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^ 



• ■■ 






M 



FRENCH GENDEES 



L 



■v?';i 



PRINCIPLES AND KULES 



FRENCH GENDEES 



CHARLES CASSAL, LL.D. ^'"'^'I\ 

av 0.5 



de puns illiuloits. ir b^j a point de mdthch 
approodre log chosea dLffldlea' — Jckiefie de J 



LONDOX 
LONGMAXS, GREEN, AND CO. 



PBEFACE 



Much has been said about the difficulties of the French 
Genders. All attempts at discovering some general 
rule, or principle of easy application, have been 
thwarted. As a consequence, the genders and the 
language alike have been unsparingly criticised, even to 
the verge of abuse. 

French grammarians have naturally enough some- 
what neglected the subject on account of the little 
practical utility of rules for natives, who learn the 
genders with the nouns themselves. Many of them 
have seen that there exists a close connection between 
the gender of a noun and its meaning and form, 
but they have well-nigh all denied that the genders are 
governed by laws based upon strict principles. State- 
ments to the following effect have been made : — 

^Quelquefois a cause de Petymologie, quelquefois 
sans motif reel. Us [les hommes] ont donne le genre 
masculin ou le genre fSminin aux substantifs, quoi- 
qu'ils n'aient aucun rapport avec Pun ou Tautre sexe. 
. . . Le caprice a souvent fait que le genre de 
plusieurs substantifs a chang6 selon les temps.' — 
OiraulUDuvivier. 

* L'institution ou la distinction des genres est une 
chose purement arhitraire^ qui n'est nuUement fondee 






VI PREFACE. 

en raison, qui ne parait pas avoir le moiudre avantage 
et qui a beaucoup d'inconv^nients/ — Duclos,^ 

It was of course to be expected that strangers 
would express opinions of a similar kind. We have 
frequently heard it stated that * the French themselves 
confess their inability to account for the numerous 
eccentricities of their genders ; ' also, that ^ nothing in 
universal grammar could be found more divested of 
regularity — more lege solutum.^ Remarks more severe 
still have sometimes been made. Learned professors 
have treated * the rules of participles as positively ab- 
surd, the genders as more than absurd.' Last, but not 
least, an eminent philologist has declared * the whole 
French language to be in a state of disintegration.' 

It cannot enter into our plan here to vindicate the 
French language from such imputations. This, how- 
ever, we may be permitted to say : In our long and 
patient investigations of the many intricacies of our 
mother tongue, we have seldom, if ever, found, even in 
its most delicate niceties, anything illogical or divested 
of good sense and principle. The errors it contains 
have been introduced not by the people who created it, 

* AH sorts of ingenious, sometimes wild, suggestions haye been made 
as to the origin of genders. The following passage from B^mardin de Saint- 
Pierre, whose genius embraced many things, but imagined still more, may 
be of interest : — 'II est digne do remarque que la plupart des noms des 
objets de la nature, de la morale et de la m^taphysique sont f^minins, 
surtout dans la langue fran9aise. II serait assez curieuz de rechercher si 
les noms majsculins ont ^t^ donnas par les femmes, et les noms feminins 
par les hommes, aux choses qui serpent plus particuli^rement aux usages do 
chaque sexe, et si les premiers ont ^t^ faits du genre masculin parce qu ilH 
pr^sontaient des caract&res de force et de puissance, et les autres du genre 
fi^minin parce qu'ils ofiraient des caract^res de gr&ce et d'agr^ments. Je 
orois que les hommes, ayant nomm^ en g^n6ral les objets de la nature, 
leur ont prodigu^ les noms feminins par co penchant secret qui les attire 
vers le sexo : c'est ce qu'on pent remarquer aux noms que portent les con- 
stellations celestes, les quatre parties du monde, la plupart des fieuves, d(!8 
royaumcs, des fruits, des arbres, des vertus, etc' 



PREFACE. VII 

but by the sa/vants who tried to correct it. As to the 
genders especially, there are few or no eccentricities, 
and depreciatory epithets are as undeserved as they are 
useless. We do not hesitate to add the truism that 
the French language and the French genders have been 
made by the French for the use of the French, and that 
if foreigners wish to master them they should not merely 
look into books, but study the subject in connection 
with the habits, character and genius of the nation 
whose thoughts they express. 

The French language, in its pure form, unadulte- 
rated by the contributions of savants, from Eabelais, 
Montaigne, Eonsard and the Academic down to our 
modem grammarians, is eminently and essentially — 
perhaps more than any other language — ^the original 
work of the people. The people have created it and 
continue to create it, developing its materials and prin- 
ciples. Through the people, it has become so clear and 
so precise that it is acknowledged to be the clearest and 
the most precise of all languages ; so elastic that the 
finest shades of thought can be expressed with perfect 
ease and neatness, and so delicate that its study offers 
the utmost difficulties. By the people we mean *ce 
tout le monde qui a plus d'esprit que Voltaire et plus 
d'imagination et de po^sie que Victor Hugo,' the 
great social and political body which comprises the 
peasant and the workman — ^that is to say, those among 
whom Malherbe would look for the really original 
langpaage — ^pour se retremper dans les sources,' to quote 
his own picturesque expression — in a word, the living 
nation, keeping up a living tongue. 

Language is, indeed, not only a mirror of human 



VIU PREFACE. V 

thought, and the most important implement by the 
help of which man conveys his thoughts to his fellow- 
creatures. It is more than this — it is the living expres- 
sion of living humanity, since it expresses the successive 
acts and states which constitute universal life. 

Like everything else, language is subject, and has 
been subject from the beginning, to the great law of 
laws — ^ogress. We do not refrain from affirming, 
whatever our predilection might be for the so-called 
classical languages, that human speech, as represented 
by the infinite variety of modern languages, is, as to 
power, wealth, harmony, and originality, as much above 
that of former times as modern civilisation, sciences, 
industry, art, and literature are above those of our 
forefathers. What they have done is our inheritance 
and common property. Our duty is further to de- 
velop what has been bequeathed to us and to transmit 
it enlarged and improved to our descendants. 

Individual languages evidently follow the same 
law. If a nation is progressive, its language must 
be progressive. But progress is, by its nature, slow. 
One of its real characteristics, recognised in modern 
times only, is not to change, but to improve ; not to 
substitute one thing for another, but gradually to 
develop the good that exists. The progress in our 
modem languages is, therefore, not easily noted and can, 
indeed, hardly be registered. Yet, new events happen 
every day. Not only must the human mind perceive 
them ; human speech must also describe them. New 
objects present themselves almost at every moment. 
They must be named. The constant intercourse with 
other nations, through war, conquest, or commerce, 
necessarily gives birth to new ideas and to a more 




PREFACE. IX 

complicated series of acts, for the description of whicb. 
new forms and new and more complicated ^ sentences ' 
are necessary. 

Like aU other modern languages, French has, 
therefore, constantly to adopt and assimilate new ele- 
ments : hepce, a host of new nouns and verbs have been, 
and continue to be, created or introduced. 

At the time of its earlier formation, it proceeded as 
languages have always proceeded and ever will proceed. 
* Elle a pris son bien oii elle Pa trouve.' ^ With the 
elements within their reach, the French people created 
a new and original language — a language as new and 
as original as Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit were when they 
were first created, or grew out of what then existed. 

It should be remembered that originality does not 
consist in the invention of facts solely, but in the 
manner in which new or old facts are presented and 
new forms given to them. Thus Lafontaine and Mo- 
li^re are considered the most original of French poets, 
although most of the subjects treated by them had been 
treated before. The claim of the French language 
and, in fact, of all modern languages to originality 
is the same, since, with borrowed or inherited ma- 
terials, it has produced, and continues to produce, new 
forms as they may be required to express the new and 
more complicated thoughts of modem life, whilst the 
natural tendency to express thought in the simplest 
way and with the fewest possible words has acted as a 
corrective against useless complications and consequent 
obscurity. 

' * Toutes les langues empnmtent les unes aux autres. II n'y a pas 
plus de honte a cela qu'il n'y en a A allumer sa chandelle a celle de son 
Yoisin.' — Jacqxtbs Mbigret, Grammar of the sixteenth centwry. 



f 



X PREFACE. 

What happened with other elements introduced 
into French happened also with the genders. Each 
nonn adopted — be it Celtic, Latin, Greek, or Teutonic, 
and however modified it may have been by the new 
milieu into which it was imported — had its gender as 
well as its accent. The preservation of both was, 
therefore, a matter of course, if not of absolute neces- 
sity ; for, if the accent was * the soul ' of the word, 
the gender was certainly one of the most important 
and striking features of the embodied idea. As to the 
drawback of the difficulties in store for the modem 
foreign student of the language, it was certainly not 
taken into account, nor could the consideration of such 
difficulties ever present itself to anyone's mind. 

Now, the languages which gave nouns to early 
French, especially Low Latin, through which most 
words of Greek, Teutonic, and even Celtic origin 
appear to have passed, had masculine, feminine, and 
neuter nouns. But the original distinction based upon 
sex, and the cause which gave a gender to objects 
without sex, had long been overlooked and, with it, the 
fact that the neuter had grown out of the accusative 
masculine. It may even be surmised that, in the 
Ungua vulgaris^ especially as it was spoken in the 
provinces, the neuter had ceased to be — if it had ever 
been — a distinct gender. At any rate, the third gender 
could, at the time of the formation of French, hardly 
be in existence, except in a state of utter confusion 
with the two others ; so that only two were clearly re- 
cosrnisable. If we bear in mind that, even in classical 
Latin, nothing distinguishes the neuter declension 
except the accusatives, nominatives, and vocatives ; that 
therefore such neuter nouns as were much used in the 



k 



PREFACE. XI 

plural were necessarily confused with singular feminines 
in a ; that such as ended in um were absolutely like the 
masculine ; and that even those ending in a consonant — 
like animal^ lac, lumen, exemplar, corpus — were quite as 
naturally confounded with the masculine after the 
accusatives had lost the final unaccented syllable — we 
may fairly conclude that the neuter gender had been 
absorbed by the two others. 

Two courses were, then, open — (1) the rejection of 
the genders altogether ; (2) the adoption of the existing 
distinction of genders as indicated by tradition or by 
sound. The latter course involved the final disappearance 
of the neuter. 

Would it have been better or more rational to take 
the first, and adopt the broad distinction of the nouns 
into those of persons and those of things — in other words, 
make all names of things of no gender, as has been done 
in English ? This would no doubt have greatly simpli- 
fied the grammar, inasmuch as it would have carried 
with it the abolition of the laws of agreement. But 
the query is. Was the English system rational, or was 
it the only rational one ? 

From an English point of view it is undoubtedly 
rational; not so, however, from the French or Latin point 
of view. To the French mind, the genders and the conse- 
quent necessity of the laws of agreement are no diffi- 
culty,^ whilst their absence appears a deficiency, just 
as the supposed absence of tonic accent in French 



* Much less than the striking discrepancies of English spelling. It 
should also be remembered that the formation of English corresponds with a 
much later period of the history of Europe and of civilisation, when a great 
advance in the languages had already been made. The fact that the 
English system is an improvement may serve as another proof that modern 
languages are more perfect than the ancient. 



A 



Xll PREFACE. 

or of rhythm in French poetry strikes the English mind 
as a defect. 

Both courses, however, must be considered as 
rational, at least in one sense — viz. that they were both 
simplifications, much more so than if the three genders 
had been retained, as in Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, and 
German. Of these two simplifications — the total rejec- 
tion of the neuter and the total rejection of the genders 
— the French language chose the former. In this it 
followed the traditions of the Latin races, and thus 
preserved an important element of clearness, precision, 
elegance, and power. 
7^ As to the distribution of the genders among indi- 
vidual nouns — i.e. as to the fact of the several nouns 
having become either masculine or feminine — this is, 
in a great measure, a phonetic phenomenon. The^^en- 
der of each noun is as much the consequence of its 
form or sound as it is an effect of actual derivation. 
It must even be admitted as a law that * individual ' 
nouns are frequently influenced by complex causes^ and 
that no ^ category * of nouns has been exclusively influenced 
by the etymologies. At the same time, it must not be 
forgotten that the madrijource of gender is ' tr^adition.^ 

The law that the nouns of the new language must 
have a gender being once admitted, the gender of deri- 
vation was soon found to be insufficient. It became 
necessary to give genders to newly created and newly 
imported nouns. This want was met by the gender of 
mental concord ; by the gender of phonic and intellectual 
analogy ; and, in a few cases, by the gender of distinction. 

Three powerful agencies have, therefore, been, and 
are still, at work to influence or determine the gender 
of French nouns — viz. etymology, syllepsis, and analogy. 



PREFACE. Xlll 

These will necessarily come into collision sometimes. 
The results of the conflict are some * bigeneric ' nouns ; 
but more frequently one and, occasionally, two of the 
forces must yield. Hence, at times, the violation of one 
rule while another rule or principle — the more powerful 
for the time being — is observed. Hence, also, the nu- 
merous nouns whose gender, after some fluctuation, has 
at last settled in direct contradiction to the etymology. 
Thus, art, Languedoc, sort, would be feminine by deriva- 
tion : they have become masculine by phonic analogy. 
Carrosse, squelette, traite, would be feminine by the 
law of analogy : they have retained their original gen- 
der. Are, ete, should be feminine both by derivation 
and by phonic analogy: they have become masculine 
by intellectual analogy. 

A difficulty of another kind came in at the time of 
the Renaissance, when learned men wanted to re- 
establish the original, or what they considered to be 
the original, gender. They produced much confusion 
by creating,., in fact, a * learned' and a ^popular' 
gender. 

All these difficulties are, however, not of such a 
kind as to render the French genders irretrievably 
inexplicable. 

The French genders, as they appear in the modern 
language, having been declared to be capricious and 
eccentric, without system and without law, and to 
exist without any reason, their study and explanation 
upon philosophical grounds have been given up as 
useless. 

Many and strenuous — we should say also, praise- 
worthy — efforts have been made in the interest of the 



XIV PREFACE. 

foreign student to meet the difficulty, at least practi- 
cally, since it was considered as scientifically insoluble. 
The various methods — all empirical, but in many cases 
more or less ingenious — that have been contrived, 
especially in England,^ have no doubt produced good 
effects when applied by their authors. It is well 
known that almost any method will succeed in some 
measure, provided it be honestly and cheerfully carried 
out.^ In most cases, however, the difficulty has only 
been increased ; the paramount error has invariably 
been that it was desirable to find * a few simple and 
clear rules ' with * a few broad exceptions.' Simplicity, 
in this most complicated matter, is only another word 
for shirking the difficulty ; for, after all rules, excep- 
tions, and sub-exceptions have been stated, there 
always remains a residue of some twelve or fifteen 
hundred nouns which will not be pressed into any 
category, many of them, however, being the commonest 
words in the language. This fact is sometimes ad- 
mitted, sometimes unintentionally concealed, but, in both 
cases, it is the cause of discouragement to the learner 
who soon discovers that his knowledge of the genders 
is very precarious and unreliable.^ 

* We hare, in our long career as French teacher and professor, given a 
fair trial to such of the schemes, mnemonic and others, as have appeared to 
us to be worth trying. The results have always been the same. Everything 
being based upon an effort of memory, the effects are necessarily various, 
according to the more or less powerful memory of the pupil, and to the 
special kind of his memory. This, of course, is also the case with the part 
of our rules which are mnemonic. 

2 It is in this sense that it has been said with much truth * that every 
French master should make his own grammar ' — i.e, find his own method 
and apply it conscientiously. 

' One of the most eminent French granmiarians — Lemare — ^was, we 
think, the first to give one of those ' simple rules,* by stating that the e 
mute was the sign of feminine nouns. This rule has since been made the 
starting-point of many schemes and methods. He, as well as his followers, 



Ik 



PRBFACB. XV ' 

The best scholars are seldom exempt from this in- 
security. Not unfrequently, however, comfoi't is sought 
in the fact — somewhat rashly stated — * that the French 
themselves do not know their genders thoroughly 
well/ This is a poor excuse and a fallacy. There are 
no doubt some out-of-the-way nouns — ^provincialisms 
or scientific terms — the geuder of which may be 
unknown even to the most learned; there are some 
also the gender of which may be disputed; but it 
should be noted that it is in the commonest nouns 
that foreigners make mistakes, and the effect upon 
French ears is either ludicrous or painful. 

Our object has, therefore, not been to oflFer another 
* safe and sure method ' of learning the French genders. 
The twenty-five rules for their practical study given at 
the end of the volume contain, indeed, all the diflScul- 
ties, and we hope that no important noun has escaped 
our notice. These rules have, moreover, been tried, and 
have, therefore, the sanction of experience. But they 
contain one difficult part (Rules K and z), which is 
intended for those who, besides a serious wish to learn 
the genders, are also able to master the learning of 
about two hundred rhythmical lines. ^ 

Our aim has been totally different. We have en- 
deavoured, first, to state the case of the French genders 
in its entirety, in order that, before he undertakes the 



had overlooked the fact that his rule was contrary to principle and ety- 
mology ; nor was he able to calculate that it would require about 2,600 
exceptions — i.e. more than two-fifths of the aggregate number of nouns in e 
mute. To Lemare we owe the idea of placing the rules in alphabetical 
order, an arrangement which is a great assistance in remembering and 
applying them. 

* The scheme of the twenty-five rules has the important advantages — 
(I) that the rules are based upon strictly scientific principles; (2) that 
they are easily understood; (3) that all the exceptions are given. 



XVI PREFACE. 

study, the learner may see the whole field to be worked 
and the whole difficulty to be overcome. 

Our next and chief effort has been to place the 
study of the French Genders upon the same ground as 
that of the general grammar ; to investigate the facts, 
the origins, and the causes which influence the rules, and 
to make a critical and historical examination of the 
principles on which the laws of genders are based in 
French — ^that is to say, to treat scientifically this most 
intricate part of the French language. We are fully 
aware, from tolerably long experience, that, for persons 
who are not in daily intercourse with educated French 
people, or who have no opportunity of listening to 
them, this method, which should be supplemented by 
much reading, translating, and writing, is also the 
safest for mastering and remembering the genders. 



The first idea of this treatise was suggested by a 
paper read many years ago at the London Philological 
Society by Sir John Davis, which struck me very 
forcibly. I have to thank Mr. H. W. Eve, the Head- 
Master of University College School, who examined 
the book critically while it was going through the 
press, for many valuable suggestions and corrections. 

Ch. C. 



CONTENTS. 



••o*- 



PAGE 

Iktbodttctoby Rbicabks 1 

Of G-ender in general 1 



PART I. 

THE ORIGIN OF FRENCH GENDERS, AND 

THE PRINCIPLES BY WHICH THEY 

ARE GOVERNED, 

CHAPTER I. 

THE GENDER OF DERIVATION, 

A. To WHAT Nouns it is Applied ....... 6 

Sexal Nouns 8 

a. Persons 8 

/3. Domesticated Animals 9 

7. Wild Animals 10 

B, FOBH OF THB NoUNS WHICH HATE THE GeNDEB OF DeBITATIOM. 

— The Suffixes 11 

C. The Exceptions 17 

Appendix to Chapteb I. 

Synopsis of Fbench Nouns the Gbndeb of which is detbbminbd 
BY thbib Endings 19 

A. Nouns not Ending in e Mute 19 

1. Nouns Ending in a Sounded Vowel or Diphthong . , . 20 

2. „ „ Consonant ...... 22 

a 



A 



XVm CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

K Nouns Ending in e Mutb 25 

1. Nouns with Impure Penultimate 25 

2. Nouns in e Mute preceded by another Vowel . . . . 29 

3. „ ,, „ a Doubled Consonant . .30 
4> „ „ with Pure Penultimate . . . . 31 



CHAPTER n. 
TffE GENDER OF MENTAL CONCORD. 

1. Adjectives, Present Participles, and Past Participles used as 

Names of Persons 49 

2. Attributiye Nouns of Persons 51 

3. Adjectives, Present Participles, and Past Participles denoting 

Things and used as Abstract or Concrete Nouns . . .52 

4. Accidental Substantives . • . » * . . . 56 

5« Names of Countries and Islands 59 

0. „ Eivers 60 

7. „ Mountains 61 

8. „ Towns 62 

9. „ Months 63 

lO. Sjlleptic and Elliptical Nouns.— Compound Nouns . . . 63 

Observations on the French Compound Nouns 65 

1. The AppositioncU Determinative or Appositive Compound . . 66 

2. The Dependent Determinative or Determinative Compound . 66 

3. The Elliptical Compound 66 

a. Sentences or Parts of Sentences 67 

b. Verbal Attributives '67 

c. Possessive (or Relative) Compounds 68 



CHAPTER ni. 
THE GENDER OF ANALOGY. 

A. Thb Gendsb of Phonic Analogy 70 

1. Nouns formed with Latin Suffixes 71 

2. „ „ non-Latin Suffixes 72 

3. Modem Derivatives from Verbs . . . . » .73 

4. Onomatopoeic Nouns « . 74 



CONTENTS. 



XIX 



5. Latin or Greek tVords used as Snbstantiyes in their Latin 

or Greek Form . . • . . 
6m The Letters of the Alphabet . 

7. Slang Koiins 

8. Words Imported from Foreign Langaages 

a. English 

/3. Tentonic • . . . « 
y. Italian .*.... 
S. Other Langaages .... 



B. Thb Geitdbb of Intellectuai. Akaloot 

1. Names of Imaginary Beings . 
Personified Beings 



3. 



5. 



Trees 

Metals, Metalloids, Simple Bodies 

Chemical Products . 

Modern Weights and Measures . 

7. Modem Names of Countries, etc. . . 

8. Names of Foreign Dances . . . 



PA6B 

76 
76 

78 
78 
79 
80 
81 

81 

81 
81 
81 
82 
82 
82 
82 
82 



CHAPTER IV. 
THE GENDER OF DISTINCTION OR DIFFERENTIATION . 83 



CHAPTER V. 
BIQENERIC NOUNSy OR NOUNS WHICH HAVE BOTH GENDERS. 



General List of Bigeneric Nouns 



88 



CHAPTER VI. 

CHANGES OF GENDER, OR IRREGULARITIES IN THE GENDER 

OF DERIVATION, 

A. Phonic Anauoqy as the Cause of Chanob of GEin>EB . .109 

Nouns with Fluctuating Genders 113 

B. List of Latik (ob Gbhbk) FsMiNmB Nouks tubked, thbottoh 

Phonic Analogt, into Mascuunes 114 

Names of Trees 116 

General List of Names of Trees and Shrubs . . . . 118 



XX CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

C. List of Latik (ob Gaebx) Ma-sculikb ob Neittbb Nouns tubked, 

THROUGH Phonic Analogy, into Fehinines . . .122 

Noiois in ear 124 

Plural Neuters converted into Feminines , . . .127 
o. Plaptations, Groves, Plots of Trees, etc, . . . . 127 

fi. Fruit, Grains, Seeds 128 

y. Other Distributives 128 

8. Collectives (CoUectifs g^n^raux) 128 

€. Pairs . . 129 

D. Nouns whosb Gendeb is of Difficult ob Contbovebtiblb 

Explanation «... 130 

1* Masculines 130 

2. Fieminines . 132 



PART II. 

RULES 137 



INDEX . 166 




THE 

FEENCH GENDEES 



-•o^ 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

OF GENDEB IN QENEEAL. 

1. The origin of Gender is evidently to be fonnd in the 
distinction of sexes. 

This cardinal distinction established by Natnre between 
male and female — which originally also implied distinction 
between the strong and the weak, the active and the passive 
— ^is cleariy the stwiing-point of the separation of nonns into 
masculine and feminine, 

2. It could, however, especially in the early state of lan- 
guage, only apply to the human race and to a very limited 
number of domesticated animals. For the greater part of the 
animal creation it was unavailable ; and is still so, even in 
modern languages. [24, 25, 26, infra,'] 

3. It was less available still for inanimate or non-seouil 
objects, except through the powerful agency of association of 
ideas, or assimilation^ This became possible in a relatively 
advanced race, but even then an immense number of nouns 
remained without gender, 

4i* The first idea of a third gender, independent of the 
notion of masculine and feminine, may have been suggested by 
the infant. 

Compare — (1) The Sanskrit neuter tokam, originally, or literally, the 
increase. This word is connected with, or irregularly derived ftom, a root 
Tu, to increase. Such irregular deriTations generally show a very old form. 

B ^ 



2 INTKODUCTOKY BBMAKKS. 

(2) The Ghreek neuter rinvov, the thing brought forth, the offspring , a word 
evidently connected with tokam. (3) The Sanskrit neuter apatyam, for 
apapatyam, the one proceeding from the * pati^ or master, the dependent, 
desceiMUtnt, progeny. (4) The Greek neuter $p4(f>os, foettts recens editits, from 
^(>(n», itself connected with the Sanskrit bhri, to bear. Cf. also the German 
Kind. 

5. As, however, the neuter has in it something of the 
character of an abstraction, it can have been introduced only 
at a comparatively recent time, when language was already to 
a great extent formed. It is thns to be expected that 
the neuter forms had to he supplied by forms already in use. 
Moreover, ' things ' — i.e. objects with or withont life — and 
* abstract notions ' mnst have been to the mind of a primitive, 
thongh already somewhat advanced, observer rather passive 
or objective, than active or subjective. The nouns designating 
them were therefore principally, if not exclusively , used in the 

OBJECTIVE CASE. 

This j^^ is as true as it is important. Its effects are seen even in modem 
languages. From it is derived the well-known rule that most French nouns 
(90 per cent.) denoting * things ' or ' abstract notions' are borrowed from 
the Latin accusative, while a relatively small number only, mostly of 
modern formation, are derived from the nominative.* 

To the latter class belong as* as, ace\ fonds, fundus, land; putts, 
puteus, well ; vlSf vitis, screw ; blatos ; prospectus ; cliaux, calx, lime ; 
pals, pax, peace; tonx, tussis, cough; noix, nux, nut; tboraz; Index; 
silex; larynx; pre^ee, prafaiio, preface ; d6dicace, dedicatio, dedica- 
tion^ etc. 

Names of persons are not unfrequently derived from nominatives — 
Jacques, Ctoorgres, dtarles, Bacclius, Pboebusp Pbldlas, &eo- 
nidas, Jupiter, Mars, etc.; also fils,/^it^s; ]i6ros; on, horno. 

6. At a later period, when, with the development of ideas, 
inanimate objects would also be considered as subjective, or as 
agents, nouns, till then used in the accusative only, were 
used as nominatives. Hence the neuter, which had originally 
no nominative. This was afterwards supplied by the accusa- 
tive, 

7. It follows that the neuter is a gender, not the absence of 
gender, as it has been defined, and as the word * neuter ' implies. 

8. Here a difl&culty may be raised. Why should the accu- 
sative masculine — and in general the masculine declension — 
have been chosen to provide the neuter, in preference to the 

* The principle being stated, we have, wherever we had to give the 
Latin etymon, generally used the nominative, in order to avoid confusion 
with the neuter. 



k 



INTRODUCTORY RBMAllKS. 3 

accusative feminine ? The latter might indeed be considered 
as more nearly related to what became the nenter, since it 
also represents the passive, or inferior element in creation. 

9. This seems to point to a second stage, or historical 
period (also previous to the introduction of the neuter), in the 
growth of gender — the masculine being then considered to be 
the mainy fimdamental, generic, or indefinite gender ; and the 

femvnine, the extraordinary or specific gender, or gender of dis- 
tinction. 

This would explain how, even in derivative languages, 
such as French, the feminine gender is frequently used to 
express the extraordinary, the huge, as well as the very small. 
Compare mont, montagrne i mar, murallle f roc, roche ; 
nuagre, nu^e i polype, poulpe, pleuvre i corbeau, cor- 
neille, etc. 

It would explain also, at least to some extent, how it hap- 
pens, especially in French, that a great number of feminine 
forms of nouns and adjectives represent more completely the 
original Latin form, than the masculine ; so that it might be 
said that the masculine is derived from the feminine, and not 
the feminine from the masculine. 

It finally explains why the feminine gender has a number 
of special affixes, and why, chiefly among the nouns used 
to designate abstract notions, the proportion of feminines 
greatly exceeds that of masculines. 

10. The preceding remarks, or speculations, may be con- 
sidered as useless with regard to the gender of French nouns. 
The original cause, or causes, of the distinction of genders, 
having already been lost sight of in Latin, Greek, and San- 
skrit, were naturally no longer taken into account when the 
Latin, or Latinised, nouns passed into French. 

They show, however — (1) that seoMility is not the only 
cause of the distinction of genders ; (2) that masculine nouns 
may be used to denote females, &nd vice versa. [See Rule A, 
infra ; cf. the Lat. scortum, the Germ. Weih, etc.] 



B 2 



i 



t 



PART I. 



THE ORIGIN OF FRENCH GENDERS, AND THE PRIN- 
CIPLES BY WHICH THEY ARE GOVERNED, 

11. The gender of Frencli noims is subject to the same 
inflaences which exercise an action over the formation of the 
nouns — viz. derivation, analogy, syllepsis^, 

French nouns must therefore be classified, as to their 
gender, under the following heads : — 

Gender of DEEivATictN ; 

Gender of Phonic or of Intellectual Analogy ; 

Gender of Mental Concord. 

A fourth influence is sometimes at work. 

When, in consequence of the laws of derivation, two nouns 
happen to be homonymous (homophones or homographs), various 
contrivances are adopted to distinguish them, and among 
these a change of the gender of one is sometimes resorted 
to. Hence a 

Gender of Distinction or Dipferentution. 



CHAPTER I. 
THE OENDEE OF DERIVATION. 

A, TO WHAT NOUNS IT IS APPLIED, 
y 

12. The Gender of Derivation is applied to nouns which 

may be said to have a history. It is given by the * etymon.' 

13. As a general rule, such nouns should retain the gender 
they have in the language from which they proceed. But 
this rule is almost exclusively confined to nouns derived from 
Latin. Thus — 



6 FRENCH GENDEBS. 

14. (a) Nouns derived from Latin (or Latinised) masculine 
nouns are masculine in French. 

Ex. : le pdlOf poliM, the pole ; le mondOy mundtLs, the 
world ; le gr^nley genius ; le codei codicem ; le grlobei globus ; 
le grlalvei gladius, the sword, 

15. The chief exceptions to this rule are certain abstract, 
and a few concrete, nouns in or, French eur^ which are 
mascxdine in Latin and feminine in French. [Infra^ 188.] 

Ex, : la douleur, dolor^ or dolorem, griefs pain ; la ter- 
revLtf terror, or terrorem; la tarevLtf fu/ror, or furorem, fury. 

16. (h) Nouns derived from Latin (or Latinised) feminine 
nouns are feminine in French. 

Ex. : la liberty I lihertatem, liberty ; lanatloni nationeni ; 
la malsoiii mansionem, the house \ la foblei /aMa, or fabu^ 
lam; la chambrei camiera; la folm, famvem, hwager; la 
solfy siiim,^ thirst ; la palzy pax, peace. 

17. The chief exceptions to this rule are the na/mes of 
trees, which are feminine in Latin ^ and masculine in French. 
[Infra, 179 ff.] 

Ex, : le Drdne, fraodnvs, the ash-tree ; le pint pmus^ the 
fir-tree ; I'ormei ulmv>s, the ehrutree, 

18. (c) Most nouns (90 per cent.) derived from Latin (or 
Latinised) neuter nouns are mascxdine in French. 

Ex. : un coU^grey collegiwm ; un crlmey crinimi ; un 
drame, drama ; un Incendley incendium^ afire ; un l^f^jixae, 
legv/men, a vegetable; un lyc^e^ lycewm; un monumenty 
mormmentvmi ; un slgrnef signum, 

19. Neuter nouns would necessarily become masculine, not feminine — 
(1) because the neuter declension is nearly the same as the masculine, from 
-which it was originally borrowed ; (2) because the accusative singular, from 
which as a rule Frencm nouns are derived, has, in purely Latin woids, and 
in the great majcrity of them, the same form for tne neuter and masculine. 
The consequence has been an early confusion of the two genders. Even 
in the fifth century neuter nouns are found accompanied by a^'ectives in 



* The wood, like the other products (fruit, leaves, blossoms, gum, bark, 
etc.) of trees, is neuter: buxuTny boxwood; robur, oak-wood ; ebenumy (hony. 
In French, such words follow the general rules, and are masculine by mental 
concord [infraf 86]. Ex. : da (bois de) lidtre, beech ; un plancher de Tbois de) 
sftpln, a deal floor; unmeuble envieux eli^ne, a piece {or mite) of furniture 
in old oak. Bbdne, however, is by some considered to be feminine [iif/ra, 86, 
166, 178 ff]. Cf flklso the modem names of wood aoijou, pallMMUidre. 



THE GENDER OF DEEIVATION. 7 

the masculine form — hunc prodigium, ilium siffnum, etc. At a still later 
period the necessity of distinguishing the nominative of the neuter noun 
from the accusative (the modem construction, which distinguishes the no- 
minative and accusative by their place in the sentence, not being yet in use) 
had caused neuter nominatives to be assimilated to the masculine : templusy 
collegiuSj etc., were certainly used in the popular language, and frequently 
in the literary language as welL 

20. The chief exceptions to this rule are some collecti/ve 
nonns ; also certain nouns denoting objects which are gene- 
rally to be seen in rmmhersj clusters^ or pairSy and are therefore 
much used in the plural.^ These plurals have been in the 
course of time, and through the mechanical routine of the 
language, considered as feminines. [^Infra, 194 fif.] 

21. This is by no means so often the result of a blunder, as has been 
suggested. The chief cause, as a glance at the list of these nouns will 
show [infra, 197 ff], has been phonic analogy. Besides, some such plurals 
were, even in the classical Latin, used as feminine singulars. Thus, arteria, 
pi. of arferium, an artery (in Lucretius) ; ostrea, an oyster ; opera (operam 
dare), etc.^ Li the popular language, this usage must have been much more 
e3±ensive. 

It should be observed that modem langagues also use plurals for 
singulars. Cf. the French fois, nous, vous; the English you, news, means, 
Wales, etc. (sach words as physics, politics, seem to be in a state of tran- 
sition); the German Sie, etc. Vice versa, singulars are frequently used 
instead of plurals. Cf. English^ify horse, twenty pound, etc. ; German drei 
Glas Wein, zwanzig Mann ; French il a VceU hon, kpied liger, VoreiUejine. 

22. The gender of derivation includes all nouns derived 
from the vernacular language of Rome, as well as those which 
have grown out of the * Langue Romane * as remodelled by 
the medis&val and Renaissance scholars. 

23. The gender of derwation includes the nouns which 

* Some of them are never, or hardly ever, to be met with in the singu- 
lar in Latin. Such are arma, castra, etc. 

' Not improbably apica, kipU ear of com, is the plural of a still existing 
Latin spicum (Cic), a prickly thing. So also (Bra, dre, era, is the plur^ 
of as, oris (Littr^). Viscia, vesee« vetch, supposes a singular viscium. 
Cf. the Greek fiUtov. 

The following may be words of the same kind : — copula, eonple (fern.), 
tie ; oftro, cnlsse, thigh ; furca, ftoiirebe« originally a prong (^ey) ; 
libra, llvret a pair of scales ; palpebra, panpl^re, eyelid (originally the 
eyelashes) ; tibia, tLge, a hollow stem, pipes used as a flute (Jlute de 
Pan) ; also shin-hone. Belicia has undergone a double change if derived 
from the singular deUcium [infra, 202]. See also alse [205] ; seotet 
secta ; oolleetet colkcta ; ramei remus, oar (cf. remigium). 



8 



FBENCH OENDEBS* 



originally derived their gender from the distinction of sexes 
(seoMil nouns). 

These are limited to the following, many of wHch come 
from the Low Latin, or are of mediaeval or even of modem 
origin. 



24 A LIST OP SEXAL NOUNS. 



a. Persons. 



Masculinb. 
homine,* man, hominem. 



ffar^on,* bov. (Etjm. uncertain. See 
Diez and Littr^.) 

marlv husband^ maritum, 

epoax, httsbandf spomns, 

p^retfatkeTf patrem. 

g^rand-pdret grandfather. 

arrldre«gTand-pdref^rea^-^ra9»<?- 
father, 

aienl, grandfather, grandsire, avio- 
Ivrni, [See Littr6.] 

bisaieulf trisaieul. 

beau-pdroi father-in'law, step- 
father. 

par4tre (depreciatory), stepfather. 
Low Latin paraster. 

filSv son, fiXius. 

petlt-fllSy grandson, 

arrldre-petit-fllSf great-grandson. 

beau-flls, stepson, 

ffendre* son4n-law, generum^ 
ir^re, brother, fratrem, 
beau-flr^re, brother-in-law. 
onclet uncle, avunculum. 
g^rand'-oiiclev arrldre-gnrand- 

oncle, bls-arrldre-ffrand- 

oncle. 
neveOf nephew, nepotem, 
pettt-neveUf arrldre-petlt-ne- 

veu. 
oonsin, cousin, oonsobrinwn, 
petlt-oousiiiv arrldre - petit- 

eousln. 



Femdonb. 

fenune,^ woman, femina or femi- 

nam, 
fllle,^ girl, filia, JUiam, 

femme, wife, femina, feminam. 
spouse, wife, sponsa, sponsam, 
mdret mother, matrem. 
grrand'mdre, grandmother, 
urri^re^grand^m^Tef great-grand- 
mother. 
aieiile, grandmother, aviolam, 

blM^eiile, trUi^eale. 

beUe-m^re, mother-in-law, step- 
mother. 

mardtre (depreciatory), stepmother. 
Low Latin matrastra, 

fillei daughter, filia m. 

petlte-flUei granddaughter, 

arrldre-petlte-flUe, great-grand- 
daughter. 

belle-lllle, stepdaughter, daughter- 
in-law. 

biUp daughter-in-law (of Tent, orig.) 

■OBUTf sister, soror or sororem, 

beUe-soBiir« sister-in-law, 

tantOf aunt, amita, amitam, 

ffrandtante* arrldre-grand'- 
tantCf bls-arri^re-ffrand*- 
tante. 

nl^cet niece, neptem. 

petlte-nidcei arrldre-petlte- 
nidoe. 

eouaine, cousin, consobrinam, 

petlte-cousine, anidre-petlto* 
eouslne. 



* These are really the only sezal nouns of persons. All the others 
might be ranged in the class of attributive nouns ofpers<ms [27, 56]. 



THE GENDER OF DERIVATION. 



Mascuune. 

fillet osSf asinus, 

mulety ^nide (dimin. of 0. F. 
m«Q, mulef multis. 
l>6Uer, wetheTj heUarius^ bell-wether, 
mouton (generic), «^^. (Origin 

donbtfal.) 
affnean* lamb, agneUtia, 
bone, he-goat. Germ. Bock, or Celtic 
hoc, 
eltevreaiiy kid, dim. of Mvre, 
cbameaiif camel, carnehcs, 
cbat (generic), cat, L. Lat. catua, 
matoUf tom-cat. (Origin un- 
known.) 
clieval (generic), horse, cabaUus, 
^taloiiy etaUion, Ital. stcUlione. 

pojtltdnffoal, L. Lat. pullanus, 

cblen (generic), dog, canem. 
dogruoy boule-doffuet bull-dog, 

house-dog. 
tbvTleTf greyhound, L. Lat. Upo- 

rarms {cards), 
limiery hound, blood-hound (iiJjow 

Lat. word formed with ligamen). 
coobon (generic), pig, swine, hog 

(der. from coche). 
porOf hog, porcus. 
poureewitpig, hog, swine (dimin. 

of^KWv). 

veirat, boar (indirect deriy. from 
Lat. verres). 
lapln, rabbit. (Origin unknown.) 

laperean, young rabbit. 
tanrean* btUl, taurellus. 

iMBUff ox, bovem. 

bourdon, drone, L. Lat. burdo, 
canard (generic), duck, drake. 



ooOf cock. (Origin doubtful.) 
<aiapon, capon, caponem. 
coq d'Znde« turkey. 
dindon, turkey cock. 

Jars, gander. (Orig. unknown.) 

paon* peacock, pavonem. 

■erin« caftary bird, serena {avis)? 



25. /3. DoMSTiCATED Animals. 

FEHINOni. 

Anesse, she-ass. 
malet she-mule, mula. 



brebto, eu}e, vervex [205]. 



agnelle, she-lamb. 
cbdvre, she-goat, capra. 



obamellet she-cameh 
cbatte, she-cat. 



eavalOv mare, cabaUa. 

Jument, mare, Jumenta (pi. neut). 

[206]. 
pouline, poallobe« JiUy, young 

mare. 
oblenne, bitch. 



leyrettev greyhound bitch, 

lice, bitch-hound, licisca. 

tmie, sow, L. Lat. troga^ 
oocbe, sow [156]. 



laplne, doe-rabbit. 

▼aobe, cow, vacoa. 
iT^nlsse, heifer, Junicem. 

abeUlei bee, apicula. 

oane, duck. (Etym. doubtful. Cf. 

end-uck, Germ. Ente, Picard, 

anette.) 
ponle« hen, L. Lat. ptdla. 



dlnde, turkey-hen, s (poule) d^Inde, 
oie (generic), goose, avica. 
paonne, pea-hen. 
serine, hen-canary. 



10 



FBSNCH GENDERS. 



26. y. Wild Animals. 



Mascitlinb, 

eerfv stagy cervus. 
obevreuUv roe-buck, capriolus, 
dalm, deer, fallow-deer, dama 

ri77]. 

U^vret hare, leporem, 

levrautf young hare. 
lloiit liont leonem. 
loupy wolf, lupus. 
oursv bear, ureus. 
renardv fox, renart le goupil 

(Reinhart vulpecula). 
■anffUer, wild boar, aingularis 

{porous). 
■iiiffe« monkey, simius. 

tlffre« tiger, tigris. 



Feminine. 



blcb^f hind. (Origin doubtful.) 
cbevrettet doe. 
dalne, doe, 

luuMf doe-hare, Germ. Hose, 

llonne, lioness. 
louve, she-wolf, lupa, 
oursev she-bear, 
renardOf she-fox, 

lale, wild sow. (Orig. unknown.) 

§raenon, she-monkey; cf. Teut. 

quena, woman, Scotch quean. 
tlffressei tigress. 



27. Noims of agents, and attributive nowns — i.e. those de- 
noting professions, dignities, qualities, or conditions in general 
ascribed to persons — also take the gender of derivation. Most 
of them, however, are of modem formation, and take either 
the gender of mental concord [50 ff] or that of analogy [96 ff]. 
Ex. aoteur, auteury ilictateary professeury dooteur, 
arobitecte, fMililaty prinoe, patrlaroliey ollent, satel- 
lite , tyran. 

28. Names of days and months have also the gender of 
derivation. Ex, Xiiinill = lunce dies, etc. [see 82, note"] ; 
Janvier, Januarius, etc. [82]. 

29. Lastly, the gender of derivation includes some diminu- 
tives which preserve the gender of the noun from which they 
are derived. Ex.: rruLsc. aiiiinal<mle, corpiUi<mlef momti- 
cttle ; fem. elavicttle, virgrnle. 

This includes the contracted diminutives in ble ; as, table, 
tabula ; feMle^ fahula : in ole i as, artiolef articuhmi ; taber* 
naole, tabemaculmn. 



Nouns borrowed from other parts of speech (accidental substantives) 
cannot be classed with derived nouns. Their gender, therefore, is not the 
gender of derivation. 



THE GENDEK OF DBBIYATIOX. 11 



B. FORM OF THE NOUNS WHICH HAVE THE GENDEB OF 

DEEIVATION.~THE SUFFIXES. 

30. The Gender of Derivation is, as a rule, pointed out by 
the ending of the nonn. 

31. The Latin case-afiBxes of the nominative and accnsa* 
tive singular are unaccented. They have, therefore, when a 
noun passes from Latin into French, to disappear • or to 
become mute, according to a well-known general rule of 
derivation.! 

32. In most masculine and neuter nouns the first phenome- 
non takes place — i.e. the case-affix is dropped altogether. The 
French noum is thus left with a consoncmt — or with a sounded vowel 
— ending. Ex. : aoodSy accesijs-wm)^ access ; amlf ami{c-um)y 
friend ; camp, camp(U'm), camp ; oaSf cas('Um), case ; ool, 
col(l'Um), neck ; oiel, ceej^(-t«m), heaven ; ^oueily scopuli^^vm) , 
reef ; eaBaiiMkf exam('en), swarm; ^tat^stat^-um), state; fer^ 
fer(r-um)^ iron ; feu, fo{c-ym), fire ; monumenty mxynu' 
ment(um) ; niily nid^-um^y nest ; pieil, ped{em)y foot ; pr^f 
pra(t'Um), meadow; saOf 8ac(c-t<m), sack} seiiif 8in(-'z«m), 
hosom,^ 

33. Feminine nouns could not be mutilated to the same 
extent. Something of the suffix had to be preserved — viz. the 
part of it which has for its special function to show the extra- 
ordinary, or femiuine, gender. This is represented in French 
by the mute e, which therefore stands for the atonic feminine 
suffixes, am, iam, em, iem, etc., and is the standard sign of 
the feminine. 

From the preceding ^Etcts are derived the following prin- 
ciples : — 

^ Sometiines the suffix, by means of which the Latin substantive was 
foTmed, disappears as well. More frequently it undergoes, as well as the 
root itself, such changes that the word appears more or less mutilated. 

* Cf. also the names of dajs — liundlv luna diem ; Mardl, Martis 
diem ; Merer«dl, Mercurii diem ; Jendlf Jovis diem; Vendredlf VeTieris 
diem ; Samedi, sabbati diem. This is the masculine * dies,* always used 
also as a law term — ' dies a quo non computatur in termino.' Compare 
Blmanclie {»dimenche^dvmincessdid*mincef dadominicum^ diem do- 
minicum, not dominicam). [36, 105, 162.] 



12 FKENCH GENDERS. 

34. X. Tbe mascnline being the main, generic, or indefinite 
gender, there need exist no special masculine suffix. Tke 
very absence^ or disappearancBj of Latin suffixes points to a 
masculvne. Hence — 

35. NOUNS ENDING IN A CONSONANT OB 
SOUNDED VOWEL ABE MASCULINE. [49, A, and 
list a.] 

36. XX. The feminine, or definite, extraordinary gender is 
pointed out by the mute e as a suffix.* Hence — 

3?. MOST NOUNS (about two-thirds) ENDING IN 
E MUTE ABE FEMININE. 

38. The e mute is thus the standard feminine suffix, in contradistinc- 
tion to the masculine forms. It is so in adjectives, in attributive noims of 
persons (talUeasev madone, cantatrice), and in a number of abstract 
substantives, expressing a quality or a condition (sagressev mlsdrOp 
babltadef etc.) It is, indeed, the normal representative of the Latin 
feminine suffixes, yet it may also stand, at least m modern French, for any 
other unaccented Latin endings. (Cf. aime = a7no, dmat^ amea^ dmet^ 
dma.) In the same manner it is a normal representation of the masculine 
atonic unif amy ein^ etc., and of the neuter um^ a, u, e, etc. In Alexandre, 
Sooratet podte, crime, ^enie, fflobe, temple, Incendle, tonnerre, 
■ourire, it is not the same as the feminine e, and must not be confounded 
with it. Hence the fact that — 

39. ABOUT ONE.THIBD OF THE NOUNS ENDING 
IN E MUTE ABE MASCULINE.^ 

The presence in the language of so many masculine nouns 
with an ending which is the cardinal sign of the feminine 
may be accounted for. 

40. The final e mute is required in masculine nouns — 

* The so-called mute e must of course be supposed to have been actu- 
ally sounded. It is still audibly sounded in poetry and in singing, and 
even in certain positions in the ordinary language. Gf. une hachs ; Je ne 
le veux paa. It may even receive a kind of tonic accent — ikenevois, 
papeterie or papeterief briq,ueterie or briqueterie. 

It should also be observed that the mute e is not the only sign of 
feminine forms in French. Another, and quite as important, characteristic 
is that the penultimate is invariably long by nature or by position, and 
strongly accented. This is in accordance with the principle that in the 
old languages the feminine ending is generally a long vowel or a short vowel 
with a lengthened penultimate. Compare ^706^, fuyaKii, fiiXxuva, tiZeia; the 
Sanskrit sivdf heureuse ; dhaniniy riche ; mahati, grande. In Latin also the 
feminine a was originally and regularly long. 

' There is thus no rule more treacherous than that given in many 
grammars — viz. ' that nouns in e mute are feminine.' It is untrue in prin- 
ciple and in &ct. 



THE GENBEB OF BEKIVATION. 13 

(1) To give strength, or support, to the syllable which 
precedes it. 

The syllable thus strengthened becomes in most cases 
long, and has generally the tonic accent.* The law of com- 
pensation requires that the loss inflicted upon the word by the 
ending becoming mute should be retrieved.^ 

Ex. : peuple, p^pul-wn ; o^ldbre, c^lebrem ; espaoey 
spdt-ium ; p61e, pdUum ; quadrupdilef quadrypM^em. 

(2) To prevent the further mutilation of the word, and 
to |Cause the final consonant to be heard. 

vThe general tendency of the spoken language is to leave 
the final consonants — sometimes even liquids (fasil, fM^uliery 
etc.) — un pronounced. Without the mute e sacrificium would 
be sacrific, and pronounced aacrifi. Similarly the suffix istus^ 
istum, would be contracted into ist, it, pron. i (jKyristwrn, 
aorist, aorU, pron. aan) ; ismus, ismum, into ism, mty im, pron. 
in nasal {prismum, prism, prim, prim, prin [compare the 
change of homo into himt, om, on]) ; arium, erium, into air, er, 
ier, pron. e, ie (monasterium, monstiery moostiery moUtier ; 
pom^rium, pommier) ; toriwrn into toir, ter, pron. te ; aculum 
into acl, ac, pron. ac or a ; agium, aticum, into ag, at, pron. a. 
Compare the popular rbumatissy Jean Baptiss, luss 
(histre), spectaCy sue (sucre), etc. ; also the accepted 
forms d^ for clef, tmffe for troffley and the pronunciation 
of estomao, tabao, aooroo, broo, etc. 

41. The following is a complete list of masculine endings 
in e mute. (They are not all of pure Latin derivation) : — 

agre, aticum, agium, Ex. : voyagrei viaticum ; naufiragre, 
naufragium, [49, B, 4°, and E/ule Sf « infra."] 

BXve^ar,arius, arium. Ex.: ezemplaire, exemplar; dro- 

mailaire, dromedarius ; douairoy dotarium. 

This being an adjectival suffix, there exist necessarily a number of 
feminine nouns in aire. [49, B, 4®, and Rule O; infra.] 

Icoy itium, icium, icem. Ex. : vice, vitium ; ^difiooy cedifim 

cium ; oalloef calicem, [49^ 4P, and Rule Z.] 

toe = also i^iam and icem (fern.) There exist, therefore, also a number 
of feminine nouns with that ending ; as, aTarioOf avaritiam ; matrloe, 
matricem. 

1 Unfortunately, as in mamy other instances, the modem language shifts 
the accent further back. 

* When no final e is used, the compensation usually takes another form, 
dipbthongation, epenthesis, etc. Ex. : pled, ped-em ; polli pil-um ; oeUt 
ocul'Um ; elel, cctl-um ; et^i itat'um ; 6tat, atat-um. 



14 FRENCH GENDERS. 

tdre, terium ; as, monastdre, monaaterimn, [42, B, 4^, 
and Rule O, infra,'] 

toire, torium ; as, promontoirey promontorium, [49, B^ 
3^, and Rule 0« infra,'] 

ble, ole, fie, gle, pie. [29.] 

bre, ere, dre, fk*e, grre, pbre, pre, tre, vre. 

cte, ite, pbte, pte. 

chme, gme, thme. 

pse. 

Bine, ape, sque, ate, xte. 

[Cf. 49, B, lo^and Rules K, W, O, infra,] 

A glance at the above list will show that the observations 
made in §§ 38, 39, 40, apply — 

(a) To nouns in agre, tdre, tolre 9 (h) to nouns in aire 
and ioe, but not so generally ; (c) to nouns which have a 
mute consonant or a sibilant as a/ntej^enultimate. Hence the 
following important rules : — 

42. X. NOUNS IN B MUTE ABE MASCULINE 
WEEN THE PENULTIMATE LETTER IS AN IMPURE 
CONSONANT (i.e, when the consonant preceding the e mute 
is itself preceded by a mute consonant or by a sibilant). 
[49, B, 1®, and Rule K, infra.] 

This rule might also be put thus :— NOUNS INE MUTE 
ABE MASCULINE WHEN THE PENULTIMATE LET- 
TEBISA CONSONANT AND THE ANTEPENULTIMATE 
ANY CONSONANT BUT A LIQUID. 

Ex. : sable, sahulimi, sand ; sldole, soecidmn, century ; 
trifle, trifolitmby clover ; seigrle, secale^ rye ; temple, tern" 
phim ; nombre, mmverv/m ; Sucre, sacchartmi, sugar ; es- 
clandre, sca/iidaluni, scandal, fracas ; soufk*e, suJ^hv/r ; tigrre 9 
pampre, pampimmi, vine-bramih ; monstre, monstrum ; 
lidvre, leporem, hare ; acte, a^tvmi, deed ; napbte, naphtam ; 
pr^cepte, prceceptwm ; dogrme, dogma ; Isthme, isthmus ; 
syllepse 1 prisme 9 Jaspe, iaspidem, jasper ; dlsque, 
discmriy disc ; digr^ste 9 teste, textum, [49,^.] 

43. U. NOUNS IN E MUTE ABE FEMININE 
WHEN THE PENULTIMATE IS A VOWEL OB A 
PURE CONSONANT (i.e. when the consonant preceding 
the mute e is itself preceded by a vowel or by a liquid). [49, 
B, 2«, 3^ 40, and Rules U, V, Z, infra,] 



THB GBKDBR 01* DERIVATION. 15 

This rale miglit also be pnt thus : — 
NOUNS IN E MUTE ABE FEMININE— 

(1) WHEN THE PENULTIMATE LETTER 18 A 
VOWEL OB LIFHTHONQ. [49, B, 2».] 

Ex.x orale, creta^ chalk \ ^p^Of spada (spathd), sword; 
vie, vita, life ; oie, avica, goose ; rouOf rota, wheel ; obarruOf 
carmca, plough ; queuOf coAJtda, tail ; lieue* l&ticay league ; 
pluiOy phivia, rain, [See Rule Uf infra."] 

(2) WHEN THE PENULTIMATE LETTER IS A 
GEMINATED (doubled) CONSONANT (ff, U, mm, nn, 
pp, rr, BS, tt). [49, B, S'^.] 

These double letters frequently represent etymologically a single con- 
sonant, the letter being doubled either to shorten or give the tonic 
accent to the foregoing vowel. [See 49, 5, 3».] 

Ex. : erriffef claw ; ^tincelle, sdntUla, spark ; pomme, 
poma (pi. nent.), apple ; oouroiiney corona, crown ; nappe, 
7nappa, tahle-cloth ; terre, terra, earth ; paressOf pigritia, 
laziness; grrottOf crypta, grotto. [See Bnle V, infra,] 

(3) WHEN THE PENULTIMATE IS A CONSONANT 
AND THE ANTEPENULTIMATE A VOWEL. [See 
49, B, 4P, and Bule Z, infra,] 

(4) WHEN THE PENULTIMATE IS A CONSONANT 
AND THE ANTEPENULTIMATE A LIQUID (1, m, n, 
ri). [See 49, B, 4», and Rule Z.] 

N,B. The digrams, oh, grb, pb, rb, til, srn, gru, qa, are 

considered as single consonants. 

Ex. : syllabe, sylldha, syllable ; grr4oe, gratia, grace ; 
moudie, rrmsca, fly ; ^tude, studia (pi. neat.), study ; 
cigrosrnoy ciconia, stork; ^grlogrue, ecloga; togre, toga; 
lame, la/mina, blade ; ^toile, stella, star ; fietrine, farina, 
flour ; musique, musica ; nature, natura ; olive, oliva ; 
taze, tasca, taxation; graze, ^at(2;6; oolombe, columba, dove; 
langrue lingua, tongue ; soienoe, scievtia ; fourobe, furca, 
fork ; berbe, herba, grass ; verg^e, virga, rod ; barque, barca, 
barkf boat. 

4A!. The following is a complete list of mute endings with 
a liquid as penultimate : — 

' The case would of course be the same if one of the semi-vowels y or 
^ir .was the antepenultimate. There exists, however, no word of that kind 
in French. 



' 1 



16 FRENCH GfiNBEBS. 

Ibe, Ide, liby Igrue, Ime, Ipe, Ique, Ise, Ite, Ive f 

mboy mpiOf mplie i 

noe, nche, nde, ngre, ngrue, nle, nque, nre, nse, 
nte, nze 9 

rbe, roe, rdiey rde, rge, rgrne, rgrue, rle, rme, me, 
rpe, rque, rse, rte, nre, [49, 1?, 4®, and list c] 

It follows from the above principles that — 

45. Are masculine hy derivation : 

Nouns ending in a sounded vowel or consonant. [31, 

supra, and 49, A,"] 
Nouns in — 

agre {aticum, agivm), [49, B, 4°, and E/ule K.] 
( ade {aculvm). [49, B, 1°, and Eule K.j 

Isme (ismtis, ktixoq). \Tbid,'\ 
Iste (w^a, ktttiq). \_Ihid,'] 
tdre, toire, tre (terium, torimrby trivm), [49, J?, 4®, 

and Eule O.] 
Partly those in aire (arium) [49, B, 4®, and Rule O] 
and those in ice (itium, icium, icem), [49, B^ 4®, 
and Rule Z.] 

46. Are feminine hy derivation : 
Nouns ending in — 

ale {eta) ; ^e (ada, ata) ; eue (avda, euca, etc.) ; ie * 

(i'a, ica, i^a) ; oie, oue {ota) ; ue (ttca, uta) ; ule. [43, 

49, By 2«, and Rule U.] 

aoe (aciem)y 4ce (atiani), asse (oa^om), aobe (accam), 

[49, 1?, 4<>.] 

ade (ocZa, a^a), idOf ode* ude. \_Ibid.'] 

agrnOy aisrnoy eigrne (ancam, iniam), [J&tcZ.] 

alnOf ane, eine, due (anam, etc.) [Ibid.'] 

ale, alley aile, die, elle (aZam, eZam, etc.) [J&tcZ.] 

aille (aculamy alia) ; eille (^Z^a, ecitZa) ; ille (I'Zm) ; lie. 

[49, B, 30, and Rule V.] 

ancef ence, anse, ense (antiam, entiam), [49, By 4Py 

and Rule Z.] 

anclief encliey onclie (anicarriy etc.) \_Ibid,'] 
ande, ende {anda, enda), [See plur. neut., 20, 194.] 

' Names of artSf sciences, trades, are thus feminine, since they all end 
in te, erle* iqne, ore— pbilosoplilef trnprtmerlet mnslqney agrl* 
ealture. 



THE GENDER OF DERIVATION. 17 

euBOf ose {osam), \Ibid,'\ 

IcOf loliey Isse (iceam, iciarn^ icam, itiam, icem). [^Tbid.'] 

Idpe (eriam, eriem). \_Ihid.'\ 

Ine ^ (inom, wiew). \_Ibid,^ 

Ise (esiam, etc.) [J7>w2.] 

uile (iido, vdinem), [Ifeic?.] 

nre {uram), [Ibid^ 

This list might be made more extensive* We have selected only the 
suffixes which are most in use. 

It is sufficient 'to show the uselessaess of attempting to study the genders 
practically by means of Latin only. 



a EXCEPTIONS. 

47. Most of the exceptions to the rales based upon de- 
rivation have themselves the gender of derivation. 

Thus Ikiiii, hunger^ €M>if, thirst, main, hand, foi, 
faith, loi, law, amiti6, friendship, pagrOf ragrOf peste, 
liistoirOf viotoirei etc., are acconnted for by reference to 
the Latin feminines famem, sitvm, manum, fidem., legem, 
artiicitiam, paginam, rahiem, pestem, historiam, victoriam, etc. 

Again, espaoe, sUencey grrade, d^dale, libelle, 
PamaBsoy lyo^e, gr^nie, n^grooe, oommeroe, mer- 
curOf are masculine because they are derived from the mascu^ 
lines or neuters spatium, silentium, gradus, dcedalus, Ubellus, 
Parnassus, lyceum, genitLS, negotium, mercurius, 

48, Most of them, in fact, occur in cases where distinct 
Latin suffixes, in consequence of the laws of derivation, and 
also in consequence of the laws mentioned above [40 sgJ], give 
the same suffix in French — e,g, ice^ititmi, icium, icem (ix), as 
exercice* Bftppliooy oalice ; itiam, icem (ix), as Justlooy 
oioatrioes Xklei=ulum, as pendule ; ulam, as pteinsuley 
vlrgrule. 

48a. Some also refer to words whose gender is determined 
by other rules — analogy, intellectual concord, or distinction. 
[See infra, Chapter YL, and the following appendix. See also 
§ 128 for nouns derived from the Italian.] 

* Note especially the numerous names of chemical products in in^. 

C 



18 FRENCH GENDERS. 



49. APPENDIX TO CHAPTER L 

As the studj of genders is particularly difficult when the 
forms or endings are considered as the signs of gender, all 
French nouns, or categories of nouns, which offer difficulty 
are given here as exceptions to E/ules 35, 42, 43. 

The following five lists — viz. 

a) Of nouns ending in a consonant or sounded vowel — 
feminine by exception to Rule 35 ; 

/3) Of nouns ending in e mute with consonant penul- 
timate, and mute or sibilant consonant as ante- 
penultimate — ^feminine by exception to Rule 42 ; 

y) Of nouns ending in e mute preceded by another 
vowel — masculine by exception to Rule 43 ; 

o) Of nouns ending in e mute preceded by a doubled 
consonant — masculine by exception to Rule 43 ; 

€) Of nouns ending in e mute with consonant penul- 
timate, and vowel or liquid as antepenultimate — 
masculine by exception to Rule 43 — 

contain, therefore, all the nouns whose exceptional gender is 
not determined by other rules [iL, Cf Fy If Jf &f infra'], A 
few extraordinary sexal nouns, such as guenon^ hrebis [Rule A], 
besides a number of purely scientific or obsolete nouns, and 
nouns little in use, have also been included. 

Nouns with both genders (bigenerics) should be placed 
among the masculines as well as among the feminines. A fcTv 
have been put in the lists ; they are denoted by asterisks (*). 
[See 156, iV?/ra.] As to accidental substantives [Rule Dy m/ra], 
they could evidently not find their place here. 

N.B. The object of the following Synopsis is to show the 
reasons of the so-called exceptions. For practical study the lists 
given below under Rules Xiy XNCf Sf i Of Uy Vf Z, are sufficient. 




THE GBNBER OF DERIVATION. 19 



SYNOPSIS 

OF FRENCH NOUNS THE GENDER OF WHICH IS 
DETERMINED BY THEIR UNDINaS. 

A. WOUWS NOT SWDXNG IN E KIJTS9 

or, 

NOUNS ENDING IN A SOUNDED VOWEL OR DIPHTHONG, 

OR IN A CONSONANT. 

[See 35, 47, 106, 107 ; also Rule Xi, mfra.'] 

\_BIGENEBIG8 (nouns with both genders) : amour, 
aprds-midi, ^obo, enfietnt, Ikux, fin, fordt, grens, 
laideron, lys, meroi, mort, noel, pampa, part, 
queux, B^pia, souris, tour, grrand-orolx, rose- 
croiz. See 156.] 



6 ,525 * (of whicli 875 end 67 (exclusive of nonns in- 

in a sounded vowel, or diph- eluded in Rules QUiLXiXTiS, 

thong, and 5,650^ in aeon- RlfiDXiKPTXON, SJLX- 

sonant) are SON, TfiRRXSmt) are 

Masculine. Feminine. 

^ These figures are necessarily only approximative, since new nouns are 
daily introduced or coined, as the necessity arises, in imitation of those 
jilready existing. [See nouns in a^e, aire, isme, te, tlon, etc.] 

c 2 



20 



FRENCH OEKDERS* 



1. NOUNS ENDING IN A SOUNDED VOWEL OK 

DIPHTHONG. 

m 

List a. 



Masculine. 

105 nouns ending in A — Examples: 
boOf op6ra. 
Most of therm are Latin or Greek 
nominatives; as, r^s^da^ ti- 
bia, delta, tr^ma; — ^Latin 
elliptical sentences, used as 
nouns ; as, agrendaf prorata* 
visa [114] ; — ^words of modern 
formation with Latin or Greek 
ending ; as, dalillay fuclisla, 
diorama, panorama f — fo- 
reign nouns ; as, alpaga, sofik 
[106]. 



Fbmikqve. 

A few proper names of females : Atala; 
Norma, Rebecca, Rosa) Sarat 
Vlctoxia, etc. — Some proper names of 
riyers and mountains : B^r^ainaf 
Onadiana, Mosko'wa, 176-w^a, 
etc. [77, 79].— Camarilla, ftuitasia, 
piazKa, tombola, aquatintat 
trllla, visfa, *8^pia (tbis should be 
masculine unless it is borrowed from 
the Italian ; the noun regularly derived 
from the Lat. sqaia is* seiche'), gri^- 
riUa, olla podrida, *panipa 
(pampa, prairiejy veranda, ma* 
znrka, polka, r^doiva, smala 
or smalali, razzia (all borrowed from 
foreign langoages;. 



118 ending in i (exclusive of te) — 
Ex. : caf6, pav6. 
Latin nouns in atus — as, oler^^, 
pr6 — or adus; as, deipr^; — 
past participles; as, expos^, 
resume ; — modem formations ; 
as, carr6, polr6 % — foreign 
nouns ; as, eaf<&» — The Ita- 
lian nouns andante, plaao- 
ftorte, finale, must be consi-* 
dered as ending with an ac 
cented e. 



A few proper names of females : Aela6, 
Astartd, Danad, H6b6, Inob^, 
Salomd, etc. — C16, key, davem ; 
psydld, cfieval-glass ; amiti6, friend- 
ship^ amicitcUem or amiciHatem; ini- 
mltid, enmity, inimitatem; moitie, 
moiety y Tialf, medietatem; pltiii, pity, 
pietatem. 



The past participles (therefore tuddental 
substantives) arrdtd. decisUmf decree 
(of a mayor, prefect, etc.) ; doigtd 
(music), lingering ; dcartd^ a game at 
cards; jet6 (dancing), jet4; pr6ci- 
pit6 (chem.), precitAtate ; traits j 
treaty y treatise; velout6, velvet ribbon 
[61 and Rule D, in/m] ; — also cdt6, 
«i«f, L. Lat. costatum, Ital. co*tato ; 
pd.td, pastry (formed through a verb 
♦pater') [61]. — B6nddicit6, grace 
(before or after meals), and apartd, 
aside, are Latin elliptical sentences 
[114] ; — comity, committee [118] ;— 
»comtd, county [166] (cf. la Pranche- 
Comt6);— 6t6, summer ^ cestat (or aistu* t) 
[205] ; — andante, piano-forte, 
ri22j. 



QVAXiITA and about 680 nounr 
in TE, daily increasing in num- 
ber. 
These are derived from Latin 
nouns in taSj totem ; as, v6rlte, 
liberty. A great many are 
modern imitations; as, pola* 
rit6, snseralnet^. 



THE GENDER OF DERIVATION, 



21 



MAScnuyB. 

X30 ending in i, t — Ex.: d6ll» 

Jury- 
Very few of these are directly de- 
rived from Latin substantives; 
as, ami. 'A few are Latin or 
foreign noans, or Latin adverbs, 
etc., used as nouns; as, aliblf 
alcall. Others are adjectives 
or past participles used as sub- 
stantives [61] ; as, boallU, 
dtabli. Some are modern de- 
rivations from verbs [110] ; as, 
appmi, pari. 



Feminike. 

Some proper names of females : No^mi, 
Jenny, Nancy, Netty, etc. ; also 
hoori, p6ri.— Fournii, ant./ortnka ; 
*nierci, mercy ^ mercedem; *apr68" 
mldi, c^/temoQu fl66]. 



ending in o — Ex. : ^olio, x6ro. 
These are : Latin sentences, etc., 
used as nouns ; as, cr6do, nu- 
m^ro [114]; or Italian nouns : 
ada^o, concerto [122]; or 
modem formations or importa- 
tations ; as, cacaOf coco. 



X7 ending in tr — Ex. : llolin, tlssn. 
These are chiefly past participles 
and adjectives used substan- 
tively; as, re9a9ambl8[ii[61]. 
Few are of purely Latin ori- 
gin: f&tn, festuca [177]. 



A few mythological or other Greek names 
of females : Clio, Calypso, Echo, 
lo, Sapho, etc.; also virago, a coarse 
masculine womanj Lat. virago. 



bm, Mde, danghter-in-lavj Tent. BratU ; 
glu, l>ird'Kme, Lat. gluten [205] ; 
tribu, tribe, tribus; vertUf virtue, 
virtutem. 



ending in Ai (m, ay, by) — Ex,i 
ffeal,qiiat. 
Mostly modem derivations from 
verbs; as, roqEiblali balaL 
[110]. 



3 O 5 ending in au, eau — Ex.\ J oyan* 
cbapeau. 

Mostly formed with the Latin di- 
minutive ellum ; as, corboan, 
obdtoaa. 



Some names of females: Catan, etc.-- 
Ean, wUer^ agua ; pean, «h'n, pellen. 



SO in ou — Ex.: blboii« troiu 

Of various origins. Of. the etym. 
of con, eollum; ebon, Kohl; 
"po^pidex; biboii,troii«soii« 
etc. 

Most of the words with this endir^r 
are, however, of modern forma- 
tion or importation, as aoajon, 
bambon, saflrou. 



J 



22 FRENCH GENDERS. 

MAscuLiyE. Fehinine. 

22 in 01 — Ex. : elfrot, belfrot. fbi, faith, Jldem; loi, law, legem; parol, 

Most of these are modern deriva- *^"» *^* parietem [205]. 
tions firom verbs [110]; as, 
envoi, pourvot. 

12 in Ku, (Eu — Ex. : feu, voen. 

6 in VI— Ex, : appnt, ennnt [110]. 



2. NOUNS ENDING IN A CONSONANT. 

Most of them are of Latin origin [31, 32, 34, 104]. 

7 ending in b — Ex.: dub, 
doub. 



107 ending in c (ch, k, ck)— jEJp. : 
lac, sac. 



123 ending in jy—Ex. : ntd, pted. 



85 ending in f, ph— £Sr. : cantf, clef, key, clavem; nef, nave, navent ; 
Ceuf. BOif, thirttt sitim. 



Some are adjectives nsed sub- 
stantively ; as, acttf, passtf. 



85 ending in o—Ex. : Joufff sangr* 



193 ending in l — Ex.: obeval, *nool, Christmas time, Christnuu aiioi 
ftisti; Cl^^J ; Babel 181]. 



112 ending in m—Ex. : nom, par- falm, hunger, famem ; Jdnualem [81 ]. 
fiuu. 

A number of them are pure Latin 

forms, adjectives, etc., used as 

nouns ; as, albmn, pensum. 




THE aEKDER OF DERIVATION. 



23 



Masculine. 

X,005 ending in k — Ex. : patn, 
plan, talion. 



Feminine. 

Some proper names of females : Alecton, 
Didoxif Junon. Cf. also the dimfhn- 
tlves Fanchon, Fr^tiUon, Lonison, 
Marion, Madelon, Nanon, Ninon, 
Snzon, Toinon, etc., and the cu- 
rious form nonnain. — Slain, fiandt 
manum ; *fin, end, ftnem, — Fa90n, 
maJke, shape, /actionem; le90n, lesson, 
lectionem; ran9on} ransom, redemp- 
tionem\ chanson, song, cantionem. — 
Moisson. hai^est, messionem {met sis) ; 
boisson, drink (formed in imitation 
from boir); monsBon, monsoon (of 
Semitic deriv.) ; culBSon, cooking, coc- 
/zonem.— Fashion, Eng. fashion (ana- 
logy with /agon and mode), — Albion, 
Sion, mon [81].— Alluvion, alluvial 
soil, alluvionem.—R&oeHlon, rebellion, 
reb€Uionem.—Qtnenon, she-monkey. 



bastion =&a«^2{on, is the only exception. 
It seems connected with the Teut. baM=s 
/est, and formed with a double diminutive, 
but it is more probably the ItaL bastione. 



&^BBMPTZOir, RECLUSION, S£- 
FLBxioN, and about 2,000 
nouns in tion, sign, xion, daily 
increasing in number; beligion, 
and 8 nouns in gion ; sj^nion, 
and 4 in nion. 

These are derived from Latin nouns 
In tio, tionem; sio, sionem, etc. 
A great many are modern for- 
mations; as.vivlseotion,vac- 
oliiation [104]. 



bison, Lat. bison; g^rison, grey-head 
(adj. used substantively) ; horizon, Gr. 
opi^itfv ; tison, fire-brand, Lat. Hzionem, 
or more probably Ital. tizone ; poi- 
son, Lat. potionem [177] ; oison (an 
augmentative), gosling. 



SAZSOVf TOisoN, PBisoN, and 
48 nouns in aison, oison, ison, 
Lat. ationem, ansionem, onsio- 
neni, ensionem. Some have been 
formed by analogy [104]; as, 
ezbalalson, etc. 



13 ending in f — Ex.: coup, cap. 



2 ending in q — Ex. : ooqf Ouroq. 



5 SO ending in n—Ex.: enfler, 
Eclair. 

Many are of Latin origin ; others 
are modern formations from 
verbs ; as, flalTf d^cor. 



*amoTir, love [166] ; cour, court. Low 
Lat. chortU ; *tonr, turrim [156] ;— 
chair, /lesh, carnem ; mer, sea, mare 
[205] ; cuiller, spoon [2U6]. 



24 FRENCH G£ND£BS. 

Mascuumb. FEiimnrE. 

hem*) ivcky augurium; bonheur; 
malheur ; honnetir, honor ; d68- 
honnetir; labeur, tabor; coeur, 
heart jcor ; ch<BTir,cAort», cAotr ; plenr, 
tear (dwiv. from v. •plearer') [110]; 
^qnateor, nnm^ratetir, d^nomi- 
nateur, divisetir [56]; choa-fleur, 
[90] ; int^rietir (adj.)> home, Cf.also 
Henenr, ^apeur [156], and the 
nnmeroti8 attributive nouns in eur, like 
taillenr, volenr, etc. [56]. 



and 70 notms in Ktne. 
Derived from Lat. nouns in or, 
or else formed by analogy [104, 
188 ffj. 



ft05 ending in 9 — Ex, : os, para- 
dls. 
Some are of Latin origin; as, 
onrs, oours. A number are 
Latin and Greek nominatives ; 
as.tamuliuivpatlios. Others 
are formed in imitation; as, 
ramaaslSf ollquetis. 



Some names of females : G6r6s, Pallas, 
Agndfl, Analfl, Lau. Tdthys, etc.— 
Cort68 (fem. plnr.) ;— brebis, verweem 
[25, 205]; *801iri8, ioricem (masc.) 
[1561 ; oasis, Gr. oaatf ; STphiUs 
[205] ; Ijn [78, 156] ; vis, Krew, Lat. 
vUU ;— fois, time, timet, Lat. vice*. 



1,986 ending in t — Ex,i com- 
bat, Jouet. 

Many correspond to Lat. atus, 
ike oonsQlatf or are formed in 
the modern language by analogy; 
as, aasiffnat, assasoinat. 
A great number are formed 
with the modem dimin. suffix 
BT ; as, Jardlneta movllnet. 
Those in it are chiefly Latin, 
aFd^lityeaiirltf orpastparti- 
::ADle6, as Verity oontredit f or 
m'.jderD derivations from verbs; 
!^, profit, acquit [110]. Those 
in MENT a Lat. mentum, A 
great many are formed in imi- 
tation of those derived from 
Latin. 



Some names of females: Margot, Brune- 
bant.— Dent, toothy dentem (maac) 
[205] ; «gent, race, tribe, genttm [166] ; 
joment, mare, Jumenta (plnr. neat.) 
[205] ; «enf)EUit, child [156] ;— •part, 
share, partem [156] ; al^o la pin* 
part, la quote-part; hart, rope, 
band (etym. uncertain, halter f) ; — 
*niort, mortem, death ;-— dot, dowry, 
portion, dotem ;— fordt, /ifrett, L. Lat. 
foretta ; — nait, night, noetem. 



36 ending in z — Ex,: craclflx* 

CllOlZa 

Most of them are Latin nomina- 
tives adopted by modem science ; 
as, boraZf tliorax. 

6 dndiog in z~ sas, nex. 



Some names of females ; as, Beatrix. — 
Chaax, lime, calx ; faux, scythe, foUx ; 
— oroix, cross, crux ; nou, ntOy nux ; 
poix, cobbler's vox, pix ; TOlX| voiee, 
roar;— paix, peace, poor ;— perdrlx» 
partridgt, perdix ;— tonx, eot^, tussis. 




THE GENDER OF DERIYATION. 



25 



B. NOUirS BNDZNG IN E MUTB. 

1. NOUNS IN E MUTE, WITH CONSONANT PENUL- 
TIMATE, AND MUTE OB SIBILANT CONSONANT 
AS ANTEPENULTIMATE. 

[See 40, 41, 42, 108 ; see also Bnle My infra.'] 

Ohs. The digrams ch, gh, phy rh, thy gn^ gu, qUy are con- 
sidered as single consonants. 

[BIGENEEICS : 30 nonns of this description are of both 
genders — algrlOy arabesque, basque, bl^Tre, capre, 
ciste, couple, ^peautre, exemple, flasque, poudre, 
Sreste, ^Wre, hydre, litre, llvre, loutre, manoBUTre, 
maroufle, masque, moufle, OBuvre, ombre, peste, 
podagrre, poste, pourpre, pr^tezte, teste, vdpre. See 
156.] 



718 (including 390 in sme) 97 are 



are 



Masculine. 



b (as antepenultimate). 

ft9 ending in beb, bbb — Ex. : sable, 
sabre. 

Of these 23 end in able, iBi^, 

IBLB, OBLE, UBUB, OUBLB, EUBLB, 

AMBLE, OMBLE — Ex. .' sable, 
lildble, crtble, viimoble, 
tmble, doable, meuble, 
amble, oomble. 

26 end in abbe, isBE, ibbe, obbe, 

AHBRE, IMBBE, OMBBE, ABBBB — 

Ex.: sabre, xdbre, Ttbre, 
€»etobre, ambre, timbre, 
eonoombre, arbre. 



Feminine. 
List/3. 



stable, aUOnOa (plnr. nent.) [30, 300] ; 
fable, /adt/to,/a6'/am; table, tabula; 
— ^bible, bible, rd fiifikia (plar. neut.) 
[20, 300] ; dble. target, Tent. Seheibe, 
with a diminutive (??); — cbasoble, 
easibula ;— Zemble [69 ft]. 



Calabre, Calabria [69 ff],^— chambre, 
camera ; antichainbre (anal.) [96 AT]; 
Sambre [78 ff] ;— algdbre. Low Lat. 
algebra (from the Arabic; the gender 
is one of mental concord, the words 
science or matMtnatiques being redterred 
to) [50 ff] ; t^nftbres, tenebrat. dark- 
ness; vert^bre, vertebra;— ^hre^ ra; 
— «oinbre, ^ade, umbra [106j , pe- 
nombre [96 ff]. 



26 



FRENCH GENDEBS. 



k 



Masculine, 



Feminine. 



42 ending in cle, cbe, cte — Ex.: 
oracle, acre, aote* 

Of these 23 end in aclb, i:cLE, 

ICLB, OCLE, EBCLE, ONCLE, USCLE 

— Ex, : miracle, st^de, ar- 
ticle, socle, cerole, car- 
bonde, mnsde. 



1ft end in acbe, ancbe, ocbe, 
UCBE, T7LCBB — Elx,', acrc, 
ancre, cere, sacre, s6- 
pulcre. 

5 end in acte, ectb — Ex, : aote, 
tnsecte. 



d6bAcle, from'v. «d6bAcler' (??) [110, 
111] ; made, water calthorp, macula ; 
barnacle (also bamaque, baml- 
ole, berniole, barnache), Low Lat. 
bamaea ;— manicle (also maniqne 
and manille), tnanieula [202] ; be- 
sioles, eyegkusea [see LiUf^ ;— boucde, 
buckle^ curl. Low Lat. bueeula ; escax- 
bonde [2G5]. 

nacre, mother of pearly Sp. naeara ; 
ancre. anchor ^ ancora; encre, ink 

[2061. 

^pacte [205]: cataracte, eataracta; 
secte, secta [200] ; collecte, collection, 
collecta [20 ff, 200] ; vindicte, tfiadieta. 



d. 

21 ending in due — Ex.: cadre, 
cddre. 

These endings are : adbe, ]^dbe, 

IDRE, OUDBE, ANDBE, INDBE, 

obdbe — Ex. : cadre, cddre, 
ddre, condre, esdandre, 
cyltndre, ordre. 



escadre, squadron (nant.),Ital. sqvadra ; 
— calandre, Low Lat. ealandra ; corl- 
andre (pi. nent.) [20, 200]; sala- 
mandre, aalamandra ; scolopendre, 
tcolopendra ; Flandre [69 ff] ; cendre, 
ashes [206] ;— ♦hydre, 'YBoa [166]; 
depeydre, xAc^pa ;— pondre, dust, 
pulverem [206]; *fonare, fulffura 
[166]. 



f. 



16 ending- in flb, fbe, phbe, 
FHTB — Ex. : ndlle, olitffire, 
campbre, naplite* 
Of these 7 end in ^flb, ofle, 
ouFFLB, UFLB — Ex. : trifle, 
ffirofle, souHle, mufle. 



9 end in ahphbb, iffbb, 

OFFBE, OUFBB, OUFFBB — Ex. : 

camplire, diilbre, colfre, 
sonflre, grooAre. 

1 ends in PHTE—naplite. 



rafle, from v. * rafler' (??) [110, 111] ;— 
ndfle, medlar, medium (plor. neat.) 
[199] ;— gifle, box on the ear (pop.) ; 
mornlfle, box on the ear (pop.); — 
*nioufle [166]; pantonfle, slipper; 
«maronfle [166]. 

ganft*e, w^fer. Germ. Wqfel (?); — 
oflrtre, from v. * offrir ' (?) [110, 111]. 



aphthe, aphthcBt a^tfaU 



THE OENDEB OF DERITATION. 



27 



Mascuxinb. 

er- 

ending in olb, gbb, omb — Ex. : 

seiyte, tiflrre, dosme. 
Of these 12 end in anoxb, bsglb, 

lOLB, oNOLB — jE^. : ansie, 

setflrtef bigrie, ongrie- 
XI end in a.gbb, iGBE, iosb, 

INGBH, OGBB, ONGBE, OTJGBE 

— Ex, : ona^e, ndgre, 
tSiTe* ptnflTei ogrrOf oongrre, 
longre. 

5 end in agmb, bgme, ogmb — 
Ex.: diaphragnne, flesme, 
do^inOa 



Femxnutb. 



*aig:le [156] ; sanerle, strap, eingula 
[200] ; r^gle, rule, regula, reg'la ; 
6pingle, pOi, spinvla [206] ; tringle, 
curtain-rod, stringula (?) [205]. 

*podagre [156]. 



dnigme, enigma [205]; draohme (or 
dragxne). Sftaxfj^ri. 



16 ending in fle, pbe, pse, ftb — 
Ex, : peaple,painpre,8r7pse, 
pr^eepte. 

7 in EMFLE, BX7FLB, IMPLB, OUPUS 

— Ex, : exemplCf peuple, 
simple. 

6 in AMPBB, ifiPBB, OPBB, OUBPBB 

— Ex. : pampre, vdprOf 
propre, ponrpre. 

1 in PSE — nrpse. 

2 in PTB — Ex. : pr6cepte. 



"couple [156]. 



*cAprei [156] ;--ldpre, leprosy, lepra \ 
♦vfipre [156] ;— «poTirpre [156], 

syUepse, ovAAii^k ; apocalypse, axro- 

KoAin^i^. 
crypte, crypt, kpviftti ; Eg^ypte [69 ff]. 



350 ending in sme — Ex. : sar- 
oasme, prismey mioro- 
oosme. 
Many are of Latin op Greek 
origin ; as, oateclilsine, oa- 
taplasme. Most of them are 
modem formations ; as, oalvi- 
nlsme, sootallsine. 

70 ending in spe, sque, ste, xtb — 
Ex, : Jaape, caaqne, bnr- 
lesque, dlsque, klosque, 
moUusquet contrastOi di- 
greste, aoriste, Itolooaasta, 
arbiMte, texte. 
Most of them are of Latin or 
Greek origin. 



"basque [156] ; bonrrasqne, Ital. bur- 
rasca ; ^flasque [156] ; vasque [205]; 
"arabesque [156] ; Absque [205] ; 
soldatesqne, soldier-mob ; bisque, k. 
of soup; brisqne, game at cards ; fjran- 
cisqne, battle-axe.— C&Bte^ Portng. 
casta [205] ; *]^Bte,pesi,pestis ; sieste, 
8p. or Ital. siesta {sfxta hora) ; veste, 
jacket, vesOs; sonbreveste (analogy), 
Jacket without sleeves ; liste, list, Teut. 
Leiste (?) ; piste [205] ; am^thyste 
[161, 205]; baliste, balista; batiste. 
cambrie [83, 205]; "poste [149, 156] ; 
Imposte [50, 215] ; langoaste, spiny 
lobster, locusta ; mangonste, k. of ich- 
nenmon and fruit. — "Sezte [156] ; 
sixte [50] ; *pr6tezte [156]. 



A 



28 



FRENCH GENDERS. 



Mascxjumb. 

t. 

l&O ending in tbb, thmb — Ex.: 



Feminine. 



There are 9 in atbb, as tli64tre % 
4 in itTBE, as mdtre ; 18 in 
iTBB, as cliapitre ; 8 in astbb, 
as cadastre; 6 in istbb, as 
regrlstre* Instances of others: 
ooutrei grottrei feutre, tar- 
trOi tertrOf menrtrOf flltrOf 
antre, spectre, sceptrCf 
orcliestre, monstre, lustre. 



S end in thmb — viz.: istbine, 
astlime, rbjtbme, log^a« 
rlttame, alfforltbine. 



La Ch&tre, eastray name of a town [80] - 
gndtre, gaiter [206]; fendtre, window 
fenestra ; lettre, letter, littera ; 6pltre» 
epittu, epistola ; mitre, uirpa ; hnltre* 
oyster^ plnr. neat, ostrea [200] ; ^^peaa* 
tre, speU [166]; patendtre [206] ( 
outre, goat-skin (for liquids) [202, 205] ; 
poutre, beam, L. Lat. ptUetra, mare\ 
xnontre, watch [205] ; rencontre 
[205]; hante-contre [Bale A, infra} } 
Chartres, ecutra, name of a town [80] ; 
chartre [205] ; martre, marten, Lat. 
martes; dartre, tet^r, Skt. dardrai 
piastre, 8p. or ItaL piastra [141] ; pa- 
leetre, iroAa^rpa; tonrtre, turtle- 
dove 1205}. Cf. also marAtre [24]. 



12 ending in tbb — Ex. : cadavre, 
ll^Tre, grivre* potTrey 
Itouvref cbaiiTre. 



•Biivre [78 ff] ; ch^vre, eapra [25] ; 
fldvre, fever, febris ; 16vre« Up, plnr. 
nent. labra ; baldvre, ugly lip or tower 
lip (analogy) ; pldvre, irA«vpa (?) ; 
•livre, pound [166] ; nnanoeavre 
[156] ; *CBnvre, work (pL neut.)[156] ; 
Gouleuyre, snake, coliAra, 



THE GENDER OF DERIVATION. 



29 



2. NOUNS ENDING IN E MUTE PEEGEDED BY 

ANOTHER VOWEL. 

[See 43, 109 ; see also Eule U, infra,'} 

[BIGENEBIO: scollei See 156.] 



27 are 



Masculine. 



1,732 are 

Feminine. 



List y. 

Miarab^e) beHle, searabcnut o-Kapa^o{ ; 
slglsb^e, Ital. cieUbeo»—Ciidtic6e^ea' 
duceum ; ^ynec^e, yvraiKtlov ; lyo^e, 
lucemn, Avfctioi'.- Trooh6e, rpoxaloi. 
— Spondte, spondetu, awovhtlot ; dig. 
pond6ef dispondeuty dt7ir6K5«io«. — 
Trophde, tropceum, tooiraiuv } cory* 
pll6e« Kopv^atos.— Apos^e, atroyaio« ; 
P6xi|r6e, n-flpt-yeiof.— Mausol^i iiav 

iT»\tiov.—Cam6e, Ital. cameo, L. Lat. 
camaus; pyg^mde, pygmy ^ pygmants, 
«v)rfuuo¥.— Ath6n6e, ^(A^ritipum, aflij- 
I'otoi/ ; liym6n^, vAteWto« ; p^rlnde, 
ircptmiof; prvtan6e, vpvTaytlov.— 
Emplrde, Ital. empireo ; pyr^e, irv- 
peiov.— Elys^, «i^ni«m, ^qAvffioi' ; oo- 
Us^, eolosieum, L. Lat. eolUeum ; mn- 
sdo, museum^ ti.ov<r9iQv, — Cf. the oomp. 
rez-de*chatiss4e, ground-floor, 
aph611e, a modem formatioa = airb + 
ii^ioj; p6rih61ie»irepi-f ^Atof ; Kdnie, 
geniWy incendie, >!/-«, incetuHum; foie, 
/wr, ./Jca/ttm Owtir).— Cf. the nouns 
ending in que, que. 



These are mostly derived—l, from 
Latin feminine nonns, in which 
the unaccented suffix is pre- 
ceded by a vowel, or by a mute 
consonant which is contracted 
— Ex.: vote, via; vie, vita; 
rdue, rota; diarme, (^rruca; 
nue, nubem; oie, auca ; crate, 
cteta; qneue, cauda; 6p6o, 
spatka ; anii6e, annata ; — 2. 
from plural neuters— jEjr. : saus- 
•tAB^saliceta; Soietgaudia [20, 
200];-— 3, many are past partici- 
ples and adjectives used in their 
feminine form as nouns — Ex.: 
assembl6e, entree, aUeei 
boatllie,sortte| tssue, bat- 
tae [61];— 4, lastly, many are 
formed by analogy [96 ff]. 



30 



FBENGH GENDERS. 



3. NOUNS ENDING IN E MUTE PBEGEDED BY A 

DOUBLED CONSONANT. 



[See 43 ; see also Rale V, mfra,] 

[BIGENEBIOS : 23 have both genders— firreffe, bonffe i 
oalTlUe, drUle, jonqnUle, nlelle, palUe, paplUe, sen- 
tinelle, tille, quadrille i monoflrramme, somme i per- 
Bonnei steppe i Jarre; cosse, mousse, paillasse, 
r6gliBBe I comette, noisette, trompette. See 156.] 



37 are 



Masculine. 



1,036 are 

Feminine. 



List d. 

hlpp08Tiff<B, a fabulous moruter.^ln^ 
terralle, intertallum \ libelle, libel, 
libeUus ; vermicelle (also * vermicel '), 
Ital. vermicello ; violoncelle, Ital. vio- 
loncello ; codicille, codicillus ; codille 
(terme du * jeu de I'hombre ' [LUtr4'[, no 
doubt a diminutive of * code') ; mille, a 
mile (accid. subst.) ; triUe, ItaL tHllo ; 
Tandeville, farce = vau-de-vire; 
trolle. — Gramme, ypoftpia, and its 
compounds centi-, d6ca-, d6ci-j 
hecto-, kilo-, milli-, myria-; 
also cnronogramme, parall61o« 
gramme, programme, irpoYpa/x^a; 
t616gramme (anagramme, ava- 

y.jofXfta, and ^pigramme, iniypafifia, 

arefem.);lemme,Aii/Af*a; analemme, 
ofdATj/uifia ; dllemme, Sikrifiua; ro- 
gomme, strong drink (orig. unknown). 
— Renne, mnd*«r.— Cippe, cippus.— 
B6earre=& carr6; beurre, bufyrum, 
butter; babeorre, butter-milk; leurre, 
lure, decoy ; catarrhe, catarrhus ; tin- 
tamarre, row, noise (=tinte k 
marre ? ?) ; oimeterre, scymitar (Per- 
sian) ; lierre, ivy, hederua [see Trees, 
17, 179]; toxmerre, thunder, tonifru; 
paratomierre, lightning conductor [see 
Compounds, 90] ; verre, glcus, vitr-um ; 
cirre, cirrus; sqnirrhe, airi^pos; 
courre (ven.), from verb • courre.'— 
Pamasse, TJapvavahi ; Fermesse, 
Xlcpffcea-a-bf ; narcisse, narcissus ; 
carrOBse, ItaL carrozza or carroccio ; 
colOBse, mlossus; molosse, molos- 
sus : encaisse, w*h in /kincf.— -Sque- 
lette, o-iccAcrbs (adj.) 



are in ffe, like grlffe 9 386 in 
LLE, like balle, biUe % lO in 
HME, like pomme t 83 in nnb, 
like oanne; 9 in pfb, like 
nappe ; 18 in RBE,like teire ; 
200 in SSE, like cliaaae; 
353 in TTB, like patte. 

Some are of Latin origin; as, 
.«•«.•«. A svmma; nappe, 
manne* manna ; 



sommef 

majypa; 

terre, terra ; masse, Tnasaa ; 
goutte^ gutta. Others corre- 
spond to the Lat. suiBzes, alia, 
ilia, olia ; as, aumaiUet ani- 
malia. ; merrelUe, mirabilia ; 
d^pouiile, spolia. In some 
the consonant is doubled to 
shorten the accented syllable ; as, 
pomme, poma (pamum). The 
greater nimiber are formed by 
analogy. 



THE GENDER OF DERIVATION. 



31 



*. NOUNS ENDING IN E MUTE, WITH CONSONANT 
PENULTIMATE, AND VOWEL OB LIQUID AS 
ANTEPENULTIMATE. 

[See 43, and infra, Rule Z.] 

Ohs, The digrams ch, gh, ph, rh, th, gn, gu, qu, are con- 
sidered as single consonants. 

[BIGENEBICS: 10* nouns of this description are of 
both genders. See 156.] 



568 (not including nouns in 
AGE [Rule N], nor those 
in AIRE, TiRB, TOiKE [Rule 
O]) are 

Masculine. 



A^bout 3f200 ^ are 



Feminine. 



List e. 



N.B. The alphabetical order is here that 
of the penultimate consonant (or letter 
beginning the last syllable of the noun). 



be. 

[BIGENEBIGS: barbe, bnlbe, enphorbe, 
erarde-robe, jujube. See 156.] 



fonrbe, 



27 are 

Masculine. 

crabe, carabus^ Kopapot; astrolabe , 
L. Lat. astrolabium, aarpoAaSov. — Cn* 
b6be, Arab. cubcUia (mental agreement 
with*poivre')f 83]; Erihe,JSrebu.<s,tpefi(K; 
gr6be, k. of bird whose feathers are 
oaed as ornaments, C^erm. Orebe [see 
merUy 204]. — Qlobe, globtu; lobe, 
Xo^bf .^ — Cube, culms ; Dannbe, Danu- 
bitu ; tube, tubu* ; snccxibe, k. of de- 
mon, sucauxi', inonbej nighlmaref in- 
Cuba. 



39 are 

Feminine. 

16 end in abe, ibe, obe, aube, t7be, 
oxjBE — Ex. : ayUabe, bribe* 
robe, aube. 



' It is of course impossible to give exact numbers, since new nouns are 
daily formed or imported. Our ^culations might, howeTer, generally be 
relied upon. 



i 



32 



FBENCH OBNDEBS. 



Mascvlinb. 

galbej contour, curve, ItaL garbo. — 
Ambe, L. ambo ; dithyrambe, 5i9t^' 
pofifios ; iambe, latifioi ; limbef Hm- 
bw; oorymbe, <copvu/3of; nlmbe, 
nimbus; lombe, lotnbus; rhombe, 
rhumbu*, pof;i/3of.— Orbe, orW«; eu- 
phorbe (a plant), euphorbia, (masc., 
ace. to the Acad.); tuorbe, t^orbe, 
th6orbe, Ital. tiorba (fern.); verbe, 
verbum\ adverbe, adverbium; pro- 
verbe, provefbium. 



ZZ end in lbb, icbe, bbe — Ex.: Blbe» 
Jambe, bombe, barbe, 
berbe, bonrbe. 

They are generally of Latin origin. 



oe. 



[BIOENEBIGS: beroe, eapaoei once, puce, d^Uoe, 
office. See 156.] 



37 are 

Masculine. 

I>ancraoe« wayKpariov, — ^ndgooej com- 
merce, butineu, negoHum ; saoerdoce, 
pricithood, Mcerdoiium\—}^TiQ%^ thumb, 
poUicem ;— capnoe, hood, Ital. capuc- 
cio ; pr6puoe, praeputium. 

B\\sn.Qe^lentium\ ranoiB {'atl\.),raneidUy ; 
qninoonce) quincuncem, — Com- 
merce, Ital. commerdo, L. commer- 
citim ; divorce, ditortium ; sesterce, 
sestertium ; quinqaeroe, quinquertium. 



4^27 are 

Feminine. 

Of these €0 end in ace {atiam, 
aciem), iiCE, oce, auce, uce — 
Ex.'. iT&oe, liAoe, pi^ce, 
sauce, pace* 

370 in NCE (nse), {entiam, antiam), 
bce — Ex. : sotenoet con- 
stance (danse, offense)* 
ronce, proTlneei foroe* 
source* 



ice. 



25 nouns in ick are maso.; moet of these 
are derived from Lat. itium, icivm : ar- 
tifice ; auspice; b6n6flce, projit; 
cilice, hatr-eloth; comice, eomitium 
(le comice agricole) ; in the pinral (,=co- 
mitia) tliis word misfht be feminine [see 
plnr. neut., 20, 120J ; Edifice ; exer- 
cice ; hospice, hospital ; indice, indi- 
cation, eiffn ; mal6flce ; orifice J pre- 
cipice ; pr^ndice ; sacrifice ; 
servicOi s^vioes (scevitia) ; snpplice, 
cap. punishment ; vice.— A few are de- 
rived from Lat. ix, icem : appendice, 
appendicem (fem. in Lat.); oalice, 
chalice, calieem.—Arm!iBtiQe^arma+ 
stitium; solstice, sol+sHHum, are of 
modem formation ; firontispioe = L. 
Lat. frontispicium ; oaprios " Ital. 
mpricdo. 



1 7 in ICE « Uiam, itias — Ex. : 

rice ; blandioeSf carcases ; 
Justice; injustice; inunon- 
dicCf filth, immunditia ; ma- 
lice; millce; notice; pr6- 
miceSf first fruits, primitia ; 
police. ='eciem—Ex.: ^loe* 
spice, speciem. — ix, icem (fem.) 
— Ex.: cicatrice* soar, cica- 
tricem; matrice* womb, ma- 
tricem;^va,Tioe^ vuricem. — R6- 
lioe, screw, c\(|; lice, bitch, 
licisca; silice, silica (a mo- 
dern formation from *silex*). 



THE GENDER OF DERIVATION. 



33 



obe. 



[BIGENEBIGS : oartouohe 
perohe, relftohe. See 

10 are 

Masculine. 

panache, plume, ItaL pennacchio. — 
Prdche, preaching, meeHng-house, from 
* prfecher ' (?), gender of inteU. anal, with 
' sermon ; * or more probably of phon. 
anal., the word being really * presche.'— 
Acrostlcliey aKpoomxov ; f6tiche. 
Portug. /eiiMo ; hdmistiohe, ij/^iori- 
X^ov ; pastiche, Ital. pasticcio ; ca- 
niche, poodle.— M66ianoche, mid- 
night supper. Span, medianoche \ re- 
proche, from * reprocher* (?) [110]. 

dimanche, Sunday = dimenche =: di- 
minche= aid'miiioe=did'minicnms=r<;iem 
domifiicum (not dominicam) ; *]uanche 
[166].— Porche, portico, L. porticus 
(fern.) [204]. 



9 oooliey ^pinooliey manoliey 

156.] 

14^6 are 

Feminine. 

Of these 111 end in achb, j&chb, 

£CHE, ICHE, OCHE, AUCHB, UCHE, 

oncHE — Ex. : bacliev ordolie, 
bdobe, ntcliev roobe, d&- 
baucliev ruclie, souclie. 



SO inKCHB, BCHE — Ex,: branclie, 
bronoliev areliey perobey 
fonrclief torobe. 



de. 



[BIOENEBIGS: aide, barde, commode, onstode, 
dinde, grarde, ernlde, mode, p^rlode, solde. 

See 156.] 



30 are 

Masculine. 

grade. ranJt, gradus ; ja^e, Jade (k. of 
stone); stade, stadium, aroBiov. — Cen« 
tipdde (adj.), L. Lat. eentipeda ; inter* 
mede,(adj.),Lat.<n/tfrmA2iiM; remade, 
L. Lat. remedium; v^locipdde (modem 
formation from velox + pes). — Asca- 
ridCf aaKopii, thread-worm ; subside, 
subsidy, subsidium; acide, oxide, 
and a number of adjectiyes need sub- 
stantiyely, such as flnide, liquide, 
solide, sph^roide, m6talloide, 
vide.— Homicide, d6i-, parri-, 
matri-, fratri-, r^gri-, tyrrani-, 
infanti*, Lat. homicidium, etc. (some 
are formed in imitation). — An^pode, 
ainrCwov^ ; code, codicem ; Episode, 
<ircto-66toi' ; ezode, exodus (fern.) ; sy* 
node, jynodtM.— Conde, elbow,cubitum\ 
prelude, from v. * pr61uder' (?) [110]. 

dividende, dividendum (adj.); Pinde, 
Findus] monde, mundus; mnlti> 
plicande, muMplicandum (adj.)— Ez- 
orde, exordium ; monocorde, 
pentacorde. 



266 are 

Feminine. 

Of these 182 end in adb, edb, ide, 

ODB, AXTDB, UDB, OUDB — Ex.: 

Zliade, Sudde, En^ide 
paffode, maraude, etnde, 
sonde. 



8ft end in itoe, bde — Ex. : bande, 
amendev onde, cooarde, 
corde, grourde. 

Thej are of miscellaneous origin. 
A large number are modern 
derivatives from verbs ; as, de- 
mande, conimande [110]. 



34 



FRENCH GENDERS. 



fOy pbe» 



[BIOENEBIO : triomphe. See 156] 



are 



Masculine. 



14^ are 

Feminine 
(not including those in ffb), 



antoffraphe (adj.), avroypcuftov; c6no- 
tapne, KtvorA^iov ; paragraphe, 
paragraphus (fern.) ; paraphe or pa* 
rafe, paragraphus ; psrroBcapne, 
(modem form.), pyro+<rKa^ri ; t616« 

f raphe, (modem form.), -njAc+ypa- 
•iv.— Apooryphe (adj.), aw6Kpv<i>ot 
(mental concord with ' dvangile') ; hid- 
roglyphe, UpoyAv^os. 



Ex, : earafe, ortbograpliet oata- 
stropliei Ijnnplie. 



«re. 



[BI0ENEEIC8: losanflroy oranflrei orflre, paflre. See 

156.] 



aflre< 



WAOBf and about SSO nouns in 

AOB, form a cla^s by themselyes. 

jlqb s Lat. aticunif CLgiimt — Ex, : 

▼oyaf e* viaticum ; solbragret 

auffraffium; but a large num- 
ber have been formed, and are 
daily formed, in imitation of 
those [103]. 



ambaffes. eireumloeutton (= amb + 
aaere', this word should be maao. by 
phon. anal.) ; caare, cawa ; Carthage ; 
nypaUage, vxraAXayi} : image, 
imago ; nage, steimming, from ' nager * 
(this word, Demg old, has the gender of 
phon. anal. [110]) ; *page, pagina ; 
plage, »and»t Ital. ptaggia, or Lat. 
pldga ; rage, rabiem ; 
K. of plant, ttone-breai. 



* Observe that masculine nouns in i^e, igCy oge, vge, as well as those in 
agfy are more numerous than the feminmes. Not so those in nge and rgc. 
[Cf. me and r^, pp. 38, 42.J 



THE aENDEB OF DEBIYATION. 



35 



ire (exclnsive of B^e), 



are 



99 are 



•I 



Masculine. 



Feminine. 



iOEsLat. egiumi coU^ere, sacril^gfe, 
privil6gre, sortilege, sp6cil6ge.— 
Ital. eggio: arp^ee, cortege, ma- 
ndate, BOlf^ge.— Li6ge, cork, = levis 
(ad].); pi^Se, mare, pedicaO^) (the 
word should be feminine [204]) ; ei^gre, 
leat, L. Lat. tedium, or Itat sedio. — 
Pleige (O.F.)» pledge, L. Lat. plegium. 



mU&ge, Uffhter, window-siU, L. Lat. 
allevium ; but the gender shows 
its derivation from 'all^r' 
[110] ; neigrOf snow, niveam 
(not nivem). 



lOBsLat. igium : lltige, latD-suU\ pres- 
tige ; prodige ; vestige.— Bige, a 

pair qf Jtones yoked together by a erou- 
bar, bigcB=bi-jttg€e ; qnadrige, ctwt 
drawn by four horse»^ quadriga (the two 
last seem to have changed their Latin 
gender either through phonic analogy 
or through mental concord with 'char' 
[204]) ; vertige, vertigo, vertiginem ; 
[204]. 



strlgea vampire, striga ; tige, stem, 
tibia [20, 200] ; volige, a thin 
plank (mental concord with 
'planche*) ; voltige, vaulting, 
etc., from v. *voltiger' [110]. 



ooB=Lat. logiutn, Gr. Xoyioi^ : 61oge, 
praise, elogium; encologe, tvxoAo- 
vior; martyrologe, Ital. martiro- 
logic = liAfyrvff+Xoytov ; m^nolog^, 
menologium ; n^crologe = vcicpo+A6- 
yiov. — Gf. alao the attribntiYeB alio- 
broge, doge. 



togOf robe, toga; 6pttogef epito- 
gium (?) (the modern appli- 
cation of this word to denote 
the ornament of professors', 
barristers', lawyers', etc, robes 
— like the hood^xplains the 
gender to be one of analogy with 
'robe'); liorloge« harclogwm 
[205] ; logCf lodge, from Teut. 
Laniba, mod. Germ. Lavbe (?), 
more probably from the v. 
*loger' [110]. 



angei aJimva [105] ; baagey L. Lat. 
baugium; JaugOf gauge (from 
V. 'jauger') [110]; aauge, 
sage, salvia. 



D 2 



36 



FBENCH GENDEBS. 



MASCrLIKS. 

uoE=Lat.«^tim : reftiKe,iiibt6rftiffo* 
— Vermifage and fibrlfnge are of 
modem fonnation.— D61ug:e. diluvium; 
grabnge, messt tquahbU (of unknown 
origin).— Of. also Jage, judex ; traiui- 
fngO} U-antfuga, 

bonge, hole, hovels L. Lat. bugia and 
bugium ; rouge, red colour^ rouge (adj.) 

KOE, ROB : change (^change, re- 
change. contre*6change), Ital. 
eamhio (the gender shows that it is not 
derived from ' changer') [110]; GhEinge, 
Oanget [78 fF] ; lange, iumddiing 
clothetsslaneut (adj.) ; melange, mix- 
ing (should be fem. if derived from 
'm^langer'); linge, /tn«n, from Unteus 
(adj.); Biagen monkey, ttmius; conge, 
congim ; xnensonge, lie ; son^e, 
tomnium, — Cierge, taper yCeretu (adj.) ; 
large, offing (adj.); songorge [see 
Compounds']. 



FnHiinifB. 



gougey gubia, Span. (?) 

€1 end in ngb, bge — Ex. : grange, 
6ponge, marge, serge* 
forgea oourge. 



gne, 



[BI0ENEBI08: enseigne, interliirne. See 156.] 



6 are 



Masculine. 



bagne, Ital. bagno ;— r^gne, reign, reg- 
num ; Interrdgne, interregnum ; 
peigne, comb, pectinem ;— cygne, 
iwan, cygnut ; eigne, tign, tignum. 



36 are 

Feminine. 

S€ in AOKB, AJONB, lONB, OGKB, 

oiONE — Ex. : montagne, cl&A^ 
talgne, Tlgne, beao^ne* 
poigne. 

S in BOMB — Ex. : ^pargne. 



irvie< 



[BIOENEBICS : baBtringrue, orflrue, vairvie.] 



10 are 

Masoqline. 

apologue, airoXoyof ; catalogue, eata- 
logtu, KardXoyo^ ; dialogue, 8ta\ <yof ; 
^dcalogue, ScKoAoyoc ; 4pilo^e, 

«ir(Xoyo« ; monologue, iiovo\oyoi ; 

Srologue, prologut, irp6Ac/yos ;— 
ogue, bull-dog ;— becflgue, a jla- 
pecker ( =beoque-flgne= becqu^te-figue) ; 
b6sigrue, begique, game at cards. 
exergue, ti+it/yov. 



k 



39 are 

Feminine. 

Of these 23 end in aotte, jkaTTS, 

lOUB, OOUB, UOUB, OUOUB — Ex. Z 

bagne, grdgue. ligrifte* 
vogue, ftigue, foogne. 



16 end in lottf, NorB, boub — 
Ex. : algue, langue, dlpli- 
tbongue, vergue, morgiie. 



THE aBNDBK OF DBBIVATION. 



37 



le. 

IBIGENEBIG8 : finale, r^grale, parallMe, podle, 
^▼angrlle, ootyle, ile, moulei mdle, Tolle, Ai- 
nambuloy follicnle, pendnle, grneule. See 156.] 



68 are 



Masculine. 



astragale (archit.)* durrpayoAof ; ac6- 
phaXe ; Beng^e (wonld be better 
spelt 'Bengal'); chAle, shawl; chry- 
socale (modem form.), xpv<rb« +icaA6$ ; 
d6dale, AtuSaXo^; hd.le, sunburning 
(seems to be orig. an adj.) ; ovale, oval 
(adj.); r&le, rattle^raUut; p6tale^ petal 
(bot.), ircToAoi' ; scandale, tcandalum ; 
* finale, ItaL fttuUe ; — asphoddle, 
«<r^oficAb9 ; 6ryslpdle, ipv<rCire\aq ; 
module, Ital. modello; zMe, zelus, 
^riKos ; obdle; sphac^le (tech.) 

ancile, Lat. ancile, aaered shield ; *6van- 
gilO) goapel [156], evangelium; con- 
cile, concilium ; crocodUe, erocodUtu ; 
domicile, domiciKum ; Tistensile, 
ittensile. Add a number of adjectives 
used as noims, such as fossile, mobile, 
projectile, reptile.— Asyle, asylum ; 
chyle, x^Abs ; dadtyle, BdKTvKos ; 
style, stylus; peristyle, wepCarvKoi ; 
pterodactyle (mod. form). 

alveole, alveolus ; capitole, capitolium ; 
«m61e ri6ft» 204], mote Jetty-head; mo- 
nopole, monopolium ; FactolC) Pacto- 
lus ; p6trole, L. Lat. petroleum ; p61e, 
polus; Tprotocole. proioeollum ; rdle, 
party rotulus ; Qontr6le=contre+r6le ; 
saule, ioUlow [see Trees, 17 and 177 
fl] ; symbole, sym^lum, 

ooncillabnle, -hvlum; *fanambiile, 
-ulus ; globule, -ulus ; lobule (a mo- 
dem diminntive) ; prdambtQe, -ulum ; 
vestibule, -ulum; — adminictQe, 
-ttZum (law term) ; anlmalctQe (mod. 
dim.); appendicnle (mod. dim.); 
conventicTile, -icujum; corptiscnle, 
»ulum; cr6pTi8ci]le,-«I»m; fascicule, 
-^us; grantQe, -ulum; janlcnle, 
•dOus ; monticule, -ulus; opnscnle, 
-ulum ; p^cole, peeuHum ; pddicnle, 
'Ulus; p6doncnle, pedunadus; per- 
pendicnle, -vlum; ridicule (adj.); 
tentacnle,'«nfac/« ; tnbercnle,-»{um; 
vdhicnle, -ulum ; ventricnle, -ulus ; 
utricole, -ulus; module, modulus; 
sempnlet -ulum. 



190 are . 

Feminine 
(not inclnding those in lle). 

Of these 54 end in alb, £lb — Ex.: 
olgraley oabale, grdle. 

They are of various origins : 
olgrale = cicada ; oabalo = He- 
brew kdbala; oale, der. from 
'caler;' morale, oapltale, 

etc., are adjectives agreeing by 
mental concord with fern, nouns 
understood [50]. 

U in ILE — ^viz. : lie, island ; pres- 
qa'de, peninsula ; bile ; file ; 
argrile, clay; pile % s^blle, 

wooden bowi ; Slolle, Sicily 
[69]; vlgrlle, Lat. plur. neut. 
viffilia [20] ; taulle» oU, Lat. 
plur. neut. olea ; tulle, tile. 

84 in OLE, OILS, oiile, ettlr — Ex. : 
6oole, 6toile, foule, grueule. 

Some are of Latin origin ; most 
of them are formed in imi- 
tation of words from the Latin. 



39 in X7LB — Exr. Tiririilo, mole- 
cule. 

A great number are modern di- 
minutives formed with feminine 
nouns. 



/ 



38 



FBENCH GENDJ^BS. 



MASCULiyE. 

branle, swing, fr. v. *branler' (??) 
[110] ; chambranle, mantle-piece, etc. 
(orlglii nnknown). 

merle, black-Mrdy Lat. twrula (fern.) 
[204] ; orle, fr. ▼. ' ourler' (??) [110]. 



FBMDazre. 



a in BLB — perle* berle. 



me. 



[BI0ENEBIG8: reclame, Bobdme, obiTBantlidme, 
dime, d^elme, estlmey mlnlmey pantomime, 
banme, i^nomey palme, apostnme. See 156.] 



98 ' (of wbicli 4bO are tecli- 
nical or antLstial) are 



Masculine. 



54b (of wliicli 16 are tech- 
nical) are 

Feminine 
(not including those m mme^. 



amei djiiea 



axnalgame, Ital. amalgama (fern.) ; 
bUme, from < blAmer'(??) [110]=&to«. 
phemare; carthame (bot.); dlo- 
tame (bot.), dictamen ; draxue, ipaua ; 
mdlodraxue-fAAoc+Jaafta; 6pitna- 
lame, iTnOaXafiio^ ; hippopotaxne, 
Ifnroiroro^oc ; Bteame, a plant. — Cf • 
also the attribatives vldame, brame, 
blgame, monogame, etc. 



entamer Jirst piece cut off a loaf 
(from V. 'entamer') [110]; 
trBine,woof, thready plot (from 
V. ' tramer') [110]; Uanefbliide, 
lamina ; ramev oar, remits (?) 
[21, note ; 187] ; 4me, atnU, 
anima. Tech.: 
estame. 



6mef 6me» 



anath^me,* &vd0«fui ; baptdme, pdw- 
nauAx ; blaspheme, from < blasphemer' 
(??) [110]; Cardme, Lent [204]; 
chrdxue, chrism, xptV/^a ; •chrvBan- 
thdxne (modem form.) ; diaddme, 
diadema; embl^me, tfifikrifia ; po- 
hVkQj poema, noCijfia ; probldme, irpo- 
P\rifia ; Btratagdme, O'Tpar^yijfia ; 
Knitkiae,ty sterna; thtoie, thema, Btfia; 
thiorb'm.ejBtwpriaa. The following are 
technical : apotndme, apozdxne, 
emphys^me, empj^me, enthy- 
m^me, 6plch6rdme, dpipnon^mey 
dplthdme, drith^me, exanth^me, 
OBd^me. 



Bohftme [$9 ff}; blr&met tme>' 
oared boat, bvremia ; triztaie 3 
tordmey bream, L. Lat. bresmia ; 
erdme, cream [201}; selme 
(▼eter.), wire-heel; Mi-pa^ 
r6me» Mid-Lent [87]. 



* It will be seen that the masculines in me (pure), including even those in 
U are more numerous than the feminines. We have nevertheless, in 
deference to the general rule, considered such words as feminine — 1, to 
avoid complication in the practical study ; 2, because the number of words 
which must be studied as exceptions does not materially increase the diffi- 
culty. 



THE GJiNDEB 07 DSSITATIOM. 



39 



Imoy imOy ymOi 



Masculine. 



FEMiKnrB. 



abfme^ dhytSf abytsimut (adj.) [204]; 
centiine, xniUime, the hundredth and 
thousandth part qf a franc (mod. form, in 
imit. of) *(16cime, the tenth part of a 
franc \ crime, crimen; milltelme, 
millesimus (adj.) ; monorime (adj. agr. 
with ' potoie '). CL also the attributives 
K^n^ralisedme, grime, mime. 
Koiins ending in tmb are all masc. : 
azyme, unleavened bread (originally 
taken adjectively, agr. with 'pain' under- 
stood) ; anonyme, homonyme, 
pseadonirme, synonyme (adj.) Se- 
veral are purely technical — viz. chyme, 
xvfib? ; parenchyme, didyme, 6pi- 
didyme, ginglyme, ^pithyme. 



elmef top, summit, cynuiy cuma (?) ; 
*dime, tithe ; emeKirsM^ fenc- 
ing (from V. 'escrimep' [110], 
or from the Ital. 'scherma;' td. 
akirmish) ; ^estlmey esteem 
(from V. 'estimer*) [110]; 
meaestline % IHme, grimace 
(pop. or s\^jig)\\kBk»tJue, lima ; 
legitime (law), the share in 
an inheritance reserved by law 
to children or parents = 'part 
legitime ' (mental concord) [50]; 
mazime (adj., agr. with 'pro- 
position * understood) [50] ; 
^pantomime [156] ; prlmey 
premium (adj.) [50]; rlmei 
rhyme, Ital. rima, Lat. rhythmus 
(??) [187] ; Solime, Jerusalem 
[81] ; viottmei victima. 



omOf 611161 amnoa 



arome, apM/na ; atome, atomus [204] ; 
axiome, a^iw/ta; bindme, L. Lat. 
binomius, or formed in imitation of * mo- 
ndme;' mon6me=mononome, mono 
+i^/iO€; trindme, t^tranOme, po- 
lyndme; brome /Spwfto; [130]; 
chrome, xp^*v^ [130] ; dOme, doma 
(not domui), Soma; Epitome, cirt- 
roijuij ; «gnome [166] ; hippodrome, 
imroHpoftoi ; Idlomie, idioma, iSuaiia; 
lithotome, KiOoTOfioi ; symptdme, 
4rvfurTiatia ; tome, volume, tome, tomus, 
rofjLOi. — Technical : cardamome ; 
pendylome ; amome ; llpome ; 
sarcome ; zygome.— *Banme,6a2m, 
baham, bahamum ; chanme, staik, 
thatch, calanuu ; heauxue, helm, helmet, 
G«rm. Helm ; psaiixue, psalm, psalmut, 
^oA/tof; royamne, realm, regali- 
menO) 



Brdmev Druna [73 £F] ; paumev 
palm of the hand, etc., palma 
leeepalme, 156] ; Monke,Bo7na. 



bitume, bitumen; oostnme, ItaL cos- 
tume [141] ; gmme, uncleft timber, 
Ital. grumo ; 16game, vegetable, legu- 
men (a modem form.) ; rhnme, cough, 
eoid^ ptvfLa ; volume, volumen. 



nme. 



bitterness, amaritu- 
* apostmne (for 
'apostime*), itx6artiiJLa [156], 
amcess (masc., ace. to the Acad.; 
fem., ace. to Littr^); brnmey 
mist, fog, bruma; ooutnmey 
custom, consuetudinem [141] ; 
^oumei fiam, spuma (A. also 
Germ. Sohaum, scum); en- 
elume, anvil, incudinem ; 
plnnef pen, feather, phma. 



i 



40 



FBENGH OENDEBS. 



Mascijlxnb. 



Imef miei 



calme, ealm (from the adj. ' calme,' of 
unknown origin); spalme (naat.)» 
papingstaff.-^Chamiej charms carmen ; 
also yoke-elm, carpintu [see Treies, 178 S}; 
vaocunne,Teat. Wach-arm (?); derme, 
64pfia; 6piderme, iiriitpiitt [204]; 
^rme, germen ; terme, end^ tvminus ; 
thermes, 04piuu, Lat. thermae [204]; 
orme, elm^ ulmtu [aee Trees}; sperme, 
avipyM ; tinifbrme (adj.) 



Fbminine. 

^palmef palnit jpalma ; 

alarm (phon. anal.); anne« 
weapon y plur. neut. arma [20, 
200J ; larmev tear^ lacryma ; 
Varme ; berme (fortif.). 
Germ. Berme; ftnae, farm 
(from ▼. * fermer,' to farm ; cf. 
affermer); eona^, wrb-apple, 
cormum (plur. neut.) [199] ; 
fonaef fnma ; plate-forme « 
r^forme (from v. * rtformer') ; 
obionrmef galley-creWt Ital. 
chivmui\ 8roiinne» strangles 
(orig. doubtful). 



ne. 



[BI0ENEBI08: mAnes, plane, ^Mne, pdne, anne, 
fitunoy platlnoy pivolne, antomney bymney ▼eme* 
ylome. See 156.] 



4b9 are 



Masculike. 



Ane, OM, tuinus; arcane, arcanum; 
crd.]iey stuUf cranium^ Koaviov; fill- 

Sane, water-mark, IteX. filigrano\ pla- 
ae and ^Iojm* plane-tree, platanut 
[see 7W««, 178].— Domaine, e«toto, L. 
Lat. domanium ; Maine (the river) [78 
ff]; croqnemitaine, bogy (a verbal 
componno) [90] ; phdnom^ne, ^aivo- 
tifvov ; proldgom^nes, prolegomena ; 
nydrogtoe, ozygtoe, nltrog^ne 
(of mod. form.) ; chdne, *6b^ne, 
fk>6ne, trodne [see Trees, 178 ft]; 
Bonrsthtoe [78]; *ptoe [166].^ 
Cf. alBO the tech. terms molybdtoe, 
tongsttoe, oc^ne, parallpomtoe ; 
and the attributives aborigine, 
cat^chamtoe, dnergnm^ne, capi- 
talne, mdlomane. etc.— *Flatine, 
plattnum. Span, planna [106] ; qulne, 
Lat. quini (adj.) — Carbone, carbo; 
o6ney eonus, xuMf; prdne, church', 
meeting, sermjon, preeconium; Rh4ne; 
Bhodanua; tr6ne, throne, thronut; 
ozone ; polygone, voMytavot (d6ca-, 
dod6ca-, hexa-, octo-, penta-) ; 
trombone, Ital. trombone. -^AntX' 
moine, antimonium ; patrimolne, 
patrimonium ; p^rltolne, peritoneum ; 
JetUie, fasting, J(junium.—Avemef 
Avemue ; teme, qoateme, three or 
four numbers at a lottery; eanteme 
[85] ; Caprlcome, Capricomus ; 
mome, hill. Span, morro, morron (cf. 
morhie) ; trlcome, a three-cornered 
hat [ 00 ] ; — cotlinme, cothurnus ; 
Vnltome, VuUumuM ; nootome, 
Ital. nottumo (adj.) 



380 are 

Feminine 
(not including those in nne). 

Of these, 354 ending in akh, Amb, 

▲INB, I»rE, ONB, AUMB, OIXB, T7NB, 

are worda of Latin origin, or hay e 
been formed in imitation of such 
words — Ex.: oabane, sotae* 
lainOf liurlney sone« *aiine« 
aTOlne, trlbime. 27 end 
in BNB — Ex^: Inoame* li 
teme» eomev ume. 



THE GE5DER OF DERIVATION. 



41 



pe. 



[BI0ENBEIG8 : oarpe, ordpe. See 156.] 



21 are 

Masculine. 

mnnlolpe, municipium ; partidpe, 
partteipium; polype, polypus; pxin- 
dpe, prineipium ; type, rviro«, and the 
oomp. proto-j 8t6r6o-, dagnerrdo*, 
etc.; trope, rpoiro?. — Qronpe, Ital. 
ffruppo.—Oljiape, Olympus.— Bi^UO" 
trope, horoiMsope, telescope, 
st^ChoflOope, 8t6r6oflCope, micro- 
scope, cal^ldOBCOpe, etc. (all of 
mod. form.) Cf. also toe attribatiTos 
pope, cyclope, phllantlirope, etc.— 
*Carpe, artocarpe, m^tacarpe. 



59 are 

Feminine 
(not incltLding those in ppe). 

Ex, : rkpet guftpe, plpOf taape» 
lampet harpe. 



que. 

[BIQENEEIGSi braqne, olaqne, oloaqae, laqaoy 
p4qae, oanstlqaey oosm^tiqaoy orltiqnev physiqaoy 
pique, politiquoy topiqae, manque. See 156.] 



31 are 



Masculine. 



130 are 

Feminine. 



abaqne, abaats; codiaqne, xodiaeus, 
^oSuucb^. — Fentateiiqae,nci^rdTcvxo$. 
— Attiqne, Attiea\ attiqne, attic; 
Mezlqtie, Mexico; colohlqae, col- 
ehiaan; cantlqtie, Ital. cantieoj can- 
ttcum; distiqtie, 8umx<m moiu- 
tlqne. Span, mosquito; capslqae, 
capsieum ; pan^gyrlqiie, iroviryvpi- 
KO«; piqne-nlqne, Bng. pick-nick; 
lexlqtie, Xi^iKhv ; portlqtie, porHcus ; 
viatiqtie, viatieum ; Oranlaae, Ora- 
nicut, A number of adjeotiYes m ique are 
uaed as Bobet, : caloriqtie ; 6m6- 
tlqiie, ifivrurin ; *co8m6tlqtie ; nar* 
ootlqtie, vopxortxbf ; physiqae) 
16Tltiqne, sp^ciflqne, toniqne, 
toziqaei eta— Colloqtie, colloquium; 
BOllloqtie, soliloquium; Or6noqtie, 
Orinoco [78 fF] ; phoqne, phoca (fern.) 
[S04]. — Calqne, counter-drawing ^ Ital. 
caUo; catafalque, ItaL oo^^drfoo.— 
Cirque, eircut. 



Of these 118 end in aqttb, ^qub, 

IQTTB [80], OQX7E, OUQUE, UQI7S — 

Ex,', plaqneypast^uei mu* 
slque. ooque, felonquei 
nnque; and 12 in nqxtb, 
BQUE — Ex,: banquet barqve« 
Tomorque. 



1 



d 



42 



FRENCH GENDERS. 



re. 



[BI0ENEBIG8: ^ph^mdre, martyre, satyre, m^- 
moire, vuln^raire, sagrittaire, stataaire. See 156.] 



About 70 are 

Masculine 

(ezclnsiye of those in aire, 

T^RE, toire). 

are, the unit of ai^a, area [204]; 
alao the compounds centi", ddoi-, 
milll-, d6c-. hect-t m7ri- (hectare 
and centiare being the only ones in 
use); oigare, Span, eigarro; lores, 
lare3; phare, ^apov; Tartare, Tap- 
rapo«; T6nare, Tcenanu, TaCuapot; 
square (Bng.)— Cerb^re, Cerberus; 
belvedere ; calorif^re, hoUair stove ; 
d^barcaddre, exnbarcaddre, rail- 
waff terminus ; gmjdre, Qruyhre 
cheese [85^; h^misph^re. hemi- 
sphasrium, rinio^aiptovi planisphere 
(mod. form.) ; par^re, Ital. parere ; 
r^verbdre, a street lampt from 'rd- 
verWrer' (??) [110] ; veiocif^re (mod. 
form.); viBC^re, viseus; nlctoe, ulcus; 
repere, guiding-mark Jbeneh-marky from 
T.'reperire' (accid. sahst.)— Cimeti^re, 
ecemeterium ; arridre, derri^re, rear, 
back part (accid. subst.) — D61ire, de- 
lirium; coUyre, collyHum; empire, 
imperium ; martyre, martyrdom, 
martyrium ; navlre, L. Ijat. navirium ; 
Eplre, Epirus; zephyre, tephyrus, 
Ztf0vpof ; porphyre, irop^vpa [204] ; 
poncire, large lemon, pomum 
citrus (?) ; cacheinire, ca«Am«r« shawl 
[85] ; vampire (of Germ, origin) ; 
satsrre, Sarvpof; dire, saying, state- 
ment ; sourire, smile [64].— Bos- 
phore, Bosphorus; eliebore, cAAtf- 
fiopot; madrepore, Ital. madrepora; 
meteore, /mcTcwpof ; phosphorei 
^a^opoi ; pore,portM ; semaphore ; 
store, storea [204]; sycomore [see 
Trees, 186] ; chlore, chlorine, x^po«> 
yellow; bore, borax, and the other 
tech. terms achore, eiectrophore, 
galactophore, pyrophore, teie- 
phore, tore, pylore.— Aagnre, 
omen, augurium ; Arcture, Arcturus ; 
paijnre, perjuHum ; mnrmnre, 
murmur, fr. v. 'murmurer' (?) [110]; 
mercare, mercuriw ; also the tech. 
carbnre, iodnre, brommre, phos- 

ghnre, snlfare, colore, sUnre, 
amre, CTannre, hydrnre, chlo- 
mre, etc. [see Rule Iodurk, infra], — 
Ivoire, ivory, ^ntr or eboreum ; 
ciboire,e<6or<um; 8^rimolre(of doubt- 
ful origin) (=grammaire ??). Of. also 
the verbal subst. and comp. boire. 
ponrboire, deboire, and the adj. used 
substantively aocessoire, compnl- 
•oirei infosoire, possessoire, etc. 



About 700 are 
Feminine 
(exclusive of those in rre). 

• 

These inclnde 10 nouns in abb, as 
marei tiare i 30 in :kRE, as 
fongr^rev obimdrei 188 in 
ii^RB (eries, eria), as matidret 
rl vldre 1 4 in eubb, as benre % 
9 in IBB (tbb), as olre,lyre| 
16 in OBJ^ as ampbore i 3 in 
0X7BB, as bravonrei 30O in 
tTBB (ura), as nature. They 
also include the feminine nouns 
in AiBB, tAbe, toibb, g^yen 
below, and the 35 nouns in 

OIBB. 



THE GENJ>BK OF DERIYATION. 



43 



airoi 



Mascttlotb. 



FBMDnNE. 



OVAXSB. — Aboat6OD0unsin AiBB 
ssLat. ar, arittSt ariuntj form a 
class by themselves [Enle O]. 

Those which have been derived 
direct from Latin are the fol- 
lowing : — bestlaire, -arittm; 
lir^Tlalre; oalTatre* -aria 
(plnr. nent.) ; calendaire 9 
cartalaire ; oonunentaire 9 
oorollaire ; dicjtlonnalrev 
-arium ; donalrey dotarium ; 
dromadairey dromedarms ; 
^leotualre ; ezemplairev 
exemplar ; grlossalre ; 1am- 
padalre ; laraire ; Imnl- 
natre, -are; salaire; sano- 
tnalre; *sagrlttaire ; soa- 
pulaire; snalre, sudarium; 
▼eatlaire; vooabulalre. 

Some are Latin or modern adjec- 
tives used substantively — viz. 
annulalre, annlversalre. 
oontralrev bonoralre, mll- 
l^naire, n^oessatre, nume- 
raire, obltnalre, oUvalre, 
ordinaire, pr^llmlnalre, 
s^mlnalre, vulgralre. 

Modem formations (analogy) : 
ab^oedalre, from abed; an- 
nualre, from an ; Bmmalre, 
from brume; l*rlmalre, from 
frimas; Vend^mlalre, from 
vindemia; le Calre, Cairo 
dlotlonnalre, from diction 
dlspensalre, from dispenser 
^▼entalre, from ivent 
formolalre, from formule , 
taymnalre, from hymne ; os- 
sualre ; ovalre, from ovum ; 
questionnaire, from question 
(also -arz2«m);rellqualre,from 
reliquet Ital. reliqtiario; re- 
palre, formed from repatriare 
(an old word already in use 
in the eleventh century); 
rosalre, from rose ; sylla- 
balre, from syllabe; tez- 
tualre, from texte. 

C£ also lUre and savolr fSulre. 



Latin or otheo* derivations : aire, area ; 
chaire, pulpit^ cathedra; eram- 
maire. L. Lat. grammaria (?) ; naire, 
hair-shtrtf Teut. ffaar (?) ; ylmaire, 
vis major; moiifitiqtiaire, mosqttUo 
curtain (from * moustique '). 



Latin or modem adjectives in mental 
concord with some feminine noun 
understood [50] : nne catilinaire 
(harangue); nne clrculaire (lettre); 
elaire, tohite of an egg, etc., dara 
\j[>ars ovi) ; paire, fern, of ' pair ; ' 
perpendiculaire (ligne); xaolalre 
(dent). 



Modern names of plants and flowers : al« 
llalre, calc6olalre, cicntalre, 
6olaire, globolair^, linalre, ma- 
trlcalre, pari6taire, persicalre, 
*saglttaire, sallcaire, serpen- 
taire, ulxnaire, nrinalre, etc 

(?f. also affaire s=cAo«e dfaire. 



i 



46 



FRENCH GENDEBS. 



ve. 



[BI0ENEBI08 : efflave, ^Mve, mauve, r^ve. See 156.] 



6 are 



Masculine. 



oonolave, Ital. conclave ; r6ve, dream, 
from * rftrer ' (?) [110] ; glaive, swordf 
gladiusi qni-vlye [see Compounds^, 
look-oiU; fletive,riv«r JiurftM; *effltive, 
^uvium [166] ; ovej ovum ; Vdsnve, 
Vauvius, 



80 are 

Feminine. 

Of these 70 end in aye, ^yb, itk, 
ovB, uvB, otJTB, Bm-— £r. : 
rave, rrdvei oliTOf alooTOy 
ffulmauTey douTOf preuTOv 
onve I 10 in lvb, bye — Ex» : 
▼alTeilarref ▼eTTe«moi7re. 



9 are 



Masculine. 

ozot aorij; leze, j^xim; drconfleze 
(adj.)i drcuw^Uxui ; afflxe, pr^flxe, 
gnfflxe (adj.); 6qiiinoze, a^winoe- 
<<t«m; paradoxe, ira^5o(o«; Inze, 
luxury y luxut. 



are 



Feminine. 



£r. : tasei aiinexe» rise* boze. 



Z6i 



3 are 



Masculine. 



bronie, L. Lat. lyruntium\ m^l^ie 
(origin doubtful) [see Trtet, 178] ; tra- 
p^iei trapetium. 



4b are 

Feminine. 

iraxei topas6f aldae» 



47 



CHAPTER 11. 



THE OJENDEB OF MENTAL GONGOBD. 

50. The gender of Mental Goncord^ or Intellectual Agree- 
Tiienty is applied to words originally adjectives, or used adjec- 
tively, agreeing with a noun understood. 



Instances. 
Masculine. 



an {animal) ampbibiOy un 
mammlAreyun qnadru- 
pdde. 

le {cos) nomlnatu; Taooa- 
satlf, le gr^nitlf, le datlf, 
le ▼ooatlf, le looatlf, 
rinstramental. 

un {chateau) trioome. 

du (cuir) maroqnln 
(^marocain), morocco lea- 
ther. 

un (ecrit) anonyme. 

un premier {Stage), un se- 
<M>nd, un troisidme. 



le {mode) indioatlf, le sab- 

Jonotlf. 
le {rwm) snbstantlfy I'ad- 

Jeotlf. 
r {ocean) Atlantiqae, le 

Paoifiqne. 
un {rewMe) f<6brlftigre, un 

▼ermlAigre, un ▼omitlfy 

un pargratu; un topiqae, 

un sp^oifiqne. 
un {ruhan, cordon) ^lastiqae. 
le {temps) pr^senti le par- 

fititi le Altar. 



Feminine. 



r {action) offensive, la d^- 

fensivey rinitiative, la 

r^eidive. 
r {assemhlSe) l6^iBlB,tive9 

la constitaante, la mer- 

ouriale. 
une {hague) obevalidre. 



une {ba/rhe) imp^riale. 
la {batterie) ^6n6rBlem 
une {chaise) ottomane. 
la {cJianson) Xarseillaisev 

la Parisietine, la Vamo- 

yienne. 
la {decision or proposition) 



48 



FBENCn GENDEBS. 



afflrmatiTef la n^gra- 

tive. 
nne (dent) molaire, nne ca- 
nine, une InoiBive. 
r {ecritmre) angrlaisOf la 

ronde, la grrossey la b4- 

tarde. 
one (eglise or paroisse) 8U0- 

oursale. 
nne (facuUe) perceptive f 

nne judiciaire, judgm&nt, 
les {fetes) luperoales, nne 

satumale. 
la (fleur) immortelle , la 

(jplante) senaitive. 
la (garde) mobile. 
la (gazette) quotidiennor 
nne (hache) bisaigrud. 
nne (histoire) chronique. 
la Qaitue) ronlaine. 
nne (lamvpe) ▼eilleuse. 
nne (lettre) pastorale, nne 

encyolique, nne oirou- 

laire, les provinciales. 
nne (lettre) initiale, nne 

mojuscule, nne gruttu- 

rale, nne dentale, nne 

finale, nne oaraot^ris- 

tique. 
nne (ligne) paralldle, la 

diagronale, nne apirale, 

une tranBTemale. 
des (hmetteSf lorgnettes) Ju- 

melles. 
la (main) droite,]a grauche. 
la (rtier) Adriatique,. la 
Baltique, la X^diter- 
ran^e- 
la (machine) locomotive. 



nne (minute) seconde, 
nne tierce (rwmutce se- 
cundoB, mirmtcB tertice). 

nne (multitude, troupe, popu- 
lace) soldateaque, soU 
diery, soldier-mob, 

nne (oraison) catilinaire, 
nne philippique. 

une (ouverture) meurtridre, 
loophole. 

la (part) l^gritime (law), 

la (parade) prime, tierce. 

nne premiere (classe, plaice, 
representation) ; nne se- 
conde, nne troisitaie. 

nne (plante) pari^taire. 

nne (proposition) mazime, 
raffirmative. 

nne (quantite) inconnne. 

nne (redingote) angrlaise. 

nne (sauce) malonnaise. 

en (sentence) definitive. 

la (science) phsrsiqne, la 
dynamique, la morale, 
Thydrostatique, la lin- 
gruistique, la logriqne, 
la m^canique, les ma- 
thematique8,la numis- 
matique, I'optiqne, la 
topique. 

nne (syllabe or lettre) p^nnl- 
ti^me, nne finale. 

nne (soupe) Juliennci 

nne (terreur) panique^ 

nne (toile) indienne. 

nne (valse) ▼iennoise. 

nne (ville) capitale. 

la (voie) moyenne. 

nne (vaUwre) tapissiftre.^ 



> Gf. the names of ships — la Vtotoriense, la ValenreaBe, la Ton- 
nante* etc. — and the numerous new names given to implementR, engines, 
etc. — une balayense, nne ftinctaense, nne tremblense, etc. Cf. also 
the adverbial expressions k la {mode) flran^alse, k I'angrlaisep une 
correction k la nuse, k la pmssienne, etc. 



THE GENDEB OV MENTAL CONCORD. 



49 



61. The following categories of nouns have, therefore, the 
Gender of Mental Concord. 

1. 

52. Adjectives, Present Participles, and Past Parti- 
ciples nsed as names of persons. 

Ex. : nn foil, a madman ; nne ▼ieUle, an old woman ; 
un n^grooiant, a m^chant; nne servante, a maid-seT' 
vant (of all work) ; un avou^, an attorney ; une flano^Of a 
bride. 

Other Instances, 

63. Adjectives. 



un co«iilqae» a comic writer, 

un drdle, a rogue. 

un fovrbe, a Jcnave. 

un Imb^oUe, an imbecile. 

un infi&rieiir, a subordinate. 

un Jalonz, a jealous rtian. 

un Ubertin, a libertine. 



une foUe, a mad woman, 
une BOttey a foolish woman. 



Mascxtlixb. 

un maet, a dumb person, 

hd origrinal, an eccentric fellow* 

UD paavre, a pauper, 

un Mtffe, a sage, a wise man, 

un sot, a fool, 

un Board, a deaf person. 

un sap^rienr, a superior, 

FsMiNizns. 

nne drdlOMe, a rascall^^ woman, 
une pauTresse, a pauper wonian* 



64. Present Participles. 

Mascxtline. 



commandant, major, commander. 
suppliant, deputy, substitute, 
asBl^greant, besieger. 
oopartagreant, coparcener, coheir, 
intransieroant, irreconcilable, 
communlant, communicant, 
etttdiant, student. 
oonqn^rant, conqueror. 
olBoiant, officiathig priest. 
appelant (law), appellant. 
ilAgellMntf flagellant, 
postulant, applicant, candidate, 
aurreillant, overseer. 
croqnant, cloum, boor. 
delinqnant, offender. 
fiabrioant (for ' fabriquant'), ma' 

nufacturer. 
trafiqnanty tfudesman. 



gr^rant, ma.naqer, 

Imisiant, eZgrant. 

aspirant, candidate, midshipman. 

soapirant, suitor. 

fiffiirant, supernumerary (theatre). 

agronisant, one at point of death. 

d^posant, depositor, mtness giving 
evidence. 

oommer^ant, tradesman. 

passant, passer-by. 

assistant, bystander. 

protestant, protestant, 

d^bltant, dealer, retailer. 

babltaat, inhMtant. 

repr^sentaat, representative. 

tnAtant, farmer of the revenue, 

ooBStitnant, member of the consti- 
tuent assembly. 



E 



i 



f 



50 



FRENCH GENDERS. 



assalllapt, aggressor, assaulter, 
(llen)tenaiitf lieutenant. 
revenaiit, ghost. 
oontrevenant (law), trajisgressor, 

savant, learned man. 

descendaatf descendant, 
pretendant, jyretender. 
plai^mant (law), plaintiff. 
perdant, loser. 
^omhAttSLntf fighting man. 



oonqn^ranty conqueror. 
requ^rant (law), applicant. 
servant, gwmer. 
desservant, curate in charge, 

voyant, seer^ prophet. 

sulvant, attendant. 
poursuivant (law), prosecutor. 
vlvant, living (person),^ 
snrvivant, survivor. 
oroyant, believer. 



Some are derived from verbs no longer in use ; as, ascendant | Iltigrant 
(law) ; gralant, lover, sweetheart ; grarant, surety^ warrantor ; Unp^trant 
(law), grantee; manant, peasant^ clodhopper. Others are derived from 
participles of Latin verbs which have not passed into French; as, enftuit; 
Infant (d'Espagne) ; Intendant, superintendent. Others have changed 
their original spelling; as, adJndant= adjuvant; aaiant=aimant; m^- 
creant = mal(m^)croyant. 

The old present participles in ent should be added; as, confident, 
dissident, president, resident, r^grent, parent, penitent; also 
client, and sergrent, serviens. 



Feminikb. 



infante. 

CO mmnniante. 

mendiante. 

appelante. 

postulante. 



grouvemante. 

aspirante. 

figrurante. 

gr^rante. 

oommer^ante. 



protestante. 

debitante. 

d^bntante. 

snivante. 

ponrsuivantCi 



ellente. 

oonfidentOi 

parente. 

penitente. 

r^yente. 



55. Past Participles.* 



Masculine, 



crois6, crusader. 
d^banoli^, debauchee. 
d6pnt6, deputy, M.P. 
^migr^t emigre. 
envoy^, messenger^ envoy. 
estropii, cripple. 
ezil6, exile. 
f6d6re, confederated 
insurgr^, insurgetit. 
intini6 (law), appellee. 
affranctai,/re«d[ man. 
banni, exile. 



converti, convert. 
^tourdi, madcap. 
failli, bankrupt, 
pr^venu, prisoner at the bar. 
pendn, one hanged. 
6ln, elect. 
d6tenn, prisoner. 
parvenu, upstart. 
pointn, cantankerous fellow. 
conunis, clerk (in business). 
repris (de justice), convict, 
proscrit, exile. 




^ Cf. the expression *ijn bon vivant,* a jolly companion. 

* As any participle or adjective may be turned into a noun of person, 
new nouns are daily formed as the necessity arises. Ex. : un abonn6, un 
assort, un ctaargr6 d'affaires, un condamn^, un d^port^, un iUn- 
mine, un inspire, un invalid^, un obIigr6, un transporte« 






THE GENDER OF MENTAL CONCOBD. 



51 



Cf. also foroene, madman ; eradlt, learned man ; oonsoriti recruit ; 
preirotf provost^ prapositus. 



eponseev hride. 
intimee (law), appellee. 



Femininb. 



vMmnclkie^ freed woman, 
otourdle, giddy woman. 



2. 

56. Attributive Nouns of Persons, i,e, nouns denoting per- 
sons to wliom a quality or a condition in general — sucli as a 
dignity, distinction, profession, race, nationality — is attributed. 

Bx, : un BouToraln, a sovereign ; un cardinal., a cat" 
dinal ; un arobiteotOy an architect ; un ndgrre, a negro ; un 
Fraii9al89 a Frenchman ; un ^groiste, a selfish mian \ un 
OB clave, a slave. 

Other Instances. 



acrobate. 

iLfSrloaln. 

alolitiiilste* 

ikm^iioain. 

iLngrlals. 

apotliloatrei 



aubergriste. 

badaad. 

b&tard. 

bergrer. 

bibliomane. 

bibUopbile. 

briiTiuid. 



Masculine. 



calviniste. 

cannibale. 

oapitaine. 

oelebataire. 

cbapelain. 

otaatelain. 

oomte. 

cosaqne. 

cmisinier. 

diotatenr. 

domestiqae. 

due. 

6coUer. 

6cnyer. 



Earop6en. 

^▼dqne. 

filon. 

eren^ral. 

ffoaTerneuri 

Jure. 

larron. 

ministre. 

monarqae. 

mnldtre. 

patriarotae. 

patriote. 

piIote< 

polisson. 



portier. 

renerat. 

regrent. 

■ateUite. 

scribe. 

soldat. 

tr^sorier. 

tronbadonr. 

tronvdre. 

tyran. 

vagrabond. 

valet. 

vicaire. 

▼ieillard. 



Feminine. 



bonne, 
oantatrice. 
couz tisane, 
coutnridre. 



d^esse. 
donairiere. 
dttlcinee. 
madone. 



maretaande. 
megr^re. 
mijaur^e. 
modiste. 



nonne. 
noorrtce. 
sorcidre. 
▼ivandidre. 



There exist also a large number of attribntive nouns in extb, such as 
tailleur, ▼oleur. They are generally derived from, or connected with, 
present participles, and are really verbal adjectives used substantively. 
XTum^ratenr, d^nominateur, ^quateur, belong to the same category. 

Add the English cockney, dandy, Jockey, gentleman, lord, 
poUeeman, watebman, reporter, smugr^ler or smogrleur, snob, 
stoqueur, stoJctfr^ tory, wbigr, lady, miss (the two latter being of 
course feminine) ; the Italian cicerone, laszarone, impresario, prima 

E 2' 



62 



FBEKCH aSNDBRS. 



donna ; the Spanish alffnaxllf bldalffo ; the German lonsttof a jolly 

fellowy lansqnenet, Landsknecht or Lamknecht, reitre, ReiteVf Bitter, 
▼agruemestre = Wacktmeister, baggage-master ; the Arabic 6nilr, aTneer, 
truotaeman or drogrman, dragoman ; etc. 

57* Such attributive nouns as are derived direct from Latin have, of 
course, the gender of derivation (cf. swpra^ 27). In Latin those nouns were 
originally adjectives. 

3. 

58. Adjectives, Present Participles, and Past Parti- 
ciples denoting things and ased as abstract or concrete nouns. 
[See infra^ 64 ff.] 

J^a;. : le vrai, fhe true ; le rottgre, red ; 1e Jaune, yellow ; 
le tout, tlfie whole ; un autre, another ; nn tel, so and so ; 
nn meuble, a piece (or suite) of furniture ; le oouohant, the 
west ; nne a^oante, a secant ; nn pr^jugr^i a prejudice ; nne 
▼ue, a sight ; I'utlle, the useful ; Tagrr^able, the agreeable ; 
nn fort, a stronghold ; le droit, right, 

69. Adjectives of any kind or origin, as well as participles, may be 
turned into substantives. Their nimiber is therefore very large. 



Other Instances, 
60. Present Participles. 

Masculine. 



penctaantf slope, inclination, 
trancliant, edge. 
ezo^dant, surpliis, 
mordant, mordant, size, 
pendanty companion, match, 
■6ant (sur son B^ant^r sitting up). 
^obanffant, binding food, etc. 
semblant, show, 
stimulant, stimulant, stimulus. 
▼olant, flg-wheel, thuttlecock. 
aimantf loadstone. 
oaimant, soothing draught, 
tenant, abontisAantf adjacent 
ground. 



ollnqnant, tinsel. 
Ta9Jiitiu.9akXf<ju>antity missing, deficit. 
consld^rant (law), grounds of a 

judgment. 
cooraat, currevt. 
tirant, strap, gaiu/e, 
▼eraant, slope. 
oroiAsant, crescent, 
battant, dapper of a bell, Uaf of a 

door, 
disinfectant, disinfectant, 
montant, amount. 
dlssolvant, solvent, 
levant, east. 



Feminine. 



oonrante, kind of dance. 
dominante (music), dominant. 
r^saltante, rtsultant. 
▼ariantei different reading. 



patente, license, 
tan^ente, tangent, 
co-tan^ente, co-tangent. 
sous-tan^ente, sub- tangent. 



k 



THE OEMDSK OF MENTAL COKCOBS. 



53 



The following old present participles in ent should be added : — aeol- 
denty ant^c^dent, Incident, pr^c^dent, Occident, astrin^enti 
contingent, coefficient, escient (knowing), recipient, expedient, 
inconvenient, ingredienty orient, ponent (west), continent, affin- 
ent, oonfinent. 



61. Past Paeticiples.^ 



MASCUIJ2rH« 



d6l>oncli6, opening f market* 

proc6d6, process, 

abr^gr^t eUfstract, epitome. 

defil6, deJUe, pass^ filing ojf, 

d6nidl6, quarrel. 

sal^^ salt pork. 

BceU^t seal. 

consonun^, beef -tea, Jelli/'broth, 

imprim^, print. 

r^sum^, summing up, 

sublime, sublimate. 

amene (law), warrant of arrest. 

Tj-arrk^ thicket, brake, 

raoconrci, shortened form. 
poli, polish. 
bonilli, boUed meat, 
etabli, bench, board, 

aper^u, glance, outline. 

re^a, receipt. 

sons-entendn, thing understood, 

d^ due, 

inattendo, the unexpected. 

dit (law), statement, declaration, 
contredit, contradiction, reply, 
interdit, interdict, 
ecrtt, writing, 
mannscrit, manuscript, 
rescrity rescript, 
eztrait, extract. 
attrait, attraction, charms. 



narre, narrative, 

rktbrk {)Ayf), petition to the president 

of a tribunal, 
cbasee (dancing), chassi. 
pass6, the past, 
trace, outline, 
emince, minced meat, 
enonce, statement. 
prononce (law), the ddivery of the 

judgment of a court. 
compose, compound, 
expose, statement, 
debourse, outlay, 

crepi, rough coat of plaster, 
Anif finish, completion. 
dementi, contradiction, denial, 
r6ti, roast meat, 

revenn, revenue, incomen 
contenn, contents. 
ord, growth (of wines, etc.) 
imprevu, the unforeseen. 
tissn, cloth. 

trait, stroke, feature, arrow, 
retrait, withdrawal, 
portrait, portrait, 
faAtt fact ; meftdt, misdeed, 
rednit, retreat, nook, 
condnit, pipe, duct, 
teint, complexion. 
point, point, punctum. 



The following are nouns of the same description — i.e. past participles 
used as substantives : — 



> See also the participles arrete, Jete, doiyte, precipite, traite 

[supra, p. 20, and Hule ^ infra]. 



64 



FBENCH GENDEBS. 



devim, divisum, estimate. 
pertalSf periusum, pass. 

oontratv contractu^n, contract, 
oomplotf complicitum^ plot, 
exploit, explicitum, exploit, 
acquets et oonquftts, acquisitat 

conquisita (law), acquisitions made 

during marriage. 
pladAf placitum, pleading^ sitting of 

a court (obsol.) 
r6pit, respectum, respite. 
tribnt, tributumt tribute. 



repas (pascor), meal, repast. 
reverm, reversumf reverse. 

app4t, ad pastuntf bait, 
conllit, conflict. 
d6Utv midemeanour, 
transit, transit. 
app6titv appetite. 
pr6t^rit, preterit. 
credit, credit. 
AhAitfforfeit. 
6ditf edict. 
lavopi(t), favourite. 



Feminikb (these are very numerous). 



enjuxoibke, stride, 
towib^ef fall (of night). 
d6rob6e (a la), stealthily. 
avano6ev advanced guard, 
pero^e, opening^ vista, 
pinole, pinch. 

fauob^ef day's mowing {measure). 
Joncb^e, stremna. 
tranob^e* trench. 
ranff^e* row, tier. 
eri^e, auction. 
assembl^e* assembly, 
all^e* alley, going. 
deffel6e (tarn.), thrashing, 
gel^ef jelly, frost. 
Iii6l6e« conflict, dose fight, 
roiil6e (fam.), thrashing. 
▼eill^e* evening^ sitting up. 
vol^e, flight. 
ann6ev army. 
tamke, smoke. 
renonuake, renown, 
de0tiii6e« destiny. 
donii^ef given facts, data. 
nieii^ev intrigue. 
•aiffn^ev blood-letting. 
toum^ev tour, circuit. 
trainee, trail, train (of powder). 



6obapp6e« prank, vista. 

6quip6ef freak, frolic, 

pip^e* birdrcatching. 

beurr^e, a slice of bread-and-butter. 

cur^e* quarry, 

dnree, duration. 

entree* etUrance, 

liTT^e* livery. 

rentr^e, reopening (of a court, etc.) 

bris^os (branches), steps, track, 

eroiM^e, casement, 

pens^e* thought. 

pes^ev weighing. 

pris^e* valuation, 

ris^e, mockery, 

travers^e* passage, crossing. 

•vlmke, aim. 

diot^ev dictation, 

flrott6e (fam.), thrashing, 

jetke, jetty. 

mont^ev ascent. 

portee* litter, brood, range. 

bu^e* hooting, hue and cry. 

0u6ev sweating. 

trou^ev gap. 

aiTiv6e, arrival. 

Iev6ev levying, trick (at cards). 

relev6e (law), afternoon. 



Cf. also eorv^e, statute labour, fatigue duty (L. Lat corrogata) ; d* 
bl6ev without opposition ; pnr^e (from obsol. yerb ' purer,^ ' ^purer '). 



bouillie* pap. 
saillie, sally, projection, 
6olaircie» clear spot, 
•aisie (law), seizure, distress. 
repartiev repartee, 
•ortiOi sally, going out. 



ouiev hearing. 

ffarantie* guarantee. 

rdtie, toasted bread, 

r6griei excise. 

k r^toardie, giddily, thoughtlessly. 



THE GENDBB OF MENTAL COMCOBD. 



55 



etendne, extent* 
valne, value. 

plus-Talue, moins-value. 
oonnne* krwivn quantity. 
tnconnue* trnknoum quantity. 
tenuey holding^ dresSy keeping, 
retenaev keeping in, reserve. 
venae* coming. 
avenue* avenue. 



sieev layer, assize. 

ime, stake, dress. 
entremise* mediation. 
remise* putting off, shed. 
prise* talcing, prize, capture* 

feinte, feint, 
-teinte* hue. 
attointe* stroke, Mow, 
eneelnte* enclosure. 
emprelnte* stamp, print, 
etreinte* grasp, 

plalnte* complaint. 
oomplalnte* lamentation. 



bienvenne* welcome. 
d^oonvenae* disappointment, 
erne* rise, increase, 
recrue* recruit. 
issue* issue, outlet. 
battue (huntiog), battue, beat* 
vue* view, eyesight. 
entrevue* interview, 
revue* review, 

entreprise* enterprise. 
meprise* mistake, 
reprise, resuming, darning, 
surprise* surprise. 



contrainte* compulsion, 

pointe, point. 

traite* draft, slave trade* 

retraite* retreat. 

definite* defeat, evasion, 

entrofaites (sur ces), meanwhile, 

d^eouverte* discovery, 

elxatetfaU, 

absoute (eccles. tenn), absolution* 



62. The following are more directly derived from (Low) Latin, where 
they agreed with res (or negotia) tinderstood [see infra, 194, 203] : — 



▼ente* vendita {negotia) or vendi- 

tarn rem, sale.^ 
rente* reddita {rendita), income. 



ifperdita, loss. 
recette* recepta, receipts, recipe, 
requ6te* requisita, petition, 
eonqu6te* conquisita, conquest, 
enqu6te* inquisita, inquest. • 
quite* qtuesita, quest, collection, 
eonduite* conduct* 
cuite* baking, 
ttiMtef flight. 



tente* tenta, tent* 
attente* attenta, expectation* 
entente* intenta, understanding* 

poursuite* pursuit,. 

suite* following. 

r6ussite* success* 

redite* repetition* 

6lite* electa (from an old part, 

* ^lit *), choice, 
r6ponse« responsa, answer, 
promesse* promissa, promise. 
premisses* promissa, premises. 



> As well as the goods sold. This word, originally used for the thing 
sold, stands now also for the Latin law term emptio-venditio. So perte = 
loss and object lost. 

Pente* slope ; fente» cleft ; descente* descent ; detente* trigger; 
fonte* STndting ; tonte* shearing ; ponte* laying eggs, are either imita- 
tions or are derived from Low Iiatin forms. 




56 



X'lUEUYCH GENDSBS. 



Also — 

route, rtipta (via), road. ' 
d^roate, disrupta, roiU, 
redoute, reducta, redout* 
▼o^tOf voluta (?), vaidt 
retortev retorta, retort. 
emplette, implicita, purchase. 
piste, pi8ta {semita), track. 



toise, tensa, fathom, 
^clase, excluaa (?), sluice. 
fosse, /o8«a(?), ditch. 
•eoousse (from an old part, 'se- 

cous,' succutere), shaking. 
resconsse or recoosse, re-exeus- 

sum, (re-excutere), rescue. 



63. It will be seen that it is of rare occurrence that both a masculiiie 
and feminine noun are borrowed from the same participle. The following 
is probably a complete list of them : — 



bouUll, bouUlie. 
conduit, conduite. 
courant, courante. 
crd, crue. 
Jete, Jetee. 
m^le, mdlee. 



m^pris, m^prise. 
point, pointe. 
retrait, retralte. 
r6ti, rdtie. 
teint, teinte* 
trait, traite. 



Compare also, in the list of bigeneric nouns [ir\fra, 156], critiquef 
laque, mancbe, paralldle, pbysique, politique, poste, etc 



4. 

64. AccipENTAL Substantives of any kind — t.e. substan- 
tives borrowed (not derived) from any part of speecli — are 
masculine, in consequence of the same principle.^ 

Le vrai, le Juste » ce qui est vrai, ce gvi estjtiste ; le pour, le ccmtre 
i^ce qui est pour, ce qui est oontre; le pouvoir, le saTOirs=o« que Von 
pent, ce que Von sait ; on on-dit, areport*»ce que Von dit ; eta 

64a. Besides adjectives and participles, of which numerous 
examples have been given [58, 59, 60, 61], the other partu 
of speech used accidentally as substantives are — 

a. Infinitives. — Every infinitive might be used as a sub- 
stantive, but the following are alone in use : — 



aller : — Taller et le retonr' (J5«/- 
fon), going and coming ; * billet 
d'aller et retour,' return ticket. 
Of. pis-aller, worst, makeshift, 

B.venitf future, summxms (law). 



avoir, property, 

baiser, kiss. 

boire, drinking. Cf. d6bolre, 

vexation ; pourboirey graiuity, 

drinking numey. 



When a feminine adjective or participle is used as a noun [see 50, 
supfd\, it is of course feminine. Cf., however, 66, infra. 



THS GENDEB 07 UENTAL CONCOBD. 



57 



parler, speech^ way of speaking. Cf. 

ponr-parler, parley , conference ; 

frano-parler, right to speak 

openly. 
penser (in poetiy only), thought, 
pouToIr, power, 
repenttTf repentance. 
reTolr, in ' au reroir/ farewell till 

we meet again, 
rlre, laughter. 
Mtvolrt learning^ knowledge, Cf. 

saToir^fkUre* skill, tact; sa* 

▼otr-TlTre, good breeding, 
•ouper, supper, Cf. apres-son- 

per. 
0oiiiire« smile. 
■ •ouTenlTv ressouTenlrp recoUec- 

tiony remembrance. 
touolierv touch, sense of feeling, 
▼enir, coming; Tidier et le 

venir.' 
▼ivres (in the plural only), provi^ 

sums. 
▼ouloiTv will. 



It is a curious fact that most of these nouns refer to acts of everyday 
life. Cf. lever f d^euner, diner, goiUer, souper, coiccher, Tnanger, boire, dormir, 
vivres. 



eoveiierf going to bed, setting, 

d^Jeimerv breakfast, 

Aeroir, duty, 

diner, dinner, Cf. apr^s-dtnery 

afternoon, 

dtre, being, Cf. 1>ieii-dtre« com- 
fort ; mal-6tref discoT^fort. 

dire, saying (' au dire de chacun ' — 
Lqfontaine), 

dormir, sleeping, 

duoroire (com.), del credere, 

Ukitet doing, style, Cf. llUre-part, 
communication, information, 

arodter, serue of taste, lunch. 

laiBser, in lalsser^aller, carelesS' 
ness, untidiness; laisser-flUre 
(allowing things to go on without 
interfering wiUi them), non-inter- 
ference ; laisser^paMer, permit 
for transit, pass, 

leTer, rising, levee. 

manarer, eating, food. Cf. blaao- 
maBver, blancmange; garde- 
%sqfe. 



Some old Infinitives are also nsed as l^onns. 



I in * chasse & courre,* hunting; lolsir, leisure (licere), 

laiMer^-courre, starting place, manoir, manor (Tnanere). 

view-haUoo. noncbaloir, carelessness. 

iribler ss * giboyer,' game, plaleir, pleasure (placere). 



h. Pbonouns used as accidental nouns are very few in 
nnmber. 

Le moi (ps^chol.), the human individual considered as being conscious 
of himself^ subjectively and objectively. 

Le mien, le tien, I'lui, rantre, may be considered as belonging to 
that class. 



c, Invasiables. 



le bien. 
le maL 
lemiew 
leple. 
le plus. 



le peu. 
le moine. 
le trop. 
les environe. 
le taiit6t. 



le pour. 
le oontre* 
un rien. 
un ei. 

un 



un v»r« 

un b^lae. 
un deux- 
un troie. 
\m quatre* 



58 FEENCH GENDEBS* 

d. Abyebbial Expbessions and Elliptical Sentences used 
as substantives are more common ; they are invariably com^ 
pounds l^&ee 00, 91], most of them of modem formation. The 
adverbial locutions always begin with a preposition. 

acompte — ' payement a compte/ or dessiu, tipper part, upper side, top. 

* ce qui est pa} i a compte/ insial- dessoas, under part, under side, 

ment. derrldre* the back part. 

affuets, in the expression * ^tre aux devant, the fore part, front, 

aguets/ to be on the watch. emhonpoint, fattiess* 

alontonr » * ce qui est a I'entour/ endroity right side* 

the stmrowiding parts, environs. envers, wrong side, 

amont = ' ce qui est a mont ' or ' en enjea = ' ce qui est en jeu/ stake. 

amont/ up the stream, uphill pqrt. entdte, head of a letter, etc., tUle- 

aval = * ce qui est a val * or * en aval,* page, 

down stream, downhill part, entonrSv surroundings, family circle 

aplomb s 'ce qui est a plomb/ [cf. alentonr]. 

equilibriwn, self-possession, en-toat-cas« umbrella for rain or 

apropos «s ' ce qui est a propos,* sun. 

seasonableness, entre-deuxv entre-flletf entre- 

atout » ' ce qui r^pond 4 tout/ etc., UgrnOf entre-pont, entre-sol* 

trump, entre-temps, etc. 

avant = ah + ante, fore part {e.g, of lendemain » ' le en demain,* the 

a vessel). morrow, the next day, 

arrldre = ad + retro, the back part. pourbolre « * ce qui est pour boire/ 

averse = * pluie & verse/ shower * don pour boire/ gratuity, tip, 

(fern, by phon. anal, and mental sans-oulotte, san8-coBiir« sans- 

concord). souoiv etc. 

dedans s ' ce qui est dedans,' inside, sous - pied, sons - solt sons - 

deborSf outside, seinff* etc. 

Verbal attributive compounds, such as portefeuiUe, abat-jour, all belong 
to the same class of nouns. [90, 91.] 

In the following the original sentences are so far con- 
tracted that it is not easy to reconstruct them : — 

adieu »'je vous recommande a Dieu* (plur. *adieuz'), good-bye, farevoell, 

eoq-&-r4ne = 'discours qui passe du coq k Tine' (plur. 'des coq-a- 
I'Ane/ but the word is not unfrequently treated as a perfect compound, 
and ' coq-i-FAnes ' is also in use, at least in poetry), desultory talk, cock 
and bull story. 

baut-le-corps (plur. * des haut-le-corps '), sudden start of the upper part 
qfthe body ; skip, bound (of horses). The compound seems to be of the same 
formation as the adverbial expressions ' haut-la-main ' (je joue haut-la- 
main), 'haut-le-pied.' Cf. also the military commands 'haut arme!' 
* haut le pistolet ! * 

mille-au-ffodet (plur. * mille-au-godet '), kind of very small pear. 

pied-4-terre = ' endroit oii Ton met pied k terre,' an occasional or momen- 
tary lodging or resting-pUuje (plur. * des pied-a-terre *). The compound, 
however, has become of so general use that it might without inconveni- 



k. 



THE GBNDEE OF MENTAL tlONCOBD. 59 

ence be considered as a perfect compound, and spelled in the plnral 
* pied-a-terres * or * piMaterres,' like * piMestal,' * pi^destanx/ 
piB-aller— 'la personne (ou la chose) a laquelle on s'adresse, ne pouvant 

s'adresser a plus mal/ last shift, last resource, the worst. 
poiu>eent= * ce qu'on paye, ce qu'on re9oit pour cent/ percentage, 
tdte«j^-tete (plur. ' t^te-a-t4te *) « * entretien t^te k t4te,' privaie interview 
or conversation ; also breakfast or tea things for two persons. The word 
is now very much in use, and might without inconvenience be considered 
as a perfect compound, and therefore spelled in the plural ' t^e-a-tetes.' 

e. Sentences used as Nouns.. 

qnl-vive. — * Etre sur le qui-vive/ qu'en dira-t-on, opinion, * Je me 

to be on the lookout, on the alerts moque du qu'en dira-t-on.* 

sauve-qni-peutf stampede. rendez-Tous, appointment, 

on-dlt, report, va^toat (at cards), one's all, 

Cf. also un 6ooiite«8'U-pleati a water-mill the water supply of which 
is often dried up; and the slang expressions: un il-pleut-dedans, a 
tumed-up nose ; un deorocbe-moi-^a, Jineri/ of the poor ; un vap-te- 
lewer, a blow with thefst, — * Un tiens vaut, ce dit-on, mieux que deux tn 
I'aiivas* {Lafontaine), 

65. It is plain that all accidental nouns were originally used as attri- 
butes — i,e, adjectvoely. Being, a^ such, retraosferred into the language and 
used as nouns, they are necessarily masculine.^ [See 95.] 

66* Thus are maflculine — a, Nouns taken as words (i.e, 
as the raw materials of speech), not as expressing an idea. 

*Que voulez-vous dire avec tons vos "madame"?' — Th, Barriere, 
Des * chut!* ^nergiques partaient de tons cot^s. 

* L'Arabe me g^nait avec ses " feu ! feu ! feu ! done ! " qu'il melait a set 
priires.' — J, Girard, 

67. h, I!Touns denoting colours, including rosOf palllOy 
soufiref puoOf etc. [see 89, 156,], used in the first instance 
as adjectives and converted into substantives of colour. 

68. c. Most modem names of industrial and chemical 
products, such as sulilEtte, sulfite, ohlorure [cf . infra, 104, 
130].2 

5. 

69. Names op Countries and Islands [Eule W, infra]* 
They are feminine, the words terra, regio, jprovincia, insula, 
being understood. 

> Or rather neuter, as they are in all languages — errare humanum est ; 
das Essen] etc. 

* The words corps, Ukmertt, or vn^tal are those to which they origi- 
nally refer. Those in ine — such as qnlnine, aniline — have the gender 
of phonic analogy [96 flf]. 



60 FBENCH GENDERS. 

Ex, : rxtallOy terra Italia ; ^ la Cyr^nalque ; rAmio- 
rlque ; la B^tlque ; I'AfHque ; la SloUe, insula Sicvla ; 
la CorsOf vnmla Corsica ; les ProTlnoes-BasqaeB ; les 
ProTinoes-ITaleB ; les Pays-Baa; les Btats-ITaiB; la 
Pranohe-Comt^p (Compare the modem Angrl^terref 
ZrlandOy and the English forms JreLAND, JceLAND.) 

70. Modern names of countries and islands follow the 
same rale through intellectual or phonic analogy [infra^ 96 £F, 
136]. 

Ex, : la PraaoOy rAngrleterre, rAlgr^He, la KabyHe, 
rAustralle, la JamaXquei la Martinique, la BoUande. 

71. Names of countries or provinces, generally small or 
otherwise unimportant, are masculine when they end in con- 
sonants or sounded vowels. Solum, oppidum, pa^uSj seem to 
be the words with which the original adjective agreed.* 

Ex, : le Ziatiumf le Canada, le Portngralf le S^* 
n^lT&lf le Danemark, le Poitou, I'Ai^oa, le Ziangrue- 
doo, le Valaia. 

72. The same principle applies to the few names of conn- 
tries which are masculine though ending in e mute — ^viz. 
TAttique, le . Bengrale, le Bigrorre, le Devonalilre 
(and other shires), TBpire, le Banovre, le Maine, le 
Mexique, le Mozambique, le P^lopontoe, le Perohe, 
le Ouerohe, le Rouerffue. 

6. 

73. Names op Eivees. 

Ex. : le Fleuve-Bleu, le Pleuve-Janne, la RlTiftre* 
Voire, TAube, Alba; I'Ari^g'e, Aurigera; le Ouadal* 
quiTir = * grand fleuve.' 

74. In Latin, the generic words for rivers being masculine 
or neuter — anvnisj fluvius, flumen — most of the celebrated 
rivers of antiquity had masculine names. These have, there- 
fore, in French, the gender of derivation [^supra, 14 ff]. 

Ex, : le Bhtoe, Rhodanus ; le Bhin, "Rhenus ; le Pdt 
Fadus\ le Tibre, Tiberis; le Tagre, Tagus; FSbre, Iber; 
rssoaut, Scaldis ; le Danube, Bamibius (Ister) ; le 1 



* ' La terre YtaiUe * (Brunetto Latini^ thirteenth century). 
' Phonic analogy [infra, 96 ff] has necessarily greatly influenced these 
genders. 



THE 6ENDEB Ot MENTAL CONCORD. 61 

«hdne (Don) ; le NU ; TSuphrate ; le Tigre ; le Oangre ; 

rZndas. But, la Seine, Seguana, 

75. There being, in Frencli, two generic nouns for * river ' 
— -fleuve (masc.) and riviere (fem.) — both genders must be 
expected, even at the expense of the gender of derivation, 
especially for French rivers. 

Ex,: Mascr, VJLvejron^Veronitis ; TAin, Idanw* ; le Cher, 
Caria ; le Gard, Yardo ; rZndre, Iifiger ; le ZiOlr, Lider ; le 
Ziolret (with modem suflSx), Ligerculus; le Var, Varus; le 
ZiOty OUis ; le Vauolusef Vallis clausa [see val]. 

Ex.: Fern,: rAlsnef Axona; TAube, Alba; la Drome, 
Druna; TZSuref Jutura; I'Zsdre, Isara; la Mayenne, Me- 
ducma ; TOlse, (Esis ; TOme, Olina ; la Satae, Saucona ; 
la Vlennei Vigenna ; rvonne, Icauna, 

76. Some of those may also have been masc. in Latin. The following 
hare changed from masc. into fem. bj application either of the present rule 
or of the rule of analogy [96 ff] : — 

L'Aude, Atax (masc); la Cliareiite« Carantonus ; la Dordogrne, 2>«- 
ranitts; I'SIbe, Albis (masc); la Oaronne, Garumna (masc); la Kolrev 
Liger (masc); la Mame, Natrona (mane); la Mense, Mosa (masc); la 
Moselle* Moseila (masc); la Tamlsev TamesiSf (masc) 

77. The names given in modem times to comparatively 
unknown rivers, or to rivers of distant countries, take the 
gender of analogy j sometimes the gender they have in the lan- 
guage which they come from. 

Ex. : le VolgrAf le Soiif le Dnieper, le Dniester, 
rOural, robiy TAmour, le Brahmapoutray le Boangr- 
BOy le Mississipiy ie ColoradOy le St.-Ziaurent, le &io 
de la Plata, le Paranay POr^noquey le Guadalquiviry 
le Zambdze, etc. ; la N^way la B^r^Bina, la Moskowa, 
la Dwinay la Xi^nay la Guadiana. 

7. 

78. Names of Mountains [Rule By infra'], Ex. : le Mont- 
BlanOy les Monta^nes-Bleues. Comp. Pyremm Monies. 

79. The two generic words, mont (masc.) for mountain' 
peaks or groups of mountains taken as a whole, and montagne 
(fem.) for large masses or chains [supra, 9], cause the two 
genders to be used. The latter are chiefly plural. 

Ex. : Masc, : a. le Mont- Araraty le Mont- AthoSy le 
Mont-Blancy le Mont-Carmelyle Mont-Ceni8,le Mont- 
Dore y le Mont-Btna or I'Btnay le Mont-B6 da or I'B^ day 
le Mont-Zda, le Mont-Ziiban or le Xiibany Mont- 



62 FBENCH GANDERS. 

martre (no article), le Mont-PamasBe or le Pamasse, 
le M6nt-PerdUf le Mont-Hosay le Mont-Taurua or le 
Taurus, le Mont-Thabor, le Mont-SinaX or le Sinid, le 
Mont-St.-Bemard or le St.-Bemard, le Blont-St.- 
Clothard or le St.-Gothard, le Mont-St.-Mlcliel, le 
Mont-V^suve or le V^suve. 

b. le Ballon, le Ben-Nevis, le Cotopaxl, le Chlm- 
borazo, le Dawalagrbirl, TBverest, le Jungrft^u, le Ma- 
ladetta, roijrmpe, le Pinde, le Popocatepetl, le Sim- 
plon, le Snowdon, le Soraote. 

c. le Plc-du-Mldl, le Plc-du-Cantal, le Plo-de- 
T^n^iiffe, le Puy-de-Ddme. 

d. les AUegranys, les Apennins, I'Atlas, les Bal- 
kans, le Caucase, les Grampians, rBlmalaya, le 
Jura, les Karpathes, I'Oural or les Monts-Ourals, les 
Monts-Scandinaves, le Taunus. 

Ex.: Fem,: les Alpes, les Andes, les C^vennes, les Cor- 
dUldres, les Montagrnes-Bleues, les Montagnes-Bo- 
cheuses, les Pyrenees, los Vosg^es (VogestLs) ; also la 
Sierra-XtXorena, Mariani Monies ; la Sierra-XTevada. 

It is plain that, phonic analogy has generally influenced the gender of 
names of mountains. 



80. Names of Towns. There is, however, such a variety 
in the words understood — urhs^ civitas, colonia^ villa^ oppidum, 
castrum, castra, castellum, vicv^^ pagus — besides the names of 
tribes and the Teutonic Burg, that the gender of analogy is 
necessarily preponderant. 

Ex.: Masc: Paris, Parisii; Xiondres, LoncZtnt^m ; Belnis, 
Bemi ; Ziyon, Lugdunum ; Bouen, Botomagits ; Besan9on, 
Vesontio ; Bftle, Basilea ; XVoyon, Noviodunum ; Auxois, 
Alesia. Of. also XiO Cairo, Zio Hkvref Zio Mans. 

Ex.: Fem.: Athdnes, Athenoe; iMUt^ce f Lutetia; Mar- 
seille, Massilia; Xia Fert^, Firmitas\ Zia Boehello 9 
Xia Ch&tre, Gastra ; Xia Meoque, Mecca \ Veniae, 
Florence, Berne. 

'81. Names of countries and towns personified are gene- 
rally feminine. * 

Ex. : Jerusalem, Sion, Zlion, dUbion. [Rule A, 

infra.'] 

' The very common expressions ' la ville de Paris,* ' la villo de Lyon/ 
etc., may lead us to consider all names of towns as feminine. 




THE GENDER OF MENTAL CONCORD. 63 

9. 

82. Names of Months. They were originally adjectives 
in Latin — Januarius, Aprilis, Martins, etc. [Rule Jf infra,'] 

10. 

83. Another very extensive application of the gender 
of mental concord is made to nouns originally used in the 
genitive or in the possessive case (sometimes in the ablative, 
instrumental, or even locative) — i.e. used adjectively, and as 
such qualifying, and assuming the gender of, the noon under- 
stood. [Rule Bf infra,\ 

Ex. : la {armee de) reserve, an (chien de) terre-neaTe, 
de la (toile de) batiste, an (chapeau de) featre, an 
(hannet de) loatre, an (sauvage a) peaa-roag'e, one 
(gravure a F) eaa-forte, an (bateau a) vapear, un 
(cabriolet de) remise, an (fauteuil a la) Toltaire, an 
(soldat de la) irA>^de-firan9aise, an (soldat de la) gr^rde- 
auisse, ane (tour de) babel, ane (glace a la) psych^. 

84. This gender might he. called aylleptic. It is plain that, in whatever 

oase these nouns were originally, they have ultimately become simple 
attributes. They are, therefore, of the same kind as those mentioned above 
{64], and only differ from them in not being originally adjectives. 

The principle is applied — 

85. a. To Names of Countries, Towns, etc., used to de- 
note A NATURAL OB MANUFACTURED PRODUCT OP SUCH COUNTRY, 

TOWN, etc. The gender is that of the name of the product. 
[Rule B, infra,"] 

Ex, : Masc. : da (vin de) bourgrogrne, da ohampaiTne, 
da romance, da cdte-rdtle, da saateme 9 da (cafe de) 
moka, da martlnlqae, du boarbon 9 du (frontage de) 
irruydre, da brie, du roquefort, da Chester 9 da 
(rhum de la) JamaXque 9 du (ble de) turqule 9 an (chdle 
de) cacbemlre 9 un (cigare de la) bavane 9 du (tabac 
de) ▼Irg'lnle 9 du (chasselas de) fontalnebleau 9 an 
(chapeau de) panama 9 du (tissu de, reseau de) tulle* 

Ex.: Fern.: de la (dentelle de) mallne, de la valen- 
cienne 9 de la (liqueur de la) cbartreuse 9 de la (chandelle 
de) bougrie I ^es (huitres d') ostendes 9 de la fine (eau de 
vie de) cbampagrne-^ 

* Sometimes, however, the gender of phonic analogy ovepmles this. 
Ex. : du cbantllly, Chantilly lace ; du cassis ; du cogruao ; du Tleux 
s^Tres ; etc. 




64 FBENCH GENDEKS. 

86. h. To Woods and to Manufactubed Goods which are 

DESIGNATED BY THE SUBSTANCE FBOM WHICH THET PBOCEED. The 

substance again decides the gender. 

Ex, : du (boi8 de) obdnOf de I'^bdne,^ du sapln 9 
da (jus de) r^grUsse, liquorice ; du (sue de) Ji^ube | do. 
{vemis) laque 1 de la (gomme) laque. 

87. c. To F^TE-DATS. The word * fete ' being nnderstood, 
these are feminine. [Rule IT, tw/ra.] 

Ex. : la (fSte de) St—Bartb^lemy 1 la St.- Jean, MicL 
summer ; la St.-Mlcbelf Michaelmas ; la Ml-Cardmei Mid^ 
Lent ; la Toussainty All Saints^ Bay ; la XVo^ly Christmas. 

88. d. To Names op Authobs, celebbated Publishebs, 
Abtists, Invbntobs, etc., used to designate theib wobks, in- 
ventions, etc. The word understood decides the gender. 

Ex, : an Voltalrey an J.- J. aoasseauy an Baffony 
an Stadlf an Blzevir, an F. Dldot, an BaphaSl, 
an Bembrandt 9 de la (toils de) balistey an (fusil) 
Gbassepoty ane (lamps) caroel. 

89. e. To Nouns designating cebtain objects known as to 
theib coloub, and used as Nouns of Coloub. These are all 
masculine [^Q7~\. 

Amarantey ceiise, ^carlate, feaille-mortey grorpe 
de pisreon, Jonqallley maavey noisettey oraxkigef pailley 
pace, rose 9 — bearre firaiSy marrony or, saflrany soafre. 
See rose, in the list of higsnsfi'ic nouns, 156, and Rule By infra. 
Cf. also an (chsval) isabelley a bay horse. 

90. /. To ALL Elliptical Compounds ob Expbessions 
[Rules Ay By Cly By iTi/Va]. Therefore — 

(1) To Sentences ob Pabts of Sentences used as Nouns. 
[See instances, supra, pp. 58, 59.] 

There are only a few feminine: alarnie='{l I'arme;' 
aversey showsr=^ pluie a verse;* entre-c6tey rib of beefy 
steak ; entre-voley space bstwssn the two lines of a railway ; 
Boas-iTorgrey throat-band. The three latter are evidentlj 
feminine by phonic analogy. 

(2) To Yebbal Attbibutives (compounds beginning with a 
verb). 

^ See supra i 17, note, and if^fra, 178 ff. 



THE GENDBB OF MENTAL CONCORD. 65 

Ex.: Masci nn gr^te-saucey a sorry cooJc^ a scullery hoy ; 
nn abat-JouTf a lamp-shade ; un. portefbulllei a pocket- 
booh ; nn passe-port ; nn passe-partouty a latch-key ; nn 
passe^lacet, a bodkin ; nn ordve-ccBur, a Keart-s(yre ; nn 
bocbe-queuOf a wagtail ; nn .vide^pocbe ; nn boucbe- 
bouteiUe ; nn ▼a-nu-pledSy a tatterdemalion, [See Rule G.] 

Fern,: nne gr^rde-inaladey a female sick-nurse \ g^arde- 
robe I perce-nelgref snowdrop ; perce-feuilley hare's ear ; 
peroe-plerre, sea fennel ; perce-rocbey tube-warm ; peroe- 
maraiUe, Spanish cam^omile. These are the only feminineg. 

(3) To PossESsivB (or Relative) Compounds. 

IJx. : Ma^c.i nn beo-de-lldvrey a person with a hare-lip ; nn 
blano-beoy a beardless boy ; nn brdebe-denty a gap4oothed 
person ; nn oul-de-Jatte, a cripple ; nn pied^platy a rascal^ 
a sorry fellow ; nn pied-boty a club-footed person ; nn ronge^ 
Crorgre, a redbreast ; nn miUe-pledB, a polypode ; nn peau- 
rouflrei a Bed Indian \ nn terre-neuvey a Newfoundland 
dog. 

Fern,: nne sans-denty a toothless woman \ nne sans- 
coDor ; nne (prnne de) relne-claude, a greengage ; nne 
(flenr a) mllle-grx'AinoSf rupture-wort-^ nne (gravnre h, V) 
ejau-fortOy etthing^ 

91. Observations on the Compounds, 

There are, in French, three categories of compound nouns. 

1. Appositjoital Determinatives (or Appositives). 

2. Dependent Dbtebminatives (or Detekminatives). 

3. Eixiptical Compounds, including — 

a. Sentences or Parts op Sentences used as Compound Nouns. 

b. Verbal Attributives. 

c. Possessive (or Eelative) Compounds. 

There exist a few instances of Copulative Compounds (the Sanskrit 
dwandtva) ; as, un cbaud-flroid, la rougre-et-noire, un Ta-et-vlent. 

There are also a few instances of Numeral Determinatives (the San- 
skrit dwigu) ; as, un trois-iii4t8, les cent-ffardes* les qainse-Tingts. 
The most remarkable, however, are mlllefeallle, mlll6porev where the 
plurality does not afiect the form. Cf. also un cent-garde, uu quinxe- 
vinfftf la Toussaintf All Saints' Day. 

Compounds of any category are perfect when the constituent elements 
are blended into one word. 

Ex.: Appositives: bonheary primtempSp bonhommev ffentU- 
bommev maladresse* sauvevarde. 

Determinatives : ffendarmei pi^destal, TaudeTille. 

Sentences or Parts of Sentences : bonjonr, alentouTy aplombf 
embonpoint* et^oui 



66 FBBNCH GEKDBBS. 

Verbal Attbibutitss : pttraplaie, porteHUKy faineant. 
Pos8sssiY£s OB BsiATiYEs : b^Jauii^v miUespdce. 

1. The Appositional Detbrmixatitb or Apposititb Compotjnd. 

This coQBists of a substantive, on word used us such, determined (modi- 
fied) either by an adjective or a noun used adjectivelj, or by an adverbial 
or prepositional prefix. 

Ex,: grand-p^re* petlt-fll8« contre-amlral, soas-lieatenant ; 
cliat-liiiantf olAeau-moaclie ; bas-fond, sanff-froid; bome-fon- 
taine, salaie-airdt ; aTant-grarde* contre-ordre. Compare Lat. 
reapfihlioa, jusjvrandum^ auh-centurio (Plautus). 

The determinative element of this compound, when not a prefix, is in 
apposition to the main noun. 

As a rule it stands first ; but when it is a noun used adjectivelj, or one 
of the adjectives usunlly placed after the noun (adj. of colour, form, etc., 
or present and past participles used adjectively), it is generally placed last. 
This applies chiefly to the more modern compounds. 

The appositional-determinative compound is the karmadhdraya of San> 
skrit grammar, with this difference : that the determinative element, when 
an adjective or noun, is not invariable, as in Sanskrit. Thus the plural of 
olseau-mouclie is oiseaux-moucbes ; of ffentUbommev ffentUs- 
bomines. 

The gender of the appositional- determinaiive compound noun 
is that of the main substantive, whatever its place may be, 

[See, however, the elliptical compounds rouffe-g-org'e, rougre-aile, 
rouffe-queuev rose-gr or^e, ronsse-tetef cb^vre-feaiUe, ro0e-croiz« 
entre-odte, entre-voie.] 

2. The Dependent Dftbbminativb or Dbtebminative Compound. 
This consists of a substantive, or any word used as such, determined by 

another substantive in an oblique case — genitive, dative, ablatire, instru- 
mental, or locative. 

Ex.: fete-Bleu, tlmbre-poste, wers-^soiev bacbolier-^s- 
lettreSf arc-en-clel ; gendarme ^'gent darme,' pi6destal »'pied 
d'estal.' Lat. paterfamilias^ crucijixus. Germ. TtufeUbrucke, CarUruhe. 
Eng. DeviVs-dyke, postage-stamp. 

The determinative element of the compound is dependent from, or 
governed by, the main substantive. 

This compound is the tatpurusha of Sanskrit grammar, with this diffe- 
rence : the determinative element in Sanskrit and in the Teutonic lan- 
guages stands first ; the analytical character of the French language causes 
it to be thrown usually into the second place. 

The gender of the dependent-determinative compotmd is neces- 
sarily that of the main noim, 

S. The Elliptical Compound. 

Any part of speech may be used as a substantive. Ex. : le blanc, le 
noir; )e pour, le centre; le savoir, le pouvoir. 

It is, then, in apposition to, or determinative of, some noun or pronoun 
understood — * ce qui est blanc,' ' ce qui est noir,* etc. 




N 



THE GSNDSB OF MENTAL CONCORD. 67 

Ompo«m2 adjectives, eompotmd adverbs, compound verbs (infinitives), 
may of course be used in the same manner. Ex.: le noir-bleu, le gris-fonc^, 
le dedans, le dehors, le vis-a-vis, le savoir-vivre. 

Cnrnpound nouns themselves — i.e. Appositivbs and Detkbmikatives — 
may in their turn be used in apposition to, or as determinative of, some 
noun understood. Ex. : un (oiseau ajant une) roaffe-fforv e ; la (flte de) 
St.-Jean« 

Lastly, sentences or parts of sentences may also be turned into nouns. 
Ex. : un on-dlt, un aoomptey un portefeulUe. Cf. ' H vous faut ' est 
fort bon {Andrieux), 

Ellipticax. Comfoxtnds €ire<, therefore^ those in which the main noun is 
understood. 

Their gender is necesscmly sylleptic [84] — i.e. it is that of the 
nown understood, 

a. Sektekces ob Pasts of Sentbncbs used, as C!oMPouin> Nouns. 
They are almost invariably masculine. See instances, supra, pp. 58, 59. 

b. VkBBAL ATTBIBUTrVBS. 

These are of various kinds ; but the name applies chiefly to those 

FOBMBD WTTH MODBBN FbjSNCH TbANSITIVB VbBBS, IN THE 3rD FbBS. 

SiNO. Prr8. Ikiiic, followkp by a Noun in the Objbctivb Casb. 
Ex.'. portefiUZf porte-drapeau* portefeuille, porte-volx. 

They denote agents, or form attributive nouns of sexal or non-sexal 
beings. 

They are very numerous (more than 700), and their number is daily 
increasing from the necessity of creating new scientific and especially in- 
dustrial terms. See the compounds made with garder, passer, porter, 
tirer. 

Their modem character is shown by the fact that almost all the verbs 
belong to the first conjugation, and are seldom of pure Latin origin. 

The verbal attributive compound, as it is constituted in French — 
viz. a verb in a conjugated form without a substantival suffix — appears 
to be peculiar to the Eomance languages. Cf. Span, destripaterrones, 
field labourer ; sacacorchos, tire-bouchon, corkscrew ; guardaropa, garde-robe, 
etc.; the Ital. passaporto, passatempo, guardaropa, portacasa, etc. The 
German Mensehenfresser, Bildhauer, TaugeniclUs, Wolhthat, etc., do not 
offer the same characteristics ; nor do the more nearly related English 
compounds breakfast, breakwater, dreadnought, makeshift, m/mntehank, pick- 
pocket, scarecrow, stopgap, skinflint, etc. Lastly, the classical verbal attribu- 
tive is also of a different formation. Cf. K<i»Twpd'yos, <l>w<r<f>6pos, agricola, 
haruspex, parricida, etc. Many of these have passed bodilg into French. * 

The verbal attributive compormde are all masculine. 

The verb being the main element, the compound could only take the 
gender given to all accidental substantives. 

See, however, une irftrd^-niAlade, la perce-nei|r6 [supra, 90]. 

* Oxgghte, hydrogkne, are compounds of the same kind, although badly 
formed. 

F 2 



68 FBENOH OENDEBSt 

c. Possessive (or Bblatite) Oohpqttmds. 

A compound of this kind consists of a substantive detennined bj an 
adjective or by a uotm in an oblique case, the whole being itself referred to 
a noun understood. 

It is therefore either an apposUive or a determnative used to describe a 
noun understood. 

It denotes the owner — ^generally a living being — of the thing or quality 
described by the words joined together. 

Ex.: un pean-rouffef a red-skinned Indicm; un rouffe-fforgre* a red^ 
breast ; un blano-becp a beardless youth. 

Or it may denote what the noun understood is belonging to (as cbevaii- 
I^g^er, cent-ffarde), assimilated to (as conrte-botte), proceeding from 
(as terre-neuve), named after (as reine-olaude). 

It corresponds, especially when denoting the owner, to the bahuwihi of 
Sanskrit grammar. 

The gender of the possesswe or relative compound is neces^ 
sarily sylleptical—^x. that of the main nown vmderstood. 

92. The necessity of a short comisercial and business 
phraseology has produced, and continues daily to produce, a 
large number of similar elliptical expressions and compounds. 

Ex, : les oonsolld^s, consols ; les Paris-Xiyon, les Or^ 
l^ans, les P^ruviens, les Turos — i.e. the shares, deben- 
tures, etc., of public companies, state loans, etc., as quoted on 
'Change.^ 

93. To this category also belong the innumerable culinary 
expressions used in French restaurants.^ 

Ex.: une (cdtelette a la) soublse, an (biftec a la) 
obateaubrlant, on (plat de haricots) fiagreoletf une 
entrecdte bordelalse, on poulet marengrOf on bCBuf 
It la mode, une sole (a la sauce) normande, des 
ponunes It la maitre dli6tely on TOl-au-Tent finan* 
oldre, des blancbettes It la dlable. 

94. It is often difficult, sometimes impossible, to analyse 
such nouns or to complete the sentences which have under- 
gone the ellipsis. Thus — 

un mancBUvre ^ un ouvrier qui fait de la manceuvre (main 

d'oeuvre). 
un paillasse = un bateleur dont Thabit est fait avec de la 

toile k paillasse, 
nne pantomime = une danse, une piece, une action, oii 

figure un pantomime. 

* 'Que fuisaient les Strasbourg?' — Th. Bahbiere, Faux Bonshommes. 
' Also at English public dinners, where the menu is too generally 
fnntcd in very objectionable French. 



THE GENBEB OF KENTAL CONCailD. 69 

nn pr^sal^ = nn gigot d'nn mouton 61eY6 dans les pr^s 

sal^s des bords de la mer (Welsh mutton). 
nn queue de rat = 1111 cigare qui a la forme d'nne qnene 

de rat. 
nn queue de mome = nn habit dont les basqnes ont la 

forme d'nne qnene de mome. 
nn trompette = nn soldat dont la fonction est de sonner de 

la trompette. 

See also, in the list of higeneric nouns [1 56], aldef cor- 
nettef crittquey oustodey grarde* poUtlquey etc. 

In a few the nonn seems simply in apposition to the nonn 
nnderstood. Thns exiBtode= fratrem cu^todem. 

95. The following mle may be adopted : — 
' Sylleptic nonns,' whatever the original phrase may have 
been, have, after the ellipsis, become simple attributive nouns 
in apposition to the chief nonn — i.e, qnalificative adjectives. 
Seisg, as such, retransferred into the language, they follow 
the general rules of accidental substantives, and are therefore 
znasculine. [See 65, and Bules Df Bf rnfra,'] 



i 



70 ¥REI^Cn GENDEBS. 



CHAPTER III. 
TEE OENDEB OF ANALOGY. 

96. The Gender of Analogy is assnmed by nouns, in conge- 
qnence of their similarity in sound, form, or meaning with 
other noans, numerous enough to constitute a class, and whose 
gender is already fixed. 

97. The similarity, or analogy, may be phonic or inteU 
lectudl. 

98. Analogy — especially phonic analogy — is frequently 
more powerful than the original gender of derivation, and over- 
rules it. 

Ex, : les Pyrto^es (fern.), Pyrencei Monies ; les Vossrea 
(fem.), Yogesus ; la Ziolre, Llger ; I'Aude (fem.), Atax ; la 
GbarentOy Garantonus ; la Tamisef Tamesis ; le tiblaf le 
r^B^da. [73 ff, 78 ff, 177 ff.] 

99. It sometimes supersedes also the gender of mental con-^ 
cord. Ex.'. du boenff du moutony du veau, for * de la viands 
de boeuf,' etc.; du oogrnaoy du kirsob, du nojrauy for 'de 
Teau de vie de Cognac,' etc. ; du cbantlllyy for ' de la den- 
teUe de Chantilly.' [See 85.] 

1 00. Analogy also 'accounts for some otherwise nnexplainable changes 
of gender that have occurred in the passage of nouns from Latin into 
Prench. [See infra, 166 ff.] 

A. THE GENDER OF PHONIO ANALOGY. 

101. The gender of Phonic Analogy, or analogy in the sotmd 
or form of words, is applied to nouns of (at least relatively) 
modem formation or importation. 

The number of such nouns is veiy considerable. New ones are intro- 
duced veiy frequently. 

102. Phonic Analogy accounts for the gender of the follow- 
ing categories of nouns : — 



THE GENDER OF ANALOGY. 71 

1. 

Nouns formed with Latin Suffixes. These take the 
gender indicated by the suffix. Thus — 

103. Are masculine, nouns ending in — 

agre 9 as, bavardagrOf chattering ; graBplllagroy waste ; like 
YOjage, viaticum ; suffra.^e, suffragium. [Rule 2f, infra.'] 

ao 9 as, tabao, almanaoh ; like sac, saccus ; lac, lactts. 

ctin 9 as, terrain, ground ; d^daln, disdain ; like grain, gra- 
num; esaatm, examen. 

ctlr 9 as, Eclair, lightning ; flair, scent ; like air, aer. 

Cils 9 as, blalBy slant ; rabals, deduction ; like palai^, pala- 
tium. 

Bl 9 as, arohal, wire ; slgrnal ; like canaZ, canalis, 

an 9 as, ruban, turban ; like an, annus. 

ard 9 as, canard, duck ; ^plnard, spinach ; like lard, laridum. 

as 9 as, oabas, hand-basket ; taffetas ; like cas, casus. 

at 9 as, combat, septennat ; like contra^, contractus. 

eau 9 as, plun&eau, oarreau ; like chateau, castellum. 

Isme 9 as, soclallsme, r^publloanlsme ; like pmme, pris- 
ma', cat6ch^sme, catechismus. [Rule UK, infra.] 

ment 9 as, olassen&ent, classifying ; ^obappement ; like 
sermewi, sacramentum. [Rule Zi, infra.] 

104. Are feminine, nouns ending in — 

ace 9 as, place 9 rosace, rose-window ; like face, faciem. 

ade 9 as, grambade, gambol ; pon&made ; like \\\ade. 

ale 9 as, cbdnale, oak-grove ; Altaic, timber-trees ; fougre- 

rale, fernery ; like aunaie, alnetum, alder-plot ; olivaie, 

olivetum, olive grove, [Rule V, infra.] 
alne 9 as, porcelalne ; like-lat'ne, lana, wool ; chaine, catena. 
al8on9 as, cargralson, cargo-, d^n&angrealson, itching-, 

like maison, mansionem; yenaison, venationem. [Rale S, 

infra.] 
ance, ence, anse, ense 9 as, outreculdance, conceit; nu- 
ance, hue, shade ; faience, crockery ; quittance, receipt ; 

like Constance, science, constantia, scientia. [Rule S-] 
esse 9 as, presse ; like pB.resse, pigritia. [Rule V, infra.] 
enr 9 as, senteur, fragrance ; pesanteur, weight ; ron- 

deur; like padeur, doulettr. [Rule T, infra.] 
ihre 9 as, poudrldre, powder-mill ; meurtrldrcy loophole ; 

like mati'ere^ materiem. 



72 ntENCH 6EI9DEBS* 

Ine f as, quinine, morplilne, bandoline ; like epincy spinas 

thorn ; farine, farina,^ 
Ise I as, marobandlBe 9 bisef north wind ; like egU'^e, ecclesia. 
le I as, bougrlef tabagie ; like vie, vita, [Rale V, infra,'] 
olrei as, ni4cbolref j'at^ ; lardolre, larding-pin; HkeglotVe, 

gloria ; memoire, memoria, [Rule 0-] 
t^ I as, polarity 9 m^clianoet^y wickedness ; like liberie, 

lihertatem, [Rule Q>3 
tlon, Blon, xlon, grion, nlon. [Rule &.] 

Except nouDS in oebe {orium, oriam) and those in ice (itiumf itiamiy 
hardly any other nouns have been formed with Latin suffixes which form 
both masculines and feminines. 

2. 

105. Not only purely Latin suffixes but endinqs op ant 
OBIGIN serve as patterns for the gender of phonic cmalogy. 
Thus, are masculine — 

106. a. Nouns ending in a sounded votoeh [35 ; 40, -4, 1*^ ; 
176; 177; Rule li, wi/ra.] 

Ex. : alln^a 9 baba, a hind of cake ; boa 9 dadai hohhy ; 
fitlbala 9 gtOa 9 mloa 9 v^da 9 — d^» thimble ; doyenne, 
deanery ; marob^f market ; — aloall 9 Stilly case ; ampbi- 
grourl9 cbarivaii9' — coco, cocoa-nut; oaGao9 ^Gb0 9 z^ro 9 
— ^fiobUy kerchief; z^ba9 — qaal9 gToaif jcf^', — amadoa, 
tinder; covlcovl^ 8aerou9 — ^fHGandeau9 oabllau, cod; 
fourreau, sheath ; — alleu, allodium^ freehold; aveui avowal; 
— octroi 9 paleflroi. 

107. h. Notms ending in a consonant, [35 ; 49, A, 2? ; 170, 
177, Rule 1..] 

Ex.: dub 9 rob 9 — heOfheak; ala]nbi0 9 caoatcboac9 — 
plaid 9 plafond, ceiling ; — fief 9 tarif 9 oanif 9 tuf 9 — col- 
baok 9 vareob 9 brick, hrig ; — alcool 9 bol, howl ; fti8il» 
gun; — islam 9 — grrcdln, rogvs; moyen, means; ^axnin,^ 
urchin ; — cap, cape ; cep, vine-stock ; — dollar 9 bangTAr, 
shed; s^cbolr, drying-room; affiloir, whetstone; — obas* 
shell ; talus, slope ; vergrlas, sleety frozen rain ; — cobalt | 
pot 9 afffit, gun-carriage ; babut, chest, trunk ; endroit 
(an droit), the right side, place; agruets (d guet), watch^ look* 
out ; — flux, flow, 

1 Even chemical nouns, Such as qnlnine, aniline, etc. [68 and note.] 
* The names of days, except nimancbe, might also take their place 
here : &undl« IkKardtf etc., end in a sounded rowel. [31, note, S6, 162.] 



1 



THE GENDER OF ANALOGY. 73 

108. c. Nouns ending in mute e with imptibe j^en/uUi/irulte* 
[42 ; 49, B, V> ; 176, 177, and Rale W.] 

Ex,: cadastre! oamphrei oasquoy helmet; grin* 
grembre, ginger ; ^ivre^ hoar-frost ; havroy hcuoen; 
Uosque f Ziouvre 9 meurtre, murder; tertre, knolU 

109. Are feminine, nouns ending in a mute e Receded eith^ 
by a vowel [Rale V], or by a duplicate consonant [Rale V], or 
by a PUBE consonant [Rule Z. See also 48 ; 187 ; 49, B, 2^, 

Ex.: alarme;^ aatlquailloi old stuff; barrOf ba/r*y 
bouoy mud; buvettey refreshmsnUhar; oalebassey calabash ; 
carafe, decanter ; ohloarmey convicts^ guard ; coliaey crowd ; 
compagrniOy company ; coqueluohey hooping cough ; ore- 
tonne % douclie % Epaulette % ^toffe 9 force % graze 9 
gruimpe % halte % hutte % jambe, leg ; mansardCy attic ; 
ond^Cy shower ; rampcy banister ; valse. 

3. 

110* Modern Derivatives from Verbs. 

Ex,: Masc. [Rule Zi] : d^blaly clearing, rubbish; d^lalf 
esusal 9 remblaiy embankment ; from ' deblajer,' etc. 

appuiy support ; cri, cry ; d^fiy defiance ; oublly forgetfuU 
ness ; parly betting ; plly fold ; from verbs ' appuyer,' * crier,* 
etc. 

envoiy sending ; renvoiy sending bach ; from verbs ' en* 
voyer,' etc. 

radouby repairing a ship ; regrardy loolc ; r^graly treat ; 
d^grely thaw ; voly theft ; convoly second marriage ; reouly 
withdrawing ; grain 9 d^daln, disdain ; flair, smelling, scent ; 
Eclair, lighimng ; pleur^ tear [see 192] ; an&aSy heap ; aboSy 
abuse; briSy breaking; 6bat, sport; d^baty debate; from 
verbs * radouber,' * regarder,' etc. 

Ex, : Fern, [Rule Z] : approcbe % reprocbe 9 marcbe 9 
recbercbe % nagre, swimmvng ; rallongre, leaf of a table ; 
d^cbargrOy discharge ; ^pargrne, samng ; attaque 1 de« 
mande f commande 9 balsse, fall ; remorque, towing ; 
dispute 9 trempe, temper (of steel) ; from verbs ' approcber,' 
•reprocber,' etc. 

> The newly formed t6l6grramine» t6l^hone, phonographe, are 

masc., in imitation ofgrammey teUgraphe^ etc. 
' But not ViUiarrMi which is masc. 



A 




74 FRENCH GENDERS. 

111. These nouiw might be called the crude forms of the verbs.* They 
are seldom derived from strong verbs. 

They must not be confounded with the nouns from which verbs {de- 
nominatives) are themselves derived, such as bdohe* baohOf t&ol&efl 
4ideef balance, cube, fflaoe* lance, nuance, plomb, etc., from which 
becheTj hacker^ tdcher, Spicer, balancer, cuberfglacery lancer, miancer,plombert 
etc. 

Nor should the verbal attributive compounds (those beginning with a 
verb) [supra, 90, 91] be confounded with them. The latter are really 
verbs, generally with an objective case, and accidentally used as substan- 
tives, while those under consideration are actual derivations. 

Ilia. There exist a few exceptional nouns of this kind. 
BranlOy blftmoy caique, ohangre, oonte, prdohe, pre- 
lude, reproohe, rdve* r6'verhhre9 are mascnline, while 
d^bftolOf ottte, rafle, renoontrOf are feminine. Bnt the 
very fact of their exceptional gender shows that some of them, 
at least are not derived from verbs. The gender may therefore 
sometimes give a clue to the etymology. Thns bllUnef 
calquei ohangre, oonte, are more probably derived from 
the Italian hiasimo, calco, camhioy conto, than fix)m the verba 
hldmer, calquery changer, conterj whilst allege, ja/iige, hge, nage^ 
are really derived from alUger, jauger, loger, nager, [122, 177, 
186.] 

112. Onomatop(eic Nouns, 

Ex. : le orinorln du violon ; le ollquetis des armes ; 
le flafla, le rataplan dn tambonr ; le firoufirou de la soie ; 
le grloug'lou de la bouteille ; le ronron du chat ; le rran de 
la mousqueterie ; le tiotao dumoulin; un oouao (familiar), 
a false note ; un oriori, a cricket ; un oouoou, a cuckoo ; le 
flonflon, the hwrden of a song ; un tan&tam ; une gpargronlUey 
a waterspout ; probably also oharivari. 

113. Such words as clapotcTnent, grognement, hurlement, mtatdement, mu^ 
gissement, rugissement, glapissement, roucouleTnent, etc., cannot he daaaed 
under the same head. They are secondary derivatives. 

114. Latin Words of ant kind used as Substantives in 
THEIR Latin Form. 

The following, ending either in a sounded vowel or a conscH 

' Littr^ has refrained from stating this. Nor does he state that these 
nouns are derived from the verhs ; he simply shows the relationship between 
the noun and the verb by referring the learner to the latter. 



THE aBNDBR OF ANALOGY. 75 

nant, are all mascnline [49, A ; Bale !■], although the Latin 
notm is sometiiiieB feminine. 

Nouns m the nominative.^ 

Bx,: cbonis, cnbitus, foetus, AmgriiSf lilatiuiy bam^- 
rus, muGUSy papyrus, prospectus, radius, sinus, 
'Vims f also convolvulus, lotus, and other flowers. 

as, pancreas, lapis, orchis, biceps, forceps, bo- 
rax, index, silex, thorax. 

abdon&en, examen, grluten, hymen, lichen, pollen, 
specimen. 

album, compendium, crit^rium, decorum, fitc- 
tum, Ibrum, gr^ranium, maximum, medium, mini- 
mum, n&us^un&, palladium, palliun&, pensun&, ulti- 
matum. 

assaftetida, grloria, harmonica, hortensia, mica, 
op^ra, placenta, r^m6ra, r^s^da, ttoia, tibia. 

cancer, f<$mur, liber. [106, 180.] 

Nouns m the ablative or locative. 
Ex, : Iblio, num^ro, recto, verso. 

Nov/ns in the ablative 'preceded by a preposition, 
Ux,: alin^a, apart^, ex-voto, in-lblio, in-octavo, 
in-pace, impromptu, post-scriptun&, prorata. 

Nouns in the dative or ablative plural, 
Ex. : omnibus, quibus, r^bus. 

Adverbs. 

Ex. : alibi, item, interim. 

Verbs. 

1st person. Ex. : credo, lavabo, v^to, confiteor, 
or^mus. 

2nd person. Ex.: av^ or av^ Karia, sal^^, bto^dicit^, 
Jub^, memento, mis^r^r^, nota, nota-b^n^, par^atis. 

3rd person (pros, indie, perf., or pres. subj.) Ex. : acc^s- 
sit, d^bet, deficit, exeat, fiat, exequatur, magrnificaty 
vivat, placet, satisfecit. 

Infinitives or Participles. Ex. : agrenda, duplicata, er- 
rata, m^n&orandum, visa, r6e6piBB6s 

Elliptical sentences, or fi/rst words of songs y prayers, etc. 
Ex.: nn fitctotum, nn fitc-simile, le habeas-corpus, 
nn boni, nn meA-culp4, le nee plus ultra, nn noli me 

* Vlrairor Lat. virago, a masculine womany is feminine according to its 
etymology. The tendency is, hoveyer, to make the word masculine. 



76 HKENCH GISKBERIS, 

tangrerOf tin sine qua non, le statu quo antOf tm qni- 
proquoy un vade-meoam. 

L'AngreluB, nn ave* nn pater, le De proAmdlSy la 
l>le8 irsBy le nKagrnifioat, le Requiem, le Stabat mater, 
uu Te Deum, le Salve-regrina. 

115. Greek words taken into the language in their original 
form are treated like the Latin words. 

Ex,i un alpba, un om^gr^^f le delta du Mil, un lota, 
un dioran&a, un panorama, un tr^ma, Titbos et le 
pathos (MoHere), le t^tanos. 

6. 

116. The Letters of the Alphabet. 

Those which are pronounced with a vowel-ending — i.e. 
a, M, c^, d^, ^, gr^f U Jiy l^a, o, p%, qu, t^, u, v^, double 
▼^f y (jBvee) — are always masculine. 

Those with a consonant-ending are frequently considered 
as ending in a mute e* Thus effe (or dfe), ache, elle, 
«mme, enne, erret esse, ixe, are generally made feminine. 

zed (or zdde) is always masculine. 

The modem names given by some grammarians to conso* 
nants — ^be, ee, de, etc. — ^are invariably masculine. 

7. 

117. Sling !N"ouns. 

They are mentioned here because a number of them have gradually 
passed into the familiar language, and there exists a tendency to adopt 
many more. 

The following are among the most usual i^^ 

Masculikb. FsMxinKB. 

ba4Sbo=baccalaur^t, £.^ binette, W(2. 

baiTOiit volubUity, blaguer fwnsensef bosh, 

barbotf duck. boufREurdet jpipe, 

blblot s bagage, things, b onstifUUei solid and liguidygrub^ 

bobOf slight ailment. brlmadei bullying, 

boliyaTf hat. oaboobe* head, 

bouean » vacarme, roWt noise, dariolei blow, 

caloquetf hat^ bonnet. Hklbine^ ^verty^ ruin, 

camoiiilety box on the ear, d^veine, bad luck. 

oanoan, tittle-tattle. eflbrouffer boasting^ assuming oirt, 

obarablai lingo^ gibberish, flenunei laziness, 
obic » cachet artistique, skUl, knack, ilonerief cheating ^ chiselling, 

cheese. fonoadei a sudden idea. 

cooOf horse, fttsaefpretendingtfeigning^ 



TEE QENPEB Qt ANALOGT. 



77 



Hasculxnb. 

dada» hohhi/. 

dandilloOf hell. 

dodoi sleep, bed, hy-hy, 

f aAoty bank-note, 

fenolioiiv sabre. 

iloiif finishing touch. 

ttovitoUf rustling of silk, 

piaf I jpride. 

plcallloni moneys tin, 

pif, large nose. 

poUn — commerage, tittle-tattle, 

^nttt puffy bankruptcy, 

raMaffe, income. 

rabiot, remains of soup, etc 

raeontar, tittle-tattle, 

raflTOty absurd tale, 

ralsln^i blood. 

rlflardf v/mhreUa. 

rlqniqnl, brandy. 

rooooOf something out cf fashion, 

rondin, cudgel. 

rottn* cudgelf stick, 

0iirin« poniard, 

tontouv dog, 

tmCffear, 



Fbminin«. 
MmoumBe,face. 
irabeirl6i cheating, mess, 
trarffamelle, throat. 
irarffottei low eating-house, 
flrnogrnottet worth-nothing. 
grogruettet m,erry-making,J€iUym 

marffonlettei throat, 

paiine« misery. 

parlotte, a place where speaking is 

going on. 
piolle, house, dram-shop. 
popotte* mess, table d'hote. 
pot-bonille, soup. 
raol^e, thrashing. 
raffalet misery, poverty. 
ratadoaille poor dish, bad mess^ 
rebiffe, vengeance. 
Tibottef jollification. 
rigroladet jdHfi^cation, 
■auc^e, shower. 
talocbe, box on the ear, 
tatonllle* a thrashing, 
toquade* funny idea, 
trlpot6ef a thrashing. 



There exist, of course, a number of slang nouns applied to 

persons, 

Jg7aj.; g'abelou=c2omimer ; gralaplat=rMsfo-e ; irniaf= 

savetier] JooIlo = boulcmger ; ptLea,nt=hrute ; pandore = 

gendarme ; patapou^ a stout fellow ; ta,pin=tamho7ir ; tour- 

lourovL^fantassin ; voyou, a cad ; youdre, Jew, 

The foregoing is original slang. A great number of ordi- 
nary words are used with a slaDg meaning. Ths gender seldom 

changes. 

Instances, 

Feminine. 



Masculinb. 

abattlBf the arms and hands, 
bouillon, loss of money. 
oanard, false report, humbug. 
oaporalf common tohacco. 
casque & xndcbe, nif^htcap. 
cbieSf originality, skill. 
d6crocbe-mol-«ay second-hand 

bonnet. 
^telgrnolTf nose. 
g^alopf reprimand, jaw. 
gnirelota volubility, tongue. 



balancoire, mystification. 

balle, head, franc. 

betteravOf long nose. 

botte, room, house, 

bobinef head. 

boulette* blunder. 

briocbe, mistake, wrong step, 

camardOf death. 

oarottef cheating. 

oollOf lie, probational examination, 

ooloqulntei large head. 



L 



78 FEBNCH QBNDBBS. 

MiBcDLiHB. FEHTirara. 

manve, cotiart umbrella, gingham. oonlfmr, lie. 

(Btl, crrdil, tick. danae, thrathiag. 

roblnaon, umbrtUa. d^gelie, thrtiahing. 

■no. dUmU»al, mmey. Vihsremmo, bug. 

>aer6-«blen, brandy. nooe, mgrry-making. 

■aplD. cab, coffin. jilMlae. ,71^16 toaqve. 

MLVon, reproqf. Jaw. rae-au-pBln, f ^ronf . 

■olflll (coup de). &Iu«^in(;. scte, iore, praclical j'oie. 

■ulvea-mol Jeitne bomme, a sorlioniie, ^nin. 

Mad of omamBBt ona ladyadreM. tartlne, Joag ^n otrf ipeech. 

trot*-BlXi brandy. t£te o»rr6e, G&mvai. 

1, &i'. toquante, watch. 



118. wobds lufobted fbom fo&eiom, cbiefli modbbm, 
Lahouaoes. 

o. Ekglish [56]. 

Masc. : amendement, bill, badsTOt, olnb, comttd 
[Rnle Q], meetdne:, Belf-^OTomiasnt. 

drawback, Jury, toast, verdict, warrant. 

express, rail, tender, tlolcet, train, tramwayt 
tunnel, vladnc, waff on. 

brlok, hrig \ ohalonpa, slnop; esqnlf, ekiff; m&t, magt-, 
paqnebot, packet-boat ; steamer 1 trlbord, starboard ; 
b&bord, larloard; yacht f Tole.' 

gallon, sblUliv (pron. ' cbelin '), penny, tertbli^:, 
yard. 

bonllnff rln, howling-green ; crtoket, sport, tnrf. 

blfteo, ffroff, Inncb, ptokle, pnddlnfr, sandwlolii 
rosblf. 

maoklntosli, irtdiarahber overcoat ; milord, kind of cab ; 
stick, speeok, waterproof whiskey, wklst. 

Fern. : boxc, foshlon [Bale B], locomotive, redlngrote 

(= riding-eoai), station. 

Hess is fern, by phonic analogy ^th ' mease;' sqnare 
is maac. \>j intellectual analogy with ' cairS ; ' pubUc-bonse, 
with ' cabaret.' Mental concord with ' jonmal ' and phoBic 

' The Dfimes of celebrated English etiips or men of'W&r sboald flsnmle 
be maseuline by menrdl concord with ' viti HBeiiu ' or'uaTire' [S3 ff]. Ex.: la 
Seller opbOD, le SreHOaoitrbt, le BrttiuiniB, le VtotorT-. Yet wb^D 
the name is a French feminine noun or «dje(tive the feminine gender 
ebould be preferred— In Vlotorteoae, la Vftlenreox); tlierefore also la 
Britannia. 



THE GEKDEE 07 ANALOGY. 79 

analogy make TimeSf Standardf Dally K ewB, etc., mas- 
caline, wliilst we should say ' la (or le) Pall-Mali Grazette.' 

119. Certain English nonns, although the corresponding names exist in 
French, are used by foreigners in England in preference to the French 
word. They also take the gender of phonic analogy. 

Ex. : un Bide-board (butifet), un fender (garde-fea), nn poker (tison- 
nier, fourgon), iin blind (store). 



120. /3. Teutonic Languages. 

Masc, : boulevardf BollwerJc (?) ; ^cotf sliare, Schoss ; 
^peroHf spur, Sporen ; est, ouest, nordf sad, Ost, West, Nord, 
Siid'y estoCf stock (the word is also Celtic); featre,/eZ^, Filz (L. 
Lat. feltrum) ; gr AZOOf turf, Wasen ; harengTf herring ; havre- 
aaoy knapsack ; hourrah i landau, kind of carriage ; lans- 
quenet, game at cards, Land-skneoht ; meurtre, murder, 
Mcrd ; quartz i sabre, Sdhel ; stras 9 vasitas, a small 
wvndow, was ist da^ (?) ; vergrlBsmelnnicht, forget-me-not, 
myosotis ; wennoutli or vennout, absinth-wine. 

Fern, : bidre, hier, die Bahre (the word is also Celtic) ; oosse, 
^cosse, pod, husk, die Schote (the word is more probably the 
Flemish schosse) ; ^duse, sluice, die Schleuse (more probably 
Lat. exclusa) ; ^tuve, stove, vapov/r hath, die Stube ; gperbe, 
sheaf, die Oarbe; bacbe, hatchet, die Hacke (Diez), or Lat. 
ascia, adze ; bale, hedge, die Hecke ; b4te, haste, die Hast ; 
butte, hut, die Hiitte ; marque, die Mark ; plnte, die 
Pinte ; sabretacbe, die Sdbelta^che ; vagpue, wave, die 
Woge, 

The following, which are also derived from the Teutonic 
languages, have not the Teutonic gender : — 

Le banc, bench, die Bank ; le bourgr, borough, die Burg ; 
un ^crou, a screw-nut, eine Schraube ; le gri'^be, kind of bird 
whose feathers are used as ornaments or trimming, die Orebe 
(this word should be bigeneric, the fem. denoting the bird and 
the masc. the ornament) ; la bldre, beer, da^ Bier ; une ^cre- 
vlsse, a crab, ein Krebs ; r^oume, foam, der Schavm ; la 
lande, heath, moor, das Land (?) ; la valise, portmanteau, 
das Felleiseni la soblagrue, flogging, der Schlag or da^ 
Schlagen. 

121. The foregoing show that analogy, not derivation, has given the 



i 



80 



FRENCH GENDEBS. 



Teutonic nouns their French gender.* This is a] so proved by the names 
of countrites which are generally neuter in German. B)x. : das Frankreich, 
da8> Veutschland. 

Compare also some recently imported words, such as un bocfcf a gla»8 
of beer ; du brandevln, brandy ; un xnooBi une obope* la etiouorontei 
etc., which all have the gender of analogy. 



122. y. Italun. 

Masc.i adagrlOy alto, andante [Q ; 49, A^ 1^], bravo, 
conoertOf domino % ^talon, stalUone ; finale [49, A, 1°] ; 
fiasGOf failure, smash ; imbrogrUOf lazzo, lazzi, maoa- 
roniy mezzo- termlne, piano-lbrte [49, A, 1^ ; Q], solOf 
soprano* tison, tizone. 

Fern. : artlllerle 9 cavalerle 9 Infaaterie 9 obionrme, 
durma; sentlnelle 9 banqueroutOf hanca rotta; besogrne, 
hisogna [cf. besoln (masc), whicli lias the same origin]. 

123. Most of the nouns of Italian origin have retained the 
Italian gender, and form therefore a very important exception 
to the rule of phonic analogy, as well as to Rule 43. 

The following have therefore the gender of deiivation 
[48a, Ilia] :— 



amalgrcuDoief amalgama [130, 

Rule P]. 
andante [49, A, 1^, Rale Q]. 
arp^groy arpeggio, 
bagrne, hagno, 
bl4n&e9 hiasimo (Span, hlas^ 

mo). 
caique, calco [Ilia]. 
cantlque, cantico. 
cartouobe, cartoccio. 
oatafolque, catafalco, 
caprice, capricdo, 
capuce, cajppuccio, 
carroBse, carroccio, not car- 

rozza. 
eigojre^ Span, cigarro, 
cocbe, coach, coccio, 
conclave, co7iclave. 



conte, canto [Ilia], 
cort^gre, corieggio, 
c6t^, costato [49, -4, 1®]. 
gralbe, garho. 
grroupe, gnippo, 
man^gre, maneggio, 
martyrologre, martirologio, 
modMe, mod!ello, 
pardre, parere. 
poste (m.),po8to. 
rellquaire, religuario* 
8olf($gre, solfeggio. 
torse, torso. 
triUe, trillo. 
trombone, trombone, 
vermlcelle (also vermicelj 

Acad.), vermicello. 
violoncelle, violoncello. 



Cf . also the fem. bourrasque, hurrasca. 



* For the general influence of Teutonic languages upon the French 
genders see also infra, 170, 190, 



THB GENDEB 0? ANALOGY. 8l 

124. 3. Other Languages. 

Ababio : nne barde [156], a/rmour ; an burnouB ;, nn 
k^pl (?) ; nn aloali ; nn almanaob ; Talcool (masc.) ; nne 
jarrey djarro, a/n earthen vessel. 

Hebrew : nn all^lulaf rsden (masc), la gp^bennOf la 
gptae, la pftque [156]. 

Hungarian : nn sbako. 

Persian and Turkish : nne tnlipey nn turbaiif nn 
jratagran. 

Russian : nn kopek, nn rouble. 

Spanish : nn aviso, nn aatoda£$9 nn embargrOf nn 
bolero, nn marav^di. 

Cf. also le caoutoboue (an Indian word), le gputta- 
peroba (a Malay word ; Littre gives it as fern.) 

Ohs. cimeterrey scijrmtar (a Persian word), is masc. by 
intell. anal, with * sabre ; ' m^dianoobe, midnight supper (a 
Spanish word ; the fashion was introdncedby Ajin of Anstria),' 
is masc. by intell. anal, with ' sonper.' 

9. 

125. To phonic analogy mnst also be referred the gender 
of most nonns in eur [^infra, 190], and of almost all the 
feminine nonns derived from plnral nenters [infra, 194 ff] ; 
also of componnd nonns beginning with an invariable; as, 
non-valeur, arrldre-boutique, sous-sol, impudeur. 

B. THE GENDER OF INTELLECTUAL ANALOGY. 

126. Intellectual Analogy y or analogy in the meaning con- 
veyed by a nonn, accounts for the gender of — 

127. 1. Names of Imaginary (male or female) Beings. 
[A, 30 ; P, 3«.] 

Ex. : Masc. : nn c^olope, nn faune [156], nn satyre, 
les m&nes [156], le dlable, nn fitriadet, nn g'nome [156], 
nn angre, nn eb^rabln, nn s^rapbln. 

Fern. : nne nympbe, nne dryade, nne bamadryade 9 
la triste fiobo, la Folle, la Fortune. 

128. 2. Names of (sexal or non-sexal) Beings personified. 
Bx. : Masc. : le Gbdne et le Roseau, le Zioup et 

TAgrneau, le Renard et le Gorbeau. 

Fern. : la Gigrale et la Fourmi, la Ooutte et I'Arai- 

6e. 

See nonns in eur [infra, 188 ff]. 

129. 3. Masc. : Names of Trees. [178 ff, and Rnle C, infra.} 

a 



4 

i 



82 fBENCH aENDERS. 

130. 4. McMc, Names of Metals, Allots, Metalloids, 
AKD Simple Bodies disgoyebed and named in modern times. 
[Rule P| infra,'\ 

Thus aiaminlain, barium, calcium, potaBsiom, 
strontium, le platine, p2a/mz^m, etc., are masc, in imi- 
tation of or, argent, euivre, plomb, etc. So also aoier, steel ; 
amalgrame i bronze 9 laiton, brass, 

Garbone, azote, chlore ^ (xX<i;poc, yellow), iode * 
(iwctn; violet), bydrogr^ne, oxygpdne, etc., are masc* in 
imitation of soufre, etc. 

131. 5. Masci Chemical Products, when tbey cannot be 
cousidered as adjectives intellectually agreeing with a noun 

• understood. [See 68, and Rule Z, ivfra^ 

Ex, : carbonate, obloroforme, cblcrure, cartiare, 
iodure, phosphate, phosphite, silicate, sul&te, sul- 
fite. 

132. This refers to names of modem chemical products only. Those 
existing in the language before the introduction of LaToisier's nomenclature 
have the gender of derivation or phonic analogy. Thus vert*de-irriBv 
▼itrioli are masculine ; oouperoBef potasBe, Bonde, feminine. Cf. the 
nouns in ine. 

133. 6. Masc.x IN'ames of Modebn Weights and Measures. 
[Rale K, infra,"] 

Thus are [204], firanc, grramsnoy litre [I06], st^re, and 
their multiples and sub-multiples, are masc. in analogy with 
mdtre, to which they are all related. 

134. Si^re B 'I'Tcpc^f , Bolide and franc might he considered as origi- 
nally adjectives [58, 64, 68], and irrunnie iB^pci/u/ia. as having the gender of 
derivation. Not so tare = area, and litre = ^ hirpa. The latter is, how- 
ever, better derived from the O.F. name of measure litron. 

135. The names of old meiuwes have the gender of derivation or phonic 
analogy, 

Ex. : Fern,: anne [156], ulna, ell; llene* leuca, league: Uvre [156], 
libra, pound ; tolsei tenea, fathom ; ver^e, virga, rod ; volei via, measure 
for wood ; ebopef ohoplne* plnt6f barriqnef pipe, tonne. 

Masc.'. muidi modium, hogshead; pied, pedem, foot; arpent* 
Jonmalf acre. 

136. 7. Fern,: Modern Names of Countries, Mountains, 
Rivers, Towns. {Sujpra, 69 ff, 77, 1^, 81, and Rule W, 
infra."] 

137. 8. Fern.*. Names op Foreign Dances. 
Ex. : la polka, la mazurka, la r^dowa. 

* Are clearly adjectives used substantively. [See 58, 64, 68.] 



ui^ 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE GENDER OF DISTINCTION OB 
DIFFERENTIATION 

138. By tills is meant a difference in the gender of the same 
noun, or of two homographic nouns, established with the 
object of marking a difference in the meaning. 

139. It is of two kinds — 

Either the same noun is used with its original gender for 
its original meaning, and with the other gender for the acci- 
dental or extended meaning — Ex. : m^moire (fem.), memo- 
ria/rrij memory ; m^moire (masc), a bill, a memoir — 

Or one of two nouns, which happen to be identical in 
form in consequence of the laws of derivation, changes its 
gender for the sake of distinction^ — Ex.: moole (masc), 
model, Tnould = modulum ; moole (fem.), the sea muscle = 
rmisculu/m (masc.) 

140. This does not imply that the differentiation is exclusively the 
result of actual convention. Most of the genders of differentiation fall 
under the rule of phonic or intellectual analogy, and principally under the 
rule of mental concord. 

Thus m^molre (masc.) is analogous to compte^ memorandum ; monle 
(fem.) is analogous to coquUle, kuttre, etc. 

141. Some nouns of the first category have not only 
changed their gender, but also their form. 

aire (f.), area, ha/m-floor, eyry. 
are (m.) „ the new imit of area, ' 

oours (m.), cursum, course, stream, ledii/re. 
course (f.) „ course, running, run. 

^ * Homonymy ' has other similar effects. Thus the diminutive affixes 
in soUil, taureau, etc. ; the prefix in demain, etc. ; the strengthening of 
the radical vowel in vierge, fier, etc. — are also caused by the necessity of 
differentiation. 

o 2 



84 FBEKOH GEin)BBS. 

<)ontaiiie (f.), consuetudi/nem, custom. 
ooBtmne (m.) „ costume 

\^ (through the Ital. costvme). 

oyllndre (m.), cylindnmif icvXiv^pog, cylinder, 
oalandre (f.) ,, „ mcmgle. 

dime (f.), decima/m, tithe, 
d^oime (m.) P decime, 

pl4tre (m.), (jdw^jplasi/rwrn, wXaariipiov, plaster. 
piastre (f.) „ „ piaster, 

pio (m.) (a Celtic word), picTcaxe, 
pique (f.) ,, pike, 

potion (f.), potion^m, dra/ught» 
poison (m.) „ poison, 

sort (m.), 8ortem,fate, 
ftorte (f.) ,, kvnd, 

tige (f.), abiamif stem. 

tibia (m.), tihia (nomin.), shin-hone. 

tourment (m.), tormentvm, torment. 
tourmente (f.), tormenta (pi. nent.), tempest. 

Cf. also oardme and quadraff^sime. 

142. The list of nouns 'which have the aender of disiinotion axe in- 
eluded in the general list of biffenerio nouns, [See next chapter.] 



85 



CHAPTER V. 

BIOENEBIG NOUNS 
(Nomis which have hofh genders), 

143. The laws which govern the gender of French nouns, 
combined with the laws of derivation, have, as an inevitable 
resnlt, that certain nottks havinq the same form are not 

ONLY OF DIFFERENT MEANING BUT ALSO OF DIFFERENT GENDER. 

144. Hence a great number of BIGENEBIG^ NOUNSy 
or nouns which have both genders. 

145. There are over two hundred of them, not including the sylleptic 
nouns described in §§ 83, 84, 85, nor such attributive natms as have the 
same form for the masculine and feminine (epicenea), [Ii^ra, 157.] 

It is by no means necessary to study them all. Those which are not 
much in use are pointed out in the general list [156] by asterisks. 

They have seldom, if ever, the same meaning for both genders. See, 
however, automnei aprds-mldlf oloaque* losaa§rey mdiieSf senti* 
nelle. 

146. Bigeneric norms originate in two diflferent ways — 

(1) From two different etymons, having different gen- 
ders, oja FROM two forms of the same etymon, proceed two 

* HOMOGRAPHIO ' — SOMETIMES ONLY * HOMOPHONOUS ' — NOI^S. 

These retain respectively their gender of derivation. 

Ex, : Bomine (masc), sleep, nap = sorrm/us ; somine 
(fem.), stum = suminia; voile (masc), veil=i velimi', voile 
(fem.), sail = vela (plor. nent.) 

(2) A NOUN OF OLD OR NEW FORMATION RECEIVES AN ADDI- 
TIONAL OR EXTENDED MEANING, FOR WHICH ANOTHER GENDER IS 

GIVEN TO IT. [^Gender of Differentiation^ 139.] 

> We have been compelled to coin this new word. A glance at the list, 
§ 156, will show that very few of these nouns are either eommunia ox 
ieena. 



/ 



86 FRENCH GEKD1&BS. 

147. To tlie first categoiy belong — 

a. The homographs anne = almis, ulna ; oarpe = carpa, 
kapirdc ; ooobe = coccio, hog ; OOBBO := cossunif Schoss ; firax 
=ifal8um, falx; livre = librum, Uhram; pagro =i pagtmim^ 
jpaglriam ; part = partum^ partem ; podle = pallium, pensile ^ 
patellam ; Bomine = sonmum, awnmam ; tour =i turrim, tor- 
nvm ; vagri^e = vacuum, Woge ; vase = vaa, ooze, 

m 

148. h, Nonns which are derived both from the singnlar and 
plural of the same nenter etymon. Thns the following are 
masc. or f em., according as they are derived from the sing, or 
plnral : — d^lioe = deliciwn, delicia (delicioe) ; foudre =ifuU 
gur, fulgv/ra ; groate = gedum, geata ; oanvre = opua, opera ; 
office = officitmiy officia ; orgre = liordeumi, hordea ; orgrue = 
organum, organa ; voile = velzmi, vela. Probably also espaoe 
^ apatimrij apatia, [Of. 194 ff.] 

149. c. Kouns derived from Latin adjectives, used substan- 
tively, and agreeing with nonns of different gender understood. 
Such are d^dme = decimum, deevniam ; enlSant = i/nfantem 
(m. and f.) ; maJlo'he=immdcum^, ma/nicam ; ptmte^poaitumj 
poaiiami ; pr^tezte = proBtexkmi, proetextam ; pupUle = pv^ 
pillu/m, pupillam ; aezte = aextum, aextam ; soldo = aolidmn^ 
aolidam\ atatualre = ataiuanium, atatuariam; Tuln^ralre 
= vulnerariuniy vulnerariam. 

150. d, Nonns borrowed from French adjectives, in mental 
concord with nouns of diflferent gender understood. Such are 
un ^pb^mdroy une ^ph^mdre ; le parallMOy laparalldle f 
le pbyalquoy la physique ; le poUtlquOy la politique — 
i.e. un (inaecte) ^pb^mdre, une (Jleur, plante) ^pb^nLdrOf 
etc. 

151. To the second category belong — 

e. Nouns which, besides their original meaning, denoting 
persons or things, are further used sylleptically to denote other 
persons or things ; in other words, nouns — generally concrete 
— used secondarily as qualificatives to other nouns, or even 
to pronouns, understood. 

In the first case they take the gender of the noun under- 
stood; in the second — i.e. when they refer to a pronoun — 
they become necessarily masculine. [Rule Hy infra,^ 

Thus trompette (fern.), a trumpet ; pallUuise (fern.), a atravhbed — 
^hen used to qualify the soldier wno sounds the trumpet, or the mounte- 
bank who wears the palliass-cloth — become vn trompettef a trumpeter ; 
vn palUass6i a down. 




BIGENERIC NOUNSrf 87 

Thus, again, the words cerise, rose, cherry ^ roae^ used to qualify what 
is cherry- or rose-coloured (* ce qui est cerise ou rose,' %.e. * ce qui est de 
couleup cerise ou pose,' i.e. * ce qui est de la couleur de la cerise ou de la 
lose ' ), become le cerise, cherry-colowr ; le rose, pink. 

Such secondary nouns may be considered as having first passed through 
a stage of oppositional compounds [90, 91] — * un soldat-trompette,' * un 
saltimbanque-paillasse.* They are therefore elliptical,* and their gender 
syUeptic [83 ff]. 

Other instances : — 

Persons : ^ un aide, un comette, uii oritique, un fourbe, un grarde, 
un iruide, un manoeuvre, un pantomime. 

Animals : un barbe, un cravate, un aiffle. 

Colours : le Jonqoille, le mauve, le noisette, le puce, le pourpre, 
le grorgre de pigreon. 

Others: un claque, le Jujube, le laque, un (grand) merci, le' 
noel, un reclame, un remise, un vapeur ; une basque, une citevate, 
une crdpe, la critique, la finale, une interligrne, la laque, une 
l6vite, la XToel, la Pdque, une pendule. 

162. /. Nouns -which, in their original or primary meaning, 
are of an exceptional gender as to form, and take for the fur- 
ther or secondary meaning the gender of phonic analogy, 

Thaa amour, amor^ fern, by derivation [see nouns in eub], becomes 
masc. by phonic analogy. So also couple, copula, 

Gf. also un 6clio, un ffeste, un iris, le mdle ; la grefTe, une car- 
toucbe, une bymne, la Invite, la manque (a Fappel). 

153. g. Nouns of a similar description taking the gender 
of inbellectv/il analogy. 

JEJz, : piqiiey spade at cards, 

164. Several of those nouns and a few others seem, how- 
ever, to have changed their gender through the necessity of 
establishing a distinction. To this necessity may be ascribed 
the masc. gender of oouplef m^moirey modOy rndtoy 
p^riodOy piquOf relAohe, solde ; and the feminine of 
bulbe, ezemple, "hynake^ manquoy moufley mouley 
mousse 9 triomphe, souris. 

155. It will be noticed that sometimes two or more of the 
above principles have influenced the change of gender. A 
few, such as automney oloaquey ^t^y mery remain unex- 
plained, or insufficiently explained. 

The following is a complete list of higeneric nouns, 

' These are almost all concrete nouns.- Abstract feminine nouns applied 
to male persons remain in general feminine [Rule A, 4®, infia] ; as, ' sou 
altesse royale,' ' sa majest^ imp^riale at royale.' 



88 



FRBNCH OBNDEBS. 



156. A General List of Bigenbeic Nouns. 

\^The origmql notms begin with capital letters. Words marked 

with asterishs (*) a/re Utile in ttse.'] 



MASCrLIMB. 

aide, a person who helps—* aide de 
camp, * aide-major,* • aide-ma^on ;* 

. ^80 ' un {or une) aide de cuisine/ 
etc. The word is therefore an 
epicene^ and has the gender of 
mental concord, 

Aigle, eagle (the bird). Gander of 
phonic analogy [42 ; 49, 5, 1**] ; 
also of mental concord (with * oi- 
seau'). 

amarantey amaranth-colour, [See 
rose.] 



amour, love, in the nsnal sense of 
* affection of one sex for the other ; * 
also Cupid, the God of Love, or 
love personified. Gender of pho- 
nic analogy, 

amours (masc. plur.), Cupids \ 
also nsed (sing, and plur.) m the 
familiar style as an expression of 
admiration — *des amours de cha- 
peaux,' ducks of bonnets, 

Apostrophe, the grammatical sign 
called apostrophe. From Lat. 
apostrophus or apostrophes ; fern, 
ace. to Freund, masc. ace. to 
others; 6r. 4 i>Tr6ffrpo4>os, Is 
considered as masculine by some 
[see Littr^] when designating the 
orthographic sign. Gender of de- 
rivation, or of mental concord 
(with *signe'); or perhaps of 
intell. anal, (with * accent '). 

'^Apostume, abscess; a corrupt 
form of * apost^me; ' masc. ace. to 
the Acad, (and etym. Mtmina), 

Aprds-mldl, afternoon. Phonic 
analogy (with'midi*) [106], or 
mentalconcord(-with ' temps ')t90]. 



Fbhininb. 

Aide, help, assistance. From past 
partic. plur. neut. ac^'uta, for ad- 
juta [194 ff]. 

ThiB wora may aluo have been derived from 
the verb ' aider,' which seems to be QDite 
as old. In that case its gender woald be 
that ot phonic anal&ffv [110]. 

Aiffle, eagle, in the sense of the 
ensign only — * I'aigle romaine/ 
' Taigle prussienne.' Lat. aquila. 

The female eagle is better designated t^ 
* I'aigle femelle ' or * la femelle de I'aigle.' 

Amarante, amaranth ; Lat. ama- 
rantus (masc.); Gr. kfidpayros. 
Gender of phonic analogy [48], 
or mental concord (with ' fleur '). 

Amour, love. Fem. in O.F. ; in 
the classical and modem language 
it remains fem. in poetry only and 
in the flowery style. From Lat. 
amor, which has become fem., 
like most nouns in ob [188 ff]. 

amours (fem. plur.), love, passion, 
fondness. Is always fem. even 
in the modem familiar style — 
^ mes seules amours.' 

Apostrophe, (in rhetoric) sadden 
digression to appeal to a person 
or thing, apostrophe; Lat. ti^os- 
trophe; Gr. &iro0Tpo^4. 



'^apostume (fem. in O.F.) Littr6 
pronounces for this gender, which 
IS one of phonic ancdogy. 

Aprds-midi, afternoon. Mental 
concord (with * heure' or ' partie 
dujour') [90]. 



BIGENEBIO NOUNS. 



89 



^Arabesque, Je» of architecture. 
Mental concord (ac^j. used sub- 
' stantivelj). 

Anne, alder4ree» From Lat. alnus 
(fern.) ; but masc., like all names 
of trees [178 ff]. 

AntomnOf autumn; l^t, autuTn- 

' nu8, 

^Barbe* Barhary horsey Morocco 
horse [see eravate]. Mental 
concord (with ' cheval *) [50]. 

Barda, bardf poet; an attaribntiye 
noun of person [56] ; the gender 
is therefore one of Tnental concord. 



Basqne (epicene), an inhabitant of 
the Basque Provinces; also 'le 
basque,' the Umguage spoken there. 
Gender of mental concord, 

Bastiinffnaf a low public'house 
ball. Origin unknown. 



>, balsam, salve ; Lat. balsa- 
mum; Chr« $d\xrafJLov, 



t name of a bird. Mental 
concord (with * oiseau '). 

Sld^ref beaver, castor; Eng. beaver 
or Germ. Biber, 

Solidme, Bohemian, both in its 
proper and slang sense. 

*Bonire« k, of dog ; * les Bouffes ' 
(pi.), the Italian theatre at Paris, 

8randebonr§r, the country of B, 
[71] ; also k. of embroidery or lace. 
Mental concord (with 'omement') 
[83], 

^Braqne* k, of dog; also (fiEun.) 
madcap. Of German origin. 

*Bnlbe« a bulb (anatomy); Lat. 
btdbus ; Gr. iSoA/S^s. 



FsHnnKB. 

arabeaqnas (plur.) Mental eon- 
cord (with * fleurs/ * feuilles *). 

Anne, eU ; L. Lat. aUna ; Lat. ulna, 
[Compare Teuton. Elle,'\ 

Antonine, autumn. Gander of 
phonic analogy [43, 109], or men- 
tal a(mcor<^(with ' saison') [83 ff]. 

Barbe, beard ; Lat. barba. 



Barde, bard, piece of ancient ar 
mour; also slice of bajcon. Of 
Semitic origin ; gender of phonic 
analogy [43, 109]. 

basque, skirt, tail of a coat. Pro- 
bably Tnental concord [83 ff] — 
* k la mode basque.' [See l6- 
▼ite.] 

^Bastrlngme (argot), a thief* s tool. 
[See 204.] 

^Banme, a grotto — * la Sahite* 
Baume.' 

^Berce, k, of esculent root, couh 
parsnip, 

Bi^vre, name of a smaU tributary 
of the Seine, 

Bolidme, Bohemia [69 ff.] 

^BonfTe, assuming air, attitude. 
From V. 'bouffer' [110]. 

*brandebour§r, k, of coat. Mental 
concord (with * casaque,' * tunique ') 
[83]. [See l6vlte.] 

^raqnee (pi. fern.), the pincers of 
the crab, 

bnlbe, bM (botany). Phonic 
analogy [43, 109] or gender of 
differentiation [138 ff]. 



A 



90 



FRENCH aEND£B& 



Masculine. Fehintke. 

Baffle* bugle « bvffle. ^baffle* k. of plant. 

CalTUla, k, of apple. Origin un- Calville is also, and veiy properly, 

known. made fern, by some lexicographers. 

Gender ot phonic analogy, 

^CdprOf h, of ship (a corsair's). cApre, caper ; Gr. KMntapis (fern.) 

Gendet oi phonic analogy, 

^Carpe, carpt the wrist ; Gr. KufyirSs, CarpOf carp (the fish) ; Lat. carpa. 



Cartonolie (arehit.), ca/rtouche, 
modilliqn ; Ital. oartoccio, 

Caustlque, caustic (like ' lunar 
caustic'). Mental concord (with 
* remMe/ etc.) [50]. 

eerlae, cherry-colour. Gender of 
Tnental concord. [See rose.] 

Cbose. [See quelque cbose.] 

Cbrdmet chrism ; Gr. xp^cfia. 



eartouolie, cartridge; Ital. oar- 
toccio. Gender of phonic analogy 
and of distinction, 

eautisque (in optics)^ caustic, k. of 
curve. Gender of mental concord 
(withUigne')[60]. 

Cerlaef cherry. From plor. neat. 
cerasa [109]. 



Crdmer cream. Prom Lat. plor. 
neut. crema [20 X]. 
These two words are only homopbonous, and may be ezdnded from this list* 



Cnirysantlidineff chrysanthemum, 
. plant or STnall tree. [See names 
of Trees, 178 ff]. 

^Clste* a plant ; Gr. Ktffros, 



elaquey opera-hat. Mental concord 
(with 'chapeau') [83 ff, 161]. 

Cloaqaop sevjer, in generaL From 
Lat. cloaca (iem.) [Cf. 98, 167, 

. 176, 204.] The word should be 
fem. by ^nv. and phonic analogy. 
It seems to have taken the masc. 
gender very early. The change 
must therefore have been deter- 
mined by the sound. It has thus 
the gender oi phonic analogy, but 
has been treated like lac, sac, etc. 

Cocbe, stage-coach ; Ital. coccio; 
Germ. Kutsche. Of Hungarian 
origin* 



ohryMtLDtli^nietthefiower. Gender 
of phonic analogy and of mental 
concord (with * fleur *). 

^Clste, a basket (antiquity); Gr. 
Kitrrrj, 

Claqaef dap, smack, etc. A mo- 
dem deriv. from v. *claquer.* 
Gender oi phonic analogy [HO]. 

Cloaque (la. Gbakbe), the Great 
Sewer at Rome ; Lat. Cloaca Maxi- 
mOr, 



^Coche, sow. A Celtic,' or more 
probably a Teu^onic, word, [Ck>m- 
pare hog.] Gender oi phonic ana' 
logy [43, 109]. 



HOENEBIC NOUNS. 



91 



Masculini!. 

Coohe (coobe d'eau), tow-harge* 
Generally derived from leJi.concha 
[compare * coque,' ' cocon,' etc.] ; 
but it can hanllj have a different 
origin from the preceding. 

*Coiiiiiiodeff the comfortahU, etc.; 
acdd. subst Gender of mental 
concord [50]. 

Comt^p county, earldom, shire ; Lat. 
comitatua, [Rule Q.] 



Pbmixine. 

Coolie^ notch. A Celtic vord* 
Phmic analogy [43, 109]. 



*conietteff the standard-bearer in 
the old French army. Gender of 
mental concord [83 ff, 93] : Toffi- 
cier qui porte la cornette/ ' le 
porte-comette.' 

Cosmtoqnet a cosmetic, Mental 
concord (adj. nsed substantively) 
[64]. 

*Cosse9 weevil ; Lat. cossum. 

*ootyle (also used in the fern., which 
is its regular gender), cotgle 
(anatomy), cavity of a bone, 

couple* a couple, male and female — 
*un beau couple,' a fine pair, 

' Gender of differentiation [138, 
151] ; e,]so of phonic analogy [42, 
108] ; also of intellectual analogy. 

■ As the word denotes both a male 
and a female, it had necessarily 
to become masc. 

*O r avate, a Croatian horse; also, in 
the O.F. army, light horse. Men- 
tal concord (with 'cheval') [50]. 
[See barbe.] 

Gr6pe« crape. From Lat. ad^. cris- 
pus; used substantively. [O.F. 
* crespe * = * cr^pu ']. 

Ciitlqae, a critic. Mental concord 
. (with 'teivain,' *auteur*) [60]. 



eonunoABf chest of drawers. Mental 
concord (with * armoire,' etc) [50]. 



Coint^. Fern, in O.F. by phonic 
analogy ; is still fem. in Francbe- 
Comteandeomt^-palrie. Some 
modem authors (e,g. Alex. Dumas) 
make it sometimes fem. 

Cornette, k. of cap; also (for- 
merly) the standard of a company 
of cavalry. The word is a modem 
derivation from come. Gender of 
phonic analogy, [Cf. also 29.] 

^counetiqaef cosmetics, part of hy- 
giene. Mental concord (with ' sci- 
ence') [50]. 

CoMOf pod, husk ', Teut. Schoss* 

*Cotjl0 (antiq.), k. of measure 
for liquids ; Gr. kot^Kti. 



CouplOf couple, pair, Brace — ' une 
couple de livres,' a couple of 
pounds (or books). From Lat. 
copula, which is not improbably a 
neuter plural [202 ; 21, note]. 



oravate, a scarf worn by the regi- 
ment of * Royal Cravaie,^ a cravai. 
Mental concord {yriih * ^harpe ') — 
* echarpe & la cravate ' [50]. 

erdpOf pancake, fritter. Mental 
concord (with ' galette,' etc.) 

Crltiqaev criticism. Mental con* 
. cord (with * science/ * profession/ 
artem) [50]. 



A 



92 



FRENCH GENDEBS. 



Mascttlinb. 

^Oiistod6ff warden (in a conrent) ; 
Lat. custodemf in mentai concord 
with * fratrenL* 

SO^elme* the tenth part of a franc ; 
Lat. decimum. Mental concord 
(with * franc*). Intellectual ana- 

. logy (with 'sou/ or even with 
*m^tre/ like all words of the 
nomenclature) has also influenced 
the gender. [See are* 204.] 

*3l>6lioe (in the sing.), delight ; 
Lat. delieiium. 



^Bdme* borough in Attica; Gr. 

SOtnde* turkey ( = * d'Inde/ for ' coq 
d'Inde *), Gender of rnental con^ 
cord [83]. This is therefore the 
original word, but is now usually 
replaced by dindon, 

*l>rlllef soldier t fellow. Mental con' 
card (with ' soldat ') [83]. 

■bdne* also iniinEB, the ebowy-tree \ 
Lat. ebemw [179 ff]. 



JDoarlatef scarlet colour. [See 
rose.] 

BebOf an echo; Lat. echo (fem.); 

Gr. "Jiix^ 4* Masc. by phonic anor 
. logy [32, 106], or by the infl. of 

i(xo^ ^ - eound. 



^WBtaire^ effluvium. Gender of (2ert- 
va.tion. 



aidT6f pupil (epicene). An attrib. 

noun of person, der. from v. 
'. ' Clever.' [See fourbey etc; see 

also 167.] 



FBMnnini. 

*eiuitodef h, of curicAn or waer^ 
pyx. Mental concord with ' oour- 

tine*[60]. 

*I>6olinef tax of a tenth; Lat. deei' 
mam, in mental concord with ' par- 
tem.' [Compare dime.] 



d^lloes (in the plural), delight; 
Lat. ddicuB, Probably a plur. 
neut. converted into a fem. in 
Lat. [Compare opera^ oetrea, etc., 
21, note.] 

*I>diiiev part of an anvUm Gender 
oi phonic analogy, 

dlnde* turkey hen. Mental concord 
(with *poule'). 



*I^riUef driU, Gender of phonic 

analogy, 
^Brutes (fem. plur.), rags. 

■b^ne* ebony wood. Gender of 
phonic analogy [42, ] 09 ; see also 
17, note]. Voltaire made this word 
veiy properly masculine [86, 187]. 
Cf. 'Sola India nigrum Fert 
ebenum.' — Vtrgil, 

*MoaxlBte9 scarlet, QendiBtotphamc 
analogy [109]. 

JDolio, the nymph Echo. The word 
is fem. in this sense only. 



f pi. neut. effluvia, is often, 
and very properly, made feminine 
[200]. 

Bldve, breeding — T^ve des besti- 
auz,' breeding cattle. 'Bvmi y. 
' Clever.' Gender of pkonio amo' 
logy [110]. 



BIOENEBIC NOimS. 



93 



Mascuunb. 

Bafimtf infaaUf ohUd in generai 
(epicene) ; Lat. ii^awteTn, 



eiuielflrneff ensiffn, the standard- 
bearer. Gender of menial concord 
[83, 93 ; see cornette.] 

Bpeautre* epdt ; Lat. apdta (fern. 
or plur. neut.) Masc. by phonic 
analogy [42, 108]. 

Xpli^iiidret "k, of insect; Gr. 
i<fyflfiepov. Mental concord with 
•insecte* [60]. 

^Sptnocbe, best coffee. Gender of 
mental concord (with ' caf^ '). 



U space in general ; Lat tpa- 
Hum, Fern, in O.F., which seems 
to point to its deriv. from the 
plur. neut. spaiia. 

'^'enpliorber is masc. ace. to the 
Acad. 

BwanffUet gospel, evangdium. 



Fbmikikb. 

SnlieuDtf a very young girl. The 
word should be accompanied by 
an adjective — * une belle enfant/ 
'une jeune enfant.' Gender of 
differentiation [138] or mental 
concord [60 ff]. 

Bnselffiieff sign^ standard; plur. 
neut. insignia [201]. 



*Speaatre, spelt. Fem. in the lan- 
guage of agriculturists only. 

*Bpli6mdre, k. offlotoer. Mental 
concord (with * fleur *) [60]. 



*Splnoolief k, offish. 



Bspaoe* space, lead between the type 
in printing. Probably from the 
plur. neut. spatia [200], sup- 
ported hy phonic analogy [104]. 

^Bupborbe* euphorbia (botany). 
Phonic analogy. 

^vangUa. Often found fem. in O.F. 
even so late as the time of Boi- 
leau. Evid. plur. neut. evangelia. 



Bxemple* example, instance ; Lat. Szemplay a copy sUp. Gender of 

exempluTrC, differentiation [138 n]. 

Tliis word, having originally the meaning of ' sample,' * pattern,' may have been derived 
tcova. a plural nenter [200], which would explain itB being fem. in all its meanings in 
O.F.— ' la mauyaise ezemple ' (Ilth century). 



7aiuief afajun, fawnus. 



forgery. An accid. subst., 
being the adj. 'faux' in intel 
lectual agreement with ' acte ' 
[60], or the Lat. adj. falsum in 
intellectual agreement with 'ac- 
tum.' 



fanne (nat. hist.), fauna. Mental 
concord (with 'science') [60]; 
also phonic analogy [109]; also 
intellectual analogy (with ' flore,' 
flora). 

T aux, or T anlzi scythe ; Lat* falx» 



i 



94 



FBENCH LENDERS. 



Masculike. 

Ftaf the fine or subtle part of any- 
thing. Gender of mental concord 
[68, 64] (accid. subst.) 

Vlnale (should be pronounced 
* finaU '), the last piece of music 
of a • contredanse ' or of an opera, 
an act, etc.; Ital. finale [122, 
123]. 

^^nasque, cheek (artillery), panels 
of bellows. Phonic analogy [42]. 

*Follloiile (botany), A;, of fruit \ 
also cocoon of silkworm, etc.; Lat. 
foUieulus, 



Fin, end ; laX, finis (masc. and fern.) 



Finale, the final letter or syllaUe. 
Mental concord with 'lettre,* *8yl- 
labe,' etc. [50], 



Flasque, powder flask ; Germ. 
Flasche, Gender of derivalion, 

^follicnle, sm^l sheet of paper. 
Mental concord (with * feuille '). 



Foret, drill, gimlet, A modem ForSt, forest. From a mediseval 
deriv. from v. *forer,' to bore, La.t, foresta (?) 

Phonic analogy [36, 107]. 

These words are only homophonons, and might be exdnded from this list. 



'*'Fondre, thunderbolt. The word is 
masc. in the sublime style only, 
when it denotes the thunderbolt 
figuratively as an agent of destruc- 
tion, or as a sudden, irresistible 
power. Ex.: 'Puisse-je de mes 
yeux y Toir tomber ce foudre ' 
( Comeille), Lat. sing, fulgor, ful- 
gwr. 

^Foadre, wine butt, pipe'. Germ. 
Fader. Phonic analogy, 

*ldurbe, a rogue, a cheat. Gender 
of mental concord [83]. Compare 
critique, 6ldve, garde, grnide, 
manoeuvre. 



Foudre, thunder with Ughtning, in 
the ordinary or popular sense. 
From the plur. neuUfulgura [21, 
105 ff]. 



Fnnambule(ma6c. and fern.), rope- 
danCi r, also a kind of squirrel ; Lat. 
funambuUis, 

garde, a guard. Gender of mental 
concordY^i"]. Compare critique, 
6ldve, fourbe. Cf. un grarde- 
francaise, un garde-snisse « 

• un soldat des gardes-fran9aises,* 
etc. [Rule ^a, 6^] 



'*'Fourbe, cheat, imposture, A mo- 
dern deriv. from v. 'fourber,' 
another form of *fourbir,' to fur- 
bish. Compare * polisson,' from v. 
' polir.' Gender of phonic analogy 
[110]. 

^ftmambule, the art of the rope- 
dancer. Mental concord (with 
' science '). 

Garde, guard (regiment or body), 
act of guarding. A modem deriv. 
from V. * garder,' to guard. 
Gender of phonic analogy [110]. 
Hence les gardcs-frangaises, la 
garde-siiisse, etc. 



BIGENEBIC NOUNS. 



96 



Mascitlinb. 

^Oarde^rohe, pinafore. Gender of 
mental concord [90]. 



Feminine. 

Garde-robe* wardrobe^ etc. Gen- 
der of phonic analogy i determined 
by the last part of the compound 
[109, also 110]. 

Gent (in the sing.), ra^cCj tribe; Lat. 
gentem. Used only in the familiar 
style — * la gent montonni^re ; 
yive la gent qui fend les airs.' — 
Lafontaine, 

§rens (fern, plur.), gentes^ nations^ 
in the expression *le droit des 
genSf* Jus gentium. 

fens. Fern. plur. when distributive 
and an adjective precedes it which 
has not the same form for both 
genders. Ex. : * les vieilles gens/ 
• d'heureuses gens,' * toutes les 
bonnes gens,' 'certaines mauvaises 
gens ;' • en intimidant Ids colpor- 
teurs, les cabaretiers et autres 
menues petites gens' (Gambetta, 
Disc, Jan 16, '77). 



pens. Masc. plur. ( 1 ) when collective y 
and forming a kind of indetermi- 
nate pronoun, like the Eng. people. 
Compare * personne ' (masc.) = 
anybody y nchody\ 'quelque chose* 
(masc.) s=s somethingy anythhig; 

* rien ' = anything j nothing. Ex. : 

* donner la chasse aux gens ' (La- 
fontaine) ; ' V0U8 vous moquez des 
gens.' — (2) when the adjective 
follows. Ex. : * des gens grossiers,' 

* ces gens-la sont fous.' — (3) there- 
fore also in * gens de bien,' * gens 
de guerre,' * gens de robe,' etc. — 
(4) when the adjective preceding 
it ends in a mute e — ' tons ces 
braves gens,' * certains jeunes 
gens,' etc. 

N3. If ' gms ' is qnalified l^ two adjectives, one preceding a&d the other following it, 
the former is put in the feminine, the latter in the masculine. Ex. : * Les vieilles gens 
sont soupQonnenx ;' *Plus telles gens sont plaints, moins ils sont importnns ' (Lafontaine); 
' n y a & la ville, comme ailleors, de fort sotte.^ gens, des gens fades, oisLfs, d^aoccup^s ' 
(La Bruy^rt). Snch oonstractions should not be imitated. 

*Geste (fern., from a plur. neut. 
gesta [194 ff] ), narrative or de- 
scriptive poetry in the Middle Ages 
— * les chansons de geste/ * la gesto 
fran^aise.' Originally the word 
meant exploits, doings, achieve- 
Tnents. It is still in use in the 
modern idiom < les faits et gestes 
d'une personne,' the deeds and 
doings of a person. 



Gestet gesture ('II m'a encourai 
du geste et de la voix') ; Ij&t.ges- 
turn. Should rather be considered 
as having the gender oi phonic ana^ 
logy [42, 108] or of differentiation 
[138 ff]. 



Givref hoar-frost. Origin unknown. 
Gender of phonic analogy [42, 
108]. 

^Snotae^ gnome (in theHosicrucian 
mythology), personification of 
ypdifiTi. Gender of mental concord 
[83 ff]. 



*OivTe or Gulvre, serpent (in 
heraldry) ; Lat. vipera. 

*Gnoiney a sentence or principle 
stated by a sage of antiquity ; Gr. 
yydfiri. 



J 



96 



FBEKOH OENDSBS. 



Mascttlinb. 

Ipraiid'oroiZf the officer or person of 
distinction decorated with a ^ grand!' 
oroix* Gender of mental concord, 

^l^be, the trimming or ornaments 
made with the bird! s feathers, 

Hreffev an office in a cowrt of law 
where the minutes are kept ; an 
extended meaning of graphium, 
ypa<l>lov. 



Ooeulet* the red-colow in heraldry. 
Intellectual analogy with the other 
colours in heraldry {sablCj sinople, 
a2ntr)y also masc. as a noun of 
colour [89]. [See rose.] 

Hilde* guidst o^^ v)ho guides. Gen- 
der of mental concord, [See 
ffarde.] Also guide-book, 

Hydre is made masc. by Lafontaine, 
V. Hugo, etc. Phonic amlogy. 



i, hymn^ anthem ; Lat. hym- 
nus; Gr. tfiyos 6, 



*TkeM* Viva, masc, from the plur. 
neut. ilia ; should be fern. [See 
173 ; 202, note.] 

*lDdev blue colour obtained, from in- 
digo, dark blue. Gender oi mental 
cmcord. [See rose.] 

Znterltffnef spaxse between the lines. 
Gender of mental concord ( » < ce 
qui est entre les lignes '} [64]. 

triSy rainbow (in poetry or in the 
sublime style only), the iris of the 
eye ; also orris (botany). Gender 
of phonic analogy [107]. 

*Jarref coarse hair in fur. Mental 
concord (with ' poil ') [124]. 



Fhminikb* 

lirand*oroiXf the great cross ofeer^ 
tain orders of merit, Comp. * la 
Grande-Croiz du Sud,' the South' 
em Cross, 

*6rdl>ep a bird the feathers of which 
are used as omaanents, etc. [1 20, 3]. 

Greffe* grafting, A modem deriv. 
from the v. *greffer/ to graft, 
itself formed from * grefra ' or 
* grfefe ' = in O.F. * poin^on k 
icrire ;' Gr. ypcupiov. Gender of 
phonic analogy [110]. 

Gneale, mouth (of an animal),yatM ; 
Lat. gula. 



Oolde, guidSt rein, A deriv. from 
the verb *guider* =■ vwfer« (??). 
Gender of phonic analogy [48, 
110]. 

Hydre, hydra; Gr.'TSpo, 

bsmine (fem. only as a liturgical 
term), church hymn. Gender of 
differentiation [138 ff] or phonic 
analogy [109]. 

XlOf isle ; Lat. insula. 



ZDde. India [69 ff]. 



Interllffnef lead between the lines 
in printing. Gender of mental 
concord ( » 'la lame de m^tal pla- 
c^e entre les lignes*). 

Zrls, the goddess "^Ipis, Gender of 
intellectual analogy [127]. 



JarrOf an earthen vessdy etc.; Ara- 
bic djarra, Gen<ler of phonic 
analogy. 




BIQENEBIC NOUNS. 



97 



ISXasculimb. 

Jonqulllef jonquil-Gclow, [See 
rose.] 

Jujnbey jujube-juice. Mental con' 
cord (with * sue,* * jus *), 

Kalderon is often used as a masc. 
* D'un laidron je deyiens T^poux ' 
(BSranger), 



&aqaev lacker. Mental concord 
(with * vernis ') [60, 83 ff]. 



&6vite, Levite (Hebrew). An attrib. 
noun of person [56]. 



&IS9 lily ; Lat. lUium. 



FEMiNnra. 
JpnqaSUeijon^il (the flower). 

Jujuhet jujube (the fruit). From 
the plur. neut. zizypha [199] ; also 
gender ot phonic analogy [1Q9]. 

^taideron or laidrop* a plain 
woman f old or young. This word 
is of modern formation. Grender 
of mental concord, * Une laideron 
piquante ' ( Voltaire), 

laauiuef guTTirlake, Gender of phonic 
analogy [109] and mental concord 
(with 'gomme' or *terre*) [50, 
83 ff]. 

^6viteff k, of overcoat. Gender of 
phonic analogy [109], and mental 
concord (with * tunique,' 'mode,' 
* fa9on,* etc.) 

Kyty river in Belgium ; Lat. Legiwn. 
These two words, being only homophonons, might be excluded from this list. 

« litre (the unit measure for ^Jdtre, mourning hangings; L. Lat. 
liquids). From O.F. * litron.' litra {?) 

Might also be considered as hav- 
ing the gender of phonic analogy 
[1081 ; the gender would be one of 
inteltectual analogy (with * mkre ') 
[133, 204] if the word be derived 
from, the Greek ri \lrpa. 

ILivret book ; Lat. librum, 

lomsLnge, Masp. in the language 
of mathematicians, probably by 
analogy with the gender of other 
geometrical figures — carri, trv- 
anglct etc. 

loutrev hat or cap made of otter- 
skin. Gender of mental concord. 



auvre, pound] Lat. Ubram [1 6, note]. 

Aosaagef lozenae. From a supposed 
Middle Latin rorm laudemia,w\ai^ 
has also given * louange.' Fern, 
in O.F. and ace. to the Acad. 

Xioutre, otter ; Lat. lutra. 



or Meiiiff river in Germany, Main* hand ; Lat manus, 

BKanclieff handle; Lat. adj. mani- IKBntlief sleeve ; Lat. manidani, 

cum, what belongs to the hand, Mancbe, the English Channel 

Gender of mental concord [60]. (a Celtic word.) 

These two words are the masc. and fem. forms of the same adjectiyo. One of them may 
be considered as having the gender of differentiation [138 ff]. 



a^daePf Manes; Lat. manes. 



*9KAaes is sometimes found femi- 
nine. < Les m&nes toutes guer- 
ri&res ' (Brantome) ; * grandee 
mftnes ' (Bossuet), This is clearly 
the effect oi phonic analogy^ 



98 



FBENCH QBNDSB& 



Mascuunii. 

workman, navffjf. 



Gender of mental concarcL, [See 
flmrbe.] 



BKaaquet vmntf failing. From 
O.F. adj. 'mane/ maimed; Lat. 
mancum. Gender of mental con- 
cord [50]. 

MmronlLe, ecoundrelt raaamiuffin. 
Gender of mental concord. 

, martyrdom; Lat. mar- 



t^um, 

maflquey mask. Gender of phonic 
analogy [108]. 



Encorm. 

KaBOBitTref working^ mmiosuvre. 

From mantts operam, or opera 

(plor. nent.) 

The word might also hare been derived 
from the verb ' manceuTrer ' [110], which 
is older or quite as old. 

^Maaque* failing to anewer at tie 
rcll'CaU, Modern deriv. from the 
verb * manquer.' Gender of pho- 
nic analogy [110] ; mi^ht also be 
a gender of differentiation [138]. 

*Maroiifle, k, of lining-paate. 
Mental concord (with ' colLe ') [83]. 

s female martyr. 



,aa (&miliar), a female hypo- 
crite, etc. *Ah! petite masque!' 
(Molihe), Low Lat. maeca, vjitch. 



mauve, mau/ce'^owr. [See rose.} Biaawey marah-maUow; Lat malva. 



«ll6Uoerte, k, cf butterfly. Gen- 
der of intell. analogy (with 
'papillon*). 

Vkiiakoiret memoir, bill. 'M^moires 
inMits/ *m6moire de tailleur.' 
G;ender of distinction [138] or 
intell. analogy (with ' compte,' 

* memorandum *), 

laerel (in the expr. 'grand merci'). 
An accidental subst. ; therefore in 
mentat concord with some noun 
understood. It is the sentence 
•mer(A*^ thank you, transferred 
into the language as a subst., like. 

* un qui-vive,' * un on-dit.' 

*Mestro de eamp, colonel, in the 
O.F. army, 

^Minlmey monk of the order of 8t. 
Francis. Mental concord (with 
'moine'). 

mode* m4)od, way, manner. Gen- 
der oi distinction [138 ff]. 



*M6lioerte, k. of flower. Gender 
of intell. analogy (with *fieur*)L 

M^molrey memory; Lat. me- 
moria. 



Kerolf mercy, *A la merci,' etc 
Lat. meroedem. 



^meatre de eaiapy the first com- 
pany of a regiment in the OJF. 
army. 

^BKlnlme (old term of music), 
minim. Mental concord (with 
*note*). 

Modey fashion ; Lat. modus. The 
feminine is the original gender 
(phonic analogy [109]), although 
the Latin woi^d is masculine. 




stssHSBio.Bomta. 



"Mart, dead body. Gender of men- 
tal concord [68, 61], 

■Konila (term of chemisU;), 
BiHflfo. Origin unknown; gender 
otpkonie analogy \10%\ 

Konle, model, nioutd ; lot, mo- 
dtduna. 



*M1eU«. aito Dial, nigeltum, 
Voeli Chriatmat Day, also CKrUt- 
mat carol; I«t. natalem (vii. 
diem). A mental concord (with 
'jour'). 'Noel n'eet pas encore 
Tenn '—i.e. ' U jour de 'NmI.' 
nolaette, haed-colour, 
[S»r.».] 



e (masc wben deriTed from 
the eiDg. or (jTude form opcr, opM, 
r>pof, opiii), viork. In the eiag. 
it was therefore invariably masc. 
in O.F. down to a comparativelj 



fobia est na ceuTre impar&it 
{Lafimtaiiie) ; ' poor fiiirB ceuth 
pufait' {VoUain). It is stil 
masc. nheii a pHrticuloi work, oi 
the work par eicelUnca, or th( 
ooIlectiTe works of some greal 
Mtiet, painter, engraroi 



mn*,vv>U,jeity-lt»ad; IaI, mdttt 
(fern.) The change of gender maj 
bave been causnl by phonic ana- 
iogs (with 'p6te,' 'r5to'), or by the 
necessity of ditlinnlian [133 ff]. 

'XonoBTttmma, lAe emaUett farm 
kn/nen. Gender of datincfiou or 
menUU concord (with ' foogir* "). 

Mart, death ; IaL mortem. 

BCoolItt, k. of glove, muffler; taetU' 
block; Lat. manrptLlam{';j) Ibn 
be a gender of dietinctiim [13S ff}, 

Wonle, muiele, shell-fieh. From 'Cb» 
Lat. muictdiu (masc) Qenderof 
dieliiKtioit [138 fi] and at phoiue 
analogy [109]. 

has become fen. both Ihrongh 
phonic atialtigl/ [lOS} and through 
ths necessity of dittinclioa p38}. 

'X'lelle, nigelia plant, etc. 

Boel, Chriitmae or Chrietmat-titm. 
G«nder of mental concord (with 
'fits'). >A Is Noel proch&ine,' 
next Chrittmat. [Sea 87.] 

WaUMMi ntU, filbtrl. A. modrm 
diminutive of 'uoiz.' Gender <rf 
phonie analogy [109]. 

OBawre. Fem. when derirsd from 

the plur. neut. opera [19S], oir 
from the sing. 



plitcfl de Comeille.' 




e de 

Momrt," ' TcBuvrB de Callot,' etc. 
Ct also 'le gTHDd (saTre,' tht 
philoiopAei'i stone, and '(butts' 
as an architectural term. 

Inanmnlence te dropped. 



eic^tlnisllj mtio. Ik on In 



100 



FBEHGH GENDERS* 



Ofleei office f aervicp ; Lat» offiewm. 



Ombrev k. of fish, tmhra, Gender 

of phimip analogy [108], or inteU 

lectual analogy (with 'poisson*). 

pmbre or bombre* a aame at 

, oards. From Spanish 'hombre/ 

(( man* 

Onea (epieene\ the ounce or /ynar ; 
Lat. lynx{?7), which is also maso, 
and fern. Boffon has made this 
wordmasc. 

»p orange-colour. [See rose.] 



Orrei 6ar% ; Lat. neut. sin^. Aor- 

dewn. It is masc. only in the 

expr, *orge carri,' autumn barley; 

*OTge mond^/ peeled barley; 'orge 

• perU/ jwaH barley. 

Orffne (in the siDg.)» organ (the 
instrument as a whole), barrd- 
organ ; Lat. neat. sing, organwn. 

Wng^9p(ige; QT,frai9iov{77); more 
probably derived from paginue, 
"for pagdnuSf or from pagius, for 
pageneis (??). 

^Varne* Lat. pannus, Sp. |kz^, a 
^'e(» (>^ (^o^A t(M>r» ^ savages or 
slaves, 

palUaMaff c^otow. Attrib. noun of 
person. Mental concord (with 
*batelenr')[66]. 

paill6ff strauHfolour. [See rose.] 

Valiiie« ^n, handbreadth ; Lat» 
pahnus (masc.) 

Vampav A?, ofcai^ 



Qtlkeef pantry f china-closet, servant/ 
hall, offices (plur. fem.^ ^A^ 
dependencies of the kitchen in 
general. From the Lat. plnr* 
nent. officia [194, 208] ; not from 
offidlnam, on account of the ac- 
cented long penultimate, unless 
another form qffl&inam is ad- 
mitted. [Cf. pa^e.] 

Ombret shade, shadow; Lat. um- 
bra. This word was masc. in 
O.F., either by being connected 
with 6fAfipos or through phonic 
analogy [108]. The savants of 
the Kenaissance succeedecl in 
making it fem. [See 173.] 

Onoe« ounce ; Lat. uncia. 



I 



Oranireff orange. Origin doubt- 
ful. Gender of phonic analogy 
[109]. 

OrffOf barlev in general ; Lat, plur. 
neut. hordea [195], 



Orffnes (in the plur.), organ. From 
the plur. neut. organa [195], 

Pay Off page in a book, Lat. padlnam, 
Cf. ' lame ' » lamnam, lamnam^ 



*VaffB6« the same. Gender of pho- 
nic analogy. ' La pagne grossi&re' 
(Lamartine) ; * faisant une pagne 
k'ETe^ {Foltaire). 

VaUlassOf straw bed; ItaL pagli- 
aocio ; also gender of phonic ana- 
logy [109]. 

99X1199 straw; Lai.palsa, 

Valine, palm, glory ; Lat. pahnam. 

Vampa, the vast plains or prairies 
in South America^ 



siamnsio houk8« 



101 



MASCTTLOfB. 

Pantomime ; Lat. pantomimut 
(aetar), Oender of mental con- 
cord [60]. 

l^Aqne or p4qiies, Easter Sunday, 
Easter-time, * PAqnes n'est pas 
encore venu;' 'ii reyiendra 4 
Pdques.' Gender of mental con- 
cord (with *jour,* *diiDaiiche/ 
* temps '). [See Voal.] 



Vairalldle« parallel, comparison, 
parallelon. Gender of mental 
concord (with ' cerde/ ' ezamen/ 
etc.) [60]. 

*Party delivert/f ffivinff birth (law 
term). ' Suppression de part/ 
concealment qf birth, lAt» partum, 

PendQlef pendulum; Lat. pendu- 
Utin, 

Pdne, bolt ; Lat. peseulum, 

Parclia« nanie of a province in 
France. 

*p4iiade (le pins hant), the highest 
point that may be reached. Gan- 
der of distinction [138 fif]. 

The change of gender does not appear to 
have been necessary. It is not improbably 
the consequence of an analogy Jwith 
*dflgr6>' 'point,' inasmach as the adjeo 
tiye haut inyariably accompanies it. It 
may also have been infla.uoed by the 
Latin form [170]. 

personne (used as an indet. pro- 
noun), anybody^ noliody. Compare 
qnelqne ebose* ffens. 

^peite (obsolete). The word peste 
(fem.), nsed first adjectively, is 
retransferred into the language^ 
and thu« becomes an accidental 
subst. [See to%9^ All feminine 

• nouns miglit become masc. in this 
way. 



paiitomiiii6ff pantomime. Gender 
of vntell, analogy (with ' action/ 

* art^' * danse/ etc. — t.^.. the piece 
as representeid by a pantomime). 

PAqiief Easter, Easter festiifat* 
'Le Juif Simon feiit la PAqne' 
(Lesage), From the Hebrew JVu- 
cha, Passover, Gender of phonic 
analogy [109, 124] ; also of men- 
tal concord (with *flte') [87]. 

pAqnei (in the plur. fem. ) * P&qties 
fleuries/ Palm Sunday*, 'PAqneS 
closes,' Low Sunday ; also receiv- 
ing the Sacrament at Easter-^ 

* &ire de bonnes PAques.* 

!Paralldle« parallel line. Gender 
of mental concord (with 'ligne') 
[60]. 

Party part, share ; Lat. partem. 



pendnle, timepiece, clock. Gender 
of mental concord (with 'hor- 
loge'). 

^Pdna (tech.), worsted cord, dte.; 
Lat. pannus, 

Pereb^f perch (the fish) ; Lat. 

perca, 
^ereliey rod ; Lat. pertica, 

W&riodei period of time; Lat, pe* 
riodus (fem.) ; Gr« ^ Ttploiost 



Pamoiinay person, *Je connKii 
cette personne.' From Lat. per^ 
sona. In the sing, it never appUei 
to a male person. 

PastayjpM^; lAt.pestem* 



A 



lOS 



JBXSCB DISNBEBS. 



MABCfriors. 

^hjrstqiie, the *pht/sique' of « 
person, G-ender of mental concord 
(with * iUt ') [60]. 

plquap spade at cards. Gender of 
distinction [188] ; more probably 
of inUU. analogy (with 'coeur/ 
heart \ 'trifle/ cliih\ ♦carreau,* 
diamond) [126 ffl ; or it may be 
the gender of the original yik 
{^ovr pic) [141]. 

VtTolnep bullfinch. Gender of men^ 
tal concord (with ' oiseau '). 

Flaaat pl-OMe-tree ; Lat. platanum. 
VUui6» flat inner side oj a scittsors- 

blade. Mental concord (with ' c6t^/ 

etc.) [50]. 

plattne* platinum. Gender of intell. 
analogy with the other metals 
[180j. 

padagray one who is gouty. Gender 
of mental concord [83]. 

9od|e« pallt canopy ; Lat. pallium. 
Fodtof stove ; Lat. pensile (??} 

V/D^tlqiiev the poetical. Mental 
concord. 

*Polaora» Polish soldier or horse- 
man, 

y^litlqiiaf a politician. Gender of 
mental amcord (with 'homme/ 
* 6crivain/ etc. [60], 

*Voiitay at * ombre/ the ace of heart 
or diamond ; at * lanHquenet/ the 
adversary of the Sanker; punto, 
punter. In both CHses the gender 
IB that of mental concord (with 
>«ui' or *joueur') [60], 

9ast6« a military post, etc. ; Lat, 
positum or Ital. pos^o. Also (gen- 
der of phovic analogy [ 1 08], or 
of mental concord, or of diatiwh 
turn [138], 

*Voiilpe» k. ofmollusCy polypus [9]. 

pourpret purple-culour [see rote] ; 
also lana scurvy. Mental concord 
(▼ith*scorbut^)[60]. 



FaMiimni. 

Vtajslqiiaf physinst natural phi- 
losophy. Gender of mental eon- 
cord (with ' science ') [pQi], 

Piquep pike. This seems to be the 
fern, form of the Celtic pik. Gen* 
der Qd phonic analogy [109], 



VlTotBa, peony ; Lat. poMmia ; Gr^ 
veutyla, 

Planey spokeshave^ drato-knife. 
Gender of mental concord (with 
*hachette/ 'gouge'). Alflo a k» 
offish [60J. 

Vlatine, a fiat sheet of any metal, 
platen, screw-plate, ere. Gender 
of phonic anlogy [109]. 

^Podaffre, gout tn the feet ; Lat. 
podagra ; Gr. itdiaypa. 

Wo^l^t frying-pan; JjAt. patella, 

po6tiqiiat treatitse, etc., m poetry. 
Gender of mnital concord (with 
* critique/ * bcit:Dce/ etc.) 

*Polaor6« k. of vessel in the Medi- 
terranean, also k. of dance, 

PoUtiqiief pfditics. Gender of 
mental concord (with 'science') 
[60]. 

Pontap the laying of eggs,laying<-^ 
time. Gencier of phunie analogp 
[62, note; 109]. 



f letter-posi, stage-poei ; L. 
Lat. post(i, p sita, station* Gra- 
der of mental concord [60]* 



^Poulpe* more usnilly pnlpayjm^. 

Vourpre, purp!e\ l^it. purpura; 
Gr. irop^ipa; also the name of a 

fish. 



BISKRXBIC KOUKS. 



103 



Hasculinb. 
TrktieMtm, pretext; JjbL prtetexium. 

*piieeff puee-colour, [See rose.] 



Vnptlle (epicene), male or female 
ward; Ijat, pupillumf pupiUam. 

*q«adrl]laff quadriile (dance). 
Seems a gender of dijferentiation 
[138]. 

qnelqiie ehose (nsed as an indet. 
pronoun; compare ffens, per* 
Sonne), anything, eoTnething, 

qvene de moraey a tail-coat » * un 
habit ayant des basques en forme 
de queue de morue * [94]. Gender 
of ifUelL analogy, 

4iieve de rat, k, of cigar ^*Mn 
cigare ayant la forme d'une queue 
de rat.' G-ender of intelh amUogg 
[94]. 

^Qneiuiv eook; Lat. eoguus, 

^r^eUone (falconry), calling the 
falcon back. Gender of mental 
concord (-with *cri' or *appel') 
[83 ff]. 

^S^^ale (in an organ), vox humana 
atop ; Ital. regale^ 



r^fflisse, liquorice. Gender of mes- 
tal concord (with 'jus') [83 ff]. 

relAeifte, interTnieeion, respite, rest. 
Gender of distinction [138 ff], or 
phonic analogy {rdasche ??) [108]« 

remlsey job carriage. Gender of 
mental concord (with * cabriolet,' 
<carro68e;etc) [83]. 



Fehikimb. 

*9rktemtefpratexta; togapratexta. 
Gender of mental concord (with 
*toge*)[60]. 

Pnee« fiea\ Lat. ptdex, pulicem 
(masc.) Gemdier of phonic analogy 
[109, 172]. 

PnpUlev the pupil of the eye, G«n- 
der of phonic analogy [109]. 

*Qitadrllle« troop of horses for 
a tournament ; Ital. gttadriglia. 
Also gender of phonie tmalogy 
[109]. 

*Qiielqiie otaose* whatever thing 
(*quelque chose qu'il ait dite ou 
faite'); Lat. causam, 

^neiie de moroe, eodfisk-taU. 



^eno de rat. rafs taih 



*^eiiaE« k. ofmheistone ; Lat. eoUm 
{coa), 

X^clame, catchword (in print), 
puff, editorial puff. A modem 
deriv. from the verb 'r^lamer.' 
Crender of phonie analogy [109]. 

*S^ffale, aqua regia. Gender of 
mental concord (with * eau *) [fiO]. 

*&^ffale9 certain rights inherent to 
royalty. Gender of phonic analogy 
[109], or of mental conoord (with 
* taxe,' etc) 

A^ffUsse, the liquorice plant ; Lat, 
liquiritia ; Gr. ykvK^ji^tfa. 

*ilel&elief putting into a harbour 
of refuge. A mudern deriv. from 
the verb 'rel&cher.' Gender of 
phonic analogy [109]. 

Xemlse, putting off, delay, remit' 
tance, coach-hmse, eto. Gender 
of mental concord (with 'somme,' 
'action,' *valeur,' etc.) [50]. 



J! 



104^ 



ItBENOH OBKDEBSt 



EBUiynn. 

*SdT6f h. of tax on goods at the Hmi 
ofexportatum (in olden times). 

Bosep rose ; Lat. rosam. 



Masculiivb. 

X^TAt dream. Origin unknown ; 
not from *r6ver/ which woold 
have been a fern. [110]. 

ros0f roee-^folourf pink coUmr, 

N.B. A number of nouns denoting objects baying a well-known colour are used adjeo- 
tirely. Such are benrre-ft'aiB, /re«A-&M/fer ; marron, chestnut ; Ulas, Ulae ; pon- 
ceau, com'poppy ; saft>a&« wtffi'on ; soufk*e| sulphur^ wbich are maecnline ; and 
amarantOi amaranth ; anrore. ctoum ; cerise, eherrp ; 6carlate, Mnrf^*/ ; feoille- 
morte, dead-Ua/\ gorge*de-pigeon, pigeon* s-neck ; fonqaHle, Jonqua ; maiiTe, 
manh-tnaltote ; noisette, nu^: orange, omngre ; paille, straw; pnoe, >i«a; rose, 
ro4«, wbicb are feminine. * un cnapeau rose/ a pink bonnet ; ' un babit marron/ rr chestnut' 
coloured coat ; ' des gants beurre-frais,* yelUm gloves ; ' une soie ^carlate, fenille-marte« 
Rorge-de-pigeon,' scarlet^ dead-leafy shot-coloured silk ; ' un mban mauve/ a mauve rMon ; 
* buffleterie jonquiUe,' Jonquil-coloured cross-beiu ; * un paletot noisette/ a nut-brown pale- 
tot ; ' und ^harpe orange/ an orange-coloured scarf \ * une robe puoe,' a puee-eoloured 
dress ; ' des gants paille/ straw-coloured gloves ; etc wben, as such— i.«. as adjectiTea— 
th^ are retransferred into the hmguage, they become accidental substantives, and an 
therefore masculine [08, 64 ff]. Of. also the colours in heraldry— arsent, aznri 
guenlest sable, sinople— and the adjective and substantive inde, dark blue. 

' Rose ' is the only one which is used as a real adjective, agreeing with the noun it 
qualifies—' des robes roses.' This usage is quite modem, however. In an edition of J. J. 
Kouseeau's * Lettres sur la Botaniqne,' dated li82, and which might be supposed to have 
been printed under the revifdon of the celebrated writer, 'rose' is left invariable— 'oes 
folloles blanches en dessns, rose en dessous.' 



^^se-oroixp a dwnitary among 
Freemasons^ the degree above that 
of master. Gender of mental con- 
cord, 

Baglttalr0« Sagittarius (the sign of 
the zodiac), 

Batyr^i satyr^ demigod ; Gr. SctrtN 
pos ; Lat. saigrus [127]. 

*BeeUe (geom.), subordinate pro- 
position; Gr. (TKSKtop, Given as 
fern, by Littr^. 

^Bklknite, selenite. Gender of men^ 
tal concord [68, 161] or of intelL 
analogy [131]. 



*BtnUnentm 

Ce sentiment si prompt dans nos oosurs 

r^ndn, 
Farmi tons nos dangers sentineUe aisidtt. 

Voltaire. 

iftpll^ the colour. [See rosoe] 



*Berp0Btalr6 (astronomy), a con- 
stellation, 

*B6Stev name of one of the decre- 
tals {dth'S ; Lat. sextus (Hber)4 
Gender or mentttl concord. 



^Mame^erolK^association or brother- 
hood of *illuminis* in the ISthcen- 
tim/f or bodg of dignitaries among 
Freemasons ; Ger. Bosenkreuz, 

*Baginalr6« k, of flower. Gender 
of mental concord. 

*Batjre9 k, of play (antiquity) * 

Gr. Sirupof . 
Batir0ff satire; Lat. satira, satunu 

*BtoUe {phil,)texplanation of texts ; 
Qt. trK6\iotf, 

*B6lknltt, the old name for sulfite 
of lime; Gr. ff^Kwlrris (mase); 
but the word is fern, by phonic 
analogy [109], or by mental con- 
cord with *pierre' [161]. 

B0iitlnalla» a sentinel; ItaL sen- 
tinella. 



BkipULt sepia. From the Italian. 
This word should be masc. [Sea 
49, A, V,] 

*BerpenUdr6f k. of plant, 

^saztep sixth canonical hour ; Lat. 
sexta (hora). Gender of mental 
concord. 



m. 



BIOENBBIC NOUNS. 



105 



MASCULIirB. 

Bolda* balance of an account ; Lat. 
tolidum ; or gender of mental con- 
cord fwith *compte') [83] or of 
differentiation [138]. 



»ff deep, nap ; Lat. aomnum, 
somnu8» 



*BovrfBt emife ; Lat. subrieumy sur- 
riaum^ connected with subridere. 
The word is hardly used except 
in poetry. 



Statnairey statuary (the artist),* 
Lat. atatuariiis. 

Steppe* the uncultivated plains in 
JRussia* 



a Swiss [56] ; also beadle. 

Tenenr (^teneor de livres/ book' 
keeper). Gender of menial concord 
(with * employ^,' etc.) 

*Tllley the liber of the linden-tree ; 
also a cooper's tool, etc. ; Lat. 
iilia, 

^Teplqu^ya topical {local) remedy. 

Gender of m^tttal concord with 

* remMe local/ ' pmplitre,' ' cata- 

plasme/ etc. [50]. 
*Topiqiies (masc'plur.) 'Les To- 

piques d'Aristote/ r& rorifci. 

Gender of menial conccrd (with 

•lieTix')[60]. 

Torse* trunk, body ; ItaL torso. 

Tour* tumer^s lathe, trick, trip, 
turn, etc. ; Lat. iomum. 



Yeminive* 

Bolddy soldiers* pay ; Lat. solidam I 
or gender of mental concord (with 
some word like *paye,' * retribu- 
tion') or of phonic analogy [109, 
110]. 

Sominey sum ; Lat. summa. 
*Bomme, burden ('bite de somme/ 

beast of burden) ; Lat. and Gr. 

sagma. Qender of photiic analogy^ 

Boiirie* mouse; Lat. soricem (masc.) 
This word was already fern, iii 
O.F. It is masc. in some of the 
dialects. The gender might be 
one of dtffereiitiaiivn [138]. It 
is more probable that it has be- 
come feni. either through the 
influence of the Teutonic lan- 
guages {die Maus) or by compa- 
rison with, and to distinguish it 
from, some other, animal of the 
same species (the rat ??) 

Btataalre* statuary (the art) ; Lat. 
statuariam {artem). 

Steppe is made fem. by trayellers 
and writers on travela. Gender 
of phonic analogy. 

Suisse, Switzerland [69]. 

Tenenr, tenor, text ; Lat. tenorsTii. 
See nouns in enr [188 ff]. 

HUle, k, ofinsed. 



^Toptqne, the doctrine of topics, or 
the art of finding topics. Gender 
of mental concord (with ' science/ 
astern) [50], or Lat. iopioam* 



*Torse, torsion, twisting, k. ofim* 
plement, etc. 

Tonr, tower ; Lat. turrim. 



TBZKCH aXIIDSBS. 



Trlotnpbfl, tnamph ; Lat. <i 



S*«eliAei Uvektt ; Or. Tpoxaw. 



, ttvmp ; aIw) a carUiii 

game al card*. A aoderD forma- 
tion fiom the verb ' triompher.' 
Gendpt of phauic analogy [10»] ; 
alio gender of mfnial arneord 
(wilh'c«rte')[B3ff]. 

*Vro«ll4« (Hgrlc), branchti (of s 
eeedling). Miuic. ace to Aead. ; 
fioai SD old form troche, Qender 
ofphonui analogg. 

TroiDpDtte, trumpet. A modern 
dimiiiucive ot Irampt. Oaodurof 
phonio aftalogy [lUO]. 

Vap>«i uu'v ; Teat Wcgt. 

Vapenr, vapour, iteam ; LM. «a- 
porrm{muae.) [See douDiinonr, 
188 ff.] 

Anglo-Saxon 



.1(1). 



L 



trQmpetM, a IrumptUr. Oender 
of mental ceneord (wilh 'homioe,' 
-■oldat,'etc.)[fi3ff, 64]. 

TBCnSt tmguaiftt, vacuum. Gen- 
der of menial cencord [S8, 84 ff]. 

TKpenr, itiatner. Gender of men- 
tal auncoTd. (with 'bateau') [S3 ff]. 

Vaa«i vou, vuM^ Lat. voj or 

vatam. 
•Vtpre (obs.), wenin^; IM. w»- 

Veme or rercne, alder-tret. A 
Celtic word, or Lat. arbot vema. 
[See 7reei, 178 ff] 
Vlome. vilniirnvm ; Let viiurnw. VIome ie eometimea made fsm. bj 

[See Treet, 178.] phoHU! aiiclogy. 

▼la B msiif «. O.F. Cf. ini'd-n). ▼!■< *n«w; Lat. vfju. 

▼•U«,twi';; Lat. (aitig.] ulum. VoUe.ftii/; Lat. <plni. nent.) Dria 

[!9» ff]. 
Volte-tacef/doiujr aAoul. Qender 

.ofp*™ieunatiyii. 
Vmniralre (a plant), aii<%Ui> 
. vumerarvtm. vulneraria, Grmler of mnitat 

eeacord (with ' plunta,' etc.) 

]S7. To the ftbore list might bo adderl — (I) All attrihvtive 
nowu, which Lave the Hame form for the irasooline uid 
feminine. 

Bx. : artiste, morallate, tf^otate, royalists, andabont 
25 othtr roiins in late i psnsloniialre, proprWtalre, and 
about 20 other DoanB inatrei avarei adults | aTSorle t 
oamarade i condlsotple i finals i sntlioaslasts i bArtf- 
tlque I plithlslqne i parasite i prostflrte i patriots. 

(2) Sylleplio noane, as deeoribed in §§ 83, 84, 85, rufra. 



wJnerary; Lat. (a4j.) 



^OENSRIO Notms. 107 

sacli as la Bourgrogrne, du (vin de) bourgrogme i la Cbam- 
Iiagi&6| du champagrne i la C6t6-&6ti69 du c6te-r6tie i 
la garde'ttan^BiBe, sulase, r^publicaine i un (soldat de 
la) grarde-ft*an9alaey etc. ; la Martinique, du (cafe de la) 
martinique i la JamaXque, du (rhuw. de la) Jamalque % 
la Brie, du (fromage de) brie | la Bavaney un (cigare 
de) bavane i la Virgriniey du (tabac de) virgrinie i la 
Terre-Neuve, un (chien de) terre-neuve i une peau 
rougrey a red skin ; un peau-rougrey a red-skiimed Indiim, 



i 



108 TtmNCtt ^BKBISRI^^ 



CHAPTER VI. 
CHANGES OF GENDEB. 
(Irregvlcmties in the Gender of Denvation,) 

158. A large nnmber of nonns have changed their Latin 
gender, thus forming as many irregularities in the gender of 
derivation. 

159. These changes are due to the same causes which, 
besides the laws governing derivation, have influenced French 
genders in general — viz. mental concord^ phonic analogy ^ inteU 
lectual analogy f and the necessity of distinction. 

160. Sometimes the changes may be attributed to two, or 
even three, of those causes. 

161. Mental concord may account for malaoblte (fem,\ 
HaXaxirriQ^ 6; pyiite (fem.)^ rrvpiTriq^ 6; B^l^nite (/em.), 
ffeXeWri^C) o ; Btalaotlt6f Btalagrn^ite, corresponding to the 
supposed tfraXaKTirriq^ from irraXaicroc, and ardkayixirriQ^ from 
oraXay/xa. The word agreed with would be *pierre.* The 
g^der of these nouns is, however, better explained by the 
rule ot phonic analogy. 

See, in the list of bigeneric nouns (156), aigrlo (m.), 
d^oime (m.), gr^ns (m.), Ji\|ube (m.), meroi (m.), XoU 
(f.), FAques (m.), pendule (f.), r^grlisBe (m.) ; also the 
masc. nouns of colour — oeiiset orange f paillei puoet 
pourpret roset etc. 

162. Intellectual a/nalogy would account for names of days 
(the word jour being referred to) if they were connected 
with dies (fem.), not with dies (masc.) [Supra, 31, note, 35, 
105.] 

See, in the list of bigeneric nouns (156), iris (m.), ombre 
m.), pique (m.), souiis (f.) ; also UtoHih FAquey etc. 
ee also ml-oardmef midiy aprds-mtdlp mlnulti la 



g 




i 



CHANGES OF GEHDEB. lOD 

mt-Janvieri merle, plTolne, grdbe, etc. [Infra, 204, 
205.] 

163. Differentiation might acconnt for poison (maflc), 
oostumey etc, [See infra, 204, See also list of bigenerie 
nowis (156).] 

164. Most changes of gender must, however, he referred to 

PHONIC ANALOGY. 

165. Changes of gender will be considered under the fol- 
lowing heads : — 

A. Phonic analogy as the chief cause of such changes, 
Bf (1) Nouns originally feminine turned into masculine, 

(2) Nam£s of trees. 

G. (1) Nouns originally mxisculvne or neuter turned into 
feminine, 
, (2) Nouns in ear. 

(3) Feminine nouns derived from plural neuters. 

D, Norms difficult to explain, or which seem not to he 
pmenahle to any rule. 

A. PHONIC ANALOQY AS THE CAUSE OF CHANGE OP 

GENDER. 

166. In considering the difficulties connected with the 
cnrioos changes of gender which have taken place in. the 
passage of Latin — or Latinised — ^nouns into French, the fol^ 
lowing facts and principles should be borne in mind : — 

167. (1) The Latin, from which the French langpiage has 
been derived, was an idiom spoken and imported into Gaul bjr 
the nnedncated classes. 

The new idiom was therefore formed first phonetically. 
It follows that the probable soxtnd should always he con- 
mdted in preference to the written form. See cloaquoy pboqae 
[204] ; ohartre, cendre, ^nigrmet encroy poudre, ren- 
oontroy tourtre [205]. 

168. (2) A tendency has evidently existed from the begin- 
ning to • regularise,^ or * l&vel,^ ^ the genders, accm'ding to, of 

* Compare the tendency to ' regularise ' the verbe — ue. throwing them 
into the first (so-called regular) conjugation. This conjugation, from the 
simple fact that it contains by far the greater number of verbs, attracts, <» 
has attracted, not only verbs of modem formation or importation (such 
fts tutojjfer, hlaguer, boxer, stopper), but even a large number of the Latin 
'strong' verbs. 



110 FBEKCH 6BNBEBS. 

mpon ihe pattern of, certain welUknow9h forms $r sounds, eon^ 
ndered as * types.* 

1 69. This tendency already existed in Latin. To it must be attnbnted, 
«t least in part, the fact that there exist a ntimber of Latin nouns which 
have two genders (either thosc, and fern, or fern, and nevter), sometimes 
even three. 

Thus acanthu8y v tiKawSos ; atomus, 4 irofAos ; eytisus^ 4 niriaros ; ficus, 
fig-tree ; papyrus^ irdirupos ; rumeXf briar ; smaragduSy <rfxdpuy^, are ma^ 
culine and feminine ; so also dama, fallow-deery daim. Cinis (maac.) is 
fern, in Lucretius; pulvis (masc) is fern, in Propertiua; intubus ib maB^ 
and fem., but intuba (fern.) and iniubum (neuter) are also to be met with. 
Again, some double forms are to be found — antidotus (fern.) and antidotum 
(neut.) ; lacerta^ lacertus, lizard ; lusoiniola, luadnioluSy roa8ign4>lj niffhtinr' 
gale; ranuncula^ ranunculus^ grenouUle, frog ; etc. It is but fair to admit 
that the number of such nouns was much hurger than what is known. 

170. As a conseqneBce, nonns in ub (mn), being in great 
majority masculine, non-sezal feminines in us would neces- 
sarily he placed on the same level and ultimately he confounded 
tffith them a/nd treated as masculines (PeloponnesiiSf fern. ; 
F^lopondB6y masc.) In the same manner non-sezal maa- 
online nouns in a (am) would be turned into feminine. 

171. (3) The same tendency to bring the genders to 
regularity caused other deviations from the etymologi- 
cal gender. When, at an early stage of the laDg^ge, a 
certain number of ' classes ' of masculine and feminine forma 
had been established, and the ' class-types * fixed, newly im^ 
ported nouns would ^necessarily, as it were, * gravitate ' towards 
them. 

Thus new nouns ending in a consonant or sounded vowel, 
new nouns in a mute with impure penultimate [42], new 
nouns in agr^y in ismey etc., would be attracted towards 
these class- types and become masculine. Thus, again, new 
nouns in e mute with a pure penultimate, nouns in My in 
tiony in eury would become feminine. 

This is nowhere better shown than in the ' fluctuation ' of ]5^nder in 
certain words [176a]. Thus, pai§pie^pannuSf Sp. jmnOy is masc., but 

fkonic aruilogy makes it fern. — *la pagne grossi^re' (Lanuirtine, 'Toviss. 
ottv.') [176 and 176a.] 

172. Soon words of purely Latin origin would follow the 
§a/me current ; hence the change of gender even of Latin notms. 
Of. in the following lists [177, 187] art, fk*oat, fflaad, 
obauBsey plan^tCy etc. 



CHANGES OF GENDER. Ill 

173. Against sncb cliaiiges, bronglit abont by the popular 
classes — i.e. by the ignorant— the cultivated and •literati* 
would protest. They attempted at various periods, especially 
at the time of the Renaissance, to rectify the genders, as 
they attempted to rectify the words themselves in bringing 
them back to forms more akin to Latin. Ambroise PourS 
(died 1590), Rabelais (d. 1553), Montaigne (d. 1592), Gdhnn 
(d. 1664), Bmsard (d. 1585), Malherhe (d. 1628), Olement 
Maa-ot (d. 1544), Amyot (d. 1593), Balzac (d. 1655), B'Avhigne 
(d. 1638), Voiture (d. 1648), and others,* being excellent 
Latin scholars, would make arbrCy arty poison, saluty etc.^ 
feminine, while in the popular language they were masculine ; 
and ^pigrrammey obolOy paroiy etc., masculine, while the 
popular tongue made them feminine. In too many cases the 
savants were wrong ; ' in all they created confusion. 

174. The result, however, has been that, by the side of the 
popular gender, a ' literary ' gender grew up (a thing which no 
doubt also existed in Latin). In a few cases, such as offlroy 
oriran^f ombre [176, 176a, and 156], the savants succeeded 
in re-establishing what they considered to be the normal and 
original gender, while in most cases the jpoptdar gender pre- 
itaUed, 

175. It is, therefore, generally an error to state that such 
and such a noun was still of another gender in the sixteenth 
or seventeenth century. It would in most cases be more 
correct to say that attempts were made to change the popular 
gender and re-establish the gender of the supposed etymon.' 

176. The following are some instances of the difficulties 
thus introduced by the savants, who attempted not only to 
change the popular genders (almost all decided by phonic 
analogy), but also the forms of the words : — 



* Some attempts at re-establishing the etymological gender — or what 
they considered to be such — have been made by Minage (d. 1692), by Ce>r- 
neilUf Lafontaine, and even by Voltaire and Diderot. 

' In some they were right enough : ' En la diocese de Soissons.' ' Chas- 
enne citd avait sa diocese ' (Calinn). * La meslange des couleurs ' (A, ParS), 
* La meslange de ses adventures * {Amyot). A. Far6 makes also lies {ilia), 
feminine. [See Bigeneric Nouns.'] 

• Littr^, verho doute, b2ljs, *Doute a ^te d'abord fSminin [cf. 110]. C*est 
vem la fin du XVI* si^le que le genre en commence a devenir incertain, 
et que quelques-uns le font tant6t mascuUn, tant6t f^minin.' 



A 




112 TRENCH GEMBERS, 

AflSidr^t from a+/atr«, but fern, through 'phonic analogy [43, 08, 109]. 
* Le mien affaire ' (Maroi). 'Quelque affaire particulier ' (Ca/t^n). 'A£&ic6< 
is also found masc. in Ville-Hardouin, 

Alarmet from a Varme, fern, through phonic anaU-ogy [43, 98, 109], 
^ Paux alarmes ' {Rahelais), ' Nouveaux alarmes ' ( Caltnn). 

Appendlce* moito. [48], from appendicem^ fern, 'Flusieurs petite* 
appendices ' {A. Pari), 

Arbr6ff 9720^0. [42, 08, 1081, from arhorem, fern, <Toute arbre que 
eon p^re n'a plantde sera arrach^e* (Calvin), 'Une arbre nouyellement 
plant^e* (Rabelais). 

Arcbivesp fern. [43, 98, 109], from plur, neut arckiva. 'Un archiy^ 
malplaisaot' (Amyot). 

Art, thosc. [86, 98, 107], from artem, fern, 'Que devient cette belle 
art?* (Montaigne,) ' Comme s'il n'y avait que leur arc qui' sp peust main- 
tenir d'elle-m4me ' (Montaigne), 'L'art d'astrologie est beaucoup plus par« 
faitement entendue ' (Amyot), * Art ' is also found fern, in the sixteenth 
century. 

Cnianvref masc. [42, 98, 108], from cannabis, fern, ' Au temps que la 
chanvre se s&me ' (Lafontaine). 

Cloaqne, masc. [35, 98, 109, 204], from cloaca, fern, 'La doaque 
d*erreur ' (Bonsa/rd). ' La doaque de Tunivers * (Ckarron). 

Date, fern. [43, 98, 109], from pUir, neut. data. 'Le date est effica* 
pieux* (lyAubignS). 

nialecte, masc. [42, 98, 108], from 9<(£XcKrot, fern, 'Lee dialeetes 
toient affreuses ' ( Voltaire). * La dialecte ' (Diderot). 

Sontev/em., formed from y. douter [110, 175, note]. 

Bcrltoiref fern. [43, 98, 109], from scriptorium, neuter. 'Un groq 
esoriptoire ' (Rabelais). 

Bnlffme, fem, [43, 98, 109], from tenigma, neuter. 'Je n'entends 
point cest ^nigme ' (Rabelais). * Enigme si ais^ ' (Montaigtie). 

Mpigraaatae, fem. [43, 44, 98, 109], from epigramma^ Mypofi/ia, 
neuter, ' Un ^pieramme ' (Montaigne). ' Cest ^pigramme ' (Amyot). 

Bpttapbe, fem. [43, 44, 98, 109], from ivird^pios, 6, 4i. 'lis firent 
engraver un ^pitaphe ' (Amyot), 'Mon ^pitaphe est fait ' (Comeille). Before 
the Benaissance '^pitaphe' was fem. even in literary language. 

BpittK^te, fem. [43, 98, 109], from epUheton, Md§Tov, neuter, <£pi- 
th&te malplac^' (Vatigelas). 

BqnlToque, fem. [43, 44, 98, 109] (should be masc., being an accid. 
Bubst.) 'Ce mauvais equivoque' (Balzac). 'Un ^uivoque un peu gail- 
lard' (UAvMgnk), 

Btade« fem. [43, 98, 109], from plwr. neut, studia [194] (not from 
gtudium). ' Un ^tude principal ' (Rabelais), 

Kibble. See T^ble. 

Zdole, /tfm. [43, 98, 109], from idohim, iXBtaXov, neuter. 'Brisant lee 
idoles peints ' (Ronsard). Masc. in the eleventh century. 

Znaalte, fem. [43, 98, 109], from Lat. insultus, Tnasc. (more probably 
from verb insiuter [110]). ' Je veux qu'Attila endure un tel insulte' (Cbr- 
neille). 'L'insulte sacre' (Bdleau). 

Sbtinlte, fem. [43, 98, 109], from limitem (Hmes), masc. ' Son limite ' 
(Marot). ' Leurs justes et naturels limites' (Montaigne). 

Mlnuity m/aso. [35, 98, 107], from noctem, fem. 'Devant la mie? 
nuict ; k la minuict ' (Rabelais), 

Vavlro, Wioso,; Low Latin navirium, JIase. in O.F. down to Froiasart. 



CHANGES OF GENDER. 113 

* Le timon fait retourner la navire * (Montaigne). * Sa navire qui tremble * 
(Malherbe). ' L'ancre empSche que la navire ne soil emport^e ' (Bossttet). 
Menage says that * navire ' is fem. in poetry. [See Littr^.] These writers 
have evidently been misled by the Latin name, 

Obole, /em. [43, 98^ 109], from obokts, 6fio\6s, maac. *De tels diz 
grains est faiit un obole ' {A. Pari), ' Obole' is found /em. in the fourteenth 
century. 

Otttef was masc in O.F., its gender being one of phonic analogt/ [42, 
110]. It is still found masc. in Marot, 'refiisant un offre pr^sent^;' even 
in Racine^ *il [rofOre] n^tait point 11^' It has become fem. only in modern 
times. 

Ongrlet masc. [42, 98, 108, 177, 204], from ungnem, masc.t but 
supposed in the sixteenth century to have been derived from ungvlamy fem. 
Before the Eenaissance 'ongle' was considered masc. *Le cheval He Cdsar 
avait I'ongle coupp6e' (Mofitaigne). * Le cheval a I'ongle forte* (A. Pare). 

Orcbestre, masc. [42, 98, 108], from orchestra, fetn. ' L'orchesti^e 
^tant situ^e . . . .' {Rollin). 

Orgune ~ Lat. plur. neut. organa ; had also the gender of phonic 
analogy^ and was therei'ore fem. in O.F. * L'organe mal sereine * (Marot). 
This word is still fem. in some provinces. [See origrue* 156.] 

Paroif fem. [205], from parietem, masc. (was fem. in the thirteenth 
century and down to the sixteenth). ' Je contemplay les parois, lesquelz 
. . . .* {Rabelais). 

Foisom masc. [35, 98, 107], from potionem, fem. 'EUe [la poison] ne 
pent arriver jusques au coeur' (Montaigne), *La contrepoison doit ^tre 
plus forte que la poison * (A. Pari). * Poison * was always fem. in O.F. 

Sale, fem. [43, 98, 109], from sagum, neut. Cf. Fr. sayon. * Pour 
son saye ' ( Rabelais). 

Sort, Ttuisc. [35, 98, 107], from sortem, fem. * Ma sort ou ma destin^e ' 
(Rabelais). 

Sonp^on, Tnasc. [35, 98, 107], from suspicionem, fem, (was fem. in 
O.F.) * Ma soupe9on * (Montaigne). 

Tdble, masc. hj phonic analogy [42, 98, 108] and by intdl. anal., being 
the name of a shrub. [See infra, 178.] The Academy gives hieble and yible 
as differing only in their orthography ; but hiible is declared to be fem. and 
yeble masc. * Hi^bles dess^h^es ' (A. Pari). 

176a. The conflict between the popular gender and that 
introduced and upheld by the savants has produced what is 
known as the * fluctuation of French genders.' It is at least 
the chief cause of it. 

The nouns included in the following list all belong to that 
class of ' fluctuating ' nouns. They have all been feminine by 
phonic analogy^ and might have remained so as well as those 
given in § 187. 

amulete or amulette [49, B, 4«] carrosse [49, B, S'] 

apostume [156] cigare [49, B, 4°] 

armistice [49, Z?, 4''] cimeterre [49, B, 3«] 

aromate [ibid.l cloporte [49, B, 4"] 

bronze [130; 49, 5, 4»] comt6 [166] 

I 



i 



114 



FBENCH GEKDEBSt 



courre [49, B, 3*] 
crabe [49, B, 4«] 
dioc&se \ibid,'] 
domaine [i^ic^.] 
doute \ibid,'] 
Change \ibid.'\ 
Episode [162^.1 
^pitaphe \%bia.'\ 
erysipMe [ihid.'] 
espace [156, 200] 
eujAorbe [156] 
evangile [tizc?.] 
grebe [t'M.] 
grimoire [49, J9, 4«] 
horloge [ibid,'] 
horoscope \ibid,'\ 
i voire [iWe?.] 
melange [ihid,] 



merite \ibid,'\ 
narcisse [49, B, 3*] 
navire [49, B, 4"] 
opuscule \ibid.'\ 
organe [i^.] 
pagne [156] 
platine [109, 156] 
quiue [49, B, 4<'] 
remade [ibid.'] 
reproche [ibid.'] 
rfeve [i6M?.] 
riverbire \ibid,'\ 
rhume [i6u^.] 
squelette [49, B, 3»] 
stade [49, B, 4«>] 
tuorbe [tdic?.] . 
ulcere [i6uf.] 
iistensile [imd."] 



mensonge [i6»Vi] 
For the history of these words consult Littr6*s Dictionarj. 

Carrosse and others show that the ' fluctnation * was Bot 
limited to liatin nouns, but affected words irrespective of their 
origin. 

177. B, 1. A LIST OF LATIN (OR GREEK) FEMININE NOUNS 
TURNED, THROUGH PHONIC ANALOGY, INTO 
MASCULINES. 

This list should be divided into three parts — 

1. Nouns ending in a sounded vowel [35, supra], 

2. Nouns ending in a consonant [35, supra], 

3. Nouns ending in e mute toith impure penultimate [42, supra], And 
other masotdine endings. 

One single list has been farmed to faciUtate research and to aroid com- 
plication. 

N.B. Mang bigeneric nouns [156], and most of the nouns whose gender 
offers difficulty, because it does not seem amenable to any rule [204, 2051, 
rncny be explained uportthe same ground. In researches the three lists [156, 
204, 205] should be consulted. 



acaoia [35, 98, 114], Lat. aca4na 

(f.), Or. hLKOKia, [See Trees, 

infra, 178 ff.] 
algle [42, 98, 108], eagle, aquila, 

[See Bigeneric Nouns, 156.] 
alol [35, 106], ('de has aloi,' *de 

bon aloi '), cid legem (??) 
appendice, appendix, [See nouns 

in loe, 49, B, 4\] 
arbre [42, 98, 108], tree, arborem, 

rSee Trees, 178-ff.] 
art [35, 98, 107], art, artem. 



asplo [35, 98, 107, 176], for aspid, 

aspidem. 
eBTtllSLt;e [103], cartilaginem, [See 

nouns in agre.] 
ebanvre [42, 98, 108, 176], can- 

nabem (also cannabum, neut.) 
diol^ra ! [35, 98, 108], choteram, 

Xo\4pa (also mental concord with 

morbus), 
eldre [42, 98, 108], siceram {?), 

aUcfpci, 



i 



CHANGES OF OENDBB. 



Mi 



clnnabre {42, 98, 108], cinnaba 
rem (also cvmahartim, masc.) 

cintre [42, 98, 108], arch, semU 
circle. Derived by Diez from a 
supposed cinctura, 

cloaqne* for oloao [204, 176]. 

cotyledon [3d, 98, 107], KorvKifiwv, 

dalm [35, 98, 107], d/ser, buck, 
dama (masc. and fern.) 

dtaleote [42, 98, 108, 176], dialee^ 
tus, hidXcKTOs (fern.) 

doute. [See 176.] 

^obo [35, 98, 106. See Bigenerio 
Noun8\. 

^peantre [4% 98, 108, 166], speU^ 
spelta, 

^pi [35, 98, 106], ear of com, spi- 
cam (moM probably from a form 
gpicum, of whieh apica is the 
plural). [See 21, note.] 

^leu [35, 98, 106], spear , epicu- 
lam (more probaljfrom spiculum), 

^Itome [35, 98, 106], from epi- 
tome or ^Uoma, 

6t6 [35, 98, 106], summer, astatem. 
May be an inteU. analogy with the 
other names of seasons. It may 
also be a phonic analogy [106], 
but most probably the gender 
has been influenced by (ssius. [C£ 

204, oocbe, costmnev ongrle; 

205, oliartre.] 

f6ta [35, 98, 106], a tiny bit of 
straw, festuca. The word has 
always been masc. in O.F. 

front [35, 98, 107], forehead, etc., 
frontem. Always masc. in O.F. 

g-endt [35, 98, 107}, broom, genista. 
Low Lat. genesiium, 

gland [35, 98, 107], acorn, glan- 
dem. Always masc. in O.F. 

gndmef personification of yyt&firi, 
therefore a gender of mental con- 
cord [93]. 

iris [35, 98, 107. See Bigeneric 
Nouns\. 

Jaape [42, 98, I09i\, jasper, iaspidem. 

lambria [35, 98, 107], wainscot, 
ambrices (or lambre, from lamina). 

Kanguedoo [35, 98, 107], langue 
d'oc. 

I^xard [35, 98, 107]t lizard, lackta 
(also lacertus). 



llerre, ivy, hedera, [See Treesr 

178 ff.] 
Utro [42, 98, 108. See Bigeneri& 

Nouns], 
Inmbaffo [35, 98, 106], from L^t. 
lumbago, the gender of which is 
doubtful 
miea [35, 98, 106], from Lat. mica. 
midl [35, 98, 106]. The names of 
days — lAindi, Mardi, etc. — may 
be added if they have been derived 
from diem (fem.), not from diem 
(masc.) \Supra, 32, note, and 
infra, 204.] 
minuit [35, 98, 107], midnight. 

[See 176, 204.] 
moUnsque [42, 44, 98, 108], mol- 
lusc, moUusca, The gender may 
also be one of mental concord. 
The L«itin word seems to desig- 
nate not the fish, but the sheUL 
niveau [35, 98, 106], level, libellam. 
noyan [35, 98, 106], kernel, etc.« 
nucale7n (an a(^'ective der. from 
ntix), 
oiseau [35, 98, 106], bird, aviceU 
lam (or from a Low Latin avicd- 
lum). The word has always been 
masc. in O.F. 
angle [42, 98, 108, 176], naU, 
ungula (??) £See J76 and infra, 
204.] 
•p6ra [35, 98, 106], Lat. opera 

(fem.) 
orcbestre [42, 08, 108, 176], or* 

chestra, 
orcbia [35, 98, 107], orchis. 
organe. [See 176.] 
oripeau [35, 98, 106], tinsel, auri- 

pellem (?) 
parobemin [35, 98, 106], parch- 
ment, pergamenam (or rather per- 
gamenum), used adjectively. 
perimdtre, perimetrus (fem.) 
pboque, for pboo. [See 204.] 
plantain [35, 98, 107], plantagi- 

nem. 
poison [35, 98, 107], potianem, 

[See 141, 176, and infra, 204.] 
raifort [35, 98, 107], horse-radish, 

radicem fortem, 
r^mora [35, 98, 106], sucking fish, 
obstacle, retnora. 

I 2 



i 



116 



FBE5CH GENDERS. 



f&i^da [35, 98, 106], miffTioftette, 
reseda, 

Irets, net, retis (masc. and fern.) 

rlen [35, 98, 107], trifle (and as an 
indet. pron. ant/thin^, nothing), 
retn, 

rlx [36, 98, 107], rice, orr/za. 

rosslflrnol [35, 98, 107], nightin- 
gale, lusdniola. The word has 
more ptt)bably been derived from 
luscintoUts, itself formed from 
Ivscinius, Masc. in O.F. 

•aindoux [35, 98, \0'J'],lard,8agina 
dulcis, or sagtmen dtdce (Low Jjat.) 

saint [35, 98, 107]^ salute, salutem, 

sapblr [35, 98, 1 07], sapphire, sap- 
phirus, <rdir<p€ipos. 

soion [S5, 98, 107], scion, i/oung 
shoot, sectionem (Diez). Masc. in 
O.F. 



soupcon [35, 48, 107], suspicion, 

sitspicionem [176]. 
spbynz [35, 98, 107], »phynx» 
taUon [35, 98, 107], retaliation, 

lex talionis, talionem. 
t^nia [35, 98, 106], tape-worm, 

ttsnia, raivla, 
tibia [35, 98, 106], shinhone, tibia. 

[See 21, note, and 202.] 
trouble [42, 98, 108], turhtdam, 

Masc. in O.F. 
▼a§:ln [35, 98, 107], vaginam, A 

new formation, the oldfer deriya- 

tion being ' gaine.' 
Tal [35, 98, 107], vale, date, vallem. 

Cf . * Vaudeville ' = ' val de Vire ;' 

* Vaucluse ' = vallem clausam. 
van [35, 98, 107], winnowing bas- 
ket, vannum (?) 
yidble or bi^ble. [See 176.] 



sort [35, 98, 101'], fate, sortem [176]. 

The following, which are all modem Latin, may be added : — i 
foetida, azalea, datura (stramonium), oameUa, dablia* fbobsia, 
bortehsia, magrno^ia, welliuKtoniaf and many other names of plants 
[35, 98, 106]. 

2. Names of Trees. 

178. Names of trees, feminine in Latin, are mascnline in 
I'rench, [See supra, 17, and note.] 

179. It has been suggested that this change took place 
either through personification or through the influence, at the 
time of the barbarian inroads, of the Teutonic languages, 
where the notion of tree * is masculine {der Baum ; even der 
Eichhaum, der Fichtenlaum, etc., although die Eiche, die 
Fichte, etc., are feminine). [See on this point supra, 120, 
and infra, 190, nouns in enr.] 

180. The real, but complex, causes of the change seem 
to be — 

1. Phonic analogy [35, 42, 98, 106, 107, 108] for acacia, 
anb^pin, bonlean, bnis, fontean, if, nerprun, pin, 

* A few other French nouns, besides the names of trees and the nouns 
in cur, differ from the Latin, and coincide with the German, gender — ^la 
Henr, flower, flos (m.), die Blume; la mer, the sea, mare, die See (bnt also 
das Meer) ; I'aliTlef the eagle, aqvila, der Adler ; le yertlgre, vertigo, dtr 
Schvjindel; le mole, the jetty, moles, der Damm; I'oiseaiif the bird, 
avicella, der Vogel; etc. [See supra, 106| also the list of bigeneric nouns, 
166.] 



CHANGES OF GENI^B. Il7 

plaataiiif sapin, tillenl, cddre, ohdne (cheane), ooudrey 
Arable, firdne (fresne)^ grenidTrey Udble, tremble Isupra^ 
106 ff ], and for the word arbre itself. 

2. The derivation of some of them from Latin nouns in nm 
[170] — anney buiSy cddrey cbarmey chdney condrey 
grenid^rey frdney btdble, ormey piiiy plataaey sapin. 

3. The passage of most namies of trees through an * adjeo 
tival ' state^^ the qualification being taken from the peculiari- 
ties of each particular tree, its fruit, bark, etc., and the 
agreement being made either with a noun in us or with the 
word arbor, already turned into a masculine.^ 

Thus Arable = ocrem arborem, eh^ue ^= quercinum (not 
quterdnam) arborem =: quer^^num = quesnum = quesne = chesTiej, 
[See 186, 198, note.] 

181. This was chiefly the case when tlie fruit provided the 
qualification, and a change in the n/ime of the tree became neceS" 
sary to avoid confusion with the name of the fruit itself Thus 
the accusatives of arbutus, arbute-tree, ceroAius, cherry-tree, 
2?/2;yjp^t«, jujube- tree, mxyruSy mulberry- tree, m^spiltis, medlar- 
tree, pirus, pear-tree, pomv^, apple-tree, prunus, plum-tree, 
sorhis, sorb-tree, etc., would necessarily give the same form 
as arbutum, arbute-berry, arbonsey cerasum, cheiTy, cerlsey 
zyzyphum, Ji|)iibey morum, mulberry, mfirey mespilum, 
medlar, ndfley pirum, pear, poirey pomum, apple, pommey 
prunum, plum, pniney sorbum^ sorb, sorbe.^ Hence the 
introduction first of cerasarium arborem, pirarium arborem, 
pomarium arborem, etc., next the use of the adjective alone — 
cera^ariwnh, pirarium, pomarium, etc., from which the modem 
masc. substantives cerlsiery poiriery pommiery etc., have 
been derived. 

Even in the modern language the expressions * arbre cerisier/ ' arbre 
poiriep,* ' arbre chfine,' etc., are to be met with. 

It follows that the gender of the names of trees is mostly 
that of mental concord. 

' Some names of mountains have changed their gender in the same 
manner — lev Psrr^n^es, Pyrenai Monies [78 ff]. 

* Undoubtedly not at Rome or among the cultivated, but certainly at 
least in the 'provinces' and in the outlandish vernaculars. This is so 
much the more probable because, even at Kome, some names of trees were 
both masc. and fem.— «.^. cytisus, ficus, myrtus, papyrus. [Supra, 170.] 

' The case is still move striking when the Latin noun denotes both the 
tree and its fruit ; as. ficus^ castanea, oliva, persica, Tlgnef ebAtaiflrne* 
olive, p^obe* would therefore mean fiy, fig-tree ; chestnut^ chestnut-tree; 
olive, olive-tree ; peach, peach-tree. 



118" rREirCH aENDERS. 

. Compare ttie formation of English and German ' names of treed — appU^ 
tree^^ cherry-tree, pear-tree, Apfelbaum, Kirschenbaum, Birneribaum^ etc. ; 
and the Extended forms oak'tree, fir-tree^ heech-iree, Eichbaumf Fichtenbaum, 
Buchbaum, etc., which can he used instead of oak, Eicke, etc. 

» 182r What Imppened for fmit*trees also occurred for trees 
which gave other products, such as gum, bark, wood. See, 
in the following list, baumier, ^b^nier, grommier. 

183. Others have received the extended form to Avoid 
confusion with other words in consequence of the law of 
homonymy. Cf. condrier, laarier, penplier, oster. 

184. Lastly, a few have received the diminutival suffix 
0I9 eaiiy for the same reason ; such are bonleaUf fauteaa, 
snrefta 9 also tiUenly tiliola, for ' tille,' tUia, 

185. It will be seen from the following list that a large 
number of names of trees are of modern formation, and thus 
follow simply the laws of phonic analogy. 

As to the exceptions (all but one confined to shrubs), 
gee infra, Rule C. 

186. A General List of the French Namei of Trees and Shrubs, 

abrlootier, apricot'tree, der. from thorny white thorn, may-tree, firom 

' ahricot/ opru^^. *alha spina.' ' Auh^pine' (fern.), 

aoa^la, acacia-tree, Lat. acacia often confonnded with it, gene- 

(fem.) rally designates the hedge, not the 

aeajou, mahogany, denotes rather tree. 

the wood of the Swietenia mahogoni, anne, alder^tree, Lat. alnua, 

9Sone, furze, avelinier, JUbert'tree, from 'ave- 

alberrler or anbergler, from * al- line/ filbert, 

herge/ a kind of small peach. axal6a« 

aloes, aioes, bagruenandlerf hladdemtU-tree, 

amaadier, almond-tree, der. from from < haguenaude.' 

* amande/ almond, balisler, Arundo indica, from * ba* 

anaoardler, the tree which giyes Use,' its fruit. 

the mahogany wood, or acajou, bambou, bamboo, 

arboiuler, arbvitie, derived from bananier, the banana-tree, £rom 

'arbouse/ arbutum, arbute-berry ; *hanane.' 

more probahly an extended form bamnler, balsamier, haUam-fir 

of 'arbouse* = ar5M^«« (fem.), the {amyrie), from *haame/ balm^ 

arbute-iree, [See pommler.] balsam, balsamum ; or an extended 

artocarpe, breadfruit-tree, form of * baume ' » baUamus, the 

anb^pin (also anb^plnier), haw-* baUam-tree, 

* The same in the Spanish * melocotonero/ peach-tree, ' castano/ chtMt- 
nut-tree, etc., which were originally adjectives, the word *arbol* being 
iinderstood. Compare also ' peral/ pear-tree* 



CHASaSS OF GSNDER. 



119 



1>iiraiT6auti«r, the higarreau-tree^ 
from ' bigarreau/ the red and 
white cherry. 

boulean, birch-tree, dim. of boule/ 
from Lat. hetula, [See foateaii« 
ormeaUf sareau.] 

lialSf box and box-tree, Lat. huxue 
(fem.) Buxum (neat.) ^ box- 
wood, 

caeaotier, eacaoier, the eocoa- 
tree, from * cacao.' 

eactoSf the cactus tree or plant. 

cafler (also eaf6ier), the coffee-tree, 
from *cafS.' 

canneliert the cinnamon-tree, from 
' canelle,' cinnanum, 

«&prler, caper-ehnih, from * c&pre.' 

earoubierf the carob-tree, from 

* caronbe/ carob, 8t, John's bread, 
cassiSff the black currant-8hrub4 
e^dre, cedar, cedrus, Ktdpos. 
eeiisierv cherry-tree, from ' cerise/ 

cherry, eerasum ; or rather an ex* 
tended fonn of * ceri&e* = eerasus 
(fem.) [See pominler.] 
clianne, yoke-elm, Lat. carpinus, 
cli4talffiiler, chestnut-tree, from 

* cMtaigne/ chestnut (is rather an 
extended form of 'ch4taigne' = 
castanea, the chestnut-tree), [See 
pommler.] 

ebdne, oak'trte,=^chesne='qibesne=^ 

querq'num = quercinum (or querci' 

nam) arborem. [See infra, 197, 

198J 
ebrysanthdine. [See 156.] 
eitronnlerv citron-tree, lemon-tree, 

from 'citzoo/ ^mon, Lat. <;t^rfM 

(fem.) 
eoootier, cocoanut-tree, from 'coco/ 

the cocoa-nut. 
coiTiuuwierv quince-tree, from 'co- 

gnasse ' (an extended form of 

* coing/ tised to obviate the con- 
fiision with * coin * — law of homo- 
njrmy), quince. 

eopaierp copaiba balsam tree, 
conaler, sorb-tree, from 'corme,' 

eormum, sorb, sorb-apple; or an 

extended form of 'corme'— Lat. 

cormus. 
comouillerf cornel-tree, fiom ' oor- 

nouille/ cornel-berry^ 



ootonmier* eotton-shruby from 
* coton/ cotton. 

eoudre, nut-tree, hazel, Lat. corylus. 

coadrier, an extended form of the 
preceding noun, not improbably 
introduced on account of the 
homonyraic verb * coudre.* [See 
iren^Trler.] 

cjrprdSf Cyprus, Lat. cupressus, 

cyttse, the shruhby snail-clover*, 
cytisus (masc. and fem.) 

dattier, the date-tree, from ' datte.' 

6b6ntor, the ebony- tree, from 
'^b^ne/ ebony-wood, Lat. ebenum, 
* Ebenus ' (fem.) is not to be met 
with, but not improbably existed 
[see supra, 17, note, and p. 123; 
note]. If 80,*6bene ' (masc.) would 
designate the ebony-tree as welL 
[See also Bigeneric Nouns.l 

6firlantier, sweetbriar, dogrose-busK, 

Arable, maple, Lat. aerem ar^-^ 
borem (?) [180]. 

fieraler, fig-tree, from 'figue' (oi^ 
the Latin ficus, masc. and fem., 
treated like laaiier, patinier, 
peuplier, q.v,) 

fbuteaOf one of the names of the 
beech-tree (see bdtre), from ' fou/ 
Lat. fagus, with diminutival 
suffix. |\)f. bonleaUf ormeaa, 
snreau.] 

flramboisier, the raspberry-cane, 
from ' framboise,' raspberry, 

frdnei ash-tree, Lat. Jraxinus. 

fkisaliiy spind/e-tree, prickwood, 

irendtr rush-broom. 

iren6vrierf an extended form of 
the following, to distinguish the 
bush from 'geni^vre,* the juniper* 
berry. [See coudrler.] 

irenl^vrey juniper-bush, Lat. juni-^ 
perus. 

artrofilerf clove-tree, from 'girofle,' 
clove, caryophyllum. 

grommlerf gum-tree (kind of acacia), 
derl from * gomme,' gum, 

frenadi«rv pamegranate-tree, from 
'grenade.' 

froselUierv gooseberry- or currant-^ 
bush, from * groseille,* currant. 

bfttrej beech-tree, of Teutonic or 
flemish origin. [See Idnteaii.] 



120 



FBENCH GEliDERS. 




bi^ble or ydble, dwarf-elder, Lat^ 
ehiihis. 

The ftrst is given as fern, by the Acad., 
the other as maac. Both phnnic and intell, 
analogy require the noon to be maac. 

If, yew, L. Lat. ippiis. Probably the 

same word us the English. 
indlgrotier, indigo-tree, from * in- 
digo.' 
J asmin, jessamine. 
Jojabier* the juJube-tree, from 

*jujube.* 
lambrusquOf lambmebe, foUd 

vine. 
latanlerv Palmyra palm, an ex- 
tended form of latania. 
laurlert latirel-tree, from O.F. 
laure — Lat. laurus. The form 
is extended, as in peupller, pal* 
mlerv flgruierf m^bler, q.v. 
laurier-cerlsef prunus lawro'ce* 

rasttSf cherry-laurel. 
laaiier-rose, rose-bay, oleander, 
lentfsqaep lentisk, mastic'tree. 
lierre, ivy, Lat. hedera. This word, 
which is fem. in all the Bcmance 
languages and in most of the 
patois, has evidently changed its 
gender through intell, analogy 
with trees and bushes. 
lllas, lUao-skruh. 

magrnoller, mairnolla, magnolia, 
majteeniUler, ma/nchineel-iree, 

from * mancenille/ its fruit. 
inangrulerv mango-tree, 
maronnlerv chestnut-tree, from 

' marron,' chestnut, 
m^l^xev larch-tree. Etym. un« 

known. 
meiisler, wild cherry-tree, from 

*■ merise/ wild cherry. 
meslier, medlar-tree, extended form 
of * me^lQ *==me8pilus, [Cf. 116- 
fiier.] 
mdrler, mulberry-tree, from ' miire/ 
morum, mulberry, or an extended 
form of *miae,* morus, [Cf. 
fignxier, lanrier, poiiiinler« 
etc.] 
masoadier, nwtmeg-tree, 
myrobolanler, Indian plum-tree. 
msrrtef myrtle tree or shrub, Lat. 
myrtus (masc. and fem.) 



nardv the spikenard-shrub^ Lat. 
nardus (fem.) 

Ii6flierf medlar-tree, from *n^ile/ 
medlar, or an extended form [see 
lanrier, pommier] of 'n^fle' 
= mespilus. [See meslier.] 

n«rpniiiv buckthorn, Lat. prunus 
nigra. 

noisetier, nut-tree, filbert-tree, 
from 'noisette,* nut, filbert. 

nopal, Indian fi^'tree. 

noyer, walnut-tree, from a supposed 
form * nucarius/ [See poxnmier.] 
May also have been derived from 

* noix,' admitting the x to be mute. 
obier. Guelder rose, boule de neige. 
ol^andre, o/eander, iaurier-rose, 
oUTier, olive-tree, an extended 

form of * olive,* oliva^ olive-tree 
(in Propertius). [See poxnmier.] 
The word may also have been 
formed with * olive,' the fruit. 
orangrerv orange-tree, dor. from 

* orange,' an orange, [Cf. the 
Span, imranjero.'] 

orme, elm-free, Lat. ulmus. 

ormean, a dimin. of the preceding. 
[See snx^au, bouleau.] 

•sler, osier. The Greek ottros, oXros 
(Folffos, Fourhs, ofral), permit' us 
to suppose a Latin cestis, oiaus, 
besides vitus, ritex, vimen, from 
which 'ose * extended into * osier.' 
Compare lanrier, penplier, etc. 

palissandre, palisander, piolet- 
ebony, of unknown origin. The 
word designates a kind of wood 
[see acajou, 6bdno], not a tree. 

palmier, palm-tree, from * palme,* 
palma. 

palmiate, cahbage-iree. 

pamplemonsse, shaddock. 

papsrms, the papyrus reed, Lat. 
papyrus (tnasc. and fem.) 

peeber, the peach-tree, from ' p^he/ 
persica, a peach. Might also pro- 
ceed from 'pfeche'=p«r8/cfl, the 
tree, in the same way as pom- 
mier, q.v. 

penpUer, poplar, an extended form 
of O.F. *peuple,' populus. [Cf. 
lanrier, pommier.] 

pint fir- tree, pinus. 



CHANGES OF 6ENDEB. 



121 



pistaoUer, piaiachuhiree, from 
' pistache/ pistacium^ iriarJucioy, 

plantain, the plantaiii-treey Lat. 
plantoffinem {plantoffo). 

platanev plane-tree, platanuSf irXdr 
roofos. Also psendo-platane. 

poirier, pear-tree ; Low Lat. pira- 
riuSy from pirua. 

poiTTiert pepper-plant, £rom * poi- 
vre/ pepper, 

pomxDieTfapple-treef from * pomme,* 
pomum, an apple. This word, 
like arboosierv oerlsler, eliA^ 
taiffnler, comooiller, eoa« 
drier, flsnier, gren^vrier, 
Jujubier, lanrier, mirier, 
neflier, noyer, Olivier, osier, 
palmier, prober, penpUer, 
poirier, pmnier, sorbier, is 
an original adjective, ' pomarius/ 
agreeing with * arbor' understood. 
[See supra, 181.] 

poncire, pomum cereum or pomum 
citrus, k. of lemon-tree. 

pmnelller, sloe-hush, from *pru- 
nelle,' sloe. 

pmnier, plum-tree ; Low Lat. prti^ 
narivs, an extended form of 
pruntcs. [See pommier.] 

rbododendron, rose-bay* rhodo- 
dendron. 

rbns or snmac, sumach-tree, 

romarin, rosemary. 

rosier, rose-bush, rose-tree, from 
*rose.* 

ronre or rouvre, English oak, 
Lat. robur. 

■affontier, the sago-tree, from 

* sagou/ 

■apin, pine-tree, Lat. sapinw. 

saule, wWovD-tree. Can hardlj 
have been derived troxo. salix, 
which has given ' saulx/ or from 
aalicem, which gives 'sansse' [cf. 

* sauBsaie *] ; perhaps, like * h^tre,' 
of Flemish origin. 



seringrat, syringa, pipe-tree, 

sorbier, sorb-tree, from Lat. sorbus 
(fern.), like pommier, q.v, 

sumao or rbns, 8umach-tree» 

sureau, elder-tree, from a sup- 
posed form sabucardlus,y7\n(^ can 
hardly have existed. Sabucua 
(fern.) has given regularly [see 
Littre] the O.F. 'seii.' Some 
dialects show 'seiir,' not impro- 
bably for ' seuer/ * seiiier/ which 
would be a formation like pom- 
mier, q.v. Lastly, ' seur ' would 
necessarily take the diminutival 
Bufi&x for distinction sake. [Com- 
pare bonleao, fouteau; com- 
pare also ' taureau,' etc.] 

sycomore, sycamore, 

t6r6bintbe, turpentine-tree, 

tbeier, tea-shrub, from ' th6.* 

tbnya, tbuia, arbor vita, 

tiUenl, linden-tree, from tUiola, 
Lat. dimin. of tilia, 

tremble, aspen-tree. Derived mora 
probably from an ac^*. tremula 
{poptdus) than from the verb 
* trembler.* 

trodne, prit^et. The Low Lat. 
tronus (?) hardly accounts for this 
word, which is clearly an adjec- 
tive. 

tolipier, tulip-tree, from. ' tulipe.' 

upas, upa^-tme. 

verne or vergrne, alder-tree, said 
to be of Celtic origin ; or Lat, 
aH)or verna, 

Tiome, viburnum, Lat. vibumus 
or vilmmum. The fern, ending 
causes it to be used sometimes as 
a feminine [166]. 

The two following are feminine : — 

▼igrne, vine, vinea (arbor), 
yeose, evergreen oakt ilicea (({tMr* 
ous). 



i 



122 



tB.mCK geKdeb^. 



187. C. 1. A LIST OF LATIN (OR GREEK) * MASCULINE OR 

NEUTER NOUNS TURNED, THROUGH PHONIC 
ANALOGrY, INTO FEMININES. 

This list should be divided into three parts — 

1. Nouns ending in an e mute preceded by a towel ob diphthono, o¥ 

hy A DCPLICATB CONSONANT [43]. 

2. Nouns ending in e mute, the last consonant being preceded hy a vowel 
[43]. 

3. Nouns ending in e mutSy the last consonant of which is preceded hy a 
LIQUID [48]. 

One list has been formed to facilitate research and for the sake of 
clearness. 

The nouns should be compared with §§ 43, 44, 98, 109. 

N.B. Many bigenerio nouns [156] and many nouns whose gender seems 
amenable to no rule may be explained by the same principle. In researches 
the three lists \156, 204, 205] should be consulted as well as the list of plural 
neuters [197 ff]. 



absinfliev absinth, wormwood, ah' 

sinthium (neut.), ii^lvdiov, 
aeantlie, acanthus (masc. and fern.), 

aebe, water-parsley ^ apium (neut.) 

aflkklre. [See 176.] 

alse. [See 205.] 

albumins, albumen, Lat. albumen 

(neut.) 
anuurantey amaranthus (masc), 

iifidpayOos, [See Bigeneric Nouns.\ 
annalesv annals, annales (libri) 

(masc.) ; also mental concord with 

* histoires,' * chroniques.' 
lUmezev annex, etc., annexus ; also 

ment, agr, 
apostropbe. [See Bigeneric Nouns, 

156.] 
appendloe. [See 176, 180.] 
arbre. [See 176, 180.] 
arcblyev, archives, records, ar- 

chium or archivum ; perhaps from 

the plur. neut. archiva [1 95 ff,l 76]. 
armoire, cupboard, armorium (per- 
haps a neut. plur.) 
aspergre, asparagus (masc), iur- 

Tcdfyayos, 
Ande, river in France [73 ff], Aiax 

(masc.) 
BUge, trough, alveus (masc.) 



bombe, shell, bombus (?) (masc.) 
bourriquef ass, burricus (masc.) 
bnlbe. [See Bigeneric Nouns f 

166.] 
blue, buzzard, buteo, busio (masc.) 
oarde, thistle, teasel-frame, chard, 
carduus (masc); more probably 
from carda, chard, * Echarde,' 
splinter, is the same word with a 
prefix.- 
eenrelley brain, cerebdla (plur. neat. 

cniarentey river in France, Cara/n- 

tonus (masc) 
obloor6ey succory, cichoreum, icix^- 

piOV, 

elmev top (of a tree, etc.), cyma 

(fern, and neut.), kv/ao. 
eomdtey comet, cometes (masc), 

KOfiiirris, The intell, anal, with 

* etoile ' may also have influenced 

the change. 
eoume, race, drive (in a cab), run, 

cursus (masc.) 
cutU^re. [See 205.] 
osrmbale. [See plur, neut,, 195 ff.] 
date. [See plur. neut,, 195 ff; 

also 176]. 
Bordogrnep river in France, Vura- 

nius (masc.) 



^ We have included in the following list a few words which are not of 
pure classical origin. 



CHANaES OF OENSEB. 



123' 



donille* socket^ ductile; probably 

plur. nexit. ductilia [195 ff]. 
6l>dnef ebony-wood f ebenum,^ The 

word for ebony-tree is ' ^b^nier ' 

s= ehenua (fem.) [See Bigeneric 

Nouns, 156, and iw/ra, 204.] 
eooree* ba/rkj corticemy cortex (masc. 

and fem.) 
^orltolrey inkstand, scriptorium 

[supra, 176]. 
■Ibet river in Germany, Albis 

(masc.) [73 fF]. 
6Ute, [See nmi. plur., 203*] 
^meraiulef emerald^ smaragdus 

(masc. and fem.), a-fiapdy^os, 
endlvOf endive, intubus (masc. and 

fem.), intubvm (neut.) ; also in- 

tuba, 
tolffme,for 6iilme. [See 176, 205.] 
^pbemdre* [See Bigeneric Nouns, 

156.] 
^piflrrammev epigram, epigramma 

(neut) [176]. 
^Itapbe, epitaph, epitaphium, b 

or 71 iwirdupios, [See supra, 173 

ff, 176.] 
^pltb^te, epithet, epiiheton (neut.), 

hclBtrov. [See supra, 173 ff, 176.] 
Equivoque. [See 176.] 
6tnde. [See 176 and infra, plur* 

neut., 194 ft,] 
f dte. [See tnfra, neut, plur, , 1 94 ff .1 
iralazlef milky way, gaUixia (masc.) 
Oaronne, river in France, Garumna 

(masc.) [See 73 ff.] 
grorgre, throat, gurgitem (??) 
flrraine. [See infra, pLwr. neut,, 

194 ff.] 
flTenouille, fiog, ranunculus 

(masc.) ; more probably from ra- 

nunctUa, diminutive of rana. 
iTue, crane, grus (masc. and fem.) 
borlogre, clock, horologium, &po\6- 

yiov, 
hnile. [See ir^ra, plur. neut,, 

194 ff.] 



byacintbe or Jaclntbe, hya^- 
cinth, hyacinthus, tdKivBot, 

Idole, idol, idolum (neut.), cISmAov 
[173 ff, 176]. 

Idylle, idyl, idyUium, elS^AAioi'. 

insnlte. [See 176.] 

Sole, joy, gaudia (plur. neut.) [Se3 
195 ff.] 

jusqalaiiieff hyosciamus (masc), 

llmite, limit, limitem {limes), masc. 

[173 ff, 1761. 
lltbargre, lithargyrus (masc), At- 

Bdpyvpos, 
XK>ire, river in Ftatwe, Liger (masc) 

[See 73 ff.] 
Imnl^re, light, luminaria (plur. 

neut.), Low Latin [194 ff]. 
malaebite* fia\axlrris (masc.) 

[See supra, 161.] 
maneSy the manes, manes, is some- 
times to be found fem. ' Les m&nes 

toutes guerriferes ' (Brantoms) ; 

' grandes m&ues ' (Bossuet). [See 

Bigeneric Nouns, 156.] 
manllle, monile ? (manictda ??) 
Kame, river in France, Matrona* 

[See 73 ff.] 
merlncbev salt cod, fem. fofm of 

merlus, maris luscius, 
Keiasef river in France, Mosa 

(masc.) [See 73 ff.] 
iDlkigmAae^megrim, hemicranium (?), 

fifiiKpayia^ rjfJUKpdyiov. 
morve, glanders, etc., morbus, 
Koselley river in France, Mosdla 

(masc.) [See 73 ff.] 
moule, musctUus, [See Bigeneric 

Nouns.] 
monsBe* moss, muscus (masc.) 
obole, from o&o^^ (masc.) [173,176]. 
opale, opaltis (masc), ondWios 

(masc.) 
orgrie. [See infra, 201.] 
pansey belly, paunch, panticem, 

pantex. 



' * Divisse arboribus patrise ! sola India nigrum 
Fert ebenum.*^-Virg. Georg, 

' At medio torus est, ebeno sublimis in atro, 
Plumeus.' — Ovid, Meiam^ 



M 



124 



FRENCH GENDEBS. 



pastlllev^a^^t/, hzmge^ pastilhia, 

plandtOf planet f planeta (masc), 
irAay^tls (masc. and fem.) The 
gender is also determined by 
Tmntal analogy with ' 6toile.* 

polioef policy i polyptychum or po- 
leticum. 

ponce, pumice-stone^ pumic&nit pu- 
mex (masc. ; fem. in Catullus). 

pacep jlea, pulicenij pulex (masc.) 
[See Bigeneric Nouns, 1 66.] 

Pyrenees, Pyrenai Monies, 

pyiite, pyrites pyritem (masc), 
TTvplrris, 

rame, branch, stick, ramus (masc.) 

ramov oar, remits (masc. ; was 
probably nsed as a plural neuter 
[cf. remiyium] ; the gender may, 
therefore, also be explained on 
that account). 

renoncnlet crowfoot, ranunotdus 
(masc.) 



r^ponse, answer, responsum, [See 

plur. neut.y 194 ff.] 
rlmev rhyme, rhythmus ? (masc.)» 

or from Ger. Reim (also masc.) 

The gender shows that it is simply 

taken from Ital. riTna, 
ronce, briar, rumicem, rumex 

(masc. and fem.) 
saie, sayum. [See 176.] 
sandale. [See^^ur. n^., 194 €f.] 
satamale. [See plur, neut,, 194 

ff.] 
s6l6nite. [See malacblte, 161.] 
stalactite, stala^mtte. [See 

malacblte, 161.] 
Tamlse, the Thames, Tamesis 

(masc.) [See 73 ff,] 
tarldrCf wimhle, bore, taratrum, 
tente, tent, tentum? {tendo) [194 

tourtre, for tonrte. [See 205.] 
Vosgres, for Vogres, Vogesus. 



2. ^OUNS IN ear. 

188. It has been stated {^supra, 15] that nonns in ear, 
although derived from Latin masculines in or, are feminine 
in French. 

189. Personification — i.e, intellectual analogy [126 ff] — 
might have been the cause of this remarkable change, at 
least for some of the abstract nouns haying that suffix, Dolor j 
Terror^ Furor y Ptidor, Valor ^ etc., being always represented by 
females. The gender of phonic analogy would explain the 
others. 

Another, and perhaps more plausible, explanation is that 
the change took place through the influence of the feminine 
suffix ura, nouns in or having often passed through the forms 
our, ur — *dousour,* *dol9ur;' 'favour,' *favur,* etc. (Com- 
pare *verdeur,' * verdure;* 'froideur,* * froidure.*) Phonic 
analogy [96 ff, 166 ff] would thus appear to be the cause of 
the change. 

Not improbably both influences — personification and ana- 
logy — ^have been at work. 

190. It has also been Buggested that the Teutonic languages have in- 
fluenced the change. It is hardly possible to admit such an influence,' for 



An instance of regular an4 authentic German influences over Ian- 



CHANGES OF GEKDEB. 125 

it would have been exercised at the time of the inroads of the barbarians, 
or at the various periods of their settlements. It could, at any rat«, not 
have been at work so late as the twelfth century, when we find a number 
of nouns in eur still masculine. ('Quel douleur/ Chanson de Roland, 
eleventh century.) Moreover, conquerors, especially barbarians, in their 
attempt to speak the language of the conquerod race, are undoubtedly apt 
to make blunders ; so do sdl foreigners settled in any country ; but the 
very first generation after them speak the language correctly ; and a 
change like the one under consideration would require many generations.' 

Last, but not least, the nouns corresponding to the French nouns in eur 
are by no means all feminine in German. Cf. la tnLyeur, d^ Schreck ; 
la donlenr* der Schmerz ; la ▼aleur, der Werth ; la damenr, das Ge^ 
schrei; la vapeuTf der Bampf; rerreur, der Irrihum; l^horrenr, der 
Abscheu ; la poantenrv der Gestank ; la suenr, der Schweiaz ; TodeuTf 
der Geruch ; la sayeur, der Gesckmack ; etc. Observe also that bonmeur 
and labeur, which have remained masculine in French, are feminine in 
German — die Ehre, die Arbeit 

191. A complete list of norms in euri derived from Latin^ 
is here subjoined. 

192. They have been derived from the accusatives rather 
than from the nominatives. Except chaleury snenrf 
tmnenr, vapenr, which may be considered aa concrete, 
they are all abstract nouns. ^, 

guage is the dialect which has sprang up in some parts of the United 
States, and which has been lately made known by some publications, like 
Hans Breit7nan*8 Bardy, etc. 

* One of the strongest reasons for declining to recognise the influence 
of the Teutonic languages on French genders is that the most usual words, 
such as would have been the first to undergo the change, are of different 
genders in French and German — le nex, die Nase ; la naiinev das Nasen^ 
loch; laboncbe, der Mund; Toretllev das Ohr; la tdte, der Kopf; le 
flronty die Stime ; la barbe, der Bart ; la moiuitaobe, der Schnurrhart ; 
la obalr, das Fleiseh ; la onissef der Schenkel ; le moUetf die Wade ; le 
poingTa die Faust ; la bl^re, das Bier ; la vlande, das Fleiseh ; I'eaiiy das 
Wasser ; le beurre, die Butter ; la cboucroutef das Sauerkraut ; la 
maison, das Haus ; la porte, das Thor ; la teute, das Zelt ; etc. Some 
even belong to the category of words which have changed gender in French 
[158, 194, 204, etc.] — la dent, der Zahn; la tempe, der Schlaf. Com- 
pare also the names of countries which are neuter in German, feminine in 
French. Even words wliich seem to be derived from German have, as it 
were, protested by their gender — 6oiune, der Schaum. 

It is also remarkable that in the eastern provinces of France the French 
language seems to have caused some changes of gender in the Alemannic, still 
spoken tiiere — ' le beurre,' der Butter ; * I'air/ £r Luft ; * la puce,' die Floh ; 
•la poule,* die Huhn; *le mollet,' der Wade; 'le raisin,' der Wibel; 'le 
banc,' der Bank, [Cf. supra, 120, 179.] 

' Nouns in eur frequently express a quality ; as, laldeuTv eandeiirv 
lon§riiear, etc More frequently, however, they express a state or condi*- 
tion ; as, fbrenr, langrtieiirf pAieuTf etc. Some qualities cannot even be 



126 



FRENCH GENBEBSt 



Fleurf jlo8^ fiower^ can hardly be admitted in the list ; nor 
can Cbandelenr, Festa Gandelarwm, Candlemas, 

Observe that bonnenr, honor (also d^slionnear), 
and labenr, labor, have remained masc, as well as cbeDur, 
chorus, and ooenry heart, Benry augurium, and its com- 
pounds bonbenr and malbeiir belong to another category 
of words ; so do num^ratenr, d^nominatenr, mnltiplt- 
catenr, divtsenr, ^qnatenr. As to pleur, it has the 
gender o£ phonic amalogy, and belongs to the category of words 
mentioned in § 110. 



ardeiiry ardor, ardour, 
eandenr, candor, candour, 
otialeur, color, heat. 
elamenr, clamor, outcry, 
CHiiileiirr color. 
aoalenrv dolor, grief, pain^ 
erreor, error. 
ftivevLr, favor, 
ftorvenrv fervor, fervour. 
frayenr, f rigor (?), fright, 
fturenr, furor, fury, 
borreuTf horror, 
bnxneiirv humor. 
laagrueur, languor. 
lenteor, lentor (?), sloumesa, 
liqaear, liquor. 
maifreiirf macror (?), thinness, 
moBunif mores, manners. 



•denr, odor, scent, 
p&lear, paUor, paleness, 
pear, pavor, fear. 
pn^LeuTt ptidor, sharne, 
rtgrneur, rigor, 
rmneiirv rumor, 
■aveor, sapor, taste, 
sopeur, sopor, morbid sleep, 
splendeur, splendor, 
stapenrv stupor, 
mnevLTf sudor, sweat, 
teneur, tevior, text, 
terreur, terror, 
torpenr, torpor, torpidity, 
tmneurv tumor, 
valeur, vaZor. 
▼apenr, vapor, steam, 
▼tgueiir, vigor. 



193. The following, mostly derived from French adjec* 
tives, have evidently the gender of phonic a/nalogy. 

Observe d^fkivenr, Impudenr, non-valeiir, which are compounds, 
and luear, seiiteiir, which are derived from the verbs ' Inire/ ' sentir,' 

SLigreuTf bitterness, baateur, height, 

amplenr, ampleness, btdear (?), htdeousness, 

blancbeuTf whiteness, impudearv immodesty, 

d^flAvenr, disgrace. laldeur, ugliness, 

^paisseur, thickness, largreur, breadth. 

fadeor, insipidity. lenteiir (?), slowness, 

flraiobeurv freshness, longraeur, length, 

fi'otdeur, coldness. lourdeur, heaviness, 

frandenr, greatness, luenr, light, glimmer, 

frosseuTy thickness. maisrrenr (?), thinness, 

. ... ■ — '■ • . 

expressed by nouns in eur (£r. : la coulenr Jamiev la e«iileiir friae« 
by the side of blanobenr, rouireur, nolroenr). It follows that the 
suffix eur cannot be ranked among the feminine suffixes {ydo, Has, etc.) 
which express purely a quality. 



V 



CHANGES OF GENDEK. 127 

molteiiry. moisture, ratdeur, stiffness* 

nolroeury blackness. rondeuTv roundness, 

non-Taleur, things of no value, rongreur, redness, 

bad debt, etx;. senteiir (?), odour, scent, 

pesaatenr, weight. tendrenr (obsol.). tenderness, 

profondeuTf dq}th, ti^dear, lukewarmness, 

pnantenr, wrench. verdenr, greenness, 

3. Plural Neuters converted into Feminines. 

194. It has been stated \_8upra, 20 ff ] that a nniuber of 
ploral neuters expressing collective ideas had become femi- 
nine in French. The following is a fiiirlj complete list of 
such words. 

195. The nouns marked with an asterisk (*) are especially 
remarkable, since cervean, the brain (as an organ) ; Ibiidre, 
the thvmderboU (as an agent) ; graliif grain (taken singly) ; 
ODUvre (le grand oeuvre) ; office, office, duty, service ; orge 
(' orge monde,' peeled barley ; * orge perl6,' pearl barley ; 
* orge carr6/ aviurrm barley) ; OTgxie (in the sing.), am, organ ; 
plan, plan ; verre, glass ; voUOf veil — being derived from 
the siugnlars cerebellum, fulgur, granum, opus {opos, opeSy 
oper), officium, hordeum, organum, planum, vitrv/m, velum — are 
masculine. Compare also tourmenty iormentum ; tour- 
mentOf tormenta, 

196. It should be observed also that most of those nouns 
fall under the action of other rules. The gender of analogy 
a/nd the gender of mental concord might account for most of them, 
[€f. 43, 44, 98, 109.] 

It is evident that the gender of phonic analogy has been the chief cause 
of the change. A simple glance at the lists will prove this. Ohserve also 
that snch Latin collective plurals as have masculine endings in French are 
masculine — oolngr« quince = Cydonia mala (cydonium or cotoneum) ; abri» 
cotf prcBcoquum (Littr^) ; oltron, citrus (?) ; melon* melopepo ; etc. Yet 
such words as corlandrev poudrev l^vre, livre* oeuvre, ombref 
bible, Stable, la CbAtre, buitre, Jnxnent, n^fle, Tltre, show the 
truth of the rule. 

Nouns derived from plural neuters may be classified 
nnder the five following heads : — 

197. a. Plantations, Groves, Plots of Trees, etc, 

annate {alneta)y alnetum, alder-plot, 

frSnale (fraxinetaf)fraxinetum, a plantation qf ash-trees, 

olivale (olii'eta)j oliveium, olive-grove. 

■anssaie {saliceta)^ salicetunif willow-bed. 



i 



128 



FRENCH GENDEitS. 



198. The following have been formed by analogy. Others might be 
formed: — 



boulalev plantation of hirch-trees. 
cannalOv cane-brake, 
oerlsaiOv cherry-orchard. 
oli4talgnerale, chestnut-grove, 
eb^nalef' oak-grove. 
oondrale, hazel-copse, 
fongreraley femrbrake. 
foutelaiep plantation of beech-trees, 
fralsalev strawberry-bed. 
Aitalev wood of timber-trees. 



Joncbale, rush-bed. 
noiserale, tvalnut-grove. 
ormaley elm-grove, 
oserale, osier-bed. 
pommeratef apple-orchard. 
ronoerAiey briar or bramble plot, 
roseralOf rose-garden, 
sanlale, willow-bed. 
tremblale, aspen-grove. 



199. /3. Fruity OrainSy Seeds. 



arboiisey arbutum^ arbute-berry, 
cerise, cerasum, cherry, 
oorlandret coriandrum, coriander, 
oormef cormum, sorb-apple. 
comoulUev comiculumj cornel- 
berry. 
Ague, ficum, fg. 
tmiBe, fragumy strawberry. 
irraine,'*' granum, grain, 
Ji:ija1;>e« zyzyphum, jujvbe. 
mdrev rru/rum^ mulberry. 
n^fiet TMspilum, medlar. 



orge,* hordeuniy barley, 

pdobCf persicum^ peach. 

piatacliev pistacium, pistachio- 
nut. 

poire, pirttm, pear. 

pommefpomumf apple, 

prune, prunum, plum, 

sorbe, sorbuTn, sorb, 

vesce, visciumf vetch. 

viome, viburnum, the red berry of 
the viburnum. 



200. y. Other Distributives, 



arme, arma, arm^ armour, weapon. 
artdre (?), arteria {arterium),artery, 
bible, T^ fiifi\ia, hible.^ 
doitre (fern, in O.F., masc. in mod. 

F.), claustra, cloister. 
Stable, stabula, stalls, stable. 
6tainine, stamina {stamen), 
fdte, festa, festival, fete-day. 
feuille, folia (folium), leaf. 



buitre,* ostrea (ostreum), oyster, 

la Cb&tre (town in France), castra. 

orgrueft' (in the plur.), organa, 
organ. 

pi^ce, pftia {pete ?), piece ; origin- 
ally patchwork. 

vitre,* vitra, pane ofglass^ 

▼oile,* vela, sail. 



) 



201. I. Collectives (Oollectifs generaux).^ 

alOf alia ; aillei alia^ ilia ; eUley Ule, UOf ilia ; onlllev 
oliu — c^r^alesy cerealia, corn in general ; bacchanale and 



1 

2 



Cf. the surnames La Chesnaie, Quesnay, and the Eng. Chesney. 

Evangrile is also fern, in O.F., even in Boileau. Evidently a plur. 
neut. evangelia or €va77^A.i«. Orgrane = organza, plur. of organum, was 
also fern, in O.F. ; * orgue * was for a long time the form in use. 

• To facilitate research and comparison with the rules given in the 
second part, the list of these collectives has been arranged not in the ttsoal 



k 



CHANGES OF GENDBR. 129 

baccbanals (plur.), hacchanalia; satumalesy saturnalia; 
aumailley aumaillesy animdlia, cattle ; bataille, hatvr- 
alia{?\ battle ; entralUeSy intralia (mtranea), bowels ; ^poa« 
saillesy sponsalia, nuptials ; murallley muralia (?), waZl ; 
semallleBy seminalia^ sovdng^ivmsj sowing'; ▼IctuallleBf 
victualia, victvxils ; ouailley oviHa^ fiocTcy sheep ; Tolailley 
volatiliay poultry ; ^ merveilley mirabiliay marvel ; TeUlOy 
vigilia, watch y eve ; T^tillOi mtilia, trifle ; YigUef vigUiay 
vigiles ; d^pouille (de)spolia, spoils,^ 

alnOy ana — ^plalne, *2?Zaria,j3Zam; orgrnes (plur.), organa, 

andoy endOy anda, enda — ^viande, vivenda, meat ; of« 
frande, offerenda, offering ; junaiAef juranday body of wardens; 
pr^bendOf prcehenda, prebend; l^g>endei legendxiy legend; 
provendOy providendoy provisions, 

69 ea, ia — ^hulle, ole^a, oil ; ^tude, studia, study ; en- 
seigrnOf insigniay sign ; licOi licia^ lists ; officoi* offvcia (per- 
haps offictnd), pantry,^ 

elle, ella — ficelle* filicella, twine ; nieUe, nigellay niello ; 
cervelley* cerebella, brains, 

6ine9 emum — crdmey crema (?), cremu/m^ cream, 

ep, aria : cuUler, cochlearia (?), spoo^t ; mer, maria (?), 
«ca. [See infray 205.] 

ie* ia — Joiey gaudiay joy ; orgriOf orgieSy ra opyia,^ 

Ive, m, it;a — arobiveSy archia, archiva, 

meat, menta — Jament, jumenta (?), mare ; also tour- 
inente, torm^enta. Cf. *tourmeiit'^^orr»en^Mm. 

rOy ore, era, ora, «*ra — OBUvre,* operay work ; p^ core 9 
pecoray cattle, animaly creature ; foudre,* fulgura, thunderbolt^ 

202. c. Pairs, 

alne« inguina {ingmn\ groin. cymbalOt cymhala (cymhalum), 

besaoOv bissacckia {bissacchium)^ Kifi^a\oy, 

wallet. [Cf. also liiBBao.] baacbe, anca (plur, neut. of ancus^ 

braase, bracohia (bracchitim), far crooked), hip, 

thorn. l^Trei labra \labrum\ Up. 

comev comua {comu\ horn, Uvref libra (librtim ?), pound [21]. 



alphabetical order, but in the order of the suffixes. The Latin words are 
all in the plural neuter. 

' See also tenaille« tenaeulat tongs, pincers [202], and the O.F. 
ntensUe {iem.) = uiensilia, which has become the modern masc. ztstettsile. 

^ Possibly also Pyrenees, PyrenaBttf FyrencBum, 

' Probably also aise = o^ia, ease. 

* In O.F. ulcere* visc^rei idous, ukeraj viscus^ msceray are sometimes' 
found fern, Cf. also O.F. la oloitre, claustra^ 

K 




f 



1 30 FBBNCH :OEND£BSi. 

maallle (also *manicle'), manuada tempef tempera {tempoa)^ temple. 

(manwulum), not from monUia, tenalllest tenacuia (tenaculum), 

monilCf manade, bracelet, ton^s, pincers. 

outrOf utriaj goai'e skirif udder, ttflre^ tima (?), stem, [See supra, 
paire, paria (par), pair [sandal, 21, note.] ' 

•aadalOf sandcUia (sandalium), 

203. There are several nouns in the above lists which 
might be doubtful. Offioe, e,g., might be derived £rom 
officlna, through a shortened form qfficina. (Compare lame = 
lamina, page = pagtna.) We have excluded especially such 
words as vente, perte, pente, promeBse, premisses, 
r^ponse, date, dette, requdte* reoette, ^lite, etc., 
which are evidently derived from the past participles vendita, 
perdita, promissa^ etc. They are better accounted for by the 
gender of mental concord [62 jQT]. As to greste, see 156. 

D. NOUNS WHOSE GENDER IS OF DIFFICULT OR CONTRO- 
VERTIBLE EXPLANATION. 

N.B. In researches J the lists 156 (Bigenerie Nouns) and 177 
shmi'ld also he consulted. 

204. (1) Masculines. 

abyme (better spelled abime) has both the gender of meTUal concord 
(the word being clearly derived from a superlative, therefore adjective, 
abi/ssimus [58, 64]) and the gender of phonic analogy (e mute, with sibilant 
aa antepenultimate [42, 108]). It may also have been influenced by the 
masc. ending ns. [Cf. 169. 170, 177.] 

amalffamet amalgam^ Ital. amalgama (fem.) Masc. by inteU, analogy, 
[See Rules T and I, infra,'] 

are, the modem French measure of superficies, from area, has the 
gender of intell. analogy. The *■ mhtt^ * with which every measure of the 
new system is connected is necessarily also * the word ' to which the new 
nouns of weights and measures have been referred. [Cf. 133, 141.] This 
noun may also have been influenced by the necessitv of distinguishing it 
\from 'aire' [141]. 

atome, atomus, ^ 6,rofxos, is both masc. and fem. in Latin [169, 170 J. 
The phonic analogy with other masc. nouns in ome* aame ('arome,* 

* royaume '), besides the ending us^ has decided the gender. 

baAtrlnffuef a popular expression to denote a low public-house ball. 
Origin unknown. The gender is evidently one of intell. analogy [126] with 

* bal.' The word is also used in the argot for a case of thieves* tools. It 
is then fem. [166]. 

blAmef blaapbdmef both from the ecclesiastical Latin blasphemia. 



1 The scientific word ties, the groins, Lat. Uia, is the only word of 
that kind which is masc. Par6 (sixteenth century) makes it very properly 
feminine. [See 166.] 



k 



CHANGES OF GENDEB. ISl 

fiKoffipiifila. Blaaphemium is also to be met with. If not derived from the 
latter, they would have the gender of phonic analogy (' bl&me ' » * blasme ') 
by applic. of 42, 108, and of Kule M, and 'blaspheme' by being assimi- 
lated to a number of nouns in ^me — * thAme,' * probl^me,' etc. 

bouffOf closet, dirty room, also rounding (naut.), Low Latin bodiiim or 
hogium (not bogiam). This word, which seems to be connected with the 
Eng. to bulge, may also be in intell. analogy [126] with • trou,' 'rMuit.* 

Cardmef Jjcn^, from quadragesimum {ditm\ not quadragesimam. * La 
quadragesime,' an ecclesiastical term meaning the first Sunday in Lent, is 
'Afite^day, and fem. as such [87]. (Cf. P&que (fem.), Voel (fem.), in- the 
list of Bigeneric Nouns.) The geuder of * Careme' (* Caresme' ) is also governed 
by the law of phonic analogy (the penultimate being a sibilant [42, 108]), 
and by intell. analogy [126] with ' je^e* Jejunium. Cf. guadragesimale jt- 
jtmium in the Capit. of Charlemagne. If the word has been derived from 
quadragesimam, the gender is one of mental concord with 'jour' [58, 64]. 

oloaque, sewer, from Lat. cloaca (fem.) [See list of Bigeneric Nouns, 
156; also 176.] It is hardly possible to account for the change, as most 
nouns in ague are feminine, except that phonically it might have been 
treated like lac, sac [98, 103, 107]. 

ooclie (masc), from concha (fem.) [see list of Bigeneric Nouns], tow- 
barge. If the woni is not the same as cocdo, the change has taken place 
through the influence of the latter and confusion with it. See similar 
eases — costumef oafflOf cbartre. 

costnxne (masc), from consuetudinem (fem.) [see supra, 141], appears 
to have the gender of distinction. It might also have been influenced by 
the other words in mnev Lat. urnen — 'legume,' 'bitume,' etc. — and thus 
have the gender of phonic analogy. It is still more probable that it is 
directly derived from the ItaL costume, 

diocese (masc), from diacesem, Bioiicri<ris [173, note]. Is it an intell. 
analogy with 'ev^h^' [126] ? 

ddme (masc), dome, derived from doTna (neut.), Bwfia, not from domtis. 
Compare Ital. duomo and nouns in 07ne, aume. 

6bdne« ebony-wood. [See 17, note, and list of Bigeneric Nouns, 156.] 

6cbo. [See list of Bigeneric Nouns, 156.] 

^piderme (masc), iiriBepfiU (fem.) The change is modem, and can 
only be accounted for by the word having been assimilated by scientific 
writers to 'derma,' skin (masc), itself a scientific name derived from Htpfia 
(neut.) 

6t6. [See 177.] 

ezode (masc), from exodium (neut.) ; if from exodus, the change has 
been caused by the Latin ending. [See synode and 1 70.] 

i^ome. [See Bigtiierics, 156, also 177.] 

grrdbe. [See Bigenerics, 1 56.] 

Kanynedoc.. Gender of phonic analogy. [See §rarde-rolief infra, 205.] 

lierre, ivy. [See Trees, suj^ra, 178 If.] 

losanpe. [See Bigenerics, 156.] 

marobepied, i.e. ' marcbe pour le pied ' (?) The compound has 
become masc. hy phonic analogy. [See ffarde-robe>] 

' m^ianffOf mixing, mixture, a word formed like ' losange,' ' vendange,' 
and therefore fem. in the old language. Amyot and Par6 make it still fem. 
[176, note]. This is one of the words the modern gender of which it is 
difi&ctilt to explain. 

K 2 



) 



132 FBENOH 0ENDER8. 

m6rltey fern, in O.F. [110; see Li tire for instances], became masc. in 
the sixteenth century, being supposed to be the Lat. meritum. 

merlOy blackbirdt from merula (fern.) Seems an intell. analogy with 
' oiseau ' [1 26 ff. See rr^be, pivoine, 1 56]. 

midif midday^ noon [105, 177], mediam partem dieif or n^edia parte diet. 
The word should therefore be feminine, like mi^Aodty etc. It has become 
masc. both on account of the phonic analogy [85, 98, 106] and because mi 
has taken the character of an adjective used substantively [58, 64]. 

minnitv midnight^ media nocte or mediam partem noctis; was fern, 
down to a very recent period. * A mie nuict ; * * devant la mie nuict ; * ' A la 
minuict' (Rabelais). [Cf. midi, and 176, 177.] The gender is clearly 
that of phonic analogy [35, 08, 107. See also Compound Nowns, 90]. 

mdlOy mole^ jetty, from molem (fem.) The analogy with * p61e,* * r61e,' 
does not sufficiently explain the change. The gender is more probably the 
gender of distinction. [See list of Bigeneric NownSj 156.] 

ottre. [See 176.] 

ooirle« irnil, is derived from vmguem (O.F. *ongue'), not from ungulam, 
the I being inserted through the influence of the latter word. ' Ongue ' is still 
the form in some patois. [See cbartre, oostuinev cocbe ; also 176, 177<] 

P^lopon^sOv Peloponnesus (fem.), masc. in consequence of the ending us, 

pbaroy beacon, from pharos (fem.), 4>dpos. The gender has clearly 
been caused by the Latin masc. form. [See 170.] 

pboquOf seal, from phoca (fem.), tpdKri, an intell. analogy with * veau 
marin,' another name of the animal, or phonic analogy with *choc,' *roc* 
[187]. 

pi^irov snare, from pedica (fem.) Analogy with a number of nouns in 
ege — * college,' ' si^ge,' * privilege,' etc. [See 49, B, 4^.] 

poiBoiif poison, from potionem. Gender of distinction [141, 176, 177] 
or of phonic analogy. 

porobe and portique, porch, portico, from portieiim (fem.) The 
gender was evidently caused by the Latin ending in its [170]. 

porpbyre, porphyry, vop^^pa. Intell. analogy [126] with 'rocher/ 

* marbre,' • granit,' etc. [Cf. also 161.] 

quadriffey a four-horse chariot, from qv^driga or quadriga (fem.) 
Mental concord [50] with 'char,' 'chariot;' also phonic analogy with a 
number of nouns in iffe — 'prodige,' 'prestige.* 

store, window-blind, from Lat. storea, a mat. Probably an intell, 
analogy [126] with 'rideau,' or phonic analogy with *cor,' *or,' etc. [167]. 

synodOy synod, synodas (fem.), a{)volot. Change brought about by the 
Latin ending of the word. [See ezode and 170.] 

tbermes (masc. plur.), hot springs, baths, 04pficu (fem.) There is 
evidently an intell. analogy [126] with ' bain.' 

▼ertiffef vertigo, from Lat. vertiginem (fem.) Phonic analogy with 

* prestige,' ' vestige,' etc. 

205. (2) Feminines. 

IS^.B. In researches, the list of Bigeneric Nouns and the list 
187 should also he consulted, a^s well as the plural neuters^ 

aisei ease. Of doubtful origin ; perhaps Lat. otium, otia, which would 
also explain its being masc. in the sing, ('a mon aise,' *le malaise,' *1p 
m6saise ') and fem. in the plur. (* toutes ses aises '). Gender of phonic 
analogy [43, 109] and oi derivation .. [Seep^wr. neut., 194.] 



CHAiraES OF GEKDE^. l33 

ametbystef kn40v(TTos, Gender of intell, analogy with ' pierre.' [Cf« 
161.] 

apr^s-midl. [See Bigenerics^ 156.] 

brebis, ewe, vervex, veruecem (masc.) This is evidently one of the fev 
nouns whose gender has been determined by sex [23, 25]. 

C9Mte, from the Portug. casta. The gender may also be one of mental 
concord, the adj. cactus, chaste, pur, being referred to * origin e/ *race.' 

oendref ashes, cinders. Masc. and fern, in Latin [see 169]. The d being 
epenthetic, the original form was cenre. Thns even the masc. * cinerem ' 
would give, by phonic analogy, a feminine (e mute with a liquid as ante- 
penultimate [43, 109]). [Cf. pondre.] 

obartref prison, from carcerem (masc.) The change has taken place 
through the confasion with charte, cartas which has also caused the inter- 
polation of the t. Compare oocbe* eoBtame, 6t6, onple. The pronun- 
ciation was, and is still, 'charte' (*en charte priv6e'); the gender is 
therefore one of phonic analogy (e mute with a liquid as antepenultimate), 
so much the more because the t is only epenthetic [43, 109. See also ren« 
centre]. 

colliery or better cnllldre, spoon, from cochleare (neut.) or cochUaria 
(plur. neut.) [201], The second, which is probably the original form, 
explains the gender, which is one of phonic analogy [43, 109]. 

d^b&cle, from 'd^b&cler,' should be masc. [See 110, 111; see also 
effrCf rencontre.] 

dent, from dentem (masc.) This i& one of the words which seem to 
defy explanation. Littr6 observes • that it begins to become fem. in the 
fourteenth century;' then also the final t appears. Is it possible that 
the word, being in the sing, pronounced * deute,' took the gender of phonia 
analogy [43, 109], like *tente,' 'pente,' etc.? It is still masc. in dialects. 
'Monsieur le charlatan, arrachez-moi mon dent' (^Boulogne song). 

encrCf ink, from encaustum (neut.) This word was originally enque — 
'autre enque' (i?M^e6«tt/, thirteenth century, quoted by Littre). Compare 
also the English ink. The r being epenthetic, the gender is one of phonio 
analogy — viz. e mute with a liquid as antepenultimate [43, 109. See aljsn 
167 and rencontre, infra]. 

^nlsmcv enigma^ from Lat. (enigma (neut.), Gr. cityiyna. The accent 
being on the first syllable, the pronunciation in O.F. was hnime. This was 
undoubtedly also the oldest form of the word, which has therefore the 
gendor oi phonic analogy [43, 109], like *cime,' 'rime,' etc. The g was not 
improbably re-established in the sixteenth century. [Cf. 173, 176.] 

entre-cdtCf rih of beef, Fem. by phonic analogy. [See 9 1 , and ff arde« 
robe, infra.] 

entre-volCf spa/te between the lines of a railroad. Fem. by phonic ana^ 
logy). [See 91 and^grarde-robe.] 

4pacte, epa/!t, Htfoktos. Should be masc. 

&pia^le, pin, spinula{?) The g being epenthetic, the case is the same 
as with enigme, and the gender one of phonic analogy. 

CBcarboudev ruby, carbuncle, from Lat. carbunculus. Evidently a 
phonio analogy with ' boucle' [see rencontre, infra, and 167] or an iniell.' 
ajMtfo^ with • pierre.' [See 161.] 

fresqne = * peinture a fresque,' a fresco painting. Gander of mental 
concord. 

. trarde-robe, wardrobe. Should be, -like all verbal attributive com* 
pounds [00], masc. It is fem. by phonio analogy. Compare entre-c6tet 



J 



134 FRENCH 0ENDBR6. 

entre-voief SbanvuedoOf marebepied* Monljoief which are the only 
coropoiiDds whose gender has been determined in a like manner. 

irlUf bird-lime^ gluten. It might be an intdl, analogy with *colle/ 
ot -'poix ;* but it is more probable that the gender has been determined by 
phonic analogy. The original word was glue^ a form still preserved in 
£ngli8h. 

^pi^tre, gaiter. Should be masc. [42, 108, 167^. 
impostef impost. Gender of mental concord with ' pierre.' 
Jument, mare, from Lat jumentum, a beast of burdent or rather from 
the plur. uevit.jumenta [201]. Compare aumaille, picore, ouailUi etc. * Ju- 
ment/ therefore, meant originally a pack-horse, and, being fem., has finally 
taken the place of ' ive,' equa. Its gender is therefore that of inteU. analogy 
[126 £f], and the word is one of the few whose gender has been determined 
by sex [26]. 

mer, sea, from mare (neut.) The gender might be deriTed through 
the plur. neut. ; but this explanation of the change is insufficient. Admit- 
ting the existence of another form mere [cf. ' mare,' pond ; * morbihan,' 
little sea\ the gender would be one of phonic analogy [43, 109. See 
ouUlerf supra.l 

mi-Cardmef mid-Lent, is a fite-day, [See 87 and Bule T* also 
Cardme.] 

mi-JanTier, mi-r^vrierf etc. Gender of mental concord with 
'parrie* [90,91]. 

Moni;|oie = * le mont de joie ' (fern, by phonic analogy). [See irArde* 
robe.] 

montre, watch, shop-window. Gender of mental concord with 'hor- 
loge,' or it may be the result of a syllepsis — ' chose qui montre ' (?) 

Voel* [See Bigenerics, 166.] 

ottre, offer. Should be, and was in Q.F., masc. hj phonic analogy [110, 
111, 167. See 176, also 167, and renoontre, infra]. 

outre, goa^s skin, Gr. odOap, and Sanskrit udhas » udder, breast* Plur, 
neut. [202]. 

P&qnes. [See Bigenerics, 166.] 

parol, wait, inner side or surface of a vessel, etc., Lat. parietem (masc.) 
The change of gender can hardly be satisfactorily explained. It may be a 
phonic analogy with *loi,' *foi,' which are also very old forms; but other 
old forms in oi (masc.) exist, as *palefroi,' ' ^moi,' * arroi.* Another explana- 
tion might be this : Pdrfetem (pdrjettbus, Virg. ; cf. also * sectaque intexunt 
ahjete costas,' Virg.) would necessarily gire 'pareit,* *paroit,* 'parol;* but 
the form pdnetem [cf. * panes cum proximus ardet'] could, by a shifting of 
accent, giye pareite. Even the form * pareit ' would, in the old language, be 
pronounced * pareite' [167. See the instances quoted by Littr^]. Thus 
the word became phonically analogous to *f6te,' * tfete,' etc. [48, 109]. 

patendtrOf Lord^s prayer ; but in a pejorative sense, to denote prayer 
not engaging either the heart or the mind. A corrupted form of pater 
noster. The gender is clearly one of intell. analogy with ' grimace,' * sinia* 
gr^e.' As the word is generally pronounced ' patenote,' the gender might 
also be one of phonic analogy [167]. 

p^tonele* periwinkle, cockle, from pectunculus (masc.) InteU, analogy 
with 'coquille,' etc. [126. See also renooniref infra], 

pienvref cephatopod, a monstrous octopus. Seems derived firom Lat. 
polypus^ like * polype' and *poulpe' [9, Cf. also the pop. pron. *pieuve/ 
X67]. 






CHANGES OF GENDER. 135 

piste, track, scent, Lat. pisius. Gender of mental concord with ' trace/ 
'ligne' [50, 68]. 

pondroy ^oumZst, dust, from Lat. pulverem {puhis, pulves), masc. and 
fern. The original form is poulre, poure, the d being epenthetic. There- 
fore, even if derived from the masc, the word should be fern, by phonic 
analogy [43, 49. See cendre]. 

ralle« from verb 'rafler.' Should be macfc [HO, 111. See rencontrey 
also 167]. 

rencontre = * re + encontie/ meeting, encounter. > Masc. in Froissart, 
and still in some dialects. The gender might be explained by intell. ana' 
logy with * bataille,' *■ lutte,' etc. But Manage remarks that contre and 
similar words are popularly pronounced conie, etc. This is most likely t&e 
real cause of the change of gender, which is, therefore, one of phonic 
analogy [43, 109, 167. See cbartre, encref escarboudey ^pin^le, 
offire, petoncle, rafle, trlntrle, toortre]. 

sonriSf mouse. ' [See Bigenerics, 156.] 

sypbilis, a word of modem creation. Fern, by analogy with the other 
name of the disease it describes. 

tonrtre, turtle-dove, iuriurem (masc.) The pronunciation 'tourte' 
(another form of the word) gives it the gender of phonic analogy [43, 109, 
167. See rencontre]. It is also an intell, analogy with ' tourterelle.' 

trlnfflOf curtain-rod. Of doubtful origin. The ending shows a dimi- 
nutive in ula. The pron. tringue in several provinces shows it to be a 
gender of phonic anally [43, 109, 167]. 

▼asque, centre basin of a fountain, from a(^. vascus {Quicherai)» The 
geoddT IB one of mental analogy with * coupe,' etc» 



i 



PART II. 



B U L E S 




138 FRENCH GENDERS, 



) 



TO TEACHEES AND STUDENTS. 



NownSf printed in thick black capitals, have been placed at the head of 
the rules, instead of numbers. These nouns are in alphabetical order. 
Kules relating to masculine nouns begin with one of the letters A to 0« 
Bules relating to feminine nouns begin with one of the letters F to Z. 

The instances to each rule are in black type. 

Whereyer it has been found useful and practicable, the so-called excep- 
tions (invariably printed in small type) have been put in rhythmical and 
rhymed lines. Each particular list of such exceptions has also been 
headed with a noun printed in black tyfe ; this begins with one of the 
letters a to o when the list is one of masculine nouns, and with one of the 
letters p to z if the list is one of feminine nouns.' 

Twenty-five years' observation of English students, especially of young 
students, enables us to state that there are about 60 per cent. — perhaps two- 
thirds— of them who can more or less easily get by heart, with profit to 
themselves, the 238 ' rhymed lines of exceptional nouns. We would, how- 
ever, caution teachers against pressing the learning by heart. They will 
easily discover, after a few attempts, which of their pupils are capable of it. 

We most earnestly advise in all cases — %,e, whether learning by heart is 
iresorted to or not — always to point out the reasons both of rules and of 
exceptions. Frequent reference to the principles stated in Part I. and 
to the Synopsis given in § 49, where the origin of most nouns with excep- 
tional gender is given, will be found useful. All teachers are well aware 
that, when the student knows the reason of a rule or exception, he genearaliy 
recollects it and can apply it. 

Besides this, the only safe method we can recommend for learning the 
genders is reading, translating, and listening to the conversation, lectures, 
or speeches of cultivated Frenchmen. 

' The lists of exceptions to Bules &f M, V, O (masc.), and to Boies 
Q, S, Sy T, V, V, Z (fem.), include — 

(a) 86 bigeneric novns [166] (printed in Italics and liesides marked by asterisks). 
They have been placed among the exceptions whenever the exceptional gender is more 
(or as much) in use as the regular gender ; as, peste, ceuvre, v€ue,poHe, 

(6) 181 nouns which fall under other rules, such as names of trees and accidental substan- 
tives (also printed in Italics), or which are either technical or obsolete , or otherwise 
seldom to he met with. These have been included sometimes on account of their relative 
importance, and, in a few instances, from the necessities of the meter. 

ff these be dedticted, the nouns masculine by exception' are reduced ^o 418, 
and those feminine by exception to 160. 

' They might be reduced to less than 200. [See rules referring to 
nouns in g^ey me* etc.] 



RULES OF GENDEB. 139 



PART II. 



THE RULES OF FRENCH GENDERS. 



General Principles. 

1. The gender of French nouns is determined either by 
their m^dning (Chap. I.) or by tlieAr form (Chap. II.) 

2. The gender of nouns of aexal beings (persons, animals, 
imaginary persons or animals) is determined not by sex only, 
but also by derivation, mental concord, or intellectual analogy. 
[See Rules A, P, CI.] 

3. Nouns directly derived from Latin (or Latinised) or , 
Greek nouns take the gender of the ' etymon.' [See B»ule By 
etc.] 

4. Nouns analogous in sound or meaning to a group 
of other nouns take the gender of the group.' [See Billes d 
P, Z, K, Z., M, Sr, Q, etc.] 

6. Nouns in mental concord with a noun understood take 
the gender of the noun understood. [See Eules D* By Z* Jf 
etc.] 

SyllepUc nouns — i.e, nouns determinative of, or dependeut 
on, some noun understood — also take the gender of the noun 
understood. [See Eules CI, B* T.] 

6. Compound nouns take the gender of the main noun, 
expressed or understood. [See Rules CI, B* Ay D.] 

7. Accidental nouns are masculine. [See Rules Dy CI.] 




140 FRENCH GEKBEBS. 



CHAPTER I. 

OENDEB DETERMINED BY THE MEANING OB BY 
THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE NOUN. 

Masculine. 
JiJ)A.'U. : Nouns denoting Male Beings. 

This includes — 

1. Names op Male Persons [23, 24] ; as, • 

Antolne, Artotote, G^sar. 

2. Nouns denoting Male Animals; as, 

coq, b^lier, bouo* ^talon, taureau. 

This applies only to a number of domesticated animalfi, 
and to the few wild ones that are well known and in whose 
outward appearance there is a striking difference between the 
male and the female, such as the stag, le cerf* the lion, le lion. 

[25, 26]. 

3. Nouns denoting Imaginary Beings, considered as Male 
Persons or Animals [127] ; as, 

angre, diable, foune, lares, l^viathaUf Tamplre. 

4. Attributiye Nouns op Male Persons [62 ff ] ; as, 

acteur, arobiteote, bergrer, soldat. 



BULES OF GENDEB. 141 



CHAPTER I. 

GENDER DETEEMINEB BY TKB MEANING OB BY 
THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE NOUN. 

Feminine. 
PENELOPE : Nouns DENorma Female Beings. 

This includes — 

1. Names of Female Pebsons [23, 24] ; as, 

Pauline, S^becca, Vletoiia. 

2. Nouns denotinq Female Animals; as, 

poole, brebiSf didTre* Jnmenty vache. 

This applies only to a number of domesticated animals, 
and to the few wild ones that are well known and in whose 
outward appearance there is a striking difference between the 
female and the male, such as the hindf la btobe* the lioness, la 
lionne [25, 26]. 

3. Nouns DENonNO Imaqinabt Beings, consibeeed as 
Pemale Pebsons ob Animals [127] ; as, 

parque* dryade, hourl, nymphe, walkyrie. 

4. Atteibutive Nouns of Female Pebsons [52 ff"] ; as, 

piinoeBBe, bonne, bra, TlTandidre. 



1 



142 FUENCH OENDESS. 

Masculine. 

Some maaculine nomis, wJien tued as attributive nouns of/emalea, remain mascnline. 

(a) bas-blea, blue-stockingj female author ; oordon-blen, a cook ; tendron, 
young lass. 

(b) angre, angel ; amour, love ; artisan ; assassiii ; oliameaa (vulgar), camel ; 
charlatan ; coxvjoint, btiae or bridegroom, husband or wife (law) ; consort, partner^ 
associate', d^mon; disciple; 6crivain, writer; escroc, sieindUr; historien, his- 
torian ; libraire, bookseller ; medium ; monstre ; partisan ; peintre ; pMlo- 
sophe ; poete ; romancier, novel-writer ; secretaire ; t^moin. witness. 

Ex. : * Charlotte Corday fut an ange el nn assassin.' * (Gorges Sand, grand ^crhnain et 
philosophe-moraliste Eminent.' ' Ma fille a dtd t^moin de I'^v^nement.' * Cetie femme 
est mi amom:, nn monstre, un escroc.' 

(c) amateur ; auteur ; compositeur ; d^fenseur ; docteur ; graTeur, 
engraver ; imposteur ; libraire-^dlteur, publisher ; litterateur ; profbsseur ; 
sauveur, saviour, deliverer ; successeur ; vainqueur, conqueror ; etc. 

Ex. : * La reine, dMensenr de la foi.' * Madame de Stael, le c^l^bre aatem: de Corinne.' 
* Le docteur Mai:ie W.' 



5. Compound Nouns of ant kind denoting Male Beings, 
OB USED AS Attributive Nouns of Male Beings, (Com- 
pare d.) 

Ex. : Appositiyes : bon-bomme i beau-firdre i oontre- 
maltre* foreman. 

Ex,: Detebm [NATIVES : gen^armef police-officer ; ^^rde-' 
cbasse, gamekeeper. 

Ex.: Possessive and other Elliptical Compounds [90]: 
blano-beoy a hea'^dless hoy ; peau-rougrey a red Indian ; 
coupe-Jarrety a cuUthroat; va-nu-pledSy tatterdemaiion -^ 
porte-drapeauy standard-hearer ; Bans-calotte. Cf. also 
un grarde-firan9aise9 an grarde-saisse [83, 156]. 



BONHEUR, honum augurium ; boeaf, hovem ; baptdn&ef 

I^CLTTTitrfia : NoUNS DIRECTLY DERIVED FROM liATIH (OB 

Greek) Masculine or Neuter Nouns [14, 18]. 

See 15, 187, 188, and in/ra, Rales E, F, !■, M, N, O. 



CH^NE, oak: Names of Trees [17, 178 ff]. 

This rule is extended to Shrubs and Creepers. jBx. : 
oUvrefeaiUey honeysuckle ; le Iterre, ivy ; le flrroBelUer, 
le firamboisier, le tro^ne. 



irULES OF GENDEB. 143 

FEimnKE. 

Tbe followingr— mostiiy afastzBcfc feminine nonns-^Am tued tu attrHmHve nount nf 
perton*, remain InyarlaUj feminine [83, 84, 93, 95] : — 

(a) altesse, highneu ; excellence, excellency (ambassadon, ministers) ; 6inl« 
nence (canUnals) ; grAoe \ grandeur (bishops) ; hantesse (great Turk) ; majesM, 
majesty ; r^T^renoe (certain dignitaries of the Chnrch or in convents) ; saintoM (the 
Pope) ; seiginenrie, loreUhip. 

Ex, : * son Alteaae Boyale/ his or her Boyal Highneu ; ' * son Eminence le cardinal 
A. ;' < sa Majesty,' his or her Majesty. 

(6) estafette ; recme, a recruit; vedette, mounted sentry ; vigle, look-out man ; 
sentinelle [156], sentry, 

(c) b6te, fool ; canaille, rascal ; caution, security, surety ; crotkte (fam.), a fool ; 
dupe, a dupe ; ganache* blockhead ; partie, the contending parties in a law-suit ; 
pratiqne, customer; victune, a xftetim. 

Ex. : *Ma fDi, non pins que nous I'homme n'est qn'ime b^te' (Boileau). * Cet homme 
est une franche canaille.' ' Hon frtee sera ma caution.' ' L'empereur F. est une vieille 
ganache ' (.NapoUon), * Ma partie est poissante ' {Refine). 

id) basee-taille, bass-singer ; contre-basse, double-bass player ; fltlte, fiute- 
player (in an orchestra) ; haate-contre, counter-tenor. 

5. Compound Nouns of any kind denoting Female Beings, 

OE USED AS AtTEIBUTIVE NoUNS OF FeMALES. 

Ex. : Appositiyes : belle-mdre, grrand'mdrey oom- 
mire, soas-maltresse. 

Ex. : Detebminatiyes : grarde-maladey sick-nurse. This 
is the only componnd of this kind with the fem. gender. 

Ex. : Possessive and other Elliptical Compounds (are 
very seldom feminine) : une sans-ooeur, a heartless woman ; 
une sana-denty a toothless old woman. 



QTTALITB) qualitateni ; question, qucestionem ; que- 
relle, querelam\ qaeue, caudam: ^'ouns directly de- 
bited from Latin (or Gbeek) Feminines [16], ob from 
Neuter Plubal Collective Nouns [20, 21, 194 ff]. 



yense, yeto-treet ilieea (quercus)^ ilex. 

anb^trfne [see auMpin, 180,186], hawthorn, alba spina; bourdaine or bour* 
g^rteM buckthorn. Low Lat. burdena ; bruy^re, heattter (of doubtful or^;in) ; old* 
matite, clematis, icAi}fiaTiTif ; epine-vlnette, Barbary buck ; ronce, briar, rumex, 
rumiceni ; vlgne, vincj vinea (arbor). 



M 



144 FBENCH GENDEBSr 

Masculine. 

DEVOIR, duty: AcciDENTAi* Substantiyes of ant kind 
[58 ff, 64, 64a]. 

(a) Substantives boreowbd from ant Part op Speech. 

Ex, : Adjectives : le droit 9 le vraiv le Jnstev le blaac^ 
le rougre (and all Kames of Colours) ; le firaii9aiBf le 
Sanskrit (and all Names of Languages). 

Present Participles [60] : nn dissolvantv a solvent ; 
aimant, loadstone ; penchant 9 inclination. 

Past Participles [61] : nn eztrait, an extract ; un 
traits 9 a treaty ; un re9a9 a receipt. 

Infinitives : le pouvoir, power ; le savoir, knowledge. 

Pronouns : le moi. * Le cnlte du moi' {Th, Gautier), 

De ces deux moi piqads de jalouBie, 
L'un est a la maison et Tautre est avec vous. — MolUre, 

Nouns op Number. Ex, : * Le nombre 234 s'eerit avec uu 
denzy nn trois et nn quatre.' 

Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections. Ex, z 
le bienv the good ; le mal, the evil ; le pourquoi et le parce 
que, the why and the wherefore; le pour et le contre, the 
pro and the con ; nn si ; nn mais ; nn oar ; nn h^las. 

Therefore, Adverbial Expressions op ant kind, used as 
Substantives. Ex.: nn^-oomptOf an instalment ; nn atout* 
a trump ; nn it-propos ; un endroit ; nn en-tdte ; nn 
pourboire ; nn parterre. 

(h) Sentences, or Parts of Sentences, used as Nouns. 
Ex. : un on-dit, a report ; un rendez-vons, an appoint- 
me^it] nn sauTe-qni-peatf a stampede; il est snr le qui* 
▼ive ; je me moque du qu'en-dira-t-on ; elle a nn Je ne 
sais quoi qai plait ; * un tiens vant, ce dit-on, mieuz que 
deux tu I'auras ' (Lafontaine), 

Therefore, all Compound Nouns beginning with a Verb 
IN A Conjugated or Unconjugated Form. Ex, : portefeuUlo, 
abat-jour, parapluie. [See Eule O.] 

(c) Substantives used as Qualipting Adjectives, and be- 
transferred into the Language as Nouns. Ex. : le oerlso, 
cherry-colour ; le rose, pinTc-colour \&^, 89, 156]. 

(d) Ant Part of Speech used as a Word, not as ex- 
pressing AN Idea \_^^']. Ex. : *I1 plent des monosyllabes : on 
m'a envoy6 les que ; on m'a promis les oui, les non, les 
pour, les qui, les quoi, les si' {Voltaire), 'Pour nn oni, 
pour un non| il se fache.' 




rules of gender. 145 

Feionine. 



Substantives borrowed from feminine adjectives, present 
or past participles, and referring to a jfOUJJ understood [see 
50, 60, 61]. . , 

]Ex, : la physlquef physics ; une yarlaate, a different 
reading ; une aU^Of an alley. ^ 

[See also names of oountriea, </{/>ia, Role W.] 



entre-cdtei fib of beef ^ Hxak ; entre-voie, tpact between the lines of a railway. 



perce-fenllle, perce-nelge, perod-mnraille, perce-plerrei perce-roche ; 
.also garde-malade [Rule A]. 



i 



146 F^NCH GENDERS. 

MASGtaiNE. 

ETNA : 'Names op Mountains [79]. 

This chiefly applies to peaks or to groups of motmtains 
considered as a whole. 



FER, iron; soufire, sulphur; ozygr^ne, 03sygm; amal-i 

game i acier, steel ; bronze : Elements or Simple 
Bodies [130] (metals, metalloids), and Allots. 



GOMFOUm) NOUNS. [Compare A.] 

(a) QRAND-LIVRE, ledger : Appositite Compounds, 
when the main noun is masc. [91]. 
Ex, : bonheur, malheur, maitre-autel, avant- 
poste, vlf-argrent. 

They are yery uumerons, and some are created dally. 

(5) O-endarme, police officer : Determinatiye Com- 
pounds, when the main nown is masc, 

Ex. : pi^destal = * pied-d*estal,' pedestal ; ver-it-BOie, 
silhworm ; obef-d'oeuTrev masterpiece ; appui-maint mauU 
stick ; timbre-poste, postage-stamp ; bdtel-Dieu, hospital. 

(c) Oorgre-rougre (or rouge^gorge), redbreast : Pos- 
sessive (or Relative) and other Elliptical or Stlleptic 
Compounds when the noun referred to is masculine. 

Ex,: un peau-rougrOf a red India/n; un pied-platf a 
rascally hypocritical fellow ; un terre-neuvey a Newfoundlamd 
dog ; un trois-ponts, a three-decker, 

(d) Ouide-ftney guide-hook (crib) : Verbal Attributive 
Compounds. [Cf. D (6).] 

Ex, : abat-jour, lamp-shade ; casse-GOU, break-neck ; 
casBe-tdtOf tomaJiawk ; coupe-grorgrOf cut-throat ; em* 
porte-pidcet pmicher ; eure-dentf toothpick ; gr&rde- 
oexkdref fire- guard J fender J etc. (about 600). 



i 



BTTLBS OP aUNDSlU 147 

Fbhinike. 

Alpes, Andes, C6T«nnM, Cordllltoes, Pyr^ndes, VoBses [79]. 



(a) Tlie appositive compoTind is, of coarse, fern, when the 
main noun is fern. 

Ex, : grrand'rue, sauTe-grarde, ohaaTe-AoariSf 
demi-livref arridre-boutique. 

ThQT are as numierons as the masc 

(h) The determinative componnd is fern, when the main 
nonn is fem. 

Ux, : eau-de-vie, brandy ; primeTdre* jprima veris, 
jprvwrose"^ idte-DtoOf Oor^s ChrisU Day. 



(e) The possessive and other elliptical componnds are fem. 
-when the main nonn referred to is feminine. 

Ex. : nne (prune de) reine-claude ; la (fienr a) mlUe- 
fballle ; nne (gravnre a V) eau-lbrte. 



id) Perce-neifi^, -fenille, -plerre, -roche, -mxiraUle) are the only excep- 
tions. • 
Cf. garde-malade [Brae A]. 



l2 




f 



k 



.148 FB£NCH genders; 

jMasculine. 
STLLEPTIO N0J7N8. 

H-A-VANE (twi, du), Havana cigar or tobacco : Stlleptic 

Nouns, when the noun referred to is masculine [83 ff]. 

Ex. : nn (bateau k) vapeur, a steami-hoat ; nn (chapeaa 
•de) feutrey a felt hat ; un (cabriolet de) remise ; dn (jus 
de) r^grUsse. 

This rule applies chiefly to names of countries, towns, etc., 
used to denote the products, natural or manufactured, of such 
countries, towns, etc. 

Ex, : du (vin de) bonrgrogue ; un (chapeau de) pa- 
nama ; un (chUle de) caobemlre ; du (fromage de) brie 
[85]. 



PAqnes and NoSl are of both gendois [106]. 



lODURE : Chemical Products, named after Lavoisier's 

nomenclature [131]. 

Ex, : un aeide ; un oxyde ; du Ghlomre de chaux, 
chloride of lime ; un sul&te ; un sulfite. 



JEUDIf Janvier, Oerminaly automne ; Names of 
Days, Months, Seasons. 



TTILO GRAMME : Weights and Measubbs or the 
Decimal Nomenclature [133]. 
Ex. : le mdtre, Tare, le litre, le stdre, le grranune, 

le firanoy the units for lengths^ sujperficies^ liquids, wood, weight, 
coinage. 



HULES OF GENDER. 14^ 

Feminine. 



Sylleptic nouns are feminine when the noun referred to 
is feminine. 

Ex, : nne (arm^e de) r^8erve» de la (toile de) batiste. 



Ex. : de la (denielle de) maliney de la Talenolennef de 
la (liqueur de la) ohartreusey une (cliandelle de) bougrie. 



YVES (la Saint-), St. Tves's Ban/. 

F^TE-DATS are feminind in application of the same prin- 
ciple. 

Ex. : la Saint- Jean, Midsummer ; la Saint-Kiohelf 
Michaelmas ; la Toussaint, All Saints* Day ; la Saint- 
Sarth^lemyf St. Bartholomew's Bay ; la mi-Cardmef micU 
Lent ; P4que8, Easter festivity ; Noel, Ghristmas festivity. 
[See 87.] 



qnlniney anilinoi facludne : aU names of chemical products ending in ine. 

N.B. The old names of chemical products are not included [182. Cf. la sondOi la 
IK>taase.3 



Antomne is of both genders—' nne antomne pluviense.' 



N3. The names of old measures and veights are not included. Gf. la toimei Ihe 
ton; laTerge, thetfard; I'anne, the ell; la perche, the rod; la pinte, the pint; la 
livre, the pound ; la TOie, la corde, measures for wood ; etc 



i 




150 VRENCH GSNDBBS. 



CHAPTER 11. 

OENDEB DETERMINED BY TEE FORM OF THE 

NOUN. 

A. NOUNS NOT ENDING IN E MUTE. 

Masculine. 
JiIEUt jplcf^, locus ; lait, milkf lac» 

KoN-sEXAL Nouns Ending in a Sounded Yowbl ob Diph- 

THONO, OB IN A CONSONANT. 

Examples, 
1. Of Nouns Ending in a Sounded Vowel or Dvphthyng. 
A. — ^boaf op^ra. 

£ (exclusive of t^). — oafi^f cl^« 



L'arreu, r^eaW^,— «0M,« eomtS, cUHgU, 
Etif pr^ipit4,—jeU, pftt6, traitd, 
Ap<»rt4, velout4,—le MnididU. 
(Andante and piano-forte might be added.) 



I, T. — d^fly Jury. 

0. — ^oho, z^ro. 

u. — flohuy tissu. 

Ai, AT, EI, IT. — greai» balal. 

ou. — hibou, olou. 

Au, EAU.— Joyauv ohapean. 

01. — effk*oi, beffk*oi. 

EU, (EU. — feuy TOBa. 

ui. — appuiy ennui. 



ui. — appuif ennui. 

Zm Of Nouns Ending in a Consoncmt, 

B. — oluby radoub. 
0, CH, CE. — ^lac, bao. 



D. — ^nidi pied. 



J ' 



BULES OF GENDBB* 151 



CHAPTER II. 

OENDEB DETERMINED BY TEE FORM OF THE 

NOUN. 

A. NOUNS NOT ENDING IN E MUTE. 

Feminine. 



Feminine or excepiumal nouns in 

A.— R^doiva, maznrka,— *«lpi<i, la polka, 
Une camarilla, — guerilla, la villa, 
Une olla-podrida, — tombola, veranda, 
Bmala, fantasia,— *;pampa, la raozia. 



QUALITE) and nouns ending in t^. 



Feminine or exceptional nouns in 

£, I, U, EAU, OL— La vertu. I'amlti^,— *m«r«t, foi, loi, pitid, 

Triba, rinuniti^, — ^fonrmi, parol, moitid, 
*Apr^-nUdi, la peao,— cI6, peycbd, gla, de Teaix. 



m 



152 FRENCH GENDERS^ 

Masculine. 

F (ph). — oanif, oBuf. 
0.— JougTf sangr. 
L. — AisU, oheval. 
M. — nom, parftim. 
N. — ^pain, don, million. 



bastion (sbostillon). 



Le bison, le tison, le poison, 
L'hoilzoii, le grison, nn oison. 



P. — cap, coup. 
Q. — Goq, Ourcq. 
B. — ^olaiTf enfer. 



Labenr, bonheur, malJieur,—h€iuXt honnenr, d^honneur, 
CCBur, chceuT, pleur, intirieur^ — divleeur, ^uatenr, 
Chou-fleur, nnm^ratenr, — ^le d^nomiiiatear. 



s. — OS, paradis. 
T. — combat, Jonet. 
X. — cruoifix, choix, 
z. — ^nez, graz. 




B, NOUNS ENDING IN E MUTE. 

]V[AGNETISME, membre, monstre. 

NON^SEXAL NOUNS J3NDIN0 IN E MUTE ABE 
MASCULINE, WHEN the Penultimate Letter is a Consonant 
AND THE Antepenultimate ant Consonant but a Liquid. 

Obs. — The digrams cfe, gh, ph, rh, th, gn, gu, qu, must be 
considered as single consonants. 

Examples of nomis in — 

bbe, ble. — ^marbre, sable. 



BULES OF OENDEB. 153 

Feminine. 

F, If, N.^La solf, la def, la nef,~ J^rusatem, la faim, 

La boisBon, la moiflson, — chanaon, mousson, la main, 
Fafon, fashion, le^on, — ^ranpon, cuisson, la fin. 

Albion, Sion, Ilion, 

Alluvion, rebellion, 

^Laiderorif la guenon. 



ItEDEMPTION, r^olusion, reflexion, r^grion, r^- 
union : Nouns in tion, sion, xion, gion, nion. 



S AISON, toiBon, prison : Konns in aison, oison, ison. 



B. — ^Xa Hour, collier, la mer, 
La oour, Vamourf la chair. 



"PERHEUR : Nouns in eue. 



S. — ^TJne *80'arl8, nne oasis, 
Une brebUf une fois, *vis. 
T. — ^La "part, la nuit,— */ority la dent, 

La hart, la *mort, — *gent, dot, jumetit. 
X. — Ferdrlx, la poix, — paix, touz, la voix. 

La chauz, la Groiz,-4a */aux, la uoix. 



The exceptions to Bule Lien may also be learnt l^ means of the following mne- 
monic list:— 

Albion, union (four nonns in nion), paix, amitid (fonr nonns in Ui), foi, fois, loi, 
religion (five nouns in gion), Jerusalem, croix, *mort, *faux, moisson, boisson, chanson 
(fa9on, le9on, ran^on), voix, toux, potion (nouns in tion), cuiller, eau, soif, Mm, dent 
(*gent, jument), ^souris, noix, *forlt, perdrix, glu, poix, chaux, cuisson, chair, brebis, 
toison, peau, main, bru, dot, *part, moiti^, cour, *amour, inimiti^, trahison, rebellion, 
prison, *tour, cdef, maison {aison), doison (oison), parol, nef, mousson, mer, immensity 
(t^), foison, fonrmi, legion (gion), gamison, tribu, oasis, chaleur (ew), Saint>Jean, pitid, 
•mend, vertu, vis, contagion (gion), r6union (nion), polka, nuit, *apr^midi, *fin. 

B. NOUNS ENDING IN E MUTE. 



feminine or eiteepHondt nouns in 

BLE.— Table, ratable, bible. 
Fable, chasuble, able. 
BBB. — Sambre, chambre, antichambre, — algibre, lea t^nAhiraii 
Calabref une pinombre^ — *ombre^ fibre, vert^bres. 



ft 

J 



154 FB£NGH GBNBEBS. 

MASouLiine. 
CLE, GBE, GTE. — ^miraole, aoref aote. 

DBE. — oddroi esclandre. 

FLE, FBE, PHTE. — mufley camphre, chlffirey naphte. 

GLEy ORE, GME. — fLegme^ seigrle, tigre. 

PLE, PBE, PSE, PTE. — gjpBef peuplOy pampre* pr^oepte. 

8ME.— mapn^tlBme, sarcaame. 

SQUEy sPEy 8TE, XTE. — ^maBquOy JaBpOy GontraBtOy texte. 



TBE, THME. — ^meurtrey iBtlime. 



YBE. — Ghanvrei polvre. 



Mtueuline or exceptional nouru in is, m, 

CoUs^e, Elys6e,— empirte, nn lyode, 
Pyrte, nn gyn^c^e, — athtode, un moste, 
. P^rigto, apog^,— hym^n^e, un cam^ 
Un trochee, un spond^, — un trophto, xmpygmde, 
Le caduc^e,— un mausol^e, 
Le scarab^,— un coryphee. 

06nle, un inoendie, 
Le f oie, un parapluUy 
Ap-, p^ri-, par-h^ie. 



Jfaseuline or exertional nouru in ffb, llb, mmb, nitb, ppe, rrx, bsb, tte. 

*Greffe, un violoncdle,~un codldlle, un miUe, 
Tindrijfe, un libelle, — un vaudeville, un trille, 
Tulle^ du vermicelle, — intervalle, un *qtiadrlllef 
Oramme (et sea composes, kilogramme^ heetogramme)^ 
T^l^gramme, un programme, — un parall^logramme, 
Un dilemma, le ^somme^ — un steppe, un cippe, un yerrt, 
Un *renne^ le rogomme,— et leurre, et beurre, et lierre, 
B6carre, un tlntamarre, — un catarrhe, tonnerre, 
Cirre, un paratonnerre, — un squirrhe, un cimetem, 
Pamasse, le Perme8se,-^\m narclsse, un ooloase, 
, Du *rigUuef un squelette,— un carrosse, un molOBse. 




BULBS OF GENDEB. 155 

Feminine. 

CLE, CBE, CTE.— Vlndicte, nacre, ^pacte,— ancre, collecte, boncle, 

Ddbftcle, cataracte, — encre, secte, escarboude, 
Barnacle, des manicles, 
La m&cle, des besides. 

DBB.^Salamandre) la *foudret-^*hydrtt calandre, Flandre, 
CSepsydre, escadre, poudre,^t ooriandre, et cendre. 

FLE, FBE. — Rafle, n^e, one ^mouJle^^vaiB ofEre, une momifle, 
Balafre, une pantoufle,— une gaufre, une giffle. 

GLE, QBE, 6ME.— *Fodagrre, r^le, ^pingle, 

Drachme, *aiglej ^nigme, tringle. 

PLE, PBE, PSB, PTE.— Une syllepse, Egypt€y—\me '^couple, une Eclipse, 

Gatalepse, une crypte, — une *cdpref une ellipse, 
La *pourpref 16pre, apocalypse, 

SME. — No exceptions. 

SQUE, STE.— Soldatesqne, nne *b€ugue^—\me bisque, bourrasque, 
Fresque, *arabesque^ *flasquey—une francisque, vasque, 
Caste, *p€ste, la sieste, — une piste, une liste, 
Soubrevestef la veste, — am^thyste, baliste. 

Langouste, imposte, ^poste^ 

Mangouste, une riposte. 

TBE. — ^Paleatre, haute-contre, — une piastre, une dartre, 

Montre, enoontre, rencontre, — une chartre, une martre, 
Paten6tie, fenStre, — outre, une *loutrej une huitre, 
La Chfttre, lettre, gngtre,— ^pttre, poutre, zultre. 

VBE.—La plenvre, une couleurre, 
Une *ceuvref une *manceuvre, 
*Bihvre, Ni6vre, — *Ziw«, 16vre, 
Fi6vre, chivre, — *givref pldvre. 

N0N-8EXAL NOUNS ENDING TN E MUTE ABE 
FEMININE— 

1. When the Penultimate Lbttee is a Vowel oe Diph- 
THONO. — Ex. : 

XJTOPIEy rale, mar^Ov ruey roue, soiey queue, 
pluie. 



2. When the Penultimate Lettbe is a Geminated 
(Doubled) Consonant (ff^ II j mm, nn, pp, rr, m, U). — Ex, : 

V^ILLE, srriffe, pomme, canne, nappe, terre, chaBse, 
patte. 



156 fbench genbess* 

Masculine^ 

Wlieo they do not end In 8 mate they are mobc^Portugat, Pirou, Sahara, Cuba, eta 

The names of a few French proTlnoes (Bigorre, Maine, Ouerche, Perehe, Souerffue); thf 
English sMres (le Devonshire, etc.); the Greek Attique, Epire, PUc^pcm^', ana thi 
modem Bengale, Hanovre, Mexique, Mozambique— oxq also maecoline. 



Masculine or exceptional nouns in 

BE.-— tTn globe, nn cube, — nn rhombe, nn ambe, 
Un lobe, un tube, — un dithyrambe, 

Le Danube, — un iambe ; 
Un nimbe, un crabe, — un orbe, nn verbe^ 
Limbe, astrolabe, — un galbe, adverbe, 
Un tuorbe, — ^un proverbe. 

CE.—Commeroe, le silence,— un pouce, nn eacerdoo^ 
Diyoroe, le quincouce, — un *espace, un n^goce. 

Ezeroloe, appendlce,— iudice, pr6jndio6» 
B^n^fice, artifice,— Edifice, orifice, 
*IUlice, un mal6flce,— un sacrifice, *office ; 
Un calice, un cilice,— un caprice, un supplice, 
Auspice, frontlspice, — hospice, pr^dpioe, 

Un armistice, — les cornices, 
Le solstice, un service,— un yice, des s^oes. 



; 



CHE.— Dimonohe, le reproche,— un porche, le oaniche. 

Panache, un mSdianoche, — un pr6che, nn h^mistiche, 
*Reldche, *ma7tcAe, *coche, — un pastiche, un fdtiche. 

BE.— MondOj multiplicande, — nn pr61ude, nn remMe, 
Le Pinde, un dividende, — un coude, un interm^de, 
V61ocipMe, — un centipede. 
Farall^lipipMe. 
Un g^adO) nn Isolde, un code, — un subside, nn synode, 
Un stade, exode, un *ma<i^,— exorde, un Episode, 
Un ascailde, iode, — homicide, antlpode. 
Pratri-, patri-, sui-, — r6gi-, tyranni-cide, 
Mitallolde, acide, — un sphiroide, oxyde, 
Vnfluide, un /i^utt^,— un solide, le tide, 

PE, PHB.— Hl6rogrlyplie,— un autographe, 
Un logogriphe,— nn cdnotaphe, 
Parafe, golfe,— un paragraphe, 
*Ti'iomphe,—\m t6l6graphe. 




BULES OF OENBEB. 157 

.Feminine. 

3. When they denote Counteies, Provinces, or Is- 
lands. — Ex. : 

WESTPHALIE, France, Angrleterre, Flandre, 
Bretagrne, Xia Corse. 



4. When the Penultimate Letter is a Consonant, and 
THE Antepenultimate a Vowel or a Liquid. 

Obs. — The digrams ch, gh, ph, rh, t\ gn, gu, qu, must be 
considered as single consonants. — Ex, : 

2ONE9 race, ^tade, oigrale, 4ine, muaiqae, nature, 
rofiM, TiBite, barbe, science, danae, branche, 
arme, marque, valse, salve. 

Examples of nouns ending in 

BE. — robe, syllabe, tonrbe. 



OE. — ^race, science, tierce. 

This inclndes the nonns in ace and those in ANCE (anse), 

BNCE (eNSE), INCE, ONCE. 

Also the 17 feminine nouns in ice, yiz. 

Police, cicatrice, — ^immondice, injustice, 
Silice, la matrice, — et milice, et justice. 
Lice, epice, avarice, — ^une h^lice, blandices, 
Malice, une varice, — et notice, et pr^mices. 

CHE. — roche, tranche, torche. 



DE. — ride, servitude, tirade. 



FE, PHE.-HStrophe, caralb. 




158 FRENCH aENDEBS* 

Masculike. 



IJUAGE.* — ^NouNs IN age abb Masculine. 



GE. — tTn coll^gre, un oort^, 
Le li^ge, on priril^ge, — an si^ge, un sacrildgre, 
Le pi^ge, an sortilege,— un manage, an solf6ge. 

Un litise,— un prestige, 
Un prodige, an quadrige,— on vertige, on yeetlge. 

Martyrologe, ^loge. 

Le (161ngre, un grabuge, 
r6bri-, vermi-, re-fuge,— un bouge, un snbterfage. 

Le Gking^e, un change, un Binge,— 4e?ianffe, an clerge, tin Bonge, 
Rechange^ un lange, un linge,— an melange, un mensonge, 
Da rougCf *orge, le larger — ^un sougorge, le conge. 

GUB. — Apo«, dia-, cata-, mono-, pro-, d^caAogue, 

Un exergue, becfigue, — un bouledogue, un dogne, 
Un ^bastringue, besigue, — un *orgu€, un Epilogue. 

GNB.— Un bagne, un pelgne,— an signe, un cygne, 
B^gne, interrhgne, — un *interligne. 

LB.— Bengale, un rdle, un *po^le,—\m scandale, on modtie, 
P6tale, 6ry8ip61e, — an didale, le zfele, 
Chrysoca'e, aaphod61e, — un chftle, un *patxill^e, 
Le b&le, ovaUf ob^le,— astragale, sphao^le. 

Evangrile, conclle,— asyle, un crocodile, 
Domicile, ustensile, — un style, un peristyle 
(Fossile, un projectile,— vm mobile, un reptile), 

Un dactyle, — un pUrodctctyle. 
Capitole, alveole,— un protocole, un pdle, 
Monopole, Pactole, — an symbole, un contrdle, 
, P6trole, mule, rdle, — un *voUe, un *moule, un *m6le, 

Olobnle, un pr^ambule,— an conclliabule, 
Vestibule, un p^cule, — an module, un *pendule, 

Adminlcule, animalcule, 

Un cr^puBcule, un corpuscole^ 

Le Janicule, un monticule, 

Un fasdcule, an opuscule, 

Un ridicule, nn tukercule, 

Un ventricule, un v6hicale. 
Merle, branle, chambranle, an orle, le icrapnle. 

ME.— Un amalgrame,— un bl&me, ^pithalame, 
Un mdodrame,— un drame, hippopotame. 
Dlad^me, un pyst^me, — ^un baptSme, un nrobltoie, 
6tratag6me, anatb6me,— un th6or6me, embl6me, 
Chrdme, un th6me, un po^me,— un blaspheme, Carfime. 



* This rule might be put thus : — 

• — ^Nouns in ob preceded by a yowel are masculine. 



Also: 

Gkmg^e, ^orge, change, Binge,— Miange, cierge, songe, 
Rechange, lange, linge,— uu melange, nn meoaonge. 



bulbs of qendeb. 159 

Feminine. 



A.GE. — Une rage, la plage, — ambages, saxifrage, 
^Page^ Image, la nage, — ^one cage, Cartbage. 



GE (exclusiye of age). — tlgrOf nelgrei togrOf forgr^t 
^pongre. 



QUE. — Tagrue, Togrue, langrue, morgrue. 

ONE. — ^Tlgrne, ohdtalgrne, montagrnOf ^pargrnoi 

LE. — rafikle, pile, parole, telle, virgrule, perle. 

This includes 11 feminine nonns in ile. 

La Sloile, la pile, — ^huile, tuile, preaquHle^ 
La sebile, la bUe, — argile, vigile, ile. 



ME.^ — Tine rame, une creme, — ^une trame, une bremei 
Lame, la mt-Oar^me,— une ame, la *Boheme, 
Une entame, une seime, — et bireme, et trireme. 



Except— 1. TJne rage, la plage,->ambages, nne image, 
Une *page^ la nage,— nne cage, Carthage, 
Tige, volige, allege,— horloge, loge, toge, 
Sauge, Toltige, neige,— auge, jauge, ^pitoge. 

2. 42 nouns ending in gb, preceded by a liquid ; as, vendaagei Terge. 

> Another way of putting this part of the rule would be to make mb a 
masculine ending, witn 46 exceptions. The nouns in mb being all given in 
the rhymed lines, a choice is here left. We prefer, however, to adhere to 
the general rule. 



^ 



160 MENCH GENDERS. 

Masculine. 

^DdoimOf un ijmonj/me, — ablme, nn anonyms ^ 
CenHmet un pseiKionyfne,^ian millime, homonymtt 
Un crime, le regime, — azyme, on mill^Bime. 

Ohanme, nn royAume,— un ^haume, un peanme, nn heaume, 
Atome, un ^^Qnome^ — ^un symptome, blndme, 
Bromef Epitome, — ^un ddme, un tome, atome, 
Chrome, hippodrome, — axiome, idiome. 

Le bltmne) le rhume, — uniforme, ^pidearme, 
Le legume, le grume, — orme^ vacarme, germe, 
Un volume, un costume, — un calme, un charme, nn tenne. 

KE.^[<e8 *iuAne8f un platane^ — ^un trohne, un domaine, 
Un organe, nn arcane, — ^un cMne^ na/Hne, *dbhne, 
Un filigrane, un crAne, — un *p^ne, un ph^nomtoe, 
Croquemitaine, un ftne, — hydrog^ne, oxygine, 
Prol^gom^ne, un *plane, — et Borysth^ne et Maine. 

Antlmoine, le Bh6ne, — ^un patrimoine, un trdne, 
Un p^rltoine, un c6ne,— un *pivoine, le prdne ; 
Heza-, (Uca-, penta-,—poly-gone^ octogone ; 
Carbone, t&l6iihone,—*automne, le trombone. 

Un *atmef un *hymne, un quine, — ^un cothume, nn noctume, 
Un "faune, le *platinet — ^un jeClne, le Vultume. 

Caprlcome, rAveme, — ^un mome, du tauteme, 
*Viome, Heme, teme, — ^un tricome, un quateme. 

PB,— Un kal61dosoope,— un daguerreotype, 

Principe, un microscope,— un groupe, heliotrope^ 
Polype, un horoscope,^ — Olympe, telescope, 
Stereoscope,— un stethoscope ; 
Un type, un trope, — ^un municipe, 
Un *cHpe, un *carpe, — un participe. 

QUE, — Un abaqne, le *laque, — un "'claque, le *cloaque, 
Le Fentateuque, *Pdquey — un *manqiie, zodiaque. 

Un caique, le d^alque, — ^un colloque, Orenoque, 
Un cirque, un catafalque, - un soliloque, un phoqne, 

Oantlque, le Granique, — un tonique, un toxique, 
Colchique, calorique,—-4m4fique, un portique, 
Lexique, Levitique,— un vlatique, un *pique, 

Un cosm4tique, un narcotique, 

Panegyrique, un plque-nique. 
Un distique, un nionstique,— un *caustique, un *phyiiqiie, 
"Le Mexique, TAttique,— un ajttique, un capsique. 

KB. — Are, square, un hectare, — ^un eentlare, un phare, 
Les Lares, le Teoare, — un cigare, Tartare. 

Un h6iiiisph6re, — arrihr^, cimetiere, 
Un planisphere,— un parere. derriire, 
Veiocif6re, — un repere, Cerbere, 
Caloriffere,— un viscere, un ulcere. 

Debarcadere,— embarcadfere, 

Un belvedere,— un r6verbere. 

Le d^lire, TEpire,— un *marfyre, un porphsrre, 
Un empire, un vampire,- un navire, un zephyre, 
Un caehemire, un dire, — un sourire, un poneire, 

Le chlore, un semaphore, — ^un pore, le phoaphore^ 
Le bore, un sycomore, — ^un store, le Bosphore, 
Madrepore, ell6bore, — un raeteore, un tore. 

Ivoire^ le *m4moire,—wa. pourboire, un grimoire, 
Pouessoire, accessoire, — un ciboire, un deboire* 

Angnre, le parjure,— Arcture, le murmure, 
Un genre, le mercure, — ^un carbure, un su^fure* 



\ 



bules of gbndes. 161 

Ebuikine^ 

BlmOy *dime^ une cime, — ^estvme^ mesesUme^ 
La prime, nne yictixne, — ^ane frime, une lime, 
Maxime, legitime, — escrime, *pantomime, 

Itome, amertnme, ^cmne, — ^ane bmme, coatume, 
Drome, *apo8twmej encliime, — ^ane panme, nne plnme, 
*Palmef alarme, nne forme, — et onionrme, et r^forme, 
Ferme, arme, larme, corme, — et gonrme, et plate-farme. 

KE. — saTanOy Selnei aenkainef raolney zonov airolnot 
tribunei laoamei lanteraef ooraey ume. 



1 



PE. — tripei taupe, irudp^f lampef barpe. 



QUE. — plaque, paatdque, pratique, banque, re- 
marque. 



BE. — ^tlare, vipdre, rlvldre, beure, cire, lyre, am- 
pbore, grlolre, bravoure, voltnre. 



I 



16S T'BMOB GENDEBS* 

Masculins. 

QVAIRE9 monaatdre, oratoiror^Konns in aire, t^ss, 
TOiBE (not oibb), &re masculine. 



SE.— NlvoM. PIvvuM^y— un ualalM, Cauctui, 

Ventose, *quelque chose, — un m^ise, on gymnaae, 
Pdlopon^, un *v<ue,—\m tone, le Pdgase. 
Dioo^, Cdphlse,— un thyrae, le di^se, 
Le Yaucluse, cytise,— -ukase, mcmganisi. 

TE.— L'Enplirate, le stigmate,— un aromate, nn falte, 
Un en-tittt im «u^ate,— automate, amul^te, 
Lea pdnate8,~le dSab^. 

Un gfte, un pldblidte,— un tdte, un satellite, 
Gooyte, un monolithe, — un mythe, a^rollthe, 
M6rite, <UnUrite,—\m rite, un zoophyte, 
Le grapkUe, un nf {/f te,— iin lignUe, oolithe. 

Un donte, €uoU, un vote, 
Parachute^ antidote. 

Amiante, basalte^— un conte, un myrte, un onlte, 
Un labyrinthe, a8phalte,~un doporte, un tumulte^ 
Un mastodonte, — un t^ncUtu-conmUe. 

YE.— Conclave, le V6suve,— un ove, nn rftve, 
Le qui-vive, un *e0uve,—rm fleuve, un glalveu 

XB.— Luxe, axe, ciroonflexe,— un ^uinoxe» 
Pfifixt, q^toe, un sexe,— un paradoxe. 

ZB.-— Bronxe, milbu, traptee^ 



BULES OF aSNDEB, 163 

Feminine. 



Paire, chaire, grammaire,— afBaire, monstiqiiAire, 
Circulaire, la glaire, — aire, la ^sttUuaire^ 
"La. perpendiadaire, — ^une ecUUinairey 
Une parUtaire, — one caloiolaire, 
Molaire,jitgulaire, — ^nne haire, vimaire, 

Pat^re, ait^re, — une panth^re, 
Traeh^-ar^re^- -est^^ anth^re. 

Victoire, histoire, — nne ^critoire, 
D^crottoire, — une ^happatoire, 
Tnxjfectoire, — une caquetoire. 



SE. — phraaov braise, aoablensey marchandise, 
choBOf oanse, toise, ^olnae, TalaOf danae, offenae, 
herae, bourae. 

TE. — aonate, oomdte, tdte, vlalte, foutef roat6f 
boite, chute, plalnte, porte, r^colte. 



YE. — rave, fgrhire^ olive, preuve, cuve, aalve. 
XE. — ^taxe, rise, boze. 
ZE. — Suze, graze. 



x2 




INDEX 



OF THE MOST IMPOETANT NOUNS QUOTED IN THE TEXT. 



ABA 

A. 

Abat-jonr, 90 

abdomen, 114 

ablme, 204 

abBinthe, 187 

acacia, 177 

acantbe, 187 

accessit, 114 

accnaatif , 50 

ache, 187 

acompte, 64 

acre, 135 

adagio, 122 

adieu, 64 

adjndant, 54 

Adriatiqne, 60 

afPaire, 176 

affirmatiye, 50 

agenda, 114 

aide, 151, 166 

aigle, 151, 156, 177 

aine, 202 

aire, 141 

aise, 21 (note), 201, 205 

alarme, 176 

album, 114 

albumine, 187 

alcaU, 124 

alcool, 124 

alraitour, 64, 91 

alguazil, 56 

alibi, 114 

alinto, 114 

aU^luia, 124 

aUer, 64 (a) 

almanach, 124 

aloi, 177 

alpha, 116 

altesse, 151 (note) 

alto, 122 

amalgame, 122, 1204 

amarante, 156, 187 

am^thyste, 205 

amont, 64 (d) 



AUT 

amour, 162, 156 
amphibie, 50 
andante, 122 
Angelus, 114 
anglaise, 60 
annales, 187 
annexe, 187 
apart6, 114 
aplomb, 64 (d), 91 
apostrophe, 156, 187 
apoetume, 156 
appendice, 176, 177 
aprte-dtner, 64 (a) 

— midi, 144, 166 

— souper, 64 
apropos, 64 (d) 
arabesque, 156 
arbouse, 199 

arbre, 173, 176, 177, 178 fl 
arc-en-ciel, 9 
archives, 176,187,201 
are, 134, 141, 204 
arme, 200 
armoire, 187 
arp^ge, 122 
arpent, 185 
arri^re, 64 (d) 

— boutique, 125 
art, 172, 173, 176, 177 
art^re, 200 
artillei-ie, 122 
as, 114 

ascendant, 54 
asperge, 187 
aspic, 177 

assafoetida, 114,^177 
Atlantique, 50 
atome, 204 
atout, 64 (d) 
Ande, 98, 187 
auge, 127, 187 
aumaille, 201 
aunaie, 197 
aane, 135, 147, 166 

I autodaf^, 124 



BLA 

automne, 144, 165, 166 
aval, 64 (d) 
avant, 64 (d) 
aye, 114 
aventr, 64 (a) 
averse, 64 (d) 
aviso, 124 
avoir, 64 (a) 
azote, 130 



B. 

babel, 83 
bacchanals, 201 
bachelier-^-lettres, 91 
bagne, 122 
baiser, 64 (a) 
banc, 120 
banqueroute, 122 
barbe, 151, 156 
baide, 124, 156 
barrique, 136 
basque, 161, 166 
bastion, 49 
bastringue, 166, 204 
bataille, 201 
b&tarde, 60 
batiste, 83, 88 
baume, 166 
bec-de-li6vre, 90 
b^n^icit^, 114 
berce, 166 
besace, 202 
besogne, 122 
besoin, 122 
bible, 200 
biceps, 114 
bien-etre, 64 (a) 
bi^, 120 
bl6vre, 166 
bisaiguS, 60 
blftme, 112, 122, 204 
blanc-bec, 90 
— manger, 64 (a) 



i 



166 



INDEX. 



BOC 

bock, 121 
bceuf , 99 
Bohdme, 156 
boire, 64 (a) 
bolero, 124 
bombe, 187 
bonheur, 91 
bonhomme, 91 
boni, ll4 
bonjour, 91 
borax, 114 
boache-bouteflle, 90 
1)ouffe, 166 
bouge,204 
bougie, 85 
boulaie, 198 
boulevard, 120 
bourg, 120 
bourgogne, 85 
bounaaqne, 122 
bourrique, 187 
brandebourg, 156 
brandevin, 121 
branle, 111 (a) 
braque, 156 
brasse, 202 
brayo, 122 
brebis, 205 
br^cbe-dent, 90 
brie, 85 
bugle, 156 
bnlbe, 154, 156, 187 
burnous, 124 
ba3e,187 



C. 

cachemire, 85 
calandre, 141 
caique. 111 (a), 122 
calvnie, 156 
cam^lia, 177 
cancer, 114 
canine, 50 
cannaie, 198 
cantique, 122 
caoutchouc, 124 
c&pre, 156 
caprice, 122 
capuce, 122 
carbone, 130 
cared, 88 
carde, 187 
Gar^e, 141, 204 
carpe, 147, 166 
carroeae, 122 
cartilage, 177 
cartouche, 122, 152, 156 
cassis, 85 (note) 
caste, 205 
catafalque, 122 
catilinaire, 50 
canstiqne, 156 
cayalerie, 122 
cendre, 167, 205 
cent-gardes, 91 
o6r6ale8, 201 



COB 

cerisaie, 191 

cerise, 155, 156, 199 

cervelie, 187, 201 

champagne, 85 

change,'lll (a) 

chantUly, 85 (note), 99 

chanvre, 176, 177 

Charente, 98, 187 

charivari, 112 

chartre, 167, 205 

chartreuse, 85 

chassepot, 88 

ch&taigneraie, 198 

Chateaubriand, 98 

chaud-froid, 91 

chausse, 172 

chSnaie, 190 

chSne, 86 

ch6rubln, 127 

chevali^, 50 

chevau-l^er, 91 

chioorde, 187 

chiourme, 122 

chlore, 130 

cholera, 177 

chope, chopine, 121, 135 

chorus, 114 

choucroute, 121 

chrome, 166 

chronique, 50 

chiysanth^e, 156 

cicerone, 56 

cidre, 177 

cigare, 122 

cime, 187 

cimeterre, 124 

cinnabre, 177 

cintre, 177 

ciste, 166 

claque, 151, 156 

client, 54 

diquetis, 112 

doaque, 144, 166, 156, 167, 

176, 177, 204 
cloltre, 200 

coche, 122, 147, 156, 204 
cognac, 85, 99 
oollecte, 21 (note) 
oom6te, 187 
comitd, 118 
commode, 156 
compendium, 114 
oomt^, 156 
concerto, 122 
conclaye, 122 
confident, 54 
confiteor, 114 
oonscrit, 55 
consolidte, 92 
constituante, 50 
conte. 111 (a), 122 
oonYolmluB, 114 
coq-ft-l'ftne, 64 (d) 
oorbeau, oomeille, 9 
coriandre, 199 
corme, 199 
come, 202 
oomette, 151, 106 



DEB 

comouille, 199 

cortege, 122 

cosmitique, 156 

coase, 120, 147, 156 

costume, 141, 204 

c6t6, 122 

cotyle, 156 

cotyl6don, 177 

couac, 112 

coucher, 64 (a) 

coudraie, 198 

couperose, 132 

couple, 21 (note), 152, 154, 

156 
courre, 64 (a) 
cours, 141 
course, 141, 187 
courte-botte, 91 
coutume, 141 
cravate, 151, 156 
credo, 114 
crSme, 156, 205 
cr§pe, 151, 156 
cr6ve-coeur, 90 
cricri, 112 
crincrin, 112 
crit6rium, 114 
critique, 151, 156 
cubitus, 114 
cuiller, 187, 201, 205 
cuisse, 21 (note) 
cul-de-jatte, 90 
custode, 156 
cyclope, 127 
cylindre, 141 
cymbale, 187, 202 



dahlia, 177 
* Daily News,' 118 
daim, 177 
danger, 64 (a) 
danses, 137 
date, 176, 187 
datura, 177 
d^b&de. 111 (a), 205 
d^bet, 114 
d^boire, 64 (a) 
dMme, 141, 149, 156 
decorum, 114 
d^croche-moi-9a, 64 (e) 
dedans, 64 (d) 
defensive, 50 
d^fidt, 114 
definitive, 50 
dehors, 64 (d) 
dejeuner, 64 (a) 
ddioe, 148, 166 
ddta, 115 
dgme, 156 
d^nominateur, 56 
dent, 205 
d^pouille, 201 
De profnndis, 114 
d^route, 62 
derri^, 64 (d> 



INDEX. 



167 



BES 

desoente, 62 (note) 
desaos, 64 (d) 
detente, 62 (note) 
devant, 64 (d) 
devoir, 64 (a) 
diaUe, 127 
diagonals, 50 
dialecte, 176, 177 
Dimanche, 31 (note), 106 

(note) 
dime, 141 
dinde, 156 
diner, 64 (a) 
dioo^se, 173 (note), 204 
diorama, 115 
dtre, 64 (a) 
dissident, 54 
ddme, 204 
domino, 122 
Dordogne, 187 
dormir, 64 (a) 
donille, 187 
doate, 175 (note), 176 
drille, 156 
drogman, 56 
droite, 60 
dryade, 127 
dncroire, 64 (a) 
duplicata, 114 
dynamique, 50 



E. 

eau'forte, 83, 90 

^b^ne, 156, 187, 204 

^carlate, 156 

6cho, 120, 127, 152, 156, 177, 
204 

dcluse, 62, 120 

^ooroe, 120, 187 

6oot,120 

^ooute-8'il-pleat, 64 (e) 

^creviase, 120 

dcritoire, 176 

^croa, 120 

^cume, 120 

Eden, 124 

effluve, 156 

Elbe, 187 

^I^ye, 156 

^lite, 187 

Blzerir, 88 

embargo, 124 

embonpoint, 64 (d), 91 

^meraude, 187 

^mir, 56 

emplette, 62 

encre, 167, 205 
encydiqne, 50 
endive, 187 
endxoit, 64 (d) 
en&nt, 54, 149, 156 
dnigme, 167, 176, 187, 206 
enjen, 64 (d), 91 
enaeigne, 156, 201 
entooTB, 64 (d) 
en-toat-cas, 64 (d) 



FIC 

entrailles, 201 
entre-odte, 98, 205 

— deux, 64 (d) 

— filet, etc., 64 (d) 

— voie, 205 
envers, 64 (d) 
^piicte, 205 
^peautre, 156, 177 
^peron, 120 

6ph^m^ 150, 156, 187 
6pi, 21 (note), 177 
^piderme, 204 

^pieu, 177 

^pigramme. 173, 176, 187 

^pingle, 205 

^pinoche, 156 

^pitaphe, 176, 187 

^pith^te, 176, 187 

Epitome, 177 

^pousailles, 201 

^uateur, 56 

Equivoque, 176 

ktet 21 (note) 

errata, 114 

^rudit, 55 

escarboucle, 205 

espace, 148, 156 

est. 120 

stable, 200 

^talon, 122 

^tamine, 200 

6t6, 166, 177 

gtre, 64 (a) 

^tude, 176, 187, 205 

^tave, 120 

euphorbe, 156 

^vangile, 156 

ezamen, 114 

exeat, 114 

exemple, 154, 156 

ez^uatur, 114 

exode, 204 

ex-voto, 114 



F. 

fac-simile, 114 
factotnm, 114 
factum, 114 
faineant, 91 
faire, 64 (a) 

— part, 64 (a) 
farfadet, 127 
fashion, 118 
faune, 127, 166 
fanx, 147, 156 
febrifuge, 50 
f6mur, 114 
fente, 62 (note) 
fete, 187, 200 

— Dien, 91 
f6tu, 177 
feuille, 200 
feutre, 83, 120 
fiasco, 122 
fiat, 114 
ficelle, 201 



OLA, 

figae, 199 
fin, 156 
finale, 122 
fine champagne, 85 
fiafla, 112 
flageolet, 93 
flasque, 156 
flonflon, 112 
foetus, 114 
foUo, 114, 127 
folUcole, 156 
fongos, 114 
forcen^, 55 
forceps, 114 
for§t, 156 
Fortune, 127 
forum, 114 
fosse, 62 

foudre, 148, 156, 201^ 
fougeraie, 198 
fourbe, 151, 156 
fourche, 21 (note) 
foutelaie, 198 
fraisaie, 198. 
fraise, 199 
fra;nc, 133, 134 
— parler, 64 (a) 
fr^uaie, 197 
fresque, 205 
front, 172, 177 
froufrou, 112 
fuchsia, 177 
fnnambule, 156 
futaie, 198 



G. 

gabelon, 117 
galant, 54 
galapiat, 117 
galaxie, 187 
galbe, 122 
garant, 54 
garde, 151, 156 

— fran9ai8e, 83 

— malade, 90 

— manger, 64 (a) 

— robe, 90, 156, 205 

— Suisse, 83 
gargouille, 112 
Graronne, 187 
g&te-sauoe, 90 
gauche, 50 
gazon, 120 
gdhenne, 124 
gendarme, 91 
ggne, 124 
g^n^rale, 50 
gen§t, 177 
gent, gens, 156 
gentilhomme, 91 
geranium, 114 
gerbe, 120 

geste, 152, 156, 148 
gibier, 64 (a) 
givre, 166 
gland, 172, 177 




168 



INDEX. 




GLO 

gloria, 114 

glonglou, 113 

gin, 305 

gluten, 114 

gnome, 137, 166, 177 

gorge, 187 

— de pigeon, 151, 156 (rooe) 

goiiter, 64 (a) 

grain, gndne, 187, 199 

gramme, 133, 184 

grand'croix, 156 

grtbe, 120, 156 

grefle, 152, 156 

grenoiiille, 187 

groupe, 122 

gme, 187 

gngtre, 206 

gueule, 156 

guide, 151, 166 

gutta-percha, 124 

gutturale, 60 



habeas-oorpns, 114 
hache, 120 
haie, 120 
hamadryade, 127 
hanche, 202 
hareng, 120 
harmonica, 114 
hate, 120 

haut-le-corps, 64 (d) 
havane, 85 
havresac, 120 
hiatus, 114 
hidalgo, 66 
hifeble, 176, 177 
hochSi^neue, 90 
hombre, 156 
horloge, 187 
hortensia, 114 
hourrah, 120 
huile, 187, 201 
hultre,200 
hnm^ruB, 114 
hutte, 120 
hyiicinthe, 187 
hydre, 156 
hydrogtoe, 180 
hymen, 114 
hymne, 152, 164, 166 



I. 

idole, 176, 187 
idyUe, 187 
tie, 156 

ties, 173 (note) 
il-plent-dedans, 64 (e) 
imbroglio, 122 
immortelle, 60 
imp^riale, 50 
impdtrant, 54 
imposte, 205 
impresario, 56 



impromptu, 114 
impndenr, 12ft 
incisiye, 60 
inconnue, 50 
inde, 156 
index, 114 
indicatif , 50 
infant, 64 
infanterie, 133 
in-folio, 114 
initiale, 60 
initiative, 50 
in-paoe, 114 
insulte, 176 
intendant, 64 
Interim, 114 
interligne, 151, 166 
iode, 130 
iota, 116 
iris, 162, 166, 177 
item, 114 
ithoB, 116 



J. 

Jarre, 124, 166 
jaspe, 177 
joie, 187, 201 
jonchaie, 198 
jonquille, 151, 166 
jounial, 136 
jub6, 114 
judidaire, 50 
jujube, 151, 156,199 
jumelles, 50 
jument, 201, 205 
jurande, 201 
jus jurandnm, 91 
juaqniame, 187 



E. 



k^pi, 134 
kirsch, 99 
kopek, 124 



L. 



la ChAtre, 300 

laideron, 166 

laiBser, -aller, -&ire, •passer, 

-courre, 64 (a) 
lambris, 177 
landau, 130 
lande, 120 

Languedoc, 177, 204 
lansquenet, 56, 120 
lapis, 114 
laque, 86, 161, 156 
lavabo, 114 
lazzarone, 66 
lazzo, 122 
l^gende, 201 
legislative, 50 
legitime, 60 



ICAZ 

lendemain, 64 (d) 

lever, 64 (a) 

Invite, 151, 158, 166 

l^vre, 202 

16zaid, 177 

liber, 114 

lice, 201 

lichen, 114 

lierre, 177, 204 

lieue, 135 

limite, 176, 186 

linguistique, 60 

lis, 156 

Utharge, 187 

litigant, 54 

litre, 133, 134, 156, 177 

livre, 21 (note), 147, 166, 

176, 202 
logique, 50 
Loire, 98, 187 
loisir, 64 (a) 
losange, 144, 166 
lotus, 114 
lonstic, 56 
loutre, 83, 166 
lumbago, 177 
lumi^ie, 187 
Lundi, 106 (note) 
lupercales, 50 



macaroni, 133 
Magnificat, 114 
magnolia, 177 
main, 166 
mafonnaise, 50 
majesty, 156 (note) 
majuscule, 50 
malachite, 161, 187 
maladresse, 91 
maline, 85 
mammiffere, 60 
manant, 64 
manche, 149, 166 
manage, 133 

m&nes, 137, 144, 166, 187 
manger, 64 (a) 
maniUe, 187, 303 
manoeuvre, 94, 151, 166 
manolr, 64 (a) 
manque, 152, 154, 156 
marav^, 124 
marchepied, 304 
marengo, 98 
Mame, 187 
maroquin, 50 
maroufle, 156 
martyre, 166 
martyrologe, 132 
Marseillaise, 50 
mosque, 120, 166 
mathdmatiques, 60 
mauve, 151, 166 
mazime, 50 
maximum, 114 
, mazurka, 187 



INDEX. 



169 



KBA. 

xneA-cnlpft, 114 
m^oaniqiie, 56 
m^cr^ant, 54 
xn^iano<die, 124 
l£^terran6e, 50 
zn^dlom, 114 
Meiii,156 

m^nge, 173 (note), 204 
m^licerte, 156 
memento, 114 
xn^moire, 139, 140, 154, 156 
xn^orandnm, 114 
mer, 155, 201, 205 
merci, 151, 156 
meronriale, 50 
xn^te, 204 
merle, 204 
merltudie, 187 
merrellle, 201 
mess, 118 

mestre-de-camp, 156 
mdtaUoMeg, 180 
m^tauz, ISO 
xneortre, 120 
memtri^, 50 
Please, 187 
XDezzo-termlne, 122 
mica, 144, 177 
mi-Gartoie, 87, 206 
mi- Janvier, etc., 206 
midi, 177, 204 
migndne, 187 
mUle-an-godet, 64 (d) 
~ f euiUe, 91 

— graines, 90 

— pieds,90 
mill^pore, 91 
minlme, 156 
minimnm, 114 
minnit, 176, 177, 204 
mi8^r6r6,114 
mobUe, 50 

mode, 154, 156 

mod^e, 122 

moka,85 

molaire, 68 

mdle, 152, 154, 156, 204 

molliuqae, 177 

monogramme, 156 

mont, montagn^ 9 

Monl^ie, 206 

montre, 205 

mort, 156 

morve, 187 

Moeelle, 187 

moofle, 154, 166 

moole, 189, 140, 164, 166, 187 

monase, 154, 166, 187 

monton, 99 

moyenne, 60 

mncos, 114 

moid, 186 

mnr, mnraiUe, 9, 201 

mike, 199 

jnnadnm, 114 



FAI 


SIB 


N. 


palladimn, 114 




paUinm, 114 
palme,i66 


navire, 176 


nAfle, 199 


pampa, 156 


native, 60 


panama, 85 


nielle, 156, 201 


pandore, 117 


niveau, 177 


paniqne, 50 


nogl, 87, 161, 156, 206 


panorama, 116 


noiaeraie, 198 


pause, 187 


noieette, 151, 156 


pantomime, 94, 151, 156 


noli me tangle, 114 


papyrus, 114 

Pftqne, 124, 151, 156, 20ft 


nominatif , 50 


nonchalotr, 64 (a) 


paraUMe, 50, 150, 166 


non-valenr, 125 


parapluie, 91 


nord, 120 


parchemin, 177 


nota, nota-b^n^, 114 


parent, 54 


noyan, 99, 177 


par^, 122 


nnage, nuto, 9 


pari^taire, 60 


num^rateur, 56 


parler, 64 (a) 


nmn^ro, 114 


parol, 173, 176, 206 


numismaUqae, 60 


part, 147, 156 


nymphe, 127 


passe-laoet, 90 




— partout, 90 




— port, 90 


0. 


pastille, 187 




pastorale, 50 


obole, 178, 176, 187 


patapouf, 117 


oeavie, 148, 166, 201 


patendtre, 206 


olIlRnHive, 50 


pater, 114 


office, 148, 156, 201 


pathos, 116 


offrande, 201 


panpidre, 21 (note) 


oflEre, 111 (a), 174, 176, 206 


pean-rouge, 88, 80 


oiaean, 177 


peofa»,199 


oUvaie, 197 


p6core, 201 
Fdopontee, 204 


ombre, 156, 174 


om^ga, 115 


pendule, 151, 166 


omniboB, 114 


ptoe, 166 


once, 156 


penser, 64 (a) 


on-dit, 64 (e) 


pensnm, 114 


ongle, 176, 177, 204 


pente, 62 (note) 


opale, 187 


peroe-feuiUe, 90 


opto^ll4,177 


— muiaille, 90 


optique, 50 


— neige, 90 


orange, 156 


— plerre, 90 


orohestre, 176, 177 


— roche, 90 


orchis, 114. 177 


perceptive, 60 


or^mns, 114 * 


perche, 156 


organe, 174, 176 


p^rim^tre, 177 


orge, 148, 156, 199 


p^riode, 154, 166 


orgie, 201 


personne, 166 


orgae, 148, 156, 200, 201 


peste, 156 


oripean, 177 


p^tonde, 206 


ormaie, 198 


phare, 204 


oseraie, 198 


philippique, 60 


ottomane, 60 


phonographe, 108 (note) 


ouaille, 201 


phoque, 167, 177, 204 


oueet, 120 


physique, 50, 150, 166 


outre, 202, 205 


piano-forte, 122 


ozyg^e, 130 


piastre, 141 




pic, 141 




pi^200 


P. 


pied, 136 




— 4-terre, 64 (d) 


page, 147, 156 


— bot,90 


pagne, 156 


— plat, 90 


paillasae, 94, 161, 156 


plMestal, 91 


paiUe,156 


pi^e, 204 


pain, 203 


piettvre, 206 



170 



INDEX. 



pinte, 120, 135 

pipe, 185 

pique, 141, 153, 164, 156 

pis-aller, 64 (a) 

pifltache, 199 

pif>te, 63, 205 

piYoine, 166 

placenta, 114 

idaoet, 114 

plaine, 201 

plaisir, 64 (a) 

plane, 166 

plan^ 172, 187 

plantain, 177 

platine, 156 

pl&tie, 141 

podagre, 156 

poeie, 147, 156 

po^tique, 156 

poire, 199 

poison, 141 , 173, 176, 177, 204 

polacre, 156 

police, 187 

politique, 150, 156 

polka, 137 

pollen, 114 

polype, 9 

pomme, 199 

pommeraie, 198 

ponce, 187 

ponte, 62 (note), 156 

porohe, 204 

porphyre, 204 

porte-drapeau, 91 

— falx, 91 

— feuUle, 91 

— voix, 91 
portiqne, 204 
poste, 122, 149, 156 
post-scriptum^ 114 
potaaae, 132 
potion, 141 
poudre, 167, 205 
poulpe, 9, 156 
pourboire, 64 (a) 
pourparler, 64 (a) 
ponrpre, 151, 156 
ponvoir, 64 (a) 
pr^bende, 201 
prdche, 111 (a) 
prelude, 111 (a) 
pr^sal^, 94 
pr^tezte, 149, 156 
pr^vdt, 55 
prince, 50 
printempe, 91 
prorata, 114 
prospectus, 114 
provende, 201 
provinciales, 50 
prune, 199 
psychd, 83 

puce, 161, 158, 187 
pupille, 149, 156 
purgatif , 50 
Pyr^n^, 98 
pyrite, 161, 187 




BOQ 


SOU 


Q. 


rose, 161, 166 




— croix, 166 


quadrag^me, 141 


roseraie, 196 


quaflrige, 204 


rossignol, 177 


quadrille, 156 


rouble, 124 


quadruple, 50 


rouge-et-noire, 91 


quartz, 120 


— gorge, 90 


quelque choee, 156 


route, 62 


qu'en dira-t-on, 64 (e) 


Iran, 112 


queue de morue, 94, 156 




rat, 94, 156 




queux, 166 


S. 


quibus, 114 / 




quinze-yingte, 91 


sabre, 120 


quiproquo, 114 


sabretache, 120 


qui-vive, 64 (c) 


sagittAire, 156 


quotidienne, 50 


saie, 176, 187 
saindoux, 177 




St.-Jean, 87 


B. 


8t.-Michel, 87 




salut, 173, 177 


rafle. Ill (a), 206 


Salve-regina, 114 


raifort, 177 


aandale, 187, 202 


rame, 21 (note), 187 


sans-culotte, 64 


rataplan, 112 


— souci, 64 (d) 


r6bu8, 114 


saphir, 177 


r6cidive, 50 


satire, satyrs, 127, 166 


r6c6pi.86, 114 


satiu^ales, 60, 187, 206 


reclame, 151, 156 


saulaie, 198 


redingote, 118 


sauasaie, 197 


redoute, 62 


sauteme, 86 


r6dowa, 137 


sauTe-garde, 91 


regale, 156 


— qui-peut, 64 (e) 


regent, 54 


sayoir, 64 (a) 


r^glisse, 86, 156 


— faire, 64 (a) 


reine-claude, 90 


— vivre, 64 (a) 


reltre, 56 


sclilague, 120 


relftche, 164, 156 


scion, 177 


reliquaire, 122 


scolie, 156 


remise, 83, 161, 156 


seconde, 60 


r6mo a, 114, 117 


secousse, 62 


rencontre. 111 (a), 167, 206 


secte, 21 (note) 


rendez-YOUJB, 64 (e) 


s^l^nite, 156, 161, 187 


renoncule, 187 


semailles, 201 


repentir, 64 (a) 


sensitive, 60 


r^ponse, 187 


sentinelle, 122, 144,166 


reproche. 111 (a) 


s^pia, 166 . 


Requiem, 114 


R^rapbin, 127 


rescousse, 62 


sergent, 64 


r^^da, 98. 114, 177 


serpentaire, 166 


rteerve, 83 


Sevres, 86 (note) 


ressouven r, 64 (a) 


sexte, 149, 166 


retorte, 62 


shako, 124 


rete, 177 


sQex, 114 


r6ve, 111 (a), 166 


sinus, 114 


r6verb6re. 111 (a) 


soldatesque, ^ 


revoir, 64 (a) 


solde, 149, 164, 166 


rien, 177 


solf^e, 123 


rime, 187 


solo, 132 


rire, 64 (a) 


somme, 146, 147, 166 


riz, 177 


soprano, 128 


roc, roche, 9 


sorbe, 199 


romaine, 60 


sort, 141, 176, 177 


ronce, 187 


sorts, 141 


roncera'e, 198 


soubLse, 93 


ronde, 60 


sonde, 132 


ronron, 113 


80up9on, 176, 177 


roqaef ort> 86 


pouper, 64 (a) 



INDEX. 



171 



sou 

sonrire, 64 (a) 
BouriB, 154, 156, 206 
Bons-Fded, 64 (d) 
— Bol, 64 (d), 125 
jscmYenIr, 64 (a) 
sp^ciflqne, 60 
specimen, 114 
sphynx, 177 
spirale, 50 
square, 118 
stalactite, 161, 187 
stalagmite, 161 
statuaire, 149, 166 
steppe, 166 
st^, 133, 134 
store, 204 
suocnrsale, 60 
sad, 120 
Saisse, 166 
synode, 204 
syphilis, 206 



T. 

talion, 177 

Tamise, 98, 187 

tamtam, 112 

tapissi^, 60 

tari^re, 187 

Te Deom, 114 

t^ldgramme, 108 (note) 

t^l^phone, 108 (note) 

tempe, 202 

tenailles, 201 (note), 202 

tenenr, 166 

t^nia, 114, 177 

tente, 187 

terre-neuve, 88, 90 

t^tanos, 115 

tgte-&-t^, 64 (d) 

thermes, 204 

thorax, 114 

tibia, 98, 114, 141, 177 

tictac, 112 

tierce, 60 

tige, 21 (note), 141, 202 

tUle, 166 

timbre-poste, 91 

* Times,' 118 

tison, 122 

toisn, 62, 136 

tonue, 136 



VAS 

tonte, 62 (note) 
topique, 60, 166 
torse, 122, 166 
toncher, 64 (a) 
tour, 147, 166 
tourlouTou, 117 
tourment, 141 
tourmente, 141, 201 
tourtre, 187, 206 
Toussaint, 87, 91 
tr^ma, 116 
tremblaie, 198 
tricome, 60 
trille, 122 
tringle, 206 
triomphe, 164, 166 
troche, 166 
trois-mftts, 91 
trombone, 122 
trompette, 94, 161, 166 
trouble, 177 
trucheman, 66 
tulipe, 124 
tulle, 85 
turban, 124 



U. 

ulc^, 201 (note) 
ultimatum, 114 
nsteiisile, 201 (note) 



V. 

va-et-vient, 91 

— nu-pieds, 90 

— te-lever, 64 (e) 

— tout, 64 (e) 
vade-mecum, 114 
Tagin, 177 
Tague, 120, 147, 166 
vagnemestre, 66 
val, 177 
yalendenne, 86 
valiae, 120 

Tan, 177 

vapeur, 83, 161, 166 
Tase, 147, 166 
yasistaB, 120 
Ysaque, 206 



TOU 

Taudevillo, 91 
yeau, 99 
yellle, 201 
yeilleuse, 60 
yenir, 64 (a) 
yente, 62 (note) 
y§pre, 166 
yerge, 135 

yergissmeinnicht, 120 
yermicelle, 122 
yeimifuge, 50 
yermuth, 120 
yeme, yergne, 166 
yens-li-aoie, 91 
yert-de-gris, 132 
yertige, 204 
yesce, 21 (note) 
yeste, 199 
y^tiUe, 201 
y6to, 114 
Tiande, 201 
yictuailles, 201 
yide-poche, 90 
yigile, 201 
yioloncelle, 122 
yiome, 166, 199 
yirago, 114 (note) 
yis, 166 
visa, 114 

visc^, 201 (note) 
yitre, 200 
yitriol, 132 
yiyat, 114 
yiyres, 64 (a) 
yocatlf, 60 
yoie, 135 

yoile, 146, 148, 166, 200 
yolaUle, 201 
yoltaire, 88 
yolte-faoe, 166 
vomitif , 60 
Yoeges, 98, 187 
youloir, 64 (a) 
yotlte, 62 
yoyou, 117 
yuln^raire, 149, 166 



y. 

yatagan, 124 
y6ble, 176, 177 
youdre, 117 



L0VD05 : P&INTBD BT 

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AHD PABl.TAlfMrT BTB^BT 




