 
inlaid work, and papier maché, ornamented with mother- 
0’-pear] :) & 


80 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


15. PEARL—Continued. 
a. Pearls and nacre: 

Top-shells, (Zurbinida,) and their application to manu- 
facture of shell-flowers. 

Tower-sheils, (Lrochid@.) 

Ear-shells, (Haliotida,) used in manufacture of buttons, — 
handles, inlaid work, and pearl-powder. 

Other gastropods supplying nacre. 

Pearl-oysters, (Aviculid@,) with pearls and nacre. 

River-mussels, (Unionide,) with pearls and nacre. 

Mussels, oysters, and other conchifers supplying pearls 
and nacre. 

Shells of nautilus and argonaut, prepared to exhibit 
their nacre. 

Ornamental pearl-work, imitating sprays of flowers, &e. 

Imitation pearls. 


16. SHELL. 
a, Cameo shell: 

Shell of conch, (Strombus gigas,) and carvings. 

Shell of helmet, (Cassis rufa, C. tuberosa, and C. madagascart- 
ensis,) with carvings. . 

b. Shells used for implements, &c.: 

Shells of Strombus, Triton, Dolium, Fusus, Murex, and 
Buccinum, used for fog-horns, lamps, vases, and ornamental 
borders in flower-gardens. 

Shells of Busycon, Sycotypus, Mactra, &c., used by Indians 
in manufacture of implements, with specimens of imple- 
ments. 

Shells of Mactra, used for ladles, scoops, and spoons by fish- 

_ ermen. 

Shells of Tridacna, used for vases, fountains, and in the man- 
ufacture of handles and carvings. 

Shells of Pecten, Haliotis, Dentalium, Mercenaria, &c., used 
by Indians for trimmings and ornaments. 

(Scallop, or palmer’s shell, (Pecten jacobwus,) used as a deco- 
ration of honor.) 

(Chank shell, (Turbinella pyrum,) used in the manufacture 
of Hindoo bangles, and in polishing cloth.) 

Shells of Pecten, used in making pin-cushions and purses. 








PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 81 


16. SHELL—Continued. 
b. Shells used for implements, “c.: 


(Painters’ mussel, (Unio pictorum,) used to hold colors.) 

(Shells of Placuna placenta, used in China as a substitute for 
window-glass.) 

Shells of Mercenaria violacea, Purpura lapillus, and Buccinum 
undatum, used by Indians of eastern coast in manufacture 
of money, with specimens of wampum, (with the modern 
wampum or shell-beads manufactured for the Indian trade,) 
and of the hyqua or Dentaliwm shells, employed in a similar 
manner by the Indians of the Pacific coast. 

| Specimens of the cowry, (Cypraea moneta.) ‘Live cowry” 

| and dead cowry, used in African trade and for trimmings. 

| Shells of Cypraea, Rotella, Oliva, Turritella, Phasianella, 
| (Venetian shells,) &c., mounted as buttons and jewelry. 

| Composition shell-work for box-covers and frames, made by 

glueing shells in mosaics. 

Calcined shells, used by dentifrice and porcelain makers. 

| (See, also, under 32.) 

Cuttle-fish bone from Sepia officinalis, used as a pounce, as & 
dentifrice, as polishing-powders, for taking fine impres- 
sions in counterfeiting, and as food for birds. (See, also, 
under D. 5.) 

Concretions from the stomach of Astacus; known as “ crab’s- 
eyes” and “ crab-stones,” and used as antacids. 

Shell of king-crab, (Limulus polyphemus,) used as a boat- 

| bailer. 

Opercula of mollusks, used as “ eye-stones.” 

_ 17. CORAL. 

| a. Coral as a material : 

Red coral, (Corallium nobilis,) with specimens of the five 

~ commercial grades (1, froth of blood ; 2, flower of blood ; 
3, 4,5, blood of first, second, and third qualities) of the 
white variety, and of the round beads, negligée beacs, 
bracelets, pins, coronets, armlets, and earrings, &e. 

White coral, Oculina, sp., used by jewelers. 

Madrepores and other showy corals, used for ornameptal 
purposes. 

Horny axis of black flexible cay (Plexaura crassa,) used for 
canes and whips in the Bermudas. 





82 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


17. CORAL—Continued. 
a. Coral as a material : 
Axis of fan coral, (Rhipidogorgia,) used for skimmers and 
strainers in the Bermudas. 
Coral, used for building purposes. 
Coral rock of recent formation, (Coquina,) used in Florida in 
manufacture of ornamental vases and carvings. 
Calcined coral, used for dentifrices, as an antacid, &e. 
Imitations of red coral in celluloid, rubber, and other sub- 
stances. 
18. INFUSORIAL EARTHS. 
a. Polishing powders, (used for polishing metals, cabinet-ware, 
and stone :) 
Specimens of polishing-slate, tripoli, and other foreign polish- 
ing-powder. 
Specimens of Amer.zan infusorial deposits. 
# b. Infusorial earths, employed in manufactures : 
Infusorial earth, used in making window and plate glass. 
Infusorial earth, used in making soluble glass, 
Infusorial earth, used in making mortar. 
Infusorial earth, used in making molds for metal casting. 
Infusorial earth, used in making filters. 
Infusorial earth, used in makin g dynamite. 
Infusorial earth, used in making fire-proof packing. 
Infusorial earth, as an absorbent for oils and liquids. 
19. OTHER MATERIALS FROM INVERTEBRATES. 
a. From insects: 
Brazilian diamond-beetles, used in jewelry. 
Wings of beetles, used in embroidery. 
lb. From echinoderms: 


Spines of echinoids, used for slate-crayons. 


** Flexible materials. 

20, LEATHERS. (Embracing the hides in a rough state, in the various 
stages of dressing, and manufactured into shoe- 
leather, parchment, vellum, binder’s leather, 
thongs, &c.) 

a. Prepared from mammal skins: 
Cat-leather. 
Dog and wolf leather, used fur drum-heads, &c. 











PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS.” 83 


20. LEATHERS—Continued. 
a. Prepared from mammal skins: 

Bear-leather. 

Raccoon-leather, used for gloves and upper-leathers of shoes. 

Seal-leather, used for fine shoes and in the manufacture of 
“ patent leather,” and by Eskimos for numerous purposes. 

Sea-lion leather, used by Eskimos to cover bidarkas and for 
garments and beds. 

Walrus-leather, used by Eskimos for harness, tables, thongs, 
seal-nets and for covering polishing wheels. 

Bison-leather (and buffalo-leather, buff-leather.) 

| Ox-leather, with specimens of sole-leather, split-leather, 
grain-leather, rawhide thongs, whips, leather-belts and 
saddles, and of calf-skins, prepared for binders’ and boot- 
makers’ use, as Russia leather and vellum, and tawed, as 
parchment. 

Sheep-leather, with specimens of binder’s leather, imitation 

| chamois leather, wash-leather, buff-leather, roan, imitation 

moroeco and parchment, with vellum made from skins of 

| dead-born lambs, and manufactured gloves, &c. 

Goat-leather, with specimens of shagreen-leather, morocco- 
leather, as used for linings, upholstery, bindings, and 
pocket-books, parchment, drum-heads, &c., with kid- 
leather, used in mannfacture of shoes and gloves, under- 
clothing, and vellum made from skin of young kids, also 
skin-bottles used in Asia. 

Horse and ass leather, used in manufacture of shagreen, 
sole-leather, harness-leather, saddles, trunks, water-hose, 
pump-valves, military accoutrements, ladies’ shoe-uppers. 

(Chamois leather, (Capella rupicapra,) used for polishing pur- 

» poses and for straining mercury.) 

(Leather of gazelle, (Gazella dorcas,) used in packing com- 
mercial aloes, and of African antelopes, used in packing 
elephants’ tusks.) 

Deer-leather, dressed as buff-leather, chamois-imitation 
leather, Indian dressed (buckskin,) and for the finer mo- 
roccos, also manufactured into gloves, gaiters, undergar- 
ments, polishers, -&ce. 

Moose-leather in ordinary and buckskin finish. 





84 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


20. LEATHERS—Continued. 
a. Prepared from mammal skins: 


Caribou-leather in ordinary and buckskin finish. 
(Reindeer-leather.) | 
Elk-leather in ordinary and buckskin finish. | 
Anteiope-leather in plain, buckskin, and oil-finish, used in | 

manufacture of castor-gloves. 
Peccary-leather as used in the manufacture of gloves. | 
Hog-leather used by saddlers, shoemakers, and book-binders. 
Hippopotamus-leather used for buffing or polishing wheels. | 


Rhinoceros-hide used for shields, targets, whips, &c. | 

Beluga-leather dressed as kid, sole, harness, velvet, plush, 
boot, mail-bags, belts, and patent (varnished) leather. 

Porpoise-leather. | 

Beaver-leather used in manufacture of saddles, shoes, gloves, 
and trunks. 

(Nutria-leather (Myopotamus coypus) of South America.) | 

Rat-leather used for thumbs of kid gloves. 

(Kangaroo-leather.) 

Leather trimmings used as stuffing for balls, &e. 

b. Prepared from intestines of mammals: 
Parchment from viscera of seals, used by Eskimo for cloth- 


ing, bags, and blankets. 

Leather from pharynx of seal and walrus used by Eskimo 
for boot-soles. 

Parchment from viscera of bears used in Kamtchatka for 
masks and window-panes. 

Viscera of ox used in manufacture of gold-beaters’ skin. 

Bladders of animals used for pouches, parchment, bottle and 
jar covers, and by Eskimo for oil-bottles. 

Viscera of sheep used in manufacture of “ cat-gut,” with 
specimens of whip-cord, hatters’ cord, for bowstrings, 
clock-makers’ cord, filandre, guitar, violin, and harp 
strings, angling-lines, &e. 

Viscera of hog used as envelopes for minced meat, sausages, 
&e. 

Sinews of sheep, deer, goat, buffalo, seal, walrus, and other 
animals used in manufactures of threads, lines, nets, and 
snow-shoes, in strengthening bows, &c., the Babiche of the 

Eskimos of the northwest coast. 

















PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, 85 


20. LEATHERS—Continued. 
c. Prepared from bird-skins: (Eskimos.) 
Eider-leather. 
Auk-leather. 
(Ostrich-leather used by Arabians.) 
d. Prepared from reptile skins: 
Alligator-leather. 
Rattlesnake-leather. 
Other snake-leatier. 
e. Prepared from fish-skins: 
Leather prepared from sealed fish by Indians. 
Eel-leather, (pigtails, queues, flail-thongs.) 
Shark-leather, (shagreen used for coverings and by the 
Alaska Indians for boot-soles.) 
Sturgeon-leather. 
(Skins of Diodon used in making helmets.) 
Stomach membranes of halibut used in Greenland for win- 
dow-transparencies. 
jf. Leather waste: 
Paper manufactured from waste. 
Glue manufactured from waste, (see under 24.) 
Prussian blue made from leather waste, (see under 30.) 
21. HAIR AND WOOL. 
a. Hair used in weaving and felting, (see under 8.) 
b. Hair used for wigs and ornament: 
Human hair as an article of commerce, with specimens of 
switches and wigs, and also of the trade imitations of hair 
in jute, horse-hair, &e. 
Goats’ wool as employed in manufacture of wigs and 
perukes. 
Horse-hair employed for military accoutrements and for 
standards, (Turkey.) 
Human scalp-locks as Indian trophies. 
Scalps of animals as trophies. 
ce. Hair and bristles used for brushes, (embracing the commer- 
cial hair and bristles, assorted and unassorted, and specimens 
of the manufactured articles :) 
Hair of skunk used for fine brushes. 
Hair of bear used for varnishing-brushes. 


86 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


21, HAIR AND WOOL—Continued. 
c. Hair and bristles used for brushes: 
Hair of American badger used for fine shaving, graining, 
gilding, and dust brushes. 
(Hair of European badger used for coarse brushes.) 
Hair of dog used for coarse pencil-brushes. 
Hair of squirrel, marten, sable, kolinsky, and weasel, espe- 
cially the tails, used in making fine artists’ pencils. 
(Hair of camel used for pencils.) 
Bristles of hog and peccary used in making coarse brushes 
for varnishing, scrubbing, &e. 
Tails of horses, buffaloes, &c., used for fly-brushes. 
(Tails of yak used for fly-brushes.) 
(Tails of elephants used for brushes and standards.) 
Sheep’s wool (on skin) used for black-board rubbers. 
Hair of deer and antelope (on skin) used by Indians for hair- 
brushes. 
Ox-hair from the inside of cows’ ears used for striping and. 
lettering brushes. 
d. Hair used in other manufactures: , 
Bristles used in shoemakers’ waxed ends. 
Bristles used in anatomical instruments. 
Hair and bristles used in artificial flies. (See under B, 45.) 
Hair of cattle used in strengthening mortar and plaster. 
e. Hair used for stuffing: 
Horse-hair, straight and curled, used for mattresses and 
cushions. 
Refuse hair of beaver and musquash, cut from felting-haur, 
used for cushions. 
(Down of rabbits used for cushions.) 
Jf. Wool used as a medium for pigments : : 
Wool flocking used in the manufacture of wall-paper, col- 
ored felts, and rubber-cloth. 
g. Chemical products : 
Refuse human and other hair used in manufacture of prus- 
siate of potash, with specimens of manufactured product. 
22. QUILLS. 
a. Quills of mammals: 
‘Quills of American hedge-hog used by Indians in embroider- 


ing. 








PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 87 


22, QUILLS—Continued. 
a. Quills of mammals: 
(Quills of porcupine used for pen-holders, floats for fishing, 
eyelet-punches, Wc.) 
(Quills of European hedge-hog, on skip, used as a muzzle for 
weaning calves.) 
b. Quills of birds: 
Quills of swan and turkey for engrossing-pens. 
Quills of goose and eagle for writing-pens. 
Quills of crow and duck for fine pens. 
Quills used in making toothpicks, fishing-floats, color- bottles, 
pencil-handles, needle-holders, &e. 
23. FEATHERS. 
a. Feathers used for clothing. (See under Furs, D 6.) 
b. Feathers used for implements, (including manufactured arti- 
cles :) 
Feathers of hawks used as fans and screens. 
Feathers of fowl, turkey, grouse, and peacock used for 
brushes, fans, and screens. 
Feathers of ibis, spoonbill, egret, and bittern used for fans » 
and screens. 
Feathers of flamingoes, swans, geese, and ducks used for fans 
and screens. 
c. Feathers used for plumes and ornament, (including plumes, 
head-dresses, cockades, hat and dress trimming, We. :) 
Feathers and wings of small perchers used in millinery and 
in manufacture of feather flowers. 
Feathers of trogons and birds of paradise used as plumes 
and for feather flowers. 
Feathers of humming-birds, scalps, and throats used in 
ornamental work. 
Feathers of kingfishers used in plumagery. 
(Feathers of parrots used in making feather flowers.) 
‘Eagle and hawk feathers used for plumes. 
Feathers of pigeons used for ornamental work. 
Feathers and wings of cock used as plumes, trimmings, &c., 
patural and dyed. 
Breast feathers of grouse, pheasants, and turkeys used as 
roll-plumes in hats. 


88 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


23. FEATHERS—Continued. 
c. Feathers used for plumes, &c.: 

Feathers of ibises, spoonbills, flamingoes, herons, egrets, and 
bitterns used for plumes and ornamental work. 

(Feathers of adjutant, (Lepoptilus argala,) and marabou, 
(Lepoptilus marabou,) used for plumes and trimmings.) 

Feathers of flamingoes, swans, geese, and ducks used in or- 
namental work for roll-plumes, and swans’ down for trim- 
mings. (See under 6.) 

Breast-feathers of gulls, terns, and tropic birds used as roll- 
plumes. 

(Feathers of African ostrich used for plumes and trimmings, 
with specimens of undressed, scoured, bleached, scraped, 
and dyed grades.) 

Feathers of American ostrich. 

Specimens of composite feather flowers. 

Specimens of plumagery work on metal. 

Specimens of birds mounted for use in millinery. 

d. Feathers used in other manufactures : 

Feathered arrow-shafts. (See under B, 18.) 

Feathers used in making artificial flies. (See under B, 45.) 

Feathers used in manufacture of textile fabrics. (See under 
D,; If, C.) 

e. Down of birds: 

Down of eider-dneck used in bed-stuffing, with specimens of 
the balls in which it is packed for transportation. 

Down of other ducks. 

Down of geese and swans used as stuffing for beds, and as 
electrical non-conductor in manufacture of philosophical 
instruments. 

24. GELATINE AND ISINGLASS. 
a. Gelatine : 

Gelatine made from leather-shavings, bones, hoofs, and 
horns of bison, cattle, sheep, and other domestic animals, 
used in manufacture of glue, size, court-plaster, papier 
glacé for tracing, imitation glass, artificial flowers, and or- 
namental work, wrappings for confections, table-jelly, (see 
under D. 1,) &e. 

Size and gelatine from fine ivory chips. 





PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 89 


24, GELATINE AND ISINGLASS—Continued. 
a. Gelatine: 


Bone-glue, (Osteocolla.) 
(Glue made in India from skin of the ass, (Hippocolla.) ) 
b. Isinglass: 

Isinglass, (Ichthyocolla,) made from air-bladders and skins 
of fishes and used in the manufacture of fine glues and 
sizes, adhesive and court plasters, diamond cement, imita- 
tion glass, and table-jelly and confectionery, (see under 
D. 1, D,) in refining wines and liquors, in adulterating milk, 
in fixing the luster of artificial pearls, and in lustering silk 
ribbons, (embracing the dried bladders and the manufact- 

| ured products,) in their grades of “ lyre,” ‘ heart-shaped,” 
| “leaf,” and ‘* book” isinglass. 

Isinglass from sounds of cod and hake. 

Isinglass from the squeteague family, (Sci@nidae,) princi- 








pally used by confectioners. 

Isinglass from cat-fish family, (Silwridae.) 

Isinglass from carp family, (Cyprinidae.) 

Isinglass from sturgeons in all its grades and commercial 
forms. — 

Isinglass prepared from fish-skins. 


25. FLEXIBLE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM INVERTEBRATES. 
a. Insect productions : 


Silk-worm ‘“ gut” used in making leaders for fish-lines. 

(Nest of Cayenne-ant, (Formica bispinosa,) used as a mechani- 
cal styptic.) 

Spiders’ web used as a mechanical styptic and for the cross- 
lines in optical instruments, (see, also, under D, 8.) 

Papier-maché of hornets’ nests used for gun-wadding. 

b. Mollusk productions : 
Byssus of mollusks, (see under D, 8.) 


26. SPONGES. 
a. Specimens of American commercial sponges, with the different 


grades, and bleached sponges: 
(Specimens of Mediterranean sponges.) 
Surgical apparatus, probangs, aurilaves, “‘ sponge-tents,” and 
other instruments manufactured. 
Spongeo-piline used as a substitute for poultices. 
Sponges used in stutfing mattresses and cushions. 


90 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


27. OILS AND FATS. 
a. Mammal oils: 


Bear-oil and bear-fat used as a cosmetic and in the manu- 
facture of pomatums. 

Dog-oil used in the manufacture of kid-gloves. 

Seal-oil, in its various grades, used for lubricating. 

Sea-elephant oil. 

Sea-lion oil. 

Manatee-oil. 

Dugong-oil. 

Oil and fat from domestic animals, tallow, suet, lard, lard- 
oil used in lamps, for lubricating, and neats-foot oil used in 
dressing leather, also manufactured into various sub- 
stances, (see D, 30,) and tallow candles and night-lights. 

' Oil from body of whales, grampuses, and porpoises used in 
the arts, for lubricating, painting, &c. 

Black-fish and porpoise-jaw oil used in lubricating fine ma- 
chinery, watches, clocks, and guns, with specimens of 
blubber. 

Grampus-oil used for lubricating fine machinery. 

Sperm-oil used in lamps, for lubricating, as an emollient in med- 
icine, for lip-salves, and in the manufacture of spermaceti. 
Manufactured glycerines, used as a preservative and anti- 
septic, as a cosmetic, as an emollient, as a substitute for 
cod-liver oil, in the manufacture of perfumes and hair- — 
dressings, ip photography, in the manufacture of nitro- 
glycerine, dynamite, dualine, lithofracteur, coloniamite, 

and other explosives, soap, &e. 

Manufactured stearines, with candles and other manufactured 
articles. 

Soaps manufactured from mammal-oil, soda-soaps, (hard, — 
toilet, and resin soaps,) potash-soaps, (washing, shaving, 
and soft soaps,) diachylon plaster, &c. 

Spermaceti, with specimens of candles. 

Butter made from miik of cows, goats, and horses. 

Oleomargarines, with specimens of imitation butter. 

Brains of butfalo used in tanning by Indians. 

b. Bird-oils: 

(Oils of petrels and other sea-birds used by Eskimos and in 

the Azores for lamp-oil.) 





—— 











,ice 


PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 91 


27. OILS AND FATS—Continued. 
b. Bird-oils : 
Goose-oil used by watch-makers, and as an emollient. 
(Oil of guacharo, (Steatornis caripensis,) used in South Amer- 
ica as food.) 
(Ostrich used for food, and by the Arabs in medicine, and 
emu-oil used in Australia in medicine.) 
(Oil of penguin, (Diomedea chilensis,) of Falkland Islands, 
sold in London for currying leather.) 
(Peacock’s fat and oil.) 
(Oil of mutton-bird, (Procellaria obscura,) of Bass’s Straits, 
used for lamp-oil illuminating.) 
(Oil of frigate-bird, (Tachypetes aquila,) sometimes used in 
medicine.) 
Oil of pigeon, (Hetopistes migratorius,) used as food by In- 
dians and frontiersmen. 
(Fulmar-oil from island of Saint Kilda.) 
c. Reptile oils: 
Alligator-oil manufactured in Florida. 
(Alligator-oil used by South American Indians, mixed with 
chica pigment for painting their bodies.) 
Turtle-oil made from turtle-eggs, used in dressing leather 
and in manufacture of soap. 
Rattlesnake and other snake oils. 
d. Fish-oils : 
Sun-fish oil used by fishermen for cure of rheumatism. 
Cod-oil, also cod-liver oil used in medicine, as a food and 
emollient, and in lubricating. 
Hake and haddock liver oil used in adulterating cod-liver oil. 
(Pollock-oil used by Shetlanders for illumination.) 
Menhaden-oii used in currying leather, in rope making, for 
lubricating, for adulterating linseed-oil, as a paint-oil, and 
exported to Europe for use in the manufacture of soap and 
for smearing sheep. 
Herring-oil.4 
White-fish oil. 
Sturgeon-oil.! 


and “black” whale oil, are known indiscriminately as fish-oil and used chiefly for the 
purposes enumerated under the head of menhaden-oil.) 


§2 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


27. OILS AND FATS—Continued. 
d. Fish-oils: 

Oulachan oil used by Indians of Northwest coast for food 
and illumination. 

Shark and skate liver oil, including the * Rouen oil,” made 
on the coast of Normandy from the livers of Raia aquila, 
RR. pastinaca, and R. batis, used like cod-liver oil. 

Cramp-fish oil used by fishermen for cure of rheumatisin. 

Soaps made from fish-oil. 


28. PERFUMES. 
a. Mammal perfumes: 


(Civet of the civet-cat ( Viverra civetta) of Africa.) 

(Civet of the rasse ( Viverra rasse) of Java.) 

(Zibeth civet of the Zibeth (Viverra zibetha) of Indian 
Archipelago.) 

(Musk from musk-deer, (Tragulus, sp. var.,) in its various 
grades, of Tonquin or Thibet. and Kabardin, Russian, or 
Siberian musk.) 

Musk of musk-ox. 

Musk of the musquash. 

Castoreum of the beaver, including the various commercial 
grades, the Canadian, Hudson’s Bay, and Russian casto- 
reum, and specimens of castorine. 

(Hyraceum of the daman, (Hyrax capensis.) ) 

Ambergris of sperm-whale, with specimens of ambreine. 

b. Reptile perfumes: 
Musk of alligator. 
Oil of hawksbill and loggerhead turtles, used in perfumery. 


29. COLORING MATERIALS, 
a. Derived from mammals: 


Bone-black. 

Ivory-black, (noire @ivoire,) used in fine painting, and in the 
manufacture of bank-note ink. 

Prussiates, prussian-blue, terrocyanide of potassium, made 
from hoofs and refuse human and other hair. 

Gall of animals used in dyeing. 

Dung of animals used in calico-printing. 

Heematin made from blood, and used in turkey-red dye- 
works, and for the red liquor of printers. 

Wool-flocking. (See under D, 21.) 








PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 93 


99, COLORING MATERIA LS—Continued. 
b. Derived from birds : 
Shell of eggs, used for white pigment. 
Series of murexides, or purpurate of ammonia dyes, made 
from guano. 
c: Derived from fishes : 
(Essence @ Orient, or fish-scale pearl, used as a pigment.) 
(Gall of carp, used in Turkey asa green paint and in staining 
paper.) 
d. Derived from insects: 
(Cochineal dye, from Coccus cacti of Mexico, used in manu- 
facture of rouge, of carmine, and lake pigments, and in 


coloring tinctures.) 

Canadian cochineal. 

(Kermes(and other cochineals of commerce, Coccus dicts.) 

(Lac dye and lac lake, from Coccus lacca, C. polonicus, C. wa 
ursi, and Ophis fabe.) 

Dye prepared from bed-bug, (Cimex lectularius.) 

(Dye prepared from Trombidium, in Guinea and Surinam.) 

Nut-galls produced by insects, and used in tanning, for black 
dyes, for woolen cloth, silk, and calico, and in manufacture 
of ink and gallic and pyrogallic acid, employed in photog- 
raphy. 

e. Derived from mollusks: 

(Sepia from Sepia officinalis.) 

Purple dyes from gastropods, Murex, Purpura, &e. 

Purple dyes from nudibranch mollusks. 

30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS AND AGENTS EMPLOYED IN 


ARTS AND MEDICINE. 
a. Derived from mammals : 


Secretion of skunk. 

Album grecum of dogs, used as a depilatory in tanning hides. 

Albumen of blood, employed in sugar-refineries, in certain 
cements and pigments, and as antidote and emollient. 

Dung, used in calico-printing. 

Gall of animals, used in mixing colors, in fixing the lines of 
crayon and pencil drawings. in preparing the surface of 
ivory for painting, in removing grease, and in medicine. 

Pepsine and pancreatine, prepared from stomachs of hogs and 


calves. 


94 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES, 


30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, &c.—Continued. 
a. Derived from mammals: 

(Koumiss, a fermented liquor, prepared from mare’s and 
cow’s milk, and employed in medicine.) 

Phosphorus, prepared from bones, with specimens of matches, 
vermin poisons, and other products. 

Vaccine lymph, derived from cows. 

Ammonia, prepared from bones and horn. 

Sal ammoniac, prepared from bones and dung. 

Prussiates, prepared from hoof, horn, and leather waste, dried 
blood, hair, and wool, with specimens of blue cyanide of 
potassium. 

Lime from bones and bone phosphates. See also under 32. 

Punk and tinder, made from droppings of camel and bison. 

Animal charcoal, used as a decolorizer. 

b. Derived from birds: 

Albumen of eggs, used in photography, in clarifying liquors, 
by physicians as emollients and antidotes, and by apothe- 
caries in suspending oils and other liquids in water. 

Hegg-shells, employed as an antacid. 

ce. Derived from reptiles: 

Crotalin of rattlesnake and copperhead. 

(Scincus officinalis of Egypt, used by European practitioners 
as sudorific and stimulant.) 

d. Derived from fishes : 

Propylamine, made from fish-brine. 

(Intestines of grayling, used by Laplanders as a substitute 
for rennet.) 

Skins of eels, used by negroes for rheumatism. 

e. Derived from insects: 

Vesicatory preparations from American beetles, Cantharis 
cinerea and C, vittata. 

(Vesicatory preparations derived from foreign beetles, can. 
tharides or Spanish flies, (Cantharis vesicatoria,) and other 
species, and substitutes Mylabris cichorti, Cercoma Schoefferi, 
Meloe, sp. var., &c.) 

Vesicatory preparations from American spiders, such as 
Tegenaria medicinalis. 

Gall-nuts, used in medicine. (See under 29.) 








PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. 95 


30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, &c.—Continued. 
e. Derived from insects: 

Coccinella, used as a remedy for toothache. 

(Trehala, made from nests of beetles, (Larinas nidificans,) of 
East indies, and used as a substitute for tapioca.) 

Formis acid. 

Carbazotie acid and its derivatives, made from sewing silk 
scraps, and used as a substitute for quinine. 

Beeswax, used in manufacture of candles, cerates, plasters, 
and artificial flowers, in modeling and casting, and in 
medicine. 

Honey, used as a preservative, a food, and in medicire as an 
aperient and demulcent. 

(Wax, used in Chinese pharmacy, secreted by the Coccus 
pehlah.) 

(Manna, produced by punctures of Coccus manniparus. 

a’. Manna from the Tamarix mannifera, used as food, and 
in medicine as a purgative. 

b. Cedar manna of Mount Lebanon, from Pinus cedrus. 

ce. Arabian manna, from Hedysarum alliagi.) ' 

(Eye-powder, made by Chinese from the Telini fly, (Mylabris 
cichorti,) of India.) 

f. Derived from crustacea: 

Salve-bug of fishermen of Banks, (Caligus curtus,) parasite on 
cod-fish. 

Crabs’ eyes, or concretions from stomach of astacus, used as 
an antacid. 

g. Derived from worms: 

American leech, (Macrobdella decora,) used in surgery. 

(European leech, (Hirudo medicinalis,) introduced into Amer- 
ica.) 

(African leech, (Hirudo trochina,) introduced.) 

Leeches used as barometers. 

h. Derived from mollusks : 

(Cuttle-fish bone of Sepia officinalis.) (See under D, IIT, H.) 

Calcined shells, used for building-lime, and in manufacture 
of dentifrices and enamel. (See under III, H.) 

a. Derived from radiates: 
a. Limes, derived from calcining coral and coral rock. 


—EEeEeEEE——E——— —_ 


96 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


30. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, &c¢ —Continued. 
k. Derived from protozoans: 
Burnt sponge, formerly used in medicine. 
Infusorial earth, and its applications. (See above, under K.) 
31, FERTILIZERS. | 
a. Natural guanos: 
Bat guano from caves. 
Bird guano from oceanic islands. 
b. Artificial guanos: 
Menhaden guano. 
Herring guano. 
White-fish guano. 
Other fish guano. 
ce. Artificial fertilizers: 
Bone-dust ground for use. 
Bone phosphates. 
Dried meat from refuse of slaughter-houses. 
Poudrettes. 
Other animal fertilizers. 
32. LIMES. (See under 30.) 
33. OTHER MATERIALS NOT MENTIONED. 





SECTION E. 


PROTECTION AND CULTURE. 
I. INVESTIGATION. 


1. METHODS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
a. Methods of work: 
Apparatus for collecting specimens, (see under B.) 
Apparatus for physical research. 
Appliances for working up results. 
(This should include a model of coast laboratory with all its 
fittings.) 
b. Results of work : 
Publications of the commission. 
Collections, (see under A, V to VIII.) 
Photographs, &e. 


I. PROTECTION. 
2. PRESERVATION OF GAME, FISH, &c.: 
* From man. 
a. Game laws. 
** From artificial obstructions. 
b. Fish-ways:! 
Gap fish-ways. 
Trench, ditch, or “ Cape Cod” fish-ways. 
Oblique grove fish-ways: 
Single groove. 
Brewer’s. 
Mather’s. 
Step fish-ways: 
Box or pool fish-ways : 
Overflowing, (old style.) 
With passage-way cut down to the floor, (Smith’s.) 
With passage-way submerged, (Cail’s.) 
With contracting galleries, (Pike’s.) 
With transverse-sloping floors, (Steck’s.) 


7 1 Classification proposed by C. G. Atkins. . 
7 





28 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


2. PRESERVATION OF GAME, FISH, &c.—Continued. 
b. Fish-ways: 
Steps contrived by arrangement of rocks and bowlders, 
Inclined plane without steps: 
Plain, (Pennsylvania.) 
With partitions at right angles: 
‘¢‘ Rectangular compartment.” 
Brackett’s. 
With oblique partitions : 
Foster’s. 
Swazey’s. 
*** From natural enemies. 
c. Apparatus for destroying injurious species : 
Oyster-bed tangles, (see under B, 12.) 
3. CARE OF ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY. 
a. Tethers and bhopples. 
b. Cages and pens: 
Kennels for dogs, &e. 
Cages for animals. 
Cages for birds. 
Cages for insects. 
(West India fire-fly trap.) 
c. Fish-ears and other floating-cages for aquatic animals. 
d. Aquaria: 
Globes. 
Aquaria. 
e. Hives and other cages for insects. 
Jf. Live-boxes, troughs, &c., for microscopists’ use. 
g. Fish-ponds, fish-farms, (models.) 
4. ENEMIES OF USEFUL ANIMALS, 
a. Intestinal worms and other internal parasites. 
b. Fish-lice, barnacles, and other external parasites. 
ce. Predatory animals not elsewhere exhibited. 


IIT. PROPAGATION. 


5. PROPAGATION OF MAMMALS. 
a. Methods ot mink culture. 
b. Methods of culture of domesticated animals. 

















PROTECTION AND CULTURE. 99 


6. PROPAGATION OF BIRDS. 
a. Methods of ostrich culture. 
e b. Methods of culture of domesticated birds, fowls, &c. 
7, PROPAGATION OF REPTILES. 
a. Methods of terrapin culture. 
§ PROPAGATION OF AMPHIBIANS. 
a. Methods of frog culture. 
9, PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF FISHES.! 
a. Accessories of obtaining and impregnating ova: 
Pans, pails, &e. 
Strait-jackets used in spawning salmon. 
Spawning-race, (Ainsworth.) 
Roller-spawning screen, (Collins.) 
Spawning-vat, (Bond.) 
b. Hatching-apparatus : 
Troughs: 
Plain. 
Gravel-bottomed. 
With sieve-bottom trays: 
Brackett’s. 
Williamson’s, 
Clark’s. 
Vats or cases: 
Holton’s. 
Roth’s. 
Glass-grilled boxes, (Coste’s.) 
Jars and tin-vessels : 
Bell and Mather’s. 
M. A. Greens. 
Ferguson’s. 
Chase’s. 
Hatching-boxes, (floating :) 
Seth Green’s shad-box. 
Brackett’s shad-box. 
Brackett’s shad-box, (No. 2.) 
Bryant’s shad-box. 
Stilwell & Atkins’s shad-box. 
Bannister’s shad-box. 





1 Classification proposed by J. W. Miluer. 


\ 


100 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


9. PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF FISHES—Continued. 
b. Hatching-apparatus : 
Hatching-boxes, (floating :) 

Adhesive eggs apparatus: 
Vertical wire-cloth trays. 
Hatching-basket. 

Brook shanty, (Furman’s.) 
(Bay or cove barriers, Professor Rasch’s.) 
Accessories : 

Tanks. 

Nests. 

Trays. 

Grilles. 

Gravel-filters. 

Flannel sereens. 

Shallow troughs or tables (for picking eggs.) 

Egg-nippers. 

Cribbles. 

Pipettes. 

Skimmer-nets. 

Feathering quills and brushes. 

Rtose-nozzles, (for washing eggs.) 

Syringes, bulb, &c. 

Shallow pans. 

Aerating-pipe. 

c. Transporting apparatus : 
Apparatus for transporting eggs: 

Cans. 

Case of cups, (Wilmot’s.) 

Case of cups, (Clark’s.) 

Case of trays, (Clark’s.) 

Moss-crates, (Stone’s.) 

Apparatus for transporting fish : 

Barrels. 

Cans, plain. 

Cans with aerating accessories : 

Slack’s. 
Clark’s. 
Creveling. 

M. A. Green’s. 














PROTECTION AND CULTURE. 101 


9. PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF FISHES—Continued. 
c. Transporting apparatus : 
Apparatus for transporting fish : 
Tanks with aerating accessories: 
Tanks, with attachment of band-wheel to car-axle, 
(Stone’s.) 
(Tanks, with Freiburg aerating apparatus.) 
Aquarium-car, (Stone’s.) 
Live-box, (Atkins’s.) 
Accessories : 
Air force-pumps. 
Siphons. 
Siphon-tubes. 
Bellows. 
Roses, aerating. 
10. PROPAGATION OF INSECTS. 
a. Propagation of sikk-worm: 
Specimens of plants used for food. 
Model of house and its appliances. 
b. Propagation of cochineal insect. 
c. Propagation of bees: 
For hives, (see under E. 3.) 
11. PROPAGATION OF WORMS. 
a. Propagation of leeches. 
12. PROPAGATION OF MOLLUSKS. 
a. Methods of oyster culture: 
Stools for receiving spat, natural aad artificial, 
Other apparatus. 
13. PROPAGATION OF CORALS. 
14. PROPAGATION OF SPONGES. 

















TIN aD POX. , 


PUP MEWS eave saicidelienimes seater niece 
MedanGhO PLL «= -c\ssenis oes lee Sia 
Accessory to fishing-vessels.....-,- 
Adhesive preparations ..-..-..----- 
maimondack: boat <----.- 22... .--. 
NGVETTISCMeENt 52-2. --2s06 cesses z 
Aerating-accessories....-.-.----.-- 
MErALING-DIPO= saison © sisisisia'= == 
PPeLaAtINO NTOSES jc\54 sans = 4-506 o 2.5% 
Agassiz collecting-tank..........-.. 
Agassiz storage-tank .......-...--. 
BMGs sPOLSONMIS 5 case = cote ce ae 
Ainsworth spawning-race ....-.--- 
Batorce-pumips ~.-.-- .----- ------ 
BSS cic icta st aaj ssa! sida wae ese 
EMUDAtTOSSES a2. soo ence see 
mainamen: of blood... 2.22252. -.-- 
Bubumen’ of eves 2-2. 22.55.3225. 
Albumen, preparation of .......... 
Albumen preparations, manufacture 


Album gracum of dogs..-.-.-.----. 
BMC lesn ee ye reich eee SS 
Alcoholic specimens--...........-- 
BPBSCLOMUCB eco we vencae ee a ae cis aie 
Alewifé, or gaspereau ....-.-.....- 
Alexandria Bay boats............. 
MPI So. taal cee oe ae 
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PRE NTIS) 7 <n. he oe 
Ambergris......-. seseenensesrscereeas 
RSV ree = oS 2th ees ET 
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peer teeter ant a ee 
Ammonia, carbonate of........---. 
Ammonia dyes, purpurate of ...... 
Ammonia, manufacture of........- 
OLUN ST gle ea 


Page. 


20 | Ammunition and its preparation. .. 28 
14 ; Ammunition-holders ...........--- 3 
44 | Ammunition-measures ............ 29 
BO PAIMpPMIDIANS! .2222 -csS2ao 32s ssa 12 
43 | Amphibians, propagation of ....... 99 
iv | Amphibians used as food ......-.-. 61 
TOO) amphioxusten-acl-cee cee eee eee Va 
LOO PAnaicanthinies222)-2see2o cele 4 14 
(Oia eAnatomicalyjars\eeceasceace sae - ae 54 
Hot PpPANChOMSsaccn. sat occosccoseeseee 44 
AG WAMICHONVeanee eee eee serosecieeciaccie 15 
Ag An gelehisht srs sos Joss osec 25 See cle 14 
Oo PAN Glen aea tence aces ec se coe csc 13 
101 | Angling-apparatus---...--.......- 33, 34 
27 iL_Anoling-tackletsss roca sace oes 3L 
Hist Amimal-cavestas-1ssoseecieecele soci 98 
93 | Animal callse.ce sere os Al 
Onn | PAmimalicharcodl=sansssee see aeceee 94 
53 | Animal equipments’.-.2-.....-..-- 42 
Animal, preservation of, for scientific 
53 WEE Saco poo pen bnO Seca mostoosGac 53 
93 | Animal products and their applica- 
5A TIONS seer ats hae Se eee eee 57 
Foal eA Se a Cy a eee ee era erate 98 
11 | Animals, domesticated, methods of 
15 CulLareoleseee eee ee eee 98 
43 | Animals, enumeration of .......... 5 
12 | Animals in captivity, care of ...... 98 
44 | Animals; predatory .... ...-.....-.. 98 
42 | Animals, enemies of useful ....--- 2 98 
GON EAM ONT Cl ayy rer es eee or 2 eae ae 18 
Gor PAmteloperseewoetecs saat tee sate 6 
16>) Antelope-decoys 2-2-2. 222-22. 2. oe Al 
94 |"Antelope-heads <22- 22:22 casesc-2 2. 42 
Oe Ait lers = 222 Sty VIN eee ee ee Lee ie 
OST ANNA s See eee eee ee 12 
HSN PA DALC|OSE Se ea cen eee eens ee en 42 
29 | Apparatus for collecting fish....... 98 


104 


Apparatus for destroying injurious 

SD ECIES pene atsnctts Selamat 
Apparatus for kindling fire........ 
Apparatus for leather-dressing, re- 

cent and aboriginal .--..-...-.:- 
| Apparatus for transporting fish _-.. 
Apparatus for wholesale destruc- 


Appliances, instruments and, for ren- 


dering whale-oll)i2--eeereee- eae 
ADOGES -2.5a.s:ccea se cate eee asa a2 
ACU ATIA one woes cotter seisece 


Aquarium-car (Stone’s)...........- 
Aquatic animals, floating cages for- 
ATACHNEANS) Seceneee cece esse ascctes 
PATACHMU A Ee seeer eee Sessa cers as 
ATE ONAULS ewes oe <n nes 'scea vein see 
PALM ACT Ope veri sve crs ser welesiaceeee 
Armor; (efensive .....- 22s ess ecee 
Army collecting-tank ......-...... 
ITO MWS 9 cteyc rae) o's SS Sale hota ae ee eee 
ELD TONOMS: cs. or ose eee ne wrest. eae lee 
Articulating-tools........-. ee eeeeee 
Artificial flies.......... shore sel tepse 
Artificial flies, raw materials for 

MAKING Peter eics sae Siseeeesee 
Artificial flies, tools for making.... 
Arbiticial Lphts\tecscec. eee f 
Artiof plumageryess se --keee ese 
Arts and manufactures, materials 

employedmntessaceceoseteeeene 
IAT BECLION Sea eieco eee Cech einer 
PAST INY X1a LOLS) saeco te ae eebeere 


ASSOLOIN Pires hats ossisietocieeeieuecieeise 
NStaCuspaese ctcsceicccmeceaeene cece 
Astronomical instruments .......-- 
Athorines css ance. seeisns cuemeciecce 


INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Babiche :. ..cicc ssietickoecss econ OONee 
OS) Dad gers 3. oe = cmctemieeeere= alee 5 
45 | Bags cis snc meee eee eelte meets 54 
(CRS te) Oto. oe, eg ee 52 
50 | Bait-boxes and cans ........--...- 41 
100") Bait-cutters!sssseeeasesoese eee eee Al 
Baitedthooks)scese-coasseeee nee eaee 31 
oo | Bailing cecesseree sooo cele ee 52 
Batt-ladlesjcasacceceoaee ces oeteee Al 
50") Bait=mills Sescese cae. cee essen oer 41,48 
16: |pBait-needles\s2s-c24-eucecceoeees 41 
98 | Baits ::actetie ccc cee cee, 40, 41 
101 | Baits and foods for animals........ 68 
98 | Baits, preparation of......--...... 48 
Te | pbalt-bubsieece oeeeree eee eee oes 48 
V7 labaleen’s s2 2.9 iic ores Sea cecaere ee 78 
19) 0Bal -eartridgves*25s: esse eeeeee es 29 
Sil Pballistasenssm-emeee eee ee Stepney are 26 
45 |" Bank cod-smacks)...o-2.- scene sere 43 
54 | Barbed implements ..........-..-- 24 
96) | Banbed:instruments.- -s-s)-4saseece 25 


18 | Barbed spears (with single point)... 24 


54s | EBarnaclessysccseswiccer cc eiee eee me Oe) 
oo: Ait | fBarometerss 7. sosc- 2 eek eee eee 44 
IBATTACUC Annes ce secs tlie cee eee 14 

41 |. Barreling? 222\5 5-222: -ceueeseneeae 52 
41 | Barrel-pots for eels .......- aes 37 
46 | Barrels.....- pecgecee ee eEeeeen eee 48, 100 
50)|-Barrel=traps) 22sec: seeeoece ees 37 
Barrier-nets *.... si) eel, soe eee 36 

40) \} BAT=WeITS! = 26% ee oses eens noes 38 
5, | Baskets \.--5-.c vacce secre oceeeees 45 
39 | Baskets (Columbia River)-...-.... 7 
Gi Bass: .sccss heen cteece ceo eeeeeee 14 
AS) | BaSs=ttaps 2) caom -seecce-nieeoene 37 
Ob sats fcc ees ceeeee Ssdee neers ofeete a 
Aad’ | Bats Beaizcee = ston ce ese met eo eee 13 
LD: (Bayonets bee ace neee ee eee meee ee 22 
1013) ayonet-fsh.. 3... eee ee eee 14 
Lit) *Beach-dryers te-eceec eee eee eee 47 
LO; WBeam-trawilsos.eeee eee eee ee eee 36 
22 | IBOATS. seco 522s ete ee eee 5 
22) (MBCA VEL > -niaiso clos See eeeerrs ROenaSesc 8 
13ilBed=nets,..-. 2.2 eecascee cece meee re 45. 
90)! Bed ac. a2e sSiejcisclsesinc eee cee aes 45 




















INDEX. 105 
Page. Page. 
ADS SS SS Be Se ee ei Peer Gi SLOW = OTN Sis cations acre ere ara aore rata ere 27 
Bees, propagation of ..-...-.<. <-. 10M Blobber-torles. <<. ca sacs ensere oes 52 
MEPES VEX) cac\clae sca <2 ok ceases sess 95 | Blubber-mincing-knives........-.. 22 
BBERMNES oa ssine nc Ss oo ticbae satan i7elpolabber-toome ss ss4 saree esteceens 44 
Beetles, vesicatory .....-.--..-.-<. Maas Ne-DITOS). 5 cos 5. . )-clo steven science 9 
MONS Reso ocis/s/ciaslsrcaciasccie/ ace eis HOU Pb lne-fish:s2.o2. css. See see aeioee 14 
EPO a ake ht ees S04 oul pb lie we Lussiatis =~ sauce semsee eee ae 85. 92 
BUNS ee isa“ oisicc(sie sisieleinicio= =) o(eieaye @\pBoarding-knives).\...<\ss-- sees - 52 
CL os ace ciao dtstorecia(a ala Coes nina ASsPBOAb-NOOKS 2. «<i <2-26) since Soe aesee 23 
PIA AURRGS ariel oe lel sce sie Sovaciecls no tela Asa P SOAS ee <5 as cle/ois) sme cee eee eee 43, 44 
| Binder’s leather..-....---.--.---.-- Se Sou PBOUGRSPAUES) «a /.0:0sie's.5 seicieiee so aveets 22 
! ) Binnacle-lamps ---..-.---..-----.--- Ag | BS OUS imeem tea maiac sfecis aes sees 31, 41 
ipinnacle-lanterns.--< .-.55.0..2--.< AAT PRON CTSt so -c/ce ccs cisesssseeese 52 
feprirch) CANOCS...--...----------- ---- As BOUIN VAS << nic. 5 <ij00 5 otis seisiasts 54 
Bird and reptile oils, extraction of. Dos WBOlAS Ss occisee wees aces oaks Seisiantns 25 
BEM -CAG CS iso ec cris das cwisiniciayenle sie DSasBombAZiNes ose sc ese - cases « 74 
PAUGCIIIMO: J cieias\rinc ele «2 sino s 20 Bo) PROM lanCOmseeeas sees cites <stsis 29 
Bem OUS Noose eins ote so= So) games 36, | Bomb-lance and gun .-.-....------ 
 Bird-slings (used by Eskimos). .... 25 | Bond spawning-vat....-.....---.-- 99 
PIMC Sees a stele rar choc ite/ejclainis siaisinie> OR MESON Oper eyaweepeterereioiar neta creole icles LOG 
Be KCC CON ee aon) cies futeinies sisne Ale Mbone= lack. oic2ricncinck'= sjtesecasye 77, 92 
Birds, domesticated, methods of cul- Bone charcoal for filters -......--. 77 
BALE LO fiesta onic Sos c soya ao cine wai 99 | Bone phosphates........-..-----.. 96 
Bemehonting....5 2.2202 -2seee<8 ADSIBonitomice sa seo fice eee se 14 
eNO Ss UTS Of are ioio os oe pesca cin aoe ais Ma PDOOMELANCS) 25 o.526 see eee es 26 
Birds, skins of, used as furs.....-.- TSE OOUSS= eras oo cic e aeterete area eee 39, 45 
Hairds used as food -... =... -.----«- Heal Botare Opeerecsmee eee seie seieeiceiesistets 67 
MR creck cis. cinlany aon ois ininine oie G6, |(Bettom-rear:s..25,<.<9-0 245256 5he 3 
RM cohen iba cieice A? Bottom-set, lines) <. 2) 4<¢ oh<:- sarge 31 
Bitterns........ Beno erences sate 1G (Boutaroneee 22 soci Sse 67 
ee Ta, owl 2: Soe cis eset a ae a ot 48 
EB CIEOS oi ion a scan senso 9.) Bowlder fishways' .=.---..--'-- ---~ 98 
UN a Doel Ra Witla ps Nie. tam asisilels othe a a 38 
Ee ee lie PISO WSs eee eso iec ere oaeaees 26 
meiack-fish, or tautog .........--..- DAS PBaxes ie aes socom ois yack sole 30 
ES Cis Qa BOR fS Nise Ae ols oa 2 oe cs ato eo 13 
MRE 56 Soa Sco son odes ees 45, 74; hex fiSh-=WAYSs << c<0 sc ac\-emareedaop 97 
Blankets, decoy (for antelopes)..... 41 | Box-swivels ..............-.--.--- 34 
NEI 2c ed cis ares aia oaks TAvE Bexctraps.c- <\a\cxceioasa saeeesaies 37,38 
Ry 6 ot ee et eters 15) Brackett’s fish-way <.------ -----<- $8 
ee a oie Hol bikes ole SaiiBcams of buffalo...:.. 2..-seeeceas 90 
eso oss adc Soe eines OF) | Brants, @ecoy .-0 .s0,5 <<. 55. sae 4l 
Blood, hematin from............-. 92) Breast plates) ..<.<<,<!,.0<i0c, casero 45 
Blood-poison: woorara.........-.- 39 | Brewer's fish-way.........--.----- 97 


106 INDEX. 


Page. 
Brick itrapsiCite.4)etaccc. sesriecrete 37 
Bridges; portable. - =. sce cm act seen 42 
Brillantine=2- 2c: sconces eae 49, 87 
Bristlestiss2.. es sieot eee see sees 85 
Broadclothsy. 222,02 s2os ses seesaw arte 74 
Brocades:2c2 2s ss cece -1-e se eee acre 74 
Brook-shanty (Furman’s)..-.-..-.. 100 
Brushes! 2... scet= cee eee eerie 85 
Bruta. ees taser cecietteeee seers 8 
BYiSOCtIOM asec ce ee eee neces ire 21 
Buckskin soca eeecr eer 83 
Buekskindinish?-seeeeencee ce = =i 84 
Battalot brains sceecere sece eset 90 
Buitalostishweewee steko. = 15 
Buft leathers ces eoes Sk el 83 
IBUGCREesteemoseecstees= + sae 17 
Bollet-moldswactese scicsc ose sols ces 28 
Bulletsnesen cost oh see se csstctsoee 28 
Bullehbeadsissose. < ee eaten ee eer 16 
BWM GUS 2.25 sce) So eeneecieienem were 35 
Bullletows) sos22t tice sere eee eet 31 
BUNS ea se cece eeemceisicepeaae at 35 
Burnbotiesseec sat see oe eeieeae 14 
Burning of lime sie e cies. se a ee 53 
Barnt shorn testes etse eale= 78 
Burnt sponve-. te. 2s .2 es ees erie 96 
Butters scetweceeeectaes Perna 90 
Batter-fish fessces sect ee ee eee 14 
Buttertiies2-scsee ee eaeeee = 17 
IBUZZATA geese epee etoee eee eines 9 
Byssus of mollusks Sapa eae a 79, 89 
Cabin: ste te sesee ose 44 
Gabrestos:s-ttise eee ee ee ete 42 
Caddice thes. 224 se ceten cee ee 17 
C@aresese eee eeiee eee nee ee eee 98 
Cagesjfor animals-.-22ens2s0ss2sc0 98 
Cagesiforsbindsie=24222-22ee-ssecee 93 
@ages for-insects-<-2=+-.-==2+).2-22% 98 
@ail’s: fish-ways:::22. %2<<*--227.5 J! 97 
Calamaries, or squids......---..--- 1g 
Calcined corals... tees 82 
Calico printivg ..---.225222 22 S22. 92 
Galigus curtus 1.255 ee. Se 95 
Galles seccctenten st coin ‘ 41 
Camels. i2 581s, ccbie sven Sectetettereele 6 


Page 
Cameo-shelle-eceayeeeeieeae er 80 
Camera’ Obscuras= 22.2 -2s va-iceaeais 55 
Camlets mci favete se Serenata le felnlel=tese 74 
Camp-lantermbi.s- sec os- oo ejemnealoree 46 
Cam p-outhit 2s. -aecesescieeeeee 44, 45 
Canaryee-iooceseeieseeer ieee eer 9 
Cane-ouns2 y-ccoanea cece ersaeniee 27 


sia ee eee 30 
eee aes 66 


Canistétsteeessoense 


Canned foods...--.2 sees 


Canning -factories ----5- 2-35-11) 48 
Canning, preservation by...--.-... 48 
@anoes ise se as esac ee oeisoates cies 43 
Canoes; whaling (22 iee-<)ac somes 43 
Cans 22) REE as gsc eee eee ee ape Ow 
Canvas boats 2 ct.-aia-taecloe <telarre aioe A3 
Capelin.@ssaer aoa seeeeeicore 15 
Capellaimiupicaprd o---atoao scree see 83 
@ap-hold 6Ys\ overs as ee ceeeianyeeeniee 30 
Capperst chase scemoe ects ese erates 29 
Caps eecysaaies siciste cre cisiaaieeremraeiemtcte 45 
Cap-straps used by Indians ...-.-... 30 
Captivity, care of animals in ...... 98 
Capture, pursuit and... 22.2... .-.- 21 
Car aquaritm’ ja. 1<.<..)-ansicsocen oy oe 
Carbazotates, manufacture of..---- 53 
Carbazotictacidio- = scoo- see eie se 95 
Carhinesmak 2s .2e eee eee ees 28 
Carbolic acidiie--2o-o eee eee See 54 


Carbonate of ammonia...-.....-.-- 77,78 


Carbo sinensisir= is = nein ainiatons eee 40 
Cardin gyoa- 2 ssccer sec) clee ee aene 48 
Care of arimals in captivity-...--. 98 
Caribowees hoe cie secs ores 6 
Canp)sseecocenet cereaeaaerseer 15 
(CanpetsWaceeecet eee eee cote etree 7 
Canpetsplusheetesaceee see ee 49 
Carp) all of. ce eee oereeee eee 93 
Car-SCOOpS( S224) naatsemeiaies Sauer 36 
Cars, fishes Shea cete sear eee 98 
@ats, refriceraton 222 -eoner eee eee 47 
Cartridge-holders ..-.'-...--- =.= 30 
@artridves:te ice seers pene eee 29 
Carts joo cl nee eee 42 
Carvinie-tooleess2o eee seine eee 47 
CASES) ic 2 Liaciei5cio b's oi caeiaialal rae neioirtaes 30 











Cases for rods and rod-tops .-..-.-. 
MPASHIMOLES +2 ete SSE LE IRE 
BARKS rape tots tay poo ete Setelet otros 
Cast-nets 


MASLOTCUIM oso sccsss sess tocsen lhe 
Castor-leather 
Wats. .-<-. .- 
Cat, domesticated........- a 
BUM ALS Mints -tayoravate boo Nenana mn eevee 


Cat-gut .....2....... 


So or) 


Bat-gut (sheep) ......0-.-.206..25 
Cat-rigged fishing-boats -...---.--- 
DENN DLO y acarsk eisai orarst oss roc ns shee 
BERPELIROCOS 1) 12.< coicy oven: sicincs ecicrnas ae 
TTA UODO CD x) o<n cao iso biicis stes Se 
BPO lao ciao: esos = 
Bao yo cxsiancinh nana weisicsicacs = 
Cheetedons . 


oS rr 


ee 


Chameleons 


mnamois-leather. .... ..-..s2sle ues 


@narcoal, animal.......... 2... ++. 
seharcoal, bone........- 2s 


sete eee ee ee ee ee see ewes coes o= 


Chemical products...........-.-.- 
Chemical products and agents em- 

ployed in arts and medicine ..... 
Mhimera ......-.-.-. 


cee eee es wow e eee 


Chiroptera .. 
Betloral hydrate. sicccmcues sce: as be 
Re eh SBT eink 
Chendrostei 
RIE otk ah lt 


Chopping-knives. .-. 
Ee oo 
Chorda filum 
Chronometers 


ewes ee eee eee 
meee tem wee eee mes coe eee 

em eee e cm were eae ewes 
cette wee ee eee eee eee 
tee e woe 
eee eee wows we ee ewe 


ee | 


“Clamms” for deep-sea soundings. . 
Clap-nets for birds................ 





INDEX. 107 
Page. Page, 
G4) |, Clarifying-vate woweconocos Cet 52 
AW OLR WSigd 3's cienacaachct santa Boauiens Ha oe 78 
Deh CNCATOES ara Sa! moran Spero 49 
26 | Cleaning instruments ........-.... 29 
92 | Clearing-rings ....1. Jo Jeioc 20508 34 
PP CACAVORS hs .cisisncrpovcktoe a eae te se 22 
if COCHIN GY ss raat vase sae eee 45 
ONO GE SWIbGss = 5 sas va cde coats 45 
16 | Cloths woven from feathers......-- 74 
o8)) Chis)... 525.502. 6s el enese 21 
33 | Clubs used as missiles............. 26 
43\) Glatching- traps... .. socis-se<252 38 
it | Coast laboratory... 5... 2... ckes 97 
17 | Cob-house bird-traps .............- 38 
DD KCOR Aras sete sso ots re earn RT 14 
14 | Culture, protection and .........-. 97 
cH Coccinellan.soosssacsthced. seal Ee 95 
PAN) CCCCUS ORCI ca. 5e ssc aah cercio/ vas ee 93 
dos Ad | Coccus tlicisezasnsuemneas ooh deeb, Pe 93 
1p @nocislaocd aa ase osmioh seieetin oe 93 
83 | Coceus manniparus........-...----- 95 
AAW Coccs pehlat. 5... tees ee 95 
77% | Coccus polonicus .......s2steeic- 20: 93 
29 | Coocus uva-ursi, ...0-.--42-5 .seeo eos 93 
65 | Cochineal colors, preparation of... 53 
Dol @ochineall |< 4. ee ee 93 
Cochineal insect, propagation of.... 101 

93) |: COCKAGES: \. a cdisineeic er owgicoeeckeeee 87 
AG LODO) ccc sions nls web oe saperear nes 14 
Me WOON TOCK Soe Se eka War se eee eee 14 
A) Cxlenterata, .. 2025.6 5580S o 66.58 20 
AGW CON ATS: oc.cin- Pinas d seats ee 4Q 
14 | Collecting-tanks ..---..--.-...--. 53 
16 | Collins’s roller spawning-screen . ... 99 
48 Colomiamite 2: 525 6252cs<0555 50 eee 28, 90 
92 | Colonia powder ................--. 28, 90 
33) | Coloring \materials...2-. --.. 522222 92 
S| HOO IMDS utes spa ee eth ee 10 
#2 Coming, coro - 2557. Stas Sak 48 
94 | Commissary supplies .....,.....--. 45 
BY | COMPasses .-ace easier nd sle Rey 44 
92) |\@onchiferal coos... e sec we oils 19 
22) Cn geTS) 3 5, 454 5cmicon se nee = 16 
52 | Contents, table of..........--.<c.. Vil 
36 | Cooking-apparatus............ 2... 45 


108 INDEX. 








Page. Page. 

Cooks’ lamps oe-ccc-ceerceteeeeseee AA?) Crotalin: .<<- <.macece siaictee is teens 94 
WOO) Orie sessions ieecieeraeeeecnes 52 | Crotches and oar-rests...--.-..---- 44 
@Goling pee nas aa- = colour seers bos (Crows 25, eoemee erence seen 9 
@ 0018 sake ae cews neo Reee eee eee se 19)| Crushine-traps)-2-.--..-.>.sscs--icee 39 
Copperhead, crotalin of..........-. Ody Crustacea cep cence see eae eae 18 
@OPSES 2 dxlernicisiseusicivcse eee ee eerie 42.) Cxsection 2... .-s2 e065 ececeteSanet AT 
Coquimay —. -.<acisctsem reap emiesr- ers 82:|| CUCKOOS x22 2.--.0.c.celensasee neiemecsacis 9 
@Gralf. ceca taccerceee seyaicisaree 3101595) 1'Cuculi aeenceissscosiee cn eee eeeees 9 
Coral, preparation of .. <2... 22.2.2. 52) |) Gucumberiseaessceciae- sie eee cee 19 
Coral, propagation of.......--.---- 101 | Cunner, or chogset......--....-.-- 14 
@oral rock ...52. s2.fepettere tae tse 95: | \Cap-leads <.----- 55-2 eeeee 23 
Cordage «nec eeasaneewatfoiens aie AA! Caps as akecrincatn beer See Eeee ane 100 
Cork floats 2esse-eiesane eee aaa s oo) @urled alt! seeenaeieneiees ee sees 49 
Cormorant-collars....-......--.---. AD: | Carle wate cs-ndeceesese see cen ee 10 
Wormorants sccm ieinie) ain eminem 11 | Curriers’ implements..-.......-.-- 49, 50 
Cormorants (Carbo sinensis, used in @WET YING srg sees 49, 50 
fishin/o: im) CHIN a) <2 = yes <injcienc, afiets AQ VOushers Aas cksisorrceaclserome mie te ewaeine 14 
WOSMELICS 5 s.t5..<issa Meio oedai eee 99] @atlasses..._~ 5. << <clecw's Sas see ORE 22 
Cotton-oil and its manufacture .... 48 | Cutting and carving ivory 2 ae 51 
COUCRES <2. coc oe canna siviemesintice AS | Cutting-spades ...-~<n1cc ae. ce Sine ee 
Q@OVETB Se Sicasinro, c1erorcisienaciesionineehaneies 42 l@uttle-fsh bone <a. osce see eee 68, 81, 95 
Coversdor fish-drying......~ 14. isos A?) (Cy cloganoidel . 1.0... <ioe anes eee ere 16 
Covers-for. hunters .....-.....16sS22528 42 | Cynailurus jubatus......-.-..-+----+ 39 
CWO Wal SD 5-1 ar caraaicarw'arereteie eee eew 1S!) Wace cares sad gags sere oeeeeeeeee 15 
COWLY 656035 EU SES Sees SL | Dag wers..5 sci sacetes detest 21 
COWS. sis cecews sincn eeuewecenen ace 93! | Damasks). sas ss44s<-—5 ase eeceee 74 
Crab’s-eyes .. 22.202. 52-26422-+-- 81,95 | Darters, or water-turkeys -.-.---.- 11 
Crab-stones. 2.10.6. s25~ enone- se 81) Darting-stieke:t+220)..een So bees oe 
Crakes-<ccmsresassarcasasacecwisalere HS WD Artss so ccendieecte oases eee eects 26 
OT ANOS Sao orc craciayar ce ael palatal roe Jt |) Wead-falls: uc c.cs nnowouase oes 39 
Crapes ....- Sivewertn new ermewewesenes 74 | Dead-falls, not automatic.....----- 26 
Crates, moss (Stone’s) ..-.-.------- 1005 | Deck-poti<Ancec recy cece ewes 52 
Creases 1655s ncsoccoseosaeeGe cee 22 | Decoy: animals, birds.......-.-..-- 41 
Creepers ......----.----+---+----- 9' | Pecoy-birds-.n- awe ewe | 
Crevall6 ss 72 sracos sons ae eels 14’ | Décoy-brants.ceo)-—oe eee ee 41 
CriIDB1eS fe see ceeres ese See Sse 160° || Decoy-dogs......- << .<v2seebeeaee 41 
Crickets 11.20 s2seews- coe sesiee 2 17 | Decoy-ducks -.-.;e--ee-oneeeeeee 41 
CMM PGls teers see eeeeer erence 20: | DECOYS sie cee ctoceroee Cee eee 40, 41, 42 
Crinoline skirts....--..<-ac-esie--=0 4A\ || Decoy-waders -.c:--hcsuree=-eeheee 41 
Croaker..2-- isee nics ene Bea sees 14) |) Deep-sea gear i. ..-cee cues ee cee 31 
WrLOCGdilO pce ere eeeeyeerecer ieee Ls Weer 2 con cnke ace eee eee eee 6 
@rocodilia. 2... <2 o -eee eee 12: | Deer-heads i120. cntnenceeeeee ee 42 
Gross-belts :..<-<. nce econ eee eeeere AD’ |\ Deer, musl...<i.~cntan- see eee 92 
Cr0ss-DOWS << woe wens sees ecare 26 | Deer-sledges:- so ce-0'c 5 ete te ees « « 2 











Cross-bow traps ...... 2.2. ---. 2-0 39 | Defensive armor ........ sodwanstehe 45 











INDEX. 109 

Page. Page. 

Delineating-apparatus ......-..--. 55 | Down, preparation of..........---- 49 
MIEMDICELC, once lss-6 soci eee eBisereeas AAI Ta Gre ros 2 Se SORES RO at 33 
Mesiccated meat. ...5- .- 2082 Sysos5 Gay Dragonefitesi vie. Lee eases 93 17 
mesiccated milk... <1 cosas a eet Gop Sra Pal sale ecto oe Re aE eS 33 
Destroying injurious species, appa- Nrailing-tackle..........---..5.--- 31 
MAUUBHOLCG Cn eicady seas joe ctene POUND rails... ee eee 32 
Destruction, apparatus for wholesale au) |p oredee-line rollers)... ...22se:ten see 34 
Brewll-fashipess 22 a2 se cecas toe eetees dee LOrMOTCORES. -5..,53o Ss oslo sanders een 36 
a me eee aes AG) | PP TOSSCLS\ a (a\< otonc star tore ose ee 50 
BECO 525 Soc toca laos eels 35, 36 | Dressing feathers ..........-..222. 50 
BLM PELSaos sesso esse tees ssc See’ Oi PWressin Ott. - seonaoe Ae ee eee 50 
Mises Sou See esate Shh aces ee 21 | Dressing leather ---.-....- idawet 50 
SCE) ee ea Ap MD FIEG O00 \.5.- 5 oo a nce ae ES 65 
BEREWMISER oS cc tenho sccess.cese tees AO} PO ritetet ssc <s.'4 == -132 Seas ke er 35 
Ditch fish= ways.) 2.02 0ss22 ) 22 5e Diaries aac asia. siete ciee eyes 53 
mme-carteresestbi ol segieueeeel AOYAD PD rome. a va)as se alatndel. Le) Ook. 14 
BP COUAI Soo 5 225s noses. SNS AO) TMS par elafeieviale «tena et= 2S ea 44 
MO NOOM = Bosc eso sonccn acute sone ee 40) |EDryino=houses)-=--.- = ssf: tase 47 
BGPeHATIESS ccs cceSctes cess sec oee 42 | Drying, preservation by......----- 47 
Mop-kennels<--2- <= ccc MSO LS 93)0D {sectiony .- 252-2 eect ea ee cee 57 
Bene -MUZzless 2252s Sotelo tle 40) "Dualine! 22... /e2Gatiscek Ss. gaits 28, 90 
Be SeU Ses)... 2-3 - eee eae 28 42 Ducking-boats... 2022 eses2e oka 43 
Moca whips! .. 22. << - Sse NgSH 8 a0 Macks. acoso anon aoe ocanele il 
Berowihistles ... 6.5 ...560 228 AD PD UuGKS G6C0¥, saad asscce saa s case 41 
Boe a's te SOIUE EE S202 SetRU B79) 99 POUS-OUTS 2). soo secs a acwecmcee lee 43 
Bee ACCOY. sce s sien Bee see RLS IDUN es 3 raters ae ocr ee 92, 93 
BET APEAILIO. wo 2 cc2 cnc. cbewiedsas SUD Uliee 4oc 520 saoas ce Soo ee ss eo tee 10 
BOP RUM So's ea eee sees e HUC ERB PA Dy cine i sscscsasseescaseees 49, 50, 51, 92 
Molphin-irons, cts sss 997 g22e 8545 SAW yes ss 25 cccsshces sla renee 93 
Domesticated animals, methods of Dynamite, or giant-powder........ 28, 90 
BME RIOR oo. 3 << Gitte teeinae 2 30 hagles-s2s-505isaareeses Stee 9 
Domesticated birds, methods of cul- Earths, infausorial.....2 22.24.2520. 82, 96 
MERCLOLMscis saciesteseece sie gaat Sees OO WEA rtheworms ~ .cecloes ei ee 18 
Domesticated cat .........-2.420 2: 5 | Echinodermata. ...---ceocceoe soLe 19 
Domesticated fowls, methods of Eel-pots (without covers) .-....--. 37 
EIbULOLO Lis Jesse Sse ord Doe wa: OON Bel si eee see tory ae ie Ney ete eas 16, 17 
Domesticated peacock ..........--. 10 | Eels, lanterns for fire-fishing for -.-. 42 
Domesticated rabbit .............. 8 Eel-traps SER erates ha te a eta oe Blo erajarne 37 
Domesticated sparrow ....-..-.--- 9 | Eel- weirs (with leaders).....-..... 37 
EE ec 37, 38 | Kegs, albumen of: . 5.5 02.22 sosecsse 94 
Retsil coo tciieneeu del AS AS HG e-DIPPeLrs. ceo se. eo eeenes ea seeede 100 
Bruble, box-traps...--.-.....-.-.. 30) Merete: .<s.6.2554.ccue tenaessasee 10 
Reese oe contac a SILLS. 10 | Elasmobranchiates.,......---. .--- 16 
MUMEMEE Nau cts. woes ns UIE. 86) Plephants. 3.5.05 ss2255252 25.0525 1627 
BPMN DINOR Io occ cee ea. 2129 SE Pe Tae wen pee eeaaoceaas sees 6 


110 INDEX. 

Page 
Encircling-nets.. ....52).eoite sees SOOO! |CHIAS -..- 2 50; 5 sine Jd ei eee 
Enemies of useful animals..-...--. 96) Pield-glasses. <<... so2s.<jo- chee 


Engraving, heliotyping, and illus- 


trations, methods of............. 55 
Entangling-nets ....-...0.00.2ee<- 35 
Enumeration of animals --...-.-.. 5 
Equipments .....--/...-221 saecseess 42 
I SBCOLLOM cok oc oie. ce cee ee alee 97 
Hissence.d’Orient..< --cjeer wise ere eee 49, 93 
Eventognathi.. 5... se melsces sie 15 
Explosive bullets <i.seejenn-- 2% 29 
Explosive.shells:-2.-. 2. Ssf2nel ee x 29 
A x PlOSiVieS Semceqseeyocieeesase: eee te 28, 90 
External parasites -....----..-.--. 98 
Extraction of bird-oils .-.--...---. 52 
Extraction of fish-oils-...... 2.2... 52 
Extraction of gelatine ....-....-.. 52 
Extraction of gine... .--2-...22-. 52 
Extraction of isinglass..--....---. 52 
Extraction of mammal oils..-.-.---. 52 
Extraction of reptile-oils...... .- He 52 
Extraction of whale-oil........---.- 52 
HE V.e-StON CS: /c.cciccueeeer renee oes 81 
MaCe-Neb s <.-/<1.6) scenes see mmni= ee 45 
HalCONS feacaseneeteqsoeeacie ae eee 40 
Harms afishiz se. sececeee sae 98 
HAUS 2 cas lenaneeaessnceys-cise aes eOO 
Pathing-knivess: 5-2. Sos. ses -lasoe 2 
Feather-dressing’...--.---..--- <<<. 50 
Feather fabrics, preparation of_.... 49 
Weather: flowers: |. -..-scis-- aoe 87 
Feathering brushes .........-...-. 100 
Feathering quills....... ...s<0s2--- 100 
Weathers, on. eie 2 eens cee eeieee 87,88 
Feathers, preparation of........-.- 49 
Wewt-Clophs Has. sia orate one oie 74 
Melt-hatsiyss aqbie seiset ose seer seie- 7 
Wel ting ssa) ewes see aeons: Sse @ 
Felting and the hat-manufacture... 48, 49 
Hel ts geo nca- betas ee ee 48,74 
WP ET i020 nce eee taee REE 5 
Perreticcse: w<5- 3a eei eee 5, 40 
Ferrocyanide of potassium ...--..-. 92 
MOrtilizers 2)5 j50s524 veces 96 











Figure-four traps .-..... 
File-fish 
Filters 


ecceec cece 
were ee ee eee es wees eee ew ce ewws 


eet coe se ee ee wees wees wees wee 


Finches: ate lw2oeee ee eae eee 
Bire=hshing 6272.4; hee ese eae 
Bire-flystrapeecclesorusseceeseeces ah 
Fire-hunting 


Fire-pike). 2-1, a eecnceeee ooo ee 
Fish, apparatus for transporting .... 
Hish-baskets2 222242 -=2-02 -13-s eee 
IWish-Cars) 3 435)\..5<brsss.c oe Soe 
Fish-carts (used in Nantucket) .... 
Fish Commission, United States -. - 
Fisherman's flasks 
Hishers a5. sao eae eee eee 
WISDES |--2/< aisin atahfawaci} oer SSSR 


Mishes, hunting... 2522 2. cj. Meee 


wee e ene mee cee oe 


Fishes, propagation and culture of.. 
Hishes) scalesiof. --22 5625-22 eee 
Fishes used as food ......----<-.--< 
Wish-farms './< //.<2-\.<5+-2== eeeeeee 
Fish-guano works, model of........ 
Bishingsboats,..-.-) ssc 222 spree 
ishing=honses\..-..- esol se aeiseee 
Fishing-lanterns, ..25<. <1. ss2-nss6 
Fishing-vessel accessories....-...-.. 
Fish-lice 


Fish-oil, soaps from -. 


Fish-oils, extraction of.........-... 
Bish-pots sats tess ee 
Fish-pounds «<2... -- Jee seeee 
Fish, preservation of .. ---.......-- 
Fish-seale work, preparation of..-. 
Pish-slides :. <5... s-sisstsniee nen eseee 
Bish-slings: 22...<.<' Jee eee 
Fish-transporting apparatus. ...--. 
Wish- Ways, ..scss sssoscsneefe eee 
PISSIPedia, 2 =.ses--e5e 
Flails 


Flake-drying 


ete ees tee eee ee ew es ene w es sees 


lamin goesiz.—. Sec aa -weseee see 
Flannels 


100 




















} 
| 
i 








| W 





INDEX. 
Page. 

Pvlanneliscreens\...--52).- 025 se eae 100 | Fowls, domesticated, methods of 
BEEING tec hei oclceiccian 4 sale cea 30, 46 Guliurexofy 72 e Uis Seer eee 
BET RSING ci o3)s toma, <a oe eeiseas TWAT OKEB yc spiniclsiv Se Setenee eee ee ieia ee 
eeewine-COOIS:. oo. eee sens eee Soup MiraMeS,, GeO! ..3. 5.5 Seems seme aoc 
RUE ne ccs cinc'des oS steele 17,40] French sardine-fisheries ..-.....-.. 
Malies, artificial ............-2-- ses. Gea Eres hito od): 2/-\ac Ga cameos aus 
Floating hatching-boxes ...... be. Oo ani gate-Dirds:h5.-<\.00 tase eee tele 
Ploating trawl-lines...........---- 31 | Frog-culture, methods of ....-..-.. 
Floating cages for aquatic animals. SED LMT N= tf Ske oe ean 
Ee tor iol oma) Se an onloatreme SO AIMEUTE Lee ates a ek oh atte ls Melee s 
Floats, manufacture of..-...-..... SMEG ins 98s, 21) ee oo eae ta ee 
Flocking from refuse quills, prepara- BETMRVGL branes) ec: ee eee 
tion of .......----.------+------ AY 27 MWe (ressin y= 22.00 24s .cceie ao ocee 
Flocking, wool.....-.-...---.----- 86 | Furman’s brook-shanty ........... 
BEITUAG CPS tessa 2 o'ailalein =< seisayrhs = == PAAR OEEUT Ors tase 5 2a inic Soe wsec deta 
Bowers, feather... 2): 225.02 osscis 87 | Furs pack -saddle (Hudson’s Bay 
BCe-CHAINS .. 0. 4.06 c255 sss ston SOaeee WenbOLY)) Hesse se de Na acisicracud cca 
BENGE S54. ne ersten clot asia ete Tal (Nie tty yoy cs a 
EPRI) 2) are oe cMras Saavoads ane 3 Se AMMAR ee eesti Sed clndn tiara Sua Se 
BEECHLCHCTS 25 ~ 22. coeseces «24 OMRENIT-SOAINGE Sos OSs as ks, 
Biy-tishing tackle... ...---...---. soil yeep ae Os aiaeh 2 sel cine SC aid 
BEMIS OICS 2 ics oe bos cd taeleas eine SoM Cratt ROOK) > 5 Sac. skis wiieiaiee eee crass 
Bem TS Nis cena ho nose ares seis 2 Jeym Grail cewyss/eccl cena se cevecescclelsers 
Fly-tail seines of North Carolina. -. Son bras eee c aber see aye er eiete tenes 
BERE@ENS . 22m s saeco sos civsasioe a AAG Gall-nUth: ccseelesias seine tees ose sare 
Holding or jerk nets ...--...-.-..- SontGallvofanimalse-casacesseeee eet se 
BES yoo s cain ote hae a selects se 57,77 | Gall of animals used in dyeing. -.-- 
RCRD 5008 eects ees elie AOnGallot carp vaceis oocwics shoes ae oe 
Food in a fresh condition......--.. HM Galls \NU teem acts sere sere ete myauerciets 
Food, methods of preparation of. -. AP NGAM©-DAPS) osc acisiecs te acieaecen Same 
BEENERIGIRONS) | >. .2+- 52 = 20sec eee BOA MGAMLE-AWS) cooeotseneac siecals tac 
RTRs acc UL oe maak ne 65-60) Game-Daskets=-- sae ae-cieeaosse ees 
Foods, dried and smoked.......-.- 65 | Game, preservation of .........--.. 
Beotpath-snares ......-.-.-.-+---- SenGanie-slinges its aake ous ecese eee 
SCV RTT OT G7 see Ps oe Ae eee 20 | Gangs of hooks for minnow-bait---- 
Forceps ....-.- pat aa I I to or BoM RMTSUSe ae tense aemete cece ale a 
BMECe-POINPS, AIT...-....---2e---2- 10ti) Gap fish=waysi..---<.-- =--s\-6es == 
Meme ber ..-.2. .. -s--cs sess BOA GeE MSE A ton \ stom s1dticai 0 slajatoiaaar 
Forks used in handling salted and Sei Ft ste ee ee 
BEIETIB Se eile oh ae siete SG ASD CLO Ue =f sete = staat cee =a tea 
BIECHACION Oo ee ee Op iGastropodarssnc ced ses ote aera 
Formic acid, manufacture of ....-- 53 | Gastropods, purple dyes from...--. 
Posters fish-ways...-..........-.. SoU TCCBO yt ciaaree eee. ee eee ac 
naam 10 | Gelatine, extraction of ..-........- 
Mmmane-pieces .........---..----- Pines | Gelatine for 100d. 24 aye weae cece xa 


93 


45 


52 


77 





112 INDEX. 
‘ Page. 

Gelatitessrr. cose oes Sree 2 HOS sei GAIN TACKS ase eieysciee steleeteteteral eel atatae 
Giant-powder.... - Modis Mewes eons QB GUIs seein Somer onset aaa tere reece 
Glos eet cece t et sete soem acter 94 | Gunwale-winchest22sc2-22es2 sce. 
Cill=net Moats, 22225. S24 eseeme ce Joi Gul-WOEMGS 2-5 seeneseceenoeee secs 
Gill-nets, used in great lakes ..---. 35 Gurnard sees caesar reenact. 
SFIPUHS | sooo ae Pace menercceee AD) \Gut-limesinee ses es emer eeees 
Glacé; papler [Issel ae enestetee = 79 | Gut, method of dressing ...--..--- 
Glass floats <2 scsccsseeeeaceeceees 33 Gut, SilkewOLMibscs aa sase sata cioeiaes 
ines coss2cek ne ce eemosseeeeers 8 | Gut-snoods, silk-worm ..-...---.-- 
Globes; fisht:-/sccceeeeoeeac eres ¢ $8 | Gyro-trap tarcets 2-2. ----1.2-c=% see 
Glue; extraction Ofa-s-ccceree: o-- 52. sead doclkwzecamerm eeeeeeeceecemoses 
Glues) 22 ee eee eee eeleec re. AG 78, 80 4|) Heematinwaeseemseeieaee See ceaneTees 
Glycerine taccee esse secectscc 4h Paes eey sec Sees cies syossis te cise tee 
Goatieeee ee eeee ee eee siecisisisie’ sce ose Gt aba Se areas Sone ee ceclee Smee 
COAb; MMOUNTAIM nso evcc ces = sce oe sae 6G Hair and! wool work 222. -2-o--2-5- 
SOD \eeieiseocica a= sfsi2 </= eee a= 14 | Hair of mammals, preparation of -. 
God ilthee sess = sacs een ee are 10) |(elair=seals! 2c ao ase et yeeeerinielee 
GOOSE- lisence oot one ee niniccaiscee 13) Wakes. o oes tees wesc chee eens 
GAINING o's 2. sis< ass cle tae ecoe cee AQ) MEL MDI Wt ret actae slterercia seieiehele Ste retains 
Grain-leauher sa. osacts= oss cee. 83) dammocks i 22.2. scenes erciciseetae 
SATAN Ss eyeioceinyeiaiasr areisie rie svaisieietetoaie Des OAs PAM Sa: 7. ssc ease see weseleeceincer 
GLATOPUSI oe sie ee ee selene eames 7 Tand=dred es «sec. season ereeee ses 
Grappling-irons....-... seeieeamee ese QA VElan de teare nei eciseeceee coisa 
Grasshoppers! s2-.scleoe so --e sence 17 | Hand-implements52.-2ss-cree ces 
Gravel-filters'.-2.2522--2ssseeeecee 100)|ElLandileyoridipmets!.-o-s-e 42 csseee 
Gréebes eset hecceceee re ee eee ces 11 | Hanging-needles...-..-....----.-- 
Green eee eee ee care eee meee 12) Haplomi, -22% oS. se secece sees ectee 
Greenletshaaacseccsiece Bese eo aeete als 9 | Hard tissues, preparation of...---. 
Green-shankseeeeeps oreo pene: 10) Harness)< scence sees eiesee 
Grill@s ees aece sone see eee: meee 100 Tarpoon Dall and ount-o4-easiooce 
GTIN GETS: o5o55 2g sae sec wae cece 53 | Harpoon bomb-lance gun..--..---- 
Groupersic o.c ceecrgcee sess eee cae 14) Harpoon-bulllets x ~ vaceeviceee sei 
GrOUSOv. c.2s bie isiciste karoge wale nie times HO ar poonss sen aewietewislerciaereiele Seeneeee 
GMUNGS .1-agive piece os cmcweee. «slnase 14 || Harpoon-trapsis-crieoeiate eee ee 
CaanaCOge sesso e ears cee arenes 74: Hartshorn ct=ce- secession ese 
Guano.) 205 sceorse sosiess gen tse 96 || Hatchetsi-- see soe-nscoeeceeee eee 
Guano, preparation of............. 53 | Hatching-apparatus .............- 
Guillemoteesessossseeo eee ee 11 | Hatching-boxes (floating).-....-.-. 
Guinea-fowlve.c co.cc cecewte ce eeies 10) Hlat-manutfactures sos-ice eee eee eee 48, 
(QUIN ECA-pIP eee einceeeeeiescinteee = : Si sElats) <q iscc% ceases eenireeeerinees 
Gr yee Ac:s eiceere se ee eee eens 11 )|| Hauling-tackle (surf) s2o-—-.5-52e52 
Gun CASES'. 25 cai waiinese oe eee eels 303) Hawks) cic wc. sere checcara nearer 
Gun-cotton! 25522 -os2sceeceeeseee 287) Hawiks-billi turtles) 32-22 -2s0-eee 
Gun-=harpoons) .. 2. semis ose seers 24 | Head-axes for whalemen --....-.-. 





Gunpowder: -...:25/6 06 .tslcce aioe. 28 ' Head-chains and ropes.........--.. 











INDEX. 113 
Page. Page. 
lead-Knivies. 2. «s<<s/nics enecsslan=% BO) VAOWT-C1AssGs ok ane ee ook 44 
Head-oil, preparation of. ....-..... opi summing-birdee 4 sseseesee soe 9 
Head-pike and ring ..-..--....-- a 351 daanters’ flasks ews snee scien 46 
Get COUN Oe ate ee eetelaieee aia on Haunters’ HOUSER... - 5 -pce0 eased 44 
ell-benders'.--<-. <<-josselseae iS ehunting- birds... cask. - os aeesase 40 
Hemdurgan ..-.-..---- Ae eee er da) unting- boats - -- enc cae emis 3 
POMUDTANCHI << ss covasscce sess eae 1S MELUNbIN O-CAM pS)! alse eee a 44 
BUENO CLONES. -.so25 sccm Sewn cee cere ff taanting-dogs: ... cs ancseescise aise 40 
BAETONSH Se: ca5 5 ec choo iaca vias biccweee e 10} #eontine=-fishes-\-- 2.2.2 ssceetasses os 40 
BROTH occ sn to's = siitety sees 15) Peonting-lanperns: <-i-s <-o-<—4-<(- 41 
BAETRING-DOAtS sac a5 osm sero 44 | Hunting-leopard.....-. Penne noe 39 
iprrine-0ets). acc. cc ce ec esse meen 36) Hunting-lodges ......4,..cg-e-8or6 42 
Herrings, king ii eet 16 | Hunting-mammals.--.....-......- 39, 49 
HiGuerosomata 0 s2\sos5 ce-- <-incice 13) | Enum aries! |. 25) 2\enisiaac-e 23 
PPEANOU A esc oc) cck os ss es sacaes 7 EMMI C= GULLS one oo een oi o' efeceetes 45 
Ep NOCO Ay -) sss Mcigeiecicr open Sale $9) Eburled sti¢ks} uc u-icn-eas\sc- =< sees 26 
Baives for insects. ..-2.. 2... <<s--< 98) | Wimeled weights ..-< 40: e<nse0 25s 25 
Hoes used in gathering shell-fish-. . 23) MMNTONY DORE. - << Sac weemesiskcip eee 44 
95 ee See eee CPE eevee ae tte tec)o oon oni ae 12 
Brrloce mi alive sca) «n'e oie encase <-ic 1G) SEY DeTOAr blair ecto eset seine < 17 
BMNGLOUS eis ov isb is ocala -ecees = —6 SOMMENVDCLOLPCtL 4. Secs ce eos scien ee 17 
Nie eee a inl mails epeineere 99 |} GGivEPCOUI «ocd vine epee sce etasine 92 
RS ete crates eloia tere alae 39,40 | Hyran capensis s...ssdsesisecics--<-e 92 
aA GaSe cote sehen sesie= selene eisniare G@uIPGIBER 21.32) 55 25 votebe ies Sey ece ase 10 
Hoof, preparation of .......--.--.- 51 | Ice-boxes and refrigerators .... -.-- 47 
a a in Senet 76) | Wee-houses.s- == o-e5je- alee chap 47 
Hooked instruments.............-.. oA CG- Fh AC Gre ian i kalense verse ce ace sas oes 47, 
Hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence. amlplehthyOcollan scones ene &9. 
BMG S252. Sood sae a Soe a cnfcmeecs 32) Lmitation pearls 2... fs. 44-5-ce 80, 
Hooks, movable lines with ........ 30 | Imitations of animals and birds-.-. 41 
Hooks with stationary lines........ ol || imitationsiof fishes...) ss. =ss= 41 
BERGLESWIVOIS) 2-5/2 -- - 5 -- ooo een 34 | Imitations of red coral...-..------ &2 
BEBBRENOUS =a 015 c's os cece secs ce ae 30, 36 | Imitation tortoise-shell-.....-.---- 77 
BMEENSECAD) oon. ceense conn cce 52 | Implements employed by eurriers.. 49,50 
Oe) aoe couse oss toes : 98 | Implements, hand ...... ....----=+ 21 
Me os hone anions sea germ tine 77 | Impregnating ova, accessories of ob- 
Mom, preparation of ......-......- 51 aiminen and oss ace cacy esaaalee 99 
BEIDMING 2... 22.2. oe es a aacanr 77 | Incline-plane fish-ways..-.-.-.-.-.--. 98 
Bemnaed-tOads - -.-- 2. cn-. nem ene acne dd Pbadelibleiimiks:. ./.- «facts 2o=-.cee se 54 
a oe 30 | Indelible pencils ......-..----..--3 54 
AIOTKe ..--- RP i terre A PAS Th 6250) |eindianratti-=poatSe-ca2e saeeeeeen eee 43 
BEE STRINGING: u55 Joc coe loose, 52 | Inflatable bags... -<-5---c-2ses/-J= 54 
MERE ra) [Sn lnhisorialearthioess see see ene eee 82, 96 
MOrme-trappings ..............--.- 42 | Injurious species, apparatus for de- 
BE se eco. tac 74s \t  SUROVING J. coo see eet oe ook ioe 











114 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Anke esesescceeee cae seem eee S 77 | Kindling fire, apparatus for ....-..- 45 
Inks, manufacture of......-..-.--. So | Kang-fish .---<.<--- 2222 swe sicemienas 14 
Insect-cages -.........- oceeise te OSii#Kinefishersccees esses eeeiesen ccs 9 
MuUsech=shives ==... heeseeeeeeioaee OS imkineletsleeesecc-eeeseseeieeseescere 9 
UMSCCUIVOLR.=-=.-1-- 5-55 seco nee 8 | King of the herrings ...--.......-. 16 
Insect-powders ...-.-..----------- DOs eKONIVeS = mepoeecime ec cieie se nanetaes 21, 22, 48 
UMSeCtSr-2e 242 28 oe asl ecememactasee et 7, | PKOUTRISST esse emacs eee a see ier 94 
Iusects, propagation of .........--. LON: |) Ktyaks S225 cess cet ceeseecme esr eee se 43 
Insects, protection from .......-.--. Ae | Tabelsimes asinecs se eiles eae rteialelteiae 54 
Instruments and appliances of ren- Laboratory, coasts... 22852222 saa. 97 
ceriug whale-oil .--222 2222. -<2- 52 Labyrinth-traps Ride Sea ed attyeeereinte 27 
Tustruments for cleaning, loading, Lac dyeysssnsneseeecsce sees eee 93 
BEG) afar ASRS Soe ele Ie elaine 29) | Lace c.252 ssssmscelessaioass sees eice 74 
Internal parasites...---:------..-- 98) Wacertilial-tsecsssseise sree semen see 12 
Gntroduchiome ese. se accion cn Ay Maa cMlalkce tassece se peysseceeicsecceteas 93 
Invertebrates, other materials from - 82 | Lake gill-net steamer.....--.-.--. 44 
WSIN GLASS isso sac tas cise csccecelsere se 883:69 ||| lambs; vellum’from:< 2-2 -5-2cenes- 83 
Isinglass, extraction of ........---- Se | aamellirostres ..-scec es eaeeeeeoeee 11 
Hsospondylil. o: sc. 3252 52 csc0ccccce 15 | Lamprey-eels, or nine-eyes ....---- 17 
Ttalian fishing-boats (California). .. AS MGR PSta scsi Sce eee seen teseioes 44, 45 
VOM eet yal ies Sao o oe so careeuiste Moll Wan COstetosoes ooo eee 14, 22, 26 
vory-black 2 1...s0¢<ssaticacs smc ciais Wd) Qe: | Man dingenets'... 256. seiecnns cates 36 
Yvory-black, manufacture of ....-.. De) | Wand-snatls.. 32.22 s sao s-sclsee sine 19 
Ivory cutting and carving ......-.. 51s Manternsisccu eee eater eee 44, 45, 46 
Jacket-laMps 11+ cene sce aeeesise 44 | Lanterns for fire hunting and fishing 41 
Jack-lanterns, for fishing .........- 42 | Lanterns for camp and ship use-... 46 
JAPUATS sec ccinteloeeesehesciceetostaloes 5 | Lanterns for weequashing......... 42 
VATS onsin Sasori ee cdaccsiceise siete SU Mar Mussa ees Meme mci eeiRecieteme sts 20 
Jal MOle-tlrapSsscscce~ sce =seemece B77 Wark) .: crt ee Regs ecec ee teins S 
Jawed traps os coos secs cece eceis 38: || "ass0s =5).262 cciae se eee ce cence eras 25 
DAYS ice cimid te stereo fons ee eeenete Ge: 9) | aunches=ssocies cosets coe cieee see 43 
PELKEM MCAticce since ee iscceseeeses G5) Mawes) eam Of eee at ostef emerson 97 
IPSs os aloes eis oc peeeee Bee ete tee 23) llPiead Crs) o-wist cocietecieistne sects 33, 89 
Sigs anGrails': 5... bu sosesesics © Se pf Weeds eet ad co Saracens 23 
IP “MOMS sacl siethcieeisiwelaince eines soe So MOAI Ge ctateretareertom at oa ete wictotelefersiete 52 
JOMt-SUAIOSS sat ess oaccen cso ee ee 12 | Leaning-knives!)25//22./ssecmecen oe 
KiainitesQ\o-ctiisess seme cece 53) eather-backu-tu-cs= <2 ce eee ees 12 
Keg used for floats, &c ......-..-..- 33.) Leather beltst-c --secee at aetociesee 83 
Kennels) jj saassstedaete ie eieeete ee 98 | Leather, currying of ......--....-. 49, 50 
IKGEMes 222222225 shan eedeeesecle es 93 | Leather-dressing...... ..---..----- 50 
Kettles s.c4 .ccnicecs, oomemnnes oem AD: | Teather)’. .’acosiseeecewiee sean aeeeiee 73, 82 
Kid-leather....7.1--teee ese eees 23" | eechesiw’.2s seo wae ese eee eee 18, 95 
RORY. 110 -c aia 'sin'e lone 'e'sle ls acioo se sneeos 7 | Leeches, propagation of ..........-. 101 
KOMNCkstt eee oiecese cncccien aces AA NGOS PINGS ac nce acess nwiceceeeee 45 
Kilns for burning shells........... 5a | Lemmings’... 6... skews oneness 8 











INDEX. 
Page. 
Leptocardians ....-....---+2-+---- 17 | Mackinaw boats ..........-...--.. 
ES a Cir wlalealee a taeus 7 | Mammalefurs.csessseesceoetccccs 
PONT ao 502 2550s an ceeceie 98 | Mammal oils, extraction of........ 
Parplitepeee bee OS la caliente wielait Agi| Mammnrals).o-2cvseeses ataecseens 
MURY-ATOUG?s Suis oases sas owesose aa 24 | Mammals, quills of............-..- 
APRS Oe SR Se eae O41 |;Mammalsyshelliotseeseeesceesee eee 
Mie. DilG <2occkwsscerewens saseeee 39 | Mammals used as food .-.-...----. 
TLRS So a oe eee 53, 95 | Mammals, hair of, preparation.of -. 
MMIMICONO sais 55 cadeadas cosa sacle 10 | Manatee, or sea-cow..---......---- 
BIN Ses HOS wi delsa dees thes ake GO) Manna vescsas's ses a eee 
PMN OUSY oscar es SeeSeo RSS ARS 19 | Manufacture of albumen prepara- 
nie Hold eng So Faiacehwe este dards SA MONS aes an socHseses ses epee 
Lines, hooks with movable...--... 31 | Manufacture of ammonia.......... 
Lines (twisted and plaited) ....-... 32 | Manufacture of billiard-table cush- 
MEN O Vase seial ci auc cece sere einlaeoatewen 14 LOM Sitters etatatetereralc(s sais aise a eters 
MHONS S68. = 22's Woke sete pee Be 6 | Manufacture of carbazotates....--. 
ein nooks woes es esse Rees 24 | Manufacture of dress and stay ma- 
Banhofracteun cou civsssdoc see ede de Bes) Peer SONG me casa cae saa ae 
Live-box (Atkins’s)....-.....-..-. 101 | Manufacture of fertilizers ..-.....-. 
Live-boxes for microscopists...-... 98 | Manufacture of floats and other ar- 
BEAT Siricta(o sore siaye wale aioveticiseiaeretciate ACME tIClesh eerie coe sacs See einrak 2S 
Loaded lines (bolas)..............- 25 | Manufacture of formic acid........ 
MAOACETS! goae Lee ssec alse soo SSe 29 | Manufacture of handles, trinkets, 
Lobster-canning factory......-.... 48} billiard-balls, &e.-.2-.-..02/.--: 
Hobster-pot floats .... ...0.cececsee 33 | Manufacture of hat and bonnet ma- 
BEUSLOL-DOES. 2's ons nin ercinsiederoodts 37 Ker suboneraseemerscsseetencaieaia ace 
Lodges..... Hesse esate ee heeose 42,44 | Manufacture of inks from animal 
BPM SELNCAG: SA ciccndcen miosiewtoteleic 12} substances....-.-.. cece pase ceiee 
BoC LASSOS ia. cine cise a cee ewiose 44 | Manufacture of ivory-black ...-.... 
OS er 11 | Manufacture of murexides....-.... 
ee nina tsa alae aa aeteine 11 | Manufacture of organ and piano 
BePNODANCH LI... <2... 20s-nenecdeces PS ae keys welche eke tne reees 
B82) o ha cis mcisinate a tictewe% 45 | Manufacture of pepsin ..........-- 
EIS Te Sonia isecioeak: cares ccle 14 | Manufacture of perfumes.......... 
RN se io inincinrca kein see mm mcls 41 | Manufacture of phosphorus..--..... 
ooh on ws wis re anete dee 5 | Manufacture of propylamine ...... 
Macerating-vats .......... wie seed 54 | Manufacture of prussiates. .... -.-. 
NS hind. asc cceccssucced 50 | Manufacture of quill articles ...--- 
Nena 8) 5 wr cde Nees asced 22 | Manufacture of quill brusb-bristles. 
Bepntivere lee ts fe oe te ere 14 | Manufacture of quills for pens. .... 
EE 32| Manufacture of ribbon - weaver’s 
Mackerel-smacks.............----. AB EE DONE. cose 552258 SREB ae: 
Mackerel-steamers............---- 44 | Manufacture of rosettes........... 
Mackinaw blankets ............... 45 | Manufacture of sal ammoniac....-. 


115 


Page. 
44 
68 
52 


87 
79 
57 
48 


95 


53 
53 


51 
53 
53 
53 


116 


Manufacture of stockmaker’s bone. 
Manufacture of surgical instru- 
MENS 50. ce Soot eh ise meee eee 


Manufacture of toothpicks ........ 
Manufacture of trinkets. ...-...-.-. 
Manufacture of umbrella-maker’s 

DONE: poac ss ose a ewaeee eee eee 
Manufacture of whalebone brushes. 
Manufacture of whipmaker’s stock 

andtwihips)s-e-(sectecrenseistes=as- 
Manufacture of woven work ....-- 
Manufactures, arts and, materials 

em ployediiny a2 24 sesie:5 ese s-re 5-1 
Marline-spikes).<2ccc.-st acs oics se 
MarmO[s rcccets sped seein bese -seseee 
Marsipobranchiates -...-.-.------- 
Marsupialia .....-..... 
Miamtensig vernon sn spescicuatecleeresacee 


IMAStS: sefeiasectersios sete saciant ets eee 
Materials employed in the arts and 

Manufactures. !..<- see ceases 
Mather’s fish-ways.-..-.-....-.----.- 
Means of pursuit and capture...-.-. 


MeasuUnes)é <5 ose1 sss eso. SeeKeeEee 


Meat, desiccated) <j23 cnc ecueiece sce 
Meat-extract ka. jseccenjeuerscee 


MCAtS cece acinoscicecoeer a 
Meats, canning. -.ccnjebjo00 sqecaeen 
Meats, preservation of......-..-...- 
Mechanical delineators.-..--...-.-. 
Medical outiittesenciceeeereaaececene 
Medicine, chemical products and 

agents employed in arts and..-.. 
Medicine-chests;...+ s1s--hece secon 
Menhadény..ca-< scuScee sae esses 
Menhaden-carryaways .......-..-- 
Menhaden-smacks ........ 2.2. -20 
Menhaden steam-mills ............ 
Men opomessecs-h soeee eee eens 











INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
S| Merin0@S\..5.5-1ache ro telenetee ee eee 7 
Meshing-nets (entangling in meshes) 35m 
Gi | Mesh-needles....caas-aaeesnnvaneeité 26: 
Methods of culture of domesticated | 
51 animal sye4 sess a ysecsaiseaeeeee 93 
51 | Methods of culture of domesticated 
51 fowls jo. ecemersepieceosecinasthee 99 
Methods of culture of domesticated 
51 ITM Se stee ee esate 99 
51 | Methods of dressing gut and sinew. 50 
Methods of frog-culture ..-.-. -..-- 99 
51 | Methods of heliotyping and engray- 
51] ‘ing illustration6.<..<.4.20-% seek 55 
Methods of mink-culture......-.-.. 98 
75 | Methods of ostrich-culture ..--....- 99 
44 | Methods of oyster-culture -....--.. 101 
8 | Methods of preparation of food.... 47 
17 | Methods of terrapin-cuiture -....-- 998 
8 | Methods of transportation . ......42, 43, 44 
5 | Methods of United States Fish Com- 
AD: | MEMNISSION  oces sch cee cose eo aeeee ee 97 
AQ’ | MACE nie eg pena cesses Rete EL aeeees 8 
44 | Microscopists’ live-boxes,troughs,&e. 98 
Milk, desiccated ..-- -2.525)-25s% <2 65 
25] Millipedesc sc. sjo0- secu eeeneeee 17 
97 | Mancing <.22-sie2-cussseesnteeeee 52 
21 | Mincing-horse and mineing-knives. 52 
29 | Mincing-knives<s.4 sss ssocts denies 22 
65 | Mincing-machine. .. ..... 2-2. 22-3 52 
65'| Mincing-tub..c0..5..22sssecesieees 52 
65 | Mink-culture, methods of.........- 98 
Ay | Minks2iccucsece ees ae saeMeerieree 5- 
65 | Minnow bait-hooks .......-..-..- 5 31. 
48) MinnOWaw. concen swoeessedase eee 15 
AT”) MissileS <2 ...<cctseceeccenccees 26, 28, 29 
55'| Missile-traps.tescccctsescesscoset® 39 
AG)| (Mites: scsenrcveroes Jessen secoloemetee 17 
IMIX€LS, coesseaes eee eee eee eeeees 53. 
93/) Moccasinsias csdacetamcscsecseaneee 45 
46! Modeling, «21225 s<c2uecseueseee sae 54 
15 | Model of fish-guano works --... ---- 53 
AS) MoOnaiITS.\-5-/-5<-nc-occecernaante 74 
43)| Moles ‘2... sscacsicemaae saeas siveeree . 8 
AA) Mole-tra pS y.c.acce s2a-eeeeeeen ; 39 
13 (eMollasks; 2204 4200525223 see eee 19 






























INDEX lM? 
Page. | Page. 
mollusks, byssus of....----.--.<--« 75)| etting-needles..---2 022. 22. 22. 36 
- Mollusks, propagation of ..-..----- 101 | Newfoundland flakes.........-...-. 47 
BOSC EA co cise stcicies ney cence ee eee 6 Newhouse traps..........2..------ 38 
BMorning Stars... .. ..<-.2 s--e-ee-k= a Nn eht-hawiks oc onpe eee eres aes 9 
- Moss-crates (Stone’s).. ..--..+----+ ADOT WINMNE-CY LB sonic meee ent eaetek oes 17 
mimother-0’-peatl .\ic5.\c22% s'ese0 sane 79 | Nippers (with cord and handle).... 25 
UTR en ES A? 7) Nitroglycerine ..- 2 jckiseh ieee 28, 90 
BMonntain-coat ..---. ---e.--s0--es2 Gr PRoire @ivoine:,- 5-2 one. pees 92 
emia meal .2- 2.5, cc-4-5snreee= = GhrPMO@OSES <n in- on wee oe p eee ee 2 
MMountain-sheep. --...--+--..-2-. <- 6; PINGbse-traps....... tougasiiu ie oere aes 38 
SMouse-fish........---. <---- eae 13 | Norway haddock, or hemdurgan-.- - 14 
EMouselins de laine -..-...----.---- (|b Worwecian boats... s:deosceueee 44 
SiMovable copses ..------------.---- BA Nett AUB tas Shcincion ne RRS 93 
Mmovable covers --.--. ~<s--%'s025-- ywa2 | Wathatches,../..2<..-.- = 5 geese 9 
Movable lines, hooks with. ....--.- dl PATS REA = ohierss Sey amnrs mp a cS 2 Renee 94. 
Sifud-fish, or amia .....---....--.- EY @ MT IOCKR a4 cas josie syns seat eee 44 
Beeb 22 ose pn) asiel vse ete HEB N@ar-reats) > oaoacmacchseostec tie. cei 44 
BPE MUMOS) 2. Mp Mite oe hina ea ROMUTR aa aya See ata ety Sai oso 44 
-Murexides, manufacture of....---.- 53 Oblique groove fish-ways...-..-..-. 97 
MEPEBEGS tooo cine dha ee) Jac wtetc-i4i ac Par nO cel useress date apse ciomtarceters sare stare 5 
Museum = storage-tank, Agassiz ( Oc topuses cs ssat stoe weaas waco rhe 19 
SR he res BA Oil 3 EAU Nao es ep ee ee 52, 90 
PIS K@USiS. 2’. 2osteth daeieeeewisiceiseres Pies MOMNCOtbONs saond s2res gees osdese see 48 
Musk from musk-deer - .-.--.------ 92 | Oil-dressine» es sa2." ee reece Ieee 50 
BMOSK-OX . 2... 5265 se seseinsee eee een 6 | Oil, fish, soaps from.........--.--- 92 
Bee ASH oo 5e)52. 2 222 -- oe aoe SON Foca sn eaOoery th oo nese are 50 
~Musquash - traps, with hanging OUl=skin suis sss-4 ee Sosa see 45 
BN oral pty ak Shera cia as a 38 || Ointmentseseiiece doukive feo 2 2c: 45 
Balaeisirin ae acis esos es AQ) Oleomargarines..2-5. 25-2 sms-==-4 90 
Dae iy alias kee Py Ophidian 2.2 enh eee 
eee ae eee =e eae SOD RAS ADE = aoa nia total ear a=ia1ai winrar 93 
Peale ese sieteeietakisbine Waele sii AOURO POVULaUS sso ec criae sae es ee 19 
acre, preparation of..<.-..--..---- Se NO POSSUM) <a 5 ncc cs pismeipess + sees were 8 
Se eee eee 7 | Optical instruments.....-..-..---- 46 
Pee teeter eae 40 | Organ-keys, manufacture of ..-..-- ol 
Re oie eats aeeate ls ettalels utorsers LOAGOTIOLES 2-255 casos sicecses eee eee 2 
Mavassa phosphates:.....-.----. <- DOMMOSMCIACIC) a2. kanes cee Sea See 54 
_Needle-percussion..........--...-- BoUOsteocollaten= cece tess se cek Ose cer 89 
Besse Anwieeracesiscehiae wee 36 | Ostrich-culture, methods of...-.-- -- 99 
PAO OTTO HT ala alee nancies tae ORMOULERSe se ce5 e cee eecnin sce seca 5, 40 
Bee lene eens 1kS} || Ouwieeine inlanseanecaseas Gand coscae 36 
Nereocystis Liitheana...-.....0+-- +s 33 | Oulachan ...-.- Hoo tee ee eee 15 
Bee iris), s bc tens cee mmitcnbise 100 | Ova, accessories of obtaining and 
et eels el issln) dels ele bie stale Boe) MU pLegnapiM ess ee sb een eee eae 99 
ets for bed and face.............- 45 | Overflowing fish-ways .----.---.-- 7 








118 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Ow lSitcievsncecti tenes ct scan pemereme OVA0ul Pelicans); 3. ss cace ecto meeaeoae eae 11 
OXis ote owe sete. access eerie 6) Pemmican acess ce esleseee eee a 65 
Ox, domesticated ...-s-..2.scrsme5= 6 | Pencils..... ene aCe, Rene aise eee 54 
Ox MUSK... 028. sce sae cates 6] Penguins 2a eeeeeeeesceere ee eer 11 
Oyster-bed tangles..........-.---- 981) Pens (for‘animals)/Ss222 eee. scree 98 
Oyster-boatss. 2 <0. sseeceecose ee - 43 | Pens, manufacture of quills for .... 51 
Oyster-canning factory........---- 48'| Pens, quillecsaesssessoeeccesecssee 87 
Oyster-canoes-.-- .-ce1-=s e-em A3'| Pen-trapsidss.ccce see e one cere eace 37 
Oyster-catcher......---.---------- 10" | Pepsiiise s-<cnesswoee ces eae eee 93 
Oyster-culture, methods of .....-.. 101 | Pepsin, manufacture of......------ 53 
Oyster-fish:..- -.-,..2ceen).ceces == -= 14°| Percesoces.ceccexeocsetmescese sees 15. 
Oyster-police-boats .....-----.---- AA" | Perchictestcscectecs soeeeemce see 14 
Oyster-puncies! -sessee eee e ence se Ad") Perches’ 220 o2.2 22e6 eeeaeces sass 40. 
Oyster-scraperecs-te- cee soe es --e 36 | Percussion-powder....---.-------- 28 
@yster-smacks peerless cs eens 3 | Perfumes: 2222cccee los oaeean ee 53,92. 
iRack-saddleggstcns <aos ss <i--sin5'5~ 42"| Personal! aidsi.c- 222 -o.2. Sc see face 42 
Paddle-fish, or spoon-bill ...--.---- 16 | Personal equipments.---...-.------ 45 
Spa lesi@ nen ssiaisecc or eces Seem = 44) | ‘Petrelars.c. 2c eee eee 11 
AO SL CMO sexe. tacefete se aiaine = aeteeinielal= 42) |'Phalaropesnes. .. jo Sse see ee 10 
PAISReeee eC cere. sseees tees cee ee 99) Piialsstee cs. o2e acca eee eee 54 
alls eet ie on mic mare Siseris se eerie 44 Phosphates 2d ck ee oe 53, 96. 
Pancreatine: <<. .-2<c2<-0cesceeee 93) | Phosphorus...-.22:4e2 scooters 77, 94 
PANS 2s joan ons.< se seenye cee peers 99,100 | Phosphorus, manufacture of_..---- 53 
Ieper WOats2 acc nao ao see ene 43 | Phosphorus prepared from bones --. 
Papier Qlac6..) 5, scse-eseere= ae - 79,88 | Photographic apparatus. .......-.- 55 
Parasites 2a sseeneeoseeeescesmore 98 | Photographiss.22-2 2sssa4e2ss55-5ee 97 
Parchment... .)--eecewee meee 82, 83 | Piano-keys, manufacture of ..-..--- 51 
Parchment from viscera of seals - -. 64" | Picarisiceceskeore aoe ookess sores a 
Parers: soc. -cssaicecieiecoaeeaees 22) Pickerelcocccce ceee cect seeiee 15 
Parroquet/scsstsoscctesececteesecent 9)) Pickerel=hooks.-. -s25-ac12- aoe 39 
Parrotchish: Gi. asstecsi-Serite cances 14) Pickledttoods=sececeas seen eeeeeee 66 
Parrots io. csceonc=sneoueneeeeeee 9 | Pickling, preservation by..-..-.--. 48 
PPALLTIO LO lceacisecsiceceren cele naa etae 10 | Picks used in gathering shell-fish- - 23 
HASSOLCS sn cc wee noes ene eee eee ons 9) |) Picricacid taza aonsse ose aae eee 54 
Pastesver secs seeaecieeene (cece aa tee All| Piercing-trapsiscsaces <-cleaeeeerseee 3 
Patentwleathereseceseceecesctos oes €3)| Pigéon-nets;ssscc.cescee os qaceees 38 
PEACOCK eseceea ose Hos ce oeeeeeee 10 | Pigeons) 5.02282 42.2 7b Ge eees eos 10 
(Rearle oasis eee ece ceases eater ateln= 79 | Pigeon-traps and accessories of pig- 
Pearl-powdens-.--.s55---sce een == 80 eon-shooting<.sc.cersseeelos eos 
Pearls ii io.cdaecttoe secs noes 79 \sPig-fishi-. 2a ce Settee See 14 
Pearl- white... =. 0se0.4 sacle sees WOW Pik 222520 cose Eeeme cece en seeees 15 
Pea-roeiof cod... ..---- $225 40) | Pike’s fish-way,~----c2e (2322 -n loses 97 
iPea-shooters'.. ss. pecuets eee rae 07) Pile-serapers<-.S 22 sHs- asa eee 23 
PEGCRII coee we oace nc Stason eee GiliPilotenshiees see seeeeeee eee eee 14 
Pediculatt s...2220-22e alee eee 13 | Pinkies (Martha’s Vineyard) ..---. 43 














INDEX. 

BS Page. 
Pinna, silk from byssus of, prepara- Pound-boats of the lakes..... aster 
RAN OLeere caters an sevea Sesterneleeataycia Be ROUMAS s ciia: «cx anche isis era Sas 2 <eeeenshe 
Pinnipedia .-.--... aoe aes eine Gr eowder-holderses..c.esscee cde. 
BPE SEES fare apna iais =o wicia’s «atic oie 13 || Powder-measures ..-----.-<«+----- 
BMRLOR coos. 5 e'hais vec Stores HOOD Eratrie-dOgs' .'s...\c:0 ceca saiteee mice 
MEPSUOL DOGS) 05 ouo.c. fr spaia c/s Sian si nacre 30 | Predatory animals ........-.. Rees 
BRS oe (sicn is ict cckrn Seca cin’ sso Sa se"sce PIM ECLACE) o - Jas sacaice. one neotenic 
iptalls: 240-05. Meeinisoe se ralepseiale 37 | Preparation of albumen...--...-.-. 
EEN COV GLOOM) vein a aietscinisin och w e'siay (fois 37 | Preparation of ammunition....-... 
EACLE GMIIN OS\ ts i cic: c'ai=/sie ara eictelee wisiqe 32) | Preparation of baits ..........---- 
REMAND ATIS (= cts ols siare) s\eisininie-ol stuiai oiate 18 | Preparation of brillantine.......-- 
Plectognathi Bee a eee ne 13 | Preparation of cochineal colors .--. 
AES oe ere te aids) acieeciesc cocoons Hpilereparation of coral’..-. ..-2-.-252- 
RPO Tip ele cra coe ehs eros) 5 sical 10°) Preparation of down ........-....- 
Se Plucking .................-.---:-. 48,50 | Preparation of feather fabrics... ... 
inmagery, art of..-....----..---- 50 | Preparation of feathers...--....... 
BEUITMOS cic cicicv<cocrce LP ret he a ree Oe 87 | Preparation of fibers for manufac- 
MEIN OS Prem a foc os sccicice oeeisem teins 74 ture of plush carpets.---........ 
MEEOb-NGUSaaeicciccics Seve cine -ciec cate 35 | Preparation of fish-scale work...... 
PE KOt-ULADS acivsics\ seis -cis/<sicee =< = 37 | Preparation of food, methods of... . 
MUSIAOUG) oes cine acme nam <enane 39 | Preparation of guano...--.....-. her 
 ¥ Police-boats, oyster..-...--.....<. 43 | Preparation of hair of mammals. -. 
MISO 32 21S ras cm eisoe yaciwiwaiallfaroas 50 | Preparation of hard tissues... .... 
= Polishing-powders .......-.--.-..-- 82 | Preparation of head-oil.......-...-. 
See ollock ..... spaiaistaaie sid eimai awison siete 14 | Preparation of horn and hoof .-.-.--. 
Polyps Maguicie we dateisiwace kis sales closes 20) |ereparation! Of macre sss. os--)<15 22 
BOB IER UG TUN S's 15.15) tain) 2)n1<inisicia! sis ie'c'a) <i 90 | Preparation of flocking from refuse 
MAEMO] S) 20,2 es aieic wi eicts alos stsciceenciiee 49 Quills). Soh saree coer sitesi 
BENET Os ots hiacsjscajotic docs cc sels 14 | Preparation of silk from byssus of 
PMBEEROSIT SENS apa ok? oe aan aycy viciSwlesierncis OS Lenni meena carmcinrere ee so =\eiswisis ane 
PGSM WAVS: < soc sccieisie sacnseccee 97 | Preparation of silk of insects ..---- 
SEES) 13 | Preparation of silk of silk-worms -. 
Porcupines ..... eeeetetelater tetera 8 | Preparation of spermaceti ..-.-... -- 
eorgy...... BER ee oak eee ces 14 | Preparation of sponge-stuffing. ..-. 
OSC aan 7 | Preparation of stuffings-......---- 
martable bridges........--s-..--.-- 42 | Preparation of the skin and its ap- 
Portable DORUSS 2 scence aS sisieeee ce Fa BEDCHOR POS) 2 ata = =|Glamis ciao aiscin 
Potash, prussiate of ............... 78, 86 | Preparation of tortoise-shell.....-. 
Potassium, ferrocyanide of........ 92 | Preparation of whale-bone.....--.. 
mor-Pauce swivel ..-.......-.----- 34 (Preparation of wool../22. .2----\--= 
Potomac seine-boats .............-- 43 | Preservation by canning and pick- 
BOs ere cc coc eas scone - BOM Me STL TP eee eee ein ae are eee eee 
RE oe ce tcc ceslecc ocean 30 | Preservation by drying-.--.-...--. 
RRS | ie 96 | Preservation of fish ...-.....---.-- 
Ie 44 | Preservation of fresh meats..-.--.-- 


119 


Page. 


49 
49 
49 
52 
49 
49 


48 
AY 
47 
AZ 


120 


Preservation of game ... 22.0 se5-2. 
Preservation of animals for scien- 
PiUliGISCR Le co wc neces eee 


IPLOSSINO Sct 2 ccs ssa eee eee 
IPPIMOCES 2522 cece eee cee sees 
Prinbine; Calicojtatme see cman secs 
PrODOSCIOEA Weis amare saa eeas nets 
Processes of tanning leather....-... 
Processes of tawing or oil-dressing 

He AbNEL eecee aoa cman eis. 
Process of Gunrying,._<. 0 5--<<- -- 
Prod dine=awlscesnceis==cececesie ese 
Prod SR ene ees eres tecnico <Senes 
Propagation aid culture of fishes... 
Propagation of amphibians......-. 
Propagation of bees... .2---2. 2... 
Propagation of cochineal insect... 
Eropagation of corals..... 2-.....- 
Propagation of insects ........---. 
Propagation of leeches ............ 
Propagation of mollusks .--........ 
Propagation of reptiles...........- 
Propagation of silk-worm.......-. 
Propagation of sponges .---..-.... 
Propagation of worms ......- a oeee 
Propylamine. ta soce cases eease sees 
Propylamine, manufacture of.. .... 
Protection and culture............ 
Protection from insects...-........ 


IPLOTCIC ase eee e cot eee eee 


PrussiateioL potash .. 32 j52---4.--- 
HELUSS ILS acct eis oe oe oeeek eee eh cree 
Prussiates, manufacture of ......-. 
WP SUGUAGCLE cis cise a erste are emer 
iPiarmican a: <0 csc ccee ae eee ae 
Publications of United States Fish 

Commission 2 -.cesacenee cence 


INDEX. 
Page. 
O7a Pulverizers..2: sas. beee ee waren eee 
Pum®, -b. abbas tee yee heen Deere - 
Ss Bunk. «2S. ee pee eee ce eee 
54 | Purple dyes from gastropods....--. 
55 | Purpurate of ammonia dyes......-. 
45'| (PUTSeNCtS)sin— see cooaae eee eee 
Oe uF ULSC-S6INES -=-.5-5 saa-ese eee eee 
48,51} Pursuit and capture, means of ...-- 
28 | Pursuit, its methods and appliances. 
92)| (Py gopodess222 S225 soae enter aaa 
7 | Pyrethrum-powder...... 2525.2... 
50) | \@uadrantSaee osc... ae eeee ears 
Quail oeroGs cere eae sass serene 
50 | Quill articles, manufacture of...... 
49 Quill-brush bristles, manufacture of. 
99 W@nunills tea See oe cane, seccisee Cee 
DO 7 MOULVerS tee cmnee core ee aeneene «aie 
99: \sRabbit=tish: (2222 scccoseoseeeene eee 
99} ARabbib-bipe sacs a... cee eerie eeenise aes 
101 | Rabbit-traps (fig. 4) .............. 
101 | Rabbit-traps, for mouth of burrows. 
101 ABAD bits Ate cose. ececereeseerees 
101 RRECOOLINS. SL ec Stee ee 
101 | Race, spawning (Ainsworth) ...--. 
101 | RACKS. cit 322 2a see ee eee ee 
99) Radiates 2s ios scan ee eieeet eee 
TOs) ARakt=boatsisssse. o-oo eeece a eee 
1G1)) Hale Recon SSSeca Rosaceae 
LOD) deatle' 334322 2 ee ecee eee eee 
94 |WRake-dred geese 2222 e5sseeecsaceen 
53°) Rakes soos 225. e. 0 ce Sasa ean 
97 | WRammersc oss. eas eee vee ee es 
45:1 Raptores*22. 22 fo a2 Sos2o a ae 
13)|' Rats sic. Se see gene eee ne eee 
20 | Rattlesnake, crotalin of.........-..- 
85,.92.| Rawhide thongs. 22222 -ss.-cee eee 
10,805] IRAN Si sc-catetecretees ore la seen Scere 
99" 945) ikecol-checkst* 224 =a eee ee eee eee 
Oo | Redtcorale cess ses sas aeecieese eee 
9) JRed=fish) 222.222 \2cee serene eee eee 
LOW Reeling 325 -haee giao cen aoe 
IRCGlS ee. Jolk ecties see eee eee 
O74 ARGHnINS Jae: oye se mice el ese eee 
11} Reirigerator-cars --2--.- --.--2 see" 
44) "Refrigerators: :: 25. 255) sees eee 





Page. 
53 


94 
93 
93 
36 
36 
21 
42 
11 
45 
44 
10 
50 
ol 


86, 87 






























Remora 
Rendering whale-oil 
PONOUL cs ci ee's weeereseweesiees Jt 


Reptile-oils, extraction of........-. 


UGH cena ut rowuw suteewaells 8s 
Reptiles, propagation of........... 


BRPEIMO LV OLS) orarciaidotoverasteraist oatots sero 
pkevolving booms ........-....--+-- 
BEOpOd a Lo eae s es So 
PHomboganoidei....—-.....c00-.00-:06 
Ribbons Ruie wenn’ Seeeiewemicciomee eee 
Ribbon-weaver’s bone, manufacture 
Riding-boots 


BPA oo ee eee soe sere 
Riding-saddles.. gal sotoheasatca yas eat 
Bruitle-muskets-..-205 ss25 ences o tts 
BIS oe ono eee dee ech Sek L222 
Rigging ........ Bee tan celeetsorenrs 
Bemebt whales: :2o5 2502550500608 
BEPOIMETS) S256 50. ssa se. oe - 


BETES o's oe alo teee' see theetsete 
River-weirs, with pockets......--.. 


meOCK-bass -----. -----.--.---.----. 
Mock-cod (west coast) ............. 
MTGE ere bt Tse As hate Ao 9 
Beer ose coop eons se eane 


Rocks and bowlders as fish-ways.. . 
iod-cases ....-... ... eee ee 


wees cet e ee we ote eee weet te eee 


k olling Liens ss Sas Selon alana si alae 


Rose-nozzles (for washing eggs).-. -- 
Benen aerating .................-- 
Rosettes, whalebone,manufacture of, 
Re eS 


Memeound-Knives.........-.-.-.------- 


A 





Reptiles used as food ...... sacteeatae r 


INDEX. Tat 
Page. Page. 
14, 40 | Round mouse-traps.............-.. 38 

52 | Rubber blankets...... 2.2. ....+... 45 
94)| Rubber tips -socwserrowesetuweraccend 34 
52 | Rubber-tubing floats ..... Woameeas 33 
12 | Rudder-heads- 2c. cov seeceewecues 44 
99'| Russia leather-s..ccscevs cies casces 83 
60 | Sabers ....... a’ eattere veemntadteseisise 22 
ei! Saddles sc cuisters et escsewcceen cs 42 
30) |) Saddle-slings -sssoseesorcees Mtetece 30 
RA SaKE= COOK Vie'e'aatcrawiars-ceeerrnenews 10 
1G) || Sail-needles 1. 2.25 -20c- see eee ec 44 
REA Salles os ae roe Fado eennee es 44 
Salamanders ioc c ao. etsccta soe ctoceete 13 

SL} Sal amimoniae o.c2~ 2 S85 ees Cis 7,94 
45 | Sal ammoniac, manufacture of.-..-.. 53 
AGT Salmons sere se eo awlsec case ee soe 15, 99 
AQ \ Salmon=flies s25s25 sss-see se cese ce 32 
Pi | Sal moneweins ss Sossse see ceeee es ke oe 
PeCSAlG. «tare ete casos s eo sreeletlan 48 
#2) || Salted feeds!2> sa25soccsc55 s22-55<8 66 
ee Sal TS esate ante atata rte a teraterestels 48 
@2'\\Salve-bupe cars ctsessdssnccsncese=s 95 
10) |} Sand=bath 2225 ssussocecstesoawela2e = 50 
Boil SANG CLMM Os se arate setarat art ateretal s)=1 foe = 10 
13) Sand pipers: 525 ssacees toes =~ = 10 
37 | Sardine-factory -....-------------- 48 
83 | Sardine-tisheries, French ....------ 40 
Ary SatiMeCUbeS*s = sss ess co ueae es satel 74 
14 || Sausages +2: 255.5252. sass. sos 65 
WA | Saiw.-billis}s soos cate) sete store) tetarmyt— 9 
14) Scabbard tish ssso 2. s--.erte saris nto 14 
14 | Seales -- 2-222 22 n5 feces core ssn eee ae 
98 | Scaling-apparatus.- ....------------ 48 
24 || Scent-de6co0ys =. =<+--<~ we-=-- = ---+- 41 
3H) | Scolecida :s220eiesstes deccessscee- 18 
34 | Scoop-nets --......---- -----2------ 36 
Bi | (SCO) US) Soopnece eee eee at Sesctes 23 
99 | Scoop sounding-machines..---.---- 23 
49 | Scorpions........------.-----<---- 12,17 
33 | Scouring ...--..-----------2+-+--- 48, 50 
LOO} SCowsis-scecieseeo en acme = aoe eee 45 
101 | Scrapers ..---. .------+----+-+------- 22 
51 |) Scrap-hoppers- 22. = ose =) etl ae 52 
ONS SC ef pew aerate ate anette aerator eter 49 
AO Scrapine=bO0lS ace eee aa ilar lea el—= 54 


122 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Screens. cs ncctee enoeseeeneoeree 100 | Shanty, brook (Furman’s). ........ 100 
Screen, roller spawning (Collins) .. Go) Sharks ..cc=spsen= eis beeoocineeies wee 16 
Sculpin| ess. .cccteeccees sesso 14) Sharples cose os sessceeelorioe + scsees 43 
SCUP; OL POLLY covccs conciesos seisese 1A) Shawls 2...) 35d seesedseccen se 44 
Sea-bats ..... Senitenecnnssr,ecllsicnte 13:) (Sheaf-traps wccecn sions steseewerene 38 
NGA-COW) c= 2 = coseereee <pereeeetics 7 | Shearing? « <2g-s0 ccsesciisewtwase- sah eee 
Sea-cucumber.....---..- Seine eratie's 19:| Shear waters :..o2..<2nce see sos causes At 
Nea- horse... + cscs nnsaenerscewees- AS! (Sheep !oe22 2b wees thea aoe eee 6 
Seal-elepbants ..20. 205 ccec cece snce G | Sheepshead 33-20% soci seaeeleee 14 
NOALEIS{..Jccec ccsmlecesseeeseesecee 43 | Shell of mammals....-...----.---- 79 
Sealing-steamers .........--.-----. AAW Shells secciacee eave cteeciehenteeeeee 29, 80 
Sea-lions ..sa0sesc ess paeewetecee ss 6: Shell tOrtoise.jacsamctee seseieenatener 78 
Seals 'scccteseoe stewemaste cee cnc ccs. 6:| Shell-work 410: scicnu cues seoees 81 
Seals, parchment from...........-. 64) Sitields': sees oan nee taser eee 45 
NCA-OLLEIS occ. eweeecleneccccccces “3 > || Ship-lanterns -.<-: js-j5-iiec-cmcteteles 46 
DON-TAVEN Gone oats cebsnlaccciscioseese MAN SHOG os oes cee aeence eee mene 28 
Sea-TODIM cease a: olsen oe occieteiciee 14>) Shot-cartridges). -..0c50 cass eee 29 
Sea-snails ...... ow poesia sinless stalaaiaie’ 19)) Shot-holders 22. -)3-. Gene conc eee 30 
DCA-UECHINS 4— J recncasiesecesiecease 19 | Shot-measurers.............--. ..-- 
OAWEOUS Selscelvies clomdnicneaese cise 53) Shoulder-slings \. .ccsoe wc cle selteeeen 30 
S@a-WOLrmss- <2 s)s-2. ccsccsesocase 1S} Shovels'es. os. sect Sscspecseeeebeee 23 
SechionyAs 1.55 oe eae ce en eoe eres Hat SHOW 52) oe ae s'wiches crereresatceeeree ee 8 
SechlOnB2cccc: coz ced moteieseoeeeee DiciUSHTOWS wasn slmoce ecceeeseeeseeree 8 
Sectioni@<is. s.ccisne ses sare eee ATA SHTIKOS sarc ciohestecieecieioeiclortecwielecele a 
Section) Da.cc.cen csetiesioses scree del SIG=SLTAPS cmeisiere se:cc sisi cesecieeeiees 33 
Section Esto oh ese ee emeeceneetes 97, SlOVe=tlapSe aoe ecemaeisceceacseie 36 
Seine-boats| fee awacaee ocseosiscee AS WSIPht-deCOYS: cc .-cciisinsece sweeten 41 
Seme-floatsisas sec ess eaciesseicccec SOPSIGHtS is. oe niniecsisciie delete sneer 29530 
Seine-reels =. .4 222 eee cc ceweecisesic 34)| \Signal-lanterns << 2252.22 -sseeescoe 44 
SGIMGS dic cases coe ce omer we cmserescle 35.| Silk, preparation of......=--...2.-- 49 
Seine-windlasses .... ......-0------ 345 SULKG)2 si cceices cCeccels Sowlscoere sees 74 
Seizure of Object-<sc-s ececcwn-- 23 | Silk-WOrMl! OUt/15- cca enclose sicioete 33, &9 
Scelachostomis.soo- aoe eee ee eeee 16 | Silk-worm, propagation of ........ 101 
Self-sealing jars, used in collecting. BAO SINCHES (oo ae, 2 eee ewe ie eepeeeee 42 
DePlatere ch sapere sececeeecuneeccee 93: | Sinew, dressing. .<2/2 sce. ncesee 50 
ISEDUARONUGING Ui Bielects Aotemietemelcinieicae BES95: WSinewsitaeeser sce sete ecto eeee 84 
NOLL OS a awetete oe ate tee Pere clerics 74) |(Sinkers aoa. cocina ioe solos ecieseieente aes 33 
Nerpules wite cee cetecepect cietcieciscicicier 18;| (Siphons\sse nes ccosee sata enseeee 101 
Set-nets ss ssecectoniere Santee etomis = 379] SiphOn=tWhes) coteissewieis scsieseioioeisiae 101 
Set-tackle 2ccccansecacisen see eee ee S| {Sipun culords| saecc eee eels 18 
Sextants-.25.-tosectoseerseeeeeeeeer Ad’) Sirenia: s.\.c eases sce meassese acres 7 
Shad socek oc. coe sec ee eee eee 15) iSivens 25. keene eee seems 13 
Shad=slidessoosoa- 2 eee eee SH SIZO es ae ae im weer ace Smeteheie seme 77, 88 
ShapreenVeather-..-s-2- cose eee 3) (Skates vse eects spots seme eae 16, 42 
Shagreen of trigger-fish.......-.-- 79) ‘Skeleton; making. < ooo <2 --- sees 54 



























INDEX, 123 
Page. Page. 
PREV OLSiasiqc 5, sis cle wasis «mcjucersemece 47 | Spears with detachable heads...... 24 
SRCUITIMLOL “NOUS, sAcncn 2 a/cvie cis sejers, seers 100 | Specimens, apparatus for collecting . 97 
BPIGIWINICTS) «eae s aaa so ecccseetiee ss HAS Spermaceti ...5 seo secaesee cee ene 90 
Skin and its appendages, prepara- Spermaceti, preparation of ........ 52 
ROM OLee cee ce as 2 ne sane aes AON Sperm-oll.:-2:.. sua eee a eeeee 90 
PE oe occas eau ue eles a) Sperm-whale,......2.s4ssceedaess geet oe 
Skins of birds used as furs .-.-..-. (eR LODNeNISCle cans sa. scene eee iL 
Bei -SCLapers ....--2-.--2secineoe PAN ODIGEDS 5 5. 257 ccna) s eee pee ee 17 
BAEMES UMS ec estes ee et th Sen oe ces ATS S UTS 2 = 2 oo 0s a1 oe eee ae Si 
Bemcrts, crinoling ...s65 .cesed so 2228 Pee PO DEMONS 28a oe woes ates eee AL 
EE 5 os) Sones ain, a SITS Pee OPA TEL 5 =o aoa oc) se eee 48 
| salon, Soca toe teens epic leauher 1. ones aac ccoaauecee 83 
7 TS ERR ee aS le ae OGno7eag Pepongse, DUTNG so... 525.55 6. pn eses 96 
Bese FOF ATMS, a2 5)20- = 2-5-5450 50 BOL POBPN COPING =. 2.0 = o.4ce2 noes vor 89 
Bebe WOISHLS 0 .- cee onec cece IBM SROUP CS reer ico. aoc ccetse~ scaees 20, €9. 
BMMELCS Foe cid wa tierainicie, waljoas yo ci 43 | Sponges, propagation of........... 101 
BBE sala ann <i aesctenintteee 15 | Sponge-stuffing, preparation of .... 49 
penigh’s fish-way -...--<..500.-.--65 OTS OOlStacayee eicee 12 eee cies & eos 3 
Bere Ked TO0dS' jos<.- 552 sees ccc cess . 65 | Spoon-baits, plain and fluted--.--. 32. 
Smoke-drying apparatus .......... APES OOM DU Secre aaete (ste lassiefo oe m5 a 10, 16 
BPHOKE-NOUSES, ~.600% cceeve-nes.ccse AAAS POOUS Sete scree Cee oe ese oeloiee 3% 
Smudges ..-.-... Fae Sica male pee APES PREAGEISY rereine Sanclseascra soc 33 
Lao Seas ee ee ieee (AGU Sprine bird-netsie.-- --sea<ac. e545 38 
BPRS AS Soi oc toate sows ave tweens 14 | Spring-door traps.-..---.-.-..- 38 
Snakes ..... Sei ete cle et IPIGSPTIB VES . Jose) occee coca tee eees as 38 
ee hee eee one se Spring -PUNs sh) ooss bbe s eeu eee: 27,39 
oo 202s ia ocvs cs ae On Popring hooks s22e i: senate 39 
EIN oan apse ec nase Aes mOPTUN PL -NStSiz Wee se1= vee cists’ sae 36 
Me oo ect ann wc oc ey 33 | Spring-weirs (Saint Lawrence) .-.. 36 
Beeereenroles).... 0.2 oe. kee AGIESPULS sso eue cere eta see mce ene nes 42 
eS 8 SUN his et AZ SQuali css sae ocssce, seeets a sees 16 
Ps se ee ay Benes Ul —j1era) See we os See oh Seta ere 24 
Re ree re er ee os Seem AA | Seuidsl'. 24-2. -2ao«chene-scieees 19, 32, 41 
barre ides S.C ie ib Sah i Squirrelsusseeeet ee ccemecsis: cites : 8 
settee cece eee eee eee eee HS Spal fiShest.,- as oon ee eas ce oes 19 
Beer feeons 25 se. ol. sa BIR Shan linigs) ess se erodes eatin Se 9 
Sounding-machines ............... Ze MatatiOnary COVELS' = 5 25'\=ci- 6-2 e ean 42 
BML perree ee. ert el) ait a 22 | Stationary lines with hooks ......-. ol 
oS Le SAAS HAVES pen ete eae eae eats ees 42 
BMERTOOIS SS 8 Soe oo eee ee TOMES team lsie sects See c acetic eee 44 
MpAWHINe-race....-....-.....2---. SOPISE RATINGS fa s:c cocoa coe etna eee ee OO 
Spawning screen, roller........... 93 Steck’s fish-waysis sso. ssciees sewer 7 
ee Soi Steol-traps -.-sstenceret ore eaeaa at Oe 
pear-falls We emen wines ones a cecn cans So | SEELANOPOMES = «- 2 oo wale sien sls Jee = li 
es oe cde owen 5 22, 24, 26 | Step fish-ways .........--..--.---- 97 
a 











124 INDEX. 


Page. 
Stepping-irons for whale-boats. -. -- 44 
Sticklebacks:is..s.neseseda ont 13 
Sticks; hurled .sss-csaeseeasceree 26 


Sticks, throw. .. sce eo gees 26 
Still-hunting, lanterns for. ........ 41 


BUM San ciatarn asin crerrwiarcrorutatareh aaetenae ae 10 
Sbhcring=pole 1.0125 saqagqaseoacsee 52 
SbOCkiINGs' so. sacswwwvoseresess 45 
Stomach-springs <2. s2s0scses05--- 39 
Sbone-chatsss « .cce-saeaatteenicte = = 9 


Stone’s aquarium-car.-..........-. 101 


Stone’s moss-crates........-.--.--. 100 


Stool-pigeonsisses sees eoe tee e- ee Al 
Sbools for spatieessses S52. Jos. cas 101 
SLOPPIN Oy sas sas ee siete eae 48 
Storace-tanke ere 8 oe aiactecrek Be 54 
SUOSH esas os eee aial ee ratioe ones 40 
DOVES Rae Cae cic cae ahem wae 45 
SUOMIN aes tat Sw dain nen Scere 52 
Siralt-jackets.=.-. <i). 22. c2ecees ce 99 
Straw DELLy-DASB.\.=2o-e ose sews 14 
SUreuchers'.- -/-7iasc soa eee 45 
Stretching-irons 22.2-ce-4nesacesce 49 
SULped bass se csceee sees cee eienets 14 
Sri p-SAWINGs. 2. ccc soem eteee 51 
Stullines 2s -ecc aoe eee eee eee 48 
Stuffings, preparation of.....-.-.-. 49 
Stuttine, Pools sere cee ieee ene 55 
Stuttg coneatece eee saat ce ee ae 74 
SUToeCONS Roses steele eases eons 16 
Suckers. ceesteseecteeec chess eee 15 
Suckers’. 25.6.2 oes = teceice cesses 17 
Sulphuric acid... -o se oe see see 53 
Sun-drying APPALavUs ae seseeeseae 47 
SUN shy saeco mae eee ees 13 
UPLACE-NESiae vaccinia cini- sire ete 31 
SULt- bind ese alc cs Sense ose eee 10 
SULrsDOAtS seeeete ce cise see eee ae 45 
Surt- tackle cocccee sec eeete sew ol 
Sureeonalish wes. clesoceseneeeees = 14 
SWabsssstcec sce ces eee eee en 29 
Swabvtangles' soit eceeome oscars 25 
Swallowss.o 242 coe eels eee £ 
SWANS ates cee see ee eee eae 11 


Swazey’s fish-way...-.. Secelceaceee 98 





Page. 
Sweet-Oilscnncethacin se wornee 45 
Swell fish .--s5cy sort nocererareve een on 13 
DS WALES ws oraror oetetorertererthaa terete SEE 9 
Swivelescul5. se ee sees eee 34 
Sword=fish's55-,3o-tos-vescteceacesne Ee 14 
Swords..... evahaclavavarehconelevains eterno 22 
Synentognathi-e2st 25. 5e.e eee ee 15 
SYLINGS-CUNS 27 rons ete telat eee 27 
Syringes, bulb, Solo sso ee 100 
Syringes for injecting -:........-.. 54 
Table-furniture........ o iareininmelsaasee A5 
Mablevol contents sciee crsnenaes wee vil 
Ma DlOStee te sen arnae eee eee 48 
MANO. i5:.2 chnenicte ators eee ee 14° 
(PAN ACeISesee aeeeeee eoeeeet meeitas g 
Pang less. cies ets toc ae eee 25 
Haneles; oyster-bed\ .s....-ssecenc2 98 
SeaTac vaperapavrar=anmetete certo 53, 100, 101 
PANDinG 52ers ere sew erie BE eee 0, 90 
Tape- Worms. s2j0. if lsce bese ee 18 
WarpPets :.o cence sane eee 30 
Tar-ointment) 522555225 2ssse05 sce0 45 
TaTpuUM soos coacsss tesserae 15 
Tartans: 22s. ssss85 secs ssccoos: 74 
Tattler --... ddass DamosAsdels Seeesoe 10° 
Panbog soso sesccwavecctsledssesesae 14 
Tawing leather.-..-2-. 222 sess sess 50 
Taxidermy <<< s<2-sssscet2e5es05- 55 
Teleocephalivso/s. soos <ssa2e2525e0 13% 
Telescopes sos -e feces a eee 46 
Tell-tales s222ss2ccscs0ee2 25228223 34 
Pench sa scier tesa ee sees AS ase 15 
Trench’ fish=-waysts- so. -s sae aeee oF 
Tents. to Jo soe hee os eee 44 | 
Derdsiveect seer tee pee ee aaa eee 119 
Terrapin 4s es Cee 12 
Terrapin-culture, methods of ...-.- i) 
Pestudinatayesess2e esa eeoeecee ee 12 
Tethers: 4202S. ees se ay eel 98 
Textile’ fabrics 24 see. ee eeee estes 48,73 
Thongs'o.2..h 22. 5. See a ea ee 83 
Thread-worms.. ..--- Male seneree tree 18s 
Throwitig-sticks 2.52 7 Sess ec eee ee 26 


Throwing-tackle (surf).-....---.-- 
MhLOW-StICKByaeeion soe e la aiieceneeee 

















INDEX. 125, 
Page, Page. 
Setinashes 2 <f4- sc css. st eh dhysepisens ON PUCOMbEES.. = csi ortaeie ree eerie eater 15 
MBrusting-spears.-.. ..--~.<pemmsn- Pe WE OMU-HICS ooo comem steel see ia 32 
Tide drailing-tackle....-....-.---. eum rowelsi. 2. 3-52 sone eines asa 23 
BNET Sy ese a eeiiiscrsic, cece aintalecishe cla ae Ada Brumpet-lshio sims sec eeta tinea ee 13 
BPRITICLO UN eat eae oe ciars'a. sone os oes GAR PITUM pets: 2--ocie> scan Ree en ee 44 
Tissues, hard, preparation of......- Patino k-fish'*... oss. cs cae ee eeee 13 
BMIINICO ios soo sc sneionee opobGer< anys OR PEDY=WOLKS|.c0 Sincccst semeteeenase 52 
Bia AS ee eee eo ha cae cl HAD WSie se hs 2 bos cet yee eens 34, 48 
BID ROS foo woe, se os ee eeeaecteese HOM UTM Vi cao. occ scm sera epeeeesice 14 
SGN WO LNG Gee aise eens aia AUT Obie lcs iots = tn hen eee eee 13 
Poggle-harpoons ..-.-.--.---2- =< aa WRUTKE Ye en 2e oo oto a ete te eee eae 10 
Toggles, used by whalers.......... CAN urkey-traps ces.) «4. sissmeaae 37 
ollino-baits. -----<-- voces. ee0= 56 AOR SIRIENStOMO = sso .26 ci cee cae eee cae 10 
BMI BHAWIKS) oo oc) <w nian o\o.siein = piainiel> REAM W ECU Saco 5: swecc ce seee vases ccs 74 
DU SSeS Ses aisee acetone = eis belsiane Bey wasted Wes a5. - a.ch ep Seis epee 32 
Toothpicks, manufacture of......-. SU wish G-TOOS = 5 = op merge matebinis 24 
BINT CHa ean se cio satee occ aes AOI MUANIBIER acres cs roses Gas PA eam depicts 43 
PUOCH ee ce eee eee sei ia lala aie SOA monlat ae. 52a ss ckes peep aes 6 
BEL OISOS le Soe a acin es eeo a ceinerghaaw 12} United States Fish Commissign, 
Miortoise-shell.-—-- 5. oo cmie we dene MeUNOUS) Olt ace ccnsecee re eee 97 
Tortoise-shell, imitation. ......-.-. 47) Waching)SeA;.-<sho.<cv ro0se eee 19 
Tortoise-shell, preparation of..-.-.. ON i iipoUel aust ae Re Leen ae eee 13 
Towing-nets..---. .----+ .--------- 36 | Useful animals, enemies of ...--. -- 98 
Trachystomata ..-.-..----.------- 13 | Vaccine-lymph ....--------- sroeias 94 
Brailing-Nets .----. 22-2. -m-mn-- mx ae arta Nak LL cM abe ttre sie 48, 52, 54 
Beammel-nets .-- ~~ ....2. 1. adeien 0)| Vat spawning .2..~.cjs-cgecoueces 99 
Transportation, methods of.-.-. -. AA AA Ae HiGlES). oc oc dec one 42 
Seuasporuins fish, apparatus for -\....100| Vellam.... .2.... <«-<«ceseddnwen en ae 
_ Trappings ..---.-----.-----+-+---- Ao 4d)\ Velveteens., .-..~easebhoaeatane ta: 74 
eee verre adel) WelVGbass. oo saree ec ce wee neces 74 
Mrawl-line rollers...<s<-+..----- 2 34 | Vesicatory beetles....--.---.------ 94 
Bimal -liNOS:22 22-5 -.-<.<5s,csismetonse SNP Ababa cee eed ke eee Bee 30 
RR a a ooo oat ancl 36 Wezi Galt aoe oo anm dane enen estore 66 
Nea eee en oo 1001) Viverracivetta..« .ic<<<ssssenacess 92 
Treading-hurdles ...... Seats ena 500 Mirverta zibethac. on. sc cce deweooe 92 
ees oe cee ene anten tas PN Wael tapaai . SackAek oie eae tate 9 
BOS om oe nes oa wn erin 20) Vaviparous-fish’.2.<.25.5--<-4<50142 14 
ee eee LOH aaddinge ste as! oo ees eee 29 
| ES ee 135 79u) Waders, decoy 2225)... 2 > 42)-s-cenas Al 
os SES S2iWadine= bootsr Sas. tose seetaeee 45 
BPS. pa cos cn nincerse 9 | Wading-stockings .......----...-- 45 
Beolling-spoons.......2-.. ...--.- AMSA WAGONE 205 36.240 e em a soeeeeeos. 42 
mrolling-tacklo .......-.-0--.----- SE Wine balls 2.322 eee seo ceeeae 9 
MEIIRINITGN $< 055. S25). ose oe loco 11 | Wallets for lines, &c........-..--- 45 
MenopPhs,......-.-.. Pees es Lohse GO" 98: (AWallosint: 2: 2.0002 4ace se memiace 78 


126 INDEX. 
Page. | 

Wraltossceccetcciiucededuceeoeoeee Whiffing-tacklex¢ 222-222. 0-cccee 
Wrarblerss.<cvscccetesatemanwseees 9) WHippoorwills<=2cseentee ae sees 
Wash-leather . 22.2.0 scsscneceenes O3 | (Whips: <6 2ss¢02e Setar eee 
WetCr-2UNs) .225- ssesneceueetieeas at.) Whistles 22s: cone ete ee eens eee 
Water-proof boots .-.-...-...;..-. 45 | "White:coral’s 2 sere cece ele cee 
Wiater-proof suits: - 252.5222. ssccs6 49:1 White-fishtecs o-ose ch eceace en eee 
Wiater-telescopes ..25.226 sscctecee 46') Whitehall boats --22-. ee. e2es core 
Wiater-turkeys:.<sss-ccee seers cece 11) Whiting: = .-2. s2c-eeccce= aueasse 
Winx 2A c2 tence eee Ae ee ee ree 95 | Wicker fish-pots ...... ...-...c--ce 
Wiaxwings' .::s.s2sbosseseeeenee ss 9) Willet.----= atebineminlaleleaolviaeecieieene 
Weak-fish <-e:-neeeeeeeencmecemeee 14 | Wilmot’s cups:..-¢<...22es eee 
W eapon-holders..<....22s2-c4sc-c0 30) | Wanches'-<<.-seeno ne aoe * 
Wieasels.cceeene cneeeteaeeeacueee 6, 40 | Winders:e<<<c<s-cesccrececcceere see 
Weaving ces-stcesee ster eccunk 48'| Wandlasses ~.---</s.2-0-s/osesoueees 
Weaving worsted cloths .......-.- 48 | Wire-cartridges.... ...-22.:2222c2 
Weequashing lanterns........-.... 42’) Woli-fish scneu ssancceses eee 
Wieighing-seales::22- so:522.22 202% 29 | Wolverenes....... Eacentete teeta sate 
Wieisntss hurled’ s.20 2225552208005 20; WOleS* >= os cnnanstia ae seers 
VKeIIS Weert ats. cota N Sennen 36; 3% | Woodcock:: 22 sscacesesete Settee 
Wihale=boatssa222)34ssssacecoe. oe AS | Wood) oats: ss.) tas 0 ee noe cee 
WWAHAGDON Clase cce esses sae eos TSP VWOOdpeckers sacaeece sence eee 
Whalebone, preparation of.......-. 49°51) |) Wiood=powders.-).--e-neleece see Soe 
Whalebone springs..............-. SO MWIOOL icles reutatestecs coe temesen is ee 
Whale-line drag...........--. indy 33 | Wool-flockin 2532 0[22-2scsesen ee 
Whaleman’s “ craft? 225.222 e266 24 | Wool, preparation of.............- 
Whaleman’s line-tub.............. 34) Wool works <J2252 taseeseecenmeasies 
Wihole-oil- 3222055 2etccecsenscsene 62> WOOranat sot. concent concen sosean 
Whale-oil, rendering...-.......... 52 | Worms: 2.5 -22s.-7sses caeskeeno ee 
Whalers’ chains and lines.......--. 33 | Worms, intestinal 22ac25sseccncstee 
Wihalés sos so ..cc sate a ee ne ee 7 | Worms, propagation of............ 
Whalé-ships ss s4o..c.20eeeee eee 43 | Worsted cloths, wearing ........-. 
Wihale-spades scm truceee eae 99 | Worsted! fabrics? .2F25-- scceieceees 
Wihale-steamers ........ss sosceece AA} WECDS ioe eeloae ast aiaiee oe rates 
Whaling-canoes. ~.... sooses 5-220 43, | Yak lacersc7sscscdatacsenaeasteses 
Wihaling-cungsss2-5-sccoee ee cone O8 | Warns! maces eoale= eaesteaeeies 
Wiheelbarrows ssircesscsocceeees 41 | Yellow-shanks.........-.. cerceeee 
RWiliee S843 ee seh. LS 44 | Zibeth civet........ seen a eaeosee 
Whelks’s..22 sen. scocs tettecceecae 19 


74, 85 
86, 92 


49 
51 
39 
18 
98 


101 


48 
74 


74 
74 
10 
92 


2 inate 





Department of the Bnferior: 
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


—_ 7 — 


BULLETIN 


OF THE 





| UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


IN Opacs 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITIISONIAN INSTITUTION. 


WASHINGEON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1877. 





ADVERTISEMENT. 










This work is the seventh of a series of papers intended to illustrate 
the collections of natural historv and ethnology belonging to the United 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 
1846. 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by 


authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. 
JOSEPH HENRY, 


Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, April, 1877. 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


TO THE 






ma tTurRatl HISTORY 


OF THK 


HAWATIAN AND FANNING ISLANDS 


AND 


LOWER CALIFORNIA, 


MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE UNITED STATES NORTH PACIFIC 
SURVEYING EXPEDITION, 1873-75. 


BY 


AOS. Hh. STREETS, MM. D., 


PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEON, U. 5. NAVY. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
TOUT. 














TABLE OF CONTENTS. 





Page. 
EERO A Picts tated rere eas co) sin vio Sea te ates) hala a cia ald ol wjaiele siaiele Win isa's wse-=ss a 
BE ULICON OG Vater nein cee ys oe ent SN aRERe CRM eae Sse aha ts shee siete asia oo Sim wine! 27s 9 
RPEOESENT OIC) Cr NRE atey es acta SEs oe Sea RNS a Ro Rae PRN a ae ieee eh a Soa Gane 35 
BRLaHSI TCO) INO CYR eter yc as eet te ris) tee sea cots MN eee dieing blots Sha wen tea eee 43 
| i sFishesiof Upper and Lower California 22... 020-62 ..2-45 .224.. +. 22: 43 
II. Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands ..........-....-2-.--- Se cea aad ag 56 

Mie Mishes\otohemannineIslamdSioes ajo ale os ee cia sels cis iene ele alin 7 
IWWenmsishesstromipbe!samoanvislandsyas qecces cece ee ccieslemcrscseeiaiancsinee 94 
RUM eRe RN onto pe ak oa Be wee ee see eeee beaten 103 
i Pn eeane S ed rae WN he ee ee ee 142 




























PREFACE. 


“50 e p ey = at a en 


je 


_ The collections that furnished material for this bulletin* were made, 

_ one in 1873-74, by Surgeon William H. Jones, U.S. N., and the writer, 
while serving on board the United States ship Portsmouth, Commander 
Joseph S. Skerrett commanding, engaged in the survey of the islands 
of the North Pacific, Ocean; and the other by the writer alone, in 1874— 

_ 75, while on board the United States steamer Narragansett, Commander 
George Dewey commanding, engaged in the survey of the coasts of the 
peninsula of Lower California. 

The first collection very well represents the fish-fauna of the har- 
bor of Honolulu and the avi-fauna of the Fanning group. While 
_ among the latter islands, our means for the preservation of specimens 
were too limited to permit of a very extensive collection of fish. A 
| complete botanical collection was made at Palmyra and Christmas 
Islands. The plants were sent home from the Pacific; and before I 
“arrived there to commence the work of arranging the collection, they 

had been identified by Prof. A. Gray, and distributed through the gen- 
3 eral collection of the Agricultural Department at Washington, so that 
i ‘it was impossible to get a list of them except by overhauling the entire 
‘collection. The present list, therefore, represents little more than the 
_ duplicate series. I'am indebted to Prof. Gray and Dr. Vasey, Botanist 
| of the Agricultural Department, for the notes accompanying the list of 
plants from Lower California. 

The Fanning group, with the exception of the Hawaiian, were the 
only islands visited in the Pacific. This group comprises the islands of 


Christmas, Fauning, Washington, and Palmyra. They are situated 


| Immediately north of the equator from latitude 1° 57’ to 5° 49’, and 
__ extend from longitude 157° 27’ W. to 162° 11’ W. Palmyra is the most 
| ‘northern and western, and Christmas the most southern and eastern of 
the group. From these two came the largest part of our collection. 


_ They are uninhabited, save by parties that go there to harvest the crop 





*Excepting the Crustaceans, the invertebrate portion of the collection is excluded 


from this bulletin. 7 


——— 


— 


8 


of cocoanuts. They are exclusively coral formations; and all except 
Christmas are well clothed with vegetation, and are frequently visited 
by rains. | 

In regard to the Lower Californian collection, it by no means repre- | 
sents either the fauna or flora of any place or section. The specimens 
were collected all along the coasts—our stay at any one place being too 
short to admit of more than a mere cursory examination of its life. 

I regret to say that a large collection of birds’ eggs from Palmyra 
and Christmas Islands was completely destroyed by rats on board the 
ship. 

To Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A., belongs the credit of the identification 
of the birds, and he has very kindly furnished me with the notes ac- 
companying that portion of the ornithological collection from the Cali- 
fornian peninsula. I desire to express, in this connection, my obligations 
to Prof. T. Gill for assistance in the classification of the fishes, and for 
his advice in other matters relating to my ichthyological work. To both 
these eminent gentlemen I tender my sincere thanks. 


ToS: 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


Washington, D. C., April, 1877. 











ORIN DE ELO LOGY: 


| SYLVICOLID &. 
i DENDR@CA AUDUBONI, (Zouns.) Bd. [No. 70632]. 








Sylvia audsbonii, Towns., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 190. 

_ Sylvicola audubonii, Br., List, 1838, 21—Aup , B. Am., ii, 1841, pl. 77. 

 Dendreacca audubonii, Bo., B. N. A., 1858, 273.—Covrs, Key, 1872, 100; Birds Northwest, 
S 

3 1874, 58.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 229, pl. xiii, f. 1. 

; 


Locality: mouth of the Colorado River. Immature plumage; throat 
_ searcely tinged with yellow. One specimen. 


FRINGILLIDAD 
PASSERCULUS SAVANNA ALAUDINOS, (Bp.) [No. 70633]. 





WPapsercutus alaudinus, Br., Comp. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 918.—Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 446. 
_ Passerew!us savanna alaudinus, Bp., BRew., & Riva., N. A. Birds, i, 1371, 537, pl. xxiv, f. 
7. 11.--Hrnsnaw, Wheeler’s Exped., vol. v, 1875, Zodl., 254. 

| Passerculus savanna, ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 177.—Cours, Birds North. 
. west, 1874, 127 (in part). 


Locality: San Ignacio River, Sonora, Mexico. One specimen. Flew 
aboard the ship while at anchor, and was captured. 


PASSERCULUS SAVANNA ANTHINUS, (Bp.) Cs. [No. 70634]. 


Passerculus anthinus, Br., Comp. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 919. 
Passerculus suvanna anthinus, Cours, Key, 1872, 136.—Bp., Brew., & RrpG., N. A. Birds, 
i, 1874, 539, pl. xxiv, f. 10.—Covrs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 128. 


4 


Locality: Todos Santos Islands, Pacific coast of Lower California. 
One specimen. 


PASSERCULUS ROSTRATUS, (Cass.) Bd. [No. 70635]. 


Emberiza rostrata, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 348. 

Ammodramus rostratus, CAsstN, Ill. B. Cal. Tex., &c., i, 1255, 226, pl. 38. 

Passerculus rostratus, Barrp, Birds N. Am., 1858, 446.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa, N. A. 
Birds, i, 1874, 542, pl. 24, f. 12.—Cours, Key, 1872, 136. 


Locality: Todos Santos Islands. One specimen. Inseparable from 


typical rostratus of Southern and Lower California (mainland), though 
‘ 9 





ee 
wy 





10 


rather larger (wing 2.80, instead of about 2.50; tail 2.10, instead of 
about 1.90). The peculiar turgid shape of the bill and its light-brown 
color, together with the special light reddish-brown tone of all the 
markings of rostratus, are repeated with fidelity. 


PASSERCULUS GUTTATUS, Lavzwr. [Nos. 70636, 70637]. 


Passerculus guttatus, LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. New York, vili, 1867, 473. 
Passerculus rostratus var. guttatus, B., B., & R., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 544. 

Resembling P. rostratus in the great size of the bill, but with that 
member of a decidedly different shape. In P. rostratus, the shape of the | 
bill is peeuliar in the genus, and very much resembles that of a Pyranga | 
in its turgidity, the convexity of the culmen throughout, and other fea- — | 
tures. In P. guttatus, the shape of the billis as in the Passerculi gen-_ | 
erally, but its size is relatively greater. Culmen 0.50 of an inch long, © 
about straight ; depth of bill at base 0.22-0.30. Most or all of the 
upper mandible black ; the lower yellowish, with dusky point. System 
of coloration as in other Passerculi; the loral line only just appreciably 
tinged with yellowish; yellow of bend of wing obsolete. General col- 
oration much as in P. savanna. Length, as well as can be judged, about | 
5.75 inches; wing 2.75; tail 2.10; tarsus 0.85; middle toe and claw | 
0.80; bill as already given. ' 

Two specimens from San Benito Island, Pacific coast of Lower Cali- | 
fornia. | 

This well-marked form has been referred [Check List, No. 160 a; B., | 
B., & R., i, p. 544] to P. rostratus as a geographical or local race. Its : 
relationships seem rather to be with P. sandvicensis, however, there | 
being very little difference in color, while there is more resemblance to _ | 
this species in form than to P. rostratus. Upon the whole, we are- 
inclined to consider it a good species. The only other specimen that | 
has been obtained is in the National Museum. It came from San José— 
del Cabo. 





SPIZELLA BREWERI, Cass. [No. 70638]. 
a 


Emberiza pallida, AuD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839. 66, pl. 398, f.2; Birds Am., iii, 1841, 71, | 
ng 


pl. 161 (mec Swain). oH 
Spizella pallida, BoNaP., Consp. Ayv., i, 1850, 480. , | 
Spizella breweri, CASSIN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 40. | 
Spizella pallida breweri, CouES, Key, 1872, 143; Birds Northwest. 1874, 151.—Bp., Braw., 
& Ripa., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 13, pl. 27, f. 4. 


Locality: Angel Island, Gulf of California. One specimen. 


11 


-ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS INTERMEDIA, Ridgw. [No. 70639}. 
iz / 
e Zonotrichia gambeli, Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 460. 


| Zonotrichia leucophrys var. gambeli, Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 145 (in part). 
' _ Zonotrichia intermedia, Yarrow, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1871, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 35. 
 Zonotrichia leucophrys var. intermedia, R1paw., MS.—Hensuaw, Wheeler’s Geograph. 
. and Geol. Expl. and Surv. West of the 100th Merid., v, 1875, ZoGl., 261, pl. 
a yey. 2. 

Locality: Los Coronados Islands, near San Diego, Cal. 


_ CALAMOSPIZA BICOLOR, ( Towns.) Bp. [Nos. 70640, 70641, 70642]. 


| Fringitla bicolor, TOWNSEND, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., vii, 1837, 189. 

2 Calamospiza bicolor, Br., List, 1838, 30.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 492.—Cougs, Key, 1872, 

; : 147; Birds Northwest, 1874, 163.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 
61, pl. 29, f. 2, 3. . 

_ Corydalina bicolor, AuD., Syn., 1839, 130. 

_ Dolichonyx dicolor, Nurt., Man., i (2d ed.), 1840, 203. 



















_ Localities: Angel Island and Pichilingue Bay, Gulf of California. 
Three specimens. 


GONTAPHEA MELANOCEPHALA, (Sw.) Gray [No. 70643]. 


hs Guiraca melanocephala, Sw., Philos. Mag., i, 1827, 438.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 498. 

_ Coccothraustes melanocephalus, Ricu., Pr. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837). 

_ Pitylus meianocephalus, GRAY, Gen. of Birds, ii, 362. 

_ Fringilla melanocephala, AuD., Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 519, pl. 373. 

‘ Coccoborus melanocephalus, AUD., Syn., 1839, 133. 

_ Hedymeles melanocephalus, Cas., Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 153.—Bp., Brew., & Ruipa., N. A. 
Birds, ii, 1874, 73, pl. 30, f. 1, 2. 

a Goniaphea (Hedymeles) melanocephala, Gray, Hand-list, No. 7547. 

Goniaphea melanocephala, COUES, Key, 1872, 149; Birds Northwest, 1874, 167. 

OF ingilla canthomaschalis, WAGL., Isis, 1831, 525. 


j Locality: Pichilingue Bay, near La Paz. One specimen. 


P ! CORVIDAE. 


n 5 
CISSILOPHA SANBLASIANA, (Lafr.) Bp. [No. 70644]. 


- Geai de San Blas, Niwoux, Rev. Zool., 1840, 290, 323. 
' Pica sanblasiana, Larr., Mag. de Zool., 1842, Ois., t. 28. 
’ Cyanocorax de San-Blas, Prnv. & Drs Murs, Voy. Vénus, v, 200. 
" Cissilopha sanblasiana, Br., Consp., i, 380.—LAWRENCE, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
3 ii, 284, 
= Cyanurus geoffroii, Br.”, Gray, Hand-list, ii, 4. 
| Cyanocitta sanblasiana, Sci. & SALv., Proc. Zod). Soc. London, 1876, 269. 


Locality: Mita Point, Sinaloa, Mexico. One specimen. Identical 





awe 
= 


12 


with unquestioned examples of this species, except in the lack of any 
decided crest, though the feathers of the part are somewhat full. Bill 
jet-black, and the feet are blackish. In this and various allied jays of 
the black-bellied section of the genus Cyanocitia, it appears that the bill, 
and even the feet, may be indiffereutly either yellow or black. The C. 
crassirostris Bp. was separated from C. beecheyi partly on account of its 
black instead of yellow bill, but has, however, other and better specific 


TYRANNIDA. 
TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS, Sw. [No. 70645}. 


eharacters. 


Tyrannus vociferans, Sw., Quart. Jour. Sci., xx, 1826, 273.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 
174.—Cours, Key, 1872, 170, f. 1107—Bp., Brew., & Ruipve., N. A. Birds, ii, 
1874, 327, pl. 43, f. 5.—Couss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 238. 

Laphyctes vociferans, CaB., Mus. Hein., ii, 1859, 77. 

Tyrannus cassini, LAwrR., Ann, Lye. New York, v, 1852, 39, pl. 3, f. 2. 


Locality: Bay of Santa Tomas, Pacific coast of Lower California. One 
specimen. 
MYIARCHUS CINERASCENS, (Lavwr.) Sel. [No. 70646]. ei 
Tyranniula cinerascens, LAWR., Ann. Lye. New York, v, 1851, 109. 
Myiarchus cinerascens, SCu., Ibis, 1859, 121.—Covurs, Key, 1872, 171; Birds Northwest, 
1874, 239. 
Myiarchus crinitus cinerascens, Bb., BREW., & RipG., N. A. Birds, ii, 1874, 337, pl. 43, f. 6. 
Myjiarchus mexicanus, Bv., Birds N. Am., 1852, 179 (nee KauP; nec Lawr., Ann. Lyc. New 
York, ix, 1869, 202). 
Myiarchus mexicanus pertinax, BD., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 303. 
Locality: Pichilinque Bay, Lower California. One specimen of the 
slightly broader bill form noticed by Baird from Cape San Lucas under | 


ARID As. 
CHRYSOTIS FINSCHI, Selat. [No. 70647]. 


| 
the name of var. pertinax. ; | 
| 


Chrysotis finschi, SCLAT., Proc. Zoél. Soc., 1864, 298.—Finscu, Die Papageien, ii, 1868, 
543, 

Chrysotis viridigenalis var., GRAY, List Psitt., 1859, 82. 

Chrysotis viridigenalis, SOUANCE, Icon. Perr., t. 31 (upper fig.) sine descr. 


Locality: Mita Point, Sinaloa, Mexico. One specimen. Agreeing 
perfectly with labeled specimens in the National Museum. 





13 


TRICHOGLOSSID At. 
CORIPHILUS KUHLI, (Vigors) Wagler [Nos. 67314, 67358, 67333). 


Psittacula kuhli, Vicors, Zool. Jour., 1824, 412, pl. 16. 
Psittacus kuhhi, Luss., Voy. Coq., 1828, 629. 

Lorius kuhli, Luss., Tr. d’Orn., 19.3. 

Vini coccineus, Luss., I]. de Zool., 1832, t. 28. 
Coriphilus kuhli, WAGLER, Mon., 566, 

Psitiacuia interfringiliacea, BouRS., Perr., t. 83. 
Brotogeris kuili, Sws., Class. of Birds, ii, 303. 
 Domicella kuhli, FiNscu, Die Papageien, ii, 1868, 749. 


Locality: Washington Island, Fanning group, North Pacific Ocean. 
Three specimens. 
This bird is so rare in museums that a technical description of it will 


not be out of place in this connection. Bill short and stout, slightly 
shorter than the tarsus; upper mandible much hooked ; tarsus and feet 


short and stout. The under surface of the neck and extending half-way 


around on the sides, the side of the head beiow the eyes, the breast, and 
the abdomen bright scarlet; the same color extends up on the side of the 
head at the base of the bill to very near the nostril. The searlet color 
is confined to the terminal portion of the feather; the basal half is 
grayish-brown, slightly tinged with green—under the wings the green 
color predominates on the basal half. The lower portion of the tibia 
violet ; the lengthened feathers of the crest green on the forehead and 
purple on the top and back of the head; the back and upper wing-coverts 
green; rump and upper tail-coverts greenish-yellow; the colors of the 


_ rump, abdomen, and tibia mingle on the long feathers of the thigh; a 








short line of yellow sprinkled with red at the bend of the wing; the 
short under wing-feathers green; the rest of the under surface of the 
wing grayish-brown, glossy in appearance; a narrow line of light blue 
on the outer margin of the wing; the edge of the outer web of two or 
three of the longest primaries margined with the same color; the mar- 
gins of the other primaries green; the rest of the outer web, the shaft, 
and the inner web of the primaries and secondaries, as well as the apices 
of the primaries, brownish-black ; the under tail-coverts scarlet and yel- 
low, a mixture of the colors of the ramp and abdomen; the outer web of 
the tail-feathers violet ; the inner scarlet, tips green. Lower mandible 
yellow; upper light brown; tarsus and feet light brown. 


14 
Total length about 8.00 inches; bill from feathers on the side of the — 


head 0.50; wing 5.20; tail 3.20; tarsus 0.60; middle toe 0.65 ; claw 0.30. 


The following concerning this bird is taken from Finsch’s ‘ Die 



















Papageien”:—“ This isone of the rarest parrots existing. Itis tobe found , 
only in afew museums. It was erroneously said by Wagler to come 
from the Sandwich Islands. Latterly, this rare species does not seem . 
to come to Europe at all, which is surprising, inasmuch as the Society ; 
{slands, which thus far have been regarded as their only home, have | 
considerable traffic with Europe. Asaspeeial locality, Vigors mentions i 


| 
i 


But, although everything is diametrically opposed to this statement, it 


From the foregoing statement, it is evident that much uneertainty— 


the island of Tuhutitiruha |sic] near Tahiti; Lesson gives Borabora. 
Bourjot’s specimen in the Paris Museum is said to have come from Fan- 
ning Island, northwest of Christmas, and northeast of the Pheenix group. 


may, nevertheless, not be improbable that this very island is its true 
home.” 


existed in regard to the habitat of C. kuhli, with the weight of the tes-_ 
timony inclining toward the Society Islands. It is our pleasure to have 
dispelled the doubt, and to have assigned the bird to its only true_ 





homes,—Washington and Fanning islands of the Fanning group. It 
is quite natural that such an opinion should prevail, and it is thus that 
we would account for it. Natives of the southern groups visit these — 
islands periodically, to make cocoanut-oil. We found a party of them | 
on Washington Island at the time of our visit, and in the possession of | 
the men were a number of the lories that had been caught and tamed. 
It is evident that when these men return to their homes, they carry the - 
birds along with them, and in this way they have probably fallen int ) 
the hands of collectors, who have them sent to Europe as coming oo 
the Society Islands. 

Fanning Island is situated about seventy miles to the south of Wash-— 


ceatat anes owl 


ington Island. It possesses a good anchorage, and has been visited a 
number of times by exploring expeditions; and, it is probable that Bour- 
jot’s specimen reached Europe through one of these. The island was” 
discovered by Capt. Edmund Fanning, an American sailor, in 1798, and 
it is evident from the following untechnical description, copied from his | 
‘6 Voyages”, that the lory was found living there at the time of his visits | 
‘Amongst the birds was one species about the size of our robin [Turdus 
migratorius|; witha breast-of scarlet-colored feathers, the under portion | 


iinet 





15 


of the body being finished off with bright red, the neck of a golden color, 
back a lively green, with a yellow beak, except the very poiuts, which 
were of a light dun color, the wings and tail being both of a jet black, and 
the last tipped off with white; it was a most beautiful and lovely bird, with 
its brilliant and richly variegated plumage. We were much chagrined, 
‘while observing these, to see a man-of-war hawk flying by with one in 
his mouth, apparently having just caught it.” If we are allowed to state 
our own opinion in regard to the last sentence of this quotation, we 
would suggest that it was the red throat of the man-of-war hawk, and 
not a parrot, which our narrator saw. 

When the islander wishes to take the lories alive, he provides himself 
with two pieces of bamboo, each about a yard long. On the end of one 
he perches a tame bird, and from the extremity of the other suspends a 
short running noose made of cocoanut-fibers. The decoy bird as it is 
carried about among the cocoanut-trees utters a harsh, rasping sound, 
_ and wild birds fly down from the trees and alight alongside it on 
~ the bamboo stick, when by means of the other stick they are skillfully 
noosed. 

When caged aboard the ship, they exhibited as pretty a picture of 
_ love as one cau imagine, well meriting their name of “ love-birds”. 
_ They sat billing and smoothing each other’s feathers for hours, 
and as night came on two would get together and sleep with heads 
_ turned toward each other. They lived in confinement but a very short 
_ time and bore it badly. At times, even while we stood watching their 
| lively aunties, one would tumble off its perch and die, apparently in con- 


— vulsionus. 





The islands on which these birds are found are very small, and it 
would not require a very great effort to totally exterminate them. 


STRIGID A. 


OTUS BRACHYOTUS, (Gm.) Bote [No. 67365]. 


Strix brachyotus, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 289. 

 Otus brachyotus, Born, Isis, 549. 

Brachyotus palustris, GouLD, B. Eur., pl. 40.—Covrs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 204; Birds 
Norihwest, 1874, 306. 

Brachyotus cassini, Bruw., Proc. Boston Soc., 1856.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 54, 

Otus (Lrachotus) brachyotus, Bp., Brew., & Rrpa., N. A. Birds, iii, 1874, 22. 


Locality : Taleahnano, Chili. One specimen. 


16 


FALCONID A. 
PANDION HALIAZTUS, (Linn.) Cuv. |No. 70648). 





Falco haliwius, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 129. % 
Pandion haltiatus, Cuv., Régne Anim., i, 316.—Covurs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 219; 
Birds Northwest, 1874, 367. 


Pandion carolinensis, Br., List, 3. 


Pandion haliatus var. carolinensis, RipG., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1870, 143.—Bp., 


Brew., & Rripa., N. A. Birds, iii, 184. 
Pandion leucocephalus, GOULD, Syn. B. Aust., i, 22; Birds Aust., pl. 6. 
Pandion haliavtus var. leucocephala, Ripc.—Bp., Brew. & Ripa., N. A. Birds, iii, 183. | 
Locality: San Geronimo Island, Pacific coast of Lower California. — | 
One specimen. We observed a number of old nests on this island, 


built, in the absence of trees, upon high points of rock. Ata place on § 


the gulf coast of the peninsula, an osprey was observed breeding in — 
February, and we procured some cf its eggs. q 


CHARADNID As. 
SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, (Linn.) Brehm [No. 70549]. 


Tringa helvetica, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 250. 

Squatarola helvetica, Breum, V. D., 554.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 697.—Cours, Key N. A. 
Birds, 243; Birds Northwest, 448. 

Vanellus helveticus, VIEILL., Ency. Méth., iii, 1077. 

Charadrius helveticus, Licut., Verzeich., No. 728.—Aup., Orn. Biog., iv, 230, pl. 334. 

Charadrius (Squatarola) helvetica, RipG., Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 383. 

Tringa varia, LINN., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 252. 

Charadrius varius, Finscu & Hartt., Vig. Ost-Afr., 1871, 644. 

Pluvialis varius, Scuu., Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865, 53. 

Tringa squatarola, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 252. 

Pluvialis squatarola, Macci.., Man. N. H. Orn., ii, 48. 


The complete synonymy of the species may be found in Coues’s Birds 1 
of the Northwest. 
Locality: San Geronimo Island. One specimen. 


CHARADRIUS FULVUS, Gm. [Nos. 67338, 67339]. 


Charadrius fulvus, Ga., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, €87.—Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 449. 
Pluvialis fulvus, Be., C. R., 417. 

Cheradrius pluvialis, Horsr., Linn. Tr., xiii, 1822, 187, 

Charadrius xanthocheilus, WAGL., 8. A., 1327. 

Pluvialis xanthocheilus, Bp., C. R., 417. 

Charadrius taitensis, Less., Man., ii, 321. 








Mi 


Pluvialis taitensis, Be., C. R., 417. 
Charadrius virginianus, JARD. & SELT., IL., ii, pl. 85. 
Charadrius glaucopus, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 176. 
Charadrius longipes, ‘‘TEMM. Mus. Lugdun.” 
Pluvialis longipes, Bp., C. R., 417. 
Charadrius auratus orientalis, TEMM. SCHL., Faun. Japon., pl. 62. 
Charadrius auratus, SCHRENCK, Reise Amur, 1860, 410. 
Locality: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Two specimens. In regard to 
the habits of these birds, we were informed by residents of the island 
that they make their first annual appearance about September. When 
they arrive, they are very poor and weak, having evidently been on a 
lengthy voyage and been deprived of food for a long time. During 
their stay through the winter, they become very fat. About March 
or April, they begin to prepare for their departure. They can be seen’ 
during the day, at this time, taking long or short flights out at sea and 
returning again tothe island. This exercise is undoubtedly for the pur- 
pose of strengthening themselves for the final effort—their muscles dur- 
ing their winter’s life of luxury and ease having become flabby and feeble. 
We have met them at sea, a long distance from any land, very much 
exhausted, and have known them to take refuge aboard the ship, where, 
if not molested, they would remain until we neared land. 


HAMATOPODIDA. 
HAMATOPUS NIGER, Pallas [No. 70650]. 


Hematopus niger, PALLAS, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1811, 131—Cousrs, Key N. A. Birds, 
1872, 246. 
Hematopus bachmani, AuD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 245, pl. 427. 
Locality: Saint Martin’s Island, Pacific coast of Lower California. One 


specimen. 
STREPSILAS INTERPRES MELANOCEPHALUS, (Vig.) Coues 
: [No. 70651]. 
_. Strepsilas melanocephalus, V1G., Z. J., iv, 1829, 356.—Cass., Baird’s N. Am. Birds, 1858, 
702. 


Strepsilas interpres var. melanocephalus, CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 246; Birds North- 
west, 1874, 459. 

Locality: San Geronimo Island. One specimen. A characteristic ex- 
ample of this peculiar form, entirely dusky and white, without a trace 
of rufous coloration. The feet also are dark-colored, being apparently 
blackish-olive. 

Bull. N. M. No. 7—2 


18 


SCOLOPACID A. 


TRINGA MINUTILLA, Vieiil. [Nos. 70652, 70653, 70654, 70655.] 


Tringa minutilla, VreILL., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 452.—Couss, Key N. 
A. Birds, 1872, 254; Birds Northwest, 1874, 482. 

Actodromus minutilla, Br., Comp. Rendus, 1856. 

Actodromas minutilla,"CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 191, 230. 

Tringa pusilla, W1Ls., Am. Orn., v, 1813, 32, pl 37, f. 4 (not of European writers). 

Pelidna pusilla, Br., List, 1838, 50. 

Tringa wilsoni, NuTT., Man., ii, 1834, 121.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 721. 

Actodromus wilsoni, Bp., Comp. Rendus, 1856. 


Locality: San Geronimo Island. Several specimens. 
CALIDRIS ARENARIA, (Linn.) Illiger [Nos. 70656, 70657, 70658]. 


Tringa arenaria, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 251. 

Calidris arenaria, ILL., Prod., 1811, 249.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 723.—Cougs, Key N. 
A. Birds, 1872, 257, f. 167; Birds Northwest, 1874, 492. 

Charadrius calidris, LINN., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 255. 

Arenaria calidris, MEYER, Tasch. Deutschl. Vég., 68, pl. 59, f. 4. 

Charadrius rubidus, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 688. 

Arenaria vulgaris, BECHST., Tasch. Deutschl., ii, 462. 

Arenaria grisea, BECHST., Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 368. 

Calidris grisea, BREHM, Vég. Deutschl., 674. 

Tryngo, tridactyla, PALL., Zoog. R.-A., ii, 1811, 198. 

Calidris tringoides, VIEILL., Gal. Ois., ii, 1834, 95, pl. 234. 

Calidris americana, BREHM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 695. 

Calidris nigellus, VIBILL. (vide Gray’s Hand-List, No. 10324). 


Localities: San Geronimo Island and La Libertad, Sonora, Mexico. 


Several specimens. 


TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS, (G@m.) Temm. [No. 70659]. 

Scolopax semipalmata, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 659. 

Totanus semipalmatus, TEMM., Man. Orn., ii, 637.—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 2583 
Birds Northwest, 1874, 494. 

Totanus (Catoptrophorus) semipalmatus, Br., Syn., 1828, 328. 

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Bp., List, 1838, 31. 

Glottis semipalmata, Nixsson, Fn. Suec., 1817. 

Hodites semipalmata, Kaur, Sk. Ent. Eur., 1829. 

Symphemia semipalmata, HaRTL., Rev. Zool., 1845, 342.—Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 729. 

Totanus crassirostris, VIBILL., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 1816, 406. 

Symphemia atlantica, RAFINESQUE, Jour. Phys., Ixxxviii, 1819, 417, 

Locality: San Geronimo. One specimen. Various species of waders 


were particularly abundant on this island. 


ae 











19 


HETEROSCELUS INCANUS, (G@m.) Coues [No. 67321]. 


Scolopax incana, GMEL., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 658, 

Tringa glareola, PALLAS, Zoog. Ross.-As., ii, 1811, 194, pl. 60. 
Totanus brevipes, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 410. 
Scolopax undulata, ForsT., Descr. An., ed. Licht, 1844, 173. 
Scolopax pacifica, FoRST., Descr. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 174. 

Totanus oceanicus, LEss., Consp. Buff., 1847, 244. 

Totanus polynesie, PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 237. 
Totanus fuliginosus, GOULD, Voy. Beagle, Birds, 1841, 130. 
Heteroscelus brevipes, Bp., Birds N. Am., 1858, 734, pl. 88. 
Heteroscelus incanus, COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 261, 


Locality: Palmyra Island, Fanning group, North Pacific Ocean. 
NUMENIUS FEMORALIS, Peale [No. 67336]. 


_ Numenius femoralis, PEALE, U. S. Expl. Exped., Orn. 1848, 233, pl. 37.—CovuEs, Check- 


list N. A. Birds, 1874, 135. 
Locality: Palmyra Island. Very aeeaeek on this island. A few 


| only were seen on Christmas and the other islands of the group. 


RALLIDA. 


GALLINULA SANDVICENSIS, Streets [No. 67361]. 


_  Gallinula chloropus AuD.”(=G. galeata), PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 220 (nec 


auct.). 
|. Gallinula sandvicensis, STREETS, Ibis, i, 4th series, 1877, p. 25, fig. 


Frontal plate very large, terminating squarely on the top of the head, 


_ touch inflated, the posterior margin on a line with the posterior border 
_ of tLs orbit; latterly, it encroaches on the orbit, being separated from it 
| by a very narrow feathered space; the bill shorter than the head, thick, 
_ compressed ; wings rather short in proportion to the size of the species, 
when compared with other species of the same group; first primary 
_ shorter than the second ; second and third of equal lengths, the rest 


graduated; tail short; tarsus rather long and stout, rounded in front, 
and compressed posteriorly; toes and claws long and robust. 
The entire under surface of the body of one color, which is a dark 


| slaty; no marks of white on the abdomen; the head and neck all around 
| much darker than the rest of the body—nearly black, with a slight 

_ brownish tinge; a few of the long feathers of the flanks with long spots 
_ of white on the superior web; the edge of the wing at the bend, and 


the external margin of the outer web of the first primary marked with 
& very constricted line of white; the under surface of the wing of the 


20 


same color as the under parts of the body; the longer under tail-coverts 
pure white, the rest black; the entire upper parts, including the upper 


surfaces of the wings and tail, olive-brown; this color deepest on the © 


rump, and fading out on the neck and the exterior portions of the wings; 
the tips of the tail-feathers, and the shafts of the feathers brownish- 
black. 

The frontal plate and bill bright crimson, the latter tipped with yellow; 
the tibia naked for about an inch, and surrounded by a bright crimson 
ring; a decided crimson blush on the front of the tarsus, the color 
deepens on the sides; feet pea-green. 

Total length about 13.50 inches; wing 6.50; tail 3.00; bill along the 
commissure 1.20; from the feathers on the side of the head 1.00; along 
the culmen, including the frontal plate, 1.65; breadth of the frontal 
plate 0.50; length, from the margin of the feathers on the side of the 
bill, 0.70; tarsus 2.00; middle toe and claw 3.00. 

To sum up ;—the proportions of Gallinula sandvicensis, and the quad- 
rate form of the frontal plate show that its strongest affinities are with 
Gallinula galeata, rather than with any other member of the group; but 
the greater extent of the frontal plate, the shorter wing, the absence of 
white on the abdomen and on the under surface of the wing, as well as 
its reduction to a mere trace on the margin of the latter, the more robust 
and different form of the tarsus, being broader and more rounded in 
front, as well as the great difference in the color of the tarsus, are 
characters which separate it immediately from G. galeata, and render its 
identification easy. The characters just enumerated, in addition to its 
larger size and the quadrate frontal plate, separate it a fortiori from the 
G. chloropus- 

Locality: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The only direct reference to this 


bird which I have been able to find is made by Peale in the Ornithology _ 


of the United States Exploring Expedition, page 220. He undoubtedly 
obtained a specimen from the island of Oahu, but the skin, he states, 
was lost. In the description which he gives from his field-notes, he 
calls the bird Gallinula chloropus Aud., i.e. G. galeata. The allusion 


which he makes, however, to the crimson-colored tarsi identifies his 


bird at once with our species. Gray, in his Hand-List of Birds, gives 
the Sandwich Islands as a habitat of G. chloropus Aud., as do also 
Hartlaub and Finsch, in the table of distribution of Central Polynesian 
birds, in the introduction to their work, “Die Ornithologie der Viti-, 








21 


Samoa-, und Tonga-Inseln.” It is highly probable that both of these 
authorities based their statements upon Peale’s original reference. 


FULICA ALAI, Peale [No. 67360]. 


Fulica alai, PEALE, U.S. Expl. Exped., 1848, Orn., 224, pl. lxiii, f. 2. 
Locality: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. 


ANATID. 
CHAULELASMUS COUESI, Streets [Nos. 67324, 67325]. 


Chaulelasmus couesi, STREETS, Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. i, No. 
2, 46. 

Bill nearly as long as the head, about as deep as broad at the base, 
depressed anteriorly, sides nearly parallel, converging slightly toward 
the base; tip rounded, and unguis abruptly curved ; frontal angle short 
and obtuse ; dorsal line at first sloping—rather more so than in C. strepe- 
rus—anterior portion broad, straight, and flattened. Internal lamelle 
numerous, small and closely packed, about seventy-five in number—in 
streperus only about fifty. Nostrils sub-basal, lateral, large, oblong. 

Plumage (immature).—Head above dark brown, the apical portion of 
the feathers of a lighter shade than the basal, those on the frontal 
region with the central portion black, and the edges brownish-white; 
throat and sides of head brownish-white, a small brown spot at the ex- 
tremity of each feather, shafts brown, on the lower portion of the neck, 
and on breast all around the feathers are marked with concentric bars of 
black and light reddish-brown; under surface of the body white, with a 
broad dark band across the extremity of each feather, giving to this 
region a mottled appearance; toward the tail, the white of the abdomen 
assumes a dull reddish-brown tinge; a decided brownish-red color on 
the flanks, and on the sides of the body covered by the wings. On 
the back, the plumage is more mature. Color dark brown, marked 
transversely with fine wavy lines of black and white; scapulars dark 
brown, fringed with a narrow rim of reddish-brown; middle wing-coverts 
chestnut; the greater a velvety-black; speculum pure white, the inner 
webs of the white feathers being grayish-brown; on the third feather 
of the speculum, counting from within, the white gives place to a hoary- 
gray, with a black outer margin; the primaries light brown, with the 
portions of both webs nearest the shaft somewhat lighter. Tail con- 


taining fourteen feathers; color hoary plumbeous-gray, under surface 


lighter and shining; under tail-coverts crossed by transverse bars of 


22 


black and white; upper coverts composed of dark brown and black 
feathers intermingled. Under wing-coverts and axillars pure white. 
Bill and feet black; the inner side of the tarsus is perceptibly lighter 
than the feet. Tibia bare for about half an inch. 

Length 17 inches; wing 8; tarsus 1.40; commissure 1.65; culmen 
1.45; height and breadth of bill at base 0.55; average width of bill 
0.55. First toe 0.30; second 1.48, including claw shorter than the third 
toe without claw; third toe 1.88 without claw, longer than the outer 
toe without claw; outer toe 1.75. 

A female is similar, but with little trace of the peculiar wing-mark- 
ings, both chestnut and black being wanting, and the speculum being 

hoary-gray instead of white. Both the specimens before me are imma- | 
| ture; the adults, it is presumed, will show the peculiar vermiculated 
appearance of CU. streperus. They resemble the immature condition of 
C. streperus so closely that one description of the coloration would an- 
swer for both species; but the C. couesi is immediately distinguished by 
its greatly inferior size, which hardly exceeds that of a teal, the differ- 
ent color of the bill and feet, and the singular discrepancy in the la- 
melle of the bill,which are much smaller, and one-third more numerous. 

Locality: Washington or New York Island, Fanning group. 

The discovery of this duck is highly interesting from the fact that it is. 
the second known representative of a genus that is almost world-wide in 
its distribution. The present species is as restricted in its habitat as. 
the other is wide-spread—being confined to the limited area of a coral 
island in the mid-Pacific. 

I dedicate this species to one of our most distinguished ornithologists, — 
Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A., as a slight testimonial of regard, and in con- | 
sideration of the service which he has rendered to the science of orni- | 


ae, SULIDE 


SULA LEUCOGASTRA, (Bodd.) Salv. [No. 70660]. 


Petit Fou, BuF¥., Pl. Enl., 973. 

Pelecanus leucogasicer, Bopp., Tab). Pl. Enl., 57. 

Dysporus leucogaster, SUNDEV., Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1871, 125. 
« Sula fiber, LINN.”, Sci. & Satv., Nomencl., 124. 

Sula leucogostra, Satv., Trans. Zo6l. Soc. London, ix, 1876, 496. 
Sula fusca, AUD., Birds Am., vii, 1844, 57, pl. 426. 

Sula fiber, Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 298. 


This is the Sula f:sca of earlier American ornithologists, and the Sula | 
jiber of the more recent writers; but, according to late authorities, the © 




















23 


name fiber should be used as a synonym of Sula piscator, having been 
given by Linnzus to the young of that species. 

Locality: Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. This is an abundant 
species in the gulf. It was breeding in April. The nest from which 
our specimen was taken contained two eggs, differing remarkably in 
size: one measuring 2.35 by 1.70; the other only 2.20 by 1.50. They 
are of the usual elliptical shape, greenish-white, with the ordinary, thick, 
white, calcareous incrustation. 


SULA PISCATOR, (Lynn.) Bp. [Nos. 67319, 67327, 67332). 


Pelecanus piscator, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 217. 

Sula candida, Briss., Steph. Gen. Zodl., xiii, 1826, 103. 
Sula erythrorhyncha, Luss., Traité, i, 1831, 601. 

Sula rubripes, GOULD, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1837, 156. 
Sula rubripeda, PEALE, U. 8S. Exp]. Exped., Orn., 1848, 274. 
Sula piscator, Br., Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 166. 

Locality: Fanning group, North Pacific. Several specimens were 
taken at sea in the vicinity of this group of islands. When far away 
from land, they flew aboard the ship in the evenings, and roosted on the 
yards. They exhibited no signs of fear, but were easily captured by 
the men who went aloft. In the majority of our specimens, the tail is 
dark—it is white in the adult plumage. On Palmyra Island, their prin- 
cipal breeding-place, the period of their incubation was over at the time 
of our visit in December, but the young were not yet fledged. The latter, 
were very numerous; they covered the trees and bushes, and looked like 
great balls of snow-white down. The nests are rudely constructed of 
coarse twigs, and are built on the low trees. 

We arrived at Christmas Island one month later, in January, and 
there we found the gannets still sitting on their eggs; few or no young 
were to be seen. This difference is probably induced by the physical 
conditions surrounding them. One of the islands is situated almost 
directly on the equator, exposed to the fiercest rays of a tropical sun ; 
it is devoid of fresh water, and it rarely or never rains; the vegeta- 
tion is scanty and stunted, and life in general has a very unequal 
struggle for existence. On the other island, Palmyra, a condition of 
things directly opposite to these exists. The gannets of Christmas 
Island have a very curious habit, which, as far as our observations ex- 
tended, is confined to those of that island. Under their nests, which 
were quite low on account of the stunted condition of the shrubbery, 
were mounds one and two feet high, built of twigs, and in some instances. 


24 


solidly cemented together by their excrement. It probably affords 
them diversion during the monotonous period of incubation to break 
off all the twigs within reach of their bill, and to drop them under 
their nests. These mounds furnish evidence of the nests being occupied 
for several successive years; for the lean bushes could not furnish a 
sufficient amount of twigs to build them up in a Single breeding-season. 

One is the usual number of eggs, though sometimes two were found 
in the same nest. They are somewhat larger, but in every other respect 
similar to the eggs of Sula leucogastra. 


SULA CYANOPS, Sundev. [Nos. 67315, 67316]. 


Dysporus cyanops, SUNDEV., Phys. Tidskr. Lund., 1837, pt. 5. 
Sula cyanops, SUNDEV., Isis, 1842, 858. 

Sula personata, GOULD, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1846, 21, 
Sula piscator, PEALE, U. 8. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 273. 

Locality: Christmas Island. One specimen in immature plumage. 
The whole of the upper surface of the body dark brown, mottled with 
white. The brown color of the back and upper surface of the wings 
has a grayish tinge; the head and neck all around dark brown, as in 
S. leucogastra, except that the dark color does not extend as far down 
on the breast as in the latter. The general system of coloration is 
much the same as in leucogastra. If we are to learn anything from 
the transitional plumages of birds, may it not be that they show us the 
parent types from which the species are progressively developed? Many 
instances might be mentioned where the immature plumages of birds 
represent the perfect plumage of some closely allied species. 

8. cyanops were breeding on Christmas Island. They were not very 
abundant. They build no nest, but scratch a slight concavity in the 
fine coral sand, where the egg is deposited. All of those observed 
breeding on Christmas Island were in full adult plumage. One, a young 
bird in the leucogastra style of dress, was seen nesting on Palmyra. Its 
nest was on the ground, and was well constructed of grass. This is 
another exemplification of the rule observed all along of the different 
habits of the same species of birds on these two islands. 


GRACULIDA. 
GRACULUS BRASILIANUS, (G@m.) Gray [No. 67369]. 


Procellaria brasiliana, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 564. 
Puffinus brasiliensis, Br., Av., vi, 1760, 138, sp. 4. 

















25 


Pelecanus vigna, VretLu., Enclyclop. Méthod., i, 1823, 342. 

Halieus brasilianus, Licut., Doubl. d. Zool. Mus., 1823, 86, 908. 

Graculus brasilianus, GRAY, Gen. of Birds, t. —. 

Phalacrocorax graculus, GOULD, B. of Eur., t. 408. 

_ Phalacrocorax niger, KING, Zo6l. Jour., iv, 1828, 101, sp. 63. 

Carbo mystacalis, Luss., Traité d’Orn., 1831, 604. 

Carbo brasilianus, Sprx, Av. Brasil, ii, 1824, t. 106. 

Zaramagullon negro, AZARA, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Paxaros del Paraguay, &c., ili, —, 395, 423. 
Locality : Concepcion Bay, Chili. 


TACHYPETIDA. 


TACHYPETES MINOR, (Gm.) Iilig. [No. 67320]. 


Pelecanus minor, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 572. 
Pelecanus palmerstoni, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 573. 
Fregata minor, BR., Av., vi, 1760, 509, sp. 7. 
Tachypetes minor, ILL1G., Prodro., 1811. 

Attagen ariel, GOULD, Birds of Austr., vii, t. 72. 
Tachypetes ariel, GRAY, Gen. Birds, t. 185. 


Localities: Christmas and Palmyra Islands. One of the specimens a 
young bird with a white head. Not very abundant. They were not 
breeding on any of the islands at the time of our visit. 


PHATHONTID A. 


PHATHON RUBRICAUDUS, Bodd. [Nos. 67329, 67330]. 


Phethon rubricauda, Bopp., Tab]. Pl. Enl. @’Aub., 1783, 57.—BurFr., Pl. Enl., 979. 
Phethon phenicuros, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 583. 

Phethon ethereus, BLOxH., Voy. Blonde, 1826, 251. 

Phenicurus rubricauda, Br., Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 183. 


Locality: Christmas Island. Twospecimens. One in immature plum- 
age. The feathers of the whole upper surface of the head, neck, and 
body marked with transverse bars of black and white. Bill black. The 
elongated central tail-feathers absent. These birds were brought to the 
ship by the sailors from a distant part of the island. They were taken 
from off their nests, which were on the ground under low bushes. Egg 
white, speckled with brown. 


LARIDAS. 


LARUS ARGENTATUS OCCIDENTALIS, (Aud.) Cs. [No. 70664]. 


Larus occidentalis, AuD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 320. 
Glaucus occidentalis, BRucH., J. f. O., 1853, 101. 


26 


Laroides occidentalis, BrucuH., J. f. O., 1855, 282. 
Larus argentatus var. occidentalis, Couns, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 312; Birds Northwest, 
1874, 626. 
Locality : Lower California. In perfect breeding-plumage, well illus- 
trating this form in the strength of the bill, slaty-grayish shade of the 
mantle, &c. 


LARUS (BLASIPUS) HEERMANNI, Cass. [Nos. 70665, 70666, 70667]. 


Larus heermanni, Cass., Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 187; Illus., 1853, 28, pl. 5. 

Larus (Blasipus) heermanni, Sci. & Satv., Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1871, 574.—CovEs, 
Birds Northwest, 1874, 641. 

Blasipus heermanni, Bp., Consp. Av., ii, 1856, 211. 

Adelarus heermanni, BRucH., J. f. O., 1853, 107; 1855, 279. 

Larus belcheri, Scuu., Mus. P.-B., Lari, 9 (in part). 

Larus (Balsipus) belcheri, Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 314 (in part). 

Locality: Isla Raza, Gulf of California. Isla Raza is the particular 
breeding-place of these gulls in the gulf. It is a small, low island, about 
three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile wide. At the time of our 
visit (April), immense numbers of the birds were congregated there, 
preparatory to laying their eggs, which, however, they had not begun to 
deposit. We may safely say, without exaggeration, that there was a bird 
on every square foot of the ground, and others were continually hovering 
about overhead. Their incessant noise deadened all other sounds, and so 
intent were they in their all-absorbing duties of reproduction, that they 
seemed entirely unconscious of our presence amongst them. The forma- 
tion of the island is a black volcanic rock, entirely destitute of vegetation. 
Through the long series of years during which these birds have made it a 
breeding-place, there has been going on a chemical reaction between the 
acids of their excrement and the bases of the rock, which has resulted in 
the formation of a new substance, composed largely of a tri-basic phos- 
phate. This now forms (or did form) a thick layer, covering the whole 


surface of the island. On breaking open the bowlders, a sharp line of | 


demarkation can be seen extending into the body of the rock showing 
the depth of the chemical reaction. The altered rock being a softer 
material than the original is easily pulverized and worn off by the con- 


stant attrition of the birds’ feet during their breeding-season. In this 1 


way, the inequalities of the surface of the rocky islet have been smoothed 


over. A company has possession of the island, and is gathering the © 
guano. Ten thousand tons have been removed, and it is calculated 


that six times that quantity still remains to be gathered (1875). 
In perfect breeding-dress. The eyelids are red, like the bill. 




















27 
HYDROCHELIDON LARIFORMIS, (Linn.) Cowes [Nos. 70661, 70662]. 


Rallus lariformis, LInn., Syst. Nat., i, ed. 10, 1'758, 153. 

Sterna fissipes, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 228. 

Hydrochelidon fissipes, GRaY, Gen. of Birds, iii, 1849, 660.—CouEs, Key, 1872, 323. 
Sterna nigra, BRIsSs., Av., vi, 1760, 211, pl. 20. f. 1. 

Hydrochelidon nigra, Bors, Isis, 1822, 563. 

Hydrochelidon nigrum, Br., List, 1838, 61. 

Viralva nigra, LEACH, Gen. Zodl., xiii, 1826, 167. 

Sterna nevia, LINN., Syst. Nat.,i, 1766, 228. 


_ Sterna surinamensis, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 604. 


Hydrochelidon surinamensis, Be., Comptes Rendus, 1856, 772. 

Hydrochelidon ( Pelodes) surinamensis, GRAY, Hand-List, iii, 1871, 122, No. 11074. 
Hydrochelidon nigricans et obscura, BREHM, VY. D., 1831, 794, 795. 

Sterna plumbea, WILs., Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 83, pl. 60. 

Hydrochelidon plumbea, Lawr., B. N. A., 1858, 864. 

Hydrochelidon lariformis, Couxs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 704. 


Locality: Mita Point, Sinaloa, Mexico. Taken in May, at which 


period one had completed its breeding-dress, while the other had 
only begun to change its winter plumage. 


2 


STERNA (HALIPLANA) FULIGINOSA, @m. [Nos. 67322, 67328 
67334]. 


Sterna fuliginosa, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 605. 
Sterna (Onychoprion) fuliginosa, GRAY, List Br. B., 1863, 242. 


Sterna (Haliplanes) fuliginosa, Buas., List B. Eur., 22. 


Sterna ( Haliplana) fuliginosa, COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 322; Birds Northwest, 1874, 
698. 

Onychoprion fuliginosa, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 277. 

Haliplana fuliginosa, WaGL., Isis, 1832, 1224. 

Hydrochelidon fuliginosum, Br., List, 1838, 61. 

Sterna serrata, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht, 1844, 276. 

Onychoprion serrata, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 277. 

Haliplana serrata, Br., Comptes Rendus, 1856, 772. 

Sterna guttata, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 211. 

Anous Vherminieri, LEss., Descr. Mammif. et Ois. 1847, 255. 

Sterna luctuosa, PHIL. & LANDB., Wieg. Arch., 1866, 126. 


Sterna fuliginosa var. crissalis, Bp., apud Lawr., Proc. Boston Soc., 1871. 

Locality: Palmyra Island, Fanning group. They were particularly 
abundant on this island only. We arrived amongst them at the com- 
mencement of their breeding-season. The spot which they had chosen 
for breeding purposes was the extreme eastern or windward point of the 
island, within a stone’s throw of the breakers. They breed in commu- 


28 


nities; and so numerous were they on this occasion that they formed a 
cloud when they arose from the ground, and their clamor deadened the 
roar of the surf. They make no attempt at building a nest, but de- 
posit their one egg anywhere on the bare ground. The eggs were almost 
as thick as the clinkers on the coral beach. 


ANOUS STOLIDUS, (Linn.) Gray [Nos. 67323, 67326]. 


Sterna stolida, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 227. 

Megalopterus stolidus, Br., List, 1838, 61. 

Anous stolidus, GRAY, List Gen. of Birds, iii, 1841, 100. meena Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 
323; Birds Northwest, 1674, 710. 

Anous niger, STEPH., Gen. Zodl., xiii, 1826, 140. 

Gavia leucoceps, Sw., Classif. B., ii, 1837, 373. 

Localities: Palmyra and Christmas Islands. Breeding in both local- 
ities. There was a marked difference in the habits of the birds of the 
two islands. On Palmyra, they build nests of twigs in the forks of the 
tallest trees; a few were observed to build nests in the cocoanut-trees 
at the bases of the leaves. On Christmas Island, where there are no 
trees, they lay their eggs on the bare ground within a circle of a few 
twigs. 

GIGIS ALBA, (Sparrm.) Bp. [No. 67835]. 


Sterna alba, SPARRM., Mus. Carls., No. xi, 1766. 

Sterna candida, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 607. 

Gigis candida, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 1223. 

Gigis alba, Br., Compt. Rend., 1856, 773. 

Gigis nepoleonis, Bp., Compt. Rend., 1856, 773. ; 
Localities: Palmyra and Christmas Islands. These furnish us with 

another interesting example of the power of birds to conform to their 

surroundings in their breeding habits. They lay but one egg, which is 


very large for the size of the bird, and it was in every instance, on Pal- 


myra Island, placed on the naked branch of a tree. In some cases, the © 
diameter of the limb on which it rested barely exceeded that of the egg | 
itself; yet there it remains during the whole period of incubation, and | 
the narrow lodge is the resting-place of the young bird until it is able | 
to fly. On Christmas Island, the same obstacle is in the way of the grat-_ 
ification of their desires as was mentioned in the case of the noddy terns, | 
namely, the absence of trees, but the surfaces of the large coral blocks | 


are made to serve their purposes equally as well. The Gigis alba 
exhibited a greater degree of curiosity than any of the other birds of | 


the islands. They were continually hovering about over our heads when | 


we were ashore, and, indeed, often seemed inclined to alight upon the 
theodolite while the officers were triangulating about the island. 





29 


PROCELLARIID &. 


ADAMASTOR CINEREUS, (G@m.) Coues [Nos. 67370, 67371]. 
Procellaria cinerea, GM., Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 563. 


Puffinus cinereus, (GM.) Lawr., Birds N. A., 1858, 835. 





Procellaria hesitata, Forst., Descr. An., ed. Licht., 1844, 208. 

Puffinus hesitatus, LawK., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1853, vi, 5. 

Adamastor typus, Br., Consp. Av., ii, 1856, 187. 

Procellaria adamastor, SCHLEGEL, Monog. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, 25. 
Adamastor cinereus, CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 119 (critical). 


Locality: off Cape Horn. 
PUFFINUS (NECTRIS) NATIVITATIS, Streets, n. sp. [No. 67318}. 


Bill shorter than the head, much shorter than the tarsus; size me- 
dium ; sides compressed, as wide as high at the base; unguis moderate, 
much hooked; commissure slightly curved from base to unguis, convexity 
downward; the lower margin of the rami of the inferior mandible 
straight; unguis concave and slightly deflexed. Nasal tubes about one- 
fourth of the length of the culmen, broad, depressed, obliquely truncated 
anteriorly ; the nostrils oval; internal septum broad; culmen sloping 
- downward abruptly from the upper part of the nasal tubes, and then rising 
very gradually toward the unguis. Commissural margins of the upper 
and lower mandibles inflected. The feathers on the front sweeping 
across the base of the bill with a gently-rounded outline, gaining the 
edge of the mandible about three-tenths of an inch from the angle of the 
mouth ; feathers on the side of the lower mandible do not reach quite 
as far forward as those on the culmen. Wings of moderate length, and 
all the primaries graduated, the first the longest; tail rounded, con- 
taining twelve graduated feathers. Tarsus slender and compressed, 
equal in length to the middle toe without claw; outer toe without its 
claw longer than the middle without the appendage, but including 
claws the middle toe is the longest; the tip of the claw of the inner toe 
falling short of the base of the middle claw one-tenth of an inch. 

The entire coloration of the species sooty-black, without any mixture 
of gray, except on the chin, where it is very faint; somewhat darker on 
the head and upper parts, where it is more of a brownish-black ; on the 
under parts, it is of a rich chocolate hue. Bill black; tarsus and 
feet brownish-black, somewhat lighter on their inner aspects. Prim- 
aries and tail-feathers scarcely darker than the rest of the plumage; 
Shafts brown on the upper surface, those of the primaries with a longi- 


30 


tudinal line of white on the under surface; the under surface of the 
shafts of the tail-feathers presents three longitudinal parallel lines of 
white, one central and two lateral, with broad brownish interspaces. 

Total length 14.50 inches; length of bill along the culmen 1.20 
inches; along the commissure 1.80; from the feathers on the side of 
the upper mandible 1.50; from the feathers on the side of the lower 
mandible 1.35; height of bill at base 0.40; width about the same; 
length of the nasal tubes 0.30; wings, from the carpus, 9.70; tail 4.20; _ 
tarsus 1.70; middle toe and claw 2.00; outer toe and claw 1.90; inner 
toe and claw 1.65; hallux 0.12. 

Locality: Christmas Island. One specimen. Captured on its nest. 

The determination of this species is based upon Dr. Elliott Coues’s 
“Critical Review of the Family Procellariide”. Regarding this mono- 
graph as the latest and most exhaustive survey of this very difficult 
family, we find but one species that could in any way be confounded 
with the one under consideration, and that is Nectris fuliginosus Keys 
et Blas, a much larger species, and one, moreover, that is confined to 
the Atlantic Ocean. These two species (fuliginosus and nativitatis) 
are the only ones of the subgenus WNectris whose plumages’ are dark 
fuliginous without any admixture of white. 

Kuhl’s Procellaria fuliginosa, sp. 12, p. 142, is recognized as the Ptero- 
droma atlantica Bp. == dAistrelata fuliginosa Coues, which is an Atlantic 
species, and is not a true puffin; the Procellaria fuliginosa, sp. 27, p. 
148, of the same author, is a Puffinus, and is now known as the pacificus. 
Its flesh-colored bill and feet, however, immediately separate it from 
nativitatis. Exactly what is the Nectris fulginosa, of Forster, no one 
seems to know. It is barely possible that it may be the species which 
we have just described as new; but there is no doubt that the latter 
is entirely distinct from all the other species which have been described 
by the old ornithologists under the name fuliginosa. If it be the one 
of which we have implied a doubt (this, however, cannot be proven), a 
re-description will not be amiss, and a re-naming will be demanded on 
account of the prior claim of another species to the same name. 


JESTRELATA PARVIROSTRIS, (Peale) Coues. [Nos. 67317, 67331]. 


Procellaria parvirostris, PEALE, U. 8. Expl. Exped., Orn., 1848, 298. 
Rhantistes parvirostris, Be., Compt. Rend., 1856, 768. 
Aistrelata parvirostris, COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 146 (critical). 


Locality: Christmas Island. Breedingin January. They make their 








3] 


nests on the ground under low bushes. They merely scoop a hole in the 
ground for theegg. The eggs are large, rotund-elliptical, with a smooth, 
white, and translucent shell. They are such close setters that nothing 
could induce them to leave their eggs voluntarily. When we removed 
them from their nests they instantly returned to their duty on being 
released. 


DIOMEDEA CULMINATA, Gould [No. 67368]. 


Diomedea cholorhynchos, of AUDUBON’s Works. 
Diomedea culminata, GOULD, Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1844, xiii, 361.—Covurs, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 183 (critical). 


Locality: at sea, off Cape Horn. 


DIOMEDEA NIGRIPES, Aud. [Nos. 67362, 67363, 67364, 67365]. 


Diomedea nigripes, AUD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 327.—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
1866, 178 (critical). 

Diomedea brachyura juv., CASSIN, Illust. B. Cal. & Tex., 1853, 291. 

Diomedea gibbosa, GouLD, Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1844, xiii, 361.—Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Phila., 1866, 180. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Captured at sea while on the passage 
between Honolulu and San Francisco. The series is a good one to illus- 
trate the species in nearly all its stages of plumage, and notably that 
described by Gould as D. gibbosa, which is nothing more than the adult 
plumage of nigripes. Dr. Coues, in his excellent “ Critical Review of 
the Family Procellarid”, alludes to this as the probable conclusion to 
be arrived at upon a more thorough investigation of the species. We 
have first presented to us the typical nigripes, with its uniformly dusky 
plumage. The white first makes its appearance on the basal portions 
of the upper and under tail-coverts; it increases in quantity until 
there is but a narrow rim of brown left at the apices of the feathers. In 
older specimens, the brown entirely disappears, and the whole of the 
‘crissum and upper coverts are pure white. We then find the white 
traveling upward and spreading itself over the abdomen. In those 
Specimens that have the greatest amount of white on the under sur- 
face of the body, we find a widening area of the same color on the top 
of the head, spreading backward from the narrow rim that originally 
‘Surrounded the base of the bill. 


32 


ALCID A. 
BRACHYRHAMPHUS CRAVERI, (Salvad.) Qoues [No. 70663]. 


Uria craveri, SALVAD., Descr. Alt. Nuov. Ucc. Mus. di Torino, 1867, 17. 
Brachyrhamphus craveri, COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 66. 


Locality: Isla Raza, Gulf of California. An adult female in full 
plumage, taken in April, 1875. It was breeding in holes in the rocks, 
amid the innumerable gathering of Larus heermanni, already noticed. 
Eggs two, taken from a crevice of a rock at arm’s length. These eggs 
resemble those of the tern, though rather elliptical-ovoid in shape. 
They differ from each other decidedly in the ground-color as well as in 
the markings. The darkest one is brownish-drab, with nearly half of 
the surface (on the larger end) heavily and confluently blotched with 
reddish-brown and dark brown, with a few neutral-tint shell-markings 
interspersed; the rest of the egg is sparsely sprinkled with smaller and 
more distinct markings of the same color. The ground of the other 
egg is clay-colored, or very pale stone-gray, with markings of the same 
colors as before, but less heavy, more distinct, and smaller. There is 
the same aggregation of spots about the larger end, but not so fully 
carried out, and the rest of the surface is more thickly and uniformly 
flecked than the same portion is on the other egg. The darker egg 
measured 2.05 by 1.40; the other 1.95 by 1.35. The eggs of the species, 
as far as we are aware, have not before been described. 

The specimen of the bird is interesting as coming from far up the 
gulf, from virtually the same locality as the original of Uria craveri, if 
not from the identical spot, and is Signore Salvadori’s bird exactly. As 


stated by Dr. Coues, in his Monograph (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. | 
1868, p. 66), it is very closely related to B. hypoleucus, the chief differ- 


ence being, that in the latter the lining of the wings is entirely pure 
white, while in craveri the same part is dusky varied with white. In 
craveri, the line of demarkation between the blackish of the upper and 
the white of the under parts passes on the side of the head consider- 
ably below the eye; while in hypoleucus the blackish barely includes 
the eye, though extending a little farther down. on the auriculars. Dr. 
Coues alludes to the “ bare possibility ” that cravert was the young of 
hypoleucus, a supposition disproved by finding it breeding. B. craveri can 
only be referred to hypoleucus now, upon the assumption that the latter 
is the winter plumage of the former, as all the specimens which have 





ri 
i 








33 


come to hand thus far with the pure white lining of the wings were 
taken in winter, as far as known. Such an assumption would not be 
widely at variance with the known characters of the seasonal changes 
of plumage in some members of this family, but remains to be proven. 
Pending this determination, cravert should be recognized as a good 


species. 
SPHENISCID AE. 
SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI, Meyen [No. 67367]. 


Diomedea chilensis, MoL1na, Hist. Nat. Chili, 1786, 210. 

Aptenodytes chilensis, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 559. 

Aptenodytes moline, Laru., Ind. Orn., ii, 1790, 881. 

Spheniscus humboldti, MEYEN, Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop. Carol., 1834, xvi, suppl. i, 110, 
pl. xxi. 


Locality: harbor of Talecahuano, Concepcion Bay, Chili. 
Bull. N. M. No. 7—3 








fae aie LC) Ty CY Gray: 


HYLIDA. 


HYLA REGILLA, Baird & Girard {No. 8572}. 


Hyla regilla, Bairp & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1852, 174 ; 1853, 301.— 
BairD, P. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Williamson & Abbott’s Route, Reptiles, 12, pl. 
28, f. 3—GuiraRD, Herp. U. 8S. Expl. Exped., 60, pl. 3, f. 18-18.—CoorEer 
& SuckLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., 1860, 304.—Copr, Check-list, 1875, 30. 

Hyia scapularis, HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 163; P. R. R. Rep. 
x, 1859, Williamson’s Route, Reptiles, 21. 


Locality: Cerros Island, off the Pacific coast of Lower California. 
Near a spring of fresh water on the southeastern side of the island. 
Ground-color green; a narrow, deep-brown band extending from the 
nostril to the anterior margin of the orbit; a broader band of the same 
color from the posterior border of the orbit to the shoulder; the latter 
band margined below by a narrow rim of orange about half the breadth 
of the brown vitta; the side of the body between the shoulder and 
thigh spotted with brown; a V-shaped spot of brown between the eyes; 
two bands of the same color, one on either side the dorsal region, ex- 
tending from the occiput to the sacrum; an oblong spot on the middle 
of the sacrum. The extremities ornamented with transverse series of 
broad spots. The entire under surface of the body yellow. 

Heretofore this frog has been strictly confined to the Pacifie region, 
_ where it is quite common. This is the first notice we have of its living 
_ in the Lower Californian region. The most southern locality whence it 
has been obtained previous to this is Tejon Pass (Hallowell, P. A. N. 8. 
Phila., 1852) in the southern portion of Alta California. 


GECCONID A. 


DIPLODACTYLUS UNCTUS, Cope [No. 8571]. 
Diplodactylus unctus, Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 102; Check-list, 1875, 50, 
Locality : Triunfo, Lower California. 

The only way in which this specimen differs from Cope’s original 


39 


36 


description is in the arrangement of the color on the back. Though 
the plan of arrangement is the same, yet, instead of the color being 
placed so as to form five continuous blackish eross-bands from the base 
of the tail to the interscapular region, the bands are more or less inter- 
rupted, thereby giving to the region somewhat of a marbled appear- 


IGUANIDA. 
PHRYNOSOMA HERNANDEZI, Cope [No. 8567]. 


ance. 


Phrynosoma hernandezi, COPE, Check-list, 1875, 48. 

Tapaya hernandezi, GIRARD, Herp. U.S. Expl. Exped., 1858, 395.—BatirpD, P. R. R. Rep., x, 
1859, Whipple’s Route, Reptiles, 38; U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 
1859, Reptiles, 8. 

Locality: Sonora, Mexico. Found living on the low, sandy, desert- 
like plains along the gulf coast. One of these interesting little animals 
was kept as a pet on board the ship until it died. After its death, its 
body was preserved in alcohol. When the collection was being exam- 
ined attentively, in view to the determination of the species, the throat, 
mouth, and nostrils of this one were found to bs completely clogged up 
with parasites, small round worms, from a half to three-quarters of an 
inch long. Its diet while in captivity consisted exclusively of flies and 
cockroaches, and it is highly probabie that from the one or the other of 
these insects originated the parasites. The latter are now in the hands 
of an eminent helminthologist for determination. 


SAUROMALUS ATER, Duméril [No. 8563}. 


Sauromalus ater, “‘DumbriL, Arch. du Mus.”—Cope, Check-list, 1875, 47.—Cougs, 
Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explorations and Survey West of the 
100th Merid., vol. v, 1875, Zodl., 600. 

Euphryne obesa, Barry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253; U.S. and Mex. Bound. 
Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 6, pl. 27.—Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 310.— 
YarRROw, Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explor. and Surv. West of 
the 100th Merid., vol. v, 1875, ZoGl., 559. : 


Locality: Angel Island, Gulf of California. Abundant on this island. 
The largest specimen procured measured 22 inches in length. The old 
individuals are marked with one, two, or three large, rounded or irregu- 
lar, grayish blotches somewhere on their body. They were easily cap- 


tured by hand as they lay in the grass, sunning themselves. They | 


eyed us timidly as we moved them about with our feet; then, appar- 
ently perceiving their danger, would start up and run with considerable 


¥ 











37 


swiftness to their burrows, which are generally in the midst of a dense 
clump of bushes, or under rocks. When vnce in their holes, so tena- 
ciously do they hold on with their stout claws that the strength of a 
single person is not sufficient to drag them out. Their bleached remains 
scattered about over the island attest that they fall easy victims to the 
birds of prey. 

Excretie, supposed to be of this Lizard, deposited in the National 
Museum at Washington, and collected from the high lands of Utah 
and New Mexico by Dr. Yarrow, of Wheeler’s Geographical and Geolog- 
ical Survey, bear no resemblance to what was seen common around the 
mouths of their burrows on Angel Island. In the first place, the ex- 
crement was not deposited in masses, but was scattered about. The 
scy bale were oblong, and seemingly composed of the shells of seeds and 
other indigestible matter of plants. They were dry and porous, and so 
loosely held together that they could be readily pulverized under the 
foot. 


UTA STANSBURIANA, Baird & Girard [Nos. 8570, 8569]. 


Uta stansburiana, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 69; Stansbury’s 
Rep. Exped. Great Salt Lake, 345, pl. 5, f. 4-5.—Barirp, U. S. & Mex. Bound. 
Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Reptiles, 7; P. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Whipple’s Route, Rep- 
tiles, 37.—Copr, Check-list, 1875, 48.— Yarrow, Wheeler’s Geogr. and Geolo. 
Expl. and Surv. West of the 100th Merid., v, 1875, Zoél., 568.—CouEs, op. 
-cit., v, 1875, Zodl., 596. 


Locality : Cerros Island, off the Pacific coast of the peninsula of 
Lower California, and also from the mainland. The color of the male 
is brown above, with whitish-yellow irregular dots. The double row of 


_ dorsal patches of a deeper black, which is sometimes observed in this 
_ Species, is more or less confluent into four longitudinal lines in our speci- 


men. The female is uniformly pale olive above. Both sexes are yel- 
lowish below, greenish along the sides, and bluish under the throat 
There is also present in both sexes a deep indigo spot on the sides, just 


_ posterior to the axilla. 


CHIROTID A. 
CHIROTES CANALICULATUS, Cuvier [No. 8568]. 


Le Canellé, Lacép., Hist. Quad. Ovip., i, 613, pl. 41. 
_ Le Bimane canellé, Cuv., Reégne Anim., (lre édit.) ii,57; (2re édit.) ii, 67. 
_ Bipes canaliculatus, Bonnat., Encyclop. Erp., 68, pl. 12, f. 6—Larr., Hist. Nat. Rept. 


ii, 90. 


38 


Lacerta lumbricoides, Suaw, Nat. Mise., vi; Gener. Zo6l., iii, 311. 

Lacerta mexicana, DONND., Zool. Beit., iii, 135. 

Lacerta sulcata, Suckow, Thier., iii, 147. 

Chalcides propus, DauD., Hist. Rept., iv, 372, pl. 58, f. 4. 

Chamesaura propus, SCHNEID., Hist. Amphib., ii, 211. 

Bimanus propus, OPPEL., Die Ordnung. Famil. und Gattung. Rept., 46. 

Chirote mexicain, BORY DE SAINT VINCENT, Résumé d’Erpet., 141, pl. 27, f. 1. 

Chirotes tumbricoides, FLEM., Ph. Zodl., ii, 278.—E1cuw., Zo6l. Spec. Ross. Polon., iii, 
180.—JAMES, LoNG’s Exped. to the Rocky Mts., i, 484.—Harwan, Jour. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 55.—Gray, Cat. Tort., 1844,74; Cat. Shield Rept., pt. ii, 34. 

Chirotes canaliculatus, DuM., Collect. Mus. Par.—MERREM., Tent., 181.—F11Tz., Neue Clas- 
sif. Rept., 53.—Guir.,. Icon. Réegne Anim. Cuv. Rept., pl. 16, f. 3.—Scurnz, 
Naturg. und Abbild. Rept.,107, pl. 41, f. 2.—Dum. & Bis., Hist. des Rept., v, 
1839, 474.—GRray, P. Z. Soc., 1865, 446. ’ 


Locality : La Paz, Lower California. Obtained through the agency of 
the United States consul at La Paz. The Mexican name for this reptile 
is ajolote, which, however, cannot be considered as specific or even gen- 
eric, as it is applied to several species of Amphisbenide. I was in- 
formed that it lives mostly underground, coming out only at night. 
Its rudimentary eyes and the arrangement and shape of the feet, which 
are Similar to those of the mole, would suggest subterrestrial habits, as 
would also the absence of coloring matter in its integument. The spec- 
imen obtained in Lower California differs in no respect from the descrip- 
tion given in Dumérii and Bibron’s “ Histoire des Reptiles”. Reference 
to the above biographical notice will show that it has been extensively 
quoted as coming from Mexico, which so far bas been regarded as its only 
habitat. The only assurance we have of its ever having been found 
within the limits of the United States rests upon the somewhat doubtful 
statement in ‘‘ Long’s Expedition tothe Rocky Mountains”. The testi- 
mony is as follows :—‘‘ We observed, in repeated instances, several indi- 
viduals of a singular genus of Reptiles (Chirotes, Cuv.), which in form 
resemble short Serpents, but are more closely allied to the Lizards by 
being furnished with two feet. They were so active that it was not | 
without some difficulty that we succeeded in obtaining a specimen. Of 
this (as was our uniform custom when any apparently new animal was 
presented) we immediately drew out a description. But as the specimen 
was unfortunately lost, and the description formed part of the zodlogical 
notes and observations, which were carried off by our deserters, we are 
reduced to the necessity of merely indicating the probability of the ex- 
istence of the Chirotes lumbricoides of naturalists within the territory of 








3g 


the United States.,.—(Vol. i, p. 484.) As no mention is made as to 
whether the two feet observed were the anterior or posterior pair, it is 
possible that the animal here noticed might have been one of the Scin- 
cide, which are also characterized by only one pair of feet, which are 
the posterior, however, instead of the anterior, asin Chirotes. Professor 
Cope does not include it in his “Check-list of North American Batrachia 
and Reptilia ”, which embraces the reptilian fauna of Lower California. 


CROTALIDA. 
CROTALUS PYRRHUS, Cope |No. 8562}. 


Crotalus pyrrhus, CopE, Check-list, 1875, 33. 

Caudisoma pyrrha, CorE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 308, 310—Covurs, Wheelers 
Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meri- 
dian, vol. v, 1875, Zodlogy, 608, pl. xxii. 


Locality: Angel Island, Gulf of California. This is the first notice 
of the occurrence of this rare and interesting rattlesnake since the date 
of its original description by Professor Cope, in 1866, and, as far as I 
am able to discover, it is the second specimen in existence in any 
museum.* It is readily distinguishable from all other members of the 
family, except C. mitchelli, by the presence of scales between the pre- 
nasals and the rostral; and from the latter by the greater subdivision of 
the plates of the head—C. mitchelli having but one loreal, whilst in 
pyrrhus there are four. 

The general style of coloration is much the same as given in the de- 
Sseription and plate (Wheeler’s Report), except that the colors in the 
recent specimen have somewhat faded in alcohol. The ground-color is 
a pinkish-gray instead of a salmon color. An exact tint, however, can- 
not be a point of much specific importance in reptiles, as they are known 
to be susceptible of a certain range of variation in their colors, in order 
to harmonize with the color of the ground on which they happen to be 
lying. The markings along the back are reddish-bay. These markings 
consist of a dorsal row of large hexagonal spots and a lateral row of 
smaller spots opposite the dorsal patches. On the anterior third of the 
length of the body, the hexagons are small and regular in outline, and 
are separated from the lateral spots by a well-defined interspace ; on 
the middle third, they become more transverse, the lateral angles coa- 


* Since the above was written, the head of a third specimen has. been found in the 
Teserve series of the National Museum. 


40 


lescing with the row on the sides; and, on the posterior third of the length, 
all the markings have run together completely, being transformed into 
regular transverse bands. Three black half-rings on the tail. Some of 
the scales of the rows surrounding the dorsal patches are black-tipped. 
There is a heightening of the ground-color on the sides in the intervals 
between the lateral spots, corresponding to what Professor Cope 
describes as vermilion-colored spots. The bright lemon-colored spots 
in the same region have disappeared. The total length of the snake is 
34 feet. 


CROTALUS ADAMANTEUS ATROX, Cope [No. 8564]. 


Crotalus adamanteus atrox, CopE, Check-list, 1875, 33. 

Crotalus atrox, Bb. & Gir., Cat. N. Amer. Rept., 1853, 5, 156.—Bp., P. R. R. Rep., x, 1859, 
Whipple’s Route, Reptiles, 39, pl. 24, f.3; U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv, ii, pt. 
il, 1859, Reptiles, 14, pl. i. 

Caudisoma atrox, COPE, Mitchell’s Res., 1861, 121; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 
309. 

‘Caudisoma adomantea atrox, CoUES, Wheeler’s Geographical and Geological Explora- 
tions and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. v, Zodlogy, 1875, 607. 


Locality: Los Coronados Islands, Pacific coast of Lower California. 


ELAPIDA. 


ELAPS EURYXANTHUS, Kennicott [No. 8566.] 


laps euryxanthus, KENNICOTT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860. 337.—Copr, Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 307; Check-list, 1875, 34.—Covurs, Wheeler’s Geographi- 
cal and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. 
v, 1875, Zoology, 611. 


Locality: Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. 


COLUBRIDA. 


PITYOPHIS SAYI BELLONA, Cope [No. 8565]. 


iPityophis sayt bellona, Cops, Check-list, 1875, 39.—Covurs, Wheeler’s Geographical and 
Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, vol. v, 
1875, Zodlogy, 617. 

‘Churchillia bellona, Bp. & Gir., Stansbury’s Rep. Exp. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 350. 

Pityophis afinis, HALLOW., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 181; Sitgreaves’s Exped. 
Zuni & Colorado Riv., 1853, 130, 146, pl. 10. 








41 


Pityophis bellona, Bp. & Gir., Cat. N. Amer. Rept., 1853, 66, 157.—KENN., apud BD., P. 

R. R. Rep., x, 1859, Williamson’s Route, Reptiles, 42.—Bp., P. R. R. Rep., x, 

1859, Beckwith’s Route, Reptiles, 19.—KENN., apud Bp., U. S. & Mex. Bound. 

' Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Reptiles, 19.—Copr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 
305.—ALLEN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1874, 69. 


Locality: Saint Martin’s Island, Pacific coast of Lower California. In 
our specimen, there is' but one anterior orbital on a side; postorbitals 
three. On the left side, there are two prefrontals ; the adventitious one 
_is quite small, and is situated at the inner edge of the larger and nor- 
mal prefrontal plate of the same side, between the rostral and the ieft 
internal postfrontal. Nine superior labials on each side, the eye resting 
on the fifth. In those cases where there are but eight labials on a side, 
the eye always rests on the fourth, and invariably on the fifth when 
nine plates are present. The additional plate is inserted anterior to the 
position of the eye; and in those cases the head is more elongate. 


The whole of this small collection of reptiles, with two exceptions, 
came from the outlying islands along thecoasts of the peninsula of Lower 
California. They can be arranged into two groups, representing, one 
the Pacific, and the other the gulf islands, accordingly as they are related 
to the two regions north of them; namely, the Pacific and Sonoran : 

I. Types purely Sonoran, including all those that came from the gulf 
region: 

Phrynosoma hernandezi. 
Sauromalus ater. 
Crotalus pyrrhus. 
Elaps euryxanthus. 


II. Types purely Pacific, or species belonging as well to the Pacific 
as to the Sonoran region, including all those that came from the Pacific 
coast: : . 

Hyla regilla. 

Uta stansburiana. 

Crotalus adamanteus atrox. 
Pityophis sayi bellona. 

I desire especially to direct attention to the occurrence on Angel Isl- 
and of two highly characteristic Arizonian reptiles, the Sauromalus ater 
and Crotalus pyrrhus. These have heretofore been confined to Arizona, 
and they are by no means common there. The naturalists of Wheeler’s 
Survey have explored the Southwestern Territories for three successive 


42 


seasons, and have failed to add a single specimen of either to their col- — 


lections. Their presence on Angel Island, which is situated in the gulf 
about- midway its length, may be readily explained when we consider 
the geological changes that have taken place since the post-tertiary 
period. The study of the geological formation of all the outlying islands 
of the peninsula, both in the gulf and on the Pacific coast, convinced me 
that they were at one time portions of the mainland; the study of their 
fauna strengthens this conclusion. Fringing the ma:nland, and over- 
lying the other formations on the islands, is a deposit of post-tertiary 
origin. There was an extensive upheaval during that period, and then 
it was that the islands probably formed a part of the peninsula, sub- 
sidence taking place subsequently. So far has this depression gone 
on—and it is probably going on at present—that some of the islands 
are now separated from the mainland by water a thousand feet deep. 
If we carry ourselves back to the time when they formed a part of the 
mainland, we will have the mouth of the Colorado River discharging 
its water into the gulf somewhere about the present site of Angel Island, 
So that it is not difficult to account for the presence of these reptiles on 
this now isolated bit of land, which was then connected with the Ari- 
zonian region by a continuity of surface. 











OVER Beha ©): Li O.GX¥ . 


L—Fishes of Upper and Lower California. 


DIODONTIDE. 
DIODON MACULATUS, Lacép. [No. 17540]. 


Diodon tacheté, Lackp., Poiss., ii, 1801, p. 13. 

Diodon novemmaculatus, Cuv., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, 136, pl. 6.—BLerx., Nat. 
Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, 567. 

Diodon sexmaculatus, Cuv., op. cit., iv, 1818, 136, pl. 7—Kaup, Arch. Naturgesch., xxi, 
i, 1855, 229. 

Diodon multimaculatus, Cuv., op. cit., iv, 1818, 136, pl. .—Kauvp, op. cit., xxi, i, 1855, 227. 

Diodon quadrimaculatus, Cuv., op. cit., iv, 1818, 137, pl. 6.—BLEEK., Act. Soc. Sc. Indo- 
Neerl., ii, Amboina, viii, 94. 

Diodon spinosissimus, Kaup, Arch. Naturgesch., xxi, i, 1855, 228 (not Cuvier). 

Paradiodon novemmaculatus, BLEEK., Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, 57, pl. 206; Gymnod., pl. 2, f. 3. 

Paradiodon quadrimaculatus, BLEEK., Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, 58, pl. 212 ; Gymnod., pl. 8, f. 2. 

Diodon maculatus, GTHR., Cat. Fishes, viii, 1870, 307. 


Locality: Lower California. 

Our species corresponds to var. aof Giinther. It presents some points 
of difference, which we will note. The frontal row of spines the long- 
est; nearly all the spines of the back and sides are longer than the 
diameter of the eye. The black band between the eyes does not extend 
completely across the interorbital space, but is interrupted in the center ; 
it extends downward behind the eyes. The color is distributed over 
the rest of the body as follows:—A vertical band beneath the eye; a 
broad band across the nape of the neck; a large round spot on either 
side above and behind the base of the pectoral fin; a large triangular 
spot, with apex truncated, in the middle of the back; a V-shaped spot 
more posteriorly, diverging anteriorly, and with the base of the dorsal 
fin situated in the angle. Besides these, there are a number of small 
round spots scattered over the back and sides, one of which, larger than 
the rest, on the side, is situated behind and on a line with the inferior 
edge of the pectoral fin. 


Length, 6 inches. 
43 


Se 


SSS 


er: 


44 


COTTIDA. 
LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS, Gir. [No. 12963]. 


Leptocottus armatus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 131-145; viii, 1856, 
133; P. R. R. Report, x, 1858, Fishes, 60, pl. 15, f. 2. 


Acanthocottus inermis, AYRES. 
Centridermichthys armatus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, ii, 1860, 171. 


Locality: Mare Island, Cal. 

Giinther queries Girard’s statement that the end of the upper maxil- 
lary bone extends beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the 
orbit. In our six specimens from Mare Island, varying in length from 
3.50 to 5 inches, it reaches in every example either to or beyond the 
vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. We find nothing want- 
ing to complete Girard’s excellent description of this fish. 


SCORPAINID A. 
SEBASTOMUS AURICULATUS, (Gir.) Gill [No. 12964]. 


Sebastes auriculatus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 131; P. R. R. Report 
x, 1858, Fishes, p. 80.—AYRES, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 1853, 218, f. 68; 
Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1863, 394, fig. 
Sebastes ruber, var. parvus, AYRES, Proc, Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., i, 1854, 7. 
Sebastichthys auriculatus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 278. 
Sebastomus auriculatus, GILL, MSS. 
Locality: San Francisco, Cal. Caught at the wharves of Mission 


Bay. 
LABRIDA. 


PIMELOMETOPON PULCHER, (Ayres) Gill [No. 17551]. 


Labrus pulcher, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., i, 1854, v.3; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist., v, 1854, 101. 

Semicossysphus pulcher, GUNTHER, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., series iii, viii, 1861, 384; 
Cat. Fishes, iv, 1862, 99.—GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 330. 

Pimelometopon pulcher, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 58. 


Locality: Pacific coast of Lower California. 
D.12. A. 3. L. lat. 58. 

Height of the body equals the length of the lead, and is contained 
not quite four times in the total length. Height of the head equals its 


length. But three large anterior canine teeth in each jaw (probably 

















45 


an abnormal number); posterior canine present in the upper jaw. The 
superior maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior mar- 
gin of the orbit. Caudal fin deeply concave behind, angles produced. 
+The anterior portion of the body from behind the gill-opening to a line 
drawn vertically from the commencement of the soft dorsal to the anal 
fin reddish (in alcohol); posteriorly blackish-brown; head blackish- 
brown, except lower jaw and chin, which are reddish-white. (Ayres states 
the chin to be white in life.) The color on the chin extends backward 
to a line drawn obliquely downward from the angle of the mouth. A 
light-colored vertical band on the posterior margin of the caudal; pos- 
terior extremities of soft dorsal and anal lighter colored. 
Total length, 27 inches; height of the body at its greatest elevation, 


7 inches. 
EMBIOTOCID &. 


CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATUS, Gib. [No. 12966]. 


Micrometrus aggregatus, GIBBONS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 125.—A. AGASSIZ, 
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861, 128. 

Cymatogaster aggregatus, GIBBONS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 106.—GILL, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 275 (foot-note). 

Holconotus rhodoterus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 141, 152; 1855, 
322; P. R. R. Report, x, 1858, 193, pls. 35 and 36, figs. 1-4; pl. 26, f. 7 and 
8.—SuCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., 1860, 358 (nec Agass. ). 

Metrogaster aggregatus, A. AGASSIZ, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861, 133. 

Ditrema aggregatum, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, iv, 1862, 248. 


Locality: Mission Bay, San Francisco, Cal. 

In Giinther’s Catalogue of Fishes, Vol. iv, p. 248, we find the follow- 
ing foot-note in reference to Girard’s figure: “If the figure of pl. 36 
has really been drawn from a specimen of this species, the contro] over 
the artist must have been very careless, the scales being represented 
much too small.” The eminent authority whom we have just quoted 
evidently had the upper figure of the plate, Amphistichus similis, in 
which the scales are correctly represented small, in his mind’s eye when 
he charged the American ichthyologist with being careless; otherwise, 
we cannot see how he made the mistake which he did. We can certify 
by actual measurements that the scales of Holconotus rhodoterus, the fish 
in question, are sufficiently accurately represented in figure 1, plate 36, 
and are of the same size as those of the figures on the preceding plate, 
concerning which the gentleman is silent, leaving us to infer that they 
are correct in that respect. 


46 


TRICHIURIDA. 


TRICHIURUS LEPTURUS, Linn. [No. 17545]. 


Trichiurus lepturus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 429.—Bu. Scun., Syst. Ichth., 1801, 517.— 
Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., viii, 1831, 237.—YARRELL, British Fishes, 
i, 1841, 204—Srorer, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. iv, 1844, 181.—CasTELn. 
Anim. nouv. ou rares Amer. Sud, 1855, 24.—DEKay, Zo6l. New York, Fishes, 
1842, 109, pl. 12, f. 35.—GuICHEN, Poiss. in ROMON DE La SaGRa, Hist. Cuba, 
1845, 105.—GUnTurEr, Cat. Fishes, ii, 1860, 346. 

Trichiurus argenteus, SHaw, Zo0l., iv, 1803, 90, pl. 12.—Miren., Trans. Lit. and Phil., 
Soc., New York, i, 1815, 364. 

Lepturus argenteus, Gin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 226. 


The height of the body, at the situation of the pectoral fin, is con- 
tained 174 in the total length, and the length of the head is 7 times 
in the same. The eye occupies half of the depth of the head; its di- 
ameter is slightly more than the interorbital space, and it is contained 
6 times in the length of the head and 14 times in the length of the 
snout. The latter is 34 times in the head-length. Height of pectoral 
fin is 3 of the height of the body, and is contained 264 times in total 
length ; tail, from the extremity of the dorsal fin, 53 in the same, and 
from the last spine on the lower surface of the body, 104 times. Anus 
placed at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the length; 
behind anus are 98 small spines. Dorsal rays, 122; pectoral, 11. Lat- 
eral line below the middle of the body. Silvery, with a dark metallic 
luster along the back. Length, 10.50. 

Locality: Mouth of the Colorado River, Gulf of California. 

We do not hesitate to refer this species to the Trichiurus lepturus as 


it is illustrated by specimens coming from the Gulf of Mexico, which are | 
found to have a relatively longer tail. Giinther’s statement that the © 
diameter of the eye is contained three times in the length of the snout © 
is an error, if applied to the Western Atlantic species. We have meas- | 
ured nine specimens, obtained from seven different localities on the © 
Atlantic ard Gulf coasts, and find it to vary from 15 to 22. In four — 
specimens the snout was twice the diameter of the eye, in three it was a 
more than twice, and in two it was less than that number. We have ~ 
not been able to find any good specific characters for the different species | k 
of Trichiurus. The species are founded principally upon locality and if 
the relative proportions of the different parts of the body; yetif all f 


ceca nae eneatiae ate tte etl ieee certian 


ee ee 








AT 


those from the Atlantic be accepted as belonging to one species—lep- 
turus—we find there to be a considerable variation in their proportions. 
We subjoin tables to illustrate this variation, as well as to show the 
‘affinities of the species from the Gulf of California with those found in 
the Gulf of Mexico, and also the relations of hawmela with specimens from 
the Caribbean Sea. The specimens of hawmela from which the measure- 
ments were taken came from the Indian Ocean, through the British Mua- 
seum. The proportions from Cuvier and Valenciennes are taken as the 
standard for comparison. 








Lepturus. 

C.&V. New York. Cuba. 
Merah in tOtall -..6<- 022 /.-cnee-ecenndecnnmp- o- n-ne -==5=> 16-17 1677 16% 
Marri totale..: cies ce ei edewiastce tte ec aided sdectsecst 8 Bt st 
Reemtintheadts seed. osseeceee tee st ta ee yatetapess 23 3 =9 
Bye in head ........---------0 e222 20 cece ee eee cee creer ee: 6 6 64 
Eye in snout .......-.---.----- 2-220 cence ne cence eee tenes Qt 2 at 
ERATOR ae ree eae he eeeeeieecmclicicatwocsnelsmchp came 7 7 


ee 
Neen eee eee ee — 














Lepturus. 

; Lo li- an etS 
it ee ; Texas. Florida. Mississippi. 
fornia. 

Height in total .........- SER wane ae 174 17% 173 17+ 
RPE IM LOtal sitcs acoso econ vee sed a eaeccnanch 7 4 e =a 
Sraminivihead 264.285. 282..ccheeeet fas... 3¢ EAS meer 3 
Berersead eases sae see ase ceoneassao === 6 54 5B 58 
7 SRR A, SP ee 15 1$ Q 2 
RRA cco. cee ne da... 5% 6 6 oro 


. Haumela. Lepturus. 





Graytown, | Graytown, 


Indian Ocean. : ie 
Nicaragua. | Nicaragua. 








MERE all fee 2 erence BE role Seiad 2) 153 15t 15 
TL Say fein guigh gt ee ee oo See sen ne erat a 1% 6+ 
merrTMmmlandiee seer ens seein as oe ctee de swecoscsnoecsesees 35 +3 —3 
Rr nae aoe ok 28 PIE Oe odie coane: 65. 68 7 
MRIS UNL Narre ene nae ee encsae cher acee ces ase sss. 2 2} 2g 
EER ee eee! ne. occ i ee ecccsca an 7 rr 8y 





EE Oe 


48 


LATILIDA. 
CAULOLATILUS ANOMALUS, (Cooper) Gill [No. 17553]. 


Dekaya anomala, COOPER, Proe. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 1864, 70, f. 17. 
Caulolatilus anomalus, GILL, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 68. 
D. 2. A. 3. 
Greatest height of the body is contained 43 times in the total length, 
and the length of the head 45 inthe same. The diameter of the eye is 
one-fifth of the length of the head, and the length of the snout one-third. 
The dorsal fin commences above the root of the pectoral, and extends 
to within a short distance of the caudal fin; its length is slightly more 
than one-half the total length; first dorsal spine the shortest—one-nine- 
teenth of the total length of the fin; the longest spine between one- 
seventh and one-eighth ; the longest soft ray between one-fifth and one- 
sixth ; and the last ray about one-fifteenth of the length of the fin. The 
anal fin commences under the fourth soft dorsal ray, and terminates oppo- 
site the end of the dorsal; its length three-fifths of the length of the dorsal; 
its height one-fourth of its length. Pectoral long and pointed, some- 
what shorter than the head; the middle ray the longest. Ventrals com- 


mence under the hinder margin of the base of the pectoral, and are con- 


tained 12 times in the length of the latter. Caudal peduncle is 124 | 
times in the total length; its height about one-fourth of the greatest 
height of the body. Caudal fin about 64 times in the total length. 
Total length 18.50 inches. 

Locality : Lower California, 


SCLAINID A. 


CYNOSCION SQUAMIPINNIS, (Gthr.) Streets [No. 17552]. 


Otolithus squamipinnis GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1866, 601; Trans. Zodl. Soc. 
London, vi, 1869, 429. 

D. 9-103. A. #3. 

Our specimens agree with Giinther’s description in every particular, 
except in the number of soft rays in the dorsal fin. The measurements 
are identical, as are also the arrangement of the scales and color. 
What is very characteristic of this fish is the condition of the dorsal 
and anal tins. It is the only species of this genus in which these fins 











49 


are completely covered with scales. Our two specimens measure 25 and 
26 inches in length. 

Locality: Gulf of California, off the San Ignacio River, Sonora. We 
found them very abundant at this locality. 


PRISTIPOMATIDA. 
HASMULON FLAVIGUTTATUM, Gill [No. 17543}. 


Hemulon flaviguttatus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 254—STEmNDACHNER, 
Sitzb. Akad. d. Wiss., xxii, 1875, Ichthyologische Beitriige, iii, 14. 

Hemulon margaritiferum, GUNTHER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vi, 1869, 419, pl. 66, f. 2. 

~D.127;. A. 3. L. lat. 53 to the caudal fin; 61 to its termination 

on the caudal fin. L. trans. =>. 

The measurements of our specimen agree with Professor Gill’s, except 
in the lengths of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth dorsal spines, 
which are subequal and shorter than the second spine. Total length 12: 
inches. 


Locality : Lower California. 
XENICHTHYS CALIFORNIENSIS, Stein. [No. 17541]. 


Xenichthys californiensis, STEINDACHNER, Sitzsber. Ak. Wiss. Munich, Ixxii, 1875. Ich- 
thyologische Beitriige, iii, p. 3. 

We arrive at a positive identity of our species by comparison with 
Dr. Steindachner’s excellent description. We may add, however, 
that the longitudinal bands above the lateral line are much more dis- 
tinetly defined and of a darker color than those below. The upper are 
blackish-brown, and there are some irreguiar markings between them. 
There are always three bands above the lateral line; while those below 
may vary from four to five. The whole surface of the body, except 
the under parts, is covered with minute brown points. 

Locality: Cerros Island, Pacific coast of Lower California. 


PRISTIPOMA LEUCISCUS, Gthr. [No. 17539]. 
Pristipoma leuciscus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zobl. Soc., 1864, 147; Trans. Zobl. Soc., vi, 1869, 
416, pl. 56. f. 3. 
D. lye Ad LL. lat. 51. LL. trans. +}. 

Darker above the lateral line than below. A black spot posteriorly in 
the axil of the pectoral fin. A dark longitudinal line, rather indistinct, 
corresponding to the center of each row of scales on the sides. The fins, 
and the scales on the sides and breast, dotted with minute points of 

Bull. N. M. No, 7—4 


50 


black. We add these notes in regard to the color, for the reason that 
they are not mentioned in Giinther’s description, although they are 
represented in his figure. 

Length of specimens 9.8 and 6.5 inches. 

Locality: Lower California. 


CONODON PLUMIERI, (Bloch) Gthr. [No. 17546}. 


Scicna plumieri, BLocu, Naturg. der ausliind. Fische, vi, 1785, 66, pl. 306. 

Sciena coro, BLocu, Naturg. der ausliind. Fische, 1785, pl. 307, f. 2—BLocu, Syst. Ichth. 
ed. Scun., 1801, 81. 

Perca plumieri, BLocu, Syst. Ichth. ed, Scun., 1801, 85.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des 
Poiss., ii., 1828, 57. : 

Centropomus plumieri, LACEP., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 268. 

Chilodipterus chrysopterus, LACEP., op. cit., iii. 1803, 542, pl. 33, f. 1. 

Conodon antillanus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., v, 1830, 156. 

Pristipoma coro, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., 1830, v, 266.—Cuv., Régne Anim. Ill. Poiss., 
1829-30, pl. 30, f. 2.—GUnTuHER, Cat. Fishes, i, 1859, 297. 

Conodon plumieri, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, i, 1859, 304.—TRUSCHEL, In MULLER, Wirbelth. 
Mex., 91. 


The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, and the length 
of the head is contained 3% times in the same. The diameter of the eye 
is exactly one-fourth of the length of the head; the snout is somewhat 
longer. The lower jaw projecting in advance of the upper ; the extrem- 
ity of the upper maxillary bone extending slightly beyond the vertical 
from the anterior margin of the orbit. An external row of short, stout, 
conical teeth, the four or six anterior in each jaw larger and longer than | 
those on the sides; behind the external row a band of villous teeth. 
Both limbs of the preoperculum armed with distant, sharp, spinous | 
teeth ; those on the posterior limb directed upward, while those on © 
the horizontal limb are directed forward; at the angle of the two 
borders is one long and stout spine, directed backward and projecting | 
considerably beyond the posterior border; posterior border slightly con- i 
cave. Angle of the operculum obtuse. The dorsal fin deeply notched ; i 
the fourth spine being the longest, about equaling half the length of the ) 
head ; first and second dorsal spines short. The second anal spine is 
very stout and striated, and of the same length as the fourth dorsal. 
Pectoral pointed, the sixth ray being the longest, about one-fifth of the 
total length. Ventrals inserted behind the pectorals, shorter than the — 
latter and do not extend as far backward. | 








51 


All the specimens obtained gave the following formula: 


D. lips. A.3. L. lat.50-51. L. trans. 5%. 

Body silvery, darker above the lateral line, sides with eight vertical 
bars of dark brown descending from the dorsum to about the middle of 
the height of the body. The first descends from the nape of the neck; 
three begin along the base of the spinous dorsal; two from the soft 
dorsal; and two on the candal peduncle. 

We cannot distinguish this fish from the Pristipoma coro and Conodon 
antillanus of Cuvier and Valenciennes. It agrees with them in every es- 
sential particular. It will be observed, however, that the above descrip- 
tion differs from Giinther’s in the following particulars:—The height of 
the body is one-fourth of the total length, instead of being contained in 
it 34 times; the posterior limb of the preoperculum is slightly concave, 
instead of descending obliquely backward ; and, finally, there is but one 
strong spinous projection at the angle, instead of two. Cuvier in none 
of his descriptions mentions more than one strong spinous tooth at the 
angle. 

Lengths 8, 7.25, 6.80 inches. 

Locality: Boca Solidad, Pacific coast of Lower California. 


SERRANIDA. 


EPINEPHELUS ROSACEUS, Streets, n. sp. [No. 17554]. 
WH oA. 32. iP aliGiin Ves. 


Lis 

Height of the body somewhat less than the length of the head, and 
about 32 times in the total length, including the caudal fin; without 
caudal, three times. Length of the head is contained about 34 times in 
the total length, including caudal, and 22 without caudal. Dorsal outline 
arched, and the front descends in a nearly straight line from the com- 
mencement of the dorsal fin to the point of the snout. The length of 
the snout more than twice the diameter of the eye; and the latter is 
contained seven times in the length of the head. The interorbital space 
convex, and much broader than the diameter of the eye. Cleft of the 
mouth slightly oblique; lower jaw projecting; the end of the upper 
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the middle of the eye. Two or 
three large canine teeth in each jaw anteriorly, those in the lower jaw 
slightly smaller; an external lateral row of canines in each jaw. On 
the sides an internal series of movable teeth; on the lower jaw in front 


52: 


there is a short villiform band between the canines and movable teeth ; 
on the upper jaw the movable teeth are intermediate between the canines 
and villiform band. Teeth on the vomer and palatines; on the first- 
named forming a triangular band. The preoperculum slightly notched 
above the angle; the posterior margin and angle finely serrated ; the 
inferior border as well as the free margins of the sub- and interoper- 
culum smooth. The membranous border of the operculum produced 
behind the spines to an acute point; the middle of the three spines the 
largest, and placed nearer the lower than the upper spine of the border. 
The dorsal fin commences directly above the base of the pectoral; the 
third and fourth spines are the longest, but shorter than the posterior 
rays of the soft dorsal; first spine about one-half the length of the sec- 
ond. Spinous portion of the fin lower than the soft; the posterior rays 
of the latter the longest. Anal commences about under the sixth soft 
dorsal ray, and ends before the termination of the dorsal; the first spine 
very short, the second more than one-half the length of the third; the 
anterior rays prolonged, the fifth and sixth the longest; the posterior 
border emarginate. Pectorals rounded posteriorly, about one-half the 
length of the head, a large fleshy flap in the superior axil. Ventrals 
somewhat shorter than the pectorals, and commence just behind their 
base, and do not extend to the vent. Caudal slightly emarginate, and 
constitutes about one-fifth of the total length of the body. 

Color (in life) uniformly rosaceous; (in alcohol) golden-yellow. 

Total length, 20.50 inches; height, 5.50; head, 6.50. 

Locality: Gulf of California, in the vicinity of Angel Island. 


DIPLECTRUM RADIALIS, (Q. & G.) Streets [No. 17550]. 


Serranus radialis, QuoY & GAIMARD, Voy de Freyce, Poiss., 1824, 316.—Cuv. & Vat. j 
Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ii, 1828, p. 243. ij 

Centropristis radialis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, i, 1859, 83.—STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. der K. 
Akad. der Wiss., lxxii, 1875, Ichthyologische Beitriige, iv, 6. 

Centropristis ayresit, STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., lvii, 1868, Ichythyolo- 
gische Notizen., vii, 1, pl. 1, f. 1. 

Centropristis macropomus, GUNTHER, Trans. Zo6l. Soc. London, vi, 1869, 409, pl. 65, f. 1. 


D. 39. A.%. L, lat. 50. LL. trans. 5&. 

Augle of the przoperculum enlarged, rounded, striated, and armed 
with strong spines; those of the right side showing a tendency to separate 
into two fasciculi, asin D. fascicularis ; anotch above the angle; the pos- 


terior margin oblique and finely serrated ; the inferior border serrated, 





53 


and the stout spines from the angle extend further along on this border 
than up the posterior, and the gradation is less abrupt; nine series of 
scales between the eye and the angle of the preoperculum. The end of 
the upper maxillary reaches nearly or quite to the vertical from the pos- 
terior margin of the orbit. Dorsal fin with a notch; the ninth spine be- 
ing exactly the same length as the tenth. 

The colors on the side of the body have somewhat the same arrange- 
ment as is observed in C. radians. There are eight transverse streaks 
between the angle of the operculum and the base of the caudal fin, and 
| these are crossed along their middle by a longitudinal band. All these 
markings are more or less indistinct. An irregular black blotch at the 
_ base of the caudal fin. Soft dorsal and caudal spotted. Ground color 
_ yellowish. 

Total length, 9.50 inches; length of the head contained 34 times in 
the total length; the greatest height of the body is a little more than 
one-quarter of the total length. 

Locality: Bay of La Paz, Lower California. 
_ The only characters that are peculiar to the species described by 
_ Giinther are the six rows of scales between the eye and the angle of the 
_ preoperculum, and the longer tenth spine of the spinous dorsal. These 
} are of extremely doubtful importance to found a new species upon, inas- 
much as the species is recognized as subject to local or individual varia- 
tion. 

ECHENEIDIDA. 
ECHENEIS REMORA, Linn. [No. 17547]. 


_ Echeneis remora, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 446; Ameen. Acad., 1, 1749, 320, and Mus. 
Reg. Ad. Fred., i, 1754, 75.—OsBEck, Voy. China, 1771, 94.—ScHasprt, Schrift. 
Gesellsch. Naturg. Freunde, Berlin, viii, 3, 145.—Bu., Naturg. der auslind. 
Fische, ii, 1785, 134, pl. 172.—BL., Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 240.—LACEP., 
Hist. des. Poiss., iii, 1803, 146, 147, pl. 9, f. 1—Cuv., Régne Anim., 1817.— 
BLUMENB., Abbild., 1810, pl. 78.—Risso, Ichth., Nice, 1810, 177; Eur. Merid., 
iii, 1827, 269. — SHaw, Zodl., iv, 1803, 202, pl. 31.— MULLER, Prodr. Faun. 
Dan., 1777, no. 361.—MirTcu., Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. New York, i, 1815, 378.— 
TurTOoN, Brit. Faun., 94.—RicHarps, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1836, 265.—F ABER, 
Fische Islands, 115.—ScuiEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 271—DeEKay, Zool, 
New York, Fishes, 1842, 309.—Lowe, Trans. Zo6l. Soc. London, iii, 16.— 
BENN., Whaling Voy., 271—JENYNS, Zodl., Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 142.—Yar- 
RELL, Brit. Fishes, i, 3d edit., 1859, 670.—GUnrTu., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 
1860, 390; Cat. Fishes, ii, 1860, 378; Jour. Mus. Godeff. Heft., xi, 1876, Fische 
der Sudsee, Heft., v, 156.—GmLL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 60. 





54 


Echeneis naucrates, R1sso., Eur. Merid., 111i, 1827, 270. ; 
Echencis Jacobea, LOWE, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1839, p. 89; Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon- 
don, iii, 17. 
Echeneis pallida, Low®, op. cit., 1839, 89; op. cit., iii, 16, (mec Schleg.). 
Echeneis romoroides, BLEEK., Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ii, 1855, Bate, 70. 
Echeneis parva, GRONOV., (1780), Syst. ed., Gray, 1854, p. 92. 
Remora Jacobea, Giu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 240; 1863, 88. 
Locality : Bay of La Paz, Lower California. 
This, along with the following species, was found on the body of a 
large sea-devil (Ceratoptera), caught in the Gulf of California. 


ECHENEIS ALBESCENS, Sehleg. [No. 17544.] 


Echeneis albescens, SCHLEG. Faun. Japon., Poiss., 1850, 272, 120, f. 3.—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fishes, ii, 1860, 377 ; Jour. Mus. Godeff. Heft., xi, 1876, Fische der Sudsee, Heft., 

v, 155.—BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl., vi; New Guinea, 20. 
Number of laminz in the disk 13-14. D. 21. A.21. The length of 
the disk is contained 34 to 31 times in the total length; the width be- 
tween the pectorals is contained 54 to 5,5 times in the same. The angle 


of the mouth is situated in the vertical from the third lamina of the disk. — 


The length of ventral fin equals the distance between the root of the 
pectoral and the posterior margin of the eye. 

Lengths 7.40; 5.10 inches. 

Locality: Bay of La Paz, Lower California. 


ENGRAULIDIDA. 
ENGRAULIS RINGENS, Jenyns [No. 12965]. 


Engraulis ringens, JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 136.—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des i 


Poiss., xxi, 1848, 27.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, vii, 1868, 386. 

Engraulis mordax, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 128, 154; P. R. R. Rep. x, 
Fishes, 1858, 334 - 

Engraulis pulchellus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 199; U. S. Naval 
Astron. Exped., Zoél., Fishes, 247, pl. 31, f. 5-9. 

Engraulis nasus, KNER & STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, liv, 1866, 388, 
fle. 


Locality: Mare Island, California. 














55 


SILURID&. 
ALLURICHTHYS PANAMENSIS, Gill [Nos. 17548, 17549]. 


Ajlurichthys panamensis, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 172—Ginruer, Cat. 
‘Fishes, v, 1864, 179; Trans. Zodl. Soc. London, vi, 1869, 476.—SrrrnpacH- 
NER, Sitzb. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, lxxii, 1875, Ichthyologische Beitriige, 
iv, 14. 

Allurichthys nuchalis, GGNTHER, Trans. Zod]. Soc. London, vi, 1869, 476, pl. 81, f. 2; 
Cat. Fish., v, 1864, 179. 


Locality: Pacific coast of Lower California; a special locality, Boca 


Solidad. 
‘OPHICHTHYID AL. 


OPHICHTHYS TRISERIALIS, (Kaup) Gthr. [No. 17542]. 
Ophichthys triserialis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, viii, 1870, 58. 
Murenopsis triserialis, Kaup., Apod. Fish., 1856, 12. 
Herpetoichthys collisoma, ABBOTT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 475. 
Ophisurus californiensis, GARRETT, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 1867, 66. 

Locality: Lower California. 

Giinther states that there are one or two series of smaller brownspots 
along the abdomen. We obtained two specimens of this fish, and neither 
shows any brown spots on the abdomen. In every other respect they 
agree with Abbott’s description. 


RHINOBATIDA. 
RHINOBATUS PRODUCTUS, Ayres [No. 18353]. 


Rhinobatus productus (AYRES, MSS.), GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 196; 
U.S. P. R. R. Rep., x, 1858, part iv, 370. 

Khinobatus leucorhynchus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1866, 604; Trans. Zodl. 
Soc: London, 1868, 490; Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 444 (fig. of snout). 


Female——The anterior nasal valve is dilated into a very narrow lat- 
eral fold, scarcely projecting beyond the nasal margin. The length of 
the nostril is slightly more than its distance from the lateral margin of 
the head, and more than the distance between the inner angles of the 
nostrils, and much less than the width of the mouth, which is very 
slightly arched. Snout produced, the distance between the outer angles 
of the nostrils being three-fifths of that between the mouth and the end 
of the snout. <A series of small, depressed, polished spines along the 
median ridge of the back; groups of small polished tubercles on the 


56 


orbital margin and on the shoulder. A broad groove between the ros- 
tral ridges, which are separated along their entire length. Snout lighter 
colored than the rest of the body. 

Length, 50 inches. 

Locality: St. Bartholomé Bay, Lower California. 

We have examined Girard’s type in the National Museum, and have 
determined it to be identical with leucorhynchus of Giinther. The 
‘blackish band along the middle of the back, with diffused blotches up- 
on the sides and a double band of the same color along the middle of 
the snout” are not discernible. The coloration is uniform, except the 
light-colored snout. 


Il —Fishes of the Hawauan Group. 


TETRODONTID 2. 
TETRODON IMPLUTUS, Jenyns [No. 17997]. 


Tetrodon implutus, JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 152. 

Tetraodon laterna, RICHARDSON, Voy. Sulphur, Zo6l., 1844, 124, pl. 61, f. 2; Rep. Ichth. 
Chin., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 199.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 
1852, Blootk. vissch., 23; Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Bydrage Ichth. Mo- 
luksch. eil., 299.—GUNTHER, Fish. Zanz., 1866, p. 131. 

Arothron laterna, BLEEKER, Enum. Pisce. Arch. Ind., 1859, 200. 

Crayracion implutus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., 1865, Gymnod., p. 71. 

Crayracion laterna, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., 1865, pl. 205, Gymnod., pl. 1, f. 3. 

Tetrodon hispidus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 297 (in part—var. 8, 298). 


Locality: Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. 

Specimens small, under surface of the body densely covered with 
short spines; the longitudinal lines on the abdomen distinct, and the 
round, bluish-white spots on the dorsal region are few in number. Speci- 
mens of this fish from the Fanning group show some slight differences, 
which will be pointed out in the account of the collection from that 

‘ locality. 


BALISTID A. 


BALISTES BUNIVA, (Lacép.) Gthr. [No. 18001]. 


Balistes ringens, OSBECK, Voy. Chin., ii, 1771, 93.—Btocu., Aus]. Fisch., 1785, pl. 152, _ 
f. 2.—Biocu., Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHn., 1801, 472.—Lac&p., Hist. des Poiss., i, | 
1798, 370, pl. 18, f. 1—RicHaRDsON, Voy. Samar., Fish., 1848, 21, pl. 16, f. | 
1-4; Rep. Ichth. Chin., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc. 1846, 201—HOLLARD, | 
Ann. Se. Nat., 4th series, 1854, Zoél. i, 317—BirrKer, Act. Soc. Sc. Ind. | 
Néerl., viii, 1860; Sumatra, viii, 69 (nec Linn.). 





57 


 Baliste buniva, LAc&p., op. cit., v, 1803, 669, pl. 21, f. i. 

_ Balistes piceus, Porky, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 180; Repert. Fis.-Nat., Cuba, 
ii, 1868, 435. 

Melichthys ringens, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, 108, pl. 220, f. 2; Balist., pl. vi, f. 2. 

Balistes niger, GUNTHER, Fish. Zanz., 1866, 135, pl. 19, f. 1. 

_ Balistes buniva, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 227. 


Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 


BALISTES VIDUA, Richards. [No. 17984]. 


Balistes vidua, R1cHARDSON, Voy. Sulphur, Fish., 1844, 128, pl. 59, f. 9-10.— BLEEKER, 
Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Amboina, ii, 565.—Houuarp, Ann. Sc. Nat., 
1854, 4th series, Zo6l. i, 319.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 216. 

Melichthys vidua, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v. 1865, 109, pl. 217, f. 2; Balist., pl. iii. f. 2. 


Locality: Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. 


PLEU RONECTID A. 


RHOMBOIDICHTHYS PANTHERINUS, (Riipp.) Gthr., 1798, 
[Nos. 17979, 17981]. 


Rhombus pantherinus, RUPPELL, Atl. Fisch., 1828, 121, pl. 31, f. 1.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. 
Ned. Ind., viii, 1855, Kokos-eil., iii, 178. 
Rhombus paroimanus, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zodl. Soc., i, 168. 


_ Rhombus sumatranus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1852, Pleuron., 14. 








Rhomboidichthys pantherinus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 436—K1LUuNz., Verh. z.-b. 
Ges. Wien, xxi, 1871, 571. 


Locality: Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. Very abundant. 


GOBIID A. 
CULIUS FUSCUS, (Bl.) Bleek. [No. 18000]. 


Pecilia fusca, Buocu., Syst. Ichth., ed. SCHN., 1801, 453. 

Cobitis pacifica, ForsTER, Descr. Anim., ed. LIcHT., 1844, 235. 

Cheilodipterus culius, BUCHANAN HAMILTON, Fish. Ganges, 1822, 55, pl. 5, f. 16. 

Eleotris nigra, QuoY & GaIM., Voy. Freye. Zodl., 1824, 259, pl. 60, f. 2.—Cuv. & VAL., 
Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xii, 1837, 233.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 1855, 
Nalezing. Ichth. Beng., 105, pl. 1, f. 3. 

Lleotris mauritianus, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zodl. Soc., i, 166. 


Eleotris brachyurus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Blenn. en Gob., 20; Enum. 
Spec. Pisce. Arch. Ind., 1859, 114. 


Eleotris melanurus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Blenn. en Gob., 21. 
Eleotris pseudacanthopomus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iv, 1853, Sumatra, ii, 276. 
Culius niger, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., xi, 1856, Beer, 411. 


58 


Eleotris fusca, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 125.—Day, Proc. Zo6l., Soc., London, 1869, 


517. 
Eleotris incerta, BLyTH., J. A. S., of Bengal, 1860, 146.—Day, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London 


1869, 517. 
Eleotris soaresi, PLAYFAIR, Fish. Zanz., 1866, 74. pl. 9, f. 4. 
Culius fuscus BLEEKER, Arch. Néerland., ix, 1874, 303; x, 1875, 105. 


Locality : Fresh-water streams of Oahu. 


BRACHYELEOTRIS CYANOSTIGMA, Bleek. |No. 15395]. 


Eleotris cyanostigma, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., viii, 1855, Kokos-eil., iv, 452.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii 1861, 119.—PLayrFratr, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1867, 
862. 

Eleotriodes cyanostigma, BLEEKER, Enum. Spec. Pisce. Arch. Ind., 1859, 112. 

Brachyeleotris cyanostigma, BLEEKER, Arch. Néerland., ix, 1874, 306; x, 1875, 106. 


D. 6), A.10. L. lat. 25. L. trans. 8-9. 

Height of the body equals the length of the head, and is slightly more 
than one-fifth of the total length; eye not quite one-third of the length 
of the head, and slightly longer than the snout; the jaws equal ante- 
riorly, and the end of the superior extends beyond the vertical from the 
anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth in a villiform band; an external 
series of longer ones; a lateral canine tooth on each side of the lower 
jaw, hooked backward. Preoperculum armed at the angle with a group . 
of four small spines, coalescing by their bases. Scales ectenoid. Head 
covered with large scales; snout, interorbital space and maxillaries 
naked. The third dorsal spine produced into a filament; posterior rays 
of sott dorsal and anal prolonged back to the base of the caudal fin. 
The base of the anal ends before the termination of the dorsal, but its 
last rays are longer, and extend as far back as those of the dorsal. 
Ventrals commence under the base of the pectorals, and extend to the 
commencement of the anal. Pectorals slightly longer than the ventrals. 
Six blackish spots or bands along the sides of the body; each scale 
with a blue spot (white in alcohol); fins minutely dotted. 

- Lengths, 1.50, 1.15 inches. 
_ Locality: Coral reefs of Oahu. 

In 1862 Prof. T. Gill* made the interesting discovery that the young 
of the Carangoids and Scombroids have the preoperculum armed with 
spines, which afterward become absorbed into the substance of the bone. 
We have been mainly guided by this analogy in the identification of our 





*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 262, 328, 440. 








59 


species, which agrees perfectly well in every other particular with cyanos- 
tigna. The specimens, as may be seen, are quite small, and the spines 
have more of the appearance of excrescences than of permanent arma- 
tures. 


SICYOPTERUS STIMPSONI, (Gill) Bleek. |No. 17991]. 


Sicydium (Sicyopterus) stimpsoni, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1860, 101. 
Sicydium stimpsoni, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 93. 
Sicyopterus stimpsoni, Bleeker, Arch. Néerland., ix, 1874, 313, 


Locality : Fresh-water streams of Oahu. 


AWAOUS CRASSILABRIS, (Gthr.) Streets |Nos. 17974, 17996]. 
Gobius crassilabris, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 63. 


Locality: Fresh-water streams of Oahu. 

There is a marked difference between the sexes of this species, as 
there is probably in other species of Gobiide. Professor Gill first sug- 
gested to us this probable difference, and our dissections confirmed his 
suggestion. 

In the males the anal papilla is triangular, with a prolonged and 
slender apex; while in the females it is short, broadly quadrilateral, and 
the free margin fringed, and sometimes emarginate. The difference ex- 
tends to the head also. In males it is broad, rounded in front, and tke 
upper profile of the snout is slightly inclined downward, as in the typi- 
cal Gobius’; the lips are thick, and the end of the superior maxillary bone 
extends to or beyond the vertical from the center of the eye. The head 
of a female is narrower, more pointed in front, the lips less turned, and 
the end of the upper maxillary is anterior to the vertical from the center 
of the eye. In one specimen, a young male, we failed to find any evi- 
dence of testicles. In this the anal papilla was similar to those of the 
other male specimens, while the general features of the head were those 
ofa female. In Giinther’s description these differences are for the most 
part confounded, and it would be impossible to identify the species from 
one sex only, but if both are at hand they conform to it in every par- 
ticular. 


60 
ACENTROGOBIUS OPHTHALMOTAINIA, ( Bleek.) Streets [ No. 15599]. 


Gobius ophthalmotenia, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vii, 1854, Kokos-eil., i, 46.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 37. 

Gobius capistratus, Perers, Arch. f. Naturg., 1855, pt. i, 251—GUNTHER, op. cit., iii, 
1861, 36.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, 476. 


D.67,. A. L. lat. 27. LL. trans. 8-9. 

The height of the body is contained from 5 to 52 times in the total — 
length, including the caudal fin; without the caudal it is from 4 to 43; _ | 
the length of the head is contained from 4 to 41 times in the total 
length, inclnding caudal; without caudal, from 34 to 35 times. Head 
convex above, nearly as broad as high, the width is contained about 14 
times in the length, and the height about 14 times in the same; the 
diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital 
space narrow; length of the snout about equals the diameter of the 
eye, obtuse; upper and lower jaws subequal in front; the end of the 
upper extends to under the anterior portion of the eye; cleft of the mouth _ 
slightly oblique. Teeth in the jaws in several series, an external series 4 
of enlarged teeth ; in the lower jaw on either side a canine tooth, hooked 
backward. Neck and crown of head, cheeks, and opercles scaly. Scales 
on the body ctenoid. Dorsal fins not continuous, the spinous portion 
lower than the soft, which is as high as the body; spinous more than 
one-half as long as the soft. Upper pectoral rays silky in smaller speci- 
mens only; caudal rounded, as long as the head. Greenish, with five 
broad, brown streaks along the back, and five others, smaller and re- 
sembling spots in the smaller specimens, alternating with the upper 
along the middle line of the body; small spots scattered over the sides 
of the body; head minutely punctate, some larger, and in alcohol white, 
spots on the cheeks; a dark vertical band passing through the center of 





the eye to the inferior border of the przoperculum ; a short, oblique 
band on the operculum; dorsal and caudal fins brown spotted ; the other 
fins minutely dotted with brown. 

Lengths, 1.70, 1.50, 1.35, 1.25. 

Locality: Coral reefs of Oabu. 


GLOSSOGOBIUS GIURIS, (Buch. Ham.) Streets [No. 17995]. 


Gobius giuris, BUCHANAN HAMILTON, Fish. Ganges, 1222, 51, pl. 33, f. 15.—Cuv. & 
VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xii, 1837, 72.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., Xxil, 
1849, Blenn. en Gob., 24.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 21. 





61 


Gobius kokius, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xii, 1837, 68.—JERDON, Madr. Jour., xv, 148.— 
BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Blenn. en Gob., 24.—CAnTOoR, Catal., 180.— 
Jacq., Voy. Ind. Poiss., 1835, pl. 14, f. 3. 

Gobius russelii, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xii, 1837, 75. 

Gobius catebus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xii, 1837, 76. 

Gobius kora, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xii, 1837, 77. 

Gobius celebicus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xii, 1837, 74.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 
vii, 1854, Banten, 318. 

Gobius kurpah, SYKEs, Trans. Zo61. Soc. London, ii, 1841, 352, pl. 61, f. 1. 

Gobius platycephalus, PETERS, Monatsber. Berl. Acad., 1852, 681. 

Gobius phaiosoma, BLEEKER, op. cit., xxii, 1849, Blenn. en Gob., 30; Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 
1850), i, f.05; 

Gobius fusiformis, BLEEKER, op. cit., xxii, 1849, Blenn. en Gob.. 30. 

Gobius fasciato-punctatus, RICHARDSON, Voy. Sulph. Ichth., 1844, 145, pl. 62, f. 13, 14. 


D. 64. A.% L. lat. 33. 

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and anal 
fins. Height of the body is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total 
length, and the length of the head is one-quarter of the same. Head 
depressed, broader than long, the breadth is four-fifths of the length, 
and the height is three-fifths of the same. The diameter of the eye is 
contained 34 or 4 times in the length of the head. Interorbital space 
flat, proportionately broader in larger specimens than in smaller ones; 

In the former it nearly equals the vertical diameter of the eye. Snout 
depressed, length equals the diameter of the eye, upper profile obliquely 
descending; cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal ; lower jaw prominent; 
the end of the upper extends to the vertical from the center of the eye. 
Teeth in a villiform band; an external enlarged series; no prominent 
canines. Upper surface and sides of the head naked; scales on the 
neck much smaller than those on the sides of the body; they extend 
nearly as far forward on the occiput as a line from the posterior border 
ofthe preoperculum. Second dorsal fin higher than the first, and nearly 
as high as the body; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye 
equals that of the snout from the posterior margin of the preoperculum. 
Ventrals extend nearly to the vent; pectorals somewhat longer. Cau- 
dal rounded, shorter than the head. Yellowish-brown, with five or six 
broad brown bands across the back ; the color of these bands sometimes 
rather faint, and their outlines indistinct. Along the sides of the 
body, and alternating with the dorsal bands, is a series of rounded deep 
brown blotches. Under the lens all the coloration on the sides is 
resolved into minute dots; head dotted. A small brown spot on the 


62 


middle of the operculum ; another behind the eye, and sometimes there 
is one present on the upper part of the base of the pectoral. Fins mi- 
nutely dotted, on the dorsal and caudal fins the dots are aggregated, 
and arranged in lines. No ecross-streak between the eyes. 

Lengths, 2.10, 1.40, 1.40 inches. 

Locality : Coral reefs of Oahu. 


SCORPANID A. 
SEBASTAPISTES STRONGIA,* (Cuv. & Val.) [No. 15400]. 


Scorpena strongia, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iv, 1829, 323.—Quoy & GaAIM., Voy. 
Astrol. Poiss., 1834, 688, pl. 11, f. 2.—LxEsson, Voy. Coquil. Poiss., 1830, 213.— 
GUNTHER, Jour. Mus. Godeff., 1i, 187375, Fische der Sudsee, i, 80 (not of Cat. 
Fish., ii, 1860, p. 105). 


D. 113. A.3. L. lat. 45-47. 


5 


Teeth on the vomer and palatine bones; those on the latter in a nar- 
row band. 

Height of the body is contained 34 times in the total length, and the 
length of the head 3 times in the same. Interorbital space one-half the 
diameter of the eye; and the latter is contained three times in the 
length of the head. Snout as long as the diameter of the eye; jaws 
subequal in front; no skinny flaps. The end of the upper maxillary 
extends to the vertical from the center of the eye. Interorbital space 
deeply concave, a longitudinal ridge on either side of the bottom of the 


groove; three spines on the superior orbital ridge, and three on either | 


side of the occiput; space between the latter flat; three small spines 
on the upper posterior orbital border; a group of three or four on the tem- 
pero-scapular region; two flat spines on the operculum, the upper of 


which is the larger; a large flat spine above the base of the pectoral | 


fin; four or five on the posterior border of the preoperculum, the upper 
the largest. A series of short ridges, some of them ending posteriorly in 
spines, below the eye; springing from the inner side of the anterior nos- 
trils are two short spines directed upward and backward, and two short 





*The genus SEBASTAPISTES is proposed by Prof. Gill for the reception of the Scor- , 
pena guttata, Girard, Scorpena strongia, Cuv. & Val., and Sebastichthys cyanostigma, 


Bleeker, which are segregated, in the words of Gill, “from their allies by the naked | 
crown and jaws, the spinous armature of the inferior margin of the preorbital, the pro- | 


current bases of the pectoral fins, &c. The genus is intermediate between the Sebastoid 
and Scorpenoid genera, and nearly related to Parascorpena, Blkr.” 














63 


ridges running from their bases bridge the short concavity behind; on 
the middle of the snout are two low ridges, diverging anteriorly. Pree- 
orbital spines conspicuous; two, larger than the rest, diverge from a 
common base; the posterior and larger is directed downward across 
the superior maxillary bone; the other is directed inward close to the 
body of the bone; above the base of the posterior is another directed 
backward; the surface of the preorbital irregularly ridged; some 
of the ridges ending in spines ; rudimentary scales on sides of the head. 
The spinous portion of the dorsal fin higher than the soft. The third and 
fourth spines are the longest, shorter than the second anal, and nearly 
one-half the length of the head; second anal longer than the third, stout 
and striated. Whitish, clouded and spotted with dark brown, and dot- 
ted all over with minute dark brown dots. The brown spots on the head 
are separated by biuish-white lines. 

Total length, 2.60 inches. 

Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 


LABRID A. 


PSEUDOCHEILINUS HEXATAINIA, Bleek. [No. 17989]. 


Cheilinus hexatenia, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Se. Indo.-Nederl., ii, 1857, Amboina, viii, 84. 

Pseudocheilinus hexatenia, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Zabr. 73, pl. 23, f. 2.—GUNTHER, 
Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, p. 134—KLUNZINGER, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, 537. 

Pseudocheilinus psittaculus, KNER & STEINDACHNER, Sitz. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wein, liv, 
1866, 376, f. 7. 


D. 3. A. P. 3%. L. lat. 24. L. trans, 2. 

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con- 
tained 33 times in the total length; head longer than high, with the 
upper profile slightly concave, vertex convex; the diameter of the eye 
is one-fifth of the length of the head; the snout about one-third the 
length of the head ; interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye; 
jaws equal anteriorly; chin not prominent; the end of the upper maxil- 
lary bone does not extend to the vertical from the anterior border of the 
orbit ;-its length is contained 3 times in the length of the head. Teeth in 
a single series; six canines in the upper jaw anteriorly, the posterior 
pair much larger than the others, and bent outward and backward ; two 
canines in the lower jaw anteriorly ; no posterior canines. Three series of 
large scales on the cheeks, the lower series covering the limb of the 


64 


preoperculum ; preoperculum subrectangular, posterior border entire, 
membranous, angle obtusely rounded ; operculum sealy. A row of elon- 
gated scales on each side of the vertical fins, forming sheaths at their 
bases; two elongated scales between the ventrals. Lateral line inter- 
rupted; tubules simple. The soft portion of the dorsal fin higher than 
the spinous; spines subequal; second anal spine the longest; the pos- 
terior rays of the soft dorsal and anal prolonged. Pectorals rounded, 
seven times in the total length. Ventrals pointed; their length is con- 
tained 82 times in the total length. Caudal rounded. Color (in alco- 
hol) olive-green, diluted inferiorly, with seven blackish, longitudinal 
bands, which increase slightly in breadth posteriorly; the four upper 
bands commence above the level of the inferior border of the orbit; the 
two following begin in the axillary space; the lowest indistinct. Five 
of the bands are continued on the caudal peduncle; the upper and lower 
cease opposite the termination of the dorsal and anal fins. A narrow 
white line on the middle of the snout, extending from between the eyes 
to the extremity of the snout. Short linear spots on the dorsal fin; the 
rays and spines green. No ocellus on the upper part of the base of the | 
caudal, or anywhere on the caudal peduncle. 

Total length, 4.20 inches. 

Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 

This fish is so characteristic that we do not hesitate to pronounce it 
hexatenia, although there are a great many discrepancies between the 
above description and those given by Bleeker and others. We find 
three series of scales on the cheeks, instead of two, and six canine teeth 
in the upper jaw, instead of eight, as is given by Bleeker. Kner and | 
Steindachner found the hinder border of the preeoperculum finely ser- 


rated, while in our specimen it is entire and membranous. According | 


to Bleeker the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the‘head, | 
and the length of the superior maxilla one-fourth of the same; the pec- — 
torals 53 in the total length, and the ventrals six times in the same. 
We find a discrepancy between the text of this author and the meas- 
urements of his figure. The latter accord more nearly with our own 
measurements. In the present specimen there is no evidence of the 
ocellus at the base of the caudal, which all other writers have observed. 





65 


STETHOJULIS AXILLARIS, (Q. & G.) Bleeker [No. 15394]. 


Julis axillaris, QuoY & GaIM., Voy. Uran. Zodl. Poiss., 1824, 272.—Cuv. & Vat., 
Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 1839, 472. 

Julis (Halichoeres) bandanensis, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ii, 1851, Banda, i, 254. 

Stethojulis axillaris, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Labr., 136, pl. 44. f. 7.—Ginrnmr, 
Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 142.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zodl.-bot. Gesells. Wien, xxi, 
1871, 541. 


D.7,. A.7. P. 4. LL. lat. 27. L. trans, 2. 


We have examined seven specimens from this locality, and not one of 
them showed more than two spinous raysin the anal fin. This is interest- 
ing, from the fact that all the authorities whom we have consulted give 
_ three spines to this fin. 

Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 


CHEILIO INERMIS, (forsk.) Richards. [No. 17977]. 


Labrus inermis, ForskaL, Descr. Anim., 1775, 34.—BLocn, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 
1801, 262. 

Labrus hassek, LAckEP., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 513. 

Cheilio auratus (COMMERS.), LACcEP., op. cit., iv, 1803, 433—Quoy & Gam., Voy. 
Uran. Zodl., 1824, 274, pl. 54, f. 2—Ctuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 
1839, 341.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds.. Ned. Ind., ii, 1851, Celebes, i, 221. 

Cheilio fuscus (COMMERS.), Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1893, 433.—Cuv. & VAL., op. 
cit., xiii, 1839, 349. 

Labrus fusiformis, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 7, pl. 1, f. 4. 

Cheilio cyanochloris, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 346, pl. 382. 

| Cheilio forskalii, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 349. 

_ Cheilio hemichrysos, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 351—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. 
Tnd., ii, 1851, Banda, i, 255. 

Cheilio viridis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 352. 

Cheilio microstoma, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xiii, 1839, 353. 

Cheilio ramosus, JENYNS, Zo6l. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 102. 

Chilio auratus, PETERS, Monatsb. Preuss. Ak. Wiss., 1855, 453. 

Chilio bicolor, BIANC., Menn Ae. So. Bologn., viii, 1859, Spec. Zo6]. Mosamb., 46, pl. 25. 

Cheilio inermis, RICHARDSON, Rep. Ichth. Chin. Jap., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846,, 
258.—BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Labr., 82, pl. 31, £.4. GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., 
iv, 1862, 194. 

Chilio inermis, KLUNZINGER, Verhn. zo6l.-bot. Gesells. Wien, xxi, 1871, 530. 


Five specimens gave the following formula for the dorsal and anal fins: 
Dy Ay 
Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 
Bull. N. M. No. 7—5 





66 
? JULIS MELANOPTERA, Githr. [No. 15401]. 


Julis melanoptera, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 183. 


D. f- A. L. Jat. 27. L. trans, 23. 
9 

The height of the body is slightly more than the length of the head, 
and one-fourth of the total length (the caudal lobes not included). The 
diameter of the eye is two-ninths of the length of the head, and one and — 
a half times in the length of the snout. No posterior vanine teeth ; two 
anterior canine teeth of the lower jaw are received between the two of 
the upper. Dorsal spines pungent, shorter than the rays; caudal lobes 
produced ; ventrals pointed, not prolonged, and are five-sevenths of the 
length of the pectorals ; the latter shorter than the head—seven-ninths 
of its length. A few seales on the supraopercular region. Colors in 
alecohol:—head uniform dark purplish, without any marking; body 
brownish-olive ; dorsal and anal fins dark violet, the former with a black 
spot anteriorly between the first and fourth spines; pectoral with an 
oblique oblong black spot, and a black spot above on the base of the fin. 

Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 

The only point about this description which renders the identification 
anyways doubtful is the absence of the “broad, lighter, transverse 
band below the second to the sixth dorsal spines, extending to the 
belly;” the colors are somewhat faded, which, probably, accounts for its 
absence. There is no habitat assigned to the species by Giinther, but he 
gives Ceylon as a probable locality. 


POMACENTRIDA. 


GLYPHIDODON SAXATILIS, (Linn.) Gthr. [No. 15393]. 


Chetodon saxatilis, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 466.—Forsk., Deser. Anim., 1775, 62.— 
Bxocy, Ichth., vi, 1787, 71, pl. 206, f. 2. 
Chatodon marginatus, BLOCH, op. cit., vi, 1787, pl. 207.—Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iv, | 
1803, 451, 463. ; mT 
Chetodon mauritii, BLOCH, op. cit., vi, 1787, pl. 213, f. 1.—Buiocn, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., f 
1801, 234.—Lackp., op. cit., iv, 1803, 452, 470. 
Chetodon sargoides, LACEP., op cit., iv, 1803, 453, 471, 472. 
Labrus sexfasciatus, LACEP., op. cit., iii, 1803, 477, pl 19, f. 2. 
Chetodon tyrwhitti, BENNETT, Fish. of Ceylon, 1834, pl. 25. i 
Glyphisodon saxatilis, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 446.—RUprevi, Ath i 
Fische, 1828, 35; N. W. Fische, 1837, 126. 



















67 


Glyphisodon rahti, Cov. & VAL., op. cit., v, 1830, 456; ix, 1833, 507.—BLEEKER, Nat. 
Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Amb. & Cer., 287.—R1icHARDSON, Rep. Ichth. Chin., 
Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 253. 
Glyphisodon celestinus (SOLAND.), Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., v, 1830, 464; ix, 1833, 508.— 
RICHARDSON, op. cit., 1846, 253.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr. 
Cten., 15. 
Glyphisodon tyrwhitti, RICHARDSON, op. cit., 1846, 253. 
Glyphisodon quadrifasciatus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr. Cten., 17. 
Glyphisodon waigiensis, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr. Cten., 13. 
Sparus fasciatus, GRONGOV., Syst. (1780), ed. GRay, 1854, 60. 
| Glyphidodon saxatilis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, p. 35.—KLUNZINGER, Verhn. zodl.- 
| bot. Ges. Wien, xxi, 1871, 524. 
Glyphidodon celestinus, GSNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 38. 


Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 

Our specimens from this locality agree more closely with Giinther’s 
description of G. saxatilis, than with that of G. ce@lestinus ; which, how- 
ever, they should correspond with, if there were any real specific differ- 
ences between them. We, therefore, do not hesitate to refer them both 
_ to one species, as has been done by Klunzinger. 
















ACANTHURIDA. 


_ACANTHURUS TRIOSTEGUS, var. SANDVICENSIS, Streets. [No. 
| 15398]. 


i 


Our collection from these islands does not contain a single specimen 
of the typical triostegus. Wehave twenty-three specimens, collected in 
| the harbor of Honolulu, varying in length from 1.2 to 4.8 inches, and 
| they present certain peculiarities in common which stamp them as a 
well-marked variety. 

The band down the middle of the forehead to the extremity of the 
_ snout is absent. The second vertical line on the side of the body ceases, 
_as in triostegus, in the axil of the pectoral fin; but, instead of there being 
but a small round black spot on the outer surface of the base of that fin, 
as in the typical examples, there commences, in the same situation, a 
| line which passes obliquely downward and backward to near the ventral 
surface of the body. Finally, in A. triostegus there is a small black spot 
| on either side of the caudal peduncle inferiorly and one superiorly; in 
our variety, the lower spots are invariably wanting. In every other 
Tespect the specimens correspond exactly to the description as given by 
Giinther. These differences cannot depend upon age, for we have com- 


68 


pared them with specimens of the same size from other localities, and 
find the peculiarities to hold good. Cuvier and Valenciennes only, of 
ichthyological writers, speak of the presence, sometimes, of a line on 
the breast—“ Il y a quelquefois de chaque cété de la poitrine une ligne 
ou una série longitudinale de points bruns”—but it is not associated in 
their description with the absence of the other markings which we have 
mentioned. 
Loeality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. 


ACANTHURUS BLOCHI, 0. & V. [Nos. 15397, 17973}. 


Acanthurus blochi, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., x, 1835, 209.—GUNTHER, Jour. 
Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873-75, Fische der Sudsee, i, 109, pl. 69, f. B. 
Acanthurus annularis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., x, 1835, 209 (young). 
Acanthurus xanthopterus, CANTOR, Mal. Fish., 209, f. 4 (nee C. & V). 
Acanthurus matoides, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861,330.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool.-bot. 
Gesel., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 508. 
Locality : Harbor of Honolulu, Oabu. 


NASEUS UNICORNIS, (Forsk.) Gthr. [No. 17976]. 


Chatodon unicornis, ForsK., Descer. Anim., 1775, 63. 

Monoceros raii, BLocH, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 181. 

Monoceros biaculeatus, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHn., 1801, 180, pl. 42. 

Naseus fronticornis, Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., x, 1835, 259.—ScHLEG., Faun. 
Japon. Poiss., 1850, 129, pl. 69. 

Harparus monoceros, FORSTER, Descr. anim., 1844, 219. 

Naseus unicornis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 348.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo6l.-bot. 
Ges., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer 512.—GUntTHER, Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 
1873~75, Fische der Sudsee, i, 118, pl. 78. a 

Naseus olivaceus (SOLAND.), Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., x, 1835, 288.—GinrTHER, Cat. — 
Fish , iii, 1861, 352 (young). 


Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. 


CARANGIDA. 
TRACHUROPS MAURITIANUS, (Q. & G.) Streets [No. 17998]. 


Caranx mauritianus, Qvoy & Gartm., Voy. Uran. Zool., 1824, 359.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. — 
Nat. des Poiss., ix, 1833, 60. 

Caranx macrophthalmus, RUPPELL, Atl. Fisvh., 1828, 97, pl. 25, f. 4.—KLUNZINGER, | 
Verh. zo6l.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 458 (nec Agass.). 

Caranx crumenophthalmus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 429 (in part); Jour. Mus. | 
Godeff., pt. xi, 1876, Fische der Sudsee, pt. v, 131. | 

D. 83. A. 254. L. plates 36. 

Teeth in the upper jaw in a narrow villiform band; those in the lower 


jaw even, in a single series; teeth on the vomer, palatines, and tongue. — 








} 





69 
Height of the body is contained 4} times in the total length, and the 
length of the head slightly more than 4 times ia the same. The diameter 
of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equals the length 
of the snout, and interorbital space. Interorbital space elevated into a 
median crest. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; the end of 
the latter extends somewhat beyond the vertical from the anterior 
margin of the eye. Breast scaly; lateral line scarcely bent; scales be- 


coming plate-like below the middle of the second dorsal fin. Pectoral 


slightly longer than the head. Opercular spot distinct. 

Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. 

On comparing this species with indubitable specimens of cramen- 
ophthalmus from the Atlantic, we find the following characteristic dif- 
ferences. In the latter the eye is much larger—little over three times 
in the length of the head; the interorbital space is much more flattened ; 
the end of the upper jaw extends further backward; and the pectoral 
fin is shorter—not equal to the head-length. .A more important char- 


‘acter, however, is in the shape of the interopercular bone. In mauri- 


tianus it is very obliquely rounded, and the triangular space of the 
isthmus is almost wholly exposed between the edges of the bones of the 
opposite sides; in the Atlantic fish, on the contrary, the interopereulum 
is nearly rectangular, and the inferior edges of the bones overlap along 
nearly the entire extent of the isthmus, leaving but a very small space 
of it uncovered at the angles, which are slightly rounded; there is also 
a broad, shallow notch on the posterior border of the bone. Cuvier and 
Valenciennes, in their diagnosis of the species, direct attention to this 
character, which seems to have been entirely overlooked by later ichthy- 
ologists. 


C. hasselti, Gthr., is probably synonymous with this species. 
CARANGUS MELAMPYGUS, (C. & V.) Streets | No. 17980]. 


Caranz melampygus, Cuv. & VatL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ix, 1833, 116.—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fish., ii, 1860, 446; Jour. Mus. Godeff., 1876, pt. xi, Fische der Sudsee, pt. v. 
133, pl. 86. 

Caranz stellatus, Eyp. & Sour. Voy. Bonite, Poiss. 167, pl. iii, f. 2.—GUNnTHER, Cat. 
Fish., ii, 1860, 436. 

Caranz bixanthopterus, RUpp., N. W. Fische, 1837, 49, pl. 14, f. 2.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. 
zo0l.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 464. 

1 i 
3 D. SSyeart A. 259° L. plates 36. 
The number of rays in the anal fin did not vary in the five specimens 


70 


examined. Theanterior, pointed portions of the second dorsal and anal 


blackish. 
Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. 


CARANGUS CHRYSOS, (Mitch.) Gill [No. 17987}, 


Scomber carangus, BLocu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische, 1785, 340.—BLocn, Syst. Ichth., ed. 
Scun., 1801, 28. 

Scomber chrysos, MITCHELL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. New York, i, 1815, 424. 

Caranx carangus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat, des Poiss., ix, 1833, 91.—Cuv., Régne Anim. | 
Ill. Poiss., 1829-30, pl. 57, f. 2.—GuICHEN., Poiss. ROMON DE LA SaGRA, Hist. 
Cuba, 111—GUnTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 448. 

Caranx chrysos, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., ix, 1833, 98 (nec DeKay, Gthr., et al.). 

Caranx ekala, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., ix, 1833, 117. 

Caranx xanthopygus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., kx, 1833, 109. 

Carangus esculentus, GIRARD, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., 23, pl. xi, f. 1-3. 

Carangus chrysos, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 434, 


i eee 
D8 wAL Do is" Lat. plates 31. 


20-22 

Height of body contained 4 times in the total length, and length of | 
head 3 times in the same. Breast naked. Lower jaw has larger teeth | 
intermixed with the others; end of the upper jaw extends beyond the 
vertical from the center of the eye. An opercular spot; margin and 
point of second dorsal fin blackish ; anal yellow. 

Length 4.80. $ 

Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 


CHORINEMUS SANCTI PETRI, Cuv. & Val. [No. 17992}. 
Chorinemus sancti petri, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., viii, 1831, 379, pl. 236.—. 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 473; Jour. Mus. Godeff., 1876, pt. xi, Fische 
der Sudsee, pt. v, 138.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, Makr., 45. 
—PETERS, Arch. fur Naturg., 1855, pt. i, 245. | 
Chorinemus toloo, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., viii, 1831, 377.—GUNTuHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 
473.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zodl.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 447. _ 
Chorinemus moadetta, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., viii, 1831, 382.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zodl.- 
bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fisch. d. Roth. Meer, 448. i 
Chorinemus mauritianus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., viii, 1831, 332. 
Chorinemus tol, KNER, Novara Exped. Fisch., 1866, 162. 
D. 73. A. 294. 

Immature specimens. Height of body and length of head nearly 
equal, and almost one-fifth of the total. Length of snout somewhat 
more than the diameter of the eye; upper jaw extends beyond the ver- 
tical from the center of the eye. Spots on the sides of the body absent. | 
Top of second dorsal black. | 

Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. 











71 


MULLIDA. 
UPENEUS TRIFASCIATUS, (Lacép.) Cuv. di Val. [No. 17990]. 


Mullus trifasciatus, Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 494, pl. 15, f. 1. 

Mullus multifasciatus, Quoy & GaIM., Voy. Freyc. Poiss., 1824, pl. 59, f. 1. 

Upeneus trifasciatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 468.—JENyns, Zool. 
Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 25.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ii, 1851, Banda, i, 
237.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 407; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873~75, 
Fische der Sudsee, i, 59, pl. 44, f. B.-C. 


Locality : Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. 

Two specimens. Both having a black spot behind the eye, as in U. 
bifasciatus ; the color on the other parts of the body arranged as in U? 
trifasciatus. 


UPENEOIDES VITTATUS, (Forsk.) Bleek. [No. 17999}. 


Mullus vittatus, ForskaL, Faun. Arab., 31.—Buiocn, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 79.— 
Lac&p., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 382,401, pl. 14, f.1.—Suaw, Zodl., iv, 1803, 
616, pl. 89. 


Mullus bandi, SHaw, op. cit., iv, 1803, 615. 


Upeneus vittatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 448. 

Upeneus bivittatus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., vii, 1831, 520. 

Upeneus biteniatus, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zodl. Soc., 183031, 59. 

Upeneoides bivittatus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Pere., 64; Nat. Tyds. Ned. 
Ind., viii, 1855, Amboina, vi, 411.—Day, Proc. Zo6él. Soc. London, 1867, 702. 

Upeneoides vittatus, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Reg. Sc. Ind. Neérl., ii, 1857, Amboina, 43.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 397; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873~’75, Fische der 
Sudsee, i, 55. 


Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. 
The oblique black bands on the lower caudal lobe are broader than 


’ those on the upper lobe. 


URRANID A. 


MORONOPSIS MARGINATUS, (C. & V.) Gill. [No. 17993]. 


Dules marginatus, Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 116, pl. 52.—HomMBRON 
et JAQUINOT, Dumont D’Urville, Voy. Péle Sud, Poiss., 1853-54, 41, pl.3, f. 3.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 268; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, Fische der 
Sudsee, i, 24. 

Dules malo, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., vii, 1831, 479.—DumMoNnT D’URVILLE, Voy. Pole 
Sud, Poiss., 1853-’54, 41, pl. 3, f. 4 GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 270. 


12 


Dules mato, LESSON, Voy. Coquille, Zool., ii, 1826-30, 223. 

Dules leuciscus, JENYNS, Zo]. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 17. 

Moronopsis ciliatus, BLEEKER, Arch. Neer]., 1872, 376. 

Moroxopsis marginatus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 82. 





D.97,. A. L. lat. 53, L. trans. 3. 


. aes 
Coloration as in Dules marginatus, as given by Giinther in Fische der 


Sudsee. Sides of the body spotted. 
Locality : Waialua, Oahu. 


CHILODIPTERID A. 


APOGON AURITUS, Cuv. & Val. [No. 15396]. 


* 


Apogon auritus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., vii, 1531, 443.—GUNTHER, Jour. 
Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 23. 

Apogon punctulatus, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 88, pl. 22, f. 4. 

Apogon variegatus, VALENCIENNES, Nouv. Ann. Mus., i, 55. 

Apogonichthys polystigma, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vi, 1854, 484. 

Apogonichthys auritus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 246.—PLAYFAIR, Fish. Zanz., 1866, 21, 


Locality: Honolulu, Oahu. 


PRIACANTHID:. 


PRIACANTHUS CAROLINUS, Cuv. & Val. [No. 17994]. 


Priacanthus carolinus, Cuv. & VAuL., Hist. Nat. des. Poiss., iii, 1829, 105.—LxEsson, 
Voy. Coq. Zodl. Poiss., ii, 1826-30, 224.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 
1851, 235.—GUNnTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 219; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873~75, 
Fische der Sudsee, i, 17, pl. 18. 

Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. 

Immature specimens. During the month of September, 1873, an im- _ 
mense shoal of the young of this species entered the harbor of Hono-— 
lulu. The largest of them did not exceed three and a half inches in- 
length. This shoaling, we were told, has occurred a number of times, | 
but at uncertain intervals. The coming of the “ red-fish,” as they are 
called, foreshadows in the minds of the simple natives the sickness and 
death of some member of the royal family; and, on account of the 
pliant disposition of the Kanakas, the prophecy is usually fulfilled. But 
the fish are by no means unwelcome visitarnts to the common people, 
who are busy catching them night and day, as long as they remain. 
They are dried, and eaten without cooking. 








13 


CIRRHITID A. 
CIRRHITES FORSTERL, (Bl.) Gthr. [No. 17978]. 


Perca teniata, Forsrer, Descr. Anim., ed. Licut., 1844, 224. 

Granunistes forsteri, BLOCH, Syst. Ichth., ed. SCHN., 1801, 191. 

Sparus pantherinus, Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 160, pl. 6, f. 1. 

Cirrhites pantherinus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 70.—LEsson, Voy. 
Coq. Poiss., 1826-30, 225, pl. 22, f. 1—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 1851, ii, 
Banda, i, 232. 

Serranus tankerville, BENNETT, Fishes of Ceylon, 1834, pl. 27. 

Cirrhites forsteri, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 71.—GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
1863, 107.—GUNTHER, Jour. Mus. Godeff, ii, 1874, Fische der Sudsee, i, 69, pl. 
49, f. A. 

Paracirrhitus forsteri, BLEEKER, Verh. k. Ak. Weten Amst., 1875, xv, 6. 


Locality : Honolulu, Oabu. 


MUGILIDA. 
MUGIL CEPHALOTUS, Cuv. & Val. [Nos. 18002, 18003]. 


_ Mugil cephalotus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xi, 1836, 110.—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fish., iii, 1861, 419. 

— Mugil japonicus, ScHLEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 134, pl. 72, f..1. 

 Mugil macrolepidotus, RicHARDSON, Rep. Ichth. Chin., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 

1846, 249. 


D. 44. A. g. L. lat. 40-42. L. trans. 14-15. 


The height of the body and the length of the head are nearly equal, 
and are one-fifth of the total length. Snout broad, depressed, longer 
than the eye; lips thin, provided with minute cilia. Deep cavity in 
front of the vomer. The angle formed by the lower jaw in front is a 
| Tight angle; a narrow stripe of the maxillary is visible behind the inter- 
| maxillary; preorbital not emarginate, finely denticulated on its ante 
rior edge and at its extremity, which is obliquely truncated. Cleft of 
_ the mouth is not twice as broad as deep. The width of the interorbital 
_ Space is contained more than twice in the length of the head. Eye- 
_ hearly covered with a broad adipose membrane, leaving the pupil ex- 
_ posed through a narrow vertical slit in the middle. Three series of scales 
_ between the eye and the inferior border of the preoperculum; angle of 
_ preoperculum produced posteriorly. Pectoral inserted above the mid- 
_ die of the height of the body; it terminates on the eighth scale of the 
lateral line ; spinous dorsal commences on the tenth scale of the lateral 


74 


line, and on the twenty-second from the end of the snout; anterior dor- 
sal spines more than one-half the length of the head, and they are situ- 
ated on the middle between the end of the snout and the base of the 
caudal fin. The second dorsal commences on the twenty-third row of 
scales of the lateral line; the space between the origins of the two dorsals 
nearly equals the length of the head. Ventrals midway between the 
base of the pectoral and the spinous dorsal. Anal commences before 
the soft dorsal ; both emarginate behind. 

Shining golden, darker above, with longitudinal streaks along the 
series of scales. 

Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. Very numerous. 


There seems to be very little difference between this species and | 


Mugil dobula, Gthr. 
AULOSTOMID A. 
AULOSTOMA CHINENSH, (L.) Schleg. [No. 15371]. 


Fistularia chinensis, LINN., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 515. 

Aulostoma chinensis, LACEP., Hist. des Poiss., v, 1803, 357. 

Aulostoma chinense, SCHLEG., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 320.—RICHARDSON, Rep. 
Ichth. Chin., Rep. 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 247.—PETERS, Arch. f. Na- 
turg., 1855, i, 258.—GUnTueEr, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 538. 

Polupterichthys valentini, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iv, 1853, Ternate, ii, 608. 


D. 10-27. A. 28. 
Brownish, with vertical bands along the sides of the body and snout; 


one or two of the bands on the snout oblique. Base of soft dorsal and 
anal fins black; a short black streak a little distance from the base 


anteriorly, more plainly visible on the dorsal than on the anal fin ; on y 


the former, another short streak above the first. A round black spot 


on the base of the ventrals, and one above and below on the caudal fin. | 


Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. 


FISTULARID A. 
FISTULARIA SERRATA, Cuv. [No. 17988]. 


Fistularia tabaccaria, var. BLocu, Naturg. Ausliind, Fische, viii, 1794, 130, pl. 387, f. 
2-3.—BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed ScHn., 1001, 114. 
Fistularia immaculata, Cuv., Régne Anim., 1817.—RicHarDson’s Ichth. Chin., 


Rep, 15th Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 247.—ScuLreG. Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, | 


020.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Amb. & Cer., 281; Verh. 
Acad. Wet. Amsterd., Japan, ii. 











i Pit 


— = 
= = nd 

S 
a i 











15 


Fistularia serrata, Cuv., Régne Anim., 1817.—GUNnTuEr, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 533. 

Fistularia commersoni, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 142.—PrtTxErs, Arch. f. Naturg., 
1855, i, 258. 

Cannorhynchus immaculatus, CANTOR, Catalogue, 211. 


Locality : Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. 


BELONIDA. 


BELONE PLATURA, Riipp. [No. 17983}. 


Belone platura, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 73, pl. 20, f. 1—Cuv. & Vat., Hist. Nat. 
des Poiss., xviii, 1846, 451.—BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ned., ii, 1857, Amboina, 
viii, 85.—_GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 237.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo6l.-bot. Ges., 
xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 577. 

Belone carinata, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xviii, 1846, 437.—GUnTuEr, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 


236. 
D. 14-15. <A. 19-20. 


Body subpentagonal; tail depressed, strongly carinated; the median 
shallow groove on the upper surface of the head scaly. Twospecimens 
gave nineteen rays in the anal fin, and one gave twenty. 

Length, 15 inches. 

Locality: Harbor of Honolulu, Oahu. 


SCOMBERESOCID A. 


EXOC@TUS SPECULIGER, Cuv. & Val. [No. 17985]. 


Exocetus speculiger, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xix, 1846, 94.—BLEEKER, Ned. 
Tydsch. Dierk., iii, 1865, 122.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 287. 

Origin of the dorsal fin is behind the anal; pectoral with an oblique 
white band across its lower half anteriorly; white edged. Ventrals 
white; grayish in the axil, and with the middle rays gray. 

Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 


EXOCGTUS BRACHYPTERUS, Solander [No. 17986]. 


Exocetus brachypterus, SOLANDER, MSS.—RicHarRpDson, Rep. Ichth. Chin., Rep. 15th 
Meet. Brit. Assoc., 1846, 265.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 280. 

Exocetus mento, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xix, 1846, 124.—BLEEKER, Verh. 
Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, Snek., 21.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vi, 1866, 281. 

Parexocetus mento, BLEEKER, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk., iii, 1865, 126. 


Dis: 42: Ax 43. 


One or two very short barbules at the symphysis of the lower jaw. 
Height of the body is contained 53 times in the total length, and the 


76 

length of the head 44 times in the same. Snout shorter than the eye. 
Interorbital space flat, and its width equals the diameter of the eye; 
the latter is one-third of the length of the head. Origins of the dorsal 
and anal fins opposite to each other; dorsal high and pointed; the an- 
terior rays, when laid backward, reach to the caudal fin. Anal very low. 
Lower caudal lobe longer than the head. Length of the pectoral is one- 
half of the total length, reaching nearly to the middle of the dorsal fin. 
Ventrals extend to the anal, and are inserted midway between the snout 
and the root of the caudal fin. The upper part of the dorsal is black; 
pectorals blackish, anals and ventrals whitish. 

Total lengths, 6.00, 6.50 inches. 

Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 


SCOPELID. 


SAURIDA NEBULOSA, Cuv. & Val. [No. 15392]. 


Saurida nebulosa, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xxii, 1849, 504, pl. 649.—BLEEKER, 
Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, 292.—GUn THER, Cat. Fish., v, 1864, 399.—KLUuN- 
ZINGER, Verh. zo0l.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 591. 


D.11. A. 9-10. L. lat. 52. 


In the older specimens the spots are more or less aggregated, those 
on the sides of the body forming transverse bands extending to below 
the lateral line. 

Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. 


ALBULIDA. 


ALBULA CONORHYNCHUS, Bl. Schn. [No. 18004.] 


Argentina glossodonta, ForsK., Deser. Anim., 1775, 68. 

Albula conorhynchus, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. SCHN., 1801, 432.—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. 
Nat. des Poiss., xix, 1846, 356.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., vii, 1865, 468, 

Butirinus glossodontus, KUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 80, pl. 20, f. 3—SCHLEG., Faun. | 
Japon. Poiss., 1850, 242, pl. 109, f. 1. 

Esox argenteus, FORSTER, Descr. Anim., ed. Licut., 1844, 196. 4 

Albula bananus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xix, 1846, 345.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, _ 
1852, Chiroc., 11. 

Albula glossodontau, KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo6l.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1871, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 
602. 


Locality : Honolulu, Oahu. 








Oi 


MURANIDA. 
MURHNA UNDULATA, (Lacep.) Gthr. [No. 17982]. 


Murenophis undulata, LAcEP., Hist. des Poiss., v. 1803, 629-644. 

Murena canceliata, RICHARDSON, Voy. Ereb. and Terr., Fish., 1848, 87, pl. 46, f. 1-5.— 
BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 1853, Mur., 74; Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., v. 1853, 
1853, 531; viii, 1855, 326. 

Murena valencienni, Eyp. & Sout., Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 207, pl. 8, f. 1. 

Murena agassizi, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., viii, 1855, 458. 

Thyrsoidea cancellata, Kaur, Apod. Fish., 1856, 76, f. 59. 

Gymnothorax cancellatus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., iv, 1864, Mur., 93, pl. 32, f. 3, pl. 33, 
f, 2, pl. 39, f. 1—KNeErR, Novara Exped., Fisch., 1869, 384. 

Gymnothorax agassizi, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., iv, 1864, Mur., 95, pl. 41, f. 2. 

Gymnothorax blochi, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., iv, 1864, Mur., 102, pl. 36, f. 2 (young). 

Murena bdlochi, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 1853, Mur., 49; Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 
vii, 1854, 102. 

Murena undulata, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 110. 


Locality : Coral reefs at Honolulu, Oahu. 

One specimen resembling Bleeker’s figure 3, on plate 32 of Atlas. In 
another specimen the yellow lines are more interrupted and less dis- 
tinctly defined, as is shown in figure 1, plate 39, of the same work. 


GALEORHINIDA. 


TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATA, Girard [No. 17975}. 


Triakis californica, GRAY, Chondropter., 56 (No descr.). 
Triakis semifasciatum, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 196; U. S. Pac. R. R. 
Rep., x, 1858, Fish., 362. 


Mustelus felis, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1854, 17. 
| Triacis semifasciata, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 384. 


A row of rounded black spots along the sides of the body, alternat- 


_ ing with transverse bands, which unite across the median line of the 
- back. Also small round black spots between the cross-bars on the 
_ median line of the back, and others alternating with the larger spots on 
_ the sides. 


Locality : North Pacific Ocean. Foetus. The specimens were obtained 
in Honolulu, whither they had been brought by a whaler. 


18 


III.—Fishes of the Fanning Group. 
TETRODONTIDA. 


TETRODON IMPLUTUS, Jenyns* [No. 19214]. 


Locality: Palmyra and Christmas Islands. 

Specimens large, and sparsely spinous. Round bluish-white spots on 
the dorsal regions numerous, and the longitudinal lines on the under 
surface indistinct. 


TETRODON NIGROPUNCTATUOS, Bl. Schn. [No. 19215]. 


Tetrodon nigropunctatus, BLocH, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 507.—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fish., viii, 1870, 293.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. z00].-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fische d. 
Roth. Meer, 643. 

Tetraodon diadematus, RUPPELL, Atl. Fisch., 1828, 65, pl. 17, f. 3—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., 
viii, 1870, 293. 

Tetrodon trichoderma, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., v, 1853, Sumatra, 532. 

Tetrodon trichodermatoides, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vi, 1854, Flores, 336. 

Arothron melanorhynchus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ix, 1855, 111. 

Arothron trichoderma, BLEEKER, Enum. Pisce. Arch. Ind., 1859, 201. 

Arothron trichodermatoides, BLEEKER, Enum. Pisc. Arch. Ind., 1859, 202. 

Crayracion nigropunctatus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, Gymnod., 74, pl. 2, f. 4. 


Locality: Fanning Group. 

This specimen belongs to what Giinther calls citrinella, a variety of 
nigropunctatus. It is characterized by its lemon color, with small scat- 
tered black spots on the sides, and large and small irregular black spots 
on the back; by its black dorsal fin, with a large black blotch around — 
its base; eye-lids black, and black around the gill-openings. 


OSTRACIONTIDA. 
OSTRACION TUBERCULATUS, Linn. [No. 19216}. 


Ostracion tetragonus, LINN., Mus. Ad. Fred., 1754, 59.—B.LEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, — 
Ostrac., 39, pl. i, f. 2, pl. 3, f. 2—GUNTHER, Fish. Zanzi., 1866, 129. 

Ostracion tuberculatus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 409. 

Ostracion cubicus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 410.—Btocu, Ichth., iv, 1787, 115, p]. 1387.— 
Lac&p., Hist. des Poiss., i, 1798, 461, pl. 22, f. 1—RtPpPrELy, Atlas Fische, 1828, 
3.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852; Balist.en Ostrac., 35, pl. 7, f. 14.— _ 
Hotrarp, Ann. Se. Nat., vii, 1857, 162.—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 260—__ 
KLUNZINGER, Verh. z.-b. Ges., xxi, 1871, 635. 

Ostracion bituberculatus, BLOCH, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScuHn., 1801, 501. 





*See synon. under Hawaiian Fishes. 





19 


| Ostracion cyanurus, RUPPELL, Atl. Fische, 1828, 4, pl. 1, f. 2.—Hoxarp, Ann. Se. Nat., 
1857, vii, 167. 

_ Ostracion argus, RUPPELL, op. cit., pl. 1, f. 1. 

- Ostracion immaculatus, SCHLEG.., Faun. Japon. Poiss., 1850, 296.—BLErKER, Verh. Bat. 
Gen., xxv, 1853, Nat. Ichth. Japan, 55 

| Ostracion tesserula, B1EEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, 305 (young). 





Carapace four-ridged, without spines. Body with bluish black-edged 
-ocelli, one in the center of each scute. 
Locality: Fanning Group. 


BALISTIDA. 


BALISTES ACULEATUS, Linn. [No. 19217.] 


Balistes aculeatus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 406.—Buiocu, Auslind. Fisch., ii, 17¢6, 19 
pl. 149.—Btocg, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 465.—Lac&p., Hist. des Poiss., 
i, 1798; 367, pli7, f. pee Beechey’s Voy. Zodl., 1839, 69, pl. 22, £. 2.— 
JENYNS, Zo0l. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 155.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, 
Balist., 15.—HO.LarD, Ann. Se. Nat., i, 1855, 333.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 
1870, 223. 

‘ Balistes ornatissimus, LESSON, Voy. Coq. Zo6l. Poiss., i, 1830, 119, pl. 10, f. 1. 

 Balistes armatus, Cuv., Régne Anim. Ill. Poiss., 182930, pl. 112, f. 2. 

_ Balistes striatus, GRONOV., Syst. (1780), ed. GRAY, 1854, 32. 

| Balistes (Balistapus) aculeatus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, 120, pl. 216, Balist., pl. 
| 2, £03. 


| 
/ 


Locality: Fanning Group. 


PLEURONECTID Ai. 


RHOMBOIDICHTHYS LEOPARDINUS, Gthr. [No. 19218]. 


/ 


_ Rhomboidichthys leopardinus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 43. 


The posterior half of the lower eye falls vertically below the upper ; 
\ the interorbital space concave, its width equaling the longitudinal diam- 
"eter of the eye, and scaly only on its posterior half; anterior half naked. 
| Brownish spots, and blue-edged ocelli scattered over the body and fins. 
Locality: Fanning Group. 

__ This species is very closely allied to R. pantherinus, but it may readily 
de distinguished by the naked anterior-half of the interocular space, 
and by the scattered ocelli. Giinther records it without a habitat, and 
- this is the first instance, to our knowledge, where a locality has been 
- assigned to it. 


sie 


80 


BLENNIID. 
SALARIAS QUADRICORNIS, Cuv. & Val. [No. 19219]. 


Salarias quadricornis, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xi, 1836, 329, pl. 329.—Gtn- 
THER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 255.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo6l.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, | ~ 
Fische d. Roth. Meer, 476. 


D.12 | 20. A. 21-23. V. 2. 


Dorsal notched, and continued on the base of the caudal. Head 
crested. Tentacles over the eyes, on the sides of the neck, and at the 
nostrils; the latter are fringed the former are as long as the eye and 
those on the neck are very short. Transverse streaks arranged in pairs 
on the sides of the body and ascending on the dorsal fin at its base; 
spinous dorsal with undulating lines; the soft dorsal with oblique lines 
ascending backward ; the anal with three fine lines, the lowest of which — 
is discontinued anteriorly. The anterior dorsal is lower than the pos-— 
terior, and both are lower than the body and higher than the anal. 

Locality: Fanning Group. 


I 
SCARID A. 1 
PSEUDOSCARUS GLOBICEPS, (Cuv.& Val.) Gthr. [No. 19220]. 


— 


Scarus globiceps, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des. Poiss., xiv, 1839, 242.—JENYNS, Voy. © 
Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 106. 

' Pseudoscarus globiceps, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 224; Fish. Zanz., 1866, 105. 

Pseudoscarus spilonotus, KNER, Sitz. d. k. Ak. d. Wissen. Wien, lviii, i, 1868, 31, 352, } 

pl. 9, f. 26. ; } 

A deep black ocellus on the scale covering the base of the fourth 

dorsal spine. Body spotted; spots principally confined to the upper 

and anterior parts of the body. | 





Locality: Fanning Group. 


PSEUDOSCARUS JONESI, n. sp. [No. 19221]. 


D. 3. A.2. L. lat. 24. L. trans.8. Head, 34. Height, 33 in total. | 

Jaws greenish; lips very narrow, covering only the base of the jaws. — 
Two series of scales on the cheeks; seven scales in the lower series 5 | 
the lower preopercular limb entirely naked. Upper profile of the head 
convex, not gibbous. In one specimen there is a short tooth on each ly 
side at the angle of the lower jaw, but it is absent in all the rest (three). 
Caudal lobes slightly produced. Fourteen rays in the pectoral fin. 





81 


Color (in spirits) greenish-olive, yellowish about the mouth. A broad 
irregularly-outlined band across the snout, and from its extremities there 
passes backward a prolongation which touches the anterior margin of 
the orbit, and then passes along the superior border of the eye to the 
posterior part of the interorbital space, where it joins with its fellow of 
the opposite side, inclosing an irregularly-shaped triangular space on 
the front of the interocular region. Frequently (in smaller specimens) 
there is a narrow dark streak from the superior border of the orbit 
toward the middle of the interorbital space; this streak is sometimes 
reduced to rounded spots in the same situation; a short streak from 
the middle of the posterior margin of the eye; a band below the eye, 
commencing near its anterior edge, and prolonged beyond the posterior 
margin. Frequently two ocelli, one on either sidé, in front of the band 
on the snout, and also one behind and above the angle of the mouth; a 
very narrow band around the margin of the upper lip; a broad band 
around the lower jaw, the two halves of which scarcely meet below in 
the median line; it broadens above, just below the angle of the mouth, 
where it is directed backward; it frequently arches downward and back- 
_ ward in this situation. It coalesces with the narrow supramaxillary 
_ band, and in some instances a narrow band passes from it to the band 
_ across the snout. Occasionally there is. an ocellus on the lower jaw, 
behind the marginal band. Dorsal and anal fins with a narrow band 
_ along the margin, and with one or two rows of intermarginal spots. Tre- 
quently (in young specimens) these spots are confluent transversely or 
longitudinally, forming either vertical streaks or longitudinal bands. 
Caudal with reticulating transverse bands. 

_ Lengths, 14, 12, 11 inches. 

Locality : Palmyra Island. 

To William H. Jones, M. D., Surgeon, U.S. N., an indefatigable col- 
lector in natural history, and to whose zeal we are chiefly indebted for 
this collection, I dedicate this species, in remembrance of pleasant hours 
_ passed together as collaborers, and as messmates. 


PSEUDOSCARUS AERUGINOSDS, Bikr. [No. 19221]. 


| ? Scarus wruginosus, Cuv. & Vat., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiv, 1839, 257." 

- Scarus lacerta, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., 217. 

| Scarus erugixosus, BLEEKER, Ver. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Labr., Cyel., 58. 

| Pseudoscarus eruginosus, BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Labr., 40, pl. 17, f. 2—GUNTHER, 

| Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 229. 

Color (in spirits) greenish cn the sides of the body and head, brown- 
Bull. N. M. No. 7—6 


82 


ish above, along the back and head; three silvery longitudinal bands 
along the side of the abdomen; the first commencing at the lower part . 
of the base of the pectoral fin; the third above the base of the ventrals, 
extending to the anal fin. Fins reddish; spinous dorsal with a very 
narrow darker margin. 

Lengths, 8, 8, 5.50 inches. 

Locality : Fanning Islands. 


LABRIDA. 


CHEILINUS UNIFASCIATUS, n. sp. [No. 19222]. 
D. 3. A. LL. lat. 22. L. trans. 94. 

Height of the body three and a half times in the totallength, and _ 
the length of the head from three to three and one-fifth times in 
the same. Snout elongated, conical, lower jaw projecting. Diameter | 
of the eye is one-third the length of the snout, and one-half the 
width of the preorbital; the center of the pupil is midway between the — 
angle of the operculum and the point of the snout. The anterior tu- _ 
bules of the lateral line with a single lateral branch. Two rows of scales 
on the cheeks; the lower series does not cover the inferior preeopercular | 
limb. Caudal fin rounded, with the upper aud lower lobes very slightly | 
preduced. Body reddish (in spirits), with branching lines passing from | 
the eye over the snout; anastomosing lines on the cheeks, extending to } 
the margins of the sub- and inter-operculum; a yellowish streak from — 
the inferior border of the orbit to the superior axil of the pectoral fin; 
and above this another stresk, similar but somewhat fainter outlined, — 
extending from the posterior border of the eye to the end of the opercu- 
lum; the upper surface of the head covered with reticulated markings. 
A broad band from the end of the dorsal to the end of the anal fin, and — 
continued obliquely forward on the posterior rays of the dorsal; dorsal _ 
violet, with a light margin, and a light median line. Anal less deeply | 
tinted with violet than the dorsal; in younger specimens nearly immac- | 
ulate, with alight streak along the center; rays green. Upper and lower i 
lobes of the caudal violet, the intermediate rays deep green. Basal 
half of the ventrals of a deep violet. . 

Lengths, 8.50, 10.00, 10.50, 11.00, 11.50 inches. 1 

Locality: Fanning Group. 

This species is apparently very closely allied to Cheilinus rhodochrousy | 
Gthr., which, however, is a slenderer fish, with much less depth of bode 
This is the most important distinction between them. 








83 


JULIS UMBROSTIGMA, Riipp. [No. 19223]. 


Julis umbrostigma, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, ii, 1837, pl. 3, f. 2—BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 
1862, 92, pl. 34, f. 2—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 185.—Kner, Fische 
Novara Exped., 1869, 257.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zodl.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1871, 
Fische d. Roth. Meer, 538. 

Julis souleyeti, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 1839, 457. 

Body with small blackish vertical streaks on the scales; spots scat- 
tered over the head; three or four short streaks from the upper and 
posterior portion of the orbit; a pair of short streaks between the eyes, 
and two on the upper surface of the snout; a single round spot between 
the two pairs; an oblique streak on each side of the snout, parallel with 
the upper lip; another, and shorter, streak on the side of the snout, ex- 
tending downward from before the eye and coalescing with the extrem- 
ity of the first. Dorsal with a black spot anteriorly between the first 
and third spines. 

Locality: Fanning Islands. 


JULIS GUNTHERI, Bleeker [No. 19224]. 


Julis quadricolor, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl., i, 1856, Manad., 55. 
Julis giintheri, BLEEKER, Vers]. Akad. Wet. Amst., xiii, 1862, 279; Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, 
Labr., 94, pl. 34, f. 1—GUnTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 182. 

Three specimens similar in every particular, and agreeing with deserip- 
tions. 

Two longitudinal denticulated bands on the sides of the body—one 
running from the nape of the neck, just above the anterior portion of 
the lateral line, to the extremity of the upper caudal lobe; the sec- 
ond commencing behind the angle of the operculum and extending to 
the middle of the caudal fin. Two curved bands on the sides of the 
head—one from the upper jaw, through the eye, to the angle of the 
operculum; the other from the under surface of the lower jaw, along the 
inferior border of the eye, to opposite the base of the pectoral fin; a U- 
Shaped band across the occiput, pointing backward and downward; two 
slightly arched bands between the eyes, from the antero-superior and 
postero-superior margins, inclosing the interocular space; sometimes 
the extremities of these bands are united through the superior edge of 
the eye, forming a ring around the interorbital region ; in one instanea 
a third band crossed the center of the space between the eyes; au 
oblique band on the breast below the base of the pectoral fin. Dorsal 
fin with a black spot anteriorly; the fin with a dark margin; anal uni- 


84 


formly colored. The tip of the pectoral fin black; a black spot on the 
upper part of the base. 
In one specimen short vertical streaks pass from one longitudinal 
band to the other on the sides. 
Lengths, 5.50, 5.00, 4.50 inches. 
| Locality: Fanning Islands. 


JULIS MELANOCHIR, Bleeker. [No. 19225]. 


Julis melanochir, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl., ii, 1857, Amboina viii, p. 77; 
Atl. Ichth. i, 1862, Labr., 89, pl. 33, pl. 2—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 182. 


Head violet, with two narrow blue black-edged lines on the sides; one 
extending from the posterior border of the eye to the point of the oper- 
culum; the other from the angle of the mouth to the junction of the 
sub- and inter-operculum. Body green. Dorsal fin with a light edge 
and a dark intramarginal line; anal with a light margin. A rounded, 
transverse black spot across the posterior border of the pectoral fin; a 
black spot in the axil above. 

Locality: Fanning Islands. 


JULIS LUNARIS, (L.) Cuv. & Val. [No. 19226]. 


Labrus lunaris, LINN., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 474. 

Scarus gallus, Forsk., Descr. Anim., 1775, 26. 

Labrus viridis, Boe Ausland. Fische, v, 1786, 129, pl. 232, 

Julis porphyrocephala, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc., ii, 183. 

Julis duperrei, QUOY & Gaim., Voy. Uran. Zodl., 1824, 268, pl. 56, f. 2. 

Julis lunaris, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 1839, p. 409.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. 
Gen., xxii, 1849, Zabr., 28; Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, Zabr., 90, pl. 23, f. 5.—GUn- 
THER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 180; Fish. Zanz., 1866, 97.—KNeER, Fische No- 
vara Exped., 1869, 256.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo6l.-bot. Ges., xxi, 1871, Fische 
d. Roth. Meer, 535. 

Julis viridis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., 420. 

Julis meniscus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., 415. 

Julis martensii, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., 421. © 

Julis trimaculatus, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 13. 

Julis celebicus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ix, 1855, Celebes, viii, 313. 

Julis lutescens (SOLANDER), BENNETT, Zo6l. Beechey’s Voy. Fishes, 1839, 65, pl. 19, f. 2. 





Caudal lobes much produced; the second ray of the ventral fin pro- 
longed. 

Head violet, with two or three streaks from the hinder margin of the ! 
eye, deflexed obliquely across the operculum; a curved band on the | 
side of the head below the eye. Body green, with a vertical streak at | 
the base of each scale. Dorsal and anal fins with dark base and light | 
margin. <A longitudinal oblong black spot on the upper part of the pec- 
toral fin. 

Locality : Fanning Islands. 





oa 
3 





85 
JULIS ANEITENSIS, Gthr. [No. 19227]. 


Julis aneitensis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish, iv, 1862, 183. 

Height equals the length of the head, and one-fourth of the total length 
(caudal lobes not included). Colors (in spirits), bluish on the shoulder ; 
no light cross-band behind the pectorals ; bands on the side of the head; 
two behind the eye, the upper extending to the origin of the lateral line, 
and the second from the middle of the posterior border of the eye to 
the point of the operculum; a third from above the angle of the mouth, 
across the lower border of the eye, to opposite the base of the pectoral 
fin; a curved band on the cheek below the eye, commencing on the edge 
of the suboperculum, turning upon itself bebind the angle of the 
mouth, and terminating on the interoperculum. Body, greenish; each 
scale with a vertical streak. A broad oblique black band across the 
posterior half of the pectoral fin, and a black spot in the axil above. 
Dorsal fin with a broad light margin, and an intramarginal band, edged 
with a fine black line above and below; the lower line is very near the 


base of the fin; a black spot anteriorly on the dorsal between the second 


and third spines. Anal light colored, base dark; the dark portion limited 
by a fine black line similar to those on the dorsal. 

Locality: Fanning Islands. 

This species is apparently very closely allied to Julis hebreica, and is 
probably an eastern representative of that species. 


GOMPHOSUS UNDULATUS, n. sp. [No. 19228]. 
D. £. A. 7. Le lat. 27. L. trans. 3 


13 11 

Height of the body 44 times in the total length, and the length of the 
head 24 times in the same. Caudal fin truncated; lobes very slighthy 
produced. Color in spirits: Head brownish-olive; a broad irregular 
band from the snout through the lower part of the eye to the operculum. 
Body glaucous-olive, lighter on the breast, aud with a vertical purplish 
streak at the base of each scale on the sides. Dorsal and anal fins with 
harrow transparent margins; the former with a median row of irregu- 
larly-shaped light spots; the other portion of the fin purplish; from 


_ the upper margin of the purple portion slender, tooth-like streaks ex- 


tend upward into the transparent margin between the rays. Anal with 
anarrow purplish band along the base, with its margin dentated; a 
band of the same color along the center, the upper margin of which is 
Scalloped, and from the lower margin are tooth-like streaks similar to 


86 


those on the dorsal. A blackish transverse streak across the posterior 
part of the pectoral fin, and a black spot above on the base. 

Length, 9 inches. 

Locality: Fanning Islands. 

Allied to @. varius, the principal difference between them being 
the markings on the vertical fins. 


POMACENTRIDA. 


GLYPHIDODON SEPTEMFASCIATUS, (C. & V.) Gthr. [No. 19229]. 


Glyphisodon septemfasciatus, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 463.— BLEEKER, . 
Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Sumatra, i, 582. 
Glyphidodon septemfasciatus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 40. 


. 


15 2 
een AN, . LL. lat. 29. L. trans. =. 
12-13 12=13 i ves 





Seales between the eyes do not reach as far forward as the anterior 
border of the orbit. Seven transverse bands on the side of the body, — | 
broader than the spaces between them; the firstand second band situated 
in front of the commencement of the spinous dorsal fin ; third, fourth, — 
and fifth bands under the spinous dorsal; sixth under the soft dorsal; _ 
seventh on the caudal peduncle bebind the dorsal and anal fins. Upper 
balf of the spinous dorsal blackish ; caudal lobes tipped with black. | 

Locality : Palmyra Island. 


GLYPHIDODON SORDIDUS, (Forst.) Gihr. [No. 19230]. , 
Chatodon sordidus, Forst., Deser. Anim., 1775, 62, no. 87.—Biocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. 

Scun., 1801, 230. q 
Pomacanthus sordidus, LAcEP., ilist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 519. . : 


Glyphisodon sordidus, RUPPELL, Atl. Fische, 1828, 34, pl. 8, f. 1—Cuv. & VAL., Hist 
Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 406.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxi, 1846, Labr., Cieny 
16. a 
Glyphidodon sordidus, GUNTuER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 41. | 
Scales between the eyes extend forward to the anterior border of the | 
orbit. Six cross-bands on the body. A large round black spot above’ 
on the caudal peduncle, behind the dorsal fin. 7 
Locality: Palmyra Island. Found in company with @. septemfas- 
ciatus. 











SEO 














87 


ACANTHURIDA. 


ACANTHURUS BLOCHI, C. & V.* [No. 19231]. 


Locality : Fanning Islands. All old specimens. 


ACANTHURUS TRIOSTEGUS (Z.) Bl. Schn. [No. 19232]. 


Chatodon triostegus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 463. 

Acanthurus triostegus, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 215.—Cuv. & VAL. Hist. 
Nat. des Poiss., x, 1835, 197.—BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiii, 1850, Tewth., 
12.—JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 75.—GUntTuEr, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 337; 
Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1875, Fische der Sudsee, i, 108. 

Harparus fasciatus, Forst., Descr. Anim., ed. LicurT., 1244, 216. 

Acanthurus zebra, LACEP, Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803., 546, pl. 6, f. 2. 

Chetodon zebra, LACEP., op. cit., iii, pl. 25, f. 3. 

Chetodon couagga, LACEP., op. cit., iv, 727. 

Acanthurus hirudo, BENNETT, Fish. of Ceylon, 1834, 11, pl. 11. 


Locality : Fanning Islands. 


ACANTHURUS ACHILLES, Shaw [No. 19233]. 


Acanthurus achilles, Saaw, Zodl., iv, 1°03, 383.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., x, 
1835, 218.—GUnTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 340; Jour, Mus. Godeff, ii, 1875, 

Fische der Sudsee, i, 115, pl. 71, f. B. 

3 
= ee 

Color (in spirits) blackish-brown; a large triangular spot, with a 
rounded base, on the posterior part of the side of the body, with the apex 
of the triangle embracing the lateral spine (spot red in life); a narrow 
bluish margin to the dorsal and anal fins ; a narrow band along the base 
of each (red in life) ; a blue band around the lower jaw; the subopercular 
margin with a white spot (blue in life}; and the outer rays of the ventral 
fins blue; marginof the caudal fin white; a crescent across the middle 


. portion of the latter separated from the light margin by a narrow 


brown band. 
Locality : Fanning Islands. 





* See synonymy under liawaiian Fishes. 


88 


CHATODONTID A. 


CHA TODON SETIFER, Bl. [No. 19234]. 


Chatodon setifer, BLocu, Naturg. ausliind. Fische. 1797, pl. 426, 1—BtLtocu, Syst. 
Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 225.—Cuv. & VaL,, Hist. Nat. des Poiss., vii, 1831, 
76.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 6; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1874, Fische der 
Sudsee, i, 36, pl. 26, f. B. ; 

Pomacentrus filamentosus, LACEP., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 506, 511. 

Chetodon sebanus, Cuv. & Val., op. cit., 74. 

Chatodon auriga, var. RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 28. 

Chatodon lunaris, GRONOV., Syst. (1780), ed. GRAY, 1854, 70. 

Chetodon auriga, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., v, 18538, Celebes, iv, 164. 


Locality: Fanning Islands. 


CARANGIDA. 


CARANGUS ASCENSIONIS, (forst.) Streets [No. 19235]. 


Scomber ascensionis, Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Licut., 1844, 412.—BuLocu, Syst. 
Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 33. 

Caranx ascensionis, CUV. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ix, 1833, 102, pl. 249.—GUNnTHER, 4 
Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 432; Jour. Mus. Godeff., 1276, part xi, Fische der Sudsee, 
part v, 132, pl. 85. 


D8j,. A. 274. L. lat. (plates) 30. 
oy 


The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without cau- | 
dal ); head higher than long; its length is contained 33 times in the total 1 
length (without caudal); diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the length ‘| 
of the snout, and is contained 44 times in the length of the head. Upper 
maxillary extends to the vertical from the center of the eye. Occipital 


U 


crest much elevated ; forehead in front of the eyes concave. Teeth en- | 


larged in the upper jaw anteriorly. The arched portion of the lateral | 
line equals the length of the head, and is about two-thirds of the length _ 
of the straight portion. The line becomes straight below the third ray _ 
of the second dorsal fin. Pectoral fin scythe-shaped; the upper rays 
much produced, and extending beyond the origin of the anal. Color (in 
spirit) uniform brownish; vertical fins somewhat darker, and purplish. 

Total length, 15.50 inches. 


Locality : Fanning Islands. 





89 
CHORINEMUS SANCTI PETRI, Cuv. & Val.* [No. 19236]. 


Adult specimens, 18-19 inches long. Two rows of blackish round 
spots on the sides, one above and the other below the lateral line; a 
blackish streak from above the eye to the shoulder, above the base of 





the pectoral fin. Top of the dorsal fin black; a black spot on the anal 
anteriorly. 
Locality : Christmas Island. Abundant. Swim near the surface of 


the water. 
MULLIDA. 
MULLOIDES FLAVOLINEATUS, (Lacép.) Blkr. [No. 19237]. 


Mullus flavolineatus, Lack&p., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 406. 

Mullus aureovittatus, SHaw, Zodl., iv, 1803, 618. 

Upeneus flavolineatus, Cuv. & Vau., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 456.—RUPPELL, N. 
W. Fisché, 1837, 101, pl. 26, f. 1.—JENYNS, Zod]. Beagle, Fish., 1842, 24. 

Mulloides flavolineatus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Ceram, ii, 697.—Gutn- 
THER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 403; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, Fische der Sudsee, i, 
56. 

A broad yellow band below the middle of the body from the opercu- 
_ tum to to the tail; yellow lines on the snout; fins without spots. 
Length, 11 inches. 


_ Locality: Fanning Islands. 


BERYCIDA. 
_  HOLOCENTRUM SPINIFERUM, (Forsk.) Gthr. [No. 19238]. 





Sicna spinyferum, Forsk., Deser. Anim., 1775, 49. 
Perea spiniferum, Buocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 86.—Lacip., Hist. des Poiss., 
iv, 1803, 418. 

Hlolocentrum leo, Cuv. & VAtL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iii, 1829, 204.—LEsson, Voy. 
| Coq,., ii, 1830, 222.—Quoy & Garm., Voy. Astrol. Poiss., 1834, 678, pl. 14, f. 
| 3.—CUVIER, Régne Anim. IIL, pl. 14, f. 1.—BLeEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vii, 
1254, Kokos-eil., 355. 
| 

| 


Holocentrus spinifer, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 96, pl. 25, f. 1. 

Holocentrum spiniferwm, GUENTHER, Cat, Fish.,i, 1859, 39; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1874, 
i. Fische der Sudsee, i, 94. 

! 





The profile of the head concave; snout pointed, longer than the 
} diameter of the eye; the end of the maxillary extends to under the 
anterior portion of the eye. Posterior border of the preoperculum 
oblique, dentated, the long spine at the angle longer than one-half of the 





* See synonymy under Hawaiian Fishes. 


posterior border ; two flat opercular spines, the upper the larger; mar- 
gin serrated; suboperculum entire; interoperculum serrated above 


90 









only ; scapular dentated. The third anal spine as long as the longest 
dorsal spine. Color, red. 
Locality : Fanning Islands. 


PRISTIPOMATIDA. 
APHAREUS FURCATUS, (Lacép.) Gthr. [No. 19239]. 


Labrus furcatus, Lac&ép., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 424, 477, pl. 21, f. 1. 

Caranxamorus sacrestinus, LACEP., op. cit., v, 1803, 682. 

Aphareus cerulescens, Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., vi, 1830, 487, pl. 167). 

Aphareus furcatus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 386; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, 
Fische der Sudsee, i, 17. 


D.19. A.3. L. lat. 76. L. trans. 4 | 
The third dorsal spine is the longest. The last oa “of the dorsal and | 
anal fins is three times as long as the preceding rays.* Brown (in spirits). | 
darker above the lateral line ; head brownish-blue. 
Length, 13 inches. 


Locality: Fanning Islands. 


LUTJANUS LINEATUS, (Q. & G.) Streets [No. 19240]. 
Diacope lineata, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Freyc., Zodl., 1824, 309. 
Diacope striata, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ii, 1828, 430. 
Mesoprion striatus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxii, 1849, Percida, 44. 
Mesoprion janthinuropterus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Celebes, iii, 751. 
Mesoprion lineatus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 193. y 
D. 29, “Ag )! Ti Jat.'50: { 
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is contained — 
34 times in the total length; the diameter of the eye is slightly less 
than one-fifth of the length of the head. Praoperculum finely denticu- | 
lated ; coarser teeth at the angle; a shallow notch above the angle. | 
The fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the longest. Caudal emarginate, — 
Olive, darker above, with oblique brown lines above the lateral line, | 
and longitudinal ones below ; no lateral blotch. Dorsal and caudal fins | 
blackish ; spinous dorsal with a narrow, deeper black ‘margin ; anal and | 
ventrals blackish ; a large blackish spot, spreading over the base of the | 
rays, in the axil of the pectoral fin. 
Locality: Christmas Island. Very abundant. 


* Giinther, in Cat. Fishes, states that it is but twice as long. This is probably a ty- _ 
pographical error. 





91 


SERRANIDA. 


EPINEPHELUS URODELUS, (Forst.) Bleeker [No. 19241]. 


Perca urodela, FoRSTER, Descr. Anim., ed. Licut., 1844, 221. 

| Serranus urodelus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ii, 1828, 306; vi, 1830, 513.— 
BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., vii, 1854, Kokos-eil., 39.—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fish., i, 1859, 122; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, Fische der Sudsee, i, p. 3, 


pl. 3, f. A. 


9 3 
A ara: 


D. Hi=15) 8-9 


Uniform brown (in spirits). The posterior part of the dorsal and anal, 
and caudal fins, with white spots; a narrow black margin to the soft 
_ dorsal and anal, and a submarginal band of white; caudal with two 
oblique white lines, converging posteriorly. 

Locality : Fanning Islands. 


EPINEPHELUS ARGUS, (Bl. Schn.) Bleeker [No. 19242]. 


Bodianus guttatus, BLocu, Auslind. Fische, vii, 1797, pl. 224.—Biocn, Syst. Ichth., ed. 
Scun., 1801, 330. 
Cephalopholis argus, BLocn, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 311, pl. 61. 






| Serranus myriaster, Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ii, 1828, 365.—Ritprett, Atlas 
Fische, 1828, 107, pl. 27, f. 1—Lrsson, Voy. Coq. Poiss., 1830, pl. 37. 

| Serranus argus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., ii, 182&, 360.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 115. 
| Serranus guttatus, PeTmRS, Arch. f. Naturg., 1855, i, 235.—GUNTHER, op. cit., i, 1859, 
| 119; Jour. Mus. Gcdeff., ii, 1573, Fische der Sudsee, i, 5, pl. 4. (non Cuv. & 


VAL.) 
9 3 


De 1o1G; ° 9 


Brownish-black ; head, body and, fins covered with round blue black- 
_ edged spots; more or less distinctly-marked transverse bars across the 
\ posterior portion of the body; the soft portion of the dorsal, the anal, 
the pectoral, and the caudal fins with narrow white margins; the upper 
_ half of the membrane, between the dorsal spines, light colored. 
Locality: Christmas Island. 

+ The name guttatus cannot be retained for this species, as an Atlantic 
Species, the Perca guttata, Gmelin (~Epinephelus guttatus, Goode), has 
_ a prior claim to it. 


92 
EPINEPHELUS HEXAGONATUS, (Bl. Schn.) Bleeker. |No. 19243}. 


Holocentrus hecagonatus, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 323. 

Serranus heragonatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ii, 1828, 330; vi, 1830, 516.— 
RICHARDSON, Voy. Sulph., 1844, 82, pl. 38, f. 1—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 
vi, 1854, 191.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., i, 1859, 140; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, 
Fische der Sudsee, i, 7, pl. 7 

Serranus foveatus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., li, 1828, 329. 

Serranus stellans, RICHARDSON, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1842, ix, 23. 

Perca hexagonata, FORSTER, Descr. Anim., ed. Licut., 1844, 189. 


11 AE 3 


DD), Sa were ee 
15-16 8 m 


Brownish; covered all over with hexagonal spots, separated by white — 
lines; four large dark brown blotches on the back along the base of the | 
dorsal fin. 

Locality: Christmas Island. 


APPR e's 








nF 
ae 


VARIOLA LOUTI, (Forsk.) Bleeker. [No. 19244.]. 


ai 


Perca louti, FORSKAL, Deser. Anim., 1775, 40. 

Labrus punctatus, Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 377, pl. 17, f. 2. 

Bodianus louti, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, ee op. cit., iv, 1803, 286. 

Serranus punctulatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ii, 1828, 367; ix, 1833, 435. 

Serranus louti, RUPPELL, Atlas Fische, 1828, 106, pl. 26, f. 2—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. 
i, 1859, 101; Jour. Mus. Godeff., ii, 1873, Fische der Sudsee, i, 2, pl. 1 (non — 
Val). 

Variola longipinna, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist., ii, 1839, 202. 

Pseudoserranus louti, KLUNZINGER, Fische d. Roth. Meer, 687. 


sa eke 


Fathi ms > 


See ee 7 


ae 


~ 


9 o 
‘Seinen enol 


RSP RIES 
Pee fe 


Caudal lobes prolonged; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins produced F 
posteriorly. Reddish (in spirits), covered all over with bluish spots, 
which are round on the head and fins, and linear on the body ; hinder 
margin of the dorsal, the anal, and the caudal fin light colored. a 


Locality: Christmas Island. 


ECHENEIDID A. 4 
ECHENEIS REMORA, Linn.* [No. 19245]. 


Locality : Washington Island. Taken from the body of a captured 
shark. | 





* See synonymy under Californian Fishes. 


93 


MUGILID. 
MUGIL CRENILABRIS, Forskal [No. 19246]. 















| Magil crenilabris, ForskAt, Deser. Anim., 1775, 73.—Rtpreiy, N. W. Fische, 1837, 
132.—Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xi, 1836, 123—GUnTHmER, Cat. 
: Fish., iii, 1861, 458. 

| Mugil riippelli, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 458. 

D 41. Az. L. lat. 38-40. L. trans. 14. 

‘Height of the body is contained 43 times in the total length, and the 
length of the head 5 times in the same. Snout broad, short—less than 
the diameter of the eye—obtuse; the interorbital space slightly con- 
-yex, its width being double the vertical diameter of the eye, and con- 
tained 24 times in the length of the head. The upper lip is thick, with 
short, fleshy fringes; the lower jaw also fringed, and notched at the 
symphysis; the mandibulary bones do not leave any free space between 
‘them below; the przorbital notched anteriorly, and toothed posteriorly ; 
the extremity does not entirely cover the end of the maxillary. Eyes 
without anadipose membrane. The second dorsal and anal fins scaly; the 
anterior dorsal spines one-half the length of the head. Caudal forked. 
‘The eleventh, the twelfth, and the twenty-third scales of the lateral 
line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral, and to the origins of 
the first and second dorsal fins. Sides silvery, darker along the back; 


a black spot superiorly in the axil of the pectoral. 
Length, 6 inches. 
Locality : Lagoons of Christmas Island. 


MURANID A. 
MURZNA PICTA, Ahl [No. 19247]. 


Murena picta, J. N. Ant,de Mureu. et Ophichth., in Thunberg’s Dissert., iii, 1793, 6, 

pl. 2, f 2—PLAyFAIR & GUNTHER, Fish. Zanz., 1866, 126.—GUNTHER, Cat. 

Fish., viii, 1870, 116. 

Gymnothorax pictus, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. ScHN., 1801, 529.—BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., 

iv, 1864, 87, pl. 170, f. 3,4, pl. 172, f. 3, pl. 173, f. 1, pl. 189, f. 3—KNER, 

Fisch. Novara Exped., 1869, 384. 

Murenophis pantherina, LACEPEDE, Hist. des Poiss., v, 1803, 628, 641, 643. 

Murena variagata, Quoy & Garand, Voy. Uran., Poiss., 1824, pl. 52, f. 1. 

‘Mwena lita, Ricuarpson, Zodl. Voy. Ereb. & Terr., Fish., 1846, 84.—Brenker, Nat. 
Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, £94; x, 1856, 283; Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 1853, Muren., 47. 

Murena sidera, RICHARDSON, op. cit., 85, pl. 48, f. 1-5. 








94 


Murena pfeiferi, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., v, 1853, 173; Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, 
1853, Muren., 72. 

Sidera pfeifferi, Kaur, Cat. Apod. Fish., 1856, 71. 

Sidera pantherina, KAuP, op. cit., 1856, 71. 

Gymnothorax pantherinus, BLEEKER, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk., i, 1863, 152. 










Locality: Palmyra Island. The collection contains many specimens, — 
illustrating all the variations of color-markings of this variable species. : ) 
All the teeth, except the anterior mandibulary, are uniserial in their 4 
arrangement. One specimen, six inches long, presents all the details of | 
coloration of Murena polyophthalma, but differs from it in its dentition. — 


GALEORHINID A. 


CARCHARIAS MELANOPTERUS, @. & G. [No. 19248]. 
Carcharias melanopterus, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy, Uran. Zool., 1824, 194, pl. 43, f. 1-2.— B 
RUPpPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 63.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 369, 
Carcharias (Prionodon) melanopterus, MULLER & HENLE, 43, pl. 19, f. 5.—BLEEKER, 
Verh. Bat. Gen., xxiv, 1852, Plag., 33.—DuUMERIL, Elasmobr., 365. 
Carcharias (Prionace) melanopterus, CANTOR, Mal. Fish., 400. 
Carcharias (Prionodon) henleit, BLEEKER, Nat. 'Tyds. Ned. Ind., iv, 1853, 507. 
Ca-charias (Prionodon) brachyrhynchus, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Se. Indo-Neerl., vi, 1859, _ 
906.—DuMERIL, Elasmobr., 364. a 


Localities: Christmas and Washington Islands. Young and feetus. — 
Gray, with all the fins of the body tipped with black. 


IV.—Fishes from the Samoan Islands, collected bi y Ans: Stein: i 
berger. | 


OSTRACIONTID A. 


OSTRACION PUNCTATUS, Bl. Schn. | No. 15130]. 


Ostracion pointillé, LACEPEDE, Hist. des Poiss., i, 1798, 442, 445, pl. 21, f. 1. , | 

Ostracion punctatus, BLOCH, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scrn., 1801, 501.—JENyNs, Zool. Beagle, 
Fish., 1842, 158.—Breexen, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., xi, 1856, 108; Atl. Ichth., wy } 
1865, 39, pl. 202, Ostrac., pl. 2, f. 4—Hortarp, Ann. Se. Nat., vii, 1857, 167.— 
GUnTuER, Cat. Fish., viii, 1870, 261.—PLayrair & GUNTHER, Fish. Zanu, | 
1866, 130. q 

Ostracion lentiginosus, BLocn, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 501. 

Ostracion meleagris, SHAW, Gen. Zodl., v, 1804, 428, pl. 172; Nat. Misc., 7, pl. 253. 





The entire body covered with small white spots, which are confluent 


into undulating lines on the under surface of the body, and under the — 
eyes. | 





jj 
| 
} 
i 














95 


BALISTID. 
BALISTES ACULEATUOS, Linn.* [No. 15138}. 
Young specimen. Two and a half inches long. 
GOBILD Ai. 


BRACHYELEOTRIS CYANOSTIGMA, Blkr.t [No. 15115]. 


Similar in every respect, even to the presence of the rudimentary 


spines on the przoperculum, to those described from the Hawaiian 


Islands. 
GOBIUS ECHINOCEPHALUS, Riipp. [No. 15113}. 
Gobius echinocephalus, RUPPELL, Alt. Fische, 1828, 136; N. W. Fische, 1837, 137, 138.— 
Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xii, 1837, 134.—GUnTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 
1861, 34.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zo6l.-bot. Gesel., xxi, 1871, 475. 
Gobius amiciensis, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., xii, 1837, 135.—GUNTHER, op. cit., ili, 1861, 35.— 
KNER & STEINDACHNER, Sitz. d.k. Ak. d. Wissen., Math.-Naturwissen. Classe, 


liv, i, 1866, 367. 


D. 63. A.}. L. lat. 25-24. L. trans. 8. 

Height of the body one-fourth of the total length. Head as high as 
long, very obtuse in front; cleft of mouth nearly vertical. The outer 
series of teeth in both jaws enlarged; in the lower jaw in front, on 
either side of the symphysis, and behind the other teeth of the jaw, is a 


large canine tooth, curved backward. Head and vertex, to the com- 


_mencement of the first dorsal fin, naked ; cheeks swollen, and together 
with the under surface of the head, covered with small warts and short 


cirri. Gill-openings narrow, of the same length as the base of the pec- 
toral fin. Ventrals subcircular; caudal rounded. Body light brown; 
head somewhat lighter; fins dark brown. 


GOBIODON CITRINUS, (Riipp.) Gtar. [No. 15114]. 


Gobius citrinus, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 139, pl. 32, f. 4. 
Gobiodon citrinus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 87.—KLUNZINGER, Verh. zodl.-bot. 
Gesel., xxi, 1871, 480. 


Head and body compressed; head rounded, very obtuse in front. 
Seales none. No canine teeth. Yellow, with a blue black-edged streak 





* See synonymy under Fishes from Fanning Islands. 
{See synonymy under Hawaiian Fishes. 


\ ° ‘ 


96 


along the base of the dorsal and anal fins; two similar, but vertical, 
streaks through and below the eye; another in front of the pectoral fin, 
commencing above, and terminating on the base. The first dorsal with 
a narrow, black margin. All the specimeus were enveloped in a thick 
mucous covering, which completely obscured the markings of the body. 


GOBIODON CERAMENSIS, (Blkr.) Gthr. [No. 19250]. 


Gobius ceramensis, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iii, 1852, Ceram, ii, 704. 
Gobiodon ceramensis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 88. 
D. 64;. A.4- 

Seales none. Height of the body is contained 34 times in the total 
length, and the length of the head 44 times in the same. Head and 
body compressed, the former as high as long; eyes close together; the 
profile of the snout descends nearly vertically from between the eyes. 
Lower jaw with canine teeth in front, behind the outer band. Caudal | 
rounded. Brown, with blackish fins. 


SCORPANIDA. 
SEBASTOPSIS GUAMENSIS, (Q. & @.) [Nos. 15106, 15136}. 


Scorpena guamensis, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Uran. Zodl., 1824, 326.—GUNTHER, Jour. 
Mus. Godeffr., ii, 1874, Fische der Sudsee, i, 74, pl. 56, f. B. 

Scorpena rubropunctata, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iv, 1829, 324. 

Sebastes minutus, Cuv. & WAL., op. cit., iv, 1829, 348.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 106. 

Scorpena chilioprista, RUPPELL, N. W. Fische, 1837, 107, pl. 27, f. 3.—GUNTHER, Cat. 
Fish., ii, 1860, 121. 

Scorpena polylepis, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., ii, 1851, 173. 

Sebastes polylepis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., ii, 1860, 106. 


D. 11-123. A. 3. I. lat. 42. 


3, 

Height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), | 
and the length of the head is about two-fifths of the same. No teeth — 
on the palatine bones. Occiput scaly; scales extending to the groove 
between the eyes. Diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, — 
and is twice the width of the interorbita] space. The end of the max- — 
illa extends beyond the vertical from the center of the eye. Eleven i 
simple rays in the pectoral fin. The fifth to the eighth dorsal spines j 
the longest, more than one-third of the length of the head. No cuta- | 
neous appendages. Light brown, marbled with dark brown; a large, 
rounded, blackish spot on the operculum. 














97 


POMACENTRID A. 


DASCYLLUS ARUANUS, (Z.) C. & V. [No. 15104]. 


Cheetodon aruanus, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 464.—Btioon, Ausliind. Fische, iii, 1787, 
62, pl. 198, f. 2.—Btocnu, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 220.—Suaw, Gen. Zodl., 
iv, 1803, 348. 

Chatodon abu dafur, FoRSKAL, Deser. Anim., 1775, 15. 

Iutjanus aruanus, LAcKP., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 720. 

Pomacentrus aruanus, RUPPELL, Atl. Fische, 1828, 39. 

Daseyllus aruanus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 434.—GUntTHer, Cat. 
Fish., iv, 1862, 12. 

Chetodon araneus, BENNETT, Fish of Ceylon, 1837, pl. 17. 

Tetradrachmum arcuatum, CANT., Mal. Fish., 241. 


Body with three black cross-bands, extending on the dorsal and anal 

fins; the first descends obliquely from the commencement of the spinous 

| dorsal, through the eye, to the chin, leaving a round, greyish space be- 

_ tween the eyes; the second band is bowed, and extends from the middle 

of the spinous dorsal to the ventral fins; the third from the posterior 

part of the soft dorsal to the anal fin. Ventrals black; caudal white. 
Anus black. 


CHROMIS LEPIDURUS, (C. & V.) Streets [No. 15116]. 


| Heliastes lepidurus, Cuv. & Vat., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 498.—GUNTHER, Cat, 
Fish., iv, 1862, 63. 
Heliastes frenatus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., v, 1830, 498.—GtNTHER, op. cit., iv, 1862, 62. 


12 2 © 7 -2 
D.322. A. L. lat. 27. LL, trans. 12. 


Height of the body is one-half of the total length (without candal), 
and the length of the head is contained about three times in the same. 
But one distinct series of conical teeth. The diameter of the eye longer 
than the snout, and is contained about two and two-thirds times in the 
length of the head. Caudal fin forked, and its basal half scaly. Ceru- 
lean; silvery on the breast and lower part of the head ; a bluish-white 
Streak from the eye to the snout; fins minutely punctate; pectoral yel- 
_lowish, a black spot in the axil above. 

| One specimen, larger than the others (1.20 inches), of a brownish- 
‘Metallic luster, with some scattered blue spots on the sides. 

Bull. N. M. No. 7—7 





98 
GLYPHIDODON ANTJERIUS, (C. & V.) Gthr. [No. 15117]. 


Glyphisodon antjerius, Cuv. & VAu., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 481—BLEEKER 
Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., viii, 1855, Kokos, iv, 454. 

Glyphisodon biocellatus, Cuv. & VAUL., op. cit., v, 1830, 482.—Quoy & Gaim., Voy 
Uran. Zo6l., 1824, 389.—BLEEKER, op. cit., viii, 1855, Sumatra, ii, 286.— 
Lesson, Voy. Coq. Zo6l., Poiss., 1830, 188. 

Glyphisodon zonatus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., v, 1830, 483. 

Glyphisodon punctulotus, Cuv. & VAL., op. cit., v, 1830, 484. ? 


Glyphidodon antjerius, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 50. 
13° 


IE, Acct. palate2G: 


Var. 7 of Giinther. Ground-color brownish, every scale on the body 


with one or more blue spots ; similar spots on the fins; a blue streak from — 


the middle of the snout, where it joins with its fellow of the opposite side, 


along the upper margin of the eye to the base of the anterior portion of the | ) 
spinous dorsal; a short streak along the upper part of the eye, and one © | 


through the eye below the pupil to the upper jaw; a streak around the ~ 


lower margin of the orbit, and still another below this on the cheek; a q 
large, black, blue-edged ocellus on the posterior spines of the dorsal fin, : 
extending on the back; a similar ocellus, but smaller, on the base of the _ 
posterior rays of the soft portion of the dorsal, extending on the upper _ 


part of the caudal peduncle. 


var. 7. 


GLYPHIDODON UNIOCELLATUS, (Q. & G.) Gthr. [No. 15112]. 


(Glyphisodon uniocellatus, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Uran. Zoéol., 1824, 393, pl. 64, f. 4.— F 


Cuv..& VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v, 1830, 481. 
Glyphidodon uniocellatus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 52. 
Glyphidodon assimilis, GUNTHER, op. cit., iv, 1862, p. 52. 


D. 33. A. 3. L. lat. 28. LL. trans. 2. 


Height of the body is contained 24 times in the total length (without 
caudal). Diameter of the eye greater than the width of the inter- 


orbital space, or than the length of the snout. The greatest width of | 


the preorbital equals one-half the diameter of the eye. Teeth very 
narrow. Caudal fin subtruncated; lobes rounded. Beautiful azure- 


blue (iv spirits), with round yellow spots scattered over the sides of 


the body; fewer than one toevery scale; a dark band along the middle 





| 


: 








99 


of the nape of the neck and of the forehead; another from the com- 
mencement of the lateral line, through the eye, to the snout, where it 
meets its fellow of the opposite side; the lower side of the head brown- 
ish; a round black spot on the base of the soft dorsal, extending from 
the sixth to the eleventh ray. 

Length, 1.50 inches. 


GLYPHIDODON BONANG, (Blikr.) Gthr. [No. 15114]. 


Glyphisodon bonang, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 1852, Sumatra, i, 582. 
Glyphidodon bonang, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 45. 


Dae AS 2 Ee lat. 29. 


15-16" 13 


Immature.—Height of the body is contained nearly twice in the total 
length (without caudal). Infraorbitals scaly. Uniform brown, with some 
scattered bluish spots; a black spot, blue-edged in smaller specimens, 
on the posterior dorsal rays. 


LABRIDA. 


JULIS SCHWANEFELDI, Bikr. [No. 15133]. 


Julis schwanefeldi, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., iv, 1853, Sumatra, ii, 288; Atl. Ichth., 
i, 1862, 95, pl. 33, £. 7.—GUNnTHER, Cat. Fish., iv, 1862, 191. 

Body with six brownish cross-bands; two reddish streaks from behind 
the eye to the margin of the operculum, and one in front of the eye to 
the snout. Two deep blue spots on the dorsal fin, one on the spinous 
dorsal between the first and the third spines; the other on the soft por- 


tion between the first and the third rays; four or five spots of like 


character below the soft dorsal, on the posterior cross-bands of the sides. 


STETHOJULIS. ALBOVITTATA, (Lacép.) Gthr. [No. 15139]. 


| Labrus albovittatus, Lacép., Hist. des Poiss., iii, 1803, 443, 509. 
_ dulis balteatus, Quoy & GAaIMARD, Voy. Uran. Zo6l., 1824, 267, pl. 56, f. 1—Cuv. & 


VaL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., xiii, 1839, 475.—BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind. 
ii, 1851, Banda, i, 253. 


i Stethojulis albovittata, GiNTHER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1861, viii, 386; Cat. Fish., 


iv, 1862, 141.—BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth., i, 1862, 132, pl. 44, f. 5. 


Four narrow, longitudinal bluish or whitish bands on the body; the 


| upper commences at the upper margin of the orbit, and runs along the 


base of the dorsal fin; the second proceeds from the upper surface of the 
snout, through the eye, and terminates under the anterior part of the 


100 


lateral line; the third from the side of the snout, below the eye, through 
the angle of the operculum, to the middle of the base of the caudal fin; 
the fourth begins on the under part of the lower jaw, crosses the cheek 
in a curve to the sub-operculum, ascends along the gill-opening to the 
base of the pectoral fin, where it is interrupted ; commences again in the — 
axil of pectoral, and terminates on the lower part of the base of the 
caudal; it is curved on the body. 


ACANTHURIDA. 


ACANTHURUS LINEATUS, (Gm.) Bl. Schn. [No. 15131]. 


Chetodon lineatus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1246. 

Acanthurus lineatus, BLocu, Syst. Ichth., ed. Scun., 1801, 214, pl. 49.—Cuv. & VAL, © 
Hist. Nat. des Poiss., x, 1835, 223.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., iii, 1861, 333; Jour 
Mas. Godeffr., ii, 1875, Fische der Sudsee, i, 111, pl. 70. 

Acanthurus vittatus, BENNETT, Fish of Ceylon, 1837, pl. 2. 


CHILODIPTERIDS. © 


APOGON AURITUS, C. & V.* |No. 15134]. 


Densely sprinkled with brown; a black, white-edged spot on the 


operculum. 


APOGON FASCIATUS, (White) Q. & @. [No. 15108}. 


Mullus fasciatus, WHITE, Jour. Voy. New South Wales, 1790, 268, pl. 1. 
Apogon novemfasciatus, Cuv. & VAL., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., ii, 1829, 154. 
Apogon fasciatus, QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Freye. Zodl., 1824, 344.—GUNTHER, Cat. : 
Fish., i, 1859, 241; Jour. Mus. Godeffr., ii, 1873, Fische der Sudsee, i, 19, 
pl. 20, f. A, B. 
Apogon aroubiensis, Homb. & Jacquin., Voy. au Péle Sud, Poiss., 1853, 31, pl. 1, f. 1. 


D. 73. A.2. L. lat. 25. L. trans. 8. 


8 t 

Ground color silvery, with four longitudinal dark brown bands along | 

the sides of the body; the first short, along the back; the second, third, _ 

and fourth from the snout to the caudal; the seccnd and fourth con- 

verging on the caudal. Spinous dorsal blackish; a black band across 
the base of the second dorsal and anal. 


* See synonymy under Hawaiian Fishes. 





a 


t 


' 








101 
APOGON GRAFFI, Giinther [No. 15110]. 


Apogon grefi, GUNTHER, Jour. Mus. Godefir., ii, 1873, Fische der Sudsee, i, 22, pl. 20, 


e D. 62. A.2. L. lat. 24. LL, trans. 8, 

Greatest height of the body slightly more than one-third of the total 
length, and is contained 21 times in the same without the caudal. Diam- 
eter of the eye twice the length of the snout, and two-fifths of the 
length of the head. None of the bones of the head serrated. The end 
of the upper maxilla reaches nearly to the vertical from the center of 


_ theeye. The middle spines of the first dorsal prolonged, thread-like ; 


the first very long, reaching, when laid back, to the summit of the second 
dorsal; second dorsal lower than the body. Silvery on the side of the 
head and breast; head dotted; the dots under a lens are seen to be stel- 
late; a row of minute dots along the dorsal line of the body. The dor- 
sal fins minutely punctate; the first darker than the second. 

Length, two inches. 


[No. 19249.] Another specimen of the same species in which. the 
second dorsal spine is less prolonged, and the back and sides are cov- 
ered with stellate spots ; a brown spot on each side of the base of the 
caudal fin. In other respects similar to the above. 


BERYCIDA. 


HOLOCENTRUM DIADEMA, Lacép. [Nos. 15109, 15132]. 


Holocentrum diadema, Lackp., Hist. des Poiss., iv, 1803, 372, 374; iii, 1803, pl. 32, f. 
3.—RUPPELL, Atl. Fisches, 1828, 84, pl. 22, f. 2—Cuv. & VaL., Hist. Nat. des 
Poiss., iii, 1829, 213.—LxEsson, Voy. Coq. Zodl., 1830, ii, 220, pl. 25, f. 2.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fish., 1, 1859, 42; Jour. Mus. Godeffr., ii, 1874, Fische der 
Sudsee, i, 97. 

Perca pulchella, BENNETT, Zool. Jour., iii, 377, pl. 9, f. 3. 


Red, with nine longitudinal silvery bands along the side; spinous dor- 


sal blackish, with a white, curved band along the middle, here and there 
_ interrupted; the upper edge of the membrane between the spines 
i white; the space between the second spine and first ray of the anal 
\ fin clouded. 


102 


MUGILID “4, 
AGONOSTOMA DORSALIS, n. sp. [No. 15111] 
D. 43. A. 3. 


9 


The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, and the length _ 
of the head is contained four and a half times in the same. Small teeth — 
in the upper jaw; no teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer, or palatines. 5 
Eyes without adipose membrane. Upper lip thin. The end of the max. a 
illa extends to the vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Inter- e 
orbital space flat. Preeorbital serrated anteriorly and below. The_ | 
anterior dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and $ 


the base of the caudal fin. 


Silvery, with a metallic luster along the back; the base of the second | | 


dorsal fin black. 
Length, 1.50 inches. 





Cit WS tA OC H.A, 


MAIIDA. 
LIBININ. 


LIBINIA SEMIZONALE, Streets. n. sp. 


Carapace pyriform; regions distinctly marked; surface shining, un- 
even, and shortly pubescent in places; pubescence more marked ante- 





riorly; spinous. The arrangement of the spines is as follows :— eight in 
the median line of the body, placed, four on the gastric region, one on 
the genital, two on the cardiac, and one on the intestinal; on the ante- 
rior portion of the gastric region are two other spines, arranged trans- 
versely, in a line with the first one of the longitudinal series; so that all 
the spines of this region form the letter T; on the hepatic region are 
two spines, placed one above the other; immediately beneath these, on 
the lateral line, is another (on the left side there were two); the spines 
on the hepatic region, with those on the lateral line and the transverse 
row on the gastric region, taken together form a semicircle across the 
anterior portion of the carapace; sub-hepatic spines two, the anterior of 
which is the larger; there is another under the lateral line posterior toa 












sulcus separating the hepatic and branchial regions; four on the middle 
of the branchial region, inclosing a regular diamond-shaped space; 
another small spine on the upper part of the same region, on the edge 
of the depression separating it from the cardiac region; finally, there 
is an elevation, or a faint trace of a spine, on the posterior part of the 





branchial region. 

Rostrum prominent, broad; broadest at the base, and slightly con- 
verging to the points; directed upward at an angle with the body; con- 
vex above and densely pubescent; the entire under surface deeply ex- 
cavated; its apex obliquely truncated above, producing, by reason of 
its hollow under surface, two points, the outer surfaces of which are 

; 103 





104 


straight and nearly parallel, while the inner margins are sloping, and 
converge to the median line of the rostrum; along the inner edge of 
the tips is arranged a row of long, stiff hairs; sides of the rostrum 
slightly concave, and at the base of the upper surface is a broad, shal- 
low depression, which narrows to the apex of the bifureation. A prom- — 
inent spine projects over the inner canthus of the eye; the outer angle © 
of the orbit not produced; a deep sulcus on the superior border of the : 
orbit, which is bridged over at the top by a small spine, which arises | 
from the base of the prominent spine at the inner canthus; on the in- 
ferior border of the orbit is another fissure, from the bottom of which | 
is a strong spine, springing from the base of the outer angle, and © 
projecting inward and downward under the basal article of the external — 
antenna. | ; 
External antenne hidden under the rostrum; the basal article robust, \ 


longer than broad, forming a part of the inferior border of the orbit; _ 
the external angle produced in the form of a tooth; the remaining arti- _ 


cles slender and cylindrical; a row of long stiff hairs along the entire 
inner side of the antenne. $ 

Legs slender, smooth, and shining like the carapace; the joints cylin- _ 
drical, with the exception of the fourth, which is depressed, and marked _ 
by a longitudinal depression above and below; the tarsi are tapering, — 


and armed with long corneous points; the anterior pair of feet only — 


very slightly more robust than the following; the hands much com- f 
pressed ; fingers slender, white at the tips, with their cutting edges E 
approximating along nearly their entire length. Ge | 
Abdomen composed of seven segments; on the center of the first 
segment there is a rather prominent tubercle; the terminal segment is é 
somewhat triangular, with a rounded apex. 
The breadth of the carapace is exactly three-fourths of the length. 
Length, including the rostrum, 2.70 inches; breadth, 2.03; the anterior — 
pair of legs a little longer than the body; the length of the second pair : 
equals that of the first; the length of the hand and carpus of the first . 
pair comprise one-half of their entire length. 
Locality: Lower California. 
The arrangement of the spines on the surface of the carapace, and 
the absence of the lateral row of spines are sufficient to distinguish this — | 
species from all others belonging to the genus. 





105 


CANCRIDA. 


XANTHIN&. 


ATERGATIS LIMBATUS, (Edw.) Dana. 


Atergatis limbatus, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 157—HE LER, Crust. Novara 
Exped., 8. 

 Xantho granulosus, RUPPELL, Krabben des rothen Meeres, 24, pl. 5, f. 3. 

 Aigle granulosus, De HAAN, Faun. Japon., 17. 

| Cancer limbatus, Epwarkps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 377, pl. 16, f. 1. 






Locality: Hawaiian Islands. 


CHLORODIN &. 


ETISUS LEVIMANUS, fandall. 


Etisus levimanus, RANDALL, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 115.—Dana, U.S. 
Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 185, pl. 10, f. 1. 


Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 


CHLORODIUS UNGULATUS, Edwards. 


| Chlorodius ungulatus, Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., i—Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. 
Crust., i, 205, pl. xi, f. 8. 


Locality: Hawaiian Islands. 


CHLORODIUS SANGUINEUS, Edwards. 


Chlorodius sanguineus, Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 402—Dana, U. S. Expl. 
Exped. Crust., i, 207, pl. xi, f. 11—HeLier, Crust., Novara Exped., 12. 
Chlorodius exaratus, Srmmpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1858, 34.—KDWarps, 

. Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 402.—Dawna, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 208. 

) Chlorodius inequalis, AUDOUIN, Explic. des. pl. de Savigny.—Savieny, Dese. deVEgypte. 
Crust., pl. v, f. 7. 

| Chlorodius Edwardsii, HeLLer, Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, Ba., xhiii, 336. 
Cancer (Xantho) lividus, DE Haan, Faun. Japon., 48, pl. xiii, f. 6. 

Cancer (Xantho) affinis, De Haan, 1. c. 48, pl. xiil, f. 8. 


Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 








106 
ERIPHIDA. 
ERIPHIN &. 


TRAPEZIA MACULATA, (MLeay) Dana. 


Trapezia maculata Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 256, pl. xv, f. 4.—STIMPson, Proe. | 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1858, 37; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 219. | 

Trapezia maculatus, Krauss, Stidaf. Crust., 36. 

Trapezio, guttata, RUPPELL, Krabben des rothen Meeres, 27.—HELLER, Crust., Novara — 
Exped., 25. | 

Trapezia tigrina, EyYDoux & SOULEYET, Voy. de la Bonita, pl. ii, f. 4. 

Grapsillus maculatus, M’LEAY, Crust. of Smith’s Illust. Zo6l. 8. Africa, 67. 


Locality: Hawaiian Islands. 


PORTUNIDA. 


LUPIN &. ‘ 


NEPTUNUS SANGUINOLENTUS, (Herbst) De Haan. 
Neptunus sanguinolentus, DE Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., 38.—ALPH. M. Epwarps, Archi 
du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1860, x, 319—HELLER, Crust. Novara Exped., 26. | 
Lupa sanguinolenta, DESMAREST, Crust., 99.—M. Epw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 451; et — 
Cuv. Régn. Anim. pl. x, f. 1.—Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 271.—STIMP-_ 
SON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 38. z 
Portunus sanguinolentus, FABR., Suppl. Entom. syst., 365.—Latr., Encyclop. Method, x, | 








190. P 

| 

Cancer palagicus, FaBr., Mant. Ins., i, 318.—L1n., Syst. Nat., ed. Gmelin. “a 
Cancer sanguinolentus, HERBST, Krabben und Krebse, i, 161, pl. 8, f. 56, 57. s | 
, 

Locality: Hawaiian Islands. 4 


THALAMITA ADMBTE, (Herbst) Latr. 4 


Crust., i, 459; et Regn. Anim. de Cuv. Atlas Crust., pl. ix, f. 2.—Dana, U. Ca 
Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 281, pl. xvii, f. 5.—ALpH. M. Epwarps, Arch. du Mus., 
1860, x, 356—HELLER, Crust. Novara Exped., 28.—Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Phila., 1858, 39. 

Portunus admete, Latr., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxviii, 44. 


Cancer admetus, HERBST, Krabben und Krebse, pl. 57, f. 1. 


Locality: Hawaiian Islands. 





107 


THALAMITA INTEGRA, Dana. 


Thalamita integra, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 281, pl. xvii, f. 6.—ALPH. M, 
> Epwarps, Arch. du Mus., x. 356.—Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 
1858, 39. 


Locality: Hawaiian isiands. 

The resemblance between the two preceding species of Thalamita is 
very close, and at first sight they may be very readily confounded; yet 
their differences are well marked and constant. In collecting them, the 
two kinds were thrown together as belonging to the same species; but 
when their specific characters were once recognized, there was no diffi- 
culty in separating the one from the other. The integra is much more 
abundant in the harbor of Honolulu, than the admete. In alot of twenty- 
seven, collected from that locality, there were twenty-two of the former 
and five of the latter. 

The following are the chief points of difference between the two spe- 
cies. In integra there are two spines on the superior edge of the hand; 
one, sharp-pointed, is situated on the middle of the border, and its base 
is continuous with an abrupt ridge running to the base of the hand; 
the second spine, usually blunt and eroded in the adult, but sharp- 
pointed in the young, is placed on the extreme distal angle of the upper 
border, and is also continuous by its base with another abrupt ridge, 
which extends toward the middle of the hand, but which is interrupted 
at the base of the first spine. The position of this second spine is a, 
point of great diagnostic importance. Exterior to the superior edge is 
another spine, more or less worn down, the base of which coalesces 
with a rounded ridge, running toward the base of the hand; in front of 
and a little superior to the last, at the angle, is a slight prominence ; 
there is a fourth spine at the base of the hand near the carpal articula- 
tion. The surface of the hand is smooth. 

In admete there are likewise two spines on the superior border of the 
hand; but their arrangement is somewhat different. The outer one is 
not placed on the extreme distal angle of the hand, but is posterior to 
it; and the ridge which extends to the base of the hand, from the spine 
ou the middle of the border, is serrated. The other spines on the hands 
have exactly the same arrangement asin integra. The superior surface 
of the hand is sparsely and coarsely granular; the inferior border finely 
granular. 

The carapace furnishes some additional characters. In integra the 


108 


froat is not on a Straight line throughout its entire length, in the | 
majority of cases. The crest of the base of the outer antenne is not — 
denticulated. Dana states that the “ median region is not crossed by © 
any raised lines ;” while his figure shows them. They were present in| 
all the specimens examined by me, and in this respect the species does 
not differ from admete. Anterior to the line crossing the middle region, 
and on either side of the median line of the body are two slight promi- 
nences; posterior to the median line is another, “‘ which reaches to the © 
posterior tooth on either side.” The antero-lateral margin is four-toothed 
as in admete; only occasionally do we find a fifth tooth developed. The 
carapace is more convex. 

The manner in which the carapace of the admete differs from the 
above description is briefly, as follows: The lines on the surface of the 
carapace are more prominent; in place of the two prominences anterior | 
to the line crossing the median region of the body are two short ser- 
rated lines; and there are, in addition to these two, others of the same ’ 
character, anterior to the extremities of the median transverse line. — 
The carapace is more compressed, and “the crest of the base of them 





outer antenne is evenly and short denticulated.” —. F | 


THALAMITA PYRMNA, (Herbst) M. Edu. 


Thalamita prymna, M. Epwanrps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 461.—Dr Haun, Faun. Japon. — 
Crust., 43, pl. xii, f. 2—ALPH. M Epwarps, Arch. du Mus. d@’Hist. Nat., seo 
x, 360. 4 
Thalamita crassimana, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 284, pl. xvii, f. 9. _srorsomt I 


mt 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 39. 4 
Portunus prymna, LATREILLE, ae Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxviii, 44. mM 
Cancer prymna, Hersst, Krabben und Krebse, pl. lvii, f. 2. e 
: 


Locality: Palmyra Island, North Pacific. 

The crest of the base of the outer antenne differs somewhat from the 
description of it given by Dana. This distinguished carcinologist states, b 
that the crest is irregularly divided. On the left side the crest bears 
three teeth; two of which are sharp and prominent, and the third is. 
quite small. The latter is situated at the base of the inner orominena 
tooth. On the right side there have been three prominent teeth, but 
their apices are broken off, and the crest has the appearance of being | 
‘irregularly divided,” as is shown in Dana’s figure. The anterior mar- | 
gin of the arm is armed with four spines; the fourth—counting them in | 
the same precedence as in the two species of the genus discussed above— 


ihe 
7 


| 
} 
} 
| 
i 


4 
- 


¥ 109 
| at the outer angle, is short and sometimes broken off. In every other 
respect the specimens examined are identical with the description and 


figure given by Dana. The fourth tooth on the antero-lateral margin is 


smaller than the rest, but the difference is not so great as is pictured 


_in the figure. 








| Cancer granulatus, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1817, i, 61. 
| Cancer menas, LInn., Syst. Nat., xii, i, 1043.—PENNANT, Brit. ZoGl., iv, 3, pl. iii, f. 3.— 


ACHELOUS GRANULATUS, (If. Edw.) Alph. M. Edwards. 


 Achelous granulatus, ALPH. M. Epwarps, Arch. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1860, x, 


344, 


| Amphitrite speciosa, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 276, pl. xvii, f. 1—STIMPson, 


Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 39. 


| Amphitrite gladiator, Dk HAAN, Faun. Japon. Crust., 65, pl. xviii, f. 1 (et non pl. 1). 
| Inpa granulata, M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 454. 


Locality: Fanning Group of Islands, North Pacific. 


CARCINUS MQENAS, (Linn.) Leach. 


i Carcinus menas, LEACH, Melac. Podophth. Brit., pl. v; Edinb. Encyclop., vii, 429; 


Trans. Linn. Soe., xi, 314; Encyclop. Britann. Suppl., i, 410.—AupoutN, dans 
Youvrage de Savigny, Egypte. Crust., pl. iv, f. 6—M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des 
Crust., i, 434.—GouLD, Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 321.—Dx 
Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Crust., 8, pl. v, f. 5-6.—BELL, British. Crust., 76.— 
Apu. M. Epwarps, Arch. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1860, x, 391.—HELLER, 
Crust. Novara Exped., 30. 


| Careinus granulatus, SmiTH, Report of Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 312, 547. 


Portunus menas, LEACH, Edinb. Encyclop., vii, 390.—Cosra, Fauna del regno di Napoli, 
Crust. g. Portuno., 7. 


2 


BAastkER, op. subst. ii, 19, pl. ii—HeERBstT, Krabben und Krebse, pl. vii, f. 46.— 
FABRICIUS, Entom. Syst. Suppl., 11, 450; 41, 334, 3.—LaTrEILLE, Gen. Crust. 
et Insect., 1, 30, 2. 


Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 

This is the first well-authenticated instance, to my knowledge, where 
the genus Carcinus is recorded as coming from the Pacific regions. In 
the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, there 


is aspecimen labeled from Australia, with an interrogation mark. It is 
probable that all the specimens obtained from this region have only been 


Stragglers from the Atlantic. The Hawaiian Islands, where the last 


came from, have been thoroughly ransacked by collectors for this kind 
of life; and, had the species been common, it could not have well eluded 
_the search solong. That it is a wandering crab, almost cosmopolitan in 





110 


its range, is seen by glancing at the extent of country that is embraced in 
its wanderings. It is common on the coasts of France and England; it — 
is found in the Baltic Sea, along the shores of the Mediterranean, and _ 
in the Red Sea. It is by no means an uncommon crab along the whole : | 
extent of the eastern coast of the United States, and Heller records it _ 
as coming from the shores of Brazil. im; 






















Iam able to detect some differences, amounting probably to a slight — 
geographical variation, among the specimens coming from these widely _ 


separated localities. Those from the American coast differ from the — 
European in having a slight increase in the convexity of the carapace, : 
with coarser granulations over its surface. The teeth of the front are i 
also much more prominent. In the European specimens the projections 
of the front hardly amount to more than undulations; while in those i 
from this side they are teeth-like. An increased development in the » 
same direction is observed in the individual from the Hawaiian Islands. _ 
If what I have stated here should hold good through a large series of 
specimens, it will be an interesting instance of progressive development — 
from east to west, where the difference in the local conditions are less a 
pronounced than from north to south in corresponding degrees of € 
longitude. 

ASSECLA, nov. gen. 


Carapace convex, broader than long, smooth and shining; front | 


borders nearly equal in length; the latter converging posteriorly ; an-— 


tero-lateral border five-lobed; hiatus at the internal angle of the orbit | 


the movable part of the antenna excluded from the hiatus; a process — 
from the front descends to meet the process from the base of the exter-_ 
nal antenna. The third joint of the external maxillipeds longer than — 
broad at the base; broader at the base than at the apex, irregularly 


short, carinated ; tarsus of the posterior pair of legs flattened, subovate, 
or lanceolate-ovate; very slightly modified into a swimming apparatus. | 

In respect to the development of its natatorial feet this genus bears — 
the same relation to Lissocarcinus, as Carcinus does to Platyonichus. 














111 


ASSECLA HOLOTHURICOLA, n. sp. 


Carapace broader than long, surface smooth and shining; the antero- 
lateral and postero-lateral borders very nearly of the same lengths; front 
broad, produced, broadly triangular, on a higher level than the antero. 
| lateral border, and continuous with the superior margin of the orbit ; 
anterior margin somewhat sinuous; the antero-lateral border thin, 
- everted, five-lobed ; second lobe the broadest; -the free margins of the 
lobes straight; the angles slightly rounded; the divisions separated 
only by fine incisions; the gastric region of the carapace elevated; the 
_antero-lateral parts much excavated. The lateral projection at the 
junction of the antero- and postero-lateral borders more tooth-like than 
| lobular, and more projecting than the other lobes, th ck andobtuse; a high, 
‘prominent ridge running from its apex, at first, inward and slightly 
| backward, and then inward and forward on the swollen portion of the 
carapace, terminating abruptly at the junction of the middle with the 
lateral third of the breadth of the carapace; a flattened, scarcely prom- 
inent ridge anterior to and parallel with the preceding, terminating at 
the bottom of the lateral sulcus. The prominent edge of the postero- 
lateral border converging posteriorly. The post-orbital angle of the 
| first lobe not rounded, rectangular; a fissure on the superior margin of 
the orbit near the external angle; the inferior margin entire, finely 
granular; a fissure at the outer angle; the inner angle projecting as a 
| prominent tooth. Areolations on the surface of the carapace indistinct; 
aShallow depression extending to the apex of the front, and on either side 
| of this is a broad prominence (2 F and 1M consolidated); 2 M and 3 M 
! consolidated; 1 P slightly prominent. Central line of the body high 
_ and convex, sloping toward the sides, which are concave. The first and 
second joints of the external antenne cylindrical; the apex of the 
second joint on a level with the frontal margin. 

The third joint of the outer maxillipeds longer than broad; inner mar- 
_ gin oblique; superior margin straight; angles prominent; irregularly rect- 
| angular in outline, broader at the base than at the top. Inferior regions 
finely pubescent; the pubescence only seen under the lens. 
Hand strongly bicarinated on the superior surface; a well-marked 
_vidge on the middle of the external surface; above the preceding is a 
| flattened, nearly obsolete ridge; the inferior surface smooth; a high 
_ crest along the whole length of the upper edge of the movable finger ; 
| at the base of the crest, on either side, is a sulcus, extending the entire 

length of the finger ; the inner and outer surfaces of both fingers deeply 


112 


grooved; thumb slightly deflexed on the palm; apices of fingers pointed, : 
beaked, and overriding when closed; cutting-edges strongly toothed; five | 
prominent, conical teeth on each edge; sometimes two smaller ones be- : 
tween second and third, and third and fourth; carpus carinated above; — 
two ridges on the external surface; an obtuse spine projecting from the | | 
anterior part of the inner surface; the ridges on the carpus sinuous; z 
arm smooth, and not projecting beyond the lateral border of the cara- a 
pace. | 
The posterior legs compressed ; contracted at the articulation of the :, 
third and fourth articles; the fifth article and all the tarsi, except those — 
of the last pair of legs, furrowed on their anterior and posterior surfaces ; | 
on the anterior surface of the tarsi the two furrows, the one above and the 
other below, separated by a prominent ridge, become continuous at the 
proximal extremity around the base of the ridge; the fifth joint and 
tarsus of the last pair compressed to a greater ieee: than the corre- 
sponding joints of the preceding legs; tarsus very much flattened, not 
grooved, oblong-ovate; apex corneous, hooked; a few short and fine 
hairs on the lower border of the tarsi; at the base of the tarsus of the — | 
last pair, and at the distal extremity of the fifth joint below, is a tuft of 





hairs. 
Abdomen of female broadly ovate, and composed of seven pieces. ; 
Color: The whole upper surface of the carapace purple, with the fol- — 
lowing exceptions: a narrow line of white around the entire free mar- t 
gin of the carapace, following the incisions between the lobes on the id 
antero-lateral border; a round spot of the same color at the anterior — | 
superior angle of the orbit, and a short oblong spot, commencing at the ' 
apex of the front, extending its whole length; a round spot on the 
apex of the projecting lateral tooth, and another, similar, on the cra 
just anterior to the termination of the lateral ridge. The arrangement 
of the colors on the legs is somewhat peculiar. Ground color purple; the 
distal extremities of the third and fifth joints, and the proximal end of 
the fourth, white. The purple color extends over the whole hand, except | 
at the base of the movable finger, and on the palm opposite the articula-_ 
tion of the finger; the carine white; a ring of purple around the carpus; | 
the proximal extremity white, and a spot of the same color on the distal | 
end above; the upper surface of the arm purple. | 
Length, 0.45 inch; breadth, 0.56 inch ; ratio of length to breadth, 1: 1.2 — 
Locality: Palmyra Island, North Pacific. Taken from the cloacal | 


dilatation of the alimentary tract of a holothurian. This is the first in- 


pt ae 








113 


stance on record where a crustacean of tho family Portunid@ has been 
found living as a “free messmate” in another animal. Others possess- 
| ing this habit have belonged, without exception, to families much lower 
| in the scale of classification. The elaborate system of coloration, and 
| the asperities on the surface of the carapace of this crab, would incline 
“us to believe that this is not its permanent place of residence. The 
| Pinnotheride are devoid of color-markings, and their shell is more or less 
| rounded, the irregularities of the surface being removed by the con- 
| stant pressure to which it is subjected by the living walls of their dark 
abode. 

Belonging to this new genus, and closely allied to the above, is 
Tassocarcinus orbicularis, Dana. The arrangement of the colors on the 
! legs is almost identical in the two species; the general shape of the 
front is similar, and there is the same smooth and shining surface. The 
| holothuricola, however, is readily distinguished by its being less orbicular. 
and more produced transversely, and by the prominent posterior tooth of 
the antero-lateral border. The third joint of the outer maxillipeds is 
straight, and almost quadrangular; in orbiculare its shape is more irreg- 
‘ular. In the latter the antero-lateral margin is a “ little reflexed,” while 
in the former it is everted. The shape of the claws and ambulatory feet 
! is the same in both species. 
















PODOPHTHALMUS VIGIL, (Fabr.) Leach. 


Podophthalmus vigil, Lkacu, Zo6l.Miscell., ii, pl. cxvili.—GUERIN, Icon. du Régne Anim. 
Crust., pl. i, f. 3—M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 467; Régne Anim. de 
Cuvier, Crust., Atlas, pl. ix, f. 1—Dr Haan, Faun. Japon., Crust., 44.—ALPH 
M. Epwarps, Arch. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1860, x, 420. 
Podophthalmus spinosus, LAMARCK, Syst. ces Anim. sans vertéb., 152; Hist. des Anim. 
| sans vert., v, 157.—LATREILLE, Gen. Crust. et Insect., i, pl. i et ii, f. 1; Hist. 
Nat. des Crust. et des Insect., vi, 54, pl. xlvi; Régne Anim. de Cuvier, iv, 33; 
Encyclop. Meth., x, 166.—DEsMaREsT, Considerat. sur les Crust., 100, pl. vi, f. 
t 1. 
Portunus vigil, Fasricius, Suppl. Entom. Syst., 368, no. 1. 
Locality : Fanning Group of Islands, North Pacific. 


MACROPHTHALMID A. 


OCYPODIN 2. 

| GELASIMUS GIBBOSUS, Smith. 

Gelasimus gibbosus, SMirn, Trans. Connecticut Acad., vol. ii, 140, pl. ii, f. 1, et pl. iv, f. 8; 
| Report of the Peabody Academy of Sciences, 1869, 91. 

Locality: La Paz, Lower California. 


Bull. N. M. No. 7—8 





114 
OCYPODA CERATOPHTHALMA, (Pailas) Fabr. 


Ocypoda ceratophihalma, FABR., Suppl. Entom. Syst., 347,—LatTr., Hist. Nat. des Crust., vi, 
47; Encyclop. Meth., pl. 274, f. 1.—DesMarEsT, Consid. sur les Crust., 121, pl. | 
12, f. 1—De Haan, Faun. Japon., Crust., 29.—M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des | 
Crust., ii, 48; Atlas du Regne Anim. de Cuvier, Crust., pl. 17, f. 1; Mélanges | 


Carcinologiques, 105.—KRaUuss, Siidafrik. Crust., 41.—Stmpson, Proc. Acad. 


Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 100. 
Ocypoda brevicornis, M. EDWARDS, Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii, 
106.—Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exped., Crust., i, 326, pl. xx, f. 3. 
Cancer ceratophthalmus, PALLAS, Spicil. Zodl. fase., 83, pl. 5, f. 17. 







48; Mélanges Carcinologiques, 


Locality: Fanning Group, North Pacific. 


GECARCINID. 
UCAINE. 


CARDISOMA OBESUM, Dana. 
Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, v, 252; U. S. Expl. Exped. 


Cardisoma obesum, 
f.1.—M. Epwarps, Mélanges Carcinologiques, 171— 


Crust., i, 375, pl. xxiv, 
Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 100. 
Cardisoma urvillei, M. EDWARDS, Mélanges Carcinologiques, 
Locality: Fanning Group. A lateral edge to the carapace is more 
apparent in the young and in females, than in the adult males. In th 


former there is a small point, | 


170. 


or projection, behind the post-orbita 


In the females the hands are shorter, the fingers are les 


angle. 
nd their cutting-edges are more closely approximated, an¢ 


attenuated, a 
evenly denticulated than in the males. 


GRAPSIDA. 


GRAPSIN. 


METOPOGRAPSUS THUKUHAR, (Owen) M. Edw. 


Annal. des Sci. Nat., 8re Sér. xx, 165; Mélang, 


Metopograpsus thukuhar, M. EDWARDS, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 101. 
| 


Carcinologiques, 131.—STIMPSON, 
HELLER, Crust. Novara Exped., 43. 
U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 344. 


Goniograpsus thukuhar, DANA, 
d. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 124. 


Pachygrapsus parallelus, RANDALL, Jour. Aca 
Grapsus thukuhar, OWEN, Crust. Beechey’s Voyage, Blossom, 80, pl. xxiv, f. 3. 


Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 





“115 
PACHYGRAPSUS CRASSIPES, Randall. 


Pachygrapsus crassipes, RANDALL, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phita., viii, 127,—M. Epwarps, 
Melanges Carcinologiques, 132.—Stimpson, Jour. Boston Sci. Nat. Hist., 1857, 
vi, 27; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 102. 


Locality : Lower California. 
GRAPSUS RUDIS, M. Edw. 


Grapsus rudis, M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii, 87; Annal. des Sci. Nat., 3 re Ser. 
Xx, 168; Melanges Carcinologiques, 134.—GiBBEs, Amer. Assoc. Advan. Scienee, 
1850, 17.—Srimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 102,— HELLER, Crust. 
Novara Exped., 47. 

Grapsus hirtus, RANDALL, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 124. 


Locality : Fanning Group. 
GEOGRAPSUS CRINIPES, (Dana) Stimp. 


Geograpsus crinipes, STIMPSON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 101—HEr.urr, 
Crust. Novara Exped., 48. 

Grapsus crinipes, DANA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, v, 249; U. S. Expl. Exped., 
Crust., 1,341, pl. xxi, f. 6M. EpwarpD, Melanges Carcinologiques, 136. 


Locality: Fanning Group. There is less concavity in the posterior 
border of the epistome in this specimen than is given in Dana’s figure. 
This authority lays particular stress upon this point, but I deem it of 
minor importance. The specimen agrees in every other particular. 


PINNOTHERIDA. 
PINNIXIA TUMIDA, Stimp. 


Pinnixia tumida, Stimpson, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 108. 


Locality: Bellaiias Bay, Lower California. kemoved from the inte- 
rior of the body of a holothurian. 

Although separated by the entire width of the Pacific Ocean, yet this 
Specimen agrees in every particular with the description given by 
Stimpson of a species from the port of Hakodadi, on the island of Jesso. 
P. tumida and P. faba, Dana, are the only species of this genus that are 
characterized by the absence of ridges on the superior surface of the 
carapace. There is nothing in Dana’s description of his species, which 
came from Puget Sound, which would militate against this being the 
same; but in the plate a figure of the hand is given, in which the fingers 
are oblique, as in twmida, but there is no hiatus between them, and the 


116 


tooth on the middle of the movable finger is wanting, both of which | 
points are very characteristic of tumida. ©) 

The other species of crustacea which are common to both the Asiatic oa 
and American shores of the Pacific are Trapezia maculata, Liomera lata, 
Liomera cinctimana and Pachygrapsus crassipes. The latter, a subterres- . 
trial crab, was obtained by Stimpson from the port of Simoda, Japan. — Y 
The first three are littoral in their habits, and are Indo-Pacific species. _ 
On the American side all of these species have come, so far, from the _ | 
Lower Californian coast only. | 


CALAPPID A. 


CALAPPA TUBERCULATA, Fabr. 


Calappa tuberculata, FaBRictvs, Suppl. Entom. Syst., 345.—HErRBst, Krabben und Krebse, 
204, pl. 13, f. 78.—GuERIN, Iconog. Crust., pl. 12, f.2.—M. Epwarps, Hist. 
Nat. des Crust., ii, 106.—Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 393.—STIMPsoN, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 162.—HELLER, Crust. Novara Exped., 69, — 
Calappa hepatica, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., 70. 





Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 


HIPPIDA. 


BLEPHAROPODA OCCIDENTALIS, Randall. 


Blepharopoda occidentalis, RANDALL, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 131, pl. vi— 
GipBEs, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advan. Sci., 1850, 187.—STrmpson, Jour. Boston 
Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 46; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 230. 

Albunhippa occidentalis, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 405, 406. i" 


Locality : Lower California. 


PAGURID AL. 


CALCINUS TIBICEN, (Herbst) Dana. 


Calcinus tibicen, DANA, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 457.—Srimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 234.—HELLER, Crust. Novara Exped., 87. . 
Pagurus levimanus, RANDALL, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., viii, 135. a 
Pagurus tibicen, M. EDwarbs, Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii, 229; Atlas du Régne Anim. de ee 
Cuv., Crust., pl. 44, f. 3. ‘ 
Cancer tibicen, HERBST, Krabben und Krebse, pl. 23, f. 7. 


Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 





147 
CALCINUS LATENS, (Randall) Dana. 






Calcinus latens, DANA, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 459, pl. 28, f. 11.—Srimpson, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 234.—HELLER, Crust, Novara Exped., 88. 
Pagurus latens, RANDALL, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 135, 


Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 

In alcoholic specimens the color of the carpus and anterior surface 
of the arm is red, with white spots. Some of the spots on the superior 
surface of the carpus are slightly elevated. In few of the specimens 
the red color of the carpus is very faint. The basal portion of the tarsi 
of the posterior legs, in some cases, is brownish-red, and in others pur- 


plish. 
CLIBANARIUS ZEBRA, Dana. 


Clibanarius zebra, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 465, pl. 29, f. 5. Stimpson, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 235. 
Locality : Hawaiian Islands. 


CENOBITID A. 
CENOBITA OLIVIERL, Owen. 


- Cenobita olivieri, OWEN, Crust. Beechey’s Voy. Blossom, 84.—Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., 
Crust., i, 470.—Srimpson, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila , 1858, x, 232.—HELLER, 
Crust. Novara Exped., 82. 
Pagurus clypeatus, OLIVIER, Encyclop. Méth. Ins., viii, 643, pl. 311, f. 1. 

Locality: Fanning Group. 

We found this crab to be most abundant on Palmyra Island. They 
climbed the trees and bushes, dragging after them the heavy shell of 
the Turbo argyrostoma, which they use to the exclusion of all other 
shells. It is probable that they climb the trees for the purpose of feed- 
ing on the mosses and lichens that grow thereon. 


CENOBITA PANAMENSIS, Streets. 


Cenobita panamensis, STREETS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, xxiii, 241. 
Cenobila intermedia, STREETS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1971, Xxiii, 241. 

Locality: Lower California. 

When describing the type of this species in 1871, I stated that the 
tarsus of the third leg of the left side was shorter than the correspond- 
ing leg of the right side. As this difference is not observable in the 
present specimen, which agrees with panamensis in every other respect, 
it was doubtless nothing imore than an individual variation. The tarsus 
of the third leg, left side, is slightly longer than that of the right side, 











118 


which is the case in C. intermedia. The failure of the principal point of 
difference between the species necessitates their union under one name. 
I therefore retain panamensis, and reduce intermedia to the status of a 
synonym. 

The color is better defined in the recent specimen. The external sur- 
face of the larger hand is brown, except at the superior margin and at 
the posterior inferior angle; the upper half of the external surface of 
the carpus, both sides, of the same color as the hand; the lower half 
uncolored, or slightly stained with orange; a large spot of orange on 
the anterior, truncated surface of the arm. The fourth article of the 
posterior legs is marked in the same manner as the carpus, with the 
addition of a deep line of purple at the lower edge of the brown, which 
extends from the center of the article to its articulation with the third 
article; a brownish, or purplish, spot at the base of the fifth article. This 
spot is wanting on the last leg of the left side. The third joint of the 
last pair is purplish ; the tarsi brownish-orange. The carapace ante- 
riorly purplish; two patches of the same color posteriorly on each side. 
The peduncles of the eye a deep buff. 

Total length of the carapace 1.00 inch. 


BIRGUS LATRO, Leach. 


Birgus latro, LEACH, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii—M. Epwanrps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii, 246; 
Atlas du Régne Anim. de Cuv., pl. 43, f. 1—Quoy & GarmarpD, Voy. de 
VUranie, pl. 80.—Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 474, pl. 30, f. 5.—Srimp- 
SON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, x, 232.—DarwIn, Naturalist’s Voyage 
Around the World, 462. 

Cancer latro, HERBST, Krabben und Krebse, ii, 34, pl. 24. 

Cancer crementatus, RUMPHIUS, Mus., pl. 4.—SEBA, iii, pl. 21, figs. 1 et 2. 

Locality: Washington, or New York Island, Fanning Group. Com- 
mon. Confined to this one island of the group. At one time this giant 
land-crab was supposed to be restricted to a single group of islands in 
the Pacific, south of the equator; in recent times, however, its habitat 
has been widely extended, so that there is hardly a group, either north 
or south of the equator, where it is not found. They live in holes in 
the ground; and they line the bottoms of their burrows with the fine 
fibers of the cocoanut-husk. The unwary native, in seeking to rob the 
crab of its soft bed, occasionally finds his fingers imprisoned in its vise- 
like grip. It is interesting to know that in such an emergency a gentle i 
titillation of the under soft parts of the body will cause it to immedi- . 
ately loose its hold. So tenacious is their grasp that I have seen them 




















119 


hang suspended from a tree for more than an hour, holding on to a 
stick which had been thrust between their claws. The wonderful stories 
about these crabs climbing the trees after cocoanuts are purely fictitious. 
They eat the nuts after they have fallen to the ground, first stripping 
off the husk, and then breaking through the shell at the end containing 


the eyes. i 
CRANGONIDA. 
CRANGON FRANCISCORUM, Stimp. 


Crangon franciscorum, Stimpson, Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., 1856, i, 89; Jour. 


Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, 495, pl. 22, f. 5; Crust. and Echin. Pacifie 
coast of N. Amer., 55. 


Locality: San Francisco Bay, California. 


PALAMONIDA. 
HIPPOLYTE GIBBOSUS, M. Edw. 


Hippolyte gibbosus, M. Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii, 378.—Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exped. 
Crust., i, 565, pl. 36, f. 4. -HeLLER, Crust. Novara Exped., 120. 
Locality: Hawaiian Islands. 
There are seven teeth along the under margin of the rostrum, instead 
of six, which is the number given by Dana. 


PALAUSMON ACUTIROSTRIS, Dana. 


Palemon acutirostris, DANA, U. S. Exp]. Exped. Crust., i, 590, pl. 39, f. 1. 
Locality : Hawaiian Island. 


SERGESTID AR. 
SERGESTES MACROPHTHALMUS, Stimp. 


Sergestes macrophthalmus, STIMPSON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, xii, 46. 


Locality : North Pacific Ocean. 

There is no doubt about the identity of this species. It is very easily 
identified by the arrangement of the spines on the cephalothorax and 
abdomen. In addition to the supra-orbital and hepatic spines, there is 
one on the middle of the dorsal surface of the carapace, at its posterior 
extremity ; this spine is small and erect. There is an oblique spine on 
the posterior dorsal extremity of the fourth, and of the fifth abdominal 
Segments; that on the fourth is the larger. No other species of this 
genus presents this peculiar arrangement of dorsal spines. But Stimp- 


120 


son makes no mention of spines on the other segments of the abdomen. 
They were evidently broken off in his specimen, as they are on some of 
the segments of the present specimen, which, however, shows a greater 
number than he states to be present. No evidence of spines were seen on 
the first and second segments; but at the posterior extremity of the dor- 
sal surface of the third is an erect spine, similar to the one on the posterior 
extremity of the carapace. The sixth segment has an oblique spine at its 
extremity, which is smaller than those on the two preceding segments. 
An unmutilated specimen will doubtless show the first and second seg- 
ments to be armed with erect spines similar to that on the third, and 
on the extremity of the carapace. 


SERGIA, Stimp. 
Sergid, STIMPSON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860 , xii, 46. 


In certain of its characters Sergia recalls Lucifer; while in others 
it is strongly related to Sergestes. Its own peculiar characters are 
in its fourth and fifth pairs of feet, which are long; and the dactylus 
is palmiform. Its body is elongated like Lucifer, but not so atten- 
uated, and there is the same extension of the antennary segment an- 
terior to the buccal region, which is carried to so great a degree in Lu- 
cifer. And again, as in the latter genus, there is a spheroidal auditory 
body imbedded in the base of the peduncle of the internal antenne. 


SERGIA REMIPES, Stimp. 
Sergia remipes, STIMPSON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, xii, 46. 


Carapace very much elongated, depressed, subcylindrical; a lateral 
view shows nearly the same vertical diameter from the front to the 
extremity of the sixth abdominal segment; the cervical suture distinct: 
the length of the antennary segment anterior to this suture equals more 
than half the length of the carapace proper ; no hepatic spine. Front 
slightly projecting and broadly rounded; the outer angles, over the 
eyes, rounded and projecting, shorter than the front. Eye subfungi- 
form, short, its length less than one-third the length of the carapace; 
it extends very little beyond the apex of the basal article of the pe- 
duncle of the inner antenne. Antennary scale broad, extending nearly 
midway the last joint of the antemgary peduncle; inner margin and 
apex furnished with closely-set plumulose. cilia; a spine on the outer 
margin below the apex. 














121 


The second and third pairs of external maxillipeds pediform, elongate; 
the three terminal joints of the second pair thickened, bent backward ; 
the third pair very long, exceeding the length of the thoracic feet, and 
extending anteriorly to about the apex of the inner antennary peduncle. 
The maxillipeds, and the six anterior thoracic feet, furnished with long, 
simple sete. The fourth and fifth pairs of thoracie feet slenderer than 
the preceding, cylindrical, more sparsely furnished with sete; setw 
plumulose; dactylus flattened, subovate; fifth pair shorter than the 
fourth; fourth almost aslong as the carapace. Abdominal feet long and 
narrow; first pair nearly as long as the carapace; the length of the 
peduncle almost equals the length of the rami; the length of the feet 
decreases posteriorly, while the diameter of the peduncle increases; the 
margins of the rami densely covered with long, plumulose cilia. Abdo- 
men longer than the cephalothorax; the five anterior segments subequal; 
the sixth long, equals the lengths of the fourth and fifth combined; fifth 
unarmed above; the posterior margin of the sixth, above and below, 

acute; inferior border furnished with long, plumulose cilia. The external 

margin of the outer caudal lamella armed with an aculeate spine near 
the posterior extremity. The margins of all the caudal appendages, 
except the external margin of the outer lamella anterior to the spine, 
furnished with long, equidistant, feathery cilia. 

A comparison of the above description with that given by Stimpson 
shows that they agree in every particular, except in the length of the 
eyes—which he distinctly states reaches to the apex of the penultimate 
article of the antennary peduncle—and in the character of the front. 
Concerning the latter, he says, ‘‘ rostrum minutely spinous, acute, curved, 
dorsum armed with a tooth or spine.” Neither the spine nor the spipi- 
form rostrum, are observable in the present specimen. ‘The eyes were 
somewhat shrunken, and the front was probably mutilated in the sur- 
face tow-net in which the animal was caught. When theauthor states 
that the spines are minute, in a specimen only a half an inch long that 
requires a microscope to examine any part of its structure, they must 
be exeeedingly small, and are very apt to be broken off by the rush of 
the water through the net. If these differences are found to be constant, 
this will constitute a distinct species; but I am not willing to found it 
upon the examination of a single specimen. 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. 

Caught June 28, 1873, in latitude 30° north, longitde 145° west. 


122 


LUCIFERIDA. 
LUCIFER ACESTRA, Dana. 


Lucifer acestra, DANA, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 671, pl. 44, f. 9. 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. , 

Male caught June 28, 1873, in latitude 30° north, longitude 146° 
west; female, May 9, 1873, in latitude 4° north, longitude 127° west. 

After an examination of the genus Sergia there is no longer any 
doubt in my mind, that the place for Lucifer is with the lower Macroura 
rather than with the Schizopola. The propriety of even elevating it to 
the dignity of a separate family is questionable. 

I make the following addition to the characters already pointed out 
as distinguishing the sexes of this species. In the females the extrem- 
ity of the internal margin of the outer caudal lamella projects beyond 
the apex of the spine at the extremity of the external margin; in the 
male this margin is not produced at all, but is truncated. The trun- 


cated surface is rounded, and slopes forward and inward from the base — 


of the spine. 


EUPHAUSIDA. 
EUPHAUSIA GIBBOSA, n. sp. 


Carapace short rostrate; rostrum broad, triangular, on a lower level 
than the superior surface of the carapace; the superior surface behind 
the rostrum gibbous, elevated slightly above the rest of the surface. 
Inner antenne three-jointed, about three times as long as the eye; the 
first joint as long as the second and third together; its apex above pro- 
duced into a long spine, which reaches half the length of the following 
joint, and directed upward and somewhat forward; the apex of second 
joint also produced, but spine shorter and directed more forward; second 
and third joints subequal; a tuft of long hairs at the apex of the last joint; 
the flagellum long, and with antenna about as long as the body. The an- 
tennary scale oblong, as long as the base of the antenna; the apex fur- 
nished with long, curved cilia ; flagellum of the outer antenna about as 
long as that of the inner pair. The feet slender; the last three joints 
longer than the one next preceding; the penult and antepenult sub- 
equal; the ultimate a little more than half the length of the penult; 
the setz long and plumulose; the palpus about one-third the length of 
the leg, those on the anterior legs longer. Branchiz ramose. The 





} 





123 


sixth abdominal segment as long as the two preceding; the caudal 
segment longer than the lamelle; the two subapical barbs salient. 

The tumid, hunched appearance of the anterior portion of the cara- 
pace, and the spines at the apices of the first and second basal joints of 
the inner antenne, are characters which have not been mentioned in 
any previously-described species of this genus. They are very charac- 
teristic of this species, and will serve readily to distinguish it from all 
others. 

Length, .45 of an inch. 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 30° north; longitude 145° 
west. Caught June 28, 1873. 


CYRTOPIA ROSTRATA, Dana. 


Cyrtopia rostrata, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 648, pl. 43, f. 2. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude, 3° north; longitude, 128° 
west. Collected May 10, 1873. 

Several specimens of this species were obtained, and they are all 
more rudimentary in form than that described by Dana. I failed to 
detect the slightest evidence of branchiz. These organs were rudi- 
mentary in Dana’s specimen; and in another genus—furcilia, which is 
very closely allied, and more rudimentary still—they are entirely absent. 
In one instance the carapace was excavated behind, across the dorsum, as 
in the latter genus. All the specimens, but one, showed the apex of the 
first joint of the inner pair of antenne prolonged at its outer and inner 
angle beyond the summit of the following joint, to about the same 
extent as it is carried in some species of Furcilia. The abdominal feet 
were rudimentary. The gibbous eyes, the long acute beak, and the 
anteriorly projecting tooth on the lateral border of the carapace were 
present in all. The facts cited above add greater weight to the testi- 
mony already adduced, that the place for Dana’s provisional genus 
Furcilia is near Cyrtopia, in the family Huphauside. 


MYSIDA. 
MYSIN 4s. 
SIRIELLA GRACILIS, Dana. 
Siriella gracilis, DANA, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., i, 658, pl. 44, f. 1. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitudes 20° and 30° north; 
longitudes 149° and 145° west. Collected May 19 and June 28, 1873. 


124 


In all the specimens collected, the abdominal appendages were well 
developed, with stout oblong bases, and with two subequal, multiartic- 
ulate, ciliate rami, somewhat longer than the base. There is also pres- 
ent an oblong scale at the apex of the basal portion of the first pair of 
antenne. Both these characters are said by Dana to be wanting; and 
their presence assimilates the genus: more closely with Promysis and 


Macromysis. 
COROPHIIDA. 


CLYDONINZ. 
CLYDONIA LONGIPES, Dana. 


Clydonia longipes, DANA, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 835, pl. 55, f. 7.—Sp. Barz, Cat. 
Amphi. Crust., 284, pl. xlvii, f. 9. 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. The exact locality was lost. 

The specimen in our collection is unmutilated; and, consequently, 
shows those parts intact that Dana stated were wanting in his. Con- 
cerning the antenne, he says: “Only two were observed, and these were 
long, straight, stout, rigid organs, lying side by side, and, excepting the 
basal joints, hardly articulated, or only indistinctly so.” The presence 
of but two antennz was not an anomalous condition, but an accidental 
one, owing to mutilation. Commenting on the above statement, Sp. 
Bate says: “The author does not state which pair of antenne are 
absent. The superior pair are probably rudimentary.” Our specimen 
shows two pairs of antennz occupying their normal positions, and 
those described by Dana are not the inferior, but the superior pair.* 

The inferior pair are longer, and more slender organs than the superior, 
and are folded upon themselves, and partly hidden under the body. They 
arise from the under and outer surface of the first segment of the cephalo- 
thorax, posterior and external to the superior pair. The first basal joint 
is short and stout, more than twice the breadth of the second, which is 
oblong in shape and longer than the first; the third article is ey lindri- 
cal, half the breadth of the second and twice as long. At its articula- 
tion with the second basal joint, itis bent obliquely upward between the 
basal portion of the superior pair. The flagellum is very long, and at- 
tenuated toward its extremity, multiarticulate. It extends forward to 
near the middle of the superior pair, where it is folded back upon itself 





*I will state, for the benefit of future collectors in this field, that my collection was 
preserved unmutilated by mounting the specimens, as soon as caught, in cells upon 
glass slides. 











See a 


| 
| 
| 





125 


beneath the body. The apex of the flagellum reaches nearly to the 
posterior extremity of the cephalothorax when in this folded condition. 
The total length of the inferior pair is one-third greater than the supe- 
rior pair. 

The other parts that were mutilated in Dana’s specimen were the pos- 
terior stylets. A description of these will therefore complete the account 
of the entire animal. 

The outer caudal lamella are longer than the inner; both are lanceo- 
late in shape, and serrated along their edges. The two stylets termi- 
nating the caudal segment are linear, and of the same length as the outer 
caudal lamellz. Two short stylets articulate with the outer edge of the 
first just above the middle, and reach exactly half way to the terminal 
point. The fifth and sixth abdominal segments are much narrower 
than the preceding, and are apparently consolidated. 


HYPERID A. 


HYPERINZE. 
LESTRIGONUS RUBESCENS, Dana. 


Lestrigonus rubescens, DANA, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 984, pl. 67, f. 9.—Sp. Bats, 
Cat. Amphi. Crust., 290, pl. xlviii, f. 5. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 1° north; longitude 122° 
west. Collected May 7, 1873. 

My reasons for retaining the genus Lestrigonus will be given under 
Hyperia tricuspidata. 


HYPERIA TRICUSPIDATA, n. sp. 


‘Head large, deeper than broad, irregularly quadrangular from a lateral 
view, excavated in front. Eyes large, occupying most of the lateral 
portion of the head. Superior antenne shorter than the head, stout; 
base short, four-jointed ; first joint longest, distal end enlarged; the 
second, third, and fourth short, together shorter than the first ; flagellum 
broader than the peduncle, oval, acute at the apex, about three times 
as long as the base, uniarticulate; a few long auditory cilia at apex; a 
single row of short hairs on the inferior surface. Inferior antenne rise 
from the inferior portion of the head, near the buccal region; more than 
twice as long as the superior pair; peduncle four-jointed ; first and sec- 
ond joints long; first about half the length of the second, extending to 
the anterior margin of the head, but not exposed beyond it; second joint 


126 


slender, cylindrical, and the entire length of its upper border closely set 
with short, equidistant hairs, curled at their tips; third and fourth joints 
short, subequal, about one-quarter the length of the second, a few hairs 
on their upper surface; flagellum linear-lanceolate, in length almost 
equal to the second joint of the base, uniarticulate, pointed, with seven 
or eight slight serrations along the superior edge, one or more hairs at 
each serration. The second joint is directed upward and outward, and 
the third, fourth, and flagellum are bent downward, nearly at a right 
angle with the second. When the animal is at rest, the inferior anten- 
ne are evidently folded up, in this manner, in the concavity in the front 
of the head. 

The two pairs of gnathopoda unequal and unlike; the first pair 
shorter, and more robust than the second; meros produced antero-infe- 
riorly, at its extremity a number of stiff hairs, slightly curled at their 
tips; carpus broad, produced inferiorly, but not anteriorly, with its 
anterior edge straight, and armed at the inferior angle with two stout 
spines or bristles; propodts shorter than the carpus, and about one-half 
as broad; dactylus very minute. The second pair has none of the joints 
produced ; meros short, about one-fourth the length of the carpus; the 
latter slender and cylindrical; propodus shorter than the carpus, and 
about the same breadth, with its distal extremity slightly produced on 
either side of the dactylus to an acute point, which is almost as long 


as the short dactylus. This arrangement probably compensates for the 


lack of the subchelate development of the carpus. 

The depth of the thorax decreases slightly posteriorly. The five 
pairs of thoracic feet subequal; the two anterior pairs directed forward, 
with the last two joints flexed backward; the three posterior pairs 
directed backward, with the tarsus and claw flexed forward; afew short 
hairs set equidistant along the posterior margin of the two anterior, and 
on the anterior margin of the three posterior, pairs of legs. 

The peduncles of the anterior abdominal appendages broadly ellipti- 
cal, decreasing in size posteriorly. Of the three posterior pairs of abdom-, 
inal appendages the ultifmate are the longest; the preceding pairs 
nearly subequal; the rami of the antepenult (external) the longest, of 
the ultimate pair the shortest; rami serrated. Telson short, lanceolate. 

Another specimen, a female with an incubatory pouch attached con- 
taining young, was captured at the same time as the one just described; 
and while the two differ widely in some respects, they have in common 


eo 








127 


the essential specific character that immediately distinguishes H. tricus- 
pidata from all others of the same genus; namely, the peculiar structure 
of the second pair of gnathopeda. The head is larger in the female, but 
the general shape is the same; the thorax is shorter and deeper, and 
the last segment is much narrower; the abdomen is also narrower. The 
character of the superior antenne is the same in both, except that in the 
female they are much smaller, and tle joints are more plainly visible. The 
inferior antennz, however, are quite different. They do not extend at 
all, or very slightly, beyond the anterior margin of the head. The first 
basal joint is very short, and broader than the following; the second long, 
and reaches nearly to the anterior margin of the head; the third joint 
is rudimentary ; and the fourth is apparently obsolete. The flagellum is 
small, about one-third the length of the first joint, lanceolate in shape, 
and with two or three stout cilia at its apex. The shortening is chiefly 
due to the diminished length of the first joint of the peduncle. The pos- 
terior pair of thoracic legs are slenderer and shorter than the preceding 
pairs. The peduncles of the anterior abdominal appendages are ovate, 
instead of being elliptical; the posterior appendages show no differ- 
ences. 

Length of male .30 inch; of female, .25 inch. 

I cannot think that these differences are anything more than soztal: 
on account of the strong specific resemblance there is between the speci- 
mens. Carcinologists generally have adopted the conclusion that Les- 
trigonus is the male sex of Hyperia, but at no time, I think, has there 
been sufficient evidence at hand to justify this conclusion. I know no 
better reason for the supposition, than that they are occasionally found 
associated together, joined with the fact that certain others of the Hy- 
peridea show a Similar sexual difference; namely, in the length of the 
antenne. In the Lestrigonus, however, there is not only a difference in 
the length, but a total change in the structure of the antenne. Whatis 
here held to be a male bears no resemblance to a Lestrigonus, but has 
all the generic characters of a Hyperia ; and, while there is a modified 
growth, as in the former genus, the development of the antennz is the 
same in both individuals. 
| Young.—Head narrow, quadrilateral. Superior antenne short and 
stout, and situated nearer the superior margin of the head than in the 
adult; the first basal joint as long as the three terminal ones; the sec- 
ond longer than the third, and their breadth less than that of the first ; 
the fourth joint small, and either rounded or broadly triangular, with 


128 


rounded apex; flagellum minute, linear, uniarticulate, with one or two 
cilia crowning the apex, as long as, or Jonger than, the flagellum. The 
inferior antenne are represented by a small rounded tubercle, tipped by 
a cilia; situated just beneath the superior pair. 

Thoracic feet ten in number, stout; claws strongly hooked. Gnath- 
opoda rudimentary, neither pair produced at the carpus, or at the 
meros; readily distinguished from the following thoracic feet by their 
more slender development. 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. 


VIBILINA. 


VIBILIA EDWARDSI, Sp. Bate. 


Vibilia edwardsi, Sp. BaTE, Cat. Amphi. Crust., 300, pl. xlix, figs. 6 and 7. 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 4° north; longitude 127° 
west. Collected May 9, 1873. 

The flagellum of the superior antennx, with its anterior margin ob- 
lique, and fringed with a row of short spines, is highly characteristic of 
this species. 


PHRONIMID A. 


PHRONIMINE. 
PHRONIMA PACIFICA, n. sp. 


Head large, broad and rounded on the top, tapering below to the oral 
apparatus, and excavated in front. Eyes both on the dorsal and lateral 
surfaces of the head. Thorax narrower than the head, its vertical 
diameter decreasing rapidly posteriorly ; the last segment much longer 
than any of the preceding segments. Abdomen attenuated. Superior 
antenne shorter than the head, two-jointed; first joint short; the sec- 
ond about twice as long as the first, with a few cilia at its apex. First 
pair of gnathopoda having the meros produced, and with the inferior 
margin furnished with minute spinules, one of which, larger and longer 
than the rest, at the apex; the superior border of the carpus arched, 
produced antero-inferiorly, and very slightly anteriorly ; produced part 
not reaching half the length of the propodos; the anterior margin closely 
set with acute, triangular teeth; one at the inferior apex, long and slen- 
der; the inferior margin finely serrated; propodos about the same length 
as the superior border of the carpus, cy!indrical, arctuate, slightly taper- 





i 
i 
}} 
{ 





129 


ing toward the distal extremity, finely serrated on the inferior surface, 
and three or four longer spines on the superior surface; dactylos short, 
about one-fourth the length of the propodos, curved, and notched on the 
under surface, posterior to the apex; on either side of the base is a wing- 
like plate. The second pair of gnathopoda longer than the first pair, 
and the antero-inferior angle not produced to the same extent; in other 
respects they are similar. The first pair of thoracic feet shorter than 
the second, and much longer than the gnathopoda; the posterior margin 
of the carpus and propodus of both pairs minutely spinulose; dactylus 
minute. The third pair chelately developed; carpus large, irregularly 
quadrilateral, almost as broad as long, the inferior surface rounded, and 
the antero-inferior angle produced as a long tooth; on the middle of the 
anterior surface is a large crenulated tubercle, from which rise five or 
six long, straight hairs. In specimens from the .15 to the .20 of an 
inch long, there are, in the position of the tubercle, two or three sharp, 
prominent teeth, springing from a slightly-raised base; and the angle 
of the carpus is less projecting in the same specimens. Propodus bowed; 
when flexed on the carpus reaching to the apex of the tooth at the infe- 
rior angle—in smaller specimens somewhat longer; a low convexity on 
the inferior surface opposite the crenulated tubercle of the carpus; the 
prominence not crenulated; inferior surface bimarginate. Dactylus 
present, minute. The posterior apex of the coxa of the third pair acute, 
prominent ; the meros projecting posteriorly and rounded. The two 
posterior pairs of thoracic feet subequal, shorter than any of the preced- 
ing pairs. Telson rudimentary. 

Length of the larger specimens,-.40; smaller, .15 of an inch. 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitudes 4° and 21° north; longi- 
tudes 127° and 151° west. Collected May 9 and 20, 1873. ; 

This species is distinguished from P. sedentaria by the broadly-quad- 
rate form of the carpus of the third pair of thoracic feet, and by having 
the carpus of the gnathopoda less produced anteriorly. In other re- 
spects they are similar. The shape of the hand more nearly resembles 
the hands of P. custos and P. borneensis; but it is distinguished from 
both of the latter, by the character of the anterior surface of the carpus 
and of the propodus. In the latter both the carpus and propodus are 
furnished with a crenulated tubercle; in custos the tubercle is single 
and tooth-like. There is a striking resemblance between the propodus, 
and the anterior surface of the carpus of the third pair of thoracic feet, 
of the smaller specimens of pacifica, and the corresponding parts of P. 

Bull. N. M. No. 7—9 


130 


atlantica, which is said to be the female of sedcntaria; the broad hand, 
however, separates them. 

it is a remarkable fact, that in all the species of Phronima that have 
been described, even from widely-separated localities, the variation is 
very slight indeed. 


ANCHYLONYX, nov. gen. 


Head moderately large, broad and rounded at the top, tapering infe- 
riorly to the oral apparatus, and excavated in front. yes on the lat- 
eral and dorsal surfaces of the head. Both pairs of antenne present, 
long; base of the superior pair long and stout, three-jointed ; inferior 
pair slender, four-jointed; flagellum very attenuated and elongated: 
Thorax broad, somewhat compressed; segments six. Abdomen narrow. 
The gnathopoda not subchelate, nor much reduced in size, when com- 
pared with the following feet; the first and second pairs of thoracic 
feet long, slender; carpus and meros linear. The third pair enlarged ; 
carpus and meros dilated, with the anterior margin armed with teeth; pro- 
podus flexes on the carpus, impinging against the teeth on its anterior 
margin; dactylus fused with the propodus. The fourth and fifth pairs of 
feet subequal, shorter than the preceding. The three posterior pairs of 
abdominal appendages biramous, lanceolate ; rami pointed. 

This genus is very closely allied to Phronima. It differs only in the 
character of the antenne, the gnathopoda, and in the less perfectly de- 
veloped chele of the third pair of thoracic feet. The shape of the head, 
the thorax, and the abdomen are almost identical, and there are likewise 
eye-facets on the dorsal surface of the head. The mandibles are with- 
out appendages; and the first and second, and the fourth and fifth pairs 
of thoracic feet are similar to those of the genus above named, as are 
also the three posterior pairs of abdominal appendages. <A pair of 
wing-like plates exist at the base of the dactylus of both pairs of gna- 
thopoda. These, I believe, have previously been peculiar to Phronima. 
The character of the gnathopoda and the third pair of thoracic feet 
allies the genus with Primno; in the structure of its antenne it differs 
essentially from both. 

Anchylonyx forms a bond of union between the two subfamilies of 
Bate’s—the PHRONIMIDES and PHROSIMIDES, which are founded upon 
the structure of the three posterior pairs of abdominal appendages in 
the different genera representing the family PHRoNIMID«. In his 
arrangement he separates Primno from Phronima, which, together, con- 











131 


stitute Dana’s subfamily PHRONIMINZ. The fact that the two genera 
come together again, and mingle their characters in Anchylonyx, rather 
proves that the position which Dana assigned to tiem is the correct 
one, and that the characters which he used for the subdivision of the 
family are of more importance, than those adopted by Bate. 


ANCHYLONYX HAMATUS, n. sp. 


Head of moderate size, rounded abeve and pointed below, deeply con- 
cave in front. The lateral lenses of the eye arranged in the form of « 
rosette, and situated in a rounded projection on the lower portion of the 
head, directly above the origin of the inferior antenna. A number of 
solitary lenses scattered over the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the head, 
and connected by long and filamentous nerve-fibers with the inferior 
eyes. The superior antenne nearly as long as the cephalothorax; first 
joint of base short and broad; second extremely short, about one-third 
the length of the first; third joint slightly longer than the head, lanceo- 
late, inferior edge densely hairy, apex inferiorly produced; first and 
second joints of the flagellum subequal, together about as long as the 
third; third and fourth subequal ; remainder of flagellum lost. Inferior 
antennze more slender than the superior pair, very long; flagellum very 
much attenuated, filamentous, one-half, or more than one-half, the length 
of the body; peduncle four-jointed—three of which are exposed beyond 
the anterior margin of the head; first joint short and broad; second 
longer than the rest, slightly oval; fourth narrower, bent slightly up- 
ward; joints of flagellum elongate—the first the longest ; the remainder 
subequal. The under surface of the flagella of both pairs furnished 
with long, equidistant hairs. . 

Segments of the thorax six; the first and second soldered together ; 
the five anterior subequal; the sixth (the seventh normal) narrows poste- 
riorly, and is nearly as long as the two preceding. Tirst pair of gnatho- 
poda shorter and slenderer than the second; meros of the same length as 
the preceding joint, slightly produced inferiorly at the distal extremity— 
the produced portion finely serrated below and anteriorly, at the angle one 
of the serrulations produced to a fine acicular spine; carpus long, at in- 
ferior apex a slender spine; propodos somewhat shorter than the carpus, 
arched; dactylus about one-half the length of the propodos, arched, 
acute, notched below the apex, with a wing-like plate on either side of base. 
The carpal and meral joints of the second pair of gnathopoda neither 
produced, nor spiniferous; dactylus less than one-half the length of the 


132 


propodos ; with these exceptions the second pair is similar to the first. 
First and second pairs of thoracic feet longer than the third; the first 
pair longer than the second; the external surface of the coxe ricged 
along the middle, with posterior angles acute, spinous; all the joints nar- 
row and elongate; claw anchylosed with the tarsus, and fixed at a right 
angle to it; the apex of the tarsus produced in the form of a long, 
straight, acute spine. The third pair of thoracic feet enlarged, more 
robust than the others, with coxa ridged on the middle of the external 
surface, and with the anterior and posterior margins armed with short, 
stout spines; meros slender, convex posteriorly, and anteriorly concave ; 
anterior surfaces of the carpus and meros armed with long, sharp teeth— 
three on the latter, and seven on the former; the fifth tooth, counting 
from the base oft he carpus, much larger and longer than the others; 
carpus somewhat clavate in shape, the anterior extremity enlarged ; 
propodus about half the length of the carpus, arched ; dactylus small, 
anchylosed, fixed at a right angle to the propodes. Fourth and fifth 
pairs of feet sub-equal, shorter than the preceding, with the anterior 
angles of cox spinous; in other respects similar to the preceding. 

Abdomen narrow ; the three anterior segments gradually diminishing 
in length posteriorly ; the fourth very narrow. The peduncles of the 
anterior appendages broadly oval; the rami short and slender, multi- 
articulate; the posterior appendages slender, lanceolate, biramous, 
acute; the outer pair extending half way the rami of the terminal pair; 
the inner pair short, terminating at the commencement of the rami ot 
the outer pair. Telson minute, rudimentary. 

Length, .40 of an inch, 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 34° north; longitude 150° 
west. Collected June 25, 1873. 


PHROSININE. 
ANCHYLOMERA THYROPODA, Dana. 


Anchylomera thyropoda, DANA, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1004, pl. 68, f. 10.—Sp. Bate, 
Cat. Amphi. Crust., 325, pl. lii, f. 6. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. 

I identify this species with Dana’s, which came from the Atlantic 
Ocean, on account of the peculiar form of the antennz. These organs 
are curved downward and outward, and are closely applied to the sur- 
face of the head. In one specimen the antennz were absent altogether ; 








133 


and I, therefore, do not believe their small size and peculiar form to be 
due to age; their presence is ratber a sexual characteristic. 

The inferior distal angle of the propodos of the third and fourth pairs 
of thoracic feet is produced, and when the joint is flexed this projection 
impinges against the antero-inferior angle of the carpus. This char- 
acter is not mencioned in Dana’s description. In other respects they 
are almost identical. 

Length, .10 to .15 of an inch. 


PLATYSCELIDA. 


PLATYSCELUS BATEI, n. sp. 


Head, when viewed from above, broadly rounded; the center of the 
anterior margin produced in the form of a beak, which is directed down 
ward. The peduncle of the superior antenne truncated; the inferior 
distal extremity furnished with two bunches of auditory cilia, one pos- 
terior to the other; flagellum two-jointed. Inferior antenne short, four- 
jointed ; first joint the longest; second and third subequal; fourth joint 
broadly rounded at apex, longer than the third ; terminating in a minute 
flagellum, acute and curved at the apex, and base broader. The whole 
antenna is concealed beneath the lateral portion of the head. The 
thorax narrower at either extremity than in the middle, somewhat barrel- 
shaped when seen from above; first and second segment short, almost con- 
cealed in the middle of the dorsum by the overriding of the third. The 
first pair of gnathopoda shorter and slightly stouter than the second; in 
_ other respects they are similar; shorter and more robust than the follow- 
ing thoracic feet; neither carpi nor mera produced anteriorly, the latter 
broader than the former, neither serrated ; the inferior margins furnished 
with a few long sete; propoda about the same length as the carpi, nar- 
rower, cylindrical, not serrated; dactyla short. The first pair of thoracic 
feet shorter than the second ; cox of both pairs elongate, somewhat 
clavate; the mera, carpi, and propoda subequally long; dactyla short, 
curved. Coxa of third pair subelliptical, not serrated; apex obtusely 
rounded; anterior margin furnished with five or six short, equidistant 
sete; the remaining five joints articulating with coxa subapically, 
together as long as the coxa; at the inferior apex of the third joint is a 
Single long seta. Coxa of the fourth pair broad, arcuate posteriorly, 
and excavate anteriorly ; distal extremity obtusely rounded at the apex, 


134 


and oblique posteriorly; the ischium short, articulating with the pos- 
terior margin of coxa near the center, and opposite the angle formed by 
the posterior oblique margin; the remaining joints about one-third the 
length of the coxa; the first joint following the ischium longer than the 
three terminal ones; the inferior margin produced anteriorly ; all finely 
serrated on the posterior margin. Of the fifth pair the coxa only 
developed; membranous, broad, about one-third the length of the coxa 
of the fourth pair. Abdomen narrower than the thorax; segments grad- 
ually decreasing in breadth posteriorly ; longer than the thoracic seg- 
ments. Posterior abdominal appendages foliaceous, biramous; the 
details of their structure similar to those of P. rissoine. Telson broadly 
triangular, apex obtuse. 

Length, .12 of an inch. : 

Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 21° north; longitude 151° 
west. Collected May 20, 1873. 

This species is closely related to P. rissoine ; the differences are chiefly 
in the structure of the gnathopoda, and of the third and fourth pairs of 
thoracic feet. The gnathopoda bear a striking resemblance to those of 
the young of P. serratus, but as the rest of the structure of the animal 
shows no evidence of immature development, this is undoubtedly their 
normal adult condition. 

I dedicate the species to the eminent English carcinologist, C. Spence 
Bate, who, more than any other writer on the subject, has helped to elu- 
cidate this order of Crustacea. 


AMPHIPRONOE SERRULATA, n. sp. 


Head rounded ; superior surface slightly convex, longer than the infe- 
rior surface; antero-inferior angle obliquely rounded, less projecting than 
the antero-superior ; front hollowed; eyes diffused, covering the greater 
portion of the lateral surfaces of the head. Superior antennze short, 
peduncle three-jointed ; the third joint large, slightly produced antero- 
inferiorly ; inferior surface convex, and densely covered with long hairs; 
flagellum articulating with superior margin of third joint subapically, 
triarticulate, having at the apex of each articulus two or more long 
auditory cilia. Inferior antenne five-jointed, folded four times, and con- 
cealed beneath the head; first three joints subequal; fourth about two- 
thirds the length of the preceding ; fifth very short; margins of all the 
joints shortly ciliate. The three anterior segments of the thorax nar- 
rower than the following; the four posterior subequal, gradually in- 











135 


creasing in length posteriorly. First pair of gnathopoda having the 
meros broad distally ; carpus broad, antero-inferiorly produced nearly to 
the apex of the propodos; the apex of the produced portion obtuse, 
finely serrulated on both margins; propodos oblong-ovate, slightly long- 
er than the produced angle of the carpus, inferior margin serrulated ; 
dactylus short. Second pair of gnathopoda longer than the first; carpus 
produced inferiorly, but not anteriorly; antero-inferior angle obliquely 
rounded and sharply serrated; propodos longer than the carpus, the 
superior margin arcuate, inferiorly straight, not serrated; dacty- 
lus half the length of propodos, slender, arcuate. First and second 
pairs of thoracic feet long, all the joints following the cox# closely 
serrated along their flexible margins; claws long, slender, acute, almost 
as‘ long as the preceding joint. Third pair having coxa dilated, and 
anterior margin nearly straight, the posterior broadly convex; the 
remaining joints, resembling the corresponding joints of the first and 
second pairs, longer than the coxa, and articulating with its apex near 
_ the anterior angle. Fourth pair having the coxa more dilated than 
the third, form similar; the remaining joints shorter than the coxa, but 
with the flexible margins serrated like the preceding pairs; the coxa of 
the fifth pair broad, much smaller than the two preceding; ischium ru- 
dimentary; the remaining joints obsolete. Segments of the abdomen 
much longer than those of the thorax, decreasing in length and breadth 
posteriorly; the posterior lateral angles of the three anterior segments 
produced, acute; the fourth and fifth segments do not coalesce ; the fifth 
is extremely abbreviated, but distinct; on account of its small size the 
antepenultimate and penultimate caudal lamella appear to rise together 
from the postero-inferior angle of the fourth segment, but in reality 
they do not; the penultimate pair rises from the fifth; these lamellz 
are subequal, with peduncles short and rami long, extending almost to 
the extremity of the ultimate pair, ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrated on 
both margins; peduncles of ultimate pair very short, rami similar to the 
preceding, extending a short distance beyond the extremity of the tel- 
son. The latter triangular, apex obtuse. 


Length, .15 of an inch. 
Locality : North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 21° north; longitude 1519 
west. Collected May 20, 1873. 


136 


OXYCEPHALIDA. 
OXYCEPHALUS TUBERCULATUS, Sp. Bate. 


Oxycephalus tuberculatus, Sp. BATE, Cat. Amphi. Crust., 343, pl. liv, f. 5. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 5° north; longitude 128° 
west. Collected May 10, 1873. 

Although taken in a widely-distant locality, there is no doubt of the 
identity of this species with that described by Bate. The row of dorsal 
tubercles, one anterior and one posterior, on each segment of the body, 
the structure of the second pair of gnathopoda, and the rudimentary 
character of the posterior pair of thoracic legs—falling short of the base 
of the preceding pair—at once determines the species. They also agree 
in the minor details of structure, as far as they are given by the author. 
The head and first thoracic segment were wanting in his specimen. If 
will therefore supply the omission in his description by an account of 
the parts as they exist in the present specimen. 

Head not quite as long as the first five segments of the thorax, broad, 
inferior margin broadly convex ; rostrum more than half the length of 
the head, triangular, acute; eyes large, covering the whole of the lateral 
surfaces of the head; the superior antenne broad, compressed; peduncle 
three-jointed; first joint longer than the second; the latter short; the 
third longer than the first and second, and having on the upper surface 
near the apex a few auditory cilia; flagellum uniarticulate, short, slender, 
slightly bent upward, and apex furnished with a few long auditory cilia. 
Inferior antenn absent in the specimen. The first, pair of gnathopoda 
shorter than the second, but similar to them ip other respects; carpus 
produced anteriorly nearly to the apex of the propodos, margins fur- 
nished with a few long sete, not serrated ; propodos subovate; dactylus 
nearly half as long as the propodos. The flexible margins of the follow- 
ing thoracic feet furnished with a few sets, or hairs. 

Length, .40 of an inch. 


LEPTOCOTIS, nov. gen. 


Animal long and slender. Head large and produced anteriorly into 
a rostrum; narrowed behind the eyes; the constricted portion short, and 
not narrower than the thorax; under surface excavated anteriorly on 
each side for the reception of the superior antenne. Superior antenn 
short, sickle-shape. Inferior antennz five-jointed, folded upon them- 

















137 


selves four times, and concealed beneath the head; first and second 
joints distally enlarged. An elongate mandibular appendage. Gna- 
thopoda short, and complexly chelate. Third and fourth pairs of tho- 
racic feet having the cox dilated; the fifth pair small. Fourth and 
fifth abdominal segments fused into one; sixth small. Caudal appen- 
dages long, biramous. Telson cylindrical, long. 

This genus exhibits a remarkable blending of the characters of Oxy 
cephalus and Rhabdosoma. The general form of the animal is that of 
Oxycephalus; the short neck and elongated rostrum show a tendency 
toward Rhabdosoma. Both pairs of antennz, the abdomen, and caudal 
appendages are identical with the corresponding parts in the latter ge- 
nus; while the three posterior thoracic feet are a repetition of the for- 
mer. A similarly elongated mandibular appendage is observed in Khab- 
dosoma whitei. 


LEPTOCOTIS SPINIFERA, n. sp. 


Head long, with the rostrum longer than the thorax; vertical diam- 
eter of the head greater posteriorly than anteriorly; the superior sur- 
face on a higher level than the dorsum of the thorax; abruptly con- 
stricted behind the eyes and in front of the first thoracic segment; 
the inferior border slightly convex; the under surface hollowed out on 
each side anteriorly in the form of fossz for the reception of the su- » 
perior antenne ; supra-fossal margin arched and slightly elevated; ros- 
trum long, acute, slightly arched. Eyes covering the whole of the 
lateral and dorsal surfaces of the head posterior to the superior an- 
tenn. Superior antenne sickle-shaped ; peduncle broad, three-jointed, 
with margins densely hairy, particularly the inferior margin; second 
joint short; the third longer than the first and second together, com- 
pressed, bent forward at its articulation with the second joint, and its 
anterior inner apex produced as a long, acute process, which is almost 
at aright angle with the main portion of the joint; base of process 
enlarged; flagellum articulating with the anterior surface of the base 
of ‘the process, and shorter than the process, biarticulate, each ar- 
_ ticulus having three or four long auditory cilia. Inferior antenne five- 
jointed, folded upon themselves four times, and hidden in a groove on 
the under surface of the head; the first, second, and third joints equal 
in length; the first and second enlarged at their distal extremities; fourth 
joint a little shorter than the preceding; fifth very short, with one or two 
auditory cilia at its apex. The mandibular appendage long, slender, 


138 


reaching nearly to the apex of the first joint of the inferior antenne ; 
first joint long; second and third short. 

Thorax seven-jointed; segments increasing in length posteriorly ; 
epimerals long, broadly ovate, transversely rugose. Gnathopoda short, 
chelate; the second pair longer than the first; carpus of first pair 
scarcely produced anteriorly, anteriorly and inferiorly serrated ; pro- 
podos broad, serrated on inferior margin ; dactylus half the length of the 
propodos, arched, with a minute spine about the middle of the inferior 
surface, antagonizing with the extremity of the carpus. Second pair 
having the carpus more produced anteriorly than the first, extending to, 
or slightly beyond, the apex of the propodos, and terminating in a long, 
fine point; propodos and dactylus similar to the first pair. First and 
second pairs of thoracic feet shorter than the third, slender; third and 
fourth pairs having the cox dilated; the fourth more dilated than the 
third, and the remaining joints shorter, and closely serrated along the 
entire anterior margin—the first joint coarsely serrated, the next finely, 
and the third intermediate between the two preceding—the other feet 
not serrated; fifth pair rudimentary, coxa dilated, small, with the 
remaining joints not half as long as the coxa of the preceding pair. 

Abdomen having the three anterior segments normal, subequal ; 
fourth and fifth fused into one; sixth short; the dorsal surface of each 
segment marked by a shallow, transverse depression near the anterior 
extremity of the joint; that on the fourth segment deeper than those 
preceding it; a long, acute spine, pointing upward, on each side of the 
fifth, directly above the articulation of the outer caudal lamella. Caudal 
appendages long, cylindrical, serrated along their inner margins, 
biramous; outer pair longer than the two following; ultimate short, 
reaching further than the inner. Telson long, cylindrical, extending 
beyond the extremities of the lamell. 

Length, .50 of an inch. 

Locality : North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 29° north; longitude 157° 
west. Collected June 16, 1873. 


CALANIDA. 


CALANIN ZA. 
CALANUS SANGUINEUS, Dana. 
Calanus sanguineus, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped., Crust., ii, 1070, pl. 73, f. 11. 
Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 21° north; longitude 153° 
west. Collected May 21, 1873. 














139 
CALANUS MUNDUS, Dana. 
Calanus mundus, DANA, U. 8. Expl. Expd. Crust., ii, 1071, pl. 74, f. 2. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 21° north; longitude 153° 
west. Collected May 21, 1873. 

The specimens of C. mundus were taken at the same time with the C. 
sanguineus. A similar statement is made by Dana. The differences 
pointed out by that writer were observable in the present specimens, yet 
they probably have a closer relationship than he gives to them. 


EUCALANUS ELONGATUS, Streets. 
Calunus elongatus, DANA, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1079, pl. 75, f. 1. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 1° north; longitude 122° 
west. Collected May 7, 1873. 

The general shape of LH. elongatus and EH. attenuatus is so very differ- 
ent from the form of the typical Calanus, that I think we are justified in 
considering them under a distinct generic title. I adopt that which 
Dana suggested for attenuatus, in consequence of “the multiarticulate 
character of the smaller branch of the posterior antennex.” This char- 
acter, I am disposed to believe, belongs to elongatus as well as to atten- 
uatus; at least, a specimen examined by me shows unmistakable evi- 
dence of it. 


PONTELLINE. 
CANDACE ETHIOPICA, Dana. 


Candace ethiopica, DANA, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1115, pl. 78, f. 5. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 21° north; longitude 153° 


_ west. Collected May 21, 1873. 


Our specimens differ from Dana’s ethiopica in some respects, but they 
evidently do not constitute a new species. The cephalothorax is five- 
jointed, instead of four, the second joint being short; the right posterior 
angle of the last joint has a minute projection on its outer side near the 
apex. This projection was not observed on the left side, and it was 
only present in the single male specimen. The sixteenth joint of the 
anterior antenne, or that one following the geniculation, presents both 
extremities closely pectinated, while there is a short space in the middle 
that is bare; the proximal extremity of the following joint shows a few 
short pectinations. The abdomen is five- or six-jointed, and on the right 
side of the first segment is an acute spinous process, black at the tip. 


140 


The female presents the following differences. There is no genicula- 
tion, nor pectinations, on the right anterior antenna; the acute posterior 
angles of the cephalothorax are produced equally, and bent slightly out- 
ward, the right not black at the tip. The abdomenis four-jointed; the 
second joint is the largest, rounded laterally and gibbous below, and the 
posterior lateral angle on each side is produced into short acute pro- 
cesses; in the center of the protuberance below is a deep black spot. 

It will be observed that some of the characters mentioned above be- 
long to Candace curta. The females show a decided likeness to the 
same sex of OC. pachydactyla. The only difference of any importance 
that I can see in the three species, is in the structure of the right pos- 
terior foot of the male. Future research will probably determine them 
to be but a single species with individual variations. ‘The structure of 
the right anterior antenna of the male is a strong specific character. 


PONTELLINA DETRUN CATA, Dana. 
Pontellina detr uncata, Dans, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1143, pl. 80, f.7. 
Locality: South Pacific Ocean. Latitude 10° south; longitude 110° 
west. Collected May 1, 1873. 
PONTELLA FERA, Dana. 


Pontella fera, DANA, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1169, pl. 82, f. 5. 


Locality : South Pacific Ocean. Latitude 23° south; longitude 94° 
west. Collected April 24, 1875. Specimen male. 


CORYC AIDA. 
CORYC AINE. 


ANTARIA OBTUSA, Dana. . 
Antaria obtusa, DANA, U.S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1230, pl. 86, f. 13. 


Locality: North Pacifie Ocean. Latitude 5° north; longitude 128° 
west. Collected May 10, 1873. 

The claw of the anterior feet is not as long as the preceding joint; 
the caudal stylets are about one-third the length of the abdomen, and 
the two external set, instead of being but little more than the diameter 
of the stylets in length, equal one-half, or more than one-half, their 
length. 











141 


COPILIA MIRABILIS, Dana. 
Copilia mirabilis, DANA, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1232, pl. 86, f. 14. 


Locality: South Pacific Ocean. Latitude 8° south; longitude 113° 
west. Collected May 2, 1873. 

The cephalothorax increases in breadth behind the conspicilla to about 
the middle of the first segment, where there isa slight angle. Posterior 
to this angle, the sides of the segment are very nearly parallel. Abdo- 
men is five-jointed. The first and second articulations are nearly 
obsolete ; the third and fourth distinct. The posterior extremities of 
the third and fourth joints are surrounded by a ring of minute spines; 
the fifth joint is slender, longer than all the preceding together; at each 
outer angle of the posterior extremity of the fifth joint isa short spine, and 
likewise one above and one below oneach side. The caudal stylets are long 
and divergent, with a short, slender seta on their outer margin at the june- 
tion of the upper-fourth with the lower three-fourths of their length; the 
extremity is furnished with four sets, those at the angles short and 
slender; the two middle ones long and stout. 


SAPPHIRINA CORUSCANS, Dana. 
Sapphirina coruscans, DANA, U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., ii, 1243, pl. 87, f. 6. 


Locality: North Pacific Ocean. Latitude 1° north; longitude 122° 
west. Collected May 7, 1873. 

Body ten-jointed; the tenth small, concealed beneath the ninth. 
Caudal lamella having a tooth on the inner side near the apex. In this 
latter character it resembles S. orientalis and S. ovalis. 


BOT A. INVA 


Plants of the Pacific Islands. 


CRUCIFER A. 
LEPIDIUM OAHUENSE, Cham..& Schlecht. 


Localities: Palmyra and Washington Islands. Common. 


MALVACEA. 
SIDA DIELLI, Gray. 


Locality : Christmas Island. 
ZYGOPHY LLACEA. 
TRIBULUS CISTOIDES, Linn. 


Local‘ty : Christmas Island. 


SIMARUBACE AA. 
SURIANA MARITIMA, Linn. 


Localities: Christmas and Palmyra Islands. Common on all the 
islands of the Fanning Group. 


~LUGUMINOS 2. 
CANAVALIA GLANDIFOLIA. 


Locality: Washington Island. 


FICOIDEA. 
SESUVIUM PORTULACASTROUM, Linn. 


Locality: Christmas Island. 


* Dr. Gray’s paper has not been received up to the time of going to press; and we 
are, therefore, obliged to exclude the plants from the peninsula of Lower California 
from this Builetin. An account of them will be published elsewhere. 

142 








143 


GOODENOVIACEA. 
SCAVOLA PLUMIERA, Vall. 


Locality: Christmas Island. A low, spreading shrub, branching from 
the ground. Flowers white, with purple edges; resembling the flower 


of a Lobeliacec. 
BORRAGINACE. 


HELIOTROPIUM ANOMOLUM, Hook. & Arn. 
Locality: Christmas Island. 


NYCTAGENIACEA. 


BOERHAAVIA HIRSUTA, Linn. 
Locality: Christmas Island. 


CYPERACEA. 
SCIRPUS RIPARIUS. 


Locality: Washington Island. Covering the surface of the shallow 
fresh-water lagoons of that island. 


FILICES. 
POLYPODIUM AUREUM, Sw. 


Localities: Palmyra and Washington Islands. Common. 


PTERIS AQUILINA, var. CAUDATA, Linn 


Locality: Oahu. 
ASPLENIUM NIDUS, Linn. 


Localities: Palmyra and Washington Islands. Very abundant on the 
windward side of the former. 


ASPLENIUM POLYPODIOIDES, Mett. 
Locality: Oahu. 


NEPHROLEPIS EXALTATA, Schott. 
Locality: Washington Island. Not growing on Palmyra. 
DAVALLIA TENUIFOLIA, Sv. 
Locality: Oahu. 
DAVALLIA SPELUNCEA, Baker. 
Locality: Oahu. 





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Bull. N. M. No, 7—10 


146 


Page. 
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Ammodramus rostratus .....----. Bh nicteinin\= sieve seiwejen eee coieeneieie seis esicincis 9 
Amphipronoe serrulatac socsicleessieeec ose eae ce aie alatiesleatiemeiaeteen eee aaa 134 
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ADA, Fs ccecieccoeds steno scccccde odes ccesuesecees sem seee ese ee eee eee 21 
Anchylomera thyropoda Fass2 23 = css s cecil ero sata Saar scence eae eee: 132 
ANChYlONYX. «cee soem ccests secs dios deceadecelesaciacceiescsiocsaeeeseeemeens 130 
aM tbUsracsacescscss ose cesoeeeceeeseeaiese Nee cee eee we tse seis 131 
Angel lslandveoeciscsu cee ose oo eee ecole Soe cca Unecos ete 10, 11, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 52 
Anous Vherminter soos sso 2s csc clits csdetce secs sscc secs cemeeener cose 27 
MI GOR oese cesses sce csascesoadeeoas seceodiccsascesleac cise eereenenee= 28 
StOlidusiss Sseccossas voc soe sas coeis se sacjese siocisiocis smc acsre meee ee eee 28 
Antaria obtusa ts: 2522222225 tse" We ssasatecsoceleccacesciwcci eee eee 140 
Aphareus cerulescens* 2225 .siss62ssssoatse css son ceee ese cence. ceceineneceel 90 
furcatus: si2cs2 sss ttecetssce te cece cescc ecco cecmes ce eeneme mee rae 90 
Apogon aroubiensis..........-. Fabs s seciscs coscecbennss cove ere seerseaeel: oss 100 
QUPIUG-s vc shassseee ss teeses cote es Ace ache esceeccceee COE: 72, 100 
fASCIAbUS:s Sse cck sess tases Moses csccecaee eros adecceclete sete eee eee 100 
SMBs: os sssccesescen seksk ewe cencccee wees ascee eee oe ocasee eee 101 
MOVEMPASCiAbUS. <6:2 2225 scree oc cusees civemiemscicis ase leneeeette eee eee 100 
PUNEtULAtUS .~ ccs. cece o cow sewasissmomemeresercescee sate aeeerees 72 
VIEIOUACUS: «cccoe.co cc we cccwce cess omvenearenarinrereccrnmee a eee eee 72 
Apogonichtilys auriéus..... 2c cssccmncememens wneesenpaceeecen eae eee i 
POLYSUILMNG.coccs conces/ seca asioscices warcesseceer eee ates 72 
Aptenodytes'Chilensis’,. <'./sic0 a1 isinacemeimisic noise eunsiniereceae eee Cee eee eRe 33 
MO]MND- cece sis esewcccaletse sas demeeerigeccceesemeeee Tene 3 
ATONATIA-CALIGTIG\. 5. cewscecnmecwacccoqscrenressqaxantssessaeaaneobeon eee 18 
SVISOR.. cos capeicessecocaeeseaisce ese rere eereoocesee ae C ee eee 18 
WUIGATIS .. ose clas So ee a an deeecincs saiqngues anesne etter eeeee 18 
Argentina glossodonta.... [5.22 sSt ccs cs smn cncanenssnsamee ene nese cere 76 
ATIOR®: = cece wc cccemccus ccc cosmcces mecneeneas eoacteen esd e seer eee 12 
PATIZONIcs cy vex coerce ecwwe leone tee ck eae een eee ee ear a Al 
Arothron aterm aioe ernercisaoc-ctectocccceins oceeee eee ae ene scieieendeses 56 
trichoderma.........-... eislowieleromslntole Setwieree riawalelston seta eee eee 78a 
trichodermutoides =... conewrcew wren cecccisecringn Masniaacatine sae 78 
Asplenium-nidus- 1 ooenocoseerceciwreerpwerescinenaacncisasaigecmaceaneneteeee 143 
Poly pOdioid 68 «52 ~ Sasetowew-civers emcees saaniloeinaanceesasee eee eee 143 


Ag80C] 8 - ee rem cronioan desacr eotaleee mel Saueia Sia nm Sena ee eae Ree 110 

Hholothuricolancasmeccaciserecises come aanasnconelnen eC EEE ORE “ 111 
Atergatis limbatus- 22 s.05-ro~susensenue tus sasleensaeeen ek ee ee 105 
Atlantic Ocean . 2... .2s2cs cae esccoececeostesnecc ache asecene crete eee eae 30 





s 


Bs 
147 

¢ Page. 
PCH AEC be eon Seen mnwewlenrciem ans sasains pnsn'se mons eaaewelsean sesaies 25 
Attenuatus .-. ~~. 02. one cone ce wees meee ee eees Sere ae eee etek ate terete ed estate ater 139 
Set) SHEN Cl ek) ale oll ieee ie ata ele eied a ietel aetel <alnl= 74 
Aulostoma chinense ..........-..----...-- aaa ioe cc inivlainca,cie_scelaaclaieteneiona states 74 
GHINGNSISeee sees a eeieaoelas seeisinccislaceinsin) ee cisic scene ete sees 74 
MEPS TE pirate eyes peel es aia oaimieie ram eline sie siaeicieinin,= 2 o)0js,aieina/=onjarebateyeaoce 109 
Mm eieransils brig see eee an oo aoc ow ose wug wet omee 59 
RUGS ee etetetta fata ale let- slain olelalel cen =| siesieimle) om in inivinini-'vim|nin(s\~\m ie e-em mls oo =e ain a= 45 
I EEO Eater wera tate aiinlel t= i=injwminlinietgel sient ain mimimie) .<inis]~is.e mm =e sn meine oie 12 
ereIN Glee Mersey costae Wen wisi sina onions mekeinnininnis oan sic a bes sce ccierse roe sce 56, 79, 95 
SE ER Reel Es sree eae ay ese ee oe nie oa 0 5a on. oORE RE 57 
ESTES P ACU Ca DU Siesta ieee eam eben einen een sin meleniaace a cio an name ateicick eiceile Wooo 
SUT GUN ween em eeetae etalon aicsiciatee minetelsieieieiaisisi= ioc. miocesicinieyactciainias slat 79 
GBalistapus)) acu leabuse sae atesetee aleeeineieteseintseee\s sense la= oilers (opaaicionls 79 
DOD ereoeeepe eet ioas oeenciemisincine eta Bi cerote pic Gaia s cicise ais a cersie teks aidioiatre ts 56, 57 
LS 6 Besteler taalafeloielatalal afore oleln sinieiatet = ietete mis tenant aia ai~ m[>i= =|=inicinlmininini=rel alain = 57 
OEUALISSIMES eee ciete see tee eeeoisaaa aieiesiaceiaesceetssine ele satact 79 
ICUS wate ra lane elete lala ta miele lalate ite feieeletma nlm [e tal =le) fm (el =e = (oli) <im=|=) =i eee 57 
SN NS ea at nee nl eed leone elma aa = eam 56 
SUMIALUS nec cietece cen nhs A Sah IPS gene eae Bee nu se Tm 79 
BVA UL yee rerst emi yeie sioinniaeeiniessisiscciesa scininicia's) semiela/iaieieela ae aleaciaicismiacts 57 
REBT R SS Ota Bere gee tetetostaeieetsne tes siataiaioinie onaicinisq/sisiminialeniciasie) 4ola\=(afo]=.cielolateiataletalstala> 110 
Tea AN BES WY fee ete ier eisieta nice oeiciclcisisin ate ieincicinis = vine ameie.emininims,saialacistsiaam iano 115 
Berea Denrnr Gl conte acrcrneey aetetatom alae eis aisle ieiniei=jeicininisisinie’ sciinlciaisin, sielsoes,cnelqetejemtelntce 75 
BUanel Ca nii a bare teeee erie eicersiciaias ey<cincleit Sel saeinisie enele siete terereine aun 75 
Pleas eset erator a iaealelsincisio sists onli aaininl=selesalnteiefige--yaseistadie cinta) s 75 
SE A Ree at Yatton Sere racial opm o. Sim msoiaicinicisin, d= einaayniain(aj= sete eelaitenis 89, 101 
RMEINI AT OURS 9.82199 fae i cicictet dais cin co cio wis ein) a nanen saasissssesiyasseseis=p=/ ses 38 
SIPEG BAAIICUIR GU Sires ttc o1erw. iow serene cio nim neis annmmensaesas,anae,6945 esis Siam 37 
SMALL ENO) serene sac! a a aiaeiijaqnianoaacisaaq)aqqaesa995 a55i52- 5-45-5075 118 
SRR RCCL MAN Me nian scan sainin, csieieh ene m sensieeioan, asiaeicnies <a\tarei emis 26 
UES a Tare ee eae os 2g) ne side) eisioralnjeoy os wintainie Mabie seaimeis sa’ sasie ap eeeisis 64,77 
DNUNMRERDE OR yee ek ye ae ad a ies Sone Scie nica are ele abrir aticl ia 80 
PRINT OCA OCCIMEN TANS). 25 2.54 SG cence cie ee nea sene sade ene ncec)etes camels 116 
| San SONG TG eeeeere ee ONS So Oe, MA SAE se Le ote sa uae nage ciate ont sensi 5Is55 
; Bodianus SUUUAUUS wana cepacnanenaaasclescesesaseasrsassseiosescssaoeecseess es 91 
| Wa ERS it Seni TOE Hg, CRS. a eee ties 92 
MME SIBIBECRI LR at aes Soe 2 ene nae eae Soon saaaiseccide steve ewes 143 
EMMI EIN U AME sn ee ect hos oe a 8k ee Bs occ te soe sss ecsuseeeaesdees 14 
ERC ea Fee ee a a oie hoc bgesaaed cee neateeaesenseses 143 
IRR RP Set tees le. = Bon eed onde aemalosimecigd aaetasios 14 
BEEBE CICOELINSG VAUOSISINIA. 2 A642 <5 socces'8osss4cescse+cases scessseseeen 58 
Brachyotus palustris ............- Bee 2a i Nias he ere aes 15 
CASSIE esse Jase sa sscae<rasaes ass=s eee aaa tea aces 15 











Page. 
Brachyrhamphus’‘cravert 322: sescsecseeet tec ce tcc tes ae eheniseecceeece ss cee 32 
hy polencuswerecerecs pit cess tc aes me cee casece wecene comes ee 32 
Brazil ..s2skstseetkeses tse eee ee etal, ccc eet tened see ee ci mereewecweene 110 
British /Museum’..2 .2s 22 eee eee wen cee ee clo ee swes Goes sete eee eee oe 47 
Brotogeris kuhhicecicclecteeecec ete te eae coe were asso eee emer. 13 
Butirinns-glossodontus 2-222: .22-2.4-2-.2.sceccceee SUL oe reat e ae Beenie 76 
Calamospiza bicolor fe a SSSR Se tect wees ech eiwasenicnesbine eben ne Meee tt 
@alanide es): sa5ceskkcse eee ne ees so el ed uwetoe peewee seemeren nen oe oeeeree. 138 
Calanin®<cit:.2 tice eemerees ts vise cece pece be ciscbicins eae awisee ea ceeeinene 138 
@alanus) 2-522. 22steseeaetaece ceed «ve cot eceacenscce ne ceeeee emer eee eee 139 
MUNGUS%cspseeees eee skews te cues eocsccsciceemesctieces memcee sees 139 
SANQUINCUWS tos 5h ett hee ccs wes cce cect csi ciswcms esse cneeces NOSES 138, 139 
Calappidipeetem: Seecrcctec ices tens .ten ce teem sxanmenimeces eis koe waned 116 
Calappa hepatica. t2cesc pec e pte nteteececesen ce AHO ee eee cae eee 116 
tuberculata.........- eb dcwedie t's dclcee sie siemaceae meee e ee eEre Ce eee 116 
Calcinus¥atens:22222. 5.254222 cs cote se noccene sec beer eee ee ere ten ee 117 
tibiCeN 23a. eae chee tition same eecicaceeeeatene nsec ae nee eee 116 
@alidris ‘americana: 5.227.222. 25. she ones heen cee ee eee ceeeee eee eee ene 18 
BLODATIA 3.02 Li eee ten tee eerem ch otis ciel acieie bis salen eieeene AAP eee 18 
STISED ‘c.- 226 Hos ete ae Seb cabs cb cces acces eae ci cecie< ee ci eee 18 
MigelUs:t-2 2k Ghee eee cc aie meme ok emeee nc es meer bee eee ons 18 
CTINSOIDES Seeders seme Cee dpe wevaseleiee cme mee wiemcpisie eee sisetemees 18 
Canavalia: glandifolianc.2c2cce scce cs eee c ces sociee mmileeilememieieinomusnremeistecets 142 
Cancer admetus: +222. 222k ck elec: Come cee eves tenet reer cinco cee eeeets 106 
coratophthalmusy.cvci¢ nace oct Gans cee ieee ieee nee emesis celeste 114 
crementatus 24 = 170s weesek coe esis een ea eerie meme cee aeeieeeees us 
eranulatus sae ieee een ee cee ee Seeienee ecieeeminacmociee risk seme ueeeeia 109 
Lat 0 Assaf se rats SoD SS Soca te ajefalarer se leineitiaiieimiclossinwicicsicw siete ce meeietiaeiae 118 
limbatuss- ei cece mets ee met ore ce cise ene eieiieciclecioicesioceresieeeioeaes 105 
TCO NDS 6 ssa ps otal tot sial tlatateereeioteicleicieicisoke slabiampacisiowicivisiniciceeceeien antes 109 
palapicus 0... 2t5 See eee eee eet eee ececeescmeetemasee : 106 
PLyMNaet eee eee iLike sieceerck! eine seeee Reece Cae eee 108 
sanguinolentusw.' i 27ce eee ob ene eee te Re emeh se cesbeeeeeeReeeieee 106 
tibicen AL... tis Lette eee te eke Reece eee meee eet 116 
(Matitho) ‘affine 02.0 Fete e eee eet ieheee cece see eee Rees 105 
ViviGUs Sseie stasis co tee Fei tose ecetetnlcociee Pee an eet 105 
Cancrid® so 2eoe ee Seci soe Se Sareea Sa eh rS Uatdectelsismiaes ieee eee 105 
Candacelcurta: \ sie ars Faro en ie te Bee eee Ree Celeste eaeee 140 
6thiopica ssi Fi sd statclate al daioteras eaidee Paes 139 
pachy@acty lacs te etln 5 saw dal oaectodad datwseeeeeaee saeco 140 
‘Cannorhynchus:immacnilatns: 222s sssaseccnsat sss sooo seca tele a seeeeeee 75 
. (Cape Borin is: sssses sites ferrets kasi soa dsas rie ocsaa eee eee 29, 31 
San-Lucae cts cssd exe sbad chsa sivas crate aun daencdsemeecee ees eieeiue 12 


Carangide: soi crocs sasedctacalul cade daduedestsed asad ance sawed: eee 68, 88 





149 


Page. 
Carangoids ....- te ee woes cece cone wnee cee © teen coe cone cee cecncs ateeteat aa 58 
Carangus ascensionis ......- ow eee neces cone ee nen e nnne ane sfece ames Biaieeiea'e #8 
CMY SOS esicle seals eenineeaiceiceecieaeat=i='= Seer ayanatos pisos eeeice' 70 
ESCULONG US roeee sneer eieeisieleiniciniss voles sclonice/oecin van clacemeeee ate eye 70 
GLEE NY OTS eee tate natn ae nialefaeialeininial eialw a safe ainia sansa sensineeeee 69 
SEEEeISCCUSIONIS ee seieeeny sania eareetcsnecisiecieisisl isislsiane!s= sa cio sivicia sieaen eee 88 
BEAM UHOPLOLUSMe anise iemeaicae sie ane daciaais <<isiee ccc ol ane see eee 69 
he Sick EN SUES ote alee elena eta ale late ete atellalatetete a tinelete atel aia)alal armcelaaiaiaps ota eie yatta eet : 70 

CEES SOS) eee = ale ate eal etetal a atalat tees tate eter a aie = ia ol a alle acetate etter 07 
CHUMENOpUbHAlMUsfsaaaseessie esis cesses sae =m elo aimielnisn erates ner 63 
Katee eeeete ia cieteintel es ciate ato aleinemestaeisiainisic sacl sims cyeieie china ome eateries 79 
HSSEOMG eee cee ciercis Bee est aaate eterno re ieisinisisisia) sine ioLsiefiie en ee 69 
MACLOPAbHAlMUS)s-/oo ne selec el esse eieeiayseele aia a Santee msioie see sens 68 
AN AU LUGAMUS pees eeteastarciai= selecesl sine et sane eeicsisiclo aiaciciei=<'s;a.< ane stieieta 68 
WNC LAID PY MUS) soe sac ee ears cian) Saiciajwacie/ aes sisisa Senin) cose salae) Js somes 69 
UCL AUUS Mea saat eteeisere a cicraat ae cerclelete ie erat ots) sieicle,= =, <0. 0 aey aia mnieNE 69 
MANU O DY CUS eee teresa o Seine ntem ears serena tana acineieeian aston ieeineiaaie 70 
BEVOS AUN OLUS|SACLOSULMUS! =o, cic ciase's o.c,c5) e155 4 s(e1e,e, nic ian, aie Sein seiecj-insciete ele eels = 90 
BBMIHOMINYSUACHIIS Soca cote ccc) calocieiar caja nce cje;seie's) swine) seimcincia cae s eee as 25 
brastw#anuUsice ss cc cscciec nice Ease era tae atthe ms Big RSiee ees ASE 25 
SSIReH ALIAS) MOlAnO PLELUS) osee So isa<l< cies ose eieeciseoisiseisisosie einem asinceeee eeeees 94 
(Enionace)) melanopberustesse<ss cm cenit cee eiee eee arene 94 
(Erionodon) sbrachyrhynchus\.<.- <0 s4-2--4----12 5 siamese ores 94 
Nene Sos p acme pesca etien ease ise wiceametatemeee Zs 94 
We lan OPLELUB eee eeeeeie ee aele sesso besenecen 94 
Carcinus...... Pecos ene wie lom cece sai suate sino aefenisiew sie ae noe yensiowewrse ete 109, 110 
BMENIMIETANUALUS sco cc an eae sancad osesce cone Sire misciea ese cise pee toes sees 109 
MCGNAS sc ccae ceciesase rss sis Moose ce etom ements eS ae se oes nietemtaatcaiers 109 
Cardisoma obesum ........-... Sil HERA I a 18 Hay ST A a SE bs pease 114 
HITAVA Cle ere meee nic Gnas ais stale Seta le Sains siaeisig ee cinia’s eis eee see eee a 114 
EES oat an ao. cua k Soa ec teana aoe Sere decease. cee 47 
SeEEe SOTMOLUS SEMIP ANTALIS. «5 oc so 0 otto = ceee coeelee cone ceeetes-beuecuess 18 
BeEreMHnracAMAnted AtTOX: 2.2.2.5 .5- oe oce--2 west nee scans Siccaapeeita' A) 
BtTOXe es ee eeicee Sate tele etnee wie eicte ote ate bate oe entee tieeye sein as 40 
ERG PEEP ett SE ot ten ee, Sepa oats camer steeie 39 
Canlolatilus anomalus..........-..- EFS Rt PRP EN oct ere Se et a a 48 
Merobitids .-.-:......---. Bee Tear GNU RE MINOR ee ay ols 8 Ged Soe Ae o 117 
es HIDNABER TRS SESE ee Ran es eae a aga Sein a/s LESS 
GUVTOLigM eee ee eee ere mans ostomy ae meee wcaosenen aia ai 
DAM AMIE NSIS eee se cltenine selene ace scisrs cerca amie celeisele (amis serelemiaeictetais 117 
Central Polynesian........... CEP nS Ba Hen PLL che a yo oe ree pees 20 
BRMMMCURMIC TEV SATIMGLUS «2.220 conics cacce +. cdac sacawcececes spemacemelenna 44 
MMEMIRT RIGID 952 022 ce ec kebwae does con acteaetgeanetiaaese 50 
BEMEMISCISPAVTOSI fos ooo) occ cect cd ccees cobecucacs ce sme 2h & Seiten ma S 52 

















Page. 
Centropristis: macropomus ssaaceeece soe es coe. so celscoeeet erence ssiaee css 52 
TAC TALS rere RN SAA AS I eine cose we emesis: 52 
TAAIANS reson sas ages es oe os Go tea eoe ea aeia ee eee eees 53 
Cephalopholis: argusicsocioc eeeettel ee oleae ee nt ae ee teenies tale eet oes 91 
COTAtO PbO Bi .-n.5cceie reson tacc wise geste tatclele to'ewie “teciattait steer era lol Salaaclajoeelcesimete aes 54 
Cerros Teland on) irene eiataeeoremp ctctorels wis lo'ste wate ofol Tee teieetele acme aceistae 30, 37, 47 
Ceylon oe caso ckstactex = wictat wintetesataterstoranaleletatolots oral aicle erie iotete stare crole staal cicta ie atelier 66 
Chntodontidas cians ccisescceetect te ee wa ntcew tere can ee satteie seule serene 88 
Cheetodon abu: alu, sess tetece i inte nrn'e sc’ore) s atolalctn otalola oosialcle eae a alees eee oF 
ATANCUS<ceemececente eet ra ble ete eeeintowlcs iio tles cueeeayare oaintee ions ete oii 
ATURNUG Mee cope ee a ialots aia a tolclee ule olcnis a’ sateoiciohoeleistarseleceitomiaicer 97 
QUTIGS \ cowie mice wives Cowes ou wot elecicesiecwe es sesh acee elses een ceeece 88 
COUR PLS Per eretacietstc were elcoinoaele cee ecleaiesniee sl scien! = ce inereeince che =e 87 
LINO AGUS eto ersiarslwietetcisterswieratslettseet inet eal! fate eae encarta. 100 
JUMATIS SSS Sh eos eens corde dasc Stes rellecloaielduwe ele oe eale ce mee enone 88 
MALCINACUS toe cn ieeu wrest loaeinleceete seston ieee eeiseiiosiener crocs 66 
IMAL UL y osm craw lorotain mata orataforeteh oc etotoetaciarohetstielatcnetenia conten ere eee 66 
UMICOTNIG a/c 2/eicicwrwmrantawrreratetaretotarsereistetereh state erole clan Sena eee Tee 68 
SAT POLGOS <6 oo io, siw cicisieicwlolciote alvin elo¥e ete iniafo tole nioteio%o'= ato let orate oslo ne ohne etc 66 
SAX ALIMIS vse coe ecm ces osetia ewretsce nia eetacee eh ose coc tee seers 66 
SODANMS oasis ioscan cia eee este cee sclen ions eisaets wales oes cece meemeane 88 
BObILOR ioe iwisceejwi rein cute te Sicicieiehemietsie teen cade rete enclose eee ercente 88 
BOLCIGUS wie erece asec teeiehee bees eeEe eee to sianlocuiae semen cea sseeeces 386 
triostegus....... aeebe rece sesatne = wens ene noeme toe eecicceecertamtoes 87 
by P Wh cesar Se santo aeiteitetatre ieee ne See ee ~ 66 
ZODEA sree Lacaiosecene Lunn tsb vic bloc ceseee ome isbicisineniee sere 87 
Chalcidespropus -scccrcercinncscwetntnasloneeeeoees seetieeesiaceeiees Seacrest 38 
Cham saura propus...... 2.220. 22-22 AeBieeeeeereeecet ece sesceeeeeences 38 
Charadridwecc<. ccevcactancescieseiceh ene tesnets ese eset n see e he cemeuceee ee 16 
Charadrius auratuscssecccssccecrens deste Se steesee Sete eee ee tee sees 17 
Orientalisyeee cee te SRE Re oe te ae eee meena 17 
ORATIS sro eee ee aoe See eee eee aie eee elemoc emcee 18 
falvos +u-255 scLe bane ieee PEAR ORES OSGE eet encee be emer eenes 16 

Glaucopus.<t2s2 ce tac ssssccsstee slat see ace ecieccee see eieeeeee 17 

helveticus 256 3524.ce ee eS Stee eee eee eee ee Eee eee 16 

lOnoIpes/.cescanacscssecteeeeeaeeel see tenn ee eee ee eaenee ean 78 

plavialion..2200 7 ciate kee eee he eet ee eee oe eeeeee eee 16 |} 

Fubridass cee rE US, eae eee ree ete 18 | 
(Squatarola) helvetica4222522 cht the ace ee ere ee 16 
taltensis re eee ee ee 16 
VOTING te SUN SEL Se SER Re eee 16 
VIFGIDIGNUS* Ao S SISter soe cee een oloe eee eee eee eee dinicmiee 17 
xanthocheilusc.. see eee ee Se ae ae ee eee eee ' 46 


Chaulelasmus:couesi: ssere2.es8c Soe eee Q1, 22 








Berle te MS PS ULOD CENA Gee teieetisielam = ole/a.nicle/eisiniaiaiele aie scisie ae nies ie sieeieaicieaice 21, 22 
BCT UMUABUNITASCIALUS cm aalsceeceiicices sis slneicciccisc/asioc ccises caslecion onleiciaae 82 
rhodochrous ..-.-..---- Bi sinisinnalcic is coivinia's aio a a\s/shais binaehenatemet see 'eiers 82 
NexXaAtwNi Arses sjecsteseeeeaise cele ses cscs) ss s)actiorotebidoneiemees aes 63 
BMCMIORUITAUU SL acicice clocisc sci noel cislemaaie ssl sic oss'-a = o.y ae a eae oe enor 65 
GVAROCMIONISkssoeeersceemiscioen ctanenice sas on - a s2'scceis see ee nee 65 

OTS Keeu UU We oe ron ee aaa ie eect ee eine oyaisie wis sicin canis: «sin sie elsa coe a aeons 65 
MUSCUS oes istmnle mise ce teen alee onctc sce a sce scess's cose Cosco pac eeece 65 
MEMICHTY SOS pesca cae socio cece amen ssece esa soak casce. socn omen eee 65 
MNIEOLMUIS coe ae Saleiisnceiecem ec ec ise oc salecisinis sss soso wo oe oe oes oot wne 

Res OSU Seen atacteniactaeiseisetaientamieersctestacineitia|scleclacicie ise ce ael cate ators 65 
Seaseece 65 
ee MOGINLOLUuseCU MU Sessa seco c eo aelseeedcascieasanceerclsoscincscee «cece cers 57 
PM Berea enol semsiainisicie 5) cians) siciniceie/snmisieeinios css soa Secs sin acce e coals aie 16, 25, 33 
PerOrs ia UN Sa see sates seleies asia elcinasies sialcisiecelslenclsce/sas'e\ neivielosiqeciopese cee 65 


TCTOSLOMN Die ccyonie cise oa os eel en ieee en nie cle b isc oc ceicc ocjacee ts 


VALET CLUS Mee eae eine a oar aor re ae Oe eee oe aie oes Aa ee 


bicolotgee eee eeecacisscelececistieesc eae tase asscces sesciosisieselis sce 65 
AMOTIMIN Meee alte sal oaw sh ase cace cee sicieatacelsscis ecccics cece tose eecelsacs 65 

BEIM LOI OIG 2D eerie sas tosis o aciem ioc iejon\ one misieesinnc sclesicn soc aieclonicost aye cttsher’ey LOO 
PenodipterusichrySOPLeELUs) sso oeree eee aces so cso ects cecclaclan selseccessne 50 
PEICOULG BR eeete mee tee cece as cs Sccelsccce cece acces otoewstem eeiontefen se 37 
DPAREOLOMNEGXIC RIN Gee ecccaes ae oat ise co's cwloe scivecciec sss Svcs se ceeciconc ee inane 38 
MMITGCESICAD ANeUlALUSmeec sets escent ec/a=) = 2 acl— cine akon os ere eee esas set aloe 
aM bTiCOld Caieee pee le clan econ as coal cice ce se cui e denice selec tates 38 

isl sri rm ee ie oe eS oll eee cee | 
PMOTOATUSLCOWALGSII ee aarsecteneiccrs tics sccelee saxnele > wel soto an caeeeet Stace 105 
Sx AR AUS eer eleeiereiee alos icicles) solac/s\sisisienicielcimre iam melas aateetesian inet « 105 

INECUAlI Stas ck ciesins Jes acersee eae egateusccteiseecieces cores eneeee 105 

Rap MMe Ramee eere eee aise seine ssieclcsseceiae sees a cieeeaa ae et 105 

ETN Oa Ge eet ee ae al ainintas steleletaleterersiates aie sieie setae amieetaeiee ete 105 
BeAMIMOMUSHNAUEIDANUSs eee es pleco croc ccseee scene viccwieselccecesssees setae eee 70 
MORAG Oba se sie coi nisa,sies cen cieesissenes wemicee sce secs cise mentlosea 70 


Geo LO ee ee ah ce eit See ct tenate eer cle atta ae See ala taraie tab a rare ehyaionte 70 


MMAIIE A NEIREEY Stoo, 0 as Sag ce Son sages es4e. ss sate eeeees ease . 97 
SUNTYROLISMINSCHI .--<-2-,-ccs.-0--5. Siac Sas een. Soe ere Ine Ae 12 

RIGO RIAN a a ars gmin aaa, 4 sa.sen, ia annelgseesa= ace 9 Cera ame 12 
BIER PaRLC NONE oo 5co et oe <2 a a5 uns asa Sana ss e.d aan nee eeone Meneisoeess 40 
RM MMMSEE RUN ASIITN G2 22 so - <r o)scince sss aacs vesees o5sc26 soeeseewseeauaa= == 11 
MEM EPR ta. (rR ee ON ou soe ceded gad Ss seca eee eens 78 


Page. 
Clydonia longipes’ sia ssececaseseqescssce a+ sscecace sess seca eae eee 124 


Cobitis pacifieass: cso: tess sisceesjstds sss sje tescascs ease ee emeeee ces 57 
Coccoburus' melanocephalus:s:223s5.52 022. cccacae case sesesceeememeeeee eee 11 
Coccothraustes melanocephalus)=t2es2.2t52 2.522 sconccsncaecsesoeeaearee. il 
ColoradorwRiversce ssa. ne ee esa J SiecidSetoctetam auc nas onecsneeeeee 9, 42, 46 
Colubridw: (225 seh 5,G22 Seco es ee ass save BOE Sars eee Ree SE eee eee ee 4¢ 
Concepcion: Bay=.22 72 s2sasts cee eece ves oes te ee teense tees ceeeen eee 25,33 
Conodon antillanus: 35. 22226 Gses2e.62isicdce seotessesses sees ececene mae ennee 50, 51 
plumiert=-s2s=seeces=- Eee Seas\ssisisnsisemamacices a seem aerate het 50 

Cope; Profs: chi. ctawse de ese ees sce ces oa stccascconcas dace oce acne ns ae 35, 39, 40 
Copilia mirabilis: .222.ecc25.oscee soctoe hecase seed cece cee sc cmsenee eee 141 
Corophiid@s. 2 sss eteteete ees oust cc ses casesenssoseces ameceneneseeeeen ees 124 
Corvide' 3... ok eietemtoscesnse seccsceceseenees cob asce ns eco cce eae sme eeeine ia! 
Cory Cid Bec as se ee ee arate b's solos aie bia ete tals bie Rte eer toto atele cle cto le meee 140 
Woryeein®- este tee eS oa sa niere caind Letebeees parece cineiconteet cere eee 140 
Cory dalinasbicolor 2 opek aco asain ae lxie wel wine a sein welalecioree ewan lee eR eeNee ee 11 
Cory philustkabli 222. ieteces eeeecivecs Soncien tees eee mates oe OER eR EOE Oma 
Wottidee esas as sess 7b aioe ctaletale eleeyaic te clo lo tatw Ta slo vayereVavev a biatanoe ae e tr aise 44 
Coues; Elliotth, Dra sass cece sons teacteconenecisecescakeciesasee ane Otee Urol 
Cran Ponid eisai scien celennew'wis eis Sa sas aleieiw! slatolniveiatetelet otro eye ee 119 
@rangon fran ciscorum 275-5 iano 1 oe oles elroe weft iy oiaeivie'\--Tas minora eee renee ote 119 
OYVAVOEL $2 aie veininw anin onininie ele swiolelnyslnaielsieiwia eloysinintoeis cietotel cia oletota orators sea eine oie 32,33 
Crayracion implutus' =... csi. sacten estore es eeereeeee sce cee cece oeee ee aes 56 
laterna. 2 .leunnites ect eek ects cece ete ereceee eee eee 56 
NIGrOpuUnclAtUS s/o we aa ates etins oat se ele nioe wee aiseine eolatent eee 78 

Crotalid@ <.2222.25 is sc 50s socseceaseeae oc noesoece eee eleoeeeel tee aes 39 
Crotalus;adamanteus atrox 525 scete.cc cinco oS acjcte eis tenis staccato a eee eee ed ONT 
AUTOR $52 fase Sas ale daa alas caine jess cle, Canine oe cys rena cee eee ae 40 
mitchellliii: 0:4, 2524555 sos52 23. 28a saasae,syoces see ecole coe eee eee 39 

PY FDRG) oe ae sis risa areieimtaja ny iamyai in) orm ie = helene ain m aiate lac hemes eet ane ne 
Crucifer® i222. 3232622 2s2 5.2505 sh csc cee aeccecseses semsrencieneteeeee see eee 142 
Craumenophthalmus: s<2:s2 sce = sjenjacemaimnciees nese cae e es ee nee eee 69 
Cry lopia, TOStratacs - = 2ae0ssacicjcccoeelec secu seins sslee tees ias wesiseeiactee eres 123 
@uba <. 222225 sosectne ts ec cccsceteeseter ae see tniestecieaeocuisscelessicneee oe cnes 47 
Culiusifuscus\:2 7222s t ite cn cictee Gericeweee ee ate eee aniecine ae yan) ae Se ar 7 tele 
NIPELASe nas sh cecetae omens wece se eeelet secs ea cee es cones ape e eee 57 
CETBUOS (soi ooh a eye staalatalo iain Wome eici eles claicineierertnieleote nee eonencee aie ieee teens 129 
Cuvicrand: Valenciennes) i. eio-1= te nlsinss wie oayo= eer seyee entocie mie eee see eee dol aaa 
Cyanocitta beeche yin rs c Saisie eae, rao wn nlatetoroie en oeraeoeieneele eee een eeeee rele "12 
CTASSITOSEIIS iets ojo eer ata so arnaarernieteoscicremieet eigeiee oc ee ee Ieee 12 
sanblasiana), <2.) 7sooc [scceoelecosaoancese secces bees ceeeeneeeee 11 
Cymatogaster aggregatus <2 sc 3555 ia) scciccndecc se accscnscsccnsenaca ceseeeedee 45 
Cyanocorax de‘San’ Blas: < o562 55 osstcssacccc sess coccietgaccaesaec- eon eoeeeeee 11 
Cyanostigma.....:...<-. ol adeciiueicd bess secccs scons cose pole neaecs Sane see a!) 




















Page. 
eee ei OU fe Sele or taminie spiemial awe ein alcibin elmer m)<inin s\n aie ewe lpalgin'ainiois’s «= 14 ata lt 
Peart OAM INNIS one) eeeetenewiginaie'sic singel > 9 a\ceinclyee pacines seis a= aa 43 
BD OUACE Dict elic.n1- is cinta snie Daisies csisiele alalsie's iS cils cies owie nics cola’ semaine sale sions 143 
URN ANSE aie ieiaicicla sicie is sclscielon a's sinccieuesceewesleice cine Sand cassae cee's 108, 109, 115, 123, 124 
MESON IS PaO MUG seteiste tetas ele aiaistine alvse's c.scis\ co oie o's wicis nwaleis sniclaieelenetaeee 97 
ibaa ae pelin COM \-15 secmcine cous ctomeiet ects sicinicese soeoes cools wlaletinenenpnaeteren 143 

PENUIE OM a core crete ears ise io mene ele ictein oisisis -'o'cic oie lnsie wine g Se salee a eee 143 

PPG AY WAN OM ALA once esas cieoieie aintee prem eae iseisisin\s es win sai cicisisejel aise Spetstate retorts 48 
BEEN COCAr aT UDO Meare nese nicnisic races ee tieewin aniahe sis eis sins oe ecle aiesie clontennieneeiae 9 
MeWe VA OcOrce, COMMAN CEL.) ocmcisielsiiteeicicisetecicisicie'e's eie'elocwlucicse's wean seasons a 
ICON EMIN GALA Late wic.sj ae winle sisis so cinis Gale wie lea eeinis cine win Sas esiaieie vie soteeae Seresets 90 
BERELL Re aioe areas celsius Soa Seine ee ob dotig se caSele \enaeaceulas 90 

MIMON TIC Ce eee meio cn ea ccc c eos ca smiciersie setae Oe ielniciscin aistlslcew onic aisaes eames 43 
Prd OnmMaCUlaln SH sso cc oo csie cele cr iw aoeteeisheinisinio,< was) o sieinecinnsistiactiwislciene 43 
Mul timaculabusys Late ccisierciayeiciere le oie wataiels olaleibinin) aisin's'< ip visiosiw)Swivia einisate A3 
NOVOMM TCULALUS(-ais seem see Sears ac eracice wiciis cicissiaee vio enaectisineldeeieise 43 
quadrimaculatusiemsosiscmce emer salsewisiouincie succes css -Seraweeccte 43 
SexINaculatuse.seeeasselisciesece Sock eciecsicecineec tus osoete sacs Rekioe z 43 
APINOSIGSIMU Geen setetac ee Hesse eee eee casissceee seca sole eec manta 43 

ACH SUG eee elas osege meine micicisshesie 6 cais\eroliaieicisle oisisis\s sicicialcicieiaus nisietsicigisisie 43 
PhaIniedea brachyUra ses sees acre ce re aia tae ceisinicts wisesicieisiainisna cleciseteste en eiaees 31 
Gleam 1s ee ee ee a PY fee is A Wee aye aS 33 
Gullmina taeecmeteerseates ce ieeravsise ie sata isicine ols eioeeneinns erie selene eeyeiciete 3l 
GoMonlinnnG Wks sss ceed es conn Hoeeee Bu seeo usooeooodn Hoos ssbb eb Hcos 31 

aD DOS Rie eee eee eee eee eccleee\sieieeatscbesmicteeisick emesis Recta ae 31 

PLGTIPOS eee eter ei semcice selects =p oie (einwie i aie oageniv apie ae pe denise ae 31 
ReeeIRC LEU efiSc1 CURTIS ee eee eet ae hice: nicieisiviels wine iowjenn's janes eeeeiearhiere == 52 
EAC see eee eee ere eens ciao cele cte email 52 
Pee AGL Y MIS UN OLWS o.oo sete amici acisinnir sis cep neosleswescreesericciseseed-=45=== 35 
MIE SPCC AG UM once a capisiscnin eww wise cnc swe ciciewes\s=ncee)ninlaiai-iuiement-nin'a= 45 
BEMIBO BS ADICOLOL Es sense toi ocicieole oie inne vies ww sinse he seeriesseresciepsres 11 
MATER MTC CNL ay Run Ene ere Mme tte ON roe ian hic oto cava deus talvorate oheore ale tersete eeeiste Pls} 
Wules leuciscus..-:-..-.--..- Re She 2 ates eens sas sieevamyeiasi 72 
NL ORS see areas aleve abies eisleisic Scuatis ceee cleo eee ecee er ceen misses 71 

RATS UAW). <0 nett o oeisp<scs\es\nin\vsace mats Le ear elie mtera erates ela irate eet ele 

MAtOe sees se cette ae siaeee cress ss else: Bi a ee eevee aieanic seieeeisie aes 72 
Beeaea au bi bTON 2525.40 5sc6e eee cs saseeeesereekaseees ceeesciisseesaes= 38 
Dysporus cyanops ..--- D2 EAA eS Re ME ENED CORE CC: 24 
TOUCOPASULA 50 de oom sas econ ce wn oan ect mne ees ees ssizencien os ccetcnna=s 22 

BREA TATVCS CUTE Stn Oe ee ies i ee Rs ey atin Nek nL a nga ne cee atclel te 53, 92 
BEEBE SHANE rs tes on ote nc oo = = soe ee cn esos cakes seamen eeeinae 54 
Ye CO NO Us ae ae eee ae ae ole oreo ae isieein = acieiaio siete everspeietseia mater a= 54 

WIAUCT ALES Hose aoe Sal we we waco ns sooo sn wicmeleisiesie sean Bidets iaeiein es sieacie 54 


Page Pesce se saan aoc we eccwisenens ccemesease cand soem amnnimininimngs 54 


Page 
ECheneis PaARVval cs. .s0cecccecicc sebee ows tess cesssssmes ca scadiseases cee etees 54 
LOMOLA cee cesecces eect taseiccowes tocwscsssntads econ ees e eee 53, 92 
TEMOLOIMES «seeds ceed iedseses sods sess scsocoesos Hadntesocess ese 54 
MlAPld Bs saeco sew sosas sass tet efata atest aaet hata Saiwiciaelaiciosl alelcisieielaiemte esata 40 
Elaps euryxanthus- v.22: cccccssceetecscs socisstesscscesessstscsossteceenes 40, 41 
Eleotriodes cyanostigma <.2.2 622200522 scecesc0esssecesecs a22 Ssisdi facet eta ce 58 
Hleotris brachyurus: ..0 sce ssdecsssesiccssecssodsess ccestsssasscasse soeees 57 
CyanostiCg<marssos.s Shvsocassosso5525c es taeels aes tosses stesso eee 58 
FUSCA. 52 Len ccicce Sebosesces sss ostescocetoessaewsstancceeceeee eee 58 
INCOLAN soos nso sHsteaeasecors sossstesecseassss oo CS eee 57 
MAUTIANUS) ssc sstcssoesseee secs neestanscs see Sada sssesssseee ee 57 
ME]MULUS sos sce vc sosserssssess occ sseesssceseecdsscssssesssses eee 57 
NIGTA Sho Stme  eseaeeten vs sss sands senses sacl seen eseaees se oese coe 57 
pseudacanthopomus-o.....-secsescseceoescecs tess cece stes teeta. 57 
SOALGSL: soccsescseccccccccsa scenes tssdsdeceesthsisesssesetoeeneeee 58 
HON GANS eke ess hae sede scess seeds codes sessesn dresses 139 
Emberiza rostratassssessscs saessesacseees ceisesciesesss hse se ee 9 
pallidaivcnneicetessocses eeeneousesascesetasSaesee Selec hes ee eee 10 
Hmbiotocid: ssesicssstscccocssesdsoseusborsdevassve sce sec snscut eee eee 45 
Holand 223s sesessccrsscesse ehasosasi Seacss cestessaseds 335045 sees eee 110 
Engraulidida <s265 ssse.te sees cc socctesass weesee sss sscecws teeseeen esas syle 54 
Eneraulis-mordax s+ 2 ss2cnccss ccs cusses svetzeteesse cbse eee eee see eee 54 
NASUS sesv tszsTVSses Seee TS REEL RCTS Rt Ses eee eet ee Lee Cee eee 54 
pulchellise2s: .22sescececessesesess ose eekanssese state eee ee eee 54 
TINGQONS secck+ wehesccesenestesdsseue sews cece renee eneeuecS SOME 54 
Epinephelus: argus::<.22s.scsssceas scceseee scuses see soneds aedeeewe eee. 91 
guttatus.:.22s<scccssscccocsccsccsescsccoscssewssteeeseneae 91 
hexagonatus:cco2sssscsecssascoscassssecssscisdécsssadeesenees 92 
TOSQCOUS sccisssssescesesses Deets cteceswcereetecstomeeeeewoseee 51 
Mr0d OlUS re cece reas eee etter coereenstonepe eueteeeaere 91 
Eriphide dssees sa ccceceuseeds sccectecwssesccmse ace ee cae teniee oe eee 106 
riphing <2l22scsosesecciecesaecisace= ee sea eetese ee aaa ae eee eee 106 
Hsox argenteus 225222 secs sacsss ceeds csscte tavs cut tcd seus weseeetin eee eee 76 
Kthiopica 222 csc22scecccexedatsssddseds cecess cs ceases cee seers cee cee eeeee 139 
Etisus levimanus..22222.2scecs~eccce tose cteeteezes tee ceseetteress sees eee e 105 
Kucalanns attenuatas ::.2.:.-2e.sscetececnecsncectt cece seesueteeseeeeces 139 
elongatus. .<2.26 ces ceee es coee cade weecesacseestece wexedaiase ane 139 
Buphausidee..2-422cc ccc cteccc sec tee ece cececstuee tate tecete eee ee ee eee 122, 123 
Euphausia gibboss 22222322222 ice cstctscccc kere nceee cee eee nee eee ees 122 
Kuphryne-obesat<2- 24 <2. te ne seat eke ea chee nee eee eee ee eeeeee 36 
TOUTOpe «<7 Ss ee eee eee ER ee eee eee ere eae 14 
Exocestus -brachypteras::.2.+2+o. sect eae eect eee eee eee eee 75 
Mento wsstiusTstle Settee Sse SR Leelee eee ee eee 75 


speculiper ss2s32 cst ttSes tee ae Sete ce eee ie 75 











Page. 

et COMME paann Nate's darts emalee reste sr sas sons sae casnesessa eee cece eee ee 16 
ALCOR MACAU S i scola aera mmecvee aoreaistoi atcha dial cr isic) as act aici sia Salsas Se eee enc oes 16 
mean Canina POmMOnd 2 eco. coat rcwlere cen we ot ieee tes anes tee eeeeeesnecwes = 14 
GOT cs cfi eae perelce lS woe eee wet b Renee eee oe ots 7, 56 

T Gland Ss cca enes aaieaseccsscedescuassssccaccs au sscee eee soe 7,14 

RIE ea atta ii ica sina nite ati tcl Sati mcictcr aes cut aaa eclthuat ou ae eee eae ne 23 
PCOLGCED casio anes cosines eleccccd ests ste doctecsocedteoss sobs cme 142 
PICO Speen ates ereiaicia Sete ala iste os cietne aisle csisia' clas, alvin cla. oats She SE me 143 
PBSC Dessert eta seen cain at cnc aelnicree cece ak ceescelsacs's Sst saehes eee 20 
“Die Papareiten”’ 5. -./5.-- pe eiefeeeiaa eines aiasiemnie/ oases aaa tee eee 14 
MACHETE SUCSEC Nass cearse ce ccepee elder eal encicla ss cae © sca cSeese cia) «ROE eee 72 
SUM ATIC elec sce wowace seag sateas pecscesseand < nascUeeR ee oues. 74 
Beattie Pela CHINGNNIS 200-1. dee so ua eooc sen aae sss sccae cena Soto tudo webs 74 
COMMETSOM ease eee ooeinace esses oc cle aint eisietauicin ee eeierciant sesees 75 
AMM RC U Lata cmetete ea ete ce cleracinies sors Se teiat ain aheicice = s seme cies 74 

BOM Ub anesee selec ease ett aisttnaeiia stain seis aie ate seals ec vem icine os oe 75 
PADACCATIN soc esa es sass aaet aes Seyecie cas sane Moses Meee alec woe 74 

SEONG yee se eater ale sinteta alan al etna sine iatsieisinchsinic= sleisie ise ecceints eee AT 
SDH Sa e eee treerale ie t eleeiaietern a atmeiaciel) stniciatnialeisiatsisielinaiealeitiee eletatal = eiaiar 30 
PBRULTAC Ot eee ie ete stole otto oa sieesieiaeas ee sisisie = aisiciciee Soetae eee Bee aces 110 
Fregata REI OEROEP eee hero Se ass, aetate tals Neiiaiete ieee aan eae cele 25 
BRET UY OGTY OOS Sh pete ote aaa eat ats ace ieee alas oreo erent a ale aint aleve eter =) siete eee ani 30 
MT OUN OS US ueeateetenta steele lereleeises alates alas sic tc in emiofsaioiaerelaeiee sloremieisuemteteyataiate 30 
ary stl co erase terete attra arate yams seiatelal =i siore wiclateisi= telopainicinicicks|o oi aieie i eietacteiciate ate 9 
eet ALCO O eer eteerate sete sina ciate sissies som Belsiciciciete ss cicielem sein eee ae ae nT 
Tm Ol anOCeP Nal Meson e see e atta <<<, 1bsieieise Sis Heese Merae ete secicae saaeigee All 

AM MOMASCM wets nates eels lsimalaisiaeineaitae ine Sct acisiois tere tebe eeeteice 11 

Fulica alai....... Ree ea Sasi ot oc ta ah sa ta ee ae 21 
SRI ale ene ae ate eee aia som wl asl ale ia wpe aot nie 123 
fee GOUT donner se aren cis cause icinccise smeiusisiscissetcacisiscicacecepnosentieee 77,94 
Gallina chlorapusivessecisscces s<isaes/e5---5:- Vig bebe ales tyes | Maiengtea 19, 20 
OMlea ape tanare sate naaa ates cays ae wie ote ernaine cinaae a aelerasetcieretsers 20 

RAN CWACEN SIGE 2 = see wos) isisic craia) wis isle diniewicislesiseiekios ee eveminereeleacioe 19, 20 

ravine COCOPSeeeseasicssaisccoce coe sc nesses scicusece ct acuceccststeaeseelesas 28 
Motmd ero abe blaster asec ccm alenocca cis s=iccidcwa she anes elec csee sa ceicneasateoee IL 
PECATCINIG meee ee Mele aa, casas aie a aaa a we Says ceainclessce ss bsacieeteatoteuets 114 
BBECOIIG COME re eee oat, Na’ ce ao cco wies' d aclea at seecas W see wce sce teuuawae site ote 35 
RE eeeRIMAE 1G OSTA oe ae oa apices main > Saini, Suya)aitin) ainininjncapsinmisinion sowie cinrrmi-i= Aeon 113 
SR MHMNUAICREMIMOS 28 n jo aang poesia o<iases doen sce a oa 55 Sane anicems) seamlenee 115 
eal ea bor Olena maiee Semin a nee alsaiie co glecacaelsesncecacaseccscjscmees 8, 49, 58, 59, 62 
BechT eu ClUeRTSPN ey iio sy ye elec 2S ok Sk coi cles deis'e aie wnlciaeerieaiaon le cei eee 44, 45, 56 
SrMUCUSTOCCIGENTAlIS== aoe ene e sae oso e ees sce es ascccsisasicleaeeaee er aeeees 25 
GIOSSOPODIUS PIUTIS..---- > enna oo cc ee coc ene none we ncee csceen cond sccestenas 60 


SSHLINNSCUML DANA gona sce puincee.<ncmae seman soon. -2=m- insane aammanra neice 18 


Glyphidodon antjerigs: 20-7. ..e cee e meee a. <a asane aes eet eee 
agsimilisess soc sjocesclesese= smiojeie wiciaje|=mclekseinew elses eerste ee eae 
DONAN Pep oe alen eee sess Oem mene ence cee ees cnccee cece ace e 
Cmlestinus ss see eee eee esac ceca sauce emcee sce mtec ee eee ee 
BAX AtiliS). Jo = 36a cece guecses sa ce seisn assis alse eee eee 
septemfasciatus 


BORGIGUS coc Soe caso secon cae oleae as caivlocinfone meine eee ais eee 


eee ees ce ee ee tee eee eee eee oe eee wee cee ews eee ees cee ewe 


Glyphisodon antjerius 


woe e wees eee eee se tee ees ee cess cece ees cece toes cows eee s once 


biocellatus weSssesec ce ise ows wmieremtieesnree see eee ee 


septemfasciatus 


BOLOIGUS osc. tiojs/ saa se eer aots cee teicie orca eeretone wster tele elaieiaiet cine oe 


tyrwhitti 


uniocellatus 


WALZIONGIS << coe. a cnc ace os ncminiccclsesesiseiscicsseisinsasalenaee sports 

ZONAGCUS jars <:0 (a sje, 010 10) v'ainiceiseleivinysiois visio ie,<1s (ele iejsizlasusisislehsialeaieivarisioreeee 
Gobitd se . o/55 con so cies cine nie sate Scltie cis Sine melcjaloyemietsta Saisie gaerenne et eee ero 
Gobiodon ceramensis 


eoc ce cee ees wees eee eet Cee ees ce cess oe ewes eee ees cee cee eee 


CLULINUS: sce eecaecns oon Sota ncee e oeoen betes eee eee 


Gobius 


Gobius amiciensis 


CAPISbTALUG aa corsicis loss, eset celeni geen stooasiheas ass clea aoe 


catebus 


ee mews tee eee te ewes te ee ee cee eee Cee eee eee ees co ewes cee wes ceo mee 
eee eee cece eee es cee eee tee ewe cers te cee ees woes wees Ce et es cee es eece 
eee wee eee eee oa ee tee eee cow ese = sees cee ees Coe ees see ees eee eee 
ee ee eee eee cece cece eee eee cee ees ee oe oe ee coe s cons cee mes eoec cece 
cere coe e es cece tee eee ewes Coe eee ee wees Coes wees Bee ees Ce eees 


echinocephalus 


ecr ees eee eee eee eee = cee ees oe eens cee ees coe ees coeeee cone 


fasciato-punctatus 


were cee eee cate Bee eee ee tee ees Coe ses ese ees cose se eece 


FUSITOLMIS): ois sicuciess nic os careac er 3 seena ce eee eee ee eae ere 


PINTS era cys tee e eves ole ate wets ae ceate se aatetepeieiaiatsotagaist a aeaer tater ey tate 
kokius 


em ew eres cme ees we ee tere eet eo eee eee see ees cee ees cee ees tees ees e wees 


ee ee ee ee er ee eee ee er 


KkaTpa, nei move swercsirercaoveletieiecswiareisiah SeiwiaiGowiein ues cohesct sete ereee eee 
ophthalmotenia,.. 5. 225-555 ses 655500555522 sss sesiseecaasscsseace 
phaiosomay 35.) 25255 sa sennteses st sos be scceessesainessoeeeeemeeat 
platycephalus ......... .250s2s05 sisiseo cscs ccctaccsscccncsineesmeseine ste 





TUBSCLIL ; c.cciss misroicietslosensioic eterein ose releinetelorals Oe oa a eich oe Sic er nee eerie aero 














Page. 

PACH W Malet stcuistetst cesta’ ei aise le eens elen tice tsuce wa doses aot saees ee cee cee 24 
FST AC MMM DLAs ANUS scuiaeteciteelcetelc ce ale! obo tala evel tsee ce oee tones *24, 25 
BBAMIMISGOSLOLSUCEN socier creel seeicletelae cece a= cietnie cin wens sac cegioncoctmmene ene 73 
BEE SOB $312) af arenas Sisiniwinlelm min feblnia ecwee inl cmn elects Cesc weeues Sueeees toe ee tn were 114 
BEAD SITIO Werteete| ieto Cele eaeetet le eieaainiateesiew ae /oinicioranewicnicicwivice ceeeten ee mei aeee 114 
BeEADSILES MACTIAUS or tec ecb sue ube ah eceesiecdees cuccns cchesnseueeece 106 
Bea SS CEARIPOS Le toer carte ee fon teli cece wie-s'ec’erctie'n uci oa deteoaena dee 115 
PUGUU Story roth Setar a tal etal tater atatadatatal Tole telaieie "a stalecleresawiestoaen eet eeee 115 
TOGIGssA teeters lohatohetet SER Sete iole tae ails notte Ce ae 115 

bhokea ha prota j-h tara raaeterciatotcfetotatateetcatetwia's telolale"' ast anloe ca cesses chee " 114 

BGP LOL NS erate rata ain re eeielet dul ctet acta asia Wt Sa)a' esi ow'ain! aveisin tase oye cece 7 
Beciyy ARG -HAG.ON DiITdS W225 Scat tthe eee slew lac telne ewe eee oe IE, 20 
MEV V(LO Willi-rararsterar rats tale ia'e hctclclatowitalataicteretatatetate sleraete Soe Sa ete lola Soe See EC A ULE 47 
MILACa MelaAnocephal arses we tsow wee aaa leew wee as eute ieee Slee Ee, Looe 11 
Solfof California) .co< css eet weiss! ee Barer Re AIS Rt Pate) MUA bona Piaee 47, 54 
Mexicotis.2esrnctu.ias tees eeatewete test ees ERE EE = STR AR RR ee ee 46, 47 
Buintherescesocscssosseseecszese 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 59, 66, 67, 72, 78, 79, 90, 98 
(SUE eee Natal cet een roe Mae areal ciaeee setae aee co sees 91 
Rea erect comactoe cr teat tea stomet eetsroso wa tewle nee co eae ees oealcnce 28 
CANIM AR Rats tare erect aa = etait eee eee geet eee cca accte 28 
nepoleonsis Salata atalete se tarstetare(ofeatatae afateretetateteta cetataiels Taree a ee aie em science e 28 
BAPBUOINOTAGANASSIZI a aecsesee cnseee bcs fee fosse eae ee ee cee C eee se easmexs 77 
DOCG Saas ots oan de cae sic aed Sas Doss FSh es ees se eeee 77 

Cancellatusten woseeates eee sess ae ae se STUER OI 77 
pPantherinus|tiss-seertseoers kis saa sats ote Meee c ete. cats 94 

PLCKUS pens omanseciee yo ceisais le eesti ant aeeeee eee ee tccs sass 93 
Hematopodide ..---..---.. Masnrecnelsel see san ca mecel one eae eee chee seem secteee 17 
EEE MALOpUSHPACHMAN accmmnccrecscessl sets tecesec taceaseste conc esce cociecs 17 
MMOD ee ereicietee aes aie arcsec cecie Sernis wig) ses Se es se Sie eae besisnice cos = 17 

BemaROMaN AVIS LCAL NB cete wat. se ce cane cacicss ecw cee socecs Sone weeegeesscuene 49 
MAL CALtblOLay eerste sere ese Se aioe oats hee as cose seiner see ne scene 49 

PCM COMAC Uae grmtata seat erate sista oneio sarc mals ene e aarsne Soa aeese meas see aeceeesee 115 
RAM INVASIIIAM USS roereseia esos atch es wciek JL = hse Same nk cede ceo be cesses Seco ee 25 
BPE OIMIONA Sec te ocese sae sse sede cece ee se ee Tee cae sekewede es eeek shy ee 
BOlLatareascmtenae ac cscecaee ns ce sacs soso aotea womens Geeasieiccar 27 

SRAALM ERLANG LAURE Ses oo aor ae sic fae ask oeae cone Tea oleae soak 87 
monoceros -..-.--- wwe wae cae en nnn man cerns mmo owen can nee 68 
METOPAUOMENMRC Hoses oa tse ls TS eS ney ist ok SSR ae 20 
 LEMUD AS sce Cee ie ieee RE gee oe nna nie eR eI SRE Bi Liat pniel 46 
PERTTI SL ATIC omen erate tee erent tree. SRO es |e uh eee Se ae 7, 109, 110 
Hedymeles melanocephalus .....-..-.---.--------e-0-- sa cecee tees eee rs 
© VESVER Gy LURE CCE LTS) Sapseatings St peak eet ae nO a Re ce Pa fy o7 
HSMCOEERY tase sae daw fate as Sade es olae de dds costacea snl eeeacawensss 97 


Meee PINON aNUTau UM te Sooe Seed dele Sodece od cuisfee sects cceeed Coemee seas 143 


‘e Page. 

HVell erie. eee ren = a ote as a oles cialetemtelaiieteelets eela siete aie eile fclele eee telecon einer toeeetseet 110 
Herpetoichthys collisoma -oocec cece ore serene ee cesels pe sesmeeweeeane eae 55 
Hetetoscelus brevipes .... ----20 222 cone ee eres ens cree creme een nne cece none 19 
ANCANUG wees slo ccte eelete els e's este eee enter eee eee eee ae 1y 
ATORatONIG. 2 .0te che cee kes ook heme eieus o cee enes Codey Meee meee eee ee eee 64° 
Hip pide Je le sm ccc weg alae eile alesis ace 9a aie) eee ete smile ee fase eRaeetom a 116 
Hippolyte gibbosus.... 22-2. ---- coe cne wenn ee cece ns cece ne oon n ne ween ne cones 119 
Hodites semipalinnta) =>. sseeees sree esse. sere eee renee eee eee eee 18 
TolCONOtUSTHOGOLELUS = ascocslcce cies coo ose cisetceee tote eee reece se eeere Eee , 45 
Holocentrum diadema:- 32 2 2es.ce csc ce ooo o oe sesiceewals cos wise siiccse ocean ates 101 
160s oaeeewembeee cies <s ote celncineseineeeewtechioterceseeeetaeere 89 

SPINPOLUM seme e sn ceeie sss =o ss See cee peso aoecmeeeeeeee meee 89 
TWolocentrushexaronatustece sccm - sows > eee cer eerie reise eres eeet cere rereee 92 
SPIN fers cee secisse.c coos. Sat sere secs osese eeineceee an 89 

Holothurinus seesssontaseesan>. 2-2 aes oc aeeee Soon a ee 112, 115 
Honolua. (Sessa sscse cocssecedcweccse csessecstcsecesececoesss see 7, 3); 675,72) War 
Holothuricolaywss s22s2ss 62 s20o.sadets seed -ted cones cues oacas ess eeeecoeeeees 113 
hy drochelidon"fissipes:::..----\s-.calseeces ccs oiccer oss sese cee wc cece meee 27 
fulipinosum. 2.-< so tceccs canes cosessicee ccee se pee cose eerie 27 

LarifOrmis .2 2c de,4/s cen tose oteececlsleckie we cco mice eccmeceeseeerise 27 

WIG Nace aia epee ance eee ee tier oe ere eee eens 27 

NigTicans Cb ODSCULA 2.2. +552: secieeaesaeisese ceesiecenee seene 27 

MIOTUM « < ss, S502 ce sose<o.5 nose a cas esieceoasece. teen oeeee 27 

(Pelodes) surinamensis's.<..25)02,0s s2.25,- ies SoaeReeees ee ees 27 

plumbeavsat-ccteccse os eee cc eee ee eee aaeeemer recess a7 

SULLDAMENSIS|: 652 Sec: ose ese seeeee eestor eee eres 27 

PV Vid 8 7 crises cele cioteaisiniecieecicisclulsicioiejnecistlvecmiccoa sis sect aaa seeiee emia 33 
Hyla regtllacs..) 2522 cose eisececs cae cn sacle eecise vic clone me stem neers ae 39, 41 
scapularis <n .socchs sense cncace cscs tecee ces er estes eee eee eee essere 35 

Hiv peridses soseies salosciccclessieioces eects mine slecietecinc ee eee eeeine tee eenes 125 
FLY Pevid@a siiseeic cjnscie cece sists sec casces Seewcsieccenescee/ scien sec oerTe eee 127 
ELV PCLINDicms's eloeon ase etecoserlie sis oesinasaisseceeaceie seeseeeioc eee aeeere "Sei 125 
FLY POLI 2)scie ncieswe-ecio cma sisciss © sacscinmie com aewisees sci elena ate lacie pee sree 127 
tricuspidata. .. .20.cccis-ianeat sees esceiclsiscce cles ceeeeniee serene 125, 127 

Jy POlCUCUS! :-\aiet isc esus, sees dees Seas eee eee eres oleae ce eee eect eee eee 32 

TPMANIGB <iwa janice cnn cicie: sminsve cis eo osieias cimeleins sje eostee ee ateeeeeine arene eae 3 

Indian: Oceans. 258.) 0eaccnsct sic ave oteisessuccesoc econ c seen ees enter eee ee 47 
TNG@ STAs ho loica Siew a cicwinininwne Cesc wecs scautccse sae ceietene clearest sere teres 107 
Entermedia:cisic.cc eee oe soicess cane ce ccm ocelea ws nese eee eee eee Eee Ee eee 118 
Us] Raga 3556 Soo s occ eet aes eee oe eles te eee Oe 26, 32 
VAPAN |. 2c se cis dsioecte sonieic wh tle cclse sewn eenerseele 65/6 sent eRe ee ne eee 116 
DESEO 2 dn cdewacis nc booc aus bite oe ce oer eie eee ane eS Re nse eC eee eee eee 115 
Jones, Surg. William H.W wc. caeccssecemeactosueios sacs asOateceh eee ee eee 75.81 


JUlissAneitensis'.:. << canecseroncoes cece Moen ee eee A Licieae Se SR ee eee 85 

















Page. 

ABA AIS cele ead meee since sila coals anicla'cisjee mins aeree rs eieiten sare meinen aes 65 
Dap Rees eA ELS ete atte ee ele etet tet adietetalel sila loves ela rate a o/ainl aia ain aes aye ete ea 99 

Cele DICUSieeemei ee tactic ee aaa ntiericisics a=, seis isa ceeaee eee eerie setae 84 

GSP OLE OM yo alojate antatalaa ate io eiaeinin aialeininic ao ao = oa si eo sicie ayaa sa ceae sae tei 84 
PEACH CIA elala stan imterael ate alohctaiein'm icte.~, = wie 9s = w1niswa.n'c ea cige eo eta ees aaa 83 
GHclichoores) MandANON SiS seer leet = oaia= <i c= 3-501 vin oem ajseta ee serecioe 65 
MEDTOLCH esac leaves cieins Sole meer se ciceds sale ed ames scnecs ooceromeeenen 85 
AMMARISh ses sie sian Sevens sate ease aie siatee seas, Sadaisaie.c ade.g oc ws ceeneeeeeee 84 
TECESCONS Feet sateen ea leteenetaaisialinaclesiss vi seee's ics an eeemene eee 84 

AEC GMS] terseriaete semi aatae teenie meets entra cisiarts = see ciara ea ae 84 
MEAN OCH Be sacissntocisieceae ssekase alec ceies ic so Sac s eee cece cues Some 84 

TO EIRUOP LEM sas n<- 2e Shao eo eieletetafetstetetaefstatsiayels sie ee= (eet ieee 66 
ITIGUISCUSpssee ec laee onesie nis leer sa aieereinctcisiene sciclas:caiee melcieepusiecjsmeremers 84 
PoOUpliyLocepHalapeme sats cemieiesete tle e a ncieans haicicae Sacer Soe care Dae 84 

Spa AA ICO IGE esa. eae elas ceiayereiet alee cls eee das sisi ta = sawn cspea one 83 
BCHwaneleldiera sarees aie ere Seles stasis = wlsisisies sinew <ocs coc’ Sececisen 99 

BOM OVUM Te eceiae topes asia afieeta ters ae ncttee alaiute: Sateiials Qeiad oe Seam Sac eee 83 
CHINO U AOU Seerem alee eeioice setseraeealesete sales staiercieteie stele arsiaacre neler nie isin 84 

RPA TOSEL UNUM a eee esis aise eon eels ai atale maria ssmiecccaciases a2 8 oc kes 83 
WATIOISMyeactacie ols ajsieseisine acer starcioke nisiniais ie ciziniaie waisicoe keimcisince ee cdagces 84 

RPA Masta chee salons aee cece se seite seule hsemisine sb See Micse cases tec ewmanse 72 
Mey Stoups asmeniseeetas cesar cs sitce a cietaicies sels oie = Says on ais craic aetna, act as 30 
aMNZIN Fer). 52 22256 See eee eee aetna asiaiaisaisniee assets ehenetaae 67 
ROLE emesis eats nine Salsa scc see oi tnacle cieaicie cause Shad Se cwislecicegatnasess see 64 
NCE Metta Sete sais seat eeissinnsee Sesiecinict ehscisissie aisaicerseice sercadneuccice aceses ze 38 
MAM ER a stcret stele ere oe alee alata cis ate oe erase aatal oie alanine wlejocie a syarsinyeepnaaicyasie evs sores 103 
LOI ATSOMIZON AlOmsaemicere saa reisceis cinta wists cs aisins sce d sieinin Socios See etaeemee as 103 
BSE LN Os tae rare ls oats sisaial eee ice(eine usaice se een Saselceee cctesereesensciacite 44, 63, 82, 99 
PETBRUStalbOVMbbALUSH mae asec eiocisccm, | Scicce sa cncs cece LS ereeicyea eee eae on 
MUL C ALU SH eatin se ee aia ecicpe ce cicis sw anise de wcice saccen cs Secelne cscs aaee 90 
HUSITORMIS Pete sieesaren see ie aicec cise o's Sereaidinlecestscee ssa cvccassecasusce 65 

HVASSO Koper ater eisiaelae esi ao Sic leis cjainicia aicisyejoia eietelainislerainishesisicisig emis 68 

MELO TIM Speci cee ont a stclay 2 asso cra [arninie, beie cians) 6 niavainpell swine icieioiwywis' slaisicieisyalaielexecres 65 

MUNA Se sesetaree seis iaksaclewaiewcission oc snisisisayseceesceoesoiscseslese cece 84 

Pull Chie reste eeemcercste eters eal ne salesiclets eee nieeie ene seteeaia en tesints 44 

UM CLAGUS Hoesen oe aiclslalncceicinmis sisiciecisssic ac sie'se coisidcecislcaisiaee sisicciec 92 
RONPOSCEA CUS Es) tas ieiaiciafe seins Scininicwsios cclcccie eciccsisisecarsisee sepeseecacs 66 

Wait Seater paper einis. Se et cicle eis iainie|sisis) snicics 2 ced sisicivreieidis Sed eluinieisiesicuiseeicie 84 
Beam aT TRON Cae Pe eel ee ee ee Sa cnc k oOaia sisicaéa)cedee ese osarene 38 
WN ORIC AM Mumia mainte oie cloisinialeoicic au eisie cisisia'siclninie! ainicaiaieiote sino ccuw eciewisamaee 38 

SILC MUN e eel eee e cieltniciels el cc cicic cr aiclncisin) is sicissteeinin eisine solsicisinieeaee . 38 

PPRMTU CEL ACen sei fii a eta wana or enisiony 1s sid a cepsaceelas Ana ceameee eee 18 
AES ce ene chs ce inicie's) xtelsicisisicinis cules cistucioc)s sasiuasiementact 11, 38, 53, 58, 113 


Be ARMOIRE NDA) 2 oiiea Sse a (isininss'o= sainkneleciauen mandenlenaaeoecduseetacesac 12 


Page. 
Warids:..-cc..2 2s ies eerie en ete e eee est cees vot ccrionemests pees epeioces 25 
Juaroidesoccidentaliste<eter eee eee cece wee eee caaeseeeee cer esee emcee zs 26 
Barusyargentatusyoceidentalistisemeaacetaea tee eae eemieeeeeniscieelssecie sisciacs 25, 26 
Delcheri...ce2tecss th ste eee te Rae Can eae erioceme Seecseite seis 26 
(Blasipus) sbelcherite<t2ceeeeeetes-se - =o See Meee mine nerene cee cee eaance 26 
heermanni).2£s.222 VETERE ALI ST REE ER So Somer meairesians 26 
heermannise.--2--< AR MANNE AS RO SS RAE Seat & Siete a cinainte eerie 26, 32 
occidentalis s252 a5 caer eee ace coco s caer cee eee cement ceeceemecere 25 
Latilidte .226 22 2tcis ee ccies cemfer mee anne ane ae mem cml nwa ciel ao iel=ieol ani ors 48 
ie Bimane canellé ate. eee teen acs otic onc oa.enieie oemiosec ooeeibscceeceee sacs 37 
ei Caneli6:sssssa raaosersceeeieee ieee = aeis aloo tisceisiwers a tincemecion Deisteniekel=, see 37 
Lepidium oahtense..-....--- ROSES Ut 2S PES Soe eee er eninc ciate sinter ats 142 
eptocotiustarmoatusiscs times s to tte ce so ocee ences cieeeeloseecineeesteeneiess 44 
Teptocotis tet eee teen see ces ciebe onsde cme ccmen ce seen tacoma seemrseeaes 136 
SPiN terse ese oot ecw ole ce sl ae eee eee ene ceiee eee oles oes ratorerers 137 
MOPtuLus {sos tease ae is sce ms Gaciona) sei ciciss cole omelsicepisisieivises oceeeees 47 
ALOONVEUS secs Ce caie- oh oeeean maces cwame s caeeenloesincenias sree Seeoaere 46 
PGsSOnee see sete ee te eb Oe Sas coc nctuliecc as sis be ceciem netincrenamioses 14 
Westrigonusnsccacvisa se fs ca ciseigccc ns Seccioene Ssceis oreiee cae arces eee rameeeee 125, 127 
TUDESCENS Wen cues coee cos cc cis swiss o ealeetesceee eceoeeee comeeee 125 
Meucopastrareio. oe ae cece sole toate < ciate lols ae oneimenisnicaiceines oie econ oeeeemeee 24 
MEucorbynehus 25s oe esose wae cece see scene weciace seston ssemeecmneececcae 56 
MinnBus ase ess Hae Sa seisistos aiowietscib sete tee eiee ee cio aoe eine saines Hesiioee sateen’ 23 
iomera (cinctimanat 2 as.) 2 2 ooo So Sace sacece sae otecisisc cl sis seine seems 116 
Nata Soca d eee enna bioare aiereecie te eerste aise etait atapocrers creme 116 
Miesocarcints siete a ek ee cee esa arse late seiscapsace oe lettemceiseicee ete nets 110 
orbicolariss-ssc.)--- Sy ismiet tats tia ciate oteiniataisfoveininie’= ove ebetstaiete tareepeee 113 
Tobeliaces 2oens2.2 os sacs es tee wc sce eetecteseee wale c cede as Sociale clomieeeerscan 143 
LONG; Jas Sass ic Sosa ele cin ww seis ew aime win nin ee sie sieieie cisinis wiswign ee Se eros telsiantaioeieice 38 
Lorius Kubla coc 2c2 cocci csc nce eed occ taceees cs ceecieasiceeceemomeneanes fe 13 
Los?CoronadosIslands)s2 2c hecenwc cae seeisiccmsclecieictes ciaieemisceiesn ceeenoees 11, 40 
Lower California. se s25-6 sti cecceseteces covsicscicnecicce ese eneetieee eee 159; OOo) 
Bueileride ss. see cel ess see cetera cre Bee tcisatcre cies Sar tee siete eterenerie etter 122 
DUCHO? ce cons oo oss os ce ob erccioe-ceies aac cos ceiseie sce neice Ween maraanee seme 120, 122 
ACeSbraivcb ees os ca Saicmacecece mete Maes cece cee ise mine mice mcinee years 4 122 
WUSUMINOSD ese ow eke eee ces eos cine a saceeeeee Je teelSo Swels cee sche sere saantee 142 
Lupin® se. es. Saas Sa weree ee wareciow se icsise ce oe seleenaae oe eee ee es cone cone eens 106 
Lupa granulata --..---- 2. +22. 2222 ee eee cece ee cee eee eee cone cee n cone cone 1095: 
San Quinolentarceoaaee sete sieles celencie sisters nieieceoseeeeese Sq daocsdcous 106 
outjanusyaruanusy -o- sss sscce cece cess sie ee sere aneeeae ayeceeereee 97 
Wneatus: 2Locccccce chomscscewessiss os bwcad actres Seccwemteene seieeeee 90 
Macromysis ¢i2i222- Sc ce cose cacececoe ee cecsiccs sles sid sistonnicioece oh eee : 124 
Macrophthalmida@ .......... sedis Selnawwomade obeemstnae ce an ee seepeee eters 113 


Miaiidee accecines sce once clots nena notes dye Sesiseos acciscle esa lesiocensctocinens 103 





























Page. 

BNR CS S83 ee atte aaa eae leet lel fetta atoll ole nial nl~) alalalnlet-cinialal el sieteielaletaietstsil=tata 142 

Boeri OEwea DeE aw keer ace wate cenicineteiciceiocc ce sc cics'e/<cn'nisien ic mietetaelasnior= steerer 15 

Reber pls att geass are yaiava rotate ateetaaier= Sev alec icini\sinia's si a's icc =e ninislewinin spite tosinsiatyeiseie 44, 54 

MU MEP ARENA RUA Seat oi aye tetetstta)aaletaistelerelayania aielel a la/a!=ini= i lols = mie sie) el ae eee 69 

PRR EANEA CAN SMa esta steciseaaicicecicine a c\oseis ase. sacelcaselecm meee =e 110 

Pee ON PELs SiO CUS eee eae mestaecsiesieiet elses coca cmon ice mise miaineeiie ia 28 

Melichthys ringens...-......-...-. Seca nichiaelfensimineicccie caine since sates sees 57 

SVAL CELE eet etalon (oevee eicieminieisiaiersivionaiemiciolssaini= s\<)aneiiciaaie etree 57 

eNO ULION | AMG MINULOPLOLUSeeariac ales sec sles nis cinle anal sae oe close enema aetes= == 90 

NTC HUG sare Se ctate acetate ete iele w ailalan iar oiaialeiwie' slaieinisin eicioicitain elev otapeerere 90 

SULA TUS eet epeesalsatalsieie stateievaleie ale iteleleleveialsinicielleiniel sista! sinictet stall he/siateete 90 

PLO VOSTA PSUS GM UMM Reese lseshels ea) slots cinet sialalaVclalaleini=) «ln stainle(e/ainiatnniaicleatntaisiellat= == 114 

MPD ASC CH AP OCEOAGUG ann AG celal sats elie a gavaale ciate on Ae! an. aa aiebelseeatacee 45 

era een me eS hk cneat nai.) bot obs 50 29,11, 19) 18, 87) 36138 

Mierometrus a2ggTeratus.-. 6 --5566 coc ase coe see cee e ees e ne - eons cone ne ceneee 45 

SPR SICHEABLS Vg ee as ate eet aan aia ee sateheta atatela als sala a(aialn/aainiwn elma aisin ale 44,45 

OSSD too Gasoste Sede Belen GenE Sorc bOCe Core eer Snne ee Serer oar ee isEr cer 47 

SRP AME OL eee a eee e teh ee aclscine es ce sacs ac acsmedsccectineewesteus LO 

SMIBOCOLOSEDIAcMled US sesteel encase sass sass) ses cceasesectecas saaaceis = 68 

Eee etal atsto testa aieio [ee aatssceisaaiacel sae ate nese egos ce sccieimale sins 63 

SEAN OnS Stell ic UUs see esas eect) sealants araaeet ielele sels lalallala = cleo = ie(alaieteee 72 

MALDEN aU Meee ee eaeetem a eisein = eictatate es eisael<taraol = Paes SUPERS Te tae 71, 72 

TA Re Sorrel Sete eNotes aie cisie otis alo jielaisine oe aise 22s een mereisie/aia=ie 73, 93, 102 

BEMCOPNAIGLUS oe = os Voss sce cine So also vse coe on coe ena wens seeees seaicomesns 73 

CEONI AD LIS eae e eee tence cleo cis ce oe sete socs te clsceie cia sisiea mse teaete 93 

LOE ral caste eter eet rears ecicteteiclara) eis oie [a Gea) onal aekaraietay etn aimtntatela(alegai=|olale 74 

BOUBHICHS -eaehe ton cc cee cece cicaisoss cosececoss-cee eran ne scspesisenisincis 73 

Macrolepidotus...... 2022. cone sac e ew cw ene ooo ane wen nn new ences cnn nns 73 

RGU mee eee alla ae we cs cane eosin nacemies sinmoneeccsiieasnas 93 

OT ene EER eens oe cioks acc cdcicicsesiecieclacscicelansa/asicmeaiaena WAGES 

Berioiioctiavolimeatusmemcs sce cees scce oie cc aclnc ce sence salecin<mciele wie malin 89 

MIMS ANPCOVILbALUS <osa-dacccoces2cc ec voccos occ ccceeececsce sccces vse cteins 89 

REET Cee ne arn Neotel ores a yeirininiie cisisunimieleters\ieleieteiel=ini\s\alaitate Ecole 7 

RAS CU LISME Te MERE OIO Re eee ein Salon oo sinks Recinia siete sicishsisieler= syoistalepaieysiai-tateisie 100 
Hagolinesd SISter eters sete ticles sana sa seis oececcncis eres atisianiniske nme 89 - 

PHT GASCIA LS Perea eee es ciecciele civic cle = ime e seiniainiernicieiacine.w'sl=in inn} isiciniei=i=i= 71 

PRASEL ALIS eee mee een nce cere cree cele ee cree ae aalaia ete eine iaiaaia 71 

Aa LSE een ain Se soale cae ca aclelsemiat Sonica sen ieleinn|s/eitainine ica ior 71 

Maureena BMASSIGE conc anne cons <n cone cone mmienorns encnas cose cane snenienmn ncn V7 

fp CH eee eee ee ana Ss cinielticinies cciscisics see catencetnwelaicisionianina V7 

Ganicellatayemecaeioceensceicc cineca asa, csicicew)s eels ennai n'om sles aelanine 77 

Hite mee a seem cen ence scee se ccs csc nelesinnslicim nice eee csseyusicensecee 93 

PPCUROEE Seige fo. cee cce coccer cnnccs cacenas acess ceccas sean snermsinnas 94 

REAM eos o casaiccae doce sais cen cae sesesae csjcacsnossinem cnn mincise nie 93 


Bull. N. M. No. 7—11 


Page. 
Mureua polyophthalmaiccteccctetenswr eats cs cece n eee een eee ee ee 94 
Siderg Hue sees ca seee eee cise oe ee Dee cee een ene ae eee eee 93 
nHdUI ata soso teehee eee eee ae os coe Cee haan ee eee ena eh 
Valonciennt (oo. eee cc ae Sarees eee eee eee eee eae 77 
Varlagatats.cocs week cneewees vanes oo hm sore eie ce eee ee enenee 93 
Murenid 7s 282 oes Sa Sas ae aN SAS ne ad 74,93 
Muresnopsis'(pantheringas saseoretises so. coe Soence pede ee oe aaa eee 93 
tPISELIAlIS SSS To see Rr ooo SPST EE a ee 55 
Un Gul ata [SSI RPI ss SS SASS SS Snare chee ee eres 2 77 
Mustelus felis ssrs27s3 sss sos cot SNs deg Adah end ns nc 77 
Myiarchus* cinérascenssss2onsccc secon soos eer aen eaee coe eens 12 
CLINICUG: CINCIASCENS 5 solo 35 Sods sass Sadan cocoa es ee eee eee 12 
MOXICANUS Tels oe ae ce nae oe eae sae nee eeteeeeee 12 
Perbinax sc soe Ko Fosse ecloe oat so toes ea eee eee ee 12 
Mysid .ss22ctasssserasiccrsrscccseigessese cle 2shsssces coset See 123 
My SIN asec ees seenoses jessica dace acc see mal crises tales erecta case ears meena eae ere 123 
Narra pansettssc soso ss SoS hs Solon es Bese a cs eee cee ae ame aera eee ai 
Naseus*fronticorniss 52 2ss52ssc ccc scccaea cece cesses ca seee ceo eueeaee laces 68 
OV ACEUS Base scccieomeren ete cesar riacmec eee melee tee cite tee eae 68 
MNICOMNIG mec ane sscc cei cice sesso canes aeanaecemeces Bicenaeeoeere 68 
National Museum itscoe cccces cee se Seccee ccc ces sete seer eon eens 10, 12, 37, 56 
INSULT VALE tIS eeere orca sera eccete come ere eben eo eee ee ee eee eee Sen eine ne Teer 30 
INGCELIS fase LEAS ass Sac eoe sce eee eee ee eee Seen ee ee ae tee 30 
fuligmosa ss soon ssa Seo Sasa a ea ose eee eee 30 
fULIPIMOSUSs ono soe etek Coat eee eases Faron a ere AeTey Sateen ayer ene erate 30 
Néphrolepisexdltutarcicais2 3 cscssa teases satsecseacesee eee eneeates tes anes 143 
Neptunus Sareuinolentus sts csscstatssccccs ac oct caccas cents os eee ee eee 106 
New Mexicoz:2c222cis22creialss isc ee ser ees e see eee en cee eee neenee 37 
New Yorksoss2 ote isorse asics Stes eset eseene Soeee ae eer ete eee ae eee 47 
Ishanid w2 reeves ete Sbse ticdeedaeesariecc: bane edscsnenees 118 
NICATASUA PISS A aS as See Sass eee Saas Coe Ae ae nce ce eee 47 
NISTIPCS 22S STs Sas cee se ee ee eee eee eee eet eee ee eee 31 
Nigropunctatus*cssc ct secceatecccets seats iccee steer tee te eee eee eee eee 78 
NorthyPatitic'Ocennint <2: sete ce cece eer eect eees Stee eee cee 77, 119 
Numeniusfemoralis 222252... oetete ces ee vee ee een Se eee eer eee eee eames 19 
Nyctagenincks -t22tsa:sccteccese ss seae secens es ce es aeceeeeeee es ae ee arene 143 
Oahu. ccsssest Ss eseeess eos ests Se tee see e seat ates ee Cone e eee eee 20 
Qcypoda brevicornis.........-- nipamrcsCseeececsecnt oles scEreeceneoe emcee 114 
Geratoplithalia. stesccsesss becces aces coc soe meted pesises cee ee eee 114 
Ocypodines aecosc oI SSS co oa cee dae pote eases boone Dee ee ere eee 113 
Onychoprion fuliginosaceecctescerer ae co seacieses cae aeeee Sates aceon 27 
SOLTALA coos sons'condcaewletes oandeeoeciemetwe ce ne ae meneame 27 * 
Ophichthyidee 2 2t2 re eee rae eee: Sa oe ee 55 


Ophichthys triserialis'2.7. (eit. ee cece cece tee eee rece eee eee 55 





Page. 
Ree TEY CI TEORNICNSIS (Jott atte le lou) lal alsiare ante ein ao Cc a'b ome waciaowieninyisinim wai h ola 55 
RRNA Geeta aerate tare taietat etcetera Raa ato atalcl tate tah alot ohatatjorcisteretalstne en minisia ps alate 113 
Ornithology of the United States Exploring Expedition..-.........--...-.--. 20 
PISULACIOMUIGE) an = Sta Sac ee ena a as ein ba Saeco aa ararat ora lwiarc cron niare le Sen ea eee ea 78, 94 
BS BAGIONN ALOUS asco ca tele cicat saat sisterat artesian rotor asin oinicievoawin aa te eee ele 79 
Hituberculatustssssssos sc see aes ast capo ahon aio eee oe 73 
CUDICUBTES DSS stots ese seen sa soas Hs ects NES Sa se RSase ese ose 78 
G Ve CITES ete eetetete terete intel eltete a leteetate tela tela arcs Nasser nee nee! 79 
MNIacUlaAtUses ssc e saa Baad Noe ATI soa ord noel LOSES RE oes 79 
LEMiT OMOSUS pees tees ete a sae ae eee seteale sete easel aca 94 
AMP LOA OEISIS seco mies ese es ce eee ease eeieeenice petals eines cee ett aniieis aie saint 94 
WOM Oycee esa ese ses acct a telsaenerseisie Seles else dies incesisccce. == 94 
UN Cua LUN emote eine eaiee erate Semele salon eine eee areevaene wale ciara 94 

PESSE RU Agee ete eee ee eee eieeteteiatae alee ate stetetara/clceteciateiastes  eeteiae 7 
HEU Nee sO AUT Sct ees tee ee te a= feet ae tla fate 78 
HUDELCIIANSEeEee tees eee eee Rarer tee se Rrem cence oes teeta an 78 
RGIS mT Ae Hy GUS eee teens ie ote eee eee arene eel eee ee lecisle cleric lesa a=) 15 
(Brachyotus) brachyotus ...-....--...- REbCmebeeeeccece <eiioosetoneetes 15 
Baye Jol alee eee ed oe tte oe erea oleate a ete ele le alee ieee eee ieee ieieisiereeitetscie 136 
Beeeenialtign: osc sp eee eee ae se etenh eS Sean hee teens ctwmwislenminabice 137 
GUDeLCOlabUseeseee cee esos ae eee eee cee Ek eee Reem ene aa 136 
ACIN CA te oa sae ee te Seti ne eRe eee ws SSS EITERE SE ESs Tee Kcreemececeeneuelels 129 
AachyolApSUSNCLASSI POs ee em eele samt mise nica ee eles alae atelerntefaate lon erect cetera 115, 116 
parallelus 5-225. ---. Pf selesclcloa Sa sree ca Seta saaiere a wists nia anreete 114 
EECA A LUSC Be oooh aa cet a ee tata ratatat as lh arate Sratena areleiarehettemaiereisicsiein wae 57 
Peek ELI Ch es eae ta et ae a ate eet ala aalof orale \s Sietera ia'sleineibe eeleiele = slaninicmaleeial 116 
Pe PUAN CASH VTE ER ULL ote ate teeta tata ote arate fot ola la alolal ale teteleieWele! ala lelel ein inem ake lm mininl aot 117 
Nite TS taser a terse tee ciotaiat at atatoYaiotatevetotctatate tarot ciation en aiaiale eee iaan aerate 117 
VG VAT ANNUIS Pa eta teeters crok crarerat arate atota)— [oF racic iecicicietniemmininie ine mew er see oe 116 
DICE Hero ara ae ates tal ol hat aiet ola aioli ata lal aiwindetainieiniele slaianiaysinlalareictamate 116 
Ale MONIGD: Fore Sessssa sare ts os sence sensisae Jisias sdassiciarseinalcepeeetereer ae 119 
Al SMO ACUbIFOSULISe sss os naa sc dass ts Sones emcre so wamweciwaciaca seis seelanies se 119 
Seed EYES ten es eee saat aha tars Sota pa tater sintoratarwratoiw/oierelaialalnwtmaimreeiaielsinnals 7, 23, 24, 28, 143 
Pet AIMGUSIN ee Sa ee tee eae es Arse Soe tse sod oo5 sti woninnienasinasisigcecitiers emetic 117, 118 
PANMAONeCALOMMENSIS! Se scsc SlssSccs ste csi cce ca ssen co ews-scne Messnaciccsese 16 
Nalis@tus’ 62222. 22252. coos es sss e cee ce cece ce ewe co ene ee eee n ee cee 16 
VaArCATOMMNENSIS = sae Ae ea torial tate salah al cteiniereleiniainiel eieieisisinte eiiele = 16 
Veta CHEOCEP MALES sya stetcley etetar sowie) =leiaialein|=ininedel= mieten 16 
lencoceplalusia=sasemes sei «wince sats a) ae omen la lmimn mlm mime ome minnie oo 16 
PACaCIe rig Ms) LOLSUCEIS see) 2 === 2a a5 a sane a ctelat atts a <\ol ore ote eretmimcinmistninlmminelalaya ate 73 
ParadiodomnovemmMaculatus: sss 22-2 -s-s-cos cous ooo e ene Srskice ectaeee eee 43 
CUnten sta ae VM Serer ereiee = areielee leet alt e/e selene = elated ala 43 
Re Eerie faetee iat ee tata Se teisne as cise ve cc ws cree eeeeonn= <sleenemeeaeeecse 62 
Ser SOCCE LOS PTET OO 2 fe 2 Soro "o ie nolo eis eer eierewrewrwm-wiomrenneeicmsenminde article = uf 75 











Page. 

ParigiMuseuiicce -cecce sores meee cine sels emer cece ee elem wets cis wlemaletinsiatceleyer 14 
IPASSOLCM ae ee excisisie epee ono else ease eimiaie pe eles elelnte eeie fe etaiataiateletet=etenateteie ete a ietate 10 
Passerculusialaudinus):-o- -eetaee eee as 3 ale ise mo a nei neele sister eieerete teat 9 
anthinUs.. seco ee cece eeoes asics e=\2 sy acteelostee aries ace clestceieseeiaeine 9 

Pubtabus,- on. a2saceceeece-i2- s/c. sels sle ine wee eeice emcee 10 

TOStrAtuUss cca cece eee hie ceeee eee teen ee eee saree ee eeoeere 9, 10 

TubtatWs eee. ccs mea cecil c= =m enlmmwela= = lebeaeatacela 10 

SANG VICENSISe cece siecc< c= caee ee ete nine nearer ence 10 

SAVADN Ae seee eee estes sic aiee ae Wee ec cule eee eae clepanin ctamiteeemieetos 9, 10 

MAUCINNB epee: sees sa eelesea ele emieleimiste =e seta aateetetenete 9 

ANH Stee ee ce wc cies eaeeleeeereceeseria saaer serrate 9 

eal Qc oc.ci-cmtac gauss eee iemiemie nae el cisio wie iseicialaiseles seleia tn(nials tel elnial=l= eu ntslotetanteteiatcim 20 
Pelecanus leucogaster .-.---2. ---- o0-- --00 cone coe nnn ween oe ne een n ene = 22 
TIN OT ee eee ee ee cle eels oice eco onions sitie sieeletslatate lela a foke ete tetetelietnteleterotetetate 25 
palmerstoni ...--. .. 22. conn ne cos cece een n ne oon ee tonne cone en nse 25 

PISCALOPS. <2 250 ose ccs ccccleces sone enc aiencaiease =e icnnicen a5 == ste 23 

WA QOS ain <micione sec) socisiscie sins ee oninn eoneleminm s== ale 59 ons aciaeimcmisie 25 

Perea cuttata .----. 22-0. cece cece wine se cece enn= ce ies mnjewian ecine 2Seeieinginan = 91 
hexagonata ..- 20. oncace vec ece concn e ene n ne cece ee oon e oe ene ccee sores 92 

Guia Beate Rac ossornacoesosoS Jae Sie slaie ssieinejeyeinise a ciersioeletelere Rupee 92 
plumiera. <6 sos <ewe< nsec sec see aoa == ecm oa alanine cie iin 50 
pulchellay, oo 22 son cess sancccne cee nleseis moc mlmimlcene ee cele a eeiciniatsaianl= 101 
SPINifELUM - 2 ~- se se wenn ses = sie omnia onsale sic's lee mninineelnials winielninliela Nein e 89 
LEONA assets cowie toe enietae ais ekea te mnialelsteleteielecialalaieretetetelate a pettete etetestetetelsislateraers 73 
ULodel a easse see ecen cee Seep sete cs eeetecie ase ieniste cieteee season ec cteeemiateke 91 
PertinaXds.cececee ceclise coerce ices sno ne cece alee eetee lees aie eeeetleteesteleeiaars 12 
Pebity WOW aces cues teiscm seein ee eeinete ee ee taeietee ofete tele ehetete tote oteteteteteteteteerate 22 
iPhpnicurus.TUpLICAUGR cece ence ence cecetseeeemeaeeereereee leaceseteene tesa 25 
Phethontid@cccceclesaceecccos emsceseheenecersccmiceiee emetic citi te 25 
IPhwthon:wtheruscoocceresso cere ecc cus ceeieatecine caleciqcioelewicl= = efemeinaiaeaiainletoetat= 25 
PH@NICULUS. soe onic cove cimie meus ee reyeasee misses aals oa eeran 25 
TuUbricaudancemeceeeroseeeeeoee ecieeeieeeecsisscheeerr meen aicpwciocistens 25 
MUDTICAUGUS 25 s.c socio nete einer e ceuseeine cis niece eracienieceetocteetae 25 
Phalacrocorax graculus ....-. .----- 22-20 cee e ee eee ee cee ne ween cone cone wees 25 
TIPO sca a eee e a akere ite elses telesales niet atele eet tate aap setae tee tei 25 

Pheonix Group... 2-2... 2-20 con. oon come cone cone cone cone cons cece ceenneiwnne 14 
PHLONIMICD ee Leeecee see ceeds See oer ie ecs eo clecieeneieenals aac ho ae teitayo rioters 128 
PHTONIMING sooner ce ese ek Sec cieesiveeme seca sees ee cee eee aelesaaiee eee 128, 131 
PHrOniMides cee ace eee see eee Meee Sees see os see eee eee eeiaaine ill 130 
PHTONIMAssec cet eee cee eee eee ee oiecisenecsictonecte teeta aeele cetacean taetet tare 130 
Whronimasatlanticacs--sees soca tect see ene soe aes cloe = pee te siete ielnt font ‘ 130 
DoOMeensis) yee eee ce eee ce oa cle owe nleeee le aeeeeeieet teeta 129 

CUSTOS. 2 o/s Us Sse c laine catnce melds we wel eee Same oe tee cee renlaeieeiemtas 129 


PACINCA ER cestacecee men cone eces pee ect ones selec eee eae 128 














165 


Phronima sedentaria .........--..--.- Sicinlelataeiaislaieaiee) secien eine ee atee aiee cee 
=e brosimides-...-.. See eee eee aise emia eice acne sae cine ci eenieee meee eens 
ene a hernandeset os cence ono aacv'- oa Sas caceee anew Covumeceeacsans 
SRSA ASLAN AY eet mieem eae eee claosies sleaisic les ona o'uja sia a cee enien cteneaienes 
LIM UO PDA Ye cists sie seals sole 'e oleae a sloleln'alniala "se ia'< alee caine ona creseea cmereoaee 

REE BINED ere eee eras eet eee ere atetce Saetelcicsiais soc.ca< Sewic ace ae ieeae See 
SEB ETHCLOPOM NUICHELSocoren oe saoaaelomelec'<)naotes eon cnscceede eaaatigendeme 
NUNENENTVEE DD Bie perereetetots wie ote siaiere ein eee nieiele mw aleiscieis is sfoc =o aeaee Sesame neers 


ICU MOTL 0 Co eae eteetata tem eres olelaeialeinstetetatatetelainstateiselacteleio aisle cay = ste ecietelanierete 
Beenie! ANOCEPNMUS co an cslanemneisa aeiceeaiae ce mccole-ob staeisc Uden esse 
ESE PEN PNT elo raat ale ae tet ler (eee iain slain sas on el eae 
Delon ammeter clement a= atocineteicicinecteisscisielsainis) ccisic vn Seeisnceatanoete 

Beye MONE rere alata satel teem eiaiorioe + <-cc oe eaaaiaeis day aee = 

un pRa Us Seite ete eet ee a al eee eae eater cones =| sseecert es aeaae 
RV AGO LOS pamela ate steictalaletel alee (alae sia oiate sae sieeiaieiat alae = eles clelale lamin nicicta afeicisie si eceie 
EAL YVSCOLUSSD MLOlaefesiciaiaa cise) ae ciclo aiciniaceocieiania = cisie =jolsloelaneciecjociataelsiae ea 
TISSOMN Deeeerece sree ee on cle sac(cosists sala sisfeecjeneiinejesiomecioe 

ROGEA UT Seretetetetetteretee hetetelefeteteleiatolelaroteletatata ate eatatnintoletetatarae sola eeiake cette 
Plenronectide ......-..-..- Byte Sclsreis nein aves via ste] einieia betatoeroaettemeceeiocac cece 
MRE IR TELA too seroma onto cisicetaia cian orca wio<ici owicapiecisicieeiseisis sini scaimisineisteiace 
lonoIpespeen ses aes eacle sate eae aceielcicisieie taistisinisiel ee sesepenisiaeiat- cio 
BOUL O leu ere er etenetneeiate em ete ete tciatel area ciamiola e/a (a ota ol eiateistn oleara)oy oatelahere ete 

athe MAIS ees ete ee eieeeeiseats ela seietssrisl nee sleeee ee iise meaiae eee eta 

VTS Sree enna teint stelecininisial sisista|< sic isi cisoisineleccelsjaetemtoswisiaciessetsce 

KAM UMOCH SINUS Were ce oterle oes ais viwic'e im mwloeinsolainie meh yelelaininenae eisai series 
odophthalmus spinosus..-+- .... ---.+----+---< sstisteed score sera slater eiotenieia 


eth OCU PARC UM Mee see vsae ia ans clones syeisieinreinieisinisis e sivleaseLosiaimione mies 
DeECMICMONYE VOIONGINE oo oes smi oc come na scien nae << ocncasince saree eleseniee 
PTAC OM OD OD peseteiee Aoisia evista) o=.5 sco ois cise ele sit nicnce sas eociocicimscldseemblecice sts 
PearAac Amu nusMSOrdidusetc ss so\ecs sicrie c's cvecino solace enjes am cnlace mse ma ee weeeees 
PeCON UNS AUTAN USE se ore oe <n sto..c le oreene enie son caonce ance corse actenis eisteces 

fIAMENLOSUS aes sacs cewicces sec incss cecciceccciseeeiececestieces 
Pontellinse...... ...<. Sand Sa acl a cieieid wos iabinneee creeesl ecw s scasletoeleeeeteees 
REMC ABLOT UME NE amen seine oe oats cio ae alain bel aed cic eie ee nie nes ccsinesemeeaoeeees 


APEESTENL( TIMER Re rere ee nei ait Asan oat cle aha eiminiein louse nis eeib ow eiea ne celeatenre 


ET ETEL TET TSP ee ois are, Sort becca accicic Sha oe Sk cote sue sce k eo bin exc pocven eens 


DGNaN wee eeeenerce sates alee oasis cies see lseentomen Se eateeeeeeinse 
AAO PIN GENUS eee terre ier esletesicocincelaceiela nines nea eieeieatateeteya 


44 
115 
115 


113, 115 


iL 


113 
113 


74 


66, 86, 97 


86 
97 
88 
138 
140 
140 
7 


106, 113 


106 
109 
108 
106 
113 


166 


Post-Tertiary 2222222222 sees ese ce eee seme ste cocaine sara neces aerate ete 42 
Priacanthidat: 222: ssse2 ssa Seecsenesnesccsecoceceaeeen ee eee Cee aaa 72 
Priacanthuscarolinus': 422 322s54eee psecss ccccese coos eee ecco ene ee eee 72 
PHM .s2cecstcesecssctesseheseees cece cdecsersedessssesssb ose ee eee 130 
Pristipomatidaa :4222 525 2e222 sess tesecssss22e psssssesss seee sates ss see ee 49, 90 
Pristipomarcoro,steseesesee sesame cscs nese sees eee ae aee cen eemereminos - 50,57 
leuciscus: 225225 s2eees eeeees MORSSSS Sosa ASS eee eee eee 49 
Procellariidwe.\.22 2222 2222 sesssaseseeccscs csceesceessdsces eisssees soeea eee 29 
critical-review-Of so: g222 cc22cscds2ssscsécseses Seeades sees 30, 31 

Procellaria adamastor = ss: 222 iissc20s2scecsssceesse2 SStpasiostssssase eee 29 
brasiliana:.s224 tecces tees ceccsc occa Séscsscssses seSsse eee eee 24 

CINOLCA ceseeeetemccced cscs ceca dasssscesseuis coco ease saeco eee 29 

FU SINOKA Bes eenas cesses es clSs Soseesesce se sa oneeseeen ane eee tscee 30 

Nwsitata.<.ssssesesscs sss sscssstsssssassesccsssceseosee te ce ee es 29 
PALVATOSUTIG sss > sec5a> cane scaesscees Se Seen eee neeeoae eta see ete 30 

PTOMY SIS soe eee ene see ee es ee eee ee ee eee tee mec en ate a eneaeen eee 124 
Pseudochetlinusthexatwmiat2ssiaceteccccecccccsncsesacscce concn e eet eenoe. 63 
msittacnlusss2-t 8 eseetanasece cameos tees oneness eae see eee 63 
(Pseudoscarnsyerucinosusitses- sec cacetese cece me sete riee seca at ee cece tines 81 
DIODICEPS! sees escete cee eee eee eeu se soeeeacesteese em ameeetacte 80 

JONES wth eae seen eee eases See ane Dace e eee eeeeeen Se eerame . 80 

spilonotus:2 + tetstet ees tees ace cake eee eee eee eee 80 
Pseudoserranus louti....522 sos sche css tScede see ctesctsee ce ccemeceoeeeees 92 
Psittacula kuhlit. 22-2cc.cteccescedh inte cetdssctssse se cecetensc sae see eS 13 
interfringillacea, .--2-< -2222.2c2022sstsc tect cectsesses choseeeee. 13 

Psittacus kuhli....cscenceccotceseseecssceeas tees s sees uaa seem stetemee. 13 
Pteris aquilina-var..caudata..+-<~ 22s c2oc st2ces cece tocstccconeveooneoteletee 143 
Pterodroma-atlanticax<..c..2.coscccueccecccescesud sess sesses eeemeneeenees 30 
Putfinus sa-ceeccss er scsvcecccewseces ceed eetean.eceeettects cece se becsebouee 30 
brasiliensis .:.22...2eee cette cette ete tees testes Shee eee Somes 24 

CINCTCUS:: wa s0ecebes cscasccecosessessssees ssstcssscalsssessss See 29 
heasitatus.....<<..sseccccsceests tices wees caus serecevesecesueamene 29 
(Nectris) nativitatis, oh 2.csessscccsacesesesc cess sede coeeoe users 29, 30 

PACHA, 2 -ccss ccecsccvsiesicece sass vende ssuesss aces Poo aeo ee eecees 30 

Puget Sound s2..is06 cie0 ssascccsestesssnesas cocmscenssssenesodedeaaeonee ae 115 
PYTANA va cecswecsecceseescssresses wesatesnsscesevecsas tecces sacceateseeres 10 
Pyrrhus wsscsscucavsssss vesscs cece seestces st scassscsessessessceeleee ase 39 
Rallide:<censscsceascivetecsecsscecs tersccsasocsesssscetstessseseese eee 19 
Rallus lariformis ...222 sssss0cccsss csessssscces tescsecessssescess so 7eeeshe 27 
Red Sead <2. cc.scecexnsd wisn ceducsassscscsssicooss cose csssebescas see e eee 110 
Rhabdosoma 2222 :2.52 sees ssbcee cesess ctcses ssscsacecnsescsssnsssaszeeen ene 137 
whitei.-.< secsssseccsscssssscosdescsscsscascssensesss lee eee 137 

Rhantistes parvirostris: .2:2 cs0s ccessesssecsesesissssassesss SPE 30 


Rhinobatide<.<cia.tsécctteses ceamss seen setees pace we nese eee eee 55 











Page. 
nino vabusilen corhynchusj-escerseciecic.ce =e econ sc Soe see os peeereeee oe cee cieees 55 
RLOGUCCUS Ree meets cial aoe cob ois ou wise sae seem eneen ae es 55 
Rhomboidichthys leopardinus.-....---...---..--. sale Sale isis eb ee ae eens eater 79 
Pantherinusecsssee sss cosa ac since soe Olas hee ee eee eeeeeeas 57, 79 
PAM DAS PAN TNOMNUS ee cece Casee scat oan ssc a= sas veciege eecems seteceieeas 57 
PALOMMATUS soe ee meee ccs cece ao nes biersc ce coco anee ce meee 57 
SIM ALT ANUS eee eee te oe stecnae wee ccc ce aic/oc 19 oe elem eeasinaiote - 57 
ara ACODW Bees sae connec cetiseceeee ese csce ce eclesceseinecee <> Salman oats 54 
PASM UAGLICOINISe con ssaee sie seiacions scales cscsiecca cae sosssse esses 80 
MiG OLIN SIOTOLO Ms oe esate cic eyae sere hoa tac cosas secleee ae calc e ees ates 32 
Serre ONUL OMS ANGS eet. tateiete cialeiniaa ie fetelstesteinie cisetei(a as cian sevesisine sl caaiioe eseeies 10 
Pe (eS Ome meme soe nelceerae lenis etsaielseeteaiaiate Peete clei erase eee eerie 11 
merrewich) Eslands) sess coe coms cals aacissiecels Ssice caes dais cicicl os's/siaiscjeeatetsrSatere 14, 20 
TIME ATTICINCOMseootec ne solemn cinlcic cede eee aoe Smo a Soe wc Sei ecie' wate See oe RelA: 
BS Dyer eee rel eet te netoe ee eee entnecocicer cic cls cor) cist ieee rete. 119 
SPEG Cronim Ors Andsnes se masts sec caleee oie seine see oiawie cee cise oe eee eae cmiciogas 16, 17,18 
San Ignacio River ...---------- +--+ AS tee Ue RIE RN SS hah Bote irl 9,49 
PHT OSCIGElC ADO Wen es esas scemacls sete celeste n = ele eae nes nsese mn cislcoaecel<s 10 
SRMEAPLOMmAsibayernemece se acters cece sisscisece ec see ee a aceaecee == eee eee 12 
Sapphirina coruscans.........-...---- Reece Sans sete sade e tele eee eleelsicw aie 141 
OnIeNtalhisisaetenseeoene eos ones cece e cis sec eeccnuanceeeeeeeeeeese 141 
OVALIS\ae sos c ee coe descie oes Sods Cleese sslscsescuesies eee bonedsasd 141 
MIE ASE DUlOSameen tare see eesa cece fect scenes st ena sec eiedencnn sere = 76 
Sauromalus ater-...-.-. ERR ele Naee Mace ae oe ale oc coca Bede oem eee meee 36, 41 
Berets) | $a (NTN Tech Peete ae teste ataetaala aya ollie cia are ais cial a aera eta atta tamtatateita 143 
PELL Oe eee cree ia sence acis s Seanicc ds cous ose teecete sera sas seer £0 
Se AUHSEE GH OTM OSUSP mse se meetsemetaasalonacl cts sie saimiatse taney ee setema ieee arasrenter 81 
PeMMAMES ere ate ea ate ciieiate i sisjciawin! oo = 5S 0/oa 5 aaa isis seats ace 3 aie 84 
Blige We eee aan ee een nee ole sia 2 aio nals! Seine ola etal facie ace 80 
NCE baler ee terete one aeletncrore scoala em aise eeaicas ae chem eetoae ce cingeeee 81 
NSA Rte ete a ercia oe elas sate oaetasin sicidelel emia = Eee eee 122 
BEREE MCOLOl eee cele tee cise eas (a sisivis cashes Saiwelclawatodalsiocls vistas abyeerteatets 50 
plumierileesssee See eee re ateelasinletereieieelotstate ates tees seine 50 

RUE OVINN eee fea alae ese cele eam n= oes) aamiaiaetateinemials ain ate tawny 595 
ok vec pak la eS ee ee ee eee Reta em co crate 48 
SCI Bee ee etna eee ionic oo cae clekds oasis essaccaciaceocess acemnatasaee 39 
BEMEMMMIRINATIUS © one ooo can occ vicwcieasadaccidevcadececessevecelsagsssiee mass 143 
Scolopacide..... BaP arr DR rv MON PS 8S 5 or ee SS A iy ne 18 
SIE TEBIA GC AI ee Soe ale nace = Sa cate caasiecctsoaees 2== scans aaeeeoas 19 
PUREMC A aes a toe oe a ceiala es <\onic) sida cic coe cle dace se sep oeic teeta 19 
semipalmata ee ae eee eee aed Seen amine ue mee siete naaenteetos 18 
TO Aaee ete eels ones cins <cceiae s\s)sic—i= sal olcae/eln ereialalie olctereieta ete ictal 19 
BNUESTSCONMIGMIN foo Sc so ece sock ssa scs'sans «sale seweiiels seal ce eet 88 


oss vayiaeeryalite 2g a Lee ee Ae eer 75 


168 


Page. 

Scombroids ....-. alsnlveisie coos cote acme cee cee wo Scat eee tence Coe ee aE Ree ate 58 
Scopelid set Suro ts ere Ie ee YS SE a ey 76 
Scorpenachilioprista ss... isto6 so cuwe oslo so olde eee cn ene ste ee ae 96 
PUAMENSIS= tose ome eetece eee ee eee siels ele aleyatninatesicleinee recor es 96 

BUUGATE (eRe oem oerecmeeiaee ae sain = cicle se nten een eae ieee 62 

polylepisee zt Poet eee eis we och eee oee ees s (ca sions stale tories 96 
rubropunctatus-e-ceeeee asec ee ee ce asm loisteisio[e's else's oe ea eerie 96 

SIIONGiawAs eet ths ese eons cen nbe see eeenees oem eideee eee Solis. 62 
SCOLPMNIGO 4 a8 32 cies SSP Cee ce LoS e ee eee eee Meee eee 44,62, 96 
Scorpsenods:ss2-2scseesea eee ce sese 3s Sma leieeee bese seem aentas cane eee 62 
Nebastapistes.c-c-ecceeee eee ce eels Fses cclote ete eRe Ree eee atte erent 62 
BITON GIA seceeenssets st. .occse eee ee eee ee eee eee ee eeE eee 62 

Nebastes ouriculatus.c2cece-e--s 2-250 50 2556, Sheet ee teen Se ee ee ee ee Sees 44 
MINUtUSs= sees s | ss Sec b lk Semen RINE Cee ee eae 96 
Polylepiswssr esses sazciccds cece eee eee ae SU Mee ee eee 5 96 
TUDEVATS PALWVUS 26s 0 So ccasiet cee Reese s emetic eaten ere ciate eiaee ae eee 44 
Sebastichthys:anricalatue’..1.232'.5. 5525620 eCttl te coe oan creeeereeeeeeeeee : 44 
CYMNOSHOMS 2272s tae cet Soe REM ELL cece eres ene 62 

Sebastoid, Joa2<22 282s. kcssst Staak Ma tet te Roe Sehet ieee eee ee ees 62 
Nehastomus auriculatissssccats sic essence lee emake Ree eee LORE eer eeese 44 
Sébastopsish GUAMENSIS «. <osoact ees tose tesoss cece eaten eeeeeeee eee eee 96 
HEdentarldes.crccesloas aeeeeeoease cere eas HEGRE Seedeheesenteee getter meee 130 
Semicossysphus: puleher:...<-.cci<accecies sssees Rene ae ee ae Ree eee dd 
BOEESLEB Neo. concen sidas da soseseciscme rede maemEes Se ae beats Bt Rea amen eee 120 
macrophthalmusis.oses cece ese ances secs Soe eeee eee eee 119 
Serpestidse J2-ssaeceseenees baseew sacs sac ees tees sone tess see Cement emee ne 119 
Nereis.) co Neaeet oasis asced bass Saco thease as ese leas teat eee ee See eee eee ee 120, 122 
Sergiaremipes eke toca ae ete Ae eee ete ae eee See ee 120 
Serranidw ys [sleek aeas tee kee neces Sows scee se cet ee Mae ee ae Pe ee OL, 71,92 
Serranus arguse. 224i cssses aS bsh ss eset SS k TS OER Ria cee eee a nae eee 91 
foveatis*eytcs testers Ss chet seks es cess fee ee RA ee ee ee eee 92 

fguttatusseste asso se ce Saejschee en olen coe eat cere ee eee iene cere eee 91 
hexavonatus*sssatecen ono teers eee ee eee ete 92 

louti S22 SSS ssa sees eee oe eee eae ee ere 92 
WNYTIASHEL OS orale cera coe toe eee ee eee SL 
punctnlatue sss ssc s7cst sss Sate eee eee eee 92 
Btellansss222 sseassrs ocd. OSS Se ae ee ete eee eet ee eee 92 
tankervilleorsssecssen css sc fsb Ts ea rca eee 73 

Wrodelas 4. 7S ese ee es ase tee eae eee eee eee eee eee 91 

Nesuvinm ‘portulacastram’!:s22esee cee sso hste lee eee eee 142 
Sicydium stimpsonis*s:22 252 sfemesocsencceces coleee cece eee eee 59 
(Sicyopterus) stimpsoni ...........-.. Doce secce eels cic eaetose es eeeeee 59 
Sicyopterts stim paont* ss S220 55 hs Sa Ss oe 59 


Sida diel ocssecs secs esas seca ese eee seers cciieebe ae eee eee aie 142 




















Pago. 

RUNGE BED SE UM ale oe tense eteered sine of emilee ciao =) <1 4o12(a sonia afeigie aeieimieiaieiea 94 
IRS GR oa eee alae eal eine ola = clei e as aia sei eile 94 

Be NGL C1 ce eed ale faa etl Ileal sinial nla wim = fe mime ited stoe om 55 
ESOC EE Cs nan Soma eee se mealecc ans Sincbecaes cocidbate deemaniomeios 116 
SMTALMM ACIS seek ce ceed ace tone aaeciace cons. tdadcocd ce sae acc sasrecaaimaesiee 142 
eae ee at ieee aaa aerial aaietistsiataieinl ='~)ala (= |e o/s a) ainlai ani eiaieieieetceaieteee 1s 
ES aamNRES eA Rech Ce 0S ean fat eiieflal at io) fe ataini ania) =n aieleieeie ateieeioe 123 
_ Skerrett, J. S., Commander ...-...---- pee SN Te ae 7 
Beaparene3 Livan et 02 CS rege tae aa alate ales eee ola clntoia = oiwins=icole)~ lee om) a ep aiatoral oeeetoteneiiene 14 
ern PGE See atte regan a a locrel eee etreele tan sal nre leno Sininy ainininy a ania} sae Selena 9, 18, 36, 49 
Brean OTN OchlitORMt aueer aa ete ease aia mee siotetara a araiaialia’=o,= sie old ajotaiaiaio sick aleiejeuein ne 9 
Sparus pantherinus..--.. Roane ete eet alee seee ie dl 73 
Spence Bate....-..----+--- Sse areEm e A i  oN 124, 131, 134, 136 
PWEMISCIME) <1. < 150, cnniny eo je) =, Sen eae ee ete sbiciee a cralscle dale Se RL 33 
Spheniscus humboldti ......---.-.-- pe areratere Bisel eect i aslalsy 3 yar ney Sates tee 33 
PAIZO Al DIGWOLI oe = 35 a's cise cloaca simi siacieysiecis: Samia sia asimesie seis sine eee nage teiee 10 
Walliday feo se esses cee cen ces Seis see eactancenaaase Oe ets Reos. ce 10 

DIO WOT so cae ais Sisiane micas cara pmicistate carcheyayocianeoatreeatadercay aeres 10 

See LALO 2 NOLV Obl Cae ot eisyclaiein copeine (ahs sinisinis: cep saicjaysysisin eiefdial copetasaystaletel em aicbias Se 16 
BROAN O LOMO Ls Apr stot ote ers Ae riniotnic ints Cepeiecrcage eateiaetoelweteltasermiae senna os 56 
BPMELLEHNEL eto hee oe han eae ee nantcisnis wae enbbieras Chale -cbeeesicensnes: ADNO4 
STORE Og See ielateeinonctoad Sicicyarcyarasiavcraraieiere wtetoistateh homcieratelees 28 
CENTN GUL Cl alter ye she ele ayo epetate tte ens acim avals eye kataleys ieinie me siovcleveranic teboveriolebaleeteetia aes 23 
RUSSO crsteeioiae cette (ayant heen absineie, Nojeinte oid inic? <1eiSeicrnreoforaelore arctonentaeeees 27 

Pi CMOS VAL CRASSRS sn sa lnio mn sai gccinicinvee na inimiaisierermri ntsc a oe senlge vie 27 
Sua idee teeter erates Sete ahceuessaiatwesisisicneiaicsccietoseiereteitreaereteines 27 
@Haliplana) etal cimosartcee eee soe sice accecclocce ele acca eeeeeemee 7 
Stic Wp laes)) PAM PRON AE ee na 2 oe. io hee ac omad aca boner eadeitacamyens 27 
PHERUOS oe soars sade os oa eee eels seine cise mais nese on cam pake meee oes 27 

ANT OE Meera ee aeeterercinateste seis a oie Ns nis sieicinisie aici wie wie iciaisie Riniericlopcetem eee 27 

MBVIDo sa Ae eee pen sintete a eininicincia a awe cicye cise ers aetiet eee eens io 
(Onychoprionm)/tulioimosayee ces cierioseind <select acciscicewesiaciciee eee 27 

plumb Cal ascre caisre lancet) ials Secisisicsiacce eines esac ciccercigs else eater 27 
RODE U ee cave tseais Soieine atsieinie siete nielo ainioaicleic'a o's slnicciei<wicieioisis mi cwwislooleaien cette 27 
BEOMM Armee aese es ceicccs, axle occlecistiesebcces bc clscinceeuics eteelee see ee 28 

RUMI RMNEUSIS Sarena wise Ses e ss sew Soieiews cabo ee ees see c eee eMes 27 
REE DOOVIGbAtihs 22 esas ce a Re ea wood dec ciceee enews Soca seseeeeees. 99 
axdllaninvescciese ss ccccean socscsiscct cscacereecceescs genes seer £ 65 

BMPR TMS eet een erst ate eo a teaieta oa oe seo oceans eecaue eee 115, 116, 119, 121 
REEL SAMIR ERP Sty ets see Ses ois niece cer wacetacmmm alee 17,41 
SeEnsilasiniterpres melanocephalus ...... -.-.0casecns+ -n-ececswece casa dene 17 
MIptTMOCOUN AUS ae owe ssicie sels ois cir <lelsapheaciawalstes peceem cee emee 17 

REE ep eR eee oo ae 5 SLERIeE Wek oslen eens RoE eee 15 
TERE LTS evant TIME Se eae Pek ee a a ce Slain eee Rae ean 15 


Bull. N. M. No. 7—12 


170 


Page. 
Sula; candidaee cece. cocci otoelsnioe cia elec emcia = «fenton ina ae aeeeeet eens 23 
CY ANOS sane ocin acne cles cinerea steele ilaiiieieela aaa eee ere eee errs Baas 24 
enythrorhiyncha.-<jc<s,ccsesemsecse es te cclee sa aeeceene ce een eases aeoeeies 23 
MDOP es 2s <2 be paejo sie ememe cure eemsin cas: sac a sia ane oelcinnts saat etree ete 22 
PFUSCR = oo siccieenece ose ee seemehee eae ohana aetna eee ae aes oeee et ereeeet 22 
LeucoPastra sc cio e coe te ee terse ee ons nints a\epsieretene ieee cate ainelilataatee tte eaters 22, 24 
PETSONALAD, <-mcien cscs eee otare ss cela oer oat a meicecinsetaatsinie Tech eterietcins 24 
PISCALOR coer tnaa caters seer apse oe are) ae n ere terete saa eer eect ie 23, 24 
TUDIIPOGaA 2 hz os Seicseaicamerea wie sec ares ale ccie: cn intey asin edainlale oreo meena ee 23 
MUDTUPOS ieieca ome veiereteteieleelete ete alee te a lale aint iolemiel see teletoe a nlaleeiots Clee et epee creer eZ 
SUT eB aera eeteinie iain iogeinln See htine mieiohelalelolnie elo Iam al ateroterete ale leiateia ls Walatalatatedarstateie ee etetete 22 
Surina maritima ..--.. .---.- --2--+ +--+ ++ ++ 2-22 eee eee eee gee eee ee eee eee eee 142 
Sylviattudubonl,.soccserere cess Jas oss woe -celwoee een sce = see ee aeeeeeie 9 
Sylvicola aug@wbonie.: Soc esse sss ncla =i coin wclviwiniocineisescrenstoisawine eee menaee ne 9 
Syilvicolidas cae an- ere ceremcinice mni-= =, =~ <talclalwin eietele  wialoke statate ones iota s staearate ane 9 
Symphemia: ablanticao<-s6 cen escc ccs ccc ccs voces ssites aininechesteeen es seme 18 
SEMMUPAlMAtB isc ccione fies ieecmioeseweiceineceitioe «eccrine ees eeee eee , 18 
MachyPetide race se sees = ee cjeos sae emieacelasiae aac re ciene vectra 25 
HachyPevusiaviel eecsec mee sem ce eeee na wae ee ine = elas ciceee e ees ereeeeee 25 
MINOT sb cow ese set ces cee oe cecssosesbion Sheaneees See eeelee eee ees 29 
Mabie eens . cere cece ines wcls a coete eee esse ee ccemsice os wate See a ee Eeeree 14 
Nalcahwano: << 2-2 .)s.ce acne wes necwesion se saiclse soe SOBER ene Eee CLE SOeenee 15,23 
Tapaya hernandez) 2. .2-2.-6 scosmee'-neloaee Weel eeeheen ano na saan aes eee 36 
‘DPejON HPass x ~ goede cigs sees Gees cesscwmceee iors aetereee tees pe ee ee eee 35 
Tetradrachmum arcuatum.........----. (sare = Rak meee coe eect ee ae eee 97 
Netraodon; diadematus---..2-- osc cosces eee we ereeine ease eee aye See aoe eee 73 
TACOEM Gin se cele alee eee ew ecient elem ala ieene cole eer ee ae ean 56 


Tetrodontimplutus:--- << cess ere coe se cee neeseceee cet em aclee ee een a mmm Ome 


Nigropunctatus ...--------- 2-250 2+ wae ss ae cone eens sens Seceiseccee 78 
trichodenm a s.setse sacs Hoe salciewrecwine ee eaelca ne cctes sacs ancerene eee 738 
trichodermatoides.. .<-. ses eee couches estate eeeeesesuteen pees 78 
TetrodontidD: 2.4 cece weiss. oh sculs Soci s ase eee tee ee etna aee ree ete 56, 78 
RGSS) patricia sacieicisiatsior =e cats aloic slots sateke aston Shas oye eon anions oaee ene ete 47 
Thelamitajadmete i. .< ce so~ coe soc sen eins mac siese cess sone eee see rete 106 
CrasSiIMANAs -< 2s 6/o2s co chssce Jaco ds ues Sh scatterer eee els 108 

INGOOTA #200. <6;.sc6 cos ee aad GSS eee Soe cece Mee en eote caer eee 107 

PLY MINA seraee secinleanassciea eacievsaieae ease sae see saci eetee mere 108 
Thyrsoides cancellata, cepei2s6s5ccccast se staos tae cesses see eee mee ee ere 77 
Tiburon {Island ! £52.55 sacsecs cjstccen soweise secs s taie Jane Sacnaceas eee 25, 40 
TodosiSantosUsland. 2.5.2.2. scsacieceistes Wee ges has eten sceae ee eee neee eee eeer 9 
Totenus: brevipes.<.-.4-sacasesebesscacescteses ss teen ee ee ee eee ee 19 
(Catoptrophorus),semipalmatusys:s22-> cass sh cence secs eee e ee ene LS 
CTASSILOSLTIS 2 22- oo5.c0 cise eoeszesesensccheu tect e eee eee ee ee eee ee 18 

LOLI GiINOSNG..i..c-00cnw ses sccume ceectsncecceee seater teehee See eee 19 














Page. 

BRE OE CUTE OTIS) cate ele tae em Rem ei = ee ino vi cenia Veteran ecb e nica hicceicce Senvenle 19 
HON MEST apteteaioae tort fetetote lol = niolivia'e eee pamce Meek ieee ee ete eee 18 
BERN 2 HN BONS eee whee etree lomteictalateleni=i~~ 0) let lalieoe re eleinerameaeciom ceieies 18 
Trachurops mauritianus ..---...---..- Setewiatscicicicelewiclcee iene eee ee meee einer 68 
PPE APCZ A PUGCRUE -=< eR ine mee ines eh em = were eee eee cena ms occe sancee ce <e 106 
maculata tccie cee keceee te com ecit tcc ccn6 vce ceccns once see ceeeee 106, 116 
MACHLAvUSttecee wee ceeine aleeeeloeiee elem Salefmiele tote aleteteteeietatere wecieeoeee 106 

SY NaN ee eae fotete ae Tokote = taal alata lcfeleteleretelela[=iaieiaeinisin cia ieisisieheseerete 106 

Mimacis semifasciata: ..-22.--.2..-2 2c Bele le feleteere totes (otal s cinmio se ete te se eens ai 
Bmore CALMOTMICH eRe cone eccatas 366 cabs cena leeme epee wt bceeucletic sa ceeismieel 77 
BOMMIPASCIALA Riera role a roleralotare roles oe iofe'e e/oe oeaie =e afeob cio cesbcnercce ener 77 

Sere ninridD).- +. 222.5. -52- eet ete areata rere Sie claire ok ate squised soceu eens 46 
Pee EUS IE SOM UCUS ees ees een em ae ela a ealen a ain/ = caem wincisiewgemereeee see 46 
leptuLuseeee=e tetas. eee sise ee senines =e esee css se pee ce ereeeecrerats 46 

iD NIUS CISUGIdeS!=2 sco ccsknececossed chsacs Veeoseesse scesce css. see ele eS 142 
Ree SSE eee eee enee ss eee ese em ear eee Ee eeeeeeereeerne saree sereece. 67 
BRUNLOLnes seta set scest ee eees sete eeee teehee cets cecbee tosses eieee en ceiee aioe 35 
PEIN ATENATIB=---escccs conse sess = eet e eeee ates a leteraetee etait ieie ela ale ete eee 18 
btLeO eee ster ee a = ears a aeeeeee aio eee fee eee eae eel ome oe sees e 19 

nel veticaes scene see scnes vessees sos see sees hectare eects el Uae 16 
MinubilaenseeeeeeeosTestt ee ese ess meet es Sateee ct ectesskees Soueer 18 
Pusillayessseesteessossasccnssassesice.ce36 Seen eecereieeeree comes sae : 18 
squabarolas tater eee census tesbiebboealt tncksweectoece Saat eee 16 

VATIAE Sotssmasescenesnsse mates: SEsccees soba leeesehel ace Sooo abcess 16 

WHIGOMT Rais cuentas stsreemeseics esac eticets osm oa cetee Seen See er 18 

REED LOSSIO CO Naa tan saan asso ceus bese were tis¢ tasecsd eee SlOUR cles aks ose 13 
imyncatridactyla-=5..2t2s¢t.6s2tsccccsccss wesc tees bece soe cu dees eeee eee 18 
MMAR GINA aipstcverstatote tate te Si Srays se cta ks cole dasa slsctw gwdievaeiany Sabelicee desea eceeeoss 14 
RRM a etter aay as SETS ola oiclk Silat Sinie Soe onnisletisin cise welsisee ees Stes See 115, 116 
SMM AEC VIGNLOMA YS a5 2 See asctaiso cnc sce css stieces sewsececsads Se sweheeocesc 117 
Turdus migratorius......--- Seats teeta a erat soa a alain alate eka aici Pelee tnerererstaiete eran 14 
Pirsrnnn eye eto eats Sar ce\arctaic a sciwe aa's Saad odes waeelela das aet seine mersaeietede 12 
Tyrannula cinerascens ......----.- Pepsi dosha Jee eh cee eeeme cen neeesee 12 
MEINE Ossie yee i ees keer irate canbe ye onl so Net 12 
WOCHOTANS | seas cen aa ccicciciecisecieae «ce ssisielaaicie sehen eal sie ee eaten 12 

NR Rash arn Sate oi Sats Sissi ie dln bd om dayitivec oso deced Stele ces 114 
REC CCUMS CCS reese ne stern autre rier nr tN Cm Dae ue ead Ya ad ost Sey Ae ae 38, 110 
PMMEMMOUMSTVITTACUSE oye ne ose a ae as eee Anson ae sar eee Ree we 71 
VAL C AID US raat Settee sates iaiets cine a Siac seer scinle ciieieaiclalelsice erect a 71 
SMUPRMAIIRCIALIOV Sas 22sec adult te JaiSces condesivcueags2 ssdeasismeeosone See 71 
LBM Ab Semseatars ee sae ce sara cin isc oie anise olclsiwis save sinsioasere serene 71 
bivittatus........- aise eines Sas bisieee tacos pera ee oleae ea aineeetanee eee 71 

HAV OMMER LUG Wee serowctee soas estaea ce weeslsles smdece'sscmiusseeen cee begets 89 


imitASCiNbUSeone stacy. sa cose fesse Pusch cbssecleacoseeoteee eoeuerewons 71 


Pige. 
WPONGUS VITCRTUS 2 oe ce relnae eneeeieen eee aes cece ase siereisieeee es cier aa 
Wrinicraveniis. 2. c-ccs am ecareesesseoe ose oanisseee eee eee eee area ee Ee 32 
Uta Stansburiana...-.jncecncees pepomemes=ccirses bose eee een eee eee Sere e ee 37, 41 
Wibahn eee ee io oe was Sale mecn nae came ememelanias </ow eictcatelne havete naan aie teeta pee te 37 
Vanellus belveticus) soolcs.c2 os Sesee cece + aces enue etesceences st eE eer 16 
VarioleJongipinna <ccascscselsnenieees ps snse cose aees seems ee seo sea eeeeeee 92 
LODE MoS io coaslom aie eeee acse bees os-cnin sitinec ae eee teenioe et anes 

ia86y, Dre can stem ainanls can ateesee ee mes soe ocsier seat eerie ee eee eee eee Tee 
Wibilta edwatdal:-.20!-caameeew et. <- ta 5-caueteee me tee MeL eee eee 128 
AVITINS 28 5 St ie ece\e tania meinatiecr enc oeesiscee relator ances see eae eee 128 
WVIGOTS ce a ccetsiomaen pale sane eterenans sonics seeeene se eteaes aero ae eee eee ae 14 
MimiCOciNeUS ss st <-- a coneen ache ds ecsieace cetss tase econ nee eee eee eee eras 13 
Vitel Va migra. ceica'= oo elec sini) me ome emis oon aaise cine see eee 27 
Wie ler ee ace coep isaac eears losis cere aiesieemieleersacineeieneaieescare cen mote eee 14 
Washington Wslamdye tacc) saints stewie a onccitie auce cele seeree ee raicete tee 7, 13, 14, 22, 92, 94.118 
Wihe@ler sacar sects semcise Seteis wis sis/esin tae Socata eect wernaelon ees eieees 37, 41 
Wraialus ce bs ctocte cent csen nc ae sisisaeeetemscaltsce eitecee cle eee ee a Cee ee 72 
EXTATIU MIN rereteterseteteecieelaleie wicie Siee/eseicini neler emiel see eycisicitoene eretice erecta see eine nierS 105 
MEMEO PST ANOLOBUS hic eraaic acs sejetesicies sewiate me cicine seca = saetemcee a eteiee 105 
Menichwhy si califOrniensSiccscisoscia ses Scecioe scien meieesieeeece cea aeccteeeee 49 
REROW SUL -m etn erteccicman Socelanins aaa aa ara seemee ee 2 tere pace ee eee 37 
Zaramacullon NePT) .. <2. cece ans isovnen casos ecen secmiosn seca 25 
ZOROUMEMIA "PAMVEL «oe ccjesvaienem we ene/sewees Melcaee mosee teens essen eee ail 
INbOTMEDIA.- << ccs ces qnceessecestan asses yee eee ee eeeseet enone 11 
leucophrys: gambelic. ss i-ccesascoc caciecc ee sees ees net eeneoeeee 11 
Infermedi9, seco s.doases ences ese ect poneeee oe 11 
LY Bophyllacew 2s ca< swan swan s'-cacele scien socal cecaonsenena teas aceeae cee eeeieeee 142 


© 














Department of the Bnferior: 
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


— &§& — 


BULLETIN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


IO. SS. 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
ee i. 





ADVERTISEMENT. 





This work is the eighth of a series of papers intended to illustrate 
the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United | 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian } 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, . 
1846. 9 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by | 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. . 

JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, May, 1877. 











IN nes 


TO THE 





NAMES WHICH HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO THE SUBDIVISIONS 


. OF THE 


CLASS BRACHIOPODA 


EXCLUDING THE RUDISTES 


PREVIOUS TO THE YEAR 1877. 


ny 


Wess Et. DAL Es is, 


U. Ss. COAST SURVEY. 





WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1877. 











CONTENTS. 





Meta lOLyerOQlal kame emia ee aiemeseeteaee ee nce seater sleleheiasicvalelaras stsielsreleicivions er 
Fert AUTOR Oleat MOLI CS erase eitente = steniersieteniaistaisinis sisi sisieieinele sera oare ts) lotr aiaieial= 
BRET GL Oem paras tate eh ee beye estos ave, Seopa wiainiapelsinin: So cietel> sigh sisiciaveietais oleteleiarergicic is naininsark te 
SALEM AvIGHISt Ol CONE a ALG TAMUIES scons. cocisse Sete et cienteieiseid= eieinis eo ces ie 
FENETAVINC OTLB ISCOIS ia -1= sley sclera -c\ sis alae ecie-wicinissetsjo.c/s slats sal escelaa eoceee dacs 
Genera containing a heterogeneous assembly ....--...---- -----+ see eee o-oo eee 
Genera erroneously referred to the Brachiopods......-.-.----..------------:-- 
SSO UUTM AL Vg steratete ai srcteieneeteleais) als ar nares init aie eae cic. s wievs ie elecm Saalosieinied Samet sceiece. cris 
List of the Linnzan species of Brachiopods, with their modern equivalents.... 
Table of the distribution of the genera of Brachiopods in time.....------------- 
Table of the distribution of the families ot Brachiopods in time. ............-+-- 








eo 


= 
ie 
Z 
zt 











INDEX OF NAMES APPLIED TO THE CLASS, ORDERS, TRIBES, 
FAMILIES, GENERA, SUB-GENERA, AND SECTIONS OF THE 
BRACHIOPODA (EXCLUDING THE RUDISTES) PREVIOUS TO 
THE YEAR 1877, 


By W. H. Dat, 
United States Coast Survey. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The names herein enumerated comprise all the appellations which 
have been given to the various divisions of the Brachiopoda as far as . 
they could be collected from the works accessible to me. It is believed 
that the list is nearly complete so far as relates to names applied under 
the Linnzan system of nomenclature. 

Non-binomial and pre-Linnzan names which have been quoted in syn- 
onymy, errors of pen or types, and groups of similar appellation, but 
differing in scope, have all been included so far as they are to be found 
in the standard works on the subject. The number of names due to 
typographical errors could have been largely increased had reference 
been made to minor papers and publications, but this was not thought 
necessary or desirable. Since some, and in fact most, of those indexed 
have been quoted or printed in standard works on the subject, it would 
have been inadvisable to have omitted them entirely. ; 

The object of the index is rather to enable students to construct their 
own synonymy, according to such rules of nomenclature as they may 
prefer, than to attempt a wholesale revision here. On this account, 
_ the references have been freed, whenever possible, from expressions 
of individual opinion, and are intended to convey an exact idea of 
the facts. The notes which follow the references as explanatory mat- 
ter are framed in accordance with the original rules of the British 
Association, excepting that the date of the proposition of the Linnwan 
nomenclature is taken as from the tenth edition of the Systema Natura, 
where (in my opinion) it properly belongs, instead of the twelfth edi- 


tion, as originally proposed by the association committee. This ditfer- 
? 


8 


ence would affect but one or two unimportant names among those in 
the index, and would seem to be a necessary concession to a simple 
matter of fact. 

The absolute synonymes resulting from the foundation of different 
genera on the saine species, and some which are generally admitted by 
the majority of authors, have been indicated whenever known. In 
some Cases, the compiler has exercised his own judgment in inserting a 
reference to synonymy. In every case, however, the student is requested 
to refer to the citations of the index, upon which the compiler’s indica- 
tions of synonymy are based, and from them to form his own conclusions. 

It has been attempted to give in full the locus, date, and reference to 
figures (if any) appertaining to each original generic or other descrip: 
tion; with a reference to the original description of the typical species, 
when.this is not coincident with the generic or sectional diagnosis, to 
indicate whether a diagnosis authenticated the introduction of a new 
name or not (silence on this point in the citation indicating that a proper 
diagnosis was made); to name and give citations for the type, if any 
was Selected, or to state the first species if no type was named, and the 
types which have been adopted by subsequent students of the genus; 
and to give a reference to the best figure of the typical species known 
to the compiler. 

This has been done whenever practicable, and a reference to the 
geological horizon of the type-species of a genus, with any notes which 
might tend to elucidate its standing, have frequently been added. 

Necrly all the works referred to have actually been consulted. The 
only important exceptions are those of Fischer de Waldheim, Konig and 
one ot Pander’s minor papers. For an opportunity of consulting Pan- 
der’s Beitrige I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Alexander Agassiz, 
director of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge. 

When a publication was inaccessible, the fact is stated in the citation, 
which bas then been derived from the works of Davidson, Bronn, Herr- 
mannsen, and other standard authorities. To the first-named gentleman 
and Prof. R. P. Whitfield, of Albany, I am under great obligations for 
numerous favors received during the preparation of this index, for the 
views expressed in which, however, I hold myself solely responsible. 

The classification of generic names which follows the index is for the 
purpose of assisting the student to find at one reference all the binomial 
names which appear to belong to any one family. Some pre-Linnzan 














9 


names which have been widely quoted are also included. It must be 
kept in mind, however, that this classification is purely tentative, and 
that, with the exception of absolute synonymes, the discovery of the 
character of an interior, or the more complete elucidation of the char- 
acters of an obscure genus, may at any time give it a standing to which 
it is not at present entitled. Tor this reason, it is certain that no classi- 
fication of so large a group of fossil forms as the Brachiopoda comprise 
can be anything more than tentative for many years to come. 

The dates are in all cases intended to represent those of actual pub- 
lication, a matter not always easy to determine. In some difficult cases, 
where the date of presentation of a MSS. appears on the title-page 
witbout any reference to the actual date of publication, the former is 
used as a numerator, and the earliest date for pubiication to which the 
paper is known to be entitled as a denominator, of a fraction in the 
date column. 

It will not be a matter of surprise that, in giving references for good 
figures, the magnificent works of Mr. Davidson have almost constantly 
been drawn upon. Students are to be congratulated that these are 
among the most accessible works on the subject. 

Since Calceola has for so long a period been referred to as a Brachiopod, 
or included with them, it has been decided to ‘include its very copious 
synonymy,though it is now known, through the researches of Dr. Lind- 
strém. to belong to the Coelenterata. . 

A bibliography was originally contemplated in connection with the 
index, but it was soon found that, to make it complete, more time and 
space would be required than could conveniently be devoted to it. 

It is hoped that few important mistakes exist in the list, though the 
character of the references is such as to render the work particularly 
liable to typographical errors. Not afew such errors which appear in 
earlier works of the kind have been corrected, and the indulgence of the 
reader is requested for any new ones which may unfortunately have 
crept in. 

References have usually been made in a sufficiently full manner to be 
readily identified ; a few exceptions are, therefore, noted. 


Dav. 1853; toA general [ntroduction to the Classification of the Brachiopoda, by Thos. 
Davidson, F.G.S. &e. being British Fossil Brachiopoda, vol. i, art. iii, Paleon- 
tographical Society, London, 1853, 4to. 

The references to the subsequent series of Monographs are made by the geo- 
- logical horizon ; as, “ Mon. Silurian Brach. p.” &c. 


Day. 1256; to Introduction & Histoire Naturelle des Brachiopodes Vivants et Fossiles, 


par Thos. Davidson, Esq. traduit de Anglais par MM. Deslopgchamps: in 
Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, x, pp. 69-271, Caen, 1856, 4to. 


10 


Dalm. Ter.; to Uppstiillning och Beskrifning af de i Sverige funne Terebratuliter; af 
J. W. Dalman ; in Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handlingar for ir 1827, pp. 85-180; 6. i-vi, 
Stockholm, 1828, 8vo. 7 

Chenu, Man.; to Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologique, par le 
Dr. J. C. Chenu, t. ii, Paris, 1862, gr. 8vo. 


Woodw. Man.; to A Manual of the Mollusca, or, a Rudimentary Treatise of Recent and 
Fossil Shells, by S. P. Woodward, &c. London, 1851-56, 12mo. 
Paetel, Fam. u. Gatt. Moli.; to Die bisher veréffentlichten Familien- und Gattungsnamen 
der Mollusken, zus. von Fr. Paetel, Berlin, 1875, 8vo. 
A work containing more and worse typographical and other errors than any 
other book, of a scientific tendency, known to me. 


Regent’s Rep.; to the (—) Annual Report of the Regents of the University, on the condi- 
tion of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian 
Collection annexed thereto. Made to the senate (—). Albany (New York), &e. 
Bvo. (Blne books. ) 

Of the series, Nos. III, 1V,and VIT to XXVII all contain, in the form of appen- 
dices, matter relating to the geology, mineralogy, paleontology, botany, general . 
natural history, ethuology, or philology of America, chiefly that division of each 
subject relating to the State of New York. In each of these departments, some 
of the papers are of permanent value and importance, which need not be speci- 
fied in relation to the long series of paleontological notices by Prof. James Hall — 
and others. The third report appeared in 1850, and they have continued, at 
rather irregular intervals, to be issued for each year up to that for the year 1875, 
which is believed to be partly printed, (January, 1877). ‘The title in each begins 
with the serial number of the report and ends with the date of presentation to 
the State legislature. The date at the bottom of the title-page is usually that of 
the year of presentation ; but in this and in the verbal construction of the title 
the reports are not uniform. In the earlier ones, there is very rarely any date 
referring to the actual time of publication, which latter might differ from that 
on the title-page by a year or more. The appendices in which the scientific 
papers are comprised, should it be required, are subject to revision up to the time 
of publication. The latter date, in the case of those cited, has been obtained 
from trustworthy contemporaneous authority in all cases, and is believed to be 
essentially correct; but a reference to American paleontological literature will 
show several instances of the difficulties with which this unfortunate want of 

~ exactitude in the matter of dates has beset the path of the contemporary student. 


Nove.—The table of geological distribution rests in part on a similar 
table published by Mr. Davidson in the Annales de la Soe. Malac. de 
Belgique, t. x, 1875, though numerous changes and additions have been 
introduced and a different form of presentation preferred. 

Names contained in bare lists and catalogues without definitions it 
has not been attempted to enumerate, except when the publication was 
of the nature of a nomenclator. 

Etymologies have, for the most part, been intentionally ignored. 





ING EH XS 





Abrachiopoda, Herrmannsen. 1852. 
Ind. Gen. Mal. Suppl. p. 1. (= Abrachiopodes, D’Orb.) 
Abrachiopodes, D’Orbigny. S47. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Division of Brach. cont. Thecide, Ca- 
prinide, Radiolide. 
Acambona, White. Spiriferide. 18G2. 
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. April, 1862, p. 27, f. 1-2. (Carb.) Type 
A. prima, White, l.c. (Cf. Eumetria, Hall.) 
Acanthothiris, D’Orbigny. Rhynchonellide. 1850. 


Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, p. 323, and Pal. Frang. Terr. Cret. iv, p. 343. 
5 Type Rhynchonella spinosa (Schloth. sp. Verst. 1813). Day. Mon. Odlit. 
Brach. p. 71, pl. xv, f. 15-20. (Odlitic.) 





Acanthothyris, Paetel. Rhynchonellide. 1875. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 1. (= Acanthothiris, D’Orb. corrig.) 
Acarde, Latreille. Rudistes. 82S. 


Fam. Nat. Régne An.* Gen. Rudistarum, male ad Brach. ref. ( Acardia, 
Berth. MJadiolites, Lam.). 


Acardia, Berth. Rudistes. 1827. 
Germ. Ed. Latreille Fam. Nat. p. 197. (Cf. Acarde, Latr.) 


Acardimes, Herrmannsen. Coelenterata. 1846. 
Tad. Gen. Mal. i, p.3. (Cf. Les Acardes, Desm.) 


Acephalophora palliobranchia, Blainville. ESE4., 
Prodr. Bull. Soc. Philom. p. 179. Order Acephal. cont. Lingula, Tere- 
bratula, Orbicula, Hyalea ?, Pneumodermon ?. 
Acrites, Davidson & King. Obolide. 1874. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. May, 1874, p. 187, lapsus, = Acritis, 
Volborth, from axpitocg. (Scr. Acritus.) 
Acritis, Volborth. Obolide. 1869. 


Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg fiir 1868, p. 217, t. xvii, f. 7-9. (Sil.) 
Type A. antiguissima, Volb. 1. c. = Obolus ant., Eichwald, Urwelt, 1843, 
li, p. 142, t. iv, fi. 1 a-c. Id. Leth. Ross. 1859, p. 928, t. xxxvii, f. 5 a-d, 
= Aulonotreta sculpta, Kutorga, Verh. 1. c. 1847, p. 282, t. vii, f. 11. Quen- 
stedt, Petr. Deutschl. 1871, p. 671, (= Aulonotreta, K.). 


This name, founded on Kutorga’s second type of Aulo- 
notreta, should give way to that name. It appears very 
closely related to Hall’s Leptobolus, 1871. 


11 








12 


Acrotreta, Kutorga. Siphonotrete. 
Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersb. fiir 1847, p. 260,275, t. vii, f. 7 a-c. 
First sp. A subconica, Kut. 1. c. (Sil.), Taken as type by Davidson, 1856, 

p. 241, pl. xiv, £. 19-23. ; 


Actinocomchus, M’Coy. Spiriferide. 

Carb. Foss. of Ireland, p. 149. Sole ex. cited, p. 150, pl. 21, #. 6, 4. 

paradoxus, M’Coy, |. c. Woodward, Man. p. 224, f. 184. (=Athyris, 
M’Coy; Davidson, 1856, not of 1833.) 


Adhzerentia, Reeve.  Braehiopoda. 


Conch. Syst. 1, p. 174. Tribe Brach. cont. Orbicula, Crania, Thecidea. 
(Not Adherentia, De Haan, 1825.) 


Amignaa, Koch. Conchifera. 

Mart. Chemn. Conchyl. Cab. b, Lief 56, Bd. vii. (Recent.) Type Tellina 

enigmatica, Chemn.}. c. Genus acephal. male ref. Pfeiffer, Zeitschrift 
fiir Mal. 1846, p. 175; ad Brach. 


ALquivalwves, Latreille. Lyopomata. 
Fam. Nat. Régne An. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula. ( = diquivalvia, 
Berth.) 


Aiquivalwia, Berth. Lyopomata. 
Latreille, Fam. Nat. Germ. Ed. p. 208. Fam. prima, ordine Pedun- 
culato, cont. Lingula. (Cf. dquivalves.) 


Agulhasia, King. Terebratulide. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv, t. vii, Feb. p. 109, pl. xi, f. 1-8. (Re- 
cent.) Type 4. Davidsonii, King, l.c. p. 141. (== Terebratulina, D’Orb.) 


Amblotrema, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited; diagnosis insufficient. 


Amblytwemaa, Agassiz. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 45. (== Amblotrema, Raf. corrig.) 


Ambocoelia, Hall. Spiriferide. 

13th Regent’s Rep. p. 71. Type Orthis wmbonata, Conr. Journ. Acad, 

Nat. Sci. Phil. viii, p. 264, t. xiv, f. 4, 1842. Hall, ].c.f. 1-6. (= Mar- 
linia, M’Coy.) 


Am bocoilia, Quenstedt. 
Petref. Deutschlands, ii, p. 714; lapsaus. (== Ambocoelia, Hall.) 


Aum plaichima, Laube. Strophomenide. 
Fauna Schicht. St. Cassians, 2te Abth. p. 28, pl. xiii, f. 9 a-d. Type 
Producta dubia, Munster sp. (Beitr. iv, p. 68, t. vi, f. 24), 1. ¢. 


Amphigemia, Hall. Pentameride. 
Not. Pal. N. York, vol. iv, p. 1@3. (Mar.) Pal. N. York, iv, p. 374, 383, 
pl. 59. Type Pentamerus elongatus, Vanuxem, (Rep. 3d Distr. N. York, 

p- 1382, 1842); Hall,1.c. (Devonian.) 


Anastrophia, Hall. Pentameride. 

Not. Pal. N. York, vol. iv, p. 163. Extra copies, Mar. 1867, p. 19. Pal. 

N. York, vol. iv, p. 374. Type Pentamerus Verneuili, Hall, 1.¢c. Name 

proposed for Brachymerus, Shaler (q. v.), preoccupied by Dej. in Co’eop- 
tera, 1834. 


HS48. 


i844. 


ASAE. 


L845. 


ISVs. 


AS27. 


is7k. 


ASBe. 
A847. 


1860, 


1867. 





13 
Ancistrocrania, Dall. Craniide. 
Proposed for Cranopsis, Dall; preoecupied by A. Adams in Gasteropoda, 
1860. 
Ancylobrachia, Gray. Arthropomata. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 435. Ord. Brach. cont. fam. Terebratulide. 


Anmneylobragehia, King. Arthropomata. 
Perm. Foss. p. 81. Q@rd. Brach. cont. fam. Strigocephalide, Terebratu- 
lide, Rhynchoride, Magaside, Thecidwide, Argiopide. 


Ancylobranchia, Paetel. Arthropomata. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 12; lapsus ( = Ancylobrachia, Gray.) 
Ancviopoda, Gray. Brachiopoda. 


Subclass Brach. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 435, cont. ord, Ancylobra- 
chia, Crypiobrachia. 


Amcylopoda King. Arthropomata. 
Perm. Foss. p. 81. Subclass Brach. cont. Aneylebrachia. ; 


Ammelida, Morse. Invertebrata. 
Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 1, p. 100, July. Class cont. (among 
other things) Brachiopeda. 


Amonmnia, Linné. Mollusea. 


Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 701. First sp. A. craniolaris, Lin. 
Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 1150,1766. First sp. A. craniolaris, Lin. 
Genus including Brachiopeda and Acephala, sp. 








Anmomites, Auctt. Invertebrata. 
| Gen. biv. fos. Anomie Lin. resp. auctt. xviii™ cent. 
Anomites, Schletheim. Invertebrata. 
Petref, p. 246. Gen. biv. fos. cent. Craniolites, Hysterelites, Terebratu- 
lites. ; 
Anmopliotheca, Sandberger. Atrypidc. 


Sitzungsb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien fiir 1855, pt. xvi, p. 5, xviii, p. 
102-104. Pl. i, f. 1-6. Type A. lamellosa, Sandb. 1. c.== Ter. venusta, 


1856, p. 260, pl. xiv, f. 51-53. 


Anteletes, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 
| Fal. Frang. Terr. Cret. iv, p. 348, in syn. (= Enteletes.) 


Amtimomnia, Catullo. Terebratulide. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. of London, vii, p. 74. Type Terebratuia 
diphya, Col. sp., Davidson, 1856, pi. vi, f.5. (= Pygope, Link.) 


 Antirhbynmchonmelia, Quenstedt. ? Rhynchonellide. 

Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 231,727. % Subg. Pentamerus ; first sp. P. tenui- 
striatus, Walmstedt sp., Eichwald, Leth. Ross. i, p. 789; second sp. P. 
linguifer, Murch. SiL 21, 22. 





_ Apalosia, Rafinesque. Invertebrata. 
a Analyse de la Nature, p. 136. Class equivalent to the Mollusca of Cu- 
vier. (= Mollusca.) 











Schnur ; Meyer & Dunker, Paleont. iii, p. 180, pl. xxiv, f. 3. Davidson, . 


i877. 


is4s. 


1850, 


i875. 


184s. 


1830. 


1870. 


1738. 


1766. 


1822. 


1836. 


1800. 


1850. 


is7t. 


IS. 


14 


Aplecerotis, Petel. _ (Ineerte sedis.) 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 14; lapsus (= Apleurotis, Raf.). 


Apleuretis, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) 
Journ. de Phys. Ixxxviii, p. 427. No species described. First of two 
names cited, A. pectenoides, Raf.1.c. Fos. Ohio. Ibid. En. Rem. Obj. Cab. 
Raf. 1831, p. 3, 4. pectinoides, Raf. is described. (Brachiopoda ?) 
Aplosia, Agassiz. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 84; lapsus (= Apalosia, Raf.) 
Apysgia, Bronn. Brachiopoda. 
Klass. u. Ordn. Thierreiche, i iii, lste Abth. p. 301. Ord. cont. Brach. 
articulata. (== Arthropomata.) 
Arbusculites, Murray. 
Edinburgh New Phil. Journ. xi, p. 148. Type A. argentea, Murr. 1. ¢. 
A fictitious genus of Zoophytes founded, according to 
Bronn, on the tubular spines of a species of Productus. 


Arbusculithes, Paetel. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 15. (= Arbusculites Murray.) 


Argiope, Deslongchamps. Terebratulide. 
Mém. Soc. Lin. de Normandie, vii, p.9. (Recent.) Type Anomia de- 
collata, Chemnitz, Concbyl. Cab. viii, p. 96, pl. 78, f. 705. Dav. 1853, p. 
72. Davidson, 1856, pl. vii, f. 35-28. Name predccupied by Savigny 
and Audouin for a genus of Arachnida, 1827. (= Megathyris, D’Orb.) 
Argiopidae, King. Arthropomata. 
Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Argiope. 
Argiopina, Gray. Arthropomata. 
Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach. p. 15. Tribe Brach. cont. Argiope. 
Argyope, Deslongchamps. _ Terebratulide. 
Mém. Soc. Lin. de Normandie, vii, p. 9. Wernacular equivalent for 
Argiope, Desl. q v. (= Megathyris, D’Orb.) 
Arthropomata, Owen. Brachiopoda. 
Encyclop. Britannica, ed. viii, t. xv, art. Mollusca, p. 336. Ord. cont. 
Brach. articulata. 
Articulata, Huxley. Brachiopoda. 


Lect. on Classification. Intr. Class. An. p. 116. Order cont. Brachi- 
opoda articulata. (= Arthropomata, Ow.) 


Athyridae, Phillips. *  Brachiopoda. 

Pal. Foss. Cornwall and Devon. p. 54. Fam. Brach. cont. Producta, 
Calceola. 

Athyridoida, Agassiz. Brachiopeda. 


Nom. Zool. Index, p. 115. (<= Athyride, Phill. corrig.) 


1875. 


isi9. 


1847. 


1862. 


Is3sl. 


1875. 


1842 


1850. 
1853... 


1842, 


E88. . 


1864. 
BS41.. 


1847.) 





7 


Athyris, M’Coy. Spiriferide. S44, 
Carb. Foss. Ireland, pp. 128, 146, f.19¥. Erroneous diagn. No type 
specified. First sp. p. 147, is Ter. concentrica, von Buch, Chenu, Man. ii, p. 
216, f. 1108-10. Davidson, 1856, pl. ix, f. 23,29,30. Etym. a, without; 
thuris, a door or deltidium (not doorway or foramen). Syn. Seminula, 
M’Coy, 1844; <Actinoconchus, M’Coy, 1844; Spirigera, D’Orbigny, 1847; 
Euthyris, Quenst. 1871; Athyris, Davidson, 1856, not 1853. 


15 


Athyris, Davidson. Spiriferide. 186538. 


Intr. p. 72, pl. vi, f. 71, 72. Type Atrypa tumida, Dalman, sp. Ter. 
p. 134, t. v, f. 3, 1828. Davidson, 1856, pl. ix, f. 33,37. (= Meristella, 
Hall, not Athyris, M’Coy.) Cf. Meristella, Hall, 1862. 


Aihyris, Davidson. Spiriferide. 1856. 
Intr. p. 166, pl. ix, f. 23, 29,30. Type A. concentrica, von Buch, M’Coy. 
(= Athyris, M'Coy.) 
= 
Atremosia, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 1834. 


Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. Fam. Brach. cont. gen. Orbicula, Stro- 
- phesia, Diclipsites, Trunculites, Productus, Styriasis, Goniclis, Megarites. 


Atretia, Jeffreys. Rhynchonellide. 1876. 


Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 1870, 121, p. 421, 7 36. Type A. gnemon, Jeffr. 
MS. No description of genus or species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Sept. 
1876, p. 250. Genus and species fully described. Dav. Suppl. Brit. fos. 
Brach. 1874, p. 7, pl. i, f. 7-10. Syn. Cryptopora, Jefir. (—Dimerella, 
Zittel, g. v.) 


Atrypa, Dalman. | Atrypide. 1828. 
_Kongl. Vet. Acad. Hand]. 1827, p. 102. First sp. p. 127, t. iv, f. 2. 
Anomites reticularis, Wahlenberg, Act. Upsal. viii, p.65. Davidson, 1856, 
pl. ix, f. 39-46. (Cf. Spirigerina, D’Orb.) 

Atrypa, Moy. Atrypide. 1844. 


Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 150, f. 30. First sp. Terebratula acuminata, Sow- 
erby, Min. Conch. t. 324, 1823. Dav. 1856, t. x, f. 19. 


Atrypida, Dall. Arthropomata. 1877. 


Fam. Brach. cont. Atrypa, Anoplotheca, Zygospira, Colospira, Koninck- 
ina, and probably Davidsonia. 


Well distinguished from Spiriferide by the direction of 
the spires, which must have necessitated a wholly different 
arrangement of the internal organs. Indicated long since 
by D’Orbigny. 





Aulacorhynchus, Dittmar. Arthropomata. 1871. 


Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, 2te ser. vii, p. 1, t. 1, f. 1-13. (Carb.) 
Type 4. Pachti, Dittmar, 1. c. pp. 2-4, &c. 


A remarkable form of doubtful family relatious, of which 
species have been referred to Chonetes and Leptena. 





16 


Aulonotreta, Kutorga. Obolide. 1848, 


Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg f. 1847, pp. 260,278. Types 4. polita, 
Kutorga, 1. ¢. t. vii, f. 10, = Obolus apollinis, Eichw.; and A. sculpta, Ku- 
torga, ].c. p. 282, t. vii, f. 11, == Obolus antiquissima, Kichw. Urwelt, 1843, 
il, p. 142, t. iv, f. 1 a-c. Ib. Leth. Ross. 1859, p. 928, t. xxxvii, f. 5 a-d. 
(Sil.) 


Genus proposed to replace QObolus (of which Kutorga’s 
first sp, is the type) on the ground that the latter name is 
inapplicable. The second sp. of Kutorga has been sepa- 
rated by Volborth under the name of Aecritis, but, if dis- 
tinct (which does not seem certain), should take Kutorga’s 
name, as of prior date, instead of a new one. 


Aulosteges, Helmersen. Productide. 41847. 
Jahrb. fiir Min. p.330; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci@St. Petersburg, vi, p. 135, 


t. vi, f. 12. Type A. variabilis, Helmers. 1. ¢. = A. Wangenheimi, Verneuil, 
teste Davidson, 1856, p. 222, pl. xii, f. 36-40. 


Bicormes, Quenstedt. Rhynchonellide. U8sh. 


Handb. Petref. p. 449; Petref. Deutsch]. 1871, ii, pp. 34,715. (== Ithyn- 
chonella, sp.) 


Bilobites, Linné. Strophomenide. h@ Tod. 
Syst. Nat. ed. Miiller, vi, p. 325. <Anomia biloba, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 
Gmel. p. 3345; Quenst. Petref. Deutschl. ii, 1871, p. 550; Atlas, t. 55, f. 
61-72. Syn. Dicelosia, King. 


Bohrmuschelsteime, Auctt. 
Voc. vulg. cent. xviii™* = Brach. sp. foss. 


Bouchardia, Davidson. Terebratulida. 1849. 
. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vii, p. 62, pl. i, f. 1-6. Type Terebratula 
tulipa, Blainviile, Dict. Sci. Nat. 53, p. 144, 1828, = T. rosea, Mawe, Reeve, 
Conch. Icon. pl. viii, f. 33. Syn. Pachyrhynchus, King, not Spix. 


Brachidae, D’Orbigny. Brachiopoda. 1849. 
Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Ord. Brach. cont. sect. Brachides propres, Semi- 
brachides. 
Brachides propres, D’Orbigny. Brachiopoda. 1849. 


Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Sect. Brach. cont. Lingulide@, Calceolidw, Pro- 
ductide, Orthiside, Rhynchonellide, Uncitide. 


Brachionobramchia, Paetel. ES7o. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 25, as of Woodward. Class = Brachiopoda. 


Brachionopoda, Agassiz. ES47. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 145. (= Brachiopoda, Cuv. bene corrig.) 


Brachiopea, Rafinesque. “Brachiopoda. ASA. 


Analyse de la Nature, p. 148. Fam. cont. Orbicula, Terebratula, Lin- 
gula, Ib. Fos. biv. Western Region, p. 7, 1831. 


Brachiopia, Herrmannsen. 1852. 
Index. Gen. Mal. Suppl. p. 18; lapsus (= Brachiopca, Raf.). 

















17 


Brachiopoda, Cuvier. Invertebrata. 1802. 


Annales du Mus. i, 1802, p. 77, fide Quenstedt. 
Dict. Sci. Nat. i, p. 184, 1805. 
Roissy, Moll. vi, p. 460, 1805. Class cont. Arthropomata and Lyopomata 


of Owen. 

Adt. Dumeril, 1806, Traite Elém. Order. 
Lamarck, 1809, Phil. Zool. p. 317. Fam. 
Cuvier, 1817, Reégne Anim. 1i, 358, 502, Class. 
Lamarck, 1819, Hist. An. s. Vert. Fam. 
Ferussac, 1819, Tabl. Syst. xxxviii. Class. 
Schweigger, 1820, Naturges. p. 689. Order. 
Latreille, 1825, Fam. Nat. Regne An. Class. 
Rang, 1829, Man. p. 257. Order. 
Fleming, 1828, Brit. An. p. 225. | Divis. 
Menke, 1828, Syn. p. 56. Class 
Deshayes, 1830, Enc. Méth. ii, p. 140. Sub-class. 
Eichwald, 1831, Zool. Spec, Order. 
Geinitz, 1846, Grundr. Verst. p. 489. i Order. 
Gray, 1848, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 430. Class. 
Davidson, 1851-54, Intr. Brach. p. 41. Class. 


Brachiopode, Bronn. 
Syst. Urwelt Conch. p. 35, as of Lamarck. 


Brachiopodes, Bellerm. 

Mag. Berliner Ges. Naturf. Freunde, vii, p. 88 (not seen). 
Brachiopodes cirrides, D’Orbigny. 
Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Ord. Brach. cont. Thecidaw, Capiizide, Radiolide. 
Brachiopodideae, Broderip. 

Penny Cyclop. xiv, art. Malacology, p. 320. (=Brachiopoda, Cuy.) 


Brachipoda, Bronn. 
Index Paleont. passim; lapsus (—Brachiopoda, Cuv.). 


Brachymerus, Shaler. ~ Pentaieride. 
Brach. Anticosti, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, p. 69. Type Pentamerus 
Verneuili, Hall, Pal. N. York, iii, pl. 48, f. 1, a, 0, p, t, x, v. (Sil.) Nom. 
preoc. by Dej. Col. 1834. (= Anastrophia, Hall.) 
Brachvopeda, Fic. u. Carus. 
Ueber Ges. Thierr. * * Oken, Isis, 1828, p. 855. (Brachiopoda.) 


Brachypvrion, Shaler. Strophomenide. 
Brach. Anticosti, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, p. 63 (June.). Type Siro- 
phomena leda, Billings, Lower Sil. Foss. p. 120, cut, 1862. 
Brachythyris, M’Coy. Spiriferide. 
Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 128, f.20. First sp. p. 144. Spirifera duplicicosta, 
Phillips, Geol. Yorks. ii, 218, pl. x, f. 1, 1836. (—Spirifer, Sow.) 
| Branchiopoda, Risso. 


Hist. Nat. Europe Mér. iv, p. 386. Not of Latreille, fam. Crustaceo- 
tum. (= Brachiopoda, Cuv.) 


2 


1844. 
1849. 
1839. 
1848. 


1865. 


1826. 


1865. 


1844. 


L826. 


18 


Bbucardites, Argenville. Mollusca. 


Conchyl. p. 530. Non-binomial. Gen. cont. Tridacna sp. et Terebratula 
sp. fos. 


Bufocephalus, Linné. Brachiopoda. 


Vollst. Natursyst. Min. iibersetz. von Gmel. iv, p. 49. Gen. Brach. 
costatz, Spiriferi (sp.) teste Quenstedt, Producti (sp.) teste Scheuchzer. 


Bursula, Klein. Brachiopoda. 


Ostracol. p. 173, pl. xii, f. 80. Gen. Brach. dubium. Blainville, Dict. 
Sci. Nat. v, Suppl. p. 139, ad Terebratula, Luid, ref. Sole ex. B. corallina, 
Klein, 1. c. (non-binomial). 


Calceola, Lamarck. . Coelenterata. 


Prodrome, p. 89. Sole ex. Anomia sandalina, Gmel. Syst. Nat. iv, p. 349. 
Davidson, 1856, pl. xiii, f. 9-13. (Sil.) Not = Calceola, Swains. 1840. 


This has been shown by Lindstrém to be a genus of 
operculated corals. 
Calceolacez, Menke. Invertebrata. 


Syn. Mus. Menkeanum, p. 56. Fam.== Les Weare Desm. 
Calceolacea, Menke. . Invertebrata. 
Syn. Mus. Menkeanun, ed. ii*, p. 95. Cf. prec. : 
Calceolae, Desmoulins. Coelenterata. 
Bull. Soc. Lin. de Bordeaux, i, p. 241. Fam. cont. Calceola. 
Calceolaria, Griffith. Calceolide. 
New Ed. Cuvier, An. Kingdom, xii, p. 92. (= Calceola, Lam.) 
Calceolide, King. Coelenterata. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. cont. Calceola. 
Calceolima, Agassiz. Coelenterata. 


Nom. Zool. Index, p. 166. (—Calceolide, King, corrig. not = Calceo- 
lina, A. Adams, 1867.) 
Calceolites, Schlotheim. Calceolide. 
Petrefactenkunde, p. 173. (Calceola, Lam.) 


Camaretia, Billings. Rhynchonellide. 


Canadian Nat. iv, Aug. p. 301. (Sil.) First sp. C. Volborthi, Bill. (1. ¢.), 
Rep. Progr. Canadian Geol. Surv. 1863, p. 143, f. 77 a-c. Second sp. C. 
Panderi, Bill. (1. c.), 1863, 1. c., £. 76, a, b ; not = Triplesia, Hall. 


Typical species Rhynchonelloid ; some of the others said 
to be Pentameroid. 
Camarium, Hall. Spiviferide. 
12th Regent’s Rep. Oct. p. 42-43, f. 1-6. C. typum, Hall, 1.c. (Lower 
Held.) (= Merista, Suess.) 


Camarophoria, Bronn. Pentameride. 
Leonh. u. Bronn, Jahrb. 1845, p. 254. (= Camerophoria, King cor.) 


1757. 


1779. 


L753. 


1799. 


ISd4. 


1846. 


Ls47,. 


1820. 


1859. 





1859. 


1845. 








19 


Camerelia, “ Billings”, Paetel. Rhynchonellide. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 32; lapsus (== Camarella, Bill.). 
Camerophoria, King. Rhynchonellide. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv, 1844, p. 313. No description or ex. cited. 
Ibid. xviii, 1846, p. 89. Type Terebratula Schlotheimi, von Buch, ef. Chenu, 
Man. ii, p. 220, f. 1132. (Cf. Stenocisma, Conr.) 


Capsularia, Lihwyd. Brachiopoda. 
Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 466. Non-binomial. (Cf. Delthyris, Dalm.) 
Centronmelia, Billings. Terebratulide. 


Canadian Nat. iv, April, p. 131, f. 1-5. (Dev.) Rhynchonella glansfagea, 
Hall. Cf. Hall, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, xxxv, pp. 403, 405, f. 22 ; p. 400, f. 1-5, 
et Bill. 1. ¢. xxxvi, p. 237, f.8. Syn. Cryptonella, Hall, pars. (Cf. Lepto- 
coelia, Hall, 1859.) 


Charionelia, Billings. Spiriferide. 

Can. Journ. Nat. Hist. May, 1861 (extras, Mar. 1861), p. 148. Sole 

ex. Alrypa scitula, Bill. (not Hall), p. 273, f. 100,101. Ib. ex. Ch. circe, 
Bill. 1. e. p. 273. (Dev.) Subg. Athyris. (Cf. Meristella, Hall, 1861.) 


Chelodes, Davidson and King. (Incerte sedis.) 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London (May), p. 167, pl. xviii, f. 14, a-e. 
Type C. Bergmani, D. & K.1.c. (Sil.) No gen. diagn. 
Possibly a coral. Looks like the internal fulcrum of 
Zirpheea (Leuconyx, H. Adams !). 


Chonetes, Fischer de Waldheim. Productide. 
Oryct. Gouvern. Moscou, part ii, p. 134, pl. 26, f. 8-9. Sole ex. Orthis 
striatella, Fisch. 1. ec. as of Dalman, == Leptena seu Producta variolata, 
D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mérid. Pal. p. 49, pl. iv, f. 10,11, 1842, == Chonetes 
variolata, Kon. Mon. Chonetes, p. 206, pl. xix, f. 5, xx, f. 2, a-l, 1847. (Sil.) 


Chonetidz, Bronn. Arthropomata. 
Klass. u. Ordn, Thierr. ; Malacozoa, 3ten Bd., Iste Abth. p. 301-2. Fam. 
Brach. cont. Chonetes, Strophalosia, Orthothrix, Aulosteges. 


Chonetus, Paetel. Productide. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 42; lapsus (= Chonetes, Fisch.). 

Choniopora, Schauroth. Craniide. 
Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. vi, p. 546. Type = Crania Schaurothi, 


Geinitz, Dyas, t. 20, f.3, 1861. Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschl. 1871, p. 687, 
pl. 61, f. 90. 


Genus described as a polyzoon, being covered with minute, 
short tubule, but may be a good section of Crania. 


Choristides, Keferstein. Brachiopoda. 
Zeit. Geogn. p. 43; lapsus (= Choristites, Fischer). 
Choristites, Fischer de Waldheim. Spiriferide. 


Sur la Choristite, p. 7, pl. 1, f. 1-4. First sp. C. mosquensis, Fisch. 1. ¢. 
== Spirifer m., Murch. Vern. u. Keys. Geol. Russ. ii, p. 161, pl. v, f. 2. 
Davidson, 1856, pl. viii, f. 26. Fisch. Oryct. Gouv. Moscou, 1830, t. 24, 
f. 1-4, C. mosquensis F. (== Spirifer, Sow.) Quenstedt. Petref. Deutschl. 
1871, ii, pp. 27, 467,506; atlas, pl. 53, f. 58-59, gen. Delthyridarum. 


i875. 


1846. 


L699. 


1859, 


isGi. 


1874. 


1837. 


1862. 


i873. 


184. 


1829. 


1825. 


20 


Cincta, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. 

Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27; atlas, t. 45, f. 93-121; gen. Epithyridarum. 

Type Terebratula numismatis, Lamarck, Hist. vi, p. 249, 1819. (= Ludesia, 
King.’ 

Cistelia, Gray. Terebratulide. 


Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach. (Jan.) p. 114. Type Terebratula cuneata, Risso, 
Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. f.179, 1826. Dall, Rev. Terebr. 1870, p. 146, f. 24. 
(Rec.) Syn. Zellania, Moore. 


Cleidothyris, Paetel. Brachiopoda. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 45; lapsus (== Cleiothyris, Phillips). 


Cleiothyris, Phillips. Atrypide. 


Pal. Foss. Cornwall and Devon, p. 55. Cf. Brit. Pal. Foss. Cambridge 
Mus. p. 196, 1852. Suggested to replace Atrypa, Dalman, on account of 
objections to the latter name, but not usedin the text. (= Atrypa, Dalm.) 


Cleiothyris, King. Spiriferide. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 32 (referred to Atrypa), 1846. Ibid. 
Perm. Foss. p. 138, pl. x, f. 1-10. Type Terebratula pectinifera, King, 1. c. 
= Atrypa pectinifera, J. de C. Sow. Min. Conch. vii, p. 14, pl. 616, 1841. 
Not Cleiothyris, Phillips. (== Athyris, M’Coy.) 
Cliothyris, Agassiz. Atrypide. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 259. (== Cleiothyris, Phil. corrig.) 
Ciipsilia, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) 
Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232. Name only; no description or 
type cited. Gen. incert. 
Clistemterata, King. Brachiopoda. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv, vol. xii, p. 15, July. Subclass cont. 
Brach. articulata. (= Arthropomata, Owen.) 
Clitambonites, Agassiz. Brachiopoda. 


Nom? Zo6l. Index, p. 259. (= Klitambonites, Pander corr.) 


Coelospira, Hall. Atrypide. 

16th Regent’s Rep. July, p. 60, cut. Type Leptocoelia concava, Hall. 

10th Regent’s Rep. 1657, p. 107. Hall’s first species of Leptocoelia, but 

not congeneric with the species finally selected by Hall as typical of the 

latter. Cf.Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxvi, p. 16, f.37, July, 1363. Same 
type. Not = Leptocoelia, Hall, 1859. (Comp. Zygospira, Hall.) 


Comerophoria, Gray. Pentameride. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 438; lapsus (= Camerophoria, King). 


Concha anomia, Colonna. Brachiopoda. 


Fab. Col. De Purpura, p. 23. Aquat. Obs. p. 43. Non-binomial. In- 
determinate species of recent and fossil arthropomatous brachiopods. 


Concha triansgulata vulgaris, Gualteri. Brachiopoda. 
Index, tab. 82. Non-binomial. (= Terebratula, Llhwyd.) 


Is7i. 


1853. 


187s. 


1841. 


1850. 


i873. 


1847. 


i863. 


LsA4s. 


1616. 


1742. 








at 
Concha triloba, Klein. Brachiopoda. 17658. 


Ostracol. p. 172, t. xi, f. 75. Non-binomial. First species, Siriata 
prima, rarior, columnae; Kl. 1. ¢. p. 172. (Incert.) 


Conchidiumn, Linné. Pentameride. 1760. 


Mus. Tessin. p. 90, t. v, f. 8, 1753. C. biloculare, Lin. 1.¢. Ibid. Syst. 
Nat. ed. xi, ii, p. 163, 1760; diagn. in extenso, sole ex. Pat.? bilocularis, 
Lin. = Anomites bilocularis, Wahl. Acta Upsala, 1821, viii, p. 67,—= 
Gypidia conchidium, Dalm. Quenst. Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 227, 1871; 
atlas, pl. 43, f. 36-9. Syn. Gypidia, Dalman, Hall. 


Conchites, Linné. Brachiopoda. 1733. 
Mus. Tessin. p. 88, t. v, f. 1-8. Indeterminate fossil Brachiopoda. 
Conchyliolithus, Martin. Brachiopoda. 1809. 


Petref. Derb.* teste Agassiz. (Cf. Conchites.) 


Conmradia, Hall, MS. Trimerellide. 
Cf. Dav. & King. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1874, p. 159. Not 
Conradia, A. Ad. (= Dinobolus, Hall.) 
Crania, Retzius. Craniide. 1781. 


Schrift. Berliner Ges. Naturf. Freunde, ii, p. 72. Type Anomia cranio- 
laris, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, i, pt. 1, p. 1150, = C. brattensburgensis, Retz. 
l.c. Davidson, 1853, pl. ix, f. 229. Syn. Orbicula, Cuv. 


Craniacea, Menke. Brachiopoda. 1830. 


Syn. Mus. Menkeanum, ed. ii, p. 96. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidia, 
Crania, Orbicula. (= Les Cranies, Rang.) Ibid. Anton, Verzeichn. 1839, 
Dexa. 
Craniacez, Menke. Brachiopoda. 1828. 
Syn. ed. i, p. 56. (olim). (=Craniacea, Mke.) 


Craniade, Forbes. Lyopomata. 1838. 


Mal. Monensis, p. 38. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania, Discina?. 


Craniada, King. Lyopomata. 18590. 
Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania, Siphonotreta, Criopus. 
Craniads, Gray. Lyopomata. 1840. 
Synops. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania. Id. Ann. N. 
Hist. ii, p. 438, 1848. (= Craniida.) 
Cramiae, Deshayes. Invertebrata. 18390. 
Encycl. Méth. iii, p. 533, table. Fam. Brach. cont. Calceola, Crania. 
Craniadées, Davidson. Lyopomata. 1856. 


Intr. Ed. Deslongchamps, p. 226. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania. 


Cranicella, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) A825. 
Analyse de la Nature, p. 148. Name only; no type cited or diagnosis 
given. (?—Cramnia, Retz.) 
Cranidz, D’Orbigny. Lyopomata. 1849. 
Cours £.i6m. Pal. p. 90. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania. 


22 : 


Cranidées, D’Orbigny. Tyopomata. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Fam. Brach! cont. Crania. 

Craniidae, King. Lyopomata. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania, Sipho- 

notreta. 

Craniide, H. and A. Adams. Lyopomata. 
Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, p. 583. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania. 

Craniolites, Schlotheim. Lyopomata. 
Petrefactenkunde, p. 247. A general term for the fossil sp. of Crania. 

Cramiolithes, Auctt, Lyopomata. 
Cf. Craniolites. 

Craniops, Hall. Craniide. 


12th Regent’s Rep. p. 84 in catalogue. No diagnosis; inserted as a 
corrected name for Orbicula (?) squamiformis, Hall, Geol. Rep. 1843, p. 
108, f.1; Pal. N. Y. ii, p. 250, t. 53, f.4a-b. (Sil.) Hall, Pal. N. Y. iv, p. 
413, 1867 (advance copies only; omitted in the published volume). 
Davidson, Annales Soc. Mal. Belgique, x, 1874, table, No. 107. (= Pholi- 
dops, Hall.) Not Cranopsis, Dall. Comp. Pseudocrania, McCoy. 


Pholidops was substituted for this name with the same 
type and a full description in the 13th Rep. p. 92. 


Craniscus, Dall. Craniide. 


Pull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii, No. i, p. 27. Type Crania tripartita, Mun- 
ster sp. Davidson, 1856, pl. xiii, f. 21. 


Cranopsis, Dall. Craniide. 
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii, pt. 1, p. 26-7. Type Crania parisiensis, De- 


1847. 


1846. 


1858. 


L820. 


1859. 


is71. 


is7i. 


france sp. Davidson, 1856, pl. xiii, f. 23 a-b. (== Ancistrocrania, Dall.) - 


Not Cranopsis, A. Ad. 1867, gen. gast. 


Crepidites, Schroter. Calceolide. 
Lith. Lex. i, p. 366. Non-binomial. (== Crepites, Hupsch.) 

Crepidolite, Rozier. Calceolide. 
Journ. de Phys. iii, p. 150. Non-binomial. Cf. Calceola. 

Crepidolithus, Hupsch. Calceolide. 


Neue Entdeck. pp. 40, 56. Non-binomial. , Cf. Calceola. 
Crepite, Rozier. Calceolide. 
Journ. de Phys. iii, p. 150. Non-binomial. Cf. Calceola. 
Crepites, Hupsch. Calceolida. 
Neue Entdeck. pp. 40, 56. Non-binomial. Cf. Calceola. 


Criopiderma, Poli. Craniide. 


Test. utriusq. Sicil. ii, passim; lapsus (= Criopoderma, Poli). 
Criopoderma, Poli. Craniide. 


Test. utriusq. Sicil. ii, pp. 189, 255, 261. Non-binomial. Sole ex. C. 
turbinatum, Poli, loc. C£. Criopus, Poli. (= Crania, Retz.) 


1780. 
1774. 
1768. 
1774. 
1765. 


1795. 


1795. 











23 


Criopodes, Herrmannsen. 1852. 
Ind. Gen. Mal. Suppl. p. 38, pro Kriopen, Oken, q. v. 

Criopododerma, Agassiz. Craniide. 1846. 
Nom. Zool. Fase. ix, p. 301, index. (= Criopoderma, Poli corrig.) 

Criopus, Gray. Craniide. 1824. 


Lendon Med. Repository, p.238. Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii, p. 499, 1822. 
Type Patella anomala, Mull. Gray in Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit. 1852, p. 358, 
pl. xiii, f.6. Sole ex. C. orcadensis, Leach, MS. = Crania anomala, Mull. 
sp. (= Crania, Retz.) 
Criopus, Poli. Brachiopoda. 1791. 
Test. utriusq. Sicil.i, p.34. Non-binomial. Ex. C. fimbriatus, Poli, }. ¢. 
= animal of various brachiopods. 
Cryopus, Deshayes. Brachiopoda. 18836. 


An. s. Vert. ed. ii, vol. vii, p.314, passim. (= Criopus, Poli.) 


Crvptacanthia, White and St. John. Terebratulide. 1868. 


Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. i, p. 119, f. 3, a-c. Type Waldheimia com- 
pacta, W.& St. J.1.c.(Dev.) (? = Eudesia, King.) 
Cryptobrachia, Gray. Brachiopoda. 1848, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p.435. Ord. Brach. cont. fam. Thecidwade. 


Cryptobranchia, Paetel. Brachiopoda. 1875. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 58; lapsus (=-Cryptebrachia, Gray). 


Cryptocelia, Paetel. Brachiopoda. 1876. 


Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 59, as of Hall; ? apeus (= Cryptonella, Hall). 
Not Cryptocella, H. oi A, Ad. 1854. 


‘Cryptonelia, Hall. Terebratulida. 1861. 


14th Regent’s Rep. p. 101-2. No type selected. First species men- 
tioned p. 101, Terebratula Linckleni, Hall. 13th Reg. Rep., p.88. 15th 
Reg. Rep. p. 160, pl. iii, f.6,7; figures C. eximia, Hall, n. s. (Extra cop- 
ies, descr. &c. p. 132-3.) 


Cryptomelia, Hall. Terebratulide. 1868. 


16th Regent’s Rep. pp. 41, 43-47. C. Julie, Winchell, cited as example. 
C. Linckleni, Hall, remanded to Terebratula, and the genus acknowledged 
to be a synonym of Centronella, Billings. (See note, p. 47, 1. c.) 
Cryptonella, Hall. Terebratulide. 1867. 
Notice of Pal. N. York, vol. iv, Mar. 1867, p. 20. C. rectirostra, Hall, 
the second species of the 14th Reg. Rep. taken as type. As last consti- 
tuted, the group seems a valid sectionof Waldheimia. (Dev.) 
Cryptomema, (Hall?) Bigsby. Arthropomata. 1868, 
Bigsby, Thes. Sil. p. 93; name only inlist. Sole ex. cited C. siluriana, 
Hall (? lapsus, = Cryptonella). 5 
Cryptopora, Jeffreys. : Rhynchonellide. 1869. 


Nature, p. 136, Dec. 2, 1869. Ex. C. gnomon, Jeffr. No description 
of type or genus (cf. Atretia, Jeftr.). 


24 


Ctemitcs, Kentman. Invertebrata. 
Nom. rer. foss. p. 33; and other non-binomial writers. 


Name for longitudinally striate bivalves, among which 
some brachiopods were counted. 


Cunolites, Auctt. 
Cf. Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxii, 1821, p.402,in synonymy. (Cf. Hys- 
terolithus.) 
Curvulites, Rafinesque. (Ineerte sedis.) 


En. Rem. Obj. Cab. Raf. p. 4. Sole ex. C. striata, Raf. Not identi- 
fiable. Genus ref. by Agassiz, Nom. Zool. fase. ix, p. 26, 1846, to the 
Brachiopoda. 


Cyclothyridae, Phillips. Arthropomata. 


Pal. Foss. Cornwall and Devon. p. 55. Fam. Brach. cont. Epithyris, 
Hypothyris. 


Cvclothyrides, Agassiz. Arthropomata. 
Nom, Zool. Index, p. 519, = Cyclothyride, Phil. corrig. 
Cyclothyris, M’Coy. (Incertee sedis.) 
Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 150, f. 29. No ex. cited; a generic figure given. 
Undeterminable. 
Cyclothyris, Davidson. Rhynchonellide. 


Intr. p. 181, as of M’Coy;insynonymy. Type cited, Rhynchonella latis- 
sima, Sow. Min. Conch. ii, p. 37, t. 18, f. 1. (?== Rhynchonella.) 


Cyrtama, Hall. Spiriferide. 
Pal. N. Y. iv, p. 188, err. typ. ? = Cyrtina, Davidson. 

Cyrthia, D’Orbigny. Spiriferide. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268, male pro Cyrtia, Dalm. 

Cyrtia, Dalman. Spiriferide. 


Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, pp. 93, 97. First sp. C. exporrecta, 
Dalm. }. ¢. p. 118, t. 3, f. 1, Anomites exporrectus, Wahl. Act. Upsal. 
vill, p. 64. (Sil.) Second sp. (var. of last, teste Dav.) C. trapezoidalis, 
Dalm. }. c. p. 119, t. 3, f. 2. Davidson, 1856gpl. viii, f. 33. The first 
name is assigned to the type by Day. 1856. 


Cyrtima, Davidson. Spiriferide. 
Brit. Carb. Brach. p. 66. First sp. Cyrtia heteroclita, Defrance, Dav. 
1. c. p. 67, cut. Chenu, Man. ii, p. 215, f. 1101, 1103. Davy. 1856, pl. viii, 

f, 36-39. Ibid. Dev. Brach. p. 48, pl. ix, f. 1-16. 


Daphnoidia, Hibbert. Articulata. 


Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xiii, p. 180. No specific name applied; a genus 
of Entomostraca wrongly referred to the Brachiopoda by Agassiz, Nom. 
Zool. fase. ix, p. 29, 1846, 


Davidsonia, Bouchard-Chanteroux. Atrypide@. 
Ann. Sci. Nat. c. xii, p.84. Type D. verreuili, B.-C. 1. c. Davidson, 1856, 
p. 207, pl. xiii, f. 2, 3, 6,7. 


1565. 


18st. 


1841. 


1847. 


is44. 


1867. 


IS47. 


i836. 


1849. 











25 


Davidsonideze, King. Arthropomata. 


Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Davidsonia. Davidson, 1853, p. 
51. (Mel. Davidsoniida.) 


Delthiridzea, Gray. Terebratulide. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 488; lapsus(= Delfayridea, M’Coy). 


Delthyrids, Phillips. Arthropomata. 


Pal. Foss. Cornwall and Devon. p.54. Fam. Brach. cont. Orthis, Spirifer, 
Strigocephalus, Pentamerus, Cleiothyris. 


Delthvridz, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p.27. Mesopygia, sect. ii, cont. subsect. a and b. 
a. b. 


Spirifer. Spiriferina. 

Choristites. Syringothyris. 

Cyrtia. Cyrtina. 

Trigonotreta. Suessia. 
Delthyridacea, F. Braun. Arthropomata, 


Verz. Bayr. Petref. p.44. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifer, Orthis. 


Delthyridea, MCoy. Arthropomata. 

Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 130, f. 27. No ex. cited, but an unrecognizable 
generic figure given. (Genus incert.) 

Delthyridea, King. Terebratulida. 


Perm. Foss. p.141. Type Terebratula pectiniformis, Schlotheim, Quenst. 
Handb. Petref. p. 463, t. 37, £.14. (= Trigonosemus, Kon.) 


Delthyris, Dalman. Spiriferide. 


Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, pp. 93,99. First sp. 1. ¢. p. 120, t. iii, 
f. 3, D. elevata, Dalm. a Silurian sp. of Spirifer, teste. Dav. Not Delthy- 
ris Mke. or von Buch. (= Spirifer, Sow.) 


Delithyris, Menke. Terebratulide. 


Syn. Mus. Menkeanun, ed. ii. p. 96, as of Dalman, but types not con- 
generic. I1stspec. Terebratella dorsata, Lam. sp. Rve. Conch. Icon. v, f. 21 
a-d. Not Delthyris, Dalm. (= Terebratella, D’Orb.) 


Delthyris, von Buch. Arthropomata. 
Ueber Delthyris, p. 4. Genus a medley of forms belonging to various 
groups. Not Delthyris, Dalm. 
Deltyrydiea, Davidson. Terebratulide. 
Intr. in synonymy of Trigonosemus, p. 126; lapsus (= Delthyridea, 
M’Coy). 
Dicellomus, Hall. Lyopomata. 


23d Regent’s Rep. p. 246, pl. 13, f. 6-9, 1873. (Extras Mar. 1871, fide 
Hall.) Types D. crassa, Hall, |. ec. = Obolella sp. Bill. and Obolella? po- 
lita, Hall, 16th Reg. Rep. p. 133, pl. vi, f. 17-21. Jan. 1864. (Cf. 
Schmidtia, Volb. 1869.) 


Diclipsites, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Gen. incert. 


184s. 


is4i. 


i877. 


1840. 


1s44. 


1830. 


182s. 


18so. 


i837, 


L836. 


is7i. 


ES3i. 


26 


Diclisma, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) 1821. 


Ann. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, 1820, p. 292; name cited without any de- 
scription in Mon. Turbinolies de Kentucky. Id. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, 
1831, p.7. No ex. cited. Genus incert. 


Dicoelosia, King. Stropkomenide. 18390. 
Mon. Perm. Foss. p. 106. (Si.) Type Anomia biloba, Lin. Dav. 1853, 
t. viii, f. 143-5, sect. Orthis. (= Bilobites, Linné.) 
Diconcha inzquatlis, Klein. Invertebrata. 1753. 
Ostracol. p.171. Non-binomial. Section containing genera, Terebra- 
tula, Concha triloba, Concha adunca, Bursula, Globus, Stola, Concha ansata. 
Dicramiseus, Meek. Ethynchonellide. 18'72. 
Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 3d ser. iv, p. 28. Type D. ortoni, Meek, 1. c. 
Pal. Ohio, 1873,i, p. 176, pl. xv, f.1 a-k. (= Triplesia, Hall.) 
Dictyonmella, Hall, MS. ? Rhynchonellide. 
20th Regent’s Report, p. 274, Mar. 1867. (Sil.) Type Atrypa coral- 
lifera, Hall, Pal. N. York, 1852, p.281. (= Hichwaldia, Bill.) 
Dielasma, King. Terebratulide. 1859. 
Proc. Dublin Un. Bot. Zool. Assoc. i, p. 260. Type Terebratula elongata, 
Schlotheim. Dav. Perm. Brach.p. 7,f.5, 17, 18, 20. (= Epithyris, King, 
uot Phillips. Cf. Seminula, M’Coy, 1855, not 1844.) 
Digmoméia, Hall. Lingulide. 1871. 


23d Regent’s Rep., p. 245, pl. 13, f. 3, 1873. Extras Mar. 1871, fide Hall. 
Type D. alveata, Hall, 1. c¢. 


s 


Dimewreliia, Zittel. Rhynchonellida. 18'79. 
Dunker & von Meyer, Paleont. p. 220. Type D. Gumbelli, Zittel, 1. c. p. 
222, pl. xli, f. 27-30. Syn. dtretia, Jeffr. Cryptopora, Jeffr. 
Dinobolus, Hall. Trimerellide. 1871. 


23d Regent’s Rep. p. 247, 1873. Extras, Mar. 1871, fide Hall. Type 
Otolus Conradi, Hall, 20th Reg. Rep. p. 368. (Compare Acritis, Volborth, 
1869.) Adt. Dav. & King, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, May, 1874, 
p- 159, pl. xviii, f. 1-4. (Cf. Obolellina, Bill.) 


Diphyites, Schroter. (Incerte sedis.) 1779. 
Lith. Lex. ii, p.423. Non-binomial. (?—= Pygope, Link.) 


Diplothyridze, Quenstedt. | Arthropomata. 1871. 


Petref. Deutsch. ii, p. 27. Subsect. Productide cont. Orthis, Orthisina, 
Leptana, Strophomena, Streptorhynchus, Hystcrolithus, Dicoelosia, Lepto- 
coelia. (Diplothyra, Tryon, = gen. Pholadacea.) 


Discima, Lamarck. Discinide. 1819. 


Hist. An. s. Vert. vi, p. 236. Type D. ostreoides, Lam. (not described), = 
Orbicula norvegica, Sow. non. Lam.= Crania striata, Schum. + C. radiata, 
Gould, Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 465, f. 480, a-c, 1852. (Recent.) 


piscima, Dall. Discinide. 1871. 


Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ili, p. 39, 1871. Subg. Discina, type D. striata, 
Schum. sp. (= Discina, Lam. sens. str.) 





27 


Discina, Turton. Craniide. 1822, 
Dithyra Brit. p. 238, ex parte. (= Crania sp.) 
Discinella, Hall. (Incerte sedis.) 1875. 


23d Regent’s Rep. p. 246, 1873. Extras Mar. 1871, fide Hall. Diag- 
nosis only; no ex. cited. Gen. incert. Said to ==operculum of Hyolithes 


(Pteropoda). 
Discinidze, Gray. Tyopomata. 1840. 
- Synops. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 439. Fam. 
Brach. cont. Discina. 
Discinidz, King. Lyopomata. 1850. 
Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Discina, Orbiculoidea, Trematis. 
Discimida, Davidson. Lyopomata. 1858. 
Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cont. Discina (? Orbiculoidea, Trematis), Sipho- 
notreta (? Acrotreta). Ibid. 1856, p. 90. 
Discinima, Agassiz. Lyopomata. 4847. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 366. (= Discinide, Gray corrig.) 
Discinisca, Dall. Discinide. 1871. 


Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii, p. 37, May, 1871. Type Discina lamellosa, 
Broderip, Reeve, Conch, Icon. pl. i, f. 4, 1862. (= Discina, auct. not Lam.) 
Eatonia, Hall. Rhynchonellide. 1837. 


10th Regent’s Rep. p. 90, f.1-7. No diagnosis. First sp. Atrypa medi- 

alis, Vanuxem, Pal. N. York, iii, t. 37, f. 1. (L. Held.) Ibid. 12th 

Regent’s Rep. Oct. 1859, p. 35, f. 1-7, Ist. sp. H. peculiaris, Conr. 1841. Not 

Eaionia, Edgar Smith, gen. Gasterop. 1875. 

Eichwaldia, Billings. (?) Rhynchonellide. 1858. 

Rep. Prog. Canadian Geol. Surv. p.190. (L.Sil.) Type, p. 192, f. 24 

a-e, |. c. L. subtrigonalis, Bill. Hall, 20th. Reg. Rep. p. 274. (Relations 

doubtful.) Syn. Dictyonella, Hall. 


Elomia, Meek & Hayden. Rhynchonellida. 1864. 


Pal. Upper Missouri (Jurassic), p.70, September; lapsus, pro Latonia. 
(= Eatonia, Hall.) 
Enmteletes, Fischer de Waldheim. Arthropomata. 1830. 
Oryct. Gouv. Moscou, 1830, p. 193, t. 26, f. 6-7. Ex. 2. glabra, Fisch. 1. 
ce. Ibid. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1843, p. 16. Ex. Z. Phillipsi, Fisch. 
(Gen. incert., probably = Spirifer, Sby.) 
Entellites, G. B. Sowerby. Arthropomata. 1842. 


Conch. Man. ed. ii, p. 144; lapsus (= Enteletes, Fisch.). Said by Sow- 
erby to be a heterogeneous assembly. 











Entogyrz, Dalman. Arthropomata. 1828. 
Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, p. 89. Sect. Brach. cont. Delthyris, 
Cyrtia, Atrypa. 
Epithyridee, Morris. Arthropomata. 1846. 


4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. ii, p. 387. Division of Terebratula 
| cont. sections characterized by sculpture. 


28 


Epithyrida, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 1871. 


Petref. Deutsch]. ii, p. 27. Subsect. Terebratulide, cont. Terebratula, 
Terebratulina, Terebratella, Nucleata, Trigonella, Cincta, Spirigera, Musculus. 
Epithyris, Phillips. Arthropomata. 
Pal. Foss. Cornwall & Devon. p. 55, No ex. cited.” Diagn. insuffi- 
cient. Genus and family indeterminable. 
Epithyris, King. Terebratulide. 
Perm. Foss. p. 146. pl. vi, f. 30, 45. Type TZerebratulites elongatus, 
Schlotheim sp. (King, 1. e.), Acad. Miinchen, vi, p. 27, pl. vii, f. 7-9, 1816. 
Not Epithyris Phillips. Syn. Dielasma, King. 
Epithyrus, Paetel. Arthropomata. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 77 ; lapsus (= Lpithyris, Phillips). 
Eudesia, King. Terebratulide. 


Perm. Fos, pp. 144, 246. Type Terebratula orbicularis, Sow. = T. cardium, 
Val. Lam. Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vi, p. 255, 1819. (Odlitic). Dav. Mon. 
Oolitic Brach. p. 43, pl. xii, f. 15-18. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1850, pl. xiv, 
f. 47. Quenstedt, Petr. Deutsch]. 1871, pl. 45, f. 67-71. 


This genus, being identical with Waldheimia, was with- 
drawn by Prof. King in favor of the latter name, which was 
simultaneously published (see Perm. Foss. p. 246). Since 
Waldheimia is preoccupied in Hymenoptera, this name may 
advantageously be revived for the genus. 

Eumetria, Hall. Spiriferide. 

16th Regent’s Rep. pp. 54-5, 59, f.2-3. Types Retzia vera, Hall, |. c. and 

R. serpentina, Koninck, Chenu, Man. ii, p. 216, f. 1111. (= Acambona, 
White. Cf. Retzia.) 

Euthyris, Quenstedt. Spiriferide. 

Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 444. Name proposed to replace Athyris, which 


Q. regards as inappropriate. But Seminula, Actinoconchus, and Spirigera 
have prior claims if Athyris be rejected. (= Athyris, McCoy.) 


Fissirostra, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 89. (Cf. Fissuri- 
rostra, D’Orb.) 
Fissirostris, Gray. Terebratulida. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 436; lapsus (= Fissirostra). 


Fissurirostra, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. 
Pal. Frang. Ter. Cret. iv, p. 32, t. 520. Type F. recurva, Defrance sp. 
(D’Orb. 1. ¢.). Davidson, 1856, p. 126, t. vii, f. 6-8. D’Orb. 1850, Ann. 
Sci. Nat. c. xiii, pp. 341, 346, (= F. elegans var.). (= Trigonosemus, Konig.) 
Fissuristra, Paetel. Terebratulide. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 82, as of D’Orb. ; lapsus (= Fissirostra, D’Orb.). 
Fixivalves, Latreille. Invertebrata. 


Fam. Nat. Régne An.* Fam. Brach. = Fizivalvia, Berth. 


Ls4l. 


1830. 


is7. 


1850. 


1864. 


is7i. 


1847. 


184s. 


1s4s. 


L873. 


182. 








ae 
Se eee 





- 





29 


Fixivalvia, Berth. Invertebrata. 1827. 


Germ. ed. Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 196. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula, 
Crania, Acardo?, Spharulites?. 


Frenula, Dall. Terebratulide. 

Am. Naturalist, March, 1871, p. 55 (diagn. err.). Type I’. (Megerlia) 

Jeffreysi, Dall, Am. Journ. Conch. vii, p. 65, pl. xi, f. 7-10. (Recent.) 
(= Megertia, King, subg. Ismenia, Dall, not King.) 


Fusella, Moy. Spiriferide. 
Carb. Foss. Ireland, pp. 128, 182. Type Spirifera fusiformis, Phillips, 
Geol. Yorkshire, p. 217, pl. ix, f. 10-11, as of J. de C. Sowerby MS. 1836. 

(= Spirifer, Sow.) 


Glossina, Phillips. Lingulide. 


Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britain, ii, part ii, p. 370. (No diagn.) Cites 
Lingula attenuata, Sow. Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 44, t. iii, f. 18-27, and 
Lingula crumena, Phil. 1. c. p. 369, pl. xxiv, f. 1-6. Day. Mon. Sil. Brach. 
p. 40, t. ii, f. 1-6. (Sil.) Section containing the trigonal paleozoic Lin- 
gule, and which will probably eventually be adopted. 


Glottidia, Dall. Lingulide. 


Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 157, pl. viii, f. 1-6. (Recent.) Type Lin- 
gula albida, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. p. 71, pl. xix, f. 4. 


Gonambonites, Pander. Strophomenide. 


Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, p. 77, t. iii, f. 1, xxviii, f. 15, generic dia- 
grams. First sp. p. 77, t. xxv, f. 1, G. lata, Pander, 1. c. (Sil.), which, 
according to Bronn, Ind. Pal. ii, p. 539, with G. plana and other of Pan- 
der’s sp. is the same as “ Orthis” plana, Murch. Verneuil & Keys. Geol. 
Russia, ii, p. 199, t. xi, f. 7, =‘ Orthis” plana, Quenstedt, Petr. Deutsch. 
1871, p. 545, t. 55, f. 37-41, which is a Klitambonites. Syn. Orthisina, King. 
(= Klitambonites.) 


Goniclis, Rafinesque. (Incerte. sedis.) 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited; diagn. insuff. 


Goniocoelia, Hall. Spiriferide. 

14th Regent’s Rep. p. 101, and 15th do. pl. ii, f. 17-25. Subg. Mers- 

tella. (Upper Held.) Type Atrypa uniangulata, (Conr.) Hall, var. 

uniplicata, = Airypa unisulcata, Conr., Hall, Pal. N. York, iv, p. 309. 
(= Pentagonia, Cozzens.) 


Gonotrema, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) 


Ann. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232, in Mon. Turbinolies de Kentucky. 


Short descr. No ex. cited. Ibid. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p.7. No ex. 
cited. 


Gotiandia, Dall. Trimerellide. 


Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 160. Type G. Lindstromi, Dall, 1. c. p. 161, 
= Trimerella, sp. Lindstrém, Ofy. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. f. 1867, p, 253, pl. 
21. (Sil.) Provisional genus proposed on Lindstrém’s figures, which, 
proving to be inaccurate, the genus was withdrawn by Dall, 1. c. vii, 
p. 81, 1871. (= Trimerella, Bill.) 


AS7k. 


1844. 


is4s. 


i876. 


1830. 


ESSE. 


isGi. 


1820, 


is7@. 


30 


Griphus, Blainville. Terebratulide. 
Dict. Sci. Nat. liii, p. 145, div. Terebr. = Gryphus, Meg. 


Gryphites, Llhwyd. Invertebrata. 
Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 26, and other non-binomial authors. Cont. Gryphea, 
sp. et Productus, sp. foss. 
Gryphus, Megerle von Muhlfeld. Terebratulide. 
Schrift. Berl. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1811, p. 64. Ex. Terebratula vitrea, 
Lam. Davidson, 1853, pl. vi, f. 1-2. Not Gryphus, Brisson or Wagler. 
(= Terebratula, Muller.) 
Gryphytes, Da Costa. Invertebrata. 
Elem. Conch. p. 250. Non-binomial. Cf. Gryphites. 


Gwynia, King. Terebratulide. 
Proc. Dublin Univ. Zool.-Bot. Assoc. i, p. 258, f. 1-5. Type G. capsula, 
King, l.c. Reeve, Conch. Icon. x, f. 39. Animmature form, perhaps 
Waldheimia cranium test. juv. 
Gypidia, Dalman. Pentameridee. 
Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, pp. 93, 100. Sole ex. 1. c. p. 125, t. iv, 
f.1,a-g. Gypidia conchidium, Dalman, = Anomites ec. Wahlenberg, Act. 
Upsala, viii, p. 67, -++- Conchidium biloculare, Linné, Mus. Tessin. p. 90, t. v, 
f.8. (Sil.) Murch. Vern. et Keys. Geol. Rus. Ural, ii, p. 116, t. 8, f. 2. 
Proposed by Dalman, who considered it as partly = Pen- 
tamerus, Sow. which he regarded as preoccupied by Penta- 
mera, Dumeril, gen. Coleoptera, 1806. Why does Dav. 1856, 
p. 173, note, state that Uncities gryphus is included by Dal- 
man? It does not appear in the synonymy, nor do the 
figures seem to agree. (== Conchidium, Lin.) 


Gypidia, Hall. Pentameride. 
Notice Pal. N. York, vol. iv, p. 164, Mar. 1867. Pal. N. York, vol. iv, 
p. 374. Type G.conchidium, Dalm. (= Gypidia, Dalm.). 
Gypidiuma, Beyrich. Pentameride. 
Beitr. zur Kenntn. Verst. Rhein. Uebergeb.* (= Gypidia, Dalm.) 


Gypiduia, Hall. Pentameride. 


Notice Pal. N. York, vol. iv, p. 163, Mar. 1867. (Dev.) Pal. N. York, 
iv, pp. 373, 380, pl. 58 a@ (all), 18657. Type Pentamerus occidentalis, Hall, 
Geol. Iowa, i, part ii, p. 514, pl. vi, f. 2, 1858, but not of Hall, Pal. N. 
York, ii, p. 341, 1852. 


Hapalosia, Agassiz. Mollusca. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 496, = Apalosia, Raf. corrig. q. v. 


Eielictopoda, Gray. Brachiopoda. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 436. Subclass Brach. cont. Sclerobrachia, 
Sarcicobrachia, 


1828, 


1699. 


2Sal. 


i776. 


1809. 


A82s. 


i867. 


is3s7. 


18G7. 


1847. 


1848, 











31 


Helmmersemia, Pander. ? Obolide. 18G1h. 


Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, iii, p. 47, pl. ii, f. 2, a-g. Type 
H. jerémejewi, Pander, 1. c. (mel. ieremiefi). Not seen. 


Helimintholithus, Linné. Invertebrata. 1760. 


Syst. Nat. ed. xi, ii, p. 162. Subclass inv. foss. cont. Vermes foss. 
incl. some brachiopods. 


Hemiasterias, Herrmannsen. (Incerte sedis.) 1847. 
Index Gen. Mal. i, p. 524, as of Raf. (= Hemisterias, R.) 


Hemipriomites, Agassiz. Strophomenide. 1847. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 511; lapsus (= Hemipronites, Pand.). 


Hemipromites, Pander. Strophomenide. 1830. 

Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, pp. 71, 74, t. iii, f. 14 (generic only). Sec- 
tion or subgenus of Klitambonites, fully described ; first sp. p. 74, H. tumida, 
Pand. t. xviii, f. 6, a-d. (Sil.) (= Alitambonites, Pander.) 

The relative application of this name and the names Strep- 
torhynchus, Lepteena, Strophomena, Plectambonites, and Hip- 
parionyx is involved in more obscurity, and has been more 
variously regarded by differeut authors, than almost any 
other case of a similar nature in the annals of malacological 
nomenclature. This has been still further complicated by 
the uncertainty which still exists in regard to the internal 
characters of most of the species, and the different values 
assigned by authors to these characters when they have 
been made known. 

A reference to the various names above cited will disclose 
the views taken by several authors, and further elucidate 
the historical account which follows, when it may not appear 
sufficiently full. 

In1848, Bronn, in the Index Paleontologicus, i, p.585, refers 
nineteen of Pander’s twenty-one nominal species to “Orthis” 
hemipronites, von Buch (Beitr. Best. Gebirgs-Form. Russl. 
1840, p. 20), including Pander’s first. or typical species H. 
tumida, the specific name of which, of course, is entitled to 
priority without regard to its generic affiliations. If this be 
correct, it would certainly seem, irrespective of other consid- 
erations, as if H. tumida (or hemipronites) was entitled to be 
considered as Pander’s type. In case the genus Hemipro- 
nites, as typified by H. tumida, be synonymous with some 
previously named group, there would still remain H. alata 


32 


and H. globosa, Pander, to which the name Hemipronites 
might be applied if they prove distinct from any group 
named before 1830; and which, under Pander’s name, were 
thus separated as a section of Orthis by Bronn in 1849 (iii, 
p. 228). To this it may be objected that the first species is 
represented by an unrecognizable cast of the interior, and 
the second bears considerable resemblance, as far as the 
figure is concerned, to a species of Porambonites. I shall 
therefore consider H. tumida and vars. as forming the typical 
species. 

Quenstedt (Petr. Deutschl. 1871, p. 545, t. 55, f. 32-34) 
has figured the interior of what he states to be this species, 
which he regards as one of his somewhat heterogeneous 
group of Orthides, and affiliates to Orthisina, D’Orb. (= 
Klitambonites). The character of this interior does not ap- 
pear to differ materially from that of Klitambonites, but, in 
deciding, much will depend on the view taken by each indi- 
vidual paleontologist as to the value of characters which 
appear to vary as much within the species as do the so- 
called generic characters between different groups of species. 
According to Quenstedt’s figures, the difference between 0. 
hemipronites (= tumida, type of Hemipronites) and O. ano- 
mala (= adscendens, teste Quenstedt, type of Klitambonites 
and first species of Orthisina, D’Orb.) is merely a question of 
degree of breadth of area and prolongation of the median 
ventral septum. O. plana seems to be of very similar type. 
For present purposes, it will suffice to regard Hemipronites 
and Orthisina as synonyms of Klitambonites, leaving to 
paleontologists the duty of determining whether there are 
grounds for ultimate separation of the species which they 
contain. 

Now Davidson and some other authors have (as it seems 
to the writer), with evident propriety, taken Blainville’s sole 
species (S. rugosa) as the type of the genus Strophomena, of 
which Blainville alone can be considered as the author ; this 
species is generally admitted to be the same as S. planwm- 
bona, Hall, figured by Meek in the Paleontology of Ohio, i, p. 
74, pl. 6, f. 3 a-g, 1873, and by Davidson, 1856, t. xi, f. 37-39. 

In 1843, Vanuxem (Geol. Rep. Third Distr. N. York, p. 124, 











= 


od 


f. 4) fonnded his genus Hipparionyr on a species to which 
he gave the name of proximus, and which has been fully 
illustrated by Prof. Hall under the name of Orthis hippa- 
rionyx in Pal. N. York, vol. iii. Subsequently Prof. Hall 
(Sixteenth Regent’s Rep. p. 65) refers to this species as an 
extreme form of the genus Streptorhynchus of King, which, 
if true, would reduce Prof. King’s name to a synonym. 'since 
Vanuxem’s genus rests on the character of its type, and its 
validity is not affected by the original inclusion with that 
type of species not congeneric. 

Prof. King, in 1850 (Perm. Foss. p. 107), erected into a 
genus the Terebratula pelargonata of Schiotheim, under the 
name of Streptorhynchus. This and O. crenistria were for 
some time afterward included by Davidson in Orthisina (= 
Klitambonites), but have since been separated from that con- 
nection, and recognized by him as species of Streptorhynchus, 
which he adopts as a section of Strophomena. 

In 1864, Mr. F. B. Meek (Pal. Upper Missouri, part i, p. 
25) expresses the opinion that Streptorhynchus is not sepa- 
rated by any definite characters from Hemipronites, as he 
understood it (=Strophomena, Blainville), and with Hippa- 
rionyx unites the two under Pander’s name, which he adopts. 
In 1873 (1. c.), Mr. Meek, being unaware that Rafinesque’s 
genus Strophomenes had not been described prior to Blain- 
ville’s description of Strophomena, and relying on the state- 
ment that a specimen of the Anomites rhomboidalis of Wah- 
lenburg had been labelled Strophomena rugosa by Rafinesque 
himself, proposed to adopt that as the type of Strophomena 
(a name never published by Rafinesque), and to retain the 
typical species of Blainville and its congeners under the 
name of Hemipronites. In Pal. Ohio, ii, p. 281, Mr. Meek 
reiterates his opinions of 1864 and 1875. If the proposi- 
tions upon which this opinion was founded, namely, that 
Pander’s type of Hemipronites was a “ true Streptorhynchus 
of King”, and that between the latter and the Strophome- 
noid forms typified by S. planumbona there is no difference 
except of degree, had proved unassailable, no question would 
arise as to the propriety of his conclusions. 

However, since 1863, numerous investigations have re- 

3 


34 


sulted in greater knowledge of the internal arrangements 
of the types of these groups, and greatly modified the for- 
mer method of classification of these animals, which was 
based chiefly on external characters. Had Mr. Meek not 
been prevented from extending his investigations by the 
melancholy and long-continued illness which terminated in 
his death, it is very probable that he would have reconsid- 
ered his earlier views. At ail events, it is evident that cer- 
tain differences exist between the above-mentioned groups, 
which are apparently as important as many which have 
formed the basis of accepted genera, although it cannot be 
denied that a general and rather gradual transition may be 
traced between the different sections of this family. These 
it appears better, for the sake of discrimination, to accept 
for the present, leaving for the future the task of thorough 
correlation and subordination. 

The preceding is but the beginning of these complications. 

In 1828, Dalman had described the genus Leptaena (q. v.) 
with four species (and references to others which he sup- 
posed to belong to it), which formed a heterogeneous assem- 
blage. Of the four species from which Dalman’s type must 
be selected, L. euglypha, the third, is a typical Strophomena 
(Blainville), agreeing with S. rugosa, Bl. ( = planumbona, 
Hall), in having the dorsal (or heemal) valve convex, while 
the ventral or socket valve is concave externally. The first 
and second, L. rugosa, Dalm. (= rhomboidalis), and depressa, 
Dalm., are, according to Mr. Davidson, mere varieties of one 
species. This he includes in Strophomena, not considering 
the differences by which it is distinguished from the type 
of the genus Strophomena (Blainville) to be of generic or 
subgeneric importance. These differences are chiefly that 
the relative convexity and concavity of the valves are re- 
versed, and that certain minute differences in the form of 
the muscular and vascular impressions, in the grooving of 
the tips of the cardinal process, or of the hinge-line, have 
been noticed, and also some differences of form, apparently 
owing to the general convexity, or to the sharp geniculation 
of the valves in various species. The fourth species, L. 
transversalis, Dalm., exhibits differences which seemed suf- 














35 


ficient to Mr. Davidson to authorize its separation from 
Strophomena (1853, p.108), and thus retain the name Leptaena, 
which had been so widely used in paleontological literature. 
This species*thus became the type of the restricted genus, 
and the latter has very generally been adopted. 

In 1850, however, Pander described his genus Plectam- 
bonites, in which he placed a number of species, the whole 
forming an assemblage apparently about equivalent to Lep- 
taena or Strophomena, as these terms were used in their un- 
restricted sense by early writers. The interior of some of 
his species is unknown, including the first species, and 
there are probably both Leptenas and Strophomenas (as 
restricted) contained in the genus. But his first of two 
generic figures appears to be the dorsal valve of a species 
of Strophomena of the rhomboidalis type, while his P. tri- 
angularis, imbrex, and another (all vars. of une sp.), which 
have been examined and figured by Mr. Davidson, have the 
dorsal valve concave, as in rhomboidalis. Should therefore 
it be necessary (as seems improbable) to separate the genus 
Strophomena as understood by Davidson into two groups, 
respectively typified by rhomboidalis and rugosa (planum- 
bona), Pander’s name might be utilized for the former, 
although M’Coy has (1844) also suggested a name (Lepta- 
gonia) for this identical group. 

Stropheodonta of Hall (1850, Pal. N. Y. ii) seems tolerably 
distinct from the above, if the total absence of any indica- 
tion of a covered or open foramen, which is said to charac- 
terize it, be confirmed. 

A different arrangement from that adopted by Davidson 
was proposed by Professor King, by which 8S. rhomboidalis 
was to represent Leptaena, and L. transversalis and congeners 
would be the exemplars of Plectambonites. Whacever may 
have been the points in favor of this arrangement, it may 
be said that no part of it was imperatively required by the 
rules of nomenclature, and, as another grouping has come 
into general use, which is at least equally conformable to 
those rules, it would be highly undesirable to inaugurate 
any further or unnecessary changes. 

Orthothetes of Evans (1837, q. v.) is also a synonym of 


36 


Streptorhynchus or Strophomena. At the same time that he 
proposed the genus Hemipronites, Pander also described two 
other genera, founded on unimportant differences in the 
character of the feramen, partly natural, partly accidental 
to the specimens. The respective lists of species were, as in 
the preceding cases, chiefly made up of unimportant indi- 
vidual variations. Of Orthambonites, Broun refers eleven 
out of eighteen species, including the first, to Orthis calli- 
gramma, Dalman, while of the genus Gonambonites, with 
twenty-four species, fourteen are referred to Orthis inflexa, 
Vern., and eight, including the first, to O. plana, Vern. This 
species is figured by Quenstedt, and is a Ilitambonites (or 
Orthisina), and it seems at least probable, from Pander’s 
figures, that more of his species belonged there, while others 
will be referable to Strophomena, &c. Orthambonites must 
be considered a synonym of Orthis, at least for the present ; 
and there does not at present appear to be anything not 
referable to previously named genera in Gonambonites. 

The conclusions to which this review of the history of 
these names would seem to lead, may be expressed syno- 
nymically as follows: 


Genus STROPHOMENA, Blainviile. 

- a. Strophomena (rugosa, Bl.), 1825, Davy. 1853. 
Hemipronites (planumbona), Meek, 1873. 
Leptaena (euglypha), Dalman, 1828. 

b. Hipparionyx (proximus), Vanuxem, 1843. 
Orthothetes (? crenistria, Phil. Evans, MSS. 1837?), Fischer, 1850, 
Streptorhynchus (pelargonatus, Schl.), King, 1850. 

bb. Plectambonites (rhomboidalis ?), Pander, 1830, 
Strophomena (rhomboidalis, Wall.), Meek, 1873. 
Leptaena (rhomboidalis), Dalian, 1828. 
Leptaena (rhomboidalis, Wahl.), King, 1846. 
Leptagonia (analoga, Phil.), M’Coy, 1844. 

c. Leptaena (transversalis), Dalman, 1828, Dav. 1853. 
Plectambonites (transversa), King, 1850. 

d. Stropheodonta (demissa, Conr.), Hall, 1850. 


Genus KLITAMBONITES, Pander. 

a. Klitambonites (adscendens), Pander, 1830. 
Proniles (adscendens), Pander, 1830. 
Femipronites (tumida), Pander, 1830. 
Gonambonites (plana), Pander, 1830. 
Orthisina (anomala), D’Orbigny, 1847. 

Genus ORTHIS, Dalman. 

a. Orthis (calligramma), Dalman, 1828. 
Orthambonites (calligramma), Pander, 1830. 
Schizophoria (striatula), King, 1850. 




















37 


Hemipromites, Meek. Strophomenide. 
Pal. Ohio, i, p.74. Subg. Strophomena. Type S. planumbona, Hall, Davy. 

1856, pl. xi, f. 87-39. (= Strophomena, BI.) 
_Hemisterias, Rafinesque. (Incerta: sedis.) 

Atlantic Journal, iv, p. 142, cut. H. quadriloba, Raf.1l.c. sole ex. (Re- 
ferred by Herrm. to the Brach.) 

Hemithiris, D’Orbigny. Rhynchonellide 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii, p- 
246; xiii, p. 322,1850. Type Rhynchonella psittacea, Gmel. sp. Dav. 1856, 
pl. x, f.8,9, 10,15, 16,23. Syn. Hypothyris, Fbs. & Hanl. 
Hemithyris, Bronn. Ehynchonellide. 
Jahrb. Min. p. 246. (== Hemithiris, D’Orb. corrig.) 


Heterogangliata, Owen. Invertebrata, 


Lect. on Comp. Anatomy (ed. 1843, p. 13). Name proposed by Owen 
for the subkingdom of Mollusca, and erroneously considered by Paetel 
to be equivalent to the class Brachiopoda. (= Mollusca, Cuv.) 


Hippariomyx, Vanuxem. Strophomenide. 
Geol. Rep. Third District N. York, p. 124, f.4. (Dev.) Type H. proxi- 
mus, Van. l.¢. = Orthis hipparionix, Dav. Mon. Dev. Brach. p.90. Hall, 
16th Reg. Rep. p. 65, f.6. Ibid. Pal. N. York, iii, p. 407, pl. 89, f. 1-4; pl. 
90, f. 1-7; pl. 91, f. 4, 5; pl. 94, f. 5, 1859. Some sp. of Atrypa were in- 
cluded in Vanuxem’s list. Syn. Streptorhynchus, King. 
_Hippomyx, Morris. Gasteropoda. 
Brit. Foss. p. 121. Gen. gast., sp. ad Brach, ref. Morris in err. 


‘Histerolithus, Auctt. (Incerte: sedis.) 
Cf. Hysterolithus. 


HMinniphoria, Bronn. ? Terebratulide. 


Bronr, Klass. u. Ordn. Thierr. lste Abth. p. 309, 1862, in list. (Jura.) 
(Cf. Hynniphori ia, Suess.) 


Hymmiphoria, Suess. ? Terebratulida.. 


Beitr. Paleont. Oesterr. von Hauer, Bd. i, Heft 2, p.44, t. v, f. 4-8. 
Type HZ. globularis, Suess. 1. c. (I have not access to this work.) 


The relations of this genus appear doubtful. 


Hynniphoria, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 403, as of Suess. Ex. Zerebratula cubica, Quen- 
stedt, 1. c. atlas, pl. 49, f. 90, 91. 

Hypodema, Koninck. Coelenterata. 

Notice sur les gen. Hypodema, &c. p. 12, pl. ii, f. 1-3, a-d. (Carb.) 
Type Calceola Dumontana, Kon. (1843), 1. c. 

| Hvpothyridz, Morris. Arthropomata. 


Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. ii, p.387. Division Terebratulide cont. 
sections characterized by their sculpture or form. 





1s73. 


L832. 


. L847. 


I84s. 


TS42 


1s43. 


ESG2 


Ls7@i. 


HSS. 


L846, 


38 


Kiypothyrida, King. Arthropomata. 


Perm. Foss. p.81. Fam. Brach. cont. Isorhynchus, ArUpOTS ee; Camero- 
phoria, Uncites, Pentamerus. 


Hypothyridz, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. . 


Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27. Subsect. Terebratulida cont. Rhynchonella, 
Camerophoria, Camarella, Atrypa, Pentamerus, Uncites, Strigocephalus, Pec- 
tunculus. 

Biypothyris, Phillips. ? Rhynchonellide. 

Pal. Fos. Cornwall & Devon. p. 55. ‘Beak acute; perforation below 
it ;” only diagnosis; no ex. cited and the name not used in the specific 
descriptions. 

Hiypothyris, King. Rhynchonellide. 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. First sp. H. cuboides, Sow. sp. Geol. 
Trans. v, p. 704, t. 56, f. 17. Dav. Mon. Dev. Brach. p. 65, t. xiii, f. 17- 
21. (= Khynchonella, Fisch.) 

Hypothyris, Forbes and Hanley. Rhynchonellide. 

Brit. Moll. ii, p. 346. Sole ex. Anomia psittacea, Gmel. S. N. i, F. & H. 
1. c. pl. lvii, f. 1-3. (= Hemithiris, D’Orb.) 

fiysterolites, Schlotheim. (Incerte sedis.) 

Petref. p. 247, pl. xvi-xviii. Subsect. Tercbratulites cont. spinose fossil 
brachiopods. (Cf. Hysterolithus.) 

Hysterolithes, Link. (Incerte sedis.) 

Beschr. Rostock, Samml. iv, p. 29. (Cf. Hysterolithus.) 

Hysterolithos, Grew. (Incerte sedis.) 

Mus. Soc. Reg. p. 258. Non-binomial. (Cf. Hysterolithus.) 

iiysterolithus, Aldrovandus. (Incerte sedis.) 


Mus. met. p.597. Non-binomial. Followed by Walch, Waller, Schré- 
ter, and other non-binomial authors. Included globose, spinose fossil bi- 
valves, Spondyli, Producti, et cetera. 


Hysterolithus, Quenstedt. Spiriferide. 


Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27, 472-4, genus Productida. Type Spirifer 
ostiolatus, Schloth. sp. Quenst. 1. ec. ating pl. 52, f. 1-7, 12-13, = Hystero- 
lites hystericus, Schloth. Petr. 1820, p. 249, pl. 29, f. 1. (—Spirifer, Sow.) 


Hysteropetra, Cardan. (Incerte sedis.) 
De subtil. lib. vii, p. 222. Non-binomial. (Cf. Hysterolithus, Aldr.) 
Emzequivalives, Latreille. Arthropomata. 


Fam. Nat. Régne An.* (Fam. Brach. = Inequivalvia, Berth.) 


Emaequivalvia, Berth. Arthropomata. 


Germ. ed. Latreille, Fam. Nat. p.196. Fam. Brach. cont. gen. Tere- 
bratula, senso magno. 


Emarticulata, Huxley. Brachiopoda. 


Lect. Class. An.* Intr. Class. An. 1869, p. 116. Ord. cont. Brach. in- 
articulata. (= Lyopomata, Owen.) 


73 


1s4i, 


1846.) 


18353. | 





ES 20.) 


1809.) 
1681. 


1GA4S8. | 


187i. 





39 


_ Ephidea, Billings. Arthropomata?. L874. 
| Pal. Fos. Canada, ii, pt. i, (Aug.) p. 76, f. 44. Type I. bella, Billings, 1 e. 
(Sil.) Interior unknown. 
Allocated to Kutorgina and Acrotreta by Billings; but the 
figure resembles a small valve of Klitambonites anomala 
(Orthisina anomala, Day. 1856, f. 21), Schlotheim. 
Esilia, Rafinesque. Arthropomata. 83h. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 7. Sect. Terebrariorum cont. Terebratula, 
Spinifer, Gonotrema, Amblotrema. 
Hsamemia, King. Terebratulide. 1858. 
Perm. Foss. pp. 81, 142 (not p. 245). Type Terebratulites pectunculus, 
Schlotheim, Quenst. Handb. Petr. p. 466, pl. 37, £. 23-25. Ibid. Gray, 
B. M. Cat. p. 104. (= Megerlia.) 
Ismemia, King (2). Terebratulida. 1850. 
1 Perm. Foss, p. 245, (not pp. 81, 142). Type Terebratulites pectunculoides, 
| Schlotheim, Quenst. Handb. Petr. p. 464, pl. 37, f. 15-18. (Not of Gray 
nor of King, p. 142.) (= Terebratella, D’Orb.) 
Estmemia, Dall. Terebratulide. 18'7E. 


Am. Journ. Conch. vii, p. 6. Subg. Megerlia, King. Type Terebratula 
sanguinea, Sow. Thes. Conchyl. i, p. 357, pl. 71, f. 71-73. (= Ismenia, 
Gray ; King, p. 142; + Frenula, Dall.) 
- Tsorhhymelums, King. Porambonitide. 1850. 
Perm. Foss. p. 112. Type Terebratulites equirostris, Schl. Verneuil, 
Geol. Rus. ii, pl. iii, f. i. Cf. Dav. 1853, p. 99, t. vii, f. 120-126. (= Por- 
ambonites, Pand.) 
Keyserlimgia, Pander. Obolide? 18GA. 
Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, iii, p. 46, pl. ii, f. 1 a-g. Type 
Orbicula reversa, Verneuil, Pander, l.c. Not seen. (Cf. Obolella.) 
Kingema, Davidson. Terebratulide. 183°. 
Mon. Brit. Cret. Brach. p. 42, t. iv, f. 15-28, t. v, f. 1-4. Type Tere- 
bratula lima, Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat. liii, p. 155, 1828. Davidson, 1. ¢. 
subg. Terebratella. 
Kilitambomites, Pander. Strophomenide. 1830. 


Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, p. 70, t. iii, f. 14, t. xxviii, f. 16,17. First sp. 
Pronites adscendens, Pander, p. 72, pl. xvii, f. 6, Dav. 1856, pl. xi, f. 24, 26 
(+ P. alta, P. 1. ¢. f. 5, var. pree. teste Murchison; Chenu, Man. ii, p. 
223, f. 1147, 1862). Sil. 

(Syn. Pronites, Pander, not Iliger; Gonambonites, Pander, Orthisina, 
D’Orb.) 


Genus fully described and all the species divided between 
the subgenera Pronites and Hemipronites (q. v.). The 
figures cited are given as generic merely. The first sp. of 
Pronites (adscendens, P.) must be taken as the type of the 
genus, especially as Pronites is preoccupied by Iliger for a 














40 


genus of birds, and also because one of the subgenera must 
be left by the rules of nomenclature to contain the typical 
species, aud therefore Pronites would necessarily lapse even 
if it were not pre-occupied. 
Komimeckia, Woodward. Atrypide. 18542 
Man. Rec. & Foss. Shells, p. 231, f. 145; Bronn, Thierr. iii, i, 302, 
1862. Type Producta Leonhardi, Wissm.; lapsus, == Koninchkina, Suess. 
Homimekama, Suess. Atrypide. 1853. 
Davidson, 1853, p. 92. Type Producta Leonhardi, Wissm. Dav. 1. c. 
pl. viii, f. 194-198.  ( Trias.) 
Monimeckimidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 18538. 


Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cont. Koninckina. 


Kortugima, Davidson. Obolide. US74. 
Mon. Sil. Brach. expl. pl. 1. lapsus, == Kutorgina, Bill. 


Edraussia, Davidson. Terebratulide. 1852. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix, p. 369. Type K. rubra, Dav. 1. c. = dnomia 
rubra, Pallas, Mis. Zool. pl. xiv, f. 2, 11, 1766. Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix, f. 
37, a-c. Not Kraussia, Dana, 1852, gen. crustac. (==raussina Dav.) 


Rawatssigaa, Davidson. Terebratulide. 1839. 


Sitzungsb. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Bd. 37, p. 210, and Annals Mag. Nat. 
Tlist. 1861, p. 39. Proposed for Kraussia, Dav. proc. by Dana in Crus- 


tacea. 
Ed praussimisaa, Paetel. Terebratulide. 1873. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 104, lapsus, == Kraussina, Dav. 
Kraussimimae, Dall. Terebratulide. 1870. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Subfam. Terebratulide cont. Kraussina, 
Bouchardia. 
Hirviopenm, Oken. Brachiopoda. 1818. 


Zool. vii, p. 249. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Acardo?, Orbicula, 
Lingula. 


Hdatorgima, Billings. (Incerte sedis.) 18G@H. 
Paleoz. Foss, Can. Geol. Survey, i, p. 8, f. 9 (not 8 and 10). Type 


Oboleila cingulata, Bill. Sil. (advance sheets Nov. 1861, 1. ¢.). Subg. 
Obolella, Bill. 1. ¢. 


Billings’s subgenus was established on the internal casts 
of which fig. 9 is a representation. See note on p. 9, 1. ¢. 
It is very doubtful if it belongs to the Obolide at all. The 
valves (figures 8 and 10) therewith delineated are evidently 
not related to Odolella, as already pointed out by Davidson 
(Mon. Sil. Brach., p. 342, app.); aud seem to belong not only 
to another species, from the internal cast figured by Bil- 




















41 


lings, but also to a different generic group. Whether this 
be identical with a described genus, or whether it is still 
uncharacterized, is doubtful, and cannot be decided until the 

interior is known. Such vaives have been identified with 
Obolella Phillipsi, Holl (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. xxi, p. 101-2, 
f. 10 a—b, 1864, by Messrs. Holl and Davidson (I. ¢.), which 
has been figured by Davidson (Mon. Sil. Brach., pp. 62, 342, 
pl. iv, f. 17-19, 1866, and pl. 1, f. 25, 1870). Mr. Whitfield, 
who kindly called the writer’s attention to the dissimilarities 
between Billings’s figures, is of the opinion that O. Phillipsi 
belongs to an undescribed generic group. 


Lampas, Meuschen. Arthropomata. 
Mus. Gev. p. 438. Non-binomial. (Cf. Zampas, Humph.) 


Lampas, (Humphrey) Anonymous. Arthropomata. 


Mus. Calonn. p. 45 (May). No diagnosis or references. First sp. 


Anomia terebratula, Lin. Other sp. are Rhynchonella, Megerlia, &c. 
(= Terebratula, Miiller. ) 


Lampus, Sowerby. Arthropomata. 
Conch. Man. ed. i, p. 169, lapsus, = Lampas, Humphr. 


Laqueus, Dall. Terebratulida. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 123, subg. Terebratella. Type Terebratula cali- 
Jornica, Koch, Dall, 1. c. pl. vii, ig. f, pl. viii, fig. 9-10. 


Leiorhynehus, Hall. Rhynchonellide. 


13th Regent’s Rep. p. 75. Types Atrypa quadricostata, Hall, 1. c. p. 86, 
& Rep. Fourth Distr. N. York, p. 223, f.2; and Atrypa mesacostalis, Hall, 
1, ce. p. 86 (Chem.) & Note on Foss. Chemung Group, p. 64, f. 1 a-b. Not 
Liorhynchus, Rud. gen. Coleopt. (Cf. Meristella, Hall, 1862, not 1861. 


Leptaema, Dalman. Strophomenide. 


Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1827, pp. 93, 94. First sp. p. 106, Producta 
rugosa, Hisinger, Act. Holmiz, 1826, p. 333. Dalman, 1. c. pl. i, f. 1,= 
Anomites rhomboidalis, Wahl. Act. Upsal. viii, p.65. (This and L. depressa, 
Dalman, second sp. p. 107, t. i, f. 2,-L. euglypha, Dalman, third sp. |. c. 
p- 108, t. i, f. 3, a-b; Hisinger sp. Bidr. Sver. Geogn. t. vi, p. 4 ,—are true 
Strophomenas fide Davidson.) Fourth sp.1. ¢. p. 109, t.i,f.4 a-d. L. 
transversalis, Dalman, is taken by Davidson as type, 1853, pl. viii, f. 176- 
180; 1856, pl. xii, f. 1-5. 


Leptaema, M’Coy. Productide. 


Carb. Foss. Ireland, pp. 105,118. First sp. Z. convoluta, Phillips, Pal. 
Foss. Cornwall & Devon, p. 57, pl. 24, f. 96. In the diagnosis, however, 
obs, lata, von Buch, (= Chonetes striatella, Koninck, Mon. Chonetes, p. 200, 
pl. xx, f. 5 a-g), is mentioned in a way to indicate it as M’Coy’s type. 
(= Chonetes, Fisch.) 


1842. 


L870. 


1860. 
ESGiie 


82s. 


S44. 


42 


Leptaena, King. Strophomenide. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, pp. 28,36. 1st sp. Z. rugosa, Dalm. (= rhom- 
boidalis). Ibid. Perm. Foss. 1850, p.81, 104, same type, and adds LZ. analoga, 
Phillips, as also typical, = Leptaena, Dalman, pars, not Dav. = Stropho- 
mena, Davidson pars. (== Plectambonites, Pander.) 


Leptaema, Davidson. Strophomenide. 


Intr. p. 108. Type LZ. transversalis, Dalm. pl). viii, f. 176-180. Ibid. 
1856, p. 205, same type, pl. xii, f. 1-5. Syn. Plectambonites, King; not 
Leptaena, King. 


Leptaenacea, F. Braun. Arthropomata. 


Bayr. Petref. p. 45. Fam. Brach. cont. Leptaena. 
Leptaenalosia, King. Productide. 
Murch. Verneuil & Keys. Geol. Rus. Ural, ii, p. 281. (King, olim.) 
(= Strophalosia, King.) 
Leptagomia, M Coy. Strophomenide. 


Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 116, f. 11-13. First sp., also mentioned in diag- 
nosis, Producta analoga, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, 1836, p. 215, pl. vii, f. 10. 
M’Coy,l.¢. p. 117, £.13. (== Plectambonites, Pand.) 


Leptobolus, tall. Obolide. 


24th Regent’s Rep. p. 226, pl. vii, f. 19-20. Oct. (Hudson R. group). 
Type L. lepis, Hall,l.c. Ibid. Hall & Whitfield, Ohio Pal. ii, p. 69, $875. 
(See Aulonotreta, Kutorga.) 


Leptobulus, Hall. Obolide. 


24th Regent’s Rep. p. 226, passim, lapsus, = Leptobolus. Ibid. U.P. 


James, Cat. Foss. Cinein. 1875. 


Leptoceelia, Hall. Atrypide. 
10th Regent’s Rep. p. 107. No diagn. First sp. ZL. concava, Hall, Pal. 
N. York, iii, pl. 33, f. 1-7. (Group heterogeneous.) 


Leptocoelia, Hall. Terebratulide ? 
12th Regent’s Rep. pp. 32-3, f.1,2,4. First figure, Z. flabellites, Hall, 
l.c. (Comp. Tropidoleptus, Centronella.) 


After excluding the L. concava (Coelospira, Hall), this 
group appears to belong to the Terebratulide. It is true 
that the shell-structure appears to be fibrous, which, if nor- 
mal, would remove it from this family as generally defined, 
although the cases of Rhynchopora and Syringothyris warn 
the student that too much confidence is not to be placed in 
the family value of this character, and that there is a possi- 
bility of metamorphism rendering the punctation imper- 
ceptible, so as to deceive the most eminent and careful ob- 
servers. The character of the loop, if correctly interpreted 
and figured, is certainly very similar to that of the Terebra- 
tulide, where it seems best to leave it until more is known. 


L846. 


1840. 


Es4o. 


HSs44. 


as7i. 


ES7i. 


1857. 


1809. 

















43 


Leptogomia, Agassiz. Strophomenide. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 593, lapsus, = Leptagonia, M’Coy. 
Les Acardes, Desmoulins. Invertebrata. 


Bull. Hist. Nat. Soc. Lin. de Bordeaux, i, p. 241. Fam. incl. Spheru- 
lites, Hippurites, Calceola. Not of Rang. 


Les Cranies, Ferussac. Brachiopoda. 
Tabl. Syst. p. xxxviii. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula, Crania, Thecidea. 
Les Cranies, Rang. Lyepomata. 


Man. Moll. p. 262. Eam. Brach. cont. Crania, Orbicula, Discina. 


Les Limgules, Ferussac. Lyopomate. 


Tabl. Syst. p. xxxviii. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula. Ibid. Rang, Man. 
Moll. p. 257, 1829. 


Les Orbicules, Cuvier. Lyopomata. 


Legons d’Anat. Comp. i, p.5. Fam. Brach. cont. Crania, Orbicula. 


Les Ostracées, Lamarck. Invertebrata. 
Phil. Zool. (ed. 1830, p. 317). Fam. incl., among other things, Crania. 


Les Terebratules, lerussac. Arthropomata. 


Tabl. Syst. p. xxxvili. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Magas. 


Les Terebratules, Rang. Invertebrata. 
Man. Moll. p. 258. Fam. cont. Terebratula, Pentastére, Strygocephale, 
Spirifere, Magas, Strophonema, Thecidea, Culceola. 
Libera, Fleming. Arthropomata. 
Brit. An. pp. 225, 367. Fam. Brach. cont. Pentamerus, Productus. Not 
Libera, De Haan. 
Ligula, Cuvier. Lingulide. 


Tabl. Elém. p. 435 (not p. 634). Sole ex. L. unguis, L., lapsus, —Lin- 
_ gula, Brug. In index and text, passim, ‘“Lingule”. Not Ligula, Cuvier, 
p. 634; Humphrey ; Montague, &c. (= Lingula, Brug.) 


Liguiarius, Dumeril. Lingulide. 


Zool. Anal. p. 170; from Ligula, Cuvier. Dumeril had a mania for 
terminating all names in arius. (= Lingula, Brug.) 
Linguia, Brugiere. Lingulide. 
Ene. Méth. i, pl. 250. No diagnosis or specific name cited. The fig- 
ure resembles Z. anatina. Ib. Lam. Prodrome, 1799, p. 89. Sole ex. Pa- 
tella unguis, Lin. = L. anatina, Lam. Dav. 1856, p. 243, pl. xiv, f. 24-351. 
Syn. Pharetra, Bolten, 1798. 
Linguiacea, Blainville. Invertebrata. 
Dict. Sci. Naturelles, x, table, olim. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula, Ter- 
ebratula, Orbicula, Spheeruylites ?. 
Lingulacea, Menke. Lyopomata. 


Syn. Mus. Menkeanum, ed. ii, p.95. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula. = Lin- 
gulide, Gray. 


1847. 


L826 


sid 


Is2zs. 


ESS. 


is2s. 


179s. 


1806. 


1792. 


RS28. 


E836. 


44 


Limnguiacege, Menke. Lyopomata. 1828. 


_ Syn. Mus. Menkeanum, ed. i, p. 56. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula. Adt. 
Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Zool. p. 71. 


E.itngnmladae, ‘ Bromh.” Gray. Lyopomata. 1838. 


Charlesworth’s Mag. ii, p. 418. P. Z. S. 1847, p. 202. Fam. Brach. 
cont. Lingula. 


Limgulae, Kichwald. Brachiopoda. 1829. 
Zool. Spee. i, p. 272. Tribe cont. Lingula, Crania, Orbicula, Terebratula, 
Obolus. 
Limgula, Deshayes. Lyopomata. 1830. 
Ene. Méth. ili, p. 553, tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula. 


Limguiaria, Rafinesque. Lyopomata. (83h. 


Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, Suppl. p. 7. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula. (=Lin-. 
gulide, Gray.) 


H.ispguadsandeas, (Dumeril ?) Herrmannsen. Lingulide. 1806. 
Zool. Anal. p. 168, fide Herrm, (= Lingula, Brug.) 
Limguiella, Salter. LTingulida. 1866. 


Mem. Geol. Survey Great Brit. iii, p. 333, 1866. (Sil.) Type Z. Da- 
visit, M’Coy. (Salter, 1. c. t. ii, f. 7-12; t. iv, f.14.) Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist. 2d ser. viii, p. 105. Davidson, Mon, Sil. Brach. p. 56, pl. iv, f. 1-16. 
Limguiepis, Hall. Lingulide. 1863. 
16th Regent’s Rep. p. 129, pl. vi, f. 15-16. Sole ex. L. pinneformis, Hall, 
lic. (Sil) = Lingula p. Owen, Geol. Rep. Wis., Iowa and Minn., p. 583, 
pl. 1 B, f. 468. 
Limguilidae, Gray. Lyopomata. 1840. 
Syn. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula. Id. 1848, Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 439. 


Euimguiidae, D’Orbigny. Iyopomata. 1849. 


Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula, Obolus. Id. Da- 
vidson, 1853, p. 51, and 1856, p. 90. : 
Wimguiidae, Dall. Iyopomata. 4870. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Fam. Brach. cont. subf. Linguline, 
Oboline. 
Limgulima, Agassiz. — [Tyopomata. 1847. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p.610. == Lingulidew, Gray, emend., not of D’Orbigny. 
Limgulima, Giebel. Lyopomata. 1846. 
Palwoz. Faun. p. 122. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula, Crania. 
imgwuiimer, Dall. Lingulide. 18790, 


Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Subf. Brach. cont. Lingula, Glottidia, 
Lingulella, Trimerella, Lingulepis. 


























45 


Limgulops, Hall. Trimerellida. 


23d Regent’s Rep. 1873, p. 245, pl. 15, f. 1-2. (Extras, Mar. 1871, fide 
Hall.) Sil. Type Z. Whitfieldi, Hall,l.c. Id. Davids. & King. Quart. 
Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1874, p. 164, pl. xix, f. 9 a, p. 165, f. 3. 


Lyopomata, Owen. Brachiopoda. 

Encye. Brit. ed. viii, xv, art. Mollusca, p. 339. Order cont. the inar- 
ticulate brachiopods. 

Lyra, Cumberland. Terebratulide. 


Not formally proposed, but referred to by Sowerby in Min. Conch. 1516, 
t. 138, f. 4-6 (Germ. ed. p. 188). Type LZ. Meadii, Cumb. MSS. = Tere- 
bratula lyra, Sby. 1. ec. Dav. 1856, pl. vii, f. 22-24. Subg. Terebratella. 
Syn. Trigonosemus sp. Konig; Yerebrirostra, D’Orb. Not Lyra, Linné, 
Griffiths. 


Miacamdrevia, King. Terebratulida@. 
Proc. Dublin Univ. Zool.-Bot. Assoc. i, p. 261. Type Terebratula cra- 
nium, Mull. Prodr. Zool. Danica, p. 209, 1776. (Recent.) Rve. Conch. 
Icon. iii, f. 6. Founded on a broken specimen. Not Macandrevia, Gray, 
13860, gen. Porifera. (= Eudesia, King.) 
Miacrilia, Rafinesque. Brachiopode, 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 7. Sect. Terebrar..cont. Diclisma, Apleurotis, 
Trigorima, Magas, Obovites. 
Miagas, Sowerby. Terebratulide. 
Min. Conch. ii, p- 39. Sole ex. M. pumila, Sow. 1. c. t. 119, f. 1-5. 
(Cret.) Gray, B. M. Cat. p. 99, f. 9-10. 
Magaselia, Dall. Terebratulide. 


Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 134. Type M. evansi, Dav. P. Z. 8. London, 
1852, p. 77, pl. xiv, f. 7-9. Subg. Terebratella, D’Orb. (Recent.) 


Magasidz, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. Fam. Brach, cont. Magas, Terebratu- 

lina. 
Magasidze, King. Terebratulide. 


Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Magas, Bouchardia. 
Magasima, Gray. Terebratulide. 
Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach. p.85. Tribe Brach. cont. Terebratella?, Trigono- 
semus, Magas, Bouchardia, Waltonia?, Morrisia, Megerlia, Kraussia. 
Magasimae, H. and A. Adams. Terebratulide. 
Genera, Rec. Moll. ii, p. 576. Subfam. cont. Terebratella, Magas, Bou- 
chordia, Kraussia, Megerlia, Morrisia. 
Magasina, Dall. Terebratulide. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 99. Subfam. Brach. cont. Terebratella, Me- 
gerlia, Magas, Ismenia, Magasella. 
Majas, Keferstein. Terebratulide. 
Zeitung Geogn. p. 81; lapsus, = Magas, Sow. (Cret.) 


E87. 


ESi6. 


Es7o. 


qS47. 


46 


Maranmta, Dewalque. Terebratulide. 
Davidson, Tert. Brach. Belgium, Geol. Mag. Decade ii, vol. i, no. 4, 
pl. vii, f. 10-13. (Tert.) April. Type M. Nysti, Dew. MS. 1. c. and in 
Prodr. Descr. Géol. Belgique, 1863. No special diagnosis. Gen. incert. 

(? == Magas, Sow.) 
Miawtimin, M’Coy. Spiriferide. 
Carb, Foss. Ireland, p. 128, f.18; p. 139, f. 32. First sp. Spirifera decora, 
Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, p. 219, pl. x, f.9. King, Perm. Foss. 1850, p. 


134, cites the above; on p. 81, cites I. glabra, M’Coy. Syn. Ambocoelia, 
Hall. 


Mieekeila, White and St. John. Strophomenide. 
Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. i, p. 120, f.4-6. Type Plicatula striatocostata, 
Cox, = Orthisina missouriensis, Swallow, W. and St. J. 1. ¢ (Dev.) 


(Comp. Streptorhynchus.) 


Wieganmteris, Suess. Terebratulide. 


Sitz. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Klasse Math. xviii, p. 51 (Dev.), t. i, f. 1-5, 
16, t. iii, f. 3a-b. Type M. Archiaci, Suess, 1. c. Not Meganteris (sp.), 
Hall. 


Megarimaa, Deshayes. Brachiopoda. 
Enc. Méth. iii, p. 421; lapsus, = Megorima, Raf. 

WMegawrites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Gen. incert. 

Megas, Isensee. Terebratulide. 
Elem. Geogn. pp. 37, 44, 46, 51; lapsus, = Magas, Sow. 

Miegathairis, D’Orbigny. Terebratulidea. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, pp. 193, 269. No ex. cited. Pal. Frang. Terr. 
Cret. iv, p. 865. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii, 252. Type Anomia detruncata, = A. 
decollata, Chemnitz, Conchyl. Cab. viii, p. 96, t.78, f. 705. Davidson, 1856, 


A874. 


ES44. 


ES7O. 


1832. 


IS83k. 


A833. 


1847. 


pl. vii, f. 35-38. (Recent.) (Mel. Megathyris.) Syn. Argiope, Desl. not . 


Savigny. 
Megathyrimae, Dall. Terebratulide. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Subfam. Brach. cont. Megathyris, Cistella. 
Megathyris, Bronn. Terebratulida. 
Jabrb. fiir Min. p. 244. = Megathiris, D’Orb. corrig. , 
Miegerlea, Davidson. Terebratulide. 
Intr. p. 129. (= Megerlia, King, not Rob. Des.) 
Miegeriia, King. Terebratulida., 


Perm. Foss. pp. 81, 145. Type Anomia truncata, Lin. Reeve, Conch. Icon. 
xi, f. 47, a-c. (Recent.) Preoccupied by a bad genus of Diptera, Rob- 
ineau Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 1830. 


Miegorimna, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 


Am. Monthly Mag. iv, p. 107; naine only. Journ. de Phys. t. 88, p. 
427, 1819. First sp. M. levis, Raf. not described. Menke, Syn. p. 96, 
1830; name only. Genus incert. 


i870. 


Ls4s. 


L836. 


1830. 


isis. 





47 


Mentzelia, Quenstedt. Spiriferide. 87H. 


Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 522; Atlas, pl. 54, f. 58-61. Type Spirifer 
medianus, Quonst. 1. c. Handb. Petr. 1851, p. 482, t. 38, f. 33. (Lias.) 


Merista, Suess. Spiriferide, 8h. 

Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reichs. ii, part iv, pp. 150, 160. Type M. herculea, 
Barrande, Brach. Sil. Bohm. t. 14, f. 1, (Sil.); fide Davy. 1856, pl. ix, f. 
32-35. Chenu, Man. ii, p. 217, f. 1112, 1862. 

Davidson, 1856, includes Atrypa tumida, Dalm., among 
the types of Merista, but it appears (1861) not to be con- 
generic, and is type of Meristella, Hall, 1861; not of Hall, 
1859 or 1862. Billings, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p. 233 et 
seq., proposes to retain for (1) Athyris, M’Coy, Atrypa tumida 
as type, as has been done by Davidson in 1853. In 1852 
(not 1844), M’Coy had included this sp. in Athyris. He 
would preserve (2) Spirigera, D’Orbiguy, with S. concentrica 
as type, like Davidson in 1853. Lastly, he would separate 
(as above) A. tumida from Merista, leaving MM. herculea, Barr., 
as type. This cannot be adopted. The laws of nomencla- 
ture being framed to exclude doubt in every practicable case, 
it cannot be admitted that a type may be selected for a 
genus which the author in his original construction of the 
genus did not specifically include in it. Any other course 
would open the door to a host of misconceptions. Therefore, 
Billings’s proposition cannot be entertained : 

First, because A. tumida was not included by M’Coy in 
his original description and list of Athyrides; 

Secondly, because Spirigera, founded on what was prop- 
erly taken to be M’Coy’s type of 1844, was avowedly intended 
to supersede Athyris as an ineligible name; though, in the 
latter case, Seminula or Actinoconchus would have had prior 
claims for adoption ; 

Lastly, because Hall, in 1860, had already made tumida 
the type, or included it among his types of Meristella, posi- 
tively characterized for the first time in that year, 

There is therefore no reason for disturbing Mr. Davidson’s 
judicious and widely adopted arrangement of 1856. 

Meristelia, Hall. 7 Spiriferide. 1859. 


12th Regent’s Rep. (Oct. 1859), p. 78, note. No diagnosis; sole ex. 
cited, Atrypa naviformis, Hall, Pal. N. York, i, pl. xxiv, f. 1a-c. Ib. ii, 
p. 76. (Sil.) Comp. Meristina, Hall. 














48 


Mieristelia, Hall. Spiriferide. coon 


13th Reg. Rep. p. 74, (Dec. ’60 or Jan. ’61). Atrypa tumida, Dulm. 
(Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 109, pl. xi, f. 1-13), mentioned, in preliminary 
remarks, as belonging to the new group. First sp. cited in list of 
American examples, Mf, levis, Hall, 1. c. (ef. Charionella). 


As Atrypa tumida, Dalm., which has unwisely been in- 
cluded in Athyris and Merista (and which, for reasons pre- 
viously given, cannot be said to be typical of either), if 
distinct from these forms as originally typified, remains free 
to be described generically, it would seem as if this name, 
as here applied, might stand, unless objection be raised 
from its previous application to Atrypa naviformis. 
Mieristeila, Hall, (olim) MSS. 1862. 


15th Regent’s Report, pp. 179,180. Extra copies, pp. 151-2, Dece 1862. 
Types cited, (1) Atrypa quadricostata, Hall, Geol. Rep. 4th Dist. N. York, 
p. 223, f.23 (2) Atrypa multicosta, Hall, 15th Reg. Rep. p. 181, f. 14, 15, and 
p. 190; extra copies, pp. 153, 162; (3) A. mesacostalis, Hall, Rep.1. ¢.p. 191; 
extras, p. 163, f. 1 a-c. (== Leiorhynchus, Hall, 1860-1.) 


It appears, from a note of Professor Hall in the 15th 
Regent’s Rep. p. 148 (extra copies), that during the long 
delay which took place between the presentation and the 
printing (partially) of the 13th Report and its final pub- 
lication, some changes were considered desirable by him, 
and accordingly were made, in the printing-office, some 
time before its publication. Some _ proof-sheets having 
come into the possession of various persons before the above 
changes were made, and before the report had actually 
been published, and afterward the discrepancies between 
said proof-sheets and the final issue of the report having 
excited comment, Professor Hall, in-the 15th Report, as 
above, reprinted the matter as it originally stood, to avoid 
misconception. This publication may then be considered 
as void, and standing in the light of an erratum ; Professor 
Hall’s final views being apparently those of the 13th Report 
as published. It will be observed that the types above 
quoted are those published as the types of Leiorhynchus, 
Hall, in the 13th Report, other types being there assigned to 
Meristella. In this connection, see Professor Hall’s note, 
15th Rep. (extras, p. 148), above cited, and Silliman’s Am. 
Journ, Sci. and Arts. xxxi, p. 292, Mar. 1861, and xxxil, p. 
430. 





49 


 Meristima, Hall. Spiriferide. 1867. 
Notice Pal. N. York, vol. iv, Mar. 1867, p. 157, cut. Pal. N. Y. vol. iv, 
p- 299, cut. Sole ex. M. maria, Hall, 1l.¢.(Sil.) (?= Meristella, Hall, 1859.) 


* Mesopygia, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 87h. 









! t Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 21. Substitute proposed for Apygia, Bronn. 

; £ 5 = 
_ Mesotreta, Kutorga. Siphonotretide? IS4s8. 
& Verh. Kais. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg f. 1847, p. 271, t. vii, f. 4 a-e. 


if Type Siphonotreta tentorium, Kut. 1.¢. (Sil.) 

- Monobolima, Salter. Obolide. USGS. 
: Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Brit. iii, p. 334. (Sil.) Type I. plumbea, 

i Salter, Siluria, ed. ii, p. 50, Foss. pl. 8, f. 1, 1859. Dav. Mon.Sil. Brach. 

pil. iv, f. 20, 27, p. 61. Subgen. Obolella, Bill. 


Monomereiia, Billings. Trimerellide. 1871. 
‘ Canadian Nat. new ser. vi, p. 220, Dec. 29, 1871. Type W. prisca, Bill. 
} . l.c. p. 221. Dav. & King, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. May, 1874, p. 
Me 156, pl. xvii, £5-8. (Sil) 


 Morrisia, Davidson. Terebratulide. 1832. 


iz Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. May, 1852, p. 371. (Rec.) Type Terebratula 


' € anomioides, Scacchi, in Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 69, pl. xviii, f. 9, 1844. 
(= ©(= Platidia, Costa.) 
| 


Musculus, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. U8 7E. 


Petref. Deutsch. ii, p. 27, 384; Atlas, pl. 48, f. 70-74; gen. Epithyrid. 
(Cret.) Type Terebratula biplicata var. acuta, von Buch, Abhandl. Ber- 
liner Akad. 1833, p. 128; Quenst. 1. c. = Musculus anomius, Sch. Mus. 
dil. p. 75, 1716. (Non-binomial.) Not Musculus, Klein, Raf. and others. 
(= Terebratula, Mull.) 


ia : 
_ Notremidia, Rafinesque. . (CUneerte sedis.) I8i8. 
Am. Monthly Mag. iv, p. 356. Subfamily including Orbicula and an 
imaginary genus Notrema. 
Nucleata, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. 8748. 


Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27, t. 47, f. 93-98. Sect. Hpithyride. Type 
Terebratula nucleata, Schlotheim, Petref. p. 281, 1820; Quenst. 1. c. 
== Terebratula, Miiller, senso stricto.) 


 Nucleospira, Hall. Spiriferide. 1859. 
. 12th Regent’s Rep. (Oct.), p. 23-25. Type N. ventricosa, Hall, 1. ¢. p. 


25-6, f. 1-8; Pal. N. York, iii, p. 219, 1859. Same type, pl. xiv, f. 1, pl. 
xxviii>, f. 2-9. (Sil.) 


_ Nummulus, Waller. Craniide. 1778. 

Syst. Min. ii, p.500. Non-binomial. (— Crania, Retz.) 

Numulus, Agassiz. Craniide. 1846. 
Nom. Zool. fase. ix, 1846, p.60. (=Nummulus, Wall.) 

Oboleila, Billings. Obolide. A861. 
New sp. L. Sil. Foss. i, pp. 6-7, f. 7 a-d. Type O. chromatica, Bill. i. c. 

(December). 
4 





50 


Oboleliima, Billings. . Trimerellide. 18714. 
Canadian Nat. new ser. vi, p. 220, Dec. (Sil.) Type Obolus galtensis, 
Billings, l.c. p. 222. Pal. Geol. Surv. Canada, p. 168, f. 161, Jan. 1862. 
(= Trimerella, B.) 


Obolicdae, King. Lyopomata. 1846. 
Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p.28. Fam. Brach. cont. Obolus. 
@bolimge, Dall. Lingulide. 1870. 


Am. Journ, Conch. vi, p. 100. Subfam. Brach, cont. Obolus, Obolella, 
Monobolina, Spondylobolus. 


Obolus, Hichwald. Obolide. 1829. 


Zool. Spec. i, p. 274. (Sil.) Type O. apollinis, Eich., Schl. sp. Dav. 1853, 
p. 136, pl. ix, f 280-284. Syn. Aulonotreta, pars, Kut.; Ungula, Pander; 
Ungulites, Bronn. 


®bovites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 18314. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio R. p.7. No ex.cited. Gen. incert. 

@ulws, Quenstedt. Obolide. 87H. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 732; lapsus, = Obolus, Eichw. 

Diychites, Mercati. Brachiopoda. 1717. 


Met. Vatic. p. 330 (non-binomial), and subsequent writers, for a group 
of brachiopods with deeply incurved umbones, like Stringocephalus, 
Gypidia, and some Rhynchonelle. ‘ 

@Pabicelia, D’Orbigny. | Discinide. 1847. 

Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, 
p- 350. No ex. cited. Prodr. Pal. Strat. 1849, p. 20. No type selected, 
first two sp. cited as of “D’Orb. 1847”. 1st sp. O. Buchii, Verneuil, 
Murch. Geol. Russ. Ural, ii, p. 288, t. 19, f. 1. 2d sp. O. punectata, Sow- 
erby, in Murchison’s Siluria (ed. ili), p. 212, f. (35) 1, pl.v,f.17. (L. 
Sil.) Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 69, pl. vi, f.9. 9th (last) sp. cited O. ter- 
ninalis, D’Orb. 1848”, Conrad, in Emmons, Geol. N. York, iv, p. 395, f. 
4, 1842. Dav. 1856, xiv, f. 4-7. In the absence of other information, 0. 
LBuchii may be taken as the type. (= Trematis, Sharpe.) 





Orbicula, Cuvier. Craniide. 1798. 


Tabl. Elém. d’Hist. Nat. p. 435. Type Patella anomala, Mull. = Crania 
an. Day. 1856, pl. xiii, f. 24, 32, 33, 35, 36. (Recent.) Lamarck, Prodr. p.83, 
1799. Type O. norvegica, Lam. non Sow.=Crania anomala. Ib. Syst. 
An.s. Vert. 1801, p. 140, same type. (= Crania, Retz.) 
@erbicuia, Sowerby. Discinide. 1830. — 
Min. Conch. vi, p. 4, p].506. Ex. O. refleca, Sow. 1. c. G. B. Sowerby, P 
Conch. Man. ed. ii, p. 209, 1842. Thes. Conch.i, p. 365, 1847. Not Orbi- 
cula,Cuy. (= Discina, Lam.) 
Orbiculacea, Anton. Lyopomata. 1839. — 


Verzeichn. p. 21. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula. 


Orwiculae, Deshayes. Lyopomata. 18390. 
Encye. Méth. iii, p. 553, tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula. 


7: 
iF BI 


Orbicularius, Dumeril. Craniide. 1806. 
Zool. Analyt. p. 168. (= Orbicula, Cuy.) 


Orbiculidae, M’ Coy. Lyopomata. 1844, 


Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 103. Fam. Brach. cont. Orbicula. Adt. King, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28, 1846. (—Discinida.) 


Orbiculidse, D’Orbigny. Lyopomata. 1849. 


Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Siphonotreta, Orbicella, Or- 
biculoidea, Orbicula. 


Orbiculima, Agassiz. Tyopomata. 1847. 


Nom. Zool. Index, p. 757. = Orbiculidew, M’Coy corrig. Not Orbiculina, 
Lam. gen. Rhizop. 


Orbiculoidea, D’Orbigny. Discinide. 1847. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, 
p- 351. No ex. cited. Prodr. Pal. Strat. 1849 (Sil.), p. 21. 1st sp. 0. 
Morrisii, ‘‘D’Orb. 1847”, Dav. Mon. Sil. Brach.’p. 65, pl. vii, f. 10-12. Two 
other sp. cited as of ‘ D’Orb. 1848”. It would appear as if O. Morrisii 
must be considered as the type. Day. 1856, pl. xiv, f. 1-3, cites O. ellip- 
tica, Kutorga sp. (Schizotreta) as type or example of both Orbiculoidea and 
Schizotreta, a8 also in 1853, p. 129, t. ix, f. 253-255. It is, however, only 
the type of the latter, though both may be congeneric. (Comp. Schizo- 
treta, Kut.) 





Orithothrix, Davidson. Productide. 1856. 
Tntr. Expl. pl. xii, f. 27; lapsus = Orthothrix, Geinitz. 
Orthambonites, Pander. Strophomenide. 1830. 


Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, p. 80, t. iii, f. 7; xxviii, f. 18, generic 
diagrams. Ist sp. p. 81, t. xxii, f. 1, (Sil.) O. transversa, Pander, 1. ¢., 
which with eleven of Pander’s eighteen nominal species is referred by 
Bronn, Ind. Pal. iii, p. 852, to Orthis calligramma, Dalman, Ter. p. 28, t. 2, 
f. 2. See Orthis. Syn. Schizophoria, King. (= Orthis, Davidson.) 


Orthidsae, Woodward. Arthropomata. 1882. 


Man. Ree. and Foss. Shells, p. 229. Fam. Brach. cont. genera Orthis, 
Strophomena, Davidsonia, Calceola. 


@rthis, Dalman. Strophomenide. E828, 


Kong]. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, pp. 93, 96. 1stsp. (queried by Dalm.), 
O.? pecten, Wahl. sp. Act. Upsal. viii, p. 66; Dalm. 1. c. p. 110, t. 1, f. 6. 
2d sp. (also queried), O.? striatella, Dalm. 1.'c. p. 111, t. 1, f. 55 3d (not 
regarded as typical by Dav.), O. zonata, Dalm.1. c. p. 111, t. ii, f. 1 a-e 
(not = O. adscendens, Pander); 4th sp. O. callactis, Dalm. 1. ¢, p. 112, t. ii, 
f. 2; 5th sp. O. calligramma, Dalm. 1. ¢. p. 114, t. ii, f. 3 a-d; Day. 1853, 
t. vii, f. 127. This and the 4th sp. are taken as typical by Davidson. 
Syn. Schizophoria, King ; Orthambonites, Pander. Not Orihis, Mke. 


Orthis, Menke. Terebratulide. 1830. 
Syn. Mus. Menkeanum, ed. ii, p.96. Sole ex. Anomia truncata, Lin. sp. 
Day. 1856, pl. vii, f. 9-12. Id. Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 69; i, p. 95, t. 


vi, f. 12. Not congeneric with any of Dalman’s species. (= Megerlia, 
King.) 











52 







Orthis, King. Strophomenide. 1850. | 


Perm. Foss. pp. 103-105. Type Anomites pecten, Wahl., Dalman’s 1st 
but queried sp. of Orthis. Dav. 1856, pl. xi, f. 42. Not Orthis, Davidson, 
Mke. but = Strophomena, Bl. sp. 


Orthis, Davidson. Strophomenide. 1853. _ 


Intr. p. 101, pl. vii, f. 127. Types O. calligramma, Dalm. Dav. 1. c. and 
O. elegantula, Dalm. Day. |. ¢. pl. viii, f. 140. Ibid. 1856, p. 194. In- 
cludes Orthamhonites, Platystrophia, Dicaelosia, and Schizophoria. (== Or- 
this, Dalm. em. not of King, Menke, or Philippi.) 


Ortinisidae, D’Orbigny. ; Arthropomata. 1849, 
Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Strophomena, Orthis, Or- 
thisina. 
Ortihisima, D’Orbigny. Strophomenide. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 267.. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii, p. 
263, t. 8, f. 7 (probably anomala). No sp. named. Id. xili, 1850, p. 319. 
No type specified. Three species: 1st, O. anomala, Schloth. sp. Dav. 1853, 
t. 8, f. 150, 151; 2d, O. adscendens, Pander sp. ; 3d, O. Verneuilii, DDOrbigny 
(Eichwald sp.). Prodr. Pal. Strat. i, p. 18. No type cited. Three sp. 
named: Ist, Verneuili; 2d, anomala; 30, adscendens. Cours Elém. Pal. 
1852, ii, p. 84. Sole ex. cited, O. Verneuilii, 1. c. f. 243. Eichwald, Ur- 
welt, ii, p. 51, t. 2, f. 3-5. Dav. 1856, t. xi, f. 23. This should probably 
be taken as the type. Quenstedt considers anomala and adscendens con- 
specific. (== Klitambonites, Pand.) 


Ortinisima, King. Strophomenide. 
Perm. Foss. p. 105. Ex. Gonambonites plana, Pand. Dav. 1856, pl. xi, 

f. 25. Ibid. 1853, pl. viii, f. 153, 154. 
@wrtlisima, Davidson. Strophomenide. 


Intr. p. 104, pl. viii, f. 149. Takes as type Klitambonites adscendens, 
Pander, l. ec. Ibid. 1856, p. 198, pl. xi, f. 24, 26. (= Klitambonites, P.) 
Orthomata, Emmons. Acephala. 
Genus supposed by Herrmannsen, Ind. Mal. ii, p. 165, to belong to the 
Brachiopoda. (Lapsus, = Orthonota, Conrad.) 
Orthotetes, Oken. Strophomenide. 
Isis, p. 232, as of Fischer de Waldheim. Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Index, p. 
764, 1847. King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, 1846, p. 37, note, cites 
Strophomena pecten, Wahl., as the apparent type. (== Orthothetes, Evans.) 
Orthotheles, D’Orbigny. Strophomenide. 
Pal. Frang. Terr. Cret. iv, p. 340; lapsus (= Orthothetes, Evans.) 


Orthothetes, (Evans, MS.) Fischer. (Incerte sedis.) 


Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, i, p. 375. No ex. cited or figured. Gen- 
eric description insufficient to be recognizable. Stated to be related to 
Placuna and Pedum. (Gen. incert.) 









+ 53 
‘ 


‘Orthothetes, Fischer de Waldheim. Strophomenide. 1837. 


Oryct. Gouy. Moscou, p. 133, t. xx, f. 4 a-c. No specific name applied. 

According to Bronn, the figure represents Orthis arachnoidea, Verneuil, 

Geol. Russ. Urai Mts. ii, p. 196, t. x, f. 18; xi, f. 1, which, according to 

‘Davidson, is Spirifera crenistria, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, ii, 1836, p. 216, 

pl. ix, f. 6, = Streptorhynchus crenistria, Dav. Mon. Carb. Brach. pp. 124, 

228, and Mon. Dev. Brach. p. 81. Fischer again introduces the name in 

Bull. 1. c. 1850, p. 23, pl. x, f. 3, with the species this time named 0. 

radiata, Fischer, = Streptorhynchus umbraculum, Dav. Mon. Dev. Brach. p. 

. 76. Syn. Streptorhynchus, King. (= Hipparionyx, Vanuxem.) _ 

- Orthothrix, Geinitz. Productide. 1847. 
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xx, p. 84. Type Strophalosia excavata, 

Geinitz. sp. Dav. 1856, pl. xii, f. 27-29. Cf. Geinitz, Zechst. p. 48, 1848, 

and Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, v, p. 300, 1848. (= Strophalosia, 

King.) 

| Orthotoma, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. 1874. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 315, pl. 45, f. 138-142. Subg. Terebratula. 

(Mid. Lias.) Type Ter. Heyseana, Roemer, Verst. Nordl. Ool. 1836, p. 35, 

to 12, f. 7. 

| Orthotrix, Auctt. Productide. 

__, Lapsus; ef. Orthothrix, Geinitz. 

| Ostracites, Lihwyd. Invertebrata. 1699. 


Lith. Brit. Ichn. and other non-binomial authors. Genus incert. In- 
cluded fossil Pectinides, Spondyli, Ostrez, and Brachiopoda. 


| 
i 





Ostreopectinites, Auctt. Invertebrata. 


f 
i) 4 


Used by early non-binomial authors to include various ribbed brach- 
iopods, Anomia and Ostrea sp. foss. 
- Oxyrhynchus, Lihwyd. Rhynchonellide. 1699. 


Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 34, non-binomial. Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschl. ii, 
1871, pp. 29,34. (= Rhynchonella, Fischer, not Oxyrhynchus, Aristotle.) 


-Pachiloma, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. A834. 
; Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio R. p. 8. No ex. cited. Gen. incert. 


Pachyfioma, Herrmannsen. Brachiopoda. 1848, 


Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p. 186. Paetel, Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 149, 1875 ; lapsus, 
= Pachiloma, Raf. 


Pachyrhynchus, King. Terebratulide. 1850. 
Perm. Foss. p. 70. (Recent.) Type Terebrotula rosea, Mawe. Sow. 
| Gen. f, 4, Day. 1856, pl. vii, f. 25-8. (— Bouchardia, Dav.) 
‘Palzocrania, Quenstedt. Oraniide. 1871. 
; Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 688, t. 61,f.98. (Sil.) Sole ex. Orbicula anti- - 

__ quissima, Eichw. Leth. Ross. 1860, i, p. 909. (Cf. Pseudocrania, M’Coy.) 


Palliobranchiata, Blainville. Invertebrata. L824, 


Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxii, p. 298. Class Moll. cont. the Brachiopoda and 
some genera of Acephala. 


54 


Palliobranchiata, King. Brachiopode. 
Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p.26. Class Moll. cont. Obolida, Lingulida, 
Orbiculide, Craniide, Calceolide, Strophomenide, Productide, Terebratu- 
lide, Spiriferide, Thecideida. 
Paracyclas, Hall. 
Geol. Rep. Fourth Distr. N. York, p. 171. 


Acephala. 


Erroneously referred by 


Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p. 200, to the Brachiopola. (Gen. 
Lucinidarum.) 
Pectimites, Aldrovandus. Invertebrata. 


Mus. Met. &c. Contained fossil pectens, with which pectiniform 
brachiopods were often confounded. 
Pectumculi, Lister. Invertebrata. 
And subsequent non-binomial authors. Contained fossil sp. of brachio- 
pods among other things. Cf. Pectunculites, 
Pectunculites, Lister. Invertebrata. 
Hist. an. Angl. p. 245. Gen. conch. biv. fos. cont. sp. of brachiopods. 
Non-binomial. (Cf. Pectinites.) 
Pectumculus, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27, gen. Hypothyridarum; p. 3 mentions P. 
JSerreolus, Gesner, 1565, De fig. lapid. p. 166. Non-binomial. =? Tere- 
bratula rimosa, Quenst. Handb. Petref. 1851, p. 447. Not Pectunculus, 
Lam. 
Pedumeculata, Berth. Brachiopoda. 
Germ. ed. Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 196. Order cont. fam. AZquivalvia, 
Inequivalvia. (= Pédoncules, Latr.) 
Pedunculata, Fleming. Brachiopoda. 
Brit. An. pp. 225, 367. Fam. Brach. cont. Lingula, Terebratula, Magas, 
Spirifer. 
Pedoncules, Latreille. Brachiopoda. 
Fam. Nat. Regne An.* Ord. Brach. = Pedunculata, Berth. 


Pemtagomia, Cozzens.. Spiriferide. 
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, iv, p. 158, pl. x, f. 3 a-b; read Dec. 8th, 
1345. Type P. Peersii, Cozzens, 1. c,—= Atrypa unisulcata, Conrad, Pal. N. 

Y., iv, p. 309, p].50. Comp. Goniocvelia, Hall. 
Pentamerelia, Hall. Pentameride. 


Notice Pal. N. York, vol. iv, March, p. 163. Pal. N. York, iv, pp. 373, 
375. Type Atrypa arata, Conrad. An. Rep. Geol. N. York, 1841, p. 55. 
Hall, }. ¢. 1867, p. 375, pl. 58, f. 1-21. 


Pentamerida, M’Coy. Arthropomata. 
Carb. foss. Ireland, p. 103. Fam. Brach. cont. Pentamerus. 


Pentamerida, Hall. Arthropomata. 

Notice of Pal. N. Y, vol. iv, p. 19. Fam. brach. cont. Pentamerus, Pen- 

tamerella, Stricklandinia, Gypidula, Anastrophia, Amphigenia, Camarophoria, 
?Triplesia, ?Gypidia, ¢Camarella sp. 


1846. 
£843.) 


L468, 
LGS87. 
1687. 


is7i.. 








1827, 
1828. 


1825. | 


1 


1846. | 


1867. | 


1844. | 
| 


1867.! 


55 





é Pentameroide, Agassiz. Arthropomata. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 205, == Pentameride, M’Coy corrig. 
Pentamerus, Sowerby. 
Min. Conch. i (Germ. ed. p. 48), pl. 28, f. 1, 1813. 1st sp. P. Knightii, 
1 Sowerby, |. c.; Dav. 1856, pl. x, f. 33-34. Other sp. P. levis, Sow. 1. c. f. 2; 
P. Aylesfordi, Sow. 1. c. t. 28, f. 3; t. 29. (Cf. Conchidiwm, Lin.) 
Pemtastera, Herrmannsen. 
Index Gen. Mal. ii, p. 231, = 


Pentameride. 
Pentastére, Bl. == Pentamerus, Sowerby. 


Pentastere, Blainville. 


Pentameride. 
Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxii, p. 301. Ibid. Man. Mal. 1825, p.511. Vern. pro 
Pentamerus, Sowerby. 

 Perforata, Gicbel. Arthropomata. 
Allgem. Pal. p. 78. Fam. Brach. = Orthiside, D’Orbigny. 

 Peridiolithus, Hupsch. Brachiopoda. 

Neue Entdeck. p. 144; non-binomial. ?= Orthis, sp. 
_ Pharetra, Bolten. Lingulide. 


No 
== Lingula anatina, Lam. Hist. 


Mus. Bolt., (ed. 1819, p. 111). Sole ex. P. monoculoides, Bolt. 1. ¢. 
description or figure of genus or species. 
vi. 1819, p. 258. (= Lingula, Brug.) 


Pholidops, Hall. 


13th Regent’s Rep. p. 92; 15th do. p. 195. Ist sp. P. squamiformis, 
Hall, Pal. N. York, iii, pl. 108 B, f.6 a-b. In notice of Pal. N. Y. vol. 
iv, Mar. 1867, by a MS. correction as distributed, this genus is said to be 
Ss a synonym of Pseudocrania, M’Coy, 1859. In Pal. N. Y. vol. iv, p. 418, 
Crania antiquissima, Eichwald, Verneuil, Geol. Rus. Ural. ii, pl. i, f. 12 
a-c, is said to be a Pholidops, but was cited by M’Coy as his first of two 
species of Pseudocrania. M’Coy’s P. divaricata is said to be of a differ- 


Oraniide. 


t 


ent type. Syn. Palwocrania, Quenstedt, 1871. (Sil.) (= Pseudocrania, 
M’Coy.) 
_ Pilolithus, Beuth. Calceolide. 
Julie et Mont. subterr. p. 150. Non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) 
Plachiloma, Ferussac. Brachiopoda. 
Bull. Zool. p. 23; lapsus, = Pachiloma, Raf. 
-Placunea, Rafinesque. Invertebrata. 


Analyse Nat. p. 148. Fam. cont. Cranicella, Raf. (= Les Ostracées, 
Lam.) 


_~Platidia, Costa. Terebratulide. 
Fauna del Regno Napoli, p. 47, January. (Recent.) Type Terebratula 
anomioides, Scacchi, in Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 69, pl. xviii, f. 9. Syn. 
Morrisia, Dav. 
Platidiimee, Dall. Terebratulide. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Subfam. cont. Platidia. 








Pentamerida. 


1847. 


iso2. 


1768. 


1798. 


1866. 


i776. 


Isso. 


isio. 


1802. 


1870. 








Dbr 2 | 
Platilia, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 4834, 


Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio R. p. 7. Sect. Terebrariorum cont. F latilites, 
Pleurinea, Pachiloma, Strophomenes, Pleuranisis. 


Platilites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 1884. — 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Genus incert. a 
Piatistrophia, Quenstedt. Strophomenide. E87H. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 735; lapsus, = Platystrophia, King. | 
Platystrophia, King. Strophomenide. 1830. | 
Perm. Foss. p. 106. (Sil.) Type Orthis biforata, Schloth. Dav. 1853, q 
p. 101, pl. vii, f. 146-148. (= Orthis, Dav.) : 
Plectambomites, Pander. Strophomenide. 4830. _ 


Beitr. Geognos. Russ. Reiches, p. 90, t. ili, f. 8, 16; t. xxviii, f. 19, generic 
figures. Ist sp. p. 90, t. xix, f. 1, P. planissima, Pand. 1. c. Sil. (which 
with P. convexra, Pander, 1. c. p. 91, t. xix, f. 5, and other of Pander’s sp. 
is referred by Bronn, Ind. Pal. iii, p. 995, to ‘““Leptaena” convexa, Murch. 
Verneuil and Keys. Geol. Russia, ii, p. 232, t. 15, f.5). Generic figure 
t. iii, f. 8, appears to represent a Strophomena of the rhomboidalis type. 
Adt. Shaler, 1865, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, p. 64: Ist sp. P. glabra, 
Shaler, ].c. (Sil.) Syn. Leptagonia, M’Coy ; Leptaena, King; Strophomena, 
sp.Dav.; Leptaena, sp. Dalman. 


li 


<<rt 
“— 


Pleuranmisis, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 48314. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Genus incert. 


Pileurecterites, Bronn. (Incerte sedis.) ? 1848. 


Pal. Coll. p. 118. Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p.391. == Pleurete- 
rites, Raf. corrig. Cf. Pleureterites. 


Pleureterites, Rafinesque. Invertebrata. 2832. 


Atlantic Journal, iv, p. 142, cuts.: Ist sp. P. lateristria, Raf. f. 2 
(apparently a fossil coral); 2d sp. P. obliqua, Raf. f. 3, p. 143 (= Tri- 
gonia, sp.).. Genus worthless; referred by Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Index, p. 
860, 1847, to the Brachiopoda. 


= 


ee IE Se EE 


Pleurimea, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 18230. 
~ 
Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232; name cited; no description. a 
Mon. Biv. Sh. Ohio, p. 8; .diagn.; no ex. cited. Genus incert. Y 
=, 
Pleuropygia, Bronn. Brachiopoda. 1862. 


Klass. u. Ordn. Thierr. iii, 1 Ste Abth. p. 301. Order cont. the inarticu- 
lated brachiopods. (==  Lyopomata, Owen. ) 


Poleteria, Ratinesque. Invertebrata. 8H. S| 
Analyse Nat. p. 148. Order cont. among other things the family p 
Brachiopea. | 
Polvmnaria, ‘ Deshayes”, King. Invertebrata. 1830. 


Perm. loss. p. 67,in synonymy. ? lapsus pro Polymyaria. (= Brachi- 
opoda, Cuy.) Be | 


ER Aia is. 


Oe eA Gk 











57 


Porambonites, Pander. Porambonitide. 


Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, p. 95, t. iii, f. 9: generic figure; t. xxviii, 
f. 21,25; Ist sp. p. 95, t. xvi A, f. 12, (Sil.) P. intermedia, Pander, 1. ec. 


Eight of Pander’s species are referred by Bronn, Ind. Pal. iii, p. 1029, to 
P. equirostris, Schlotheim sp. = Terebratulites wquirostris, Schloth. Petref. 
i, p. 282, 1820, which is taken as type by Day. 1853, p. 99, t. vii, f. 120- 
122, and 1356, p. 192, pl. x, f. 37-39. Cf. Dav. Geol. Mag. Decade ii, vol. 
1, Feb. 1874, t. iii. Syn. Isorhynchus, King ; Priambonites, Agassiz. 
Porambomitidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. - 
Intr. p.51. Fam. Brach. cont. Porambonites. Ibid. 1856 (olim), 
Priam bomites, Agassiz. Strophomenide. 
Nom, Zool. Fase. ix, 1846. Index, p.886,1847. Idem. Herrmannsen, 
Ind. Gen. Mal. ii, p. 331, and Paetel, Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 471; lapsus, 
= Porambonites, Pander. 
Priomites, Agassiz. Strophomenide. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 888. Idem. Herrm. 1. ¢. ii, p. 332, 1848; lapsus, 
= Pronites, Pander, not Illiger. 
Producta, G. B. Sowerby. Productide. 
’ Genera of Shells, fase. 21. (= Productus, Sow.) 
Producta, M’Coy. Productide. 
Carb. Foss. Ireland, p.105,f.9. First sp. Productus aculeatus, Sow. 


Min. Conch. t. 68, f. 7-8, 1813. 


Productella, Hall, Productide. 
Notice of Pal. N. York, vol. iv, Mar.p. 149. Pal. N. York, iv, p. 153. 
First sp. P. subaculeatus, Murch. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, xi, p. 255, pl. 

li, f.9 a-c, 1840. Hall, 1. c. p. 154, pl. xxiii. 
Produciéi, Deshayes. . Arthropomata. 


Encyel. Méth. iii, p.553,tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus. (= Pro- 
ductide, Dav.) 


Productids, Gray. Invertebrata. 
Synops. Brit. Mus. i, p.155. Fam. Brach. cont, Productus, Calceola. 
Productidae, King. Arthropomata. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Stro- 
phalosia. 
Productida, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 267. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Chonetes, 
Leptagonia, Leptena. 


Productidae, Gray. Invertebrata. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 438. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Stropholosia, 
Chonetes, Leptaena, Orthis, Strophonema, Calceola. 


Productidae, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 


Cours Elém. Pal. p.80. Fam. Brach. cont. Productus, Chonetes, Leptena. 


1830. 


1847. 


ES67. 


i830. 


1840. 


£846. 


1847. 


LS4s, 


1s49. 


58 


Productidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 


Intr. p. 51. Fam. brach. cont. Chonetes, Strophalosia, Productus, (Au- 
losteges?). Ibid. 1856, p. 90. 


Productidz, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 


Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27. Mesopygia, sect. iii, cont. subsect. Diplo- 
thyride, Syphnothyrida. 


Productima, Giebel. Arthropomata. 


Allgem. Pal.* Fam. Brach, = Productide, D’Orbigny. Ibid. Agassiz, 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 892, 1847. 


Productus, Sowerby. Productide. 


Min. Conch. i, p. 153, t. 68; do, iv, p. 15, t. 317, f.2-4, 1823. Type P. 
martini, Sow. 1. c. = Anomites semireticulatus, Mart. 1809,-Petref. Derb. p. 
7, pl. xxxii, f. 1-2, + A. productus, Mart. 1.c. p. 9, pl. xxii, f. 1-3. Adt. Dav. 
1856, P. martini, Sow. pl. xii, f.11; Koninck, Mon, Productus, 1847, p. 83, 
pl. viii, f. 1 a-h; pl.ix, f.l a-—m; pl. x, f.4 a-d. 


Promites, Pander. Strophomenide. 


Beitr. Geogn. Rus. Reich. p. 71, sect. MKlitambonites; 1st sp. P. 
adscendeus, Pander, |. c. t. xvii, f. 6. (Sil.) Dav. 1856, pl. xi, f. 24, 26, 
=type of Klitambonites. Not Pronites, Niger, 1811, gen. Avium. (=Klit- 
ambonites, Pand.) 


Protomia, Link. Productide. 

Handb. Phys. Erdbeschr. ii. 1, p. 449. (=Productus, Sow. corrig.) 

Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschl. ii, 1671, pp. 27, 609; noex. cited. Not Pro- 
tonia, Rafinesque. 


Pseudocramia, M’Coy. Craniide. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii, p.388. Type Crania antiquissima, Eichwald, 

Sil. Schicht. Esthl. 1840, p. 169. Dav. 1856, pl. xiii, f. 22. Cf. Dav. 
Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 79. M’Coy’s 2d sp. Crania divaricata, M’Coy, Dav. 


18d3. 
is7i. 


1846. 


1812. 
gsi4. 


isso. 


1830. 


RSoda. 


Mon. Sil. Brach. }. ¢. pl. viii, f. 7-12. Dav. 1856, pl. xili, f. 25-26. Syn. 


? Pholidops, Hall; Palwocrania, Quenstedt. 
Pugites, De Haan. Terebratulide. 
Mus. Lugdun. p.—. Type Terebratula diphya, Col. Woodw. Man. p. 


215, pl. xv, f. 2, 1854. Bronn, Leth. P- 653, 1838, (fide Herrm., Bronn.) 
(= Pygope, Link.) 


Pycmnodomte, Fischer de Waldheim. Invertebrata. 
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. viii, pl. i; gen. cont. Orthis, sp. et Gryphaa, 

sp. foss. 
Pygope, Link. Terebratulide. 


Handb. Phys. Erdbeschr. ii, 1, p.451. Type Terebratula diphya, Col., 
von Buch, Ueber Ter. p. 88, t. i, f. 12. King, Perm. Foss. 1850, p. 144. 


Woodward, Man. p. 215, pl. xv, f.2. Syn. Pugites, De Haan; Antinomia, 


Catullo. 


Pyxis, Chemnitz. Productide. 
Conchyl. Cab. vii, p. 301, non-binomial ; = Productus pustulosus, Phil- 

lips, Geol. Yorkshire, ii, p. 216, pl. vii, f. 15. Not Pyxis, Humphrey, Bell, 

or Dej. 


’ 


1833. 


L830. 


1830. 


17s4. 























59 


Rensselaeria, Hall. Terebratulide. 


12th Regent’s Rep. p. 39, Oct. Ist sp. R. suessana, Hall, 1. c. f. 12. 
— Meganteris s. Hall, 10th Reg. Rep. 1857, p. 100; Pal. N. York, vol. iii, 
pl. 106 a, f. 1. 2d sp. Terebratula ovoides, Eaton, Geol. Textb. p. 45, 
1832; not of Sow. Hall, Pal. N. York, iii, pl. 104-5, f. 1. 12th Reg. 
Rep. l. c. f.3,4,5. Dall, Rev. Ter. 1870, p. 105, took the second sp. as 
the type. (Comp. Centronella, Bill.) 

Reticularia, MCoy. Spiriferide. 

Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 142, f. 26, pl. xix, f. 15. 1st sp. Terebratula ? 
imbricata, Sow. Min. Conch. t. 334, f. 4-6, 1823 (Germ. ed. p. 365). 
(? = Spirifer, Sow.) ¢ 
Retsia, Davidson. Spiriferide. 
Intr. pl. ix; lapsus, = Retzia, King. 

‘Retzia, King. Spiriferide. 

Mon. Perm. Fos. p. 137. Type Terebratula adrieni, Vern. Hall, 16th 
Reg. Rep. p. 57, f. 4; Dav. 1856, pl. ix, f. 31. Comp. Acambona, White; 
Eumetria, Hall. 

Rhizophyliiuma, Lindstrom. Calceolide. 

Ofvers. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1865, p: Q71, pl. xxxi, f. 1-8. Type &. 
gotlandicum, Lindstr. 1. ec. = Calceola gotl. F. Roemer. (= Calccola, Lam.) 
Rhynchonelia, Fischer de Waldheim. Rhynchonellide. 


Notice des Fos. Gouv. Moscon, Oct. 20, 1809, p. 35, t. ii, f.5,6. Type 
R. loxia, Fischer, 1. c. Dav. 1853, pl. vii, £99. Ib. 1856, pl. x, f.7. Cf. 
Hemithiris, D’Orb.; Hypothyris, Phillips; Rhynchotrema, Hall. (=Rhyn- 
chonella, Bl.) 


I have been able to consult the original paper. 


Rhynchonelila, (Fischer) Blainville. Rhynchonellide. 


Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. xlv, p. 426, 1827. Fischer de Waldheim, 
Oryct. Gouv. Mose. 1837, pl. 24. Type &. loxia, Fischer, Dav. 1853, pl. 
vii, f. 99. Resembles £. acuta, Sow. Lias (Dav. in litt.). Cf. Hypothyris, 
Phillips; Rhynchotrema, Hall. 


Rhynchonellidse, D’Orbigny. Arthrepomata. 
Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. “Fam. Brach. cont. Hemithiris, Rhynchonella, 
Strigocephalus, Porambonites. 


Rhynchonellidz, Gray. Arthropomata. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 458. Fam. Brach. cont. Rhynchoneila, Came- 

rophoria, Uncites?, Trigonosemus, Rhyncora (Dalm.), Pygope, Delihiridea, 

Pentamerus. 

Rhynchonellida, Davidson. Arthropomata. 
Intr. p.61. Fam. Brach. conf. Rhynchonella, Camarophoria, Pentamerus. 

Ibid. 1856, p. 90. 

Rhynchonellima, Gemellaro. Rhynchonellide. 


Giorn. Sci. Nat. ed Econ. Palermo, Studj. Pal. sulla Fauna del Caleari 
3, Ter. janitor, iii, p.29. Type R. Suessi, Gem. p. 31,1. ¢. pl. v, f,1-7. (Jura.) 


(This paper not seen, but particulars kindly furnished by 
Mr. Davidson.) 





1899. 


1844. 


L8G6. 


is0S. 


1827. 


1849. 


1848. 


L8de. 


is7i. 


60 


Bhynchopora, King. Rhynchonellide. 1856. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. xvii, p. 506, pl. 12,f.11. Type Rhyncho- 
nella Geinitziana, Verneuil, King,l.c. Not Rhynchopora, Nliger, gen. crus- 
taceorum, nor of Latr. gen. coleopterarum. 


Rhynchora, Dalman. Terebratulide. 1828, 


Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. f. 1827, pp. 105,135. 1st sp. Terebr. costatus, 
Dalm. 1. c. = Anomites costatus, Wahl. 1821, Act. Upsal. viii, p. 62, t. iv, 
fig.12-14. Supposed by Dalman to= 7. lyra, Sow.= Lyra Meadii, Cum- 
berland. 2d sp. p. 136, Anomites spathulathus, Wahl. 1. ¢. t. iv, f. 10, 
11,1821. Dav. 1856, p. 126, pl. vii, f. 19-21, pl. xiv, £.54,55. (Cret). Herr- 
mannsen, Index Gen. Mal. Suppl. takes 2d sp. as type. Kirg, Perm. Fos. 
p. 81, takes the 1st. 





AER IES SSIES ae 


te 


= 


Sie atk 


Davidson says that Hagenow added a false beak to some 
of his specimens of 7. costata, which seems to be a Trigo- : 
| 
nosemus. Woodward meutions the same thing, and adds | 


that a cast of this false beak is in the British Museum. 

,  Dalman quotes 7. lyra, Sow., in his synonymy of 7. costata, 
but places a note of interrogation after the ‘‘rostrum .... 
producta?” in his diagnosis. The name would seem to be 
well retained as a subgenus of Magas, with the second species 
as the type. 


Bhynchoridae, King. Arthropomata. £85®. 
Perm. Fos. p. 81 (p. 245, olim). Fam. Brach. cont. Ismenio, Delthy- 
ridea, Rhynchora. 
Rhymchospira, Hall. Spiriferida. 18359. 


12th Regent’s Rep. Oct. pp. 28,29, f.1-6. Type R. formosa, Hall, 1. c. 
Pal. N. York, iii, p. 484, pl. xev,a, f. 7-11, same type, 1859. (Comp. 
Ttetzia, King.) 


Rhynchotrema, Hall. Rhynchonellide. 1860. 


13th Regent’s Rep. App. F. p. 68. Type Rhynchonella increbescens, Hall, 
l.c. p. 66, f. 8-13. (L. Sil.) = Atrypo incr. Hall, Pal. N. York, 1847, vol. i, 
pp. 146, 289, pl. 33, f. 13 a-y, pl. 79, f. 6, = A. capax, Conrad, Journ. Phil. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. viii, p. 264, 1842. (Comp. Rhynchonella, F.) 


Rhynmchura, Agassiz. Terebratulide. L847. 


Nom. Zool. Index, p. 942, = Rhynchora, Dalm. corrig. 


Rhymecora, Gray. Terebratulide. 1848, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 438; lapsus, = Rhynchora, Dalm. 
Rhymcospira, Hall. Spiriferide. 1839. 
Pal. N. York, iii, 1859, p. 213, subg. Trematospira. (L. Held.) 1st sp. 
Trematospira globosa, Hall, 1. ¢. p. 215, pl. 36, f. 1 a-p. Lapsus, = Rhyncho- 
spira. 
Rhymngonelia, Bronn. Rhynchonellide. 1849. 


Nom. Pal. iii, p. 1087, lapsus, = Rynchonella, Fischer. ; E 











61 


Rhynobolus, Hall. Trimerellide. 


23d Regent’s Rep. p. 247, pl. 13, f. 10, 1872. Extras Mar. 1871, fide 
Hall. Type Obolus galtensis, Bill. Hall, 1.¢c. (= Trimerella, Bill.) 


Sacculus, Lihwyd. Brachiopoda. 
Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 42, no. 871; non-binomial. Gen. incert. 
Sandaliolite, Rozier. Calceolide. 


Journ. de Phys. iii, p. 150; non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) 


Samdaliolithus, Hupsch. Calceolide. 


Neue Entdeck. p. 56; non-binomial. (== Calceola, Lam.) 


Sanmdalite, Rozier. Calceolide. 
Journ. de Phys. iii, p. 150; non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) 


Sandalites, Hupsch. | Calceolide. 
Neue Entdeck. p. 56; non-binomial. (= Calceola, Lam.) 


Sandaliuma, Oken. Calceolide. 


Lehrb. der Naturges. ili, p. vil. (= Sandalites, Hupsch. corrig.) 


Sarcicobracinia, Gray. Brachiopoda. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 436. Ord. Brach. cont. Productide, Cra- 

» niade, Discinide, Lingulide. 
Sarcicobrachaia, King. Brachiopoda. 


Perm. Foss. p. 81. Ord. Brach. cont. Lingulide, Obolide, Craniada, 
Discinide, Calceolide, Davidsonide, Productide, Strophomenide. 


Sarcicobramnchia, Paetel. Brachiopoda. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 185 ; lapsus, = Sarcicobrachia, Gray. 


Schizocrania, Hall and Whitfield. Discinide. 

Pal. Ohio, ii, p. 71, pl. i, f. 12-15. (Cincin. Gr.) Type Orbicula filosa, 

Hall, Pal. N. York i, p. 99, pl. xxx, f.9. = Trematis f. Hall, 23d Reg. 
Rep. expl. pl. xiii, f. 21-22. 


Schizophoria, King. Strophomenide. 
Perm. Fos. p. 106. Type S. resupinatus, King, = Conch. an. resupinatus, 
Martin, Petref. Derb. 1809, p. 12, t. 49, f. 13-14, = Orthis res., Phillips, 
Pal. fos. Cornwall and Devon. p. 67, t. 27, f. 15, and Murch. Vern. Keys. 
Geol. Rus. Ural, ii, 183, t. 12, f. 5,6. (= Orthis, Dalm.) 


Schizotreta, Kutorga. Discinide. 

Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg f. 1847, pp. 260, 272, t. vii, f. a-c. 

Type S. elliptica, Kut. 1.c. (Sil.) Dav. 1856, pl. xiv, f. 1-3. (= Orbi- 
culoidea, D’Orb.) 


Sclerobrachia, Gray. Brachiopoda. 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 436. Ord. Brach. cont. Spiriferide, Rhyn- 
chonellide. 

Sclerobrachia, King. Brachiopoda. 


Perm. Foss. p. 81. Ord. Brach. cont. Hypothyride, Spiriferide. 


AS7t. 


1699. 


1774. 


i768. 


i774. 


176s. 


L877. 


AS7o. 


1s4s. 


is4s, 


1830. 


62 


Schimidtia, Volborth. Obolide. 1869. 


Verh. K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, iv, 1868, p. 208, t. 17, f. 1-6. Sole 
ex. S. celata, Volb. 1. c. (Sil.) p. 209. Quenst. Petref. Deutsch]. 1871, p. 
671. ? Syn. Dicellomus, Hall. Not Schmidtia of Bals.-Criv. gen. Porifera, 
1863. 


Semibrachidés, D’Orbigny. Brachiopoda. 4849. 


Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Sect. Brachide cont. Spirifcride, Magasida, 
Terebratulide, Orbiculide, Cranide. 


Semniluama, King. Arthropomata. 1846. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, pp. 33,36; lapsus, = Seminula, M’Coy. 


Seminmula, M’Coy. Arthropomata. 1844, 


Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 158; p.150,f. 31. 1st sp. Terebratula pentaédra, 
Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, p. 221, t. 12, f. 3, 1836, = Athynis ambigua, Sow. 
fide Davidson; 2d sp. 7. seminula, Phil. 1. ¢. p. 222, t. 12, f. 21-23; 3d sp. 
T. rhomboidea, Phil. 1. ¢. p. 222, t. 12, f. 18-20. (Nos. 2 and 3 are probably 
Rhynchonelle.) M’Coy’s first or typical species being a true Athyris, the 
name Seminula should take precedence of Spirigera, D’Orb, if Athyris be 
dropped. 


Semimula, M’Coy. Terebratulide. 18355. 


Pal. Foss. Cambridge Mus. p. 408. (Not seen by me. Stated to have 
been proposed this time for the group of Terebratule already character- 
ized by King as Epithyris and afterward as Dielasma.) Not Seminula, 
M’Coy, 1844. (= Epithyris, King, not Phil.) 


Sessiles, Latreille. Brachiopoda. 1820. 
Fam. Nat. Regne An. p. —. Ord. cont. fam. Fixivalves, Latr. 
Sessifia, Berth. Brachiopoda. 1827. 


Germ. ed. Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 196. Ord. cont. fam. Fixwalwvia. 
(= Sessiles, Latr.) 


Sessilia, Fleming. Lyopomata. A828, 
Brit. An. pp. 225, 367. Fam. Brach. cont. Discina, Criopus. 
Shizotreta, Davidson. Discinide. 1856. 


Jntr. p. 232 in syn. lapsus; == Schizotreta, Kutorga. 
Siphonotrema, Dana. Lyopomata. 1849. 
Geol. U. 8. Expl. Exp. p. 615; lapsus, = Siphonotreta, Vern. 
Siplomotreta, Verneuil. Siphonotretida. 184. 
March. Vern. u. Keyserl. Geol. Rus. Ural, ii, p.286. Type Crania ungui- 
culata, Eichwald, Day. 1856, p. 239, pl. xiv, f. 9-18. Kutorga, Verh. K. 
Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, f. 1847, p. 261. Same type (Sil.) p. 264, t. vi, f. 
4-6, 1848, . 
Siphonotretawe, Kutorga. : Tyopomata. 4848. 
Verh, K. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg f. 1847, p. 250. Fam. Brach. cont. 
Siphouotreta, Schizotreta, Acrotreta, Aulonotreta, Mesotreta. 
Siphomotreteae, Morris. Lyopomata. 1849. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. iv, p.315. == Siphonotretea, Kut. 


_ A 


i nes 


. + 
gee 





63 


Sfremidiuaa, Hall. Spiriferide ?. 1860. 
15th Regent’s Rep. p. 70, Dee. f. 2,4,5. Type Orthis insignis, Hall, 1. c. 
(Comp. Ihynchora spathulata, Dalm.) Relations doubtful, perhaps Stro- 
phomenoid. 


Spimiffer, Rafinesque. Spiriferide. 83h. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 7. No ex. cited; lapsus, = Spirifer, Sow. 
Spirifer, Sowerby. Spiriferide. 18hs. 


Min. Conch. ii, p. 42, tf 120. Sole ex. S. cuspidatus, Sow.1.c. (Carb.) 
= Anomites cuspidatus, Martin, Trans. Lin. Soc. iv, p. 45, t. 3, and t. 4, f. 
5. Dav. Mon. Carb. Brach. pp. 44, 224. 


This is the first printed reference to the genus, and it has 
been urged with much force by eminent authorities that the 
sole species mentioned here must necessarily be taken as 
the type of the génus. But Sowerby had previously pre- 
sented a paper (in 1814), which was then read before the 
Linnean Society, and the substance of which became known 
not only in England but on the continent (ef. Dav. 1853, p. 
81). This was published in the Linnean Transactions, xii, 
pp. 514-515, 1821, and in it the discovery of the spires 
from which the genus takes its name, in the Anomites stri- 
atus, Martin (Petref. Derb. t. 23, 1809), Sow. 1. ¢ p. 515, 
t. 28, f. 1-2, was announced, while at the same time Sow- 
erby notes that their presence in S. cuspidatus was only sur- 





mised at that time. On these grounds, the majority of 
modern authors have justifiably regarded S. striatus as the 
type (see Dav. 1856, p. 159, pl. yili, f. 22-23). This decis- 
ion is of more importance, since S. cuspidatus belongs to a 
section of the genus differing in some details from that typi- 
fied by S. striatus, and which has been recognized under the 
name Syringothyris applied by Winchell. If the work of 
restriction were to be done over again from the very begin- 
ning, it is probable that most authors would consider the 
rules of nomenclature better served by taking cuspidatus as 
the type, but the reverse process has been the rule among 
authors so long that it would be a serious detriment to sci- 
° ence to attempt such a change at present. 


Syn. Spirifera, Phillips, J. de C. Sowerby; Trigonotreta, Konig, &ce. 
Comp. Spirifer, King, Meek, &c. : 


Spirifer, Meek and Hayden. Spiriferide. 1864. 
Pal. Upper Missouri (Carb.), p.19. Mr. Meek, considering S. cuspidatus, 
Sow., the first species published under the name of Spirifer as the true 
type, defines the genus upon that basis. Cf. Spirifer, Sow.; Cyrtia, Dal- 
‘ man; Trigonotreta, Konig; Syringothyris, Winchell. 














64 


Spirifera, J. de C. Sowerby. Spirviferide. 
Index Sow. Min. Conch. 1835 ; Phillips, Geol. Yorksh. ii, and Dav. 1856, 
p- 157. (= Spirifer, Sow.) 
Spirifera, M’Coy. Spiriferide. 
Carb, Fos. Ireland, p. 128, f.17.  1stsp. Terebratula aperturata, Schloth. 
Petref. i, 258, ii, p: 67, t: xvii, f. 1. 
Spiriterida, King. Arthropomata. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifer, Atrypa, 
Martinia, Strigocephalus. 


Spiriferidz, Gray. Arthropomata. 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 437. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifer, Strigo- 
cephalus. 

Spiriferids, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 


Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Cyrtia, Spirifer, Spiriferina, 
Spirigerina, Spirigera. 


Spiriferida, King. Arthropomata. 


Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Atrypa, Athyris, Cleiothyris, 
Retzia, Delthyris, Trigonotreta, Spirifer, Martinia. 


Spiriferida:, Davidson. Arthropomata. 


Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifer, Athyris, Spirigera, Uncites, 
Atrypa, and subg. Spiriferina, Cyrtia, Retzia. 


Spiriferidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 

Jntr. p. 90. Fam. Brach. cont. Spirifera, with subg. Spiriferina, Cyrtia, 

Suessia; Athgris, with subg. Merista, Retzia, Uncites; Atrypa; ? Koninck- 
ina. 


Spiriferima, D’Orbigny. ; Spiriferide. 

Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. Noex.cited. Id. D’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat. 

xiii, 1850, p. 334. Type Spirifer Walcotti, Sow. =S. rostrata, Schloth. sp. 
fide Dav. 1856, p. 161, pl. ix, f. 1-5, 11, 14. 


Spiriferus, Blainville. , Spiriferide. 
Dict. Sci. Nat. t. 50, p. 291. = Spirifer, Sow. 


Spirigera, D’Orbigny. Spiriferide. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex.cited. Pal. Frang. Ter. Cret. iv, 
p. 357; Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, p. 337, sole ex. and type S. concentrica, 
von Buch; Chenu, Man. ii, p. 216, f. 1108-10; Dav. 1853, p. 87, pl. vi, f. 
65-67; Billings, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p. 233. (= Athyris, 
M’Coy.) 
Proposed to replace Athyris with the same type, on ac- 
count of discrepancies between the diagnosis and name of 
Athyris and the real characters; but, if that be rejected, 


Seminula would antedate this aame. 


Spirigerima, D’Orbigny. Atrypida. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex. cited. Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, 1850, 
p. 334, Type Anomites reticularis, Linné, Dav. 1856, p. 175, pl. ix, f. 39-46. 

(= Atrypa, Dalman.) 


L835. — 


1844, — 


ES46. 


184s. 


1849. 


1850. 


18o3. 


L836. 


L847. 


1827. 


is47. 


1847. 





65 


Spirobranchiophora, Gray. Invertebrata. ASV. 
London Med. Repository, p. 238. Tribe Moll. aceph. = Brachiopoda, 
Cuy. 
Spondylobolus, M’Coy. - 2Obolide. 1852. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii, p. 407. Types S. craniolaris, M’Coy, Dav. 
1856, pl. xiii, f. 37 (Sil.), and Crania Sedgwicki, Lewis. The latter appears 
not to be a brachiopod. Cf. Day. Mon. Sil. Brach. p. 83, pl. viii, f. 25. 
Spondylobus, Davidson. ? Obolide. L853. 
Intr. p. 122, in syn. Dall, Am. Journ. Conch. vi, pp. 100, 163-5; lap- 
sus, = Spondylobolus, M’Coy. 
Stemocisma, Conrad. Pentameride. 1839. 


Ann. Rep. Geol. N. York, p.59. Sole ex. Terebratula schlotheimi, von 
Buch; Chenu, Man. ii, p. 220, f. 1132 (Sil.), ser. Stenoschisma. Syn. Came- 
rophoria, King. Not Stenocisma, Hall, 1847, nor 1859. 


Conrad’s diagnosis is very short but explicit, and agrees 
perfectly with the characters of the species he cites as type, 
but which he does not figure. His typical specimens are 
not preserved. Professor Hall, on the ground that Conrad 
had abandoned his genus, proposed, in 1847, to apply the ] 
Stenocisma to a group of Atrypide typitied by A. modesta, 
Say. In July, 1862, however, Professor Hall, having inves- 
tigated the interior of this species, proposed for it the name 
Zygospira. This was in conformity with the well-established 
rule that a genus once described passes out of the control 





of its describer, and, except for identity of characters with 
some other, cannot be wilfully remanded to oblivion. 

In 1859, Professor Hall (Pal. N. Y. iii, 236, t. xxxv, f. 6 a—-y) 
described a brachiopod from the Lower Helderberg under 
the name of Rhynchonella formosa. In 1867-68 (Pal. N. Y. 
iv, p. 334, and 20th Reg. Rep. p. 270), Professor Hall refers 
to an unpublished lithograph, with MS. notes upon it, by Mr. 
Conrad, among which a figure (referred by Professor Hall 
to his Rhynchonella formosa) is stated to be named Ter. 





schlotheimi in Mr. Conrad’s handwriting. For that reason, 
Professor Hall, considering 2. formosa to represent a par- 
ticular group of Rhynchonellide, proposes to revive Conrad’s 
name of Stenocisma for the group in question. In spite of 
‘some reasons which seem to recommend this course, it still 
remains very doubtful whether it is desirable to be adopted. 


Mr. Conrad may have confounded the &. formosa with T. 
5 











66 


schlotheimi at the time of preparing this plate, as the two 
shells are not dissimilar externally. Or he may have in- 
tended to represent 7. schlotheimi, and failed to do so suffi- 
ciently to allow his figure to be distinguished from R. for- 
mosa. Any one familiar with Mr. Conrad’s plates will not 
doubt the possibility of this. But there does not appear 
to be any certain method of deciding that there was any 
necessary connection between this figure and the ‘“ common 
Silurian bivalve” which Mr. Conrad had in his mind when 
he proposed his genus, and with which his diagnosis agrees. 
The fact that the same species was afterward made the type 
of the genus Camerophoria by Professor King has no bear- 
ing on the question. 

To the writer there seems no escape from the necessity of 
taking Mr. Conrad’s citation as it stands, and thus conform- 
ing to the rules of nomenclature, altbough in so doing we 
shall be obliged to reduce to the rank of a synonyme a name 
which has been widely recognized and generally adopted. 


Stemocismaa, Hall. Atrypide. 


« Pal. N. York, i, p. 142, pl. 33, f.15. Type Atrypa modesta, Say; Hall 
l. c. (Trenton Gr.). Ser. Stenoschisma; not Stenocisma, Conrad, 1839, nor 
Hall, 1867. (= Zygospira, Hall.) 


Stemocismaa, Hall. Rhynchonellide. 


Pai, N. York, iv, p. 334. Type Rhynchonella formosa, Hall, Pal. N. Y. 
ill, p. 236, pl. 35, f. 6 a-y (L. Held.). Ser. Stenoschisma, not Stenocisma, 
Hall, 1847. (Comp..Rhynchonella, Fisch.) 


Stola, Klein. Invertebrata. 


Ostracol. p. 173, non-binomial, pl. xii, f. 82-86. Gen. cont. Chama sp. 
Brachiopoda sp. Name cited Spondyli Listeriana, Klein, 1. ce. incl. several 
things. 


Stophalosia, Bronn. Productida. 
Leonh. u. Bronn, Jahrb. f. Min. p. 248; lapsus, = Strophalosia, King. 

Strepheodomta, Marschall. Strophomenide. 
Nom. Zool. p. 140; lapsus, = Strophodonta, Hall. 

Streptorhymchus, King. Strophomenide. 


Mon. Perm. Foss. p. 107 (Carb. and Perm.). Type Terebratulites pelar- 
gonatus, Schloth. Denkschr. Acad. Miinchen. vi, t. 8, f. 21-23. Dav. 1856, 


pl. xi, f. 27. Dav. Mon. Perm. Brach. ii, f. 38, 40-42. (See Hemipronites, 
P:) 


1847. 


1867. 


1848s. 


Is7s. 


1800. 


BS 


























67 


Stricklamdia, Billings. Pentameride. 

Canadian Naturalist, iv, April, p. 152, f. 8-10. (Sil.) 1st sp. Atrypa 
lens (Sow. ?), Bill. 1. c. Murch. Sil. Syst. pl. 8, f. 9, 10. 

Billings, Can. Nat. 1863, pp. 78-85, refers species to the 
genus which are probably not congeneric. Cf. Hall, Pal. N. 
York, vol. iv, p. 373, 1867; S. canadensis is the tirst of a series 
of characteristic forms referred to the revised genus by Hall. 
Not Stricklandia, gen. plantarum. Cf. Stricklandinia. 


Stricklamdimia, Billings. Pentameride. 
Can. Nat. viii, 1863, p. 370. (Sil.) Proposed for Stricklandia, Bill., 
which had previously been used in botany, though this, under the pre- 
vailing practice of naturalists, was quite unnecessary. (= Stricklandia, 
Bill.) 
Strigvcephalidae, King. Arthropomata. 
Perm. Foss. p.81. Fam. Brach. cont. Strigocephalus. 


Strigocephalus, Defrance. ? Terebratulide. 

Dict, Sci. Nat. vol. li, p. 102, pl. 75, f.1,1 a. Type S. Burtini, Defrance, 

l.c. Woodward, Man. p. 222, f. 130, 151, pl. xv, f. 13. Ser. Stringo- 
cephalus, q. V. 

Strimgocephalidz, Davidson. Arthropomata. 


Intr. p. 51, (?) fam. Brach. cont. Stringocephalus. 


Strimgocephalina, Dall. Terebratulide. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 99. Subfam. Brach. cont. Stringocephalus, 


Stringocephalus, Sandberger. Terebratulida. 

Leonh. u. Bronn, Jahrb. fiir Min. 1842. Dav. 1853, p. 73, pl. vii, f. 

95-98. Type S. Burtini, Defr., Dav. 1. ¢. =Strigocephalus, Defr. bene 
corrig. 


Strophalosia, King. Productide. 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv, p. 313. No ex. cited. Ibid. 1. c. 1846, xvii, 

p- 92. Type Orthis excavatus, Geinitz, Neues Jahrb. 1842, p. 578, pl. x, 

f. 12, 13 (Dev.). King, Perm. foss. p. 93, pl. xii, f. 138-17, 1850. Syn. 
Orthothrix, Geinitz ; Leptaenolosia (olim), King. 


Stropheodonta, Hall. Strophomenide. 

Pal. N. Y. ii, p. 63. Type S. demissa, Conrad; figures S. prisca, Hall, 

pl. xxi, f. 9 a-b, 1852. Dav. 1856, Intr. p. 203, note. Mon. Sil. Brach. 

p- 386. Brit. Foss. Brach. appendix, p. 28, 1874. = Strophodonta, Hall, 
emend. 


Strophesia, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 
Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232; name cited without diagn. 
orex. Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8; no ex. cited. Genus incert. 


Strophodomta, Hall. Strophomenide. 


Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 348; 10th Reg. Rep. p. 138, f. 12. 8. demissa, 
Conr. sp. (Ham. Gr.) Rep. Pal. Iowa, t. ii, f. 5 a-c; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Phil. viii, p. 258, t. 14, f. 14, 1842. (Ser. Stropheodonta.) 


iSG63. 


is70. 


is42. 


1S44. 


1852. 


is zo. 


1850. 


68 


Stropholosia, Gray. Productide. E848. 
Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 433; lapsus, = Slrophalosia, King. 
Stroplaonnenma, Blainville. 7 Strophomenide. L820. 


Man. Mal. i, p. 513, ii, pl. liii, f. 2. Sole ex. S. rugosa, Bl., which (fide 
Meek) is 8. planumbona, Pal. Ohio, i, p. 73, 1873, =Leptaena planumbona, 
Hall, 1847, Pal. N. York, vol. i, p. 112, pl. xxxi B,f.4a-e. Adt. King, 
Perm. loss. p. 103, 1850. See Hemipronites, Pander. 


Strophomema, King. Strophomenida. 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 36. Type S. rugosa, (Raf.) BL. 

King here considers Blainville’s type congeneric with 
Leptaena alternata, which has socket-valve concave, while 
planumboua had been said to have it convex. But in Perm. 
Fos. p. 103, Professor King concludes that it is concave in 
planumbona also, which appears to be the fact. 

Strophomsema, Davidson. Strophomenide. 


Intr. p. 105, pl. viii, f. 157-159. Type S. planumbona, Hall. Dav. Vis 
includes Orthis? pecten, Dalm. Ibid. 1856, p.200. Ditto, Sharpe, Quart. 
Journ. Geol. Soc. London, iv, p. 178. (= Strophomena, Blainy.) 


Stroplomaema, Meek. Strophomenide. 
Pal. Ohio, i, p. 73, pl. v, f.6 a-c. Type S. rhomboidalis, Wilck. [—=Lep- 
taena, Dalman, King, not of Davidson.] (= Plectambonites, Pand.) 


Strophomemes, Rafinesque. (Incertee sedis.) 


Annals Gen. Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, v, p. 232, 1820. Name only; no 
diagn. or ex.cited. “Annals of Nature, Oct. 1, 1820”, fide Rafinesque, 
but not to be found there. Descr. Rem. Objects Cab. Raf., Nov. 1831, p. 4. 
1st sp. S. levigata, Raf. foss. Ohio Limestone ; descr. insufficient. De- 
france, Tabl. p. 6, 1824; name only. Noex. cited. (Genus indeterminate. ) 


Professor Halt says he saw, in Rafinesque’s cabinet, after 
it had passed through several hands, a specimen of Stroph- 
omena rhomboidalis, Wilckens, labelled by Raf. as S. rugosa. 
But this is insufficient to determine the character of his 
original type, even if the label had certainly not been mis- 
placed, as Rafinesque has even united a coral and a Trigonia 
in one genus as brachiopods! The genus must stand as of 
Blainville, and by his figured type, if it is to be retained 
at all. See Hemipronites, Pander. 


Strophomences, Steining. Strophomenide. 
Verst. der Eifel, p. 36. Not seen. (== Orthis, Dalman.) 
Strophomenidae, King. Arthropomata. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Strophomena, 
Orthis, Leptena, Chonetes. 


Ls4G. 


18735. 


1820. 


Isl. 


1846. 























69 


Strophomenids, King. Arthropomata. 

Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam. Brach. cont. Strophomena, Leptaena, Chonetes, 
Orthis, Schizophoria, Streptorhynchus, Orthisina, Dicelosia, Platystrophia. 

Strophomenida, Davidson. Arthropomata. 


Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cent. Orthis, Orthisina, Strophomena, Leptaena. 


Strophomenidz, Davidson. Arthropomata. 
Intr. p. 90. Fam. Brach. cont. Porambonites ; Orthis, with subg. Or- 
thisina ; Strophomena, with subg. Leptena; ? Davidsonia. 
Strophomema, Rang. Strophomenide. 
Man. Moll. p. 261; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, 1848, p. 433, lapsus ; 
= Strophomena, Raf. 
Strygocephale, Blainville. Terebratulida. 
Man. Malac. p. 511, pl. lili, fi 1. Ter. Burtini, Defr.1.¢. (== Stringo- 
cephalus, Sandb.) 
Strysocephalus, Bronn. Terebratulide. 
Index Pal. iii, p. 1208; lapsus, = Strigocephalus, Defr. 
Styriasis, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex. cited. Genus incert. 


Suessia, Deslongchamps. Spiriferide. 

Annales Inst. des Provinces, 1854. Dav. Mon. Brit. Fos. Brach. i, p. 28. 

, Appendix, 1854. Dav. 1856, p. 165, pl. ix, f.6,13-18. Type S. imbricata, 

Des]. 1. ce. (subg. Spirifer). 

Svmtrielasma, Meek. Pentameride. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Dec. 1865, p. 277. Geol. Rep. Illinois, Pal. 

vol. ii, p. 321, f. 36-37. Type Spirifer hemiplicatns, Hall, 1862. Stans- 
bury’s Great Salt Lake Rep. p. 409, pl. iv, f. 3 a-b. 

Symtrilasma, Carpenter. Pentameride. 


Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p.73, passim; Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschl. ii, 
p. 724, 1871; lapsus, = Syntrielasma, Meek. 
Syphnothyrids, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27. Subsect. Productide cont. Productus, Pro- 
tonia, Chonetes, Koninckina, Strophalosia, Gryphites, Bufocephalus, Pyxis. 
| Syringothyris, Winchell. Spiriferide. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jan: 1863, p. 6. Type S. typa, Winchell, 
le. (=Spirifer cuspidatus?). Cf. King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, ii, 
July, p. 1, pl. ii, iii. (Sil.) 


Telestrophis, Agassiz. Invertebrata. 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 1047. = Telistrophis, Raf. corrig. 
Telistrophis, Rafinesque. (Incerte sedis.) 


Atlantic Journal iv, p. 142, f. 7. Sole ex. J. torsala, Raf. lc. ?= 
Spirifer sp., distorted. Genus incert. 
Temdinosa, Reeve. Brachiopoda. 


Conch. Syst. i, p. 174. Tribe Brach. cont. Lingula, Terebratula, (= 
Pedunculata, Berth.) 


1850. 


18635. 


i867. 


‘US7i. 


1863. 


1s47. 


issz. 


s44. 


70 


Terebraria, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 


Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p.7. Fam. Brach. cont. sect. Macrilia, Isilia, 
Platilia. 


Terebratella, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Noex. cited. Pal. Frang. Ter. Cret. iv, 
p. 110,1847. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii, p. 247. Type Ter. chilensis, Brod. = 
Terebratula dorsata, Lamarck. An. s. Vert. v, vii, p. 331, 1819. Dav. 1853, 
p. 65. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. viii, p. 346, t. 68, f. 15, 16, 17. (Recent.) 
Syn. Delthyris, Mke.; Ismenia, King. 


Terebratellidz, King. Arthropomata. 
Perm. Foss. p. 245. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratella, Megerlia, Ismenia. 
Terebratuia, Lihwyd. Terebratulide. 


Lith. Brit. Ichn. p. 40, no. 827-865. Non-binomial. Adt. Lang. 1708, 
Klein, 1758, &c. Cf. Terebratula, Miiller. 


Terebratula, Klein. Arthropomata. 
Ostracol. p. 171, pl. xi, f.74. Non-binomial. 1st sp. T. simplex, Klein, 

l.c. = Terebratula, sp. 
Terebratula, O. F. Miiller. Terebratulide. 


Prodr. Zool. Danica, pp. xxxi and 24Y. 1st sp. ZT. cranium, Miiller, 
Others, = Terebratulina, sp. and indeterminate. Miiller cannot be said 
to have settled the type; his indeterminate sp. may have been 7. vitrea. 
Cuvier, 1798, Tabl. Elém. p. 434; 1st sp. Terebratula vitrea; Gray, B. M. 
Cat. p. 17, f. 3a-b. Insynonymy of this, he (Cuvier) places Anemia ter- 
ebratula, Linné. Lam. Prodrome, 1799, p. 89, sole ex. Anomia terebratula, 
Linné, — (fide Hanley), Terebratula perovalis, Sow. Dav. Mon. Ool. Brach. 
p. 51, pl. x, f. 1-6. (Oolitic.) Lam. Syst. 1801, same type. 


T. vitrea, Lam., and T. perovalis, Sow., are generally ac- 
cepted as the types of the genus as now restricted. But if 
it is insisted that Miiller’s first species must be taken as 
type, Terebratula would = Waldheimia (Hudesia), as gener- 
ally understood, and the present Terebratule would have to 
take the name of Gryphus, Megerle. 


Terebratulacea, Menke. Brachiopoda. 
Synops. Mus. Menkeanum, ed. ii, p. 95. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebra- 
tula, Atrypa, Uncites, Gypidia, Magas, Delthyris, Cyrtia, Orthis, Monotis, 
Leptaena, Megorima, Apleurotis. 
Terebratulacez, Menke. . Terebratulide. 
Syn. Mus. Mke. p. 56, olim. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Magas. 
Terebratulada, Leach, MS. Arthropomata. 
Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p.273. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula. 
Terebratula, Deshayes. Arthropomata. 


Enc. Méth. iii, p. 553, tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, senso 
magno. 


ESsi. 


¢ 


1847. 


EsoG. 


1699. 


L776. 


is2s. 
A847. 


1830. 








71 


Terebratulamina, Gray. Arthropomata. 1833. 


Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach. p. 15. Tribe Brach. cont. Terebratula, Terebra- 
tulina, Waldheimia. 





Verebratularius, Dumeril. Terebratulide. 1806. 
Zool. Analyt. p. 168. == Terebratula, Auct. 
 Terebratulida, Gray. Arthropomata, 1840. 
Synops. Cont. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, 
Spirifer. 
Terebratulidz, M’Coy. Arthropomata. IS44. 


Carb. Foss. Ireland, p.150. Fam. Brach. cont. Delthyridea, Terebratula, 
Cyclothyris, Atrypa, Seminula. 
Terebratulidae, King. Arthropomata. 1846. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28. Fam. Brach. cont. Zerebratula, 
Hypothyris, Pentamerus, Camerophoria, Uncites. 
Terebratulids, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 1847. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratella, Terebra- 
tula, Terebrirostra, Fissirostra. - 
Terebratulidae, Gray. Arthropomata. L848. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p.436. Fam. Brach. cont. “Magas, Terebratula, 
Terebratulina, Terebrirostris, Fissirostris, &c.” 
WTerebratulids, King. Arthropomata. 1850. 


Perm. Foss. p. 81 (p. 244 olim). Fam. Brach. cont. Epithyris, Terebra- 
- tella, Terebratula, Pygope, Eudesia, Megerlia, Waldheimia. 
Terebratulidae, King. Arthropomata: 1830. 
Perm. Foss. p. 245. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Terebratulina, 
Delthyridaa, Waldheimia, Epithyris, Pygope. 
Terebratulidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 1853. 


Intr. p. 51. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, subg. Terebratulina, Wald- 
heimia ; Terebratella, subg. Trigonosemus, Terebrirostra, Megerlia ; Kraussia, 
Magas, Bouchardia, Morrisia, Argiope. 


Terebratulidae, Davidson. Arthropomata. 1836. 


Intr. p. 90. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula with subg. Terebratulina, 
Waldheimia ; -Terebratella, with subg. ? Trigonosemus, ? Terebrirostra, Me- 
gerlia, Kraussia, Magas, Bouchardia, Morrisia ; subfam. Thecideide, with 
Argiope, and subg. Zellania ; Stringocephalus ; Thecidiwm. 


Terebratulidz, Dall. Arthropomata. 1870. 


Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 99. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratuline, Strin- 
gocephaline, Magasina, Kraussinine, Megathyrine, ? Platidiine, ? Theci- 
diine. 


‘Terebratulida, Quenstedt. Arthropomata. 1871. 


Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 27. Sect. i of Mesopygia, cont. Hypothyrida, 
Epithyride. 


72 


Terebratulidea, Sowerby. Brachiopoda. 1822, 
Trans. Lin. Soc. Lond. xiii, p. 469. =: Brachiopoda, auctt. 


Ferebratulima, Giebel. Brachiopoda. 1846. 
Palwoz. Faun. p. 121. Fam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Delthyris, The- 
cidea, Magas, Trigonotreta, Spirifer, Orbicula. 
Perebratulima, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide.. L847. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex.cited. D’Orb. Aun. Sci. Nat. viii, 
p. 249. Type Z. caputserpentis, Lin. pl. vii, f.7,8, 17,1848. Ib. xiii, p. 
339, 1850. Dav. 1856, p. 121, pl. vi, f. 7-10,24. Syn. Agulhasia, King. 


Ferebratulima, Dall. Terebratulide. 1879. 


Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 99, Subfam. Brach. cont. Terebratula, Renn- 
selaerit, Terebratulina, Waldheimia ; with subgenera Terebratula, Centro- 
nella, Epithyris?, Pygope, Waldheimia, Cryptonella, Meganteris. 


Werebratulites, auctt. Arthropomata. 
Walch, Schiéter, and others, used to denote fossil species of Brachio- 
poda. 
Terebratulites, Schlotheim. _ Arthropomata. L820. 
Petref. p. 250, pl. 20,37, 40. Sectio Anomites, cont. Brach. Arthrop. sp. 
foss. 
Terebrirostra, D’Orbigny. Terebratulide. L847. 


Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 268. No ex. cited. Pal. Frang. Ter. Cret. iv, 
p. 146, 1847. Type Terebratula lyra, Sow. = Lyra Meadii, Cumb. Ann. 
Sci. Nat. xiii, p. 345, 1850. Journ. de Conchyl. ii, p. 222, 1851. (=Lyra, 
Cumb.) 


Terebrirostris, Gray. Terebratulide. 1848, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 486; lapsus, = Terebrirostra, D’Orbigny. 

PThecide, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. A847. 
Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269. Ibid. Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80,1849. Fam. 

Brach. cont. Megathiris, Thecidia. 

Thecidzwa, Gray: Thecidiide. 1848, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 437; lapsus, = Thecidea, Defr. 

Ehecidwade, Gray. Arthropomata. 1848. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 437. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidewa, Argiope. 

Thecidwida, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 1850. 
Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii, p. 308. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidea, Megathiris. 

PT hecidaeidae, King. Arthropomata. 1800. 
Perm. Foss. p. 81. Fam, Brach. cont. Thecidea. 

Thecideada, Gray. Arthropomata. L8as. 
Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach. p. 8. = Thecide, D’Orb. 

Whecidea, Defrance. Thecidiida. 1828. 


Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. p. 38 (1821?). Type Terebratula pumilum, Lam. 
Hist. An. 8. Vert. vii, p. 58,1819. Dav. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1850, pl. xiv, 
f.58. (Cret.) Syn. 7. radiata, Defr.1.c. (= Thecidiwm, Sow.) 





73 
Whecidea, Deshayes. Arthropomata. 1830. 
Enc. Méth. iii, p. 553, tabl. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidea. 
. Thecideida, Gray. Arthropomata. 1840. 


Synops. Cont. Brit. Mus, i, p. 155; ii, pp. 85,92. Fam. Brach. cont. 
Thecidea. Adt. King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 28, 1846. Dav. 1853, 
p-51. (Mel. Thecidiida.) R 
Whecideida, Davidson. Arthropomata. 1886. 
Intr. p. 90. Subfam.? Terebratulide cont. Argiope and subg. Zellania, 
Stringocephalus, aud Thecidium. 
Whecideum, Lacaze Duthiers. Thecidiida. 18G4h. 


Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. xv, p. 262, pl. i-iv. Z. mediterraneum, Sow. 
(= Thecidium, Sow.) 


Whecidiidae, Dall. Arthropomata. 1870. 

Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 147. Cat. Ree. Brach. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Phil. 1872, p. 195. Fam. Brach. cont. Thecidium. 

Whecidiimae, Dall. Thecidiide. 1870. 
Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 100. Subf. cont. Thecidium. 

Thecidioida:, Agassiz. Arthropomata. A847, 
Nom. Zool. Index, p. 1061. == Thecidwade, Gray corrig. 

Theciditmn, Sowerby. Thecidiida. 1844, 


Genera of Shells, xx. Dav. 1853, p. 77, pl. vi, f. 35-38. Type Thecidea 
radiata, Defr.—= T. pumilum, Lam. (Cret.) Dav.1.c. (== Thecidea, Defr. 
corrig. 


Trematis, Sharpe. Discinide. 1847. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London (June), iv, p. 66. Type Orbicula ter- 
minalis, Conrad, Nat. Hist. N. York, iv, Geol. by Emmons, p. 395, f. 4, 
1842. Dav. 1856, pl. xiv, f. 4-7. (Trenton.) (Syn. Orbicella, D’Orb.) 


Trematospira, Hall. Spiriferide. soma 


Pal. N. York, vol. iii, 1859, p. 207. 1st sp. mentioned 1. c. pp. 207-9, 
Spirifer? multistriatus, Hall, Reg. Rep. 1856, Pal. N. York, iii, pl. 24, f. 3 a-t, 
pl. 28, f.5a-f. (Sil.) Cf. 12th Reg. Rep. (Oct. 1859), pp. 27-8, 7. mul- 
tistriatus, Hall, 1. c. f. 3-4. (Comp. Retzia, King.) 


Tretemterata, King. Brachiopoda. 1873. 
Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. xii, July, 1873, p. 15. Subclass cont. the 
inarticulate brach. (== Lyopomata, Owen.) 
Trigonelia, Quenstedt. Terebratulide. 1871. 


Petref. Deutsch. ii, p. 27, pl. 45, f. 1-2. Gen. Epithyrid. Type Tere- 
bratula trigonella, Schloth. Petref. 1820, p. 271,—= Trigonella suevica, 
Schréter (non-binomial), fide Quenstedt, 1. c. Not Trigonetla, Da Costa. 
(= Eudesia, King.) 


Trigomellae, Fischer de Waldheim. Invertebrata. 1809. 


Notice Fos. Gouv. Moscou, p. 35. Sect. Terebratulidarum. Included 
some species of trigonal brachiopods. Not used in a strictly generic 
sense. (= Trigonella, Quenst. auct.) 

















74 


Trigomosema, Paetel. Terebratulide. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 212; lapsus, = Trigonosemus, Kon. 
Trigomosemus, Konig. Terebratulide. 


Icones Foss. Sectil. p. 3, pl. vi, f. 73. (Cret.) Type 7. elegans, K6n. 
1. c. fide Dav. 1856, p. 126, pl. vii, f. 6,7,8. Mon. Cret. Brach. p. 29, pl. 
iv, f. 1-4. Syn. Fissurirostra, D’Orb. 


Trigonosmaus, Paetel. Terebratulide. 
Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 212; lapsus, = Trigonosemus. 
Trigonoremaus, Gray. Terebratulide. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 438; lapsus, = Trigonosemus. 
Trigorimaa, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p.7. No ex. cited. Genus incert. 
Trigomnotetra, Davidson. Spiriferide. 


Inir. exp]. pl. viii, f. 21. Spirifera disjuncta, Sow. Id. Keferstein, 
1829. Zeit. Geogn. p. 85; lapsus, = Trigonotreta, Kon. : 
Trigonotreta, Konig. Spiriferide. 
Icones Foss. Sectiles, no. 70, p.3. (Gen. cont. Spirifer sp. et Orthis sp. 
&c. fide Bronn.) Adt. King. Perm. Foss. pp. 81, 126, 1850. T. stokesii, 
Kon. 1. c. selected as type; =(?) Ter. aperturatus, Schloth. Petref. i, p. 
258, ii, p. 67, pl. 17, f. 1 (fide Bronn). (= Spirifer, Sow.) 
Trigomotreta, Meek and Hayden. Spiriferide. 
Pal. Upper Missouri (Carb.), p.19. Mr. Meek, having adopted S. cuspi- 
datus as the type of Spirifer, revives Trigonotreta, Konig, to contain 
Spirifer striatus, Sow. (commonly regarded as the type,) and its conge- 
ners. (= Spirifer, Dav.) 
Trimeceiia, “ Dalman”, Paetel. Trimerellide. 


Fam. u. Gatt. Moll. p. 212; lapsus, = Trimerella, Bill. 
"Trimereila, Billings. Trimerellida. 
Pal. Foss. Canada (June), p. 166, vol. i, f. 151,a-b. Type T. grandis, 
Bill. l.c. (Sil.) Dav. & King, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. May, 1874, p. 
124, pl. xiii, f. 2, 3. 
Trimereiiidae, Davidson and King. Tyopomata. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London (May), p. 142. Fam. Brach. cont. 
Trimerella, Monomerella, Dinobolus. 
Triplesia, Hall. Rhynchonellide. 


12th Reg. Rep. p. 44 (Oct.), f. 1-3. Type 7. extans, Hall, 1. c. = Atrypa 
extans, Emmons, Geol. Rep. 3d Distr. N. Y. 1843. (Scr. Triplasia.) Not 
Triplasia, Reuss, 1854, g.foramin. (Syn. Dicraniscus, Meek. ) 


Tropidoleptus, Hall. Arthropomata. 
10th Regent’s Rep. p. 151, f. 1-2. 12th do. p. 31, f. 1-4, 1859. Type 
Strophomena carinata, Conrad, Ann. Rep. Geol. N. York, 1839, p. 64; Hall, 
l.c. In notice Pal. N. York, vol. iv, p. 23, f. 1-2, Mar. 1867, this genus is 
pointed out as close to Leptocoelia, and probably belonging to the fam. 
Terebratulide. (Dev.) (Comp. Leptocoelia, Hall, 1859.) 


187. 


182s. 


1873s. 


184s, 


ASdi. 


1856. 


1864. 


1873s. 


1862. 


LS7A. 


1859. 


18od7. 

















15 


Trumculites, Rafinesque. Brachiopoda. 
Mon. Biv. Shells Ohio, p. 8. No ex.cited. Atlantic Journ. iii, p. 122, 
1832. Name cited; no diagn. or ex. (Gen. incert.) 
Turbinolia, auctt. non Lam. Coelenterata. 
A genus of zoophytes to which Calceola sp. and some brachiopods 
have been referred by authors. 
Uncinites, auctt. Brachiopoda. 
Cf. Uncites. 


Uncites, Defrance. Spiriferide. 


Blainville, Man. Mal. p. 630. (Dev.) ype Terebratulites gryphus, 
Schlotheim, Dav. 1256, p. 173, pl. ix, f. 50-56. 


Uncitida, D’Orbigny. Arthropomata. 
Cours Elém. Pal. p. 80. Fam. Brach. cont. Uncites, Atrypa, Pentamerus. 
Ungula, Pander. Obolide. 


Beitr. Geogn. Russ. Reiches, pp. 55-7. Ist sp. U. convera, Pand. p. 
59, t. xxviii, f.1. (L. Sil.) == Obolus apollinis, Kichw. (1829), Zool. Spec. i, 
p. 274, t.iv,f.5. Dav. 1856, p. 245, pl. xiv, f. 35-39. Five out of six of 
Pander’s sp. are stated by Bronn (Ind. Pal. iii, 1342) to be vars. of O. 
apollinis. The other sp.= 0. ingricus, Eichw. 1. c. p. 274. (= Obolus, 
Eichw.) 


Quenstedt notes (Petr. Deutschl. 1871, p. 669) that this 
genus was mentioned in Rose, ‘‘ Reise nach dem Ural”, 
the publication of which was begun by Engelhardt, of Dor- 
pat, in the spring of 1829 (but not finished until 1837). 
Pander’s work passed the censor in November, 1829, and 
was probably published by January, 1830. No sufficient 
evidence has yet been adduced to show that Pander’s name 
preceded that of Eichwald, and if it stand at all (it seems 
as if several forms were included in Pander’s very bad 
figures) it cannot be on the first species. 

Ungulites, Bronn. Obolide. 


Ind. Pal. iii, p. 1342. Quenst. 1871, Petr. Deutschl. p. 725 (? Wiegm. 
Arch. 1837, p. 143). Lapsus, (= Ungula, Pand.) 


Ungulites, Quenstedt. Trimerellide. 
Petref. Deutschl. ii, p. 669. Cont. Dirobolus, sp. fide Day. and King. 


Urticites, auctt. Invertebrata. 
Defrance, Dict. Sci. Nat. lvi, p. 383, 1828, in syn. (= Hysterolithus, 
auctt.) 
Vitulima, Hall. Arthropomata. 
13th Regent’s Rep. p. 72 (Dec.), f. 1-2. No specific name applied. 
(Hamilton Gr.) Pal. N. York, iv, p. 410, pl. 62, f. 1,a-%. Sole ex. V. pus- 
tulosa, Hall, 1. c. Not Vitulina, Swains. gen. Gasterop. 1840. 


Probably belongs to the Terebratulide. 





I83l. 


1s49. 


1830. 


L84s, 


Is7i. 


E860. 


76 


Volborthia, Méllera. Siphonotretide. 


(Extr.) Verh. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, 1873, p. 1-7, pl. i, f. 1-6. (In 
Russian.) Type Acrotreta recurva, Kutorga, 1. c. 1847, p. 277, t. vii, f. 9, 
1248. Hyolithes sp. Eichw. Leth. Ros. p. 905. 


WY aldheim#ia, King. Terebratulide. 


Perm. Foss. p. 81, 145. Type Terebratula flavescens, Lam. Hist. An. 8. 
Vert. vi, p. 246, 1819, = Waldheimia australis, King, |. ¢. pl. xx, f. 10-12. 
Reeve, Conch. Icon. t. i; t. ii, f. 1 a-b. Cf. Ludesia, King. 


This genus, or subgenus, which has come into very gen- 
eral use, and is represented by a number of recent species, 
most unfortunately bears a name which is preoccupied by 
Brullé, in Hymenoptera, since 1846. Bruflé’s genus is stated 
on good authority to be tenable, and hence the writer pro- 
poses to revive the name of Hudesia (which see) for this 
group. (Cf. Brullé, Hist. Nat. des Insectes Hym. iv, p. 665, 
Nov. 1846. Types Tenthredo Brasiliensis, Lep. St. Fargeau, 
and W. Orbignyana, Brullé, 1. ¢. pl. 46, f. 8.) 

Waltomia, Davidson. Terebratulide. 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 475. Type W. Valenciennesti, Dav. 1. ¢. pl. xv, 
f.la—d. Ib. 1. ¢. 1852, p. 372, subg. Magas. Id. 1. c. 1861, p. 34, olim. 


Founded on an immature and apparently imperfect Terebratulid; per- 
haps a Terebratella. 


Zecliamia, Moore. . Terebratulide. 
Proc. Somerset Archzeol. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1854.* Dav. 1856, p. 141, pl. 
vii, f. 43-44. Type Z. Davidsonii, Moore, 1. c. (= Cistella, Gray.) 
Zonarites, Rafinesque. Brackiopoda. 
Enum. Rem. Obj. Cab. Raf. p. 4. Sole ex. Z. atrata, Raf. 1. c. fos. Ken- 
tucky. (Genus incert.) 
AVegospira, Hall, Atrypide. 


15th Regent’s Rep. pp. 154-5, f. 1,2. Type Atrypa modesta, (Say) 
Hall, 1. c. (== Stenocisma, Hall, not Conr.) 


‘ 


is73. 


1830, 


1854. 


issi. 


1862. 








G 


SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE GENERA. 


Genera or subgenera admitted to be valid, or not sufficiently known to tke author to be reasonably 
questioned, are printed in upright letters. 

Synonymes, or names suspected to be such, are indented; absolute synonymes are in italics, the others 
in uptight letters; both under the name to which they are referred, or suspected to belong. 

An asterisk marks non-binomial synonymes. 

An interrogation-mark [?] indicates that the family relations are doubtful. The same in parentheses 
(2) indicates that the synonyme so marked cannot be definitely referred to any genus, or may denomi- 
nate an assemblage of species which should be distributed among several groups. Before a name not 
indented, it indicates a doubt as to its validity. 

The name following a genus refers to the author who used it in the sense indicated by its a)location 
here, and not necessarily the author who first used it. This holds good throughout these lists. 

It must be borne in mind that this arrangement is merely tentative and subject to reform. 























Fam. TEREBRATULID&. 
( Terebratulina.) 


Terebratula, Miiller. 
* Terebratula, Lihwyd. 
* Sacculus, Lihwyd. 
* Lampas, Meuschen. 
* Terebratulites, Schlotheim. 
Terebratularius, Dumeril. 
Lampas, sp. Humphrey. 
Gryphus, Megerle. 
Lampus, Sowerby. 
Musculus, Quenstedt. 
Nucleata, Quenstedt. 
_ (?) Epithyris, King, not Phillips. 
Epithyrus, Paetel. 
Seminula, M’Coy, 1855. 
Dielasma, King. 
Centronella, Billings. 
Cryptonella, Hall, 1861-3. 
(7?) Rennseleria, Hall. 
(?) Leptocoelia, Hall, 1859. 
Pygope, Link. 
* Diphyites, Schroter. 
Pugiies, De Haan. 
Antinomia, Catullo. 
(2) Orthotoma, Quenstedt. 
(2) Vitulina, Hall, not Swainson. 
Terebratulina, D’Orbigny. 
Agulhasia, King. 
Cryptonella, Hall, 1867. 
? Cryptorema, Bigsby. 
Cryptocella, Paetel, not Adams. 
Meganteris, Suess. 
Eudesia, (King) Dall. 
Waldheimia, King, not Brullé. 
Macandrevia, King, not Gray. 
(2) Gwynia, King. ° 
Trigonella, Quenstedt. 
Cincta, Quenstedt. 
Cryptacanthia, White & St. Jobn. 


Lyra, Cumberland, 
Terebrirostra, D’Orbigny. 
Terebrirostris, Gray. 


(Magasine.) 


Trigonosemus, Konig. 
Trigonoremus, Gray. 
Trigonosmus, Pactel. 
Trigonosema, Paetel. 
Fissirostra, D’Orbigny. 
Fissurirostra, D’Orbigny. 
Fissirostris, Gray. 
Fissuristra, Paetel. 
Delthyridea, King. 
Deltyrydea, Davidson. 
Delthiridea, Gray. 

? Hynnipboria, Suess. 
Hinniphoria, Bronn. 

Terebratella, D’Orbigny. 
Delthyris, Menke. 
Ismenia, King. 
Waltonia, Davidson. 

Laqueus, Dall. 

Megerlia, King, not Rob-Desy. 
Megerlea, Davidson. 
Orthis, Menke. 

Orthis, Philippi. 

(?) Frenula, Dall. 

Ismenia, King, olim. 
Ismenia, Gray, Dall. 

Kingena, Davidson. 

Magasella, Dall. 

? Tropidoleptus, Hall. 

Platidia, Costa. 

Morrisia, Davidson. 

Bouchardia, Davidson. 
Pachyrhynchus, King. 

Magas, Sowerby. 

Majas, Keferstein. 
Megas, Isensee. 
(?) Mannia, Dewalque. 


78 


Rhynchora, Dalman (pars). 
Thynchura, Agassiz. 
Rhyncora, Gray. 

Kraussina, Davidson. 
Kraussia, Davidson. 
Kraussinina, Paetel. 


(Megathyrine.} 


Megathyris, Bronn. 
Megathiris, D’Orbigny. 
Argyope, Deslongchamps, not Sa- 
vigny. P 
Argiope, Deslongchamps, not Sa- 
vigny. 
Cistella, Gray. 
Zellania, Moore. 


Fam. THECIDIIDA. 


Thecidium, Sowerby. 
Thecidea, Defrance. 
Thecidwa, Gray. 
Thecideum, Lacaze Duthiers. 


Fam. STRINGOCEPHALID&. 


Stringocephalus, Sandberger. 
Strygocephale, Blainville. 
Sirygocephalus, Broun. 
Strigocephalus, Defrance. 


Fam. PENTAMERIDZ. 


Anastrophia, Hall. 
Brachymerus, Shaler. 
Amphigenia, Hall. 
Gypidula, Hall. 
Pentamerella, Hall. 
Camarella, Billings (pars). 
Camerella, Paetel. 
Stenoschisma, n. 
Stenocisma, Conrad, not Hall. 
Camerophoria, King. 
Camnarophoria, Bronn. 
Comerophoria, Gray. 
Pentamerus, Sowerby. 
Pentastére, Blainville. 
Pentastera, Herrmannsen. 
Conchidium, Linné. 
Gypidia, Dalman. 
Gypidia, Hall. 
Gypidium, Beyrich. 
Stricklandia, Billings. 
Stricklandinia, Billings. 
Syntrielasma, Meek. 
Syntrilasma, Carpenter. 


Fam. RHYNCHONELLIDZ. 


Rhynchonella, Fischer. 
Rhynchonelle, Fischer. 
Tthyngonella, Bronn. 

* Oxyrhynchus, Lihwyd. 
Stenocisma, Hall, 1867. 

Rhynchotrema, Hall. 

Hypothyris, Phillips. 
Hypothyris, King. 
Cyclothyris, Davidson. 
Bicornes, Quenstedt. 

Acanthothyris, D’Orbigny. 
Acanthothiris, D’Orbigny. 

Hemithyris, Bronn. 

Hemithiris, D’Orbigny. 
Hypothyris; Forbes & Hanley. 

Rhynchopora, King. 

(?) Antirhynchonella, Quenstedt. 
Camarella, Billings (pars typ.). 
Camerella, Paetel. 

Eatonia, Hall. 

Elonia, Meek & Hayden. 


‘Dimerella, Zittel. 


Atretia, Jeffreys. 
Cryptopora, Jeffreys. 
(?) Rhynchonellina, Gemellaro. 
Triplesia, Hall. 
Dicraniscus, Meek. 
Leiorhynchus, Hall, not Rud. 
Meristella, Hall, olim. 1862. 
? Eichwaldia, Billings. 
Dictyonella, Hall, MSS. 


Fam, ATRYPIDZ. _ 


Atrypa, Dalman. 
Spirigerina, D’Orbigny. 
Cleiothyris, Phillips. 
Cleidothyris, Paetel. 
Cliothyris, Agassiz. 
Anoplotheca, Sandberger. 
Zygospira, Hall. 
Stenocisma, Hall, 1847, not Con. 
(?) Coelospira, Hall. 
Leptocoelia, Hall, 1857. 
Koninekina, Suess. 
Koninckia, Woodward. 
? Davidsonia, Bouchard. 


Fam. SPIRIFERID A. 


Athyris, M’Coy. 
Athyris, Davidson, 1856. 
Seminula, M’Coy, 1844. 
Actinoconchus, M’Coy. 
Semiluna, King. 

















Cleiothyris, King. 
Spirigera, D’Orbigny. 
Euthyris, Quenstedt. 
(?) Charionella, Billings. 
Merista, Suess. 
Camarium, ‘all. 
Pentagonia, Cozzens. 
Goniocoelia, Hall. 
Meristella, Hall, 1861. 
Athyris, Davidson, 1853. 
Athyris, Billings. 
(?) Meristina, Hall. 
Nucleospira, Hall. 
Retzia, King. 
Retsia, Davidson. 
Ehynchospira, Hall. 
Rhyncospiva, Hall. 
Trematospira, Hall. 
Acambona, White. 
Eumetria, Hall. 
Uncites, Defrance. 
Uncinites, auctt. 
Spirifer, Sowerby. 


Spirifera, J. de C. Sowerby. 


Spiriferus, Blainville. 
Spinifer, Rafinesque. 
Hysterolithus, Quenstedt. 
Fusella, M’Coy. 
Choristites, Fischer. 
Choristites, Queustedt. 
Choristides, Keferstein. 
Delthyris, Dalman. 
Brachythyris, M’Coy. 
Trigonotreta, Konig, Meek. 
Trigonotetra, Keferstein. 
Reticularia, M’Coy. 
Martinia, M’Coy. 
Ambocoelia, Mall. 
Ambocoilia, Quenstedt. 
Syringothyris, Winchell. 
Spirifer, King, Meek. 
Cyrtia, Dalman. 
Cyrthia, D’Orbigny. 
Cyrtina, Davidson. 
Cyrtaena, Hall. 
(?) Mentzelia, Quenstedt. 
Suessia, Deslongchamps. 
Spiriferina, D’Orbigny. 
* » 


(?) Skenidium, Hall. 


Fam. PORAMBONITID&. 
Porambonites, Pander. 
Priambonites, Agassiz. 
Isorhynchus, King. 


79 


Fam. STROPHOMENID®. 


Strophomena, Blainville. 
Hemipronites, Meek. 
Strophonema, Rang. 
Orthis, King, 1850. 
Leptaena, sp. Dalman. 
Strophomena, Davidson (pars). 

Hipparionyx, Vanuxem. 

(?) Orthothetes, Fischer, 1837. 
Orthothetes, Fischer, 1850. 
Orthotheles, D’Orbigny. 
Orthotetes, Oken. 
Streptorhynuchus, King. 

(?) Plectambonites, Pander. 
Leptaena, sp. Dalman. 
Leptaena, King, 1846. 
Strophomena, Meek, 1873. 
Leptagonia, M’Coy. 
Leptogonia, Agassiz. 

Leptaena, Dalman (pars). 
Leptaena, Davidson. 
Plectambonites, King. 

Stropheodonta, Hall. 
Strophodonta, Hall. 
Strepheodonta, Marschall. 

Klitambonites, Pander. 
Pronites, Pander, not Illiger. 
Prionites, Agassiz. 
Clitambonites, Agassiz. 
Hemipronites, Pander. 
Hemiprionites, Agassiz. 
Gonamboniies, Pander. 
Orthisina, D’Orbigny. 
Orthisina, Davidson. 

Orthis, Davidson. 

Orthis, Dalman (pars). 
Orthambonites, Pander. 
Strophomenes, Steininger. 
Schizophoria, King. 
Platystrophia, King. 
Platistrophia, Quenstedt. 

(?) Meekella, White & St. John. 

Bilobites, Linné. 

Dicaelosia, King. 

Brachyprion, Shaler. 
(Doubtful.) 

? Amphiclina, Laube. 

? Aulacorhynchus, Dittmar. 

? Enteletes, Fischer. 

Entellites, Sowerby. 
Anteletes, D’Orbigny. 

? Iphidea, Billings. 

? Tropidoleptus, Hall. 

? Skenidium, Hall. 


Fam. PRODUCTID. 


Productus, Sowerby. 
Producta, Sowerby, jr. 
Producta, M’Coy. 
Protonia, Link. 

* Pyxis, Chemnitz. 
Arbusculites, Murray. 
Arbusculithes, Paetel. 

Chonetes, Fischer. 
Leptaena, M’Coy. 
Chonetus, Paetel. 

Productella, Hall. 

Strophalosia, King. 
Stropholosia, Gray. 
Stophalosia, Bronn. 
Leptacnatosia, King. 
Orthothrix, Geinitz. 
Orithothrix, Davidson. 
Orthotrix, auct. 

Aulosteges, Helinersen. 


LYOPOMATA. 
Fam. SIPHONOTRETID. 


Siphonotreta, Verneuil. 
Siphonotrema, Dana. 

Mesotreta, Kutorga, 

Acrotreta, Kutorga. 

Volborthia, Moller. 

? Kichwaldia, Billings. 

? Iphidea, Billings. 


Fam. TRIMERELLID®. 


Trimerella, Billings. 
Trimecella, Paetel. 
Gotlandia, Dall. 
Mhynobolus, Wall. 
Obolellina, Billings. 

Dinobolus, Hall. 

Ungulites, Quenstedt. 
Conradia, Hall. 
Monomerella, Billings. 
? Lingulops, Hall. 


Fam. OBOLIDA. 


Helmersenia, Pander. 

Keyserlingia, Pander. 

? Kutorgina, Billings (pars). 
Kortugina, Davidson. 

Monobolina, Salter. 

Obolella, Biilings. 

? Spondylobolus, M’Coy. 
Spondylobus, Davidson. 

Aulonotreta, Kutorga (pars). 
Leptobolus, Hall. 
Leptobulus, Hall. 


80 


Acritis, Volborth. 
Acrites, Dav. & King. 
Obolus, Eichwald. 
Obulus, Quenstedt. 
Ungula, Pander. 
Ongulites, Bronn. 
Aulonotreta, sp. Kutorga. 
(?) Schmidtia, Volborth, not Bals.-Criv. 
Dicellomus, Hall. 


Fam. LINGULIDA. 


Dignomia, Hall. 

Lingulella, Salter. 

Lingnlepis, Hall. 

Glottidia, Dall. 

Glossina, Phillips. 

Lingula, Brugiere. 
Ligula, Cuvier. 
Ligularius, Dumeril. 
Lingularius, Herrmannsen. 
Pharetra, Bolten. 


Fam. DISCINID. 


Discina, Lamarck. 
Orbicula, Sowerby. 
Discinisea, Dall. 
Trematis, Sharpe. 
Orbicella, D’Orbigny. 
Orbiculoidea, D’Orbigny. 
Schizotreta, Kutorga. 
Shizotreta, Davidson. 
Schizocrania, Hall & Whitfield. 


Fam. CRANIID. 


Crania, Retzius. 
* Criopoderma, Poli. 
* Criopiderma, Poli. 
Criopododerma, Agassiz. 
Criopus, Gray. 
Cryopus, Deshayes. 
Craniolites, Schlotheim. 
Craniolithes, auctt. 
Discina, Turton. 
*Nummulus, Waller. 
Numulus, Agassiz. 
Orbicula, Cuvier. 
Orbicularius, Dumeril. 
Craniscus, Dall. 
Ancistrocrania, Dall. 
Cranopsis, Dall, not Adams. 
Pseudocrania, M’Coy. 
Craniops, Hall. 
Pholidops, Hall. 
Paleocrania, Quenstedt. 
Choniopora, Schauroth. 





81 


GENERA INCERT® SEDIS. 





Mostly indeterminable and of Rafinesque. 











Amblotrema, Rafinesque. 

Amblyirema, Agassiz. 

Aplecerotis, Paetel. 

 Apleurotis, Rafinesque. 
 *Bufocephalus, Linné. 

 *Bursula, Klein. 
*Capsularia, Lilhwyd. 
Clipsilia, Rafinesque. 

— *Conchyliolithus, Martin. 
~ Cranicella, Raftinesque. 

— Curvulites, Rafinesque. 

 Cyclothyris, M’Coy. 

_ Delthyridea, M’Coy. 

_ Diclipsites, Rafinesque. 
_Diclisma, Rafinesque. 
Discinella, Hall. 

Epithyris, Phillips. 

Goniclis, Rafinesque. 
_Gonotrema, Rafinesque. 
3 Hemiasterias, Herrmannsen. 

Hemisterias, Rafinesque. 
_Megarima, Deshayes. 


Megarites, Rafinesque. 
Megorima, Rafinesque. 
Obovites, Rafinesque. 
Orthothetes, Evans, 1829. 
Orthothetes, Fischer, 1837. 
Pachiloma, Rafinesque. 
Pachyloma, Herrmannsen. 
* Peridiolithus, Hiipsch. 
Plachiloma, Ferussac. 
Platilites, Rafinesque, 
Plewranisis, Rafinesque. 
Plewrecterites, Bronn. 
Pleureterites, Rafinesque. 
Pleurinea, Rafinesque. 
Strophesia, Rafinesque. 
Strophomenes, Rafinesque. 
Styriasis, Rafinesque. 
Telestrophis, Agassiz. 
Telistrophis, Rafinesque. 
Trigorima, Rafinesgue. 
Trunculites, Rafinesque. 
Zonarites, Rafinesque. 


_ GENERA CONTAINING A HETEROGENEOUS ASSEMBLY, OF WHICH SOME 
SPECIES ARE KNOWN OR SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN BRACHIOPODS. 


| Anomia, Linné. 
—*Anomites, Schlotheim. 
*Bucardites, Argenville. 
Clavagella, Goldfuss. 
*Cltenites, Kenntman. 
*Cunolites, auctt. 
*Gryphites, Llhwyd. 
*Gryphytes, Da Costa. 
Helmintholithus, Linné. 
Hipponyx, Morris. 
*Hysterolites, Schlotheim. 
Hysterolithes, Link. 
* Hysterolithos, Grew. 
*Hysterolithus, Aldrovandus, 
*Hysteropetra, Cardan. 


* Onychites, Mercati. 
*Ostracites, Llhwyd. 

* Ostreopectinites, auctt. 
Patella, Linné. 

* Peclinites, auctt. 
*Pectunculi, auctt. 

* Pectunculus, Gesner. 
* Pectunculites, Lister. 
Pycnodonte, Fischer. 
Siphonaria, Quenstedt. 
*Stola, Klein. 
Trigonelles, Fischer. 

* Trigonellites, auctt. 
*Urtisiivs, auctt. 


GENERA ERRONEOUSLY REFERRED TO THE BRACHIOPODA. 


ACEPHALA. 
ANOMIIDZ. 
#nigma, Koch. 
CARDITIDZ. 
Orthonata, Emmons. 


LUCINIDE. 
Paracyclas, Hall. 
CRUSTACEA. 
ENTOMOSTRACA, 
Daphnoidea, Hibbert. 


82 7 


COELENTERATA. * Pilolithus, Beuth. 
*Sandaliolite, Rozier. 
CALCEOLID 4. 


*Sandaliolithus, Hiipsch. 
*Sandalite, Rozier. 
*Sandalites, Hiipsch. 
Sandalium, Oken. 
Calceolaria, Grittith. 

Rhizophyllum, Lindstrom. 
*Crepidolithus, Hiipsch. 


*Crepite, Rozier. i 
*Crepites, Hiipsch. | Chelodes, (D. & K.) Lindstrém. 


Hypodema, Koninck. 

Calceola, Lamarck. 
*Calecoutes, Schlotheim. 
* Crepidites, Schroter. 
*Crepidolite, Rozier. 


T'rom the preceding list it appears that about four hundred and sixty- 
three generic and subgeneric names have been rightly or wrongly asso- 
ciated with the group of Brachiopoda. Eighty-seven have been assigned - 
to the Terebratulide, sixty-five to the Rhynchonellide as generally under- 
stood, fifty-three to the Spiriferide, and fifty-two to the Strophomenide. 
Of all these, only about one hundred and thirty have been at all generally 
accepted, being about three and a half names to each group. Sixteen 
families and two orders are here recognized. The general list contains 
about seven hundred names. It is estimated that there are about ten — 
thousand names and synonymes which have been used in the sub-king- 
dom of J/ollusca, taken in its extended sense, of which the Brachiopods 
contribute about six per cent. 


List of the Linnean species of Brachiopoda described in the Systema Nature, 
ed. X and XII, with their modern equivalents, chiefly on the authority of 
Sharpe, Hanley, and Davidson. 


Ea. 


x“ 
a 


x 


Linnean name. 
Anomia craniolaris. 
Anomia pectinata. 
Anomia scobinata. 
Anomia aurita, 
Anomia retusa. 
Anomia pecten. 
Anomia striata. 
Anomia truncata. 
Anomia reticularis. 
Anomia plicatella. 
Anomia crispa. 
Anomia lacunosa. 
Anomia pubescens. 
Anomia fareta. 


Modern name. 
Crania craniolaris, Dall. 
Trigonosemus pectinatus, Gray. 
? Megerlia truncata, Dav. 
? Terebratulina caputserpentis, D’Qrb,. 
Terebratulina caputserpentis, D’Orb. 
Strophomena pecten, Dav. 
2 
Megerlia truncata, Dav. 
Atrypa reticularis, Dalman. 
Spirifer interlineatus, Sowerby. 
Spirifer sulcata, Davidson. 
Thynchonella Wilsoni, Sow. 
Ter. caputserpentis (juv.). 
Terebratula obsoleta, Sowerby. 


XII Anomia caputserpentis. Ter. caputserpentis, D’Orbigny. 

X Anomia terebratula. Terebratula perovalis, Sowerby. 
XII Anomia excavata. Terebratula excavata, Phillips. 

X Anomia hysterita. Orthis striatula, Davidson. 
XII Anomia spinosa. Acanthothyris spinosa, D’Orb. 

X Anomia biloba. Orthis (Bilobites) biloba, Quenst. 

X Conchidium bilocularis. Gypidia conchidium, Dalm. 

X Patella unguis. Lingula 4+- Parmophorus, sp. incert. 





83 


Table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief groups of Brachicpoda in 
geological time. 





| 


a 
5 
“ \ © é 
8 a Y . a = : 
S 3 a q 5 S ba 
oa a = S = oO be . 
a a a 8 & aD Rk S oS aS 
2 4 5 2 = n oO oS oe A 
q = 2 = cs 3 o = Y 
a 5 e = iB = Bi ® 2 
S rt oS S&S oO mH o- Es Y ° 
o Ci A : a H 5 oD a & 


| ¢ 








TEREBRATULIDE. . 

Terebratula, Miiller. 

Centronella, Billings. . . . 
Marina Hall, . «3 «) 8 » = « 
Tropidoleptus, Hall} esas 
Meganteris, Suess . .. . 
Epithyris, King, - 

Waldhcimia King (=ZHudesia) . . 
Zyra,Cumberland. . .. . 
Pygope, Link. . ... -« 





Orthotoma, Quenstedt . 
Terebratulina, D’Orbigny .« 
Hynniphoria, Suess. . . 


Terebratella, D’Orbigny. . .- 








Bueneriia Kang cf. 6) 3 se 
Megathyris, Bronn 
Cistella, Gray. . . . 





Trigonosemus, Konig . 

Kingena, Davidson. . . . 
Magas,Sowerby. . . - 
Rhynchora, Dalman. . 

Miagasciia, Dally... 3) 5. 
magueus,; Dal. . . . 


ey Prevula, Dall . . . « 





Bouchardia, Davidson . 
ean. COSiG 2 8s} a 16) 3 ie 


Kraussina, Davidson . . . . 


= 
SRHECEDIIDAS 5 4 5 6. 3 5 we 


Thecidium, Sowerby. . . . 





STRINGOCEPHALIDZ. . ... = 


Stringocephalus, Sandberger . 


_ PENTAMERIDH. . . . - 


Pentamerus, Sowerby . . 





Conchidium, Linné . 
Stricklandia, Billings... . 








84 


Table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief groups of Brachiopoda in 
geological rme—Continued. 





Devonian. 
Carboniferous. 
Permian. 
Triassic 
Jurassic. 
Cretaceous. 
Tertiary. 


Cambrian. 
Recent. 


| | Silurian. 


Camarella, Billings (sp.). . - 
Anastrophid,, Hall 2. See Be Ve 
Amplhigenia, Hall 

Gypidula, Hall 

Pentamerella, Halk . 
Stenoschisma, (Conrad). 


Syntrizlasma, Meek. 


RUYNCHONELLIDAS . 





? Kichwaldia, Billings . 
Eatonia, Hall. 


Triplesia, Hall. 





Antirhynchonel/a, Quenstedt. 


Camarella, Billings (pars) 





Ithynchonella, Fischer . 
Leiorhynchus, Hall, not ud . 
Rhynchopora, King . 
Dimerella, Zittel. 
Rhynchoncllina, Gemellaro. 
Acanthothyris, D’Orbigny. 


Hemithyris, Broun . 


ATRYPIDA. 
Zygospira, Hall . 
Coelospira, Hall . 





Atrypa, Dalman . 
Anoplothect, Sandberger . 
Davidsonia, Bouch . 


¢ Koninckina, Suess. 





SPIRIFERIDA . 





? Skentdvun, Hall 3-9 s- be eb tevate al 


Meristina, Hall (2) 





Meristella, Kall, 1861. 





Merista, Suess. 
Athyris, M’Coy . 
SPUTIFEr, SOWCLDY. «. cathe vo fs 





Oyrtta; Dalmant. +. fs e 7. % 





85 


Table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief groups of Brachiopoda in 
geological time—Continued. 
















































Slee We ie jee eter | en mate bes 
 Cyrtina, Davidson . ee a 
Nucleospira, Hall. . pane be 
_ Trematospira, IsEMOE 45 
| _ Retzia, King . | 
Acambona, White . . . 
“Charionella, Billings . 
Pentagonia, Cozzens. 
 Uncites, Defrance. . 
Spiriferine, D’Orbigny. —— 
Ambocoelia, Hall. . . 
Be acs M’Coy. . . 
| Syringothyris, Winchell 
Suessia, Deslongchamps . 
Mentzelia, Quenstedt . . 
x x x x 
PORAMBONITIDH. . . .. . 
Porambonites, Pander. . . .» 
x f x x x 
STROPHOMENIDS. . . Relies SOM Slee als aE 
epiphiden, Billings. . . .. . -| — | 
reais Dalman. . . « « 
Piutystrophia, King. eens 
Bilobites, Linné . ——— 
Brachyprion, Shaler. cas 
Stropheodonta, Hall. . . = 
Adtlitambonites, Pander. . ns 
% Skenidium, Hall . . os 
Strophomena, Blainville . .. . 
ee iccnd, Dalman . 
Streptorhynchus, King. . . . .» eee 
Hipparionyx, Vanuxem . Of |e ao ? 
Mevkella, White & St. John . ee 
? Aulacorhynchus, Dittmar — 
? Amphiclina, Laube ——— : 
x x x x x x x x x x 
Propuctipm. . ———— ; 
Chonetes, Fischer. Ree SEE RET ; 
Strophalosia, King. . . . . c ee See : : : ° 
= 








86 


Table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief groups of Brachiopoda in , 
geological time—Continued. 





Cambrian. 
Silurian. 
Devonian. 
Carboniferous. 
Permian 
Triassic. 
Jurassic. 
Cretaceous. 
Tertiary. 
Recent, 





Productus, Sowerby. 


Productella, Hall 





Aulosteges, Helmersen . 





SIPHONOTRETIDA, 
Acrotreta, Kutorga . 
Stshonotreta, Verneuil. 
. Mesotreta, Kutorga . 


Volborthia, Moller . 


TRIMERELLID 
Trimerella, Billings 
Dinobolus, Hall . 
Monomerella, Billings . 


? Lingulops, Hall 


x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 

x 
x 


OBOLIDA , 
Spondylobolus, M’Coy . 
Monobolina, Salter . 


Kutorgina, Billings 





Obolella, Billings . 
Obolisy Hichwaldias. 8 tae ae ae 4 2 : : . 4 ~ : a 
Aulonotreta, Kutorga (pars). . . 
Helmersenia, Pander . ... . 


Keyserlingia, Pander 





Dicellomus, Hall 


x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
» 
x 
x 


LINGULIDE 

Tingulelia, Salter 

Lingulepis, Wall. 

flossing, Phillips.) iirc) epoch 
Tingula, Brugitre . . 
Dignomia, Ball . 

Glottidia, Dall <2 , .) . 


DISCINIDZE. 











Discinisca, Dall . 


Schizocrania, dat mene = (er de a 5 | : i ° | . | : | , | . 








87 


Table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief groups of Brachiopoda in 
geological time—Continued. 




















a 
S 
So . 
eI ; a - 
A : : S 
a) q 3 32 A 3 3 ° 
mH 3 = q aS “= hm ° 
= — 8 5 = 2 2 ° 
~ ° gq na Q a 
8 5 5 2 S a x ~ 
Se Nnet Wee So | esr fst il 
Oo nm A i Ay H 5 D 
Wrematis, Sharpe ... . : 


Orbiculoidea, D'Orbigny . 


Discina, Lamarck . . 


x 
x 
x 
x 
x 


CRANIIDE. . 


? Pseudocranic, M’Coy 





Grania, Retzius. . .. 


Choniopora,Schauroth . ... .f . 





Craniscus, Dall . 


Ancistrocrania, Dall 














Table of the geological distribution of the known families. 





Cambrian. 
Silurian. 
Devonian. 
Carboniferous. 
Permian. 
Triassic 
Jurassic. 
Cretaceous. 
Tertiary. 
Recent. 





| 
! 





LYOPOMATA, 


RmOranide . . . .« 


piscinide. . . » 








Lingulide . 
Trimerellide. . . 
Siphonotretide . .. . 
BE ey eG 





ARTHROPOMATA. 


Strophomenidce siakted ie sph 

Broductide . . . ss 

Bpiriferid® . . 1... 
_ Atrypide Buh tele 


Pentameride. . . 





Rhynchonellide . . 


Porambonitide . . .. 





Terebratulide. . . . 
Stringocephalide. . . . 
mmeodaide. . . . . 














4 


88 


Ti is seen that of sixteen families, six have living representatives, one — 


more than appear to have been represented during the Cambrian epoch; e: 


while but two of the Cambrian families have survived. All those living | 


in Cretaceous times have endured till now. All now living had Pale- — | 


ozoic representatives, while half the Paleozoic families do not appear to 
have survived the changes which introduced the Mesozoic time. 


ADDENDA 


(December, 1877.) 


Acrothele, Linnarson. Discinide. 1876. 


Bihang till K. Svensk. Vet. Ak. Handl. iii, No. 12, p. 20. 1st sp. d. 
coriacea, Linnars. |. c. p. 21, pl. iv, f. 44-43. (Cambrian.) Comp. Mesotreta, 
Kutorga. Much like typical Discina. 


JEgilops, Hall. ? Brachiopoda. 1800. 

Third Regent’s Rep. App. K. p. 171; sole ex. 2. subcarinata, Hall, 1. ¢. 

pl. 4, f. 1 a-b. (Trenton.) A squeezed indeterminate cast, described 

(inferentially) as a Lamellibranch, but referred to Brachiopoda by Mil- 
ler, Am. Pal. Fos. p. 103, 1877 ; no diagnosis; incert. sedis. 


Lysimgothyris, Hall. Spiriferide. 1868. 
Twentieth Reg. Rep. p. 388, note; lapsus = Syringothyris, Winchell. 


Orthoidea, Friren (?). Incert. sedis. 18'73. 
Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. de Metz, 1875, p. 22, pl. i, ii. (Middle Lias.) O. 
liasina, F'r.n.s. Quoted as a Brach. in Geol. Rec. for 1875, index of n. s. 
p. 301. 
Promites. 


This term, as used by Illiger, was spelled Prionites. This does not, how- 
ever, affect the synonymy in Brachiopods. 


Fhizoplnyiluna, Lindstrom. Coelenterata. 
Dr. Lindstrém is convinced that this is distinct from Calceola. 
Suessia, Deslongchamps. Spiriferide. 1854. 


First published by Dav. 1].c. (See p. 69.) Afterward in Ann. Inst. 
Proy. 1855 (not 1854); extras, p. 6, f. 8-11, 12-16. 1st sp. S. imbricata, 
Suess, l.c¢. 
Trematis, Sharpe. Discinide. 1847. 


Page 73, instead of “Type” read “ Ist sp. 1. c. p. 68, f. 1-3,” Orbi- 
cula terminalis, ete. 


° 











— 
Oy 
ee 
ve 


Cae 


SAP Satine 


xt 


" 


ae ee eB ae a x ary hah ee Be a Se 
Le alt eee 7 ‘ ¥ . wry 24 








ET I EE OEE EERE OO EA TE LEIS OY Ss 
’ ; aes... 
t8e 


Department of the ’Snterior: 
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


— 9 — 


BULLETIN 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ow Oo 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
Siew. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 







‘This work is the ninth of a series of papers intended to illustrate 
the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United 
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10 
1846. 

It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. | 
JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, May, 1877. 


it 


CONTRIBUTIONS 






TO 





NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. 


BASED PRIMARILY ON THE 


COLLECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


£. 


REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE’S MEMOIRS ON NORTH AMERICAN FISHES 
BY 


DAVID S. JORDAN. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1877. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


BTR EO as. ia hse wlos Seale oats me ale Cams wea eee oie Me eee cree me eee ts eee ee 
List of Rafinesquian Penhera sre aisase esc acis tenon ceseuees ce ose eeeree 
List of species described prior to the Tchthyoloeta 0 QOhiensisieacsess---eeioss eee 
Tehthyologia Ohienwis 502 S52. cw stepeese eo Sok ee eae nee eal cea Come ees 
List of species not noticed by Rafinesque ..-.....---...---..----- AoE Spee 
Judex to-generio names i722 ae ss sev nee wei e aces eeam conn perenne ence aloes « 


4 








PREFACE. 





The purpose of this paper is to present a series of identifications of the 
species of fresh-water fishes described by Rafinesque in his “ Ichthyologia 
Ohiensis” and elsewhere, made as a result of nearly three years of “ field- 
work” in the region fished in by Rafinesque. In most cases, fresh speci- 
mens have been carefully compared with Rafinesque’s accounts, and in 
the more difficult groups, as the Cyprinide, Catostomide, and Centrarchida, 
I have taken a full series of the species known to occur in this region 
and compared Rafinesque’s description with each specimen in turn, until 
one was reached which showed no serious discrepancy. 

It is evident that many of Rafinesque’s descriptions were drawn up 
from memory, and that his measurements were made by the eye, with- 
out the restraint of a tape-line. He indeed somewhere states that his 
collections were made in the summer and accounts written up for pub- 
lication during the winter. As a result of this, the descriptions are 
often inexact, although usually striking. The numerous misprints in 
his work are also, in some cases, a source of confusion. 

By making due allowance for these facts, and keeping in mind the 
proposition, unjustly controverted by some writers, that Rafinesque 
was not altogether a knave nor a fool, I have succeeded in identifying 
more or less satisfactorily, nearly all of his species, and in restoring to 
a number of his names their rightful priority. 

The species still remaining unidentified are of two sorts: First, species 
really existing but not distinctively described, as Luaxilus interruptus, 
Rutilus compressus, ete., in which no really tangible characters are 
given; and, second, those like Aplocentrus calliops and Pogostoma leucops, 
described at second hand from “ drawings by Mr. Audubon”, presenting, 
a grouping of characters applicable to no known fish. 

It is not my purpose here to enter into any discussion of the merits of 
Rafinesque’s work. That the Ichthyologia has been, and still is, a stum- 
bling-block, is generally admitted. This is partly owing to errors of 
observation on the part of the author, partly to the admixture of state- 
ments derived from memory, imagination, or hearsay with statements 
ef fact, and, finally, in no slight degree to the fact that Rafinesque’s 
5 


6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


accounts were taken from living fishes, and hence were not to be readily 
interpreted by workers in the closet with preserved specimens. 

In order to do justice to Rafinesque’s work, it is necessary, in the 
words of Girard (Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. 1856, 167), ‘that one should 
go to the very ground trodden by Rafinesque himself, his book in hand, 
during all seasons of the year, aye, even for years in succession, to ena- 
ble us to discriminate between what Rafinesque really observed and 
what is imaginary ”. 

Nafinesque’s work has been well summed up by Professor Agassiz: 

‘** Nothing is more to be regretted for the progress of natural history 
in this country than that Rafinesque did not put up somewhere a collec- 
tion of all the genera and species he had established, with well-authen- 
ticated labels, or that his contemporaries did not follow in his steps, 
or at least preserve the tradition of his doings, instead of decrying him 
and appealing to foreign authority against him. Tracing his course as 
a naturalist during his residence in this country, it is plain that he 
alarmed those with whom he had intercourse, by his innovations, and 
that they preferred. to lean upon the authority of the great natu- 
ralists of the age, then residing in Europe, who, however, knew little 
of the special natural history of this country, than to trust a some- 
what hasty man who was living among them, and who had collected a 
vast amount of information from all parts of the States, upon a variety 
of objects then entirely new to science. T’rom what I can learn of — 
Itafinesque, I am satisfied that he was a better man than he appeared. 
His misfortune was his prurient desire for novelties and his rashness in ; 
publishing them, and yet both in Europe and America he has antici- 
pated most of his contemporaries in the discovery of new genera and 


species in those departments of science which he has cultivated most _ 


perseveringly, and it is but justice to restore them to him, whenever it 
can be done”. (Am. Journ. Se. Arts, 1854, p. 354.) 

In regard to the descriptions of fishes made by Rafinesque from 
‘drawings by Mr. Audubon”, I am informed by Dr. Kirtland, on the ee 
excellent authority of Dr. Bachman, that several of the monsters de- 
scribed by Rafinesque (such as Aplocentrus, Pogostoma, Eurystomus, ete.) 


were drawn by Audubon with a view to a practical joke on the too 


credulous ichthyologist. That being the case, it is but justice to Rafin- Bi 
esque’s memory to let those names drop from our systematic lists without 
prejudice to him. a 











REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES, e 


The work known as the “ Ichthyologia Ohiensis” was originally pub- 
lished as a serial in the ‘“* Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine”, 
Lexington, Ky., from December, 1819, to November, 1820. This fact of 
publication by parts should be kept in mind, as, in one case at least 
(that of Aplesion), it may affect our nomenclature. 

The following are the dates of publication, for which I am indebied 
te Professor Gill : 














| Yol.| No. | Date. W.R.&M.M.| LO. 
| 
Page. Page. 
1. Pea MOCOMDOLGEOLD nce ao clacaicecian ame caine >- 305-313 1-13 
Ra oN V EL SoU cere cj stntala a lelajatemicisiaars oo si'clalsois's 361-377 13-29 
PPE eHebruary (kere C lee ee tes oe iecce see 2-57 2-37 
nT. Vs Pee O20: Scat abate. 169-177 37-45 
VaeaMays T8205 3 es Tahoe eee olan s 2a8 ae: 7-243 45-53 
Wile Sine TeIO ss ae) ae le UA ek ne 299-307 | 53-60 
Raney ACEO gos lie cots eGo old aces aan les 355-363 61-69 
Beneath “October: 1890 2: 23... 2 Soe. 5 sae ones oases 165-173 69-77 
Wea November, 1920-26 nce ea es eS 244-252 77-84 








Quite a number of genera and species of American fresh-water fishes 
_ were described by Rafinesque in other publications previous to the ap- 
_ pearance of the Ichthyologia. I give a list of all these known to me, 
with identifications. I exclude all names merely catalogued without 
_ explanation, as having no claims upon our attention. In some cases, a 
| syecies was catalogued under one name and finally described under 
some other. 

I have next inserted a complete catalogue of Rafinesquian genera, 
arranged in chronological order, with their equivalents in the nomencla- 
ture which I at present adopt. 

The body of this paper consists of alist of the genera, subgenera, 
and species of the Ichthyologia, arranged in the sequence adopted by 
 Rafinesque, with the names, English, Latin, and French, as he gave 
_ them, the misprints corrected by him in the “ Errata” being here recti- 
fied. The page in the Ichthyologia in which each description occurs is 
added for the benefit of compilers of synonymy. Next comes my iden- 
tification, with a partial synonymy of the species, the name which I 
_ adopt being printed in capitals. In a subsequent paper on the fishes of 
the Ohio Basin, the synonymy will be given in full, for which reason I 
| have preferred not to insert it here. 





8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTIT AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


In all cases where the recognition of Rafinesque’s genera or species 
will render necessary a change in the current nomenclature, I have 
added Rafinesque’s description as a foot-note, that the reader may see 
the grounds on which the identification is based. In such cases, I have 
usually italicized the salient points. 

Finally, a list of the species now found in the valley of the Ohio, 
which do not appear to have been known to Rafinesque, completes the 
memoir. 

This paper was originally prepared for the press in the spring of 1876. 
Most of the changes in nomenclature here discussed have been adopted 
by the author in different papers on fishes, and they have generally 
received the sanction of American workers in ichthyology. The manu- 
script of the paper has been since retouched, some untenable positions 
have been abandoned, and some further changes suggested by. Profess- 
ors Cope and Gill have been introduced. 


gw 


= 


ER RRR 


¥/ 





pal Rape 


abe et 


EE 


ee 


gi emer ei 





Pei = 








| i1—LIST OF RAFINESQUIAN GENERA AND SUBGENERA, 
WITH THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN THE ADOPTED NOMEN. 
= CLATURE. 


| I give here a catalogue in chronological order of the generic and sub- 
is generic names proposed by Rafinesque for our fresh-water fishes, with 
_ the type of each where any type is either designated or in any definite 
way implied, with its equivalence in the nomenclature which the writer 


at present adopts. 

















- Pomotis* 





| will appear farther on. 
| are designated by a star (*). 
| 


Rafinesquian genera. 


The reasons for the use or non-use of these names 


Those names originally proposed for subgenera 


Type species. 


Modern genera. 


1818. 
Notropis atherinoides. Nototropis (=Minnilus 
= Alburnellus). 
F Glossodon harengoides. Hyodon. 
: Litholepis adamantinus. Litholepis (A tractosteus). 
 Dinoctus truncatus. Acipenser L. 
7 Pogostoma leucops. A myth! 
~ Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxys. 
. Noturus flavus. Noturus. . 
_ Sarchirus vittatus. Lepidosteus. 
_ Exoglossum lesurianum. Exoglossum. 
- Maxillingua* lesurianum. Exoglossum. 
_ Hypentelium* macropterum. Hypentelium (Hylomy- 
E zon Ag.). 
1819. 
_ Aplodinotus grunniens. Haploidonotus. 
_ Ktheostoma flabellaris. Etheostoma  (Catono- 
. tus). 
~ Leucops leucops. A myth! 
_ Aplocentrus calliops. A myth! 
: Calliurus punctulatus. Micropterus. 
Lepomis auritus L. Lepiopomus. 
auritus L. Lepiopomus. 


10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIYOLOGY—I. 


Rafinesquian genera. 
Apomotis * 
Notemigonus 
Amphiodon 
Amblodon 


Cycleptus 
Pylodictis 


Stizostedion * 
Lepibema * 
Pomacampsis * 
Icthelis 
Telipomis * 


Aplites * 
Nemocampsis * 
Dioplites * 
Ambloplites * 
Aplesion * 
Diplesion * 


Pomolobus 
Dorosoma 


Clodalus * 
Minnilus 

Alburnus 
Phoxinus 


Dobula 


Hemiplus (181-). 
Luxilus 


Type species. 
cyanellus. 
auratus. 


Modern genera. 
Apomotis. 
Notemigonus (Stilbe). 


‘ alveoides ” (alosoides). Hyodon. 


bubalus (teeth of gran- 


niens). 
nigrescens. 
limosus. 


1820. 


salmonea. 
chrysops. 
nigropunctata. 
auritus L. 





pallida. 
flexuolaris. 
salmonea. 
ictheloides. 
cealliura. 
blennioides. 


chrysoc hloris. 
notata. 


clodalus (Le S.) 





alburnus L. (Wuro- 
pean). 
phoxinus L. (uro- 


pean). 
dobula L. (European). 


—— (European ?). 
chrysocephalus. 


Ichthyobus and LHaploi- 
donotus. 

Cycleptus. 

Pelodichthys (Hoplade- 
lus). 


Stizostethium 

Roccus Mitehill, 1817. 

Stizostethium. 

Lepiopomus. 

Apomotis (Bryttus C. 
& V.). 

Micropterus Lac. 

Micropterus Lac. 

Micropterus Lae. 

Ambloplites. 

Micropterus Lacép. 

Diplesium (dZyostoma 
Ag., 1854). 

Pomolobus. 

Dorysoma  (Chatoéssus 
Cuv. & Val., 1829). 
Hyodon Le 8. 

Nototrepis. 

Alburnus (Heckel 
emend., 1843). 

Phoxinus (Agassiz 
emend., 184-). 

? Squalius 
1841, 


Bonaparte, 





Luxilus (ITypsilepis 
Baird, 1854). 





PHSAIR SMR TRA ee es 


nue na cer oy! Saeters 


ase 


Aha PE 


eee 




























Rafinesquian genera. 
Chrosomus 
Semotilus 

Rutilus 

Plargyrus 
Pimephales 
Moxostoma * 





Ictiobus * 
Carpiodes * 
Teretulus * 
Eurystomus * 
~ Decactylus * 
Cycleptus 
Ictalurus * 
Elliops * 

_ Ameiurus * 

— ilictis * 
Leptops * 
Opladelus * 
Picorellus * 
Cylindrosteus * 
Atractosteus * 
Sturio * 

- Sterletus * 

_ Dinectus 
Pegedictis 

_ Proceros 








Type species, 
erythrogaster. 


dorsalis. 


rutilus L. (European). 


rutilus L. 
promelas. 
anisurus. 


bubalus. 








megastomus. 





nigrescens. 





maculatus. 





limosus. 
viscosus. 
nebulosus. 
vittatus. 
platostomus. 
ferox. 





serotinus. 
truncatus. 
ictalops. 
maculatus. 


REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 11 


Modern genera. 

Chrosomus. 
Semotilus. 
Leuciscus Klein, 17—. 
Leuciscus. 
Pimephales. 
Myxostoma (Ptychosto- 

mus). 
Ichthyobus. 
Carpiodes. 
Myxostoma. 
? A myth. 
Catostomus, ete. 
Cycleptus. 
Ichthexlurus. 
Ichthezlurus. 
Amiurus. 
Pelodichthys. 
Pelodichthys. 
Pelodichthys. 
Esox. 
Lepidosteus. 
Litholepis, 1818. 
Acipenser L. 
Acipenser L. 
Acipenser L. 
Etheostoma (Catonotus). 
A myth. 


Ii—LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED PRIOR TO THE ICHTHY- 
OLOGIA OHIENSIS. 


I give here a list of the papers known to me in which descriptions by 
_Rafinesque, prior to those in the Ichthyologia, occur, with the names of 
the species so described, the page on which the descriptions occur, and 


my identification of the species. 


12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 
*J. “ Précis des Découvertes Somiologiques”, 1814: 


Sparus mocasinus ....-. 19= Eupomotis aureus (Walb.) G. & J. 
Centropomus albus .... 19=Morone americana (Gmel.) Gill. 
Centropomus luteus ..... 19=Perca americana Schranck. 


II. Dissertation on Water Snakes, Sea Snakes and Sea Serpents. 
< American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, September, 1817: 


Anguilla; S1@ase ane. 454=A myth. 


Ili. First Decade of new North American Fishes. <American Monthly 
Magazine and Critical Review, December, 1817: 


Anguilla chrisypa..... 120= Anguilla vulgaris Fleming. 
Salmo pallidus........ 120=Salmo namaycusb Bloch. 
Bodianus rupestris.... 120=Ambioplites rapestris (Raf.) Gill. 
Bodianus achigan.....- 120=Micropterus salmoides (Lac.) Gill. 
Cyprinus bullaris...... 120=Leucosomus bullaris (Raf.) Jor. 
(Semotilus argenteus Auct.) 
Cyprinus hemiplus.... 121=Notemigonus americanus (L.) Jor. 
Cyprinus vittatus..... 121=Rhinichthys atronasus (Mit.) Ag. 
Cyprinus megalops.... 121—Luxilus cornutus (Mit.) Jor. 


Cyprinus melanurus... 121=Luxilus cornutus (Mit.) Jor. 


1V. Description of two new Genera of North American Fishes, Opsa- 
nus and Notropis. <American Monthly Magazine, January, 1818: 
Notropis atherinoides.. 204=Nototropis sp. (Minnilus Raf.=Al- 
burnellus Grd.). 


V. Second Decade of new North American Fishes. * << American Monthly 
Magazine, January, 1818: 


. Perea mucronata...... 204=Morone americana (Gmel.) Gill. 
Perca notata..... _«e-- 205==Perca americana Schranck (= Perca 
Jlavescens Auct.) 
Petromyzon leucopterus 205=Ammocetes nigricans (Le 8.) Gill. 
Sparus erythrops...... 205 (Erroneous and unidentifiable.) 


*T have been unable to obtain this paper. Professor Gill informs me that two or 
three other American species are described in it, among them Perca americana Schranck. 











REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. ia 






VI. Discoveries in Natural History, made during a Journey through the 
Western Region of the United States by Constantine Samuel Rafines- 
que, esq. Addressed to Samuel L. Mitchill, President, and other 
members -of the Lyceum of Natural History in a letter dated at Louis- 
ville, Falls of the Ohio, 20th July, 1818. <American Monthly Maga- 

% zine and Critical Review, September, 1818. *(Twenty-six species re- 

corded, the following described at some length :) 

Glossodon harengoides. 354=Hyodon tergisus Le Sueur. 
Glossodon heterurus... 354=Hyodon tergisus Le Sueur. 


Perca salmonea....... 354=Stizostethium salmoneum Raf. 

Scizna caprodes...... 354=Percina caprodes (Raf.) Grd. 

Silurus punctatus..... 354Ichthxlurus punctatus (Raf.) Jor. 

Silurus olivaris.... ... 354=Pelodichthys olivaris (Raf.) Gill 
& Jor. 


Catostomus bubalus..- 354=Ichthyobus bubalus Raf. 
Catostomus erythrurus. 354—Myxostoma duquesnii (Le 8.) Jor. 





Clupea heterurus..... . 354=Dorysomacepediana heterura ( Rat.) 
Jor. 

* The following is the catalogue as given in this paper: 
Pere wsalMOned 2 a2 ss) asee c ssc s- cee tec c ee oe Salmon. 
IP ETCARC MLVSODS teeeae teen saisisacineeccete a= Rockfish. 
RieiHar EEMHIIONG (nc ol <2 se cen anos @eeein White Perch. 
Scena ecaprodese = se eee es neces ea sesssece Hog Fish. 
Od TAHNS ICANN Sse ee ae elat= so e=le sienna tine i= ler Bass. 
SDATUSICVANCMIS ese =< ocn anal recewe -ncoas a= Sun Fish. 
Sparus nigropunctatus -........-------------- Bachelor Perch. 
Silurus punctatus .........---..-.-.----------- Mud Cat Fish. 
SiMe CIWS Ei eas page euaeeeo paceoocn aaeeoca. Yellow Cat Fish. 
Silurosmblodonpes: .55--..--+5- -s------ -- Black Cat Fish. 
Catostomus bubalus.--.-..-.....------+---+-- Buffaloe Fish. 
Catostomus erythrurus ...-...--.------------- Red Horse. 
Catostomus macropterus...--..--------------- Carp. 
Catostomus duquesnei....-.------------------ Sucker. 
Clupea heterurus...- .-.----.----------+------ Gizzard. 
Clupea alosoides ..-...--------------+-------- Shad. 
Glossodon harengoides..---.--.----+ -----+---- Spring Herring. 
Glossodon heterurus..---..----------+-----+-- Summer Herring. 
Hydrargyra dinema.... --.------------+------ Minny. 
Hydrargyra notata...--...------------------- Chub. 
Hydrargyra amblops ..-----------------+----- White Chub. 
Lepisosteus fluviatilis ..-.-.------------------ Gar Fish. 
Polyodon folium ..--------------+++---+*+---* Shovel Fish. 
Polyodon pristis....-..----. +--+ +--+ +---°0-7"- Spade. Fish. 
Acipenser platorynchus...-.- -- Seem otnscee tet Sturgeon. 
Silurus pallidus .........----- ----------+---77° White Cat. 

Not seen yet: Pike, Eels, Lamprey, Black Perch, Yellow Perch, Red Perch. 








14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


VII. Further discoveries in Natural History, made during a journey 
through the Western Region of the United States, by Constantine 
Samuel Rafinesque, esq. <American Monthly Magazine and Critical 
Iteview, October, p. 445. (Describes new genera Litholepis, Dinoctus 
and Pogostoma, and mentions without description the typical species 
of each.) 


Twenty-two species are catalogued and three species are described, as 
follows :* 


Anguilla laticauda .....-.. 445=Anguilla vulgaris Fleming. 
sox wittatus meee: ces, — 445=—Unidentifted. 
Bodianus calliops......-.-- 445—A myth. 


VIII. Further account of Discoveries in Natural History in the Western 
States, by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, esq. Communicated in a 
letter from that gentleman to the editor, Lexington, October 5, 1815. 
< American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, November, 1818. 
(Three new genera described and the typical species of each :) 


Pomoxis annularis.-....... 41=Pomoxys annularis. 
Noturus lavas 22932222. 41=Noturus flavus Raf. 
Sarchirus vittatas......... 41—Lepidosteus osseus (L.) Ag. 


* The following are the species added to the catalogue in this paper: 


Lepisosteus platostomus.....-....--..--------- Alligator Fish. 
Lepisosteus stenorhynchus..........---...---. Gar Fish. 
Anguilla daticandass-2-. =2=2-.s56 -s2-0 acces Ohio Eel. 

(Cy prinusdasclolariss ooo. Jose eee reeeeye ete Mullet. ° 
Cyprinus trachiaphas= <2 2-< see). eae eee Brown Mullet. 
Exoglossumbargentum). <2 -2- 20 cose eepe ese White Chub. 
Olmerus albwlaj-2f2 si. .censtsccs vee eee tees White Fish. 
Bodianus: calliops' 222: -.2ts.ceccs..- 4: oseccese Bride Perch. 
Pogostomaleucopsiiiss. 42 s2s5 cael sein ace White Eye. 
Esox vittatus ........ Lecitins Seba eee cee eee eee Jack Pike. 

Esox: fasciolarisieeeeee---eccsneccce ccc s sine. Salmon Pike. 
Catostomus amisopterus.....----..----..----- Perch Buffalo. 
Catostomus amblodon .......-...---....------ Black Buffalo. 
Catostomus Velifer’=:: 2a sss ccc ceet=sin one sate Sailor Fish. 
Glossodon chrysops' -=--.- 2.2.55 2.2222 --<6 6-5 Gold Eye Herring. 
Clupea ‘chrysochloris's2.2-/-\cemectes== eels s Goiden Shad. 
Silarus pallidusesets: 2 pj oscecsessseeeereeess White Cat Fish. 
Silurus\cerules¢ens\)--2 sae esa creeeeeoeaee aes Blue Cat Fish. 
Glanis Jimosuss2-—- eee pscere ees eae e cere oes Mud Cat Fish. 
Accipenser/heptiptss-=+-csss-\--aeeeaee eee . Brown Sturgeon. 
Dinoctus truncatusts.s- sees sess en eee eee a= Blunt-nose Sturgeon. 


Litholepis adamantinus ....... 2... ..2--. --- 2+ Diamond Fish or Devil Jack. | : 








REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. rH 


‘IX. Description of three new Genera of Fluviatile Fish, Pomoxis, Ser- 


. chirus, and Exoglossum. <Journal of Philadelphia Academy cf Nat- 
ural Sciences, November, 1818, 


Pomoxis annularis..... 417=Pomoxys annularis Raf. 
Sarchirus vittatus .... 419=Lepidosteus osseus (Lac.) Ag. (jav.) 
S Exoglossum macropte- 
a eae. sess tN 490 =Hypentelium nigricans (Le 8.) Jor. 
Exoglossum annulatum 421—Exoglossum maxillingua (Le 8S.’ 
Hald. 


Exoglossum nigrescens. 422=Exoglossum maxillingua. 
Exoglossum lesurianum. 420=Exoglossum maxillingua. 


_ X. Description of a new Genus of Fresh-Water Fish, Exoglossum. 
<Silliman’s American Journal of Science and Arts, 1819. 


‘ “ “ ‘ifn 
Exoglossum vittatum .. 156=Exoglossum maxillingua. 
= 


Exoglossum annulatum. 156=Exoglossum maxillingua. 


XI. Prodrome de 70 nouveaux Genres d’Animaux découverts dans 
Vintérieur des Etats-Unis d’Amérique durant année 1818. <Journal 
de Physique, de Chymie et d’ Histoire Naturelle, June, 1819. 


| 3 Aplodinotus grunniens. 419=Haploidonotus grunniens Raf. 

| Etheostoma flabellaris.. 419=Etheostoma flabellaris Raf. (Cato- 

notus Ag.). 

Etheostoma caprodes... 419=Percina caprodes (Raf.) Grd. 

Etheostoma blennioides. 419=Diplesium blennioides (Raf.) Jor. 

Pogostoma leucops.... - 419=A myth! 

Aplocentrus calliops... 420=A myt!:! 

Calliurus punctulatus.. 420=Micropterus salmoides (Lac.) Gill. 

| : Lepomis cyanellus.... 420=Apomotis cyanellus (Raf.) Cope & 
Jor. (Bryttus mineopas Cope). 

Lepomis macrochirus .. 420=Lepiopomus macrochirus Raf. 
(nephelus Cope). 

Notemigonus auratus... 421—Notemigonus americanus (Lac.) 


Jor. 
Amphiodon alveoides.. 421=Hyodon tergisus Le S. . 
Amblodon bubalus....- - 421—Ichthyobus bubalus (Raf.) Ag. (1D 
part). 


Amblodon niger....---- 421—Bubalichtbys niger (Raf.) Ag. 








16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


Cycleptus nigrescens... 421=—Cycleptus elongatus (Le S.) Ag. 


Noturus lateus........ - 421=Noturus flavus Raf. 
Pilodictis limosus...... 422=Pelodichthys olivaris (Raf.) Gill & 
Jor. : 


Litholepis adamantinus. 422—Litholepis spatula (Lac.) Jor. 


\ XII. Description of the Silures or Cat-Fishes of the River Ohio, by C. S. 
tafinesque, Professor of Botany in the Transylvania University of 
Lexington, Kentucky. <Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and 
Arts, Royal Institution, London, 1820, ix. 


Silurus maculatus.. ... 48=Ichthelurus punctatus (Raf.) Jor. 
var. erythroptera....- 49=Ichthelurus punctatus (Raf.) Jor. 
Silarus pallidus ~..-.-.- 49=Ichthelurus punctatus. 
var. marginatus ...... 49=Ichthelurus punctatus. 
var, lateralisi ie ge.cs 49= Ichtheelurus punctatus. 
var. leucoptera....... 49=Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Silurus cerulescens..... 49—Ichthelurus punctatus. 
var. melanurus....... 49=Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Silurus argentinus...... 50=Ichtheelurus punctatus. 
Silurus nebulosus....-. 50=Pelodichthys olivaris (Raf.) G. 
& J. 
Silurus viscosus........ 50=Pelodichthys olivaris. 
Silurus lividus........-. 51=Amiurus lividus (Raf.) Jor. 
war. fuscatus.......-- 51=Amiurus lividus. 
Silurasimelas .:.:- << 51=Amiurus melas (Raf.) Jor. & Cope- 
land. 
Silurus cupreus....--... 51=Amiurus lividus cupreus (Raf.) 
Jor. 
Silurus xanthocephalus.. 51=Amiurus xanthocephalus (Raf.) 
Gill. 
Silurus limosus......... 51=Pelodichthys olivaris. 


IIL.—ICHTHYOLOGIA OHIENSIS. 


Ichthyologia Ohiensis | or | Natural History | of | the Fishes Inhabiting the | River 
Okio | and its Tributary Streams | Preceded by a physical description of the Ohio and 
its branches | by C. S. Rafinesque, | — | Professor of Botany and Natural History in 
Transylvania University, Author of the Analysis of Nature, &c., &c., member of tho 
Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, the Historical Society of New York, 
the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, 
the American Antiquarian Society, the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Naples, 
the Italian Society of Arts and Sciences, the Medical Societies of Lexington and Cin- 




























REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES, L% 


cinnati, &c., &c. | — | The art of seeing well, or of noticing and distinguishing with 
accuracy the objects which we perceive is a high faculty of the mind, unfolded in few 
individuals, and despised by those who can neither acquire it, nor appreciate its re- 


sults | — | Lexington, Kentucky | printed for the Author by W. G. Hunt (price one 
dollar). | — | 1820 | (1 vol., 8vo, 90 pp.) 


On the reverse of the title-page: 


These Pages| and the Discoveries which they contain | in one of the principal 
Branches | of Natural History, | are respectfully Inscribed | by the Author | To his fel- 
low-labourers in the same field of Science | Prof. Samuel L. Mitchill, M. D. | who has de- 
scribed the Atlantic Fishes of New York, | and to | C. A. Le Sueur, | who was the first 
to explore the Ichthyology of the Great American Lakes, &c. | In Token | of Friend- 
ship, Respect, and Congratulation. 


I. Genus, PERCH, PERCA, Perche. (p. 20.) 
ist species, Salmon-Perch, PERCA SALMONBEA, Perche Saumone. (p. 21.) 


STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM Raf., Cope, ete. 


A fair description, as Professor Cope has shown. This fish is probably 
distinct from 8S. vitrewm, although the two species are closely related. 
On page 23, Rafinesque suggests that P. salmonea forms a peculiar sub- 
genus or genus which may be called Stizostedion. This name antedates 
| Lucioperca of Cuvier, and has been generally adopted by recent Ameri- 


ean authors. 


2d species, Golden-Eyes Perch, PERCA CHRYSOPS, Perche-cuil-d’or. 
 (p. 22.) 
Roccus CHRYSOPS (Raf.) Gill. 


Description not quite accurate but recognizable. On page 23 the 
subgeneric name of Lepibema is proposed for it, but Roccus of Mitchill 


cus, the body being shorter and deeper and the dentition somewhat dif 
ferent. 


_ 8d species, Black-dotted Perch, PERCA NIGROPUNCTATA, Perche a 
points-noirs. (p. 23.) 

P An unrecognizable description, based, as nearly all of Rafinesque’s 
worst descriptions are, ‘on a drawing” of Mr. Audubon. The original 
may have been Percina caprodes, Stizostethium canadense, or nothing. 
Rafinesque proposes for it the generic name of Pomacampsis. 

‘Bull. 9—2 





18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


II. Genus, BUBBLER, AMBLODON, Amblodon. (p. 24.) 


= Aplodinotus Rafinesque, 1819. 
== Haploidonotus Gill, 1861. 
4th species, Grunting Bubbler, AMBLODON GRUNNIENS, Amblodon 
grognant. (p. 24.) 
HAPLOIDONOTUS GRUNNIENS Raf. 


Corvina oscula Cuv. & Val., 1830. 

Corvina grisea Dekay, 1842. 

Amblodon grunniens Agassiz, 1854. 
A very good description. 


III. Genus, PAINTED TAIL, Calliure. (p. 26.) 


Micropterus Lacépéde, not Calliurus Agassiz, Girard, ete. = Chenobryuttus 
Gill. 
5th species, Dotted Painted Tail, CALLIURUS PUNCTULATUS, Calliure 
pointille. 
MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lacép.) Gill. 


The peculiar coloration of the caudal fin which suggested the name 
Calliurus, “base yellow, middle blackish, tip white”, belongs among 
Ohio fishes only to the young of the Black Bass. Calliwrus, therefore, 
as shown by Professor Gill, is a synonym of Micropterus, and cannot be 
applied to a distinct genus. 

IV. Genus, SUNFISH, ICTHELIS, Icthele. (p. 27.) 
=LEPOMIS Raf., 1819. 
ist subgenus, TELIPOMIS. (p. 27.) 
=APOMOTIS Raf., 1819=Bryttus C. & V., 1831. 


*6th species, Gilded Sunfish, ICTHELIS MACROCHIRA, Icthele macro- 
chire. (p. 27.) 
LEPIOPOMUS MACROCHIRUS Raf. 


Lepomis nephelus Cope. 
This description applies perfectly to Lepomis nephelus Cope, a rather 


* Body oval, oblong, gilt, crowded with small brown dotts; head small, scaly, opercule 
flexuose, spot narrow, marginal, and black; jaws equal; tail forked; pectoral fins long 
and narrow, reaching the anal fin, which has 13 rays, whereof 3 are spiny. 

A pretty species from three to four inches long. In the Ohio, Green River, Wabash, 
&c. Names, Sun-fish, Gold-tish, &c. Head rather acute, not scaly before the eyes. 
Iris gilt brown. Dorsal fin with 22 long rays, whereof 11 are spiny; a depression be- 
tween the two sorts of rays. Anal fin broad and rounded. Tail 20 rays. Thoracic 1 
and 5. Pectoral 15. Diameter of the body nearly one-fourth of total length (with 
caudal). 








REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 19 


common species in Southern Ohio and Indiana. Pomotis macrochira 
Kirtland is based, in part at least, on Lepomis pallidus (Mitch.). Ichthelis 
macrochira Jordan (Man. Vert.) is a Xenotis, to which I have since 
given the name of X. awreolus. 


*7th species, Blue Sunfish, ICTHELIS CYANELLA, Icthele bleuatre. 


? 


APOMOTIS CYANELLUS Raf. 


Bryttus punctatus Cuv. & Val. 

Calliurus longulus Girard. 

Calliurus formosus Girard. 

Calliurus longulus Bliss (in lit—specimens identified). 
Chenobryttus mineopas Cope. 

Icthelis melanops Raf. (Chcnobryttus melanops Cope, not of Gill.) 


Rafinesque’s description, although erroneous in one or two particu- 
lars, refers to a species of Apomotis, and the name cyanella has priority 
over all others. As in nearly every case the “diameter” is made too 
small; evidently Rafinesque trusted his eyes in such cases instead of a 
tape-line. 


+8th species, Black-EBye Sunfish, ICTHELIS MELANOPS, Icthele zuil- 
noir, 


APOMOTIS CYANELLUS Raf. 


Description somewhat erroneous, but characteristic. 


* Body elliptical, elongate, diameter one-fifth, olivaceous gilt, crowded with irregular 
blue dotts ; brownish above; head elongate, lower jaw longer, cheeks with blue flexuose lines ; 
spot oblong, blackish, nearly marginal; tail rounded, notched ; anal fin very broad with 
12 rays, whereof three are short spiny; pectoral fins very short. 

A small species hardly three inches, called Blue-fish or Sun-fish, I found it on the 
Ohio at the falls. Appearing entirely blue at a distance. Head brown above; iris gilt ; 
opercle curved; tail olive-blue with 24 rays. Dorsal fin brownish with 20 rays, 
whereof 10 are spiny, hardly any middle depression. Pectorals small trapezoidal, 12 
rays. Thoracic one and five. 

t Body oblong, diameter one-fourth, olivaceous, covered with blue dotts, neck brown above, 
head large, mouth rather large, upper jaw longer ; opercule with blue curved and longitudi- 
nal lines beneath; spot rownded, black at its base; fins olivaceous, tail bilobed; anal 


_ fin with three and nine rays ; pectoral fins large oboval. 


Length from 2 to 6 inches; common in the tributary streams of the Ohio, the Ken- 
tucky, Licking, Miami, &c., and even insmallcreeks. Vulgar names, Blue-fish, Black- 


Bi eyes, Sun-fish, Blue-bass, &c. It has black eyes (pupils) like all the other species, but 








the iris is black also, with a silvery hue or ring. Dorsal fin with 10 and 10 rays, the 
spiny ones very short. Caudal 20. Pectoral 16. Thoracic 1 and 5 as usual, but the 
spiny ray is very short, as are also those of the anal fin, 


ae 
20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


2d subgenus, POMOTIS. (p. 28.) 
9th species, Red-Eye Sunfish, ICTHELIS ERYTHROPS, Icthele ceuil- 
rouge. (p. 29.) 
AMPLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (Raf.) Gill. 
Bodianus rupestris Rafinesque, 1818. 
Description fair. The name Pomotis, first proposed in 1819, is a mere 
synonym of Lepomis. 


* 10th species, Eared Sunfish, ICTHELIS AURITA, Icthele oreilleuse. 


XENOTIS LYTHROCHLORIS Jordaa. nom. sp. nov. 
Not Pomotis auritus (* L.”) Giinther. 
= Lepomis auritus Cope. (Not of Raf. 1818.) 


11th species, Big-Bar Sunfish, ICTHELIS MEGALOTIS, tIcthele megalote. 
(p. 295) 
XENOTIS MEGALOTIS (Raf.) Jordan. 


Pomotis nitidus Kirtland. 

Not Ichthelis incisor (C. & V.) Holbr. 
Not Lepomis megalotis Cope. 
Ichthelis megalotis Raf., Bliss (in lit.). 


Description pretty good. This cannot be the Lepiopomus pallidus (in- 
cisor), aS has been supposed by Professor Cope. 


V. Genus, RIVER-BASS, LEPOMIS, Lepome. (p. 30.) 


= Micropterus Lacépéde. 
Not Lepomis Raf., 1819. 





* Body oval elliptic (diameter one-third), olivaceous with blue and rufous dots; head 
small, jaws equal, opercule flexuose, appendage black, broad and truncate, some blue flex- 
uose lines on the side of the head ; tail brownish lunulate; back brownish; anal fin3 and 
9; pectorals not reaching the vent. Thoracics mucronate. + 

Length from 3 to 12 inches; common in the rivers, creeks, and ponds of Kentucky. 
Vulgar name, Sunfish. Iris brown. Dorsal fin brownish, 10 and 10, spiny rays shorter, 
thoracic fins very long; spiny rays rather shorter, first soft ray mucronate; pectorals 
nearly rhomboidal with 14 rays, tail 16 rays. 

t Body oval, rounded (diameter two-fifths), chestnut color with blue dots, belly red; head 
large, lower jaw longer, opercule with blue flexuose lines, appendage black, very large 
elliptic, end rounded; tail black, slightly forked, pectoral large, reaching the vent; anal 
fin 3 and 9; thoracics long and mucronate ; black tail. 

A fine species, called Red-belly, Black-ears, Black-tail Sun-fish, &c. It lives in the 
Kentucky, Licking, and Sandy Rivers, &c. Length from 4 to 8 inches. Head very 
sloping, iris silvery brown, belly of a bright copper red color. All the fins black except the 
pectorals, which are olivaceous, trapezoidal, acute and large. The dorsal has 20 rays, 
whereof 9 short ones are spiny. Body very short, hardly as long as broad, if the head and 
tail are deducted. Thoracics like those of the foregoing species. 





arr gist 














REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 21 


ist subgenus, APLITES. (p. 30.) 
12th species, Pale River-Bass, LEPOMIS PALLIDA, Lepome pale. (p. 30.) 
MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. 
(Young; “length 6 to 12 inches”.) 
= Micropterus nigricans (C. & V.) Gill. 
= M. floridanus (Le 8S.) Goode. 


13th species, Streaked-Cheeks, River-Bass, LEPOMIS TRIFASCIATA, 
Lepome trifasciee. (p. 31.) 


MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) Gill. (‘‘ Over a foot in length”.) 


14th species, Brown River-Bass, LEPOMIS FLEXUOLARIS, Lepome 
flexueux. (p.31.) 


MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES. (Adult; ‘reaching the length of 2 feet”.) 

This is made to form another subgenus, Nemocampsis. 

2a Subgenus, DIOPLITES. (p. 32.) 

15th species, Trout River-Bass, LEPOMIS SALMONBA, Lepome saumone, 
(p. 32.) 
MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES. (‘‘ Length 6 to 24 inches”.) 

16th species, Spotted River-Bass, LEPOMIS NOTATA, Lepome tache. 
(p. 32.) 
MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES. (‘3 to 8 inches long ”.) 

17th species, Sunfish River-Bass, LEPOMIS ICTHCLOIDES, Lepome 
ictheloide. (p. 32.) 
Ambloplites ichtheloides Ag. 
AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (Raf.) Gill. 

This is made to “almost form a peculiar subgenus”, termed Ambloplites. 

VI. Genus, POMOXIS, POMOXIS, Pomoxe. (p. 33.) 

= Pomoxis Agassiz. 


18th species, Gold-Ring Pomoxis, POMOXIS ANNULARIS, Pomoxe 


annulaire. (p. 33.) 
POMOXYS ANNULARIS Raf. 


Cichla storeria Kirtland. 
Pomoxys storerius, intermedius, protacanthus, and brevicauda Gill. 
Description not entirely accurate, but certainly sufficient for identifi- 
cation. This fish is now, as in Rafinesque’s time, abundant at the Falls 
of the Ohio, where it is now called “ Bachelor”. Throughout Kentucky 
it is known as the “New Light”, and sometimes as “ Campbellite”. 
The characters assumed to distinguish intermedius, protacanthus, etc., are 
entirely within the bounds of individual variation. 


22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


VII. Genus, RED-EYE, APLOCENTRUS, Aplocentre. (p. 31.) 


19th species, Ohio Red-Hye, APLOCENTRUS CALLIOPS, Aplocentre 
belceuil. (p. 31.) 

A myth, described from a drawing by Mr. Audubon. Its characters 
would indicate a sort of Sunfish with a dorsal fin resembling that of 
Coryphena, “ beginning behind the head with a single long, spiny ray, 
and ending close to the tail”. 

The name “ Red-Eye” in the region which this fish is supposed to in- 
habit is chiefly applied to the Rock-Bass (Ambloplites rupestris). 

VIII. Genus, BARBOT, POGOSTOMA, Barbotte. (p. 34.) 

20th species, White-Byes Barbot, POGOSTOMA LEUCOPS, Barbotte 
ceuilblanc. (p. 35.) 

Another mythical species, “ described from a drawing of Mr. Audubon HN 
It is a toothless Sunfish, with two small distant dorsal fins, and six bar- 
bels about the mouth. Whatever it is, it has probably no longer ‘Sa 
great many vulgar names, suchas White-Eyes, Spectacles-Fish, Streaked 
Sunfish, Black Sunfish, Barbot, Bearded Sunfish, ete.”. Nor do the 
French settlers call it ‘“ Barbotte, Poisson Lunette, and Guil-Blane”. 
There is no sort of foundation for Professor Agassiz’s assertion that 
‘« Pogostoma is evidently synonymous with Lota”. 

IX. Genus, HOGFISH, ETHEOSTOMA, BEtheostome. (p- 35.) 
— Pegedictis Raf., 1820. 
— COatonotus Ag., 1854. 
— Etheostoma Gill. & Jordan emend., 1877. 


1st subgenus, APLESION. (p. 36.) 

— MIGROPTERUS Lacépéde. 

21st species, Bass Hogfish, ETHEOSTOMA CALLIURA, Etheostome 
calliure. (p. 36.) 
MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES. (Young, 3 to 9 inches long.) 

“Tt has some similarity with the Lepomis flexuolaris, and some other 
River-Bass ”.—(Raf.) 

22nd species, Fantail Hogfish, ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLATA, Etheos- 


tome eventail. (p. 36.) 

EQTHEOSTOMA FLABELLARIS Raf. 
Etheostoma flabellaris Raf., 1819. 
Catonotus flabellatus Auct. 


Description fair. The genus Etheostoma was based originally on this 








REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 23 


species, H. blennioides, and LH. caprodes. The original diagnosis was 
drawn from #. flabellaris, and the subsequent subtraction of the two 
latter as Diplesium leaves the name properly to be retained here. 


*23d species, Black Hogfish, ETHEOSTOMA NIGRA, Etheostome noire. 
(p. 37.) 






















BOLEOSOMA NIGRA (Raf.) Jordan. 


Boleosoma maculatum Agassiz. 
Boleosoma brevipinne Cope. 


Not Nothonotus maculatus Agassiz. 
Not Pecilichthys camurus Cope. 

Description not very good, but I have little hesitation in making the 
above identification, as the colors of the males of this species in spring 
are often so intense in life as to give the impression of a truly black fish. 
The small, dark spots, obvious on close inspection, may be readily over- 
looked. 

The name Aplesium cannot be retained for this genus, as in the num- 
ber of the Western Miscellaneous Mag. in which Aplesion was first pro- 
posed this species was aot included. 
I am now convinced that my previous identification of Etheostoma 
nigra with Pecilichthys camurus Cope and Htheostoma maculatum Kirt. 
is erroneous. 

t2d subgenus, DIPLHSION. (p. 37. 
{24th species, Blunt-Nose Hogfish, HTHROSTOMA BLENNIOIDES, Ethe- 
ostome blennioide. (p. 37.) 


DIPLESIUM BLENNIOIDES Raf. 


Etheostoma blennioides Kirtland (description but not figure), (not of 
Agassiz and late authors). 

 Pileoma cymatogramma Abbott. 

Hyostoma cymatogrammum Cope. 

Rafinesque’s description cannot refer to the “EZ. blennioides Raf.” of 
| Agassiz and recent authors (=Alvordius aspro Cope and Jor.). The 





*Entirely black, pale beneath; scales smooth, lateral line streight, mouth rather beneath, 
_ forehead rounded, upper jaw longer ; preopercule rounded, spine acute ; vent rather ante- 
rior; tail entire nearly truncate. 

_ From one to two inches long. Observed in Green River. Vulgar name Black Minny. 
Iris black, silvery, and smal!. Diameter one-seventh of the length, without spots. 
Head small. Pectoral fins oboval. Tail 20. Anal fin 2 and 8, Dorsal 10 and 12. 

_ tDorsal fin nearly double, divided into two joining parts. Meaning nearly double. 
t Body elongate, breadth one-eighth of the length, olivaceous, almost diaphanous, some 
_ brown spots on the back, and some brown geminate transversal lines across the lateral line, 


24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


beautiful and singular coloration of that species—a chain of rounded, 
confluent, black blotches on a yellowish ground—would surely have been 
noticed. Moreover, the pattern of color of Rafinesque’s fish is exactly 
that of a young ‘‘Hyostoma cymatogrammum”. Furthermore, the charac- 
ters ‘head small”, ‘snout rounded”, “mouth small, beneath”, ‘cheeks 
swelled”, ‘dorsal 13 and 13”, “a brown stripe upon it”, etc., apply per- 
fectly to the ‘*Hyostoma” and not to the ““Htheostoma”. In the streams 
where Rafinesque collected, I find the former species much the more 
abundant. 


25th species, Common Hogfish ETHEOSTOMA CAPRODES, Etheos- 
tome capros. (p. 38.) 


PERCINA CAPRODES (Raf.) Girard. 


Description good. 
xX. Genus, GOLDSHAD, POMOLOBUS, Pcmolobe. (p. 38.) 
<Alosa of authors. 
=Pomolobus Gill. 


26th species, Ohio Goldshad, POMOLOBUS CHRYSOCHLORIS, Pomo- 
lobe dore. (p. 39.) 


POMOLOBUS CHRYSOCHLORIS Raf., Gill., and late authors. 
Description good. 
XI. Genus, GIZZARD, DOROSOMA, Dorosome. (p. 39.) 


= Chatoéssus Cuvier and most authors. 
= Dorosoma Gill. 


27th species, Spotted Gizzard, DOROSOMA NOTATA, Dorosoma tache. 
(p. 40.) 
DORYSOMA HETERURA (Raf.) Jor. 


Clupea heterurus Raf., 1818. 
Chatoéssus ellipticus Kirtland. 
Good description of a young specimen. 





which is straight, but raised at the base. Head small, snout rounded, mouth small beneath, 
lower jaw shorter; opercule angular, spine acute; scales ciliated, pectoral fins elongate, 
tail also, and bilobed at the end. 

A strange species, which has the appearance, head and spots of many Blennies. 
Length 2 or 3 inches, and slender. Seen in the Ohio, Wabash, Muskingum, &c. Color 
pale, sometimes fulvous, whitish beneath. Cheeks swelled and smooth, preopercule simple 
arched, opercule quite angular ; iris large and blackish; scales roughened by the cilia- 
tion. Dorsal fin 13 and 13, beginning above the middle of the pectorals and ending with 
the anal, one faint, longitudinal brown stripe on it. Tail 20 rays, with many small trans- 
versal lines. Vent medial. Anal fin 2 and 8. Pectoral fins 16, oblong acute. 





REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 25 


*XII. Genus, GOLD HERRING, NOTEMIGONUS, Notemigone. (p. 40.) 
<Abramis Cuvier and many authors (not type). 
_ =Stilbe Dekay (pre-occupied in botany). 

=Ntilbius Gill. 

=Luaxilus Girard (not of Rafinesque= Hypsilepis). 

= Leucosomus Storer (not of Heckel). 

=Plargyrus Putnam (not of Rafinesque, ete.). 





t 28th species, Ohio Gold Herring, NOTEMIGONUS AURATUS, Notemi- 
gone dore. (p. 40.) 


NOTEMIGONUS AMERICANUS (L,) Jordan. 


Cyprinus americanus Linneus. 

| _ Stilbe chrysoleuca (Mit.) Dek. 

| Stilbe americana (L.) Cope. 
Abramis americanus (L.) Giinther. 


A very good description, correct in every particular. This fish is 
rarely or never called Shiner in the Ohio Basin, and it is very often con- 
sidered by the fisherman as a Shad. If this genus be really distinct 

| from the European Abramis, as its serrated teeth indicate, the generic 
| _—_ name of Notemigonus must be adopted. 


_ XIII. Genus, FALSE HERRING, HYODON, Hyodon. (p. 41.) 
ist subgenus, AMPHIODON. (p. 41.) 
29th species, Toothed False Herring, HYODON AMPHIODON, Do. (sic.) 


/ 7 
Bie 6((p. 42.) 
| HYoDON TERGISUS Le Sueur. 


| es It is now generally conceded that there is but one species of Hyodon. 
I find some variation in form of body and number of fin-rays in speci- 
| mens from different waters, but nothing indicating specific distinction. 
No author, so far as I know, has paid any attention to the numerous 


. * Body fusiform, compressed, scaly. Vent posterior. Abdomen oblusely carinated, 
not serrate; back similar before the dorsal fin. Head scaleless, mouth small, without teeth, 
lower jaw longer ; gill-cover double, opercule simple. Abdominal fins with nine rays 
and no lateral appendage. Dorsal fin behind them above the vent. This genus differs from 
Clupea by the carinated back and belly, without serratures, and the posterior dorsal. 
The name means back half angular. 14th G. of my Prodr. N. G. Animals. 

t Back gilt olivaceous, remainder gilt silvery; fins yellow; lateral line following the 

curve of the belly; dorsal with 9 rays, anal with 12; tail equally forked. ' 

: Length from 4 to 8 inches, diameter one-fifth of the total length. Iris gilt. Tongue 
short, toothless. Scales large, radiating with nerves. Head convex above and small. 
Dorsal fin broad trapezoidal, the first ray longer. Anal broad also, but not so much. 
Pectoral small with 1G rays. Tail 24. Not uncommon in the Ohio, Kentucky, Miami, 
 &e. Te vulgar names are Gold Herring and Yellow Herring. It appears in the fall. 


It does not bite at the hook. Flesh pretty good. 










26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


species of Rafinesque. The name Glossodon was published by Rafi- 
nesque for this genus in September, 1818, within a few days of the publi- 
cation of Hiodon by Le Sueur. It is not known which has priority, 
but as Le Sueur’s paper was first written, and as his name has come 
into common use, it is probably best to retain it. 

30th species, Summer False Herring, HYODON HETERURUS, Hyodon 


heterure. (p. 42.) 
2d subgenus, GLOSSODON. (p. 42.) 


3lst species, Summer False Herring, HYODON VERNALIS, Hyodon 


printanier. (p. 43.) 
3d subgenus, CLODALUS. (p. 43.) 


32d species, May False Herring, HYODON CLODALUS, Hyodon de May. 
(p. 43.) 
33d species, Lake False Herring, HYODON TERGISUS, Hyodon lacustre. 


(p. 438.) 
XIV. Genus, TROUT SALMO, Truite. (p. 44.) 


34th species, Alleghany Trout, SALMO ALLEGANIENSIS, Truite alle- 
ganienne. (p. 44.) 
SALMO FONTINALIS Mitchill. 


35th species, Black Trout, SALMO NIGRESCENS, Truite noiratre. (p. 45.) 


SALMO FONTINALIS Mitchill. 
*XV. Genus, MINNY, MINNILUS, Minny. (p. 45.) 


* Body elongated, somewhat compressed, covered with small scales. Vent medial 
Head flat above, and somewhat shielded. Gill-cover double, scaleless, three branchial 
rays. Mouth diagonal, small, toothless and beardless, without lips, lower jaw shorter 
aud narrower. A small trapezoidal dorsal fin, nearer to the head than to the tail, op- 
posite to the abdominal fins, and without spines. Abdominal fins with eight rays, and 
without appendages. (Tail forked in all the Ohio species.) 

There are in the United States more than fifty species of small fresh-water fishes 
(and in the Ohio waters more than sixteen species), commonly called Minnies, Min- 
nows, Bait-fish, Chubs, and Shiners, which should belong to the genus Cyprinus of Lin- 
nus, or, rather, to the part of it which has been called Leuciscus by Klein and Cuvier ; 
which subgenus (or genus) is distinguished by a small dorsal fin, no spines nor beards ; 
but as the genus Cyprinus forms now a large family, and even the genus Leuciscus must 
be divided, since it contains more than one hundred anomalous species, differing in the 
position of the dorsal fin and the vent, the number of rays to the abdominal fins, &c., 
I venture to propose this and the three following genera. Three other different genera 
might be established upon the European species, distinguished as follows: 

Dobula. Dorsal fin nearer to the tail, abdominal fins with nine rays and an appen- 
dage; upper jaw longer. 

Phoxinus differs by ten abdominal rays and no appendage. 

Alburnus differs from Dobula by no appendage and the lower jaw longer. 

Besides my genus Hemiplus (Annals of Nature), which has the vent posterior, the 
lower jaw longer, only tive rays and an appendage to the abdominal fins. 

All these small fish are permanent; they feed on worms, insects, univalve shells, 
and spawn; they bite at a small hook, baited with worms or flies, and they form an 
excellent bait for all the larger fish which feed upon them. They are good to eat when 
fried. 


























REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES, i 


*36th species, SlenderMinny, MINNILUS DINEMUS, Minny emeraude. 
(p. 46.) 
NOTOTROPIS DINEMUS (Raf.) Jordan. 


Alburnellus jaculus Cope. 
The coloration and form are those of Alburnellus jaculus, with which 
I have identified this description. 
t37th species, Spotted Minny, MINNILUS NOTATUS, Minny tache. (p. 47.) 
HYBORHYNCHUS NOTATUS (Raf.) Ag. 
Hyborhynchus notatus Agassiz. 
Hyborhynchus superciliosus Cope. 


Agassiz’s identification of his Hyborhynchus with this species is possi- 
bly correct, although the description is very irrelevant. The common 
Hyborhynchus of the Ohio region has small but distinct barbels at the 
angle of the mouth, and is therefore H. superciliosus of Cope. The latter 
name is probably a synonym of H. notatus. 


{38th species, Little-Mouthed Minny, MINNILUS MICROSTOMUS, Minny 
microstome. (p. 47.) 


HYBOPSIS MICROSTOMUS (Raf.) Jordan. 


Hybopsis longiceps Cope. 
Hybopsis microstomus (Raf.) Jordan. 


This description agrees very closely with specimens sent me by W. M. 





* Diameter one-eighth of total length, silvery, back olivaceous with a brown longitudinal 


stripe in the middle; two lateral lines, one straight, the lower curved downwards and 
shorter; head gilt and green above. Dorsal fin 9 rays. Anal fin 12 rays. 

_  Asmall and slender species, common ‘in the Ohio, &c., and going in flocks; length 2 or 
 Sinches. Its head is beautiful when alive ; it is above of a fine gold color with green shades, 
\ becoming of an emerald-green above the eyes. Iris silvery ; sides opaque, upper lateral line 


gold-green. Nostrils large. Pectoral fins with 12 rays, not reaching the abdominal. 


All the fins silvery. Tail with 24 rays. Scales very small. 


tDiameter one-seventh of total length, silvery, back olivaceous with a large brown 


stripe in the middle; head brown above, lateral line straight, a black spot at the 


base of the tail. Dorsal with 8, and anal with 9 rays. 
Same size with the preceding, but not so slender, and less common. Tris golden, 


nostrils very large, mouth small, lateral line shining blue on the opaque sides. Pecto- 
ral fins with 12 rays, and not reaching the abdomen. Tail with 14 rays. It is often 


called Minny Chub. 


t Diameter one-seventh of total length; silvery, olivaccous on the back and head, sides 


: with a few black dots, lateral line straight, pectoral fins reaching the abdominal fins. Dorsal 
and anal fins with eight rays. 


_ Asmall species found in the Kentucky River. Mouth very small, nostrils large, iris 


' Silvery, fins fulvous, the pectoral with 12 and the candal with 24 rays. Head elongated. 


28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


Linney from Salt River, Kentucky. Anexamination of Professor Cope’s 
types of Hybopsis longiceps has convinced me of the identity of that 
species with Rafinesque’s. It is perhaps best to unite Hybopsis with 
Tuxilus. The distinetive character of the high scales, so noticeable 
in DL. cornutus, fades by insensible degrees into the ordinary Hybopsis 
type. 

Under Luzxilus the following subgeneric sections are probably con- 
veniently recognizable: 


a. Luxilus: type cornutus. 

b. Alburnops: type blennius. 
c. Hybopsis: type gracilis. 

d. Hudsonius: type hudsonius. 


* XVI. Genus, SHINER, Luzilus, Luxile. (p. 47.) 


Hypsilepis Baird, 1854. 

Hybopsis Ag., 1854. 

Alburnops and Hudsonius Grd., 1856. 
Luxilus Jordan, 1876. 


. 


ist subgenus, CHROSOMUS. (p. 47.) 


39th species, Red-Belly Shiner, LUXILUS ERYTHROGASTER, Luxile 
erythrogastre. (p. 47.) 


CHROSOMUS ERYTHROGASTER Raf. 


Description characteristic, although slightly erroneous. The colora- 
tion described is that of C. oreas Cope, rather than that of the erythro- 
gaster of Agassiz. 


t2d subgenus, LUXILUS. (p. 48.) 


= Plargyrus Girard (nec Rafinesque). 
= Hypsilepis Baird and most authors. 
= Luxilus m. 


* Difference from Minnilus: Vent posterior or nearer to the tail. Mouth rather large, 
commonly with lips and equal jaws. Scales rather large. Preopercule with an angular 
suture. 

tMouth rather large, with small flat lips, jaws equal, scales large. 





REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 29 


*40th species, Gold-Head Shiner, LUXILUS CHRYSOCEPHALUS, Luxile 
chrysocephale. (p. 48.) 


































t LUXILUS CORNUTUS (Mitch.) Jor. 
Cyprinus cornutus Mitchill. 

Hypsilepis cornutus (Mitch.) Storer and authors. 
Plargyrus typicus, cornutus, frontalis, ete., Girard. 


Description fair, excepting that the pectorals searcely reach the ven- 
_ trals, and older specimens are less elongated. The cornutus is very 
abundant throughout the Ohio Valley, where it is everywhere known as 
the Shiner, a name rarely applied to any other fish. Rafinesque’s 
description is very correct as regards its average appearance in the 
West when not tuberculate or flushed with red. His account has, how- 
ever, been carelessly referred to Cyprinus chrysoleucus of Mitchill, solely 
on account of the similarity of the names, although Rafinesque correctly 
indicates the chief points of difference. As chrysocephalus is evidently 
intended as the type of Luzilus, the latter is synonymous with Hypsilepis, 
_and we have noalternative but to restore the older name in place of the 
latter and more scientific appellation. 


{41st species, Kentuckian Shiner, LUXILUS KENTUCKIENSIS, Luzile 
du Kentucky. (p. 48.) 


2? LUXILUS CORNUTUS (Mit.) Jor. 


Not Luvxilus hentuckiensis Kirtland. 
This species is not yet satisfactorily identified. It is certainly not 


* Diameter one-fifth of total length, silvery with golden shades on the sides, head gilt, 
back and nape dark olivaceous; lateral line curved downwards, pectoral fins reaching the 
abdominal. Dorsal and anal fins with nine rays. 

Vulgar names, Gold Chub, Shiner, Goldhead, &c. Length 6 inches. It is found in 
Kentucky, Ohio, Cumberland, Green River, &c. Iris golden. Fins fulvous, the pectoral 
golden, large, with 14 rays; tail with 24. It resembles the common Shiner or Butterfish of 
Pennsylvania, Cyprinus chrysoleucos Mitchill, but that fish is a Rutilus, having nine 
abdominal rays; its body is besides shorter and the anal fin is falcated with 15 rays. 
tAdditional evidence of the correctness of this identification is found in a MSS. paper 
on the Fishes of Pennsylvania, by Rafinesque, now in the possession of Professor Baird. 
In this paper the species in question is described under the name of Luvilus cornutus 
(Mit.) Raf. 

tDiameter one-seventh of total length, silvery, back olivaceous, lateral line curved 
downwards, dorsal and caudal fins red, the pectoral yellow, not reaching the abdomen. 
Dorsal 8 and anal7 rays. 

Vulgar names: Indian Chub, Red-tail, Shiner, &c. Length about 4inches. It is 
reckoned an excellent bait for anglers, because it will swim a long while with the hook 
initsbody. Eyessmall, iris brown withagoldring. Yellowish-brown above the head. 
Abdominal and anal fins white. Pectoral and abdominal fins oboval, with 12 rays. 
Tail with 24 rays. 








30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


the Silver-Fin, Luwilus kentuckiensis Kirtland, as has been shown by 
Professor Cope. 


* 42d species, Yellow Shiner, LUXILUS INTERRUPTUS, Luxile jaunatre. 
(p. 49.) 

Not identified. 

The description contains little that is suggestive, and it might apply 
to almost any of the small silvery species. 


XVII. Genus, CHUBBY, SEMOTILUS, Semotile. (p. 49.) 
=Semotilus Raf. 


43d species, Bigback Chubby, SEMOTILUS DORSALIS, Semotile dorsal 
(p. 49.) 
SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS (Mitchill) Putnam. 


44th species, Bighead Chubby, SHMOTILUS CEPHALUS, Semotile 
cephale. (p. 49.) 


SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS (Mitchill) Putnam. 


+45th species, Warty Chubby, SEMOTILUS DIPLEMIUS, Semotile ver- 
ruqueux. (p. 50.) 
LYTHRURUS DIPLAMIUS (Raf.) Jor. 


Not Leuciscus diplemius Kirtland (=? Lux. cornutus var.). 
Hypsilepis dipleemia Cope. 

This can hardly be the Lythrurus diplemius, as that species has a 
long anal fin, and the male fish has, instead of ‘‘some black warts on the 
head”, the whole upper surface of the head and neck studded with 
minute whitish tubercles. Moreover, the dorsal spot is not “round”, 
and there is no caudal spot. Still, as I can at present suggest no bet- 
ter identification, I allow that made by Professor Cope to stand. 


* Diameter one-sixth of total length; yellowish-olivaceous above, silvery beneath, 
rufous brown above the head, a rufousline from the dorsal to the tail, two straight and 
separated half lateral lines, the anterior one above the posterior ; pectoral fins reach- 
ing the abdominal. Dorsal with 10 and anal with 9 rays. 

A small species, only 3 inches long, called Yellow Chub or Shiner. Seen in the Ohio, 
Sides opaque, with violet shades. Iris silvery, mouth large, lips very apparent. Fins 
yellowish, pectorals with 16 rays, caudals with 24. 

t Diameter one-sixth of total length; olivaceous brown with gold shades above, sil- 
very beneath ; lateral line double, the anterior and lower curved upwards at the base, 
reaching to the abdominal fins, the posterior and upper straight from the pectoral fins 
to the tail; fins red, a spot at the base of the dorsal and caudal, and many dots over 
them. Dorsals with nine rays; the anal with eight. 

Length from 3 to 4 inches, often called Minny or Red-Fin. Observed in the Ken+ 
tucky River near Estill. The male fish has a larger mouth than the female and some | 
black warts on the head. Fulvous brown on the head. Iris large, golden and white. _ 
Some black dots on the dorsal and caudal fins ; the caudal spot is on tail and the dor- 
sal at the anterior base; they are small and round. The pectoral fins do not reach the 
abdominal fins; they have 18 rays; the tail has 24. 





REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE. ON AMERICAN FISHES. ol 


* XVIII. Genus, FALLFISH, Rutilus, Rutile. (p. 50) 
= Leucisous Klein. 

+46th species, Silverside Fallfish, RUTILUS PLARGYRUS, Rutile plar- 
gyre. (p. 50.) 
| LUXILUS CORNUTUS (probably). 

Rafinesque’s account applies about equally well to Luwilus cornutus 
and Cyprinella analostana Grd. I prefer to follow Dr. Kirtland and 
writers generally in identifying it with the preceding species. The name 
i , Plargyrus is not available for any of our genera of Cyprinide. As Cypri- 
nus rutilus L. is stated to be the type of Rutilus Raf., it is the type of 
that genus, and the provisional name Plargyrus is unnecessary. 





{47th species, Baiting Fallfiish, RUTILUS COMPRESSUS, Rutile appat. 
(p. 51.) 


Not yet satisfactorily identified. It is probably not Leuciscus com- 


pressus of Kirtland. It may have been based in part on Nototropis 
rubrifrons (Cope.) 


EARLS aE 


Er ore 


§ 48th species, Round-Nose Fallfish, RUTILUS AMBLOPS, Rutile amblopse 


(p. 51.) 
NocoMIs AMBLOPS (Raf.) Cope & Jordan. 





Ceratichthys hyalinus Jordan, Man. Vert. (aot of Cope). 


Description rather indefinite. As Girard has identified it with a species 
of Ceratichthys, I refer it to a member of that genus common at the 


* Difference from Minnilus : Vent posterior, nearer to the tail. Abdominal fins with 
nine rays. Mouth large and withlips. Scales large. 

I call this genus Rutilus, in the supposition that the Cyprinus rutilus may be the 
type of it; if it should be otherwise, it may be called Plargyrus. x 
ie tDiameter one-fifth of total length; silvery, back with the dorsal, pectoral, and 
__ eandal fins olivaceous ; lateral line curved downwards; snout truncate; mouth almost 
vertical. Dorsal and anal fins with 9 rays. 

Length from 4 to 6 inches; vulgar names :—Silverside, Shiner, White Chub, &c., 
Common in the streams of Kentucky. Mouth large, upper jaw almost vertical, yet 
L longer than the lower. Iris white. Pectoral fins with 14 rays, reaching almost the 
| abdominals, which are oboval and white. Tail forked as usual with 24 rays. Scales 

large. 
ye tDiameter one-seventh of total length; silvery, back fulvous, sides compressed, 
* lateral line straight, raised upwards at the base, snout rounded, mouth hardly diag- 
onal, nearly horizontal. Dorsal and anal fins with 9 rays. 

_ Asgmall fish from 2 to 4 inches long, called Fall-fish, Bait-fish, Minny, &c. It is 
_ found in the Alleghany Mountains, in the waters of the Monongahela, Kenhaway, and 
* even in the Potomac. The name of Fall-fish arises from its being often found near 
falls and ripples. Body more compressed than in the other species; as much so as in 
_ the genus Minnilus. Scales large ; lips a little fleshy ; iris silvery-gilt ; fins transpar- 
ent; the pectoral with 14 rays, and not reaching the abdominal; tail with 32 rays. 
§ Diameter one-sixth of total length; silvery, head fulvous above, snout round; 








32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


Falls of the Ohio, which, if distinct from C. hyalinus Cope, as Professor 
Cope thinks, seems not to have received any other name. 


49th species, Black-tail Fallfish, RUTILUS MELANURUS, Rutile mela- 
nure. (p. 51.) 


MYXOSTOMA DUQUESNII (Le 8.) Jor. (young). 


Description incorrect and insufficient. The ‘15 dorsal rays” indi- 
cates a Sucker, and the coloration is that of a young ‘ Red-Horse”. 


* 50th species, Anomal Fallfish, RUTILUS ANOMALUS, Rutile anomal. 


(p. 52.) 
? CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (Raf.) Ag. 


This description is perhaps intended for Campostoma, but it is very 
imperfect, if not erroneous. 


+51st species, Red Minny, RUTILUS ? RUBER, Rutile rouge. (p. 52.) 
LYTHRURUS species. 


Probably the male fish of one of the species of Lythrurus is intended 
rather than a Chrosomus, as supposed by Professor Agassiz. Lythrurus 
ardens is abundant in the upper waters of the Cumberland. Few fishes 
in our waters are of so “fine a purple red”. 


XIX. Genus, FAT-HEAD, PIMEPHALES, Pimephale. (p. 52.) 


52d species, Blackheaded Fat-head, PIMBPHALES PROMELAS, Pime- 
phale tete-noire. (p. 53.) 


PIMEPHALES PROMELAS Raf. 


Description fair. This species is very abundant in small streams 
about the Falls of the Ohio. 


sides with an opaque band, lateral line straight; pectoral fins with 12 rays, and 
reaching the abdominal fins. Dorsal and anal fins with 10 rays. 

Length 1 or 2 inches. Vulgar name: White Chub, or Fall-fish. It is found at the 
falls of the Ohio. Back slightly fulvescent, snout large and rounded, mouth hardly 
diagonal, eyes large, iris silvery, and scales large. Tail with 30 rays. 

* Diameter one-fifth of total length, fulvous above, sides dusky, white beneath, 
snout rounded, a vertical brown line behind the gills; lateral line straight, raised up- 
wards at the base; pectoral fins yellow, oboval, short, with 15 rays; tail unequally 
bilobed, the upper lobe larger. Dorsal and anal fins red ; dorsal 8 and anal 7 rays. 

An anomalous fish, differing from all those of the Cyprinian tribe in the Ohio, by its 
unequal bilobed tail, which is brownish, and has 22 rays. Mouth diagonal. Eyes 
small; iris olivaceous gilt. Nape of the neck red, scales rathersmall. Length 3 inches. 
Found in Licking River, &c. Vulgar names: Chub, Redfish, Fallfish, &c. 

t Entirely red; tail forked. 

I add here a fine small fish, which I have never seen as yet, but it is said to jive in 
the small streams which fall into the Elkhorn and Kentucky. It is a slender fish, only 
2 inches long, compressed, and of a fine purple red. It may belong to this genus, or 
to any other of this tribe. It is commonly called Red-minny. 


































REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 33 


XX. Genus, SUCKER, CATOSTOMUS, Catostome. (p. 53.) 
"Ist subgenus, MOXOSTOMA. (p. 54.) 
Myxostoma Jor. 


(Not Moxostoma of Agassiz and authors = Erimyzon m.) 

_ 53d species, Ohio Carp-Sucker, CATOSTOMUS ANISURUS, Catostome 
anisure. (p.54.) 

MYXOSTOMA ANISURA (Raf.) Jordan. 


(Not Moxostoma anisurus Agassiz=Erimyzon oblongus (Mit.) Jordan.) 


Catostomus anisurus Kirtland. 
Ptychostomus collapsus Cope. 


This species, described by Rafinesque, and described and figured by 
Dr. Kirtland, is said to possess a lateral line, and to have red fins. 
Furthermore, it is known as “ Carp”, and reaches a length of 1 to 3 feet. 
It is evidently not a Moxostoma as that genus is defined by Agassiz, but 
a Ptychostomus. Moxostoma becomes, therefore, a synonym of Ptychos- 
tomus, and having priority must supersede it. In accordance with the 
ie etymology of the word, I have changed the first vowel o to y. 


54th species, Buffalo Carp-Sucker, CATOSTOMUS ANISOPTERUS, Ca- 
_ testome anisopture. (p. 54.) 


_ ?Carpiodes velifer (Raf.) Ag. 

An insufficient description of some Carpiodes “from a drawing by Mr. 
Audubon”. Rafinesque remarks: “The C. tuberculatus of Le Sueur 
_ belongs also to this subgenus, having 8 abdominal rays, but its tail is 
: regularly bifid”. 





2d subgenus, ICTIOBUS. (p. 55.) 
= Ichthyobus Agassiz. 


“The C. gibbosus and C. communis of Le Sueur appear to be intermedi- 


—* Body oblong, compressed ; head compressed, eight abdominal rays, dorsal fin com- 
monly longitudinal; tail commonly unequally forked. 

+ Diameter one-fifth of the length; silvery, slightly fulvescent above, fins red, the dor- 
_ gal olivaceous, falcated with 17 rays, nearer to the head and reaching the vent ; lateral 
line curved upwards and flexuose at the base ; snout gibbose ; tail forked, upper part longer. 
Anal fin faleate with 8 rays. 

A large species common all over the Ohio and the largestreams, as far as Pittsburgh. 
Permanent and sometimes taken in winter. It is called Carp everywhere. Length 
from one to three feet. It is taken with the hook, seine and dart. Its flesh is pretty 
good, but soft. The male fish has a red tail; while it is olivaceous in the female. 
Snout divided from the head by a transverse hollow which makes it gibbose. Eyes black, iris 
silvery and golden above. Sides often with copper shades. Scales large with concen- 
tricstria. Pectoral fins large, oval acute, with 15 rays, and reaching the abdominal fins, 
Caudal with 24 rays. 

Bull. 9—3 





34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—-I. 


ate between this subgenus and the foregoing, having 9 abdominal rays, 
but an unequally bilobed tail.”——(Raf.) 


55th species, Brown Buffalo-Fish, CATOSTOMUS BUBALUS, Catostome 
bubale. (p. 55.) 
ICHTHYOBUS BUBALUS (Raf.) Ag. 
Description passable. 


* 56th species, Black Buffalo-Fish, CATOSTOMUS NIGER, Catostome noir. 


(p. 56.) 
? BUBALICHTHYS NIGER (Raf.) Ag. 


Description insufficient. 
3d subgenus, CARPIODES. (p. 56.) 
Carpiodes Agassiz and authors. 


“The CO. cyprinus and C. setosus of Le Sueur belong to this subgenus.” — 
(Raf.) 
+57th species, Olive Carp-Sucker, CATOSTOMUS CARPIO, Catostome 
carpe. (p. 56.) 
CARPIODES CARPIO Raf. 
Carpiodes nummifer Cope. 


This description apparently refers to the species lately called C. num- 
mifer by Professor Cope. I therefore adopt Rafinesque’s specific name. 


58th species, Sailing-Sucker, CATOSTOMUS ViLIFER, Catostome volant. 


(p. 56.) 
CARPIODES VELIFER (Raf.) Ag. 


A fair description. 


{59th species, Mud-Sucker, CATOSTOMUS XANTHOPUS, Catostome 
xanthope. (p. 57.) 
HYPENTELIUM NIGRICANS (Le 8.) Jor. 


It is possible that this description was intended for the Cat. nigricans 
LeS., but the latter is certainly not a ‘‘ mud-fish”, as Professor Agassiz 


* Entirely black, lateral line straight. 

I have not seen this fish. Mr. Audubon describes it as a peculiar species, found in 
the Mississippi and the lower part of the Ohio, being entirely similar to the common 
Boffalo-fish, but larger, weighing sometimes upwards of 50 pounds, and living in sep- 
arate shoals. 

t Diameter one-fourth of the length; olivaceous above, pale beneath, chin white, 
abdomen bluish ; lateral line straight, dorsal fin somewhat faleated with 36 rays, and 
trapezoidal with 10 rays; head sloping, snout rounded. 

Seen at the falls of the Ohio; commonly called Carp. Length from one to two 
feet. yes very small and black ; fins olivaceons brown, the pectorals olivaceous, tra- 
pezodial, short, and with 16 rays. Tail with 24. Dorsal fin beginning before the ab- 
dominel and reaching the end of the anal fin. Not so good to eat as the Butfalo-fish. 

t Diameter one-fourth of the length; lateral line straight; silvery, back olivaceous, 




































REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 35 


seemed to suppose. Of all the Suckers, it is the most readily affected 
by impure water, and it is usually to be found only in clear, 
streams. 


running 


“4th subgenus TERETULUS. (p:.57.) 
Of the species assigned to this subgenus, three belong apparently to 
Myxostoma, three to Catostomus proper, two to Hypentelium, five to 
Erimyzon, one is a Cyprinoid, and the last a myth. 
As the name Teretulus has been restricted to the genus typified by 


Catostomus aureolus Le 8., it is best to consider it as a synonym of 
Myzxostoma. 


t 60th species, Black-face Sucker, CATOSTOMUS MELANOPS, Catostome 
melanopse. (p. 57.) 


ERIMYZON SUCETTA (Lac.) Jor. 


? Cyprinus sucetta Lac. 

Catostomus melanops Kirtland. 

Ptychostomus melanops Agassiz and authors. 
Erimyzon melanops (Raf.) Jordan. 


Description poor but unmistakable. This fish has the air-bladder in 
two parts, and the lateral line is obsolete, as stated by Kirtland. It is 





head brown above, snout gibbose rounded ; dorsal fin hardly faleate with 14 rays, anal 
anceolate with 8 rays; lower fins yellowish. 

Found below the falls. Length from 6 to 10 inches. It lives in muddy banks and 
conceals itself in the mud. Flesh very soft. Head large, flattened above, mouth large, 
eyes large. Irissilvery. Lateral line hardly raised at the base. Dorsal fin above the 
abdominal, fins olivaceous as well as the tail, which has 20 rays. Pectorals with 18 
rays. Scales large. 

* Body elongate cylindrical or somewhat quadrangular, 9 abdominal rays, dorsal fins 
commonly small, tail equally forked. 

An extensive subgenus, to which belong all the following species of Le Sueur: C. 
aureolus, C. macrolepidotus, C. longirostrum, C. nigricans, C. vittatus, C. maculosus, C. su- 
cetta, besides the C. teres and C. oblongus of Mitehill. 

+ Diameter one-seventh of the length; head squared, blackish above, snout convex 
obtuse; back olivaceous, sides whitish with scattered black dots, a black spot on the gill 
cover, and a large one between the dorsal and caudal fins; lateral line straight, dorsal 
fin with 14 rays, anal with 9 rays. 

A singular species seen at the falls. It is rare, and called Spotted Sucker or Black 
Sucker. Length from 4 to 6 inches; body cylindrical, flattened beneath as far as the 
vent. Head flat above, blackish there and in the fore part. Mouth almost terminal 
_ with thick whitish lips, the lower one shorter and thicker, a few small black spots ou 
the sides of the head, and a large one on the preopercule. Gill cover silvery. Eyes 
_ black, iris brown with a gold ring. Back of a rufescent color with gold shades. A 
_ very large black patch above the anal fin before the tail. Sides pale with small unequal 
_ black dots, belly whitish. Fins coppery, the pectoral elliptical elongated with 18 rays, 
the anal elongated reaching the tail, the dorsal broad and opposed to the abdominal. 
- Tail with 20 rays. Scales rather large nervose radiated. 





36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


therefore an Hrimyzon and not a “ Ptychostomus”. Both H. oblongus 
and H, melanops abound in the lakes as well asin the Ohio. They are 
much more tenacious of life than the other Suckers. The description of 
Cyprinus sucetta Lacépéde (Catostomus suceti C. & V.) seems to refer to 
this species. I therefore have adopted the prior name sucetta in prefer- 
ence to that of melanops. 

The “lateral line” alluded to by Rafinesque here, as in numerous 
other instances, is merely a lateral streak along the rows of scales, either 
due to longitudinal furrows or else to peculiarities of coloration. 


*6lst species, Black-back Sucker, CATOSTOMUS MELANOTUS, Ca- 
tostome melanote. (p. 58.) 


? CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (Raf.) Ag 


>: 


The ‘nine dorsal rays” indicates a Cyprinoid, and the only species 
found at the Falls of the Ohio which at all answers this description are 
the Nocomis biguttatus and Campostoma anomalum. It is best to iden- 

tify it with the latter, and thus to avoid a change of names. 


162d species, Rough-head Sucker, CATOSTOMUS FPASCIOLARIS, Ca- 
tostome fascie. (p. 58.) 


ERIMYZON OBLONGUS (Mitch.) Jor. 
Mozxostoma oblongum (Mitch.) Ag. 


Description indifferent, “from a drawing by Mr. Audubon”. The 
tuberculated snout indicates a spring male of oblongus, rather than ni- 
gricans, to which Prefessor Agassiz refers Rafinesque’s description. 








* Diameter one-sixth of the length; bluish black above, whitish beneath; head con- 
vex, snout obtuse; lateral line straight; dorsal and anal fins with nine rays. ; 

Seen only once at the falls. Length 6 inches, body nearly cylindrical. Mouth 
rather inferior, lips thick and somewhat gristly. Iris silvery. Scales pretty large. 
Fins whitish, the dorsal and caudal a little reddish. Pectoral fins elliptical with 16 
rays. Tail 20. Dorsal fin trapezoidal, opposed to the abdominal, the first ray shorter. 
Anal elliptical obtuse. Vulgar names, Black Sucker and Bine Sueker. 

t Diameter one-sixth of the length; brown above, white beneath, sides with small 
transversal black lines; head sloping, tuberculated above, snout obtuse; dorsal fin 
longitudinal reaching the end of the anal fin, lateral line straight. 

I have not seen this species, but describe it from a drawing of Mr. Audubon. It is 
found in the lower part of the Ohio. Vulgarnames: Rough-head Sucker, Pike-Sucker, 
Striped Sucker. Length about eight inches, body cylindrical tapering behind. Eyes 
small, month beneath. Lower fins trapezoidal, about twenty transversal lines. A 
doubtful species, perhaps an Hydrargyrus, but the mouth is like that of the Sucker. 





rg REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 37 


*63d species, Red-tail Sucker, CATOSTOMUS ERYTHRURUS, Catos- 
tome rougequeue. (p. 59.) . 


i. MYXOSTOMA DUQUESNI (Le S.) Jor. 
—_ ? Catostomus duquesnet Le Sueur. 


_ Ptychostomus erythrurus (Raf.) Cope. 
Piychostomus duquesnei (Le 8.) Ag. 


Description not very good. The common “ Red-Horse” of the Obie 
= is certainly Le Sueur’s duquesnei. Professor Cope recognizes Ratines- 
, _—- que’s species as distinct, but I have not yet been able to separate it. 


+64th species, Kentucky Sucker, CATOSTOMUS FLEXUOSUS, Catos- 
tome flexueuz. (p. 59.) 


CATOSTOMUS TERES (Mitch.) Le S. 

Description fair. Professor Agassiz is certainly wrong in referring this 
species to the Cat. nigricans of Le Sueur. The description accords 
better with Cat. teres, and the statements with regard to the habits 
and common name point very strongly to this species, which is still 

known everywhere in Kentucky as the “Sucker”. 


¢ 65th species, Big-mouth Sucker, CATOSTOMUS ? MEGASTOMUS 
Catostome megastome. (p. 59.) 


A myth. 


*Diameter one-fifth of the length: rufous brown above, white beneath: tail oliva- 
ceous: head convex, snout rounded: lateral line straight: dorsal fin trapezoidal, red- 
dish with 12 rays: anal fin elongated, yellow, anal faleated, with 7 rays. 

; A fine species, not uncommon in the Ohio, Kentucky, Cumberland, Tennessee, &e. 

Vulgar names: Red-horse, Red-tail, Horse-fish, Horse-Suckers, &c. Length about 
' one foot. Scales very large. Mouth beneath. Iris whitish, eyes black. Pectoral fins 
yellow, elliptical, reaching the abdominals, and with 16 rays. Tail large with 20 rays. 
Its flesh is dry and not very good to eat. 
+ Diameter one-fifth of the length ; silvery, back brownish, scales rather rough, oper- 
cule flexuose; head squared, snout gibbose truncate; lips very thick, the inferior 
_ bilobed ; lateral line flexuose ; tail brown; dorsal fin blackish with 12 rays, anal fin 
| whitish with 7 rays’aud reaching the tail. 

The most common species, in Kentucky, in all the streams and ponds, called merely Sucker. 
Very good to eat. It conceals itself in the mnd in winter. It bites at the hook, liv- 
ing on minnies and little lobsters. Body thick cylindrical. From 10 to 12 inches 
long. Head large, a deep depression between the snout and the head, mouth large 
with fleshy lips. Eyes large, black, iris yellow. Opercule hard bony. Lower fins 
whitish, pectorals elongated elliptical with 20 rays. Tail 20 rays. Dorsal trapezoidal, 
sloping behind. This fish is the most useful to keep in ponds. 

¢ Diameter one-fifth of the length; blackish above, yellowish beneath, very broad ; 
a spine at the base of the pectoral fins; lateral line straight. 

A very donbtful species seen by Mr. Audubon. It comes sometimes in shoals in March, 
and soon disappears. Only taken with the seine, not biting at the hook ; vulgar name, 
Brown Sucker. The mouthis very remarkable, being broader than the head, somewhat 
. projecting on the sides; length one foot. The head resembles that of a Cat-fish, but 
has no barbs. Is it a peculiar genus owing to the mouth ané pectoral spine? It might 
be called Eurystomus. The yellow color covers the forehead and reaches to the anal fin. 
Dorsal opposed to the abdominal and trapezoidal. pectorals elliptical, yellow. 
























38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


*5th subgenus, DECACTYLUS. (p. 60.) 


66th species, Pittsburgh Sucker, CATOSTOMUS DUQUESNI, Catostome 
Guquesne. (p. 60.) 


MYXOSTOMA DUQUESNII (Le S.) Jor. 


67th species, Long Sucker, CATOSTOMUS ELONGATUS, Catostome 
alonge. (p. 60.) 
CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (Le 8.) Ag. 


XXI. Genus, SUCKREL, CYCLEPTUS, Cyclepte. (p. 61.) 


68th species, Black Suckrel CYCLEPTUS NIGRESCENS, Cyclepte 
noiratre. (p. 61.) 
CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (Le 8.) Ag. 


A very poor description, ‘‘on the authority of Mr. Bollman, of Pitts- 
burgh”. 
t XXII. Genus, CATFISH, PIMELODUS, Pimelode. (p. 61.) 
Subgenus, ICTALURUS. (p.61.) 
ist section, ELLIOPS. (p. 62.) 
Tail forked. Eyes elliptical. Abdominal fins with less than nine 
rays. 
69th species, Spotted Catfish, PIMELODUS MACULATUS, Pimelode 


tachete. (p. 62.) 
ICHTH HLURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor. 


Silurus punctatus Raf., 1818. 
70th species, Blue Catfish PIMELODUS CHRULESCENS, Pimelode 


bleuatre. (p. 63.) 
ICHTHZLURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor. 





* Body nearly cylindrical, abdominal fins with 10 rays; tail equally forked. 

Besides the two following species, the C. bostoniensis and C. hudsonius must be enu- 
merated here. 

t Body scaleless, elongated. Head large, with barbs. Two dorsal fins, the second 
adipose and separated from the tail, the first short and commonly armed. Pectoral fins 
commonly armed. Teeth like a file. Went commonly posterior. 

The extensive genus Silurus of Linnaeus, which is scattered throughout the rivers of 
both continents, has not yet been completely illustrated, notwithstanding the labors of 
the modern ichthyologists. I have found in the Ohio about twelve species belonging 
to it, most of which offer consimilar character, and appear to belong to the genus Pi- 
melodus of Lacépéde and Cuvier, which have left the name of Silurus to the species 
having one dorsal fin. I have already published a monography of them in the Journal 
ef the Royal Institution of London, under the generic name of Silurus. I now pro- 
pose to form with them a peculiar subgenus, divided in many sections, and different 
from the subgenera Bagrus, Synodontus, Silusox, &c. 











REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 39 


71st species, White Catfish, PIMELODUS PALLIDUS, Pimelode pale. 
(p. 63.) 
ICHTHZLURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor. 


72d species, Silvery Catfish, PIMELODUS ARGYRUS, Pimelode argyre. 


(p. 64.) 
ICHTHZLURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor. 


2d section, LEPTOPS. (p. 64.) 


Tail bilobed. Eyes round and small. Nine abdominal rays. Vent 
posterior. Adipose fin large. 
73d species, Clammy Catfish, PIMELODUS VISCOSUS, Pimelode vis- 
queux. (p. 64.) 
PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS (Raf.) Gill & Jor. 


Jaws nearly equal, barbs very short, eyes round, over the head. Body 
entirely brown, lateral line raised upwards before. Pectoral fins with 
1 and 7 rays, anal fin rounded with 15 rays. Tail unequally bilobed and 
black, upper lobe smaller and white. 


75th species, Clouded Catfish, PIMBLODUS NEBULOSUS, Pimelode nebu- 
leux. (p. 64.) 
PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS (Raf.) Gill & Jor. 


This species is made to form a “peculiar section or even subgenus”, 


termed Opladelus. 
2d section, AMEIURUS. (p. 65.) 


Tail entire. Eyes round. Eight abdominal rays. Vent posterior. 
Dorsal fin anterior with a spine. Lower jaw not longer. Pectoral fins 
with one simple spine and seven rays. 

75th species, Yellow Catfish, PIMELODUS CUPRHEUS, Pimelode cuivre. 


(p. 65.) 
AMIURUS LIVIDUS CUPREUS (Raf.) Jor. 


*76th species, Brown Catfish, PIMELODUS LIVIDUS, Pimelode livide. 


(p. 65.) 
AMIURUS LIvIDUS (Raf.) Jor. 


Amiurus catus (Grd.) Gill. (Not Silurus catus LL.) 


* Jaws equal, barbs nearly equal together and as long as the head. Lyes round. 
Body entirely of a livid-brown color. ‘ail rounded entire. Lateral line raised up- 
wards at the base. Anal fin elongate with 25 rays. 

Silurus lividus, Monogr. sp. 7. 

A small species, entirely of a leaden brown. Head short, slightly olivaceous ; throat 
pale. Barbs equal, the upper ones livid, the lower ones rufous. A furrow on the head 
which is convex above. Operculum flexuose. Tail with 24 rays. Dorsal with 1 and 


7. Spines short. 





40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


* 77th species, Black Catfish, PEIMM@LODUS MELAS, Pimelode noir. (p. 66.) 


AMIURUS MELAS (Raf.) Jordan. 


Amiurus obesus Gill. 


+ 78th species, Yellow-Fead Catfish, PIMELODUS XANTHOCEPHALUS, 
Pimelode xanthocephale. (p. 66.) 


AMIURUS XANTHOCEPHALUS (Raf.) Gill. 
4th section, ILICTIS. (p. 66.) 


Tail entire, eyes elliptical. Nine abdominal rays. Dorsal fins sub- 
medial. Pectoral fins with one flat spine serrated outwards and nine 
rays. Lower jaw longer. 


79th species, Mud-Catfish, PIMELODUS LIMOSUS, Pimelode bourbeux. 
(p- 66.) 


PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS (Raf.) Gill & Jor. 


} XXIII. Genus, MUDCAT, PILODICTIS, Pylodicte. (p. 67.) 


PYLODICcTIS Raf., 1819. 
OPLADELUS [af., 1820. 
HOPLADELUS Gill, 1861. 
PELODICHTHYS Gill & Jordan, 1877. 


* Jaws nearly equal. Eyes round. Barbs unequal, shorter than the head. Body 
entirely black, lateral line straight. Anal fin with 20 rays. Tail nearly truncate, 
entire. 

Silurus melas, Monogr. sp. 8. 

A rare species Jess than afoot long. Hardly pale beneath. Dorsal fin 1 and 7. 
Found below the falls. 

+ Upper jaw longer. Barbs unequal, shorter than the head. Eyesround. Body iron 
gray, with the whole or part of the head yellow. Belly white. Lateral line straight. 
Anal fin with 22 rays. Tail entirely truncate. 

Silurus canthocephalus, Monogr. sp. 10. 

About a foot long. In the Ohio, Kentucky, etc. Head very large, often entirely 
yellow, or only forward, or covered with yellow patches. Iris white. Fins fleshy 
reddish. The dorsal with 1 and 6 rays, caudal 24. Good food. 

$ Body scaleless, conical, flattened forwards and compressed behind. Head very 
broad and flat, with barbs, eyes above the head. Two dorsal fins, both with soft rays. 
Vent posterior. 

This genus was the 10th of my Prod. of 70 N. G. of animals. The name means 
Mudtish. It differs principally from the foregoing by the second dorsal having rays. 








REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 41 





*80th species, Toad Mudcat, PYLODICTIS LIMOSUS, Pylodicte bour- 
beux. (p. 67.) 


PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS (Raf.) G. & J. 
tXXIV. Genus, BACKTAIL, NOTURUS, Noture. (p. 67.) 
} 81st species, Yellow Backtail, NOTURUS FLAVUS, Noture jaune. (p. 68 
NOTURUS FLAVUS Raf. 
XXV. Genus, TOTER, HYPENTELIUM, Hypentele. (p. 68.) 


: 82d species, Ohio Toter, HYPENTELIUM MACROPTERUM, Hypentele 
macroptere. (p. 68.) 


HYPENTELIUM NIGRICANS (Le Sueur.) Jor. 
_ Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur (young). 
_ Hylomyzon nigricans (Le 8.) Ag. 
Hypentelium nigricans (Le 8.) Jordan. 
Description very good. If Catostomus nigricans be considered generi- 


cally distinct from C. hudsonius, we have no alternative but to substi- 
tute Hypentelium for Hylomyzon of later date. 





* Lower jaw longer, eyes round, eight barbs, four above and four below. Head ver- 
- rucose above. Body brown, clonded, and dotted with yellowish, reddish, and bluish ; 
one row of transversal black lines on each side of the back. No lateral line. Tail en- 
tire and truncate. 
I have not seen this fish, but describe it from a drawing of Mr. Aucubon. It is found 
in the lower part of the Ohio and in the Mississippi, where it lives on muddy bottoms, 
and buries itself inthe mud in the winter. It reaches sometimes the weight of 20 
pounds. It bears the name of Mudcat, Mudfish, Mud-Sucker, and Toadfish. It is 
‘good to eat, and bites at the hook. The head is broader than the body, and with a 
very large mouth; the barbs appear to lie in four pairs, two above, longer and near 
the nostrils, and two smaller under. the lower jaw. The first dorsal fins triangular 
and above the abdominals, which are nearer tbe pectorals than to the anal. Second 
elongate with many rays. Number of rays unnoticed. 
+ Difference from G. Pimelodus, S. G. Ictalurus, and sect. Ameiurus : Adipose dorsal fin 
_ very long, decurrent, and united with the tail, which is decurrent on each side, but 
‘unconnected with the anal fin. 
Genus 18th of the Prodr. N. G. It differs from the genus Plotosus of Lacépede by 
having the anal fin free, and from Pimelodus by the connection of the tail with the 
‘gecond dorsai fin. The name means “tail over the back”. The Silurus gyrinus of 
‘Mitchill must beiong to this genus. 
_ tEntirely yellowish. Upper jaw longer, barbs half the length of the head. Eyes 
‘round. Lateral line nearly straight. Anal fin with Mays. Tail entirely truncate. 
~ Asmall species, very common near the falls. Length 4 to 12 inches. It agrcesin 
almost everything with the section Ameiurus among the Catfishes. Wulgar name Yel- 
low Catfish, like the Pimelodus cupreus. Dorsal fin with 1 and 7 rays, rounded spine 
very short and obtuse. Second dorsal beginning before the anal and extending to the 
tail in acurve. All the lower fins rounded. Pectorals with 1 and 7 rays, spine equal 
and acute. Abdominal fins with 5 rays. All the fins fleshy and fat. Head flat above. 
Barbs unequal. Belly convex. Hind part of the body compressed. 


ra 





















42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


XXXVI. Genus, RIBBON-FISH, SARCHIRUS, Sarchire. (p.69.) 


83d species, Ohio Ribbon-Fish, SARCHIRUS VITTATUS, Sarchire rubanne. 
(p. 69.) 


Lepidosteus sp. (young). 
Description inaccurate. 
*XXVII. Genus, PIKE, ESOX, Brochet. (p. 70.) 
+84th species, Streaked Pike, ESOX VITTATUS, Brochet raye. (p. 70.) 


Thus far unrecognized. 


{85th species, Sa’mon-Pike, ESOX SALMONBUS, Erochet saumonre. (p. 71.) 
Esox sALMONEUS Raf. 
? Hsox umbrosus Kirtland. 
Description probably second hand and not very good. It is probably 
Hsox umbrosus, which species abounds in the bayous of the Ohio, but 








* Body cylindrical or very long, covered with small scales, vent posterior. Oue dor- 
sal fin behind the abdominal fins. Mouth large, jaws long and flattened, with very 
strong teeth ; opening of the gills very large. Head bony, sealeless. Tail not obliqual. 
All the fins with rays. 

There are several species of Pikes in the Ohio, Mississippi, Wabash, Kentucky, &c. 
I have not yet been able to observe them thoroughly. I have, however, procured cor- 
rect accounts and figures of two species; but there are more. They appear to belong 
to a peculiar subgenus distinguished by a long dorsal fin, a forked tail, aud the abiiom- 
inal fins anterior, being removed frum the vent. It may be called Picorcllus. The 
French settlers of the Wabash and Missouri call them Piconeau, and the American 
settlers Pikes or Pickerels. They are permanent but rare fishes, retiriug, however, in 
deep waters in winter. They prefer the large streams, are very voracious, and grow 
to a large size. They prey on all the other fishes except the Gar-fishes, &c. They are 
easily taken with the hook, and afford a very good food, having a delicate flesh. 

+ White, with two blackish longitudinal streaks on each side, back brownish ; jaws 
nearly equal, very obtuse, eyes large and behind the mouth; dorsal fins longitudinal 
between the abdominal and anal fins; tail forked. 

E. vittatus. Raf. in American Monthly Magazine 1818, volume 3, page 447. 

This fish is rare in the Ohio (although. it has been seen at Pittsburgh), but more 
common in the Wabash and Upper Mississippi. It is called Piconeaw or Picaneau by 
the Canadians and Missourians. It reaches the lecgth of from three to five feet. The 
pectoral and abdominal fins are tiapezoidal, the anal and dorsal longitudinal with 
many rays and nearly equal. It is sometimes called Jack or Jackfish. Lateral line 
straight. 

{ White, with many narrow transversal brown bands, somewhat curved ; jaws nearly equal, 
very obluse; dorsal fins brown, longitudinal and extending over the anal fins; tail 
forked and brown. 

It is one of the best fishes in the Ohio; its flesh is very delicate, and divides easily, 
asin Salmon, into large plates as white as snow. It is called Salmon Pike, White 
Pike, White Jack or White Pickerel, and Picanecu blanc by the Missourians. It has a@ | 
short and thick head, eyes not very large, and situated upwards. Pectora] and abdom- 
inal fins trapezoidal. Dorsal fin beginning behind these last and extending over the | 
anal, The number of transversal bands is twelve or more, rather distant, and with | 
the concavity towards the head. It reaches the length of 5 feet. Lateral line nearly | 
straight. 





REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 43 


the statement that it “reaches the length of 5 feet”? renders the identi- 
fication doubtful. I have never seen it more than a foot long. The 
name Picorellus may be retained for the section of Esox, which has the 
cheeks and opercles entirely scaly, if a subgeneric name for that group 
is considered desirable. 


XXVIII. Genus, GARFISH, LEPISOSTHUS, Lepisoste. (p.71.) 
ist subgenus, CYLINDROSTBEUS. (p. 72.) 


86th species, Duck-Bill Garfisn, LEPISOSTEUS PLATOSTOMUS, Lepi- 
soste platostome. (p. 72.) 
LEPIDOSTEUS PLATYSTOMUS Raf. 
Description fair. 


87th species, White Garfish, LEPISOSTEUS ALBUS, Lepisoste blanc. 
(p. 73.) 
Probably same as preceding. 


88th species, Ohio Garfish, LEPISOSTE OXYURUS, Lepisoste oxyure. 


(p. 73.) 
LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag. (probably). 


89th species, Long-Bill Garfish, LEPISOSTEUS LONGIROSTRIS, Lepi- 
soste longirostre. (p. 74.) 


LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag. 
2d subgenus, ATRACTOSTEUS. (p. 75.) 


Atractosteus Grd. and authors. 
Litholepis Raf. Am. Monthl. Mag. 1818, III, 447. 


90th species, Alligator-Garfish, LEPISOSTHUS FHEROX, Lepisoste feroce. 
(p. 75.) ‘ 
LITHOLEPIS SPATULA (Lacép.) Jor. 


Atractosteus ferox (Raf.) Grd. 
Litholepis adamartinus Raf. 


Description pretty good. The generic name Litholepis, having two 
years’ priority, must supersede Atractosteus. The specific name spatula 
) (Lacépéde) antedates both adamantinus and Jerox. 

; * X XIX. Genus, DIAMOND-FISH, LITHOLEPIS, Litholepe. (p. 76.) 


* Body fusiform, covered with hard, stony pextaedral scales, vent nearly medial. 
Abdominal fin near the vent. One dorsal fin opposite the anal. Head bony, scaleless, 
_ protruded anteriorly in a long snout; mouth beneath the head; jaws not elongated, with 
strong wnequal teeth. Opening of the gills very large. Tail not obliqual. All the fins 
with rays. 

_ Avery singular genus, which comes very near to the last genus, but differs by the 
snout, mouth, tail, scales, &c. It must belong, however, to the same family. ‘Ihe 
name means Stony Scales. 














44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


* 91st species, Devil-Jack Diamond-fish, LITHOLEPIS ADAMANTINUS, 
Litholepe adamantin. (p. 76.) 


LITHOLEPIS SPATULA (Lac.) Jor. 


Description at second hand and erroneous in several respects, but 
unquestionably referring to the Alligator-Gar. 


XXX. Genus, HEL, ANGUILLA, Anguille. (p. 77.) 
Subgenus CONGER. (p. 77. 


+ 92d species, Broad-Tail Hel, ANGUILLA LATICAUDA, Anguille large 
queue. (p. 77.) 
ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming. 


Anguilla bostoniensis (Le Sueur) Dekay and of authors. 
Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur) Dekay(the earliest American name). 

If, as is claimed by Dareste, there is but one species of Anguilla in 
the northern hemisphere, the four species of Rafinesque belong to it. 
Murena rostrata (Le 8.), applied to the eel of the inland lakes of New 
York, is the oldest American name. 


93d species, Black Hel, ANGUILLA ATERRIMA, Anguilla noire. (p. 75.) 


94th species, Yellow-Belly Hel, ANGUILLA XANTHOMBELAS, Anguilla 
xanthomele. (p. 78.) 


* Snout obtuse, as long as the head; head one-fourth of total length; body fusiform 
blackish ; dorsal and anal fins equal and with many rays; tail bilobed, lateral line 
obsolete. 

Litholepis adamantinus Raf. in American Monthly Magazine 1818, vol. 3, p. 447, and 
in Journal de Physique et Hist. Nat. 70, N. G. @ Animaux G. 20. 

This may be reckoned the wonder of the Ohio. It is only found as far up as the 
falls, and probably lives also in the Mississippi. I have seen it, but only at a distance, 
and have been shown some of its singular scales. Wonderful stories are related con- 
cerning this fish, but I have principally relied upon the description and figure given 
me by Mr. Audubon. Its length is from 4 to 10 feet. One was caught which weighed 
400 pounds. It lies sometimes asleep or motionless on the surface of the water, and 
may be mistaken fora log ora snag. It is impossible to take it in any other way 
than with the seine ora very strong hook, the prongs of the gig cannot pierce the 
scales which are as hard as flint, and even proof against lead balls! Its flesh is not 
good to eat. It is a voracious fish. Its vulgar names are Diamond Fish (owing to its 
scales being cut like diamonds), Devil Fish, Jack Fish, Garjack, &e. The snout is large, 
convex above, very obtuse; the eyes small and black; nostrils small, round before | 
the eyes; mouth beneath the eyes, transversal with large angular teeth. Pectoral and | 
abdominal fins trapezoidal. Dorsal and anal fins equal, longitudinal, with many rays. 
Tail obtusely and regularly bilobed. ‘The whole body covered with large stone scales, 
lying in oblique rows ; they are conical, pentagonal and pentaedral, with equal sides 
from half an inch to one inch in diameter, brown at first but becoming of the color of | 
turtle shell when dry. They strike fire with steel! and are ball proof! 

+ One individual of this species poisoned once slightly a whole family, causing 
violent colicks, which was ascribed to its having been taken in the vitriolic slate rocks — 
of Silver Creek, near the falls.—( Raf.) 





REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 45 
95th species, Yellow Hel, ANGUILLA LUTEA, Anguilia jaune. (p. 78.) 
XXAI. Genus, STURGHON, ACCIPENSER, Eturgeon. (p. 76.) 
ist suogenus, STURIO (5 rows of plates). (ip: 795) 


96th species, Spotted Sturgeon, ACCIPENSER MACULOSUS, Eturgeon 
tachete. (p. 79.) 
ACIPENSER MACULOSUS Le S. and authors. 


97th species, Shovel-Pish Sturgeon, ACCIPENSER PLATORHYNCHUS, 
Eturgeon pelle. (p. 80.) 


SCAPHIRHYNCHOPS PLATYRUYNCHUS (Raf.) Gill. 
2d subgenus, STERLETUS (3 rows of plates). (p. 80.) 


98th species, Fall Sturgeon, ACCIPENSER SEROTINUS, Eturgeon tard'f. 
(p. 30.) 


This and the next are probably Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur, but I 
can throw no new light on this perplexing subject. 


99th species, Ohio Sturgeon, ACCIPENSER CHIENSIS, Eturgeon de 1l’Chio. 
s (Pp: 81.) 


100th species, Big-Mouth Sturgeon, ACCIPENSEHR MACROSTOMUS, 
Eturgeon beant. (p. 81.) 


AXXIT. Genus, DOUBLE-FIN, DINECTUS, Dinecte. (p. 82.) 
A sturgeon with “two dorsal and no abdominal fins”. 


101st species, Flat-Nose Double-Fin, DINHCTUS TRUNCATUS, Dinecte 
Camus. (p. &2.) 


_ Description from a drawing by Mr. Audubon, which represents, as 
suggested by Rafinesque, ‘‘ only a sturgeon incorrectly drawn”, 
XXXIII. Genus, SPADE-FISH, POLYOLON, Polyodon. (p. 82.) 


102d species, Western Spade-Fish, POLYODON FOLIUM, Polyodon feuille. 
e(p. 82.) . 
A POLYODON FOLIUM Lacépéde. 
Description mainly correct. 

XXXIV. Genus, PADDLE-FISH, PLANIROSTRA, Planirostre. 


; 1034 species, Toothless Paddle-Fish, PLANIROSTRA EDENTULA, Plani- 
|} Yostre edente. (p. 83.) 


*. PoLyoDoN FOLIUM Lacépéde (adult). 





i 
nS 
“ 
| a 





46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTHYOLOGY—I. 


XXXV. Genus, LAMPREY, PETROMYZON, Lamproie. (p. 84.) 


*104th species, Black Lamprey, PETROMYZON NIGRUM, Lamproie 


no:re. (p. 34.) 
AMMOCGTES NIGER (Raf.) Jor. 


Petromyzon niger Grd. 

Description insufficient, but I am unable to find that the common 
little Black Lamprey of the West has received any other name. 

SUPPLEMENT. (p.85.) ‘ 
| XXXVI. Genus, SPRING-FISH, PEGHDICTIS, Pegedicte. (p. 85.) 

ETHEOSTOMA Raf. Gill & Jordan emend. 
CATONOTUS Agassiz. 

} 105th species, Cat’s-Eye Spring-Pish, PEGHDICTIS ICTALOPS, Pegedicte 
ceuil de chat. (p. 85.) 

ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARIS Raf. 

Description indifferent. The characters indicate a species of Darter, 

aud the eight dorsal spines point to the flabellaris. 


6th genus, BTHEOSTOMA. (p.%5.) 
106th species, Springs Hogfish, ETHEOSTOMA FONTINALIS, Etheostome 


des fontaines. (p. 86.) 
ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARIS Raf. 
Description very good. 








*|ntirely blackish, tail oval acute, second dorsal over the vent, several rows of 
teeth. 

A very small species, from 4 to 5 inches long; it is found as high as Pittsburgh. Dor- 
sal fins shallow, and distant from each other and the tail. Eyes round and large. 
Branchial holes small. No lateral line. Mouth oval, teeth white and yellow. It tor- 
ments sometimes the Buffalo-fish and Sturgeons upon which it fastens itself. It is 
never found in sufficient quantity to be used as food. 

t Body conical, with small scales, belly flat, vent medial. Head broad, scaleless, gill 
covered with a membranaceous appendage and a concealed spine, mouth toothed. Two 
dorsal fins, the first with simple, soft, semi-spinescent rays. Thoracic fins with five 
rays. 

This new genus belongs to the family Percidia and has many affinities with the G. 
Folocentrus, Lepomis, Etheostoma, f§-c., but its conical form and many other secondary 
peculiarities distinguish it completely. The name means Fountain-fish. 

t Jaws equal, forehead knobby, eyes elliptical. Body olivaceous with some black trans- 
versal unequal brown bands ; a concealed spine on the gill cover; lateral line straight; 
tail elliptical. The tirst dorsal fin with 8 rays, the second wiih 12, as well as the anal 
and pectoral fins. 

I have discovered this species in the summer of 1820 near Lexington. It has no- 
vulgar name. Length hardly 2 inches. Head large, brown, convex above, with sev- 
eral small knobs on the forehead, flat beneath. Eyes as in the Catfishes with oblong 
exes, iris gilt brown. Spine of the gill cover concealed under the skin. Teeth small 
and acute. Pectoral fins large lanceolate. Belly white and flat. Fins hyalin with some 
brown spots. Vive transversal bands, The specific name means cat’s eye. 














REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 47 


17th genus, SEMOTILUS. (p. 86.) 


*107th species, Silver-Spotted Chubby, SEMOTILUS ? NOTATUS, Se- 
motile tache. (p. 86.) 
ZYGONECTES NOTATUS (Raf.) Jor. 
Zygonectes olivaceus (Storer) Agassiz. 
This description evidently refers to some Cyprinodont fish. The 
translucent spot on the head of Zygonectes is so characteristic and con- 
spicuous in life that I have no doubt that Rafinesque had that common 


species in mind. 
26th genus, SARCHIRUS. (p. 86.) 


t108th species, Silver Ribbon-Fish, SARCHIRUS ? ARGENTEUS, Sar- 
chire argente. (p. 86.) 


Unidentifiable. 
Description erroneous and insufficient. 


3lst genus, ACCIPENSER. (p. 8&6.) 


109th species, Gourd-Fish Sturgeon, ACCIPENSER LAGENARIUS BEtur 
geon gourde. (p. 86.) 
? Polyodon folium. 

Description second hand and erroneous. 


XXXVIT. Genus, SAWFISH, PRISTIS, Poisson-scie. (p. 86.) 


110th species, Mississippi Sawfish, PRISTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS, Pois- 
son-scie du Mississippi. (p. 86.) 
PRISTIS ANTIQUORUM Shaw. 


Passable description (of the saw only). 
{ XXXVIII. Genus, HORNFISH, PROCEROS, Proceros. (p. 87.) 


* Breadth one-sixth of the length, brownish, pale beneath; head small obtuse with a 
large silver spot on the forehead before the eyes, jaws nearly equal; dorsal fin opposed to 
the anal, tail oboval entire. 

It is found in the Cumberland River and the Little River, a branch of it. Commn- 
nicated by Mr. Wilkins. It is rather doubtful whether it belongs to this genus, or Min- 
nilus, Rutilus, &c. It might perhaps be found to constitute a peculiar one by the small 
mouth without lips, and the posterior dorsal fin. Vent posterior. Pectoral and abdom- 
inal fins oboval. Eyes large. Length 3 inches; good bait for Perch, Bass, Red-eyes or 
Ring-eyes, &c. 

t Entirely silvery, without bands or spots. 

Communicated by Mr. Owings. It is found in Licking River, Slate Creek, &e. 
Length from two to three feet. It is called Pike, and may be one, but as it is described 
without scales and very slender, I have added it to this genus until it is better known. 

t Apodal. Body elongated. Vent posterior. One dorsal fin opposed to the anal. 
Mouth beneath transversal toothed. Snout protruded in a straight horn. Four spira- 
cles or branchias on each side. 

Singular new genus of the family of Sharks or ntacea, from which however it dif- 
fers by the want of abdominal fins. There are two species of it; the second, which I 
have called Proceros vittatus, lives in Lake Ontario, and has longitudinal stripes. 





48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


*111th species, Spotted Horn-Fish, PROCEROS MACULATUS, Proceros 
tachete. (p.87.) 


A myth; description evidently second hand. What fish, if any, sug- 
gested it is past my guessing. 


IV.—LIST OF SPECIES NOT NOTICED BY RAFINESQUE. 


The following species occurring in the valley of the Ohio, most of them 
withina radius of one hundred miles from Lexington, do not seem to have 
been noticed by Rafinesque. These species are given upon the author- 
ity of the present author unless otherwise noted. In case no particular 
locality is mentioned, the species is supposed to be generally diffused. 
Various other nominal species have been described from the Ohio Val- 
ley, but I omit all of whose validity I am not reasonably certain. 


Microperca punctulata Putnam.—White River, Indiana. 
Boleichthys eos Jordan & Copeland.—Wabash River, 
Pecilichtiys variatus (Kirt.) Ag.—Everywhere. 

Pecilichthys spectabilis Ag. 

Nanostoma zonalis (Cope) Jor.—Miami River (Cope). 
Nothonotus camurus (Cope) Jor. 

Vothonotus sanguifluus (Cope) Jor.—Cumberland River (Cope). 
Nothonotus maculatus (Kirt.) Ag. 

Pleurolepis pellucidus Ag. 

Alvordius aspro Cope & Jordan. 

Hricosma evides Jordan & Copeland.—White River. 
Rheocrypta copelandi Jor.—White River. 

Imostoma shumardii (Grd.) Jordan.—Wabash River. 
Diplesium simoterum (Cope) Copeland.—Rock Castle River. 
Alvordius phoxocephalus (Nelson) Cope & Jor.—Wabash River. 
Percina manitou Jor.—Wabash River. 

Sandrus canadensis (Smith) Jor.—Ohio River. Introduced. 
Stizostethium vitreum (Mit.) Jord.—Ohio River. (Introduced. ?) 
Morone interrupta Gill.—Lower Ohio. 

Centrarchus irideus (Lac.) C. & V.—Lower Ohio. 

Pomoxys nigromaculatus (Le Suer) Grd.—White River. Scarce. 





*Tron grey, with white spots on the sides; tail forked; horn one-fourth of total 
length. i 

This fish lives in the Mississippi, and is sometimes caught at St. Genevieve, in the 
State of Missouri. The French settlers call it Poisson arme. It has no scales, but its 
head is bony. Eyes very small. Dorsal and anal fins rounded. Length 2 or 3 feet; 
very good to eat. Communicated by Mr. M , of St. Genevieve. 

















REVIEW OF RAFINESQUE ON AMERICAN FISHES. 49 


Cheenobryttus gulosus (C. & V.) Cope.—Wabash River. 
Lepiopomus pallidus (Mit.) Gill & Jord.—Every where. 
Lepiopomus anagallinus (Cope.)—Salt River, Kentucky. 
Xenotis inscriptus (Ag.) Jor.—White River. 

NXenotis aureolus Jor. 

EKupomotis pallidus (A&g.) Gill & Jor.—Lower Ohio. 
Lupomotis aureus (Walb.) Gill & Jor.—Introduced. (?) 
Asternotremia isolepis Nelson.—Southern Mlinois. 
Aphododerus cookianus Jordan.—Wabash River. 
Potamocottus bairdii (Grd.) Gill—Muskingum River. (Grd.) 
Potamocottus caroline Gill.—Cave Region, ete. 
Potamocottus wilsoni (Grd.) Gill— White River. 

Lota lacustris (Walb.) Gill.—Rare. Introduced. ? 
Labidesthes sicculus Cope.—Abundant. 

Zygonectes dispar Ag.—Wabash River. 

Fundulus diaphanus (Le 8.) Ag. (2) 

Melanura limi (Kirt.) Ag.—Scearee. 

Amblyopsis speleus Dek.—Caves. 

Typhlichthys subterraneus Grd.—Caves. 

Chologaster agassizii Putnam.—Caves. 

Percopsis guttatus Ag.—Rare. (Introduced. ?) 
Hroglossum maxillingua (Le 8.) Hald. (? ?) 
Hybognathus argyritis Grd. 

Hybognathus nuchalis Ag. 

Ericymba buccata Cope.—Abundant. 

Nocomis dissimilis (Kirt.) Cope & Jor.—Common. 
Rhinichthys obtusus Ag.—Common. 

Phenacobius teretulus Cope.—West Virginia. (Cope.) 
Phenacobius uranops Cope.—Rock Castle River. 
Luxilus storerianus (Kirt.) Jordan—Kentucky. (Grd.) 
Luxilus stramineus (Cope) Jordan.— White River. 
Lusilus tuditanus (Cope) Jordan.—Wabash River. (Cope.) 
Luxilus galacturus (Cope) Jordan.—A bundant. 
Luxilus coccogenis (Cope) Jordan.—Cumberland River. 
‘ Cliola scabriceps (Cope.) Jor. 

Cliola ariomma (Cope) Jor.—White River, ete. 
Cyprinella analostana (Grd.) Jordan. 

Photogenis spilopterus Cope.—Wabash River. 

Bull. 9—4 


50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


Nototropis photogenis (Cope) Jor.—Ohio R. 

Nototropis rubrifrons (Cope) Jor.—Abundant. 
Nototropis rubellus (Ag.) Jor.—Abundant. 

Nototropis dilectus (Grd.) Jor.—Falls of Ohio. 
Nototropis micropteryx (Cope) Jor.—Rock Castle River. 
Myzxostoma breviceps Cope.—Ohio River. 3 

Placopharyx carinatus Cope. 

Carpiodes bison Ag. 

Carpiodes difformis Cope. 

Carpiodes cutisanserinus Cope. 

Bubalichthys bubalinus Jor. (Cat. bubalus Kirt. not of Raf.) 
Icthelurus furcatus (Val.) Gill. 

Ichthaelurus robustus Jor. 

Amiurus natalis (Le 8.) Gill. 

Noturus miurus Jordan. 

Noturus liacanthus Jor. 

Noturus lemniscatus (Le 8.) Grd.—Ohio. 

Noturus exilis Nelson.—Southern Illinois. 

Amia calva L. 

Ammocetes argenteus (Kirt.) Jor—Common. 








INDEX TO GENERIC NAMES.REFERRED TO IN THIS PAPER. 


Page. 

PDTAMNIS Salsas ecm sac ea sos ccc cisco 28 
ENC CID GHSOM eee senjoe = sae cs cimec\n sl 14, 45. 47 
IGIBEHBOL aeeamcleciassnise ele) acces 11, 18, 45 
PUPP OUMS) res) cis< <cicicies cee see snie Oi 
PAUSE OU Sina cae a) sino site ae sim mele miata 28 
PAU REINS TEDS peter as ies ia! o ale acre! c'eretacnss 10, 26 
POR REE eclesisls cca inie cc ence co elcinle 24 
PIOUS fae sc paio cis cicieinin a «,cic,aweics 23, 48 
PTD LOU OM manele ccs asec act cee eee 10, 15, 18 
Arm Dloplites:s---.<----+---- 10, 12, 20, 21, 22 
PATER WW OP SIS ecreineie! vee <in's en i= ose o's nint 49 
PUMA OUIGUS te sese Scie cies cccecccse M39. at 
POI teeta = clininw'o <5 onic aoe sieisi> 50 
POMS cna eas 54-25 cane) e 11, 16, 39, 40, 50 
PMN OC (BUCS H aaiaeicvsiciciaiceloeicieie bas 12, 46, 50 
PTD MOCO Merc ceiorc< cose wciseee 5 - 10, 15, 25 
PANES Geen ete aasicinicm ecco wisaiers 12, 14, 44 
PMB OGOG GUUS ec sc cict oc cinm- ciseeieinccis 4S 
EMDIBSIOM Reece ecimisicc coascccac-s== 10, 22 
PMB LESIUM sas = sic casa -icnin scone eens 23 
PUD Rettaeteteera =i satelanisicisi=\=) a:~/<\cs, 10, 21 
PLOCOMEEUS 2s ac ooo e ses sn= 5s cscs 9, 22 
MEPOGINOTUS = =:.).--a2-<s--0 -o5~- Oud; 18 
MMINEO US recs an/sissinwerscos sane 10, 15, 18, 19 
DMPO RNO MOMMA a e<< cicins- -cc- 5 esc 49 
BMEEACLOSLOUS sce o<cs ccceccecee ec. 9, 11, 43 
BME eco cicec cesce= cose esac 38 
RAMUS soe nto os ose cee oe 12, 13, 14, 20 
REPEICHUMY Bytes oes .cocie cack nese 48 
GUD 04 23 
BORA oe eas So oc c cs coe 15, 18, 19 
BDRUCHERYS ..5-.--.-.--..---.- 15, 34, 50 
PBN S sos ca ccce 9, 15, 18, 19 
BEEEHINOSHOMA\s-s5-. <----- .--2--.--- 32, 36 
BPMPIOUCS Meee so:. ccc cicice cee < 11, 33, 34, 50 
SumtatOnotus.....-..--..---.-- 7, 11, 15, 22, 46 
Catostomus .... 11, 13, 14, 34, 34, 35, 36, 37, 
. 38, 41 
MCCNtOPOMUS ...-...--20. cove ccee- 12 


a a SS EEE Se eee ee EE ee 


Page. 
Ceratichthys 22-2; ecco scene ee 31 
Ghenobryttus..c-ss. soe see 18, 19, 49 
Chatoessas) oc occas ce oe oe soars. 10, 24 
@holopastenJ5).2on) eens eee 49 
(ClO) Aasagcce Gosaconcaacs = 11, 28, 32 
Contrarchus 2. see. faces feces ase oe 48 
Cichlaycccs. snes lcnaales ceacleas eee 21 
Whiolaras Sac i cenisees wont Seat eeee 49 
@lodalusy ac tetes: cose cceces setae 10, 26 
Clu pease ce ler ee a oetaie sae aoa 13, 14, 24 
COnSer 52 Sesstensccisecceccasoses 44 
GOrvingk S26 sieaee someon aac esseineca 18 
Coryphienay. cesses oe secon 21 
Cy clephusiace-o-s2sse-cce = ole noe 11, 16, 38 
Cyjindrosteusi-.---s- ==ssiece sae ee 11, 43 
Gyprinellave-s2caesaieseee es Meaoee ee 
Cyprinus .....-.- 12, 14, 25, 26, 29, 31, 35, 36 
A OC HC bY AUN em alee settee teem aiiete 11, 38 
Dineetust: oo5 ae02c cose ateeee eon 11,45 
DinoOctUs)< 22-46 62 cows coceeanslcecrs 9, 14 
Dioplitesjees as .s<sssco see e ei 10, 21 
Dip lesion eer meets tas tenet ae 10, 23 
Diplestumpes= eee sees eee el 10, 15, 23, 48 
Dobulaiccecocoswectecseelsctecceas 10, 26 
DOLQEOM Ayr as ose te sie tee ae eae ens 10, 24 
Dorysoma <<... ocean weceen on -- 10, 13, 24 
BVO DS ae sole eee sae 11,38 
RTICOSM Aisa a aelea ele alee eee aa etn 48 
ISNOWMO OS Soon cebocesctoceacsachec 49 
Dehn WADI ep ne seca Geer cocoa 33, 30, 30 


ISO Kya eee ope awe aoe a oe 11, 14, 42, 43 
Etheostoma ...--.--- 9, 11, 15, 22, 23, 24, 46 
Eupomotis ..---..--- ---+----+---- 12, 52 
Eurystomus ..-...-----.---------- 11, 37 
Exoglossum ...-...----------- 9, 14, 15, 49 
Mond ulus \ssceecs oie ee == eee 49 
Clans ae oes aise wale somite aia 14 
Glossodonico- soetecsaecleeee enn 9, 13, 14, 26 
Haploidonotus ...-....-..------ 9, 10, 15, 17 


51 


52 


Plemiplusissecionsatesieeeeeiec remem 10, 26 
Miiodonsase orescence se seeteeeee 26 
Holocenthosh assess osee ese secee ee 46 
HHopladelus <csce.jee. eee neal see 10, 40 
NMA GONTUS Josasia sein eeleeieeleel eine ere 23 
iy boonathuseeccs ase seit sear 49 
Hiv DOpsismacs see occ eeoseecetce 27 
iHivjborhynchus sete eee eet ar b7 
chy drarryr ations selsaeeiseee see 13 
Hy drarcyrus fe scteoseeeeee nes nae 36 
Hylomyzoncaec eee eseenatete ss 9, 41 
Hyodonsscececsccn esses 9, 10, 13, 15, 25, 26 
Hyostoma ..-.-- eckinne weeeiecees 10, 23, 24 
Hy penteliait =. 22.-/-esee eer 9, 34, 35, 41 
I'y psilepis' see oscees eee 11, 25, 28, 29, 30 
Icthelurus 2. -22:.--:--11, 13, 16,38, 39/50 
chthelis-¢.s22 se cctes2et ene cess = 19, 20 
Tchbhyobuszsscessee= + 10, 11, 13, 15, 33, 34 
Nctalurus cectectees cece eee eee 11, 38, 41 
VCtHElIS Basses ste sas ee 10, 18, 19, 20 
Tetigbus oS scicce ce wicecieicccecisces 11,33 
Wlictisscccercccsc~ sincere cot clea 11, 40 
IMOStOMB i ean eee se se esioee ee ei 48 
Avabidesthesic.2ss-)s-cie+ 2 eee =e 49 
Wepibem aisscasae-s 6) eee eciee 10,17 
epidosteus) 525-6 222. 22-9, 11, 14 dh, 42 
Lepiopomus -2.<2..-: 9, 10, 15, 18, 19, 43, 50 
We pIsOStEUS none simone eri =e 13, 14, 43 
WJOPOMIS eS Sa6 coe cise eee 9, 15, 18, 20, 46 
Meptops:.d2oce sense sols eon reneeeeee 11,39 
DiGUCISCUS 2 2ccs cess ce eee eas 11, 26, 30, 31 
WeUCOPSicere sess ae ese e tence 9 
TeUCOSOMUS Sao t csc cece enemies ips) 
Litholepis).2s2..1---s62- 9, 11, 14, 16, 43, 44 
LOtay scceve cccmowices semytcats a sacace 22, 49 
uciOperea osesceeeer eo aes esee ce a, 
Huxilastese-seee 11, 12; 25; 28,29; 30; 31, 49 
Lythrurus ........ relbecle emesis tee 30, 32 
Maxillin pace ccccecieoeneee scene 9 
Melonurasseevectcse oot eee 49 
MICTOpercayee es eee ee ee eee 48 
Micropterus...... OO 21S en20N 21209 
Minnilnistaseecen soe ne 9, 12, 26, 27, 31, 47 
IMOTONG See Cesena sen cen eee 12, 48 
MOXOStOM@ ao ce ee esieee eeeee es ee 11, 33, 36 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN: ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


Page. 
Mure as <isc-cas cscs Seles meee eree oad 
Myxostoma......... 11, 13, 32, 33, 37, 38, 50 
Nanostomay. sssaertocisaes cea eeeeee 48 
Nemocampsisiic: 22. co see oe see 921 
Nocomisiss2tsoeee eae ee 31, 36, 49 
INotemiconusysseen saeco ee eee 10) 12515525 
INothonotustes-eee eee eee 23, 48° 
Nototropist{e ees DON 12 OT 3149 
Notropisso2-=*ste tomes notes 9712 
Noturdsheec scene eee 9, 14, 16, 41, 50 
Olmerus (misprint for Osmerus) ... 14 
Opladelus”. 22 ti Reece ee ee 11, 39, 40 
Pepedicitni scrtn cn ee sae 11, 22, 46 
Pelodichthys <25-2 +... 10, 11, 16, 39, 40, 41 
Perea solos entice soe Seeieecec 12 Sra lia 
Percinay-Usst dacee seseeeeeee 13, 17, 24, 48 
Percopsis): Seance ee eet 49 
PetromyZonveaaces score ec see ee eeeee 12, 46 
Phenacobius-ccoesesseese eee eee 49 
Bhotogenisisocess acjeanias-eetcecer 49 
IPhHOXINUB = foses kere eee ee eee 10, 26 
Picorellugt2 22882 ceca nese 11, 42, 43 
Pileomancscnsse cath ose tee ees 20 
Pilodictisiicccse occ sence ee eee ee 16, 40 
Pimeloduseceacesotcoweneee 38, 39, 40, 41 
Pimephales 3322 seme cosas cece eree 11, 32 
Flacopharynx .vsccsceee occ eeeseee 50 
Planinostra:ccesteics cae sense eee nee 45 
Plargyrusicctocom-s cece eee 11, 25, 28, 29, 31 
Pleurolepis'. ssn cs~ 5 soeeee eee er 48 
Plotosns cose esse senses eee eee 41 
Poscilichthys-e-ceeiease eens - 23,48 
Pocostoma jose ee sa eaceeecee 9, 14, 15, 22 
Poly odoin eee 
POMAaCAMPSIS sf sec eswie sees eee 17 
Pomolobus@eua css cence ee eee eee 10, 24 
Ponrotis nee seco eae ese eee 10, 19, 20 
PomOxiS'2 224. 2ae eae Soe ese OTA oye 
Pomoxys' se = ao- se nie eee ea oA lowes 
Potamocethus. cscs cts <ielst-resate 49 
Pristis/ tees sssocleeacesesseca cere 5 47 
REOCEIOS ste ae tat cece mes seme etee 11, 47, 48 
Ptychostomus)-e-see- see 39, 30, 36, 37 
Pylodictisiesaccetaescaciaecinccse 10, 40, 41 
FVHCOCLY tage acer sista aie eereeel= 45 





INDEX TO GENERIC NAMES. 53 





Page. Page. 
BEATUCHTHYS . 5... 6 -cccecceces 220. 12,49: Sterlotos' 2.546 see sees oes 11, 45 
IROCCUB\s ss ae scissor eceisceces scece s 105.17" | Stile). 2 ae ee ee oe 25 
UMS Meese ssc ssc Ser seit italy 32,47: Stilbiuag, 2a... eee oe aes eae ee 25 
RUIN OMe cos = -imis's! cle cel sninimeicioacs 20h StIZOStCC ONL Sse ae ees eee eee 17 
SAMORMS eels cal e so.c sc cnicicinsices cone AS | Stizostedig nesses seer raeaee eae 10 
SATCMINUS ec os5)- ob ecn scones 9,14, 15, 42,47 | Stizostethium ..... -....-..- 10, 13, 17, 48 
Srmaeayielopson oso ss 2st. SSsn2 | 645, |\ Sturid......ce o8s ua on eee 11, 45 
PCIe esas cass ca ciecissc se ces ear Sy | Poy NOdOntUS == -seaenee as ae eee eee 38 
EUG UUM B cies «) stelcie'eie, clare vies ALF e0 F447 sl Velipomisice-asa cas eeceeeeee eee 9,18 
HTS ees soi c5, 1S SLA SIG TSS joo) 40; 4ie heregultis’s pewter eee 11, 35 
Pte sONewrs a setyea aicleis: acl sixiejseei<) <= =1t= 36. \Dyphlichthye:: 2624.<s2s5 eee 49 
ESR RES loa ien e mra a wine som DE PMONOUIS can ame see nse eee 19, 20, 51 
RDI ar sal cc sam seco wajens be roie CO: Ag CONOCheS <ss-scioces ome anes acess 47, 49 

o 





Department of the Snferior: 
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


BULLETIN 


or THE 





UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


IN’ oO: TO: 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
1877. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 







This work is the tenth of a series of papers intended to illustrate 
the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United | 


States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian | 
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 
1846. 
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by 
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. | 
JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


Washington, May, 1877. 





qt) 
rt 











CONTRIBUTIONS 


TO 


NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 


BASED PRIMARILY ON THE 


COLLECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


IT. 


A.—Notes on Cottidw, Etheostomatide, Percide, Centrarchide, Aphododeride, Dorysomatida, 
and Cyprinide, with revisions of the genera and descriptions of new or little 
known species. 

B.—Synopsis of the Siluride of the fresh waters of North America. 


BY 


DAVID S. JORDAN. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
LS7e 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 






ERE era hs 25501 neues 1 rh es ee ee 
PRIRMS PSIG ATM OUUS iia ane cates oa een coe Sse eS ane dss secre coe eee ee 5 
ER MEIER aire scan cloetan aman sao Ste osc lo nis dea cc cccs oct epee eee 5 
PRN POCEVDUAP DOAN «a aiac de vise vcac cise sens ence ste ua sea eee ee 5 

MG SCOMIN clos ci Sclnm sewe ations aoe, sacien Slee eta amen inias aeaione ae tae 6 
Hadropterus tessellatus....-.. .... 2-222 s2-0 ce aewcloace cr ends seen neo 7 
ERGATA VICOS <n) corse se ninia ce meeicet a ee eae ane ot oe canine eae 8 
EOHCOCDY Duara tatee vetoes stesso c sea sce caiciosee seeclaceore seen coarse 9 
WeOCKy Pum COPClANGL cose acciessiccccoeleisee Soecee a sccus cceseses ose 9 

PAN ETALLIPITIIS oe coo coe ayes ae enc te waien Stas, casa eatu acca meen ca ioek 10 
PLNEOSLOM AS UAMICEPS ies scesme a sae tea saisises soteeee aa inte aiaee eee a 11 
Analysis of genera of Etheostomatida@ ....-. .----- -222 22-2. ee nee een ee 12 
Catalogue of species of Etheostomatid@........-..----.---..---2-------- 14 
List of nominal species of Etheostomatida@ .......-...----...---...------- 17 
BRERIULARGHIG peemeeetie cs soci Sais smi ciaeinie wieleisole ep eleine sjoeresee sate «aici cee ote 20 
EUPOMLOLIS eeearocics oc= =< snile asco elise see elteasecleeseae © Kueenicuco ae eascos 20 
PMPOMOLISpalliduss saacsisssees Saas me otceine sae sionals e-eisiesaieiee teat oe 21 
INEMOUISH neice seicicis’s sisivic- sie ont scicis cle Se cleisinie wou a cin slnelisee see elceaaseissae 21 
INTO UISUSO See eerie tee ine eiae ote as aoe eestor ene oineeye aie toceitet 22 

MONG LISSA WIN OlONbUS onl sism<isjeemeoelese eer cme n eae ioel enleinwel oe a eiele 23 

EMV ShLOPUGCS! a5 26.) oe esa = Les a wisne eae oe esae sel damerolene Seater 24 
Mystroplites Pili os eos aon commen canes mneane memnes seeeer—ae== 24 
Lepiopomus ischyrus ..---...- Be ee ane oe oes oe oaeke aie ee 25 
MepiO POMS APIAGUS canis velsieoe! nso cicleeee sie === ee mnl an ca)smnna eas 25 
SPECS MINAS ¢. .ccc js. 52+ Goes see eens Scape kn eae 26 
Apomotis phenax...--..---- ieee cat ae eincice oe ae nein ecleseisa alias 26 

.  Enneacanthus pinniger ...-.- 2... ------ --- 222 eee eee ee eee e tee ee ene 27 
Enneacanthus margarotis..---. .---- --- e+ +202 een eee nee ee eee renee 28 
(Genmhieate Musee eee eee oot ee elo ace tessa ae ila inet anor 30 

® Genera of Centrarchid@ ...-....----- ---<-+----0+ 22-2 mone enone concen --=e 31 
Analysis of the genera of Centrachide .--..------- -----++--+++ -----++----- 32 
Catalogue of species of Centrarchid® ..---.-----+ -------+-----+ +--+ 02700 34 
List of nominal species of Centrarchid® .----.--------++----++--+-++----° 37 
Xenotis lythrochloris ...--. ---- -----+ ----2+ e--2 ec eee cree cert 40 
onotis AureolUS -.2. .ccocs --05 -o cowie omen wenninae= acenmane tecene mn ———= 41 
Xenotis inseriptus ..---. .----- ------ 2220 2+ 22 een ee ne teen tres eres toes 42 
Lepiopomus pallidus .......----------+ -+--r2 cers erect nent 43 
Micropterus pallidus ...... ------ -----2----eereee tree ne ess ersten 43 


2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


POrcid® scicee gate bij pcos poesen cihoweeee te aer see ccee a eine see necro eree eters 
Stizostethium : 1.20 ci ss cece teeta satan sa ieintete oles eepeea tan mteeeee 
Stizostethinm vitreum ts 22 tif see ott sam cient ottoee a= selcels sss eeeie sins 
Stizostethiumsalmoneum. 2esescceceeeins coe seeecesee oer ee eee reer ere 
Stizostethiumicanadense ee woe ee a cle sacs sel ee oleae edeelnte eet ere sie 

Catalogue of species of Stizostethinm.. 22. ele ot cane ene eee 

BlassOmin Ds os<<. soc 0). Sais aaidee is csiomesls oe cialis) seca see e eee oeee ree 
PMTaASSOMS yes ejers seins iain eine ine aiemisin is ekoniiciniess Wieinie Ste cee Clete tenses 
Mlassoma Zon atacoccs tees sine sissies eloceeesien ciacieeteee <ceiee el kere 

Aphododertdss 2-22 ve sees emesis cesa iar win einai lene aie eines) wie eleteieteelrelainteta is eerie 
Asternotremia..3. sacs sccSe} sec wes sejcece pinicaes setisls sais siete ee cminaresies 
Anhododeruscookianusees. jones =, cose sci ce eee cere easter race 
Asternotremia MesOtremaca-'-i.-cciecincc ose seseece costo eee scree eecene 

IList’of species ots Aphod Oderids@ yc saccis = onimetseitloieee sieeeacaceeae reaeinn 

Una ri ee ey weet eats atdintc cle arate mine ne leteree siieleoicietelis el ateieteyclarersicieget terse 

Wimbraypy oma soccsecccletssc cen malemrie ec snislcnieiaise tae sac ter raiote seeks tetats 


= . 


SROCIDD we sscw ends Soca sine Sere e cise ce cubes ceebes comets be Sumer e eee eeene meee 


DOrysomatidsy se Go. sce ws,: aes caviawectssosecieene ese Sen eee eee eee 
Dorysoma cepediana ....- Bie ieee peices eicieeenieete tieeeiolanee eaiearreneeee 
Cyprinids eee nyo slavers sa ae een elem mieteeisen sareeinecahe se eiseReme amet eter eae 
Genera of American Cyprinids oon cec ssc cetistocicis soc ie ee enna eee emers 
Puxalus Selene: joe ae estes sale eels ese ececteiseteninio sake elaseneeitts Seieieeeisete 
uxilus roseus 25-5 sions esata ciaceisisin: ssiaelens set yee eae oeiemee eee eet 
Cyprinellacalliara <2). ices oe ce ce so mtoninicieeten oenee eee eee 
Photogenis grandipinnis)ss. joc se\\~ sie eames Sane oaeiaeee eae 
Semotilus'thoreanianus---.'.- 22 22. - eee csteinisee orl ceenia a see ieee 
Nocomis milneritys coos areca se ooo ole Se Peer eines 
Cliolaariomma..<'s22%,.iscseic cose obese trecsccd sect nclecriec seer eee 
Hybognathus Trecius.:..2-5) <c)225/cscnscese son cee vsetes ee meee eects 
Notemigonus chrysolencus) cc ccc2/s sn sees seer tee ries eee eeeeeee 
Platygolio gracilis. (oJ o.5<2 scene Sa/- 3 sas se nosene seen eee eee 
Catostomid 322. Jo oso joanne helm eee = Jasin aie ci nla Shope tice ee eet 
Myxostoma, poocilura (Socios ase ccie eae necse on cesioneeeere steerer 

Fy odontid @\ 22,0064." scje eos ee noise sice scene es Ce oe eee ciara 
Hyodon'selenops s-/25-/.c- 2s snnsiee es cca cleacanesactceeeerise eaten aees 
Synopsis of fresh-water Siluride of the United. States...........--..---------- 
Groupiichthwluriy--22 32 -22-s5-cs 5-5 uibiste Sista! ict baus se mnatelaiticte leyeielers ews e eta meine 
Analysis of genera of Ichthieluri 22. osjecccteecces Cremer eaiooeeeeesen tees 
Catalogue of nominal species ..26-. ss ocsetee se encase ae eee eee eee eae 
Tehth@larus <5 sions tet ieee ct ses cel tase eee see eee e acai e ie a eae 
Analysis uf speciesiof Tchtheolurus s. cee seee sete ee eee eee eee e pene eae 
Jehthaelurus)furcatusy. (csc sot ercet aeaeneaee en Cera ee sere ee eee 








TABLE OF CONTENTS. 3 

Page. 

Relithrslunusim eridionwlashcesaeccs espace cece nia sees clea aaereeeiosad 7 
PANTINITIGN Stee eiae mela meets ena 4 Se wis w SoM Cees e me eU ee emcee ata oareee aie 7 
PTIaVSISTOf SHOCIOS ester al aceeyoeisaiaiclce cect cocselcccia Sales eee eee aaa £0 
PAIRS SLU US ees sete ciclelsistete ciajatiasis cle clsis siniete a oiaaeinee a ciefastmtenaise seta 83 
ATMIMLUS EM VelVeM oni sieeeise aeciceselsemicisec con) cite elec nis ae te mead etait eater 83 
AMMMUEUS MN ORICANG) sce aiel cial slew lslespee sneer Sola Sele cre) setaicine ais ateelctatestate 83 
PTAITIEUSEDOLCAIS eesaaine asics esis cta ee ele eee cece ainals cis aleetelate tte seme tetae 84 
PATNA Eli US testes oeiste aise = sicise ct tnisio stein siete siete cieainielel= late eee 84 
TUMTUSHOP MINS! saecee te caeislsaeis Osis eiei aisiewseninl= = elnm= c/o] aaielaiel lean 85 
IAMIUULUS|CLODEMNUS ssn ences core oe ns cola veces cewlvcc cneces «aivese uaa 85 
AMITIRUS MI AbaliSh soe oe se esetsee. clas aleeta eae aialslelele <cla lace ia eee) vista alate 86 
Amiurus vulgaris .... 2... -- ---+ ---- 22-2 e222 eee een cen cece ee eee eee 88 
Amiurus mMarmoratuS. ...... ---- cooe 20 eee cone conn ne cece ee connec es cnee 89 
MuTUTUShMe lag ecko see ee ences acoetse Sialels/asicini=in alniwiwieelain'wl= =in]6 sian 90 
AMiUrUS Catus ..---. s-.ce6 ccc cee 2- =e oon ee lc eeeteocaw a valata wat taretate 90 
Amiurus xanthocephalus..........----- ---- +--+ 2-2 e222 eee cree eee ee 92 
Amiurus nigrilabris..---..--.--- Peers iateei se ociciniocactstemias Acmicwesiscismesios 92 
Amiurus pullus .... 2... .-- 22. 222+ 22-22 cone cere ne ene ee eee cree cee 93 
Amiurus brunneus .... -......--- ------ ---» Rel es By ee tn LO SRR 93 
Amiurus platycephalus .......----- ----2+ 2-22 20 -e ee eee eee eee e eee eee 93 
prindiclilys! 2. 22.6 -J<ic2os-cc ected 24 <> eGee.ceeesese en ese~2==e0r- = 93 
Analysis of species of Pelodichthys ----.----.-----+ +--+ +--+ --++---++--- 95 
Pelodichthys olivaris ..-. .--.---- ----2+ -----+ eee cee corer etre restr 95 
INEST RRL eo eae aie ade Sa ew cichelcia seis Seale uicela cann-s) <<a ene eve sleneic S-siaicnnn 96 
Analysis of species of Noturus......-------------+ e200 seer tt creer ce 97 
Noturus flavus ..---- -000 n= ooo wenn cen one cores mare cone enne cone Se 99 
Noturus insignis... --. .----4 ---20- --2- = 2-2 coon cree cere rere rrre nnn 100 
NOELIA OXY. - <-.0 ocececon- ne sine wneicawnienee 5)+ 2 oe 2 ee == on ese 100 
INGHITMA INTIS \<2 so oscars ce sosiclosn oon eae eivnsa—aisinwcmelas 2 amine ose 100 
Woturus eleutherus ..-.. .----2 s---0- one cnne eencnens cor ens coew corners 101 
Noturus leptacanthus. ..---. -------+---re2 cen corres ctr re rrr 102 
Noturus gyrinus.-.-.----- -----2 -eeeee > corres secen screen en serene 102 
MHHRUSIsialigte tos scecec asc cnceies- nae Jasin emsaie ~~ a wear == 7 seins oman 102 
Bibliography of American fresh-water Gilurid@ ....----- 2-22 een ee ee ee eee 105 
111 

















CONTRIBUTIONS 


NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. 


No. 2. 


A.—NOTES ON COTTIDH, ETHEOSTOMATIDA, PERCIDA, CEN- 
TRARCHIDH, APHODODERIDE, UMBRIDM, ESOCIDA, 
DORYSOMATIDA, CYPRINIDA, CATOSTOMIDA, AND HY- 
ODONTIDA, WITH REVISIONS OF THE GENERA AND 
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES. 


COTTID A. 
1. COTTOPSIS SPILOTUS, (Cope) Jor. 


Uranidea spilota, CoPr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 82. 
Cottopsis ricei, NELSON, Bull. Ills. Trans. Nat. Hist., 1876.—JoRDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 
Phila. 1877, 61. 

An examination of the types of U. spilota shows their probable iden- 
tity with Mr. Nelson’s species as above indicated. Prof. Cope’s speci- 
mens are in bad condition, and have lost the peculiar dermal spines, 
Prof. Gill thinks that Cottopsis spilotus and Cottopsis semiscaber Cope 
are not truly Cottopsis, the only species properly referable to that genus, 
being ©. asper Rich. (of which C0. parvus Grd.is the young). At any 
rate, OC. spilotus and C. semiscaber form a well-marked group or section 
intermediate between Cottopsis and Potamocottus. 


ETHEOSTOMATID A. 
2. AMMOCRYPTA BEANII, gen. et sp. nov. 


Generic characters.—Allied to Pleurolepis Agassiz. Body greatly 


elongated, subcylindrical, and translucent. Head as in Pleurolepis, but 
5 


6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II, 


entirely naked; body entirely naked, except the caudal peduncle, which is 
sparsely covered with thin, imbedded scales, and a series of rather large 
scales along the sides, on which the lateral line runs; upper jaw some- 
what protractile; mouth rather wide, nearly terminal; a@ single anal 
spine. The name Ammocrypta is given in allusion to the habit of hiding 
in the sand, which is characteristic of the species of this genus and 
Pleurolepis. 

Specific characters.—General form of Pleurolepis pellucidus, but the 
head heavier. Depth about 6 in length (to base of caudal—as in all 
cases in this paper); head 33; mouth large, the upper jaw rather 
longest, and somewhat protractile ; cheeks and opercles entirely naked. 
A series of rather large scales, about 65 in number, forming the lateral 
line; a few scattering scales immediately above or below lateral line; 
behind anal and second dorsal, the caudal peduncle is covered with 
small, thin, imbedded scales. 

Fin rays: Dorsal X—10. Anal I, 9. The two dorsal fins very high, 
wide apart, about equal to each other and to the large anal. Caudal 
fin emarginate. 

Color clear translucent, without bars or spots, the lateral line shining- 
golden in life (Bean).. Spinous dorsal fin with a large black spot on the 
membrane anteriorly, another near the middle, and some small ones be- 
hind; other fins with their membranes dusted with small punctulations, 

Habitat.—Notalbany River, near Tickfaw, La. Collected in Decem- 
ber, 1876, by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, of the Smithsonian Institution, for 
whom the species is named. The type—about 24 inches in length—is 
in the United States National Museum. 

The much greater height of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as the 
generic character of the naked body, distinguish this species from its 
sand-diving relatives, Pleurolepis pellucidus and P. vitreus. 


3. NANOSTOMA, Putnam, MSS., gen. nov. 


The name of Nanostoma, a manuscript genus of Darters, has been 
current in ichthyological circles for some time, and it has once or twice 
appeared in print, but no attempt has ever been made to characterize 
it. I find in the National Museum two species of Etheostomoid 
fishes, labelied by Prof. Putnam Nanostoma, one of which seems to be 
identical with Pecilichthys zonalis Cope. These species cannot well be 
referred to Pecilichthys, as they have a complete lateral line. From 











ETHEOSTOMATID&. 7 


Boleosoma they are separated by the non-protractile upper jaw, and 
they seem to have little relation with the species referred to Nothonotus. 

Nanostoma, then, appears to be a distinct genus, or at least a 
strongly marked section, and I propose to accept the name and to se- 
lect, as the type of the group, P. zonalis Cope (—=N. pictum Putnam, 
MSS.). Nanostoma bears somewhat the same relation to Nothonotus that 
Boleichthys does to Pecilichthys. 

Generic characters.—Body fusiform, little compressed, entirely scaly, 
without enlarged ventral plates. Mouth small, subinferior, the upper 
jaw not protractile ; vomerine teeth ; scales large ; lateral line complete ; 
cheeks and opercles scaly; dorsals well separated, the second much 
larger than anal, higher but rather shorter than spinous dorsal. The 
separation of the dorsals, the form of the body, the small size of the 
mouth, and the large size of the scales separate Nanostoma from No- 
thonotus. The scaliness of the cheeks, neck, and throat are differences 
of some importance. 


4, HADROPTERUS TESSELLATUS, sp. nov. 


? Boleosoma tessellatum, THomMpson, Appendix Hist. Vt. p. 31, 1853 (not of De Kay, 
2 . 
? nie PuTNaM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 1863, 5. 
? Boleosoma tessellatum, THOMPSON, nec De Kay, Jordan & Copeland, Bull. Buff. Soe. 
Nat. Hist. 1876, 135, 163.—JorDaN, Man. Vert. 1876, 222. 

A specimen of an Etheostomoid in the United States National Mu- 
seum, labelled Cottogaster, has the characters assigned by Prof. 
Putnam to his genus of that name, and is presumably the species which 
he catalogues, without description, as C. tessellatus. Prof. Putnam ac- 
cepted the specific name from Thompson, who seems to have supposed, 
erroneously, that he was describing De Kay’s Boleosoma tessellatum. 
Prof. Putnam states that his Cottogaster tessellatus is a species of 
Boleosoma, but the species now under consideration is certainly a Ha- 
dropterus, as I understand the latter genus. I therefore propose for ny 
species the name of Hadropterus tessellatus Jordan. If Prof. Putnam’s 
species proves different, it should be renamed, as there has been al- 
ready a tessellatum in Boleosoma, and mine will keep its name. If the 

‘two are, as I suspect, identical, then we will write Hadropterus tessella- 
tus (Putnam) Jordan, and no confusion in nomenclature need arise. 

H. tessellatus has the form of Imostoma shumardii, fusiform, with a 
broad, heavy head; mouth wide, the upper jaw rather longest, not pro- 
tractile; cheeks and opercles naked (? in life); chest naked; neck 


8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


scaly ; no ventral plates; belly entirely scaled; lateral line complete ; 
anal about equal to second dorsal. 
Fin rays :—Dorsal about X—12. Anal II, 8. The soft rays barred. 
Coloration otherwise obliterated. Length of type 24 inches. 
Habitat.—Foxburgh, Pa., Allegkeny River. Type No. 1199, United 
States National Museum. 


5. ERICOSMA EVIDES, Jordan & Copeland, gen. nov. 
Alvordius evides, JORDAN & COPELAND, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, p. 51. 


The coloration of this species, described in the paper above cited, is 
that of the female fish. The recent collection of a very large number of 
both sexes, in the breeding dress, at the same locality where the types 
were taken, enables me to supplement the original account. The fol- 
lowing are the life colors of a male fish in spring :— 

Lateral bars, which in the female are black or brown, a dark, rich 
blue-green, with metallic lustre. At the base of the bars they are some- 
what connected by a narrow band of a greenish-bronze color, passing 
below the lateral line. Just below this is a narrow streak of yellowish— 
a sort of luminous, sunshine color. Above, toward the back, in each of 
the interspaces between the bars, is a bright bloteh of bronze-red. The 
entire lower parts of the body are of a bright clear yellow, which be- 
comes on the under side of the head, throat, and branchiostegals a very 
bright orange-red. A blackish-green bar below eye and a streak for- 
ward from it. 

Dorsal fin orange-colored, with a bright bronze edge, a blackish spot 
on the last rays. Second dorsal and caudal pale orange ; two luminous 
spots at base of caudal fin ; anal bronze, with blue-black shading. Ven- 
tral fins dark blue-black. Pectorals faintly orange. Cheeks orange-red, 
exactly the color of bright iron-rust. 

Males with the rays of the ventral and anal fins covered with small 
bluish tubereles, exactly as in some Cyprinida. 

This species is probably not strictly congeneric with the type of Al- 
vordius. It differs from the latter genus chiefly in the less complete 
dentition and the reduced number of vertebra, the latter character 
giving to the fish a short, compact form, quite unlike that of Alvordius 
aspro and related species. I propose to designate the group typified by 
A. evides by the name of Hricosma (np, springtime; zocv<e%, to adorn), 
from the gay coloration of the males at that season. 





ETHEOSTOMATID&. 9 


The principal characters separating Hricosma from Alvordius are 


shown below. 
ALVORDIUS, Grd. 
(Type, A. maculatus Grd.) 


Vertebre numerous, about 44 in 
all; 22 in front of anus. 

Body and head elongate; mouth 
wide, with well-developed teeth on 
vomer and on palatines. 

Sexes similar; males never with 
the fins tuberculate. 


Dorsal spines 12 to 15; the two 
dorsal fins well apart. 
Caudal fin slightly emarginate. 





ERICOSMA, Jordan. 
(Type, Alvordius evides Jor. & Copel.) 


Vertebre fewer, about 39 in all; 
17 in front of anus. 

Body short and compact; mouth 
small, with about six minute teeth 
on vomer and none on palatines. 

Sexes dissimilar; the males bril- 
liantly colored, with the lower fins 
tuberculate. 

Dorsal spines 10 or 11; the two 
fins contiguous. 

Caudal fin deeply emarginate. 








6. RHEOCRYPTA, Jordan, gen. nov. 


Allied to Imostoma and Alvordius. Body rather slender and elongate, 
with a pretty large, rather long, and somewhat narrowed head, resembling 
that of Boleosoma; mouth small, horizontal, subinferior, with weak 
teeth in the jaws, five or six small teeth on the vomer, and none on the 
palatines; upper jaw protractile, separated by a distinct furrow from 
the forehead; two distinct dorsal fins, of which the second is rather 
smaller than the first and than anal; anal with two distinct spines; 
ventral region with a series of enlarged plates, as in Alvordius and Per- 
cina, these caducous, in many specimens replaced by a scaleless strip ; 
cheeks naked ; opercles with a few scales; lateral line complete. 

This genus is perhaps nearest Jmostoma, with which it agrees in the 
protractilé mouth. It differs from Jmostoma and agrees with Alvordius 
Grd. in the presence of ventral plates. The name Rheocrypla (ped, to 
flow rapidly—zpozzos, concealed, é. ¢., hiding in the rapids) is given in 
allusion to the peculiar habits of this interesting species. 


7. RHEOCRYPTA COPELANDI, Jordan, sp. nov. 


Head 44 in length; depth 53; eye large, 34 in bead; scales moderate, 
strongly ctenoid, 56 in lateral line; those of the ventral much enlarged, 
forming serrated plates ; cheeks naked ; opercles with a few scales ; neck 
and throat naked. Fin-rays:—Dorsal X-XIT, 10; anal II, 9. 


10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


General color a semi-transparent brownish-yellow, a series of rather 
small horizoutally oblong black spots along lateral line, forming an in- 
terrupted lateral band; back tesselated, as in Boleosoma, a blackish 
streak forward from eye and another downward ; ventral fins dusky ; 
vertical fins with dusky specks, but scarcely barred; a black spot on 
anterior rays of spinous dorsal. 

Length of specimens 2 to 23 inches. 

Habitat.—White River, Indiana. The specimens in my possession, 
some thirty in number, were all taken at the same point, a shallow 
rapid, where the river flows over fine gravel. This locality, the “ Red 
Bridge”, about five miles north of Indianapolis, is the only one thus far 
known for this species and for Hricosma evides. It is the best point for 
the collection of Pleurolepis pellucidus which I know of in the West. 
As many as thirty specimens of the latter species have been taken there 
at low water at a single haul of the net. heocrypta copelandi and Eri- 
cosma evides are both extremely local, as a few rods above or below the 
rapids it is impossible to find either. 

I dedicate this species to the memory of my friend, the late Professor 
Copeland, to whose patient study of these beautiful little fishes we owe 
much that is now known of their habits and ways. I have named this 
graceful species, taken at the rapids where he and I had so often fished 
together, for him, in recognition of his genuine love of nature, and in 
token of our long scientific association and personal friendship. 


8. ARLINA ATRIPINNIS, Jordan, sp. nov. 


I admit the genus Avrlina provisionally for those species of Boleosoma 
which have two well-developed anal spines; but, as I have never seen 
Arlina effulgens, the type of the genus, I am not certain that that species | 
possesses this character. _ 

The species of this genus to which the above name has been given 
may be thus characterized :— 

Body rather short for the genus, somewhat compressed behind; the 
depth 43 in length. Head extremely short and deep, 44 in length of 
body; the snout very short and bluntly rounded. Eye quite large, 
34 in head.. Mouth quite small, with equal jaws, the upper protractile. 
Cheeks and opercles scaly, the scales on cheeks small and closely set; 
a triangular series of scales above the opercle behind the eye. Throat 
smooth; neck above closely scaly; no ventral plates; belly closely 
scaled. a] 














ETHEOSTOMATIDA. 1t 


Fins large; rays, dorsal XII, 10; anal II, 7. Base of spinous dor- 
sal 14 times length of head, 31 in length; the spines high, the highest 
about ? the length of the head. 

Dorsal fins contiguous, with a slight.connecting membrane. Second 
dorsal higher, but smaller than first, its base about equal to the length 
of the head. Pectoral fins moderate, reaching past the middle of the 
dorsal. 

Color olivaceous ; head above entirely black ; a black bar below eye ; 
back with eight dark cross-blotches; about eleven bar-like blotches, 
somewhat indistinct, arranged along the lateral’ line. Fins chiefly 
black. Membranes of the second dorsal and ventral fins entirely black, 
that of spinous dorsal with a broad, black, horizontal bar at base, above 
which are numerous distinct black oblique streaks; anal with a broad 
black bar and caudal and pectorals largely dusky. It is likely that 
females, and male fish at other seasons, will be found to be paler in 
color. 

Length of type-specimen 24 inches. 

Collected in a tributary of the Cumberland River, near Nashville, 
Tenn., by Prof. A. Winchell, to whom the National Museum is indebted 
for a fine series of Tennessee fishes. 


9. ETHEOSTOMA SQUAMICEPS, sp. nov. 


Catonotus fontinalis, PUTNAM, MSS. (1860) (not £. fontinalis Raf.). 


A species of the genus Etheostoma, found in the streams of Kentucky, 
has been for a long time indicated in manuscript, but has never yet 
been fully described. 

The following account is taken from two fine specimens in the United 
States National Museum (No. 1345), collected by Dr. Bebb, at Russell- 
ville, Ky., and labelled Catonotus fontinalis by Prof. Putnam. 

Body oblong, rather elongate, pretty strongly compressed, the general 
form being much like that of Z. flabellaris, but with deeper caudal pe- 
duncle, the depth being about one-fifth of the length. Head large, 34 
in length, shorter and stouter than in #. flabellaris ; the jaws much 
shorter and exactly equal; eye rather large, 43 in head. Cheeks and 
opercles thickly scaly, as are the throat and region in front of the dor- 
sal; middle line of the belly with ordinary scales. Lateral line almost 
complete, wanting on about ten of the posterior scales, but with occa- 
sional perforated scales behind the continuous series. 


12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Scales about 5-50-6. Jin-rays:—dorsal TX (or VIII), 12; anal If, 7 
or 8. : 

Spinous dorsa! low and short, the spines about equal, the longest less 
than half the height of the soft rays of the second dorsal. The bases of 
the two fins are about equal, and they are slightly connected by mem- 
brane. 

In the male specimen, the dorsal spines are somewhat swollen and 
white at their tips, but rather less so than is usual in the genus. 

Color partly obliterated by the alcohol. The male is rather dark, not 
spotted, striped, or banded. The female is somewhat mottled, and has 
about six cross-blotches on the back. The second dorsal, caudal, and 
pectorals are barred with black and pale, the caudal especially so. The 
other fins are black in the male; in the female, the lower fins are pale. 

@a large black humeral spot. Length 23 inches. 

This species is technically an Htheostoma, of which genus it possesses 
the general form, fin coloration, and dorsal fin. It has the mouth of 
Pecilichthys, the scaly head of Nanostoma, with a condition of the lat- 
eral line intermediate between Pacilichthys and Nanostoma. The other 
species of Htheostoma have the head naked. 

The specific name fontinalis was used by Prof. Putnam on the suppo- 
sition that this species is identical with that described under the same 
name by Rafinesque. 


ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF ETHEOSTOMATIDA. 


The following analytical synopsis gives the characters at present as- 
signed to the genera of Htheostomatide admitted in this paper. The 
categories recognized are very closely related, but are susceptible of 
definition :— 


*. Lateral line complete; body much elongate, subeylindrical, pellucid, with at least 
the entire ventral region naked: 

a. Body entirely naked, except the caudal peduncle and the lateral line; dorsal fins 
high, well separated, equal to the anal fin and to each other; a single anal 
spine; head entirely scaleless; mouth large, with vomerine teeth, the up- 
per jaw, subprotractilewe-o- areca roc costes ok cee eres AMMOCRYPTA, 1. 

aa. Body covered above with small thin imbedded scales, the ventral region entirely 
naked, the dorsal scales obscure but present ; dorsal fins small, wide apart ; 
two anal spines; cheeks and opercles scaly ; mouth large, with vomerine 
teeth, the upper jaw subprotractile ----.......-.-..-.-... PLEUROLEPIS, 2. 

**, Lateral line complete; body less elongate, entirely scaly, or with definitely naked 
areas on throat, neck, or ventral line: 

+, Second dorsal not larger than spinous dorsal, and little, if any, larger than anal; 
the dorsal fins distinct, the first the longer and usually the larger; body 
little compressed ; two distinct anal spines (except in Alvordius peltatus, 
a species of uncertain affinities): 








ETHEOSTOMATIDSZ. 13 


b. Upper jaw not protractile ; vomerine teeth present : 

¢. Mouth narrow, inferior, overlapped by a tapering, truncate, more or less pig- 
like snout; ventral plates present, or, if fallen, a naked strip; body elon- 
gated ; cheeks and opercles scaly ; size largest of all the darters, PERCINA, 3. 

cc. Mouth wider, terminal, the upper jaw being but little longer than the lower: 

d. Ventral plates developed, or, if fallen, middle line of belly with anaked strip: 
e. Body and head elongate; the vertebrw in increased Dumber, more than 
20 in front of anus; well-developed teeth on vomer and palatines ; dorsal 
spines 12 to 15; fins never tuberculate.................... ALVORDIUS, 4. 
ee. Body and head shortened ; vertebra fewer, less than 20 in front of anus; 
a few minute teeth on vomer and none on palatines; dorsal spines 10 to 

12; colors brilliant, the male in spring with the lower fins tuberculate, 
EricosMa, 5. 

ad. Ventral piates not deveioped ; middle line of belly scaled like the sides, 
HADROPTERUS, 6. 
bb. Upper jaw protractile, a distinct furrow separating it from the skin of the 

forehead : 

f. No ventral plates; posterior ventral region scaled; anterior region largely 
naked; vomer well toothed; head and body stout and heavy; cheeks 
and opercles scaly; anal fin (in adult males?) greatly elevated, reaching 
coRDaselol caudal fin ete sah sianc ae cttae ee oe ie one Eee IMOSTOMA, 7. 

Jf. Ventral plates well developed, or, if fallen, a naked strip; vomer with a few 
minute teeth ; palatines naked ; body rather slender, with rather narrow 
head and smaller subinferior mouth; cheeks naked; opercles scaly ; anal 
MMO LEM ARP OGY. sits". Jae waite wil doe aes eee es oemee oes RHEOCRYPTA, 8. 

_ +. Second dorsal considerably larger than anal fin; no ventral plates, the middle 
line of the belly always covered with small scales like those of the sides: 
g. Upper jaw protractile : 

h. No teeth on vomer or palatines; mouth small, contracted, subinferior ; head 
short and thick, with swollen cheeks; spinous dorsal rather long; cheeks 
and opercles scaly ; anal spinesstrong; body elongated, little compressed, 

DIPLESIUM, 9. 
hh. Vomerine teeth present ; dorsals contiguous, but distinct ; the spinous dor- 
sal short; head narrowed; the mouth rather small, horizontal, sub- 


inferior : 
i. Anal spines two, well developed ; the first the longer..-.---... Artin, 10. 
ii. Anal spine single, more or less obscure and undifferentiated from the soft 
RAL See ass -foee se oie sake nisioimial\e ain) eie ale Ainintaimlelmicheieietaiaro mani icierie BoLeosoma, LI. 


gg. Upper jaw not protractile: 

j. Dorsal fins well apart; body fusiform, little compressed ; scales large; cheeks 
and opercles scaly; mouth small, horizontal, subinferior (as in Boleosoma) ; 
caudal peduncle rather slender .-----..----------------- NaNOSTOMA, 12. 

jj. Dorsal fins slightly connected at base; body rather short, deep, strongly 
compressed; scales small; cheeks naked; mouth rather large, oblique 
(as in Pecilichthys) ; caudal peduncle deep ..----------- Notuonotvs, 13. 

*** Lateral line incomplete or wanting; no ventral plates; upper jaw not protractile ; 
second dorsal larger than anal; vomer with teeth: 
k. Lateral line present on anterior part of body: 
1. Dorsal fins contiguous, the membrane of the first reaching to the base of the 
second : 

m. Spinous dorsal fin well developed, two-thirds or more the height of the 
second ; the spines graduated, never ending in little fleshy knobs; lateral 
line extending more than half the length of the body ; mouth moderate, 
the upper jaw usually a little the longer; opercles scaly; cheeks naked; 
body rather short and deep. .--.--+---++-+-+-+-++-*" PascILicHTHys, 14. 





a 


14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


mm. Spinous dorsal low and small, the spines subequal, scarcely half the height 
of the soft rays, in males ending in little fleshy knobs; mouth rather 
large, the lower jaw the longest; body elongated, compressed; lateral 
line extending less than half the length of the body; head naked (except 
in the aberrant E. squamiceps, which is an exception to all these char- 
acters, save those drawn from the dorsal fin)..---..--. -ETHEOSTOMA, 15. 


UW. Dorsal fins about equal, well separated ; body elongated; cheeks and opercles 
scaly: 
n. Lower jaw longest ; lateral line unknown (genus admitted provisionally, the 
type-species apparently has not been seen since its original description) : 
ALVARIUS. 16. 


nn. Jaws about equal; lateral line curved upward over the pectorals, not 
reaching to middle of body ; body elongated......---. BOLEICHTHYS, 17. 


kk. No lateral line; dorsal fins small, subequal, well separated ; mouth small, with 
‘nearly equal jaws; scales large ; size smallest of all spiny-rayed fishes, 
MICROPERCA, 18. 


CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF ETHEOSTOMATID A. 


The following catalogue includes those species of Etheostomatide 
which appear to be valid, with the geographical distribution of each so 
far as recorded. Species unknown to me are indicated by a star (*). 
In arrangtng the genera, I begin with the type most generalized, or 
most like ordinary Percide, Hadropterus. The relations of the aber- 
rant genera Pleurolepis and Ammocrypta are probably most with Al- 
vordius, a fact which cannot well be shown in a linear series. I omit 
several species, which very likely may prove valid, but of whose rela- 
tions I can form no definite opinion from the published accounts. In 
each genus, the type-species is placed first. 


HADROPTERUS, Agassiz. 


1. Hadropterus nigrofasciatus, Ag.—South Carolina to Tennessee and 
Louisiana. 

. Hadropterus tessellatus, Jordan.—Vermont (?) to Pennsylvania. 

3. Hadropterus aurantiacus, (Cope) Jor.*—Virginia to Tennessee. 


bo 


ERIcosmMA, Jordan. 


4, Bricosma evides, Jordan & Copeland.—Wabash Valley. 


ALVORDIUS, Girard. 


5. Alvordius maculatus, (Grd.).—Pennsylvania to North Carolina. 

6. Alvordius aspro, Cope & Jordan.—Upper Mississippi Valley and 
Upper Lake Region. 

7. Alvordius nevisensis, Cope.*—North Carolina. 











eit. 
12. 
13. 
14, 


15. 


16. 


1. 
18. 
19. 


20. 


21, 
. Boleosoma nigra (Raf.) Jor.—Mississippi Valley and Upper Great 


22 


25. 
26. 
27. 
i 28. 


ETHEOSTOMATID&. 15 


. Alvordius peltatus, (Stauffer,) Cope & Jor.*—Conestoga River, 


Pennsylvania. 


. Alvordius macrocephalus, Cope.—Upper Ohio Valley. 
. Alvordius phoxocephalus, (Nelson) Cope & Jordan.—Indiana to 


Tennessee and Kansas. 
PERCINA, Haldeman. 


Percina caprodes, (Raf.) Grd.—Great Lake Region to Alabama. 
Percina carbonaria, (B. & G.) Grd.—Texas. 

Percina zebra, Agassiz.—Great Lake Region (d. s.). 

Percina manitou, Jordan.—Indiana to Minnesota. 


RHEOCRYPTA, Jordan. 


Rheocrypta copelandi, Jordan.—Wabash Valley. 


ImMosTomMa, Jordan. 
Imostoma shumardii, (Grd.) Jor.—-Indiana to Iowa and Arkansas, 
DIPLESIUM, Rafinesque. 


Diplesium blennioides, Raf.—Mississippi Valley. 

Diplesium newmani, (Ag.) Jor. & Copel.—Tennessee River. 

Diplesium simoterum, (Cope) Copeland.—Cumberland and Upper 
Tennessee Rivers. 


BoLEosomMa, De Kay. 


Boleosoma olmstedi, (Storer) Ag.—Great Lakes to New England 
and south to Georgia, east of the Alleghanies. 
Boleosoma atromaculata, (Grd.) Jor.—New York to Virginia (? var.). 


Lakes. 


. Boleosoma zesopus, Cope.*—Alleghany River. 
. Boleosoma mesxa, (Cope) Jordan.—Kansas (d. 9.). 


ARLINA, Girard. 


Arlina effulgens, Grd.—Maryland to North Carolina (d. 9.). 
Arlina stigmea, Jordan.—Georgia to Louisiana. 

Arlina maculaticeps, (Cope) Jordan* (d. g.). 

Arlina atripinnis, Jordan.—Cumberland River. 


16 


30. 
ol. 
32. 
33. 


34. 


46. 


47. 


48, 


49, 
50. 


. Nanostoma zonalis, (Cope) Jordan.—Mississippi Valley. 


. Pecilichthys variatus, (Kirtland) Ag.—Upper Mississippi Valley 
. Pecilichthys spectabilis, Agassiz.—Upper Mississippi Valley and 


. Peecilichthys lepidus, Girard.—Texas and west. 

. Pecilichthys punctulatus, Agassiz.—Missouri to Arkansas. 
. Pecilichthys leonensis, (Grd.) Jor. & Copel.*—Texas (d. g.). 
. Pecilichthys grahami, (Grd.) Jor. & Copel*.—Texas. 


. Etheostoma flabellaris, Rafinesque.-—Ohio Valley to Tennessee and 


. Etheostoma linslii, H. R. Storer.—Western New York (? var). 
. Etheostoma kennicottii, (Putnam) Jor.*-—Illinois (d. 8.). 

. Etheostoma lineolata, (Agassiz) Jordan.— Wisconsin to Iowa (? var.). 
. Etheostoma squamiceps, Jordan.—Ohio Valley, Kentucky. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


NANOSTOMA, Putnam. 


NOTHONOTUS, Agassiz. 


Nothonotus maculatus, (Kirt.) Ag.—Ohio. 
Nothonotus camurus, (Cope) Jor.—Ohio Valley. 
Nothonotus sanguifluus, (Cope) Jor.*—Cumberland River. 
Nothonotus vulneratus, (Cope) Jor.*—Tennessee to North Caro- 
lina (d. g.). 
Nothonotus rufilineatus, (Cope) Jordan.*—Kentucky to North 
Carolina. 
PQCILICHTHYS, Agassiz. 


and tributaries of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. 


tributaries of Lakes Erie and Michigan. 


ETHEOSTOMA, Rafinesque. 


Virginia. 


ALVARIUS, Girard. 


Alvarius lateralis, Grd.*—Texas, Mexico. 


BOLEICHTHYS, Girard. 


Boleichthys exilis, Grd.*—Upper Missouri Region. 

Boleichthys eos, Jordan & Copeland.—Tributaries of Great Lakes 
and Upper Mississippi River. 

Boleichthys erochrous, (Cope) Jordan.—New Jersey, Pennsylvania. 

Boleichthys elegans, Girard.—Georgia to Texas. 

















ETHEOSTOMATID A. Dan 


51. Boleichthys gracilis, (Grd.) Jordan.—Texas. 

52. Boleichthys fusiformis, (Grd.) Jordan.—Massachusetts. 

53. Boleichthys barratti, (Grd.) Jordan.—North Carolina to Georgia. 
54. Boleichthys warreni, Grd.*—Upper Missouri. 


MICROPERCA, Putnam. 


59. Microperca punctulata, Putnam.—Upper Mississippi Valley and 
tributaries of Lake Michigan. 


PLEUROLEPIS, Agassiz. 


56. Pleurolepis pellucidus, (Baird) Agassiz.—Ohio Valley. 
57. Pleurolepis vitreus, (Cope) Jord. & Copel.*—North Carolina and 


Tennessee. 
AMMOCRYPTA, Jordan. 


58. Ammocrypta beanii, Jordan.—Louisiana, 
Incerte. sedis. 


Etheostoma tessellata, Storer.*—Florence, Ala. (?Pacilichthys). 


_ Etheostoma cinerea, Storer.*—Florence, Ala. (?Pacilichthys). 


Aplesion pottsii, Grd.*—Chihuahua, Mexico ( ? Pecilichthys). 
Diplesion fasciatus, Grd.*—Texas (? Pecilichthys). 


LIST OF NOMINAL SPECIES OF ETHEOSTOMATIDA. 


The following list includes all the species of Etheostomatide described 


— in works to which I have access, arranged in chronological order, with 
my identification of each. Those species of which I have examined 
the type -specimens are designated by a dagger (t). 











Nominal species. Date. Identification. 

Sesciona caprodes, Raf...--...--.--------- 1818 | Percina caprodes. 

_ Etheostoma flabellaris, Raf ...--.-.-.----- 1819 | Etheostoma flabellaris. 
| Etheostoma blennioides, Raf ........---- 1819 | Diplesium blennioides. 
| KEtheostoma flabellata, Raf ...--..-------. 1820 | Etheostoma flabellaris. 
_ Etheostoma MBrasah cscs wicceets te 1820 | Boleosoma nigra. 

=P EScdichis ictalops, wale s-.+ --<ss-c-=-=* 1820 | Etheostoma flabellaris. 
|  Etheostoma HOM Pina aliSs el yady|-=)=)=mies\c= 2 <== 1820 | Etheostoma flabellaris. 
Etheostoma variata, Kirt....-..--..----- 1840 | Pecilichthys variatus. 

- Etheostoma MAC ALA MAL) semen mils 1840 | Nothonotus maculatus. 
- Etheostoma olmstedi, Stor;.--....--. ---. 1842 | Boleosoma olmstedi. 
Perea nebulosa, Hald ........----------- 1842 | Percina caprodes. 


¢ Bull. N. M. No. 10—2 


18 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 








Nominal species. Date. 
Percarminima,) Haldss2eescs-caceaeisecices 1842 
Pileoma semifasciata, De Kay....--..--. 1842 
Boleosoma tessellata, De Kay ....-.----. 1842 
Percina bimaculata, Hald 52-22 2.2--22-:2: 1843 
Etheostoma ceerulea, Stor ...--....-----. 1845 
Etheostoma tessellata, Stor..........-..- 1845 
Etheostoma cinerea, Stor....----.--...-- 1545 
Pileomarzebra, AG snes aeteam lame taetem ener 1850 
Boleosoma maculatum, Ag. .......-...--- 1850 
Etheostoma linsleyi, H. R. Stor..----.-.-. 1850 
Peecilosoma erythrogaster, Kirt..---...-- 1854 
Peecilichthys spectabilis, Ag. t..--...---- 1854 
Peecilichthys versicolor, Ag ....--.....-- 1854 
Pecilichthys punctulatus, Agt ..---. .--- 1854 
Catonotus lineolatus, Ag ...-........-.-. 1854 
Hadropterus nigrofasciatus, Ag .----. ---. 1854 
Hyostoma newmiani, Ag. t...-....---..---- 1854 
Boleosoma fusiforme, Grd.t .-.--.-.------ 1854 
Boleosoma barratti, Holbr........-.-.---. 1855 
Pileoma carbonaria, B. & G.t...---...--.| 1856 
Pecilichthys lepidus, B. & G.t --..--.--.| 1856 
Arlina effuleens; Grd 24-22. 2S5 shee fe2 ce. 1859 
Estrella atromaculata, Grd .........----. 1859 
Dligocephalus humeralis, Grd.......-.---. 1859 
Alvordius maculatus, Grd.t........-..-..-| 1859 
Watonotus fasciatus, Grd 222s. 2.2626 coe- 1859 
Madropterus maculatus, Grd...-..-.----- 1859 
Wacropterus shumardii, Grd. ..---....-.. 1859 
Alvarius lateralis; Grdii2.-- 22... - wesen 1859 
Diplesien fasciatus, Grd .......-22-.-.:-- 1859 
Aplesion pottsi,(Grd\s- sates eetscsencse ee 1859 
Oligocephalus grahami, Grd...--...-.---- 1859 
Oligocephalus leonensis, Grd..---..-. .--- 1859 
Oligocephalus pulchellus, Grd.........-- 1859 
Boleosoma gracile, Grd. t ..---.---------. 1859 
Boleichthys‘exilis, Gras. so5..:2522-<6---- 1859 
Boleichthys whipplei, Grd...... -.....--- 1859 
Boleichthys elegans, Grd ........---. 32281) 1859 
Boleichthys warreni, Grd...-....---..--- 1859 
Peecilosoma transversum, Abbott t...... -- 1860 


Pileoma cymatogrammum, Abbott t 








Identification. 


Boleosoma olmstedi. 
Percina caprodes. 
Boleosoma olmstedi. 
Percina caprodes. 
Pecilichthys variatus. 
(7) 
(2) 

Percina (caprodes var.?) zebra. 
Boleosoma nigra. 
Etheostoma (flabellaris var. ?) linslii. 
Peecilichthys variatus. 
Peecilichthys spectabilis. 
Pecilichthys variatus. 
Pecilichthys punctulatus. 
Etheostoma (flabellaris var. ?) lineo- 

lata. 
Hadropterus nigrofasciatus. 
Diplesium newmani. 
Boleichthys fusiformis. 
Boleichthys barrattii. 
Per¢ina carbonaria. 
Peecilichthys lepidus. 
Arlina eifulgens. 
Boleosoma (olmstedi var. ?) atroma- 

culata. 
Etheostoma flabellaris. 
Alvordius aspro. 
Etheostoma flabellaris. 
Alvordius maculatus. 
Imostoma shumardii. 
Alvarius lateralis. 
Peecilichthys sp. (?) 
Pecilichthys sp. 
Pecilichthys sp. (?) 
Peecilichthys sp. (?) 
Peecilichthys sp. (2) 
Boleichthys gracilis. 
Boleichthys exilis. 
Pecilichthys punctulatus. 
Boleichthys elegans. 
Boleichthys warreni. 
Pecilicbthys variatus. 
Diplesium blennioides. 





st 


SAY CAST 












LI a 


mat Yer or 





Ser 


ae eee 





elisa iss 


my ieee 








ETHEOSTOMATID&. 


19 





Identification. 





Microperea punctulata, 
Hadropterus tessellatus (?). 


Pleurolepis pellucidus. 


Alvordius peltatus. 
Boleichthys erochrous. 
Alvordius macrocephalus. 


Hadropterus aurantiacus. 
Nanostoma zonalis. 
Diplesium blennioides. 
Diplesium simoteruin. 
Alvordius nevisensis. 
Nothonotus sanguifluus, 
Nothonotus camurus. 
Nothonotus (?) rufilineatus. 
Nothonotus (?) vulneratus. 
Pleurolepis vitreus. 


Arlina maculaticeps. 


Hadropterus nigrofasciatus. 


Nominal species. Date. 
Asproperea zebra, Heckel ....-.-....-..... 1860 | Percina caprodes. 
Catonotus kennicottii, Putn....---.....- 1863 | Etheostoma sp. 
Microperca punctulata, Putn.t...........| 1863 
Cottogaster tessellatus, Putn ..-......... 1863 
Pleurolepis pellucidus, (Baird) Ag -...-... 1863 
Pecilichthys meseus, Cope t .-...--..--- 1864 | Boleosoma mesa. 
Etheostoma peltatum, Stauff............| 1864 
Hololepiserochrous, Copet -........----- 1864 
Etheostoma macrocephalum, Copet.-.--. 1866 
Boleosoma brevipinne, Copet .......-..- 1868 | Boleosoma nigra. 
Cottogaster aurantiacus, Cope........... 1868 
Pecilichthys zonalis, Copet.--....- ee ESOS 
Hyostoma blennioperca, Copet ..-.-..... 1868 
Hyostoma simoterum, Cope...-......---.| 1868 
Etheostoma nevisense, Cope.----.....--- 1870 
Pecilichthys sanguifluus, Cope.......---- 1370 
Pecilichthys camurus, Cope ........-....- 1870 
Pecilichthys rufilineatus, Cope --..--...- 1870 
Pecilichthys vulneratus, Cope ....-.--.-- 1870 
Pescilichthys vitreus, Cope .---.----.--- 1870 
Boleosoma maculaticeps, Cope....-.----- 1870 
Boleosoma zsopus, Cope ...--...-.-.---- 1870 | Boleosoma zesopus. 
Plesioperca anceps, Le Vaillant..---. ..-- 1873 
Boleosoma mutatum, Le Vaillant -...--.-| 1873 


Boleichthys eos, Jordan & Copeland t.. -. 
Etheostoma phoxocephalum, Nelsont ..-- 


_Alvordius evides, Jor. & Copelt---...---- 
Alvordius aspro, Cope & Jordan....----- 
Bercina Manitou, SOL. ta-->-- s--< -------- 
Boleosoma stigmzeum, Jor.t .------------| 1876 
Ammocrypta beanii, Jor. t...---.----.---- 1877 
Hadropterus tessellatus, Jor. f .---------- 1877 
Rheocrypta copelandi, Jor.t -.-----.----- 1877 
-Arlina atripinnis, Jor.t..--...----------- 1877 
Etheostoma squamiceps, Jor...---------- 1877 


Boleosoma nigra. 
Boleichthys eos. 
Alvordius phoxocephalus. 
Ericosma evides. 
Alvordius aspro. 
Percina manitou. 
Arlina stigma. 
Ammocrypta beanii. 
Hadropterus tessellatus. 
Rheocrypta copelandi, 
Arlina atripinnis. 
Etheostoma squamiceps. 


20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


CENTRARCHIDA. 


10. EUPOMOTIS. 


Eupomotis, GiLt & JORDAN, Field and Forest, 1877, v. 2, p. 190. 


In the Journal de Physique, June, 1819, page 420,* Rafinesque first 
proposes the name Lepomis for the American Sunfishes, the type to be 
Labrus auritus of authors. The genus Lepomis he then proposes to 
divide into two subgenera, Pomotis and Apomotis, the former having the 
body rounded and the opercle auriculated, the latter having the body 
rounded or oblong and the opercle without auricle. 

Of auriculated species, only one, auritus, is mentioned. This species 
is then obviously the type of Pomotis ; but it had been already indicated 
as the type of Lepomis. Pomotis then is typical Lepomis, and is a sim- 
ple synonym of tbe latter name. 

In the Ichthyologia Ohiensis, in 1820, Rafinesque characteristically 
changed some of these names; Lepomis here becomes Icthelis, and 
Apomotis, Telipomis. Pomotis is still used in the same sense as before. 
In 1829, Cuvier and Valenciennes revived the name Pomotis of Rafi- 
nesque in precisely the same sense in which Rafinesque used it, but in- 
cluding several additional species. Cuvier does not credit the name 
Pomotis to Rafinesque, but, in accordance with a custom then as now 
too prevalent, in modifying the characters assigned to the genus, allowed 
his own name to supersede that of the earlier author. Tbat Cuvier 
accepted the name Pomotis from Rafinesque is evident from the fact 
that he quotes Rafinesque’s descriptions in a foot-note. Pomotis aud 
Bryttus of Cuvier and Valenciennes are practically equivalent to Po- 





*«<13. Lepomis (Thoracique). Corps arrondi, ovale ou oblong, trés comprimé. Téte et 
opercules écailleux, ceux-ci mutiques, le postérieur flexueux, membraneux, quelquefois 
auriculé. Bouche petite, machoire & petits dents, levre supérieure a peine extensible. 
Une nageoire dorsale ; nageoire thoracique & 6 rayons dont 1 épineux sans appendices. 
Anus au milieu. Ce genre est nombreux en especes, je’n connois 7 4 8 des Etats-Unis; 
son type est le Labrus auritus des auteurs, sous le nom duquel il y a 4 ou 5 espéces con- 
fondues. I différe particulitrement du Sparus par son opercule écailleux et le défaut 
d’appendice thoracique. Il se devise en deux sous-genre: 1. Pomotis. Corps arrondi, 
opercule auriculé. 2. Apomotis. Corps arrondi ou oblong, opercule sans auricule; mais 
tous ont le corps tacheté et une tache noire sur Vopercule. J’en ai découvert deux 
nouvelles espéces dans ’Ohio. 1. LD. cyanellus. Corps oblong, tout couvert de points 
bleus, joues 4 lignes flexueuses bleues, opercule sans auricule; tache oblongue, queue 
bilobée. 2. LZ. macrochirus. Corps ovale, points bruns, point d’auricule; tache ob- 
longue, toute noire; pectorales trés longues atteignavt Vanale; queue fourchée.”— 
(RaFINESQUE. ) 








CENTRARCHIDS. 21 


motis and Apomotis of Rafinesque. The fact that Pomotis has been long 
in use and is a very familiar name is its only claim for retention, a 
claim which does not appear to justify its retention in opposition to 
established rules of nomenclature. 

The name Pomotis being therefore untenable for any genus of Cen- 
trarchide, Prof. Gill and myself have proposed the name Hupomotis for 
Sparus aureus Walbaum (= Pomotis vulgaris Cuvier) and its congeners. 

Three species of this genus are known trom autopsy to Prof. Gill and 
myself—H. aureus (Walb.), H. speciosus (Holbrook), and £. pallidus 
(Agassiz). 


11. EUPOMOTIS PALLIDUS, (Agussiz) Gill & Jordan. 
Pomotis pallidus, AG., Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 303.—JoRrDAN, Man. Vert. 1876, 240. 


This is a large stout species, somewhat elongate, resembling Lepiopo- 
mus pallidus in form and coloration. Head 3 in length; depth 22; eye 4. 
Head and protile scarcely gibbous ; snout protruding; mouth rather 
large, somewhat oblique, reaching the front of eye; eye rather large; 
opereular flay wide and rounded, shorter than in FE. aureus, with a 
rather wide pale border, chiefly below and behind. Scales very large, 
4-35-13, about 4 rows on the cheeks. Spines rather high and strong, 
the longest dorsal spine as long as from muzzle past middle of pupil; 
soft fins high; pectorals long, but not reaching anal. Gill-rakers short 
and weak. 

Color pale olive or brassy ; no trace of blue or orange in spirits ; some 
blackish markings on last rays, but hardly a spot. Pharyngeal teeth 
very strongly “paved”, as in the related species. Deseribed from No. 
4157, National Museum. 

Habitat.—Tennessee River (Agassiz). Mississippi River, at Saint 
Louis; Alabama River (specimens in National Museum). 


12. XENOTIS. 


Aenotis, JORDAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1877, 76. 

The peculiar character of the gill-rakers, which separates this genus 
from Lepiopomus, has not yet been fully defined, and indeed a more minute 
study is still desirable, although it may be readily recognized. In Lepio- 
pomus, the gill-rakers of the anterior branebial arch are comparatively 
long, somewhat firm, having apparently an ossified basis, and they are 
provided toward their tip, on one side at least, with minute, pointed, 
tooth-like roughnesses. These teeth may be readily telt with the 


22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


tweezers or seen with a hand-glass. The appendages of the anterior 
gill-arch only are thus enlarged, those of the other arches remaining 
undeveloped. 

In Xenotis, the gill-rakers are not essentially dissimilar on the differ- 
ent arches. They are short, comparatively thick, soft, having a eartila- 
ginous or unossified basis, and are nearly destitute of teeth or tooth-like 
roughnesses. The brilliant colors, low dorsal spines, and especially the 
great development of the opercular flap in Xenotis, form additional dis- 
tinctive characters, although not independently of generic value. 


13. XENOTIS SOLIS, (Valenciennes) Gill & Jordan. 


Pomotis solis, *VALENCIENNES (1831), Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vii, 468. (Specimens sent 
by Le Sueur from near New Orleans. Those referred to from New York doubt- 
less belong to Lepiopomus auritus.) 

Numerous specimens of a sun-fish from the Tangipahoa River, Lou- 
isiana, have been identified by us with Valenciennes’s species as above, 
and examples have been distributed by the United States National Mu- 
seum under the name of Xenotis solis. Of course, it is not possible from 
Valenciennes’s description to know certainly which one of our numerous 
similar species he had in mind, but it is safer to identify with the pres- 
ent species than with any other, and our X. solis does not seem ever to 
have received any other name. | 

Xenotis solis is an elongate species for the genus, most of the species 
of which are short and deep. It is, however, heavy forward, the re- 
gion before the dorsal being quite prominent, forming a marked angle 
over the eye with the rising profile of the face. The greatest depth is 
~4 in the length. The head is large, 3 in length, without the opercular 
flap ; 24 including the flap. 





* The following is Valenciennes’s description :— 
Le POMOTIS SUN-FISH (Pomotis solis nob.). 


Un autre pomotis du lac Pontchartrain, envoyé par M. Le Sueur, pourrait bien encore 
étre Vune espéce distincte. 

La couleur parait d’étre un janne verdAtre uniform, plus ou moins doré, sans aucune 
trace de taches ou de raies sur le corps et sur les nageoires. Le lambeau de Voreille 
est plus long et plus étroit que dans aucun autre. Les nombres sont, D. 10-11: A. 3- 
10, ete. 

I] e-t long de quatre & cing pouces. 

Les Anglo-Américains de la Nouvelle-Orléans donnent & cette espéce le nom de sun- 
fish (poisson de soleil). M. Le Sueur ne nous explique pas ce qui a motivé cette 
dénomination. 

Nous rapportons a cette espéce des individus mal colorés, qui nous ont été enyoyés 
de New York par M, Milbert. 














CENTRARCHIDS. 93 


The eye is quite large, 4 in the head proper; 14 times in the oper 
cular flap. 

The opercular flap is quite long and narrow, narrowly bordered with 
pale throughout its length; its length is contained about 24 times in 
the length of the rest of the head, its width is little more than half its 
length. It is somewhat broadened toward the tip, and is set obliquely 
upward and backward. Much variation in the size and form of this 
appendage may be expected. 

The dorsal spines are moderately developed, rather high for the 
genus, the longest as long as from snout to middle of orbit. The caudal 
peduncle in this species is rather more than usually elongate: with the 
caudal fin it forms about one-third of the total length. 

The scales on the cheek are rather large, in five or six rows. There 

_are 39 scales in the lateral line; about five rows above and eleven be- 
low it. Fin-rays as usual, D. X, 10; A. III, 9. 

The coloration has been modified by the alcohol. It seems to have 
been chiefly of a greenish or golden orange in life, with numerous small 
pale blue spots. Blue lines on the sides of the head and in front of the 
eyes. The fins, now unicolor, were probably largely orange in life. 

This species is related to X. inscriptus and X. megalotis. It is longer- 
bodied and has higher spines than fallax, breviceps, megalotis, and san- 
guinolentus. 

Its spines are much higher than in lythrochloris and the flap is differ- 
ent. X. inseriptus, aureolus, marginatus, and peltastes are smaller, less 
elongate, and have a different flap. In some respects it approaches 
nearer Lepiopomus auritus than do any of the above species, and speci- 
mens of the auritus were apparently confounded with it by Valen- 


ciennes. 


14. XENOTIS SANGUINOLENTUS, (Agassiz) Jordan. 


Pomotis sanguinolentus, AGAssiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 301. 

This handsome species seems to be widely distributed in the Southern 
States; I have seen specimens from the Tennessee, Savannah, Alabama, 
and Mississippi Rivers. It represents, in the South, X. megalotis of the 
Northern States. X. sanguinolentus may be known by the rather higher 
spines—the longest as long as from snout just past middle of pupil—and 
by a peculiarity of coloration, blue spots on the sides being arranged in 
vertical chain-like bands, which are striking and conspicuous even after 


the fish has been long in alcohol. 


24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


‘15. XYSTROPLITES, gen. nov. 


This genus bears nearly the same relation to Hupomotis that Lepiopo- 
mus does to Xenotis. It comprises those Centrarchide which, wanting 
the supernumerary maxillary bone, have the teeth of the lower pharyn- 
geals blunt and paved as in Hupomotis, and the gill-rakers long and 
relatively slender as in Lepiopomus. The pharyngeal bones themselves 
are much narrower and smaller than in Hupomotis, being in form more 
like those of Xenotis. The teeth are less strongly “paved”, being 
smaller, less crowded, and rounded rather than truncate; on the inner 
border of the bone are a few enlarged acute teeth. The species of 
Xystroplites, as of Hupomotis, have the short rounded ear-flap bordered 
below and behiud with orange. The type is the species below de- 
scribed under the name of Xystroplites gillii. Pomotis heros B. & G. 
also belongs to this genus. The known species strongly resemble 
Lepiopomus pallidus (incisor) in outward characters, and lack the bril- 
liant coloration of Hupomotis aureus. The name Xystroplites is from 
Evetpov, an instrument for scraping (gill-raker), and ¢zdrcys, armed, in 
allusion to the armature of the gill-rakers. 


16. XYSTROPLITES GILLI, sp. nov. 


Head 24 in length; depth 2; eye about equal to flap, 43 in head. 
Body elongate, very deep in the middle, abruptly narrowed each way. 
Greatest depth at the beginning of dorsal; a rapid slope from this point 
to the base of elongate caudal peduncle; a steep curve from dorsal to 
occiput, where an abrupt angle is formed with the projecting snout. 
Top of head sloping at au angle of about 459. 

Mouth wide, lower jaw a trifle longest ; maxillary reaching just past 
the front of the pupil. Flap moderate, broad, with a very wide pale 
edge below and behind. Dorsal spines moderate, as long as from snout 
to middle of orbit; pectorals medium, barely reaching anal. Dorsal X, 
10. Anal IIT, 9. Scales large, 6-42-13; 5 rows on the cheek. 

Coloration obliterated ; apparently uniform olive; traces of dusky 
mottlings on last rays of dorsal and anal. 

Type, No. 5995, United States National Museum, from Garden Key, 
Florida. 

This species may be known from its congener X. heros by the peculiar 
form, and from the species of Lepiopomus by its dentition. 














CENTRARCHIDZ. 25 


17. LEPIOPOMUS ISCHYRUS, Jordan & Nelson, sp. nov. 


Iehthelis aquilensis, NELSON, Bull. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. i, 1876, 37 (not Pomotis aquilensis 
GRD.). 


Numerous young specimens purporting to be types of Baird and 
Girard’s P. aquilensis are in the National Museum. Two species seem 
to be represented among them, the one a Xenotis, the other a Lepiopo- 
mus. Neither of them is identical with J. aquilensis Nelson, and as the 
latter species seems not to have been hitherto named, the above appel- 
lation is proposed for it. 


18. LEPIOPOMUS APIATUS, Cope. 
Lepomis apiatus, Cops, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1877. (In press.) 


This is a large species related to L. macrochirus Raf., and more 
closely to L. elongatus (Holbr.), but stouter built than either, and with 
marked peculiarities of coloration. 

Body deep, compressed, the form somewhat as in Eupomotis aureus. 
Profile rising rapidly from the snout; the nape swollen, forming an 
angle above the eye; caudal peduncle deep, not especially elongated. 
Mouth moderate; maxillary reaching to just past anterior margin of 
the eye, the lower jaw projecting somewhat when the mouth is closed. 
A small patch of teeth on the anterior edge of the palatines (some- 
times obsolete); eye large; opercular flap short and deep, considera- 
bly shorter than the eye. 

Dorsal spines high, those in the middle highest, so that a slight 
notch is made at the beginning of the soft rays; the soft parts of the 
vertical fins are largely scaly. Pectoral fins moderate, barely reaching 
anal. Anal spines strong, the soft rays high. Longest dorsal spine | 
nearly equal to the distance from the snout to the posterior edge of 
the orbit. 

Head 3 in length, the depth 13; eye 4 in head, larger than the oper- 
cular flap, which is short and deep. 

Gill-rakers rather long, stiff, pretty strongly dentate. 

Fin-rays :—D. X,11. A. III, 10. 

Seales 6-40-13, those on the cheek large, in about seven rows. 

Coloration somewhat altered by the alcohol. There are no spots on 


| the fins, ard there are no traces of blue lines on the cheeks. The most 


: marked feature of coloration is the presence on various parts of the 
i body of little dark brown or black spots, chiefly at the base of the 





26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IL. 


seales, smaller than pins’ heads, about the size of the nasal openings, 
and resembling fly-specks. 

On the lower part of the sides of the body, these spots are most dis- 
tinct, and form irregular lines along the rows of scales. They are 
present also on the opercular region, and are more or less appreciable 
on most parts of the body. On some specimens, these spots are dis- 
tinct over the whole body, being enlarged on the back. 

The black opercular spot is very small for the genus, no larger than 
in the species of Apomotis. Besides the black spots, there are also 
faint pale spots at the base of some of the scales of the sides. These 
were perhaps conspicuous in life. 

The fins generally are rather dark, unspctted; the ventral fins are 
black. 

The length of the specimens described is from 4 to 44 inches. 

Ha bitat.—St. John’s River, Florida. Many specimens in the United 
States National Museum. 

This species was indicated in MSS. some years ago by Prof. Gill, and 
specimens have been distributed by the Smithsonian Institution under 
the name JL. stercorarius Gill. As Prof. Cope’s paper will probably 
appear in advance of this, I have adopted his specific name, instead of 
publishing it as a new species. 


19. LEPIOPOMUS MINIATUS, sp. nov. 


General form of Xenotis inseriptus. Oblong and somewhat regularly 
elliptical. Head 22 in length; depth 24; eye large, 34 in head; oper- 
cular flap rather short and broad, entirely black ; mouth rather large ; 
seales of cheek large, in four series; scales large, 4-40-11; palatine 
teeth present; gill-rakers short for Lepiopomus, but stiff and rough. 
‘Dorsal spines rather long, as long as from snout just past middle of 
eye; pectorals long, reaching anal. Dorsal X, 10. Anal III, 9. 

Color in spirits dark, rows of bright red or scarlet spots running 
lengthwise of the body; one spot on each scale, and two blackish mark- 
ings on each side of the red; dorsal fin dusky behind, but unspotted ; 
iris red. Length 4 inches. 

Type, No. 16918, United States National Museum. Numerous speci- 
mens from Tangipahoa River, Louisiana. This species is perhaps 
most nearly related to Lepiopomus auritus. 

20. APOMOTIS PHENAX, Cope & Jordan, sp. nov. 
Chanobryttus phenax, Cope, MSS. 


Form and appearance of Lepiopomus pallidus. Head 24 in length; 











CENTRARCHIDZ. 27 


depth 21; eye moderate, as long as snout, rather smaller than opercular 
flap, about 43 in head. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw slightly longest, 
the maxillary reaching middle of eye, with a strong supplemental bone; 
suout short, projecting, an angle over eye. Gill-rakers very long; flap 
larger than in the other species of the genus. 

Scales on cheek in 7 rows ; on body 6-43-14. Mucous cavities strong. 

Dorsal spines short and strong, as long as from snout to middle of 
eye; soft dorsal high, soft anal higher, both largely sealy ; caudal fin 
emarginate; pectoral fins long, reaching anal. Dorsal X, 10. Anal 
FIT, 9; 

Color in spirits uniform olive-green, paler lines along the rows of scales ; 
soft fins somewhat mottled, bat no black blotch on dorsal or anal. 

This species bears much more resemblance to Lepiopomus and Xystro- 
plites than to its congeners. From A. cyanellus, it differs in the greater 
depth and compression of the body, in the longer spines, longer opercu- 
lar flap, smaller mouth, and larger scales. 

Type, two specimens about six inches long, in the Museum of the 
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, collected at Beaseley’s 
Point, New Jersey, by Dr. Leidy. 


21. HNNEACANTHUS PINNIGER, Gill & Jordan, sp. nov. 


A very handsome species, rather larger than any other of this genus, 
and with larger fins. 

Body rather short, deep, compressed, regularly ovate in form; the 
depth half the length (without caudal); the head one-third. Eye large, 
34 in head. Mouth rather small, very oblique, the maxillary reaching 
to just opposite the front of the orbit. 

Dorsal spines rather long, the soft rays greatly elevated; in the male 
fish as long as the head, reaching, when depressed, to the middle of 
the caudal; in the female fish considerably shorter; anal spines long, 
not rapidly graduated, the longest soft rays as long as those of the 
dorsal. 

Ventral fins elongate; the filiform tips of the longest rays in the 
males reaching the first soft rays of the anal, the spines falling short 
of the anal spines. In the females, the ventral fins are shortened and 
scarcely reach the anal. Pectoral fins moderate, reaching the soft rays 
of the anal. Caudal fin elongate, nearly as long as head. Lateral line 


complete. 
The female fish has all of the fins very much less elevated, the 


298 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IL. 


longest rays of the dorsal and anal not reaching to caudal ; the scales 
of the body more exposed, and the coloration duller. 

Fin-rays:—D. TX, 10; A. III, 10. Scales 4—33--10. 

The color of the male specimens in spirits is as follows :—Body olive, 
with, in some cases, a very faint suggestion of lateral vertical bars; a 
large black spot at the angle of the opercles, with pearly-blue mark- 
ings about its base; an obscure bar below eye. 

A number of round, luminous, or pearly-blue spots on the sides of the 
head, irregular in position but very distinct; other similar spots—white 
in spirits, doubtless sky-blue in life—on the membranes of the vertical 
fins, and in scattered irregular rows along the sides of the body, in 
some specimens on nearly the whole surface, forming imperfect lines 
along the sides. Each row of spots is accompanied by two faint blackish 
streaks. These spots are largest and most regular in position along 
the middle of the sides, but most definite in outline on the belly and 
fins. 

The female is duller in color, the flap plain black, with some pale 
edging, and the body with larger spots, more regular in position but not 
so well defined. The spots on the fins are also larger and paler. 

Length of largest specimens examined 34 inches. 

Habitat.—The types were collected at Kinston, N. C., by Mr. J. W. 
Milner. Upward of thirty specimens were preserved. 

This species seems to be the largest and handsomest of the species of 
Enneacanthus. Its relationships are most close with the next species ; 
but it is probably the most strongly marked of the genus. The sexual 
distinctions, evident in all the species, are here carried to the extreme. 


22. ENNEACANTHUS MARGAROTIS, Gill & Jordan, nom. sp. nov. 


?Enneacanthus guttatus, Copr (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.—(not Pomotis gutta- 
tus Morris (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 9, which is £. obesus). 

Enneacanthus obesus, JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 232 (excl. expression ‘ barred”’, copied 
from Prof. Baird; specimens from Trenton, N. J.,supposed to be the male of 
obesus) (not Pomotis obesus Grd.). 

?Enneacanthus gloriosus, UHLER & LUGGER (1876), Fishes of Maryland—(not descrip- 
tion, which seems to be copied from Holbrook) (not Bryttus gloriosus Holbz.). 


No description of this common little species seems ever to have been 
published. Dr. Morris’s notice of his Pomotis guttatus is very superfi- 
cial, and apparently refers to Z. obesus; the only tangible feature men- 
tioned being the presence of black bars along the sides, which this 
species does not have. 

















CENTRARCHIDS. 29 


The following description is taken from a large number of individ- 
nals sent by Dr. C. C. Abbott to the Smithsonian Institution from 
Trenton, N. J., and from others collected by Prof. Baird at Beaseley’s 
Point, N. J.:— 

Body rather short and deep, but more elongate than in any of the 
others; the head 2? in length, the depth 2}; the eye large, longer than 
snout, 3; in head; mouth moderate, very oblique, the maxillary reach- 
ing to just past the front of the orbit. 

Dorsal spines medium; the soft rays in the males somewhat elevated, 
reaching when depressed just to the base of the caudal; the longest 
soft ray as long as from the snout to the preopercular margin. In the 
females, the rays are shortened, but the sexual differences are much 
less marked than in #. pinniger. Anal spines long, rather rapidily 
graduated, the longest soft rays as long as those of the dorsal. 

Ventral fins as in H. pinniger, the longest rays in the males filament- 
ous and reaching the soft rays of anal; in the females shorter. Pecto- 
ral fins rather long, reaching middle of anal. Lateral line complete. 

Fin-rays :—D. IX, 10; A. II, 9. Scales 3-30-9., 

General coloration similar to that of HE. pinniger. Body dark olive; 
very young specimens with faint traces of vertical bars; 4 moderate- 
sized opercular spot, smaller than in HZ. obesus, bordered above and below 
with luminous blue. Near the anterior edge of the ‘ear-flap” is a cres- 
cent-shaped pearly-blue spot, which, though small, is very conspicuons. 
_ Traces of a similar mark may be observed on L. obesus. Sides of head, 
. whole body, and vertical fins with round bright blue spots arranged in 
irregular rows; these spots most distinct on the cheeks and opercles 
and on the lower parts of the sides. 

This species resembles the preceding; but the males may be dis- 
tinguished at once by the much less development of the fins and by the 
smaller size. The females of the two species bear more resemblance to 
each other, but differ in a similar way, though to a less degree. 
Length of specimens examined about 23 inches. 

Many specimens in the United States National Museum from the 
Potomac River, Delaware River and from localities in New Jersey. 

The real affinities of HE. margarotis are probably rather with L. obesus, 
and especially ZH. gloriosus, than with H. pinniger. 

Bryttus fasciatus Holbrook seems to be identical with EB. obesus. 

I have seen no specimens of Z. gloriosus, aud know it only by Hol- 


 brook’s description and figure. 


380 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


The several species have been contrasted in the following table pre- 
pared by Dr. Gill and myself :— 


*. Dorsal and anal moderately developed in the male as well as female (extending, 
when declined backward, little if any beyond the base of the caudal); scales on 
cheek and opercles not crowded, and forming more or less distinct vertical series : 

t. Body marked with about eight well-defined dark cross-bars; opercular angle with 
a pretty large black spot, half or more the size of the eye; spots on body and 
fins purplish, red, or goiden; scales large, little crowded ; caudal fin moderately 
elongate, as long as from snout to about the middle of the opercle; lateral line 
usually incomplete behind. .225-. 2. hes asec haces cteee a eet ciaee OBESUS. 

tt. Body without definite cross-bars or bands; opercular spot smaller, but little larger 
than pupil; caudal fin short, about as long as from snout to the posterior mar- 
gin of the preopercle: 

t. Spots on body and fins pinkish or golden ; dorso-ocular profile moderately convex ; 
interorbital space quite depressed, the protruding snout forming an angle above 
the eye; body rather short and deep, the depth about half-length ; a small black 
spot at root of caudalis-s2 cee soos 2.5 os ote e eee ee sabe eater GLORIOSUS. 

tt. Spots on body and fins brigbt blue; dorso-ocular profile little convex, without 
decided concavity above orbits; body comparatively elongate, the depth less than 
half-leogth: no blackicaudal spot = 22). . 5225252 42cm s seeeceee MarGAROTIS. 

**, Dorsal and anal fins much enlarged in the males (extending when declined back- 
ward as far as the middle of the caudal fin), but not in the female; scales on 
cheeks and opercles crowded together, forming oblique series; caudal fin very 
long, in the males as long as from the snout to the black opercular spot; in the 
females somewhat shorter; anal spines less rapidly graduated; body and fins 
with round pale spots, some or all of which are bright blue; lateral line complete, 

PINNIGER. 


23. CENTRARCHUS. 


Two species, at least, of the genus Centrarchus inhabit the waters of 
the Southern States, which seem to have been named by Lacépéde, re- 
spectively, Labrus macropterus and Labrus irideus. Labrus sparoides 
Lacépéde is also a Centrarchus, either identical with L. macropterus, or 
else it is a species not yet known. It is said to have ten dorsal and 
ten anal spines. Centrarchus sparoides C. & V. is apparently C. macro- 
pterus. 

Centrarchus macropterus is a more elongate species than the common 
Centrarchus irideus. Its mouth is larger, the eye is larger, the fins are 
much larger, and with longer and more numerous spines. The anal fin 
in particular is advanced forward, so that the long spine of the ventral 
fin laps over on the anal as in Copelandia. 








CENTRARCHIDZ. 31 


The most striking differences are shown in the following comparative 
table of characters :— 














C. macropterus, (Lac.) Jor., Teenie Sana he 
Ocmulgee River, Ga. River, N. C. “te 
Dorsalirays (usually)... 025.5... .c025- NO iss vase ee ml ee 
Analirays (usually) ......5.0. 20... 22. VETS SSIS cncctes VII, 14. 
Peo MNMOR AG 3-2-2 ce ee ool scom. Oigate tories aaa sae eee 3h. 
POEM ABVIOD SEN on oe. o oe sac inne sjn elena eee aa eet ee segs eles : 
Mattie neu geste == ols 'a's 21> elollcis 2) sicleis ce ABH 1 Oe ia.ce onesie mee 5-44-14, 
Woentralispine in head... . ...--51+.---- Le scccd Pisses sees 24. 
Wentral spine reaching -----...--..---- Ath anal spine .......| Not to vent. 
Longest dorsal spine in head .......--. Jd seh esassas ee eees 14. 
Longest soft dorsal ray in head......-. Wee so chic omc es, stceee 13. 
Longest soft anal ray in head.......--- Lactate seca ioe 14. 
MMI CDLO see se cutawia ois slsccne ots abe’ wciee' More than half bead .| Less than half head. 








The coloration in the two species appears to be essentially the same. 


GENERA OF CENTRARCHID. 


Prof. Gill now recognizes sixteen genera of Centrarchida, for which 
he suggests the following sequence, beginning with the most general- 
ized type, Micropterus. 


Subfamily MicRoprERINA, Gill. 
1. Micropterus, Lacépeéde. 


Subfamily LEP1IOPOMIN A, Gill. 


§ 1. 
2. Chaenobryttus, Gill. 4, Archoplites, Gill. 
3. Ambloplites, Raf. 5. Acantharchus, Gill. 
§ 2. 
6. Apomotis, Raf. 9. Xystroplites, Jordan. 
7. Lepiopomus, Raf. 10. Eupomotis, Gill & Jordan. 
8. Xenotis, Jordan. 
§ 3. 


11. Mesogonistius, Gill. 
§ 4. 


2. Enneacanthus, Gill. 14. Conelandia, Jordan. 


13. Hemioplites, Cope. 


32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IJT, 
Subfamily CENTRARCHINZA, Gill. 
15. Centrarchus, Cuv. & Val. 16. Pomoxys, Raf. 


The first section of the subfamily of Lepiopomine is distinguished by 
the development of an oval patch of teeth on each entopterygoid bone, 
as well as a continuation on each pterygoid bone of a band of teeth 
from the palatine bone, a character not hitherto noticed, to which Prof. 
Gill has called my attention. The setiform gill-rakers, reminding us of 
the Cichlid genus Chetobranchus, form an important distinctive charac 
ter of Centrarchine. ; 


ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA OF CENTRARCHID. 


T include here, for the sake of comparison, the aberrant genus Elas. 
soma, whose precise affinities are as yet undetermined :— 


A. Lateral line well developed; vomerine teeth present; branchiostegals, 6; fins 
largely developed, with normally more than five dorsal spines (true 
Centrarchida) : 

*, Dorsal fin much more developed than anal fin (the base of the former 14 to 3 times 
that of the latter), the soft parts of the two fins about equal, of 8 to 
14 rays, and ending at the same vertical behind: 

t. Body elongate, not greatly compressed; spines little developed, those of the 
anal fin, three in number, small and weak ; those of the dorsal ten, 
the eighth and uioth quite short, so that there is a deep notch be- 
tween the spinous and soft parts of the dorsal, almost breaking the 
continuity of the fin; caudal emargipate; operculum emarginate be- 
hind, ending in two flat points; mouth very large, the lower jaw 
longest ; palatine teeth well developed ; tongue and pterygoids tooth- 
less; gill-rakers long and stout, armed witb teeth; supplemental max- 
illary bone well developed (Micropterinw) .....------ MICROPTERUS, 1. 

tt. Body comparatively short and deep, compressed ; anal spines well developed ; 
dorsal with strong spines, which are continuous with the soft rays, 
or at least not deeply notched (Lepiopomina) : 

a. Tongue and pterygoid bones conspicuously armed with teeth: mouth large, 
lower jaw longest; maxillary bone broad and flat, with a strong sup- 
plemental ossicle behind it; palatine teeth well developed; gill-rak- 
ers long and strong, provided with coarse teeth; form stout and 
heavy: 

b. Operculum emarginate behind ; anal spines 5 to 7: 
ce. Caudal fin emarginate; scales ctenoid: 
d. Tongue with two patches of teeth; anal spines normally 7; dorsal 12; 
gill-rakers longer, and somewhat more numerous than in the next, 
ARCHOPLITES, 2. 
dd. Tongue with a single median patch of teeth; anal spines normally 
6.3.dorsal! 10’or Ui scttee Sick cig ere eee AMBLOPLITES, 3. 
ce. Caudal fin rounded behind; scales cycloid; anal spines normally 5, 
ACANTHARCHUS, 4, 
b>. Operculum ending behind in a convex “flap”, black in color; anal spines 
3;. dorsal 10; caudal emarginate..---....-.- eeateee CHZNOBRYTTUS, 5. 














CENTRARCHIDA. 33 


aa. Tongue and pterygoid bones toothless; mouth moderate or small: 

d. Operculum ending behind in an entire convex process or flap, which is al- 
ways more or less black; dorsal fin not notched; dorsal spines nor- 
mally 10; anal spines 3, the soft rays in each about 10 in number; 
caudal fin emarginate : 

é. Maxillary with a supplemental bone; gill-rakers long, stout, dentate; 
mouth rather large, the lower jaw protruding; palatine teeth pres- 


ent. spines.low > fap smalls. es 2206s Jo eek ae APOMOTIS, 6. 
ee. Maxillary without supplemental bone; mouth rather small, with subequal 
jaws: 


f. Lower pharyngeal bones comparatively narrow, with the teeth all 
conic and sharp, the outer short and small, the inner long and pointed : 
g. Gill-rakers of anterior branchial arch more or less elongate, ossified, 
beset with small teeth (gill-rakers long and slender, beset on one side 
with minute teeth, no palatine teeth, subgenus Helioperca ;—or com- 
paratively short and thick, with larger teeth, palatine teeth usually 
present, subgenus Lepiopomus) ...-...----.---------- LEPIOPOMUS, 7. 
gg. Gill-rakers undifferentiated, all short, thickish, weak, unossified, 
provided with but few weak teeth; no palatine teeth ; opercular flap 
always large, often greatly developed; coloration brilliant; spines 
i WOR atalino Seno eee oc eee ee Lee ee UL eerie acas = fade. 2 SR RINOTIS: SG: 
Jf. Lower pharyngeal bones with the teeth or most of them rounded or 
truncate above, i. ¢., teeth paved, palatine teeth littie developed, or 

more usually wanting: 

h. Lower pharyngeals narrow, formed as in Lepiopomus, the teeth 
rounded, not truncate above; gill-rakers rather long and slender; 
spines/rather high. --< .2s22<9s--24 Behe ee ge coec XYSTROPLITES, 9. 

hh. Lower pharyngeals broad, concave, with large truncate teeth close 
together ; gill-rakers short and thick, more or less strongly dentate ; 
SPINESMMGN Sy. csces sess .ceswelase oss ccice s saeveseices Evupomotis, 10. 

dd. Operculum emarginate behind, ending in two flat points, with a dermal 
border ; caudal fin rounded behind; gill-rakers in small number, long 

and strong, dentate ; species of small size and brilliant coloration: 
h. Dorsal fin angulated, the middle spines longer than some of the posterior 
ones; supplemental maxillary wanting (?or rudimentary); ana) 


BpPlBesie Gorse Opes esa cletae clas alte iaree este MESOGONISTIUS, 11. 

hh. Dorsal fin continuous; supplemental maxillary bone well developed: 
i. Dorsal spines 9; anal 3. .----...---..------.------ ENNEACANTHUS, J 
fe Dotsalspines 6s) analed cd. eetiecok aeaeae.- =) as en HEMIOPLITES, 13 
iii. Dorsal spines 10; anal 4; anal fin with an elongate basis, its ar 
terior rays being advanced. ..-...------.----+------ COPELANDIA, 14 


** Dorsal and anal fins about equal in extent, the soft portions of the latter longes+ 
and most posterior, the two fins being obliquely opposed ; lower jaw 
longest ; supplemental maxillary bone present; palatine teeth 
present; operculum emarginate behind; gill-rakers setiform, vers 
long, finely dentate, in large number (20 to 30 of the large ones ov 
anterior branchial arch); fins large, the soft rays of the dorsal ané 
anal each with 14 to 18 rays; caudal fin emarginate; scales not 
strongly ctenoid (Centrarchine) : 

j- Spinous dorsal longer than soft part, the spines about 12 in number, not rapidly 
graduated ; anal spines normally 8; body deep ; mouth moderate. 

CENTRARCHUS, 10 

jj. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, the spines 5 to 8 in number, rapidly grad 

uated ; anal spines normally 6; body compressed and rather elongate * 

mouth large....--...----- ---- Be pocisiaiaieleineh nese Setaisieria Pomoxys, Lé 


Bull. N. M. No. 10—3 


34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IL 


AA. No lateral line; no vomerine teeth apparent; fins little developed, the dorsal 
with 5 spines, the anal with 3; branchiostegals apparently 5; scales 
cycloid ; upper jaw unusually protractile; jaws with strong teeth ; 
size small (Hlassomine) : 

k. Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; jaws with apparently one row 
of stout conical teeth; branchiostegal membranes broadly connected 
across the pectoral region; body rather elongate, compressed; caudal 
fin rounded ; cheeks and opercles scaly..-..----.--.--- Evassoma, 17. 


CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF CENTRARCHID. 


I give below a catalogue of the species of Centrarchide, which appear 
to be valid, with their geographical distribution. Those of which I have 
not been able to examine specimens are indicated by astar(*). Several 
species, as Lepomis ophthalmicus Cope, Bryttus humilis Grd., are known 
only from specimens too immature for me at least to come to any Cer- 
tain conclusion as to their true relations. 

The type-species of each genus is placed first; d. s. indicates doubt- 
ful species; d. g., doubt as to whether placed in the proper genus. 


MICROPTERUS, Lacépéde. 


1. Micropterus salmoides, (Lac.) Gill—New England and Great Lake 
Region to Alabama. 
2. Micropterus pallidus, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan.—Great Lake Region and 


Red River of the North to Virginia, Florida, and Mexico. 


CHANOBRYTTUS, Gill. 
3. Cheenobryttus gulosus, (C. & V.) Gill—Upper Great Lakes, Mis- 
sissippi Valley, and Southwest. 
4, Chenobryttus viridis, (C. & V.) Jordan.—Virginia to Florida, east 
of the Alleghanies. 


AMBLOPLITES, Fafinesque. 


5. Ambloplites rupestris, (Raf.) Gill——-Lake Champlain to the Sas- 
katchawan and south to Florida and Texas. (Includes two or 
three geographical varieties or nascent species.) 

6. Ambloplites cavifrons, Cope.—Virginia to North Carolina. 


ARCHOPLITES, Gill. 
7. Archoplites interruptus, (Grd.) Gill.—Streams of the Pacific Slope. 


- ACANTHARCHUS, Gill. 


8. Acantharchus pomotis, (Baird) Gill—New York to South Carolina, 
coastwise. 











CENTRARCHIDZ. 35 
APOMOTIS, Rafinesque. 


. Apomotis cyanellus, Raf—Entire Mississippi Valley and streams of 
Texas. 

- Apomotis *albulus, (Grd.) Jor., d. g.—Texas, &e. 

. Apomotis signifer, (Grd.) Jor., d. s—Texas, &e. 

. Apomotis phenax, Cope & Jordan.—New Jersey. 


LEPIOPOMUS, Rafinesque. 


. Lepiopomus auritus, (L.) Raf—Maine to Florida—exclusively east 
of the mountains. 

. Lepiopomus apiatus, Cope.—Florida. 

. Lepiopomus miniatus, Jordan.—Louisiana. 

. Lepiopomus elongatus, (Holbr.) Gill & Jor.—Florida. 

. Lepiopomus *bombifrons, (Ag.) Jor., d. g—Tennessee River. 

. Lepiopomus obscurus, (Ag.) Jor.—Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee. 

. Lepiopomus ischyrus, Jor. & Nelson.—Illinois. 

. Lepiopomus pallidus, (Mit.) Gill & Jor.—New Jersey to Great Lake 
Region, Mississippi Valley south to Florida and Texas. 

. Lepiopomus *mystacalis, Cope.—Florida. 

. Lepiopomus humilis, (Grd.) Cope.—Texas. 

Lepiopomus macrochirus, Raf.—Ohio Valley to Illinois. 

. Lepiopomus anagallinus, Cope.—Kentucky to Kansas. 

. Lepiopomus oculatus, Cope.—Upper Mississippi Valley. 


: XYSTROPLITES, Jordan. 


. Xystroplites gillii, Jordan.—Florida. 
. Xystroplites heros, (B. & G.) Jord.—Texas. 
. Xystroplites notatus, (Ag.) Jord.—Tennessee River. 


Evpomotis, Gill & Jordan. 


. Eupomotis aureus, (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan.—Upper Mississippi 
Valley, Great Lake Region to New England, and south to Flor- 
ida east of the Alleghanies. Not found in the Mississi ppi Valley 
south of Iowa. 

. Eupomotis speciosus, (Holbr.) Gill.—Florida. 

. Eupomotis pallidus, (Ag.) Gill & J ordan.—Lower Mississippi Val- 
ley, Illinois, and south. 


836 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 
XENOTIS, Jordan. 


. Xenotis fallax, (B. & G.) Jordan.—Texas. 
. Xenotis breviceps, (B. & G.) Jordan.—Louisiana to Texas. 
34. Xenotis popii, (Grd.) Jord., d. s.—Texas. 


oo 


© 
G2 bo 


35. Xenotis megalotis, (Raf.) J ord.—Ohio Valley and Upper Mississippi 
Valley. 

36. Xenotis sanguinolentus, (Ag.) Jord.—South Carolina to Tennessee 
and Louisiana. 

37. Xenotis lythrochloris, Jordan.—Ohio Valley. 

38. Xenotis solis, (Val.) Gill & Jor.—Louisiana. 

39. Xenotis aureolus, Jordan.—Ohio Valley. 

40. Xenotis aquilensis, (B. & G.) Jor., d. g.—Texas. 

41. Xenotis *marginatus, (Holbr.) Jor., d. g—Florida. 

42, Xenotis peltastes, (Cope) Jor.—-Michigan to Illinois. 

43. Xenotis inseriptus, (Ag.) Jor.—Ohio to Missouri and south. 

44, Xenotis ophthalmicus, (Cope) Jor., d. s., d. g— Roanoke River. 


MESOGONISTIUS, Gill. 
45. Mesogonistius cheetodon, (Baird) Gill—New Jersey to Maryland. 
ENNEACANTHUS, Gill. 


46. Enneacanthus obesus, (Grd.) Gill—Massachusetts to North Caro- 
lina. . 

47. Enneacanthus margarotis, Gill & Jordan.—New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia. 

48. Enneacanthus pinniger, Gill & Jor.—North Carolina. 

49. Enneacanthus *gloriosus, (Holbr.) Jordan.—Florida. 

50. Enneacanthus *milnerianus, Cope.—Florida. 


HEMIOPLITES, Cope. 
51. Hemioplites simulans, Cope.—Virginia. 
COPELANDIA, Jordan. 
52, Gopelindia eriarcha, Jordan.— Wisconsin. 
. CENTRARCHUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes. 


53. Centrarchus irideus, (Lacépéde) C. & V.—North Carolina to Ill- 
nois and south, in lowland streams. : 
54. Centrarchus macropterus, (Lac.) Jor.—South Carolina to Alabama. 














CENTRARCHIDA. 


a7 


PoMoxys, Rafinesque. 


§ Pomoxys. 


55. Pomoxys annularis, Raf—UEntire Mississippi Valley south of Wis- 


consin and Ohio. 


§ Hyperistius. 


56. Pomoxys nigromaculatus, (Le S.) Girard.—Mississippi Valley, Great 
Lake Region, and streams of the Atlantic States from New Jer- 


sey to Florida. 


LIST OF NOMINAL SPECIES OF CENTRARCHIDZ, WITH IDENTIFICATIONS. 


I give a list, in chronological order, of the species of Centrarchide 
_ hitherto described, so far as known to me, with my identification of 


® them. 
designated by a dagger (f). 








Nominal species. Date 

Mabrus auritus, Linné..-...:.....--..---- 1758 
Sparus aureus, Walbaum........-..----- 1792 
Labrus macropterus, Lacépéde ...-.-..--- 1802 
Babrug sparoides, ac. ........2.2--.6-6- 1802 
Labrus salmoides, Lac .....-.-..-. -------- 1802 
Bears iideus, Wac 2222-~.---<.--------- 1802 
Micropterus dolomieu, Lac...--..--.---- 1802 
Morone maculata, Mit-.-----..---------- 1814 
Sparus mocasinus, Raf......---..--.---- 1814 
Labrus palladus, Mit......-....--------- 1814 
Madianus achigan, Raf .......-.-------- 1817 

) Bodianus rupestris, Raf.......-.---.---- 1817 
Sparus erythrops, Raf.......----.-.----- 1818 
SLabrus appendix, Mit-..........---.----- 1818 
Pomoxis anunularis, Raf.........--------- 1818 
Calliurus punctulatus, Raf....-.--.------ 1819 
: Lepomis cyanellus, Raf..----..-.--.- ----} 1819 
Lepomis macrochirus, Raf-..-.----.------| 1819 
Icthelis melanops, Raf..---..----------- 1820 
Icthelis erythrops, Raf-....--.---------- 1820 

. Icthelis aurita, Raf. (not of 1819) .-...--- 1820 
Tethelis megalotis, Raf....-..----------- 1820 
Lepomis pallida, Raf.....--------------- 1820 
Lepomis trifasciata, Raf....--..--------- 1820 
Lepomis flexuolaris, Raf...--.---.------- 1820 
1820 


Lepomis salmonea, Raf.....--.----+----- 


Those species of which I have examined the original type are 


Identification. 


Lepiopomus auritus. 
Eupomotis aureus. 
Centrarchus macropterus. 
Centrarchus macropterus (?). 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Centrarchus irideus. 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Eupomotis aureus. 
Eupomotis aureus. 
Lepiopomus pallidus. 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Ambloplites rupestris. 
(Erroneous. ) | 
Lepiopomus pallidus. 
Pomoxys annularis. 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Apomotis cyanellus. 
Lepiopomus macrochirus. 
Apomotis cyanellus. i 
Ambloplites rupestris. 
Xenotis lythrochloris. 
Xenotis megalotis. 
Micropterus pallidus. 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Micropterus salmoides. 


38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Identification. 





Micropterus salmoides. 
Ambloplites rupestris. 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Ambloplites rupestris. 
Micropterus salmoides. 
Micropterus.salmoides. 
Micropterus pallidus. 


.Micropterus salmoides. 


Micropterus pallidus. 
Ambloplites rupestris. 
Pomoxys nigromacutatus. 
Cheenobryttus gulosus. 
Pomoxys nigromaculatus. 


Chenobryttus viridis. 


Cheenobryttus viridis. 


Lepiopomus pallidus. 
Lepiopomus pallidus. 


Micropterus salmoides. 
Xenotis (?) aquilensis. 
Micropterus pallidus. 
Xenotis sanguinolentus. 
Xystroplites (?) notatus. 
Lepiopomus obscurus. 


Lepiopomus (?) bombifrons. 


Lepiopomus pallidus (var.?). 


Nominal species. Date. 
epomis notata Rate. cece cee n=cme sie 1820 
Lepomis ictheloides, Raf -.......--..---- 1820 
Etheostoma calliura, Raf..---.-.--..----. 1820 
Cichla zenea, We Sueur =. 22. 0-2 eS eene || eee 
Cichla fasciata, ers soe Jess, sbecrsece sacl 1822 
Cichla ohioensis, Le S...--..--- ee PS 1822 
Cichlatloridana, WaeiS eee acer eminence 1822 
Cichlavminima; Le) Sica esc <= == 1822 
Huro nigricans, C. & V....-.------+----: 1828 
Centrarchus pentacanthus, C. & V....---.| 1829 
Cantharus nigromaculatus, Le Sueur. -.-. 1829 
Pomotis vulgaris, C. & V....-..----.----| 1529 | Eupomotis aureus. 
Pomotis gulosus, C. & V..--...---------- 1829 
Centrarchus hexacanthus, C. & V ...--.-- 1831 
Centrarchus ‘viridis, \C.1&) Wino. <5. 225 -<<- 1831 
Bryttus punctatus, C.& V...-.----------} 1831 | Apomotis cyanellus. 
Bryttus reticulatus, C. & V..---.-------- 183 
Bryttus unicolor (Cok V---s.-e-- 4-25) 183 (2) 
Pomotis ravenelii, C. & V.-..------------ 1831 | Eupomotis aureus. 
Pomotis holbrookii, C. & V -.-..---------- 1831 | Eupomotis aureus. 
Pomotisineisor, Cray casesc sateese siecle 1831 
Pomotis gibbosus, C. & V..---.---------- 1831 
Pomotis solis;(@. So) View seer ace awise see sie. 1831 | Xenotis solis. 
Pomotis catesbei, C. & V ....---.-------| 1831 | Eupomotis aureus. 
Cichlastoreria, Kirt. Js. 5322 22-2222 -s8ee 1838 | Pomoxys annularis. 
Pomotis nitida; Kartel. 2-iss2 senses. 252. 1841 | Xenotis megalotis. 
Centrarchus obscurus, De Kay..-..----- -| 1842 
Pomotis rubricauda, Storer. .----.------- 1842 | Lepiopomus auritus. 
Pomotis aquilensis, B. & G.{ --..--------| 1653 
Pomotis breviceps, B. & G.{....---.------ 1853 | Xenotis breviceps. 
Pomotis longulus, B. & G.{.-.--..------- 1853 | Apomotis cyanellus. 
Grystes nobilis, Ag’.----. .----.---- ace 1854 
Pomotis sanguinolentus, Ag ..---.-.----- 1854 
Pomotis inscriptus, Ag ..-.-..----..----- 1854 | Xenotis inscriptus. 
Pomotis notatusvAee ea as ccc oeie =e 1854 
Pomotis obscurus, Ag...... .----.-.------ 1854 
Pomotis bombifrons, Ag.....---..-.----. 1854 
Pomotis pallidus, Ag ....--...-----.----- 1854 | Eupomotis pallidus. 
Pomotis speciosus, B. & G.t.--.---------- 1854 
Pomotisifallaxs BicaGullsese-oeeseeetesee 1854 | Xenotis fallax. 
Pomotis convexifrons, B. & G.t..-.-----.- 1854 | Xenotis fallax. 
Pomotis nefastuss By idciGaseiseecee- sacar 1854 


Pomotis heros; BaiGotscseekss ceie> eneee 1854 


Xenotis (?) aquilensis. 
Xystroplites heros. 











CENTRARCHIDZ. 39 


jij 


Identification. 































Nominal species. Date. 

Grystes nuecensis, B. & Gt ...--.-...-... | 1854 

_ Centrarchus interruptus, Grd. t .....-.-. 1854 
Centrarchus maculosus, Ayres .......---. 1854 
omoiis obesus; Grit. sos5 soos. 22. cis 2 =| 1854 
Pomotis elongatus, Holbr................ 1855 


Seeaqmotis speciosus, Holbr..--............ 1855 





Pomotis marginatus, Holbr ...........--. 1855 
Bryttus fasciatus, Holbr........---...... 1855 
e Bryttus gloriosus, Holbr.........-- Gao 1855 
Cailiurus floridensis, ElolbEsde ste aaereees 1855 
: Pomotis chetodon, Baird t............... 1855 
 Centrarchus pomotis, Baird..........-... 1855 
Grystes megastoma, Garlick ...-. -...... 1857 
Pomoxis nitidus:Grd.}..--2. .2.-5...ss-: 1857 
Calliurus melanops, Grd. t-..---.-.-.---- 1857 
© Calliurus. diaphanus, Grd....-...---...... 1857 
Calhiurusiformosus, Grd. t..--.> ..s:-..--- 1857 
meCalliuarus microps, Grd. t...--..-...-.---- 1857 
@ Calliurus murinus, Grd. t .-...---..-.---. 1857 
ie Bryttusalbulus, Grd....-.....-.--....... 1857 
_ Bryttus signifer, Grd. t .......----- ater 1857 
Seisryttus humilis, Grd.t .2.-..-----.--.--. 1857 
! : OMOviS iM aT Gd .s5 sc s-aisecsccs oe ces er- 1857 
BeOMObis popel, Grd. .--<. 2-.-:---5 -2cse- 1858 
Pomotis guttatus, Morris ...-.....--..--. 1859 
_ Pomotis microlophus, Gthr.......---..--- 1859 
_ Hyperistius carolinensis, Gill ...-....-....| 1864 
2 Pomoxys brevicauda, Gill t ..---.-.-.---. 1865 
it Pomoxys intermedius, Gill.----..----.-.- 1865 
» Pomoxys protacanthus, Gill........--..-. 1865 
. Bryitus oculatus, Copet...---...-------- 1865 
‘Lepomis longispinis, Copet....--.-------- 1865 
| Bryttus mineopas, Copet .----..----.---- 1865 
Ambloplites cavifrons, Copet .-.--..----. 1869 
Hemioplites simulans, Copet ----..----- 1869 
Lepomis anagallinus, Copet .-----.------ 1869 
Lepomis ardesiacus, Cope t -..----------- 1869 
Lepomis ophthalmicus, Cope t ------ ----- 1869 
Bisepomis gillii, Cope ..------------------ 1869 
Lepomis charybdis, Cope ..-----.-.------] 1859 
_ Lepomis nephelus, Cope t..---. .----- ---- 1869 
_ Lepomis purpurascens, Cope t .---------- 1870 
_ Lepomis peltastes, Cope*...--.---------- 187 





Micropterus pallidus. 
Archoplites interruptus. 
Archoplites interruptus. 
Enneacanthus obesus. 
Lepiopomus elongatus. 
Eupomotis speciosus. 
Xenotis marginatus. 
Enneacanthus obesus. 
Enneacanthus gloriosus. 
Cheenobryttus viridis. 
Mesogonistius chetodon. 
Acantharchus pomotis. 
Micropterus pallidus. 
Pomoxys annularis. 
Cheenobryttus gulosus. 
Apomotis cyanellus. 
Apomotis cyanellus. 
Apomotis cyanellus. 
Apomotis cyanellus. 
Apomotis (?) albulus. 
Apomotis signifer. 
Lepiopomus humilis. 
Lepiopomus pallidus. 
Xenotis popii. 
Enneacanthus obesus. 
Eupomotis speciosus. 
Pomoxys nigromaculatus. 
Pomoxys annularis. 
Pomoxys annularis. 
Pomoxys annularis. 
Lepiopomus oculatus. 
Lepiopomus pallidus (var. ?). 
Apomotis cyanellus. 
Ambloplites cavifrons. . 
Ilemioplites simulans. 
Lepiopomus anagallinus. 
Lepiopomus pallidus (juv. ,. 
Xenotis sp. ? (juv.). 
Cheenobryttus viridis. 
Cheenobryttus gulosus. 
Lepiopomus macrochirus. 
Lepiopomus pallidus (var. ?). 
Xenotis peltastes. 


40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 





Nominal species. Date. Identification. 
Dioplites treculii, Le Vaillant & Bocourt-} 1874 | Micropterus pallidus (?). 
Dioplites variabilis, (Le 8.) Le V. & Boc...| 1874 | Micropterus pallidus (?). 





Copelandia erjarcha, Jor. t ...----.-..-.. 1876 | Copelandia eriarcha. 
Xenotis lythrochloris, Forte Gs 1877 | Xenotis lythrochloris. 
Xenotis aurcolus\ Jor ticoce. poceoeeew eee 1877 | Xenotis aureolus. 
Xystroplites gqiullit Jor tes oa sicie cs ayes eee 1877 | Xystroplites gillii. 
Lepiopomus ischyrus, Jor. & Nels. t .----. 1577 | Lepiopomus ischyrus. 
Apomotis phenax, Cope. & Jor. t .-..-----| 1877 | Apomotis phenax. ~ 
Lepiopomus miniatus, Jor.t --.-..-.------ 1877 | Lepiopomus miniatus. 
Enneacanthus pinniger, Gill & Jor. t..---. 1877 | Enneacanthus pinniger. 
Enneacanthus margarotis, Gill & Jor....| 1877 | Enneacanthus margarotis. 
Enneacanthus milnerianus, Cope, MSS..-.}| 1877 | Enneacanthus milnerianus. 
Lepomis apiatus, Cope, MSS..----...----- 1877 | Lepiopomus apiatus. 
Lepomis mystacalis, Cope, MSS...--. .---| 1877 | Lepiopomus mystacalis. 
Xystroplites longimanus, Cope, MSS...--. 1877 | Eupomotis speciosus (?). 


24. XENOTIS LYTHROCHLORIS. 


, 


Icthelis aurita, Rav., Ichthyologia ohiensis, 1820 (not Labrus auritus Linn.; not Le- 
pomis auritus Raf., 1819). 
Lepomis auritus, Core, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868 (not Lepomis auritusGill), 
Ichthelis sanquinolentus, JORDAN, Man. Vert. 1876 (in part, confounded with X. megalotis _ 
and X. sanguinolentus. ) 
Xenotis tythrochloris, JORDAN (1877), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, —. 


This elegant species is fairly described by Rafinesque, and quite ac- 
curately by Prof. Cope, but no other writers seem to have distinguished 
it. It does not seem best to retain the name auritus. Rafinesque ap- 
parently took this species for the Linnean auritus, and, if so, this is 
simply a case of mistaken identification, and the name thus given in 
error should not be retained. If we suppose that Rafinesque intended 
to describe his aurita as a new species, we have the anomalous case of 
an author describing a new species under the specific name borne by an 
oid species which he himself elsewhere precisely indicates as the type 
of his genus. In this view, which would be absurd in regard to any 
author other than Rafinesque, we should have two species, strongly 
resembling each other, in closely related genera, both bearing the same 
specific name, Lepiopomus auritus and Xenotis auritus. This undesira- 
ble arrangement we can avoid by supposing, what is probably the fact, 
that Rafinesque wrongly identified his Zcthelis aurita with Labrus auri- 
tus of Linnzeus. Rafinesque’s aurita being thus without a specific name, — 




















CENTRARCHIDA. 41 


I supply that of lytirochloris, in allusion to the blood-red and pale-green 
coloration. 

AXenotis lythrochloris needs comparison chiefly with X. megalotis. The 
body is elongate proportionally, somewhat as in the species of Apomotis, 
but the profile is quite steep. The back along the base of the dorsal 
fin is unusually straight, not strongly bowed as in megalotis. The 
colors are different in life; there is more red on the cheeks and fins in 
X. lythrochloris, but the ground-color of the back is a decided olive- 
green with blue spots. The belly, as in megalotis, is orange. The mem- 
brane of the soft parts of the vertical fins in X. lythrochloris is bright 
orange-red. The spines are extremely short, the longest about equal to 
length of snout. The most available distinctive point is in the oper- 
cular flap, which is extremely long, longer than in megalotis or sanguino- 
lentus, and entirely black, without any trace of pale edging whatever, ex- 
cept at base. In megalotis, the flap is conspicuously edged with paler. 

X. megalotis abounds most in ponds and still deep places in the 
rivers. X. lythrochloris runs up the small brooks into places where it 
and Apomotis cyanellus are the only Centrarchine inhabitants, whence it 
often comes to adorn the urchin’s string in company with Semotilus 
corporalis, Catostomus teres, Campostoma anomala, and other ‘boys’ fish”. 


25. XENOTIS AUREOULUS, - Jordan. 


? Pomotis macrochira, KIRTLAND (1839), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii, 469.—Srormr (1846), 
Synopsis, 298 (not Icthelis macrochira Raf.—=Lepomis nephelus Cope). 
Ichthelis macrochira, JoRDAN (1876), Bull. Buff. Nat. Hist. Soc. 92; Manual Vert. 
236 (not of Raf.). 
Xenotis aureolus, JORDAN (1877), Bull. ix, U. S. Nat. Mus. —. 

Body oblong, rather heavy forward ; the forehead usually quite con- 
vex, but sometimes the profile straightish or almost concave; depth 
about 24 in lengtn ; head 22; eye about as large as flap in adult, 4 in 
head; mouth moderate; scales on cheeks rather large, in 5 or 6 rows. 

Fin-rays as in related species ; dorsal spines short, rather longer than 
in X. lythrochloris, but scarcely longer than snout ; pectorals moderate ; 
ventrals elongate. 

Colors very clear and translucent, the young almost transparent, the 
adult lustrous, clear pale green above; sides with much spotting of 
golden orange or brassy, the spots numerous but not well defined, 
shading into the green; the orange predominating below; the belly 
clear orange ; some blue spotting on sides, a purplish-red lustre on the 
sides in life, peculiar to this species. This disappears at death. 


42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Soft parts of vertical fins, particularly the anal, with the membrane, 
clear orange; ventral fins bluish; cheeks with three bread bronze- 
orange bands, between which are bands of bluish-green; two bronze 
bands in front of eye; space beneath eye largely blue-green and iri- 
descent. 

Opercular flap not long, narrow, varying to rather wide, with a con- 
spicuous purple margin ; iris red; pupil black. 

Size small. I have seen none over four inches in length. 

Habitat—Ohio Valley ; rather common in bayous and still places in 
small creeks. It occurs in company with Xenotis lythrochloris, and, like 
that species, is commonly among the treasures of the small boy as he 
comes back from the swimming-hole. 

This species much resembles the young of X. megalotis, the only spe- 
cies with which it need be compared. X. megalotis is more positively 
and brilliantly colored ; there is more blue ; the spines are lower, and the 
scales on the cheeks smaller. XY. aureolus is chiefly of a golden orange, 
and in life has a translucency of hue unlike the colors of any other 
species. In spirits, it becomes of a pale yellowish or white. It is prob- 
able that Kirtland’s description of Pomotis macrochira was drawn up 
from a specimen of this species. It is certain, however, that Kirtland 
confounded two or three species under the name of macrochira, among 
them probably Lepiopomus pallidus. This cannot well be the species 
called macrochira by Rafinesque. I have therefore proposed the new 
name of awreolus, in allusion to its gilded coloration. 


26. XENOTIS INSCRIPTUS, (Agassiz) Jor. 


Pomotis inscriptus, AGASsIz (1854), Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 302. 
Lepomis inscriptus, COPE (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. —. 
Ichthelis inscriptus, JORDAN (1876), Manual Vert. 237. 

Xenotis inscriptus, JORDAN (1876), Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. —. 


Body oblong, little elevated, the depth 24 in length; profile and dor- 
sal outline forming a nearly uniform curve from snout to caudal pedun- 
cle; eye large, larger than in megalotis ; mouth moderate; cheek-scales 
large. 

Pectoral fins short, not reaching anal; dorsal spines low, but high for 
this genus, more developed than in any of the other species, the long- 
est about as long as from snout to middle of pupil; ventral fins not 
reaching anal. 

A small compact handsome species of a dark color, not at all trans- 
lucent; color dark olive-green, with blue shades; cheeks with blue 























CENTRARCHIDZ. 43 


lines; opercular flap pretty long, rather narrow, its lower margin being 
shorter than the upper, directed more obliquely upward than in the 
other species, bordered above and below with pinkish, many of the 
scales of the back and sides marked with a short horizontal black line 
like a pencil-mark, these usually forming interrupted lines along the 
rows of scales. These markings are often obsolete. Fins dark olive, 
only the anal usually with red; no black dorsal spot. 

Length of specimens examined about 4 to 5 inches. 

Habitat.—Tennessee River (Agassiz, Cope); Etowah River (Jordan); 
White River, Indiana (Jordan); Mississippi River at Cairo (Jordan). 

This species may be known to be a Xenotis by the ear-flap and the 
weak gill-rakers. From the other Ohio species, its longer spines, dark 
green coloration, and the peculiar upward direction of the opercular 
flap distinguish it. The black streaks which suggested the name in- 
scriptus usually disappear with death. 


27. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDUS, (Mitchill) Gill & Jordan. 


Labrus pallidus, M1rcHiLu, 1814, = Labrus appendix, M1rcHILL, 1818, = Pomotis incisor, 
Cuv. & VAL., 1831. 

We have here restored the oldest and therefore correct specilic name 
to this species. The genus Helioperca, recently proposed by me for 
this species and its immediate relatives, does not seem sufficiently dis- 
tinct from Lepiopomus. I therefore abandon it, for the present, at least. 


28. MICROPTERUS PALLIDUS, (Rafinesque) Gill & Jordan. 


Lepomis pallida, RA¥FINESQUE, 1820, = Cichla floridana, Le SUEUR, 1822, = Huro nigri- 
cans, C. & V., 1828. : 


Rafinesque’s description of his Lepomis pallida seems to have been 
drawn from this species. His specific name should therefore be adopted. 
This change is especially desirable, as it does away with the objection- 
able local name floridanus for this widely distribated species. 


PERCIDA. 


29. STIZOSTETHIUM, Ra/jinesque. 


The American species of this genus have been involved in consider- 
able confusion, and no one seems to know positively whether we have 


44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


two, three, four, or five species, or how those species may be dis- 
tinguished from each other, or, finally, what names any of them should 
bear. Having lately been enabled to examine a large number of speci- 
mens in a fresh state, through the kindness of John C. Klippart, the 
efficient fish commissioner of the State of Ohio, I have come to certain 
provisional conclusions, which I have thought it advisable to insert here. 

Among the species of Stizostethium, there are two well-marked groups, 
known to our lake fishermen respectively as the ‘‘Saugers” and the 
‘‘ Pikes”. These differ somewhat in external peculiarities of form and 
coloration, and strongly in the arrangement of the pyloric ceca. 

In the “ Pike” group, there are three pyloric cceca, long and large, 


subequal, and all longer than the stomach. In the ‘Saugers”, the 


pyloric ceca are much shorter and smaller. There are four larger than 
the rest, not quite equal, and all shorter than the stomach. Besides the 
four larger ones, there are one, two, or three small ones. The total 
number is usually six, but sometimes the small ones are obsolete. 

In the extreme generic subdivision which at present obtains, any such 
decided anatomical peculiarity may be held to indicate generic dis- 
tinction. I therefore propose to consider the “‘Saugers” as at least 
subgenerically distinct from the “ Pikes ”. 

The name Stizostedion was proposed by Rafinesque for his Perca sal- 
monea, the ‘* White Salmon of the Ohio”. Rafinesque’s description is 
not altogether satisfactory ; but, as a certain fish of this genus is still 
known as the “‘ White Salmon,” at the Falls of the Ohio, it is possible 
to make an undoubted identification. The Perca salmonea is a “ Pike”, 
and therefore the name Stizostedion (or rather Stizostethium, for the name 
is stated to mean “ pungent throat”) should be retained for the Pikes. 


Sinee the preceding paragraphs were in type, Prof. Gill and the 
writer have been enabled to compare the American species of Stizo- 
stethium with the two inhabiting the waters of Europe, viz, Stizoste- 
thium lucioperca (L.) G. & J. (Lucioperca sandra C. & V.) and Stizostethium 
volgense (Pallas) G. & J. The genus divides at once into four strongly 
marked sections or subgenera, of which two—that typified by S. cana- 
dense and that by S. volgense—bear little resemblance to each other, 
and could be readily considered as generically distinct were not the 
other two sections intermediate. (1) The section typified by S. volgense 
in several respects approaches the genus Perca: it may be termed 
Mimoperca(G.&J.). (2) The Sauger group, from the development of the 
canine teeth, may be appropriately designated as Cynoperca (G. & J.). 


Fae a 





oe ee Se -  e 











PERCIDZ. 45 


(3) The American Pike-perch group was called Stizostethium by Rafin- 
esque, and (4) the Sandres of Europe were called nearly simultaneously 
Lucioperca by Cuvier and Sandrus by Stark. The Lucioperca marina 
Cuv. & Val. (Perca labrax Pallas), if correctly described, has apparently 
no affinity with the genus. 

The following analysis of the characters of these groups has been 
compiled by Prof. Gill and myself after a rigorous comparison of the 
several forms. It may be stated that we have been unable to ascertain 
certainly the character of the pyloric ceca in Mimoperca and Lucioperca, 
the two specimens of each species in the National Museum being deprived 
of their intestines :— 


*. Dorsal fins well separated, the interspace between them more than the diameter of 
the eye; the distance from the base of the last spine of the first dorsal and the 
first of the second equal to the space occupied by the last 4 to 6 spines of tho 
first dorsal; anal fin II, 12, longer than high; second dorsal I, 17, to I, 21; 
spines of the second dorsal and anal closely attached to the soft rays; last dorsal 
spine scarcely erectile, more or less firmly bound down by the membrane; canine 
teeth strong (American species) : 

t. Soft dorsal comparatively short (its base one-fourth shorter than that of spinous 
dorsal) and with about 17 short rays; cheeks, opercles, and top of head more or 
less closely scaled; body depressed, subterete ; size small; pyloric cceca form- 
ing two groups, the primary one of four, unequal, moderate, much shorter than 
the stomach ; the secondary of few (1-3) rudimentary ones, which are sometimes 
AUTOP Me) sac eee tccinios aicicis se = win ciceln cole ele eeialeit ems «lelelo = 0l-lae mince CYNOPERCA. 

tt. Soft dorsal rather long (one-sixth shorter than spinous dorsal), with about 20 soft 
rays; cheeks and upper surface of head nearly naked; body more compressed ; 
size large; pyloric cca three, subequal, all long (about as long as stomach), 

STIZOSTETHIUM. 

** Dorsal fins approximated, connected by low membrane, the interspace much less 
than the diameter of the eye; the distance between the last spine of the first 
and the first spine of the second only equalling the base covered by the last four 
or fewer rays of the spinous dorsal; spines of second dorsal and anal connected 
with succeeding rays by loose membrane; last dorsal spine erectile ; second 
dorsal usually I, 22 or 23; anal fin at least as high as long; body compressed ; 
size large (European species, the body more or less distinctly transversely 
barred and the first dorsal with series of roundish black spots): 

t. Soft dorsal considerably (one-fifth) shorter than spinous dorsal ; anal fin IT, 12, as 
long as high ; canine teeth strong; “ pyloric ceca 4 to Gace aie LUCIOPERCA. 
tt. Soft dorsal somewhat longer than spinous dorsal ; anal fin short and high; its 
length two-thirds its height; its rays II, 10; canine teeth weak, not much dif- 
ferentiated ; body strongly compressed as in the genus Perca; “pyloric ceca 
three ” (Giinther).-..-.- + --2+ -- 222 ence ee cree en cere re cences cores MIMOPERCA. 


Of American species I know certainly three, the Wall-eyed Pike or 
Yellow Pike (Stizostethium vitreum), the Blue Pike or White Salmon 
(Stizostethium salmoneum), and the Sauger or Gray Pike (Stizostethium 
griseum or canadense). The ‘‘Sauger” of the Saint Lawrence, S. cana- 

dense, may be distinct from 8S. griseum, but at present I think it is not; 


46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


and, finally, the “ Blue Pike” is possibly, but improbably, distinct from 
the “ White Salmon”. 

Without further discussion, I will give the synonymy and characters 
of the species now recognized. 


30. STIZOSTETHIUM VITREUM (Mitchill) Jordan & Copeland. 


Wall-eyed Pike—Glass Eye—“Dory"’— “Salmon ''—Pike-perch—Doré—Okow— 
Horn Fish—Green Pike—Yellow Pike (? female). 


Perca vitrea, MITCHILL (1818), Supplement Am. Monthly Mag. ii, 247 (Cayuga Lake). 

Stizostedium vitream, JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List N. Am. Fresh Water 
Fishes, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 136. 

Stizostethium vitreum, JORDAN (1877), Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist.—JORDAN (1877), in 
Klippart’s Rept. Fish Commr. Ohio. 

Lucioperca americana, Cuv. & VAL. (1829), ii, 122.—RicHarpson (1836), Fauna Bor.- 
Am. iii, 10.—KirRTLAND (1838), Zool. Ohio, 192; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv 
237.—THOMPSON (1842), History Vt. 130.—Der Kay (1842), Zool. N. Y. Fishes, 
17.—STORER (1846), Synopsis, 276.—AGassiz (1850), Lake Superior, 294.— 
JARDINE (1852), Nat. Libr. Perches, 107.—GUNTHER (1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 74— 
JORDAN (1874), Ind. Geol. Survey, 212; and of writers generally. 

Stizostedium americanum, Corr (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 82, 85.—CopPE 
(1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 448.—MILNER (1872-3), Rept. U.S. Fish Comm. 
425.—JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 225.—UnLER & LuUGGER (1876), Fishes of 
Maryland, 110.—NELSON (1876), Bull. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36. 


Body elongate, rather slender and subcylindric, becoming deep with 
age; the depth in young of 14 inches, 44 to 5 in length; head long, 33 
in length. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond the pupil to 
posterior margin of orbit; its length 23 to 3 in head. Mandible a little 
more than half length of head; eyes large, less than in salmoneum, 
shorter than snout and than preopercle, 43 to5in head. Jaws equal, or 
the lower slightly projecting, its sides somewhat included. Cheeks 
scaly, varying to nearly smooth, usually a few scales at least behind 
the eye. Opercle with a strong flat spine, which is sometimes bifid or 
trifid; no smaller ones below it. Dorsal spines high, more than half 
the length of head, as long as from snout past eye and 4 to } past 
opercle. 

General color a heavy olive, varying considerably, finely mottled with 
brassy, the latter color forming indistinct lines, which run obliquely 
upward and backward along the rows of scales. Sides of head more 
or less vermiculated; lower jaw flesh-colored; belly and lower fins 
pinkish. 

Spinous dorsai fin without black spots except a large jet-black blotch, 
which involves the membrane of the last two or three spines. Second 





PERCIDE. AT 


dorsal and caudal mottled olive and yellowish. Base of pectorals 
without distinct black spot. 

Fin-rays:—Dorsal XII or XITI—1, 20 or 21. Anal II, 12. Lateral 
line with about 90 scales. Pyloric ceca lon g and large, subequal, three 
in number. 

Size very large; this species reaches a len gth of nearly three feet and 
a weight of twenty or thirty pounds. 

Habitat.—Upper Mississippi River, Great Lake Region and streams 
of the Atlantic slope, south of New England, north to the Fur Countries. 


dl, STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM, Rafinesque. 


Blue Pike (Lake Erie)—White Salmon (Ohio River). 


Perca salmonea, Rar. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. v, 354; (1820), Ich. Oh. 21. 
Stizostedion salmoneum, Rar. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23. 
Stizostedium salmoneum, COPE (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 82.—Jorpan (1876), 
Man. Vert .225.—Copr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 449.—JorpDAaN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 186.—NxELsoN (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36. 
Stizostethium salmoneum, JORDAN (1677), Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. —; (1877), in 
Klippart’s Rept. Fish Commrs. Ohio, —. 
?? Perca nigropunetata, Ra¥. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23 (very erroneous). 
2? Pomacampsis nigropunctatus, Ra¥F. (1820), Ich. Oh. 23. 

This species is very similar to the preceding in its technical charac- 
ters, and it may prove to be merely a variety. The body is shorter, 
thicker, and deeper, with slenderer caudal peduncle, the diameter of 
which is not much greater than that of the large eye. The mouth is 
smaller, the maxillary not reaching quite to the posterior margin of the 
pupil, 3 in head; the eye is larger, its diameter equal to the length of 
the snout or that of the preopercle; the lower jaw is slightly included. 

The dorsal spines are evidently considerably lower than in 8. vitreum, 
the longest about equal to the distance from the snout to a point just 
short of hinder margin of orbit, about 24 in head. 

The coloration is similar to that of 8. vitrewm, but the adult is bluer 
or greener, with scarcely any of the brassiness characteristic of the lat- 
ter species. The coloration of the fins is darker, and there are traces 
of a blackish horizontal band along the dorsal in addition to the large 


black blotch on the hinder rays. Young specimens (from Obio River) 








are more silvery, with traces of faint black bars along the back. 

Vin-rays:—Dorsal XI1V—1, 20. Anal II, 13. Lateral line with 95 
scales. Opercular spine single, as in S. vitrewm. Cheeks largely naked. 
Pyloric ceca three, large, longer than stomach, as in the preceding 
species. 


48 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II 


Size much less than that of S. vitreum. The largest specimens seen 
by me were about fourteen inches in length. The accompanying figure 
represents the stomach and pyloric coca of one of these. 

Habitat.—Lake Erie, Ohio River, and southward to Georgia. 


32. STIZOSTETHIUM (CYNOPERCA) CANADENSE, (C. H. Smith) 
Jordan. 


Sauger—Gray Pike—Sand Pike. 


? Lucioperca canadensis, C. H. SMitTu, MSS. (1834).—GrirrirH’s Cuvier’s Animal King. 
dom, x, 275.—RICHARDSON (1836), Fauna Bor.-Am. Fishes, iii, 17—Dr Kay 
(1842), N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 19.—STorEeR (1846), Synopsis, 276.—GUNTHER 
(1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 75.—JORDAN (1877), Klippart’s Report, 225. 
? Stizostedium canadense, JORDAN (i876), Man. Vert. 225.—JorDAN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 136. 
Lucioperca grisea, DE Kay (1842), N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 19.—SToRER (1846), Synopsis, 
270.—GUNTHER (1859), Cat. Fishes, i, 76.—JORDAN (1874), Ind. Geol. Surv. 212. 
Stizostedium griseum, MILNER (1875), Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-3.—JorDAaN 
(1876), Man. Vert. 225.—NxELSoN (1876), Bull. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36.—Jor- 
DAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 136. 
Lucioperca borea, GRD. (1857), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. woe, (not Okow or Horn Fish 
of Richardson, which is S. vitrewm). 
Stizostedion boreus, GRD. (1858), Pac. R. R. Survey, x, 31. 
Stizostedium boreum, JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 136. 

I have never seen a specimen of the Sauger with the opercular spines 
exactly as represented in Smith’s figure of his canadensis. 1 find, how- 
ever, much variation in this respect, and I have seen specimens with 1, 
2, 3, and 4 spines ; and also specimens with the two sides unlike. Until 
it is known that there is a second species of Sauger in our waters differ- 
ing from griseum by the constant presence of four opercular spines, it is 
safest to unite griseum and canadense. 

The types of Stizostedion boreus Girard are preserved in the United 
States National Museum, and seem to be the common “Sauger”, 8. 
canadense. Part of Dr. Girard’s description of this species is borrowed 
from Richardson, and applies to S. vitrewm. 

Body most elongated, more terete than in Stizostethiwm proper, with 
the back scarcely compressed, so broad that the lateral line may be 
seen in a view from above, the back somewhat angulated as it de- 
scends to the sides, the depth of the body 44 to 5 in length. 

Head quite pointed, about 34 in length, the slope of the profile greater 
than in Stizostethium. Hye smaller, 5 to 54 in head in adult; mouth 
rather smaller, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching to opposite 


posterior margin of eye. 





PERCIDZ, 49 


















Opercle with a sharp flat spine, usually a smaller one below it and an 
obscure one above; sometimes two or three smaller ones below, often 
none; the position and number of these spines extremely variable. 
Cheeks usually closely scaled, the hinder third or less sometimes naked. 
Median furrow on top of head closely scaled. 

Coloration paler and more translucent, the shades less blended than 

in the Stizostethia ; olive-gray above, sides considerably brassy or pale 
orange, with much black mottling, the black gathered into several defi- 
nite dark areas, the most distinct of these being opposite the second 
dorsal; two others fainter, at each extremity of the spinous dorsal and 
one at base of caudal. These blotches are irregular and diffuse, but very 
characteristic. Young specimens are pale orange, with broad black 
shades. 
' Spinous dorsal with two or three rows of round black spots, one of 
_ each row on the membrane between each pair of spines; no distinct 
blotch on posterior part of the fin; a large black blotch at base of pec- 
torals. Second dorsal with about three rows of irregular dark spots ; 
caudal yellowish and dusky, a!most barred. Fin-rays:—dorsal XII—1, 17, 
varying to XITI—1,18; anal II, 12. Lateral line with 92 to 98 scales. 

Pylorie ceca 4 to 7; four of them larger than the rest, of different 
lengths, all small and shorter than the stomach. The usual number is 
six, but the two small ones are sometimes one or both absent, sometimes 
duplicated. Length of adult 10 to 15 inches. 

Habitat.—Great Lake Region, and Upper Mississippi Rivers, also in 
the Ohio, where it has been introduced from the lakes, through the 
canals, according to the fishermen. 





The different form and coloration, particularly the markings of the 
dorsal fin, distinguish this species at once from the Stizostethia. This 
_ species has, moreover, always fewer dorsal rays, more scaly cheeks, and 
e a different armature of the operculum. 

The following is a catalogue of the known species of Stizostethium, 
f with references to Dr. Giinther’s Catalogue of the Fishes in the British 
i: Museum, vol. i:— 
1. STIZOSTETHIUM (CYNOPERCA) CANADENSE, (Smith) Jordan. 

ae 


Lucioperca canadensis, Giinther, i, p. 79. 
Lucioperca grisca, Giinther, i, p. 76. 
Lucioperca (borea), Giinther, i, p. 501 (d. 8.). 


2, STIZOSTETHIUM (STIZOSTETHIUM) VITREUM, (Mitchill) Jordan & 
— Copeland. 


Lucioperca americana, Giinther, i, p. 74. 


Bull. N. M. No. 10—4 


50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


3. STIZOSTETHIUM (STIZOSTETHIUM) SALMONEUM, Lafinesque. 
4, SPIZOSTETHIUM (LUCIOPERCA) LUCIOPERCA, (Linneus) Gill & 
Jordan. 
Lucioperca sandra, Giinther, i, p. 75. 
5. STIZOSTETHIUM (MIMOPERCA) VOLGENSE, (Pallas) Gill & Jordan. 


Lucioperca wolgensis, Giinther, i, p. 74. 


ELASSOMIN 4A. 
33. ELASSOMA, Jordan, gen. nov. 


In a collection of fishes lately sent to me by Prof. H. 8. Reynolds, 
taken in the Little Red River, White County, Arkansas, I find two 
specimens of a curious little fish, representing a type entirely new to 
me, for which I would propose the above generic name (<Aaccwpa, a being 
reduced or diminished). 

The characters of the pharyngeal bones cannot well be ascertained 
on account of the small size of the specimens; I am, therefore, unable 
at present to definitely refer the genus to its proper family. It possi- 
bly, however, belongs to the family of Cichlide,so numerously repre- 
sented in the fresh waters of South America, of which but one species, 
Heros cyanoguttatus eS & G.), has thus far been recorded from the 
United States. 

The following are the generic characters of Hlassoma, so far as they 
can be made out from the type-specimens :— 

Form and to some extent aspect of Aphododerus, but more compressed; 
fins small; dorsal with five spines: anal with three; ventrals distinct, 
thoracic, each with one small spine and five soft rays; branchiostegals 
apparently five; mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw longest ; each jaw 
apparently with a single row of large conical teeth; no vomerine teeth (2) ; 
cheeks and opercles scaly ; body entirely scaly; no visible lateral line; 
branchiostegal membrane broadly united across the pectoral region ; 
caudal fin truncate; vent normal. 

Typical species Hlassoma zonata, Jordan. 


d4. ELASSOMA ZONATA, Jordan, sp. nov. 


Form rather elongate, compressed, especially behind ; the nape rather 
broad and depressed, forming a straightish profile, the head narrowed 
forward, short but rather pointed, broadest below. Head 3 in length ; 
depth about 34. Eye large, greater than snout ; 3 in head. Mouth 



























APHODODERIDZ. 51 


considerably protractile, small, oblique, the maxillary scarcely reachin g 
pupil. 

Fin-rays :—Dorsal V, 7 (6 to 10; the exact number of soft rays I am 
unable to make out). Anal III, 6 (5 to 8); the spines of the dorsal con- 
tinuous with the soft rays. 

Color olive-green, finely punctulate everywhere; sides with about 
eleven parallel vertical bands of dark olive, about equal in width, nar- 
rower than the eye, the bands about as wide as the pale interspaces. 

A roundish black spot, nearly as large as the eye, under the beginning 
of the spinous dorsal, just above the axis of the body, as in many South 
American Cichlide ; soft fins faintly barred; cheeks and under parts of 
head profusely speckled with fine black dots, as in Aphododerus cook- 
ianus. 

Length of each of the three specimens known just one inch. It 
probably grows to a somewhat larger size, but the fact that it has thus 
- far apparently been overlooked by collectors, leads me to think that its 
maximum dimensions are quite small. 

Habitat.—Little Red River, Arkansas; collector, Henry 8. Reynolds ; 
two specimens. Rio Brazos, Texas, a single specimen noticed in a bottle: 
of Sunfishes in the United States National Museum, without other label 
than that of the locality. : 

This species seems to bear little relation to any of the genera of 
Cichlide described from South America by Dr. Giinther or Professor 
Cope. I therefore propose to consider it as forming a distinet sub- 
family, and leave the matter of its relationships for future investigation. 


APHODODERID 4. 


35. ASTERNOTREMIA, Nelson, MSS., nom. gen. nov. 


Sternotremia, NELSON, Bull. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1876. 


Some objection has been made to the name Sternotremia on the 
ground that it is anatomically incorrect and misleading, the vent not 
| being in the “sternon”, as in Aphododerus, but entirely behind it. As 
the name Sternotremia was given through a misunderstanding of the 
meaning of “ sternon”, Mr. Nelson proposes to modify it to Asternotre- 
mia, which term is anatomically correct, and indicates the chief dis- 


: tinction between this genus and Aphododerus. 


52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IL. 


36. APHODODERUS COOKIANDS, Jordan. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, p. 60. 


Many specimens of this species are in the United States National 
Museum from various points in Illinois. The chief distinctive charac- 
ter of this species, the small size of the scales, seems to be constant. 

Specimens of an Aphododerus, from near New Orleans, the original 
locality of Aphredederus gibbosus Le Sueur, seem to be identical with 
A. sayanus. 

The etymology of “Aphredoderus” is apparently agodoc, excrement; 
depn, neck. The word should therefore be spelled Aphododerus. 


37. ASTERNOTREMIA MESOTREMA, sp. nov. 


General form, appearance, and coloration of Asternotremia isolepis 
Nelson, but the vent not as in the latter species between the anterior 
bases of the ventral fins, but about an eye’s diameter in front of them- 
Head nearly 3 times in length; depth 33; lateral line, 45 scales. Dor- 
sal III, 8. Anal III, 7. 

Type 9296, United States National Museum, from Georgia. Col- 
‘lector, Hugh M. Neisler; precise locality not indicated. Specimen 24 
inches long, in very bad condition. 

The peculiar position of the vent indicates a direct transition from 
the more generalized type of Asternotremia toward Aphododerus. In — 
this species, it is about two-fifths of the distance between its normal GF 
position in the former genus and that of the latter, farther forward | 
than in Asternotremia isolepis. 


Since this paper was in press, I have received two more specimens 
which I refer to this species. They are in much better condition than 
the original types, and from them I am enabled to supplement and cor- 
rect the original description. 

Head 3 in length ; depth 33; eye 4 in head; distance to dorsal 24 in 
body ; base of dorsal 4. 

Fin-rays:—D. III, 10; A. III, 6; V.7. Scales in 60 to 70 rows, very 
small, and difficult to count. 

Vent in front of the ventrals, about one-third the distance to the lit- 
tle knob at the throat. 

Color precisely like that of the other members of the family. 

Length of specimens 23 and 24 inches respectively. They were taken 
in Little Red River, Arkansas, by Prof. H. S. Reynolds. 











UMBRID&. 5a 


The species of this family now known are the following, beginning 
with the form least specialized :— 

1. Asternotremia isolepis N elson.—Ilinois, both in tributaries of Lake 
Michigan and of the Ohio and Mississippi. 

2. Asternotremia mesotrema Jordan.—Georgia to Arkansas. 

3. Aphododerus cookianus Jordan.—W abash Valley ; at various points 
both in Indiana and Illinois. Many specimens in United States National 
Museum. 

4, Aphododerus sayanus (Gilliams) De Kay.—Streams coastwise, New 
York, New Jersey, south to Louisiana. 


UMBRIDA 


38. UMBRA PYGM ASA, (De Kay) Bean, MSS. 


Leuciscus pygneus, De Kay, Fishes N. Y. 214.—Storer, Synopsis, 414. 
Melanura pygmea, Baird, Ninth Smithsonian Rept. 1855. 
Fundutlus fuscus, AYRES, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, 296.—SroreEr, l. e. 431. 
Umbra or Melanura limi, part, various authors (all quotations from Southern New 
York and streams of tbe Atlantic coast). 

My friend Dr. T. H. Bean, of the Smithsonian Institution, calls my 
attention to the fact that the Mud Minnow of our eastern streams is 
quite a different species from the Umbra or Melanura limi, with which 
it has thus far been confounded by all writers who were aware of the 
relations of the fish. The synonymy of JJ. pygmaa is given above. 
Its characters are as follows :— 

Head about 4 in length; depth 4$; body more terete and less com- 
pressed than in M. limi; head broader, less depressed, with larger eye ; 
interorbital space more convex; snout shorter, profile more gibbous. 
Dorsal 13; anal 7 (dorsal 14, anal 8 in VW. limi). Lateral line 35. 

Coloration :—dark brown, a series of whitish lengthwise stripes along 
the rows of scales; a black bar at base of caudal; no traces of verti- 
eal bars ; blackish bands forward, downward, and backward from eye ; 
a dark vertebral band. J. limi is more mottled, not striped, and always 
shows pale vertical cross-bars. Specimens examined from Tarboro’, 
N.C., and from points in New Jersey and New York. The smaller 
number of branchiostegals (four instead of five or six) is the only char- 
acter known to separate Melanura from Umbra. 


54 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IL 


ESOCID A. 
39. ESOX NOBILIOR, Thompson. 


? Esox masquinongy, Mircui1, “ Mirror, 1824, 297 ” (not there !).* 

? Wsox estor, RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, 1836, p. 127; and of several 
authors (not of Le Sueur, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1818, 413). 

Esox nobilior, THompson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii, 1850, 163, 173, 305; and of 
recent writers generally. 


It is not quite clear why Dr. Mitchill’s name for this species should 
be set aside. Giinther remarks (Cat. Fishes Br. Mus. 1866, vi, 227), 
‘* Mitchill has counted seventeen anal rays, and therefore it is probable 
that his typical specimens belonged to this species (£. luctus) and not 
to EH. estor (nobilior), and rejects Mitchill’s name on the supposition 
that the number of rays in the Muskallunge is 20 or 21. But, in point 
of fact, the number of anal rays is 16 to 18, usually one less than in LH. lu- 
cius”, instead of 3 or 4 more. Moreover, Mitchill’s specimen was about 
4feet in length and weighed 50 pounds, a size unusual for the Pike, 
although specimens even larger are occasionally taken. Mitchill sup- 
posed that the fish in his possession was the Muskallunge ; he described 
it, and named it on that supposition. 

The following description was taken from a specimen about 3 feet 
long from Ecorse, Mich. (No. 10607, National Museum), and from three 
smaller specimens from Lake Huron :— 

Depth 6 in length; head 3%; general form of H. lucius, the head 
perhaps a trifle larger proportionally, 10 inches long in the larger speci- 
men; eye about midway in head. Interorbital space transversely con- 
cave, with a prominent middle ridge; maxillary reaching to opposite 
middle of orbit. 4 

Sealy part of cheeks about as wide as eye, beginning on a level with 
the eye and running backward, its lower edge nearly parallel with the 
profile. Sealy region of opercles similar. The amount of squamation 
is variable within narrow limits. Eight rows of scales on cheeks and 
about the same number on opercles. Seales on lateral line 150. 

Fin-radii:—B. 18-17; 17-17; 18-19; 17-17, in four specimens. D. 
TET, 1739 TET 100, 7.) Amal. sLG abs ee ape ale crak ce 

Color dark gray; sides with round dark spots of a grayish-black 
hue, nearly the color of the back, on a ground-color of grayish silvery ; 





* A search through the files of the Mirror for Mitchill’s description has proved un- 
successful : it is not on the page cited by Dekay. 





Pate ete ee 


Se ee ees 


pe So 











CYPRINIDZ. 55 


belly white; fins black, spotted as in BE. lucius. Nearly every writer 
who has mentioned the Muskallunge has confounded it more or less 
with #. lucius. Giinther’s statement, “ body with large rounded whitish 
spots,” applies to #. lucius, and not at all to BZ. nobilior, the color in 
the latter species being gray, with rounded blackish spots. 

Ihave compared European and American examples of Hsox lucius, 
and am unable to find any difference whatever. 


DORYSOMATIDA. 
40. DORYSOMA CEPEDIANA, (Le 8.) Gill. 


Subsp. HETERURA, (Raf.) Jordan. 


Comparison of specimens of Dorysoma from the Wabash River with 
others from Chesapeake Bay have convinced me that all properly be- 
long to one species, but that our inland form may be recognized as a 
subspecies, for which the name heterura* may be retained. Var. hete- 
ura differs chiefly in form; the back is much less arched, the axis of 
the body in specimens of about a foot in length being about half nearer 
the dorsal than the ventral outline. In cepediana, the axis of the body 
is usually about midway. The greater arch of the back in cepediana 
brings the beginning of the dorsal fin nearer snout than base of 
caudal; in heterura, the dorsal is about. midway. The dorsal fila- 
ment is usually lenger in heterura, commonly longer than head; in 
cepediana, it is usually shorter than head. The less elevated nape 
renders the head of heterura rather more slender. 

The name Dorysoma may as well be spelled correctly in accordance 
with its etymology. 


CYPRINIDA. 


GENERA OF AMERICAN CYPRINIDZ. 


The following is a semi-artificial key to the genera of American Cypri- 
nide which I am at present able to recognize. 

Algoma Grd. I refer to Hybognathus, as one species which I have exam- 
ined, A. amara has the alimentary canal elongate, and no characters 


5 > 
* Clupea heterurus, Rar., Am. Monthly Mag. Sept. 1818, 354, = Dorosoma notata, Ra¥., 
Ich. Ob. 1820, = Chatotssus ellipticus, Kurt., 1838. 


56 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


have been brought forward to distinguish Algoma. Cliola Grd. seems 
to be equivalent to Hpisema Cope & Jordan, the dentition and position 
of the dorsal! being the same in both. Notropis Raf. is revived in place 
of Alburnellus, Notropis atherinoides being evidently Alburnus rubellus 
Ag., or some closely related species. Sarcidiwm I unite with Phenaco- 
bius without hesitation, on examination of the types of each. Pho- 
togenis Cope I retain for the present, rather from the fact of the utter 
dissimilarity of the species with those of Nototropis than from ability to 
show any good distinctive characters. It is perhaps questionable 
whether the development of the peculiar satin-white pigment, which is 
found in the fins of the males in spring in every species of Photogenis 
and Cyprinella known in life, and in no species of any other group (ex- 
cept Codoma, a very near affine of Cyprinella), may not be a true generic 
character. 

In the genera proposed by Girard, I consider the species first men- 
tioned as the intended type, as I believe it is a known fact that Girard 
himself so considered it. Some species referred to certain genera will 
be found not to agree with the characters here given. Several such 
species need a reéxamination. It may be premised that the present 
arrangement is to be considered merely temporary, as a step from 
the present condition of chaos toward solid ground. 


*, Dorsal fin without a strong developed spine; ventral fins not decurrent on the abdo- 
men; dentary bones slender, arched, and widely separated 
except at their symphysis; opercular and mandibular bones 
without externally visible cavernous chambers; pharyngeal 
teeth well developed: 

t. Air-bladder suspended in the abdominal cavity and surrounded by many conyolu- 
tions of the long alimentary canal (Campostomine) : 

a. Teeth in the principal row 4-4, with oblique grinding surface and no hook; 
mouth inferior; lips sheathed; upper lip protractile; ali- 
mentary canal six to nine times length of body; sexual dif- 
ferences very great; males strongly tuberculate, 

CAMPOSTOMA, lL. 
tt. Air-bladder contiguous to the roof of the abdominal cavity and above the aliment- 
ary canal (Leuciscine): 

{. Rudimentary dorsal ray separated from first developed ray by membrane; head 
short, mouth small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; teeth 
4-4, with grinding surface, not strongly hooked; males with 
the head tuberculate : 

b. Alimentary canal elongate, two or three times length of body ; teeth scarcely 
hooked; jaws normal : 
¢ Lateral-line»incompletess-2sihes-2 22 2. ree nee peo nee eee LIMEPHALR Sees 
ce. Lateral line'completes. 22s .-\es- ee eee = een eee eee HyBORHYNCHUS, 3. 
bb. Alimentary canal short, about as long as body; teeth hooked; jaws with 
spoon-shaped bony expansions, somewhat as in Tetrodon, 
COCHLOGNATHUS, 4. 








CYPRINIDA. 57 


t{. Rudimentary dorsal ray attached : 
d. Teeth not molar, in one or two rows: 
e. Maxillary without barbel: 
Jf. Teeth in the principal row 4-4 ; 

g. Alimentary canal elongate, about four times length of body ; teeth one- 
rowed, cultriform, with oblique grinding surface and little or 
no hook; premaxillary projectile; lips attenuate, without 
sheath ; scales large : 

h. Lateral line almost wanting; mouth oblique; dorsal in front of ven- 
UTS Res SESS Rae hs are ee eee wae acorn Se CoLiscws, 5. 

hh. Lateral line complete; mouth horizontal; dorsal over ventrals: 
—. Teeth elongate with narrow grinding surface and no hook; body 


CLOM MAS eae Nee oe ee ee ee onic Semele aaaus HYBOGNATHUS, 6. 
— —. Teeth short, with rather broad grinding surface and slight hook ; 
body short and rather stout; size small.........-. DIONDA, 7. 


gg- Alimentary canal short, about as long as body; teeth raptatorial, 
usually strongly hooked : 
i. Teeth with grinding surface developed, not crenate : 
j. Dorsal fin beginning above ventrals (i. e., above some ‘part of base 
of ventrals) ; anal basis short: 

—. Scales small, much longer than deep, with much of the surface ex- 
posed; body stout, compressed; teeth one-rowed, little hooked, 
the uppermost standing out above the surface of the bone; 
size large..-...-..-...---.---.-.(Subgenus?) ALGANSEA,” 8, 

— —. Scales large, about as long as deep, the usual surface exposed ; 
teeth one- or two-rowed, pretty strongly hooked ; size usually 
quite small-_-...-. SR ee ee Le fate (Subgenus ?) Hyzopsis, 9. 

— — —. Seales large, much deeper than long on the sides, the ex- 
posed surfaces very narrow ; teeth one or two-rowed, strongly 


hooked ; size moderate or large.-.-..---------- Luxus, 10. 
jj. Dorsal fin beginning entirely behind ventrals, between ventrals 
and anal; anal basis elongate. ..--.-..-.-.--. LyTHrurus, 11. 


ii. Teeth with the edges crenate; dorsal fin beginning over middle or 
last rays of ventrals ; scales closely and smoothly imbricated ; 
teeth one-rowed (Moniana) or two-rowed (Cyprinella), 

CYPRINELLA, 12. 

iii. Teeth with edges entire and without grinding surface : 

k. ‘Lips thin, normal; lateral line complete : 
1. Species of small size and weak organization, with the mouth little 
cleft : 

m. Scales comparatively thick, closely and smoothly imbricated, 
so that the exposed surfaces are higher than long; dorsal fin 
beginning opposite between first and last ray of ventrals, rarely 
slightly posterior; mouth subinferior, somewhat oblique ; 
males in spring developing a satin-white pigment in the tips 
of the vertical fins and in the skin of the abdomen; snout 
tuberculate; colors brilliant, pigmented, 

: (Subgenus?) PHOTOGENIs, 13. 

mm. Scales thin, much exposed ; no white satiny pigment (except 
in Codoma?): 





*In A. tincella, the type of Algansea (Leuciscus tincella C. T. V., Hist. Nat. des Poissons 
XVii, 323), the teeth are said to be 4-4, In some species referred to Algansea, they are 
5-5. These I refer for the present to Myloleucus, from the type of which genus they 


‘differ in having but one row of teeth. 


58 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—HIL. 


n. Dorsal fin beginning entirely behind ventrals: 
o. Body short and thick; the head almost globular; the mouth 
small, inferior; anal basis short. .(Subgenus?) Copoma, 14. 
oo. Body elongate, with the mouth oblique, terminal, and the 
head more or less pointed ; anal basis somewhat elongate, 
Nororroris, 15. 
nn. Dorsal fin beginning above some part of ventrals; aspect of 
NOtO tro pest nse tees we a recis wel elle a) aoe ere see CLIOLA, 16. 
W. Species of large size, with the body much elongated, sub- 
cylindrical; the head elongated, and the mouth deeply cleft, 
Esox-like; scales not large; pharyngeal bones long and slen- 
der, the teeth slightly hooked (sometimes 4-5) (voracious 
species of large size and strong organization, aspect of Gila), 
PTYCHOCHILUS, 17. 
kk. Lips thin; lateral line incomplete or wanting-...PROTOPORUS, 18. 
kkk. Lips thick, fleshy, enlarged behind ; mouth small, inferior ; dorsal 
fin beginning slightly anterior to ventrals; teeth one-rowed ; 
lateral line complete.---:..... -.2.-:-2--% PHENACOBIUS, 19. 
if. Teeth in the principal row 4-5 or 5-5 (or 4-4 in some species referred to 
Hemitremia) : 
p. Lateral line incomplete: 
q. Dorsal over ventrals ; scales large; teeth with grinding surface; ali- 
mentary canal Shor. s2tecer2 sees ee cee HEMITREMIA, 19, 
gq. Dorsal behind ventrals; scales small: 
7. Teeth with grinding surface, one-rowed ; alimentary canal long, 
CHROSOMUS, 20. 
rr. Teeth without grinding surface, two-rowed; alimentary canal 
SHOTS oes SN a eae PHOXINUS, 21. 
pp. Lateral line complete: 
8. Lips normal, without cartilaginous or bony sheath: 
t. Anal basis pot elongate—of 10 or fewer rays: 
wu. Teeth raptatorial, entire, without grinding surface: 

v. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals; mouth large; scales small ; 
body elongate; western species of large size with flattened 
head, arched back, and slender caudal peduncle (Gila) or 
eastern species of slender form and small size (Clinostomus) 
or western species of large size, intermediate in form and 
with the exposed surfaces of the scales broad (Tigoma), 

GILA, 22. 

vv. Dorsal over ventrals; mouth smaller ; body stout and heavy, 

SIBOMA, 23. 
uu. Teeth not crenate, raptatorial, with grinding surface : 


w. Dorsal over ventrals; body rather stout. .... MyLOLEUCUS, 24. 
ww. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals; body more elongate, com- 
pressed y.2 82 Se Sete tes Sete seems: ckeceisten CHEONDA,* 25. 


tt. Anal basis elongate, of 11 to 25 rays; body much compressed ; dor- 
sal fin entirely behind ventrals; lateral line decurved, com- 

plete: 
x. Teeth one-rowed, not serrate, sharp-pointed, with masticatory 
surface, little hooked; base of caudal with many accessory 
raysis body, elongate lane ncemsee oe aee LAVINIA, 26. 


*To this genus I refer at present Tigoma pulchra, T. nigrescens, and T. gibbosa of 
Girard. Cheonda differs from Myloleucus only in the more backward position of the 
dorsal and from Gila (Tigoma) in the presence of grinding surfaces on the teeth. 





CYPRINIDA. 59 


xx. Teeth one-rowed, with grinding surface, and the edges crenate- 
serrate; belly sub-carinate; alimentary canal elongate, 
NOTEMIGONUS, 27. 
xxx. Teeth two-rowed, entire, without grinding surface ; alimentary 
Canalimobielon caters .scme cose ee asee = RICHARDSONIUS, 28. 
ss. Both jaws with a hard or cartilaginous brown horny ptate, large 
and conspicuous; mouth inferior (Chondrostomatine) : 

—. Teeth 5-4, club-shaped, entire, terminating in a hook, with the 
inner (grinding) surface obliquely cut; anal fin elongate; 
dorsal fin over ventrals; caudal fin with the accessory rudi- 
mentary rays very largely developed; alimentary canal elon- 
PANU) rcoe se uae cess asese eae <= Tach lowemee ACROCHILUS, 29. 

Sff. Teeth usually 6-6, compressed, lanceolate, erect, very slightly bent inward, 
one-rowed ; body elongate; jaws even; scales small; dorsal 
over ventrals; basal caudal rays largely developed; lower jaw 
sharp-edged, with a knob at the symphysis; no pseudobran- 
chiw; intestinal canal elongate; size large. .-ORTHODON, 30. 

Sfff. Teeth in the principal row 3-3, without grinding surfave; isthmus very 
wide; dorsal behind ventrals...--..----.------ TiaROGA, 31. 

ee. Maxillary provided with a small barbel: 

y. Premaxillaries not projectile, the skin of the lip and front continuous ; 
teeth in the principal row 4-4, without grinding surface ; 
scales small; dorsal behind ventrals; barbel terminal: 

RHINICHTHYS, 382. 
yy. Premaxillaries projectile, a groove separating the upper lip from the 

; forehead : 

z. Teeth without grinding surface : 
a. Teeth in the principal row 4-4; barbels terminal : 


b. Dorsal behind ventrals ; scales small : . 
c. Lateral line incomplete.----- ---- ---- Speer APOCOPE, 33. 
ce. Lateral line complete...----------- (Subgenus?) ERITREMA, 34. 


bb. Dorsal fin over ventrals; lateral line complete..-- .- NOCOMIS, 35. 
aa. Teeth in the principal row 4-5; barbels lateral : 
d. Dorsal fin over ventrals; scales large, equal, 
(Subgenus ?) Leucosomus, 36. 
da. Dorsal fin beginning over last rays of ventrals; scales smaller, 


crowded forward ..---------------+ 2077 77777" SEMOTILUS, 37. 
zz. Teeth with developed grinding surface : 
e. Dorsal fin behind ventrals; scales HMA aoeece ose ewsnes AGOSIA, 38. 
ee. Dorsal fin directly over ventrals; scales large: 
f. Head compressed, rounded above. .------------ POGONICHTHYS, 39. 
ff. Head broad, much depressed, nearly flat or concave above, resem- 
bling the head of a Cyprinodont..---------+-- PLATYGOBIO, 40. 


dd. Teeth molar, of the grinding type, without grooves or ridges, in three rows, 
the outer deciduous, 2 or 3, 2, 5—A, 2, 2 or 3; two or three of 
the teeth blunt and much enlarged; body elongate ; head 
tapering: 

—. Angle of mouth with a barbel; upper jaw freely protractile ; dorsal over 
aTitiAla co aes seme eee por ack scl a eae ae MYLOCHILUS, 41. 


——. No barbel; upper jaw not protractile ; dorsal beginning behind ven- 
sa} fal AUREL Mee nace = etein'= mo MyLOPHARODON, 42. 


=, Opercular and mandibular bones with external cavernous chambers ; air-bladder 
normal; dentary bones not united; fins without spines 


(Calophori) : 





60 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


g. Teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 4-4in the principal row; lips normal ; 
no barbel; intestines short; dorsal over ventrals; mouth 
STN eee pc iee aete eee ape ola aaree eleanor ERICYMBA, 43. 
*** Dentary bones straight and flat, united throughout their length ; mandible much 
contracted, incurved, tongue-like, a lobe on each side of it at 
base; air-bladder normal; bones of head not cavernous ; fins 
without spines (Exoglossina) : 
h. Teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 4-4 in the principal row; dorsal 
slightly behind beginning of ventrals ; no barbel; premaxil- 
laries) sob projectiles fe. c csc scetcaere ExoGLossuM, 44. 
**** Dorsal fin with a strong spine composed of two, the posterior received into a 
longitudinal groove of the anterior; inner border of the ven- 
tral fins adherent to the body (Plagopterine) : 


é. Body with small scales; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principal 
row 4-4; no barbels; dorsal behind ventrals- LEPIDOMEDA, 45. 


ii. Body entirely naked; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principal 
row 4-4; no barbels; dorsal behind ventrals...--..- Mep4, 46. 


iii. Body entirely naked; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, the principal 
row 5-4; a barbel at the extremity of the maxillary; dorsal 
behind ventralis sees. sehen aes ee eae PLAGOPTERUS, 47. 


«**«* Pharyngeal teeth quite rudimental, replaced by a somewhat uneven ridge of the 
bone (Graodonting) : 


j. Dorsal fin short, without spinous ray, opposite ventrals; anal fin short; mouth 
small, without barbel, the upper jaw somewhat longer; 
alimentary canal short; scales of moderate size; lateral line 
COM Plebe <2 crete scemeqrsnne canes cn ae eaten eres GRAODUS, 48. 


41. LUXILUS SELENE, sp. nov. 


A handsome and striking species allied to LZ. cornutus, but showing a 
tendency toward Hybopsis. Head short and stout, rounded above, 45 
in length, depth about the same; body much more elongate than in cor- 
nutus, and the head proportionally shorter; mouth oblique, terminal, 
lower jaw included; eye very large, 3 in head, wider than snout and ~ 
than interorbital space; snout blunt, quite short. ; . 

Fin-rays :—Dorsal I, 8. AnallI, 7. Dorsal fin about midway of body, — 
over ventrals; dorsal very high; pectorals reaching two-thirds of the 
distance to ventrals, the latter to vent. Scales large, the exposed sur- ’ 
faces much less narrowed than in cornutus, 4-40-3, the lateral line little _ 
decurved. . 

Color bright steel-blue above, with a very distinct silvery band, which e 
overlies a plumbeous shade; cheeks and belly silvery, a small, round, 
black caudal spot, a dark vertebral line; iris white ; fins unmarked. 

Teeth with marked masticatory surface, 2, 4-4, 2. 

Length of specimen 4 inches. 








CYPRINIDZ. 61 





















Many specimens in United States National Museum; collected near 
_ Bayfield, Wis., by J. W. Milner. 

; This species seems to be distinct from all the numerous varieties of 
L. cornutus which I have examined. 


| 42. LUXILUS ROSEUS, sp. nov. 
P Another handsome species, related to the last, but still more Hybopsis- 
like. 

: ' Body short, thick, and stout, much as in. Hyborhynchus notatus ; head 
b 3g in length, depth 43; head rather short, thick, bluntly rounded; 
_ mouth moderate, slightly oblique; jaws about equal, the lower shutting 
_ within the upper in closed mouth; eye large, nearly 3 in head, about 
: equal to snout, a little less than the broad interorbital space; scales 
large, 5-38-5, 15 before the dorsal fin, those along the sides with the 
. exposed surfaces somewhat narrowed, but not very decidedly so, the 
? arrangement being about midway between that observed in L. cornutus 
and that of the colored species of Hybopsis, such as H. chrosomus, 
| H. rubricroceus, &c. 

_ Fin-rays:—Dorsal I, 8. Anal I,7. Dorsal fin high, inserted directly 
i over ventrals, midway between snout and caudal; pectorals not reach- 
: ing ventrals the latter to vent. 

Color anv aceous above ; saree dark-edged, a broad De ae lateral 


3 ira line; anal region dexted with Bis points ; ee sid belly sil- 
very ; Sorel, anal, caudal, and most of pectorals rosy red; iris, =e of 


. which are probably immature, being about 23 inches in ihtecra 

‘Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with developed grinding surfaces. 

This small species forms a transition between Luailus and Hybopsis. 
. ‘Habitat.—Notalbany River, near Tickfaw, La.; collected December, 
_ 1876, by Dr. T. H. Bean. The types are now in the United States Na- 
tional Museum. 

43. CYPRINELLA CALLIUBA, sp. nov. 


Body elongated, compressed, elevated in the middle, the profile be- 
fore dorsal curved, and the snout projecting, forming a decided angle. 
_ Head convex above, densely tuberculate ; muzzle rather pointed, over- 
hanging the oblique mouth. Bye 4 in head, 14 in muzzle, 1% in interor- 
‘Dital width. Head 42 in length; depth 33 to 4. 


62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Fin-rays:—D. I, 8; A. 1,8; V,8. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind 
ventrals; pectorals scarcely reaching % to ventrals, the latter to vent. 

Seales moderately elevated, 6-44-3; lateral line strongly decurved, 
forming an abrupt flexure just before the ventrals,—a peculiarity usually 
well marked and characteristic. 

Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, strongly crenate. 

Color in spirits pale ; sides silvery ; a pretty distinct black blotch on 
last rays of dorsal, as in C. analostana ; a large, distinct, black caudal 
spot, ovate in form, half larger than eye, and extending up on the mid- 
dle rays of caudal; the coloration therefore nearly that of Photogenis 
stigmaturus. 

Length 44 inches. 

Types, No. 6865, United States National Museum, from Black War- 
rior River, Alabama. Collector, Prof. Winchell. Many specimens. 
Other specimens from Tangipahoa River, Louisiana, are also in the col- 
lection. 

The species seems to resemble C. cercostigma Cope most, having a 
similar coloration ; but that species is said to possess the teeth 2, 4, and 
to have somewhat different proportions. Several other similarly col- 
ored species of Photogenis and Cyprinella inhabit our southwestern 
waters. 

44, PHOTOGENIS GRANDIPINNIS, sp. nov. 

Body short, much compressed; back elevated; the form generally 
that of a young Notemigonus. Depth 4 in length. Head short, 44 in 
length, pointed, flattened above; mouth large, very oblique, the jaws 
just equal; eye large, 3 in head, about equal to snout and to interorbital 
space. ; 

Fin-rays:—Dorsal I, 8; anal I, 10o0r11. Dorsal fin entirely posterior 
to ventrals, midway between eye and base of caudal, the fin greatly 
elevated, the longest ray being a little longer than head; anal fin also 
greatly elevated, reaching to within one eye’s diameter of base of cau- 
dal; in smaller specimens less elevated, but in all very large, larger 
than in any other Cyprinoid known to me. 

Scales with the exposed edges very narrow, 6-35-3; 16 large scales 
before dorsal; lateral line much decurved. 

Color disappearing in alcohol; dorsal fin with the large black blotch, 
found in all the species of this group, unusually large and distinct, spread- — 
ing forward on tbe anterior rays; a distinct black caudal spot, smaller 
than eye and deeper than long, running up on the middle rays; sides — 
shining plumbeous; a very distinct bright silvery band from upper half 





CYPRINIDA. ‘ 63 














of eye straight to upper half of caudal, passing around the nose; below 
this sharply dusky; the opercles, lower half of eye, and lips in the dark 
band. 

Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked and sharp-edged. 

Types, No. 9296, United States National Museum, from Georgia. 
Collector, Hugh M. Neisler; exact locality not specified. Numerous 
Specimens in poor condition, showing no trace of tubercles. 

Length 24 inches. 

This small, handsome species is related to P. pyrrhomelas and P. 
xenurus, but needs no special comparison with either. The small size, 
the coloration, and immense development of the dorsal and anal fins 
distinguish it completely. 





45, SEMOTILUS THOREAUIANUS, sp. nov. 


Body short and rather stout, rather abruptly narrowed behind dorsal ; 
depth 32 to 43 in length. Head short and thick, 3? in length, almost 
round in the larger specimen. Mouth large, oblique, the jaws about 
equal. Barbel lateral, better developed than in 8S. corporalis. Eye 
small, 44 to 5 in head, 14 in snout, about 2 in interorbital space, cheeks 
swollen; snout in a small male specimen 3 inches long, with a bilobed 
tubercle on each side. 

Fin-rays :—Dorsal I, 8; anal I, 7. Dorsal entirely behind ventrals, its 
last ray over the first of anal; caudal peduncle slender; fins all short; 
- pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals, the latter not to vent. _ 

| Seales larger than in 8. corporalis, not much crowded forward, 5-48-9 ; 
- Jateral line much decurved. 

Coloration of 8S. corporalis, the black dorsal spot distinct. 

_ Types, No. 9296, United States National Museum, from ‘‘ Georgia”. 
: Collector, Hugh M. Neisler. Two specimens, the longest 33 inches 
long. 
; This species differs from Semotilus corporalis in its large scales, more 
backward dorsal, short head, and small size. The number of scales in 
the lateral line will probably always distinguish it. 

_ This species is named in honor of the late Henry David Thoreau, of 
4 Concord, Mass., an excellent ichthyologist, one of the first to say a good 
i ; word for the study of Cyprinids.* 


‘ie *T am the wiser in respect to all knowledge, and the better qualified for all fortunes, 
_ for knowing that there is a minnow in the brook. Methinks I have need even of his 
im sympathy and to be his fellow in a degree. es * 

IT would know even the number of their fin-rays, and how many scales compose the 
lateral line.—(Thoreau, Essay on Nat. Hist. Mass. 1842. <Excursions, ed. 1863, p. 56.) 


64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


46. NOCOMIS MILNERI, sp. nov. 


Form somewhat of Semotilus corporalis, but more terete and elongate ; 
depth 44 in length. Head about the same, flattish above, with a broad 
snout, which projects over the large, oblique mouth; barbel very ap- 
parent. Eye large, equal to snout, 33 in head, 14 in interorbital space; 
dorsal beginning over last rays of ventrals, I,8; anal I, 8. 

Scales quite small, crowded forward, asin Semotilus corporalis, 11-68-7, 
or thereabouts. 

Colors of Semotilus corporalis, but the fins unspotted; a faint black 
band passing around snout through eye, somewhat silvery below. 

Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, without grinding surface; length 4 to 6 inches, 

Types, No. 130, United States National Museum. Collected in Lake 
Superior, by J. W. Milner, of the United States Fish Commission, for 
whom the species is named. 

This species may be known from JN. prosthemius Cope by the larger 
scales and different mouth. Specimens of the latter are in the National 
Museum, from Evanston, Ill. Gobio plumbeus Ag., I do not know; the 
present species appears to be different. 


47. CLIOLA ARIOMMA, (Cope) Jordan. 


Photogenis ariommus, Cope, Trans. Am. Phila. Soc. 1866, 378. 


This species is a true Cliola as I have defined that genus. The col- 
ored species referred by Prof. Cope and myself to Episema, viz, EH. calli- 
sema and EH. pyrrhomelas, are to be placed in Photogenis as defined in 
this paper. Their natural affinities are entirely with the latter group. 


48. HYBOGNATHUS REGIUS, Girard. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 209. 


This species, which has been for sonte time wrongly referred to Hy- 
bopsis, is a true Hybognathus, having the long intestines and cultriform 
pharyngeal teeth characteristic of the former genus. This fact was 
pointed out to me by Dr. T. H. Bean, who is now doing some very 
useful work in the way of verification of ascribed characters. Hybo- — 
gnathus osmerinus Cope is, so far as I can see on comparison of typical — 
specimens, identical with H. argyritis Grd. H. regius is larger and ; 
deeper-bodied ; H. nuchalis smaller. 














Aelia x 


“eg %: 


HYODONTID &. 65 


NOTEMIGONUS CHRYSOLEUCUS, (Mitchill) Jordan. 


In the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York for the 
present year, I have described as new a species of the genus Notemigo- 
nus from the Ocmulgee River, Georgia, under the name of Notemigonus 
ischanus, the description being drawn from a large number of young 
specimens. 

I have lately had the opportunity of examining a number of fine adult 
individuals of this species from the same river. Prof. Cope has also 
obtained specimens from the St. John’s River in Florida. 

This species differs from the common Notemigonus “americanus” of the 
North and West chiefly in the following respects: (a) in the much greater 
size of the anal fin, the number of rays ranging from I, 15, to I, 17; 
(b) in the greater compression of the body, which at the same time is 
also more elongate; (c) in the larger eye; (d) in the rather more pointed 
head; and (e) in the coloration, the sides of the body in adult males be- 
ing more or less rosy, and the lower fins, especially the ventrals, orange, 
verging on blood-red at their tips. 

Linneens’s original description of his Cyprinus americanus is as follows 
(Systema Nature, ed. x, 1758, p. 521): 

Americanus 4. C. pinnaaniradiis . . . , cirris plurimis. 
Catesb. car, 2. p. 12. t. 12. 
Alburnus americanus. 
Habitat in America. 
In the twelfth edition, 1766, p. 530, the following is substituted : 


Americanus 23. C. pinna ani radiis xviii. B.3. D.9. P.16. V.9, A. 18. C27: 
Habitat in Carolina. D. Garden. 
Corpus rutili, ceruleo- saciticeed Linea lateralis admodum arcuata versus abdo- 


men. Cauda bifida. 


From this latter description, it is evident that the fish which Linneus 
had in mind was the southern Notemigonus ischanus, rather than the 
northern so-called americanus, which, by the way, is not certainly known 
to occur in Carolina. 

Wherefore the southern species, Notemigonus ischanus Jordan, should 
be known as Notemigonus americanus, and the species of the Northern 
States, Great Lake Region, and Mississippi Valley as Notemigonus chry- 
 soleucus, the name of Cyprinus chrysoleucus Mitchill being the oldest 
_ tenable name applied to it so far as known to the writer. 

“Leuciscus boscii Cuv. & Val. is probably identical with Notemigonus 


Bull. N. M. No. 1¢—o 


66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


americanus. Prof. Cope states that it is “ probably a Lavinia”, but he 
has not yet given ns the grounds for his opinion. The figure of Cuvier 
and Valenciennes certainly bears little resemblance to Lavinia. 


50. PLATYGOBIO GRACILIS, (Richardson) Gill & Jordan. 


Cyprinus (Leuciscus) gracilis, RICHARDSON (1836), Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, p. 120 
(Leuciscus gracilis of copyists). 
Leucosomus gracilis, II1ECKEL (1843), Fische Syriens, p. 52 (= Russeger’s Reisen, 
p- 1042). 
Pogonichthys communis, GIRARD (1856), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 188, and else- 
where. 
Platygobio communis, GILL (1876), Ichthyology, Capt. Simpson’s Expl. p. 408, and 
and in previous papers. 
Leucosomus communis, GUNTHER (1867), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. —. 


Comparison of various specimens of Platygobio communis, from Milk 
River, Montana, and elsewhere, with Richardson’s description and figure 
of Leuciscus gracilis, leaves no doubt of the identity of the two species. 


4 


CATOSTOMIDE. 
51. MYXOSTOMA PQICILURA, sp. nov. 


Form and general characters of Myxostoma duquesnii: Body rather 
elongate, somewhat elevated forward, moderately compressed; the great- 
est depth 44 in length; eye medium, 44 in length; mouth moderate ; 
the lips plicate, rather full and subtruncate behind, as in M. aureola, 
duquesnii, ete. 

Dorsal] fin medium, of 13 developed rays; anal high, reaching when 
depressed considerably beyond base of caudal in one specimen, falling 
short in the other; pectoral fins rather long; ventrals with ten rays. 

Caudal fin peculiar, strongly forked, the lower lobe in both the types 
being considerably longer and stronger than the upper lobe. 

Scales large, 5-43-4. 

‘Coloration of the body usual; of the fins quite unlike any other mem. 
ber of the genus. 

Dorsal fin (in the type-specimens preserved in alcohol) chiefly red, 
with traces of a blackish bar about half-way up; pectorals chiefly red, 
whitish in front, with a large, elongate, diffuse black blotch near the 
middle; ventrals reddish, blackish toward their base ; anal faintly red- 
dish ; the membrane black. 

Upper lobe of the caudal fin red ; lower lobe chiefly jet-black, except 
the last two developed rays and their membranes, which are abruptly 














HYODONTIDA:. 67 


white. This produces a peculiar feature of coloration singular in this 
family, resembling in some slight degree that of the Cyprivodont genus 
Xiphophorus. 

Types: Two specimens, numbered 16928 in the United States National 
Museum; collected by Mr. Fred. Mather in the Tangipahoa River, in 
Louisiana. The larger specimen is 10 inches long. 


HYODONTIDZ. 


52. HYODON SELENOPS, Jordan & Bean, sp. nov. 


Three well-marked species of the genus Hyodon inhabit the fresh 
waters of the United States, viz: Hyodon chrysopsis Richardson, of the 
water-basins of the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri; Hyodon tergisus 
Le Sueur, the common ‘“ Moon-Eye” of the Great Lake region and Upper 
Mississippi; and an undescribed species for which the name of Hyodon 
selenops is suggested, inhabiting the waters of the Southern States. The 
various synonyms, Hyodon clodalus Le Sueur, Abramis smithii Rich., 
Hyodon amphiodon, alosoides, heterurus, and vernalis Raf., evidently be- 
long to the common Hyodon tergisus, so that the proper nomenclature of 
these species is a simple matter. 

Hyodon selenops is distinguished from the others by the more elongate 
body, which is less compressed than usual, and there is less difference 
between the curve of the back and that of the belly. The belly anterior 
to the ventral fins is transversely rounded, or even almost flattened 
instead of being obtuscly carinated as in LH. tergisus, or sharply carinated 
as in H. chrysopsis. 

So strongly do H. seleneps and H. chrysopsis differ in this respect that 
they would be considered as belonging to different genera were not the 
intermediate type H. tergisus still extant. Prof. Gill considers that, in 
_the interests of conciseness of expression, the modifications of structure 
in the group should be expressed by at least subgeneric appellations, 
and in this I concur with him. Prof. Gill and myself, therefore, pro- 
pose the new subgeneric term Elattonistius (24détzov, smaller; «st0s, 
banner—i. ¢., dorsal fin) for the Hyodon chrysopsis, and assign the char- 
acters given in the annexed synopsis. The scales are much less closely 
imbricated in H. selenops, and the number of series is, therefore, fewer. 
The dorsal fin is comparatively large, and nearly as long as high in front 
as in H. tergisus, and the pectoral fins are short, as in the latter species. 
But the most striking difference isin the sizeof the.eye, which is exceed- 


68 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


ingly large, forming nearly half the length of the side of the head in 
the smaller specimen, and about two-fifths in the larger. 

The type of H. selenops is No. 19844 in the United States National 
Museum, from Chattanooga, Tenn.; length 8 inches. Another is from 
Montgomery, Ala.; and I have seen still others from the Cumberland 
Liver. 

The following analysis of the species of Hyodon is drawn up from un- 
merous specimens of H. chrysopsis taken by Dr. Elliott Coues, natural- 
ist of the northern boundary survey, in Quaking Ash River; from speci- 
mens of H. tergisus from Ohio, and from the types of H. selenops. It 
will be noticed that the characters of H. tergisus are exactly intermedi- 
ate, corresponding with the geographical range of the species. H. 
chrysopsis and H. selenops are, therefore, geographical races or varieties 
which have become so strongly differentiated from the common type 
that we are able to characterize them as species: 


*. Dorsal fin reduced, and with only about nine fully developed rays; abdomen sharply 
carinated (Llattonistius) : 

j. Dorsal fin very small, of about nine developed rays (besides the two or three rudi- 
ments), the length of its longest rays half greater than the length of the base of 
the fin; body deep, closely compressed; the belly strongly carinated both before 
and behind ventrals ; eye moderate (about 34 in head); scales rather closely imbri- 
cated, 5-58-8; pectoral fins faleate nearly as long as the head, nearly or quite 
reaching ventrals; anal with 30 or 31 developed rays; head 4% in length; depth 
Sasa ere late ica nals aie ie saree sie i kerieie sons misiatele te sttelietetae ate tet eine er CHRYSOPSIS. 

**. Dorsal fin moderate and with eleven or twelve fully developed rays; abdomen 
more or less obtuse (Hyodon): 

{. Dorsal fin larger, of about 12 developed rays; its longest rays scarcely longer than 
the base of the fin ; form of body intermediate; the belly in front of ventrals ob- 
tusely carinated ; eye large, about 3 in head ; scales medium, 5-58-8; pectoral fins 
decidedly shorter than head, not reaching nearly to ventrals; anal rays 28 or 29; 
head 44 in length, the depth about 3........-.. ee ei eee eel ane ees TERGISUS. 

tt Porsal fin moderate, of 11 or 12 developed rays, nearly as long as high in front; 
body elongate, not greatly compressed ; the belly in front of ventrals transversely 
rounded, not carinated ; eye very large, about 24 in head ; scales loosly imbricated, 
4-50-7; pectoral fins considerably shorter than head, not reaching nearly to ven- 
trals ; anal rays 27; head 43 in length; depth about 4 .............. SELENOPS. 

















b. -SYNOPSIS OF THE FRESH-WATER SILURIDE OF THE 
UNITED STATES, 





The nomenciature of the Siluride@ of our fresh waters has been for a 
lony time in a very unsettled state, owing to the accumulation in our 
descriptive works of a large number of nominal species, and to the 
general lack of sharp characterizations in the published descriptions. 

The writer has attempted to go over the subject critically, with a 
view to ascertaining the basis on which each species rests, and to elimi- 
nating all those whose claims to recognition are doubtful. I have 
accordingly considered every nominal species as invalid, unless either 
from the description itself or from the examination of specimens, some 
differences apparently permanent could be appreciated. Some species 
pot here recognized will doubtless prove valid, but at least nine-tenths 
of those not admitted are simply spurious, either based on individual 
peculiarities of specimens, or more often on ignorance of species previ- 
ously described. 

This paper is based primarily on the collections in the United States 
National Museum. The writer has also examined most of the speci- 
mens of Siluride preserved in the Museum of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences at Philadelphia. Most of the species here recorded are also 
in the author’s own collection, deposited in the Museum of Butler Uni- 
versity at Indianapolis, Ind. 

The drawings accompanying this paper were nearly all made by Mr. 
Ernest R. Copeland from specimens in the author’s collection. Those 
of Amiurus nigrilabris, Amiurus mispilliensis, and Amiurus niveiventris 
weredrawn by Miss Belle Sherman from Prof. Cope’s types in the Museum 
of the Academy. A few others were drawn by Mr. Todd from specimens 
in the National Museum. These drawings are to be considered rather 
as illustrative diagrams than as pictures. They are drawn with a view 
to showing especially those characters which I consider to be specific 
in our Silurida, viz. the general outline, the position of the dorsal fin, 
the size, number of rays, and position of the anal fin, the form of the 


caudal fin, and the size and form of the pectoral spines. These features 
69 


70 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


have in all cases been drawn with considerable care and regard to 
accuracy. ; 

The writer is under great obligations to Prof. Theodore Gill, of the 
Smithsonian Institution, for aid of various kinds, both in his work 
on the Siluridw and in the prosecution of his ichthyological studies 
generally. 

In the following descriptions, the “length of the body” is always 
measured along the sides from the snout to the middle of the base of 
the caudal fin. 

All of our species of fresh water Siluride belong to the group called, 
by Dr. Gill, in 1862, IcraALuRI. In 1864, Dr. Giinther recognized the 
same group; bat ‘“‘to show his originality”, as Prof. Agassiz used to say, 
he, without assigned reason, changed the name to Amiurina. 

The following are the characters ascribed by Prof. Gill to the Lctaluri 
(Report on Ichthyology, Captain Simpson’s Explorations across the 
Great Basin of Utah in 1859, p. 416). 


Group iCHTHALURIL. 


The body is more or less elongated, compressed posteriorly, and ter- 


minating in a well-developed caudal fin. The skin is naked and unpro- 


vided with sucking cups. 

The head in profile presents the appearance of a more or less elon- 
gated cone, and is covered with a skin which is generally quite thick. 
It is more or less flattened, and broad above, and gradually becomes 
narrowed to the convex snout. There is never a casque, or helmet. 
The supraoccipital terminates in a point. 

There are eight barbels: the two maxillary, constant in the family; a 
pair in front of the posterior nasal apertures; and two pairs arranged in 
a curved line behind the lower jaw. 

The nostrils form nearly a transverse parallelogram between the in- 
termaxillaries and the eyes; the anterior are suboval or subcircular, and 
the posterior linear, with a raised margin, from the front of which the 
upper barbels originate. 

The eyes are generally placed in the anterior half of the head. 

The branchial apertures are ample, continued from the supero-poste- 
rior angles of the opercula to beneath the throat. 

The group of Ichtheluri consists of four genera: Ichthelurus, Ami- 
urus, Pelodichthys, and Noturus. All the species known to be genuine 
members of this group are North American, and all are included in the 


; 





SILURID&. 71 


following synopsis. A Chinese species, Pimelodus cantonensis, referred 
by Dr. Giinther to Amiurus, is excluded, as its real position is perhaps 
uncertain. The species are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley 

and Great Lake Region. Some of them occur in all our waters east of 


the Rocky Mountains, but as yet none are known from the Pacific 


Slope. 
ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA OF ICHTHALURI. 


*. Adipose fin with its posterior margin free, not connected with the caudal fin: 

t. Intermaxillary band of teeth convex in front, abruptly truncate behind, without 
lateral backward processes; branchiostegals 8 or 9 (rarely 10 or 11); ventral fins 
normally with 8 rays: 

t. Supraoccipital bone prolonged backward, its apex emarginate, receiving the 
pointed anterior end of the second interspinal, thus forming a continuous bony 
bridge from the snout to the base of the dorsal; branchiostegals 8 or 9; head 
elongate; mouth small, terminal, the upper jaw the longer; anal fin elongate, 
of 24 to 34 rays; pacdal fin furcate; body elongate, more or less slender, sid- 
weey covered with thin skims 2. OU.) 5h0c<)2-5 wiobis 5 Sy bew cones ICHTHALURUS. 

tt. Supraoccipital bone free behind, not connected with the interspinal: branchi- 
ostegals normally 9 (varying from 8 to 11); head broad; mouth broad, terminal ; 
anal fin moderate or rather long, with 15 to 27 rays; caudal fin usually truncate, 
but often more or less deeply emarginate or even forked ; body usually more or 
less shortened, covered with a rather thick skin... ...............-.. AMIURUS. 

tt. Intermaxillary band of teeth convex in front, with a lateral backward extension 
on each side; branchiostegals normally 12; supraoccipital bone free behind ; 
head long, nea and flat ; mouth large, the lower jaw always the longer; an: i 
fin een of 12 to 14 rays; ventrals with 9 rays; caudal fin truncate, its numerous 
rudimentary rays recurrent above and below the caudal peduncle; number of 
vertebrx increased; body elongate, covered with thick skin....PELODICHTHYS. 
**, Adipose fin long and low, keel-like, adnate to the back, more or less perfectly con- 
tinuous with the candal fin; supraoccipital bone free behind ; branchiostegals 
9; anal fin short, with 11 to 20 rays; caudal fin rounded, with numerous rudi- 
mentary rays recurrent on the candal peduncle; ventral rays usually 9; form 
various, but body usually more or less elongate, depressed in front, compressed 
behind, covered with a thickish but semi-transparent skin; size small, Norurvs. 


CATALOGUE OF NOMINAL SPECIES, WITH IDENTIFICATIONS. 

In the following list are given, in chronological order, the names thus 
far proposed for our fresh-water Siluride. In the right-hand column is 
my identification of each species. Those species of which I have ex- 
amined the original types are designated by a star (*). 








Nominal species. Date. Identification. 
Silurus catus, L.....2..--.- ehikiekreny tenet 1758 | Amiurus catus. 
Silurus gyrinus, Mit .-.-...--------- .---| 1817 | Noturus gyrinus. 
Silurus punctatus, Raf ...---.----------- 1818 | Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Silunus|olivaris, Rat..----<-s=----------= 1818 | Pelodichthys olivaris. 


Noturus flavus, Raf .......-..----------- 1418 | Noturus flavus. 








72 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 





Nominal species. 





Pimelodus albidus, Le Sueur ...-.. 2.2... 1819 
Pimelodus nebulosus, Le S ......-.-.---- 1819 
Pimelodus‘eneus, Le S <2 2.6.2.0. sos: 1819 
Pimelodus caudafureatus, Le S ......---. 1819 
Pimelodus nigricans, Le §..--.:-.-.---:- 1819 
Pimelodus natalissWers scene e seice cone 1819 
Noturusintenus phat seme sseeecerecs ee see 1819 
Pilodictis limosus, Raf...--.-.-.--. ------ 1819 
Silarus maculatus, Raf.-°--.¢5---)s-0- 1820 
Var.cerythroptera; Raf. 225-355 -.cc= 1820 
Silurus! pallidus, tates ioe sees recor 1820 
Var. marcinatus Rate. sce soe cao 1820 
Vara lateralissitataess- secre cr cae 1820 
Var: lencoptera, Raf. -e.ces0 5 - oe. 1820 
Silurus cerulescens, Raf.-..........5..2<.. 1820 
Mar. melanurns Ratha secessese)- ec 1820 
Silurus argentinus, at ascites Sete cece 1820 
Silurus nebulosus, Raf......--.-.s5--2---| 1820 
Silnrus:viscosus. Rafi qa. 25 2 tase ee ek eee 1820 
Silonus lividus; shat: sesso. aceceas cos eaee 1820 
WVartuscatus at cosncctescee sese 1820 
Silarnussmelas Rats sos so. asoe esse eee 1820 
Silurusicoprensy dal ssa. pececciee Sees 1820 
Silurus xanthocephalus, Raf ......-.-...- 1820 
Silurusiimosus, Ratsse ss) ose saeeeeee 1820 
Pimelodus argyrus, Ratsj2e 2% Ses cer ees 1820 
Pimelodus lutescens, Raf .........-...--.| 188% 
iPimelodusinsignes; Richss--osscneea. o-ce 1536 
Silurus (Pimelodus) ccenosus, Rich. ..--.-. 1836 
Silurus (Pimelodus) nigrescens, Rich. .... 183 
‘Silurus (Pimelodus) borealis, Rich -..---. 1835 
Pimelodas punctulatus, Cuv. & Val...--. 1840 





Pimelodus furcatus, Cuv. & Val......... 1840 
Pimelodus furcifer, Cuv. & Val...-...... 1840 
Pimelodus lemniscatus, Leysueur ..---s- 1840. 


Pimelodus vulgaris, Thompson....-. 2... - 
Pimelodus pullus, De Kay..-..........-:. 1842 
Pimelodus.atrarius, De Kay...--.... 


Pimelodus felis; Acassizi-2s cs asee~ sees 1850 
Pimelodus gracilis, Hough* ....-- ...---< 1852 
Pimelodus marmoratus, Holbrook*....--. 1855 
Pimélodus vulpes, Grd. eects ene- seek 1858 


Pimeélodus catulus, Grd." 5. ......s---- 222. 1858 





Identification. 





Amiurus albidus. 


Amiurus catus. 
Pelodichthys olivaris. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Amiurus nigricans. 
Aminrus natalis. 
Noturus flavus. 
Pelodichthys olivaris. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Ichthelurns punctatus. 
Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Pelodichthys olivaris. 
Pelodichthys olivaris, 
Amiurus natalis lividus. 
Amiurus natalis lividus. 
Amiurus melas. 
Amiurus lividus cupreus. 
Amiurus xanthocephalus. 
Pelodichthys olivaris. 
Ichthlurus punctatus. 
Pelodichtbys olivaris. 
Noturus insignis. 
Amiurus natalis eenosus. 
Amiurus nigricans. 
Amiurus borealis. 
Pelodichthys olivaris. 
Ichthelurus furcatus. 
Ichthelurus punctatus, 
Noturns insignis. 
Amiurus vulgaris, 
Amiurus pullus. 
Amiurus catus. 
Amiurus catus. 
Ichthzelurus punctatus. 
Amiurus marmoratus. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Amiurts melas. 




















73 


re ee eee 





SILURIDZ, 
Nominal species. Date, 
Pimelodus felinus, Grd.*.. 2-2. 22.2 2.-2.<.| 1858 
Pimelodus antoniensis, Grd.* ........ 2... 1858 
imelodus aillurus, Grd* 22225222... 62222. 1858 
Eamelodas lupus, Grd* ... 22.3... -.2 sos. 1858 
Pimelodus olivacens, Grd.* .-.........--. 1858 
Pimelodus affinis, Grd* ..... Seas ce aoe ate 1859 
Synechoglanis beadlei, Gill* .-........... 1859 
Pimelodus houghi, Grd.* 2222225. 20.--- 2. 1359 
Pimelodus' hoyi, Grd.* _: -..2 5.2.2... 2.22: 1859 
ikimelodusicontinis, Grds* 2-9. o2soc0- 55. 1859 
Pimelodus cupreoides, Grd*...........-.. 1859 
Pimelodus dekayi, Grd ............ asee 1859 
Pamelodus lynx, Grd* .- 22.22. so. wee eee 1859 | 
Pimelodus puma, Grd* ...-...--.-..----. 1859 
Pimelodus vulpeculus, Grd.* ..........--. 1859 
Pimelodus platycepbalus, Grd *...... 2... 1859 
Pimelodus megalops, Grd*....:...-.....- 1859 
Pimelodus graciosus, Grd*.........-.....| 1859 
Pimelodus hammondi, Abbott.........-.. 1860 
Pimelodus notatus, Abbott ......-...-.-- 1860 
Ictalurus simpsoni, Gill *........-...-.-- 1561 
PAETUUTUSONECSUS AGI Melos. ees cbecees 1261 
Noturus occidentalis, Gill *.........2.... 1861 
Amiurus meridionalis, Giinther .........- 1864 
Noturus platycephalus, Gthr-..........-. 1864 | 
Gronias nierilabris,Copé*.--22..-2-,---- 1864 
Noturus marginatus, Baird* ..--.....---. 1869 | 
Ictalurus kevinskii, Stauffer...-......--. 1-69 | 
Ictalurus macaskeyi, Stauffer...-......-- 1869 | 
Amiurus mispilliensis, Cope..---..----. -- 1870 
Amiurus lophius, Cope .----- Be oeeeneel ants 1870 
Amiurus niveiventris, Cope -..---.-.---- 1°70 | 
Moturus exilis, Nelson® .-.......:..--..-- 1876 | 
Noturus leptacanthus, Jordan* ....-..---- 1877 
Amiurus brunneus, Jordan*..........---- 1877 | 
Noturus miurus, Jordan* .......----. ----| 1877 | 
Noturus eleutherus, Jordan......-..--.-- 1877 | 
Ichthelurus robustus, Jordan* .....-----| 1877 | 
Amiurus erebennus, Jordan* ..---.------ 1877 | 
Amiurus natalis analis, Jordan .-..-.----- 1877 | 
Noturus sialis, Jordan........-.---------| 1877 | 

















Identification. 





Amiurus natalis lividus, 
Amiurus natalis antoniensis. 
Amiurus vulgaris «lurus. 
Amiurus lupus. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Ichthelurus furcatus. 
Ichthwelurus punctatus. 
Ichthzelurus punctatus. 
Amiurus catus. 

Amiurus melas. 

Amiurus natalis lividus, 
Amiurus vulgaris. 
Amiurus albidus, 
Amiurus natalis. 


Amiurus ecatus. 


“Amiurus platyecepbalus, 


Ichthzelurus punctatus 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Ichthzlurus punctatus. 
Ichthelurus punctatus. 
Amiurus melas. 
Noturus flavus. 
Ichthzlurus meridionalis, 
Noturus flavus. 
Amiurus nigrilabris. 
Noturus insiguis. 
Amiurus albidus. 
Amiurus albidus. 
Amiurus catus (mispilliensis. ) 
Amiurus lophius. 
Amiurus niveiventris. 
Noturus exilis. 

Noturus leptacanthus. 
Amiurus brunneus. 
Noturus miurus. 
Noturus eleutherus. 
Ichthelurus robustus. 
Amiurus erebennus. 
Amiurus natalis analis. 


| Noturus sialis. 


74 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Gents ICHTHALURUS,* (Rajfinesque) Gill. 


Ictalurus, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 61. 
Elliops, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 62. 
Synechoglanis, G1Lu (1859), Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. vii, 39. 
Ictalurus, GILL (1862), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 41. 
Tchthelurus, Copr (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 237. 


ETYMOLOGY.—y6ue, fish ; acAoupos, cat. 

Typr.—Silurus punctatus, Rafinesque. 

Body elongated, slender, and much compressed. The caudal peduncle 
is short but slender, and presents behind the anal an elongated ellipti- 
cal section. 

Head conical in profile, compressed, and with the sides sloping down- 
ward and outward. The supraoccipital bone is prolonged backward, and 
its emarginated apex receives the acuminate anterior point of the second 
interspinal. The skull is covered by a thin tense skin, through which 
the sculpture of the bones isapparent. Eyes large and almost entirely lat- 
eral. Mouth small, transverse, and terminal. The upper jaw protrudes 
beyond the lower. Teeth subulate and aggregated into a short, laterally 
truncated band on each jaw. Branchiostegal rays, 8 or 9. Dorsal fin situ- 
ated over the interval between the pectoral and ventrai fins, higher than 
long, with one long spine and usually six articulated rays. <Adi- 
pose fin pedunculated over the posterior portion of the anal. Anal fin 
long, and provided with from 25 to 35 rays; it commences near the 
anus. Ventral fins each with one simple aud seven branched rays. 
Pectoral fins each with a stout spine, retrorse-Serrate within, and about 
nine branched rays. The serrz of the pectoral spine vary with age 
and circumstances, and do not in this genus give good specific charac- 
ters. Caudal fin elongated and deeply forked, with the lobes equal and 
pointed. 

The genus Ichthelurus is at once recognized by the forked caudal fin, 
its silvery or olivaceous colors, and by its compressed, elongated, and 
slender body, which give to it a peculiarly graceful appearance, very 
unlike that of the stout, obese, and large-headed Amiuri. The head is 
smaller in proportion than in Amiturus, more compressed, and not cov- 
ered by so thick a skin; the mouth is proportionally much smaller. 
But the only invariable generic distinction resides in the mode of inser- 








*The characters of the genera of Siluridw as here given are arranged from Prof. 
Gill’s Report on Ichthyology of Captain Simpson’s Explorations Across the Great Basin 
of Utah, pp. 416-431, with some additions and modifications. 











SILURIDE. 15 


tion of the supraoccipital or interparietal bone into the head of the 
second interspinal. A firm and immovable bridge is thus formed, 


which gives an uninterrupted passage from the dorsal fin to the snout. 
The silvery coloration is also a marked distinguishing feature. 

It is not generally true that the species of Ichthelurus reach a 
larger size than those of the other genera. Amiurus nigricans and Pe- 
lodichthys olivaris far exceed in size any of the species of Ichthelurus. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES.* 


*. Anal fin extremely elongate, its base about one-third the length of the body (without 
caudal); its rays 32 to 34 in number ; eye small, wholly anterior, the middle of 
the head being entirely behind its posterior margin; head small,about 4} in 
length; depth 4 in adults to 54 in younger specimens; slope from dorsal to snout 
somewhat concave, especially in adults; pectoral spine 14 in head; skin thin; 
EHLOTUMSHUbYSILVELY J32 2 savaasevec eee ace MLS TUE oe Co SRS FURCATUS, 1. 

**, Anal fin shorter, 34 to 4 in length; its rays 24 to 30. 

t. Eve moderate-sized, anterior, the middle of the head being wholly behind it; anal 
rays 27 to 30; body comparatively stout and deep, compressed behind ; the dorsal 
region elevated ; depth 34 to 4 in length; head pretty large, 44 to 4} in length, 
one-third longer than broad ; spines moderate, strong, little more than half-head ; 
profile from dorsal to snout more or less depressed or concave; skin rather thick; 
EOLOLSYP aloes Nasser. Sekro ais avs alosciccniayas Sabtcilele role cet in cis saws eeler Rosustvws, 2 

tt. Eye large, placed mesially, the middle of the length of the head falling within 
the eye; anal rays 25 to 29; head moderate, about 4 in length; depth about 5; 
body more elongate and less deep than in robustus, the head rather smaller, the eye 
larger, and the dorsal region less elevated ; pectoral and dorsal spines long, each 
apous team Jeneth of head... 22... 202.5. o2= see = ennn oaac seen o=ee PUNCTATUS, 3, 


1. ICHTH#LURUS FURCATUS, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. 


Fork-tailed Channel Cat. 


(Figs. 1 and 2.) 
Pimelodus furcatus, Cuv. & VAL. (1849), xv, 136.—De Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 187.— 
SrorerR (1846), Synopsis, 403. 
Tectalurus furcatus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.—JoRDAN (1876), 
Man. Vert. 300.—JorpAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159. 
Amiurus furcatus, GUNTHER (1864), Cat. Fishes, v, 103. 
Pimelodus affinis, Barrp & GirarRD (1854), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 26.—G1iRARD 
(1859), Ich. U. 8S. and Mex. Bound. 32. 
Ietalurus afinis, GILL (1862), 1. ce. 43.—JORDAN & COPELAND, ]..¢.. 159; 
Amiurus afinis, GUNTHER (1865), l.c. 103. 


Habitat.—Mississippi Valley to Texas. 
This species is not nearly so common nor so well known as the 
punctatus. I am unable to distinguish the type specimens of affinis 


from furcatus. 
ee ee SS 
*T. meridionalis is here omitted, the description not being sufficiently full to allow 


a satisfactory contrast of ‘ts characters with those of J. robustus. 





76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


2, ICHTHALURUS ROBUSTOS, Jordan, sp. nov. 


Robust Channel Cat. 
(Figs. 3 and 4.) 

Ictalurus furcatus, NELSON (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50. 

Habitat.—Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. 

This is a large robust species said to be not uncommon in the Ohio 
and Mississippi Rivers, and which seems to have been thus far con- 
founded with the related J. furcatus. From that species it differs obvi- 
ously in the shorter anal fin, which has 27 to 30 rays, and forms but 
one-fourth of the length of ‘the body, without the caudal. It is also a 
stouter fish, with a larger head and a more elevated dorsal region. 
From I. punctatus this species differs notably by the anterior position 
of the eyes and by the greater elevation of the dorsalregion. Old speci- 
mens have the profile somewhat concave as in I. furcatus. 

The type is a large specimen, about 18 inches long, numbered 20056 
in the National Museum. The record of the locality is lost. Another 
specimen, figured in this paper, was sent me by Prof. S. A. Forbes, 
from the Ohio River at Cairo. Professor Forbes thinks it common in 
the Lower Ohio and Mississippi, but that it rarely ascends the Illinois 
and other tributary rivers. 


3. ICHTHALURUS PUNCTATOS, (Raf) Jordan. 


Blue Cat—White Cat—Silver Cat—Channel Cat. 
(Figs. 5 and 6.) 


Silurus punctatus, Rar. (1818), Amer. Monthly Mag. and Critical Review, Sept. 359. 

Ictalurus punctatus, JORDAN (1876), Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 95; (i876), Manual 
of Vertebrates, 300.—JoRDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List in Bull. Buff. 
Soc. Nat. Hist. 159.—JORDAN (1877), Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. —. —NELSON 
(1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50. 

Pimelodus caudafurcatus, Le SUEUR (1819), Mémoires du Muséum, v, 152. 

Amiurus caudafurcatus, GUNTHER (1264), Catalogue of Fishes, v, 102. 

Silurus maculatus, Rar. (1820), Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Arts, 
London, 43 (et var. eryihroptera, p. 49). 

Pimelodus (Ictalurus) maculatus, Rar. (1820\, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 62. 

Silurus pallidus, Rar. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts London, 49 (et var. margi- 
natus, lateralis, leucoptera). 

Pimelodus pallidus, Rar. (1820), Ich. Oh. 63.—KaRTLAND (1858), Report Zool. Ohio, 
169, 194. ; 

Silurus cerulescens, Rav. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts London, 49 (et var. melan- 
urus). 

Pimelodus cerulescens, Ra¥. (1820), Ich. Ohiensis, 63.—KrIRTLAND (1838), Rept. 
Zool. Ohio, 169, 194; (1846), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, 332.—SrorerR (1846), 
Synopsis Fishes N. A.in Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 405. (All these descriptions re- 
fer more or less to Amiurus nigricans). 





SILURIDZ. Ti 


Ictalurus cerulescens, GiLL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.—Copr (1865), 
Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 85; (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 489.—JORDAN 
(1874), Ind. Geol. Survey, 222.—GiLL (1876), Ich. Capt. Simpson’s Exped. 417. 
Ichthelurus cerulescens, COPE (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. 237. 
Silurus argentinus, Rar. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts London, 50. 
Pimelodus argyrus, Rar. (1820), Iehthyologia Ohiensis, 64, 
Pimelodus furcifer, Cuv. & Vav. (1840), xv, 139.—“ Hyrrn (1859), Denksehr. Akad. 
Wiss. Wien, 16”.—‘‘ KNEr, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxvi, 421.” 
Ictalurus furcifer, GILL (1852), Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. 43.—JorpaNn (1876), Man- 
ual Vert. 300. 
Pimolodus gracilis, Houei (1852), Fifth Ann. Rept. Reg. Univ. Condition State Cabi- 
net Nat. Hist. Albany, 26. 
Synechoglanis gracilis, GILL (1859), Trans. Lye. Nat. Hist. 3 (reprint). 
Ictalurus gracilis, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.—Coprr (1865), Proce. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 85.—JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 300.—JorDANn & CoPE- 
LAND (1876), Check List, 159, 
Pimelopus vulpes, GIRARD (1858), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 170; (1859), U. 8. and Mex- 
Bound. Sury. 33. 
Ictalurus vulpes, GIL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.—Jorpan & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 159. 
Pimelodus olivaceus, GIRARD (1858), Pac. R. R. Survey, x, 211. 
Ictalurus olivaceus, GILL (1862), 1. c. 43; (1876), Rept. Ichthy. Capt. Simpson’s Exp. 
417.—JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 300—JorDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check 
List, 159. 
Synechoglanis beadlei, GILL (1859), Trans. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 2-(reprict). 
Ictalurus beadlei, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43.—JORDAN & COPE. 
LAND (1876), Check List, 159. 
Pimelodus houghii, Girard (1859), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159. 
Pimelodus megalops, GIRARD (1859), 1. c. 161 (said to bave the eye very large, its diam- 
eter one-third the length of the side of the head). 
Tetalurus megalops, JoRDAN & COPELAND (1876), Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. 159. 
Pimelodus graciosus, GIRARD (1859), Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 161. 
Pimelodus hammondii, ABBorT (1860), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 568. 
Pimelodus notatus, ABBOTT (1860), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 569. 
Ictalurus simpsoni, GILL. (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 43 ; (1876), Ich. Capt. Simp- 
son’s Exp. 417. 


Habitat.—Northern New York; Canada. Great Lake Region, through- 
out Mississippi Valley, Nebraska, Kansas, to Georgia, Florida, and 
Texas. 

The synonymy of this species is not altogether ae ERA to workers 


in American ichthyology. It is one of our most abundant and widely 








diffused fishes, and one even less subject to variations than species of 
such wide distribution usually are. And yet, if the above synonymy 
is correct, we have twenty-three different specific and varietal names 
applied to it. It would seem as if every naturalist who had obtained 
a Channel Cat was sure that such a Cat-fish, so slender, so clean, and 
so white, must surely be unknown to science, or else he would have 
heard of it before. As a result of this, nearly every writer on American 
fresh-water fishes has one or more nominal species based on some 


78 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


stage in the growth of the Ichthelurus punctatus, or on some real or 
imagined variation of it. 

The specific name cwrulescens has been the one most generally em- 
ployed, although, as will be seen from the above synonymy, eight dif- 
terent specific and varietal names have priority over it. The oldest 
description is apparently that of Rafinesque under the name of Silurus 
punctatus. The specific name of punctatus is accordingly the one to be 
employed. The other Rafinesquian names evidently apply to different 
stages in the growth of the species. Rafinesque’s P. cewrulescens, how- 
ever, as well as that of Dr. Kirtland and others, includes Amiurus 
nigricans. This error has been the source of much confusion; the great 
Mississippi Cat-fish having been wrongly supposed to be an Jchthelu- 
rus. I find nothing in the accounts given of furcifer and caudafurcatus 
to indicate that they were founded on species distinct from punctatus. 
I. gracilis Hough (=houghit Grd.) is said to have a less number of anal 
rays than has been noticed in punctatus. Hough’s specimens were from 
Northern New York. I have examined specimens from Saint Lawrence 
County, New York, presumably referable to gracilis, but they have 27 
anal rays, and, so far as I can see, are precisely like the ordinary punc- 
tatus, except that the serrations of the pectoral spine are perhaps a 
trifle weaker. An examination of the types of beadlei, simpsoni, oliva- 
ceus, and vulpes shows nothing of specific value. The number of 
anal rays is 25 to 28 in them all, as in typical punctatus. Olivaceus 
appears rather more slender than is usual. Notatus and hammondi 
are rather indifferently described, but there is nothing-in the description 
of either to show that it does not belong here. The types of graciosus 
and megalops have a rather longer anal fin than usual, and differ slightly 
in form. I have seen other specimens like them, but am unable to rec- 
ognize even a variety. Girard’s statement of the size of the eye in 
megalops is exaggerated. 


4, ICHTHALURUS MERIDIONALIS, (Giinther) Jordan. 
Southern Channel Cat. 
(Figs. 7 and 8.) 


Amiurus meridionalis, GUNTHER (1864), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. v, 102; (1868), Trans. Zool. 
Soc. London, 473. 


“ infer, from the figure only, that this species belongs to Jchthelurus 
rather than to Amiurus. Although the distinctive characters of the 
two genera were made known in 1862, in the description of this species 
we find no allusion to those characters, and no attempt at comparison 

















SILURID. 79 


of the species with those previously known. So far as I can judge 
from the figure, this species is an affine of J. robustus, having, like that 
species, the eye anterior and the number of anal rays intermediate (28 
or 29), but differing in the greater slenderness of the body. 


Genus AMIURUS, (Rafinesque) Gill. 
Silurus et Pimelodus sp., LINN 2Us, and all writers prior to 1862. 


! WINS > ° « . ~ e 
Ameiurus, RAVINESQUE (1820), Ich. Ohiensis, 65 (as section under subgenus Ictalurus of 
Pimelodus). 


Amiurus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 50, and of recent writers generally. 
Ametirus, Cope (1864), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 231. 
Gronias, * Cope (1864), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 231 (G. nigrilabris). 


ETYMOLOGY.—a, privitive ; ecovpoc, curtailed, in allusion to the entire caudal fin. 
TYPE.—Silurus cupreus Rafinesque. 


Body moderately elongated, robust, anteriorly vertically ovate, and 
scarcely compressed; caudal peduncle also robust, but much compressed, 
and at its end evenly convex. 

Head large, wide, laterally expanded, above ovate and in profile eunei- 
form; supraoccipital extended little posteriorly and terminating in a 
more or less acute point. which is entirely separate from the second in- 
terspinal buckler; the skin covering the bones is thick. 

Eyes rather small, in one species covered by the skin; mouth large, 
terminal, transverse, the upper jaw in most species the longer; jaws 
often equal, the lower in one or two species distinctly projecting. 

Teeth subulate, aggregated in broad bands on the intermaxillaries 
and dentaries; the intermaxillary band is convex in front, of equal 
breadth, and abruptly truncated near the insertion of the intermaxil- 
laries; the lower dental band is anteriorly semicircular, attepuated to 
the angles of the mouth. 

Branchiostegal membrane on each side with eight or nine rays in 
typical species, ten or eleven in two or three aberrant species; dorsal 
situated over the interval between the pectorals and ventrals, higher 
than long, with a pungent spinous ray dentate. behind, and about six 
branched rays; adipose tin short, inserted over the posterior half of the 
anal; anal fin of moderate length, with from fifteen to twenty-six rays, 
the usual number being twenty or twenty-one; caudal fin short, usually 
truncate when spread open, slightly emarginate when not expanded,—in 
species related to Ichthelurus more or less deeply forked, in some other 
species rounded; when the caudal fin is forked the lobes are usually un- 





* Prof. Cope thus defines this genus :—‘ Head broad, depressed ; supraoccipital bone 
posteriorly free ; branchiostegal membrane with ten rays; anterior dorsal spine stout: 
posterior (adipose) fin separated from caudal; ventrals with eight rays; eyes rudi- 
1 . . ” 

mental, covered by the corium; natatory bladder present. 


S0 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—I. 


equal; ventrals each with one simple and seven branched rays; pectoral 
fins each with a stout spine, which is commonly retrorse-serrate behind; 
these serree vary much with age and circumstances, and do not appear 
in this genus to furnish good specific characters; lateral line usually 
incomplete. 

This genus includes our common Eastern American Catfishes, and is 
readily recognized by the broad head covered by a thick skin, the free 
termination of the posterior process of the supraoccipital bone, ae 
compressed body, and by the free adipose fin. 

This genus, although undoubtedly a very natural one, is rather hard 
to define. Certain species (lupus, niveiventris, nigricans) have real affin- 
ities with the species of Zchthelurus, having, like them, the body elon- 
gate, the head rather narrow, the anal long, the caudal forked, and the 
coloration pale. The absence of the connection between the supraoc- 
cipital and the interspinal is the only technical character by which 
Amiurus may be distinguished from Ichthelurus. 

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. 


*, Caudal fin forked; upper jaw longest; dorsal beginning nearer snout than adipose 
fin; colors blackish-silvery : 
t. Anal fin elongate, of 23 to 28 rays : 

«. Caudal fin deeply furcate; head narrow, longer than broad; anal rays 23 or 24; 
pectoral spines long and slender, dentate; barbels long; depth 
about 5 in length; width of head 4%; body rather slender: 

—. Head narrowed, its width being less than its length above; distance from 
snout to dorsal spine 14 to 14 in distance from dorsal spine to 
adipose fin; base of anal as long as head ...--...---. Lupus, 5 
—. Head broader, its width equal to its length above; distance to dorsal 
spine 14 in distance from spine to adipose fin; base of aval 
notably less than head --:..-.-.-5-.=--5- =... NIVELVENTRIS, 6, 

aa. Caudal fin strongly furcate; head 44 in length, its width 5; anal rays 25 or 26; 
pectoral spines dentate, short, and stout; barbels long; body 
rather stout, color dark, often mottled with pale; size very 


largersevest ed SHAY cee see aaramenios NIGRICANS, 7. 
aaa. Caudal fin shallow-fureate ; pectoral spine not serrate; head broad, as wide 
ASSION GE otis frat nae casein cieeise sce ee ent Borer 8, 


tt. Anal fin short and rather low, of 19 to 22 rays; adipose fin very large; humera 
process strongly rugose; colors pale, more or less nie : 

b. Head narrower, jonger than wide, its width 4 to6 times in length; mouth 
narrow ; upper jaw much projecting; eye large, 3 to 5 in inter- 
orbital width; barbels long, except nasal barbel; lateral line 
almost complete; caudal fin more deeply forked; anal fin 44 to 
5 in length; dorsal about midway between adipose fin and 
SMOUG scos cs ccec aie eats ociee cso tenancies smiatsec siaice rere NS DD Uicmes 

bb. Head very broad, as wide as long, its width 3% in length of body; eye 5 to 6 
in interorbital width; caudal not deeply forked ; anal fin 54 to 6 
in iength; mouth wider than in any other species ; jaws nearly 
equal; dorsal much nearer adipose fin than snout; co'ors pale, 
somefvhat silvery, especially on head .-..-.-...... Lopuivs, 10. 











SILURIDZ. R81 


**. Caudal fin not forked, rounded or usually somewhat emarginate, nearly truncate 
when spread open: 
¢. Body moderately elongate, depth one-fifth or more of length; branchiostegals 
normally 9 or 10: 
¢. Anal fin very long, its base one-fourth or more of length of body, of 24 to 26 
rays; dorsal spine normally nearer snout than adipose fin : 

—. Head and body elongated; the dorsal region considerably elevated ; the 
head quite long and narrowed forwards; much longer than 
broad ; its width in front of eye only about half its length; 
mouth rather narrow, with equal jaws; barbels long; adipose 
fin large; spines ‘strong; dorsal fin very high; anal fin Jong 

‘e and deep ; caudal fin short; color dark ........ EREBENNUS, LL. 

— — Head wide and flattish, not much longer than broad; rounded in front; 
the mouth very wide; the dorsal region not much elevated; 
body more or less stout and thick; branchiostegals 8 or 9, 
jaws equal or upper jaw longest ................-.. NATALIs, 12 

a. Dorsal considerably nearer snout than adipose fin: 
x. Jaws equal; spines very short; anal rays 25; colors yellowish-brown, Lividus, b. 
azz. Upper jaw distinctly longest : 

y. Anul rays 24 or 25, its rays less than half head, its base 3} in length of 
body; the nape not swollen : 

2acolorsspalesvellowish-DLOWiliscsesecci-caass p<ceee secs cece === Cupreus, ¢. 
ezaColorsidarics: black: Or oreenish pelea sees ee ose ee Canosus, a. 
yy. Anal rays 26; base of anal 3$ in length, its rays short, less than half length 
of head; spines weak; head 34 to 3% in length; distance to 

dorsal spine 2} to 2%; the nape more or less swollen and 

Cleyateds 2 FSR eS ee ss epee ok Be Antoniensis, e. 


yyy. Anal rays 27, its base elongate, 34 in length, its longest rays more than 
half head; spines strong; head short, 4 in length, the distance 
to dorsal nearly 3; nape not swollen. ...--..---.------ Analis, f. 


ww. Dorsal rather nearer adipose fin than snout; the posterior part of the body 
being much thicker and proportionally shortened; the caudal 
fin short; dorsal and ventral outlines nearly parallel; jaws 
about vequal sco. waetsals wat cette Aone acter a femm =m VMOU Me 


cc. Anal fin moderate, of 19 to 22 rays; branchiostegals normally 8 or 9: 
d. Lower jaw distinctly longest; anal rays 20: 
e. Body moderately elongate, depth 44 to 5 in length; head 34 to 4; barbel 
' Jong; mouth wide; head longer than broad, rather narrowed 
forward; profile rather steep, pretty evenly convex; dorsal re- 
gion more or less elevated ; dorsal spine nearer snout than adi- 
pose fin ; lower jaw strongly projecting; color blackish (varying 
in subspecies a@lurus to head blunter and flatter above; dorsal 
spine rather nearer adipose fin) .----.---------- - VULGARIS, 13. 
dd. Jaws equal, or upper jaw projecting beyond lower : 
f. Eyes distinct, well developed : 
g. Head moderately broad, a nearly even slope from the tip of the snout to 
the elevated base of the dorsal : 

—. Body sharply mottled with brown, greenish, and whitish; the colora- 
tion therefore singular among Catfishes ; jaws equal or nearly so; 
depth about 4 in length; slope of profile very steep ; dorsal fin 
high; the spine more than half length of head; dorsal spine 
nearer adipose fin than snout ; barbels long; branchiostegals 
10; head 3} in length.----------+----++ 220°" MARMORATUS, 14. 


Bu... N. M. No. 10—6 





82 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


—. Body nearly uniform in color above, or slightly mottled or clouded: 
h. Body rather elongate; depth 4 to 44 in length; head broader than in 
the next, the front less steep, but the slope from snout to dorsal 

more uniform; body less rapidly narrowed behind; anal fin 
longer; its base 4} in body, the rays usually 21 or 22; dorsal 
usually rather nearer adipose fin than snout; the upper jaw 

more elongate ; color dark yellowish-brown, varying to dusky 

or even to black, sometimes more or less clouded ....CaTus, 15. 


hh. Body very short, stout, and deep, the depth 34 to 4 in length; head 
moderate, somewhat contracted forward; the front steeply ele- 
vated, the body thick across the shoulders, rather rapidly nar- 
rowed behind; anal fin short and deep, of 18 to 20 rays, its base 
nearly 5 in length of body; dorsal nearer adipose tin than snout ; 
jaws nearly equal; size small; color almost black ; form varying 
to extremely short and thick, especially behind, with short 
caudalifin Jae. Joc ns bocce hoses eee cies oe ea enteseemmsce MELAS, 16. 


gg. Head very broad, the slope from snout to base of dorsal quite uneven, 
there being a more or less decided angle at occiput ; head about 
as broad as long, its length about 4 in body ; dorsal spine nearer 
adipose fin than snout, its rays usually 19 (rarely 18 or 20); 
body short and stout; mouth very broad; color rather pale, 
chiefly uniform yellowish-brown, varying to dark brown or pale 
yellow; head sometimes yellow (Raf.); belly yellow; size 
SMa oe asec aa tues sone oe sameeinine XANTHOCEPHALUS, 17. 


Jf. Eyes more or less rudimentary and concealed beneath the skin; jaws 
equal; muzzle flat; dorsal spine midway between snout and 
middle of adipose fin; barbels short ; caudal slightly emargi- 
nate; anal with 18 rays; color blackish above; jaws and fins 
black ; sides varied with yellowish; belly pale; branchios- 
tegals 10> cies ceases se cieeeeien > seers NIGRILABRIS, 18. 


ece. Anai fin few-rayed (rays 15 to 17): 
i. Upper jaw distinctly longest : 

j. Body short and stout; depth about 4 in length; head fiattened, 
nearly as broad as long; dorsal nearer adipose fin than snout ; 
mouth large; spines moderately serrate ; colors very dark, al- 
most: black’ of. sees act eetele ccltercwore weeioote eisctae PUuLuvs, 19. 


jj. Body slender, elongate, the depth about 53 in length; head 
roundish, rather long, about 4 in length, the width 44; mouth 
small; the upper jaw more projecting than in any other of the 
species known; profile convex, not steep; dorsal fin very high, 
# length of head, well forward, its spine nearer snout than 
adipose fin; anal fin short and high, its base 5 in length of 
body; pectoral spine serrated; color pale olive-brown; a black- 
ish horizontal bar at base of dorsal...----..----- BRUNNEUS, 20. 


tt. Body excessively slender, elongate, as in Pelodichthys, the depth being 6 to 
8 times in length of body; head broad and flat, nearly as 
wide as long; anal fin with 20 rays; the base of the fin 4} 
to 5 in body; jaws equal; branchiostegals 11; mouth very 
wide; dorsal spine nearer snout than adipose fin; coloration 
ordinary, a blackish horizontal bar at base of dorsal, 
PLATYCEPHALUS, 21 

















SILURIDE. 83 


5. AMIURUS LUPUS, (irard) Giinther. 
Texas Cat. 


(Figs. 9 and 10.) 


Pimelodus lupus, GIRARD (1858), U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 211. 
Amiurus lupus, GUNTHER (1864), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. v., 101. 


Habitat.—Streams of Texas. 

This species strongly resembles Ichthelurus punctatus, but differs in 
the shorter body, wider mouth, and darker colors, as well as in the 
generic character of the free supraoccipital. In this species, however, 
there intervenes scarcely more than the diameter of a pin’s head between 
the supraoccipital and the interspinal, in specimens 8 inches long; so 
nearly connected are they that I was at first disposed to consider this 
species as an Ichthelurus. Numerous specimens of A. lupus are in the 
museum from Texas. 


6. AMIURUS NIVEIVENTRIS, Cope. 
White-bellied Cat. 


(Figs. 11 and 12.) 


Amiurus niveiventris, Corr (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 486; JonDaN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 159. 


Habitat.—Neuse River, North Carolina. 

This species seems to be very close to A. lupus, but appears to 
differ in the broader head and in some other features. I have seen no 
specimens of it. 


7. AMIURUS NIGRICANS, (Le Sueur) Gill. 


Great Fork-tailed Cat—Mississippi Cat.—Florida Cat. 
(Figs. 13 and 14.) 


Pimelodus nigricans, Le SuEUR (1819), Mémoires du Muséum d’Hist. Nat. v, 153.—Cvv. 
& VAL. (1840), xv, 133.—De Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 180.—SroreR (1846), 
Synopsis, 403.—‘‘ HyrTL (1859), Denkschrift Akad. Wiss. Wien, xvi, 16.” 

Amiurus nigricans, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—JORDAN (1876), 
Man. Vert. 318:—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159 (not of GUN- 
THER (1864) nor of Cope (1870)= 4. ceenosus). 

Silurus (Pimelodus) nigrescens, RICHARDSON (1836), Fauna Bor.-Am. Fishes, 134. 

Pimelodus sp. incog., THoMPSON (1842), History Vermont, 139. ae 

Pimelodus coerulescens, in part of RAFINESQUE, KIRKLAND, and others ; the big “ Chan- 
nel Cats” all belong to this species. 


Habitat.—Great Lakes and Mississippi River, ascending all the larger 
tributaries, larger rivers of the South Atlantic and Gulf States gen- 


erally. 


84 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


This species is the “Great Fork-tailed Cat” of the Lakes and the 
“Great Mississippi Cat” of the Mississippiand Ohio Rivers. Ihave seen 
and identified specimens of thirty to forty pounds weight, and have seen 
specimens which I suppose were of this species which weighed nearly a 
hundred pounds. I have heard of Catfish weighing two or three hun- 
dred pounds, but have never seen them, and presume they were “ weighed 
by guess”. This species undoubtedly attains the largest size of any of 
our representatives of the family. Specimens of this species of a large 
size are in the United States National Museum, from St. John’s River, 
Florida. They appear to have a rather steeper front than the northern 
ones, but are otherwise similar. 

As indicated above, the “A. nigricans” of Dr. Giinther is probably the 
cenosus, as the present species has the caudal fin strongly forked. 


8 AMIURUS BOREALIS, (Richardson) Gill. 


The Mathemeg or Land Cod. 
Pimelodus borealis, RICHARDSON (1836), Fauna Boreali-Americana, Fishes, 135.—Cuv. 
& VAL. (1840), xv, 130.—SrorerR (1846), Synopsis, 402. 
Amiurus borealis, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. 44.—GUNTHER (1864), 
Cat. Fishes, v, 100.—Copk (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 485.—JorDAN & COPE- 
LAND, Check List, 159. 


Habitat.—British America. 

I do not know this species, and it may not really have a forked caudai 
fin. It is not improbable that its relations are with Amiurus cenosus 
rather than with A. nigricans. 


9. AMIURUS ALBIDUS, (Le Sueur) Gill. 
Bastern Fork-tailed Cat—‘‘Channel Cat” of the Potomac. 


(Figs. 15 and 16.) 
Pimelodus albidus, Ux SuEUR (1819), Mém. du Mus. d’Histoire Nat. v, 148.—Cuv. & 
VaL. (1940), xv, 131. 
Amiurus albidus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. 
Pimelodus nebulosus, Cuv. & VAL. (1840), xv, 132 (in part; not of Le Sueur). 
Amiurus nebulosus, GUNTHER (1864), Cat. Fishes, v, 101. 
Pimelodus lynx, GrRARD (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 160. 
Amiurus lynx, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Corr (1870), Proc. Am. 
Philos. Soc. 485.—UHLER & LUGGER (1876), Fishes Maryland, 152.—JoRDAN 
(1876), Man. Vert. 300.—JorDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 160. 
Ictalurus macaskeyi, STAUFFER (1869), Mombert’s History Lancaster Co. Pa. 578. 
Ictalurus kevinskii, STAUFFER (1869), Mombert’s History Lancaster Co. Pa. 578. 


Habitat—Atlantic streams, Pennsylvania to North Carolina. 
The Pimelodus albidus of Le Sueur* seems to me rather to have been 





* Le Sueur says: “ Téte large, aplatie; * * couleur d’un blanc cendréa * * * 


caudale trés lé6gérement echancrée,” characters evidently belonging to the lynx rather 
than to the catus. This is the more plain, as in describing the distinctly fork-tailed 











SILURIDZ. 85 


based on this species than on an albino of catus, aS Supposed by Prof. 
Cope. I have therefore subS&tituted the appropriate name albidus for 
the unmeaning lynx. This is an extremely variable species. Old speci- 
mens bear a strong resemblance to the next species, while the young are 
quite slender. 
10. AMIURUS LOPHIUS, Cope. 
Big-mouthed Cat. 
(Figs. 17 and 18.) 


Amiurus tophius, COPE (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 486.—JorDAN (1876), Manual Vert. 
301.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 160. 


Habitat—Streams tributary to Chesapeake Bay. A. lophius is a com- 
mon fish in the Washington markets. 
The synonymy of this species requires no special remark. 


11. AMIURUS EREBENNUS, (Jordan) sp. nov. 
Goode’s Cat. 


(Figs. 19 and 20.) 


Habitat.—St. John’s River, Florida. 

This species is related to A. nigricans and others of the fork-tailed 
group, but has the truncate caudal fin of 4. lividus. 

Body rather clongate, compressed, the depth about 4 in length; 
dorsal region rather elevated, the head quite long and narrowed for- 
ward, 4 times in length of body. The head is more narrowed than in 
any of the other species except A. lupus. The width of the head in 
front of the eye is but little more than half its length. The width of 
the mouth is about half the length of the head. The greatest width of 
the head is contained about 14 times in its length. The dorsal fin is 
slightly nearer the snout than the adipose fin. 

The dorsal fin is unusually high, its spine is long, as in the species of 
Ichthelurus. The pectoral spine is very strong and it is about half as 
long as the head. The anal fin is long and deep. It is nearly one- 
| fourth the length of the body, and is composed of 24 rays. The adipose 
- fin is large. The caudal fin is rather short and is truncate behind. 

The jaws are equal. The supraoccipital bone is but little free behind. 
- The branchial apertures are rather more restricted than usual. 


SCENES ite hee il ee ee ee 
saqe ” * 

nigricans, Le Sueur says, ‘‘ caudale légerement echancrée en croissant.” It seems that 
imilar conclusion, and 


Prof. Gill had some time since independently reached a 8 
that the “Amiurus lynx” has been for some time correctly known as A, albidus by the 


members of the Fish Commission. 


86 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—HII. 


Color very dark. The type-specimen is quite black, both body and 
fins; the belly is pale, but the lower barbels as well as the upper ones 
are black. 

The type was collected in the St. John’s River, Florida, by Mr. G. 
Brown Goode. It is a little more than a foot long. 

This species is intermediate between A. lupus and A. lividus, having 
the narrowed head, high dorsal, and small mouth of the first, with 
the short, truncate candal fin of the second. 


12. AMIURUS NATALIS, (Le Sueur) Gill. 


Catfish—Yellow Cat. 
a. Subspecies NATALIS. 


(Figs. 21 and 22.) 


Pimelodus natalis, Le SuEuR (1819), Mém. du Muséum, v, 154—SToreEr (1846), Synopsis, 
405. 
Amiurus natalis, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44—GUNTHER (1864), Cat. 
Fisnes Brit. Mus. vy, 101. 
Pimelodus puma, GIRARD (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 160. 


Habitat—Great Lakes to North Carolina and south. 


b. Subspecies Livipus, Raf. 
(Figs. 23 and 24.) 


Silurus lividus, RAFINESQUE (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 48 (et var. 
Suscatus). 
Pimelodus lividus, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ich. Ohiensis, 65. 
Amiurus lividus, JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 302.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check 
List, 159. 
Pimelodus felinus, GIRARD (1858), U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 209. 

Amiurus felinus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Corr (1870), Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc. 485.—JOoRDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159. 
Pimelodus catus, GRD. (1859), Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 160 (not of De Kay and 

most authors). 
Amiurus catus, Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 484.—JorDAaN & COPELAND, 
Check List, 159. 
Pimelodus cupreoides, GIRARD (1859), Proc.“Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159. 
Amiurus cupreoides, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. 


Habitat.—Ohio Valley to Arkansas. North Carolina and south. 


c. Subspecies Caznosus, (fichardson) Gill. 


(Figs. 25 and 26.) 


Silurus (Pimelodus) ceenosus, RICHARDSON (1836), Fauna Bor.-Amer. Fishes, 132.—Cuv. 
& Vi. (1840), xv, 129.—Dr Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 186.—Srorer (1846), Sy- 
nopsis, 402. 
Amiurus ceenosus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Cope (1870), 1. c. 485. 
JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 303.—JorDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 159. 


Habitat—Maine to Great Lakes and northward. 





SILURIDA. 87 


d. Subspecies CuprEvs, (Raf.) Gill. 


(Figs. 27 and 28.) 
Silurus cupreus, Ra¥. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 51. 

Pimelodus ( Ameiurus) cupreus, RAVINESQUE (1820), Ich. Oh. 65. 

Pimelodus cupreus, KiRTLAND (1838), Rept. Zodl. Ohio, 169, 194; (1846), Bost. 
Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, 333—Dr Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 187.—Srorer (1846), 
Synopsis, 404.—Girarp (1859), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159, 

Amiurus cupreus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Copr (1870), Proce. 
Am. Phil. Soc. 485.—Jorpan (1876), Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist, 96; (1876), 
Man. Vert. 303—Nrtson (1876), Bull. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50.—Jorpan & 
COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159.—NxELson (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus, Nat. Hist. 
50.—JORDAN (1877), Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. —.—Jorpan (1877), 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 45. 

Ameiirus cupreus, COPE (1865), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 276. 


Habitat—Ohio Valley, Mississippi Valley, and south. 





e. Subspecies ANTONIENSIS, (@rd.) Gill. 


(Figs. 29 and 30.) 


Pimelodus antoniensis, GIRARD (1859), Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 291. 
Amiurus antoniensis, GILL (1862), 1. c. 44.—Copx (1870), 1. ¢. 485. 


Habitat.—Georgia to Texas. 


J. Subspecies ANALIS, Joridan. 


(Figs. 31 and 32.) 
Habitat— Arkansas River. 


I have hitherto followed Girard in identifying this species with Silurus 
catus of Linnzus, but a glance at the original description is sufficient 
to show the error of such an identification. The first name in order of 

time which seems to have been given to this species is that of Pimelodus 
natalis Le Sueur, but the best of the early descriptions is that of 
Rafinesque as Pimelodus lividus. 

The original description of cupreus is incorrect in ascribing 15 anal 
rays instead of 25. This is probably a misprint. The form or subspe- 
cies here indicated as cupreus is the one most widely diffused. The type 
of Girard’s catus differs only from specimens labelled (by him ?) cupreus 
in having the jaws equal. The form called cenosus seems to differ 
chiefly in coloration; this species, like most others, being of a much 
darker color in the Northern Lakes. 

A. antoniensis Grd. is also slightly different in form. The specimens 
obtained by me in the Etowah River, Georgia, I refer to antoniensis. 

é They are short in body, with a swollen nape and a rather longer anal fin. 
Specimens from Little Red River, Arkansas, collected by Prof. H. 8. 









oa 


eRe 


sr 


88 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II, 


Reynolds, with an extremely long anal fin and some peculiarities of 
form, I have termed var. analis. 

The description of Pimelodus natalis Le Sueur appears to have been 
based on an individual with the caudal peduncle swollen and elevated. 

It appears that most of the species have what may be termed ‘nata- 
lis” forms, 4. e., individuals with the post dorsal region shortened and 
thickened, with the adipose fin enlarged, and with the caudal fin very 
short; owing to the encroachment of the flesh on its rays. These forms 
often appear more distinct from the normal type than do any two allied 
species. The names puma and natalis seem to have been based on the 
natalis type of this species. Catulus and conjfinis are the natalis form of 
melas, and soon. Whether these peculiar forms are distinct races or 
aberrant individuals, or stages in the life of an individual, or what they 
are, I have not now sufficient evidence to enable me to decide. I can 
only say that I do not at present consider them distinct species. 


13, AMIURUS VULGARIS, (Zhompson) Nelson. 
Lorg-jawed Catfish. 
a. Subspecies VULGARIS. 
(Figs. 33 and 34.) 


Pimelodus vulgaris, THOMPSON (1842), History of Vermont 138. 
Aimiurus vulgaris, NELSON (1876), Bull. ls. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50.—JORDAN & COPE- 
LAND (1876), Check List, 159. 
Pimelodus dekayi, GIRARD (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 160. 
amiurus dekayi, GILL (1762), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Copr (1870), Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc. 485.—JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 302. 


Habitat—Lake Champlain and Great Lake region. 


b. Subspecies ASLURUS, (Girard) Gill. 
(Fig. 35.) 


Pimelodus ailurus, GiRARD (1858), U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, 210. 
Amiurus ailurus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. 
Amiurus elurus, Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 485.—JoRDAN (1876), Man. 
Vert. 302.—Jorban & COPELAND (1877), Check List, 159. 


Habitat.—Upper Mississippi River, Missouri River and their tributa- 
ries, also in Red River of the North. 


Girard’s statement that his dekayi is the same as De Kay’s Pimelodus 
catus is certainly incorrect, if any reliance is to be placed on descrip- 


tions. That Thompson’s vulgaris is the same as dekayi I have no doubt. 
Amiurus clurus, of which I have examined the types as well as numer- 





i” 6 eR ee eS 











SILURIDA. 89 


ous specimens from the Red River of the North, from the Mississippi 

tiver at Saint Louis, and from the Illinois tiver, differs somewhat in 
proportions; but I think it specifically identical with A. vulgaris from 
Lake Erie. 


14, AMIURUS MARMORATUS, (Holbrook) Jordan. 


Marbled Catfish. 
(Figs. 36 and 37.) 
Pimelodus marmoratus, HOLBROOK (1855), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 54. 

Habitat.—Georgia to Florida. 

This beautiful and singular species seems to have been overlooked 
by all writers since the original description. The characters given in 
the preceding analysis are taken from a specimen sent by Dr. Holbrook 
to the United States National Museum. It differs from catus chiefly 
‘in the coloration. I have been informed that similarly colored Catfishes 
occur in Pennsylvania, and I have seen a crayon sketch of one such 
by Mr. J. H. Richard. 


15. AMIURUS MELAS, (Rajfinesque) Jordan & Copeland. 


Small Black Catfish. 


(Figs 38 and 39.) 


Silurus melas, RAFINESQUE (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 51. 
Pimelodus melas, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ichthyologia Obiensis, 66. 
Amiurus melas, JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159. 
Pimelodus catulus, GIRARD (1858), U. S. Pac, R. R. Surv. 203. | 
Amiurus catulus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Copre (1870), Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc. 485.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159. 
Pimelodus confinis, GrRARD (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159. 
Amiurus confinis, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Copr (1870), Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc. 486.—JoRDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 301.—NxrLson (1876), Bull. 
Ws. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50.—Jorpan & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159. 
Amiurus obesus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 45.—JorpDAN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 159.—GILt (1876), Ich. Capt. Simpson’s Explorations, 420. 
Amiurus nebulosus, Coprn & YaRRow (1876), Zo6l. Lieut. Wheeler’s Surv. West of 100th 
Meridian, v, 640 (excl. syn.). 
Amiurus pullus, NELSON (1876), Bull. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50 (not P. pullus De K.). 


This species occurs abundantly throughout the Mississippi Valley, 
replacing the allied species catus. Prof. Cope considers it a variety of 
catus; but the short deep body and small anal fin thus far have served 
to distinguish it. The coloration of the anal fin is somewhat character- 
istic. The membrane is unusually black and contrasts with the pale 


rays. . 
Girard’s types of confinis and catulus appear to be the shortened or 


90 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


natalis form of this species. There is certainly nothing in the emargin- 
ation of the caudal fin in which confinis and hoyit differ from the rest of 
the species with the caudal fin truncate, as has been supposed by Prof. 
Cope, on the strength of Girard’s description. . 

The only good description of this species is that of Prof. Gill, under 
the name of Amiurus obesus, in the report of Captain Simpson’s Explo- 
rations. I have no doubt of the identity of Rafinesque’s melas with 
the obesus. The obesus occurs in considerable abundance about the 
Falls of the Ohio, and Rafinesque’s description is reasonably accurate. 


16. AMIURUS CATUS, (L.) Gill. 
Bullhead—Hornpout—Catfish. 
(Figs. 40 and AL.) 


PBagre fecunde species Marcgr. affinis, CATESBY (1750), Fishes ete. Carolina, 23, tab. 
xxiii (a most wretched figure, absolutely unidentifiable). 
Silurus catus, LINN. (1758), Syst. Nat. x, p. 305; (1766), xii, p. 504.—BLocuH. ScHN. 
(1801), 387.—MircHiLy (1818), Journal Lit. & Philos. Soc. N. Y. i, 433. 
Pimelodus catus, Cuv. & VAL. (1840), xv, 124.—DrE Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 182.— 
STORER (1846), Synopsis, 402. a 
Amiurus catus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—GUNTHER (1864), Cat. rt 
Fishes, v, 99 (excl. syn. pars)—UHLER & LUGGER (1876), Fishes of Maryland, 
152. ¥ 
Pimelodus nebulosus, Lk SUEUR (1819), Mém. de Muséum, v, 149.—STORER (1838), Rept. 
Fishes Mass. 102. 
Amiurus nebulosus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Copx (1870), Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc. 435. ' 
Pimelodus atrarius, DE Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 185.—STORER (1846), Synopsis, 404; 
(1855), Fishes of Mass. 279. 
Amiurus atrarius, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—JORDAN (1876), Man. 
Vert. 30.—NELSON (1876), Bull. Is. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50.—JORDAN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 159.—JoRDAN (1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 46. 
Pimelodus felis, AGASSIZ (1850), Lake Superior, 281. 
Amiurus felis, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. | 
Pimelodus hoyi, GIRARD (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159. | 
Amiurus hoyi, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Cope (1870), Proc. Am. 
Philos. Soc. 486.—JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 301.—JORDAN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 159. p 
Pimelodus vulpeculus, GIRARD (1859), Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 160. 
Amiurus vulpeculus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44. 


aetna 


SS Se 


Variety? MISPILLIENSIS. 


Amiurus mispilliensis, CopE (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 486.—JorDAN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 159. 


Habitat—Great Lake Region and Upper Mississippi to Arkansas and 


northward; also in streams of the Atlantic States from Maine south 
to Carolina. 





3 SILURID&. 91 


I have restored the name of catus* to this species, following in this 
respect Valenciennes and the older American authors rather than 
Girard, who transferred the name to an entirely different species. The 
fact that Linnzeus counted twenty anal rays renders it unlikely that he 
had a specimen of lividus, a species with twenty-five anal rays before 
him. As it is not possible to say with certainty what species he did 
have, we must adopt Valenciennes’s identification of it untilitis shown 
that it is probably erroneous. The following is Linnzeus’s description 
(Systema Nature, xii, 504) :— 





Catus 12. S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, ani radiis 20. Cirris 8. B. 5, D 4, O. P a; 
V. 8, A. 20. C. 17. ‘ 

Catesb. car. 2. p. 23. t. 23. Bagre 2. Maregr. affinis. 

Marcgr. bras. 173. Bagre species, 2. 

Habitat in America, Asia. 

Ex—Asia vidi pinnis ventr. radiis 6. 


The species termed atrarius, nebulosus, and catus by the earlier authors 
are evidently identical. 

There is nothing in the long description of Pimelodus felis to indicate 
that it is distinct from the common Lake Bullhead. In the elaborate 
enumeration of characters, individual and generic, given by Prof. 
Agassiz, nearly all that is specific seems to be lost. 

On examination of the type-specimens of Pimelodus hoyi Grd., and 
P. vulpeculus, Girard, I am unable to see that they differ at all from this 
species. The caudal fin is not more emarginate than is usual in catus. 

Amiurus mispilliensis Cope appears to differ in some respects; but 
these are probably individual peculiarities, as but one specimen seems 
to be known. 

The best figure of this species is that given by Dr. Storer under the 
name of Pimelodus atrarius. 


eter ee Ee 

*In the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature (p. 503), Linnwus describes a 
Silurus felis, which has been considered a species of Amiurus. An examination of 
Linneus’s description has satisfied Prof. Gill and myself that S. felis was most prob- 
ably based on Arius milberti C. & V. This latter species should then stand as Ariopsis 
felis (L.) Gill & Jordan. 


The following is the original description : 
Felis. 10. S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, ani radis 23 cirris 6, cauda bifida. B.5,D%,0.P. 4 
V. 6, A. 23, C. 31. 
Habitat in Carolina. D. Garden. 
Cirri sub labio inferiore 4, supra sinus oris utrinque 1. Dorsum cerulescens. P. ventrales ana- 


lisque rubescentes. Cauda bisida.  Afinis 8. Cato. 








aa 22 Foes 


92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


17. AMIURUS XANTHOCEPHALUS, (Rasinesque) Gill, 


Small Yellow Catfish. 
(Figs. 42 and 43.) 


Silurus xanthocephalus, Ray. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 51. 
Pimelodus xanthocephalus, Rar. (1820), Ich. Ohiensis, 66.—KiRTLAND (1838), Rept. 
Zool. Obio, 169, 194.—STrorer (1846), Synopsis, 405. 
Amiurus xanthocephalus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—JorDAn & 
COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159.—JorDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 
N.Y. —. 
Pimelodus catus, KiRTLAND Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 330. (excl. syn.}. 
Amiurus albidus, JorDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 302 (not Pimelodus albidus Le Sueur).— 
NELSON (1876), Ball. Ils. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50. 
Amiurus nebulosus, JORDAN (1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 45. 


Habitat—Ohio Valley. 

tafinesque’s description of this species is rather indifferent. Later 
writers seem to have overlooked the species altogether, or to have con- 
founded it with A. catus. It is certainly quite distinct from A. catus, 
and apparently from all the others here mentioned. The peculiar pro- 
file, wide head, as well as the short and small anal fin, are characteristic. 


These points are fairly shown in Dr. Kirtland’s otherwise bad figure of 
his Pimelodus catus. 


18. AMIURUS NIGRILABRIS, (Cope) Gill & Jordan. 


Blind Catfish. 
(Figs. 44 and 45.) 


Gronias nigrilabris, COPE (1864), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 231.—JorRDAN (1876), 
Man. Vert. 304.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 160. 
Aniurus nigrilabris, GILL, MSS. 
Habitat.—Cave streams tributary to the Conestoga River in Eastern 
Pennsylvania. 


The concealed condition of the eyes in this species is not considered 
by Prof. Gill as a character of sufficient-importance to warrant its 
generic separation. 

A. nigrilabris is apparently descended from A. pullus or some similar 
species, its eyes being modified by its subterranean life. 











SILURIDE. 93 


19. AMIURUS PULLUS, (De Kay) Gill. 
Black Bullhead of New York. 
(Figs. 46 and 47.) 


Pimelodus pullus, Dp Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 184.—STorRER, Synopsis (1846), 404. 
Amiurus pullus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—Corg (1870), Proc. 
Ain. Philos. Soc. 485.—JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 301.—JoRDAN & COPELAND 
(1876), Check List, 159. 


Habitat.— Western New York to Northern New England. 

This species resembles A. catus, but is distinguishable by the short 
anal fin. From A. melas the broader head and some other peculiarities 
separate it. It is possible, however, that it is a variety of the latter 
species. 

20. AMIURUS BRUNNEDS, Jordan. 
Small Brown Cat. 
(Figs. 48 and 49.) 


Amiurus brunneus, JORDAN (1876), Annals Lye. Nat. His. N. Y. —. 
Habitat—Ocmulgee River, Georgia. 
This species is one of the most strongly marked of the genus. It 
bears some resemblance to the species of Noturus. 


21. AMIURUS PLATYCEPHALUS, (Girard) Gill. 
Flat-headed Cat. 


(Figs. 50 and 51.) 


Pimelodus platycephalus, GIRARD (1859), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 161. 
Amiurus platycephalus, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 44.—CoPE (1870), 
Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. 485.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 159. 


Habitat.—North Carolina to Georgia. 

This species has the form of Pelodichthys, as well as the increased 
number of branchiostegals. The dorsal spine is, however, well devel- 
oped, and the anal fin has the usual number of rays, although only 17 
were counted by Prof. Cope. The lower jaw does not project, and the 
dentition is of the pattern usual in Amiurus. 


Genus PELODICHTHYS, (Rajinesque) Gill & Jordan. 


Glanis, RAFINESQUE (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Review, 447 (named but not 
characterized). . 

Pilodictis, RAFINESQUE (1819), 
nal de Physique de Chymie et d’Histoire Naturelle Paris, 


Prodrome de Soixante-dix Nouv. Genres &c. in Jour- 
422, 


94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Leptops, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 64. 

Opladelus, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 64. 

Ilictis, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 66. 

Pylodictis, RAFINESQUE (1820), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 67. 

Hopladelus, Grit (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 45, and of most late authors. 
Pelodichthys, GILL & JORDAN, MSS.—JorpDAN (1876), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. —. 
Pimelodus sp., KIRTLAND, Cuv. & VAL. et Auct. ; 


ETYMOLOGY.—z7A0o¢, nud ; cyxéve, fish. 

Typr.—Pilodictis limosus Raf. = Silurus olivaris Raf. 

Body much elongated, very slender, much depressed, anteriorly 
broader than high. Head large, very wide and depressed, latterly 
expanded, above broadly ovate, and in profile cuneiform. Skin very 
thick, entirely concealing the skull. Supraoccipital bone entirely free 
from the head of the second interspinal. Eyes small. Mouth very 
large, anterior and transverse. The lower jaw always projects beyond 
the upper. Teeth in broad villiform bands on the intermaxillaries 
and dentaries. The intermaxillary band is convex anteriorly, and pro- 
ceeds to the insertion of the maxillaries, where it is abruptly angularly 
deflected, and proceeds backward as an elongated triangular extension. 
The band at the symphysis is slightly divided and anteriorly separated 
by a small triangular extension of the labial membrane. The lower 
dental is anteriorly semicircular and attenuated to the corners of the 
mouth. There are about twelve branchiostegal rays on each side. 

The dorsal fin is situated over the posterior half of the interval be- 
tween the pectorals and ventrals, and has a spine and about seven 
branched rays. The spine israther small, and more or less enveloped in 
the thick skin. : 

The adipose fin is large, and has an elongated base resting over the 
posterior half of the anal; it is very obese and inclines rapidly back- 
ward; itis rather less free posteriorly than in Amiurus. 

The anal fin is small ; it commences far behind the anus, is a little 
longer than high, and is composed of about thirteen rays. 

The caudal fin is oblong, subtruncated, placed on a vertical basis, 
and with numerous accessory simple rays, recurrent above and beneath 
the caudal peduncle. 

The pectorals have a broad, compressed spine, serrated or dentated 
on its external and internal margins, and with the prolonged fleshy 
integument obliquely striated. 

The ventrals are rounded and have nine rays, one simple and eight 
branched. 

















SILURIDA. 95 


The anus is situated behind the ventrals, some distance behind their 
bases, and much in advance of the anal fin. 


Coloration: brown or yellowish, more or less marbled or spotted. 

The genus Pelodichthys is at first sight recognized by the long body, 
flat in front; the depressed and broad oblong head with the projecting 
Jower jaw, by the posterior extension of the upper bands of teeth, by the 
partly concealed dorsal spine, the small size of the anal fin, and the recur- 
rence of the caudal fin. But one species is definitely known. The 
various nominal species described by Rafinesque and Valenciennes, I 
think, were all based on the common olivaris. 

Those who hold that the mere naming of a genus, without explana- 
tion or attempt at characterization, gives validity to such name, will 
call this genus Glanis instead of Pelodichthys. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. 


*Body very long, slender, depressed forwards, closely compressed bebind, the head ex- 
tremely flat, the lower jaw longest; barbel short; dorsal spine small, half the height 
of the fin, enveloped in thick skin ; pectoral spine very strong, flattened, serrate be- 
hind; caudal somewhat emarginate; anal short, its base about 7 in body, of 12 to 
15 rays; premaxillary band of teeth with a large distinct backward process on each 
side; coloration mottled brown and yellowish, whitish below ; size large, 

OLIV ARIS, 22. 


22, PELODICHTHYS OLIVARIS, (Rafinesque) Gill & Jordan. 
Mud Catfish. 
(Figs. 52 and 53.) 
Silurus olivaris, RAFINESQUE (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. iii, Sept. 355. 
Hopladelus olivaris, Grtu (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 45.—Copr (1869), 
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 237—JorpDaAN (1876), Man. Vert. 303.—NELSON 
(1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 50—Gm1 (1876), Ich. Capt. Simpson’s 
Expl. 426.—Jorpan & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 160.—JORDAN (1877), 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 46. 
Pelodichthys olivaris, JoRDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. —. 
Glanis limosus, Rar. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. iii, 447, and 1v, 107 (name only). 
Pilodictis limosus, Rar. (1819), Journal de Physique, 422. 
Pylodictis limosus, Rar. (1820), Ich. Ohiensis, 67. 
Silurus nebulosus, RaF. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, London, 50. 
Pimelodus nebulosus, Ra¥. (1820), Ich. Oh. 64. 
Silurus viscosus, Ra¥. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, 50. 
Pimelodus viscosus, RAF. (1820), Ich. Ob. 66. Hl 
Silurus limosus, Rar. (1820), Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, 51. ; 
Pimelodus limosus, Ra¥. (1820), Ich. Oh. 67.—K1IRTLAND (1846), Bost. Journ. Nat, 
Hist. iv, 335.—SToRER (1846), Synopsis, 404. 
Pimelodus punctulatus, Cuv. & Vat. (1840), xv, 134.—Dr Kay (1842), Fishes N. Y. 187.— 
SToRER (1846), Synopsis, 403.—GUNTHER (1864), Cat. Fishes, v, —- 
Pimelodus eneus, Cuv. & VAL. (1840), xv, 135.—Dx Kay (1842), l. c.—STORER (1946), 
1. c. 403. 
Habitat.—Ohio Valley to Iowa and South. 


96 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOGY—II. 


Genus NOTURUS, Rajinesque. 


Noturus, Rar. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev. iv, Nov. 41, and of most subse- 
quent authors. 

Schilbeodes, BLEEKER (1858), “‘Ichthyologie Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, vol. i. Siluri 
(Acta Societarum Indo-Nederlandica, vol. iv.) 255, (S. gyrinus Mit.).” (Also 
written Schilbeoides ; I do not know which is the original orthography.) 

ETYMLOOGY.—voroc, back; ovpa, tail (‘‘ means tail over the back”, Raf.). 

Typre.—Noturus flavus Raf. 

Body more or less elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, thence more or 
less compressed. 

Head above ovate and depressed, with a slight longitudinal furrow, 
branching into a transverse depression on the nape. Skin very thick, 
entirely concealing the bones. Supraoccipital entirely free from the 
head of the second interspinal. Jiyes small or of moderate size. Mouth 
anterior, rather large, and transverse. Upper jaw usually more or 
less projecting beyond the lower. Teeth subulate, closely aggregated 
in a broad band in each jaw, which in the lower one is interrupted by 
a linear interval and in the upper one is continuous. The band in the 
upper jaw is either abruptly truncated at each end (subgenus Schil- 
beodes) or prolonged backward by a continuation from the postero- 
external angle (subgenus Noturus). The lower band is, as usual, at- 
tenuated toward the corners of the mouth. Branchiostegal membrane 
with nine rays on each side. © 

Dorsal fin situated over the posterior half of the interval between 
the pectoral and ventral fins, with a very pungent, short, edentulous 
spine and seven branched rays. 

Adipose fin long and low, connected with the accessory rays of the 
caudal fin, and not forming a separate fin, never free behind; the mem- 
brane sometimes high and continuous, sometimes notched, in one spe- 
cies to the base. 

Caudal fin very obliquely truncated or rounded, and inserted on an 
equally obliquely rounded base. The rays rapidly decrease in length 
inferiorly, and there are numerous rudimentary ones both above the 
caudal peduncle, where the anterior is united to the adipose fin, and 
forms a continuous keel (interrupted in one species), and below, where 
they advance considerably forward. 

The anal fin is comparatively short, and rapidly increases in height 
for the first half of its length. It has from 12 to 20 rays. 

The ventrals are rounded, and each has one simple and eight branched 
rays. 











SILURIDZ. 97 


Pectoral fins with a sharp spine, either smooth, grooved, or dentate be- 
hind, the size and armature of the spine affording good specific characters, 

The anus is situated some distance in advance of the anal fin. 

The lateral line is complete. 


The Noturi may be known at once by the peculiarities of the adipose and 
caudal fins. The genus is rather Jess homogeneous than any of the others. 

Two subgeneric sections are recognizable :— 

Noturus.—Size large; intermaxillary band of teeth with a backward 
process; pectoral spine nearly smooth within, sharply retrorse-serrate 
externally ; a keel between dorsal and adipose fins. 

Schilbeodes.—Size moderate or small; intermaxillary band of teeth 
without backward process; pectoral spine more nearly smooth exter- 
nally, grooved or else serrate within; back not distinctly keeled. 


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. 


*, Premaxillary band of teeth with a strong backward process on each side (Noturus): 
a. Body elongate; head depressed, broad, and flat, nearly as broad as long; middle 
region of body subcylindrical ; tail compressed ; head about 4} in length ; 
width of head 5$; depth 5% in length ; distance to dorsal about 3 in length ; 
barbels, short; a strong keel on back behind dorsal, leading to adipose fin ; 
adipose fin deeply notched; dorsal spine very short, pectoral spine retrorsely 
serrate in front, slightly rough or nearly entire behind ; its length three times 
in distance from snout to dorsal; anal rays about 16; color nearly uviform 
yellowish-brown, in northern specimens blackish above, slightly mottled ; 
fins yellow-edged ; size very large, reaches a length of more than a foot 
FLAVUS, 23. 
** Premaxillary band of teeth without lateral backward processes (Schilbeodes) : 
t. Pectoral spine dentate-serrate behind, more or less roughened in front; adipose 
fin notched : 
b. Pectoral spines shortish, nearly straight, about one-third length of head; the 
serratures weak, less than half the diameter of the spine; body elongated 
its depth 54 to 7 in length; the head very much depressed ; anal 14 to 17; 
colors nearly uniform, somewhat mottled ; fins more or less dark-edged. 

c. Pectoral spine retrorse-serrate without, weakly serrate within; head very 
broad, flat, and thin; upper jaw projecting; head about 4% in length, 
depth 6; dorsal fin one-fourth higher than long; distance from snout to 
dorsal about 2% in length; length of pectoral spine 23 in same distance ; 
dorsal much nearer anal than snout; anal rays 16 to 20; size large (reaches 
the length of nearly a foot) ; colors rather dark ; dorsal and candal fins black- 
PIAVPINE A eo once San oe marnae ee = seen s seness onsen senso ney INSIGNIS, 24. 

cc. Pectoral spine slightly retroise-serrate without, with about six small straigh 
teeth within, which are not one-third the diameter of the spine in length ; 
head small, not very broad, but thin and depressed ; its width. 5} to 6 in 
length of body ; jaws nearly equal ; head 43 in length, depth 5} to 64; dorsal 
searcely higher than long ; distance from snout to dorsal about 3} in length ; 
pectoral spine 34 to 4 in this distance; dorsal spine low, nearer snout than 
anal; anal rays 14 or 15; size small; color pale.-..-..--+--------- EXILIS, 29. 


Butt. N. M. No. 10—7 


98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


bb. Pectoral spines extremely strong, more than half the length of head, curved ; 
their posterior serrz strong, spine-like, hooked backward, each about as long 
as the diameter of the spines: 

d. Adipose fin connected with the caudal fin; distance from snont to dorsal 
about 2% in length ; pectoral spine 24 in this distance; dorsal fin higher than 
long; body not very elongate nor much depressed ; the dorsal region often. 
somewhat elevated; the depth usually 44 to 5 in length; hea 32 to 45 
dorsal nearer anal than tip of snout ; anal 12 or 13 rays; pectoral spine 
curved and sharply serrate without, with six strong recurved pectinations 
within each as long as the diameter of the spine; body much mottled, black 
and grayish; top of head, tip of dorsal, middle of adipose fin, and edge of 
eaudal definitely black; body with four broad cross-blotches, one before 
dorsal, one behind it, one on middle of adipose fin, and one small one behind 
its size small soto as cee aecactenc anes cere cee eee en enee eee MIURUS, 26. 

dd. Adipose fin entirely free from caudal fin, separated from it by a space 
nearly equal to the diameter of the eye; spines as in miurus but rather weaker; 
head 34 in length; depth 54; distance to dorsal 23 in length; pectoral spine 
2+ in distance to dorsal: width of head 4} in length; body moderately elon- 
gated ; head broad and flat, much like that of a Pelodichthys ; anal fin with 
but eleven rays; color mottled gray, faintly and irregularly spotted with 
GATK OL: waisjeciscotisciciye seit tise ek bs arse emesem eteissereeee ELEUTHERUS, 27. 

tt. Pectoral spine entire or grooved behind, never retrorse-serrate ; adipose fin con- 
tinuous, not notched : 

e. Head small and narrow, longer than broad, with small eye; its length about 4 
in body, its width 5}; upper jaw much projecting ; spines very short and 
slender, that of the dorsal not one-third the height of the fin, and all less 
than one-fourth the length of head; body slender, but not elongate ; dis- 
tance to dorsal 2% in length; pectoral spine 5 in this distance, slightly 
retrorse-serrate without, grooved within; depth 53 in length; dorsal nearer 
anal than snout; anal 14; color mottled, rather pale -..LEPTACANTIIUS, 28. 

ee. Head short, broad, and deep. 

Jf. Head shorter, narrower, and smaller in every way, than in the next, the body 
more elongate, more compressed but less deep, the width 44 in length of 
body; length of head 44; depth of body 53; snout to dorsal one third of 
length; pectoral spine 24 in distance to dorsal; jaws nearly equal; anal 
rays 15 or 16; lower barbels pale; coloration yellowish brown, with a lateral 
dark streakianditwoidorsalionesieasee sesso cee eee eee GYRINUS, 29. 

ff. Head 34 to 4 in length, larger than in any of the other species; width of head 
3% in length; distance from snout to dorsal 23 in length; body compara- 
tively short and thick, the depth 4 to 5 in length; spines stout and rather 
long, that of the pectoral fin straight, about half the length of head; 2} in 
distance to dorsal fin; entirely free from serratures outside, grooved within ; 
dorsal higher than long, nearer anal than snout; anal high, of 13 rays; adi- 
pose fin high, continuous, without any notch at all; caudal fin arising very 
near anal; barbels short; the lower dark; color nearly uniform yellowish 
brown, never blotched; a narrow black lateral streak, which is usually con- 
SPiCUOUSss<jenairepe ee wees shyotisisararciatnes ats Sanichatseistcateee spseueieete S1ALIs, 30. 





SILURID&. 99 


25. NOTURUS FLAVUS, Rajinesque. 
Yellow Stone Cat—Common Stone Cat. 


(Figs. 54 and 55.) 











Noturus flavus, Rar. (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. and Critical Revie sw, p. 41; (1820), Ich. 
Ob. 63.—KiRrLanp (1838), Rept. Zbl. Ohio, 169, 195; (1846), Bost. Journ. Nat. 
Hist. iv, 356.—Srorer (1846), Synopsis, 406.—GiLL (1862), Proc. Bost. soc. Nat. 
Hist. 45.—Copx (1864), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 277; (1869), Journ. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila. 237.—Ginrner (1864), Cat. Fishes, v, 104.—Unter & LuGGER 
(1876), Fishes Maryland, 151.—JorpAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. — 
Noturus luteus, Rav. (1819), Journ. de Physique, 421. 
Noturus occidentalis, GILL (1862), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 45; 1876), Capt. ? Simpson’s 
Rept. 423.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 160. 
Noturus platycephalus, GUNTHER (1864), Catalogue Fishes, v, 104.—Jorpan & Copr- 
LAND (1876), Check List, 160. 
Habitat.— Vermont and Canada to Virginia, Ohio Valley and Mis- 
souri Region. 
It is not quite certain which species served as the type of Rafinesque’s 
“flavus”. Three disiinet species occur about the Falls of the Ohio, 
flavus, sialis, and miurus. Of these, “flavus” is the most abundant 
in the immediate neighborhood of the river, the others preferring clearer 
water than is found in most of the streams near the falls. Rafinesque 
speaks of his flavus as being entirely yellowish, and as reaching the 
length of a foot. Miurus is never yellowish; and neither miurus nor 
sialis, so far as I know, reach a length of more than six inches. More- 
over, the flavus of Kirtland, Cope, and of most writers, is the spe- 
cies now under consideration. — 

N. occidentalis Gili I also consider the same. There is nothing in the 
description to indicate difference, and, on examination of specimens 
supposed to be the original types of occidentalis, I am unable to find any 
distinctive characters whatever. Like Zchthelurus punctatus aud Ami- 
urus lividus, the Noturus flavus is a species of wide geographical range, 
and its oceurrence in Nebraska is not surprising. 

N. platycephalus Giinther is evidently the same as flavus. WN. oceiden- 
talis Giinther is based on specimens of Voturus marginatus, sent by the 
- Smithsonian Institution to the British Museum, Prof. Gill informs me. 

I have examined specimens, which I refer to flavus, from Saint Law- 

; oS Iisa 
rence River, New York, from Lake Champlain, from the Potomac River, 
from the Ohio River in West Virginia, in Ohio, and in Indiana, from the 
q Miami, White, and Wabash Rivers, from the Missouri River, from Lake 


Michigan, and from Platte River. 


100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—IL. 


24, NOTURUS INSIGNIS, (Richardson) Gill & Jordan. 
Margined Stone Cat. 
(Figs. 56 and 57.) 
Pimelodon livrée, LE Sueur (1819), Mém. du Mus. v, 155. 
Pimelodus insigné, RICHARDSON (1236), Fauua Boreali-Americana, 1ii, 132 (name only, 
based on Le Sueur’s description). 
Pimelodus lemniscatus, Cuv. & VAL. (1840), xv, 144.—STorER (1846), Synopsis, 405. 
Noturus lemniscatus, GIRARD (1859), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 158.—G1LL (1862), Proc. 
Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. 45.—GUnrTuer (1864), Cat. Fishes, v, 104.—-JorDaNn 
(1876), Man. Vert. 303.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 160. 
Noturus occidentalis, GUNTHER (1864), Cat. Fishes, v, 105 (not of Gill). 
Noturus marginatus, BatrD, MSS.—Copr (1859), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 237.— 
Cope (1870), Proc. Am, Philos. Soc. 424.—JORDAN & COPELAND (1876), Check 
List, 160.—JORDAN (1876), Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.—. 
Habitat.—Pennsylvania to South Carolina. This species was first 
noted by Le Sueur under the name of Pimelodon livrée, but for some 
reason that author neglected to give it a classical name. The name of 
insigne was supplied by Richardson, and that of lemniscatus by Cuvier 
and Valenciennes. The description of the coloration is such as to leave 
no possible doubt of the identity of this species with Le Sueur’s. 
No satisfactory description of this common fish has yet been pub- 
lished. It is well distinguished from miurus aud exilis by the char- 
acters given above in the analysis of species. 


25. NOTURUS EXILIS, Nelson. 


Slender Stone Cat. 
(Figs. 58 and 59.) 
Noturus exilis, NELSON (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 51.—Jorpan & Copr.anp 
(1876), Check List, 160.—Jorpan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. —. 

Habitat.—Wisconsin and Ulinois to Missouri and Kansas. 

The synonymy of this species needs no remark. Its relations are 
entirely with marginatus, from which species it is undoubtedly distinct. 
Specimens from Wisconsin are much less elongate than Nelson’s original 
types. I do not, however, consider them specifically distinct. 


26. NOTURUS MIURUS, Jordan. 


Variegated Stone Cat. 
(Figs. 60 and 61.) 
Noturus miurus, JORDAN, MSS.—Jonpdan & COPELAND (1876), Check List, 160.—JORDAN 
(1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 46 (name only).—JORDAN (1877), Aun. Lyc. Nat. 
Hist. N.Y. —. 
Nolurus marginatus, JORDAN (1876), Man. Vert.303.—NrLsoNn (1876), Bull. Ills. Mus. 
Nat. Hist. 50 (not of Baird). 


Habitat—Great Lakes and Ohio Valley to Wisconsin and Louisiana. 


| 





OS — cN DIE  l  , =) 


Sie Sealy ss A a 


sin ot eA 


Ra eee wee 


PTS 


POSTE STS 


ae 











SILURID. 101 


This species, although a very abundant one in the Mississippi Valley, 
seems to have been entirely overlooked by our writers on Ichthyology ; 
the great development and serration of the pectoral spines will always 
serve to distinguish it from all of the preceding. I have seen specimens 


from Louisiana as well as from various localities in the Ohio Valley and 
trom Lake Michigan. 


27. NOTURUS ELEUTHERUS, Jordan.* 
Free-finned Stone Cat. 
(Figs. 62 and 63.) 


Noturus elcutherus, JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. —. 


Habitat—f¥rench Broad River, Tennessee; Tar River, North Caro- 
lina. 

‘This fish is not a variety of miurus; it is either a distinct species or 
a very remarkable monstrosity. I think now that the former is the 
case, and I have designated it by the above name, in allusion to the 
adipose fin being free from the caudal. The type-specimen from the 
French Broad River very strongly resembles a young Pelodichthys, but 
has the upper jaw longer. The adipose fin is, as usual, decurrent, bat 
it is entirely separate from the beginning of the caudal. 


* Nolurus eleutherus, JoORDAN.—Since the first pa t of this paper was printed, I have 
been able to examine a large number of fine specimens collected by Mr. J. W. Milner, 
of the United States Fish Commission, in the Tar River near Tarboro’, N C. These 
specimens show the following charaters :— 

Body stout, broad forward, taperivg behind. Head large, flattish, 43 in Jength ot 
body, without caudal; depth of body 55 in length ; width of head 4} in length of body. 
Mouth iarge, the upper jaw much projecting ; barbels rather long. Adipose tin rather 
high, so deeply notched that the continuity of the fin is broken for a distance nearly 
equal to the diameter of the eye. A strong keel on the back in front of the adipose fin, 
Caudal fin rounded. Distance from snout to dorsal 3 in length of body, Pectoral 
spine in this distance 2 times; in head 1}. Dorsal spine j the height of the fin, 3} times 
in distance from snout to dorsal, 2} in length of head. Pectinations of pectoral spine 
very strong, recurved, nearly as long as the diameter of the spine. Front of pectoral 
spine th ead teeth turned forward. Fin-radii: D.1,7; A.12; P.1,8; V.9. Color 
much as ‘in N. miurus, extensively variegated. Snout, cheeks, and oars al region 


Hy black. A black bar across front of dorsal, one behind dorsal, and another across mid- 
dle of adipose fin; base of caudal-fin black. One or two narrow horizontal black bars 
across dorsal and anal near their tips. Caudal vaguely barred, largely black, its tip 
_ white. Length of specimens 42 inches. 


This is one of the most striking of oar Siluride. Its relations are with VN. miurus 


but the nearly free adipose fin will always serve to distinguish it. I have seeu no 
 pecimens of miurus so large and sto ut as these of eleutherus. 


102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II, 


28. NOTURUS LEPTACANTHUS, Jordan. 


Weak-spined Stone Cat. 
(Figs. 64 and 65.) 
Noturus leptacanthus, JORDAN (1876), MSS.—JoRDAN & COPELAND, Check List, 160 
(name only).—JORDAN (1877), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. —. 
Habitat—LKtowah River, Georgia. 
But a single specimen of this species is known; it is, however, totally 
distinct from all the rest; its relations are chiefly with gyrinus. 


29. NOTURUS GYRINUS, (Mitchill) Rafinesque. 
Tadpole Stone Cat. 
(Fig. 66 and 67.) 


Silurus gyrinus, MrircuiLi (1818), Am. Monthly Mag. March, 322.—Dr Kay (1842), 
Fishes N. Y. 186. 
Noturus gyrinus, Rar. (1819), Journ. de Physique, 421; (1820), Ich. Oh. 68. —GiLL 
(1862), Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 45.—Copr (1869), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Phila. 237.—JorDAN (1876), Man. Vert. 303.—JoRDAN & COPELAND (1876), 
Check List, 160.—JORDAN (1877), Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. —. 
Schilbeodes gyrinus, BLEEKER (1808), 1. ¢. 
Habitat.—Southern New York to Pennsylvania. 
I have examined specimens of this species from Orange, Rockland, 
and Chemung Counties, New York. It resembles the next, but is in 


every way slenderer and weaker. 
30. NOTURUS SIALIS, Jordan, sp. nov. 


Chubby Stone Cat. 


(Figs. 68 and 69.) 
Noturus flavus, JORDAN (1876), Mav. Vert. 303 (in part)—NELSON (1876), Bull. Ils. 
Mus. Nat. Hist. 50.—JORDAN (1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 46. 

Havitat.—Entire Mississippi Valley, Great Lake Region, and in Red 
River of the North. 

Comparison of eastern and western specimens referred to gyrinus show 
surprising differences of form, and as these differences appear to be con- 
stant in a great number of specimens examined from widely separated 
localities, I have decided to separate the western form as a distinct 





Woe Nepitls 5 Wetted a5 


species. 

The eastern form, or gyrinus, has the head shorter and every way 
smaller, and the.body proper more elongate, more compressed, almost 
ribbon-shaped, and the spines rather weaker. The coloration is the 


5 Ba Ae 
SETI Ie 


Ae 


Bai as, 











SILURIDA. 103 


same in both, yellowish-brown, with a lateral dark streak and two more 
dorsal ones. The lower barbels are usually dark in sialis, pale in 
gyrinus. The outline drawings of the two which accompany this paper 
shows the differences better than they can be expressed in words. 

Noturus gyrinus is apparently a starved representative of Noturus 
sialis as N. exilis is of N. insignis, but in the latter case the “ starved” 
form is the western one. 








year 


am) 













BEB E10 GRAY Ep Ys 


The following list comprises all the works known to the writer in 
which new species or genera of American fresh-water Siluride@ are indi- 
cated, or in which original descriptions are given of genera or species 
previously known. In general, I have endeavored to include all papers 
in which anything of importance was added to or subtracted from the 
sum of our knowledge of these fishes :— 


CATESBY (Mark). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama 
Islands: containing The Figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and 
Plants: Particularly the Forest Trees, Shrubs and other Plants not hitherto 
described or very incorrectly figured by Authors. Together with their Deserip- 
tions in English and French. To which is added, Observations on the Air, Soil 
and Waters: with Remarks upon Agriculture, Grain, Pulse, Roots, ete. To the 
whole is Prefixed a new and correct Map of the Country Treated of. By Mark 
Catesby, F.R.S. London... , MDCCXXXI-XLIII. 2 vols. folio. 


(Contains a description and an outrageous figure of a Catfish from South Carolina. The figure 
is not identifiable, but has served as the basis of the earlier accounts of Silurus catus.] 


LINNE (Carl von). Caroli Linnzi Equitis De Stella Polari, Archiatri Regii, Med. 
et Botan. Profess. Upsal; Acad. Upsal: Holmens. Petropol. Berol. Imper. Lond. 
Monspel. Tolos. Florent. Soc. Systema Nature per Regna Tria Nature, secundum 
Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, 
Locis.—Editio Decima, Reformata. Cum Privilegio S:ae R:ae M:tis Sueciw.— 
Holmiz, Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii 1758. Tomus I, Regnvm Animale. 


[Describes sp. n. Silurus catus.] 


BLOCH (Mark Elieser) and SCHNEIDER (Johann Gottlob). M. E. Blochii 
Doctoris Medicinz Berolinensis, et societatibus literariis multis adscripti, Systema 
Ichthyologie iconibus CX illustratum.—Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum 
absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo.—Berolini, sumtibus 
Auctoris impressum et bibliopolio Sanderiano commissum, 1801. 


| Describes Silurus catus Linnzus, adding to Linneus’s account the characters ‘‘ caudali pinns 
bifurca: dorsali et pectorali inermi, omnibus obscure rubentibus” from Catesby’s figure. | 


5 : MITCHILL (Samuel Latham). Memoir on Ichthyology. The Fishes of New York 


described and arranged. In a supplement to the Memoir on the same subject, 
printed in the New York Literary and Philosophical Transactions, vol. i, pp. 355, 
492. By Samuel L. Mitchill. < The American Monthly Magazine and Critical 
Review, vol. ii, (New York), pp. 241-248, 321-328, 1818. 


[Description of Silurus gyrinus sp. nov.] 


PAFINESQUE (Constantine Samuel). Discoveries in Natural History, made dur- 
ing a Journey through the Western Region of the United States by Constantine 
Samuel Rafinesque, esq. Addressed to Samuel L. Mitchill, President, and other 
members of the Lyceum of Natural History in a letter dated at Louisville, Falls of 
the Ohio, 20th July, 1818. < American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, 
New York, September, 1818. 

[Describes Silurus punctatus andolivars” is sp. nov.) 


105 





106 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


RAFINESQUE (Constantine Samuel). Further account of Discoveriesin Natural 
History in the Western States, by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, esq. Commu- 
nicated in a leiter from that gentleman to the editor, Lexington, October 5, 1818. 
< American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, November, 1818. 


[Describes Noturus flavus gen. et sp. nov.]} 


Prodrome de 70 nouveaux Genres d’Animaux découverts dans V’intérieur des 
Etats-Unis @’Amérique durant Vannée 1818. < Journal de Physique, de Chymie 
et d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, June, 1819. 


[Describes Noturus luteus and Pilodictis limosus gen. et sp. nov.) 





LE SUEUR (Charles A.). Notice de quelques Poissons découverts dans les lacs du 
Haut-Canada, durant été de 1816, par Ch. A. Le Sueur. < Mémoires du Muséum 
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1819, tome cinquiéme. 

[Describes sp. nov. Pimelodus albidus, P. nebulosus, P. ceneus, P. caudafurcatus, P. nigricans, P. 
natalis, and (without Latin name) Pimelodon livrée (= P. insigne Rich., P. lemniscatus C. & V.).] 


RAFINESOQUE (Constantine Samuel). Description of the Silures or Cat-Fishes 
of the River Ohio, by C.S. Rafinesque, Professor of Botany in the Transylvania 
University of Lexington, Kentucky. < Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature 
and Arts, Royal Institution, London, 1820, ix. 

{Describes the following new species and varieties :—Silurus maculatus (= S. punctatus, 1818) ; var. 
erythroptera ; S. pallidus ; var. marginatus ; var. lateralis ; var. leucoptera ; S. cerulescens ; var. me- 
lanurus ; S. argentinus ; S. nebulosus (= S. olivaris, 1818); S. viscosus ; S. lividus; var. fuscatus ; 
S. melas ; S. cupreus; S.xanthocephalus; and S. limosus.] 


Ichthyologia Ohiensis or Natural History of the Fishes Inbabiting the River 
Ohio and its Tributary Streams. Preceded by a physical description of the Ohio 
and its branches by C. 8S. Rafinesque, Professor of Botany and Natural History in 
Transylvania University, Author of the Analysis of Nature, &c., &c., member of 
the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, the Historical Society of New 
York, the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, the Academy of Sciences of 
Philadelphia, the American Antiquarian Society, the Royal Institute of Natural 
Sciences of Naples, the Italian Society of Arts and Sciences, the Medical Societies 
of Lexington and Cincinnati, &c., &c.—The art of seeing well, or of noticing and 





distinguishing with accuracy the objects which we perceive is a high faculty of: 


the mind, unfolded in few individuals, and despised by those who can neither ac- 
quire it, nor appreciate its results—Lexington, Kentucky, printed for the Author 
by W. G. Hunt (price one dollar).—1820. (1 vol., 8vo, 90 pp.) 


[Originally printed in the Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine, Lexington, Kentucky, 
1819-20. It contains redescription of all the species previously indicated by the author, thirteen 
in number; the name S. argentinus is changed to Pimelodus argyrus, and the genus Pimelodus is 
divided into a number of subgenera and sections: Ictalurus, Elliops, Leptops, Opladclus, Amei- 
urus, Ilictis, etc.] 





Extracts from A Second Series of Zoological Letters written to Baron Cuvier of 
Paris, by Prof. Rafinesque in 1831. < Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, 
Philadelphia, 1832, pp. 19-22. 

[Describes numerous shells, worms, ‘““Porostomes”’,* ete. I copy the part relating to fishes for the 
edification of ichthyolegists :— 

“Tsend you, as rou request, the figure, description, and a specime of my Trinectes Scabra, a 


new G. of fish near to Achirus found in the River Schuylkill; it has only three fins: dorsal, anal 
andcandal. ‘‘Also the description and figure of a large and beautiful new catfish from the River 


*' This name is very good, but if not agreeable to all, I have half a dozen others to offer as substi- 
tutes: Biopores, or Zoopores, or Leptremes, or Adelostomes, &c. Because itis my wish that this class or 
large section of animals should bear a good name given by me, instead of the delusory one of Animal- 
cula or microscepic animals, which does not apply to ail. ... The Miasmata or miasmic animal- 
cula of the air, may be the invisible birds of this class, or aerial insects floating in the air.” —(RAF. 
op. cit., p. 21.) 


—————————— eee 








ete oo ev a 





BIBLIOGRAPHY, __ 107 


Tennessee discovered in 123, Pimelodus lutescens : it wes three feet long, excellent to eat, of a 
0 ivaceous yellow colour, belly white, jaws equal, eyes round, tail forked, first dorsal falciform, 
secoud dorsz] nearly es Jarge as the aval.”’—(Rar., l.c., p. 20.) 

“I send you also the figares ard descriptious of tive new fishes No. 3 to 7. Zonipus punctatus, 
Semotilus notatus, Lepemiurus fasciolatus and bi ineatus, Luxilus auratilus and Zonargyra virescens. 
All obs-rved in the waters of Kentucky since publishing my Ichthyology of the Ohio in 1ez0, 
except the Lepemiurus.”—(Rar., l.c , p. 22.)] 


RICHARDSON (Jchn’. Fauna-Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Nortk- 
ern Parts of British America containing descriptions of the objects of Natural 
History coilected on the late Northern Land Expeditions under command of Cap- 
tain Sir John Franklin, R.N. Partthird. TheFish. By John Richardson, M. D., 
F. R.S., F. L. S., Member of the Geographical Society of London, and Wernerian 
Natural History Society of Edinburgh; Honorary Member of the Natural History 
Society of Montreal, and Literary and Philosophical Society of Quebec; Foreign 
Member of the Geographical Society of Paris; and Corresponding Member of the 
Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia; Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expe- 
ditions.—Ilustrated by numerous plates.—Published under the authority of the 
Right Honorable the Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs—London: Richard 
Bentley. New Burlington Street-—MDCCCXXXVI. 

[Describes n. sp. Silurus (Pimelodus) cenosus and S. (P.) borealis ; also P. nigricans Le Sueur 


called by error ‘8S. (P.) nigrescens”’; and refers to the ‘‘ Pimelodon liviée”’ of Le Sueur as Pime 
lodus insigne. | 





STORER (David Humphreys). A Report on the Fishes of Massachusetts. By D. 
Humphreys Storer, M. D. < Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, 1839, pp. 
289-558. 


[Describes Pimelodus nebulosus.] 


CUVIER (Georges Chrétien Leopold Dagobert) and VALENCIENNES 
(Achille). Histoire Naturelle des Poissons par M. le B.™ Cuvier, Pair de France, 
Grand Ofticier de la Légion d’honneur, Conseiller de Etat et aux Conseil royal de 
VInstruction publique, un des quarante de ’Académie frangaise, Associé libre de 
VAcadémie des Belles-Lettres, Secrétaire perpetuelle de celle des Sciences, Membre 
des Sociétés et Académies royales de Londres, de Berlin, de [ étersbourg, de Stock- 
holm, de Turin, de Gattingue, des Pays-Bas, de Munich,de Modeéne, ete.; et par 
M. A. Valenciennes, Professeur de Zoologie au Muséum @’Histoire naturelle, Mem- 
bre de l’Académie royale des Sciences de Berlin, de la Société Zoologiqne de Lon- 
dres, etc. Tome quinziéme. A Paris, chez Ch. Pitois, éditeur, rue de la Harpe, 
n°. 81. Strasbourg, chez V*®. Lévrault, rue des Juifs, n°. 33, 1840. 

[Contains descriptions of sp. nov. Pimelodus punctulatus, P. JSureatus, P. furcifer, P. lemniscatua 
(P. livrée, Le §.), and accounts of seven previously described American species, viz, P. catus, 
cenosus, borealis, albidus, nebulosus, nigricans, and eneus.] 


RTE 


RIS 





THOMPSON (Zadock). History of Vermont, natural, civil, and statistical. Bur- 
lington, Vermont, 1842. 
(Contains description of n. sp. Pimelodus vuljaris, considered as doubtfully new, and descrip- 
tions and small figures of two or three other species. | 


CESS Te oe Ee 


DEKAY (James E.). Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna; comprising 
detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New 
York, with notices of those occasionally found near its borders and accompanied 
by appropriate illustrations. By James E. Dekay. Part iv. Fishes.—Albany: 
printed by W. & A. White & J. Visscher, 1842. 

[Describes sp. n. Pimelodus atrarius and P. pullus ; also describes P. nigricans and P. catus, with 


notices of various other species. ] 








108 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—1II. 


KIRTLAND (Jared Potter). Description of the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River, 
and their Tributaries. By Jared P. Kirtland, M.D. < Boston Journal of Natural 
History, v, pp. 330-336 (Silurid@), 1846. 

[Describes Pimelodus nebulosus, P. cupreus, P. cerulescens, P. limosus, and Noturus flavus. The 
descriptions are rather unsatisfactory, as the author confounds two or more distinct species under 
some of the above names. The description of P. cwrulescens, for example, chiefly refers apparently 
to Amiurus nigricans, the anal fin is that of Ichthelurus robustus, the figure of the adult repre- 
sents A. nigricans, while that of the young is Ichthelurus punctatus. VYhe figure of Pimelodus 
nebulosus represents Amiurus xanthocephalus, while the description applies to either.] 


STORER (David Humphreys). A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, by 
David Humphreys Storer, M. D., A. A. S., Vice-president of the Boston Society of 
Natural History; Member of the American Philosophical Society, Corresponding 
Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phiiadelphia, ete. Cambridge: 
Metcalf & Company, Printers to the University. 1846. (Reprinted from Memoirs 
of the American Academy, ii, 1846.) 


[Contains descriptions of seventeen species, chiefly compiled from the accounts given by Cuvier 
and Valenciennes and Dr. Kirtland.] 


AGASSIZ (Louis). Luke Superior: its Physical Character, Vegetation, and Animals 
compared with those of other and similar regions, by Louis Agassiz, with a narra- 
tive of the tour by J. Elliott Cabot, and contributions by other scientific gentle- 
men. Ilegantly illustrated. Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 59 Washington 
Street. 1850. 


[Describes Pimelodus felis Ag.; sp. nov., and outlines a division of the genus Pimelodus into 
several genera. | z 


HOUGH (Franklin B.). Fifth Annual Report of the Regents of the University of 
the State of New York on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, 
and the historical and antiquarian collection annexed thereto. Albany: C. Van 
Benthuysen, printer to the Legislature. 1852. 


{Description of Pimelodus gracilis, sp. nov.] 


BAIRD (Spencer Fullerton) and GIRARD (Charles). Description of New Species 
of Fishes collected in Texas, New Mexico and Sonora by Mr. John H. Clark on 
the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey and in Texas by Capt. Stewart 
Van Vliet, U. S. A., by S. F. Baird and Charles Girard. < Proceedings of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1854, pp. 24-29. 

{Description of Pimelodus afinis sp.nov. This species is here stated to be a very near affine 
of Pimelodus cerulescens. From old labelsin the museum, it appears that the species called by me 


Ichthelurus furcatus was identitied by Dr. Girard with Pimelodus cerulescens, while the Pimelo- 
dus furcatus of Girard is what I call Ichthelurus punctatus ] 


HOLBROOK (John Edward). An account of several species of Fish observed in 
Florida, Georgia, &c. By John Edward Holbrook, M. D., Professor of Anatomy, 
&c., Charleston, 8. C. < Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- 
phia, vol. iii, second series, pp. 47-58, 1855. 


[Description and figure of Amiurus marmoratus.] 


STORER (David Humphreys). A History of the Fishes of Massachussetts. By 
David Humphreys Storer. < Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sci- 
ences (Boston), new series. (1853 to 1867.) 

(Description and good tigure of Pimelodus atrarius.] 


GIRARD (Charles). Notes on various New Genera and New Species of Fishes in the 
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution’and Collected in Counection with the 
United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Major William Emory, Commissioner. 
By Charles Girard, M. D. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, 1858, pp. 167-171. 


[Description of Pimelodus vulpes sp. nov.} 











BIBLIOGRAPHY. 109 


GIRARD (Charles). Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mis- 
sissippi River to the Atlantic Ocean. War Department.—Fishes: By Charles Girard, 
M. D.—Washington, D.C. 1858. <Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascer- 
tain the most priotionble and economical route for a Railroad Route from the Mis- 
sissippi River to the Pacific Ocean, vol. x. 


[Describes sp. noy. Pimelcdus catulus, P. felinus, P. antoniensis, P. ailurus, P. lupus, and P. oliva- 
ceus, with figures of catulus, ailwrus and olivaceus.] 


BLE&ESR (Pieter von). Ichthyologix Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, vol. I. Siluri. 
< Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Nederlandice, vol. iv, 1858. 


[Characterizes # new genus Schilbeodes, based on supposed characters of Silurus gyrinus 
Mitchill.} 


GIRARD (Charles). United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, under the order 
of Lieut. Col. W. H. Emory, Major First Cavalry and United States Conmissioner.— 
Ichthyology of the Boundary, by Charles Girard, M. D. <United States aud 
Mexican Boundary Survey, vol. I, part I,-1859. 


| Describes and figures Pimelodus afinis and P. vulpes.] 





Ichthyological Notices by Charles Girard, M.D. < Proceedings of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1859, vol. xi, pp. 157-161. 

[Describes sp. nov. Pimelodus houghi, P. hoyi, P. conjinis, P. cupreoides, P. dekayi, P. lynz, 
P. puma, P. vulpeculus, P. platycephalus, P. megalops, and P. grac.osus; ref-rs P. lemnscatus Le 
Sueur to the genus Noturus ; and describes a P. catus, supposed to ba Silurus catus of Linneus. 
The descriptions in this paper are short, unsatisfactory, and often inaccurate. The type-speci- 
mens are, however, still preserved. | 


GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Description of a new genus of Pimelodinz from Canada. 
By Theo. Gill. < Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. vii, 
pp. 45-48, 1859. 


[Description of Synechoglanis beadlei, gen. et sp. nov.] 


ABBOTT (Charles Conrad). Descriptions of two new species of Pimelodus, from 
Kansas. By Charles C. Abbott. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences of Philadelphia, 1860, pp. 562-569, 


[Descriptions of Pumelodus hammondii and P. notatus sp. nov.) 


GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Description of new species of Pimelodinzw (abridged 
from the forthcoming Report of Captain J. H. Simpson) by Theodore Gill. < Pro- 
ceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 42-46, April, 1861. 

[Describes n. sp. Ictalurus simpsoni, Amiurus obesus, and Woturus occidentalis, and gives a cata- 
logue of the species described from the fresh waters of America. ]} 


Synopsis of the genera of the subfamily of Pimelodine. By Theodore Gill- 
< Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 46-55. 
April, 1861. 


(Characterizes the genera. } 





GUNTHER (Albert). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert 
Giinther, M. A., Ph. D., F. Z.S., etc., etc. Volume fifth. London: printed by order 
of the trustees. 1864. 
[ Deseribes 18 nominal species and enumerates 20 more; sp. n. Amiurus meridionalis and Noturus 
platycephalis.] 


COPE (Edward Drinker). Ona blind Silurid, from Pennsylvania, by E. D. Cope. 
< Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1864, pp. 
231-2338. 


[Description of Gronias nigrilab: is gen. et sp. nov.) 
3 


110 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


CGPE (Edward Drinker). On the Distribution of Fresh Water Fishes in the Alle- 
ghany Region of South-Western Virginia. By E. D.Cope, A. M. < Journal of the 
Academy of Naturai Sciences of Philadelphia, new series, vol. vi, part iii, January, 
1869, pp. 207-247. 

[First description of Noturus marginatus Baird, analysis of species of Notuwrus, and notices of 
Hopladelus olivaris and Ichthelurus ceerulescens.} 


GUNTHER (Albert). An Account of the Fishes of the States of Central America 
based on Collections made by Capt. J. M. Dow, F. Godman, Esq., and O. Salvin, 
Esq. By Albert Giinther, M. A., M. D., Ph. D., F.R.S., F. Z.S. < Transactions 
of the Zoological Society of London, vol. vi, 1869, pp. 377-494. 


| Description and figure of Amiurus meridionalis.] 


STAUFFER (Jacob). In “ Mombert’s History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 
1869, p. 578” (fide Cope). 


{Descriptions of Ictalurus kevinskii and I. macaskeyi sp. nov. } 


COPE (Edward Drinker). Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters, of 
North Carolina, by Edw. D. Cope, A. M. < Proceedings of the American Philo- 
sophical Society of Philadelphia, 1870, pp. 448-495. 


(Describes sp. nov. Amiurus mispilliensis, A. lophius, and A. niveiventris, with an analysis of the 
species of Amiurus and notes on some other species.] 


JORDAN (David Starr). Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, 
including the district east of the Mississippi River, and north of North Carolina 
and Tennessee, exclusive of marine species. By David Starr Jordan, M.S., M.D., 
Professor of Natural History in N. W. C. University, and in Indiana State Medical 
College. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Company. 1876. 

{ Describes briefly 23 species. ] 


JORDAN (David Starr) and COPELAND (Herbert Hdson). Check List of the 
Fishes of the Fresh Waters of North America, by David S. Jordan, M.S., M. D., 
and Herbert E. Copeland, M.S. < Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural 
Sciences, 1i, 1876, pp. 133-164. 

(43 nominul species enumerated.] 

UDHLER (P. R.) and LUGGER (Otto). List of Fishes of Maryland, by P. R. 
Uhler and Otto Lugger. < Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Mary- 
land, pp. 67-176. (1876.) 


[Descriptions of Noturus flavus, Amiurus catus, and A. lynx.) 


NELSON (Edward W.). A Partial Catalogue of the Fishes of Iliinois, by E. W. 
Nelson. < Bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Natural History, i, 1876. 


[Description of Noturus ezilis sp. nov., and notes on other species. ! 


GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Engineer Department, U. S. Army. Explorations 
across the Great Basin of Utah in 1859. In charge of Capt. J. H. Simpson, 
Topographical Engineers.=Report on Ichthyology. By Prof. Theo. Gill—Washing- 
ton: Government Printing Office. 1876. 

[Full description and figures of Ictalurus simpsoni, Amiurus obesus, Noturus occidentalis, and 
Hopladelus olivaris, with full synonymy and characterization of the genera.] 

JORDAN (David Starr). A Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of Upper Georgia, by 
David 8. Jordan, M.D. < Annals New York Lyceum of Natural History, 1377, 
Pp. —- 


| Describes n. sp. Amiurus brunneus, Noturus leptacanthus, N. miurus, and N. cleutherus.] 





Review of Rafinesque’s Writings on the Fresh Water Fishes of North America, 
by David S. Jordan. < Bulletin United States National Maseum, ix, 1877. 


(Contains identifications of the various species described by Rafinesque.] 


8 

















INDEX TO GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES, 





Page. 
PAVIA Siccrisie: wnmicice soci Lota wwe cies 67 
Acantharchus ...............31, 32, 34, 39 
BU ee HM re atate olateln ofa /alne i= sic, E o/eiis 37 
PRCLOCMU US etiaicta cic cnpacicccwe ccs ccs 59 
FOUNIRUS atest eet halniSiele)a'sre oo eiscaa wenn 10500 
PPG MPa ein) a losis, einaim we ssa sace%s 38 
PE IS eM Sicicinis wvere! s eio cicic s\Saiese siecle 72 
Pas (DIMERS inicio vale <is)eicicici so = = <i cainie 15, 19 
PUES ee ie ein ico awe oc 5c wen 73, 75, 90, 91 
PMO OSI ABs ssleiSc ii 2 <'G\=\ nisin wie iciew eis 59 
BRUNEI Peace iiciovs cis\cic'o/s dis c'e'siess ernie 73, 83 
UD OMS Pe eeeteem nas seks ad 2yvd, C0, C4, Soa 
PAMIGUTEMOUITIS Pe ole a ares jsicien so oenceces 56 
PAI UEMUSHe apse cisos)s sos calénainale one 56° 
DINED eee ere ete ek ers ieee 30, 39 
PMU AMESE ito yaicieisisis <icie'-o = =)-\se ce eile e 57 
PANAOTTMe e ety Sein ores wi, onincls'=tec'elsas 55, 56 
LONGI OS da Se wie ec elnic cle eevee ais sieteure 67 
PUNE S Meee oni a Sapo cca eise o see< 14,18 
AI VONGINS a2 <2)5:2 =< 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19 
PUM UL Meee re eta sis oye njs(ond’ din-o.2\einsiinjaiye 50 
Ambloplites .......---. 31, 32, '34, 37, 38, 39 
Ameiurus..-.- Po esas ees win emia kets fa 
SPITE RIC AAs eee ialceies oi a.clalx oe cite ie we 46, 49 
AITO UI GAME tetes arches ssc = <reie loc oe cre 46 
PMATCIIG VNU Sweetie esaiciste Ger onic occas 65 
PRONVGMIUS Hee ye sein eo oe Se avels ale See GOR8T 


Amiurus..69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 
83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94 


Ammocrypta -----.-.---- 5, 6, 12, 14, 17, 19 
amphiodon:. ...-....-: -- eaten 66, 67 
PEM OAS aetlats)oausivinjosclisee <0 - aia 35, 39 
BNALIST 1-0 Ee Sine Nase ae etmiaiele 73, 81, 87 
SEP ULOS Daher oe enl calc cic iais a0) \s)as0ie se 62 
DUCEPS...o6. .2.-- SPV Ietsta nee oles is) Siew 19 
ERM R EIS PENS eee eo oOo wrajee ain) cisicimreis 37, 38 
PIO Mtr te ancy a's ain) cin ciao seen sion 41 
PERROTT OMNIS oye fsicie aioe /a\ojs\<\c = <e winnie 73, 81, 87 
PAMPHOGOMETUS, 5.5.6 20-5 .0--0- 50, 51, 52, 53 
Amhredoderus .. ..---- -.+---2----- 52 
SeRICRUU SNE ee te oni exiciccn sic wie we mecs 25, 35 
ERPLESIOM Mesa ar icinieiaicic < v vicscise.a on 17,18 
POCO Gea ttss ini, oalcim cicicieica =e wieime 59 
Apomotis. .20, 21, 26, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40 
PUDONG <)- ajaris a nina = ins tats wlesiooate 37, 43 
PeUMIIONBIS ..--2.----.---- Baa foe 25, 36, 38 


Page. 

Anchoplitesmaccesssseceeeeeeee 31, 32, 34, 39 
ALMESIACUGa Kosice cone oee oa eee one 39 
ATSENtINUS ~n- = 14a ee Se sere tee 72,77 
OPS YTS: cas cc esos esos ase eaee 64 
ALCYIUWS) jcc dea scies See ee een ee 64, 72, 77 
ATIOMIMNG« < Sha, sarees eee ae serene 64 
ALLOMMUS asseeu seo e eee Tee Ree 64 
ATIOPSIS:.- =ai)s,-c be Seams eeee aes 91 
ARIUS ects sees ee oe 91 
ATM Bess ctdca sess eee 10, 13, 15, 48, 19 
ASP OL ~ aa) wicca woe Se aee ole tote ee teueetae 5 
BSPLOL Seistctsarccot eee ae eeeees 8, 14,18, 19 
ASPLOPCLCMiooe occ ones loenee eae 19 
Aster Obremian conosco see eee eee ae 
AGHeTINGIRES Ween sels sie amiensee cies 56 
ALTATINGY joarendeeccece cetera cece 72,90; 91 
ALLIPINNIGK. a. soem sats eer eae LOIS 9 
abrOMACUL aeons oe shee ee ae 15s 
AUTADTIACUS: =~ sess Soa. see cen soe Hes 14,19 
MUTCOAM Se ss eee Saemane Seninee ase 65 
ANeCOLUSS = asc nase eee See ene Coa Al ae 
AUREUS sane crs sae 21, 24, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 
AUB Gals seh ees See Soa ee eens ool cee 37, 40 
MULITUS os eee ceases meee 20s 22,23. 20, co ee 
Daprattil socsee cece cesar lon oct ee 17 
eal pepe en pe eis saad 
Deans. sees whee 5, b7, 18,19 
bimaculatarssenseacscs seo 18 
Nlenniloidesisceset-e ee ea eee 1 eoele 
blenmiopercaessseereee es sean 19 
BOGlaNnUS) so scice- sioeeeacceae cee as 37° 
Bolei¢hthy Specs ee eis = 14, 16, % 

Boleosoma.....---- 75.9 10) 13515; 27, 18519 
bombifrons) eee ee eee a eee one 
POCA esc tseelsee ei ometaeee Rossa ts 48, 49 
DoLrealistees seae sees eee eee 72 
DOLGUM eres seas ae eee eaten eertele 48 
LY) Ge Cine AR OmroS poeeoUcadconar orc 43 
DOSCiImenee se ecco nana eae mer 65 
DLeviedud ayeces soe ese e sae emer 39 
breviceps........----. .--------- 23, 36, 33 
brevipinne......-.-..---.--. -----s 1) 
DLUNN GUSH eee eae ees eet 73, 82, 93 
By tits saleeael ate retlor is 20, 28, 29, 34, 38, 33 
Callisemaieeese tree sere ele ete : 64 
CALLA secetan cee tees eee aise ae teers 38, 61 


112 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Page. 
Callitnis:~cecoossmcene eee eee iaiOo 
Campostomaetecs-- cence cee eee 41, 56 
CAMUTUS. -os.c ctice me ome pees 16,19 
Canadense .cs..t toe eaeee see ees 44, 45, 48, 49 
CUNACONSIS. <2 22s anette eae sea 48, 49 
CantharugecusccS ates cso eee 33 
CantOnensiSen. veeecte tone see eee 71 
CAprOdeS! Acces cass eee el see 15,17 18509 
Carnvonarialcecmacsctcecee ese e lows 
CALOLINGUSISS Rese eee eee eee 39 
catesbwmit: Sieankceeweeee oes nese 38 
Catonotus, ence cttrse ce arencote 11, 18, 19 
CALUMMISiee teat ee Cee coe ee eee 72, 88, 89 
catus .71, 72; 73; 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 

92593 
candafurcatus tea e.c2 esesea coat 72, 76,78 
CAVIPONS 224 ee see ee ae 34, 39 
Centrarchus {2552222 cee 30, 33, 36, 38, 39 
Cepediana-ecates osacess cee 55 
COLCOSHIGMA Heeelen eae aee a eae ee 62 
Cenulescens) 2. ssese 22 Sam atone cone Mtg 
Cheenobryttus ..---. -..26, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39 
Cheetobranchisi=-22 22 fe2sces sess: 32 
Chetodoneee seca a eee ae 36, 39 
chanybdis sss sceresea cote astoe a. 39 
C@hatoessuste ye ceemeceeome sac ae 55 
Cleondaes serena see sens ae ae me 58 
Chrosomus .....- WN Saha a aaa 58 
Chrosonius seer eee ee eee cee 61 
chrysoleucns)s<2-s.t2 22a cee =e Jone 65 
CHTYSOPSiSesc= a tee etioeses Serta 67, 6 
Cichlaressoaeeee ee eee 38, 43 
CINCLEA Rte soe ee peo ee ee ee 17,18 
Clinostomusris.cs- eee eee ee 58 
Clio larh he ets ee eee echo 56, 58, 64 
Clodialuis ace (toi eo renee ags egrets eee 66, 67 
Clupea ieee: See heen ees eee aero D 
Cochlognathus-22.\c-tece. 2h rseee 56 
Codom aizja. cts 52 eee eee © 5, 6, 57, 58 
COONOSUS);. Scere seer 72, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87 
Cerulean Sees ete eee See eee eee 18 
emeralescens) 222 )=. tat eee eee Wa Oo: 
Coliscus ic 22. ees sik Poe ee eee 57 
COMMUNIS 222 sts Sale ee eee eee 66 
confinis 22.2 2222222 e402 see 73, 88, 89, 90 
COnVeXIfLONS= =~ s2cee see Sees neeeoee 30 
cookianis):)=2 322265. 22 eee eees Os 5250 
copelandig.- 322 .se52cncce eee 9,10, 15,19 
Copelandia ........ Saceees 30, 31, 33, 36, 40 
cornutusi.cees A eee eee eee 60, 61 
corporalis) segs cess scs eee n eee 41, 63, 64 
Cottopasterts 2282 eee erate eee 7,19 
Cottopsists2ssscsceieeeee Bem ee eee 5 


Cupreoides:2s=)-ceoeee eee e een een ee 73, 86 





Page. 
CUPLOUS) ~coces casas ee eeeeee 72, 79, 81, 87 
cyanellus.........-.20, 27, 35, 37, 33, 39, 41 
cyanogntiatusy son) ss2ateetseh eos cee 50 
cymatogrammum\ 2-5.) eee eee eee 18 
@ynoperta,s ---sseeen seer 44, 45, 48, 49 
Cyprinellas- s.r eee 56, 57, 61, 62 
dekaylcaaseeces Meee eee ee eT OMeS 
diaphanusts-s--eeeey Bee eee eee 39 
Diondaes: Coes eee ee ee eee 57 
Dioplites tse. soiseeee cee eee 40 
Diplesion**2otteoee sees see eee 17, 18 
Diplesiuit-28= tee eeec eee LS Sele Bate 
dolomiowteete: See teer tees 37 
Dorosoman sta 22 eeer eee eee 5d 
DOLYSONIN =e Seete ee ee ee eee 55 
diquesnititessss* se Atee ee See 65 
eftullcens! 202 S222 see se eres 10, 15, 18 
MlassOMAtels = Nets sees ce eee SOOO 
abtOMistiUs:.s2 esses nee ee 67, 68 
elegans .22. 2) SECC e Urea es eee 16, 18 
eleutherus s2 sce ooese se eee 73, 98, 101 
MNiops 32225520 Ra oe eee 74 
elongatns:,222 Ses cec econ eee 2a OOF OS 
Enneacanthus ...... 27, 28, 29, 31, 30, 39, 40 
COS ence ae aaec ese ade 16, 19 
IM pisemis. 529s FOS case ee eee 56, 64 
erebennus) ss et oe ee 73, 81, 85 
CLTALG hat Sse Sea es ee ee eect 36, 40 
STiGOSM Aes eee eee eee eee 8-910) ta. 4 
Enicymlans.s ose stes coco eee 60 
Eritrem a Ge Seno eee ee eee eee 59 
erochTrouses- S-see see eee ee eee 16, 19 
ecythrogaster eee see eee eee ae 18 
Cry throps S22 Phe deca eee eee ee Mh 
ervihropteraeceate cane soe te creer 72, 76 
EiSOxt Sei ee ee ee ee eae 54, 55 
CStOMe Cee ctae deo een eeerce ose 54 
Estrellatsoters ate ee eee pee 18 
Etheostoma -...- PL; 12; V45.116; 17, 18; 19538 
Eupomotis. -... .20, 21, 24, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 

39, 40 
evides....- Si Seer ee ees 8; 9; 1014, 19 
eExilish. ster sccemeaee 16, 18, 73, 97 100, 103 
xoglossumasese seas seeeee eee eee 60 
fallax eee en Sea ennai 23, 36, 38 
fasGiatas 22 seshecetsaeses trees 38 
TaRClatuS, Sos fee e ee tee 17, 18, 29, 39 
fSliNnus sssRsos sso soe oe eee eee 73, 8&6 
felis (Sis se Sst Sossieces teens 72, 90, 91 
favellata sss Soe ae ee Ae ee V7 
fubellatisy 242 aren 11, 16, 17,18 


HVS Sos oe sacta see Cee tos Cio OS 
Héxilariss ee ee eee eee 
floridana 











INDEX TO GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 


Page 

POM ATUG ccaicica cae wickiaesselocis GOEL 43 
PERM CLEN SIS re iciccle cia Gace seme emia tss { 39 
BRUM Specs eee ccs accesses 7 
PPR TLOS US ete tis clea intl of aiwateraeie.ewslor 39 
PPC rclek x c'cicicwicem a icicw aeis oelndis 53 
PROM MHE Ns solce's sh aSicioe a! aleisie vie ore, Ses owas 
PIREGILOLE SS sec: ooo os deicec aniacnien LOTTE 
Hd AG UUM ieee te ic) inj he eee tem eee 72, 76 
REGUS emee secs Se ale ac)sieceme cae des 53 
HSTLOTIN Orc = aor feree.scicie er ajaiaeertten ios 18 
HUBELORINGS oe cises!sacis so wt iece eee = oe 17,18 
PUMMOSMeaaas-yssases essa cece cess 58 
SRROHESr Seen Sh nooe acaees ste sced 38, 52 
Giltecessssesss62--5=0 sterovontercreraiee 58 
POM tert tatet eas acca veces 24, 35, 39, 40 
PRESEN Ee foe a elniet aeteenaiet tote eieite 935,95 
DIONIOSUS esac. sc sse ec se 28, 29, 30, 36, 39 
Olmert is oceis «See lewc mens 64 
ee ee 18 
PrAewiguress cst -ccue esse LSS eeias 
ESRACLOSUS en clamecalseac/c cn telelnce ceil 73,78 
PBN ATON ee = rere tetes eee eee aus 16,18 
SRAMCIPIOMIGe 2% ats see oe oe 62 
STAOMUSHSectecteo sinc sc sss asdessSscas 

SUSE co Scece i eSon eo eo eee eee 48, 49 
eater erie e255 slots. tecsd ae 45, 48 
PLOMIAG Sem eee tenis Sa wotcs "okt 73, 79, 90 
ERVSUCH Peace cies sees Seeclese bles 38, 39 
ULOSU Swen aan tae eS aaeicis 34, 38, 39 
PRMD NLUS erence aesiee) saci cele == = - 39 
SENTING ries sis 5 cstsacces 71, 96, 98, 102, 103 
adropterus’.2s% 225 <2: <2: flo vtanlo9 
BemInOMON, 2 2222 2S ose se ts Sls 73 
AMO POLCaI te ae esos yu sies cess 33, 43 
EfeMmioplites .222s--cces=s2'2 sce 30, 60, 09 
HTOMIULTEMIA cose es. skcs ec etee tess 58 
Dee eA fh ok Ube teee 35 
PCOS Rte et a eet orm Sohne ehuns fe 38, 50 
MELOLUT Aen y aera (cee skies 55, 66 
APUORULUSI ets cl cece SESteS cesses 55, 67 
HORACANONUS Se ssiccecse lectins soso 38 
a DLOO Mies eee Set Sci ots. eM eL 38 
POOLS pISpecemeayssteers Sees ce wote Se 19 
CTT ERG GUIS ote sats otella'= 3's ais ==" elahetone'e 94, 95 
MOON ents Ree sn se beshstces a sts MOS 
MnVgemey ses tase sezesesttccsts 73, 90, 91 
MOMOETANIS 225i sects cocci sess 18 
PERRTANTN TC Pitty ct Shon caterer sia Yare'a atereY Stara 34, 35, 39 
ELEC tates no ra Satorerce ests see See 38, 43 
My bognathus! 220. s202s6 se 66. 55, 57, 64 
PIP DODAIS Hose ros lees nce es 57, 60, 61, 64 
my poriynchus 22... 22522... 2.26 ---- 56, 57 
Meeenees Nas. 228 Ss 225". 2.3 Ske 67, 68 
7 D2 VIELE aa a ere 18, 19 


113 


Page. 

IN MOISES ohare. Soo es 37, 39 
Ichthelurus .70, 71,72, 73, 74. 15,76, 77, 78, 
80, 83 

TGHtHelint se. o 42h see Sees ee 37, 40, 41 
1Ctalo psn. Soo Se Jouko ne aes 17 
Tetalunnseeaesssc oe. eee 74, 75, 79, 84 
Tethelist: 3258233500 Cth eae eee 40, 41 
icthéloidesessesoe oles je eho 35 
Tibbigy a. ke 94 
IMOostomajysccce sense eee 7, 203) 15518: 
INGISOD Sas ences ee ee eee 24, 43 
IS CHU UL ese aes ee 23, 26, 36, 38, 42 
ISIN. Sec taney aoa ges ae 72, 100 
WUSIGAIS: ... Ws -anmna'nver ap cask enor Qoakae 
LUbeMMEd WSS 59h 5 aes eee 39 
INherrOplWs - wien ecie epee eew one eee 
INC SUS bs cece se eee ee eee 30, 31, 36, 37 
Tsehiamites Se. oT er es ee 65 
IBChYRUS Bese ce aches Se caneeee 35, 40 
IBOLEPAS se.ne osation st saloon eee ee 52,53 
Kenn GOuble yeah eee bees 16,19 
IKOWINSKls sc ieectcunn eee eone Bae 73, 85 
HAD RUS eis ecinvgeaimale isle © 20, 30, 37, 40, 43 
VA DTASSE Soe ans ineete eos sowiee eee 45 
Tabenaliste ss eee teen oe os ce 16, 18, 72, 76 
avant cesar ecenecitincc sees 5a 
lemniscabus see sscscses.aee eee 72, 100 
leOnenSisSy.Ssao55souoe ose easel 16, 12 
epidomed a rasic2siccma seidew as estes 60 
lepiduslesseectee se lec anes. sees 16, 13 
Lepiopomus..21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 
35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43 

Lepomis.... -. 20, 25, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43 
lepticambhws <i. -2. sone sans 73, 98, 102 
NEG PUG PS neste eke tae iene neal 94 
TOUCISCUS wiccie.c aro-o-soo we aehenies mie sae Oe 
NCU COP LOL Asai seremeeaeusa eka 72,76 
(SEN COSOMUS cow sekancnee ene einaa eS 59 
UifnaBeciae chien snares sesamcnieaed race 53 
MUM OST Gaceee tsetse Serie kein sek 72, 95 
oreo aitansen salsa ens sameness 16,18 
limeolatug) <.ccscescsneyessame see eee 18 
Him SleyiNee ee ci-eipiee eee eee 18 
AIST Soe spero sep sack Seietsteaecise ste 16,18 
MiG Stee ios nee iaist 72, 73, 81, 85, 86, 87, 91 
FOTO ANS sa :ra.ota =a 40 
longispinis -.-..... eee skasseeiee 39 
LONG OLS Sec eee rinse oes 38 
LO PHS = geese cee aoe Canasta te 73, 80, 85 
Lucioperca .......-.--.---44, 45, 46, 48, 50 
IMGlOPCRGA co aeiw aa aaa sae 44,50 
hUCiUSteocee esses eee seer eer Secrets 54, 55 
Tun agascee eet e epee ore udoee seas 39 
IMPUS 2.2200 reccen vevece see oon040, 80, 8d 


114 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


Page. 
WUTESCENS rics coco wicisce cycle eee 72 
duteus2h och. 22. (ee See eee 42399 
Muailus0e oie aes ese eeepscesals 57, 60, 61 
Diy Xie etter or selec Sion aie ene alee Seem OAMeO, 
dythrochloris) cc sercene 23, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42 
Sey CRTULOS icc ccens case's pie newee eee 57 
IMACASKOYI eres eae counters 73, 84 
AMACLOCEP HAUS soo.0 cose ace anes 15, 19 
macrocephalumsssseccsseessseeee 19 
MACLOCHIW retin se ss -1eeeeioees 41, 42 
MACLOCHILUS we case ceieceeomeeeeee SD Or 
WIMACLOPUCLUS) sowie lomae pes ee ee 36, 37 
AM ACU AA racrercecrersenwcse see eer 175137 
IMACUIALICEPSgemaeiete sNee rem eee e 15, 19 
Maculatusescer-eeeeeeee 9,14, 16, 18, 72,76 
MACULOSUS) -.csceteeee secs eee eae 39 
MANIPOWE Be conc oe osietecine sens sees 15,19 
MATTALOuis <2 ---- case = moe SO, eg, OUFOOLAO 
marginatus....---. 23, 36, 39, 73, 76, 99, 100 
MALING veaisiciee cas a.ccs Meri eeeeee 45 
MAaLMOLratUs .c---.seeseea ee Hee 72, 81, 29 
MASCUINON GY 2c csesseess sees ck 54 
Medaree eicetee) Ce cope oe eceee oe 60 


MEOPAOPS ca\eeoassiee Vek eee ee LOSS 


megalotis,2: -... ..-.23,36, 37, 38,40; 41, 42 


MeVASLOMA Leaecceen cer eceeee Cees 39 
Molanura.i <2. ccece Gk ienae eeeee 53 
MeClAnNULUS,..csodiecoseeince see ecee ae 72 
MClANOPS i.) eee ee see ce seer pees 37,39 
Moelasioeeccec eee ese 72, 82, 88, 89, 90, 93 
METIGIONALIS: soe Jee tes Soe ie eee W3los to 
MOGDAMS ist eoem asa cles ceees 15, 19 
IMCSUSM is se owen eters eck 19 
Mesogomistius) .s2es-1-¢sceee B1833730939 
MGSOLLEMS t-osceccmee che Lceceseces 52-53 
MicrolOpnus eeeewinsecisse- eae sees 39 
MiICrOPGICR ij 2seeceoe ce seemec eee 14, 17,19 
IMICLOPS te: oee’ewieroteiviceers cries oO 39 
Micropterus jecree aer- 31, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40 
Mil Derbi er eeetecee secs ee "Soelo meee 91 
TUN OL Lo <= spore Se oeraecle mio niseneeee 64 
Mil NeTIANUS —Saocersceewersoceetewiesee 36, 40 
Mimoperes <2 <2-55s<senebess-1- 44, 45, 50 
MINCOPASi-< ecie see ce ee mieten mers eionie= 39 
MINIBUS dcccco wa coke esas cseiereeee 35, 40 
MINING acc oc fone cnc clerenncaepeeene 18 
Mispilliensise,saaaci-to—2 seers 695°'73,,90;,91 
MIUTUS weeecskereeiceees 73, 98, 99, 100, 101 
MOCASIMUB toe lyoroas oerepece oe ieencieicee 37 
Moniana)..2o2 Bee berceeisisseeien coe 57 
MOrOnGisienicereteiatoolsrersitierare teers: 37 
MURINUS wel oocccs cece eae eectees 39 
mutatum ....... apaleromiote (alae eis iaereeers 19 


Page. 

Mylochilus) 5.2225. faaw ee eee es 59 
Miylolenens)..'- : -s-se 2 ssetes ee ae 57-53 
Mylopharodon: 254545 s-2= sn eeeeee a9 
miystacalis...-.c. bo. 2s scan eceeee 35, 40 
My xostomaet 22.2. eae eee eee ee 65 
INANOSLOMA! =e secre eee 6,7, 12, 13, 16, 19 
Natalis ees ccse, cee 72, 73, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90 
NOW OSA,. 2. sstibaooee se eeee ees 17 
nebulosus .. ..--.17, 72, 84, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95 
Nefastus geckos wetness eee ee 38 
Nephelus: <2 Sotces ese ese 39 
NOVISONSE 5 eas esc os earyooseee ee 19 
NOVISENSIS: Jozi ocsesiacemeeyeo oes 14,19 
MO WMANL oe icc wos see ee eiae ee 15, 18 
MIGWA sees Mes ce Ss sii agcciecseeee eee 15, 17 
MIGNESCENS y= sterapseiemeeioe ee eee eee 58, 72, 83 
nigricans ...---. 38, 43, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, €0, 
83, 84 

MOTI ADLIST see er eee 69,73; 79,182,923 
MISTOIMSCIALUS) So ase oe irae 14,18 
nigromacwlabus: <2 -.ssss-seoee 37, 38, 39 
NIOTOPUNCtAla socee. ose oes soeaae 47 
NICTOPUNCtaLUs) -oo.c- oe oc eee 47 
Mb dar sess sects Cee re wetter 33 
DItiGHs: poo Bee cs oeeweeeee see 39 
MUVELVONbLIS) ceo epacian seeteeee 69, 73, 80, 83 
nopilion sc = deste eo aee ee 54-55 
NODS. soc eos wos seen eee oer 338 
Nocomism ss. )s sacs jee eeeeee 59-64 
NOCBLA: 62-25 de ceccperinsisce eee eee 38 
NOtAtUSy=Ach.se% sae .c rece 30, 38-61, 73, 77, 78 
Notemigonus 2222.22 .mssscesnee 59-62, 65 
Nothonotus2-s=sc=-s-n see QZ So OMe, 
Nototropis 2-205: (ocre Seseraeieee 56-58 
Notropise2.-c--sacsce ee oe eee 56 
Noturus.. . 70, 71, 72, 73, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 
102, 103 

NUCHALS.<. ssss-sic cesses teieowleses 64 
NUMECENSIS: os Saae sie ele see eae ites 39 
obesuss > 2..ce cree 2. -28, 29, 30/39,,73,69, 90 
ODSCULUS, Soe ceots sooo sane sees 35, 38 
occidentalis coc. scecn ee cecene eee Oso LOU 
OCnlathss-2.sssc see nee ere 35, 39 
OhlOCNSIS: --2-2hce=ce/5s cae eee ROO NMOL 
Olvocephalns) oo. -scss see secre eet 18 
OlivaCels 2... ssoe5 Sane deed Saocies 73, 77, 78 
OMWVALIS 320 2 nee ere eee mee WA 2) dono 
olmstedit. 52 ssc cotesce ce enewieee 15,17, 05 
ophthalmicus'2eeeessosr ee eectees 34, 36, 39 
QOpladelus 2.22 e eee eee ees 94 
Onthodon 28 eemece cee eee eee 59 
OSIMELINUS acece ee cence secs cee 64 


Palladug peeeee se aaieecatereamecesaa 37 











INDEX TO GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 


Page. 

RPMb Meters eens facia Gt anes camits, 37, 42 
pallidus ..... 21, 24, 26, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 
42, 43,72, 76 

DATVUS ~~ <8 none oe emma womans 5 
EMEC Chistes acts alone cacieaice cis -ateae 17 
MEUMWCIQUS! \-52<-\---cnee sa-o=- 6, 10, 17,19 
Pelodichthys.-....-. 70, 71, 72, 75, 82, 93, 94, 
95, 101 

PMISHON TE RS 2 - oreo awe sen ss 23, 36, 39 
peltatum .-....- Se etere tae aiatol alata 19 
MURS ete eter nina sielae)- aac = aaipelonylo 
PIOMLACAMURUS) .toc(o5) 5252 sclec ccs 38 
HPN GA areae six Six\a (nie) win e's nie 17, 18, 44, 45, 47 
PRORGIM A seis iconic cic ls wisicie ssc oes ISH LB L9 
PU CMACOMUUS = c= 5 oa wa aineisa ins = lo 56-58 
PRET aera elelatalaelele wie cle eineimn more 26, 35, 40 
IEHOLOMOMISH asc.) ccc- > os < eS sis 56-57, 62-64 
IBnOMINMS eae secate sss ccc. so <i=\i5 58 
BHOxOcepNalOM!.°. <5. 2s 525. a= one ito, 
Mhoxocephalus 26. --.5--'5s6,0)scins 15, 19 
POMC DUN ys sis) clele clots: eee oe op 7 
leg iiaessisie a <2 cs -\ciecs sno Seeie cis 18 
MeN OMICHINme tes cice emis ccm cise ciscokrere 72, 93, 95 


Pimelodus.. -71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 
84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100 


MeN bAleseee sence icss<iec cece sere 56 
MMS CL eee cine se aci- n= 27, 29, 30, 36, 40 
PMACOWLOLNA cca ac acces cece ce conn 60 
platyeephalus)..-...------~--..%0,G2, 93; 99 
ReMDVECDIO salsa! jc0c cece cee see ce 59 
IGSLODELCA ts aja scinicisiccce) Gace sons 19 
Pleurolepis.....-....- SO, LOI 147 19 
plumbeusee a. --- nics, wi ce cece Boe 64 


Peecilichthys .. .. ....6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19 


EMBCMLOSOMa we eos as ee co se no-no acct 18 
PCBClNTae sees es soto So sce Seed 65 
NZ OMIGH GM Siete. 6c cass </¢- 22 one 59 
IBOMACAMPSISsa2132\- sce --e.ce esse 47 
Pomotis.. .... 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 39, 41, 42 
MOMTObISPeteyac cme celn wcociesinccs 34, 385.09 
EESTI RSIS Ss Nt Paix oc) ass wieeiss als 2, 39 
IBGIMGRYR eae se seic cic\ cane Oes O03, 06) oo 
GNM tails) 255 Salsas ciceel oem niencie 36,39 
HOpaAMOCOLUUS) ...<).=5,--5-2-.00-0 5 
POIRVIM Seas Se sec ee ce sceeees 17,18 
PRES UNOHUMUS ose is /s)3's/saja'cnvae <a> = 64 
PEOUACAMUNTS 22 -2)225 =o eeselcninisce 39 
BALCH POLN SW eects sa, a. ai- Si soe 58 
etvChochilus: ..-c.2-+ceccee o-sse- 58 
MPC HON US ee tarcjs sa s'ac cs oacislenis sce 18 
eM OUT Apes ate sic sol sisia')- o cicecles 58 
BSE es ccc ch ece ne - 72, 82, 89, 92, 93 
puma ..... eee eieeat= ahs siwiaicleaiejoes 73, 86 


punctatus -...38, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 83 
BIC LO Atal eeisicacic(cs'ee.s ence onc 17, 19, 72 


ts 

Page. 
punchulatus!s-sseecsesseaesse 16, 18, 37, 95 
PULP ULISCeNS eae see eae eee 39 
DY PWN Der eae mn set ania ae sara ate 53 
DY SI SUS ee remslei wes el=ainikeelataser ae oe 53 
Pylodictis sesses ces eee 94, 95 
pyrrhomelas! <5 ssa secs saaeees 63, 64 
FAVENEML -os0.noscwse ees eee 38 
TEMWUGns=. eh. dante Jae ats we eeeeeee 64 
TetiCUlALUSsS acho sees eT ee eee 38 
Ethegeryp tale. =a ecco esaeece 9.10513) 15; 19 
JHAMVO MIDE) Soa5cssqeeoge ccodncs- 59 
RIGHINsiSes sae Sekwanseeean se aoe eee 5 
ichardsoniuspeecsca soo eeseee eee 59 
TOWUSTUS= ao. saeaids sone eee 75, 76 
EOSCUB Esc csaccsa adeno cideteecs ces 61 
mubelltsy ess j<pyere cmigares coma eee 56 


rubricanda, fs 2.saacema cn eeeeee aoe 38 
EUDLICLOCCUS..- 4510525 ae eee eee 61 
no filineatusg.~.2esea ca eee casene Lomo 
BUPCSULISHs - sos ssa ea secs case ec CAOImOS 
SalmMOidest wae hoses sec > onto oeen ee od euneS 
SalMOneays= => --cinses-es.aaas see aANAg 
Salmoneumysn se osen) wasn eta e Owe 
SANGER. S75 seieclecica'es cand cos as Seton AAgOU 
Saudrustesssees Wisse soegeseeesee 45 
San Pull WUSe = o-n)-[e= p= 16, 19 
sanguinolentus ..........-.-.23, 36, 38, 40 


Sarci@inm)..osc0seeisre sere clence setae 56 
Sy aU Sie etal tet oe etalon estsetee 53 
Scimnat isso ca sss cose sete eases 17 
Schillbeoidest:2os2 face sce soceeieee = 96 
Schillbeodes\ -2-eecien ae miei s ce 96, 97, 102 
SClONO ae ocatores ooo aaeeet eee emer = 60 
RISTO) MS nasaqoeeeenu cacaue coos dons 67, 68 
SOmMIMAscidthieeeece sees a eo esse 18 
SOMISCADEI Saeco ssc e anette a ae eee 5 
Semotilugysacicce csneccsoces === 41,59, 63 
BMUMATGIE. © 63) ce cas epeleaiowec.s tele Wis, 18 
SisMliSer cis seek eects sees 73, 98, 99, 102, 103 
Sibomaks. ee nccule cece eee metesteieais 58 
Slonifetpesseeieis- sales sete 35, oO 


Silurus.. .71, 76, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 
92, 94, 95, 102 


BIMOLERUMs = oo eae nice. sisiae ela sie le = 15, 19 
SIM) PSOMMe ae opal eee eececeeee (onde te 
RiNTOan Sots ce oats cial aaeie ere! seate - 36,39 
STMMLGHI soo ee nee te shee ie sieieteia ee =r 66, 67 
BOIS se a oee one cis slo seate suloeiate’aere 22, 36, 38 
sparoides ....-.-----.---+- ------ ee SO; od 
Sparus ...--..----------+ e-- 202 oe 21, 37 
speciosus ..---.----------- ------ 35, 39, 40 
spectabilis......---.------+-------- 16, 18 
spilota .......--. ..----+ 0-52 5-56 5 
spilotus ..-...--.-.--------------- 5 
squamiceps...... .--- Sraeeise 11, 14, 16, 19 


116 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 





Page. | Page. 
StCLCOLaTlUS sien sees a ose setae 20) llsvariabilisies cis eee eetecee ete 3 40 
Stermotremia..52 i. c.cccne senor OL Qwartate een: .2cs2s oles Cette eos ae 17 
BUI OMRE joe soaamteser oda aaaine 15,19 | variatus...... -- (uel causuilecoete 16.18 
KUAVMBUM sei cscactesind ease necees 19) |ivernalisy..c. eet ecee tee eee “2.2166, 67 
SHIOMALULUS, idscn0 4oceneosee skeeee 62.) "versicolor 25522225 Wet tees 18 
SHZOStEdION sross jt asss terreno AAATZAS) | winidiG?: ebssceue a5 eS sees 34, 38 
Stizostedium.:..22<ss2.-005s0¢ AGHATPAS |) WISCOSUS) Ooo see etece ene ene 72, 95 
Stizostethium. ..-43,44; 45,46, 47, A8h49/50. | valteane so. 22522225522 2ces bese 46 
HOTELS, .. cect seca sacte scence ie 36) |) VIEOHMtcsoeensanee ter ennt 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 
Synechoglanis. ...222.sss25vs0025 fo, t4sad \eVabTOUS --<=— 22 tes etee mens =eeeien ae 6, 17,19 
Pelipowisrss-.-weoccoctereeewceeeres 20 | volgense:=5215 2582 sseesaeeeeereee 44, 50 
TOROS Syssoevewiccna dee aha asce sane AD | wulgarises2sicéses222-2- 21, 38, 72, 73, 81, 88 
CELTISUS) jaccinacecenc ame aaeeeevee 67367, |ovalneratus’ <3i522522cccrae2eseeeeae 16, 19 
tessellatia gos sooessaisecsembaa tls ALS" | vulpeculus+2s252s2s222222s 0550-0 73, 90,91 
tessellatumd . 1). we sacienginalt esis Go ivlipess sec sees cmees (ooae kee 72, 77,78 
feEBSElIAGOS necicce cocw te neciccseecec td Aol! NW warrenieessscecscces see seen eeeee 17,18 
MOGLOd ON seiq <5 eo ns tccinndaeaateees 56) |) whtiipplel*siasso4- sees ee eee eee 18 
THOTEAUIANUS 551s pr avrocrein aes 630 wolgensisressncsesnee a ceocmees sce 50 
TAT OGD veo tara ort os tora et aA eo OOF |; KOnUUSs ssn ec scchaseseiene sectee ser 63 
WICOMA ssa sor to stein aaa 58 | xanthocephalus- --25-<-5-. 22-2. 72, 82, 92 
TINCGNASA Joe. ccssedassessase0ee= 57 | Xenotis ..21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 
FLANSVETSOM ....000c504 Steeeesse sce 18 40, 41, 42, 43 
Gre GHA ee ac aiate ew sem sche sceee 40 | Xiphophorus........--. ipa anemia 65, 67 
GLifASClabA ssca(so ss cee aadaocase ace 37 | Xystroplites --..---. 24, 27, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40 
WIN DT Bi So raeto oti eeerisodgosae taole 5S lbze bia ose cao see ee eee 15, 18, 19 
UNICOLOL xn. selon ratereta'ete reyerereren toca eels 38) |Uzonalis: 2252s ssdasheseeseases 6,7, 16,19 
Wranidea:: 2 sga0 saree onsets testes 5) |RZONMA eae eee Secreto ete aoeeeeiain's 500 

O 














LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATE I. 


1. Ichthelurus furcatus, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. Texas. (From types of “ aginis ”—No. 
837.) “p. 75. 


2. Ichthelurus furcatus, (Cuy. & Val.) Gill. Texas. (From types of “ affinis ”—No. 
837.) .p. 75. 
3. Ichthelurus robustus, Jordan. Locality uncertain (From type—No. 20056.) p. 76. 


PLATE II. 


4. Ichthelurus robustus, Jordan. Locality uncertain. (From type—No. 20056.) p. 76. 
4 (b). Ichthelurus robustus, Jordan. Illinois River. p. 76. 


PLATE III. 
5. Ichthelurus punctatus, (Raf.) Jordan. French Broad River. p. 76. 
PLATE IV. 


6. Ichthelurus punctatus, (Raf.) Jordan. French Broad River. p. 76. 

7. Ichthelurus meridionalis, (Giinther) Jordan. Guatemala. - (From Giinther’s 
figure.) p. 78. 

8. Ichthelurus meridionalis, (Giinther) Jordan. Guatemala. (From Giinther’s 


figure. Si fch 
: ae PLATE V. 


9. Amiurus lupus, (Grdi) Giinther. Texas. (From type—No. 916.) p. 83. 
10. Amiurus lupus, (Grd.) Giinther. Texas. (From type—No. 916.) p. 83. 


PLATE VI. 


11. Amiurus niveiventris, Cope. Neuse River. (From type.) p. 83. 
12. Amiurus niveiventris, Cope. Neuse River. (From type.) p. 83. 
13. Amiurus nigricans, (Le 8.) Gill. Lake Erie. p. 83. 


PLATE VII. 
14 (6). Amiurus nigricans, (Le S.) Gill. Ohio River, Leavenworth, Ind. p. 83. 
PLATE VIII. 
14 (¢). Amiurus nigricans, (Le S.) Gill. Ohio River, Leavenworth, Ind. p. 83. 
PLATE IX. 
14 (d). Amiurus nigricans, (Le 8.) Gill. Florida. (From a mounted skeleton.) p. 83. 
PLATE X. 


15. Amiurus albidus, (Le 8.) Gill. Potomac River. (From No. 20925.) p. 84. 
16. Amiurus albidus, (Le S.) Gill. Potomac River. (From No. 20925.) p. 84. 


PLATE XI. 
17. Amiurus lophius, Cope. Potomac River. p. 85. 
PLATE XII. 


18. Amiurus lophius, Cope. Potomac River. p. 85. i 


118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY-—II. 


PLATE XIII. 


19. Amiurus erebennus, Jordan. St. John’s River, Fla. (From type—No. 19093. p. 85. 
(Type is less than a foot long.) 

20. Amiurus erebennus, Jordan. St. John’s River, Fla. (From type—No. 19093.) p. 85. 
(Type is less than a foot long.) 

21. Amiurus natalis, (Le S.) Gill, var. natalis. Lake Erie. p. 86 


PLATE XIV. 


22. Amiurus natalis, (Le 8.) Gill, var. natalis. Lake Erie. p. 86. 
23. Amiurus natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Illinois River. p. 86. 


PLATE XV. 


24. Amiurus natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Illinois River. p. 86. 
24 (b). amen natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Kinston, N. C. (From No. 18540.) 


Dp. 
PLATE XVI. 


24 (c). Amiurus natalis lividus, (Raf.) Jordan. Kinston, N. C. (From No. 18540.). 
p- 86. 

25. Amiurus natalis cenosus, (Rich.) Jordan. Lake Michigan. p. 86. 

26. Amiurus natalis cenosus, (Rich.) Jordan. Lake Michigan. p. 86. 


PLATE XVII. 


27. Amiurus natalis cupreus, (Raf.) Jordan. Ohio River. p. 87 

28. Amiurus natalis cupreus. (Dentition.) 

29. Amiurus natalis antoniensis, (Grd.) Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. p. 87. 
30. Amiurus natalis antoniensis, (Grd.) Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. p. 87. 


PLATE XVIII. 


31. Amiurus natalis analis, Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. (From type.) p. 87. 
33. Amiurus vulgaris, (Thompson) Nelson. Lake Michigan. p. 88. 


PLATE XIX. 


34. Amiurus vulgaris, (Thompson) Nelson. Lake Michigan. p. 88. 
35. Amiurus vulyaris elurus, (Grd.) Jordan. Mississippi River. p. 88. 


PLATE XxX. 
35 (b). Amiurus vulgaris elurus, (Grd.) Jordan. Mississippi River. p. 88. 
PLATE XXI. 


36. Amiurus marmoratus, (Holbr.) Jordan. Altamaha River,Ga. (From No.9031.) p. 89. 
37. Amiurus marmoratus, (Holbr.) Jordan. Altamaha River, Ga. (From No. 9031.) p. 89. 


PLATE XXII. 

38. Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Illinois River. p. 89. 
PLATE XXIII. 

39. Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Illinois River. p. 89. 
PLATE XXIV. 


39 (b). Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Illinois River. p. 89. 
39 (c). Amiurus melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Illinois River. p. 89. 


PLATE XXV. 


40. Amiurus catus, (L.) Gill. Delaware River. p.90. 


Pecos chee lees Sy 


s 2 ees Sa 





LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 119 






PLATE XXVI. 
41. Amiurus catus, (L.) Gill. Dalawash River. p.90. 

PLATE XXVII. 
41 (b). Amiurus mispilliensis, Cope. Mispillion Creek, Del. (From type.) p. 90. 
) PLATE XXVIII. 
41 (c). Amiurus mispilliensis, Cope. Mispillion Creek, Del. (From type.) p.90. 
PLATE XXIX. 


42. Amiurus xanthocephalus, (Raf.) Gill. White River, Ind. p. 92. 
43. Amiurus canthocephalus, (Raf.) Gill. White River, Ind. p. 92. 
44. Amiurus nigrilabris, (Cope) Gill & Jordan. Conestoga Creek, Pa. (From type.) 
p. 92. 
PLATE “XXX. 


45. Amiurus nigrilabris, (Cope) Gill & Jordan. Conestoga Creek, Pa. (From type.) 
p- 92: 

46. Amiurus pullus, (DeKay) Gill. Genesee River, N. Y. (Natural size.) p. 93. 

47. Amiurus pullus, (DeKay) Gill. Genesee River, N. Y. (Natural size.) p. 93. 

48. Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Ocmulgee River, Ga. (From type.) p. 93. 


PLATE XXXI. 


49. Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Ocmulgee River, Ga. (From type.) p.93. 
49 (b). Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Saluda River, S.C. p. 93. 
49 (c). Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. Saluda River,S. C. p. 93. 


PLATE XXXII. 
50. Amiurus platycephalus, (Grd.) Gill. North Carolina. p. 93. 
/ PLATE XXXIII. 
51. Amiurus platycephalus, (Grd.) Gill. North Carolina. p. 93. 


PLATE XXXIV. 
52. Pelodichthys olivaris, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. French Broad River. p. 95. 
PLATE XXXV. 
«5B. Pelodichthys olivaris, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. French Broad River. p. 95. 
PLATE XXXVI. 


54. Noturus flavus, Rafinesque. Ohio River, W.Va. p.99. 
eo 55. Noturus flavus, Rafinesque. Ohio River, W. Va. p.99. 
56 Noturus insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100. 


PLATE XXXVI. 


57. Noturus insignis, (Rich.) GUl & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100. 
57 (b). Noturus insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100. 
_ 57 (c). Noturus insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jordan. Pennsylvania. p. 100, 


PLATE XXXVIII. 


i 58. Noturus exilis, Nelson. Illinois River. p. 100. 

59. Noturus exilis, Nelson. Illinois River. p. 100. i, 

_ _59(b). Noturus exilis, Nelson. Illinois River. (From one of three original types.) 
‘ p. 100. 


120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—II. 


PLATE XXXIX. 


60. Noturus miurus, Jordan. White River, Ind. (From types.) p. 100. 
61. Noturus miurus, Jordan. White River,Ind. (From types.) p. 100. 
61 (6). Noturus miurus, Jordan. Ohio River, W. Va. p.100. 


PLATE XL. 


62. Noturus eleutherus, Jordan. French Broad River. (From types.) p.101. 
63. Noturus eleutherus, Jordan. French Broad River. (From types.) p.101. 
63 (b). Noturus eleutherus, Jordan. Tar River,N. C. (From types—No. 20926.) p. 101. 


PLATE XLI. 


63 (c). Noturus eleutherus, Jordan. Tar River, N.C. (From types—No. 20926.) p. 101. 
64. Noturus leptacanthus, Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. (From type.) p. 102. 
65. Noturus leptacanthus, Jordan. Etowah River, Ga. (From type.) p. 102. 


PLATE XLII. 


66. Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Rafinesque. Hudson River. p. 102. 
67. Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Rafinesque. Hudson River. p. 102. 
68. Noturus sialis, Jordan. White River, Ind. (From type.)  p. 102. 


PLATE XLIII. 


69. Noturus sialis, Jordan. White River, Ind. (From type.) ap: 102. 
69 (b). Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Raf. Hudson River. (Natural size.) p. 102. 
69 (c). Noturus gyrinus, (Mitch.) Raf. Hudson River. (Natural size.) p. 102. 


PLATE XLIV. 


70. Silurus glanis, Linn. Lake Neufchatel, Switzerland. (From No. 5935.) 
71. Stizostethium canadense, (Smith) Jordan. (Pyloric cxéa.) p. 49. 
72. Stizostethium salmoneum, Ratinesque. (Pyloric ceca.) p. 47. 


PLATE XLY. — 


73. Elassoma zonata, Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. (From type.) p. 50. 
74. Asternotremia mesotrema, Jordan. Little Red River, Ark. (From type.) p. 52. 














PLATE 1. 





Fic. 1—Ichthelurus furcatus(C. & VY.) Gill. 
Texas. From types of afinis 





Fic. 2—Ichthzlurus furcatus (0. é& V.) Gill. 
Texas. From types of afinis. : 





Fic. 3—Ichthelurus robustus (Jordan.) 
(From type.) 














PLATE 2. 


Fic, 4—Ichthelurus robustus (Jordan.) 
(From type.) 


Fia. 4 (6)—Ichthzlurus robustus (Jordan.) 
Illinois River. Reduced one-half. 








PLATE 3. 


Pectoral spine. Upper jaw. 





Lower jaw. 


Fig. 5—Ichthelurus punctatus (Raf.) Jor. 
Chattahoochee R., Ga. Reduced one-half. 











ess 


Fic. 6—Ichthxlurus punctatus (Raf.) Jor. 
Chattahoochee R., Ga. Reduced one-half, 


PLATE 4. 





Fic. 8—Ichtheelurus meridionalis (@thr.) Jor. 
Central America. 
(From Gunther's figure,) 


Fia. 7- -Ichthzlurus meridionalis, (@thr.) Jor. 
Central America. 
(From Gunther’s figure.) 























PLATE '5. 





Fic. 9—Amiurus lupus (@rd;) Gthr. 
Texas. (From type.) 





Fic. 10—Amiurus lupus (Grd ) Gthr. 
Texas. (From type.) 









Fig. 11—Amiurus niveiventris (Cope.) 
Neuse River. (From type.) Reduced. 


Fig. 12—Amiurus niveiventris (Cope.) 
Neuse River. (From type.) Reduced. 


Fic. 13—Amiurus nigricans (Le S.) Gill. 
Lake Erie. 





PLATE 7. 











Fia. 14 (6)—Amiurus nigricans (Le S.) Gill. 
Ohio R., Leavenworth, Ind. Reduced one-half, 




















PLATE 8. 


Fig. 14 (c)—Amiurus nigricans (Le S.) Gill. 


Ohio R., Leavenw: 


orth, Ind. Reduced one-half. 











ee Oe 


PLATE 9. 


o8 





SQ 
ES 
ue ON O NS SQNS WSS 

Wa ENN AW RX LASS 
LAY Eta” 
SS \\ @ XS SW 
\ AS QQ QS 
x\ \ SS - Sows * 


Fia, 14 (d)—Amiurus nigricans (LeS.) Gill. 
Florida. (From a mounted skeleton.) 











Fia. 15—Amiurus albidus (Ze Sueur) Gill. 
Potomac R. Reduced one-third. 


PLATE 10. 





Fia. 16—Amiurus albidus (Le S.) Gill. 


Potomac R. Reduced one-third. 





z= 








PLATE Il. 





Fic. 17—Amiurus lophius « Cope.) 
Potomac River. Reduced one-half, 





























PLATE 13. 





Fic. 19—Amiurus erebennus Jordan. 
St. John’s R., Fla. From type. 





Fic. 20—Amiurus erebennus Jordan. 
St. John’s R., Fla. From type. 





Fic. 21— Amiurus natalis (Le S.) Gill. 
(Var. natalis ) : 
Lake Erie. 





14. 


PLATE 





Fic. 22—Amiurus natalis (Ze. S.) Gill. 
(Var. natalis.) 
Lake Erie. 





Fic. 23—Amiurus natalis lividus (Raf.) Jor. 


Tilinois R. Reduced one-half. 











15. 





Fic. 24—Amiurns natalis lividus (Raf.) Jor. 
Illinois R. Reduced one-half: 


PLATE 





Fig. 24 (b)—Amiurus natalis lividus (Raf) Jor. 
Kinston, N.C Reduced. 














PLATE 16. 


FIG. 24 (c)—Amiurus natalis lividus ( Raf.) Jor. 
Kinston, N. C. Reduced. 


Fic. 25—Amiurus natalis ecenosus (Rich.) Jor. 
L. Michigan. Reduced one-half. 


Fic. 26—Amiurus natalis caenosus (Rich.) Jor. 
Lake Michigan. Reduced one-half. 





PLATE 17. 








Fic, 27—Amiurus natalis cupreus (Raf.) Jor. 
White R., Ind. Reduced one-third. 





Dentition upper jaw. 


Dentition lower jaw 
FIG. 28—Dentition of Amiurus natalis cupreus. 





Fic, 29—Amiurus natalis antoniensis (Grd.) Jor. 
Etowah R., Ga. 





Fic. 30—Amiurus natalis antoniensis (@rd.) Jor. 
Etowah River, Georgia. 














‘J[VY-OUO poonpoy. “UBSTQOIP oyv'T 
‘BION (Uosdwmoyy) SuvsMA snanyuly—¢E ‘OL 


18. 





(‘yeuLrouqe ourds yes1o(q) 
‘od.4q 0218 “YEN “MTV “UL por OLaET 
(Cunp.of) sear st[eyem SLU ye “OL 


PLATE 


Wi 


CE, 
€ > 














‘jlOq-oHO poonporxy "AT BOUNTY 
sop (‘p4y) sana BLes[NA SHANTULY —Ge “Phy 





F[VY-oUlHO psonpayT “ULSI 3v'T 
‘SION (Cwoyy) SUvsTMA SnANTUY—Ps “OWT Nee 


r / 


PLATE 19. 











‘y]RY-OUoO pooupdy “ASAT 11d IsRISSUAL 
“10f (pay) SUAn[e sUBS[A smumiury—(4) ce “Pll 


PLATE 20. 














PLATE 2t. 








Fic, 36—Amiurus marmoratus (Holbr.) Jor. 
Altamaha R. 





Fic. 37—Amiurus marmoratus (Holbr.) Jor. 
Altamaha R. 











“J[eIPouo poonpyp “YW Slory] 
‘purjedog yy avpzo fr (CfpAz) SETOUL SULLY — RE “OT 


22. 





PLATE 





= 
= 


ie 


UO ee 
e 


23. 


PLATE 





“a SlounTTT ay 
punpedog tol’ (fmaz) svjour snanttuy— 6E “Ole 














PLATE 24. 


Fia. 39 (c)—Amiurus melas (Raf.) Jor. & Copeland. 
Illinois R. Reduced one-half. 





PLATE 25. 





“At OIVAPLOCT 
WED (77) sugeo snantiy—OPr OL 











> 
nee 
ne 
- 


26. 


PLATE 























PLATE 27. 





ut. size from types. 


lliensis (Cope.) 


Wi 


Fic, 41 (b)—Amiurus mis 


Mispillion Creek, Delaware. 





‘sod Aq ULOTT OZIS “7B ‘OIVANRIACT ‘oor worpptdsyx 
(ado) sisuetTpdsnu suaiury—(9) Tp OWT 


PLATE 28. 















Fic. 42—Amiurus xanthocephalus ‘?af.) Gill 
White R., Ind. Reduced one-ha i ; 


ephalus (Raf-) Gill. 


Fra. 43—Amiurus xanthoe 
d one-half. 


White R.. Ind. Reduce 


eas 


Fig. 44—Amiurus nigrilabris (Cope) Gill & Jordan. 
Conestoga Creek, Pa. (From type ) 








| PLATE 30. 








Fig. 45—Amiurus nigrilabris (Cope) Gill & Jordan. 
Cone:toga Creek, Pa. (From type.) 





Tic. 46—Amiurus pullus (Dekay) Gill. 
Genesee R., N. Y. Nat. size. 








Fic. 47—Amuurus pullus (Dekay) Gill. 
Genesee I. 





fe 
; 
Ke 
It 
fh 
K Fic 48—Amiurus brunneas (Jor. ) 
Ocmulgee R., Ga. (Type-) 
ti g 
*: 
ie 


PLATE 31. 





Fic. 49—Aniuurus brunneus ( Jordan.) 
Ocmulgee L., Ga. Drom types. 





Fic. 49 (6)—Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. 
(Adult.) Saluda River, 8. C. Reduced one-half, 





Fra. 49 (c)—Amiurus brunneus, Jordan. 
(Adult.) Saluda River, S. C. Reduced one-half. 








sisil- 





PLATE 32. 


RULTOIRS) WON 
LD (pay) snpeydoos ed smaiiby— 0g “Diy 


RWS) 
BREESE RAV SS NN 
\  — —_—$_—$_<$_$—$&=_ ————_$—<_—— ————— 






















& 


A 
FLA 4 — 
Sg ee — Ce eae ———— 
2 
ES oo 
PS 

















eUTpOILY T[}.10 Nr 
TED (pp) snyeydooAge(d snintiry—Tg “OWT 





SS 


KES 


PLATE 33. 





‘J[eY-ouo poonpoy “YW pvoag touorsy 
‘py H (Loy) suvarpo sKqIO POPPA —CS “OL 


PLATE 324. 











‘Fley-ouo poonpsxy “YW prorg youoiy 
“TOL Y TED (fogz) stwarjo SAqayoIpopea—Es ‘OL 


PLATE 35. 











PLATE 36. 





Pectoral spine, 2 diams, 





Dentition both jaws. 





Dentition upper jaw. 


Fic. 54—Noturus flavus Raf. 
Ohio R., W. Va. Reduced one-sixth. 





Fic. 55—Noturus flavus Laf. 
Ohio R., W. Va. Reduced one-sixth. 





Fic. 56—Noturus insignis (Rich ) G. & J. 
Penna. 








PLATE 37. 






/ 





Fic. 57—Noturus insignis (Rich.) G. & J. 
Penn. 





SH 


WSs 


WO 





Fic. 57 (o)—-Noturus insignis (Rich.) G. & J. 
Penn. 





Fic. 57 (¢)—Noturus insignis (Rich.) G. & J. 
Penn. 








PLATE 38. 





p Fic. 58—Noturus exilis Nelson. 
Root R., Wis. Nat size. 





Fra. 59—Noturus exilis Nelson. 
Root R., Wis. Nat. size. 





Fia. 59 (6)—Noturns exilis Nelson. - 
Illinois R. From one of three original types. 













Fic. 60—Noturus miurus Jordan. 
White R., Ind. Nat. size. 


Fic. 61— Noturus miurus Jordan. 
Whito R., Ind. Nat. size from type. 


Fic, 61 (b)—Noturns miurus Jordan. 
Ohio R.. W. Va. Nat. size. 





PLATE 40. 





Pectoral spine, enlarged 2 diams. 


Fic. 62—Noturus eleutherus Jordan. 
French Broad R. Type nat. size. 





ll 
A 






Fic. 6(3—Noturus elentherus Jordan. 
French Broad R. Type nat. size. 





FIG. 63 (b)—Noturus eleutherus Jordan. 
Tar River, N. C. 





e 
: 











PLATE 41. 





FIG. 63 (c)—Noturug eleutherus Jordan. 
Tar River, N. C. 





7 vette spine, 2 diams. 


Fic. 64—Noturus leptacanthus Jordan. 
Etowah R., Ga. Type spec. Nat. size. 





Fic. 65—Noturus leptacanthus Jordan. 
Etowah R., Ga. Nat. size, type. 


PLATE 42. 








. Fic. 66—Noturus gyrinus (Mitch.) Raf. 
Hudson R. Nat. size. 








Fic. 67--Noturus gyrinus (Mitch.) Raf. 
Hudson R. 





Dentition of lower jaw. Dentition of upper jaw. 


Fic. 68—Noturus sialis Jordan. 
White R., Ind. Nat. size. 


Pectoral spine. 











PLATE 43. 





Fic. 69—Noturus sialis Jordan. 
White River, Indiana. (Type, nat. size.) 








@ 4 











‘ QA LW x SQ SS 
WG 


Fie, 69 (b)—Noturus gyrinus (Mitch.) Raf. 
Hudson River. (Nat. size.) 





x FIG. 69 (c)—Noturus gyrinus (Mitch.) Raf. 
Hudson River. (Nat. size.) 











PLATE 44. 





a AN AN \\N nd 
\\\ AN \ 


Fia@. 70—Silurus glanis, Linn. 
European Catfish ; Sheatfish. 
Lake Neufchatel, Switzerland. 





Pyloric cceca (a) 
Fia. 71—Stizostethium canadense (Smith) Jordan. 
Reduced one-half. 





Pyloric ceca (b) 
Fic. 72—Stizostethium salmoneum Raf. 
Reduced one-half. 











PLATE 45. 





Fic. 73—Elassoma zonata Jordan. 
Little Red R., Ark. Type enlarged 3 diams. 





Fic. 74—Asternotremia mesotrema Jordan. 
Little Red River, Ark. 


= 





= 








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