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HEALTH  SCIENCES 
LIBRARY 


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BIBUC  HEALTH  *   ADMINISTRATIVE  MEDICINE 
RESEARCH  ARCHIVES 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 

Open  Knowledge  Commons 


http://www.archive.org/details/annualreportofme02newy 


SECOND  ANNUAL  REPORT 

PR 
OF  THE  EN 


METROPOLITAN 


BOAED  OF  HEALTH 


OF  THE 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1867. 


ALBANY: 

PRINTING   HOUSE  OF  CHARLES  VAN  BENTHUYSEN   4  SONS. 
1868. 


PROPERTY   OF 

HAVEN  EMERSON 


METROPOLITAN  BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 


COMMISSIONERS. 


Sanitary  (£>tmmi$#itm&W. 
JAMES  CRANE,  M.  D., 
WILLARD  PARKER,  M.  D., 
JACKSON  S.  SCHULTZ, 
JOHN  O.  STONE,  M.  D., 
JOHN  SWINBURNE,  M.  D. 

police  (Kommi^.oiott^. 
THOMAS  C.  ACTON, 
JOHN  G.  BERGEN,* 
JOSEPH  S.  BOSWORTH, 
BENJAMIN  F.  MANIERRE. 


jSwctartj. 
EMMONS  CLARK. 


•Died,  July  ISth,  1867. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  BOAPvD. 


Sanitary  ^\t\utmti\uUixt. 
EDWARD  B.  D  ALTON,  M.  D. 

^jsijeitant  Jtettitatg  ^uytx'mtin&tnL 
JOHN  T.  CONKLING,  M.  D. 

1.— JAMES  R.  BIRD,  M.  D.  9.— AUGUSTUS  W.  MACLAY,  M.  D- 

2.— JAMES  L.  BROWN,  M.  D.  10.— JAMES  W.  McLANE,  M.  D. 

3.— FREDERICK  H.  COLTON,  M.  D.  11.— MOREAU  MORRIS,  M.  D. 

4.—  WILLARD  F.  DEMING,  M.  D.  12— CHARLES  W.  PACKARD,  M.  J>. 

5.— J.  HAVEN  EMERSON,  M.  D.  13.— HORATIO  PAINE,  M.  D. 

6;— SAMUEL  N.  FISK,  M.  D.  14.— WILLIAM  H.  THAYER,  M.  D. 

7.— SEYMOUR  J.  HOLLEY,  M.  D.  15.— THOMAS  H.  WHITE,  M.  D. 
8.— EDWARD  H.  JANES,  M.  D. 

Ijtegiiter  of^Witnl  J?tattetic£  m&  (&mxt$$<mMnQ  jlm*ta*g. 
ELISHA  HARRIS,  M.  D. 

R.  CRESSON  STILES,  M.  D. 
D.  B.  EATON. 

GEORGE  BLISS,  Je. 

(&wxnm. 
WILLIAM  E.  WORTHEN. 

NORMAN  A.  BEACH. 


£foU  at  |Ufo  fHxh 


No.  122. 


IN"  "ASSEMBLY, 

January  15,  18G8. 


SECOND  ANNUAL  REPORT 
OF  THE  METROPOLITAN  BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK: 

Executive  Department,  ^ 

Albany,  January  15,  1868.  $ 
To  the  Assembly  : 

I  transmit  herewith  the  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Health. 

R.  E.  FENTON. 


REPORT 


To  the  Governor  of  the  State  of  JYew  York  : 

The  Board  of  Health  of  the  Metropolitan  Sanitary  District  ot 
the  State  of  New  York,  composed  of  the  counties  of  New  York, 
Kings,  Westchester,  and  Richmond,  and  of  the  towns  of  Newtown, 
Flushing,  and  Jamaica,  in  the  county  of  Queens,  in  accordance 
with  the  19th  section  of  chapter  74  of  the  Laws  of  1866,  respect- 
fully transmits  its  Annual  Report  for  the  year  1867.  This  is  its 
second  Report,  and  includes  a  review  of  its  proceedings  from 
November  1st,  1866,  to  October  31st,  1867. 

Sanitary  science  is  of  slow  growth,  and  time  and  patience  are 
necessary  in  securing  any  important  sanitary  reform.  The  public 
mind  must  be  educated  as  to  the  necessity  of  any  change  in  the 
long-established  habits  of  life  and  business,  and  commercial  inter- 
ests reluctantly  submit  to  any  restriction  which  does  not  appear 
to  be  positivelj'  essential  to  the  general  welfare.  Self-interest  is 
always  a  powerful  element  of  resistance  to  all  sanitary  improve- 
ments which  demand  individual  expenditures,  and  to  any  modifi- 
cations in  the  manner  of  conducting  those  business  pursuits  which 
are,  or  are  liable  to  become,  detrimental  to  the  public  health. 
The  Health  Department  of  a  great  commercial  district  which 
encounters  no  obstacles  and  meets  with  no  opposition,  may  safely 
be  declared  unworthy  of  public  confidence;  for  no  sanitary  meas- 
ures, however  simple,  can  be  enforced  without  compelling  indi- 
viduals to  yield  something  of  pecuniary  interest  or  of  personal 
convenience  to  the  general  welfare.  With  these  facts  constantly 
in  view,  this  Board  has  earnestly  endeavored  to  perform  its  im- 
portant and  delicate  duties  in  such  a  manner  as  to  accomplish  the 
results  desired  by  an  enlightened  public,  with  the  least  possible 
interference  with  any  of  the  business  pursuits  incident  to  a  popu- 
lous district,  and  at  the  smallest  possible  expense  to  individuals 
and  to  the  public.  Although  it  is  both  necessary  and  proper  that 
it  should  take  the  lead  in  all  efforts  for  sanitary  reform,  it  has 
spared  no  effort  to  secure  the  support  of  public  opinion  as  neces- 


g  Axxval  Report  of  tee 

sarv  to  the  ultimate  success  of  its  sanitary  measures.  All  has  not 
been  accomplished  that  is  desired,  but  a  careful  and  candid  refer- 
ence to  facts  will  prove  that  greater  success  during  the  brief  period 
since  the  organization  of  the  Board  could  not  reasonably  be 
expected.  A  glance  at  the  comparative  mortality  in  the  cities  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  affords  ample  and  incontestible  proof  of 
the  value  of  hygienic  measure.?;  and  of  the  success  of  this  Board 
in  their  practical  application. 

Comparative  Mortality  in  the  Metropolitan  District. 

The  total  number  of  deaths  in  the  city  and  county  of  New  York 
during  the  twelve  months  ending  the  last  week  in  September, 
18G7,  was  27,443.  The  total  number  in  Brooklyn  during  the 
same  period  was  8,589.  This  aggregate  of  mortality  includes  all 
that  occurred  in  the  several  public  institutions  which  are  situated 
within  the  limits  of  the  counties  of  New  York  and  Kings.  In 
these  various  institutions,  and  in  the  other  hospitals  and  asylums, 
there  was  4:075  deaths.  The  deaths  in  the  State  Emigrant  Refuge 
and  Hospital,  and  at  Castle  Garden  amounted  to  5.61.  Those  on 
Blackwell's  Island  amounted  to  1,674,  and  those  in  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital to  816  ;  but  the  latter  number  includes  all  the  dead  that 
have  been  conveyed  to  the  "  Morgue  "  and  the  Bellevue  enclosure, 
for  inquest  by  the  Coroners.  The  records  of  the  Bureau  of  Vital 
Statistics  show  that  there  were  3,152  less  lives  lost  in  New  York 
during  the  year  ending  in  September  last  than  in  the  preceding 
year.  The  remarkable  gain  in  favor  of  life  in  this  crowded 
metropolis,  as  exhibited  by  these  figures,  may  justly  be  claimed 
as  the  result  and  the  legitimate  consequence  of  the  improved 
hyo-ienic  condition  of  the  city.  Brooklyn  has  shared  equally 
with  New  York  in  this  gain  to  the  life  and  health  of  the  people. 
Allowing  for  the  absence  of  Asiatic  cholera  as  an  epidemic,  which, 
in  the  months  embraced  in  the  first  Annual  Report  of  the  Board, 
destroyed  407  lives  in  the  city  dwellings  and  751  in  the  public 
institutions,  against  88  deaths  by  the  same  cause  in  the  last  twelve 
months,  the  actual  gain  to  the  life  and  the  sanitary  security  of  the 
city  population  is  only  the  more  obvious  ;  for  the  scourge  of  the 
previous  year  did  not  cease  to  menace  the  metropolis  during  the 
year  1867.  But  the  full  significance  of  any  such  statistical  evi- 
dence of  gain  to  life  and  health  will  be  appreciated  only  when 
another  important  fact  is  considered  in  regard  to  the  unhealthful 
and  epidemic    influences  which  characterized  the  past  summer. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  9 

It  was  a  season  of  incessant  rains  and  excessive  atmospheric 
humidity  throughout  a  wide  extent  of  country,  the  larger  towns 
suffering  an  unusual  amount  of  fatal  sickness.  The  Report  of  the 
Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  also  shows  that  infaut  mortality  and 
diarrhceal  diseases  continued  through  the  summer  to  indicate  a 
great  degree  of  insalubrity,  aiul  that  the  deaths  by  infantile  and 
all  diarrhceal  disorders,  excepting  cholera,  nearly  equalled  the 
total  mortality  by  the  same  causes,  and  at  like  ages,  in  the 
previous  year.  And  the  whole  statistical  evidence  appears  to 
indicate  the  fact  that  the  gain  has  been  made  mainly  in  the  chances 
of  life  at  the  adult  ages,  and  in  the  districts  where  the  greatest 
amount  of  sanitary  work  has  been  performed. 

In  the  absence  of  an  accurate  census  of  the  population,  and  of 
an  exact  knowledge  of  the  present  ratio  of  increase  per  year,  the 
Registrar  of  Vital  Statistics  does  not  attempt  to  make  the  per- 
centage estimations  in  the  mortality  tables  correspond  with  the  true 
or  probable  total  population,  but  is  compelled  to  base  all  calcula- 
tions upon  the  published  returns  of  the  last  census.  Allowing  noth- 
ing for  increase  of  population,  which  is  reasonably  believed  to  have 
been  at  the  rate  of  more  than  five  per  cent,  per  annum,  the  amount 
of  gain  upon  the  preventable  causes  of  disease  and  premature  mor- 
tality is  probably  as  great  as  the  most  enlightened  advocates  of 
sanitary  reform  anticipated  during  the  first  year  of  such  improve- 
ments as  this  Board  has  been  able  to  inaugurate.  Statistical  evi- 
dence upon  this  subject  is  obtained  by  comparing  the  correspond- 
ing periods  of  successive  years,  and  for  that  purpose  the  subjoined 
table  has  been  prepared  of  the  death-record  of  the  six  months  that 
ended  in  the  last  week  of  September,  1867,  with  the  correspond- 
ing period  of  1866.  It  exhibits  the  important  fact  that  the  dis- 
tricts of  New  York  that  have  long  been  most  remarkable  for  insa- 
lubrity and  high  death-rates,  and  in  which  sanitary  authority  had 
to  be  earliest  exercised  and  most  persistently  maintained,  in  order 
to  give  reasonable  protection  to  the  whole  city,  though  still  less 
salubrious  than  the  districts  inhabited  by  well-housed  and  self-reg- 
ulated classes,  have  expeiienced  a  relatively  greater  gain  to  life 
and  health.  By  removing  the  excessive  filthiness  of  such  wards 
as  the  Fourth,  Sixth  and  Fourteenth — the  foulest  districts  of  Xew 
York — and  by  enforcing  sanitary  regulations  among  the  crowded 
population  thereof,  the  fatality  and  amount  of  disease  greatly 
decreased,  while,  in  such  districts  as  the  Fifteenth  ward,  where 
less  was  needed  and  much  less  expended  in  sanitary  measures,  the 


10 


Annual  Re  fort  of  tee 


gain  to  life  has  been  comparatively  less.  If  the  saving  of  life,  as 
shown  in  this  table,  be  regarded  as  the  result  of  the  generally- 
improved  sanitary  condition  of  the  city,  or  even  if  it  were  attribu- 
ted in  part  to  the  absence  of  epidemic  cholera,  the  conclusion  still 
follows  that  the  sanitary  improvement  in  different  localities  is 
inevitably  dependent  upon  local  causes  : 

Table  shotting  the  Mortality  from  Zymotic  Diseases,  and  the  total 
by  all  causes,  in  certain  Wards,  by  corresponding  periods  in  the 
years  1866  and  1867. 


WARDS. 

4th  ward. 

6th  ward. 

14th  ward. 

15th  ward. 

totai.. 

© 

o 

S 

"3 

o 
H 

o 
o 

a 

"3 

o 

© 

o 

s 

o 

© 

o 

3 

3 

o 
H 

© 

o 

s 

"3 

o 
H 

1866. 

28 
132 

129 
304 

40 
206 

196 
380 

35 
137 

191 
289 

12 

45 

102 

122 

115 
520 

618 

1095 

1867. 

42 

78 

164 
216 

42 
103 

185 
219 

30 
82 

127 
228 

1L 

38 

83 
110 

125 
301 

559 

773 

Totals  in  the  correspond- 
ing six  months. 

1866. 
1867. 

160 
120 

433 
380 

246 
145 

576 
404 

172 
112 

480 
355 

57 
49 

224 
193 

635 
426 

1713 
1332 

40 

53 

101 

172 

60 

125 

8 

31 

209 

381 

General  Eeview  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Board,  from 
November  1,  1866,  to  October  31,  1867. 

The  danger  to  the  public  health  of  the  Metropolitan  Sanitary 
District  from  the  introduction  of  disease  from  clothing  and  bed- 
ding used  by  the  sick  on  shipboard  having  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  Board  during  the  epidemic  season  of  1866,  resolutions  were 
adopted  on  the  8th  of  November  prohibiting  the  landing  of  any 
clothing  which  had  been  exposed  to  contagious  disease,  until 
thoroughly  cleaned  and  ventilated,  or  the  introduction  of  any 
bedding  which  had  been  exposed  during  a  voj-age  or  otherwise  to 
the  poison  of  the  typhus  or  typhoid  fever,  small-pox,  cholera,  or 
other  dangerous  disease.  On  the  15th  of  November,  the  attention 
of  the  Board  was  called  to  the  alarming  prevalence  of  typhus 
and  typhoid  fever  at  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum,  at  the  foot  of 
One  Hundred  and  Sixty-second  street,  North  River,  and  at  the 
Reformatory  in  Eighty-sixth  street,  between  First  and  Second 
Avenues.     The  physician  in  charge  of  the  former  institution  had 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \\ 

failed  to  report  the  cases  of  fever  to  the  Board,  as  required  by- 
law, and  nothing  of  practical  importance  had  been  done  to  arrest 
the  epidemic.  The  Sanitary  Superintendent  was  at  once  empow- 
ered to  use  disinfectants,  and  to  take  such  other  measures  as 
should  be  necessary  to  preserve  the  health  and  improve  the  sani- 
tary condition  of  the  institutions  referred  to.  On  the  30th.  of 
November  the  President  was  directed  by  the  Board  to  issue  no 
permits  on  and  after  February  1st,  1867,  to  keep  swine  in  the 
built-up  portions  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn;  and  on  the  30th  of 
May,  1867,  an  ordinance  was  adopted  prohibiting  any  person 
from  allowing  swine  or  goats  to  run  at  large,  or  from  keeping  the 
same  within  the  built-up  portions  of  the  cities  of  the  District 
without  a  permit  from  this  Board.  The  Board  having  ordered  a 
sanitary  inspection  of  the  public  schools  of  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn, full  and  complete  reports  were  received  from  the  Inspectors, 
and  the  Superintendent  was  directed  to  present  the  same  to  the 
Board  of  Education,  and  to  call  its  attention  to  the  importance  of 
placing  the  schools  in  a  proper  sanitary  condition.  On  the  10th 
of  January,  1867,  the  Counsel  of  the  Board  presented  a  series  of 
proposed  amendments  to  the  "Act  creating  a  Metropolitan  Sani- 
tary District  and  a  Board  of  Health  therein,"  which  were  approved 
by  the  Board,  and  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature,  in  their  favor, 
was  adopted.  During  the  month  of  January,  1867,  the  Board 
caused  a  thorough  inspection  of  the  tenement  houses  of  the  Dis- 
trict to  be  made  by  the  Sanitary  Inspectors.  On  the  24th  of  Jan- 
uary, a  communication  was  received  from  the  Health  Committee 
of  the  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New  York,  asking  information  as 
to  the  condition  of  the  tenement  houses  in  the  Metropolitan  San- 
itary District,  which  was  referred  to  the  Sanitary  Superintendent. 
The  report  of  that  officer  upon  this  subject  was  approved  by  the 
Board,  and  a  copy  of  the  same  was  forwarded  to  the  Health  Com- 
mittee of  the  Assembly,  with  special  reports  by  the  Sanitary 
Inspectors  upon  certain  tenement  houses  of  the  different  classes. 
A  resolution  having  been  adopted  by  the  Assembly  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  calling  upon  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health 
for  "  its  opinion  as  to  the  necessity  and  the  probable  result 
of  legislation  looking  to  the  more  thorough  restriction  of  pros- 
titution in  the  city  of  New  York,"  the  subject  was  referred  to  the 
Sanitary  Committee  for  examination  aud  report  The  report  of 
the  Committee  was  approved  on  the  17th  of  February,  and  a  copy 
was  transmitted  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State.    On  the  3 1st  of  Feb- 


1 2  Annual  Report  of  the 

ruary  the  Board  adopted  a  preamble  and  resolutions  to  the  effect 
that,  in  its  judgment,  provision  should  be  immediately  made  by 
law  for  securing  a  suitable  location  on  land  for  the  detention  of 
passengers  under  quarantine  who  are  not  actually  sick,  but  have 
been  exposed  to  contagious  or  infectious  diseases;  and  that  full 
and  unrestricted  authority  ought  to  be  invested  in  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Quarantine,  or  some  other  suitable  officers,  to  obtain  a 
site  for  that  purpose,  by  an  exercise  of  the  power  of  "  eminent 
domain,"  if  it  cannot  be  acquired  by  purchase.  A  copy  of  the 
preamble  and  resolutions  was  transmitted  to  the  Legislature  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  On  the  14th  of  March,  the  Sanitary 
Committee  submitted  a  report  on  the  danger  from  epidemic 
cholera,  and  the  necessity  of  guarding  against  its  introduction  by 
securing  a  suitable  quarantine  station  on  land,  which  was  adopted, 
and  a  copy  of  the  same  was  transmitted  to  the  Legislature.  Com- 
plaints having  been  received  against  certain  Coroners,  charging 
them  with  neglect  of  duty  and  informality  in  their  proceedings, 
the  Board,  on  the  28th  of  March,  directed  the  Sanitary  Superin- 
tendent to  report  any  cases  of  apparent  informality  or  neglect  of 
duty  on  the  part  of  the  Coroners  of  this  district  which  may  have 
come  under  his  observation  or  that  of  the  Eegistrar  of  Vital  Sta- 
tistics. The  report  of  the  Sanitary  Superintendent,  with  the  evi- 
dence taken  in  each  case,  was  laid  before  the  Board  on  the  4th  of 
April,  and  copies  of  all  the  papers  relating  thereto  were  trans- 
mitted to  the  Governor  of  the  State.  On  the  18th  of  April  the 
Board  ordered  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  to  cause  a  thorough 
sanitary  inspection  to  be  made,  twice  in  each  year,  of  all  the  com- 
mon school  houses  and  the  pupils  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  and  that  he  require  each  Sanitary  Inspector  making 
such  inspection  to  require  from  each  pupil,  or  the  teacher,  a  med- 
ical certificate  of  vaccination,  which  certificate  said  Inspector  shall 
countersign  only  after  having  verified  the  same  by  personal  exam- 
ination; and  that  full  reports  of  these  inspections  be  laid  before 
this  Board  at  as  early  a  date  as  possible  after  the  completion  of 
the  same.  On  the  22d  of  April,  this  order  was  amended  so  as  to 
apply  to  all  industrial,  parochial  and  mission  schools,  and  gener- 
ally to  all  public  institutions  for  the  education  and  care  of  children 
in  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  The  Sanitary  Committee 
was  authorized  and  directed  to  prepare  a  form  of  blank  certificate 
of  vaccination  for  the  use  of  the  schools.  During  the  month  of 
April  the  Board  cause  a  thorough  inspection  to  be  made  of  all  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \  3 

slaughter-houses  in  the  District.  The  facts,  as  stated  by  the  Sani- 
tary Superintendent  and  the  Sanitary  Inspectors  in  their  general 
and  special  reports  upou  slaughter  houses,  tendiug  to  show  the 
slaughtering  of  animals,  as  conducted  in  the  built-up  portions 
of  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  to  be  prejudicial  to 
their  sanitary  condition,  the  Board  ordered  that  proceedings  be 
commenced  under  the  1st  clause  of  section  14  of  the  Health  Law, 
against  twenty-five  of  the  most  offensive  slaughter-houses  in  the 
District.  On  the  9th  day  of  May,  the  Board  adopted  au  ordi- 
nance prohibiting  the  slaughtering  of  animals  at  any  place  in  the 
city  of  New  York  south  of  Fortieth  street,  and  prohibiting  the 
slaughtering  of  animals  north  of  that  street,  or  in  the  city  of 
Brooklyn,  without  a  permit  from  this  Board.  On  the  29th  of 
April  the  Board  visited  Barren  and  Coney  Islands,  for  the  purpose 
of  inspecting  the  grounds  proposed  to  be  taken  for  a  Boarding 
Station  and  for  temporary  quarantine  purposes,  in  pursuance  of  an 
act  passed  April  22d,  1867.  At  a  joint  meeting  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Quarantine,  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  and  the 
Mayors  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  the  Board  concurred  in  the 
selection  of  a  part  of  Barren  Island  as  a  site  upon  which  to  erect 
a  temporary  structure  for  the  detention  of  passengers  under  quar- 
antine, and  also  in  the  selection  of  a  part  of  Coney  Island  as  a 
Boarding  Station.  By  an  act  of  the  Legislature  passed  April  22d, 
1867,  it  was  made  the  duty  of  the  Board,  so  long  as  it  should 
allow  the  slaughtering  of  animals  below  Fortieth  street,  to  desig- 
nate the  streets  in  which  cattle  may  be  driven  between  the  hours 
of  8  o'clock  in  the  evening  and  two  hours  after  sunrise.  On  the 
2d  of  May,  the  Board,  by  resolution,  designated  the  streets  and 
avenues  for  cattle-driving,  and  the  number  of  animals  to  be  allowed 
in  a  single  drove.  On  the  11th  of  July,  the  Sanitary  Ordinances 
were  so  amended  by  the  Board  as  to  entirely  prohibit  the  driving 
or  slaughtering  of  cattle  below  Fortieth  street  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  On  the  9th  of  May,  the  Board  directed  that  such  of  its 
orders  as  relate  to  whitewashing,  scouring,  disinfecting,  fumigating, 
cleaning;  of  houses,  and  removing  dirt  and  rubbish  from  the  same 
(in  default  of  the  parties  to  execute  said  orders),  be  executed  by 
the  Board,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Sanitary  Superintendent, 
and  by  the  services  of  men  under  his  control.  On  the  11th  of 
July  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  was  authorized  to  execute  such 
of  the  orders  of  the  Board  as  require  construction  and  repairs  (in 
default  of  the  parties  to  execute  said  orders),  but  not  to  incur  an 


14  Annual  Report  of  the 

expense,  in  the  execution  of  any  one  order,  of  over  $250.  Rules 
and  regulations  were  also  adopted  to  govern  the  Sanitary  Super- 
intendent and  Engineer  in  the  execution  of  orders  and  the  collec- 
tion of  bills.  On  the  16th  of  May,  the  Board  adopted  an 
ordinance  prohibiting  the  unloading  of  pigs,  swine,  or  cattle  from 
any  cars  upon  any  street  or  public  place  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
By  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  April  23,  1867,  the  Board 
of  Sewerage  Commissioners  of  Brooklyn  was  authorized  to  drain 
land  or  lots  in  any  part  of  said  cit}r,  whenever  notified  in  writing 
by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  that  the  surface  water  was, 
or  was  liable  to  be  ponded  and  to  remain  stagnant,  so  as  to  be  or 
become  a  nuisance  dangerous  to  the  public  health.  Pursuant  to 
the  provisions  of  this  Act,  the  Board,  on  the  16th  of  May,  and  on 
various  other  occasions  during  the  season  of  1867,  upon  recom- 
mendation of  the  Engineer  and  by  resolution,  caused  notices  to  be 
served  upon  the  Sewerage  Commissioners  in  Brooklyn,  that  certain 
pieces  and  parcels  of  land,  dangerous  to  the  public  health  on  account 
of  the  stagnation  of  surface-water,  required  their  immediate  atten- 
tion. On  the  13th  of  June,  the  members  of  the  Board  from  Kings 
county  were  authorized  to  employ  proper  agents  to  remove  the  offal 
and  dead  animals  from  the  shore  extending  from  Gowanus  to  Fort 
Hamilton.  On  account  of  the  frequent  complaints  from  citizens 
of  the  rates  charged  by  scavengers,  the  Board,  on  the  30th  of 
June,  adopted  a  schedule  of  rates  and  a  form  of  bill  to  be  used  in 
all  cases.  On  the  11th  of  July,  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  was 
directed  to  clean  the  gutters  of  the  streets,  avenues  and  public 
places  south  of  Canal  street,  twice  in  each  week,  until  the  1st  day 
of  October,  1867,  the  Board  being  of  opinion  that  the  public 
health  demanded  that  that  part  of  the  city  should  be  cleaned  more 
frequently  than  is  required  by  the  city  contract  for  street  clean- 
ing. The  Assistant  Sanitary  Superintendent  was  also  authorized 
to  purchase  lime  and  other  disinfectants,  for  use  in  the  city  of 
Brooklyn,  and  to  apply  the  same  during  the  months  of  July, 
August  and  September,  1867,  to  such  an  extent  as  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  city  required.  On  the  11th  of  July,  the  Board 
adopted  various  amendments  to  the  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordinances  ; 
and  the  Code  as  amended  having  been  published  according  to 
law,  the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Police  was  requested  to  enforce 
the  same.  On  the  20th  of  July,  the  Board  adopted  resolutions  of 
respect  to  the  memory  of  Commissioner  John  G.  Bergen,  deceased, 
and  adjourned  to  attend  his  funeral.     On  the  25th  of  July,  rules 


Metropolitan  Bo ard  of  Health.  15 

were  adopted  for  the  observance  of  Coroners  in  the  counties  of 
New  York  and  Kings,  in  respect  to  reports  to  this  Board,  both 
before  and  after  holding  inquests,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of 
the  Health  Law  as  amended  May  25,  1867.  On  the  6th  of 
August,  the  Sanitary  Committee  and  the  Health  Officer  of  the  Port 
were  appointed  a  committee  to  meet  and  confer  with  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Quarantine  in  reference  to  the  sanitary  questions  that 
now  concern  the  public  health  and  the  duties  of  the  respective 
Boards-  On  the  22d  of  August,  a  form  of  permit  for  vessels  to 
proceed  from  quarantine,  and  of  a  report  of  the  Health  Officer  in 
each  case,  were  adopted  by  the  Board.  On  the  27th  of  August, 
the  Attorney  was  directed  to  commence  actions  for  a  penalty 
agaiust  the  owners  of  certain  tenement  houses,  for  violations  of  the 
provisions  of  an  Act  passed  May  14,  1867,  and  known  as  the 
V  Tenement  House  Act."  An  application  of  the  President  of  the 
*'  Soldiers'  Business  Messenger  and  Dispatch  Company  "  to  this 
Board  to  determine  the  size  and  location  of  covered  booths  and 
stands  on  certain  streets  and  sidewalks  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
pursuant  to  Chapter  382  of  the  Laws  of  1867,  was  on  the  19th  of 
September  referred  to  the  Engineer  for  a  report  in  each  case,  in 
regard  to  the  propriety  of  such  locations  as  affecting  the  public 
travel  and  convenience.  The  Engineer,  having  reported  favorably 
on  certain  locations,  the  Secretary  was  directed,  on  the  3d  of  Oc- 
tober, to  notify  the  owners  and  lessees,  and  all  others  interested, 
to  state  to  the  Board  their  objections,  if  any,  to  the  erection  of 
covered  boot  lis  or  stands  at  said  locations.  On  the  31st  of  Octo- 
ber, the  Board  acted  upon  twenty-two  applications,  and  granted 
four  permits  for  covered  booths  or  stands  to  the  "  Soldiers'  Busi- 
ness Messenger  and  Dispatch  Company."  On  account  of  the  pre- 
valence of  the  yellow  fever  at  the  Gulf  ports,  and  the  danger  of 
that  disease  being  brought  to  this  District  unless  appropriate 
quarantine  regulations  were  enforced,  the  Board,  on  the  31st 
of  October,  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  said  ports  to  be  each 
and  severally  "  an  infected  place  within  the  meaning  of  the  Health 
Laws  of  this  State,"  the  proclamation  to  continue  in  force  until 
the  21st  of  November,  1867. 

Orders  of  the  Board. 
All  reports  to  this  Board,  of  inspections  by  the  Sanitary  Inspec- 
tors, or  by  the  members  of  the  Sanitary  Company  of  Metropolitan 
Police,  are  made  in  writing,  and  must  be  sworn  to  before  a  notary 
public  or  an  officer  of  this  Board  authorized  by  law  to  administer 


1(5  Annual  Report  of  the 

oaths.  These  reports  are  examined  critically  in  the  Sanitary 
Superintendent's  Department,  and  such  of  them  as  require  the 
action  of  the  Board  are  forwarded  to  the  Attorney  for  an  endorse- 
ment of  the  proper  order  in  legal  form,  or,  if  a  structural  remedy 
is  required,  to  the  Engineer.  The  complaint  and  proof  in  each 
case  having  been  presented  to  the  Board,  the  orders  are  entered, 
usually  in  the  form  recommended  by  the  Attorney  and  Engineer, 
and  copies  signed  by  the  Secretary  are  forwarded  to  the  Sanitary 
Police  for  service  upon  the  owners,  occupants,  tenants,  lessees  or 
agents  of  the  premises  upon  which  the  nuisance  exists.  During 
the  year  ending  October  31,  1867,  the  number  of  orders  issued 
by  this  Board  was  fifteen  thousand  one  hundred  and  eighty-six. 
Of  these  orders  two  thousand  four  hundred  and  seventy-six  were 
under  the  first  subdivision  of  section  14  of  chapter  74  of  the  Ses- 
sion Laws  of  1866,  by  the  terms  of  which  the  party  served  is 
allowed  three  days  in  which  to  demand  a  "  hearing77  by  the  Board 
of  the  testimony  which  may  be  presented  to  show  that  the  order 
should  be  revoked.  In  cases  where  no  hearing  has  been  asked 
for,  and  the  order  has  not  been  obeyed,  '''  final "  orders,  in  the 
original  or  an  amended  form,  to  the  number  of  five  hundred  and 
sixty  have  been  issued  and  forwarded  to  the  Sanitary  Superin- 
tendent and  Board  of  Metropolitan  Poliee  for  execution.  Al! 
other  written  orders,  in  number  twelve  thousand  one  hundred  and 
fifty,  have  been  issued  under  the  second  subdivision  of  section  14 
of  chapter  74  of  the  Session  Laws  of  1866,  and  are  of  a  peremp- 
tory character,  requiring  that  the  nuisanee  be  abated  within  five 
days,  and  if  not  obeyed,  directing  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  or 
the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Police  to  enforce  the  same  without 
further  notice.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  subjects  of 
the  orders  above  referred  to,  other  than  "  final  orders: 

Alleys  cleaned .  70 

Alleys  disinfected 1 

Alleys  graded _ _..=  13 

Alleys  paved _ 23 

Alleys  repaired 3 

Animals  (dead)  removed  (number  of  orders) ..-  1 

Areas  cleaned _ _  193 

Areas  connected  with  sewer .__.  3 

Ashes,  garbage,  and  rubbish  removed 1,163 

Balusters  repaired .,  77 

Basements  cleaned 54 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  17 

Basements  tilled 1 

Basements  vacated .- -  - 3 

Basements  whitewashed _ — 17 

Bone-black  manufacturing  (business  of )  discontinued —  1 

Bone  and  offal  boiling  (business  of)  discontinued 3 

Brewery  connected  with  sewer _ 1 

Cattle-yards  cleaned 2 

Ceilings  cleaned 57 

Cellars  cleaned 877 

Cellars  connected  with  sewer _ 37 

Cellars  disinfected 1 

Cellars  drained 12 

Cellars  tilled _ 42 

Cellar  gratings  constructed 7 

Cellar  gratings  repaired — 11 

Cellars  graded.. _ 9 

Cellars  whitewashed 50 

Cesspools  cleaned _ , 82 

Cesspools  connected  with  sewer 37 

Cesspools  (covers  made  for) _ 2 

Cesspools  disinfected _ 51 

Cesspools  emptied 04 

Cesspools  filled 23 

Cesspools  made _ 40 

Cesspools  repaired 11 

Chimneys  extended _ 4 

Chimney  flues  (obstructions  in)  removed 11 

Chimneys  repaired    _ Go 

Chimneys  (wooden)  constructed 1 

Cisterns  cleaned  and  emptied 90 

Cisterns  (covers  made  for)._ 16 

Cisterns  disinfected —  46 

Cistern  tilled 50 

Cisterns  made.    ._ - 2 

Cisterns  repaired - 13 

Cows  removed  (number  of  orders) 47 

Culverts  made 1 

Curb  stones  reset  to  the  established  grade 38 

Ditches  cut _ - 3 

Ditches  cleaned — 2 

[Assem.  No.  122.J  2 


2  g  Annual  Report  of  the 

Drains  cleaned 24 

Drains  filled- * — 18 

Drains  made -- —  -- 172 

Drains  (obstructions  in)  removed  — 235 

Drains  removed „... 5 

Drains  repaired .... .. 288 

Excavations  filled .- 23 

Fat-boiling  (business  of)  discontinued 8 

Flagging  in  yard  repaired .._ . 79 

Floors  (house)  repaired  or  relaid .  _ 43 

Floors  (privy)  repaired _ 133 

Floors  (stable)  repaired . 1 

Fowls  removed  (number  of  orders)  .._ 1 

Garbage  boxes  cleaned  — - 2 

Gutters  (house)  repaired ._ —  101 

Gutters  (street)  cleaned -  40 

Gutters  constructed _ 14 

Gutters  (obstructions  in)  removed ,._ 43 

Gutter-stones  reset  to  the  established  grade 239 

Halls  cleaned 340 

Halls  whitewashed 305 

Holes  in  yard  filled _ _ 9 

Horses  removed  (number  of  orders) 6 

Houses  (wood)  cleaned 8 

Houses  repaired —  7 

Hydrants  removed « .  .  _ 3 

Hydrants  repaired.. 115 

Hydrant  waste  drained „  6 

Leaders  connected  with  sewer _ 19 

Leaders  extended _ 73 

Leaders  (new)  made ._ 23 

Leaders  repaired —  ,,..  310 

Lime  burning  (business  of)  discontinued —  4 

Lots  cleaned  - 110 

Lots  connected  with  the  sewer.. 18 

Lots  drained. 7 

Lots  filled 128 

Lots  graded. 52 

Manure  depots  removed 2 

Manure  removed  (number  of  orders) 422 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \  9 

Manure  vaults  cleaned 22 

Manure  vaults  constructed .  _ 435 

Manure  vaults  (covers  made  for) 378 

Manure  vaults  disinfected 7 

Manure  vaults  emptied 5 

Manure  vaults  repaired 15 

Offal  removed  (number  of  orders) 3 

Pavements  repaired 8 

Piers  repaired 3 

Pig  pens  disinfected _ 44 

Pig  pens  cleaned 60 

Pig  pens  removed 3 

Pigs  removed  (number  of  orders) 67 

Pipes  (waste)  cleaned 17 

Pipes  (waste)  connected  with  sewer 19 

Pipes  (sewer)  constructed 1 

Pipes  (waste)  constructed.. _ 12 

Pipes  (waste)  extended 1 

Pipes  (soil)  obstructions  in,  removed 78 

Pipes  (water,  waste  and  hydrant)  obstructions  in,  removed  72 

Pipes  (gas)  repaired 2 

Pipes  (sewer)  repaired 2 

Pipes  (soil)  repaired _. 150 

Pipes  (waste)  repaired _ 247 

Pipes  (water)  repaired 201 

Pipes  (waste)  trapped _ 110 

Plastering  removed  and  walls  replastered 155 

.Ponds  drained 2 

Ponds  filled 6 

Premises  cleaned _ 579 

Premises  connected  with  sewer 122 

Premises  disi nfected  and  fumigated T 85 

Premises  repaired 24 

Premises  whitewashed 256 

Privy-boxes  constructed 16 

Privies  built _ 10 

Privies  disinfected 9,456 

Privies  emptied  and  cleaned _ 9,506 

Privy-houses  cleaned « 250 

Privy-houses  removed _ 13 

Privy-houses  repaired 508 


20  Annual  Report  of  the 

Privy-seats  repaired _ 77 

Privy-sinks  connected  with  sewer 647 

Privy-sinks  filled 659 

Privy-sinks  made — 83 

Privy-vaults  repaired 470 

Pump  (force)  constructed _ _„.  1 

Pump  removed _.. — 1 

Pumps  (force)  repaired __ 2 

Rags  removed -_.. _ 2 

Railings  constructed 14 

Railings  repaired. 6 

Roofs  cleaned 12 

Roofs  repaired _. _ - 737 

Rooms  and  premises  ventilated _.  6 

Sausage-case  and  gut-cleaning  (business  of)  discontinued  1 

Sewers  cleaned 3 

Sewers  repaired _ 8 

Sewer  connection  cleaned ... „ 1 

Sewer-pipes  extended .._ 7 

Sewer-pipes,  obstructions  in,  removed 1,665 

Sewer-pipes  repaired  _  .„ ._ 1,663 

Sewer-pipes  trapped 269 

Sheep-skins  curing  (business  of )  discontinued 1 

Sidewalks  repaired 179 

Sidewalks  cleaned  and  obstructions  removed 10 

Sinks  disinfected .„.. ._ 6 

Sinks  emptied  and  cleaned.  ._ 17 

Sinks  repaired —  ._-..  12 

Sky-lights  repaired —  63 

Slaughtering  (business  of)  discontinued 117 

Slaughter-houses  cleaned - .._  11 

Slaughter-houses  (floors  of )  cleaned  — 13 

Spaces,  vacant,  disinfected 8 

Spaces,  vacant,  cleaned —  52 

Spaces  filled  and  graded 8 

Stables  cleaned -.. 42 

Stable  floors  gradedj 12 

Stagnant  water  removed ._ —  190 

Stairways  cleaned 18 

Stairways  repaired .- -  70 

Steam  exhaust  pipes  extended 3 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  21 

Stoops  repaired 10 

Sulphuric  acid  manufacturing  (business  of)  discontinued  1 

Swill-boiling  (business  of)  discontinued 6 

Tanks  constructed 3 

Tanks  repaired - _..  6 

Tunnels  cleaned _ _. :  1 

Urinals  cleaned _ 4 

Urinals  connected  with  sewer 2 

Urinals  repaired 3 

Vaults  cleaned 11 

Vaults  repaired 1 

Ventilators  constructed  in  roofs ._, 43 

Walls  cleaned '_.  58 

Walls  constructed 2 

Walls  repaired 4 

Walls  and  ceilings  repaired 12 

Walls  and  ceilings  whitewashed ... 109 

Water-closets  cleaned 104 

Water-closets  connected  with  sewer 36 

Water-closets  disinfected _ 10 

Water-closets  repaired 29 

Water-closets  and  urinals  constructed .  36 

Wells  cleaned  and  filled 2 

Wells  emptied  and  cleaned 1 

Wells  repaired 1 

Windows  cut  and  hung _ 91 

Windows  repaired 3 

Yards  cleaned „ 7(38 

Yards  (stable)  cleaned _ q 

Yards  drained 6 

Yardsfilled 12 

Yards  (stable)  graded 9 

Yards  graded  and  repaired 154 

Yards  paved 5 

Execution  or  Orders. 

The  orders  of  this  Board  directing  the  sanitary  improvement  of 

premises,  have  been  executed  in  a  large  majority  of  cases  by  the 

owners,  lessees  or  agents.   Whenever  a  party  upon  whom  an  order 

has  been  served  has  appeared  before  the  officers  of  the  Board,  and 


22  Annual  Report  of  the 

stated  that,  in  his  opinion,  the  order  was  in  any  respect  unreason- 
able, the  premises  have  been  carefully  re-inspected,  and  no  effort 
has  been  spared  to  relieve  property  owners  from  all  expense  and 
annoyance  which  could  possibly  be  considered  unnecessary.  In 
cases  in  which  the  orders  of  the  Board  were  disregarded,  they  have 
been  executed  by  the  Sanitary  Superintendent.  The  efficient  corps 
which  was  organized  during  the  epidemic  of  1866,  for  cleaning 
and  disinfecting  the  premises  in  which  cases  of  cholera  occured, 
has  been  continued  during  the  present  year,  and  its  services  have 
been  invaluable  in  cleaning,  disinfecting  and  whitewashing  houses 
and  cellars,  and  in  removing  rubbish  and  garbage  from  the  same. 
The  bills  for  this  service  are  designed  to  cover  only  the  actual 
expenses  to  the  Board  in  this  department,  and  have  generally  been 
regarded  as  reasonable,  and  promptly  paid.  The  orders  for 
scavenger  work  have  been  executed  by  the  licensed  scavengers  of 
the  District,  and  under  the  supervision  of  the  Captain  of  the  Sani- 
tary Company  of  Metropolitan  Police.  A  scale  of  rates  for  this 
important  service  having  been  adopted  by  the  Board,  the  bills  for 
work  have  been  made  to  conform  thereto.  The  rates,  as  adopted, 
for  scavenger  work,  have  proved  to  be  sufficiently  remunerative  to 
the  parties  engaged  in  that  business,  and  have  been  satisfactory 
to  the  public  generally.  Orders  which  require  structure  or  repairs 
(in  default  of  the  parties  to  execute  said  orders),  are  also  executed 
by  the  Sanitary  Superintendent.  They  are  generally  referred  to 
the  Engineer  of  the  Board  for  his  inspection,  and  are  executed 
under  his  supervision  by  responsible  parties,  at  established  rates. 
When  bills  for  work  done  in  the  execution  of  the  orders  of  this 
Board  by  its  officers  or  agents  are  not  paid,  they  are  filed  as  a  lien 
upon  the  property  upon  which  the  work  is  done,  pursuant  to  the 
provisions  of  the  Health  Law  as  amended  May  25th,  1867.  The 
Board  would  prefer,  in  all  cases,  that  the  parties  responsible  for 
the  condition  of  any  locality  would  execute  the  orders  designed  to 
improve  its  sanitary  condition,  and  thus  be  relieved  from  the 
responsibility  and  labor  which  attends  the  execution  of  its  orders. 
But  when  the  responsible  party  absolutely  refuses  or  wilfully 
neglects  to  remove  nuisances  which  exist,  the  Board  is  compelled 
to  use  its  powers  for  the  preservation  of  the  public  health.  From 
the  fact  that  the  relative  number  of  orders  executed  by  the  owners 
and  lessees  is  continually  increasing,  as  the  provisions  of  the  Health 
Law  are  more  generally  understood,  it  is  confidently  believed  that 


Metro p olita  n  Board  of  ITea l tit.  2  3 

the  Board  will  be  almost  entirely  relieved  from  the  execution  of 
orders  by  its  officers  and  agents. 

Over  three  thousand  violations  of  the  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordi- 
nances and  of  the  Health  Laws  were  reported  at  the  office  of  the 
Assistant  Sanitary  Superintendent  in  Brooklyn,  during  the  past 
year.  In  about  two  thousand  and  seven  hundred  of  these  cases, 
the  causes  of  complaint  have  been  removed,  and  the  nuisances 
abated,  and  this  has  been  generally  accomplished  upon  preliminary 
notices  of  prosecution.  In  the  three  hundred  cases  unaccounted  for 
the  time  allowed  upon  the  preliminary  notices  has  not  yet  expired, 
or  they  are  waiting  adjudication  by  the  courts.  About  fifty  fines 
have  been  imposed,  the  amounts  ranging  from  $3  to  $25.  The 
character  of  the  nuisances  abated,  the  disposition  of  the  cases  tried, 
the  fines  imposed,  etc.,  appear  in  the  report  of  the  Assistant  Sani- 
tary .Superintendent.     (Appendix  A.) 

Sanitary  Improvement. 

The  result  of  the  operations  of  this  Board  during  the  past  year, 
and  the  progress  of  sanitary  reform  throughout  the  Metropolitan 
Sanitary  District,  can  be  illustrated  by  a  reference  in  detail  to 
those  matters  which  have  engaged  the  attention  of  the  Sanitary 
Inspectors,  and  are  the  principal  subjects  of  the  orders  of  the 
Board. 

1.  Areas,  Alleys,  and  Yards. — The  condition  of  the  areas,  alleys, 
and  yards  of  the  District  has  materially  improved  during  the 
present  year,  due  partially  to  the  frequent  inspections  and  sugges- 
tions of  the  sanitary  officers,  and  in  part  to  the  fact  that  the  public 
more  fully  realize  the  importance  and  necessity,  in  thickly  popu- 
lated districts,  of  constant  attention  to  cleanliness  in  their  habita- 
tions and  the  surroundings.  Large  accumulations  of  filth  and 
garbage  have  been  removed  by  the  employes  of  this  Board  from 
the  yards  and  areas  of  tenement  property,  the  owners  or  lessees 
of  which  had  disregarded  the  orders  for  its  removal,  and  were 
indifferent  to  the  health  and  comfort  of  their  tenants.  The  defi- 
cient pavement  of  those  alleys  which  are  used  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  the  hydrant  and  waste  water  from  dwellings  and  tene- 
ment houses  to  the  street  gutter,  and  which  is  the  result  of  long 
use  or  original  imperfect  construction,  is  a  source  of  frequent  com- 
plaint. The  filthy  and  stagnant  water  has  been  permanently  re- 
moved from  these  alleys,  by  regrading  the  same  or  by  necessary 
repairs,  and,  in  some  cases,  by  connecting  the  hydrant  and  waste- 


24  Annual  Report  of  tbe 

pipes  of  the  premises  -with  the  street  sewer.  Stagnant  and  filthy 
water  in  the  yards  of  dwellings  is  constantly  reported  to  this 
Board,  and  has  required  considerable  attention.  The  usual  remedy 
js  to  repave  or  regrade  the  premises,  so  that  the  water  will  flow 
into  the  street  sewer  or  gutter,  but  in  many  cases  it  is  necessary 
to  raise  the  grade  by  filling  with  fresh  earth  or  ashes,  or  to  con- 
nect the  entire  premises  with  the  street  sewer. 

2.  Ashes,  Garbage,  and  Rubbish. — The  removal  of  ashes,  gar- 
bage, and  rubbish  from  the  dwellings,  tenements,  and  streets  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  is  not  accomplished  in  a  manner  satis- 
factory to  this  Board.  In  New  York  this  is,  to  a  great  extent, 
chargeable  to  defects  in  the  contract  for  cleaning  the  streets,  and 
not  to  the  negligence  or  inefficiency  of  the  contractor.  For,  under 
this  contract,  the  employes  of  the  street-cleaning  department  are 
not  obliged  to  receive  the  ashes  and  garbage  in  the  buildings,  but 
the  occupants  are  to  deliver  it  in  the  street.  The  practical  result 
is  that  ashes  and  garbage  are  placed  upon  the  sidewalks  in  pans, 
boxes  and  barrels,  which  are  overturned  by  passing  carts  and  by 
careless  or  mischievous  pedestrians,  and  their  contents  scattered 
through  the  streets  by  the  wind.  Under  the  present  contract  it 
is  also  difficult  to  enforce  any  ordinance  forbidding  that  the  ordi- 
nary sweepings  of  stores  and  dwellings  shall  be  cast  into  the 
street.  However  perfectly  a  street  may  be  cleaned  during  the 
night,  the  sweepings  from  the  adjacent  buildings  on  the  following 
morning  render  it  dirty  and  disagreeable.  The  general  removal 
of  swine  from  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city  has  caused  the  gar- 
bage to  be  consumed,  to  a  considerable  extent,  in  the  suburban 
districts.  This  has  been  a  source  of  repeated  complaints  from  the 
citizens  of  those  districts.  But,  until  the  contractor  for  cleaning 
the  streets  and  removing  the  garbage  shall  inaugurate  a  system 
by  which  all  the  garbage  shall  be  collected  separately  from  the 
ashes,  and  carried  to  a  considerable  distance  from  the  city  for  con- 
sumption, this  Board  cannot  entirely  remove  the  difficulties  which 
surround  the  removal  of  house  garbage,  and  its  utilization.  In 
Brooklyn,  the  city  authorities  have  made  no  adequate  provision 
for  the  removal  of  garbage,  and  ^vhenever  private  enterprise  has 
failed  to  afford  relief,  and  the  public  health  has  been  endangered 
by  its  accumulation,  it  has  been  removed  under  the  authority  of 
this  Board. 

3.  Basements  and  Cellars. — The  sanitary  condition  of  cellars 
and  basements  has  constantly  received  the  attention  of  the  officers 


Metr  op  o  lit  an  B  oa  HD  OF  He  A  L  Til.  2  5 

of  the  Board.  The  accumulation  of  filth  and  stagnant  water  be- 
neath human  habitations  is  an  acknowledged  source  of  disease, 
and  no  effort  lias  been  spared  to  attract  the  attention  of  citizens 
to  this  subject.  Damp  cellars  have  been  improved  by  the  use  of 
lime  and  by  ventilation,  and  stagnant  water  removed  by  drains  and 
sewer  connections.  Where  drainage  is  found  to  be  impossible,  the 
cellars  have  been  ordered  filled  or  partially  filled  with  fresh  earth 
and  ashes.  In  some  districts,  bordering  upon  the  rivers,  mostly 
occupied  by  stores,  warehouses,  and  factories,  the  cellars  are  con- 
stantly wet  from  the  action  of  the  tides,  and  nothing  but  an  im- 
proved system  of  sewerage  will  afford  relief.  The  use  of  asphaltum 
and  other  cements  for  damp  and  wet  cellars  promises  to  be  of 
great  value,  both  in  an  economical  and  sanitary  point  of  view. 
The  occupation  of  dark,  damp,  and  unventilated  cellars  and  base- 
ments as  human  habitations  has  largely*clecreased  during  the  year, 
with  the  probability  of  complete  reform  in  this  particular,  when- 
ever the  number  of  dwellings  and  improved  tenement  houses  is 
increased,  cheap  and  easy  communication  with  the  rural  districts 
is  established,  and  the  provisions  of  the  "Tenement  House  Act," 
passed  at  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  are  rigidly  enforced. 

4.  Bone,  Offal,  and  Fat  Boiling. — The  establishments  in  the 
built-up  portions  of  the  District  engaged  in  this  class  of  business 
are  generally  conducted  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  this  Board  and 
to  the  public.  Since  the  organization  of  this  Board,  new  and  im- 
proved machinery  for  concentrating  the  odors  has  been  introduced, 
and  the  use  of  tight  tanks  generally  adopted.  It  is  only  when  the 
proper  machinery  is  imperfectly  constructed,  or  when  the  proprie- 
tors neglect  to  use  the  proper  precaution  and  care,  that  offensive 
odors  are  allowed  to  escape  into  the  external  air.  A  report  of  Ispec- 
tors  Morris  and  Janes  upon  the  factories  of  the  New  York  Ren- 
dering Company,  at  the  foot  of  West  Thirty-ninth  street,  for  the 
utilization  of  dead  animals  and  offal,  is  transmitted  herewith  (Ap- 
pendix G).  This  company  has  adopted  the  general  plan  recom- 
mended by  the  Board  in  its  last  Annual  Report,  and  it  promises 
in  its  results  to  be  a  complete  success. 

5.  Cessjwols  and  Cisterns. — Whenever  connections  with  sewers 
or  other  methods  of  drainage  are  possible  or  practicable,  this  Board 
has  discouraged  the  use  or  continuance  of  cesspools  as  receptacles 
for  filthy  and  waste  water.  A  few  cesspools  have  been  constructed; 
many  old  ones  have  been  filled  with  fresh  earth  or  ashes,  and, 
when  necessarily  tolerated,  frequent    disinfection    and   cleansing 


26 


Annual  Report  of  the 


have  been  required.  Old  cisterns  filled  with  stagnant  water  or 
used  as  receptacles  for  filth  are  the  most  dangerous  nuisances  of 
this  class,  and  when  discovered  by  the  inspectors,  have  received 
immediate  attention.  New  cisterns  are  rarely  constructed  in  the 
built-up  portions  of  the  city,  and  the  number  of  old  ones  is  rapidly 
diminishing. 

6.  Covjs  and  Cow-Stables. — The  business  of  keeping  milch  cows 
in  the  city  of  New  York  has  been  almost  entirely  discontinued. 
Permits  have  been  granted  in  cases  where  the  inspectors  were 
satisfied  that  the  cows  were  fed  upon  hay  and  grain,  and 
not  upon  the  hot  swill  of  distilleries,  and  that  the  stables  were 
ventilated  and  generally  clean,  and  were  so  isolated  as  to  be  inof- 
fensive to  the  public.  The  ordinance  adopted  by  the  Board, 
limiting  the  number  of  cows  to  one  for  each  city  lot  of  100  -f- 
25  feet,  has  been  generally  enforced,  and  has  proved  to  be  a 
valuable  sanitary  regulation.  The  "swill-milk  nuisance,"  as  it 
formerly  existed  in  the  city  of  New  York  is  considered  practically 
abated.  One  great  cause  of  infantile  mortality  is  thereby 
removed,  and  the  public  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  the  great 
reform  inaugurated. 

In  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  the  swill-milk  establishments  are 
legalized  by  a  special  ordinance  of  the  Common  Council  (see  sec. 
20,  art.  4,  chap.  5  of  the  Ordinances  of  that  city),  and  it  has  been 
impossible  to  entirely  abate  these  nuisances.  An  improved  ven- 
tilation of  the  larger  cow-stables  and  more  attention  to  cleanliness 
have  been  secured  as  the  result  of  frequent  inspections,  but  until 
the  special  privileges  conferred  upon  the  distillers  by  the  ordi- 
nance above  referred  to  are  withdrawn,  the  District  cannot  be 
entirely  relieved  from  the  evils  of  impure  milk. 

7.  Culverts,  Drains  and  Ditches. — The  Board,  by  its  orders 
and  through  its  officers,  has  attracted  the  attention  of  the  citizens 
of  the  Metropolitan  District  to  the  importance  of  thorough  drain- 
age. In  the  rural  portions  of  this  island  many  vacant  lots  have 
been  relieved  of  the  stagnant  water  constantly  complained  of  as 
the  source  of  malarious  disease,  and  the  obstructions  have  been 
removed,  under  the  orders  of  the  Board,  from  culverts,  drains 
and  ditches  heretofore  constructed.  In  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  the 
Board  of  Water  and  Sewer  Commissioners,  under  an  act  passed 
by  the  last  Legislature,  and  upon  notice  and  recommendation  by 
this  Board,  has  abated  some  of  the  most  dangerous  nuisances  in 
that   locality.     In  some  parts  of  Westchester  County  the  local 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  27 

authorities  are  actively  engaged  in  the  drainage  of  marsh  lands, 
and  the  most  satisfactory  results  are  anticipated.  In  Kichmond 
County,  many  intelligent  and  influential  property  owners  are 
active  in  devising  measures  and  maturing  plans  for  the  improved 
drainage  of  that  beautiful  locality.  The  advice  and  assistance  of 
the  officers  of  this  Board  are  furnished  to  all  projects  cf  this 
character,  affecting  so  directly  the  public  health  of  the  rural 
portions  of  the  Metropolitan  District. 

8.  Curbstones  and  Gutters. — In  the  densely  populated  and  most 
filthy  sections  of  the  District,  the  condition  of  the  street  gutters  is 
a  constant  source  of  complaint.     The  extensive  depressions  of  the 
curb   and  gutter-stones,   resulting  from   the  careless   manner  in 
which  they  were  originally  laid  or  from  the  continual  passage  of 
heavy  carts  and  trucks,  are  the  receptacles  of  waste  water,  slops, 
filth  and  garbage  from   adjacent  tenements,  and   emit  the  most 
offensive  odors.     The  only  remedy  is  to  order  the  curb  and  gutter 
stones  relaid  in  accordance  with  the  established  grade,  an  order 
the  execution  of  which  is  not  readily  secured,  for  the  reason  that 
several  property  owners  are  often  responsible  for  the  nuisance, 
and  unity  and  harmony  in  their  action  is  with  difficulty  obtained, 
and  because  it  is  often  impossible  to  ascertain  from  any  record  the 
proper  grade  of  the  street.     Considerable  relief  is  afforded  by  con- 
necting the  adjacent  premises  with  the  street  sewer,  but  permanent 
sanitary  reform  in  this  particular  cannot   be  expected   until  an 
ordinance  can  be  enforced  to  prevent  the  use  of  the  gutters  for 
the  deposit  of  filth  from  dwellings  and  tenements.     No  difficulty 
is  experienced  in  preventing  obstruction  of  the  gutters  from  the 
erection  or  repairs  of  buildings. 

9.  Houses  and  Tenements. — During  the  present  year,  public  at- 
tention has  been  directed  to  the  improvement  of  the  tenements  of 
the  poor  and  to  the  erection  of  a  class  of  buildings  which  shall 
combine  the  advantages  of  safety,  an  ample  supply  of  air  and 
light,  and  the  comparative  isolation  of  families,  so  necessary  to 
the  proper  preservation  of  the  domestic  relations.  The  passage 
of  the  Tenement  House  Act  by  the  last  Legislature  is  an  important 
event  in  the  progress  of  sanitary  reform,  and  though  at  first 
regarded  by  property  owners  as  very  onerous,  if  not  unjust,  the 
law  has  gradually  gained  favor,  and  will  ultimately  be  approved 
for  economical  as  well  as  sanitary  reasons.  Already  there  is  a 
decided  improvement  in  the  condition  of  tenement  houses  ;  the 
health  of  their  inmates  has  been  improved;  the  rate  of  mortality 


93  Annual  Report  of  the 

has  decreased  ;  and  this  Board  is  more  rarely  called  upon  to  inter- 
fere to  secure  the  observance  of  cleanliness  and  the  more  simple 
sanitary  measures.  Both  owners  and  agents  have,  during  the 
present  year,  manifested  a  willingness  to  adopt  the  suggestions 
and  obey  the  orders  of  this  Board.  For  the  details  as  to  the  con- 
dition of  tenement  houses,  and  the  improvements  necessary,  you 
are  respectfully  referred  to  the  report  of  the  Sanitary  Superin- 
tendent and  accompanying  documents  (Appendix  A). 

10.  Hydrants,  House-gutters,  and  Leaders. — The  Sanitary  Inspec- 
tors continue  to  report  yards  wet  from  imperfect  hydrants  or  their 
careless  use;  cellars  rendered  damp  from  leaky  house-gutters  and 
leaders,  and  dwellings  almost  untenantable  from  defective  or 
broken  waste  and  soil-pipes.  In  such  cases  the  necessary  repairs 
have  been  ordered,  but  similar  complaints  must  continue  to  be 
frequent  so  long  as  cheap  and  careless  plumbing  is  tolerated,  and 
buildings  are  constructed  with  such  indifference  to  the  permanence 
of  the  necessary  fixtures. 

11.  Lime  and  Shell-burning. — The  business  of  lime  and  shell- 
burning  in  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city  of  New  York  has  been 
almost  entirely  discontinued  during  the  present  year,  and  great 
relief  has  been  experienced  in  the  absence  of  the  dust  and  offen- 
sive odors  resulting  therefrom.  Experimental  efforts  hive  been 
made  to  conduct  this  business  in  a  manner  that  shall  not  be  offen- 
sive or  detrimental  to  health,  but  without  complete  success. 

There  are,  in  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  four  establishments  for  the 
manufacture  of  shell-lime.  These  shells,  gathered  from  the  oyster 
saloons  and  fish  markets,  and  mixed  with  the  entrails  of  fish  and 
other  decaying  animal  matter,  when  burned  in  kilns,  produce  a 
sickening  odor  and  an  offensive  dust,  which  are  a  great  annoyance 
to  the  people  of  the  vicinity.  The  largest  of  these  kilns  is  located 
in  a  densely  populated  neighborhood,  and  within  one  hundred 
yards  of  a  public-school  building  containing  over  one  thousand 
children;  and  the  other  three;  although  in  the  suburbs  of  the  city. 
are  not  far  removed  from  rows  of  dwelling  houses.  Orders  have 
been  issued  to  suspend  this  business  until  it  shall  be  so  conducted 
that  no  offensive  odors  shall  escape  into  the  external  air,  and  legal 
proceedings  have  been  commenced  to  secure  the  enforcement  of 
these  orders. 

12.  Markets. — No  material  change  in  the  condition  of  the  public 
markets  has  taken  place  during  the   past  year.     Soon  after  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  29 

organization  of  this  board,  a  thorough  inspection  was  made  of 
Washington  and  Fulton  Markets,  and  measures  were  inaugurated 
for  their  sanitary  improvement  and  for  the  removal  of  the  sur- 
rounding stalls  and  stands.  An  appeal  from  the  proceedings  of 
the  board  to  the  courts  delayed  the  necessary  action,  and  at  the 
last  session  of  the  Legislature,  the  Health  Law  was  so  amended  as 
to  withdraw  from  this  board  "its  officers  and  agents,  all  power 
and  authority  to  order  the  removal,  tearing  down  or  injury  of  any 
of  the  stalls  or  stands  around  Fulton  or  Washington  Markets,  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  at  any  time  before  the  first  day  of  May, 
18 69."  To  secure  the  cleanliness  and  a  proper  ventilation  of  these 
markets,  the  removal  of  the  surrounding  stands  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary; but  the  action  of  the  Legislature  and  the  courts  has  relieved 
this  board  of  all  responsibility  for  their  disgraceful  sanitary  con- 
dition. It  is  most  earnestly  recommended  that  this  market  pro- 
perty should  be  sold  by  the  city,  as  its  use  for  this  purpose,  in  its 
present  condition,  is  detrimental  to  the  public  health;  is  a  source 
of  fraud  and  corruption,  and  by  fostering  a  large  and  unnecessary 
class  of  middle-men,  is  a  burden  and  tax  upon  the  people.  The 
sanitary  and  economical  considerations  which  demand  the  sale  of 
this  property  are  stated  in  the  last  Annual  Report,  and  will  be 
more  fully  noticed  in  a  report  which  will  be  submitted  to  the  Leg- 
islature, pursuant  to  an  act  relating  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Health  (chap.  956,  Laws  of  1867),  which  directs  this  "Board  to 
propose  and  submit  to  the  next  Legislature  plans  and  recommend- 
ations for  the  building  of  one  or  two  markets,  whichever  they  shall 
deem  necessary,  to  replace  Fulton,  Washington,  and  West  Wash- 
ington Markets,  in  said  city." 

13.  Manure,  Manure-Vaults,  and  Stables. — During  the  present 
year,  stable-manure  has  not  been  allowed  upon  vacant  lots  to  any 
great  extent,  and  has  generally  been  removed  with  the  prompt- 
ness and  regularity  required  by  the  sanitary  ordinances.  Many 
manure-vaults  have  been  constructed  upon  the  recommendation  of 
the  Sanitary  Inspectors,  or  by  order  of  the  Board,  and  the  drain- 
age of  stables  has  received  the  necessary  attention.  Improve- 
ments in  the  construction  of  stables,  repairs  to  those  already  built, 
and  a  general  attention  to  their  cleanliness,  are  the  gratifying 
results  of  the  frequent  inspections  of  this  important  class  of  city 
structures. 

14.  Piers. — The  attention  of  this  Board  is  frequently  called  to 
the  obstructions  upon  the  piers,  and  their  consequent  want  of 


30  Annual  Report  of  the 

cleanliness,  and  to  their  decayed  and  dilapidated  condition,  ren- 
dering them  dangerous  to  life  and  detrimental  to  health.  Sanitary 
considerations  demand  appropriate  legislation  upon  this  subject, 
and  the  future  commercial  supremacy  of  the  city  of  New  York 
seems  dependent,  to  a  considerable  extent,  upon  prompt  and  deci- 
sive action. 

15.  Privies. — The  improved  condition  of  the  privies  and  sinks 
of  this  District,  and  the  greater  attention  paid  to  this  subject  by 
the  public  generally,  is  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  in  the  eight 
months  ending  October  31,  1866,  15,214  privies  were  emptied  and 
cleaned  by  order  of  this  Board,  while  during  the  entire  year  ending 
Oct.  31,  1867,  only  9,506  privies  were  emptied  anctcleaned  under 
the  same  authority.  It  is  believed  that  there  will  be  in  future  less 
necessity  for  the  interference  of  the  Board  in  order  to  secure  the 
cleanliness  of  the  District  in  this  particular.  The  experiments  in 
disinfection  have  proved  entirely  successful,  and  privies  are,  with 
proper  care  on  the  part  of  scavengers,  emptied  without  offence. 
No  scavengers  are  allowed  to  operate  without  a  license  from  this 
Board  and  without  the  proper  carts  and  utensils,  which  are  sub- 
jected to  periodical  inspection,  and  the  bills  for  work  done  are 
made  upon  forms  approved,  and  at  the  rates  established  by  this 
Board.  A  large  number  of  new  privy  sinks  have  been  constructed 
during  the  present  year,  and  connected  with  jthe  street  sewers, 
thus  avoiding  the  necessity  of  frequent  cleaning  and  emptying. 
To  secure  a  proper  sanitary  condition  of  the  privies  in  certain 
districts  bordering  upon  the  rivers  is  almost  impossible  under  the 
present  sewerage  system,  on  account  of  the  constant  action  of  the 
tides. 

16.  Rags. — The  complaints  in  respect  to  the  manner  of  conduct- 
ing the  traffic  in  domestic  rags,  which  were  frequent  during  the 
year  1866,  are  now  rare  and  of  trifling  importance.  The  removal 
cf  all  unnecessary  restriction  upon  foreign  rags  imported  in  large 
compressed  bales,  has  given  general  satisfaction,  and  has  not  been 
attended  with  any  unfavorable  results. 

17.  Sewers. — The  sewerage  of  the  cities  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn  is  gradually  being  improved  and  extended  by  the  com- 
petent authorities  having  in  charge  this  important  auxiliary  to 
sanitary  reform.  Any  complaints  in  respect  to  defective  or  ob- 
structed sewers  are  referred  to  the  Croton  Aqueduct  Department 
of  New  York,  and  the  Board  of  "Water  and  Sewer  Commissioners 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  31 

of  Brooklyn.  Both  Boards  have  been  prompt  to  aid  in  every 
effort  for  sanitary  improvement,  and  have  hastened  the  completion 
of  such  sewers  as  this  Board  has  declared  immediately  necessary 
for  the  promotion  of  the  public  health. 

One  important  defect  in  the  sewerage  system  is  worthy  of  par- 
ticular notice.  The  street  sewers,  which  should  discharge  at  the 
end  of  the  piers,  empty  their  contents  into  the  slips,  which  are 
thereby  converted  into  huge  and  offensive  cesspools,  in  which  the 
filth  is  washed  back  and  forth  by  the  tide,  poisoning  the  water 
and  contaminating  the  air..  All  who  frequent  the  docks  complain 
of  the  offensive  odors  from  the  slips,  and  that  large  and  important 
part  of  the  population  actively  engaged  in  foreign  and  domestic 
transportation,  and  living  and  sleeping  upon  vessels  in  port,  suffer 
in  health  from  the  constant  inhalation  of  the  impure  air  in  the 
vicinity.  Large  quantities  of  fish  are  placed  in  boxes,  which  are 
moored  in  slips  adjacent  to  the  market,  and  thern  confined  until 
sold.  The  impure  water  causes  a  rapid  depreciation  in  the  quality 
and  value  of  this  important  article  ot  diet,  and  adds  to  the  stock 
of  unwholesome  and  unhealthy  food  which  is  supplied  by  the 
unscrupulous,  at  cheap  rates,  to  the  poor  and  indigent.  To  clean 
and  dredge  the  slips  which  are  constantly  obstructed  by  the  accu- 
mulation of  filth  from  the  sewers,  is  a  large  and  unnecessary  ex- 
pense to  the  public,  and  materially  interferes  with  the  commercial 
pursuits  of  the  District. 

18.  Slaughter-houses. — During  the  present  year,  the  slaughter- 
houses have  been  removed  from  that  portion  of  the  city  of  New 
York  below  Fortieth  street  and  are  now  located,  with  few  excep- 
tions, between  Fortieth  and  Fiftieth  streets  and  near  the  North 
and  East  rivers.  The  number  has  been  reduced  from  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  at  the  date  of  the  last  report  to  forty,  and  it  is 
probable  that  this  number  will  gradually  diminish  as  those  parties 
having  eligible  positions  immediately  upon  the  banks  of  the  rivers 
enlarge  their  buildings  and  afford  increased  accommodations  for 
slaughtering.  The  slaughter-houses  now  in  operation  have  per- 
mits from  this  Board,  and  are  subject  to  frequent  inspection.  The 
number  of  permits  for  slaughter-houses  in  Brooklyn  is  twenty- 
four,  and  they  are  mostly  small  establishments. 

Citizens  in  large  numbers  petitioned  for,  and  generally  desire, 
the  removal  of  slaughter-houses  and  the  nuisances  which  invaria- 
bly accompany  and  surround  them,  from  the  central  and  most 
densely  populated  portions  of  the  city.     It  is  believed  that  a  large 


32  Annual  Report  of  tee 

majority  of  the  butchers  approve  the  action  of  the  Board,  and  do 
not  desire  to  resume  business  in  the  old  locations.  The  Board 
considered  that  a  great  sanitary  improvement  had  been  effected  in 
the  business  of  slaughtering  and  driving  animals,  and  had  antici- 
pated that  it  would  be  permanent.  Suits  were  instituted  by  a 
few  butchers  who  were  unwilling  to  conform  to  the  regulations  so 
generally  approved,  and  deemed  essential  to  the  public  health. 

In  these  suits,  the  Supreme  Court  in  the  First  District  has 
recently  decided  that  the  Board  does  not  possess  the  power  to 
prevent  the  driving  of  cattle  in  the  streets  of  New  York  below 
Fortieth  street,  nor  to  prevent  slaughtering  at  the  old  slaughter- 
houses below  that  street.  The  reasons  given  for  these  decisions 
are  of  such  a  nature,  and  are  so  stated  as  to  render  it  quite  difficult 
to  decide  what  may  be  their  effect  upon  the  general  powers  and 
practical  efficiency  of  the  Board.  In  the  present  condition  of 
these  subjects  before  the  courts,  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  the 
Board  to  prevent  the  resumption  of  the  driving  and  slaughtering 
of  animals  below  Fortieth  street,  where  they  have  been  discon- 
tinued since  the  28th  of  August  last. 

19.  Streets. — With  the  exception  of  a  part  of  the  winter  and 
spring  of  the  present  year,  when  the  severe  weather  interfered 
with  the  operations  of  the  street-cleaning  contractor,  the  streets 
of  New  York  have  been  in  a  tolerably  cleanly  condition.  During 
the  existence  of  the  present  contract,  any  decided  improvement 
in  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  streets  cannot  reasonably  be  ex- 
pected. In  the  unpaved  sections  of  the  city,  the  streets  have 
been  cleaned  under  the  authority  of  this  Board,  and  in  that  part 
of  the  city  below  Canal  street  considerable  work  has  been  per- 
formed, under  its  direction,  in  cleaning  the  gutters  of  the  most 
filthy  localities.  In  Brooklyn  there  has  been  no  material  change 
in  the  condition  of  the  streets,  or  in  the  system  of  street-cleaning. 
The  Aldermen  control  the  cleaning  of  the  streets  in  the  several 
wards  which  they  represent,  and  the  work  is  generally  done  by 
contract.  The  streets  of  several  wards  have  been  so  filthy  that 
the  authorities,  under  the  pressure  of  public  opinion,  have  refused 
to  pay  the  contractors,  and  upon  complaint  of  the  Sanitory  Inspec- 
tors, they  have  been  arrested  and  fined  for  neglect  of  duty.  The 
amount  appropriated  for  street  cleaning  in  1866  was  $54,000,  and 
in  1867  was  $73,000,  but  these  sums,  even  if  honestly  expended, 
would  not  be  sufficient  for  the  purpose.  A  general  law,  which 
will  place  this  important  sanitary  work  in  the  hands  of  responsi- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  33 

ble  persons,  subject  to  proper  restrictions  and  regulations,  is  desi- 
rable and  necessary. 

20.  Swine. — The  keeping  of  swine  in  the  built-up  portions  of 
the  cities  of  the  District  has  been  almost  entirely  discontined 
under  the  orders  and  ordinances  of  this  Board.  Complaints  from 
the  suburban  districts  are  occasionally  presented,  which  have  in 
some  cases  required  the  interference  of  this  Board. 

21.  Vacant  Lots  and  Ponds. — Many  sunken  lots,  the  drainage 
of  which  was  impracticable,  and  which  were  dangerous  to  the 
public  health  from  stagnant  water,  have  been  filled  with  earth  and 
ashes,  under  the  orders  of  this  Board,  or  upon  the  recommendation 
and  suggestion  of  its  officers.  The  difficulty  in  obtaining  the  names 
of  the  owners,  and  the  frequent  changes  of  ownership,  often  cause 
delay  in  the  execution  of  the  orders  of  the  Board  upon  this  class 
of  property.  The  city  of  Brooklyn  has  been  relieved  to  a  great 
extent  by  the  act  passed  by  the  last  Legislature,  empowering  the 
Board  of  Sewerage  Commissioners,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  to  lay  drains  above  or  below 
the  surface  and  across  any  unoccupied  lands,  and  to  assess  the 
expense  upon  the  property.  A  similar  law  would  prove  of  im- 
mense pecuniary  and  sanitary  value  to  New  York,  and  other  parts 
of  the  District,  especially  in  cases  where  the  owners  of  vacant  lots 
are  non-residents  or  cannot  be  found. 

Permits. 

To  secure  a  proper  police  regulation  and  sanitary  supervision  of 
those  business  pursuits  which,  if  improperly  conducted,  are  detri- 
mental to  health,  this  Board  grants  permits,  which  are  liable  to 
be  revoked  whenever  due  attention  to  cleanliness  and  to  sanitary 
rules  and  regulations  is  not  faithfully  observed.  In  all  cases,  the 
premises  are  carefully  inspected  by  a  sanitary  officer,  and  a  writ- 
ren  report  of  such  inspection  is  transmitted  to  the  Board  before  a 
permit  is  granted.  To  guard  the  health  of  the  city,  vessels  from 
infected  and  suspected  ports  which  have  been  discharged  from 
quarantine,  are  not  allowed  to  laud  their  cargoes  in  New  York  and 
Brooklyn  without  a  permit  from  this  Board.  To  illustrate  this 
branch  of  the  business  of  the  Board,  the  following  table  is  sub- 
mitted, of  the  more  important  subjects  of  permits  granted  during 
the  year  ending  October  31st,  1867  : 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  3 


34  Annual  Report  of  the 

To  land  cargo  from  vessels  from  infected  and  suspected  ports,  1,374 

To  dump  manure  on  vacant  lots  (period  limited). 28 

To  keep  cows 41 

To  keep  goats.. 80 

To  keep  geese 6 

To  keep  pigs,  previous  to  January  1,  1867  (period  limited),  108 

To  keep  pigs  since  January  1,  1867 „ 4 

To  kill  and  remove  diseased  and  disabled  horses 241 

To  render  fat 7 

To  sell  fruit L 36 

Tosellfish 57 

To  sell  meat  and  vegetables ._ 514 

To  slaughter  animals  in  New  York,  since  June  15,  1867  . .  41 

To  slaughter  animals  in  Brooklyn,  since  June  15,  1867 13 

The  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics. 

Sanitary  government  and  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  con- 
ditions, indications,  and  results  of  unhealthfulness.  or  of  hygienic 
improvement,  require  that  the  vital  statistics  of  the  population 
should  be  carefully  studied  and  faithfully  recorded,  as  means  of 
direct  aid  to  the  administrative  and  executive  work  of  the  sanitary 
authorities.  This  Board  has  maintained  its  Bureau  of  Vital  Statis- 
tics for  this  most  practical  purpose,  as  well  as  for  the  immediate 
and  ultimate  uses  which  the  mere  registry  of  the  vital  records  may 
serve  for  other  purposes  as  public  documents.  The  public,  at  large, 
throughout  our  country  has  constantly  acknowledged  the  practical 
benefits  conferred  by  this  department  of  the  Metropolitan  sanitary 
system.  And,  it  is  undoubtedly  true,  as  stated  by  a  distinguished 
English  sanitarian,  that  "  the  fact  that,  in  modern  times,  the  sub- 
ject of  hygiene  has  commenced  to  attract  so  much  of  the  public 
attention  is  undoubtedly  owing  to  the  application  of  statistics  to 
public  health."  The  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  has  been  carefully 
organized  upon  a  plan  that  brings  it  into  advantageous  correspond- 
ence with  the  departments  of  vital  statistics  in  the  other  chief 
cities  of  the  civilized  world,  in  which  good  sanitary  systems  of 
government  prevail.  It  makes  vital  statistics  and  the  study  of  the 
causes,  places,  and  circumstances  of  death,  together  with  the  records 
of  diseases  and  epidemics  directly  tributary  to  the  practical  know- 
ledge of  hygiene  and  to  the  application  of  its  principles.  In  the 
opinion  of  this  Board,  the  practical  uses  of  vital  statistics  are 
invaluable,  and  the  ultimate  results  of  their  study  are  not  uncer- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  35 

tain,  for  it  is  impossible  for  any  government  to  remain  indifferent 
when,  in  figures  which  admit  of  no  denial,  the  amount  of  health 
and  happiness,  or  disease  and  suffering,  is  determined. 

Registration  of  Births  and  Marriages. 

The  total  number  of  births  registered  in  New  York  during  the 
year  was  12,569,  and  the  number  registered  in  Brooklyn  was 
4,878.  This,  of  course,  is  not  the  full  number  of  births  that  occur- 
red in  these  cities,  and  special  efforts  are  being  made  to  ascertain 
the  whole  number,  and  to  have  the  benefit  of  registration  confer- 
red upon  all.  The  daily  and  almost  hourly  applications  for  certi- 
fied transcripts  of  birth  records,  prove  that  the  practical  utility  of 
such  registration  has  become  widely  known,  and  that  no  city  or 
state  should  be  indifferent  to  this  important  subject,  and  that  no 
parent  or  physician  should  neglect  to  make  prompt  and  full  regis- 
tration of  births.  It  is  believed  that  not  less  than  31,000  births 
occurred  in  New  York,  and  not  less  than  12,000  in  Brooklyn, 
during  the  year.  This  conclusion  is  a  legitimate  deduction  from 
the  recognized  laws  of  increase  by  births  in  city  populations,  and 
from  an  ascertained  rate  of  marriages  in  the  year.  Complete 
registration  of  births  in  these  cities,  and  entire  accuracy  in  the 
city  census,  alone  can  give  the  information  which  the  sanitary 
government  and  the  public  alike  require  upon  the  important  ques- 
tions concerning  infant  life  in  the  population  of  the  District. 

The  number  of  marriages  certified  and  duly  returned  for  registra- 
tion during  the  year  was  15,026  in  New  York,  and  1,349  in  Brook- 
lyn. The  applications  for  transcripts  from  the  records  are  con- 
stant witnesses  to  the  usefulness  of  this  branch  of  registration,  and 
it  is  confidently  believed  that  in  each  succeeding  year  the  number 
of  persons  so  unwise  as  to  neglect  to  record  their  marriages  will 
be  greatly  diminished. 

Health  Laws  and  Sanitary  Ordinances. 
The  Act  passed  May  23,  1867  (chap.  956,  Laws  of  1867),  relat- 
ing to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  and  the  duties  and 
powers  of  the  Commissioners  of  said  Board,  was  designed  to 
correct  defects  in  the  existing  law  and  to  secure  efficiency  in  its 
practical  operation.  The  wisdom  of  its  provisions  has  been 
fully  demonstrated.  An  Act  for  the  regulation  of  tenement  and 
lodging-houses  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  passed 
May  14,  1867  (chap.  908,  Laws  of  1867),  has  already  secured 
many  important  reforms  in  the  sanitary  condition  of  this  class  of 


36  Annual  Report  of  the 

dwellings,  and  promises  in  the  future  to  remove  many  of  the 
principal  causes  of  the  fearful  mortality  which  has  prevailed  in 
the  crowded  habitations  of  the  poor.  An  Act,  with  reference  to 
the  powers  of  the  Metropolitan  Bo;ird  of  Health  in  the  regulation 
of  cattle-driving,  passed  April  24,  1867  (chap.  700,  Laws  of 
1867),  by  which  this  Board  was  authorized  to  designate  the 
streets  and  avenues  through  which  cattle  should  be  driven,  and 
to  establish  rules  and  regulations  as  to  the  manner  of  conducting 
this  business,  has  been  the  means  of  abating  a  most  serious  and 
dangerous  nuisance,  has  afforded  additional  security  to  the  com- 
fort and  safety  of  the  people,  and  has  diminished  the  number  of 
accidents  to  life  and  limb  which  have  frequently  resulted  from 
the  unrestricted  transit  of  animals  through  the  densely  populated 
portion  of  the  city.  An  Act,  passed  April  23,  1867  (chap.  687, 
Laws  of  1867),  by  which  the  Board  of  Sewerage  Commissioners 
of  Brooklyn  was  authorized  to  remove  stagnant  water  from  any 
part  of  that  city,  upon  notice  from  this  Board  that  the  same  was 
dangerous  to  the  public  health,  is  likely  to  prove  of  great  im- 
portance, not  only  to  the  health  but  also  to  the  taxable  wealth  of 
that  locality.  The  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordinances  adopted  by  this 
Board  April  20,  1866,  was  amended  on  the  11th  day  of  July, 
1867,  and  published  according  to  law.  Such  additions  and  modi- 
fications only  were  made  to  the  code  originally  adopted  as  the 
experience  of  the  previous  year,  in  the  enforcement  of  sanitary 
measures,  seemed  to  require,  or  were  imperatively  demanded  by 
public  opinion.  This  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordinances  is  based  upon 
the  rules  and  regulations  which  have  been  adopted  by  the  proper 
authorities,  from  time  to  time,  during  the  past  century,  for  the 
security  and  preservation  of  the  public  health,  and  no  material 
change  or  modification  seems  to  be  necessary  at  the  present  time. 

Public  Schools. 

The  public  schools  have  been  a  subject  of  special  investigation 
during  the  past  year  by  this  Board,  both  with  reference  to  vac- 
cination and  to  their  sanitary  condition.  In  the  city  of  New 
York,  there  are  ninety-nine  school  buildings,  in  which  were  taught 
during  the  year  1866,  one  hundred  and  eighty-six  thousand  six 
hundred  and  forty-nine  pupils,  in  the  regular  day  sessions,  making 
au  average  of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-five  scholars  to  each 
school.  In  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  forty  separate  edifices  are 
occupied  for  public- school  purposes.     In  these  schools,  forty-six 


Metr  op  out  a  n  Board  of  He  a  l  th.  3  *j 

thousand  four  hundred  and  thirteen  children  were  enrolled  during 
the  year  1866,  the  average  attendance  being  forty-five  per  cent, 
of  this  number,  or  about  twenty-one  thousand,  being  an  average 
of  five  hundred  and  twenty-five  to  each  school. 

The  prominent  evils  in  the  schools  of  the  city  of  New  York  re- 
ported by  the  Sanitary  Inspectors  are  : 

1.  Overcrowding. — It  is  in  the  primary  departments  that  the 
class-rooms  are  over-crowded,  and  in  some  of  them  it  is  ascer- 
tained by  actual  measurement  that  only  twenty-two  cubic  feet  of  air 
space  is  allotted  to  each  pupil.  In  a  class-room  fourteen  feet  square 
by  twelve  feet  iu  height  were  found  one-  hundred  and  nine  chil- 
dren, and  the  Inspector  was  informed  that,  sometimes,  as  many  as 
one  hundred  and  twenty  were  crowded  into  it.  Were  not  the 
windows  occasionally  opened,  a  few  hours'  confinement  in  such 
apartments  would  produce  asphyxia  of  all  the  inmates.  In  the 
valuable  report  of  Assistant  Superintendent  N.  A.  Calkins,  em- 
bodied in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Education  for  1866^ 
it  is  stated  :  "  From  the  several  estimates  it  appears  that  fifty  per 
"cent,  of  the  children  in  the  primary  schools  are  placed]  in  less 
"  than  forty  per  cent,  of  the  entire  space  of  the  class-rooms.  The 
"school  laws  of  .England  require  at  least  eighty  cubic  feet  of  in- 
"  ternal  space  in  the  school-room  for  each  child  in  average  attend-- 
"  ance. 

2.  Insufficient  Ventilation. — Many  of  the  schools  in  this  city 
depend  almost  entirely  upon  the  windows  for  fresh  supplies  of 
air,  which  in  cold  weather  can  only  be  furnished  at  great  risk  to 
the  health  of  the  pupils.  In  respect  to  one  of  the  public  schools, 
a  Sanitary  Inspector  reports  :  "  Ventilation,  one  of  the  most  im- 
"  portant  elements  in  the  construction  of  all  public  buildings  where 
"  large  numbers  congregate,  has  been  entirely  overlooked.  No 
"  adequate  means  have  been  provided  for  thorough  or  systematic 
"admission  of  that  life-sustaining  principle  so  abundantly  com- 
"bined  in  atmospheric  air,  nor  for  removing  the  poisoned  atmos- 
"  pherc  generated  in  the  overcrowded  class-rooms.  The  only 
"  means  for  the  admission  of  pure  air,  or  exit  of  poisoned  air,  is 
"by  the  opening  of  doors  and  windows.  These,  during  much  of 
14  the  time,  especially  in  inclement  seasons,  must  be  kept  closed, 
"  thus  compelling  the  inmates  to  inhale  for  hours  a  poison,  the 
"effects  of  which  are  too  evident  in  the  blanched  cheeks,  dull 
"eyes,  and  complaints  of  headache,  evidences  of  blood-poisoning 
M  from  carbonic  acid  and  other  injurious  gases.     There  seems  to 


38  Annual  Report  of  the 

"  be  no  excuse  in  this  case,  as  the  whole  building  was  remodelled 
"  aud  enlarged  during  the  past  year.  Nor  is  this  neglect  the  re- 
"  suit  of  inexperience  or  insufficient  information,  for  the  Annual 
"  Report  of  the  Board  of  Education  for  1866  contains  a  report  by 
"  the  Assistant  Superintendent,  Mr.  S.  W.  Seton,  most  admirably 
"  written,  clearly  and  intelligently  showing  the  necessity  and  im- 
portance of  attention  to  this  subject.  He  remarks:  'Thesub- 
"  '  ject  of  ventilation  is  so  vitally  important,  not  only  to  the  healthy 
"  '  state  of  our  organic  structure,  but  also  to  give  force  and  effect 
"  '  to  mental  and  intellectual  action,  as  touching  the  whole  train- 
"  '  in£  of  man,  that  I  cannot  refrain  from  once  again  alluding  to 
"  'it  and  in  a  still  more  serious  manner.  The  destruction  of  the 
"  '  vitality  of  the  air  by  the  action  of  breathing,  exhausting  its 
"  '  oxygen  and  throwing  out  its  poisonous  carbonic  acid  gas,  is  not 
"'the  only  source  of  the  vitiation  and  corruption  of  the  atmos- 
11 '  phere  in  crowded  assemblies  ;  but  the  various  excretions  issuing 
"  '  through  the  pores  of  the  skin  largely  contribute  to  impoverish 
lii  and  vitiate  the  surrounding  atmosphere.'  If  anything  more  is 
"  necessary  to  convince  the  most  skeptical  upon  this  point,  a  per- 
"  sonal  visit  during  the  school  sessions  to  any  of  those  overcrowded 
"  class-rooms  would  afford  abundant  evidence." 

3.  Insufficient  Methods  of  Heating. — In  the  new  schools  and 
some  of  the  older  ones,  furnaces  are  in  use,  but  there  are  many 
heated  entirely  by  stoves.  The  rooms  heated  by  stoves  with  ever- 
varying  degrees  of  temperature,  at  times,  become  oppressively 
hot ;  the  close  proximity  of  the  children,  seated  upon  rows  of 
seats  slightly  elevated  one  above  the  other,  from  the  front  to  the 
rear  of  the  room,  causes  perspiration  ;  the  atmosphere  becoming 
offensive  and  oppressive,  the  windows  must  be  opened  ;  a  sudden 
draft  of  cold  air  rushes  in,  directly  Upon  their  heads  ;  the  conse- 
quence is,  suddenly-checked  perspiration,  colds  in  the  head,  and, 
perhaps,  pneumonia,  or  other  inflammatory  diseases.  The  scholars 
are  confined  in  these  class-rooms  nearly  five  hours  daily.  If  chil- 
dren suffer  and  become  cachectic  under  the  influence  of  badly- 
ventilated  tenement  houses,  where  they  have  free  egress  at  any 
time,  what  must  be  the  result  of  this  long  and  daily  confinement 
in  these  overcrowded,  badly-ventilated  and  improperly  heated 
class  rooms.  The  Board  of  Education  is  endeavoring  to  correct 
these  evils,  and  its  intelligent  officers  are  always  ready  to  co-ope- 
rate with  the  sanitary  officers  of  this  Board  in  measures  for  pre- 
serving the  lives  and  promoting  the  health  of  the  rising  generation. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  3$ 

The  vaccination  of  all  the  pupils  of  the  public  schools  is  of  vital 
importance.  From  the  reports  of  the  Sanitary  Inspectors  it  ap- 
pears that  four  per  cent,  of  the  children  examined  had  never  been 
vaccinated  or  that  the  evidences  of  perfect  vaccination  were 
unsatisfactory.  That  the  health  of  the  pupils  and  of  the  entire 
population  is  endangered  by  this  neglect  is  obvious,  and  no  effort 
will  be  spared  to  secure  a  complete  reform  in  this  particular.  It 
is  a  well-established  fact  that  contagious  or  infectious  diseases, 
such  as  measles,  scarlatina,  typhoid  fever,  varicella  and  even  vari. 
ola,  are  sometimes  transmitted  through  the  articles  of  clothing, 
which  are  hung  in  masses  in  the  closets  of  the  different  class-rooms; 
and  the  proper  isolation  and  ventilation  of  the  outer  clothing 
placed  in  these  closets  during  school  hours  is  worthy  of  the  con- 
sideration of  the  officers  of  the  public  schools  in  this  city. 

The  few  complaints  against  the  condition  of  the  public  schools 
in  the  city  of  Brooklyn  have  been  referred  to  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, and  have  received  prompt  attention.  The  overcrowded  con- 
dition of  many  of  the  schools  long  since  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  school  authorities,  and  although  many  class-rooms  have  been 
closed,  many  of  the  school  houses  re-arranged  and  additional 
buildings  hired  for  the  accommodation  of  the  children,  there  are 
several  buildings  in  use  which  are  entirely  unfit  for  school  pur- 
poses. It  has  frequently  been  impossible  to  secure  the  appropri- 
ate measures  for  the  improvements  required,  but  the  sum  of 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars  has  recently  been  secured  for  sewer 
connections  with  the  school  houses,  and  the  last  Legislature  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  the  Board  of  Education  four  hundred  thonsand 
dollars  for  additional  buildings.  In  the  schools  of  Brooklyn  no 
child  is  admitted  who  does  not  give  evidence  of  successful  vacci- 
nation. 

The  Gas  Nuisance. 

A  year  ago  the  offensive  odors  emitted  from  the  gas- houses  were 
intolerable,  and  were  the  cause  of  general  and  constant  complaint. 
The  efforts  made  by  the  Board  of  Health  to  remedy  this  evil  have 
resulted  in  diminishing  materially  tne  frequency  of  complaints. 
The  streets  are  not  so  often  filled  with  deleterious  gases,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  not  obliged  to  shut  their  windows  so  frequently  in 
order  to  be  able  to  breathe  in  comparative  comfort.  Yet  the  evil, 
in  a  mitigated  form,  continues,  and,  after  short  periods  of  rest, 
complaints  come  that  it  is  renewed.  The  fact  that  there  is  an 
interval  during  which  no  one  is  offended,  pioves  that  the  gas  com- 


40  Annual  Report  of  the 

parries,  by  taking  pains,  can  avoid  being  a  public  nuisance.  Great 
care  is  necessary  on  their  part  not  to  overcharge  the  purifiers^  and 
if  they  would  use  coals  less  loaded  with  sulphur,  the  probability 
is  that  there  would  be  no  difficulty.  The  Sanitary  Committee  has 
invited  the  citizens  generally  to  aid  in  ascertaining  which  particular- 
company  is  the  offender,  and  this  can  only  be  done  by  tracing  the 
odors,  whenever  perceived,  up  to  the  place  from  which  they  ema- 
nate. The  Board  has  directed  that  two  of  its  Inspectors  should 
have  this  business  in  charge.  It  may  seem  surprising  that  this 
should  be  necessary,  but  such  is  the  fact,  because  when  either  of 
the  gas  companies  is  complained  of,  it  denies  the  charge  and  insists 
that  the  neighboring  factory,  if  either,  is  the  offending  party. 
These  companies,  if  they  keep  a  proper  supervision  over  their 
employes,  must  know  whether  the  charges  made  against  them  are 
true,  and  it  is  to  their  discredit  that  they  do  not  obviate  all  just 
cause  of  complaint.  The  Manhattan  Gas  Company  has  endeavored 
to  render  its  works  inoffensive  by  absorbing  the  refuse  gases,  but 
the  New  York  Company,  although  complained  of,  has  only  made 
promises,  which  have  not  yet,  to  our  knowledge,  been  fulfilled. 
There  is  a  peculiar  difficulty  in  dealing  with  the  gas  companies. 
On  account  of  the  necessity  that  exists  of  having  our  houses  and 
streets  lighted,  we  cannot  entirely  close  their  establishments.  It 
might  be  supposed  that  the  respectable  men  who  have  the  man- 
agement of  these  companies  would  feel,  as  good  citizens,  that  it  is 
their  duty  to  respect  the  comfort  and  health  of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  city  by  seeking  efficient  means  to  decompose  or  absorb  the 
sulphurous  gases  which  are  still  a  nuisance.  They  have  failed  to 
do  so,  and  many  believe,  whether  justly  or  not,  we  do  not  under- 
take to  say,  that,  shielding  themselves  behind  the  necessity  the 
public  has  for  light,  they  are  indifferent  to  the  complaints  made 
against  them.  This  gas  nuisance  should  be  abated,  and  if,  in  our 
efforts  to  make  New  York  a  pleasant  and  healthful  city,  we  find 
that  gas  cannot  be  manufactured  without  being  a  nuisance,  or  if  it 
can  be,  that  the  companies  are  so  indifferent  to  the  general  health 
and  comfort  of  our  people,  that  they  permit  their  establishment 
to  be  a  continuing  nuisance,  then  there  will  be  only  one  effectual 
remedy  left,  and  that  is  the  removal,  by  act  of  the  Legislature,  of 
all  gas-houses  from  the  city  limits. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  4| 

Prostitution. 

This  Board  was  required  by  the  last  Legislature  to  communi- 
cate any  iuformation  it  possessed  on  this  grave  subject,  and  its 
opinion  "as  to  the  necessity  and  result  of  legislation  which  looked 
"  to  its  more  thorough  restriction  in  the  city  of  New  York."  The 
report  of  the  Sanitary  Committee  upon  this  subject  was  approved 
by  the  Board  and  transmitted  to  the  Legislature.  This  Report 
shows  that  venereal  diseases  are  extremely  common  ;  that  they  per- 
vade all  classes  of  the  community,  and  are  productive  of  various 
diseases  which  shorten  life  ;  that  the  innocent,  as  well  as  the 
guilty,  are  affected  by  them,  and  that  in  some  constitutions  the 
poison  can  never  be  eradicated.  It  states  that,  at  the  present 
time,  in  New  York  at  least  20,000  persons  are  affected  with  vene- 
real diseases ;  that  the  chief  originators  of  these  diseases  are  the 
prostitutes  ;  that  it  would  be  wise  to  extend  to  them  medical  care 
and  especial  supervision  ;  that  according  to  the  police  reports 
there  are  569  houses  of  prostitution  and  90  houses  of  assignation 
in  New  York,  and  that  the  whole  number  of  public  prostitutes  is 
2,574.  The  moral  view  of  the  subject  is  briefly  touched  upon, 
and  it  is  proposed  : 

1st.  That  all  hospitals  and  dispensaries  which  receive  pecuniary 
aid  from  the  State  shall  be  obliged  to  treat  venereal  diseases. 

2d.  That  all  keepers  of  houses  of  prostitution  and  assignation 
shall  be  registered. 

3d.  That  when  any  woman  gains  admission  she  shall  be  at  once 
reported  to  the  police. 

4th.  That  a  hospital  shall  be  established  for  prostitutes. 

5th.  That  the  houses  and  persons  of  all  prostitutes  shall  be  in- 
spected. 

The  object  of  these  suggestions  is  the  eradication  of  the  vene- 
real disease,  and  the  reasons  for  each  of  the  measures  proposed 
are  given  in  the  Report  of  the  Sanitary  Committee.  (See  Appen- 
dix F.) 

QUARANTINE. 

Although  it  is  specially  the  duty  and  province  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Quarantine  to  present  to  the  Legislature  a  summary  of 
the  results  which  have  followed  the  measures  which  they  have 
adopted  during  the  past  year  under  existing  laws,  and  to  suggest 
proper  remedies  for  all  deficiencies  in  the  practical  operation  of 
the    present   system   which    may   discover   themselves;  yet   this 


42  Annual  Report  of  the 

Board  cannot  forbear  an  allusion  to  a  single  point  which  touches 
its  own  operations  and  involves  profoundly  the  sanitary  interests 
of  the  Metropolitan  Sanitary  District.  The  two  Commissions 
have  co-operated  for  an  object  common  to  both,  and  have  not  been 
insensible  to  the  dangers  which  have  threatened,  and  that  seri- 
ously, the  health  and  commerce  of  this  District.  We  allude  to 
yellow  fever — for  the  number  of  vessels  arriving  Irom  infected 
ports  during  the  past  summer  and  autumn  has  exceeded  by  one- 
third  that  of  any  previous  year.  Unlike  cholera,  the  dangers  in 
this  infection  proceed  not  so  much  from  patients  suffering  from  it 
as  from  propagation  by  vessels  allowed  to  come  to  the  docks  of 
the  cities,  or  by  transportation  of  the  cargoes  to  the  shore.  Com- 
plete isolation  of  these  cargoes  is  essential,  and  the  sanitary 
authorities  can  never,  by  any  degree  of  vigilance,  afford  that  pro- 
tection against  imported  disease  which  quarantine  is  designed  to 
secure  until  warehouses  are  provided  where  merchandise  arriving 
in  infected  vessels  or  coming  from  infected  ports  may  be  stored. 
In  the  absence  of  such  provision,  during  the  past  summer,  this 
Board,  from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  permitted  the  landing  and 
storage,  at  the  Atlantic  and  Red  Hook  Docks,  of  all  cotton  from 
ports  at  which  yellow  fever  was  known  to  prevail,  and  from  ports 
known  to  be  infected,  some  of  which  cotton  subsequently  proved 
to  be  infected,  and  from  the  handling  of  which  a  laborer  con- 
tracted the  yellow  fever  and  died.  And  yet,  if  the  cotton  from 
infected  ports  which  has  been  stored  in  the  District  had  generated 
an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever,  the  Quarantine  and  Health  Com- 
missions would  have  been  held  unjustly  to  a  terrible  responsi- 
bility. While  ample  provision  has  been  made  for  our  protection 
against  small-pox,  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers,  and  by  the  legisla- 
tion of  the  past  two  winters  against  cholera,  in  grants  and  appro- 
priation for  lands  on  Coney  and  Barren  Islands,  and  for  the 
erection  of  a  hospital  at  West  Bank,  yet  we  would  urge  upon  the 
Legislature  the  enactment  of  such  laws  as  would  render  the  sys- 
tem of  quarantine  more  complete,  and  give  full  and  ample  pro- 
tection to  the  sanitary  and  commercial  interests  of  this  Metropol- 
itan District. 

Epidemic  Diseases. 
1.  Cholera. — Twenty-seven  deaths  from  cholera  have  occurred 
during  the  past  year  in  the  city  of  Xew  York,  five  in  the  city  of 
Brooklyn,  and  eighteen  at  the  military  post  in  the  harbor.     The 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  43 

disease  has  not  excited  public  alarm  and  never  approached  the 
character  of  a  general  epidemic.  The  means  used  to  combat  it 
were  the  same  as  those  employed  in  the  year  1866.  Wherever  a 
case  occurred,  the  Disinfecting  Corps  cleansed  the  buildings,  or 
fumigated  them  with  sulphur,  and  destroyed  the  clothing  if  it 
could  not  be  disinfected  by  boiling  water  or  by  the  permanganate 
of  potash.  The  experience  of  another  year  has  confirmed  the 
opinion  that  active  interference,  by  means  of  disinfectants,  is  the- 
surest  way  to  control  and  arrest  this  terrible  disease.  The  details 
in  respect  to  the  cases  of  death  by  cholera  may  be  found  in  the 
report  of  the  Registrar  of  Vital  Statistics  (Appendix  B.) 

2.   Yellow  Fever. — The  following  are  the  only  cases  of  death  by 
this   disease  which  are  known  to   have   occurred  in  the  cities  of 
New  York  and   Brooklyn.     On  the   17th  of  August,   a  laborer 
named  O'Neil,  residing  at  No.  146   Cherry  street,  died  of  yellow 
fever.     He  had  been  employed  in  unloading  sugar  from  the  ship 
"  Montreal,"  from  Havana.     He  slept  on  board  of  this  ship  on  the 
8th  and  9th;   was  attacked  on  the  morning  of  the  12th;  and  died 
on  the  evening  of  the  17th. — A  gentleman,   aged  63,  came  from 
California  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  died  of  yellow  fever  at 
one  of  the  hotels  in  the  Fifth  avenue. — A  laborer,   named   Mat- 
thew Howard,   was  employed  for  several   days  at  the  Atlantic 
Docks  in  unloading  and  storing  cotton.     From  the  Atlantic  Docks 
he  went  directly  on  board  of  a  vessel  from  the  West  Indies,  lying 
at  Old  Slip,  to  assist  in  discoarging  a  cargo  of  sugar,  and  imme- 
diately sickened,  but  walked  home  with  assistance.     This  was  on 
Saturday;  on   Sunday  he   vomited;  on  Wednesday  the  skin  was 
yellow;  on  Thursday  he  vomited  a   black   material  (blood),  from 
the  nose  and  mouth;  on   Friday  was  sent  to  BlackwelFs  Island 
Hospital,  and  on  Saturday  died.     The  autopsy  revealed  the  indi- 
cations of  yellow  fever,   and  the  body  was   buried  in   Potter's 
Field.     In  this  case  the  disease   was  evidently  contracted  while 
removing  cotton  at  the  Atlantic  Docks,  which  shows  that  some  of 
the  cotton  stored  there  must  have  been  infected.     One  death  from 
pellow  fever  is  reported  by  Deputy  Registrar   Stiles  to  have  oc- 
curred in  Bergen  street,  Brooklyn.     In  this  case  it  was  ascertained 
that  the  man  had  visited  the    Lower  Quarantine,   and,   without 
permission,  had  boarded  an  infected  vessel. 

On  the  7th  of  August,  an  Italian  vessel,  called  the  "  Chiara," 
arrived  from  the  Mediterranean,  loaded  with  oranges  and  other 
fruits.     After  the  cargo  wras  discharged  several  of  the  crew  sick- 


44  Annual  Report  of  the 

ened,  and  the  vessel  went  to  Newtown  creek,  where  the  three 
remaing  seamen  were  attacked.  The  disease  could  not  properly 
be  called  yellow  fever,  because  there  was  no  jaundice  or  fever; 
but  there  were  bleeding  gums  and  albuminous  urine,  which  showed 
a  disorganized  condition  of  the  blood. f  On  September  17th,  a 
workman  iu  a  glass-house,  situated  near  to  the  dock  where  this 
vessel  was  moored,  was  taken  with  symptoms  of  yellow  fever  and 
died,  and  on  the  seventh  day  four  others  were  attacked.  This 
disease  was  different  from  any  other  malady  that  prevailed  in  the 
District,  and  according  to  the  report  of  Dr.  Stiles,  the  Deputy 
Registrar  (Appendix  B),  the  symptoms  and  post-mortem  appear- 
ances resembled  yellow  fever. 

3.  Typhoid  Fever. — About  fifty  cases  occurred  at  the  Institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  in  the  following  order  :  Sept.  12,  1866, 
a  girl,  who  is  supposed  to  have  brought  the  disease  with  her  when 
admitted  to  the  Institution  ;  Oct.  2,  one  case;  Oct.  29,  one ;  Nov.  6, 
four ;  Nov.  8,  two  ;  Nov.  9,  twelve  ;  Nov.  10,  six  ;  Nov.  11,  three ; 
Nov.  12,  five ;  Nov.  13,  eight ;  Nov.  14,  one ;  Nov.  15,  five  cases. 
The  existence  of  this  fever  was  brought  informally  to  the  know- 
ledge of  this  Board  ;  the  physician  of  the  institution,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  report  it,  having  failed  to  do  so,  and  his  excuse  that  he 
wished  to  manage  the  disease  himself,  so  as  to  avoid  any  public 
excitement  against  the  Institution  and  its  officers,  was  indefensible, 
and,  as  the  result  proved,  unwise.  Inspector  Moreau  Morris  was 
directed  to  inspect  the  premises,  and  reported  that  the  wash-house 
w-as  in  a  filthy  condition  and  that  the  gronnd  underneath  the  floor 
was  saturated  with  the  water  used  in  washing  the  bed-clothing, 
which  was  often  very  much  soiled  by  the  evacuations  of  the  young 
pupils.  The  heating  apparatus  was  in  the  same  building  and  the 
effluvia  were  transmitted  through  the  flues  to  the  dormitories. 
The  water-closets  were  offensive  and  not  trapped,  and  were  im- 
properly washed  and  cleaned  by  means  of  the  rain-water  (of 
which  the  supply  was  insufficient),  conveyed  by  lead  pipes  from  a 
tank  near  the  roof.  The  water  in  the  tank  was  found  to  be  very 
offensive,  and  as  there  was  a  scanty  supply  of  drinking  water,  the 
children  had  used  the  water  from  this  tank  for  that  purpose.  The 
inmates  numbered  about  five  hundred,  and  of  these,  four  hundred 
and  twenty  were  pupils.  At  the  time  of  this  inspection  there  Avere 
forty-four  cases  of  fever.  The  Sanitary  Superintendent  and  Engi- 
neer were  directed  to  visit  the  Institution,  and  their  examination 
confirmed  all  the  statements  of  the  Inspector  in  respect  to  its  un- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  45 

healthy  and  neglected  condition.  This  Board  ordered  that  all  the 
pupils  should  be  removed  until  the  building  was  cleansed  and  dis- 
infected, and  placed  in  a  proper  sanitary  condition.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  Institution  promised  immediate  compliance  with  these 
orders,  and  that  none  of  the  children  should  return  until  the  Board 
was  satisfied  by  inspection  that  all  the  necessary  changes  and 
improvements  had  been  made.  These  facts  in  respect  to  the  sani- 
tary condition  of  this  Asylum  cannot  be  too  deeply  impressed 
upon  the  minds  of  all  who  have  charge  of  similar  institutions.  A 
fine  building,  an  elevated  and  airy  position,  and  large  rooms  will 
not  secure  the  health  of  the  inmates  if  the  drainage  is  neglected, 
the  soil-pipes  offensive,  and  the  drinking  water  scanty  or  impure. 
Watchfulness  in  these  particulars  is  a  duty  which  directors  aud 
managers  are  apt  to  neglect ;  they  should  always  anticipate  dan- 
ger where  large  numbers  are  gathered  together,  and  be  studiously 
attentive  to  the  removal  of  all  the  causes  of  uncleanness  which 
will  aggravate  disease  in  case  of  its  occurrence.  The  physician  of 
the  Institution  having  grossly  disobeyed  the  law,  was  prosecuted 
by  the  Board,  and  after  suit  brought,  paid  one  hundred  dollars  as 
a  penalty. 

4.  Typhus  Fever. — The  Reformatory,  an  institution  for  the 
reception  of  young  girls  found  guilty  of  petty  offences,  is  situated 
in  Eighty-sixth  street,  between  First  and  Second  avenues,  and  is 
in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Order  of  the  Holy  Angels.  On  the 
20th  of  Oct.,  one  of  the  inmates  was  seized  with  petechial  fever, 
and  during  the  next  six  days  there  were  ten  cases;  Oct.  27,  six 
cases;  Oct.  28,  eight  cases;  Oct.  31,  ten  cases.  The  disease  was 
supposed  to  be  introduced  by  the  visitors  who  freely  mingled  with 
the  inmates  on  reception  days.  The  precautions  taken  by  every 
one  connected  with  the  management,  to  render  this  institution 
salubrious,  are  worthy  of  commendation.  There  was  no  over- 
crowding, the  water-closets  and  drains  were  in  excellent  order, 
and  cleanliness  universally  prevailed.  No  effort  was  spared  to 
arrest  the  disease.  The  inmates  were  removed  to  a  farm  in  West- 
chester county,  the  straw  beds  were  burned,  the  ticks  repeatedly 
boiled,  and  the  rooms  cleaned  and  disinfected.  This  institution 
was  attended  by  the  same  physician  that  had  charge  of  the  Insti- 
tution for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  in  this  case,  also,  he  neglected 
to  report  to  the  Board  of  Health. 


46  Annual  Report  of  the 

Expenditures. 

Your  attention  is  respectfully  called  to  the  annual  report  of  the 
Treasurer  of  this  Board,  from  which  it  appears  that  the  total 
amount  expended  in  New  York  during  the  year  ending  November 
15,  1867,  for  Ordinary  Expenses  was  $88,739  26,  and  the  amount 
expended  in  Kings  county  during  the  same  period  was  $31,207.63. 
For  Extraordinary  Expenses  incurred  during  the  prevalence  of 
cholera  in  the  year  1866,  and  liquidated  and  paid  after  the  date 
of  the  last  Annual  Report,  including  disinfecting  services,  hospital 
expenses,  rent  of  hospitals,  fitting  up  and  furnishing  the  same,  and 
for  orders  executed  under,  and  by  direction  of  the  Board,  there 
has  been  paid,  in  the  counties  of  New  York  and  Kings,  the  sum  of 
$51,114.61. 

From  the  report  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  City  of  New  York 
for  the  year  1865,  it  appears  that  the  amount  expended  for  sani- 
tary purposes  during  that  year  was  as  follows  : 

City  Inspector's  Department,  contingencies $45,011  41 

City  Inspector's  Salaries 144,116  48 

Board  of  Health 6,425  27 

Commissioners  of  Health — Salaries 9,848  00 

$205,401  16 


During  the  years  1865  and  1867  no  extraordinary  epidemic  pre- 
vailed in  the  city  of  New  York;  yet  the  expenses  of  the  Health 
Department  under  the  City  authorities  were  $205,401.16,  in  1865, 
while  the  expenses  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  for  1867 
were  only  $88,739.26. 

Commissioner  John  G.  Bergen. 

During  the  past  year  this  Board  has  lost  one  of  its  members 
by  death,  John  G.  Bergen,  Esq.,  Police  Commissioner,  and  by 
virtue  of  that  office,  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Health.  His  death  occurred  on  the  18th  day  of  July,  1867,  and 
at  a  meeting  held  on  the  twentieth  of  that  month,  this  Board,  by 
a  series  of  resolutions,  expressed  its  appreciation  of  his  worth 
and  public  spirit  as  a  citizen,  his  fidelity  as  an  official,  and  his 
unassuming  modesty  as  a  man.  Fearless  and  faithful  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duty,  rigidly  and  wisely  economical  in  the  expendi- 
ture of  the  public  money,  possessing  a  well-balanced  mind  and 
discriminating  judgment,  and  a  long  experience  in  public  affairs, 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  47 

in  the  various  positioDs  to  which  he  had  been  elected  by  his  con- 
stituents, or  appointed  by  the  State  authorities,  Mr.  Bergen 
promptly  secured  and  permanently  retained  the  confidence, 
respect,  and  good  will  of  his  associates  in  this  Board. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

JACKSON  S.  SCHULTZ, 

President. 
Emmons  Clark, 

Secretary. 


REPORT  OF  TREASURER. 


To  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health : 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  enclosed  detailed  report  of  the 
Receipts  and  Disbursememts  of  the  Board  from  the  16th  day  of 
November,  1866,  to  the  15th  day  of  November,  1867,  in  com- 
pliance with  section  19  of  chapter  74,  Laws  of  1866. 

It  will  be  seen,  on  reference  to  the  report,  that  the  actual 
amount  of  money  used  by  the  Board,  for  its  ordinary  expenses 
for  the  year  ending  November  15,  1867,  is  as  follows  : 

General  Expenses : 

Salaries $37,150  39 

Contingent  expenses ~ 2,078  29 

Stationery  and  printing 11,097  30 

Advertising 2,050  65 

Law  expenses *  _ 3,332  00 

Furnishing  and  fitting  up.. 716  94 


Badges  and  emblems 20  00 


o 


$56,445  57 


Proportion  charged  to  city  and  county 

of  New  York $46,484  59 

Proportion  charged  to  Kings  county 9,960  98 

56,445  57 

Expenses — City  and  County  of  New  York : 

Salaries $42,454  67 

l    Proportion  of  general  expenses  (}f) 46,484  59 

88,739  26 

f  Assem.  No.  122.]  4 


50  Annual  Report  of  the 

Expenses — County  of  Kings : 

Salaries $20,375  66 

Contingent  expenses 870  99 

Proportion  of  general  expenses  (T3T) 9,960  98 


$31,207  63 


Total  amount  used  by  the  Board,  for 
ordinary  expenses,  in  New  York  and 
Kings  counties $119,946  89 


The  following  sums  were  paid  by  the  Board  for  disinfecting 
services,  hospital  expenses,  rent  of  hospitals,  fitting  up  and  fur- 
nishing same,  and  for  orders  executed  under  and  by. direction  of 
the  Board,  in  the  year  1866,  and  during  the  prevalence  of  cholera, 
viz  : 

General  extraordinary  expenses $3,691  71 

Extraordinary  expenses — N.  Y.  county. >     8,768  92 
"  "  Kings  county  .   11,084  67 

Special  expenses  in  New  York  Co.,  under 

chapter  837,  Laws  of  1866 27,569  31 


•1,114  61 


This  amount  has  been  used  by  the  Board,  under  sec- 
tion 14,  of  chapter  74,  Laws  of  1866,  for  the  exe- 
cution of  orders.  This  sum  will  ultimately  be 
returned,  as  the  several  amounts  paid  for  work 
done,  by  orders  of  the  Board,  are  now  by  law 
made  a  lien  upon  the  property 5,897  49 

In  1866  the  Legislature  gave  the  Board  the  sum  ot  $6,000  for 
the  purpose  of  cleaning  such  streets  as  were  not  included  in  the 
street-cleaning  contract.  Of  this  amount  the  sum  of  $3,068  has 
been  used  during  the  year,  leaving  sufficient  balance  to  pay  for 
that  service  during  the  year  1867.  In  1867  the  sum  of  $5,000 
was  also  appropriated  for  similar  service,  no  portion  of  which  sum 
has  been  expended. 

BENJAMIN  F.  MANIERRE, 

Treasurer. 

New  York,  November  30,  1867. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  51 

Receipts. 

Fund  for  New  York  County. 
1867. 
Aug.  26.  Amount  received  from  Comp- 
troller (on  account  appropria- 
tion for  18G7)  $40,000  00 

Nov.  19.  Amount  received  from  Comp- 
troller (balance  for  1867)...   34,876  47 


$74,876  47 


Fund  for  Kings  County. 
1867. 
Jan.      7.'  Amount  received    from    Kings 

Co.  Treasurer  (for  1866) $22,486  27 

Jan.      7.  Amount  received    from   Kings 

Co.  Treasurer  (for  1867) 25,123  53 


General  Expenses. 
1867. 
Jan.  30.  Received  from  Metropolitan  Board  of  Ex- 
cise for  services  of  clerks  in  Secretary's 
office,  from  organization  of  the  Board  to 
this  date,  as  per  statement  .    $4,400  00 
"     "     Received    from    Metropolitan 
Board  of  Excise  for  propor- 
tion of  bookkeeper's  salary 

for  1866... 800  00 

June  8.  Received  from  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Excise  for  services 
of  clerks  in  Secretary's  office 
for  March,  1867 345  45 


47,609  -80 


5,545  45 


Contingent  Expenses — Kings  County. 

Received  from  Long  Island  Bone  Labora- 
tory company,  for  sums  expended  by  the 
Board,  removing  offal  froin  Kings  county 
beach,  from  June  30,  1866,  to  Novem- 
ber 15,  1867 594  25 

Interest — New  York  County. 
1866. 
Dec.  31.  Received  from  National  Shoe  and  Leather 
bank  for  interest  on  balances,       $710  00 


52  Annual  Report  of  the 

1867. 
Oct.  31.  Received  from  National  Shoe 
and  Leather  bank  for  interest 
on  balances $1,205  00 


Interest — Kings  County. 
1866. 
Dec.  31.  Received  from  National  Shoe  and  Leather 
bank  for  interest  on  balances,       $310  00 
1867. 
Oct.  31.  Received  from  National  Shoe 
and  Leather  bank  for  inte- 
rest on  balances 715  90 


Total  amount  placed  in  the 
hands  of  committee  for 
extraordinary  expenses, 
per  resolution  of  the 
Board  in  1866,  $15,000  00 

Sums  expended, 
as  per  vouch- 
ers     14,745  41 


$1,915  00 


1,025  90 


Fund  for  Special   Expenses   in  New   York  (under 
chapter  837,  Laws  of  1866.) 
1867. 
Jan.  10.  Received  for  one  bay  horse,  sold 250  00 

Fund  for  Extraordinary  Expenses  in  Kings  County. 

1867. 
Jan.     7.  Received  from  Kings  County  Treasurer, 

am't  appropriated  for  1866. .  $65,000  00 
Mar.    5.  Received  from  Commissioners 
Crane  and  Bergen,  commit- 
tee, as  per  following  state- 
ment, viz.: 254  59 


65,254  59 


Balance...       $254  59 

Fund  to  be  expended  for  work  done  in  Kings  County 
under  orders  of  the  Board,  made  by  virtue  of  sec- 
Hon  14,  chapter  74,  Laws  of  1866,  to  be  paid  by, 
or  recovered  bach  from,  any  person  or  corporation. 

1867. 
Jan.    7.  Received  fiom  Kings  County  Treasurer.-        15,000  00 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  53 

Fund  to  be  expended  for  work  done  in  New  York 
County,  under  orders  of  the  Board,  made  by  virtue 
of  section  14,  of  chapter  74,  Laics  of  1866,  to  be 
paid  by,  or  recovered  back  from,  any  person  or 
corporation. 

1867. 
Nov.  15.  Amount  returned  to  E.  B.  Dalton,  Sanitary 

•Superintendent $500  00 

Fund  for  cleaning  streets  in  Neio   York  City,  under 
chap.  876,  Laws  of  1866. 
1867. 
Oct.    3.  Amount  received  from  Comptroller,  as  per 

tax  levy  of  1867 5,000  00 

Fines  and  Penalties — New  York  County. 
1867. 
Mar.    5.  Received  from  Dr.  L.  A.  Ro- 

denstein,  for  violations  ....       $100  00 
Received  from  Court  of  Ses- 
sions,  for  fine  imposed   on 
Peter  Turner  for  violation, 
January  31st 10  00 


Fines  and  Penalties — Kings  County. 
1867. 
June    8.  Received  from  Justice  Buckley, 

for  violations 214  40 

July    9.  Received  form  Justice  Dailey, 

for  violations 23  00 

July  10.  Received  from  Justice  Buckley, 

for  violations 230  00 

Sept.  28.  Received  from  Justice  Buckley, 

for  violations  ._ 101  00 


110  00 


568  00 


1867.                            Town  of  Flushing. 
Jan.     3.  Amount  received  from  supervisor 244  50 

1867.  Temporary  Loan  Account. 

Jan.  12.  Amount  advanced  by  National  Shoe  and 
Leather  bank  for  contingent  expenses  in 
the  town  of  Newtown $84  50 

Oct.     2.  Amount  advanced  by  National 
Shoe  and  Leather  bank  for 


54  '  Axxtal  Report  of  the 

contingent  expenses  in  the 

town  of  Newtown $30  89 

Oct.  3.  Amount  advanced  by  National 
Shoe  and  Leather  bank  for 
contingent  expenses  in  town 

Eve 8  25 

|123  64 

Total  receipts $218,617  60 


Recapitulation. 

Fund  for  New  York  county $74,876  47 

Kings  county 47,609  80 

General  expenses 5,545  45 

Contingent  expenses — Kings  county 594  25 

Interest — New  York  county 1,915  00 

Kings  county 1,025  90 

Fund  for  special   expenses  in  New  York 

county  250  00 

Fund  for  extraordinary  expenses  in  Kings 

county 65,254  59 

Fund  for  expenses  under  section  14  of  chap- 
ter 74,  Laws  of  1866,  for  Kings  county,  15,000  00 

Fund  for  expenses  under  section  12  of  chap- 
ter 74,  Laws  of  1866,  for  New  York  co.,  500  00 

Fund  for  cleaning  streets  in  New  York  city, 

under  chapter  876,  Laws  of  1866 5,000  00 

Fines  and  penalties — New  York  county..  110  00 

do                  Kings  county 568  00 

Town  of  Flushing 244  50 

Temporary  loan  account 123  64 

$218,617  60 


Disbursements, 
general  expenses. 

Salaries. 
Treasurer : 
Benjamin    F.    Manierre.    salary  from   September  1, 

1866,  to  October  1,  1867,  at  $500 $541  6Q 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.      ■  55 

Health  Officer : 
John  Swinburne,  salary  from  September  1, 

1866,  to  October  1,  1867,  at  $500 $541  QQ 

Less  deductions  for  absence  at  meetings —       20  00         $521  6Q 

Secretary : 
Emmons  Clark,   salary  from  November  1,   1866,  to 

November  1,  1867 3,000  00 

Counsel  : 

D.  B.  Eaton,  salary  from  December  1,  1866r  to  Octo- 
ber 1,  1867,  at  $5,000 4,166  66 

Attorney  : 
George  Bliss,  jr.,  salary  from  November  21,  1866,  to 

November  1,  1867,  at  $3,000 2,833  33 

Sanitary  Superintendent  : 

E.  B.  Dalton,  salary  from  November  1,  1866,  to  May 

24,   1867,  at  $4,000 2,258  05 

E.  B.  Dalton,  salary  from  May  25,  1867,  to  Novem- 
ber 1,  1867,  $5,000  2,177  40 

Engineer  : 
W.  E.  Worthen,  salary  from  November   1,  1866,  to 

November  30,  1866,  at  $4,000 333  33 

"W.  E.  Worthen,  salary  from  January  1,    1867,   to 

November  1,  1867,  at  $4,000 3,333  33 

Corresponding  Secretary  : 
Elisha  Harris,  salary  from  November  1,  1866,  to  May 

1,  1867,  at  $500.". _ 249  99 

Elisha  Harris,  salary  from  May  1,  1867,  to  November 

1,  1867,  at  $1,000 499  9$ 

Chief  Clerk  : 
Norman  A.  Beach,  salary  from  May  1  to  November  1, 

1867,  at  $2,400 ..." 1,200  00 

Treasurer's  Bookkeeper : 
John  Norton,  salary  from  November  1,  1866,  to  May 

1,  1867,  at  $1,800 $600  00 

John  Norton,  salary  from  May  1,  1867,  to  November 

1,  1867,  at  $2,400 1,200  00 

Clerks  in  Secretary's  Office  : 
Pay  roll  for  November,  1866   600  00 


56  Annual  Report  of  the 

Pay  roll  for  December,  1866 

do         January,  1867 

do         February,  1867 .. 

do         March,  1867 

do         April,  1867 

do         May,  1867 

do         June,  1867 

do         July,  1867 

do         August,  1867 

do         September,  1867 

do         October,  1867 

Clerks  in  Sanitary  Superintendent's  Office: 

Pay  roll  for  November,  1866 .. 

do         December,  1866 

do         January,  1867 _. 

do         February,  1867 _ 

do         March,  1867 

do         April,  1868 

do         May,  1867 

do         June,  1867 

do         July,  1867 

do         August,  1867 

do         September,  1867 

do         October,  1867 

Janitor  and  Messenger: 

Pay  roll  for  November,  1866 _ 

do         December,  1866 ._ 

do         January,  1867 .. 

do         February,  1867 _. 

do         March,  1867 

do         April,  1867 

do         May,  1867 

do         June,  1867 

do         July,  1867 

do         August,  1867 

do         September,  1867 

do         October,  1867 


$600  00 

983 

33 

983 

33 

983 

34 

633 

33 

625 

00 

708 

33 

708 

34 

708 

33 

708 

33 

783 

34 

175 

00 

175 

00 

175 

00 

175 

00 

175 

00 

275 

00 

400 

00 

400 

00 

400 

00 

400 

00 

400 

00 

400 

00 

100 

00 

100 

00 

100 

00 

100 

00 

100 

00 

100 

00 

126 

6Q 

126 

67 

126 

66 

126 

67 

126 

67 

126 

es 

$37,150  39 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  57 

Contingent  Expenses. 


1866. 

Nov.     30.  S.  Livingston 

30.  Baker,  Voorhies  &  Co 
30.  New  York  Post-offlce. 
30.  Maria  Lyon 

30.  Mary  Connelly 

Dec.      10.  John  Bowne 

10.  C.  Golderman,  Jr 

10.  S.Livingston 

10.  Ml  ria  Lyon 

10.  Mary  Connelly 

1867. 

Jan.        5.  C.  Golderman,  Jr 

5.  John  Bowne 

5.  P.  Nichols  &  Co 

11.  W.  E.  Worthen 

11.  H.H.Casey 

11.  John  Brady 

25.  Horace  Strang 

25.  New  York  Post-office  . 

31.  Maria  Lyon 

3 1.  Mary  Connelly 

31.  C.  Golderman,  Jr  ._.  . 

31.  M.  Mackin 

31.  H.  H.  Casey 

Feb.     28.  Maria  Lyon 

28.  Mary  Connelly 

March    2.  C.  Golderman,  Jr 

2.  Benjamin  Pike's  Son  . 

15.  John  Brady 

15.  M.  Mackin 

15.  Wm.  Wood&  Co.... 

30.  Maria  Lyon 

30.  Mary  Connelly 

30.  H.  H.  Casey 

April      5.  M.  Mackin 

5.  C.  Golderman,  Jr 

30.  Maria  Lyon 

30.  Mary  Connelly 


$9  04 

25 

00 

50 

00 

34 

50 

14 

00 

20 

09 

31 

82 

9 

04 

34 

75 

14 

00 

23 

60 

18 

67 

11 

30 

23 

36 

10 

35 

11 

18 

6 

75 

50 

00 

34 

75 

14 

00 

19 

53 

10 

16 

11 

49 

34 

00 

14 

00 

26 

32 

5 

50 

9 

28 

5 

52 

5 

50 

34 

75 

14 

00 

2 

00 

6 

01 

26 

12 

34 

50 

14 

00 

58  Annual  Report  of  the 

May       4.  John  Brady $1122 

13.  New  York  Post-office 50  00 

13.  John  Norton 350  00 

17.  C.  Golclerman,  Jr    39  08 

17.  M.  Mackin 5  88 

17.  John  Bowne 13  10 

31.  Maria  Lyon 35  00 

31.  Mary  Connelly 14  00 

June       3.H.H.Casey 10  75 

4.  Emmons  Clark 29  05 

6.  P.  Nichols  &  Co ..;...  10  86 

6.  C.  Golderman,  Jr 24  99 

6.  D.  B.  Eaton 12149 

15.  M.  Mackin 6  00 

15.  John  F.  Trow 20  0q 

15.  Thomas  Clark 7  00 

29.  C.  Golderman,  Jr 20  87 

29.  MariaLyon 35  00 

29.  Mary  Connelly 14  00 

July     10.  M.  Mackin .._.. 5  88 

12.  Bailliere  Bros 11  80 

12.  Adolf  Plaettner __..  15   11 

12.  John  Brady 13  12 

31.  MariaLyon..   35  00 

31.  Mary  Connelly ; 14  00 

Aug.       2.  John  Bowne  ._-,., _ 7  62 

3.  P.  Nichols  &  Co 10  03 

7.  M.  Mackin _ 6  00 

28.  a  Golderman,  Jr 34  80 

31.  Maseia  Lyon _ 35  00 

31.  Mary  Connelly 14  00 

Sept.      4.  M.Mackin 6  00 

11.  New  York  Post-office 50  00 

20.  Dixon,  Clarks  &  Hallett 9  06 

20.  John  Brady _ 17  46 

20.  H.  H.  Casey 10  45 

20.  C.  Golderman,  Jr 22  00 

20.  Maria  Lyon „ 35  00 

20.  Mary  Connelly 14  00 

Oct.        2.  M.  Mackin .... 6  00 

7.  P.Nichols  &Co 9  97 


3fETT?oroLTTAX  Board  of  Health.  59 


$30 

13 

35 

00 

14 

00 

15 

54 

50 

00 

5 

75 

$2,078 

20 

Oct.      24.  Keyscr  &  Co , 

31.  Maria  Lyon 

31.  Mary  Connelly 

Nov.       7.  John  Brady 

8.  New  York  Post-office. 

9.  H.  H.  Casey 


Staiionery  and  Printing. 
1867. 

Jan.      25.  Francis  &  Loutrel $969  95 

25.  Bergen  &  Tripp 1,105  90 

25.  J.  W.  Ammerman 62  00 

Feb.      23.  C.  S.  Wesrcott  &  Co .  1.788  87 

March     2.  EnJicott  &  Co 216  68 

2.  Bergen  &  Tripp 139  09 

15.  W.  C.  Rogers  &  Co 1,078  25 

15.  Francis  &  Loutrel 313  00 

30.  C.  S.  YTestcott  &  Co 112  95 

April      5.  W.  C.  Rogers  &  Co 988  85 

May       4.  W.  C.  Rogers  &  Co 346  00 

4.  Bergen  &  Tripp 110  00 

17.  Francis  &  Loutrel 234  98 

June       3.  J.  W.  Ammerman 121  70 

3.  D.  Appletou  &  Co ...  64  00 

6.  TV.  C.  Rogers  &  Co 138  50 

6.  Sanclforcl,  Harroun  &  Co , 15   75 

6.  D.  Appleton  &  Co 24  50 

6.  Francis  &  Loutrel 141  25 

29.  W.  C.  Rogers  &  Co 160  03 

July     10.  W.  C.  Rogers  &  Co 202  00 

10.  Francis  &  Loutrel 105  75 

23.  Francis  &  Loutrel 103  00 

26.  Bergen  &  Tripp 923  70 

Aug.       2.  C.  S.  Westcott  k  Co 36175 

6.  Sanford,  Harroun  &  Co 134  00 

6.  M.  B.  Brown  &  Co 23  50 

8.  M.  B.  Brown  &  Co 23  76 

Sept.    20.  W.  C.  Rogers  &  Co 532  57 

20.  Sanford,  Harroun  &  Co 175  00 

20.  Francis  &  Loutrel 58  20 


$71 

35 

142 

87 

14 

00 

15 

00 

22 

50 

46 

60 

9 

50 

$11,097 

30 

6  0  Annual  Report  of  the 

Oct.        3.  R.  M.  Whiting,  Jr. ... 

31.  W.  C.  Kogers  &  Co 

Nov.       7.  R.  M.  Whiting,  Jr 

9.  Francis  &  Loutrel 

9.  Sanford,  Harroun  &  Co 

15.  E.  M.  Whiting,  Jr ...... 

15.  Francis  <fc  Loutrel .. 


Advertising. 
1866. 

Dec.      21.  New  York  Democrat $5  25 

1867. 

Jan.        5.  New  York  Tribune 5  40 

11.  New  York  Staats  Zeitung 2  50 

March  30.  New  York  Herald 12  00 

May      17.  Commercial  Advertiser  Association .  12  00 

June       3.  W.  C.  Bryant  &  Co 9  90 

6.  W.  C.  Bryant  &  Co 17  10 

29.  Commercial  Advertiser  Association 36  00 

July     13.  Brooklyn  Daily  Union 23  40 

Aug.       2.  W.  C.  Bryant  &  Co 13  50 

3.  Tribune  Association 88  60 

28.  Brooklyn  Daily  Union „  . .  325  00 

28.  W.  C.  Bryant  &  Co 750  00 

28.  New  York  Times ...  750  00 


62,050  65 


Law  Expenses. 
1867. 

May      17.  D.  B.  Mellish $332  00 

17.  Charles  Tracy 3,000  00 


$3,232  00 


Furnishing  and  Fitting  up. 
1866. 
Dec.       8.  Keyser&Co $6163 

1867. 

Jan.      31.  W.  &  J.  Sloane 20  50 

March    2.  W.  &  J.  Sloane 1189 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  g| 


March  15.  G.  W.  Sneden  &  Campbell 

15.  Valentine  &  Butler 

15.  Kcyser  &  Co .  _ .. 

May     24.  H.  H.  Casey 

Aug.     31.  Robt.  Paton 

Nov.       9.  Louis  Carpenter 


Badges  and  Emblems. 
1867. 
July     13.  A.  Demarest $20  00 


$26  50 

7 

50 

10 

50 

17 

70 

317 

00 

243 

72 

$716 

94 

New  York  County. 
/Salaries. 

Commissioners: 

Jackson  S.  Schultz,  salary  from  September  1,  1866, 

to  October  1,  1867,  at  $2,500 $2,708  33 

John  O.  Stone,  salary  from  September  1,  1866,  to  Oc- 
tober 1,  1867,  at  $2,500 2,708  33 

Willard  Parker,  salary  from  September 

1,  1866,  to  October  1,  1867,  at  $2,500.   $2,708  33 

Less  deductions  for  absence  at  meeting..  10  00 

■        2,698  33 

Thomas  C.  Acton,  salary  from  September  1,  1866,  to 

October  1,  1867,  at  $500 541  66 

Joseph  S.  Bosworth,  salary  from  September  1,  1866, 

to  October  1,  1867,  at  $500 541  6Q 

Benjamin    F.    Manierre,  salary   from    September  1, 

1866,  to  October  1,   1867,  at  $500 541  67 

Sanitary  Inspectors: 

Salaries  of  eight  inspectors  for  November,  1866 800  00 

Salaries  of  nine  inspectors  for  December,  1866 900  00 

Services  of  one  inspector  four  days   in  December, 

1866 13  33 

Salary  often  inspectors  for  January,  1867 1,000  00 

do             do              February,  1867 1,000  00 

do             do              March,  1867 1,000  00 

do             do              April,  1867 1,000  00 

Salaries  of  ten  inspectors  from  May  1,  to  May  24th, 

inclusive 774  20 


52  Annual  Report  op  the 

Salaries  of  nine  inspectors   from  May  25  to  May  31, 

inclusive  at  $1,800 $304  83 

Salary  of  Inspector  Paine  from  May  25   to  May  31, 

inclusive,  at  $2,400 .... 45  16 

Salaries  of  nine  inspectors  for  June,  1867 1,350  00 

Salary  of  Inspector  Paine  for  June,  1867 200  00 

Salary  of  nine  inspectors  for  July,  1867 1,350  00 

Salary  of  Inspector  Paine  for  July,  1867 200  00 

Salaries  of  nine  inspectors  for  August,  1867 1,350  00 

Salary  of  Inspector  Paine  for  August,  1867 200  00 

Salaries  of  nine  inspectors  for  September,  1867 1,350  00 

Salary  of  Inspector  Paine  for  September,  1867    200  00 

Salaries  of  nine  inspectors  for  October.  1867 1,350  00 

Salary  of  Inspector  Paine  for  October,  1867 200  00 

Assistant  Inspectors: 

Salaries  of  Drs.  Jackson  and  Ketchum  for  June,  1867  113  33 

Salaries  of  Drs.  Jackson  and  Ketchum  for  July,  1867  200  00 
Salaries   of  Drs.  Jackson  and  Ketchum  for  August, 

1867 ; ,___  200  00 

Salary  of  Dr.  Jackson  for  September,  1867 100  00 

Salary  of  Dr.  Jackson  for  October,  1867 100  00 

Registrar  of  Vital  Statistics: 
Elisha  Harris,  salary  from  November  1,  1866,  to  May 

1,  1867,  at  $2,500 1,250  00 

Eiisha  Harris,  salary  from  May  1, 1867,  to  November 

1,  1867,  at  $3,500 ...... 1,750  00 

Clerks  to  Registrar  of  Vital  Statistics: 

Pay  roll  for  November,  1866.. 600  00 

do        December,  1866 600  00 

do        January,  1867  . 973  33 

do        February,  1867  ...,  693  33 

do        March,  1867 693  33 

do        April,  1867.. 693  33 

do        May,  1867 1,63083 

do        June,  1867 1,083  33 

do"     July,  1867 1,083  32 

do        August,  1867 1,083  34 

do        September,  1867 1,083  34 

do        October,  1867 1,096  34 


Metropolitan  Bo aed  of  Health.  63 

Complaint  Clerk: 
George  B.  Bosworth,  salary  from  November  1,  1866, 

to  October  10,  1867,  at  $1,800 $1,700  00 

Clerk  in  Sanitary  Police  Office: 
Bowen  G.  Lord,  Jr.,  salary  from  November  1,  1867, 

to  November  1,  1867 1,200  00 

$42,254  67 


Kings  County. 
Salaries. 

Commissioners: 
James  Crane,    salary   from  September   1,    1866,   to 

October  1,  1867,  at  $2,500 -.- $2,708  33 

Jolin  G.  Bergen,  salary  from  September  1, 

1866,  to  July  18,  1867,  at  $500 $441  66 

Less  deductions  for  absence  at  meetings-.        16  00 

425  6Q 

Assistant  Sanitary  Superindent:  p 
J.  T.  Conkling,  salary  from  November  1,  1866,  t~> 

May  24,  1867,  at  $3,000 -1,693  55 

J.  T.  Conkling,  salary  from  May  25,  1867,  to  Novem- 
ber 1,  1867,  at  $3,500 1,524  19 

Sanitary  Inspectors: 

Salaries  of  six  inspectors,  for  November,  1866 $600  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  December,  1866. 500  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  January,  1867 500  00 

Salaries  of  four  inspectors,  for  February,  1867 .  400  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  March,  1867 436  6Q 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  April,  1867 500  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  from  May  1  to  May  24, 

1867 - 387  10 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  from  May  25  to  May  31, 

1867,  at$l,800 ---  169  35 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  June,  1867 750  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  July,  1867 750  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  August,   1867 750  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  September,  1867 750  00 

Salaries  of  five  inspectors,  for  October,  1867 750  00 

Assistant  Inspectors: 

A.  C.  Hallam,  services  for  seven  days  in  June,  1866.  23  33 


64  Annual  Report  of  the 

J.  L.  H.  Elmendorf,  services  for  ten  days  in  June, 

1866 - $33  33 

A.  C.  Hallam,  services  from  July  1,  1867,  to  Novem- 
ber 1,  1867 400  00 

J.  L.  H.  Elmendorf,  services  from  July  1,  1867,  to 

November  1,  1867 400  00 

Deputy  Registrar  of  Vital  Statistics: 
R.  Cresson  Stiles,  salary  from  November  1,  1866,  to 

May  1,  1867,  at  $1,800 900  00 

R.  Cresson  Stiles,  salary  from  May  1  to  November  1, 

1867,  at  $2,400 1,200  00 

Clerks  to  Assistant  Sanitary  Superintendent: 

Pay  roll  for  November,  1866 258  33 

do           December,  1866 258  33 

do           January,  1867 258  33 

do            February,  1867 258  33 

do            March,  1867 258  34 

do            April,  1867 258  33 

do            May,  1867 350  00 

do           June,  1867 350  00 

do      ■      July,  1867 402  06 

do            August,  1867 433  33 

do            September,  1867 388  78 

do            October,  1867 350  00 


Contingent  Expenses. 
1867. 

Feb.      23.  T.  K.  Horton  &  Co 

March  30.  John  McMahon 

May      17.  J.  T.  Conkling 

24.  John  Irving 

June     29.  J.  T.  Conkling 

29.  Francis  Swift 

July      10.  JohnT.  Van  Pelt 

10.  R.  M.  Whiting,  Jr 

10.  Horace  Strang 

15.  JohnT.  Van  Pelt 

22.  Francis  Swift 

27.  JohnT.  Van  Pelt 


$20,375 

m 

$2  00 

12 

00 

10 

00 

3 

50 

6 

00 

70 

00 

18 

75 

6 

50 

12 

00 

9 

00 

15 

00 

11 

00 

July 
Au°\ 

31. 

3. 

14. 

14. 
21. 
28. 
28. 

4. 
14. 
20. 
20. 
21. 
30. 

1. 

1. 

2. 
10. 
1G. 
22. 
23. 
26. 

1. 

1. 

7. 
15. 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 
J.  T.  Conklino- 

65 

$6  00 

John  T.  Van  Pelt 

13  00 

88  00 

John  T.  Van  Pelt 

12  00 

John  T.  Van  Pelt 

13  00 

J.  K.  Smith  <fc  Son  ..        .«_._, 

114  50 

J.  T.  Conklino 

13  00 

Sept. 

JohnT.  Van  Pelt 

JohnT.  Van  Pelt 

John  B.  Holland 

John  T.  Van  Pelt 

17  75 
12  75 

26  00 
9  00 

Oct. 

F.  Wardell 

John  G.  Cozine 

J.  S.  Stryker ._..  ... 

27  00 

27  00 

6  24 

John  T.  Van  Pelt 

Horace  S:ran£ _ m.ma 

16  00 
9  00 

J.  T.  Conkling 

10  00 

JohnT.  Van  Pelt 

John  B.  Holland 

John  G.  Cozine ._ 

16  00 
55  00 
50  00 

Nov. 

JohnT.  Van  Pelt 

John  B.  Holland 

John  G.  Cozine - 

18  00 
23  00 
25  00 

F.  Wardell 

JohnT.  Van  Pelt 

76  00 
12  00 

$870  99 

EXTRAORDINARY   EXPENSES — GENERAL. 

Miscellaneous  Expenses. 
1866. 

Nov.     17.  Isaac  \V.  Haff,  taking  affidavits. 

30.  Francis  &,  Loutrel,  printing  Special  Or- 
ders  

30.  Sanlbrd,  Harroun  &  Co.,  printing  Special- 
Orders 

30.  Bergen  &  Tripp,  printing  Special  Orders, 

30.  Richard  Hunt,  supplies  for  police  at  Se- 
guin's  Point , .._ 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  5 


$32 
548 

00 
64 

25 

40 

129 

00 

17  50 


Q  Q  Annual  Export  of  the 

Nov.     30.  J.  W.  Amerman,  law  printing 

Dec.       8.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  Special  Order. 

10.  New  York  Times,  advertising 

10.  Brooklyn  Daily  Union,  advertising 

21.  Bergen  &  Tripp,  law  printing 

31.  S.  C.  Hawley,  taking  testimony  ._  „. ._. 


1866. 
Nov.     30.  D.  B.  Eaton. 
30.  D.  B  Mellish. 


Law  Expenses. 


Special  Clerk  Hire. 
1866. 

Nov.     30.  Pay  roll  for  November,  1866  .. 

30.  Pay  roll  for  December,  1866  ._ 


$244  30 

23 

16 

4 

40 

25 

80 

316 

39 

416 

66 

$1,783  25 

$1,170 

12 

192 

50 

1,362 

62 

$383 

34 

162 

50 

$545 

84 

Extraordinary  Expenses — New  York  County. 

Miscellaneous  Expenses.. 
1866. 
Nov.     16.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  special  orders  in 

time  of  cholera $1,095  84 

30.  James  Ingram  &  Son,  executing  special 

orders  in  time  of  cholera „ 168  53 

Dec.      10.  Horatio  Paine,  medicines,  etc ...  10  87 

10.  E.  B.  Dalton,  removing  horse 1  50 

10.  Wilson  &  Shields,  horse  hire 35  00 

22.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  special  orders  in 

time  of  cholera 958  50 

29.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  special  orders  in 

time  of  cholera  .--...„ 4,700  00 

$6,970  24 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  Q7 

Hospital  Expenses. 
1866. 
Nov.     30.  Edmund  Bloomer,  attendant 

30.  John  Gannon,  attendant 

30.  Thomas  Butcher,  attendant 

30.  Edmund  Bloomer,  attendant 

30.  Croton  Aqueduct  Department,  water  for 

Hospitals  ._ 

30.  Dixon,  Clarks  &  Hallett,  medicines 

30.  James  A.  Christie,  sundries 

Dec.      10.  Edmund  Bloomer,  attendant '.. 

10.  W.  H.  Miles,  horse  hire...    

10.  M.  Buckman  &  Co.,  coal 

21.  New  York  Gas-Light  Co.,  gas  for  Hospitals, 


D  isinfectlng  Exp enses. 
1866. 

Nov.     30.  Pay  roll  of  laborers 

30.  M.  C.  Rich,  lime 

30.  Conway  &  McFarland,  sundries 

30.  Mechanics'  Mutual  Building  Material  As- 

sociation,  lime 

30.  Ezekiel  Palmer,  sundries 


Special  Clerk  Hire. 
1866. 
Nov.     30.  Payroll  for  November,  1866  .. 
30.  Pay  roll  for  December,  1866  .. 


$60  00 

22 

50 

33 

70 

4 

45 

268 

40 

1 

35 

64 

00 

10 

00 

4 

00 

31 

50 

135 

80 

$635 

70 

$220  00 

1 

00 

12 

00 

9 

48 

28 

50 

$270 

98 

$160 

00 

532 

00 

$692  00 

Assistant  Inspectors. 
1866. 
Nov.     30.  Pay  roll  for  November,  1866 $200  00 


Extraordinary  Expenses — Etxgs  County. 

Miscellaneous  Expenses. 
1866. 
Nov. .   30.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  orders  in  time  of 

cholera $383  81 


gg  Annual  Refort  of  the 

Dec.      15.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  orders  in  time  of 

cholera $998  50 

18.  Edward  Freel,  executing  orders  in  time 

of  cholera...... 2,932  03 

21.  W.  H.  McMannus,  clerical  services  .....  110  00 

31.  G.  F.  Lewis,  clerical  services 150  00 

1867. 
April    30.  Keyser  &  Co.,  work  done  in  1866,  execut- 
ing orders  in  time  of  cholera 661  83 

$5,236  17 

Hospital  Expenses. 
1866. 

Nov.     22.  J.  E.  Smith  &  Son,  undertakers'  bill $134  50 

1867. 
May        1.  Samuel  E.  St.  John,  John  B.  Stratton,  and 
Jarvis   Johnson,  rent   of   Hospital   in 
1866  ._.. 5,000  00 

$5,134  50 

Street  Gleaning. 
1866. 
Dec.      10.  James  Gaffney,  work  on  streets  in  time  of 

cholera $192  00 

10.  Chas.  O'Rorke,  work  on  streets  in  time  of 

cholera 222  00 

21.  Thomas  Clyne,  work  on  streets  in  time  of 

cholera .  .. 300  00 

$714  00 

Special  Expenses  in  New  York  County. 

(See  Chapter  837,  Laws  of  1866.) 
1866. 
Dec.      31.  Salaries  of  employes  in  Disinfectant  De- 
partment, for  this  month $220"  00 

31.  Salaries  of  special  clerks,  for  this  month, 

as  per  pay  roll » 543  33 

1867. 
Jan.      4.  James  Eldrige,  coach  hire 4  00 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  q§ 

Jan.        5.  James  A.  Christie,  disinfecting  expenses  .  $5  54 

5.  E.P.Clark,  sundries 5  95 

11.  John  F.  Trow  &  Co.,  street  directories..  10  00 

11.  Seaieh  <fe  Hulse,  horse-keeping 35  00 

11.  Wilson  &  Shields,  horse-keeping 35  00 

31.  Pay  roll  of  employes  in   Disfectant  De- 
partment, for  this  month _„  380  00 

31.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  special  orders, 

in  1866,  in  time  of  cholera 772  85 

Feb.     23.  James  A.  Smith,  disinfecting  expenses 4  71 

23.  E.  G.  Janeway,  medical  services 150  00 

23.  Wilson  &  Shields,  horse-keeping 35  00 

28.  Pay  roll  of  employes  in  Disinfectant  De- 

partment   320  00 

March    2.  John  Conway,  horse-shoeing 11  25 

2.  Wilson  &  Shields,  horse-keeping 35  00 

2.  James  A.  Christie,  disinfecting  expenses.  5  95 

30.  Pay  roll,  Disinfectant  Department.. 320  00 

April      5.  Wilson  &  Shields,  horse-keeping 27  00 

5.  Betts,  Nichols  <fc  Co.,  sundries 5  50 

5.  Joshua  Dyson,  horse-feed -..-.,„.  13  00 

5.  Walter  Barclay,  sundries .  14  90 

5.' James  A.  Christie,  disinfecting  expenses.  236  36 
27.  Keyser  &  Co.,  labor  and  materials,  exe- 
cuting   orders    in    1866,    in   time    of 

cholera 9,498  30 

30.  Pay  roll,  Disinfectant  Department 220  00 

May       4.  Frank  Ashe,  sundries ...  11  gg 

15.  Betts,  Nichols  &  Co.,  sundries _  2  75 

17.  Walter  Barclay,  sundries 37  69 

17.  James  A.  Christie,  disinfecting  expenses.  11  93 
17.  William  S.  Carman,  rent  of  hospitals  in 

1366 800  00 

17.  J.  H.  Welsh,  rent  of  hospitals  in  1866  ..  2,200  00 

17.  Isaac  T.  Smith,  rent  of  hospitals  in  1866  1,000  i»0 

17.  Joshua  Dyson;  horse-feed 41  42 

17.  Wm.  H.  Wilson,  harness 65   75 

24.  New  York  Gas  Light  Co 14  52 

25.  J.  P.  Clancy,  labor  and  materials,  execut- 

ing orders  in  1866,  in  time  of  cholera.  497  35 

29.  Wm.  McRoberts,  2  horses 600  00 

31.  R.  A.  Smith,  wagon ...  250  00 


70  Annual  Report  of  this 

May     31.  Payroll,   Disinfectant  Department $325  00 

June       3.  John  L.  Keables,  wagon 250  00 

3.  A.  Plaettner,  sundries 22  00 

14.  Henry  Miller,  sundries 10  00 

14.  Labor  and  Aid  Association,  sundries 52  65 

29.  J.  L.  &  D.  S.  Eiker,  disinfectants 1,514  11 

29.  Pay  roll,  Disinfectant  Department 125  00 

July       9.  George  W.  Wightman,  expenses  in  case 

ofDr.Beakley 200  40 

17.  E.  S.  Satterlee,  medicines  for  hospitals  in 

1866 1,380  42 

22.  A.  Howell,  carpenter  work  at  Disinfeetant 

Depot 387  60 

22.  Wm.  H.  Wilson,  harness 172  75 

22.  John  L.  Keables,  repairing  wagons 191  50 

31.  Pay  roll,  Disinfectant  Department 125  00 

Aug.       2.  James  H.  Christie,  disinfecting  expenses,  12  50 

28.  New  York  Gas  Light  Co..   _.. 11  04 

31.  Pay  rolL,  Disinfectant  Department 125  00 

Sept.     13.  Keyser  &  Co.,  executing  special  orders  in 

1866,  in  time  of  cholera.. ...  400  00 

31.  Pay  roll,  Disinfectant  Department 125  00 

Oct.        2.  James  Ingram   &   Son,   labor  and  mate- 
rials, executing  orders  in  1866,  in  time 

of  cholera 1,724  57 

3.  E.  C.  Brown,  executing  orders  in  1866,  in 

time  of  cholera 1,524  04 

7.  James  Hubbard,  horse-keeping 74  00 

31.  Pay  roll,  Disinfectant  Department 125  00 

31.  John  D.  Peck,  two  months'  services  as 

Special  Clerk 250  00 

,569  31 


Funds  expended  for  work  done  in  New  York  Count]/,  under  orders 
of  the  Board,  made  by  virtue  of  section  14,  of  chapter  74,  Laws 
of  1866,  "to  be  paid  by,  or  recovered  back  from  any  person  or 
corporation." 

1867. 
June       2.  Advanced  E.  B.  Dal  ton,  Sanitary  Super- 
intendent, for  the  purpose  of  executing 
orders  of  the  Board,  referred  to  him. .      $1,000  00 


Metropolian  Board  of  Health.  7l4 

July  18.  Advanced  E.  B.  Dalton,  Sanitary  Super- 
intendent, for  the  purpose  of  executing 
orders  of  the  board,  referred  to  him..      $1,000  00 

Sept.  30.  Advanced  E.  B.  Dalton,  Sanitary  Super- 
intendent, for  the  purpose  of  executing 
orders  of  the  Board,  referred  to  him..         1,000  00 

Oct.  31.  Advanced  E.  B.  Dalton,  Sanitary  Super- 
intendent, for  the  purpose  of  executing 
orders  of  the  Board,  referred  to  him..  200  00 

Nov.       1.  James  Ingram  &  Son,  materials  and  labor, 

executing  orders 1,002  05 

9.  R.  C.  Brown,  materials  and  labor,  execut- 
ing orders 908  94 

9.  Keyser  &  Co.,  materials  and  labor,  exe- 
cuting orders 730  90 

9.  John  Barnes,  materials  and  labor,  execut- 
ing orders 55  60 


$5,897  49 


Cleaning  streets  {not  included  in  contract)  in  JSTew  York  City,  nu- 
der  chapter  876,  Laws  of  1866. 

1866. 

Dec.     24.  Thomas  Fealey,  work  in  12th  Precinct  ..  $384  00 

1867. 

Jan.      12.  Thomas  Fealey,  work  in  12th  Precinct  ..  272  00 
July     16.  Thomas  Fealey,  work  in   12th,  30th  and 

31st  Precincts 800  00 

Aug.       7.  Thomas  Fealey,  work  in  12th  Precinct  ..  416  00 

Sept.      4.  Thomas  Fealey,  work  in  12th  Precinct  ..  412  00 

Oct.      12.  Thomas  Fealey,  work  in  12th  Precinct  ..  400  00 

Nov.     14.  Thomas  Fealey,  work  in  12th  Precinct  ..  384  00 

$3,068  00 


Town  of  Flushing. 
1867. 
Jan.        3.  Dr.  James  L.  Hicks,  for  services  as  assist- 
ant inspector  in  1866 $244  50 


72  Annual  Report  of  the 

1867.  Town  of  Newtown. 

Jan.      12.  John  C.  Provost,  lime  for  disinfecting $82  50 

12.  C.  S.  Whitehead,  medicines.. „.  2  00 

Oct.        2.  James  Ingram  &  Son,  materials  and  labor, 

executing  order  No.  970 30  89 

$115  39 

1867.                                Town  of  Bye. 
Oct.        3.  Purdy  Slater,  serving  notices $8  25 

1867.  Loan  Account. 

Mar.  18.  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank,  in  pay- 
ment of  note  of  the  Board,  dated  Nov. 

15,  1866,  at  four  months $15,000  00 

20.  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank,  in  pay- 
ment of  note  of  the  Board,  dated  Sept. 
17,  1866,  at  six  months 25,000  00 

April  23.  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank,  in  pay- 
ment of  note  of  the  Board,  dated  June 
20,  1866,  at  ten  months 23,000  00 

$63,000  00 

Total  Disbursements $243,395  13 


Kecapitulation. 
General  Expenses : 

Salaries $37,150  39 

Contingent  Expenses 2,078  29 

Stationery  and  Printing 11,097  30 

Advertising 2,050  65 

Law  Expenses _..       3,332  00 

Furnishing  and  Fitting  up.  716  94 

Badges  and  Emblems 20  00 

$56,445  57 

New  York  County  : 
Salaries ,      42,254  67 

Kings  County : 

Salaries $20,375  6Q 

Contingent  Expenses ..  870  99 

21,246  65 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  73 

Extraordinary  Expenses,  General $3,(501  71 

Extraordinary  Expenses,  New  York  Co.  8,708  92 

Extraordinary  Expenses,  Kings  County,  11,084  (!7 

Special  Expenses,  New  York  County.,  27,5G9  31 
Funds  advanced  for  the  purpose  of  exe- 
cuting orders  under  section  14,  chap. 

74,  Laws  of  1866,  to  be  recovered  back,  5,897  49 

Cleaning  streets,  not  included  in  contract,  3.068  00 

Town  of  Flushing _ 244  50 

Town  of  Newtown 115  39 

Town  of  Rye 8  25 

Loan  account 63,000  00 

$243,395   13 

Balance  on  hand,  November  15,  1866,  as 

per  Report $99,233  40 

Jotal  receipts  from  November  15,  1866, 

to  November  15,  1867 218,617  60 


317,851  00 


Total  disbursements $243,395   13 

Balance  on  hand 74,455  87 

317,851  00 

BENJAMIN  F.  MANIERRE, 

November  30,  1867.  Treasurer. 

Metropolitan  Sanitary  District,  ss. : 

Benjamin  F  Manierre,  being  duly  sworn,  doth  depose  and  say 
that  the  accompanying  report  contains  a  detailed  statement  of  all 
moneys  received  and  paid  out  by  the  "Metropolitan  Board  of 
Health,"  and  a  "  detailed  statement  of  the  manner  of  expendi- 
tures" of  such  money,  from  the  sixteenth  day  of  November,  1866, 
to  the  fifteenth  day  of  November,  1867,  and  further  saith  not. 

BENJAMIN  F.  MANIERRE. 
Sworn  before  me  this  19th  ) 

day  of  December,  1867.   } 

D.  B.  Hasbrouck, 

Notary  Public. 

The  undersigned  Commissioners,  Auditing  Committee  of  ths 
Board,  have  examined  the  foregoing  accounts  of  the  Treasurer  and 
found  them  to  be  correct  in  every  particular. 

GEORGE  B.  LINCOLN, 
JOHN  O.  STONE, 
January  9,  1868.  JOHN  SWINBURNE. 


APPENDIX 


"A." 
REPORT  OF  THE  SANITARY  SUPERINTENDENT. 

Office  of  Sanitary  Superintendent,  Metropolitan  ) 
Board  of  Health,  New  York,  Nov.  1st,  1867.    ) 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health: 

I  beg  respectfully  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the  duties 
performed  by  the  Sanitary  Inspectors,  and  other  officers  and 
employes  of  the  Board,  under  my  control,  and  by  myself,  during 
the  past  year. 

The  subjects  to  which  attention  has  been  directed  have  been  essen- 
tially the  same  as  during  the  previous  year.  The  plan  of  organi- 
zation, both  as  regards  officers  and  employes,  which  proved 
successful  during  1866,  has  been  retained,  and  the  same  discipline 
preserved. 

One  conspicuous  exception,  however,  deserves  prominent  men- 
tion. While,  during  the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  of  last  year, 
the  advent  and  persistent  prevalence  of  the  epidemic  influence  of 
cholera  required  constant  attention  and  severe  labor  on  the  part  of 
the  department,  and  necessitated  the  temporary  appointment  of  a 
large  number  of  assistants,  the  past  year  shows  no  record  of  such 
an  emergency.  The  Sanitary  District  has  not  only  been  free  from 
any  general  epidemic,  but  has  enjoyed  an  immunity  from  disease, 
which,  judging  not  only  from  the  reports  of  the  officers  of  the 
Board,  but  no  less  from  the  testimony  of  all  physicians  and  others, 
capable  of  obtaining  accurate  information  on  the  subject,  is  unpar- 
alleled in  its  history,  especially  as  regards  the  cities  of  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  for  many  years.  This  good  fortune,  while  it  has 
obviated  the  necessity  for  so  large  an  organization,  has  enabled 
the  regular  corps  of  officers  to  perfect  the  investigation  of  many 
subjects  requiring  permanent  reform,  which  Avas  last  year,  of 
necessity,  but  imperfectly  carried  out. 

On  November  1st,  1866,  the  corps  of  Inspectors  was  on  the 
basis  prescribed  by  law  for  ordinary  times,  viz:  ten  (10)  for  the 
city  of  New  York  and  five  (5)  for  Brooklyn.  Siuce  that  time 
three  (3)  vacancies  have  occurred — two  in  Brooklyn,  one  by 
death,  and  one  by  resignation;  in  New  York  one  by  dishonorable 


Yg  Annual  Report  of  the 

dismissal.  The  gentlemen  appointed  to  fill  these  vacancies,  Dr. 
A.  W.  Maclay,  in  New  York,  and  Drs.  S.  J.  Holley  and  Wm.  H. 
Thayer,  in  Brooklyn,  all  of  whom  had  served  creditably  in  the 
summer  of  1866,  reported  promptly  for  duty.  In  the  death  of 
Dr.  Fowler  Prentice,  of  Brooklyn,  by  pneumonia,  on  the  28th  of 
January,  1867,  the  Board  met  with  the  loss  of  a  jmost  faithful, 
upright  and  competent  officer.  He  was  among  the  original  ap- 
pointees of  the  Board.  From  the  day  of  his  appointment  to  the 
time  of  his  fatal  illness,  he  devoted  himself  most  conscientiously 
to  his  duty,  and  during  the  prevalence  of  cholera  in  1866,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  entire  self-sacrifice  to  the  care  of  those 
attacked  with  the  disease. 

During  the  summer  the  following  gentlemen  have  reported  and 
performed  duty  as  Assistant  Sanitary  Inspectors  in  their  respective 
districts: 

Dr.  George  Bayles,  Greenburgh  and  Mount  Pleasant,  West- 
chester Co. 

Dr.  N.  K.  Freeman,  "West  Farms  and  Morrisania,  Westchester 
Co. 

Dr.  George  F.  Jackson,  Fort  Washington,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  J.  J.  Ketchum,  Harlem,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  Wm.  O'Meagher,  Richmond  Co.,  S.  I. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Pooley,  Yonkers,  Westchester  Co. 

Dr.  Philander  Stewart,  Cortlandt,  Westchester  Co. 

Dr.  George  P.  Wright,  Newtown,  L.  I. 

The  Sanitary  Inspectors  have  continued  to  perform  their  duties 
with  fidelity  to  the  Board,  and,  at  the  same  time,  with  all  defer- 
ence to  the  rights  of  every  citizen.  Their  visits  are  no  longer 
looked  upon  with  distrust  and  suspicion,  as,  in  some  cases,  they 
were  at  first.  As  it  has  become  evident  that  their  investigations 
and  reports  are  made  with  strict  regard  to  private  rights,  and  in  a 
spirit  of  justice,  with  no  partisan  ends  in  view,  or  sympathy  with 
any  thing  but  the  true  merits  of  the  case,  the  manner  of  their 
reception  has  gradually  changed,  and,  as  the  ultimate  results  of 
their  visits  have  appeared  in  the  amelioration  of  distress,  and  the 
removal  of  sources  of  discomfort  and  disease,  the  change  has  been 
still  more  marked.  While  in  the  early  days  of  their  work  infor- 
mation was  given  to  these  officers  most  grudgingly,  and  the 
materials  for  their  reports  obtained  only  after  the  most  disagree- 
able and  sometimes  dangerous  experiences,  now  they  are  welcomed, 
and  treated  with  every  respect  and  courtesy. 


Metropolitan  Board  ob  Health.  '  79 

During  the  winter  of  1866-67,  a  systematic  and  universal  inspec- 
tion of  tenement  houses  was  instituted,  with  a  view,  not  only  to 
their  immediate  condition  as  to  cleanliness,  as  had  necessarily  been 
the  case  during  the  past  epidemic,  but  to  the  permanent  remedy 
of  evils  of  construction  and  management. 

It  was  found  that  in  the  city  of  New  York  alone  there  were 
eighteen  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty-two  (18,582)  of  these 
houses. 

The  reports  of  the  Inspectors  upon  them  were  duly  laid  before 
the  Board,  and  I  would  respectfully  refer  to  my  own  report  to  the 
Board  on  this  subject,  herewith  transmitted. 

I  beir,  also,  to  invite  attention  to  a  few  extracts  from  recent 
reports  by  the  Sanitary  Inspectors,  touching  upon  the  different 
points  in  which  improvements  have  taken  place  in  tenement  houses 
since  the  creation  of  the  Board,  and  especially  since  the  passage 
of  the  Tenement  House  Law. 

Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  A.  W.  Maclay,  31.  D., 
First  District,  bounded  north,  by  Fourteenth  street;  south,  East 
River  and  Battery;  east,  Catherine,  Bowery  and  Third  avenue; 
west,  Broadway. 

"A  great  many  of  the  owners  of  this  kind  of  property  were 
only  acquainted  with  its  condition  through  the  representation  of 
the  agents  employed  by  them.  As  a  general  rule,  it  may  be  said 
of  them  that,  since  the  different  acts  of  the  Legislature  for  the 
promotion  of  the  public  health  have  become  more  generally 
known,  they  have  evinced  a  very  general  disposition  to  maintain 
them,  as  promoting  cleanliness,  morality,  and  the  general  wefare. 
Not  unfrequently,  during  sanitary  inspections,  the  undersigned 
has  had  occasion  to  meet  with  very  many  property  owners  on  the 
premises  leased  by  their  agents,  and  it  is  remarkable  what  a 
change  has  taken  place  in  their  views,  indicated  by  the  difference 
in  the  manner  with  which  they  greet  an  officer  of  the  Board  now 
and  formerly.  Heretofore  such  visits  were  regarded  as  an  inva- 
sion of  private  rights,  but  latterly  they  are  now  rather  considered 
as  conducive  to  the  reputation  of  their  buildings  and  the  health 
of  the  occupants. 

"  Cellars. — In  Cherry  street,  and  the  streets  in  its  vicinity  run- 
ning east  and  west,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  the  First  Sanitary 
District,  some  improvement  has  taken  place  in  cellars  occupied 


8  0  Anxual  Report  of  the 

as  dwellings.  Attention  has  been  given  to  their  ventilation,  lime- 
washing,  general  cleanliness,  and  the  removal  of  causes  of  disease. 
There  appears,  however,  to  be  much  reluctance,  on  the  part  of 
owners  of  the  property,  to  comply  with  the  Tenement  House  Act, 
in  its  application  to  cellars.  The  majority  of  these  cellars  con- 
tinue as  formerly,  from  the  difficulty  of  making  any  alteration 
whatever,  in  respect  to  light  and  ventilation.  Where  the 
action  of  the  Board  has  been  invoked  for  the  enforcement  of 
the  law,  the  owners  have  preferred  to  close  their  cellars  alto- 
gether. This  is  but  a  repetition  of  what  occurred  in  the  cities  of 
the  Old  World.  The  'Towns  Improvement  Clause  Act'  of 
Dublin,  declares  that  no  cellars  less  than  seven  feet  high,  without 
a  window,  and  of  which  more  than  two-thirds  is  below  the  level 
of  the  street,  shall  be  inhabited.  This  law  resulted  in  closing 
over  three  thousand  cellars  in  a  city  far  below  our  own  in 
population."  *  *  ##*#### 

Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  W.  F.  Deming,  M. 
D.,  Second  District,  bounded  north,  by  Canal  street;  south,  by 
the  Battery;  east,  by  Broadway ;  west,  by  the  JSForlh  River. 

"  In  the  district  of  which  I  have  charge,  but  four  or  five  tenement 
houses  have  been  built  since  my  appointment,  and  many  have  been 
demolished,  and  stores  substituted.  With  but  few  exceptions, 
the  tenement  houses  in  this  portion  of  the  city  are  old  and  badly- 
constructed  buildings,  which  are  with  difficulty  so  altered  as  to 
conform  to  the  present  law.  So  far  as  my  experience  goes,  how- 
ever, owners  have  promptly  obeyed  all  orders  or  suggestions 
emanating  from  the  Board  of  Health.  The  great  difficulty  in 
these  old  houses  was  deficient  ventilation,  and  this  has  been 
obviated  so  far  as  possible.*'  *  *  *  #         # 

Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  Titos.  H.  White,  M. 
D.,  Sections  A  and  B,  Third  District,  bounded  north,  by  Four- 
teenth street;  south,  by  South  street;  east,  by  the  East  River; 
west,  by  Avenue  A,  Norfolk,  and  Jefferson  streets. 

*#####*  #*  #  ## 

"The  Tenement  House  Law,  though  requiring  all  tenement 
premises  to  be  put  and  kept  in  a  proper  sanitary  condition,  has 
been  in  force  but  a  few  months,  and  its  provisions  and  require- 
ments seem  to  be  imperfectly  comprehended  by  many  owners  and 
agents,  who  still  appear  to   think  that  their  attention  must  be 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  81 

especially  called  to  the  defective  sanitary  condition  of  their 
property,  before  it  is  necessary  to  remedy  it.  Where  their  atten- 
tion is  so  called  it  is  but  just  to  many  of  them  to  state,  that  they 
are  prompt  in  fulfilling  the  provisions  of  the  law,  while  some  of 
the  more  philanthropic  are  voluntarily  complying  with  it. 

"  It  is  gratifying  to  note  during  our  daily  inspections  that  the 
occupants  of  tenement  dwellings,  especially  of  the  lower  class,  are 
beginning  to  appreciate  the  measures  employed  for  the  ameliora- 
tion of  their  condition. 

"The  presence  of  overflowing  garbage-boxes  still  continues  to 
be  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  filthy  sidewalks  and  street-gut- 
ters. The  system  of  collecting  and  removing  garbage  and  ashes 
has  been  greatly  improved;  and  if  the  occupants  of  dwellings  and 
tenement  houses  could  be  prevented  from  placing  their  garbage 
and  ash  receptacles  upon  the  sidewalks,  except  at  such  times  as 
the  ashman  is  passing  through  the  street,  this  souice  of  filthiness 
would  be  entirely  removed. 

"In  many  portions  of  the  district,  the  inhabitants  are  volunta- 
rily adopting  this  plan,  and  the  example  is  spreading.  In  conclu- 
sion, I  may  state  that  the  signs  of  the  beneficial  working  of  the 
Tenement  House  Act  are  evinced  in  greater  cleanliness,  more  fre- 
quent whitewashing  of  hall-ways  and  rooms,  improved  ventilation 
and  more  efficient  drainage,  and  especially  in  a  more  careful  over- 
sight of  tenement  premises  by  owners  and  agents.  Sufficient  time 
has  not  elapsed  to  develop  all  of  the  sanitary  provisions  of  the 
law,  but  enough  has  already  been  accomplished  to  enable  us  to 
indulge  the  hope  that  as  the  public  and  the  owners,  agents,  and 
occupants  of  tenement  dwellings  shall  become  more  familiar  with 
its  beneficent  purposes,  we  may  gradually  attain  to  a  perfect  sys- 
tem in  the  construction  and  management  of  such  dwellings."  *  *  * 

Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  J.  H.  Emerson,  M.  D., 
Sections  C  and  D,  Third  District,  bounded  north,  by  Fourteenth 
street;  south,  by  South  street;  east,  by  Avenue  A,  Norfolk,  and 
Jefferson  streets;  west,  by  the  Bowery  and  Third  avenue. 

"  The  Tenement  House  Law  has  now  been  in  operation  some  five 
months;  and,  as  Sanitary  Inspector  of  a  portion  of  New  York 
where  there  are  mauy  of  these  houses  of  every  description  and 
class,  I  have  certainly  witnessed  results  traceable  to  it. 

"  As  compared  with  their  condition  at  the  time  when  the  Board 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  6 


8  2  Annual  Rep ort  of  tee 

of  Health  was  organized,  some  twenty  months  ago,  the  tenement 
houses  exhibit  a  very  marked  improvement  in  construction,  in 
maintenance,  and  in  cleanliness  among  their  occupants.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  frequent  visits  of  Inspectors  and  the  consequently 
increased  vigilance  of  agents  and  landlords,  I  cannot  but  attribute 
a  considerable  share  in  this  improvement  to  the  better  administra- 
tion of  the  street-cleaning  department,  more  especially  that  branch 
of  it  which  attends  to  the  removal  of  ashes  and  garbage.  During 
the  past  year,  and  particularly  since  the  opening  of  last  spring,  the 
execution  of  this  has  been  with  a  regularity  hitherto  unknown  in 
New  York.  Nowhere  is  this  more  evident  than  in  the  most 
thickly-settled  tenement  neighborhoods.  Since  the  well-timed 
destruction  in  August,  1866,  under  the  orders  of  the  Board  of 
Health,  of  the  foul  garbage  boxes  which  so  generally  encumbered 
the  sidewalks,  the  responsibility  for  the  disposal  of  the  refuse  of 
their  housekeeping  is  brought  directly  to  the  individual  tenants. 
They  are  prompt  to  bring  it  out,  each  in  some  sufficient  receptacle, 
so  soon  as  the  bell  is  rung  through  the  streets,  and  are  equally 
eager  to  secure  the  receptacle,  by  removing  it,  as  soon  as  emptied, 
to  their  own  apartment.  So  long,  then,  as  the  ashman  makes  his 
rounds  with  regularity,  there  will  be  comparatively  little  of  such 
refuse  thrown  into  the  street. 

"  In  many  of  the  better  class,  and  in  the  smaller  tenement  houses, 
landlords  have  not  infrequently  introduced  regular  water-closets 
(generally  arranged  with  a  spring  seat),  in  lieu  of  the  old-fashioned 
privy,  when  required  to  make  a  sewer  connection.  This  is  mani- 
festly a  gain,  and  it  also  shows  that  the  landlords  have  increased 
confidence  in  their  tenants,  when  they  are  willing  to  trust  them 
with  such  an  apparatus. 

"  Some  years  ago,  a  gentleman  of  my  acquaintance,  owner  of  a 
number  of  tenement  houses,  furnished  some  with  stationary  wash- 
tubs,  with  neat  wood-closets,  and  other  conveniences,  such  as  we 
find  in  many  tenement  houses  to-day.  After  a  few  months  he  found 
it  necessary  to  remove  all  such  conveniences,  or  what  was  left  of 
them;  for  pipes  had  been  cut  and  carried  away;  water  had  been 
allowed  to  flood  the  house;  tubs  and  doors  had  been  chopped  up 
for  kindling  wood.  To-day  it  is  the  rare  exception  for  us  to  wit- 
ness wanton  destruction  of  property  by  tenants.  They  have  been, 
and  are  being,  educated  to  better  behaviour,  and  to  use  what  is 
furnished  them,  as  not  abusing  it. 

"  1  person  who  has  once  complied  with  the  law  himself,  whether 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  83 

voluntarily  or  on  compulsion,  is  naturally  jealous  of  any  infring- 
rnents  of  it  on  the  part  of  his  neighbors,  particularly  when  such 
infringements  involve  him  in  a  loss  or  injury, — and  such  persons 
not  unfrequently  become  useful  aids  to  the  Sanitary  Inspector. 
Tenants  often  express  gratitude  to  the  Inspector  for  looking  after 
their  health  and  comfort — nor  has  it  been  my  experience  that 
landlords  have  made  the  expenses  they  have  been  put  to  under 
the  orders  of  the  Board  a  pretext  for  raising  the  rent  of  rooms  : 
on  the  contrary,  they  are  quite  as  apt  to  raise  it  without  making 
improvements.  The  tenement  houses  now  building  are  generally 
provided  with  sufficient  ventilating  windows  in  the  bedrooms. 
Thi*  requirement  of  the  law  is  one  which  landlords  have  not  been 
very  ready  to  comply  with.  I  cannot  recall  a  single  instance 
where  ventilating  windows  were  voluntarily  introduced  into  a 
tenement  house,  but  there  are  many  where  this  has  been  done  on 
a  simple  notice,  without  an  order  of  the  Board  issuing. 

"  I  always  regard  it  as  favorable  to  the  cause  of  health  and 
cleanliness,  when  I  find  a  tenement-house  has  passed  into  the 
hands  of  an  owner  who  will  live  in  it.  It  is  also  my  experience 
that  Germans,  as  owners,  take  unusual  pride  in  their  houses,  and 
great  pains  in  keeping  them  clean,  and  complying  with  the  law 
and  the  orders  of  the  Board.  Of  those  owners  of  tenement  houses 
who  live  in  them,  in  the  part  of  New  York  with  which  I  am  most 
familiar  as  Inspector,  by  far  the  greater  number  are  Germans. 

"  One  requirement  of  the  Law — that  calling  for  semi-annual 
whitewashing  of  the  walls  and  ceilings — though  apparently  a  minor 
matter — has  an  importance  not  easily  over-estimated.  It  was  the 
rule  in  the  best  houses,  and  with  the  more  careful  landlords  and 
agents,  oefore  the  passage  of  the  Law.  The  effect  of  white,  fresh 
walls  and  ceilings  in  the  public  parts  of  the  house  is  to  rouse  a 
spirit  of  emulation  in  the  tenants  to  have  their  own  apartments 
equally  presentable. 

"  Agents,  not  less  than  many  owners,  have  been  reluctant  to 
post  up  their  names  and  addresses  in  their  tenement  houses,  and 
yet  this  has  been  done  in  many  instances;  and  upon  the  walls  of 
many  a  tenement-house  may  now  be  seen  the  names  of  some  of  the 
largest  real  estate  owners  in  the  city,  and  it  will  probably  be  found 
that,  on  such  property,  expense  has  been  incurred  for  repairs, 
under  the  stimulus  of  orders  from  the  Board. 

"In  regard  to  some  of  the  improvements  wrought  in  tenement 
property,  it  is  difficult  to  separate  the  efforts  of  the  Board  of 


84  Annual  Report  of  the 

Health,  in  pursuing  its  own  general  plans  of  sanitary  reform,  from 
those  directly  referable  to  the  new  Tenement  House  Law.  Thus, 
the  Board  has  obtained,  through  the  Croton  Aqueduct  Department, 
the  construction  of  sewers  in  many  streets  where  they  were  much 
needed.  This  enables  the  requirements  of  the  Law  to  be  carried 
out — and  so  between  the  two,  the  air  is  saved  from  fertile  sources 
of  contamination,  in-doors  and  out  of  doors,  from  reeking  privy- 
vaults,  and  street-gutters  and  alleys  flooded  with  filthy  water  in 
summer  and  ice  in  winter. 

"Rowdies  and  idlers  who  infest  the  streets  at  night,  in  the 
neighborhood,  more  particularly,  of  liquor  shops,  very  often  break 
into  the  yards  and  halls  and  alleys  of  tenement  houses  in  search  of 
a  privy — and  I  have  seen  a  number  of  such  houses  where  it  was 
almost  impossible  to  keep  locks  on  the  doors  of  house  or  privy, 
or  to  preserve  the  alleys  and  yards  in  a  condition  of  decent  clean- 
liness. Here  we  have  an  additional  argument  for  the  establish- 
ment of  public  urinals. 

"  The  above  are  the  principal  matters  in  which  the  working  of 
the  Board  of  Health  and  of  the  new  Law  can  be  traced  in  their 
effects  upon  tenement  houses.  As  Sanitary  Inspector,  my  atten- 
tion has  been  mainly  directed  to  those  infringements  of  the  Tene- 
ment House  Law  which  were,  at  the  same  time,  more  or  less 
flagrant  violations  of  well-recognized  laws  of  health.  We  have 
yet  to  see  the  effects  of  many  other  provisions  of  the  Act.  I  have 
no  doubt  that  they  will  prove  equally  gratifying  with  those  already 
tested,  and  that,  when  enforced,  they  will  be  the  more  readily 
acquiesced  in  from  the  manifest  utility  and  practical  value  of  the 
former.  The  untested  parts  are  mostly  those  involving  construc- 
tion, and,  of  course,  require  a  larger  experience  to  prove  them." 

Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  James  L.  Brown,  M. 
D.,  Fourth  District  ;  north,  by  Fourteenth  street  ;  south,  by 
Canal ;  east,  by  Broadway  ;  west,  by  the  North  River. 

"The  public  halls  and  stairways,  with  their  floors,  ceilings  and 
sidewalks,  together  with  yards,  privies  and  cellars,  form  a  very 
considerable  part  of  every  tenement  house,  and  constitute  that 
portion  in  which  filth  most  abounds,  because  they  are  used  in  com- 
mon by  all,  and  cared  for  particularly  by  none.  By  holding  the 
landlord  responsible  for  the  condition  of  these  parts  of  the  house* 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  g5 

and  by  bringing  home  to  him  a  sense  of  this  responsibility,  the 
Board  of  Health  have  succeeded  in  demonstrating  that  a  very  con- 
siderable part  of  the  filth,  of  even  the  worst  class  of  tenement 
houses,  is  not  inevitable.  The  cleaning,  whitewashing  and  scrub- 
bing that  have  followed  in  the  wake  of  the  Inspectors,  have  been 
so  many  lessons  iu  practical  hygiene  to  the  occupants  of  these 
houses,  and,  although  filth  still  flourishes  in  a  large  majority  of 
our  low  tenements,  enough  has  been  effected  to  prove  that  it  is 
not  a  necessary  evil.  The  employment,  in  every  large  tenement 
house,  of  a  vigilant  housekeeper,  armed  with  a  few  simple  sani- 
tary regulations,  would  soon  reduce  to  a  minimum  the  labors  of 
sanitary  inspectors  in  this  department  of  their  work,  aud  abolish 
the  greatest  sanitary  evil  in  our  midst." 


Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  Ed.  H.  Janes,  31.  D., 
Sections  A  and  B,  Fifth  District,  bounded,  north,  by  Forty- 
second  street;  south,  by  Fourteenth  street;  east,  by  Sixth  avenue; 
west,  by  North  River. 


"  The  overcrowding  of  tenement  houses  has  ever  been,  in  my 
opinion,  the  most  serious  evil  of  the  tenement  house  system, 
greatly  enhancing  the  evils  resulting  from  a  deficiency  in  light, 
ventilation  and  proper  drainage,  and  telling  fearfully  upon  the 
infant  mortality  of  our  city,  and  impairing  the  morals  of  this  por- 
tion of  our  population. 

"Early  in  the  spring  of  1866,  efforts  were  made  to  abate,  in 
some  degree,  this  evil,  and  many  of  the  owners  of  tenement  house 
property  consented  to  so  change  the  interior  structure  of  their 
buildings  as  to  accommodate  but  one  family  on  a  floor,  hitherto 
occupied  by  two.  In  many  instances  these  alterations  were  made, 
but  the  continued  high  prices  of  provisions,  and,  in  fact,  all  the 
necessaries  of  life,  the  scarcity  of  houses  in  proportion  to  the  in- 
creased population,  with  the  consequent  rise  in  rents,  combined  to 
render  it  impossible  for  the  poorer  portion  of  the  laboring  classes 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  benefits  resulting  from  such  improve- 
ments, and  the  evils  of  overcrowding  still  exist  to  a  considerable 
extent,  and  will  continue  to  exist  until  there  is  a  reduction  in  rent& 
and  the  prices  of  the  other  necessaries  of  life. 

"So  far  from  being  odious,  I  think  the  Metropolitan  Health 
Law  is  generally  regarded  with  satisfaction,  not  only  by  the 
poorer  classes,  but  by  the  owners  of  property,  not  excepting  the 


g(j  Annual  Report  of  the 

owners  of  tenement  houses,  who,  perhaps,  are  oftener  called 
upon  to  feel  its  authority  than  any  other  class  of  men.  It  is  true 
that  many  protest  against  complying  with  many  of  its  requisitions, 
yet,  when  required  improvements  are  once  well  made,  it  is  gene- 
rally satisfactory  to  all  parties  concerned." 


Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  James  W.  McLane, 
M.  D.,  Sections  C  and  D,  Fifth  District ;  bounded,  north,  by 
Forty-second  street  ;  south,  by  Fourteenth  street ;  east,  by  Fast 
River  ;  west,  by  Sixth  avenue. 

**####  #  #  #### 

"  In  many  instances  the  owner  now  employs,  as  agent,  some  one 
of  the  tenants  (deducting  a  small  amount  from  the  rent  paid  by 
said  tenant  as  pay  for  his  services).  This  tenant,  in  some  cases, 
collects  the  rent,  but  exercises  a  constant  supervision  over  the  con- 
dition of  the  house.  I  have  generally  found  that  when  an  agent 
resides  on  the  premises,  the  house  is  kept  in  good  order,  and  the 
owners  of  tenement  houses  have  also  discovered  this,  and  some 
employ  a  tenant  as  an  agent,  finding  that  they  thus  avoid  numer- 
ous small  expenses,  and  are  free  from  notices  and  orders  from  the 
Board  of  Health. 

"  I  know  of  very  few  houses  in  my  district,  which  are  not,  at 
present,  kept  in  a  more  uniformly  cleanly  and  orderly  condition 
than  they  were  two  years  ago. 

"In  the  district  in  which  I  have  charge,  many  tenement  houses, 
which,  two  years  since,  were  in  a  dilapidated  and  filthy  condition, 
have  been  bought  by  enterprising  and  thrifty  Germans,  who  have 
put  them  in  order,  and  moved  into  them  themselves,  letting  out 
portions  of  them,  but  occupying  a  portion  themselves,  and  acting 
as  their  own  agents. 

"No  tenement  houses  are  so  well  kept  as  those  in  which  the 
owner  is  also  an  occupant,  and  this  change  of  property  from  one 
man  to  several,  I  regard  as  one  of  the  best  results  which  the  Board 
of  Health  has  been  indirectly  instrumental  in  bringiug  about. 

"  Again,  gentlemen  who  own  a  large  number  of  tenement  houses 
have,  in  several  instances,  adopted  what  proves  to  be  a  very  sure 
way  of  keeping  their  houses  in  repair,  namely,  employing  a  car- 
penter and  a  mason,  and  other  workmen,  who  devote  their  whole 
time  to  inspecting  these  houses,  and  making  any  repairs  they  find 
to  be  necessary. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  g  7 

"  So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  from  conversation  with 
owners  and  agents,  the  provisions  of  the  Tenement  House  Law  are 
not  considered  onerous,  while  the  manner  in  which  it  is  being 
carried  out  by  the  Board  of  Health  is  highly  praised.  I  think, 
however,  that  one  reason  why  it  has  not  more  generally  been  com- 
plied with  is,  that  owners  are  not  properly  informed  as  to  its 
provisions."  *  *  *  ***** 

Extract  from  Report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  Moreau  JSIorris,  M.  D., 
Sixth  District,  bounded,  north,  by  One  Hundred  and  Tenth 
street ;  south,  by  Forty-second  street  ;  east,  by  the  East  River  ; 
icest,  by  Sixth  avenue. 

****  *  *  ****** 

"  I  cannot  forbear  quoting  the  remark,  frequently  heard  from 
tenants,  that  if  the  landlord  or  agents  would  keep  the  public  por- 
tions of  the  house  in  good  order,  well  whitewashed  and  frequently 
cleaned,  they  (the  tenants)  would  be  far  more  encouraged  to  keep 
their  apartments  in  like  condition,  and  actual  experience,  during 
inspections,  proves  this  fact  as  the  rule  ;  for,  where  the  landlord 
or  agent  is  careful  to  keep  the  premises  clean  and  in  good  repair, 
the  tenants  evince  the  same  watchfulness  ;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  where  the  former  apparently  takes  no  interest,  except  to 
secure  the  rents,  is  found  the  worst  class,  both  of  tenants  and 
houses. 

"Under  an  impression  that  the  or/dinances  of  the  Board  of 
Health,  and  the  new  Tenement  House  Act  forbid  it,  the  use  of 
basements  or  under-ground  rooms  as  dwellings  has  been  almost 
entirely  abandoned.  Only  people  of  the  most  indigent  class, 
whose  means  do  not  admit  of  a  better  habitation,  are  found  in 
them.  In  several  instances,  where  these  basements  have  been 
found  damp,  or  so  dark  and  badly  ventilated  as  to  be  detrimental 
to  health,  the  owners  have  been  notified  to  have  them  vacated  as 
dwellings,  which  has  been  done.  The  effect  of  a  few  instances  of 
prompt  measures  in  securing  obedience  to  orders  on  the  part  of 
the  Board,  has  induced  others  to  do  likewise,  without  orders. 

"  The  ventilation  of  a  room  should  be  the  basis  of  a  true  estimate 
of  its  healthy  condition.  The  highest  English  authorities  (Drs. 
Aruott  and  Reid),  consider  that  from  ten  to  twenty  cubic  feet  of 
ventilation  per  minute  for  each  person  is  the  smallest  amount 
allowable.  '  Murchison  on  Fevers,'  says  :  '  If  the  air  in  a  room 
contain  more  than  one  per  cent,  of  carbonic  acid,  or  be  in  the 


gg  Annual  Report  of  the 

slightest  degree  fusty,  it  must  be  held  that  the  ventilation  is  de- 
fective, or  that  the  number  of  inmates  is  too  great.  Although  our 
present  ignorance  obliges  us  to  take  the  amount  of  carbonic  acid 
as  the  safest  index  of  all  the  injurious  substances  which  render 
ventilation  necessary,  this  is  not  the  only  substance  contained  in 
air  contaminated  by  overcrowding.  Pure  carbonic  acid  has  no 
unpleasant  taste  or  smell,  whereas  the  disagreeable  fusty  odor, 
produced  by  overcrowding,  with  bad  ventilation,  is  familiar  to  all. 
Investigation  has  proved  that  five  hundred  cubic  feet  of  air-space, 
with  two  cubic  feet  of  ventilation  per  minute,  constitute  the  small- 
est amount  that  can  be  safely  allotted  to  each  person. 

"  '  The  means  of  ventilation  are  either  constant  or  occasional. 
The  constant  (the  chimney  or  other  unclosed)  openings,  are  more 
important  than  the  occasional  (doors  and  windows),  and  should 
always  be  proportioned  to  the  number  of  inmates.' 

"As  a  general  rule,  where  advice  has  been  given,  or  suggestions 
made,  to  owners  of  tenement-property,  with  regard  to  ventilation, 
they  have  cheerfully  acquiesced,  and  made  the  desired  alterations. 
In  particular  instances  the  pressure  of  the  law  has  compelled  these 
improvements.  In  such  cases  the  wisdom  and  benefit  of  this  law 
is  abundantly  vindicated. 

"A  very  decided  change  has  taken  place  in  the  sentiments  of 
both  property-owners  and  tenants,  with  regard  to  the  operations 
of  the  Board  of  Health.  Finding  that  equal  justice  is  intended,  in 
their  endeavors  to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  tenement 
houses,  they  (owners  and  tenants)  are  rapidly  becoming  more 
willing  and  prompt  to  comply  with  suggestions  from  its  officers." 


Extract  from  Beport  of  Sanitary  Inspector  Ghas.  W.  Packard,  M. 
D.,  Seventh   District,   bounded   north,   by   One   Hundred   and 
Tenth  street ;  south,   by  Forty-second  street  ;  east,   by  Central 
■:  Park  and  Sixth  avenue  ;  west,  by  North  River. 
********* 
"The  great  bulk  of  the  tenement-house  population  is  made  up 
of  foreigners,  whose  sanitary  needs  demand  not  only  an  abundant 
supply  of  light  and  pure  air  in  their  dwellings,  but  also  an  educa- 
tion in  the  first  principles  of  the  laws  of  health.     For  generations 
they  have  been  content  with  living  in  almost  brutish  disregard  of 
hygienic  laws,  and  an  attempt  to  improve  their  condition  has  not 
only  involved  an  effort  to  provide  them  with  suitable  dwellings, 
but  also  their  instruction  in  the  commonest  laws  of  health.     In 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  g9 

this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  notice  a  steady  and  even  remark- 
able growth  in  knowledge  of  what  pertains  to  their  physical 
well-being,  and  to  observe  how  cordially  they  have  learned  to 
sustain  the  enforcement  of  sanitary  measures,  even  though  they 
may  involve  temporary  inconvenience  to  themselves.  The  frequent 
visits  and  questionings  of  sanitary  officers  have  helped  to  educate 
them  to  a  more  or  less  intelligent  understanding  of  the  necessity 
for  the  frequent  cleaning  and  whitewashing  of  their  rooms,  and 
for  an  abundant  supply  of  air  and  light. 

"Improvements  in  tenement  houses  have  been  more  noticeable 
since  the  passage  of  an  '  Act  for  the  Regulation  of  Tenement 
Houses.'  At  a  recent  inspection  of  such  houses  in  the  Seventh 
District,  it  was  found  that  nearly  all  were  supplied  with  venti- 
lating windows  for  the  hall  bed-rooms,  many  of  which  bore  evi- 
dence of  having  been  recently  introduced,  the  owners  never  hav- 
ing received  any  direct  orders  from  the  Board  of  Health.  This 
act  has  also  had  a  great  effect  in  modifying  and  improving  the  old 
plan  of  building  tenement  houses.  It  has  been  found  to  be  much 
cheaper  to  build  these  houses  so  that  they  will  answer  the  require- 
ments of  the  Tenement  House  Law,  than  to  remodel  them  after 
they  have  been  built,  and  so  the  upper  wards  are  being  built  up 
with  model  tenement  houses,  which  are  advertised  as  '  having  all 
the  modern  improvements.' " 

The  inspection  of  slaughter-houses  was  also  repeated  with  a 
view  to  renewed  effort  for  their  expulsion  from  the  city.  It  was 
found  that  there  were  still  one  hundred  and  forty  (140)  in  opera- 
tion in  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city.  Reports  upon  these 
were  duly  forwarded,  and  I  would  also  refer  here  to  my  report 
upon  this  subject,  herewith  transmitted. 

In  several  crowded  institutions  in  the  city  there  were,  during 
the  winter,  outbreaks  of  typhus  and  typhoid  fever,  but  they,  in 
each  instance,  were  quickly  checked  by  the  evacuation  of  the 
buildings,  and  subsequent  disinfection,  whitewashing,  etc.  In  the 
most  conspicuous  case,  the  details  of  which  were  duly  brought  to 
the  attention  of  the  Board,  improved  ventilation  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  Croton  water  has  rendered  entirely  healthy  a  large  educa- 
tional institution,  which,  for  years,  had  been  subject  to  annual 
epidemics  of  typhoid  fever. 

Several  special  subjects,  also,  have  been  investigated  by  order 
of  the  Board — e.  g.,  the  management  of  the  ferries,  especially  as 


90  Annual  Report  of  the 

exemplified  in  the  burning  of  the  "Idaho,'*'  on  the  26th  Novem- 
ber, 1866. 

Also  the  investigation  into  alleged  informalities  in  the  Coroner's 
office. 

As  full  reports  of  these  investigations  were  transmitted  imme- 
diately upon  their  completion,  further  mention  of  them,  at  this 
time,  seems  unnecessary. 

The  resolution  of  the  Board,  regarding  the  protection  of  the 
city  from  yellow  fever  during  the  past  summer,  and  the  prepara- 
tion and  furnishing  of  permits  at  this  office,  has  been  carried  out, 
and  has  always  received  the  cordial  co-operation  of  the  officers  of 
Quarantine.  The  fidelity  and  promptness  with  which  the  arrival 
of  vessels  from  infected  ports  has  been  reported,  and  full  details 
of  their  condition  given,  has  enabled  the  Superintendent  to  be 
constantly  aware  of  the  impending  danger  and  prepared  to  take 
any  measures  that  might  become  necessary.  In  the  few  isolated 
cases  which  have  occurred,  fumigation,  and  the  other  customary 
means  of  disinfection,  have  been  applied.  With  these  few  excep- 
tions, however,  there  has  been  no  necessity  for  further  action  than 
to  co-operate  with  the  Quarantine  officers  in  enforcing  such  regu- 
lations as  their  limited  facilities  enabled  them  to  establish. 

Special  complaints  from  citizens  are,  as  heretofore,  referred,  at 
once,  to  the  Inspectors,  and  receive  their  prompt  attention. 

Since  the  last  annual  report,  November  1st,  1866,  beside  the 
general  supervision  of  the  District,  the  following  inspections  have 
been  made  in  the  city  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  and  have  been 
the  basis  of  reports: 

Total  of  inspections  made -   35,045 

Total  of  inspections  made  per  month ,.    —  2,920.4 

Total  of  inspections  made  per  week 673.9 

Average  number  made  by  each  inspector  per  year 2,333.3 

Average  number  made  by  each  inspector  per  month —  194.6 

Average  number  made  by  each  inspector  per  week 44.8 

The  following  has  been  the  subjects  of  this  above  inspections  : 

Tenement  Houses 11,414 

Private  Dwellings 5,009 

Slaughter-houses,  establishments  for  fat  melting 
and   bone   boiling,    etc.,  manufactories,    and 

other  places  of  business ..._.... 2,234 

Horse  and  cow  stables  and  piggeries 1,919 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  91 

Streets,  piers,  sidewalks  and  gutters. . ...  1,689 

Sunken    and    vacant    lots,    manure    heaps   and 

dumping  grounds 1,187 

Public  buildings.. _ 98 

Shipping 22 

Yards,  cellars,  waste-pipes,  privies,  etc 11,473 


Total 35,405 


For  the  details  of  work  done  in  Brooklyn  I  respectfully  refer 
to  the  annexed  report  of  Dr.  J.  T.  Conkling,  Assistant  Sanitary 
Superintendent. 

In  the  country  towns  the  officers  have  generally  been  successful 
in  causing  the  abatement  of  nuisances,  by  personal  appeal  to  the 
parties  responsible,  without  invoking  the  authority  of  the  Board. 

It  was  ascertained  in  July  last  that  the  village  of  Portchester, 
town  of  Rye,  Westchester  County,  was  in  a  most  filthy  and 
insalubrious  condition.  An  Inspector  was  sent  from  this  city  to 
investigate  the  causes  of  this,  and  it  was  found  that  the  most  gross 
neglect  prevailed  there.  The  village  was  afflicted  with  the 
presence  of  a  large  number  of  filthy  pig-pens,  tenement-houses, 
stagnant  pools  of  defiled  water,  overflowing  privies,  etc. — a 
similar  condition  to  that  which  last  year  ca'led  for  peremptory 
action  on  the  part  of  the  Board,  for  the  suppression  of  cholera. 
All  the  orders  of  the  Board,  based  on  the  reports  of  Inspector 
White,  have  been  promptly  complied  with,  and  a  radical  improve- 
ment in  the  condition  of  the  village  has  been  the  result. 

The  nucleus  of  the  Disinfectant  Corps  was,  as  sanctioned  by  the 
Board,  retained  through  the  winter  of  1866-67,  and  was  employed 
in  disinfecting  houses  where  the  existence  of  fevers  of  a  con- 
tagious character  was  discovered. 

In  February  last  the  Fire  Department  was  applied  to  for  the 
use  of  one  of  their  unoccupied  engine-houses  by  this  department. 
They  assented,  and  the  building,  No.  128  Worth  street,  was 
turned  over  to  the  Sanitary  Superintendent.  The  basement  was 
at  once  fitted  for  stable  purposes,  the  first  story  for  storing 
wagons,  the  second  for  office  and  quarters  for  the  men,  and  the 
third  as  a  laboratory  and  store. 

On  the  10th  of  May,  in  accordance  with  instructions  of  the 
Board,  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  commenced  the  execution,  by 
men  under  his  own  control,  of  such  orders  of  the  Board  as  were 
not  complied  with  by  the  parties  on  whom  they  were  served. 


92  Annual  Report  of  the 

This  "  department  of  labor"  was  subdivided — one  subdivision 
to  included  the  execution  of  all  orders  requiring  the  employment 
of  skilled  labor,  and  the  other  all  orders  requiring  ordinary  labor, 
such  as  cleansing,  whitewashing,  the  removal  of  rubbish,  disinfect- 
ing, etc.  The  former  subdivision  was  placed  under  the  immediate 
charge  of  the  Engineer  of  the  Board,  to  whose  report  I  respect- 
fully refer  for  the  details  of  work  done  under  his  supervision. 
The  latter  was  placed  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  James  A.  Christie, 
who  had  already  charge  of  the  Disinfectant  Department,  with 
which  the  skilled  labor  was  now  incorporated. 

A  large  number  of  day  laborers  were  employed,  and  a  few  by 
the  month,  the  latter  to  act  as  foremen.  Some  additional  horses 
and  wagons  were  purchased,  as  well  as  the  requisite  tools  and 
materials. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  orders  issued  by  the  Board  since  said 
date  (May  10),  viz  :  eight  thousand  seven  hundred  and  sixty-nine 
(8,769),  exclusive  of  five  hundred  and  sixty  (560)  final  orders 
(which  are  but  repetitions  of  original  ones),  the  Sanitary  Superin- 
tendent has  been  obliged  to  execute  but  seven  hundred  and 
ninety-one  (791),  the  remainder  having  been  complied  with  by  the 
property  owners  or  other  responsible  parties  upon  whom  they 
were  served. 

In  the  subdivision  of  skilled  labor  there  have  been  executed 
two  hundred  and  four  (204)  orders,  as  follows: 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


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HO  Annual  Report  ob  the 

Besides  the  work  done  in  the  execution  of  specified  orders  of 
the  Board,  as  indicated  above,  this  department  has,  in  compliance 
with  instructions  of  the  Board,  employed  a  squad  of  men  in  keep- 
ing the  street  gutters  clean  in  the  filthier  portion  of  the  city  below 
Canal  street. 

The  expenses  attending  the  latter  have  been  paid  by  the  Comp- 
troller, from  the  appropriation  made  for  extra  cleaning  of  streets 
not  sufficiently  provided  for  in  the  street-cleaning  contract. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  work  performed  by  this  department  has 
given  satisfaction  to  the  owners  of  property. 

The  prices  charged  ha.ve  been  carefully  supervised,  and  the  bills 
kept  down  to  the  actual  cost  of  the  execution  of  the  orders.  In 
regard  to  the  execution  of  the  orders  requiring  simply  cleansing, 
whitewashing,  and  minor  repairs,  there  has  been  almost  no  complaint 
whatever,  and,  with  very  few  exceptions,  the  bills  are  promptly 
paid.  In  the  Engineer  Department,  by  far  the  greatest  opposi- 
tion has  been  regarding  repairs  upon  leaky  roofs ;  in  fact,  the 
trouble  experienced  in  effecting  these  repairs,  and  in  collecting 
the  bills  therefor,  is  so  great,  that  I  join  the  Engineer  in  respect- 
fully recommending  that,  hereafter,  such  repairs  be  made  the  sub- 
ject of  separate  orders,  to  be  enforced,  not  by  execution  by  this 
department,  and  subsequent  collection  of  the  cost,  but  by  suit  for 
penalty. 

The  increased  disposition  on  the  part  of  citizens  to  comply  with 
the  orders  of  the  Board,  has  very  greatly  diminished  the  necessity 
for  the  execution  of  orders  by  this  department,  and  caused  a  con- 
sequent reduction  in  the  number  of  employees  and  amount  of 
material. 

The  property  now  on  hand  is  as  follows : 

Horses * 4 

Wagons,  heavy _ . .    1 

do      light,  covered ~ 2 

Harness,  heavy,  double _ 1 

do      light,  single 2 

Disinfectants  : 

Chloride  of  Lime lbs.,  38,400 

Sulphate  of  Iron  ._  • lbs.,     1,200 

Carbolic  Acid galls.,  180  (3*  bbls.) 

Coal  Tar bbls.,       11£ 

Sal  Soda lbs.,         100 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \\\ 

Tools  : 

Shovels,  hoes,  brooms,  etc.  (as  per  enclosed  inventory). 
Hospital  Property : 

Bedsteads,  bedding,  office,  kitchen,  and  table  furniture  (as  per 
enclosed  inventory). 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

EDWARD  B.  D  ALTON,  M.  D., 
Sanitary  Supt.  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health, 


1\2  Annual  Report  of  tee 


REPORT  OF  THE  SANITARY  SUPERINTENDENT 

ON 

TENEMENT  HOUSES. 


Office  Sanitary  Superintendent,  ") 

Metopolitan  Board  of  Health,       \ 

New  York,  January  27,  1867.  J 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health: 

Sir  :  In  obedience  to  instructions  from  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Health,  received  on  the  24th  instant,  I  beg  respectfully  to  sub- 
mit the  following  report  upon  tenement  houses  in  the  cities  of  New 
York  and  Brooklyn.  In  the  latter  city,  the  number  of  such  houses 
is  comparatively  small,  being  but  two  thousand  four  hundred  and 
six  (2,406),  and  while  some  of  them  are  deficient  in  light,  ventila- 
tion and  sewerage,  there  are  but  very  few  conspicuous  for  their 
filthy  and  neglected  condition,  and  almost  none  of  such  a  charac- 
ter as  to  be  public  nuisances. 

In  New  York  the  case  is  very  different.  The  number  of  tene- 
ment houses  in  this  city  is  eighteen  thousand  five  hundred  and 
eighty-two  (18,582).  The  following  table  shows  the  manner  of 
their  distribution  in  the  various  wards,  and  the  number  which  are 
in  bad  sanitary  condition  : 

Number  of 
Wards.  tenement  houses. 

1 275 

2. 

3.. 40 

4 500 

5 -.  300 

6 600 

7 1,847 

8 850 

9 650 

10.. 430 


In  bad  sani- 
tary condition 
from  neglect. 

137 

In  bad  sanitary 

condition    from 

any  cause. 

175 

20 

24 

250 

300 

150 

180 

300 

360 

370 

890 

322 

546 

280 

434 

86 

196 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \\§ 

In  bad  sani-      In  bad  sanitary 

Number  of  tary  condition     condition    from 

Wards.  tenement  houses.  from  neglect.  ,an7  cause. 

11? 2,400 

12 208 

13 550 

14 550 

15 200 

16 1,300 

17 2,395 

18  and  21 2,276 

19 761 

20 1,250 

22 1,200 


18,582 


480 

1,200 

104 

104 

110 

275 

236 

346 

86 

132 

216 

433 

478 

1,138 

1,138 

1,516 

38 

380 

213 

417 

800 

800 

5,814 

9,846 

These  figures  are  derived  from  the  reports  of  the  Sanitary- 
Inspectors,  and  represent  the  number  of  houses  occupied  by 
several  families  living  independently  of  each  other,  but  having  a 
common  right  in  the  halls,  stairways,  yards,  cellars,  water-closets 
or  privies  and  sinks. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table,  that  of  the  entire  num- 
ber of  tenement  houses  in  the  city  of  New  York  fifty-two  (52)  per 
cent  are  in  bad  sanitary  condition,  that  is,  in  a  condition  detrimen- 
tal to  the  health,  and  dangerous  to  the  lives  of  occupants,  and 
sources  of  infections  to  the  neighborhood  generally.  Thirty-two 
(32)  per  cent  are  in  this  condition  purely  from  overcrowding, 
accumulations  of  filth,  want  of  water-supply,  and  other  results  of 
neglect.  The  danger  to  public  health,  however,  especially  in  the 
event  of  an  epidemic,  which  results  from  these  conditions,  is  not 
adequately  expressed  by  these  figures,  for  while  in  the  upper  and 
newer  parts  of  the  city  the  tenement  houses  are  comparatively 
well  built  and  properly  locked  after,  there  are  many  localities 
where  almost  entire  blocks  are  composed  of  such  houses  alone,  all 
of  which  are  in  bad  condition,  and  where  the  danger  is  greatly 
increased  by  this  very  grouping.  The  worst  localities  in  this 
respect,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  table,  are  in  the  lower 
portions  of  the  city,  at  intervals,  and  along  its  eastern  and  western 
border,  as  high  as  Forty-second  street  on  the  east,  and  Sixtieth 
street  on  the  west. 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  8 


114  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  causes  of  improper  sanitary  condition  of  tenement  houses 
may  be  classed  under  two  heads,  viz:  1st.  Those  due  to  faults  in 
the  original  construction  of  the  building,  and,  2d.  Those  due  to 
overcrowding  and  neglect. 

Prominent  under  the  first  head  are,  1st.  The  custom  of  erecting 
a  front  and  rear  tenement  house  on  a  single  lot.  By  this  plan  the 
rear  end  of  each  house  is  within  short  distance,  varying,  in  differ- 
ent instances,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet,  of  the  rear  end  of  the 
rear  house  situated  upon  the  reverse  lot  fronting  on  the  next  street 
above  or  below  as  the  case  may  be.  There  are  many  blocks  of 
houses  built  in  this  manner.  The  result  is,  that  the  back  rooms 
of  the  rear  houses  are  entirely  cut  off  from  direct  sunlight,  and 
the  ventilation  is  necessarily  very  imperfect.  These  spaces,  too, 
between  houses  thus  contiguous,  are  always  damp,  and  very  fre- 
quently, from  being  made  the  receptacle  for  excrement,  urine  and 
garbage,  gives  off  most  offensive  emanations,  which  are  either  dif- 
fused through  the  houses,  or  compel  the  tenants  to  keep  the  rear 
windows  constantly  closed,  and  thus  destroy  the  slender  means  of 
ventilation,  which  their  presence  might  otherwise  afford.  Even 
the  front  rooms  of  such  houses  suffer  in  a  similar  manner,  though 
not  to  so  great  a  degree,  the  presence  of  the  high  front  house, 
separated  only  by  a  narrow  court,  allowing  but  a  meagre  share  of 
direct  light  and  air. 

2d.  Deficient  Ventilation  is  a  very  common  evil  in  tenement 
houses.  The  halls  are  close,  rarely,  except  the  lower  floor,  extend- 
ing to  either  front  or  rear  wall,  so  as  to  admit  of  a  window. 
Therefore,  the  tenants  keep  their  room  doors  closed.  The  hall  is 
entirely  cut  off  from  the  external  atmosphere,  save  by  the 
chance  opening  of  the  street  entrance.  The  dwelling  rooms  have 
no  provision  for  ventilation,  save  such  as  may  be  afforded  by  the 
windows,  which  are  usually  on  but  one  side  of  the  room.  The 
sleeping  rooms  open  from  these  dwelling  rooms,  and  are  simple 
closets,  with  absolutely  no  ventilation. 

3cZ.  Absence  of  Light. — For  the  same  reasons  that  the  halls  are 
unventilated,  they  are  also  dark  and  damp.  No  sunlight  can  come 
there.  The  space  allowed  for  the  hall  is  so  narrow,  that  a  proper 
"well"  is  impossible,  and  no  adequate  skylight  provided.  A 
large  proportion  of  these  halls  are  so  dark  that  at  mid-day  it  is 
impossible  to  discern  objects  there  without  opening  some  adjacent 
room  door.  In  many  instances  the  floors  are  damp  and  rotting, 
and  the  walls  and  bannisters  sticky  with  a  constant  moisture. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \  [5 

4^.  Basements  or  Cellars. — The  basements  or  cellars  are  often 
entirely  below  ground,  the  ceiling  being  a  foot  or  two  below  the 
level  of  the  street,  and  are  necessarily  far  more  damp,  dark,  and 
ill-ventilated  than  the  remainder  of  the  house.  Many  of  these  are 
constantly  occupied,  and  not  unfrequently  used  as  lodging  houses, 
where  there  is  no  communication  Avith  the  external  air,  save  by 
the  simple  entrance,  and  in  which  the  occupants  are  entirely 
dependent  upon  artificial  light  by  day,  as  well  as  by  night.  Many 
of  these,habitations  in  the  lower  streets  of  the  city  are  subject  to 
regular  periodical  flooding  by  tide-water,  to  the  depth  of  from  six 
inches  to  a  foot,  frequently  so  much  so  as  to  keep  the  children  of 
the  occupants  in  bed  until  ebb-tide. 

bth.  Deficient  Drainage. — A  large  number  of  tenements  have 
no  connection  with  the  sewer,  and  no  provision  for  drainage  but 
surface  gutters,  by  which  all  house-slops,  not  infrequently  mixed 
with  urine,  and  even  faecal  matter,  are  conducted  across  or  imme- 
diately beneath  the  sidewalk  into  the  street-gutter,  where,  from 
lack  of  the  proper  grade,  they  remain  stagnant  and  putrefying 
during  the  summer,  and  where,  during  the  winter,  they  freeze  and 
turn  the  flow  into  the  cellars.  Indeed,  at  all  seasons,  much  of 
the  fluid  material  deposited  by  the  tenants  in  the  }-ards,  finds  its 
way  into  the  cellars,  and  it  is  by  no  means  exceptional  to  find 
entire  blocks  of  houses  where  the  cellars  are  constantly  flooded, 
to  a  greater  or  lesser  extent,  from  this  cause.  In  other  instances, 
the  material  from  the  different  sinks,  wash-basins  and  water-closets 
on  the  successive  floors,  are  conducted  hy  pipes,  devoid  of  traps, 
to  a  common  wooden  drain  of  inadequate  dimensions,  running 
immediately  beneath  the  basement  floors  of  contiguous  houses  and 
th'ence  passing  into  the  street-sewer.  The  current  through  these 
drains  is  generaly  sluggish,  and  frequently  obstructed  by  accumu- 
lations of  solid  material,  or  by  the  decay  and  consequent  break- 
ing down  of  the  drain  itself.  In  the  event  of  such  accidents, 
collections  of  stagnant  and  offensive  fluids  take  place  beneath  the 
basement  floor,  or  in  the  cellar,  where  such  exists,  the  whole  house 
becomes  permeated  with  a  disagreeable  stench;  the  cause  of  which 
is  not  discovered  until  sickness  or  intolerance  of  the  odor  leads  to 
complaint  and  investigation.  These  drains  are  not  infrequently 
furnished  with  ventilators,  consisting  of  flues,  connected  immedi- 
ately with  the  interior  of  the  drain,  aud  thence  passing  up  through 
the  house  and  having  openings  in  the  various  apartments  through 
which  the  gases  resulting  from  decomposition  below  are  diffused. 


116  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  lack  of  proper  traps  gives  rise  to  the  same  difficulty,  the 
emanations  from  the  stagnant  contents  of  the  drain,  finding  their 
way  up  through  the  waste-pipes,  and  escaping  into  the  halls  and 
rooms. 

6th.  Inadequate  Provision  of  Water-closets  or  Privies. — Where 
water-closets  exist,  they  are  frequently  of  imperfect  construction, 
being  without  traps  or  sufficient  provision  for  flushing  them. 
Where  privies  are  relied  upon,  they  are  often  carelessly  built, 
devoid  of  .-ewer  connection  and  inadequate  in  number,  tiere  fre- 
quently being  but  one  for  the  accommodation  of  from  sixty  to  a 
hundred  persons. 

These  privies  are  usually  in  the  yards,  but  sometimes  they  are 
in  the  houses,  and  consist  of  mere  "  wells,"  extending  from  the 
upper  floors  to  the  cellars,  and  provided  with  an  opening  an  seat 
on  each  floor,  with  no  means  of  flushing  them,  and  nothing  to  pre- 
vent the  constant  diffusion  throughout  the  house  of  the  emana- 
tions from  the  material  accumulated  below. 

Such,  with  the  occasional  absence  of  Croton  water,  and  the  fre- 
quent lack  of  fire-escapes,  are  the  most  prominent  faults  of 
construction  in  tenement  houses  in  this  city.  Evils  of  the  second 
class,  arising  from  overcrowding  and  neglect,  are,  accumulations 
of  garbage,  excrement,  and  filth  of  every  description  in  the  yards 
and  cellars,  broken  down  and  overflowing  privies,  filthy  halls, 
stairwaj's,  water-closets,  and  rooms,  leaky  roofs,  and  broken 
windows,  all  these  aggravate  the  results  of  faults  of  coustruction, 
and  render  these  dwellings  unfit  for  habstation. 

To  the  filthy  habits  of  the  occupants  and  especially  to  the  indif- 
ference of  the  owners,  is  due  in  great  measure  the  origin  and  con- 
tinuance of  these  terrible  sources  of  disease. 

Some  of  these  tenements  are  owned  by  persons  of  the  highest 
character,  but  they  fail  to  appreciate  the  responsibility  which  rests 
upon  them.  They  are  frequently  entirely  ignorant  of  the  condi- 
tion of  their  property,  and  either  trust  its  care  to  an  agent,  who, 
of  course,  feels  still  less  responsible,  and  whose  duty  is,  in  the 
main,  to  so  manage  the  property  as  to  be  of  the  greatest  pecuniary 
advantage  to  his  employer,  or  lease  them  to  "middle  men,"  as 
they  are  called,  who  have  no  interest  in  the  property  except  its 
immediate  profits,  and  who  destroy  even  its  original  ventilation, 
and  aggravate  its  defects,  by  dividing  the  rooms  into  smaller  ones, 
and  crowding  three  or  four  families  in  a  space  originally  intended 
for  one.     The  latter  is  frequently  the  case  with  houses  not  origin- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  1  Tfr 

ally  intended  for  tenement  houses,  but  which  are  abandoned  pri- 
vate residences,  arranged,  not  for  the  accommodation  of  many,  but 
simply  for  one  family.  These  middle  men  hire  these  old  houses 
for  a  term  of  years  from  the  owner,  who  is  glad  to  get  rid  of 
them  until  he  is  ready  to  tear  them  down  and  improve  the  prop- 
erty, while,  meantime,  it  is  not  for  his  interest,  nor  that  of  the 
lessee,  to  make  improvements  or  repairs. 

Disease,  especially  in  the  form  of  fevers  of  a  typhoid  character, 
is  constantly  present  in  these  dwellings,  and  every  now  and  then 
becomes  epidemic  in  one  or  more  of  them.  In  one  of  them  it 
was  found  that  twenty  cases  of  typus  had  eccurred  during  the  pre- 
vious year. 

During  last  summer,  as  through  every  epidemic,  tenement  houses 
were  the  first  resting-place  and  permanent  abode  of  cholera. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

ED.  B.  DALTON, 

Sanitary  Superintendent, 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


Report  of  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  Recommending  Im- 
provements in  the  Character  and  Condition  of  Tenement 
Houses. 

Office  Sanitary  Superintendent,  "| 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  \ 

New  York,  February  1th,  18G7.  J 
John  O.  Stone,  M.  D., 

Chairman  Sanitary  Committee,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 

Sir — In  accordance  with  your  instructions,  I  beg  respectfully  to 

lay  before  you  certain  recommendations  regarding  improvements 

in  the  character  and  condition  of  tenement  houses  in    the  cities  of 

New  York  and  Brooklyn,  especially  the  former. 

The  custom  of  erecting  a  front  and  rear  tenement  house  on  a 
single  lot,  should,  in  my  opinion,  be  discontinued,  as  the  only  way 
by  which  the  evils  mentioned  in  my  report  of  the  27th  January, 
as  arising  from  this  practice,  can  be  avoided.  The  front  houses 
can  then  be  made  deeper,  and  yet  leave  sufficient  space  between 
them  and  the  abutting  houses  from  the  next  street  to  allow  of 
proper  provision  for  ventilation  and  light. 

To  improve  the  ventilation  and  light  of  existing  tenement 
houses,  several  plans   are  feasible,  which  involve  comparatively 


118  Annual  Report  of  the 

but  moderate  expense.  To  ventilate  and  light  the  halls,  the  hall- 
bedrooms  at  one  end  on  each  floor  may  be  dispensed  with,  thus 
giving  the  halls  the  benefit  of  the  windows.  Into  the  hall  thus 
improved,  a  moderate-sized  window,  three  square  feet  in  area, 
should  be  cut  from  the  dark  bedrooms — which  now  have  no  open- 
ing save  the  door  from  the  dwelling-rooms.  In  the  better  class  of 
houses  these  windows  already  exist,  and  are  of  great  value. 

I  beg  to  invite  especial  attention  to  a  plan  suggested  by  the 
Engineer  of  the  Board,  which  is  not  only  admirably  adapted  to 
purposes  of  ventilation  and  light,  but  at  the  same  time  secures  the 
safety  of  tenants  in  case  of  fire.  His  plan  is  to  do  away  altogether 
with  the  present  stairway,  and  substitute  one  in  a  tower  separate 
from  and  in  the  rear  of  the  house,  and  connected  therewith  by  a 
bridge  at  each  story,  protected  by  a  suitable  railing  or  sheathing- 
The  space  now  occupied  by  the  stairway  is  to  be  left  vacant,  and 
a  large  ventilator  and  sky-light  placed  in  the  roof  immediately 
over  the  successive  openings  thus  left  in  the  floors  of  the  different 
stories;  these  opeuings,  also,  to  be  surrounded  by  a  proper  rail- 
ing or  high  sheathing.  It  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  when  fire 
breaks  out  in  a  tenement  house,  the  stairway  is  often  the  first  thing 
destroyed,  and  excepting  in  the  rare  instances  where  iron  ladders 
have  been  attached  outside  the  house,  the  tenants  are  entirety  cut 
off  from  escape.  So  many  terrible  casualties  have  occurred  from 
this  cause,  that  the  demand  is  certainly  most  imperative  for  some 
change  which  shall  secure  greater  safety  to  the  thousands  who 
must  necessarily  live  in  these  tenement  houses,  and  who  are  them- 
selves powerless  to  make  any  provision  for  their  own  protection. 
There  are  in  this  city  thousands  of  these  houses,  many  of  them 
models  in  other  respects,  where  there  is  absolutely  no  possibility 
of  escape  for  the  tenants  in  the  upper  stories  should  a  fire  break 
out  in  the  lower  portions,  and  not  be  speedily  extinguished.  Many 
are  so  much  higher  than  the  adjacent  buildings,  that  a  fire-escape 
leading  out  upon  the  roof  is  of  no  avail,  and,  as  I  have  already 
stated,  the  provision  of  external  iron  ladders  is  very  exceptional. 
The  adoption  of  outside  staircases,  as  advocated  by  Mr.  Wor- 
then,  would,  thus,  seem  to  obviate,  so  far  as  can  be  done  by  con- 
struction, very  many,  if  not  all,  of  the  remediable  evils  attaching 
to  the  tenant  house  system.  It  would  afford  ample  light  and  free 
ventilation  to  the  halls  and  rooms.  It  would  diminish  to  a  vast 
degree  the  loss  of  life  by  fire,  and  would  afford  opportunity,  by 
means  of  the  outside  tower,  of  placing  the  water-closets  and  sinks 


Metr  o  p  out  a  n  Board  of  He  a  l  tu.  \  [  9 

outside  the  body  of  the  house,  and  thus  relieve  the  latter  of  one 
great  source  of  infection.  An  instance  of  the  practical  and  suc- 
cessful working  of  this  plan  is  described  in  the  accompanying 
report  of  Sanitary  Inspector  Janes,  upon  No.  135  West  Twenty- 
sixth  street,  with  diagram.  With  the  exception  of  the  openings 
in  the  hall  floors,  and  the  fact  that  the  tower  communicates 
throughout  its  entire  height  with  the  body  of  the  house,  it  corres- 
ponds with  the  plan  proposed.  The  plan  here  described  by  Dr. 
Janes  answers  admirably  for  houses  where  there  are  but  two  fami- 
lies on  each  floor,  but  among  the  poorer  classes,  where  there  must 
be  four  families  on  each  floor,  the  tower  should  only  be  connected 
by  bridges,  so  that  there  may  be  abundance  of  light  and  air  in  the 
rear  dwelling-rooms.  In  cases  where  front  and  rear  houses  exist, 
both  may  be  connected   with  one  tower  situated  between  the  two. 

In  case  there  are  two  dark  bedrooms  opening  from  one  dwelling 
room,  a  communicating  window  should  be  cut  between  the  two. 
In  addition  to  these  windows,  the  bedrooms  should  also  be  venti- 
lated by  shafts  running  to  the  roof,  and  a  separate  flue  for  each 
room,  as  otherwise  the  contaminated  air  from  the  rooms  below 
would  enter  those  above.  This  plan  is  carried  out  in  the  best 
tenements,  and  is  very  successful. 

To  remedy  deficiency  in  drainage,  it  is  only  necessary  that  the 
plumbing  of  the  house  should  be  on  the  proper  plan,  now  fully 
recognized  by  architects  and  plumbers,  and  where  sewers  do  not 
yet  exist,  that  the  grading  of  the  yards  and  the  surface-gutters 
should  be  faithfully  attended  to. 

A  proper  system  of  construction,  however,  will,  of  itself,  be  of 
no  avail  in  tenement  houses,  unless  accompanied  by  constant 
watchfulness.  Rooms  will  be  overcrowded  ;  windows  and  doors 
will  be  persistently  closed ;  apertures  for  ventilation  will  be 
stuffed  with  rags,  etc.;  refuse  matters  will  be  thrown  into  the 
sinks  and  water-closets,  clogging  the  waste-pipes  and  destroying 
the  efficiency  of  the  plumbing,  however  perfect ;  drains  will  be 
broken  and  obstructed  ;  filth  will  accumulate  in  the  cellars  and 
halls ;  and  the  model  tenement  house  will  socn  become  as 
unwholesome  as  though  none  of  these  precautions  had  been  taken. 

Reformation  in  this  matter  can,  in  my  opinion,  be  made  perma- 
nent only  by  forcing  upon  the  owners  of  tenement  property  the 
responsibility  of  its  management.  Weekly,  or,  if  necessary,  more 
frequent  inspection  of  every  tenement  house,  from  garret  to  cel- 
lar, should  be  made  by  the  owner  or  other  competent  authority, 


120  Annual  Report  of  tee 

who  should  exact  from  each  tenant  strict  compliance  with  such 
rules  as  are  necessary  to  the  salubrity  of  a  dwelling,  and  any  ten- 
ant who  persists  in  living  in  a  manner  detrimental  to  the  health  of 
his  neighbors,  should  no  longer  be  allowed  to  remain.  Such  a 
system  would  soon  improve  the  habits  of  the  tenants,  and  the  cer- 
tainty of  a  weekly  inspection  would  at  least  secure  a  vigorous 
cleansing  at  those  times,  which,  of  itself,  would  prevent  the  terri- 
ble accumulations  of  filth  which  are  now  a  disgrace  to  so  many  pro- 
perty owners. 

A  competent  housekeeper  should  also  reside  on  or  near  the  pre- 
mises, whose  duty  it  should  be  to  keep  the  halls,  water-closets 
and  other  public  portions  of  the  house  clean  and  in  repair.  It  is 
in  great  measure  due  to  the  neglect  of  these  reasonable  precau- 
tions that  so  much  labor  and  expense  is  forced  upon  the  public 
for  sanitary  purposes. 

Corroborative  of  the  statements  I  have  made,  as  the  results  of 
observation,  I  beg  to  submit  the  few  accompanying  reports  of  the 
Sanitary  Inspectors,  and  I  would  respectfully  invite  especial  at- 
tention to  that  of  Dr.  E.  H.  Janes,  upon  No.  135  West  Twenty- 
sixth  street,  and  that  of  Dr.  J.  L.  Brown,  upon  No.  89  Perry 
street,  as  showing  that  the  suggestions  made  in  this  report  are 
reasonable  and  practicable,  and  are  actually  carried  out  where  the 
owners  of  property  are  really  desirous  of  doing  what  is  right. 
I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

ED.  B.  DALTON, 
Sanitary  Supt.  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


Eeport  of  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  on  Slaughter 

Houses. 

Office  of  Sanitary  Superintendent, 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  April  20,  1867. 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  : 

Sir — I  beg  respectfully  to  remind  the  Board  of  Health  that  it 
is  now  more  than  a  year  since  their  attention  was  first  directed  to 
the  evil  results  of  the  system  of  slaughtering  animals  in  the  built- 
up  portions  of  this  city,  and  that,  since  that  time,  every  effort  has 
been  made  by  the  officers  of  the  Board  to  enforce  such  regulations 
regarding  the  slaughter-houses  as  might  mitigate,  and,  if  possible, 
do  away  with  these  evils,  or  at  least  so  far  control  them  as  to  en- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \o\ 

able  those  engaged  in  slaughtering  to  arrange  their  business  with 
a  view  to  an  ultimate  removal  of  it  from  the  city.  The  butchers 
were  called  together,  in  conference,  and  requested  to  co-operate 
with  the  Board  in  abating  the  nuisances  with  which  their  business 
was  surrounded,  in  such  a  way,  and  with  such  reasonable  delay 
as  should  result  in  the  public  good,  and  at  the  same  time  not  en- 
tail pecuniary  loss  upon  them.  The  experiment  has  failed.  Al- 
though a  few  of  the  places  where  slaughtering  was  carried  on 
with  the  least  regard  to  the  health  and  decency  of  the  neighbor- 
hood have  been  closed,  still  even  this  partial  reform  has  been 
attended  with  a  great  deal  of  labor  and  expense  to  the  Board,  and 
there  still  remain  in  the  city,  to-day,  one  hundred  and  forty  (140) 
slaughter-houses,  whose  existence  is  a  nuisance,  detrimental  in  the 
highest  degree  to  the  health,  and  dangerous  to  the  lives  of  the 
citizens.  Many  of  these  are  still  carried  on  without  regard  to 
cleanliness  or  decency,  are  constantly  rilthv  and  neglected,  and  the 
sources  of  the  most  noisome  and  injurious  exhalations.  It  has 
been  found  impossible,  with  the  moderate  force  of  sanitary  inspec- 
tors at  our  command,  to  continue  such  constant  supervision  over 
these  places  as  shall  keep  the  Board  apprised  of  their  condition, 
and  so  compel  a  conformity  to  a  prescribed  standard.  Aside  from 
this,  however,  the  experience  of  the  past  year  has  proven  that  no 
standard  can  be  prescribed  which  will  render  the  business  of 
slaughtering  animals  other  than  a  complicated  and  most  offensive 
nuisance  when  carried  on  in  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city.  The 
cattle  must  be  driven  through  the  public  streets,  upon  the  side- 
walks, as  well  as  between  them,  defiling  the  pavement  and  dis- 
turbing the  peace,  and  jeopardizing  the  lives  of  the  citizens. 

I  need  not  remind  you  how  frequently  ladies  and  children  are 
driven  in  terror  from  the  sidewalks  and  crossings  of  our  best 
avenues,  to  seek  refuge  in  the  stoops  and  areas  from  these  herds 
of  frightened  and  half-crazed  cattle,  a  terror  for  which  there  is 
ample  reason  in  the  terrible  and  not  infrequent  "  accidents,"  so- 
called,  where  persons  have  been  shockingly  gored  to  death  by 
these  creatures,  or  run  down  and  more  or  less  injured.  Indeed, 
it  seems  unaccountable  how  this  wanton  and  most  unnecessary  ex- 
posure of  human  life  should  so  long  have  been  tolerated;  a  con- 
sideration which,  of  itself,  would  seem  sufficient  to  banish  the 
business  of  slaughtering  from  the  city. 

When  the  cattle  have  been  finally  goaded  and  frightened  along 
to  their  destination,  their  condition  is  such  as  to  render  their  imrae- 


122  Annual  Report  of  tee 

diate  slaughter  and  preparation  for  the  market  most  improper  and 
injurious,  and  the  conditions  under  which  they  are  now  placed 
render  the  usual  delay  of  a  few  hours  of  but  little  avail.  They 
are  herded  in  small,  ill-ventilated  pens,  in  many  cases  so  crowded 
as  to  entirely  prevent  the  cattle  from  moving  about,  where  they 
are  kept,  without  food,  barely  long  enough  for  the  fever  produced 
by  the  journey  to  subside,  when  they  are  killed,  and  at  once  dis- 
tributed to  consumers.  While  the  cattle  are  thus  penned  up,  they 
are  the  source  not  only  of  the  greatest  discomfort,  but  of  great 
injury  to  the  health  of  the  community.  This  is  especially  true  as 
regards  children.  The  constant  bellowing  of  the  foot-sore  and 
homesick  cattle,  the  ceaseless  moaning  and  bleating  of  the  calves 
and  sheep,  and  the  squealing  and  grunting  of  the  pigs,  disturb, 
and,  indeed,  oftentimes  entirely  destroy  the  sleep  of  the  occupants 
of  the  surrounding  tenements,  which  are  generally  filled  with  the 
laboring  classes  who  can  ill  afford  to  be  thus  robbed  of  their 
natural  rest. 

The  emanations  from  the  animals  themselves,  thus  kept  in  un- 
healthy condition,  and  from  their  excretions,  keep  the  atmosphere 
constantly  tainted,  while  the  hordes  of  rats,  flies,  and  vermin  which 
they  attract,  render  a  residence  in  their  vicinity,  especially  in  hot 
weather,  almost  intolerable.  Indeed,  none  but  those  who  have 
personally  investigated  this  matter  can  form  any  idea  of  the  suffer- 
ing to  which  the  inhabitants  of  these  dwellings  are  subjected  dur- 
ing the  summer  months.  The  houses  are  crowded,  and  the  air 
within  them  becomes,  to  the  last  degree,  foul  and  unwholesome; 
and  yet  any  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  occupants  to  improve  their 
condition,  by  opening  the  windows  for  fresh  air,  only  gives  entrance 
to  noisome  gases  and  swarms  of  insects. 

In  regard  to  the  additional  nuisances  arising  from  the  actual 
killing  of  the  animals  and  the  subsequent  disposal  of  the  carcass, 
I  beg  to  quote  from  the  inspectors'  reports. 

1.  Inspector  Emerson,  in  a  report  of  the  16th  instant,  says  : 

"In  the  process  of  slaughtering  and  dressing  said  animals,  the 
floor,  and  much  of  the  other  wood-work  of  the  building  becomes 
necessarily  saturated  with  various  animal  liquids,  either  at  the  time 
highly  offensive,  or  prone  to  become  so  as  the  result  of  rapid  decom- 
position, and  the  blood  and  other  liquid  refuse  necessarily  resulting 
from  such  slaughtering,  being  washed  into  the  sewer,  tend  to  clog 
and  obstruct  said  sewer,  and  then  are,  or  rapidly  become,  putrid 
and  highly  offensive  in  said  sewer,  aud  thus  contaminate  the  atmos- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  He  a  lth.  123 

phere  of  the  many  dwellings  and  other  buildings  connected  With 
it  in  its  long  course  to  its  outlet.  The  existence  of  these  slaugh- 
ter houses  necessitates  the  carting  of  much  dung  and  offal  for  a 
long  distance  through  the  public  streets,  which  substances,  and  the 
vehicles  and  receptacles  in  which  they  are  conveyed  are,  especially 
in  summer,  highly  offensive;  and,  in  spite  of  all  the  cleanliness 
that  can  be  exercised,  the  unavoidable  presence,  about  the  slaugh- 
ter houses,  of  large  quantities  of  animal  matter,  such  as  blood, 
dung,  hides,  offal,  etc.,  the  saturation  of  the  ground  with  the  liquid 
portions  of  these,  and  the  exhalations  from  them,  and  from  the 
animals  themselves,  contaminate  the  air,  which  must  at  once  enter 
the  rooms  of  adjacent  dwellings." 

2.  Inspector  McLane,  in  his  report  of  the  16th  instant,  says  : 

"  During  the  hours  devoted  to  the  killing  of  animals,  the  con- 
dition of  these  houses  is  necessarily  filthy.  The  slaughtering  neces- 
sitates the  shedding  of  blood  in  enormous  quantities.  This  blood 
is  either  caught  in  some  receptacle,  and  saved  for  purposes  of 
refinery,  or  it  is  allowed  to  flow  into  the  public  sewers.  In  the 
former  case,  it  has  to  be  transported  in  barrels  a  considerable  dis- 
tance; in  the  latter  it  clogs  the  sewers,  and  often  has  to  flow 
through  them  for  miles,  before  reaching  an  outlet  into  the  river. 
A  large  amount  of  offal  is  accumulated;  and  even  if  this  be  re- 
moved with  dispatch  and  regularity  (which  is  seldom  the  case), 
such  removal  must  take  place  through  the  streets,  and  the  emana- 
tions from  the  barrels  of  effete  matter,  in  warm  weather,  are  of  the 
most  offensive  nature." 

3.  Inspector  Maclay,  in  a  recent  report,  says: 

'•The  blood  and  offal,  not  being  promptly  removed,  undergoes 
putrefaction,  filling  the  air  with  pestilential  odors,  and  becoming 
a  proline  source  of  disease.  The  increasing  prevalence  of  cholera 
infantum,  typhoid  fever,  erysipelas,  and  other  diseases,  may  be 
traced  in  part  to  this  cause.  The  large  quantity  of  water  neces- 
sary to  wash  out  the  blood,  frecal  matter,  and  other  impurities 
from  these  buildings  oftentimes  fails  to  be  carried  off  by  the 
drain,  although  it  may  be  unobstructed  and  a  have  a  direct  con- 
nection with  the  sewer,  in  consequence  of  the  slaughter-house 
itself  being  defectively  constructed.  The  bloody  water  and  filthy 
drainage  finds  an  outlet  into  the  cellars  of  dwellings  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity,  and  remains  there  to  putrefy.  Recently,  I  noticed 
two  such  cases,  and  made  complaint  of  them  to  the  Board.     One 


224  A  nnual  Rep  ort  of  tee 

of  these  slaughter-houses,  No.  304  West  Forty-fifth  street,  was 
built  directly  adjoining  a  tenement-house;  and,  although  the 
slaughter-house  connected  with  the  sewer  in  the  street,  the  drain 
failed  to  carry  off  the  blood  and  other  fluids,  which  leaked 
through  the  walls  into  the  cellar  of  the  tenement-house,  covering 
its  entire  surface,  and  presenting  the  appearance  of  a  large  pool 
of  blood.  The  offensive  odor  therefrom  vitiated  the  atmosphere 
of  the  whole  building." 

4.  Inspector  Packard,  in  a  report  upon  his  district,  says: 

"  After  the  slaughtering  is  finished,  the  hides,  hoofs,  heads  and 
offal  are  loaded  into  wagons  and  carried  through  the  streets, 
offensive  to  sight  and  smell,  and  to  the  last  degeee  disgusting." 

5.  Inspector  Paine,  in  his  report,  says: 

"That  the  business  of  slaughtering  animals  necessitates  the 
collection  and  confinement  for  a  certain  time,  on  said  premises, 
of  cattle  in  greater  number  than  is  allowed  by  the  Board  in  any 
other  kind  of  premises  within  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city; 
which  cattle,  by  their  lowing  and  bleating,  cause  an  undue  dis- 
turbance of  the  neighborhood,  and  contaminate  the  air  by  their 
dung  and  urine." 

6.  Inspector  Janes,  in  speaking  of  the  slaughter-houses  in  his 
district,  says: 

"  The  disturbance  of  persons  residing  in  the  vicinity  occasioned 
by  the  large  number  of  animals  often  confined  in  a  pent-up  yard, 
the  annoyance  created  by  the  collection  of  flies,  cats  and  dogs 
around  the  premises,  and  the  consequent  depreciation  in  the  value 
of  the  neighboring  property,  would  seem  cause  sufficient  to  render 
the  removal  of  slaughter-houses  from  the  city  a  great  public  benefit." 

7-  Inspector  Morris,  in  speaking  of  the  demoralizing  effect  ot 
slaughtering,  as  at  present  conducted,  says: 

"Most  of  them  are  surrounded  by  tenement  houses  whose 
windows  look  down  directly  upon  the  operations  carried  on 
therein;  and  it  is  from  the  •familiarity  with  these  scenes  of  blood 
that  the  minds  of  the  young  of  these  localities  become  perverted; 
and  it  is  a  notorious  fact  that  the  roughest,  vilest  and  most  law- 
less boys  of  the  city  are  those  who  daily  witness  them,  and 
become  accustonled  to  such  brutality." 

8.  Inspector  White  calls  attention  to  the  following  important  fact: 

"Most  of  the  drainage,  indeed  all  of  it,  from  the  slaughter- 
houses on  the  east  side  of  the  city  passes  off  through  the  main 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  125 

sewer  in  East  Houston  street.  The  sewer  empties  into  the  East 
River  at  a  point  where  the  shore  of  the  island  forms  a  kind  of 
by  which  is  protected  from  the  influence  of  the  ebb  and  flow  of 
the  tide.  The  river  at  this  point  can  be  seen  discolored  by  blood; 
and  in  the  summer  season,  the  exhalations  and  odors  arising  there- 
from are  most  offensive,  and  have  been  made  the  subject  of  com- 
plaint by  those  who  are  compelled  to  cross  the  river  by  the 
Williamsburg  ferry." 

9.  Inspector  Brown  sums  up  the  report  upon  this  subject,  as 
regards  his  district,  by  saying  : 

"In  fine,  I  believe  there  is  not  a  single  slaughter-house  in  my 
district  which  is  not  regarded  as  a  serious  nuisance  by  those  resid- 
in  its  vicinity,  and  it  is  incredible  that  there  should  be  such  perfect 
unanimity  of  opinion  among  persons  of  every  grade  of  intelligence 
and  social  position,  without  there  existed  some  very  good  reason 
for  it." 

Such  are  a  few  quotations  from  various  reports  upon  this  sub- 
ject. They  hardly  need  a  comment.  The  Sanitary  Inspectors 
have,  during  the  past  year,  given  strict  and  constant  attention  to 
this  matter,  and  their  observations  have  everywhere  been  sustained 
by  the  repeated  and  bitter  complaints  of  the  poor  people  who 
have  so  long  suffered  from  these  evils.  There  is  no  denying  that, 
in  very  many  instances,  the  proprietors  of  these  places  have  ex- 
erted themselves  to  the  utmost  to  render  their  establishments  as 
inoffensive  as  possible.  They  have  floored  and  drained,  and  white- 
washed ;  they  have  endeavored  to  secure  the  prompt  removal  of 
oflal  and  manure  ;  they  have  made  the  freest  use  of  Croton  water, 
and  have  kept  good  their  sewer  connections.  But,  with  all  this, 
while  they  certainly  have  mitigated,  they  have  failed  to  abate  the 
nuisance.  The  most  conscientious  and  careful  butcher  cannot  pre- 
vent a  slaughter-house  being  a  nuisance  to  his  immediate  neigh- 
bors, and  to  the  city  generally. 

A  year  ago  it  was  urged,  with  some  reason,  that  the  sudden 
expulsion  of  slaughter-houses  from  the  city  would  so  embarrass 
the  business  as  to  seriously  interfere  with  the  necessary  supply  of 
meat.  Now,  however,  this  is  no  longer  the  case.  Extensive  and 
thoroughly  appoiuted  abattoirs  are  now  in  operation  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  city,  and  in  localities  convenient  to  the  public 
markets  of  sufficient  number  and  size  to  supply  meat,  fully  and 
promptly,  to  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  even  if  all  the 
private   slaughter-houses   should   be  closed  to-morrow.      These 


126  -^ nntjal  Rep ort  of  the 

abattoirs  are  supplied  with  every  facilities,  not  only  for  slaughter- 
ing animals,  but  for  utilizing  at  once,  within  the  same  enclosure, 
all  the  refuse  material,  while  it  is  still  fresh  and  inoffensive,  and 
so  the  nuisance  arising  from  its  transportation  through  the  streets, 
its  accumulation  at  the  offal  dock,  and  its  removal  thence,  at  an 
expense  to  the  city  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  ($15,000)  annually, 
and  its  presence  in  the  harbor,  and  especially  along  the  shores  of 
Staten  Island,  from  being  dumped  from  the  offal  boats,  will  be 
avoided.  A  far  less  important,  but  still  gratifying  fact  is,  that 
experience  for  the  past  few  months  has  proven  that,  by  the  use  of 
abattoirs,  cattle  can  be  slaughtered,  and  the  meat  dressed  and 
delivered  at  the  public  markets  or  elsewhere,  not  only  in  far  bet- 
ter and  more  wholesome  condition,  but  at  a  decidedly  less  rate  of 
expense,  than  by  the  present  system. 

In  view  of  the  facts  thus  set  forth,  and  as  derived  from  the 
reports  of  the  Sanitary  Inspectors,  I  would  respectfully  but  most 
urgently  recommend  that  the  further  continuance  of  slaughter- 
houses in  the  built-up  portions  of  the  cities  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  be  prohibited. 

Very  respectful \y,  your  obedient  servant, 

ED.  B,  DALTON,  Sanitary  Superintendent, 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  127 


REPORT 


OF   THE 


ASSISTANT  SANITARY  SUPERINTENDENT. 


Office  of  Assistant  Sanitary  Superintendent,  ") 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  \ 

Brooklyn,  December  2,  1867.         J 

E.  B.  Dalton,  M.  D.,  Sanitary  Superintendent: 

Sir:  The  work  of  the  Board  during  the  year  has  been  prose- 
cuted in  this  city  with  the  most  gratifying  results.  The  absence 
of  an  epidemic,  which  in  1866  occupied  the  chief  time  of  the 
Inspectors,  gave  them  in  1867  an  opportunity  to  devote  their 
attention  to  the  investigation  of  many  nuisances  in  and  around 
the  city,  whose  existence  was  directly  detrimental  to  the  public 
health.  The  visits  of  an  educated  Sanitary  officer  always  result 
in  good.  Few  families  fail  to  appreciate  efforts  made  to  promote 
their  comfort  and  health.  Every  house  in  large  districts  has  been 
visited;  attention  directed  to  existing  sources  of  disease,  the 
character  of  needed  improvements  explained;  and  so  a  class 
utterly  ignorant  of  sanitary  laws  has  received  some  instruction  in 
that  which,  though  primarily  affecting  their  own  welfare,  has  the 
most  vital  relations  to  the  whole  community. 

The  successful  results  are  due  mainly  to  the  fact  that  many  legal 
obstructions  have  been  removed,  and  to  the  recognition  of  the 
power  of  the  Board  to  compel  the  prompt  abatement  of  nuisances 
which  were  regarded  as  violations  qf  the  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordi- 
nances and  of  the  Health  Law  of  1866. 

I  append  a  statement  of  the  number  of  places  visited,  showing 
also  for  what  purpose  such  visits  were  made. 


128 


Annual  Report  of  the 


1S66, 

November   

Deeember 

1867 

January 

February 

March. 

April    

May    

June 

July 

August 

September 

October    

Total , 


<0  T3 

§fl 

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a  <s 

■HO* 

-a  S 

ii£ 

>  t3   u 

u  9 

a 

o 

§M 

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*  a 

■ScS  |< 

<2  o  . 

o 

£4 

■«5 

a 

.2    eS 

"5  tw 

visited 
s  of  the 
h  Law  r 

isited 
ion  of 
seases 

•S 

xrt 
0 

>  a 

> 

■**•« 

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m 

o  ^3 

2  M 

Plac 
cau 
fou 

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lati 
lies 

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vest 
gio 

a 

5 

O 

423 

35 

50 

1 

271 

780 

422 

43 

12 

2 

270 

749 

294 

15 

31 

6 

304 

650 

314 

352 

160 

8 

147 

981 

129 

99 

357 

6 

328 

919 

262 

153 

439 

7 

399 

1,260 

149 

129 

315 

6 

404 

1,003 

218 

198 

480 

8 

442 

1,346 

216 

277 

415 

20 

928 

1,856 

142 

136 

504 

3 

725 

1,510 

147 

153 

256 

8 

860 

1,424 

289 

167 

274 

12 

940 

1,682 

3,005 

1,757 

3,293 

87 

6,018 

14,160 

Violations  of  the  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordinances  and  of  the 
Health  Law  of  1866. 

These  were  reported  in  cases  where  prompt  action  was  required 
and  where  any  delay  would  probably  ensue,  or  obstruction  be  placed 
in  the  way  of  the  execution  of  an  order  of  the  Board  of  Health.  In 
nearly  eve ry  case  a  notice  was  served  upon  the  party  violating  the  said 
code  or  law,  giving  him  a  sufficient  time  to  abate  the  nuisance  before 
legal  proceedings  were  commenced.  Extensions  of  time  were  grant- 
ed upon  these  notices  whenever  the  applicant  could  show  reason  for 
such  extension,  and  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  as  will  be  seen  by 
reference  to  the  following  statement,  the  notice  was  complied  with 
and  no  further  proceedings  were  taken.  When  the  notice  was 
found,  upon  reinspection,  not  to  have  been  complied  with,  the 
party  was  brought  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  the  case  dis- 
posed of  by  him.  In  only  one  case  was  a  jury  trial  had,  and  this 
resulted  in  the  defendant  being  fined  twenty-five  dollars  ($25). 
This  mode  of  procedure  was  the  only  one  by  which  a  street  con- 
tractor could  be  compelled  to  clean  a  filthy  street  or  gutter,  or  to 
remove  ashes  and  garbage.  A  contractor  was  arrested  upon  six 
warrants  in  one  day,  and  fined  twenty-five  dollars  ($25)  for  each 
offence.  Other  cases  of  this  kind  could  be  cited.  All  the  swine 
were  removed  from  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city  by  this  means  ; 
the  business  of  swill  and  offal  boiling  has  been  discontinued,  and 
many  more  of  the  larger  nuisances,  whose  influence  was  felt  far 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  129 

and  wide,  have  been  suppressed  by  reporting  them  as  violations 
of  the  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordinances  and  of  the  Health  Law  of 
1866. 

As  to  the  efficiency  of  this  mode  of  procedure,  in  comparison 
with  the  original  plan  of  reporting  premises  to  the  Board  as  nui- 
sances, we  find  that  of  the  first  hundred  premises  reported  to  the 
Board,  subsequently  to  November  1,  1866,  the  nuisances  upon 
forty-six  have  been  abated.  Of  the  first  hundred  nuisances  reported 
as  violations  of  the  code,  eighty-two  have  been  abated.  Of  a  hun- 
dred reports  to  the  Board,  the  average  time  between  the  report 
and  the  abatement  of  the  nuisance,  was  twenty-eight  days.  Of  the 
same  number  of  violations,  the  average  time  was  twenty  days. 

The  following  statements  show  the  number  of  nuisances  abated 
during  the  year,  how  such  abatements  were  effected,  and  the  num- 
ber of  fines  imposed  : 

Statement  of  nuisances  that  were  abated  as  violations  of  the  Code 
of  Sanitaiy  Ordinances  and  of  the  Health  Law  of  1866,  from 
November  1,  1866,  to  October  31,  1867,  inclusive. 

Alleys  cleaned — 3 

Areas       do — ...._ 6 

do     repaired 4 

Barrels,  filthy,  removed  (places) 1 

Basements  ventilated . 

Bone  boiling  (business  of)  discontinued 1 

Breweries  drained ..._ —  5 

Buildings,  dangerous,  secured 13 

do                 do         torn  down 1 

Butchers'  shops  whitewashed 9 

Cattle  yards  removed 3 

Cows  removed  (places) —  26 

Cellars  filled 36 

do      drained  ___ ._ 17 

do      cleaned     _ - 46 

Cel  lar  wall  repaired 1 

do    dwellings  vacated — 25 

Cesspools  constructed .._.._ 5 

do         emptied 59 

do         filled 3 

Chimneys  repaired ._ 6 

do         constructed —  1 

Cisterns  emptied 73 

do       filled 6 

do       repaired 19 

do       covered 9 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  9 


130  Annual  Report  of  tee 

Chemical  factory  improved 1 

Distillery  drained 1 

Dogs  removed  (places) 2 

Drains,  surface,  repaired „  .  _ 4 

do         do        surface  constructed _ 3 

do         do       removed 5 

do         do        cleaned __ 4 

Factory  drained _ 1 

Families  removed  (places) 1 

Fat  boiling  (business  of)  discontinued „  6 

Fowls  removed  (places) 4 

Gas  pipes,  offensive  (pile  of),  removed 1 

Garbage  removed  (places) , 8 

Geese           do             do 4 

Goats           do             do      _. 4 

Grain,  decomposing   do      1 

Garbage  boxes  constructed .-_.  2 

Gut  cleaning  (business  of  )  discontinued 3 

Gutters,  streets,  cleaned „ 18 

do        roof,  repaired 4 

do          do   constructed , 2 

do          do    cleaned 2 

Hallways  cleaned 2 

Horse,  diseased,  killed .  _ 1 

House,  clapboards  of,  repaired _ _ 1 

do      walls  of,  cleaned 1 

Hydrants  repaired 2 

do          drained _ 1 

Ice  boxes  connected  with  street  gutters 20 

Lots,  vacant,  cleaned _ 27 

do            filled 80 

do            drained 18 

do            graded 7 

Meat,  putrid,  removed  (places) ._ 1 

Manure  factory  improved.. 1 

do       heaps  removed _ 20 

do       vaults  repaired 5 

do          do    constructed 45 

do          do    emptied 4 

do          do    covered 7 

do          do    altered . „  1 

Obstructions  in  street  removed 1 

Offal  boiling  (business  of)  discontinued 1 

Oyster  shells  removed  (places) 1 

Pineries  abolished 182 

Privy  vaults  emptied.. 1,239 

do          repaired 108 

do          filled 10 

do          removed _. _ 7 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  ^31 

Privy  vaults  constructed 7 

Privy  houses         do 1 

do          repaired 20 

do           cleaned 5 

Rags  removed  (places) 1 

Roofs  repaired 12 

Roof  leaders  repaired _ 62 

do             constructed 3 

Rooms,  filthy,  cleaned „__  4 

Sewer  basins  cleaned .  .  _ 3 

do     connections  made 52 

Shavings  removed  (places) ....  2 

Sidewalks  repaired 1 

do         cleaned 1 

Slaughtering  cattle  (business  of)  discontinued 1 

Snow  and  ice  removed  (places) 11 

Soap  boiling  (business  of)  discontinued.. 1 

Soil  pipes  cleaned .  _  _  36 

do          repaired 12 

Stables  cleaned 17 

do     drained _ 12 

do     repaired _ 3 

do     removed ._ 2 

Stairways  and  stoops  repaired 10 

Streets  cleaned 90 

do      repaired _ _  1 

Tannery  drained „ 1 

Vessel,  cargo  of,  removed \  1 

do      cleaned   _ 1 

Water  barrel  removed 1 

do     closets  repaired 7 

do         do     cleaned _ 7 

do         do     trapped 1 

do     pipes  repaired 6 

"Waste      do         do      _ 18 

do         do    cleaned 24 

Well  repaired 1 

Woodhouse  cleaued 1 

Yards  nagged 3 

do   graded _ 88 

do    drained 24 

do   cleaned 126 


132 


Annual  Report  of  the 


Statement  of  Violations  of  the  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordinances  and  of 
the  Health  Law  of  1866,  determined  from  November  1,  1866,  to 
October  31,  1867,  inclusive. 


1866. 

1867. 

u 
to 

a 

<s 

> 
o 

<s 

a 

V 

a>  i 

ft 

a 
ea 

u 

a 

S3 
u 

IS 

.a 

<5 

0 
a 
3 
1-9 

i-s 

OQ 

a 

60 

s 

u 
(D 

-a 

a 

0 

u 

<S 

x> 
0 

CI 

O 

Total. 

Abated  on  preliminary  no- 
Abated  and  case  dismissed 

9 
8 
1 
4 
1 

10 

7 
3 

13 
1 

81 
5 
5 

135 

4 

22 

3 

1 

356 

24 

8 

6 

219 

36 

17 

3 

1 

1 

216 
35 
14 

1 

348 
58 
29 
17 

384 

56 

5 

6 

1 

307 

41 

6 

12 

191 

12 

2 

6 

2,269 
287 

Abated  and  case  dismissed 

112 

Abated  and  complaint  with- 

58 

Abated  and  judgment  sus- 
Abated  and  defendant  fined 

2 

2 

8 

1 

Abated  and  defendant  fined 

1 

.... 

2 

3 

Abated  and  defendant  fined 

1 
1 
1 

1 

Abated  and  defendant  fined 

1 

I 

.... 

3 

Abated  and  defendant  fined 

1 

Abated  and  defendant  fined 

1 

2 

2 
1 

1 

3 

Abated  and  defendant  fined 

1 
2 

1 

2 

Abated  and  defendant  fined 
Partially  abated  and  com- 

.... 

1 

1 
1 

4 

1 

2 

5 

Partially   abated   and    dis- 

■'•• 

3 

Partially    abated    and    de- 

1 

1 

Defendant  fined  $5  and  or- 

1 
1 

1 

Defendant  fined  $7  and  or- 

1 

Defendant  fined  $10  and  or- 

1 
1 
1 

1 

2 

Defendant  fined  $15  and  or- 

1 

Defendant  fined  $20  and  or- 

1 

1 

4 

7 

Defendant  fined  $20  and  costs 

I 

1 

Defendant  fined  $25  and  or- 

7 
1 
1 
11 
2 

3 

1 
1 

11 

2 

1 

"4" 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

7 

18 

19 

4 

11 

20 

36 

132 

3 

30 

9 

27 

21 

93 

167 

407 

304 

291 

484 

469 

390 

249 

2,932 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \  3 3 

The  Tenement-House  Law. 

Owing  to  the  great  number  of  complaints  of  citizens  requiring 
investigation,  the  Inspectors  were  not  able  to  devote  much  of  their 
time  to  the  inspection  of  tenement  and  lodging  houses  prior  to  the 
last  two  mouths.  During  this  last-mentioned  period  almost  all 
the  work  shown  in  the  annexed  statement  has  been  done.  The 
most  of  it  has  been  done  upon  notices  to  owners,  which  state  that 
certain  modifications  of  the  houses  and  their  appurtenances  are 
necessary  to  put  them  in  a  sanitary  condition,  and  which  express 
a  hope  that  the  owners  or  agents  of  the  property  will  make  the 
improvements  indicated  in  the  notice  Without  the  interference  of 
the  Board  of  Health.  Fifteen  days  have  been  given  upon  these 
notices,  and  extensions  of  time  have  been  granted  whenever,  in  the 
judgment  of  the  Inspectors,  such  extensions  could  properly  be 
made.  The  willingness  of  the  owners  and  persons  in  charge  of 
this  class  of  property  to  comply  with  the  requests  of  the  Board, 
is  shown  in  the  following  table  of  improvements  made  in  two 
hundred  and  eighty-one  (281)  houses  reported  as  failing  to  fulfil 
the  requirements  of  the  tenement-house  law. 

Statement  of  the  improvements  made  in  tenement  homes,  from  July 
3  to  October  31,  1867. 

Cellars  cleaned 8 

do      drained 3 

do      dwellings  vacated 1 

Cesspools  emptied _ 3 

do      filled 3 

Cisterns  emptied 1 

do     filled. 1 

Fire  escapes  introduced 43 

Garret  cleaned 1 

Hallways  cleaned ..  13 

do        whitewashed 14 

do        (plastering  of)  repaired 2 

Privy  vaults  emptied .. 39 

do           filled 31 

Privies  (sewered)  constructed 32 

Roof  gutter  repaired 1 

Roof  leader  repaired _ 3 

Roof  repaired , 1 

Stairways  (balusters)  repaired 1 


134  Annual  Report  of  the 

Transom  windows  introduced 170 

Ventilators  introduced _ 51 

Yards  cleaned 1 

Yards  connected  with  sewer 9 

Waste  pipes  altered 1 

The  Shoee  of  the  Eighth  Ward  and  of  the  Town  of  New 

Utrecht. 

Since  the  organization  of  this  department,  complaints  have  fre- 
quently been  made  that  dead  animals,  offal,  and  bedding  were 
washed  ashore  on  the  beach  between  Hamilton  avenue,  in  the 
Eighth  Ward,  and  the  Dyker  meadow,  below  Fort  Hamilton,  in 
the  town  of  New  Utrecht.  Any  flood-tide,  aided  by  a  strong  west- 
erly, south-westerly,  or  southerly  wind,  will  strew  this  beach  with 
whatever  floating  material  there  may  be  in  the  waters  of  the  har- 
bor ;  the  wind  and  tide,  acting  together,  lifting  such  matters  so 
high  upon  the  beach  that  the  next  flood-tide  will  not  take  them 
off.  If  very  offensive,  and  near  any  of  the  residences  along  the 
bay,  they  were  buried  by  the  proprietor  of  the  property  upon 
which  they  lie ;  if  not,  they  were  allowed  to  remain.  The  bed- 
ding, however,  was  carefully  sought  after.  Rag-pickers  regularly 
patrolled  the  beach,  ripping  open  the  beds,  pillows,  etc.,  and  car- 
rying off  the  ticking.  Complaints  at  length  became  so  numerous 
and  pressing  that  during  the  month  of  June  of  the  present  year, 
two  men  were  employed  by  the  clay  to  bury  all  refuse  that  might 
come  ashore.  It  was  soon  evident  that  these  two  men  were  not 
able  to  dispose  of  all  the  matters  driven  upon  these  six  miles  of 
beach,  and,  therefore,  during  the  months  of  September  and  Octo- 
ber, the  number  of  laborers  was  increased,  and  Mr.  De  Hart  Ber- 
gen engaged  personally  to  superintend  the  work.  The  shore  was 
traveled  over  every  day,  all  offensive  and  dangerous  material 
removed,  and  not  a  single  complaint  has  since  been  received  at 
this  office. 

The  importance  of  this  work  will  be  the  more  fully  appreciated 
when  it  is  recollected  that  the  fearful  epidemic  of  yellow  fever 
which  found  so  many  victims  in  this  part  of  the  district  during  the 
summer  of  1856,  seemed  traceable  in  some  degree  to  the  bedding 
which  had  been  thrown  overboard  from  the  vessels  at  Quarantine 
and  washed  upon  the  shore.  It  is  hoped  that  the  removal  of  the 
Quarantine  will  partially  abate  this  nuisance,  but  until  the  con- 
tractors for  the  removal  of  offal  and  dead  animals  from  the  cities 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  135 

of  New  York  and  Brooklyn  are  compelled  to  so  load  their  scows 
that  none  of  the  cargoes  will  be  washed  overboard,  or  thrown  over 
to  lighten  the  vessels  in  rough  weather,  the  evil  cannot  be  entirely 
removed. 

Ponds. 

Under  chapter  six  hundred  and  eighty-seven  of  the  laws  of 
1867,  about  seven  thousand  dollars  ($7,000)  have  been  ex- 
pended by  the  Board  of  Sewer  Commissioners,  in  draining  many 
of  the  stagnant  ponds  situated  in  different  parts  of  the  city.  These 
ponds,  formed  by  the  grading  and  paving  of  streets  without  regard 
to  the  surface  drainage  of  the  low  lots  fronting  them,  are  even  in 
thinly-populated  districts,  centres  for  the  dissemination  malarial 
diseases;  but,  when  existing  in  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city, 
and  receiving  garbage,  dead  animals,  and  filth  of  all  kinds,  their 
pestilential  influence  can  scarcely  be  estimated. 

The  following  statement  shows,  by  wards,  the  number  of  ponds 
reported  as  detrimental  to  health  under  provisions  of  the  law 
above  mentioned. 

Eighth  Ward 31 

Ninth  Ward 1 

Tenth  Ward 11 

Twelfth  Ward 25 

Fifteenth  Ward.... 11 

Seventeenth  Ward 1 

Total 80 

SwTNE. 

During  the  autumn  of  1866,  it  was  deemed  advisable,  for  sanitary 
reasons,  to  banish  all  swine  from  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city. 
To  do  this  without  oppressing  the  poorer  classes,  many  of  whom 
depended  upon  the  raising  of  pigs  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  seemed 
difficult,  if  not  impossible.  Still,  with  the  possibilty  of  another 
epidemic  of  cholera  before  us,  justice  to  the  majority  demanded 
the  removal  of  every  preventable  cause  of  disease,  and,  accord- 
ingly, upon  the  fourth  day  of  February,  the  raid  against  the  pig- 
geries was  commenced.  The  proprietors  were  reported  as  viola- 
ting sanitary  ordinances,  and  ten  days  of  preliminary  notice  of 
prosecution  was  given  in  all  cases.  This  time  was  frequently 
extended,  to  enable  the  poor  owners  to  fatten  their  stock  for 
market,  but  occasionally  the  hogs  were  removed  within  the  speci- 


236  Annual  Report  of  tee 

fied  time,  and  boarded  with  farmers  outside  the  city  limits  until 
they  were  fit  for  food.  The  result  of  these  measures  is  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-two  (182)  piggeries  abolished  within  the  year,  and 
this,  it  is  believed,  without  causing  any  great  distress.  At  present 
no  swine  are  openly  kept  within  the  built-up  portions  of  the  city. 
Many  may  be,  and  doubtless  are,  kept  in  cellars  and  out-of-the- 
way  places,  but,  whenever  discovered,  they  are  promptly  removed. 
The  influence  of  the  removal  of  these  animals  upon  the  health  of 
communities  can  hardly  be  over-estimated,  more  especially  when 
many  are  kept  in  a  neighborhood,  and  where  the  drainage  of  the 
filthy  styes  is  received  into  stagnant  ponds,  as  was  the  case  in  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  Twelfth  Ward. 

School  Buildings. 

Much  suffering  has  been  occasioned  among  teachers  and  pupils 
in  the  overcrowded  primary  departments  of  our  public  schools. 
Special  effort  has  been  made  by  the  Board  of  Education  during 
the  year,  to  lessen  the  evil.  Rooms  the  most  overcrowded  have 
been  closed  ;  additional  buildings  hired,  and  now,  with  the  sum 
of  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  ($450,000)  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  the  Board  by  an  act  of  the  last  Legislature,  for 
the  erection  of  school  buildings,  permanent  relief,  it  is  believed, 
will  be  obtained. 

Vaccination. — By  a  resolution  of  the  Board  of  Education,  no 
pupil  can  be  admitted  into  the  public  schools,  without  giving 
evidence  of  successful  vaccination.  This  rule,  I  am  assured,  is 
rigidly  enforced.  The  larger  incorporated  institutions  of  learning 
have  been  visited  by  Inspectors,  who  have  received  from  the 
authorities  assurances  of  willing  cooperation  in  enforcing  any 
rules  that  will  secure  protection  against  contagion. 

^laughter-Houses. 
The  business  of  slaughtering  animals  for  food  during  the  past  year 
has  been  the  subject  of  special  legislation  by  the  Board  of  Health. 
Under  the  new  Code  of  Sanitary  Ordinances,  such  business  has  not 
been  permitted  in  Brooklyn  since  June  15, 1867,  except  by  a  written 
permit  from  the  Board.  This  permit  was  to  be  based  upon  the 
recommendation  of  a  medical  officer,  after  a  personal  examination 
of  the  premises  so  to  be  used.  Favorable  reports  were  made 
upon  thirteen  slaughter-houses,  upon  the  condition  that  the  pro- 
prietors should  comply  with  certain  regulations,  of  which  the 
following  are  among  the  most  important : 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  137 

1.  Sewer  connection  whenever  possible. 

2.  Perfect  cleanliness. 

3.  The  daily  removal  of  blood  and  offal. 

4.  Heavy  floors,  tightly  caulked. 

5.  Seclusion  from  view  of  persons  passing  in  street  and  from 
the  windows  of  neighboring  houses. 

Permits  for  these  establishments  were  approved  by  the  Board 
on  the  8th  of  August  last.  As  at  present  conducted,  the  places 
cannot  be  considered  as  detrimental  either  to  the  public  health 
or  morals. 

The  foregoing  statements  embody  but  a  small  portion  of  the 
work  accomplished  through  the  influence  of  the  Board  of  Health 
in  this  city.  The  efforts  of  the  Board  have  drawn  unusual  atten- 
tion to  sanitary  matters,  and  the  better  classes  of  owners  have 
been  stimulated  to  improve  their  property.  The  large  number 
of  sewer  connections  made,  the  number  of  yards  graded,  cellars 
filled,  lots  cleaned  and  fenced,  and  tenement  houses  improved, 
independently  of  any  complaints,  show  that  the  objects  sought 
by  the  Board  commend  themselves  to  the  good  judgment  of  our 
citizens.  It  requires  but  a  continuation  of  our  efforts  to  secure 
for  this  city  a  large  measure  of  the  benefit  that  results  from 
obedience  to  sanitary  laws. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

J.  f.  CONKLING, 

Assistant  Sanitary  Superintendent, 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


138  -4  nnual  Rep  ort  of  the 


a  g  » 
KE  P1  O  Pt  T 

OF  THE 

REGISTRAR  OF  VITAL  STATISTICS. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  ^ 

Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics, 
November  15,  1867 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  : 

The  first  general  report  from  the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics,  by 
order  of  the  Board  of  Health,  presented  the  results  of  such  regis- 
tration and  studies  as  we  had  made  previous  to  October  1,  1866. 
It  now  becomes  our  duty  to  submit  a  report  upon  the  next  succeed- 
ing twelve  months'  records,  ending  the  last  week  in  September, 
1867.  But,  in  order  to  bring  all  the  statistics  of  this  Bureau,  up 
to  the  close  of  the  present  calendar  year,  the  records  of  the  three 
months  that  end  on  the  81st  of  December  will  be  presented  to  the 
Board  immediately  upon  the  close  of  that  quarter  of  the  year. 
Thus  we  shall  have  completed  the  record  of  the  first  twenty-two 
months  of  this  department  of  the  sanitary  administration  under 
the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  and  shall  have  finished  the  sta- 
tistical abstracts  of  two  entire  years. 

Henceforth  the  annual  abstracts,  and  the  Bureau's  report  there- 
on, will  need  to  be  based  upon  the  experience  of  each  successive 
calendar  year.  Fortunately,  for  every  practical  purpose,  the  pre- 
sent year,  the  sanitary  experience  and  the  vital  statistics  of  the 
twelve  months  ending  in  September,  will  be  found  to  differ  from 
the  records  of  the  year  that  ended  in  December,  only  as  regards  a 
certain  diminished  pressure  of  fever-infections  and  tilth-diseases  in 
the  fourth  quarter  of  1867,  over  the  corresponding  quarter  of  the 
previous  year,  thereby  diminishing  the  deaths  from  zymotic  mala- 
dies ;  while  in  the  records  of  births  and  marriages  we  shall  have 


Metro p olita n  B oa rd  of  Health.  \  3  9 

occasion  to  notice  a  considerable  numerical  increment,  resulting 
from  the  constantly  increasing  public  and  personal  interest  in  the 
official  registration  of  the  two  chief  waymarks  to  be  noted  in  a 
human  life  before  its  final  one  is  reached. 

The  plan  of  our  second  annual  report  is  essentially  the  same  as 
that  adopted  the  previous  year,  viz: 

1.  A  geueral  summary  of  deaths,  births,  marriages,  and  pop- 
ulation. 

2.  Summary  statements  of  the  vital  statistics  of  each  successive 
quarter,  or  season  of  three  months,  with  explanations  and  remarks. 

3.  The  consolidated  abstracts  (a)  of  marriage;  (b)  of  births  and 
still-births  ;  (c)  of  deaths  ;  (d)  meteorological  observations;  (e) 
zymotic  diseases  and  other  preventable  causes  of  death;  (/)  vital 
statistics  of  hospitals  and  public  institutions. 

4.  Review; — Conclusions,  and  Appended  Statements. 

The  General  Summary. 

Death  is  the  only  fact  in  the  vital  records  of  the  population  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  that  is  publicly  registered  with  unexcep- 
tional completeness.  No  dead  person  can  be  interred,  and  no 
remains  of  the  dead  are  allowed  to  be  removed  from  the  city, 
without  official  permission  granted  by  the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statis- 
tics, under  the  forms  of  registration  authorized  by  the  Board  of 
Health.  The  public  registers,  the  burial-permit  records,  and  the 
official  certificates  of  death,  separately  and  unitedly,  show  that 
twenty-three  thousand  four  hundred  and  forty-three  persons  died 
in  the  city  and  county  of  New  York  during  the  twelve  months 
that  ended  in  the  last  week  of  September.  In  like  manner  it  is 
shown  that  during  the  same  period  eight  thousand  five  hundred 
and  eighty-nine  persons  died  in  Brooklyn. 

Births  and  birth-rates  may  prove  the  correctness  or  the  fallacy 
of  certain  opinions  regarding  the  vitality,  physical  prosperity, 
social  morality,  and  the  laws  of  population  that  characterize  a  city 
or  a  nation,  but  the  birth  of  an  infant  is  seldom  so  studied,  and 
never  so  recorded,  as  to  teach  the  laws  of  life  as  effectually  as 
those  laws  are  illustrated  in  the  study  and  results  of  fatal  diseases. 
But  no  civilized  people  can  be  justified  in  neglecting  to  give  to 
all  classes  the  benefits  of  such  a  public  registration  of  the  birth  of 
children  as  will  secure  the  rights  and  privileges  which,  by  law  and 
by  the  customs  of  society,  are  conceded  to  the  acknowledged  off- 
spring of  parents,  whatever  their  rank  in  life.     The  social  and 


\  4  0  A  nnual  Rep  or  t  of  tee 

politico-economical  considerations  that  require  the  registration  of 
the  birth  of  every  child  should  ensure  absolute  completeness  in 
such  records.  The  sanitary  and  physiological  value  of  this  branch 
of  vital  statistics  would,  by  such  completeness,  be  greatly  en- 
hanced. But  in  no  American  city  or  town  has  actual  complete- 
ness been  achieved  in  birth  registration,  except  in  a  few  instances 
in  which  house-to-house  inquiry  and  registry  have  been  enforced. 

The  law  of  normal  population-increase  by  a  given  birth-ratio  is 
so  well  established  in  the  decennial  national  census,  by  the  statis- 
tical results  of  imperial  inquiry  in  the  states  and  cities  of  Europe, 
as  well  as  by  the  carefully-maintained  birth-records  in  Boston, 
Providence,  and  a  few  other  American  towns,  that  we  can  approx- 
imately state  what  is  the  probable  number  of  children  born  in 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  every  year.  But  the  laws  of  our  State 
still  fail  to  provide  any  system  of  espionage  or  inquiry  that  can 
enforce  the  much-desired  rule  of  completeness  in  this  branch  of 
vital  registration.     Hence  this  registry  is  defective. 

The  total  number  of  births  registered  in  the  city  of  New  York 
in  the  year  that  ended  in  September  last,  is  12,569.  The  total  of 
such  registry  in  Brooklyn  reached  the  number  of  4,878.  This,  we 
have  reason  to  believe — in  accordance  with  the  law  of  normal 
increase  of  a  population  like  ours — is  not  quite  half  the  number 
of  births  which  must  have  occurred  in  the  period  here  mentioned. 
But  the  fact  must  here  be  stated  that  the  births  which  are  reported 
to  and  recorded  in  this  Bureau,  are  very  perfect  and  valuable 
records,  fully  adequate  to  the  protection  of  all  those  legal  and 
social  interests  that  can  be  secured  by  birth-registry.  As  in  the 
registration  of  death  and  its  causes,  so  in  the  certificate  and  regis- 
tration of  a  birth,  the  scope  and  definiteness  of  these  records  are 
now  as  complete  as  they  can  well  be  rendered.  The  perfect  certi- 
ficates which  all  intelligent  physicians  now  return  to  this  Bureau 
concerning  births  and  parentage,  and  the  dead,  and  the  circum- 
stances and  causes  of  death,  prove  that  such  records  can  readily 
be  rendered  available  for  exact  studies  in  vital  statistics,  or  for 
accurate  comparison  with  all  similar  records  in  other  countries. 

With  thankful  acknowledgments,  we  state  the  fact,  that  the  phy- 
sicians in  the  two  cities,  almost  without  exception,  make  out  their 
certificates  of  deaths  and  of  births  in  a  very  complete  and  careful 
manner,  and  that,  consequently,  the  public  registers  have  become 
vastly  more  valuable  than  they  were  during  the  first  months  of  the 
present  sanitary  administration,  or  at  any  previous  period. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \A\ 

The  registration  of  marriages  in  the  city  of  New  York  is  believed 
to  be  complete,  except  us  regards  returns  by  a  class  of  men  who 
continue  to  solemnize  the  marriage  ceremony  without  heeding  the 
inseparable  moral  and  legal  obligations  which  they,  as  well  as  the 
persons  they  declare  to  be  joined  in  wedlock,  incur  toward  society, 
the  State,  and  themselves.  With  much  gratification,  we  here  state 
the  fact  that  no  religious  sect  declines  to  render  obedience  to  laws 
concerning  marriage  records.  The  most  prominent,  laborious, 
and  widety-esteemed  clergymen  of  each  denomination,  are  prompt 
and  exact  in  making  their  official  returns  of  the  marriages  they 
solemnize. 

The  total  number  of  marriages  certified  and  registered  in  the 
year,  was  7,513,  or  15,026  persons,  in  New  York,  and  1,349  mar- 
riages, or  2,698  persons,  in  Brooklyn.  By  how  great  numbers 
these  records  fall  short  of  the  actual  total  of  marriages  which 
should  have  been  entered  upon  the  marriage  registers  cannot  be 
accurately  stated,  but  there  is  good  reason  for  believing  that  the 
marriage-rate,  i.  e.,  the  number  of  persons  who  marry  in  one  year, 
in  a  thousand  resident  inhabitants,  iu  the  city  of  New  York,  is 
about  eighteen,  and  that  in  Brooklyn  it  may  be  estimated  at  about 
nineteen  in  the  thousand.  If  the  State  census  of  1865,  in  New 
York  cit}',  is  taken  as  the  basis  of  estimation,  the  fact  will  plainly 
appear  that  the  marriage-rate  in  this  cily  the  past  twelve  months 
exceeded  twenty  persons  to  the  thousand  inhabitants,  allowing 
that  our  registration  is,  as  we  believe  it  is  not,  absolutely  com- 
plete. In  like  manner  it  would  appear,  upon  the  same  basis,  that 
Brooklyn  married  off  its  inhabitants  at  the  rate  of  9.11  to  the 
thousand,  if  the  marriage  registration  is  actually  complete  in  that 
city.  This  ratio  of  marriages  is  less  than  half  that  which  is  shown 
by  the  marriage  registers  of  New  York,  and  the  difference  or  defect 
is  mainly  owing  to  the  neglect  of  a  single  sect  that  has  hitherto 
failed  to  make  any  returns  of  the  vast  number  of  marriages  that 
are  solemnized  by  its  clergymen.  London,  with  its  absolutely 
perfect  registration  of  marriages,  has  a  marriage-rate  of  from 
seventeen  to  nineteen  and  a  half  to  the  thousand  inhabitants;  the 
thirteen  chief  cities  of  Great  Britain  have  an  average  marriage-rate 
of  seventeen  to  a  thousand;  the  city  of  Providence  had,  in  the 
3'ear  1866,  no  less  than  twenty-nine  of  its  population  married  in 
every  thousand,  during  that  year — a  marriage  rate  that  is  almost 
unprecedented;  Boston  has  an  average  rate  of  about  twenty-six 
persons  married  in  a  thousand  each  year,  and  the  average  annual 


142 


Annual  Report  of  the 


marriage  rate  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  is  nineteen  persons  m 
a  thousand.  That  the  annual  marriage-rate  in  New  York  is  fully- 
equal  to  that  of  London  and  the  thirteen  chief  cities  of  Great 
Britain  cannot  be  doubted;  and  that  the  ratio  of  marriages  in  the 
Brooklyn  population  is  greater  than  in  New  York  is  certain,  for 
that  is  a  city  of  families  and  homes,  with  a  very  large  proportion 
of  young  people  at  marriageable  ages.  The  further  consideration 
of  this  subject  and  various  other  questions  relating  to  the  basis 
and  means  of  completeness  in  vital  statistics,  will  be  resumed  in  a 
subsequent  section  of  this  report.  We  thus  preface  our  statistical 
abstracts  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  in  the  practical  analysis  of 
these  records,  and  in  the  hope,  also,  of  preventing  the  reader  from 
mistaking  the  true  import  of  any  portion  of  the  statistics  which 
are  presented  upon  succee  ding  pages. 

Condensed  Summary  of  the  Records. 

In  the  subjoined  table  is  presented  an  epitome  of  the  statistics 
that  are  presently  to  be  considered  in  greater  detail: 


Table  showing  the  number  of  marriages,  births  and  deaths,  in  the 
city  and  county  of  New  York,  from  September  30,  1866,  to 
September  28,  1867. 


Persons  married.       Totals 


Total  number  of  per- 
sons married 

Native  males 

Native  females 

Foreign  males 

Foreign  females  .... 

Nativity    not    stated 
(males) 

Nativity    not    stated 
(females) 

Husbands    non-resi 
dent  in  city 

Brides     non-resident 
in  city 

First     marriage      of 
male 

First      marriage     of 
female 


15,026 
1,974 
2,341 
5,346 
4,978 

193 

194 

1,318 

820 

5,698 
5,717 


Births. 


Total     births  (regis- 
tered)  

Males 

Females 

Sex  not  stated 

Both  parties  (foreign) 
Both  parties  (native) 
Foreign  (mother  only) 
Foreign  (father only) 
Nativity  of  parents 
not  stated 


Totals. 


12,569 
6,397 
6,164 
8 
8,047 
2,291 
567 
1,050 

554 


Deaths. 


Total  deaths 

Males 

Females 

Adults 

Children    under    20 

years.  

Total  children  under 

5  years 

Total  children  under 

5  years  of  foreign 

parents 

Natives  of  the  Uni 

ted  States  

Foreign 


Totals. 


23,443 

12,460 

10,983 

9,500 

13,943 

12,312 

6,030 

15,886 
7,557 


The  foregoing  general  results  relate  to  the  entire  population  of 
New  York,  with  the  county  and  State  institutions  that  are  within 
the  limits  of  this  city,  and,  as  before  mentioned,  only  the  death- 
ratio  can  be  stated  with  absolute  accuracy. 


Mete  op  olita  n  B  oa  rd  of  Heal  tb.  \  4  3 

Population  and  the  Census. 

The  census  which  was  taken  under  State  authority  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1865,  is  the  basis  of  the  subjoined  summary  : 

Abstract  exhibiting  the  numbers  and  distribution  of  the  population 
of  the  city  and  count?/  of  New  York  ;  also,  in  city  of  Brooklyn, 
and  in  the  Jive  counties  of  New  York,  Kings,  Queens,  Richmond 
and  Westchester. 

[State  Census  of  1865.] 


CITIES  AND  COUNTIES. 


Total 
population. 


White.     Colored 


White.     Colored. 


City  and  county  of  New  York 

City  of  Brooklyn 

Kings  county  (including  Brooklyn) 

Westchester  county  

Richmond  county 

Queens  county     

Total  in  cities  and  towns  of  Metro 
politan  district 


726,386 
296,378 
311,090 
101,197 
28.209 
57,997 


340,036  I     4,129 


139,416 

146,364 

48,533 

13,249 

23,793 


1,773 
2,113 
1,000 
292 
1,538 


376,407         5,814 


152,773 

159,865 

50,633 

14,317 

28,017 


2,416 
2,748 
1,031 
351 
1,649 


1,224,879  j     574,975       9,072  ,    629,239  !     11,593 


CITIES  AND  COUNTIES. 


CIVIL    CONDITION. 


City  and  county  of  New  York,  423,121    262,727  7,884 

City  of  Brooklyn j  172,452    109,036!  2,986 

Kings  cc.  (includ'g  Brooklyn):  181,116i   114,472  3,135 

Westchester  county 59,703     36,683  1,200 

Richmond  county |  16,851       9,954  303 

Queens  county  ;  33,747     21,574  738 

Total  in  cities  and  towns 

of  Metropolitan  district;  714,538.  445,410  13.260 


32,654 

11.904 

12,367 

3,611 

1,101 

1,938 


51,671 


407,312  313,477 

187,589  107,851, 

197,243  112,869; 

74,315  26,394 

18,973  9,142, 

43,224  14,143 


5,597 
938 
978 
488 
94 
630 


741,067  476,025  7,787 


In  every  estimate  of  a  "  birth-rate,"  a  "  death-rate,"  or  a  "  mar- 
riage-rate," ant]  in  various  applications  of  vital  statistics,  the  abso- 
lute correctness  of  the  census  of  the  populations  to  which  such 
records  relate  is  an  indispensable  element  of  knowledge.  And, 
while  we  may  use  the  foregoing  summary  of  the  classified  distri- 
bution of  the  population  given  by  the  last  census  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  it  is  now  kuown  that  the  actual  population  of  this  city 
is  very  nearly  one  million.     A  recent  census  of  an  entire  ward  by 


144  Annual  Report  of  the 

the  Metropolitan  Police  (this,  too,  being  the  most  typical  ward  for 
exhibiting  the  actual  present  condition  of  the  population),  and  the 
special  census  of  several  densely-populated  blocks,  and  of  one  of 
the  tenant-house  wards,  by  the  Council  of  Hygiene,  have  shown 
how  great  were  the  defects  of  the  census  by  the  State  in  1865. 
These  facts  need  to  be  stated  in  this  place,  because,  on  almost 
every  subsequent  page  of  this  report,  we  shall,  from  necessity,  use 
that  census  as  the  basis  of  ratios  and  comparisons.  And,  with 
this  prefatory  remark,  we  may  be  guarded  against  erroneous  de- 
ductions and  false  conclusions.  The  ratio  by  which  the  total  pop- 
ulation in  New  York  has  increased  since  the  termination  of  the 
late  war  is  reasonably  believed  to  be  about  7  per  cent  in  each 
year,  and  this  increase  has  been  mainly  in  wards  numerically 
named  above  the  Seventh  ;  while  in  Brooklyn  the  rate  of  increase 
seems  to  be  equal  to,  and  even  greater  than  that  of  New  York  ; 
this  is  in  the  wards  numerically  named  above  the  Fourth.  These 
facts  being  understood,  the  reader  of  the  following  pages  will 
find  all  the  deductions  derived  from  ratios  and  comparisons  more 
conclusive  and  instructive  than  they  otherwise  would  appear  to 
be.  In  the  great  capitals  of  Europe,  the  actual  number,  distribu- 
tion, and  ratio  of  increase  of  their  populations  are  stated  with 
accuracy  ;  but  in  this  metropolis  the  population  is  so  rapidly  aug- 
mented and  variously  affected  in  its  distribution,  under  special  in- 
fluences from  immigration  and  the  enormous  demands  of  commerce, 
that  a  decennial  census,  though  accurate,  would  fail  to  give  us  all 
the  means  required  for  estimating  with  exactness  the  laws  of  in- 
crease, distribution,  and  local  fluctuations,  in  our  population,  year 
by  year.* 

*  It  is  yain  to  expect  even  a  tolerable  degree  of  accuracy  in  either  the  National  or  the 
State  census  until  a  thorough  reform  has  been  effected,  both  in  the  methods  and  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  work.  The  State  employed  its  census-takers  almost  upon  considerations  that 
had  no  regard  to  accuracy  and  completeness  of  results,  and  paid  the  men  by  the  day  or  for 
a,  long  period.  The  National  census,  on  the  other  hand,  incurred  the  greatest  possible  lia- 
bility to  false  and  excessive  returns,  by  paying  the  canvassers  or  takers  a  certain  sum  for 
each  name  they  put  upon  their  official  returns.  We  know  that  the  Superintendent  of  the 
State  census  was  compelled  to  accept  incomplete  and  faulty  returns,  and  he  had  no  means 
for  correcting  or  supplying  defects  in  the  census  of  1865. 

An  absolutely  correct  census  is  a  matter  that  concerns  the  public  so  importantly,  espe- 
cially in  these  great  cities,  that  not  to  call  attention  to  these  facts  would  be  a  disregard 
of  duty.  A  vast  variety  of  questions  in  public  economy,  commerce,  and  government  alike, 
require  the  same  aecurapy  and  completeness  that  the  vital  statistician  requires  in  the  cen- 
sus records  of  population.  And  that  it  is  practicable  to  make  an  accurate  census  is  plain 
enough,  for  in  England  the  census  is  accurately  taken  by  a  trained  police  in  a  single  day; 
and,  a  few  weeks  ago,  an  absolutely  accurate  census  of  the  cities  of  Washington  and 
Georgetown,  and  the  entire  District  of  Columbia,  was   taken  in  three  days,  under  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \  4  5 

The  subjoined  tabic  exhibits  the  leading  facts  concerning  the 
ratios  of  increase  and  fluctuation  of  the  population  in  this  city  and 
its  several  wards,  as  shown  by  the  successive  census  returns  from 
1790  to  1865  : 

skilful  superintendence  of  Dr.  F.  B.  Hough,  lato  Superintendent  of  the  New  York  Cen- 
sus. Tho  perfect  results  in  the  Washington  census  abundantly  certify  the  superiority  of 
the  police  or  immediate  method  of  census-taking.  A  census  that  was  taken  in  the  month 
Of  May,  1867,  for  special  purposes  in  the  Seventeenth  Ward  of  New  York,  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  Captain  Bowen  G-.  Lord,  of  tho  Metropolitan  Police,  and  exclusively  by 
police  officers,  has  given  results  which  go  far  toward  demonstrating  that  the  total  popula- 
tion in  New  York  is  not  much  less  than  a  million.  Captain  Lord  found  95,091  residing  in 
that  ward.  The  State  census,  in  1865,  returned  only  79,563  as  the  total  population  of  that 
ward,  and  it  found  only  12,122  children  under  five  years  of  age.  This  official  return  dif- 
fered from  Captain  Lord's,  by  being  15,52S  less  in  the  total  population  return,  and  1,890 
less  children  under  five.  It  is  plain  that  the  last  State  census  did  not  make  an  official  re- 
turn of  tho  full  number  of  the  adult  population  in  this  city. 


[Assem.  No.  122.]  10 


146 


Annual  Report  of  the 


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Metropolitan  Board  of  Heath. 


147 


Percentage  of  Increase  and  Decrease  of  Population  in  the  several 
Wards  of  New  York  city  between  each  Census  Period  since  1790 
(shown  in  Parentages  upon  Total  Population). 


WARDS. 


1800.  1810.  1814.  1820.  1825.  1830.  1835.  1810.  1845.  1850.  1855. I860 


First 

Second  i 

Third , 

Fourth I  +47 

Fifth +61 

Sixth +14 

Seventh j +31 

Eighth |.    ...[.  .... 

Ninth  

Tenth    

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth j 

Fourteenth 

Fifteenth ' | 

Sixteenth I I 

Seventeenth , 

Eighteenth - 

Nineteenth 

Twentieth 

Twenty-first 

Twenty-second.... 


+84   +  4 
+62    -12 

+  15|  +  1 

-  3 

-  2 
+  & 


+58 

+  10 
+23 

+  9 
-14 
+  13 


Total  increase  in  oach 

decennial  period.. . |  — f— 83!  4-59 


Mean  annual  increase! 

between  periods  . .  .+8.8+5.9 


-10   +19 

+  17  +28 
-  8+128 
+  5j  +(> 


—18   +14    -8+2 
+13     -12:    -   8    -15 
'    -11    +14!  +  6 
+  4-9   +38 
+22j  +17   +  81  +  4 
+  51    -32,  +  9   +16 
+  12j  +35   +  7 
-15   +37    +  2 
+  58)  +19       20 
-31    +27       39 


+  17, 
+14 


+  9 
+76 
-  2 
+34 


-    1 


-0.2 


+30 


4  34!  +19 


36 


r5.0+6.8  r3.8     7.2 


+15  +61 

+  9-4 
+  3  -13 
+33,  411 
+  6  +11 
+12  +28 
+  lll  +28 
+  3,  +12 
4-25|  +31 
-38i  +11 
+6 


-  32  +35 
-51  -20 
-33  -57 
-1-4 
-5+3 
4+4 


+ 
+  5 

-  1 

-  1 
+13 


17 


+  3.4 


+16 
3.2 


-2 

+26 
+19 
+  16 
+31 
+61 


+  16 
+15 
+  11 
+  10 
+2lj  +13 
+68'  +74 


+  2 
+  7 
-25 
+36 
+25 
3 


+24 
+13 
+14 
+  13 
+23 

+84 

+44 

+76 

+173 


-i  39 


+20 


+7.8 


+  4.0 


+29 


+5.8 


The  elements  of  this  tabular  exhibit  were  kindly  furnished  to 
us  by  Dr,  Franklin  B.  Hough,  the  accomplished  statist,  who  was 
Statistical  Superintendent  of  the  last  census,  and  who  has  revised 
the  table  here  given.  The  following  remark  by  him  concerning 
it  and  the  increase  and  distribution  of  Metropolitan  population, 
may  well  conclude  all  that  needs  to  be  said  upon  the  subject  in 
this  report: 

The  apparent  decrease  of  population  in  some  wards  is  due,  in 
most  instances,  to  subdivision  in  the  formation  of  new  ones;  still 
it  is  apparent  that  the  population  of  the  lower  portion  of  the 
island  (city)  is  steadil}*  decreasing,  as  the  demands  of  commerce 
crowd  upon  the  area  formerly  occupied  by  families. 

"The  island  of  Manhattan,  the  west  end  of  Long  Island,  the 
lower  part  of  Westchester  county,  the  neighboring  shores  of  Mew 
Jersey,  and  the  northern  half  of  Stateii  Island,  are  destined  to 
receive  an  aggregate  population  greater  than  that  of  any  metropo- 
lis now  existing,  or  that  shall  then  be  existing  in  the  world. 

"While  we  can  foresee   nothing  that  will  have  a  tendency  to 


|48  Annual  Report  of  the 

check  the  general  growth  of  New  York  and  its  dependencies  as  a 
whole,  there  are  doubtless  many  things  still  unknown,  which  will 
tend  greatly  to  accelerate  its  growth  in  population  and  wealth." 

"This  question,"  adds  Dr.  Hough,  who  is  eminently  versed  in 
sanitary  knowledge  and  vital  statistics,  "  in  view  of  its  vast  im- 
portance, and  its  sanitary  relations  and  necessities,  demands  the 
earnest  and  thoughtful  consideration  of  every  citizen  who  has  a 
family  to  be  exposed  to  disease  derived  from  neglect  of  public 
hygiene,  or  property  to  be  enhanced  or  reduced  in  value  by  the 
security  or  abuse  of  sanitary  laws." 

Summary  of  the  Quarterly  Statistics. 

State  of  the  Public  Health  during  Three  Months,  ending  Decem- 
ber 31,  1866. — In  the  third  quarter  of  the  year  1866 — the  three 
months  enditig  September  30th — the  total  number  of  deaths  in 
New  York  city  and  county  was  9,787.  It  was  the  epidemic  season 
of  that  eventful  year.  But  the  succeeding  three  months  were 
more  favorable  to  life,  for  in  that  period  there  were  only  5,609 
deaths.  Cholera  had  nearly  disappeared  at  the  close  of  Septem- 
ber, though  in  that  month  there  had  been  250  fatal  cases  of  the 
epidemic.  Only  64  deaths  by  that  cause  occurred  in  the  succeed- 
ing three  months  now  under  consideration. 

Of  the  total  number  (5,609)  of  deaths,  there  were  1,421  caused 
by  the  zymotic  diseases.  This  was  30.88  per  cent,  of  the  mor- 
tality from  all  causes.  Infancy  lost  heavily  during  the  entire 
quarter,  1,511  of  the  dead,  or  26.94  per  cent.,  being  less  than  one 
year  of  age;  ana  2,526,  or  more  than  45  per  cent.,  being  under 
five  years.  This  was  but  little  below  the  death-rate  for  those  ages 
in  the  entire  year  of  1866.  Like  the  continued  high,  though 
greatly  diminished,  ratio  of  mortality  by  the  zymotic  causes,  this 
great  mortalit}-  in  the  first  years  of  childhood  indicated  the  pres- 
ence of  special  agencies  of  insalubrity.  The  subjoined  abstracts 
exhibit  a  condensed  statement  of  the  mortality  that  occurred  in 
the  last  quarter  of  1866. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


149 


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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


151 


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^52  Annual  Report  of  tee 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  particular  localities,  especially  where 
cholera  had  been  epidemic  in  the  previous  quarter,  the  death-rate 
continued  far  in  excess  of  any  normal  standard.  For  example,  in 
the  First  ward  the  mortality  was  at  the  rate  of  51.16  per  1,000 
inhabitants,  and  in  the  Sixth  ward  there  was  a  death-rate  of  48.60 
per  1,000;  36.42  in  the  1,000  in  the  Fourth;  and  27.62  in  the 
1,000  in  the  Twenty-second  ward.*  In  these  wards,  and  in  the 
Eleventh  and  Seventeenth,  there  existed  chronic  sources  of  disease 
in  the  midst  of  their  crowded  tenant  houses,  so  that  after  cholera 
had  ceased  to  threaten,  it  was  found  that  scarlatina  and  diphtheria 
destroyed  more  lives  than  all  the  diarrhceal  diseases  that  still  con- 
tinued to  be  rife  in  those  places. 

The  amount  of  mortality  in  the  public  institutions  on  Ward  and 
Blackwell's  Islands  was  unusually  great,  notwithstanding  the  entire 
cessation  of  epidemic  cholera.  In  the  Emigrant  Refuge  and  Hos- 
pital, on  the  island  first  mentioned,  there  were  one  hundred  and 
thirteen  deaths;  and  in  the  institutions  on  the  latter  island,  there 
were  four  hundred  and  sixty-three  deaths.  This  excessive  mor- 
tality, occurring,  as  it  did,  in  the  classes  of  persons  that  are  most 
susceptible  to  any  lethalf  or  epidemic  conditions,  is  a  fact  which 
should  be  noticed.  Though  the  certified  causes  of  the  individual 
deaths  were  very  largely  of  the  constitutional  and  lical  classes, 
the  majority  of  them  would  justly  be  epitomized  under  the  gen- 
eral terms  low  vitality  and  defective  assimilation.  Upon  those 
islands,  as  well  as  among  the  lower  classes  in  the  two  cities,  the 
infant  mortality  ceased  to  be  certified  as  caused  by  cholera  infan- 
tum, but  now  was  attributed  to  diarrhoea,  marasmus,  inflammation 
of  bowels,  etc.  Inquiry  proved  that  a  vast  proportion  of  those 
dying  nurslings  had  lingered  in  misery  and  chronic  disorder  of  the 
bowels  since  the  hot  weather  of  summer.  This  class  of  infants, 
no  longer  able  to  assimilate  nourishment,  and  maintain  a  normal 

♦These,  and  all  similar  use3  of  the  term  death-rate,  are,  of  course,  understood  to  refer 
to  a  yearly  rate :  The  rate  for  the  quarter  was  equivalent  to  such  and  such  an  annual 
death-rate. 

\  This  term,  derived  form  the  Greek  word  lethare  (to  kill),  is  employed  by  hygienists  to 
signify  a  fatal  power  or  tendency.  Observation  shows  that  one  class  of  persons  may  be 
more  susceptible  to  the  lethal  or  fatal  tendency  of  a  disease  than  other  classes.  For  exam- 
ple, a  child  that  is  already  enfeebled  by  deficient  nourishment,  foul  air,  and  wretched  life, 
when  it  becomes  ill  with  any  important  disease,  has  but  a  small  probability  of  surviving. 
Such  a  child  will  be  unable  to  resist  or  endure  the  disease.  While  a  child  that  is  well 
nourished,  well  housed,  or  possessed  of  a  vigorous  constitution,  may  survive  any  of  the 
ordinary  diseases  of  childhood.  In  such  cases  the  lethal  influence  would  be  practically 
synonymous  with  the  common  term  "susceptibility;  '  but  in  other  instances  it  would 
refer  to  the  degree  of  malignancy  of  a  malady — as  in  an  epidemic,  for  example,  which 
may  vary  in  its  seyerity  in  different  seasons  or  different  places. 


Metr  op  olita  x  B  oa  rd  oi  He  a  l  th.  [.53 

vigor,  together  with  a  great  number  of  aged  persons  that  had 
passed  the  sixtieth  year,  dropped  into  their  graves  as  the  inclem- 
ent changes  of  the  last  months  of  autumn  drew  on.  In  December 
there  were  eight  hundred  and  ninety-three  deaths  in  childhood, 
under  the  fifth  year,  against  seven  hundred  and  forty-five  in  the 
milder  month  of  November.  While  there  died  of  inhabitants, 
over  sixty  years  of  age,  five  hundred  and  sixty-one  persons  duriug 
the  quarter;  and  of  these,  fourteen  of  the  decedents  were  above 
ninety  years  of  age,  one  was  over  one  hundred  years  old,  sixty- 
one  were  between  eight}'  and  eighty-five  years,  and  twenty-four 
were  between  eighty-five  and  ninety  years  of  age.  "  Diarrhoea," 
"  old  age/'  and  "  debility"  were  the  chief  causes  certifi  d  for  these 
deaths  in  extreme  age. 

During  the  entire  quarter  the  mortality  among  children,  under 
two  years  of  age,  continued  to  be  excessive,  and  as  the  cold  wea- 
ther of  December  drew  on.  it  was  observed  that  many  little  ones, 
whose  acute  diarrhceal  sickness  had  lapsed  into  inanition  and  mar- 
asmus, quickly  dropped  into  their  graves.  It  was  manifest  that 
in  the  tenant-house  population — for  this  kind  of  mortality  was 
almost  wholly  in  that  class — the  depressing  cold,  or  the  Stirling 
closeness  of  their  homes,  because  of  the  inclement  weather,  had 
much  to  do  with  this  increase  of  mortality  in  puny  children.  And 
the  next  greatest  cause  of  child  mortality  was  experienced  in  the 
increasing  prevalence  and  fatality  of  measles,  scarlatina,  and  diph- 
theria. These  three  diseases  killed  fifteen  hundred  and  forty  chil- 
dren in  New  York,  and  nine  hundred  and  seventy-eight  in  Brook- 
lyn, during  the  three  months  ending  December  31.  1866.  The 
total  increase  of  child  mortality  in  the  course  of  November  and 
December,  in  New  York,  is  thus  exhibited  : 


154 


Annual  Report  of  the 


Deaths  of  young  children  in  the  months  of  November  and  Decem- 
ber, 1866. 


NOVEMBER. 

DECEMBER. 

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Deaths   in  the  1st 

year  of  infancy, 

121 

99 

108 

110 

15 

438 

116 

107 

106 

87 

88 

17 

504 

32 

942 

Deaths   in   the  2d 

year  of  infancy, 

33 

35 

21 

17 

5 

106 

33 

32 

38 

37 

31 

36 

171 

41 

277 

Total  deaths   of 

children  under 

5  years  of  age, 

194 

169 

169 

162 

66 

694 

201 

178 

188 

170 

168 

143 

905 

209 

1,599 

The  fluctuation,  in  the  ratio  which  the  total  amount  of  infant 
mortality  bears  to  the  aggregate  of  deaths  by  all  causes,  the 
weekly  variations  in  the  latter  aggregate,  and  the  curve  of 
increase  and  subsidence  of  the  epidemic  mortality  by  measles 
and  scarlatina,  are  presented  at  one  view  upon  the  mortality 
chart  in  a  subsequent  section  of  this  report.  The  widespread 
prevalence  of  scarlatina,  in  conjunction  with  Asiatic  cholera,  has 
been  observed  and  variously  commented  upon  in  Europe  and 
America  during  former  visitations  of  the  latter  pestilence;  but 
the  most  that  such  observations  hitherto  warrant,  perhaps,  is 
simply  this,  that  certain  local  conditions  of  soil  and  atmosphere 
that  favor  the  propagation  of  cholera,  when  that  infection  is 
planted  in  a  district,  may  also  favor  an  epidemic  prevalence  of 
scarlatina  poison.  Hitherto,  however,  no  ground  of  relationship 
of  these  two  pestilences  has  been  ascertained. 

The  widespread  prevalence  of  scarlatina  and  measles,  as  the 
cold  winter  came  on,  led  to  a  subsequent  increase  in  the  number 
of  deaths  from  pulmonary  inflammation  and  other  secondary 
maladies,  that  are  prone  to  follow  these  exanthematous  fevers. 
Diphtheria  became  unusually  prevalent  in  December,  and  as  not  a 
few  physicians  certified  that  this  disease  was  associated  with  scar- 
latina as  the  ultimate  cause  of  death,  it  would  seem  that  the  latter 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \  55 

infection  finds  in  diphtheria  and  its  endemic  causes,  certain  physical 
conditions  which  favor  its  own  fatal  operation.  Aside  from  the 
fact  that  scarlatina  maligna,  affecting  the  throat  destructively,  is 
sometimes  mistaken  for  diphtheria,  and  malignant  cases  of  the 
latter  disease  mistaken  for  the  former,  the  fact  is  observed  that, 
to  a  great  extent,  these  two  domestic  pestilences  prevail  in  the 
same  seasons  and  the  same  or  similar  places.  This  fact  has  been 
much  commented  upon,  and,  by  referring  to  the  abstract  of 
mortality  by  wards,  on  page  51,  it  will  be  observed  that  out  of 
the  two  hundred  and  forty-two  deaths  by  scarlatina,  and  ninety- 
eight  by  diphtheria,  twenty-four  of  the  former  and  fifteen  of  the 
latter  occurred  in  the  Eleventh  Ward,  on  an  area  of  one  hundred 
and  ninety-six  acres,  where  the  population  is  packed  at  the  rate 
of  about  200,000  to  the  square  mile.  The  adjacent  (Seventeenth) 
ward  had  thirty  deaths  by  scarlatina  and  thirteen  by  diphtheria 
during  the  three  months,  and  it  was  in  the  most  crowded  blocks 
that  these  diseases  chiefly  prevailed. 

Diarrhceal  diseases  and  cholera  destroyed  four  hundred  and 
seventy-one  lives  in  New  York  during  the  quarter,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-three  in  Brooklyn,  but  only  sixty-four  deaths  in 
New  York,  and  seven  in  Brooktyn  were  attributed  to  the  latter 
cause.  The  course  of  these  and  the  other  chief  causes  of  death  is 
best  understood  from  the  yearly  chart  of  mortality,  on  a  subse- 
quent page.  Cholera  lingered  and  made  occasional  outbreaks  in 
three  very  characteristic  spots,  where  the  undrained  and  filth- 
sodden  grounds  about  a  miserable  class  of  tenements  gave  the 
requisite  soil  for  perpetuating  the  germs  of  pestilence.  One  of 
these  foul  spots  is  situated  between  Sixty-third  and  Seventieth 
streets,  just  west  of  Eighth  avenue  and  the  Central  Park — a 
"shanty  village"  of  chiffonniers;  another,  is  that  undrained  basin 
near  tide-level,  on  Fourth  avenue,  near  One  Hundred  and  Six- 
teenth street,  and  the  third  hot-bed  that  nourished  the  last  germs 
of  the  epidemic,  is  on  the  eastern  margin  of  the  "Five  Points," 
where  its  ravages  commenced  at  the  beginning  of  summer.  Some 
very  bad  diarrhceal  districts  in  the  city  continued  uninfected  by 
cholera. 

The  mean  temperature  of  October  was  57°  Fahr.;  of  November, 
48";  and  of  December,  35 '.  Heavy  rains  began  to  fall  the  last 
of  October,  and  during  the  last  ten  weeks  of  the  quarter  the  rain- 
fall amounted  to  nearly  nine  inches  depth.  The  last  three  weeks 
of  December  were  unusually  cold,  and  had  a  mean  temperature 


256  Annual  Report  of  the 

that  was  four  degrees  below  freezing-point.  Penury  and  bad- 
housino-  induced  some  increase  in  the  number  of  deaths  from  con- 

o 
o-estive  and  other  lung   diseases.     From   the   notes  then  made  in 

our  weekly  summaries,  the  following  may  be  repeated  here  :  "  In 
a  single  week  we  find  twenty-six  persons  have  died  in  the  tenant- 
houses  of  the  Fourth  Ward,  and  that  of  these,  there  were  thirteen 
by  the  lung-diseases  alone.  In  the  unventilated  tenements  of  that 
ward,  and  in  all  other  poor  neighborhoods,  the  ignorant  people 
are  led,  by  poverty  and  cold,  to  shut  themselves  up  closely  in  the 
foul  and  irritating  atmosphere  of  their  unhealthy  dwellings.  The 
poor  are  killed  by  their  poverty,  and  much  more  by  their  igno- 
rance. Hence,  it  is  desirable  that  all  deeds  of  charity,  among  the 
needy  or  the  sick,  should  be  accompanied  by  plain  instructions  in 
domestic  and  personal  hygiene,  especially  in  matters  of  cleanliness 
and  ventilation." 

The  destruction  of  lives  by  fire,  in  tenant-houses  and  workshops, 
was  so  great  as  to  attract  unusual  attention  in  December,  and  in 
the  third  week  of  that  month  our  usual  summary  recorded  the 
fact,  that  "the  Coroners  of  New  York  returned  verdicts  upon 
forty-one  cases  of  violent  or  sudden  deaths,  eleven  of  which  were 
by  burning.  In  two  weeks  this  bureau  received  the  Coroners' 
returns  upon  twTenty-five  deaths  from  this  one  cause."  Notwith- 
standing such  murderous  consequences  of  culpable  neglect  in  the 
construction  of  lofty  buildings,  and  in  the  management  of  combus- 
tibles therein,  no  adequate  power  could  be  applied  to  remedy  this 
fearful  evil  until  the  Tenement  and  Lodging  House  Act  was  passed 
by  the  Legislature  in  the  following  May. 

The  severe  cold  in  the  last  three  wreeks  of  December  drove  to 
the  public  and  private  almoners  of  charity  an  unusual  number  of 
applicants  for  aid  in  food  and  fuel,  and  under  the  pressure  of  pen- 
ury and  an  unexampled  degree  of  overcrowding,  the  poorest 
classes  in  both  cities  were  sadly  defenceless  against  the  diseases 
which  menace  the  tenant-house  population  in  winter.  It  was 
found  that  nearly  as  many  poor  children  died  from  results  of 
neglect  after  measles  and  scarlatina  as  were  directly  killed  by  the 
diseases  themselves. 

Typhoid  fever  became  quite  prevalent  in  certain  quarters  of 
both  cities,  and  in  New  York  destroyed  162  lives,  and  in  Brooklyn 
75  ;  but  this  enteric  fever  was  not  diffused  over  all  the  diarrhceal 
fields,  though  only  a  few  fatal  cases  occurred  beyond  the  limits  of 
those    fields.     The    Seventeenth,    Twentieth    and   Twenty-second 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  257 

Wards,  in  New  York,  .and  portions  of  the  Ninth,  Eleventh,  Six- 
teenth and  Twentieth  Wards,  in  Brooklyn,  furnished  the  chief 
centres  for  this  fever.  Whether  defective  house-drainage  and 
offensive  privies,  or  the  partially  drained  and  damp  condition  of 
the  regions  of  the  fever,  had  most  or  anything  to  do  with  the 
cause  of  this  disease,  is  a  practical  question  which  would  probably 
admit  of  an  answer.  Certain  it  is  that  these  local  faults  seem  to 
have  been  the  only  constant  conditions. 

Typhus  fever,  of  the  true  contagious  type,  destroyed  fifty-three 
lives  in  New  York  and  only  nine  in  Brooklyn.  Certain  over- 
crowed tenements  had  nurtured  the  contagion,  and  from  one  of 
them  in  the  Seventeenth  Ward  it  was  conveyed  by  a  wretched 
visitor  to  the  Catholic  Reformatory,  a  refuge  for  neglected  and 
vagrant  girls,  and  occupying  an  old  mansion,  situated  in  an  open 
field  on  Eighy-sixth  street,  near  the  East  river,  at  a  distance  of 
more  than  four  miles  from  the  point  of  diffusion  just  mentioned. 
The  practical  value  of  a  fever-hospital  and  of  a  country  farm,  for 
the  immediate  dispersion  and  sanitary  benefit  of  the  inmates  of  the 
crowded  city  reformatory  refuge,  was  convincingly  illustrated  in 
this  instance  ;  for  the  sick  were  immediately  sent  to  the  typhus 
pavilions  on  Blackwell's. island,  and  the  other  inmates  were  sent 
to  the  farm  of  ihe  Reformatory  at  West  Farms,  Westchester 
count}'.  It  was  a  lesson  in  hygiene  applied  to  one  of  the  most 
troublesome,  yet  controllable,  of  infectious  poisons. 

State  of  the  Public  Health  in  the  Three  Months  ending  March 
Zlst,  1867. — In  the  winter  quarter  of  the  present  year  the  death- 
rate  was  diminished  by  the  decrease  of  diarrhceal  and  other  disor- 
ders of  the  bowels.  The  total  mortality  amounted  to  5,197  in 
New  York,  and  1,862  in  Brooklyn.  Zymotic  diseases  caused 
1,067,  or  28.62  per  cent,  of  the  deaths  in  New  York,  against  1,421, 
or  30.88  per  cent,  of  the  mortality  in  the  previous  quarter.  Unu- 
sually cold  as  the  winter  was,  it  would  have  been  unusually  health- 
ful had  not  measles  and  scarlatina  been  epidemic.  These  two 
pests  of  childhood  killed  317  persons  in  New  York,  and  134  in 
Brooklyn. 

Typhus  and  typhoid  fevers,  which,  toward  the  end  of  autumn, 
had  gained  a  lodgement  in  several  public  institutions,  were  under 
control  in  the  places  where  they  were  most  feared,  but  occasion- 
ally the  typhus  infection  burst  forth  with  fatal  activity  in  over- 
crowded dwellings.  In  one  instance,  a  destitute  widow  and  child 
left  one  of  the  typhus  cellars,  and  entered  a  well  managed,  but 


158  Annual  Report  of  the 

crowded,  charitable  institutions — the  Girls'  Lodging-house,  on 
Canal  street — and  carried  the  typhus  contagion,  either  in  their 
persons  or  their  scanty  clothing,  so  that,  in  a  few  clays,  thirty  of 
the  women  and  girls,  in  addition  to  the  mother  and  child  that 
brought  the  fever-poison  into  the  house,  were  seized  by  the  fever. 
Immediate  dispersion  and  sanitary  care  of  the  inmates,  and  the 
removal  of  the  sick,  as  in  the  several  instances  that  occurred  in  the 
previous  months,  arrested  the  progress  of  the  local  epidemic.  The 
two  forms  of  continued  fever — typhus  and  typhoid — killed  136 
persons  in  New  York,  and  43  in  Brooklyn,  during  the  quarter. 
In  the  preceding  three  months,  there  were  215  deaths  by  these 
fevers  in  the  former  city,  and  77  in  Brooklyn. 

The  positively  preventive  effect  of  the  sanitary  measures,  and 
especially  the  disinfection  and  cleansing,  adopted  to  arrest  the 
progress  of  the  typhus  infection,  were  more  marked  and  decisive 
than  the  same  procedures  against  scarlatina,  measles  and  diphthe- 
ria. Yet  there  was  abundant  reason  to  conclude  that  such  mea- 
sures vastly  mitigated  the  fatality,  and  restrained  the  diffusion  of 
the  latter  diseases,  for  it  was  estimated  that  not  less  than  12,000 
children  suffered  from  one  or  more  of  these  pestilent  disorders  in 
the  last  quarter  of  1866,  before  the  regulations  for  disinfection 
were  adopted,  and,  after  that  practice  was  established,  it  was 
observed  that  the  number  of  deaths  by  these  three  causes  steadily 
diminished,  even  when  the  condition  of  the  population  in  the  win- 
ter and  spring  most  favored  the  spread  and  fatality  of  such,  dis- 
eases. Even  if  the  result  had  been  otherwise,  and  no  obvious 
benefit  had  followed  the  unusual  efforts  for  purification  and  disin- 
fection, still  we  should  be  warranted  in  believing  that  the  inju- 
rious and  deadly  effects  of  the  contagia  that  pertain  to  these  mala- 
dies would  be  somewhat  mitigated  by  such  purification  of  apart- 
ments and  clothing  of  the  sick  and  the  dead.  But  this  sanitary 
cleansing  not  only  mitigated  the  severity  of  the  epidemic  in  cer- 
tain houses,  but  it  seemed,  in  several  instances,  actually  to  arrest 
and  terminate  it,  after  the  first  group  of  victims  recovered.  Such 
sanitary  regulations  might  well  be  applied  in  the  country  hamlet, 
or  farm-bouse,  as  well  as  in  the  crowded  city,  for  however  wide- 
spread and  malignaut  may  be  the  epidemic  or  the  pandemic  causes 
of  these  pestilences  of  childhood,  the  strictly  contagious  and  infec- 
tious properties  of  such  diseases  need  to  be  avoided,  and,  as  far  as 
possible,  destroyed. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


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11 


162 


ANNUAL  REPOBT  OF  TEE 


The  winter  was  colder  than  the  average  of  the  past  ten  winters, 
and  the  quantity  of  snow  and  rain  was  greater  than  usual  for  the 
winter  quarter.  The  total  quantity  of  snow  and  rain  was  equal 
to  14.08  inches  depth  of  water,  and  the  mean  temperature  30|° 
Fahrenheit.  The  average  quantity  of  water  falling,  in  rain  and 
snow,  in  the  corresponding  period  of  25  years,  on  the  ground  now 
occupied  by  Columbia  College,  was  12.75  inches,  and  the  mean 
temperature  was  32.83°,  or  only  2.33°  warmer  than  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  winter  quarter  of  1866. 

Poverty,  ignorance,  thriftlessness,  and  a  bad  way  of  living, 
which  prevail  among  the  lower  classes,  lead  them  to  the  violation 
of  every  hygienic  rule  during  such  inclement  weather.  And  some 
of  the  obvious  results  of  the  severity  of  the  winter  found  a  per- 
manent record  in  the  bills  of  mortality.  The  excess  in  the  death- 
rate  was  chiefly  shared  between  phthisis  pulmonalis,  the  inflamma- 
tory diseases  of  the  lungs,  and  the  infectious  diseases  ot  childhood. 
Pulmonary  diseases  increased  the  death-rate  considerably,  as  will 
be  shown  in  an  abstract  of  mortality  by  this  class  of  causes,  in  a 
subsequent  section  of  the  report.  Comparing  the  ratio  which  this 
class  of  causes  bore  to  that  in  the  nine  months  ending  in  the  pre- 
ceding October,  we  find  the  following: 

Percentage  of  the  chief  pulmonary  diseases  upon  the  total  number 
of  deaths  by  all  cases. 

NEW  YOPwK. 


M 

B 

3 

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16.47 

1.69 

3.68 

8.49 

12.09 

1.21 

1.74 

4.79 

**       T>       » 
S.B       * 

HT3    M 


In  the  quarter  ending  March  30,  1867. 
Nine  months  ending  October  I,  1866. . 


5,484 
21,206 


BROOKLYN. 


Quarter  ending  March  30, 1867 

Six  months  ending  October  1,  1866 


16.22 

9.69 


3.76 
0.77 


3.36 
1.32 


7.57 
2.97 


2,022 
5,293 


The  total  number  of  deaths  by  diseases  of  the  respiratory 
organs,  exclusive  of  croup,  in  this  winter  quarter,  was  1,757. 
inclusive  of  903  by  phthisis,  in  New  York;  and  642,  inclusive  of 
328  by  phthisis,  in  Brooklyn.     This  mortality  by  lung  diseases 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


163 


exceeded  that  from  the  so-called  zymotic  diseases  by  nearly  40 
per  cent.,  notwithstanding  the  presence  of  infectious  fevers;  and 
the  winter's  experience  proved  how  true  it  is  that,  "  if  the  tenant- 
house  population  is  so  fortunate  as  to  escape  fevers,  then  it  is 
found  that  these  lung  diseases  have  a  mortgage,  with  certain  early 
foreclosure,  on  the  crowded  poor."* 

Food  supplies  were  sufficiently  abundant,  but  were  held  at 
unusually  high  prices,  so  that  the  poorer  classes  felt  the  pressure 
of  their  poverty,  and  "  made  greater  demands  upon  the  sources 
of  charity  than  had  been  experienced  since  1857. "f  But  the 
kind  of  want  that  most  invited  disease,  and  most  diminished  the 
chances  of  life,  was  that  which  herds  the  laboring  classes  together 
in  unhealthy  tenements.  To  exhibit  proof  of  this  fact,  we  need 
only  contrast  death-records  of  the  Fourth  and  Sixth  Wards  with 
those  of  the  fifteenth  Ward,  where,  in  winter,  the  greatest  extreme 
in  the  sanitary  condition  of  dwellings,  in  very  densely  populated 
districts,  are  witnessed.  We  refer  back  to  the  abstracts  on  pages 
150  and  160,  and  find  the  following  summary: 


DEATHS  IN  THE  QUARTER  ENDING  DE- 

IN  QUARTER  ENDING  MARCH 

CEMBEK  31, 

1866. 

30,  1867. 

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Thus  it  appears  that,  notwithstanding  the  disappearance  of  chol- 
era, which  had  its  chief  seat  in  the  Sixth  Ward,  and  notwithstanding 
the  salutary  effects  of  cold  in  the  filthy  streets,  the  miserable 
inhabitants  of  that  ward  continued  to  die  at  about  the  same  rate  in 
winter  as  in  autunn;  while  in  the  Fourth  Ward,  where  all  the 


•  Letter  from  S.  B.  Halliday,  Esq.,  Superintendent  of  the  Five  Points  House  of  Indus- 
try, January,  1867. 

\  This  fact  has  been  stated  to  the  writer  by  Robert  M.  Hartley,  Esq.,  the  Correspond- 
ing Secretary  of  New  York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  th«  Poor. 


164  Annual  Report  of  the 

dwellings  are  tenant-houses  of  the  most  over-crowded  and  disease- 
producing  description,  in  winter,  the  death-rate  was  even  greater 
in  winter  than  in  autumn,  and  it  was  in  this  ward  that  lung 
diseases  and  all  kinds  of  inflammatory  and  constitutional  causes 
produced  most  fatal  results.  In  such  portions  of  the  metropolis 
the  foes  to  health  and  social  decency  intermit  their  deadly  work 
neither  in  winter  nor  in  summer, 

State  of  the  Public  Health  in  the  Three  Months  (Spring  Quar- 
ter) ending  June,  30,  1867. — The  spring  months  were  in  no  respect 
peculiarly  unhealthful,  except  in  two  particulars,  namely,  in  the 
continued  prevalence  of  measles  and  scarlatina,  and  in  the  exces- 
sive extent  and  suddenness  of  the  alternations  of  temperature. 
The  mean  temperature  in  April  was  52°;  in  May  54°,  and  in  June 
68°  Fahrenheit.  The  month  of  March  protracted  the  winter  far 
into  the  spring,  for  its  mean  temperature  was  the  same  as  that  of 
February,  viz.:  34°  Fahrenheit. 

The  total  mortality  in  New  York  amounted  to  5,121,  or  76  less 
than  in  the  winter  quarter;  while  in  Brooklyn  the  total  number 
of  deaths  was  1,564,  or  298  less  thau  in  the  winter.  The  increased 
fatality  of  measles,  and  of  the  diarrhoea  that  often  ensued  upon 
that  malady,  caused  the  greater  part  of  the  increase  in  the  total 
quantity  of  mortality  by  the  zymotic  class  of  diseases.  In  the 
second  week  of  May  the  death-rate  began  to  fall  off,  and  during 
the  six  following  weeks,  human  life  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
enjoyed  greater  security  than  in  any  period  of  the  same  duration 
in  several  years.  The  total  number  of  deaths  in  the  six  weeks, 
from  May  18  to  June  22  was  2,231  in  New  York,  and  800  in 
Brooklyn;  or,  an  average  of  372  per  week  in  the  former,  and 
1,333  in  the  latter  city. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


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1  (_  8  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  high  temperature  of  the  last  three  weeks  in  June  produced 
no  other  very  obvious  effect  upon  the  public  health  than  slightly 
to  increase  the  amount  of  infant  mortality.  Forty  more  infants 
under  one  year  of  age  perished  in  New  York  in  those  twenty-one 
days  than  in  the  preceding  three  weeks  ;  but  there  was  a  decrease 
in  the  number  of  deaths  at  the  adult  ages,  so  that  the  total 
mortality  was  less  by  fifteen  than  in  three  weeks  ending  June  9. 
Both  cities  seemed  to  be  free  from  Asiatic  cholera,  only  one  fatal 
case  having  occurred  in  the  quarter,  and  that  an  isolated  one,  on 
the  29th  of  May.  Though  the  season  was  excessively  wet,  the 
rainfall  in  the  quarter  amounting  to  15.54  inches  of  water,  and  in 
June  alone  to  11.65  inches,  the  rain  storms  did  a  sanitary  work 
of  street-scavenging  and  sewer-flushing  which  more  than  compen- 
sated for  all  insalubrious  effects  of  unusual  atmospheric  humidity 
and  flooding  rain  falls. 

State  of  the  Public  Health  in  the  Three  Months  {Summer  Quarter) 
ending  in  September,  1867. — The  sanitary  history  of  the  metropo- 
lis the  past  summer  was  peculiar  only  the  almost  complete 
immunity  that  was  had  in  regard  to  cholera  and  yellow  fever. 
For  New  York  and  Brooklyn  were  certainly  menaced  by  each  of 
these  exotic  pestilences,  and  there  was  just  ground  of  fear  that 
the  excessive  humidity  which  prevailed  in  June,  July  and  August 
would  contribute  to  the  propagation  of  these  unwelcome  scourges. 
Perpetual  rains,  the  saturated  soil,  and  the  unusually  humid  and 
beclouded  atmosphere  gave  to  our  New  York  summer  the  meteoro- 
logical and  some  other  physical  characteristics  of  a  summer  in 
the  Delta  of  the  Mississippi  or  along  the  Eastern  Deltas  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

In  the  three  hot  months  ending  September  1,  the  rainfall  at 
Essex  Market,  the  point  of  observation  nearest  the  centre  of  the 
metropolis,  amounted  to  no  less  than  25.86  inches  of  water.  The 
average  degree  of  humidity,  in  the  cities,  was  68, — total  saturation 
being  regarded  as  100, — and  the  mean  temperature  was  68°  in 
June,  73 '  in  July,  and  740  in  August. 

The  great  rainfalls  continued,  week  after  week,  to  cleanse  and 
flush  the  pavements,  gutters,  and  sewers  of  both  cities,  and  the 
atmosphere,  like  the  streets,  seemed  to  be  less  contaminated  by 
putrescence  than  in  previous  summers,  the  fifteen  years  past.  Yet 
there  were  particular  regions  in  both  cities  that  were  not  cleansed 
and  rendered  healthful  by  the  rain  storms.  These  were  the  flat 
and   badly- drained  areas,  such  as  the  Eleventh  Ward,  in  New 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  1QQ 

York,  and  the  Sixteenth,  in  Brooklyn.  In  these,  and  other  very 
defectively-drained  places,  there  manifestly  were  special  causes 
of  disease  and  of  fatality  in  disease,  for  a  great  excess  of  deaths 
was  .steadily  reported  from  these  supersaturated  and  filth-sodden 
regions.  In  the  first-mentioned  ward,  six  hundred  of  the  inhabi- 
tants died  during  the  three  months,  and  gave  a  death-rate 
for  the  quarter  equal  to  40.71  per  1,000,  annually,  while  the 
Fifteenth  Ward,  a  mile  west  of  this,  suffered  a  death-rate  only 
equal  to  17.20  per  1,000.  In  the  Sixteenth  Ward,  Brooklyn,  the 
death-rate  in  the  quarter  was  equal  to  54.47  per  1,000  of  the  in- 
habitants yearly,  while,  in  the  adjacent  and  more  perfectly-drained 
Thirteenth  Ward  of  that  city,  the  rate  of  mortality  was  only 
equal  to  30.12  per  1,000,  annually.  In  view  of  this  and  similar 
general  results,  and  after  careful  analysis  of  the  chief  causes  of 
the  preventable  kinds  of  disease  that  produce  the  difference  in 
death-rates  in  different  places,  never  overlooking,  meanwhile,  the 
social  and  domestic  conditions  affecting  the  chances  of  life,  we 
find  abundant  evidence  that  even  in  these  graded  and  sewered 
cities,  there  exist,  in  certain  localities,  such  defects  of  drainage 
and  cleansing,  below  as  well  as  on  the  surface  of  the  soil  upon 
which  the  people  pile  their  dwellings,  that  the  most  preventable, 
yet,  amidst  such  surroundings,  the  most  inevitable  of  diseases  and 
deaths  are  sure  to  prevail,  and  that  in  a  wet  season  these  evils  are 
excessive. 

Pursuing  this  enquiry  concerning  preventable  sickness  and 
deaths  in  particular  regions  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  and  in 
the  suburbs  within  the  metropolitan  district,  the  practical  lessons 
are  found  to  be  full  of  interest,  and  never  have  they  been  more 
so  than  during  the  present  year ;  but  as  the  presentation  of  this 
subject  cannot  be  made  in  this  place,  we  will  only  allude  here  to 
the  fact  that  in  those  regions  of  both  cities  yet  sparsely  settled, 
and  that  are  being  graded  and  prepared  for  occupation,  the  rate 
of  mortality  and  the  prevalence  of  sickness  far  exceeded  the 
average  in  the  closely  built-up,  well-sewered  quarters  of  the  cities. 
Portions  of  the  Twenty-second  and  Twelfth  Wards  in  New  York, 
and  of  the  Eighth  and  Ninth  in  Brooklyn,  aptly  illustrated  this 
fact,  and  convincingly  proved  the  necessity  of  thorough  drainage 
and  skillful  preparation  of  the  ground  upon  which  dwellings  are 
to  be  erected  and  populations  invited.  Health-blighting  malaria 
and  deadly  miasmata  are  not  produced  in  marshy  jungles  and 
stagnant  ponds  only;  for  the  prolific  soil,  saturated  with  decaying 


270  Annual  Report  of  the 

organic  matter,  the  obstructed  streamlets,  the  earth-covered  basin, 
and  the  freshly-stirred  surface,  reeking  with  putrescent  exhala- 
tions, in  the  hot  season,  are  sources  of  much  fatal  sickness  in  cer- 
tain places  now  undergoing  "improvement"  in  the  cities  and 
villages  of  this  district.  This  vitally-important  subject  is  thus 
mentioned  in  our  review  of  the  summer  quarter,  because  its  lessons 
were  practically  most  important  in  the  hygienic  records  of  the 
season. 

The  subjoined  abstracts  exhibit  a  condensed  review  of  the  chief 
causes  of  death  in  New  York,  in  four  successive  periods  of  four 
weeks  each,  including  the  entire  summer.  The  other  abstracts 
present  the  ordinary  summaries  for  the  quarter.  The  reader  of 
these  pages  and  of  the  appended  report,  by  Deputy  Registrar, 
Dr.  Stiles,  of  Brooklyn,  may  advantageously  refer  to  the  Notes  on 
the  sanitary  topography  and  comparative  healthfulness  of  the 
several  wards,  presented  in  a  subsequent  section  of  the  present 
report.  A  ward  map  of  the  two  cities  will  likewise  aid  the  reader, 
and  for  this  purpose  it  will  be  desirable  to  refer  to  the  city  (ward) 
map  of  the  cholera  fields,  which  is  inserted  in  a  subsequent  section 
of  this  report. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


171 


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174 


Annual  Report  of  tee 


DEATHS  FROM  ZYMOTIC  DISEASE8. 

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NEW    YORK. — Deaths    from  Small-Pox,    Measles,   Scarlatina, 

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106 
75 
68 
72 

167 
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28.57 

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28.85 

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26.66 

27.59 

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25.37 

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36.36 

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128 

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34.37 

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37.21 

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117 

56    541 

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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


175 


DEATHS  FROM  ZYMOTIC  DISEASES. 

~ 

NEW    YORK.— D 

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53.12 

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115 

47  82 

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46.09 

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23 
24 

36 
19 

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3 
12 

116 
65 
42 

4 

241 

135 

83 

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43  16 

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50.60 

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1 

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1 

86 

47.67 

7 
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38 
108 

34.21 

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34 

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133 

3 

258 

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146 

2 

5 

116 

302 

41.38 

43.34 

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29 

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148 

34.46 
56.68 

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37 

41 

11 

106 

4 

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103 

1269 

. 

2614 

43.59 

176 


Annual  Report  of  the 


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DEATHS  FROM  ZYMOTIC  DISEASES. 

*3 

NEW   YORK. — Deaths    from    Small-pox,   Measles,    Scarlatiha, 

3 

Diphtheria,  Whooping-cough,  Typhoid  Fkver,    Typhus  Fever, 

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47 
72 
126 
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7 

17 
12 

1 

1 
5 
5 
2 
2 

2 
22 

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40 
54 
30 

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15.38 

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1 
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1 
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55.55 

3 

42.86 

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1 

37.97 

6 
1 
2 

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11 
18 
26 

7 
15 
26 

1 
4 
5 

25 
39 
67 

3 
3 
2 

83 

91 

159 

30.12 

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1 

1 

2 

42.86 

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3 

1 

1 

42.14 

Twelfth 

6 

2 

1 

5 

4 

13 

24 

10 

65 

4 

118 

55.09 

♦Thirteenth. 

1 

^ 

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19 

7 

32 

VI 

77 

41.56 

1 

1 

2 
1 
2 
1 

l 

2 
1 

18 

6 

21 

45 

3 

6 

9 

40 

1 
2 
3 
4 

26 

16 

45 

110 

1 
1 
1 
5 

66 

32 

98 

237 

39.39 

50.00 

1 
2 

4 
7 

3 

1 

4 

2 
3 

45.92 

46.41 

2 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

33 

14 

1 

59 

2 

125 

47.20 

Nineteenth  .   .. 

1 

4 

1 

3 

2 

4 

i 

48 

57 

59 

180 

5 

321 

56.08 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

39 

26 

3 

78 

2 

188 

41.49 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

23 

25 

10 

67 

22 

182 

36.81 

Twenty -second, 

- 

8 

1 

1 

3 

30 

25 

1 

69 

4 

166 

41.57 

30 

25 

18 

9 

20 

10 

31 

10 

450 

338 

121 

Jl,062 

78 

2,388 

44.47 

METROPOLITAy  BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 


177 


DEATHS  FROM  ZYMOTIC    DISEASES. 

NEW  YORK. — Deaths  from  Small-pox,  Measles,  Scarlatina, 
Diphtheria,  Whooping-cough,  Typhoid  Fever,  Typhus  Fever, 
Cholera,  Cholera  Infantum,  Diarrhceal  Maladies,  and  other 
Zymotic  Diseases. 

Registered    during    the  four  weeks  ending  Saturday,  Oct.  5th,  1867. 


WARDS. 


si 

8 

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w 

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ft 


First    

Second  

Third   

Fourth 

Fifth    

Sixth    

Seventh  .    ... 

Eighth  

Ninth , 

Tenth  

Eleventh  ... 
Twelfth  .... 
Thirteenth.  .. 
Fourteenth.  . 

Fifteenth 

Sixteenth  . . . 
Seventeenth  , 
Eighteenth  . 
Nineteenth  . 
Twentieth  .  . 
Twenty-first  . 
Twenty- second,  . 


Totals 1    8 


10     18     17 


15       9 


20 


26     25 


185 


13 

20 
19 
33 
21 
22 
15 
349 
0  7 
H 
10 
7 
II 
66 
20 
L28 
47 
39 
41 


44 
3 

7 

47 

55 

64 

79 

89 

71 

77 

138 

136 

48 

59 

43 

72 

190 

98 

270 

146 

135 

116 


231    120    647  '84    1,1 


36.36 
33.33 

27 !  66 
36.36 
29.69 
29.11 
23.60 
30.99 
1'.».48 
26.09 
49.62 
29.17 
16.95 
16.28 
22.22 
34.74 
26.53 
47.41 
32.19 
28.89 
35.34 


32.58 


[Assem.  No.  122.] 


12 


178 


Annual  Report  of  the 


Comparison  of  the  Mortuary  Records  of  the  Summer  Quarter 
of  1867  with  those  of  the  corresponding  period  of  the  previous 
year. — There  were  2,278  more  deaths  in  New  York  in  the  summer 
quarter  of  1866  than  in  that  of  1867.  But  in  Brooklyn  the  dif- 
ference was  only  510  in  favor  of  the  latter.  The  chief  points  of 
difference  are  shown  as  follows: 


ta  u 

If. 

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New  York,  1867 

9,794 
7,516 

54.00 
41.39 

26.80 
17.58 

1,080 
25 

1,490 
1,356 

3,933 
2,329 

146 

84 

181 
267 

3,458 
2,948 

54.80 

517 
4 

717 
726 

1,570 
992 

61 
25 

39 
138 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  great  decrease,  both  in  the  aggregrate 
of  mortality  and  in  that  by  the  zymotic  causes,  resulted  from  the 
absence  of  cholera  as  an  epidemic,  and  from  some  abatement  in 
the  diarrhceal  disorders  and  in  the  amount  of  typhoid  fever. 
Brooklyn  gained  less  than  New  York,  and  that  city  lost  more  lives 
than  New  York  by  the  diarrhceal  and  the  infectious  maladies  of 
children.  The  local  causes  of  the  high  death-rate  in  particular 
localities  in  Brooklyn  and  New  York  have  already  been  mentioned, 
but  it  should  here  be  stated  that  the  remarkably  great  proportion 
of  infants  in  the  Brooklyn  population  helps  account  for  its  exces- 
sive child-mortality  and  its  high  death-rate.  The  fact  must  be 
stated  that  the  absence  of  epidemic  cholera  the  past  season  scarcely 
affected  the  list  of  deaths  by  "cholera  infantum."  The  fatal 
quantity  of  other  diarrhceal  disorders — all  told — was  less  than  in 
the  summer  quarter  of  1866  by  only  415  in  New  York  and  74  in 
Brooklyn.  And,  in  the  circumstances  and  localities  of  the  diar- 
rhceal deaths,  there  appeared  ample  grounds  for  dreading  the 
introduction  of  cholera.  The  diarrhceal  fields  would  have  nur- 
tured that  infectious  pest  if  it  had  gained  an  undisputed  foothold 
in  those  localities. 

In  every  portion  of  both  cities,  beyond  the  limits  of  the  diarrhceal 
fields,  the  public  health  was  as  good  as  in  the  rural  villages.    The 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  179 

average  death-rate  in  all  such  thoroughly  drained,  sewered,  cleanly, 
and  well-peopled  quarters,  scarcely  reached  17  per  1,000,  annual 
rate;  but  life  and  health  were  not  secure  in  the  same  sense,  as  in 
country  hamlets,  for  not  only  business  and  duty,  but  even  the 
silently-moving  air  currents,  bring  the  pestilent  exhalations  of  the 
insalubrious  districts  so  near  to  multitudes  of  the  well-housed  and 
healthy  classes,  that  many  lives  are  sacrificed  to  the  same  detest- 
able moloch  of  filth-poison  that  destroys  lives  by  the  thousand 
among  the  poor. 

The  boundaries  of  the  small  areas  which,  for  convenience,  are 
termed  diarrhceal  fields,  in  both  cities,  remained  precisely  the  same 
as  in  1866,  except  that  in  certain  flat,  low,  and  undrained  settions, 
the  fields  were  somewhat  extended  by  the  excessive  saturation  of 
the  soil,  while  in  various  places,  as  in  the  Fourth  and  Sixth  Wards, 
unprecedented  cleanliness  and  sanitary  surveillance  greatly  con- 
tracted the  limits  of  some  of  the  most  chronic  nests  of  filthiness 
and  diarrhceal  endemics. 

Birth  and  Marriage  Registration. 

In  the  "  account  current"  of  human  life  the  numerical  record  of 
the  gains  should,  year  by  year,  exceed  all  losses;  but  unlike  the 
habit  of  men  in  commercial  affairs,  the  latter  only  are  faithfully 
or  completely  made  known  to  the  public,  while  the  nuptial  and 
natal  gains  to  society  are  ascertained  with  greatest  difficulty.  The 
reasons  for  this  are  obvious  in  our  country,  where  neither  ecclesi- 
astical nor  civil  laws  are  rigidly  enforced,  except  in  matters  relat- 
ing to  equity  or  crime.  Unlike  the  laws  concerning  registration 
of  births  and  marriages  in  European  countries,  the  laws  of  New 
York  visit  upon  delinquents  and  offenders  no  disabilities,  and  pro- 
vide no  means  of  discovering  and  reporting  delinquencies.  Ours 
is  a  voluntary  system  of  registration.  Its  degree  of  completeness, 
as  the  existing  laws  are  framed,  must  depend  mainly  upon  the 
intelligence  and  law-abiding  spirit  of  the  people,  aided  by  accept- 
able and  efficient  methods  of  procuring  the  individual  returns  for 
registration. 

Marriages. — No  better  evidence  of  the  intelligent  moral  sense 
of  the  metropolitan  population  can  well  be  furnished  than  that 
which  appears  in  the  voluntary  and  very  circumstantial  registra- 
tion of  the  15,026  persons  who  were  married  in  the  city  of  New 
York  during  the  past  year.  In  no  other  country  do  clergymen 
and  priests  excel  those  of  New  York  in  their  respect  for  the  civil 


180  Annual  Report  of  the 

laws.  Even  in  Great  Britain,  where  Church  and  State  are  united 
by  law  and  by  self-interests,  the  early  efforts  at  marriage  regis- 
tration, nearly  thirty  years  ago,  were  not  much  more  successful 
than  the  present  voluntary  system  of  New  York.  Yet,  both  the 
marriage  and  birth  registrations  are  incomplete. 

The  deficiencies  of  the  marriage  registration  arise  from  the  fol- 
lowing causes: 

First. — There  are  some  magistrates,  and  not  a  few  quasi  clergy- 
men — unsettled  "shepherds," — without  any  acknowledged  rela- 
tions to  the  Church  of  God  or  to  manly  duties  anywhere,  who 
gain  a  portion  of  their  daily  bread  by  marriage  fees,  yet  little 
heed  any  law,  civil  or  ecclesiastical,  concerning  the  marriages  they 
witness,  and  fail  to  certify  and  return  to  the  proper  authorities  for 
public  registration. 

Second. — There  yet  remain  a  few  clergymen,  some  of  them 
known  to  be  scrupulously  exact  in  ordinary  duties  to  society,  who 
still  regard  marriage  as  being  purely  a  sacrament  of  the  Church, 
and  their  office  in  solemnizing  and  witnessing  the  marriage  vows 
as  being  so  exclusively  sacramental  and  ecclesiastical,  that  were 
the  marriage  and  their  official  certificate  returned  and  publicly 
recorded  in  the  civil  registers,  the  sacrament  itself  would  be  pro- 
faned. The  number  of  Christian  ministers  and  priests  who  hold 
this  untenable  opinion  is  rapidly  diminishing.  The  Bishop  of  the 
Catholic  Church  and  the  Bishops  of  the  Episcopal  and  the  Metho- 
dist Churches  scrupulously  and  perfectly  respect  the  existing  laws 
regarding  the  civil  registration  of  marriages.  In  New  York  the 
several  religious  denominations  render  nearly  equal  obedience  to 
this  law;  but  in  Brooklyn  there  is  yet  culpable  neglect  on  the 
part  of  particular  Churches. 

Third. — Certain  unofficial  persons,  and  not  a  few  who  claim  to 
be  clergymen,  continue  the  practice  of  witnessing  marriages,  and 
saying  unauthorized  words  of  ceremony,  at  their  own  residence, 
and  many  such  marriages  not  only  are  unreported,  and  conse- 
quently unregistered,  but  are  unfortunately,  for  such  is  the  story 
of  clandestine  marriage,  bigamy,  and  other  kinds  of  vicious 
nuptials. 

We  make  no  apology  for  stating  these  facts  in  homely  phrase. 
The  Marriage  Registers  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  bear  the 
names  and  nuptial  record,  almost  exclusively,  of  those  only  who 
regard  marriage  as  honorable,  and  who  publicly  set  their  hand 
and  seal  to  to  their  marriage  vows.     The  subjoined  abstract  pre- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


181 


sents  a  summary  of  the  chief  facts  that  appear  upon  the  Marriage 
Registers  for  the  year,  and  which  relate  particularly  to  Vital  Sta- 
tistics. The  exactness  and  completeness  of  every  individual  mar- 
riage record,  as  it  stands  registered  in  this  Bureau,  is  the  fruit  of 
much  painstaking  in  guarding  against  defects  in  original  returns, 
and  in  correspondence  with  clergymen,  magistrates,  and  families. 
Having  endeavored  to  secure  as  great  a  degree  of  perfectness  as 
possible  in  the  several  branches  of  registration,  I  should  do  injus- 
tice to  my  own  sentiments  of  regard  for  most  excellent  aid  if  I  did 
not  mention  in  this,  as  in  the  preceding  annual  report,  that  the 
unceasing:  attention  of  Mr.  John  Bowne,  the  Chief  Clerk  in  this 
Bureau,  has  very  essentially  contributed  to  the  attainment  of  the 
present  measure  of  completeness  and  excellence  which  is  seen  in 
the  public  Registers  of  Marriages  and  Births  in  New  York. 

In  Brooklyn  the  same  carefulness  is  bestowed  upon  this  branch 
of  registration,  and  the  results,  as  shown  upon  the  public  Regis- 
ters, differ  little,  except  in  the  degree  of  deficiency  in  the  total  of 
returns  made  to  the  office  of  registration.  This  deficiency,  in  both 
cities,  in  the  absence  of  any  system  either  of  ecclesiastical  or  police 
inquiry  into  the  data  and  place  of  each  marriage  and  birth,  is  to 
be  prevented  only  by  official  correspondence  with  professional 
persons  whose  duty  it  is  to  make  these  returns,  and  by  an  in- 
creased popular  intelligence  and. appreciation  in  regard  to  the  duty 
and  benefits  of  the  public  registration.  The  Deputy  Registrar, 
Dr.  Stiles,  in  Brooklyn,  and  Mr.  Bowne,  in  New  York,  have 
proved  that  it  is  entirely  practicable  to  obtain  perfect  results  in 
these  returns,  while,  by  their  constant  revision  and  correspond- 
ence, they  are  steadily  overcoming  the  deficiency  of  the  total 
number  of  returns.  The  subjoined  abstracts  presents  the  statis- 
tical results  of  the  Marriage  Registration  the  past  year,  together 
with  an  exhibit  of  the  monthly  summary  for  the  entire  period 
since  the  beginning  of  the  year  1866. 

Total  No.  of  Persons,  each  Month,  whose  Marriage  teas  Publicly  Registered- 


New  York 
Brooklyn . 


1866. 


1*1 


256  228  229  274 

None 

registered 


554 


1867. 


612,557 
97   73 


S  \< 


493517 

89101 


124 


766  727 
152140 


580530645 
111115127 


182 


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Jg4  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  Marriage- Rate. — The  Registrar  General  of  Scotland  has 
very  truly  remarked  that  "there  is  no  surer  sign  of  the  general 
prosperity  of  a  country  than  the  increase  of  the  marriage-rate.* 
This  remark  was  joined  with  congratulations  to  the  Scottish 
people  upon  their  unprecedented  prosperity  in  1865,  when  fifteen 
persons  in  every  thousand  in  Scotland  had  that  year  married. 
This,  says  the  Registrar,  is  perhaps  the  highest  marriage-rate  that 
ever  occurred  in  Scotland. 

From  the  foregoing  abstracts,  the  fact  appear  that  the  public 
Registers  in  New  York  show  that  in  the  last  twelve  months  the 
marriage-rate  exceeded  twenty  persons  to  the  thousand.     But,  at 
the  same  time,  it  appears  that  in  Brooklyn  the  registered  rate  is 
less  than  half  that  in  New  York.      Yet   we  have  abundant  testi- 
mony to  prove  that  the  actual  marriage-rate  is  higher  in  Brooklyn 
than  in  New  York.     In  a  previous  section  of  this  report,  we  have 
pointed  out  the  sources  of  the  deficiency  in  marriage  registration. 
The  amount  of  deficiency  of  marriage  registration  in  New  York 
can  not  be  known  until  we  ascertain  who  fails  to  make  returns, 
and  what  number  is  chargeable  to  each  delinquent.     But  it  will 
be  conceded  that  no  great  city  has  ever  had  recorded  upon  its 
marriage  registers,  in  a  single  year,  a  greater  number  of  marriages 
than  was  registered  the  past  twelve  months  in  New  York,  unless 
aided  by  a  system  of  ante-nuptial  registry  and  marriage  license. 
The  Registrar  need  volunteer  no  advice  in  regard  to  the  urgent 
necessity  for  additional  legal  formalities  and  safeguards  in  the 
authorization  and  public  record  of  marriage.      The  Legislature 
of  New  York  long  ago  undertook,  in  vain,  to  provide  the  safe- 
guard of   a  registered  permission  of  the    banns  of   matrimony. 
The  over-ruling  influence  of  the  great  cities,  with  their  enormous 
pressure  of  immorality  and  low  regard  for  the  sanctions  of  mar- 
riage, has  hitherto  prevented  the  enactment  of  laws  tending  to 
diminish   the  amount   of   that   improper  and  sometimes  illegal 
matrimony  into  which  base  men  entice  unsuspecting  girls  and 
women,  to  suffer  the  shame,  wretchedness,  and  social  wreck  that 
are  incurred  by  vicious  wedlock.     Hundreds  of  applications  for 
records   of   alleged  vicious   marriages   have    been  made    at  this 
bureau  by  broken-hearted  wives  or  weeping  parents,  who  ask  in 
vain  for  a  transcript  of  the  public  registry  ot  marriage  that  has 
been  dishonored.      Some  who  seek  the  public  Registers,  under 

such   circumstances,   find   the   record    of   the   illegal    or  vicious 
* 

•Annual  Report  of  Dr.  Stark  to  the  Registrar  General  of  Scotland,  1866. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  185 

marriage,  but  they  turn    in  vain   to  the  laws  of  the  State  for 
adequate  relief  and  defence. 

In  view  of  facts  which  are  apparent  to  this  Bureau,  and  confirmed 
by  all  clergymen  and  magistrates  who  are  at  all  scrupulous  in 
regard  to  the  marriages  they  celebrate,  the  question  arises  whether 
the  time  has  not  come  when  the  mo.st  sacred  and  socially  important 
relation  of  human  life  shall,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  be  as  well 
guarded  and  as  publicly  honored  as  in  any  other  enlightened 
country.  And,  as  the  machinery  of  Church  and  State  cannot  be 
allied  in  the  enforcement  of  regulations  for  marriage  registration 
in  our  country,  there  would  seem  to  be  a  necessity  for  adopting 
a  system  somewhat  like  that  contained  in  the  Code  Civil  of 
France:  at  least  so  much  as  relates  to  the  legalization  and  formali- 
ties of  the  marriage  contract  previous  to  ceremonials.  Thus  every 
marriage  would  be  recorded,  and  the  legal  evidences  of  every 
marriage  would  be  preserved  with  the  same  care  as  that  of  every 
other  civil  transaction  to  which  any  importance  is  attached. 

Births. 
Perfect  returns  of  12,569  births  in  the  twelve  mouths  have  been 
sent  to  the  Bureau  by  physicians,  parents  and  midwives,  in  New 
York,  and  4,878  by  those  in  Brooklyn.  This,  it  is  supposed,  does 
not  exceed  forty  per  cent,  of  the  number  of  births  which  actually 
occurred  in  these  cities.  Hence,  until  this  class  of  statistics  is 
rendered  complete  by  the  registration  of  every  birth,  it  is  needless 
to  attempt  any  general  deductions.  The  disciples  of  Malthus  may 
be  gratified  at  the  first  view  of  this  apparently  small  addition  to 
the  crowded  and  badly-housed  population  of  the  metropolis,  and 
the  anxious  believer  in  the  degeneration  of  American  manhood 
may,  at  the  same  hast}7  glance,  seem  to  discover  that  the  race  is 
dwindling.  But  when  we  turn  to  the  record  of  the  10,917  infants 
that  died  in  these  two  cities  in  the  year  1866,  before  they  had 
reached  their  first  birthday,  and  when  next  we  find  that  of  the 
infants  which  survived  the  perils  of  the  first  twelve  months  in 
that  sickly  year,  1.354  were  destroyed  by  disease  in  the  first  suc- 
ceeding nine  months  of  their  second  year  of  existence,  it  is  plain 
enough  that  the  total  number  of  children  born  in  these  cities 
every  year  cannot  diner  much  from  the  pro  rata  of  births  to  total 
population  in  other  great  towns.  And  there  is  another  fact  of 
like  nature,  which  the  census  of  our  population  reveals.  It  is  this: 
that  13.08  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  city 


286  Annual  Report  of  the 

of  New  York  are  under  five  years  of  age,  and  that  13.52  per  cent, 
of  the  total  in  Brooklyn,  are  of  this  age.  This  is  fully  equal  to 
the  usual  pro  rata  of  children  of  like  age  in  the  population  of 
other  cities.  Indeed  the  child-ratio  in  Brooklyn  exceeds  that  of 
almost  any  other  city.* 

The  facts  are  stated  here  to  prevent  a  misuse  of  the  statistics  of 
birth,  which,  though  perfect  in  the  individual  records,  are  so 
incomplete  in  their  totality,  that  they  must  not  be  used  for  deduc- 
tions regarding  the  laws  of  population  increase  or  decrease. 
There  are  only  two  or  three  large  cities  in  the  United  States  that 
secure  any  thing  like  completeness  in  the  registration  of  births, 
and  in  those  it  is  accomplished  mainly  by  means  of  special  canvas- 
sing, aided  by  long-established  methods  of  public  registration. 

The  subjoined  abstract  exhibits  the  most  essential  facts  in  the 
statistics  derived  from  the  birth  registers  of  this  bureau  the  past 
twelve  months. 


*  The  ratio  which  the  total  number  of  children  under  five  years  of  age  bears  to  the  total 
population  in  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  several  cities  and  States,  is  seen  in  the  following 
table : 

Percentage  of  Child  Population  (under  Jive  years)  to  Total  Population. 

Percentage  of  Children 
Under  5  Years  to  To- 
City  or  State.                                        Total  Population.  tal  Population. 

Brooklyn 296,112  13.52 

New  York 726,384  13.08 

Sate  of  New  York  (Census  of  1865) 3,827,818  12.28 

Wisconsin . 775,881  17.70 

The  six  New  England  States  (Census  of  1860).         3,135,283  9.60 

State  of  Rhode  Island 184,965  10.20 

City  of  Providence 54,595  9.73 

London  (Census  of  1861)  3,037,991  11.92 

England  (Census  of  1851) 20,066,224  13.06 

United  States  (Census  of  1860) 31,443,332  15.43 


Metr  opolita  n  Board  of  He  a  l  tit. 


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".}  g g  Annual  Report  of  the 

(  In  reviewing  the  foregoing  table,  the  same  fact  appears  in  these 
(birth  records  as  in  the  common  experience  of  all  complete  records 
tof  birth;  that  the  deviation  from  equality  in  the  total  numbers  of 
^infants,  according  to  sex,  is  slightly  in  favor  of  the  males.  In  the 
J  12,569  births,  there  were  233  more  boys  than  girls.  This  excess 
of  male  births  conforms  to  the  general  physiological  fact  regard- 
ing the  relative  ratios  of  sexes  to  the  total  number  of  births. 

ihe  next  point  to  be  noticed  is  the  fact,  that  while  there  were 
8,047  children  born  of  foreign  parents,  and  1,626  other  births 
accredited  to  parents  but  one  of  whom  is  foreign,  there  were  but 
2,291  births  registered  for  native  parents. 

Until  we  reach  the  period  when  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  newly- 
born  are  duly  registered  in  this  bureau,  it  will  not  be  expedient 
to  draw  any  final  conclusions  from  the  present  incomplete  numeri- 
cal results  of  birth  registration.  But  we  may  here  remark  that 
it  is  plainly  a  fact  that  the  offspring  of  foreign  parents  are  regis- 
tered with  far  greater  faithfulness  than  those  of  native  parents, 
unless  we  assume  that  there  are  vastly  more  child-bearing  women 
of  foreign  than  of  native  birth  living  in  wedlock  in  these  cities. 
It  is  probable  that  there  are  just  about  as  many  children  born  in 
New  York,  year  by  year,  of  foreign  as  of  native  mothers;  for  the 
married  female  population — at  child-bearing  ages — in  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  is  scarcely  half  of  foreign  birth.  It  is  regretted 
that  the  census  returns  do  not  state  how  many  of  the  married  are 
of  foreign  birth.  Those  returns  simply  state  that,  in  1865,  there 
were  131,364  wives  in  New  York,  54,518  in  Brooklyn,  and  that 
420,052  out  of  1,022,764  (total)  inhabitants  are  of  foreign  birth. 
And  if  the  same  physiological  and  social  laws  of  natural  increase 
hold  true  in  these  cities  that  are  found  true  in  Boston,  Providence, 
London,  and  Berlin,  then  every  year  there  is  born  one  living  child 
to  every  four  women  who  are  living  in  wedlock.  Though  this 
ratio  is  somewhat  too  high  for  the  population  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  we  have  good  reason  for  the  belief  that  the  yearly  ratio 
of  births  in  the  married  female  population  of  both  these  cities  is 
more  than  one  to  five,  and  that  the  ratio  of  births  to  the  total 
female  population  would  be  about  one  to  sixteen,  if  the  laws  of 
increase  are  the  same  in  this  metropolis  as  in  the  chief  cities  of 
Great  Britain. 

but  in  the  absence  of  a  correct  census,  and  with  incomplete 
public  registration  of  the  newly  born,  we  need  the  more  to  ascer- 
tain the  rate  of  increase,  in  order  that  we  may  devise  measures  for 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


189 


the  registration  of  every  birth,  and  also  guard  against  erroneous 
conclusions  respecting  the  law  of  natural  increase  of  population. 
The  enormous  infantine  mortality  in  these  cities  cannot  be  cor- 
rectly interpreted  without  the  aid  of  the  law  of  increase  by  births. 
Now,  by  appealing  to  the  death  records  and  the  census,  the  former 
of  which  are  numerically  correct,  and  the  latter  to  be  regarded  as 
approximately  so,  though  less  than  the  true  number,  we  reach 
trustworthy  conclusions;  first,  as  to  the  grand  total  of  births  in 
New  York  in  the  five  years  ending  with  the  date  of  the  last  census, 
and  seco?id,  as  to  the  average  number  of  births  in  each  of  the  first 
five  years  in  the  present  decade. 

This  is  the  proposition  :  The  total  number  of  children  born  in 
the  five  years,  or  quinquennial  period,  from  I860  to  1865,  can  be 
estimated  in  two  classes  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1865,  the 
first  class  being  the  total  number  of  children  five  years  old  or 
under  then  found  by  the  census  canvassers  to  be  living;  second, 
the  total  number  of  children  that,  having  been  born  during  the 
five-year  period,  had  died  during  that  quinquenniad.  This  is  the 
statistical  statement  : 


The  Number  of  Births  that  Occurred  in  New  York  during  the  Five 
Years  ending  1865,  shown  by  the  Records  of  Death  and,  the  Cen- 
sus of  Living  Children  under  Five  Years  of  Age — All  having 
been  Bom  in  the  Period  mentioned. 


Years. 

Ages  of  Infants  that  Died. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

Total. 

6,087 

6,189 
2,990 

5,720 
2,937 
1,200 

6,118 

3,461 

1,602 

971 

6,058 

3,261 

1,484 

997 

627 

30,172 
12,649 

4,286 

1,968 

627 

Yearly  totals  and  the  grand  total  of 
deaths  of  the  children  born  in  that 

6,087 

9,179 

9,857 

12,152 

12,427 

49,702 

Total  number  of  children  under  five  y 
Total  number  of  children  (living  and 
Average  number  of  births  each  year 

ears  of  age  living 
dead)  that  were  be 

at  the  be 
rn  durin] 

ginning  of  1865.. 
;  those  five  years. 

95,022 

144,724 

28,944 

Further  comment  upon  this  subject  is  needless.  These  statis- 
tics and  other  means  of  information  prove  conclusively  that,  bad 
as  may  be  the  moral  and  social  condition  of  the  great  commercial 
emporium  of  the  continent,  it  is  not  becoming  depopulated,  nor 


290  Axnval  Report  of  the 

have  all  the  wives  and  mothers  in  New  York  yielded  to  the  shame- 
ful and  murderous  practices  of  the  abortionist,  though  a  great  num- 
ber of  despicable  men  and  women  in  the  city  ply  that  destructive 
business,  and  lure  many  thousands  into  the  hideous  crime  of  child- 
murder.  TVe  must  decline  to  mention  here  any  details  relating  to 
this    arrowing-   and   most   revolting  outrage   against  woman   and 

O  O  O  O  O 

against  society.  The  rural  towns  suffer  the  same  outrages,  and,  it 
is  to  be  feared,  to  almost  the  same  extent  as  the  women  of  the 
cities,  for  it  is  through  seductive  advertisements  and  circulars  that 
this  degrading  trade  in  death  to  maternal  virtue  and  maternal  life 
is  carried  on.  Among  the  laboring  classes  in  these  cities,  aud 
wherever  society  is  not  declining  in  common  virtues,  woman  is 
still  honored  and  reverenced  in  her  divinely  appointed  character 
and  attributes  as  wife  and  mother. 

Hovj  shall  the  actual  number  of  Births  each  year  be  ascertained 
and  recorded  in  the  Public  Registers  ? — This  is  a  practical  ques- 
tion in  the  Metropolitan  District,  and  the  answer  that  we  work 
out  in  a  successful  manner  here  will  serve  for  every  town  and  city 
in  the  State.  Experience,  and  a  reasonable  knowledge  of  human 
nature,  can  solve  the  problem.  The  points  which  the  Registrar 
respectfully  submits  upon  this  subject  are,  briefly,  the  following : 

1.  No  merely  voluntary  system  of  birth-returns  for  public  reg- 
istration ever  has  been  successful  in  any  country.  And  even  in 
the  countries  and  cities  where  serious  penalties  and  disabilities  are 
visited  upon  delinquent  parents  and  medical  attendants,  it  never- 
theless is  found  necessary  to  ascertain  the  true  number  and  fill  up 
the  deficient  registry  of  births,  year  by  year,  by  some  system  of 
house  and  district  canvassing  or  census  for  the  newly  born.* 


*  The  city  of  Providence  has,  for  several  years,  furnished  a  more  perfect  example  of 
complete  birth-registration  than  any  other  city  in  the  United  States.  The  City  Registrar 
and  Health  Officer  perceived  that,  even  in  that  small  and  easily  governed  city,  it  was 
wholly  impracticable  to  depend  exclusively  upon  the  physicians,  midwives,  and  parents, 
for  complete  returns  of  births.  Therefore,  under  authority  of  the  State,  marshals  or 
special  canvassers  are  employed  to  visit  every  family  in  the  city  twice  in  each  year,  to  ob- 
tain a  perfect  record  of  every  birth  that  has  occurred,  but  remained  unregistered,  during 
the  preceding  six  months.  Birth-registration,  in  the  city  of  Providence,  is  a  model  of 
completeness. 

The  statutes  of  Rhode  Island  likewise  provide  for  very  thorough  registration  of  births 
in  the  several  towns  of  the  State.  Each  town  clerk  is  required  to  collect,  once  each  year, 
complete  records  of  all  the  births  that  have  occurred  in  the  town;  and  for  each  birth  he 
registers  he  is  paid  ten  cents  by  the  town  authorities.  The  State  of  Massachusetts,  in 
1866,  passed  an  Amendatory  Act,  providing  that  the  town  clerks,  or  registers  especially 
appointed,  shall  faithfully  collect  the  birth-records  from  physicians  and  families,  and  that 
th»  towns  and  cities  Bhall  pay  thirty  cents  for  every  birth  so  registered.     A  previous  law 


Metr  op  olitan  B  oard  of  He  a  ltb.  "191 

2.  The  requirement  that  the  parent,  the  next  of  kin,  the  resi- 
dents of  the  house,  and  the  physician  in  attendance,  shall  each  be 
held  legally  responsible  for  the  certificate  of  a  birth,  will  fail  to 
secure  complete  returns,  unless  local  inquiry  is  made,  at  frequent 
intervals — say  semi-annually — to  discover  and  prevent  delinquen- 
cies. 

In  view  of  the  importance  of  birth  registration,  the  Registrar 
respectfully  recommends  that  henceforth,  in  the  months  of  Ma}' 
and  November,  there  shall  be  a  proper  canvassing  of  every  ward 
and  town  in  the  Metropolitan  District,  to  ascertain  and  place  on 
record  all  the  births  that  remain  unregistered.  The  result  of  such 
returns  will  not  fail  to  show  how  desirable  it  is  to  know  the  num- 
bers and  the  classes  that  give  the  natural  increase  to  the  popula- 
tion. The  census  returns  of  1865  state  that  the  total  female  popu- 
lation in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  all  conditions  of  life,  between 
the  ages  of  20  and  45  years,  was  170,120,  and  in  Brooklyn,  at  the 
same  ages,  66,131.  These  child-bearing  ages  of  woman,  in  most 
countries,  give  a  yearly  increase  equivalent  to  1  child  to  every  5 
females  living  in  this,  the  maternal  period.  Whatever  the  laws  of 
natural  increase  in  the  metropolitan  population  may  be,  it  is  quite 
certain  that  a  perfectly  complete  registration  of  all  the  newly-born 
is  a  public  duty  that  will  warrant  the  strict  enforcement  of  the  law 
requiring  prompt  returns  from  parents  and  medical  attendants. 
The  means  now  required  for  securing  complete  returns  for  the 
registration  of  all  the  births  in  the  Metropolitan  District  are 
believed  to  be  within  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Health :  and  as 
there  has  arisen  a  general  desire  among  the  more  intelligent  classes 
throughout  the  five  counties  of  this   district   to  have  the  law  of 

provided  less  compensation  for  the  registration.    The  public  records  of  Marriage  aDd  Death 
are  maintained  in  a  similar  manner  in  the  two  States  here  mentioned. 

The  English  system  of  vital  registration,  which  is  regarded  as  the  most  perfect  in  Europe, 
is  aided  very  much  by  the  ecclesiastical  authority.  The  birth-registration  is  attended  with 
many  formalities  which  would  be  utterly  impracticable  in  the  United  States.  France, 
Italy,  Austria,  and  the  German  States,  enforce  each  of  the  three  branches  of  vital  regis- 
tration by  means  of  special  police  authority.  And  it  is  worthy  of  remark  that  in  England, 
where  registration  is  so  well  performed,  the  laws  enforcing  the  public  record  of  births, 
deaths,  and  marriages,  date  back  to  the  time  of  William  the  Third  (1694,  and  subse- 
quently), and  that  heavy  penalties  and  disabilities  were,  for  generations,  visited  upon  de- 
linquents and  offenders  in  regard  to  this  duty.  The  attempts  at  vital  registration  in  our 
American  cities  and  the  several  States  are  not  yet  perfectly  successful,  but  there  is  no 
reason  why  the  State  of  New  York  should  not  institute  a  perfect  system  of  vital  records. 
With  the  aid  of  a  special  canvasser  in  each  town  and  city,  in  the  Metropolitan  District, 
the  system  now  in  operation  in  New  York  would  bring  complete  results.  The  same  system, 
by  aid  of  a  physician  and  the  town  clerk  (or  a  registrar)  in  every  town  in  the  State,  could 
readily  be  extended  to  the  entire  commonwealth. 


192  Annual  Report  of  the 

Birth  and  Marriage  Registration  enforced,  the  Registrar  respect- 
fully submits  the  plans  by  which  this  important  duty  may  be  suc- 
cessfully performed,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  sta- 
tutes. [Section  13,  chapter  74,  Laws  of  1866  ;  and  sections  13, 
14,  15,  and  16,  Ordinances  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health, 
1868;  and  the  Laics  of  1847,  chapter  152.]  The  power  and  the  duty 
both  to  require  and  to  ohtain,  by  collection  if  need  be,  a  full 
record  of  every  birth  and  of  every  marriage,  for  public  registra- 
tion by  the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  of  this  Board,  seem  plain 
enough,  and  only  the  question  of  money  expenditure  for  the 
necessary  blank  forms,  printed  instructions,  public  registers,  cleri- 
cal help,  and  occasional  canvassing,  now  stand  in  the  way  of  mak- 
ing the  work  of  Birth  and  Marriage  Registration  perfect  and  com- 
plete for  every  portion  of  the  Metropolitan  District.* 

*  After  centuries  of  experience  and  painstaking,  the  British.  Government  has  at  last 
attained  complete  success  in  a  system  of  Birth  and  Marriage  Registration ;  and  the  key  to 
this  success  is  found  to  consist  in  its  method  of  regular  local  inquiry  and  watchfulness  of 
these  two  events  in  each  community,  by  the  aid  of  reporters  or  "sub-registrars."  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island,  the  two  States  that  have  attained  the  highest  measure  of 
completeness  yet  reached  in  America,  in  these  two  branches  ef  vital  registration,  have 
succeeded  by  means  of  a  well  devised  system  of  local  inquiry  for  official  collection  of  the 
records  of  births  and  marriages,  for  the  public  registration  at  a  central  office,  in  accordance 
with  the  laws  of  those  States.  The  able  Registrar  and  Chief  Sanitary  Officer  of  Provi- 
dence, Dr.  Edwin  M.  Snow  (who  is  also  the  Superintendent  of  the  State  Census  of  Rhode 
Island;,  concisely  states  the  chief  points  in  the  plan  adopted  for  securing  completeness  of 
birth-returns  in  his  city  and  State,  as  follows:  In  his  admirable  report  upon  this  subject 
to  the  National  Sanitary  Convention,  he  says: 

"  Under  this  plan  for  obtaining  returns  of  births,  marshals  are  employed,  in  Providence, 
to  visit  every  family  in  the  city,  in  the  months  of  January  and  July  of  each  year,  and 
obtain  e.11  the  necessary  information  in  relation  to  all  the  (unregistered)  children  born 
during  the  six  months  next  preceding.  These  marshals  are  furnished  with  the  blanks  for 
returns  of  births,  &c,  &c."  ..."Such,  in  my  opinion,"  observes  this  excellent  and  very 
experienced  statist,  "is  the  only  feasible  plan  for  obtaining  returns  of  births  in  the  cities 
of  this  country,  with  any  approach  to  completeness." 

Such  is  the  teaching  of  experience.  And,  so  certain  is  it  that  dependence  upon  a  purely 
voluntary  system  of  birth-returns  will  inevitably  prove  abortive,  that  Dr.  Snow  and  oth- 
ers, who  practically  understand  the  matter,  predicted  the  failure  of  every  system  in  New 
England  that  did  not  provide  for  the  canvassing  for,  and  collection  of  the  unregistered 
birth  records:  and,  in  regard  to  a  law  which  one  of  the  New  England  States  adopted  in  the 
year  1859,  providing  that  "parents  shall  give  notice  to  the  Clerk  of  their  city  or  town  of 
the  births  of  their  children,"  he  correctly  predicted  that  "not  one  birth  in  fifty  will  ever 
be  recorded  under  this  provision."  Yet  the  authorities  of  the  State  here  mentioned  do 
now  obtain  very  complete  returns,  under  an  amendatory  provision  of  the  same  law,  that 
directs  the  collection  of  these  returns. 

In  view  of  all  experience  and  facts  relating  to  Birth  and  Marriage  Ragistration  under  a 
purely  voluntary  system,  it  is  a  matter  for  congratulation  that  so  fair  a  degree  of  success 
has  been  attained  by  this  system,  under  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  By  those 
persons  who  understand  this  subject,  this  degree  of  success  is  regarded  as  unprecedented- 
But  this  partial  success  must  not  deter  the  Board  from  enlarging  and  strengthening  its 
methods  for  making  this  branch  of  its  vital  registration  exhaustively  complete. 


Metropolitax  Board  of  Health.  19  3 

Vital  Statistics  in  the  Metropolitan  District  previous  to  the 
Organization  of  the  present  Sanitary  System. — Legislation  pro- 
viding for  the  public  registry  of  deaths  and  interments  in  New 
York  dates  back  to  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  And, 
as  was  shown  in  the  same  detail  in  our  first  annual  report  to  the 
Board  of  Health,  the  total  number  of  deaths  recorded  in  the 
mortuary  register  at  the  time  the  present  Bureau  was  organized, 
March  5,  1806,  was  only  624,596.  Of  births  only  141,348  had 
been  recorded,  up  to  that  date;  and  since  that  date  24,942  more 
births  have  been  entered  upon  the  record.  Only  47,266  marriages 
had  been  recorded;  but,  since  that  date,  this  Bureau  has  registered 
11,243  marriages,  or  22,486  persons  married.  All  the  registration 
prior  to  the  organization  of  the  Board  of  Health  conformed  closely 
to  the  style  of  the  poet's  memorial  of  the  unhonored  hero  who 
had  no  other  record  than  that  he  was 

"Born  on  such  &  day,  *nd  died  on  such  another." 

The  first  authentic  "Bill  of  Mortality"  that  was  permanently 
recorded  owed  its  registry  and  publications  to  John  Pintard,  Esq. 
That  mortuary  report  extended  from  November  1,  1801,  to  January 
1,  1803 — fourteen  months.  It  gave  the  record  of  the  names  of 
the  deceased,  the  causes  of  death,  and  the  places  of  burial.  The 
whole  number  of  deaths  was  2,215,  of  which  1,117  were  under 
twenty  years  of  age.  They  died  of  "putrid  fever,"  "flux," 
"hives,"  "rash,"  "fits,"  "lingering  illness,"  "breaking  out," 
"stoppage,"  &c,  &c. 

Mr.  Pintard,  at  that  time,  urged  attention  to  the  public  and 
social  consideration  that  bear  upon  the  registration  of  births  and 
marriages.  But  the  State  provided  no  general  statute  to  encour- 
age such  registration  until  1847.  Yet  no  regard  whatever  was 
given  to  that  law,  and  but  little  to  that  of  1853. 

The  method  of  registration  of  deaths  and  burials  which  Mr. 
Pintard  adopted,  under  authority  of  the  City  Corporation, 
remained  unchanged — a  mere  entry  of  name,  date  and  burial 
place — until,  iu  1843,  Dr.  J.  H.  Griscom,  during  a  brief  period 
of  duty  as  City  Inspector,  introduced  important  improvements. 
But  the  registration  soon  relapsed  into  mere  entries,  and  the 
records  continued  to  be  unavailable  for  any  exact  and  practical 
uses.  The  chief  defect  in  this  branch  of  vital  registry  consisted 
in  the  failure  to  obtain  and  analyze  the  circumstantial  records  of 
the  mortality  by  each  cause  of  death.     The  totality  of  the  deaths 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  13 


194  Annual  Report  of  the 

at  each  age  and  in  each  season  of  successive  years,  continued  to 
show  very  clearly  that  the  death-rate  was  not  only  excessive  and 
gradully  increasing,  but  that  the  proportion  of  deaths  in  infancy 
far  exceeded  the  ordinary  proportion  in  other  cities.  The  registers 
also  contain  the  unclassified  records  of  the  dates  of  death,  together 
with  the  name  of  the  ward  and  street  in  which  the  decedent  died. 
But  there  existed  no  classified  records  of  mortality  in  the  public 
registers  previous  to  the  organization  of  the  Bureau  of  Vital 
Statistics  under  the  Metropolitan  Board. 

The  Classified  Causes  of  Death. 

However  numerous  may  be  the  individual  causes  of  death  in  a 
large  population,  the  sanitary  officer  must  deal  with  them  in  groups, 
with  particular  reference  to  their  ascertained  sources,  and,  espe- 
cially, with  regard  to  the  separate  consideration  of  those  causes 
and  groups  of  causes  which  are  most  preventable.  It  is  obvious, 
however,  that  several  causes  may,  in  certain  instances,  co-operate 
in  terminating  a  human  life,  and  that  in  such  instances  the  sani- 
tary and  statistical  records  should  register  the  death  iu  the  group 
to  which  the  predominant  or  chief  cause  belongs,  and  let  the  other 
cause  or  causes  that  were  in  action  in  the  case  be  registered  as 
co-existing,  but  subordinate. 

It  would  be  convenient  and  very  helpful  to  the  sanitary  officer 
and  the  statist  to  have  the  name  which  is  given  to  each  fatal 
disease  correctly  described,  or  indicate  its  chief  cause,  and  also 
state  its  anatomical  and  physiological  seat,  or  both,  in  one  defini- 
tion. But  this  has  never  been  folly  accomplished.  Every  attempt 
to  do  this  has  led  to  the  formation  of  interminable  lists  of  pedan- 
tic names.  Dr.  Mason  Good's  Nosological  classification,  based 
upon  nice  but  needless  distinctions,  filled  a  volume  with  its  Greek 
nomenclature,  and  as  to  the  names,  classes  and  groups  contrived 
by  Cullen  and  others,  they  were  useless  for  the  practical  purposes 
of  sanitary  science. 

It  was  reserved  for  the  very  ablest  hygeist  and  vital  statistician 
to  prepare  a  classification  of  the  common  and  best-accepted  names 
of  diseases  with  reference  to  practical  uses  by  health  authorities 
and  by  statisticians.  This  work  was  accomplished  by  Dr.  Wm. 
Parr,  of  the  English  Registrar-General's  office.  His  nomenclature 
and  classes  are  undergoing  improvements  by  the  aid  of  the  Koyal 
College  of  Physicians,  the  Army  Medical  Department,  and  the 
sanitary  authority  of  England.     And  the  chief  improvement,  thus 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  \  9  5 

far,  consists  in  simplification  and  better  definition  of  the  names  of 
the  causes  of  death. 

In  harmony  with  the  spirit  of  sanitary  science  and  advancing 
medical  knowledge,  this  Bureau  has  adopted  the  nomenclature  and 
definitions  which  best  serve  the  practical  objects  of  vital  statistics 
and  sanitary  government. 

The  one  principle  which  should  govern  the  nomenclature  and 
classifications  of  the  causes  of  death  for  all  sanitary  and  statistical 
purposes,  is  plainly  this,  namely,  that  "  the  statistical  nosology,  to 
throw  the  clearest  light  upon  the  health  of  a  nation,  should  be 
founded  upon  the  mode  in  which  the  diseases  affect  the  popula. 
tion."  The  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  authorized  the  affairs 
of  its  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  to  be  guided  by  this  principle  from 
the  beginning,  and  the  medical  practitioners  of  the  two  cities  have 
cordially  sustained  the  Board  in  this  work. 

It  is  a  rule  of  the  Bureau  that  the  causes  of  death  shall  be 
entered  upon  the  public  registers  in  the  best-accepted  English,  or 
in  the  invariably  recognized  Latin  names,  whatever  may  be  the 
details  given  by  the  physician  in  his  certificate  of  death,  and  what 
ever  tongue  it  may  be  in  which  his  name  of  the  cause  of  death  is 
given.  The  followiug  transcript  of  the  record  of  a  death,  correctly 
gives  the  method  of  death  registration  we  have  adopted.  This, 
likewise,  is  the  form  of  official  transcript  that  is  furnished  for 
legal  and  other  purposes,  in  great  numbers,  bearing  the  official 
seal  and  signature. 


196 


Axnual  Report  of  the 


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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  19  7 

The  individual  records,  day  by  day  and  week  by  week,  are 
examined  and  grouped  with  special  reference  to  the  proper  inves- 
tigation of  the  nature,  quantity,  and  location  of  the  deaths  that 
have  occurred  by  preventable  causes.  First,  in  the  grouping,  the 
zymotic  diseases  are  noted,  for  they  usually  stand  charged  with 
nearly  one-fourth  of  all  the  deaths,  while  in  the  sickly  districts 
and  in  unhealthful  weeks,  they  claim  nearly  all  the  increase  in  the 
deaths.  Second,  in  the  list  of  classes  and  causes,  the  so-called 
constitutional  diseases  are  brought  into  a  single  view,  and  the 
ages,  occupations,  etc.,  of  the  decedents  are  noted.  Third  in 
the  list  are  the  local  diseases,  embracing  the  chief  organic  inflam- 
matory and  congestive  maladies  of  particular  organs.  The  fourth 
group  contains  but  few  causes  and  few  cases  of  death,  for  on  by 
the  deaths  by  old  age, — simply  worn-out  machinery  of  life, — or 
by  some  fatal  defect  or  excess  of  a  vital  organ, — such  as  the 
defective  structure  of  the  heart  which  produces  "cyanosis"  or 
11  paramenia,"  a  fatal  arrest  and  disturbance  of  functions  in 
womanhood,  &c, — go  to  make  up  this  class,  which  is  called 
developmental.  The  fifth  class,  comprising  all  deaths  by  vio- 
lence, contains  about  sixteen  records  of  death  each  Aveek  in  New 
York,  and  about  three  in  Brooklyn.  Each  of  the  five  classes 
embraces  fatal  diseases  or  accidents  that  were  preventable,  but  it 
is  only  in  the  zymotic  group  that  the  greatest  part  is  wholly  pre- 
ventable: this  group  is  an  unerring  indicator  of  local  and  remov- 
able sources  of  insalubrity.  Therefore,  like  the  infantile  death- 
rate  and  the  fluctuations  in  the  general  death-rate,  the  quantity, 
percentage  and  places  of  the  zymotic  mortality  are  constantly 
Watched.  Associated  with  wet  and  filth}'  slums,  with  every  spe- 
cies of  neglect  in  domestic  hygiene,  and  with  every  form  of  infec- 
tious, contagious  and  epidemic  disease,  the  zymotic  group  of  lethal 
results  shows  what  places  and  circumstances  demand  the  immediate 
application  of  sanitary  regulations  and  preventive  measures. 

Experience  has  already  proved  that  when  we  examine,  upon  a 
broad  scale,  the  records  of  the  first  three  great  classes  of  disease, 
viz  :  the  zymotic,  the  constitutional  and  the  local — which  are 
charged  with  more  than  nine-tenths  of  all  deaths,  it  is  found  that 
the  same  agencies  which  reduce  and  keep  down  the  zymotic  dis- 
eases, greatly  reduce  the  extent  and  fatality  of  the  constitutional 
and  the  local  maladies:  illustrations  of  this  principle  will  be  pre 
seated  in  our  remarks  on  the  latter.  We  now  notice  the  fact  that 
the  zymotic  diseases  are  the  most  ready  guides  to  the  sources  of 


J9g  Annual  Report  of  the 

danger  to  the  public  health,  and  that  they  are  vigilant  Sanitary 
Inspectors,  searching  out  the  most  active  and  preventable  causes 
that  cripple  and  abridge  the  lives  of  our  fellow-men. 

Pestilence,  epidemics,  and  all  kinds  of  fatal  contagion  or  infec- 
tion, can  no  longer  be  regarded,  as  they  once  were  supposed  to 
be,  the  inexorable  foes  of  human  life  decreed  to  afflict  mankind, 
regardless  of  any  efforts  which  man  may  put  forth  to  mitigate 
and  prevent  their  fatal  operation.  Common  sense  in  the  observa- 
tion of  these  apparently  relentless  causes  of  mortality,  lonq;  ago 
pointed  out  the  fact  that  certain  preventable  physical  circumstances 
act  as  localizing  conditions  of  most  epidemics;  and  science  has  at 
last  succeeded  in  defining  the  more  important  relations  and  explain- 
ing some  of  the  causes  of  epidemic  and  geographically  localized 
diseases.  And,  at  the  period  when,  some  thirty  years  ago,  the 
learned  hygeist  and  statist,  Dr.  Farr,  of  London,  undertook  to 
study  and  register  in  one  group  the  epidemic  and  the  communica- 
ble diseases,  it  was  found  convenient  to  term  the  group  zymotici, 
because  in  the  mode  of  their  propagation — mostly  by  a  specific 
incubation  of  an  inhaled,  inoculated,  or  inbred  miasm  or  virus — 
there  was  a  resemblance  to  the  operation  of  a  ferment  or  zymosis. 
The  practical  point  ascertained  concerning  these  diseases,  espe- 
cially of  the  sub-group,  termed  miasmatic,  is  this,  viz:  that  their 
fatal  prevalence  depends  greatly  upon  local  filth  and  foul  air;  in 
short,  that  they  are,  mainly,  filth-diseases. 

While  science  has  pressed  her  inquiries  concerning  certain  of 
the  z3^motic  diseases  so  far  into  the  once  hidden  causes,  that 
hygiene  can  now  grasp  the  means  of  preventing  some  of  them, 
the  general  result  of  the  inquiries  has  been  the  discovery  of  the 
fact  that  the  circumstances  which  produce  defilement  and  putres- 
cence— whether  in  the  domicile,  the  streets,  and  the  soil  where 
people  dwell,  and,  especially,  that  defilement  which  comes  by  the 
neglect  and  accumulation  of  any  kind  of  excremental  and  effete 
matters  which  the  living  throw  off",  and  most  particularly  in  those 
diseases  that  are  characterized  by  some  specifically  poisonous  and 
infectious  excrement,  or  exhalation,  as  in  cholera  and  typhus,  will 
breed  local  pestilences,  and,  moreover,  that,  with  few  exceptions, 
the  local  filthiness  and  neglect  which  favor  the  propagation  of  any 
one  of  the  zymotic  diseases,  likewise  favor  all.  Cholera  and  fevers 
seek  out  the  same  domiciles  and  streets,  and  dysentery,  cholera 
infantum,  and  measles  do  their  most  fatal  work  upon  one  and  the 
same  field. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  299 

Recently,  by  the  aid  of  microscopy  and  chemistry,  it  has  been 
shown  that  some  of  the  worst  zymotic  maladies  are  accompanied 
and,  perhaps,  caused  by  minute  living  organisms  that  by  myriads 
spring  into  existence  from  cryptogarnic  germs,  and  infest  particu- 
lar parts  of  the  human  body.  Thus,  the  cylindrotcenium,  the 
minutest  and  most  rapidly  propagated  of  fungus  cryptogams,  is 
the  vegetative  attendant  upon  cholera,  and  the  marvellous  little 
plant  called  the  Achorion  Schoenlini  is  proved  to  be  the  propaga- 
tor of  the  Favus  disease  of  children,  while  minute  infusorial  cells, 
called  Bacteria,  infest  the  blood  and  tissues  of  the  sick  with 
typhoid  fever  and  some  other  diseases.*  And  whether  the  propa- 
gating principle  of  the  ferment  or  zymotic  disorders  actually 
resides  in  these  parasitic  vegetations  of  microscopic  cell-growths 
or  not,  it  is  some  advantage,  unquestionably,  to  know  that  all 
these  low  forms  of  parasitic  and  injurious  vegetations,  so  far  as  we 
have  learned  their  habits,  grow  only  in  foul  air  or  upon  some  sort 
of  excremental  and  putrescent  matter.  By  the  nice  and  pains- 
taking study  which  has  been  bestowed  upon  the  microscopical 
parasites,  no  other  practical  result  than  this,  in  few  words,  has 
been  reached,  viz:  that  filth  and  foul  air  furnish  the  soil  which 
matures  and  propagates  them. 

Air,  water  and  sunlight  have  always  been  the  chief  aids  to 
healthy  animal  life,  and  hygiene  applies  them,  in  the  prevention 
of  zymotic  aud  other  diseases,  by  the  terms  ventilation,  cleansing,  • 
drainage  and  flushing,  drying  and  light.  The  zymotic  parasites 
and  all  other  diseases  which  are  propagated  and  nurtured  in  filth 
and  foul  air,  are  prevented  by  these  sanitary  agencies.  In  neglected 
and  crowded  quarters  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  and,  mostly,  in 
the  stifled  and  filthy  tenant-houses,  where  the  laboring  poor  are 
styed  together  in  festering  masses,  the  zymotic  diseases  do  their 
most  destructive  work.  The  hot-beds  of  infections  and  contagions 
art;  maintained  nowhere  else  among  us.  The  reeking  foulness  of 
the  air  in  these  places  is  the  chief  cause  of  the  fatal  diarrhceai 
diseases,  the  fatal  congestive  and  convulsive  disorders,  and  the 
excessive  mortality  of  infants  in  the  two  cities.  It  is  the  field  in 
which  the  zymotic  diseases  are  always  predominant.  Like  the 
official  "  Searchers  of  Nuisances  "  who  are  employed  by  the  Officers 
of  Health  in  London,  the  zymotic  diseases  search  out,  and  in  a 

*  The  essential  results,  and,  as  shown  by  MM.  Pasteur,  Schroder  and  Monoyer,  the 
essential  causes  of  certain  .fernientatory  processes  depend  upon  the  agency  of  minute 
cryptogarnic  organising. 


200  Annual  Report  of  the 

certain  way  report  the  foul  and  unhealthy  domicile  and  localities 
in  the  cities,  but  the  report  by  these  zymotic  nuisance-searchers  is 
daily  made  by  means  of  the  death-registers. 

The  Public  Registkation  of  Diseases  and  the  Causes  of  Death. 

Mere  conjectures  and  opinions  have  ceased  to  constitute  the 
basis  of  the  healing  art,  and  as  to  sanitary  science,  it  rejects  them 
altogether.  The  doctrines  and  practice  of  hygiene  are  based  upon 
exact  knowledge  which  scrupulously  analyzes  the  physical  facts 
that  relate  to  the  life,  health,  and  surroundings  of  mankind.  They 
require  that  numerical  statements,  and  very  precise  definitions  and 
language  shall  be  employed  in  its  service,  especially  in  all  publi- 
cations of  sanitary  information  and  instruction.  The  medical  officer 
who  would  both  observe  and  teach  how  and  where  to  apply  pre- 
ventive measures,  investigates  with  care  and  accuracy  the  circum- 
stances and  causes  of  the  facts  with  which  he  is  officially  concerned 
regarding  the  life  and  health  of  the  people;  and,  when  he  records 
such  facts  and  events,  he  will  use  the  most  definite  words  and 
numerals,  instead  of  such  indefinite  expressions  as  were  current 
in  medical  writings*  before  physiology,  chemistry,  and  hygiene 
attained  their  present  close  approximation  to  the  character  of 
exact  sciences. 

Indefinite  as  some  of  the  names  of  fatal  diseases  may  be,  and 
incomplete  as  the  certified  causes  of  death  sometimes  are.  it  still 
is  found  practicable  to  gather  up  and  place  permanently  on  record 
so  many  of  the  essential  facts  concerning  almost  every  death  as 
are  necessary  to  a  just  estimate  of  its  chief  cause  or  the  prevent- 
able agencies  concerned  in  it.  The  occupation,  age,  and  residence 
of  the  persons  that  die,  enter  into  the  sanitary  as  well  as  the  sta- 
tistical records  of  death,  and  in  the  investigation  of  the  great 
truths  and  sanitary  indications  that  most  concern  the  health  of  the 
living,  it  is  necessary  to  follow  back  the  sanitary  history  of  the 
sick  and  the  dying,  and  to  acquaint  ourselves  thoroughly  with  the 
local  and  personal  conditions  that  have  caused  preventable  suffer- 
ing and  mortality.  The  registrar  has  occasion  to  say,  in  this  place, 
that  public  gratitude  is  justly  due  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Health  for  the  support  and  authority  it  has  extended  to  methods 
necessary  to  secure  the  most  beneficial  purpose  of  vital  registra- 
tion, viz.,  that  of  saving  life. 

The  Death-Rates. 
In  the  daily  service  of  the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  as  a  depart- 


Metropolitax  Board  of  Health.  201 

ment  of  public  hygiene,  it  becomes  necessary  to  investigate  the 
causes  of  death,  not  only  in  regard  to  the  accuracy  of  each  indi- 
vidual record,  but  especially  with  reference  to  the  rate  at  which 
the  various  causes  of  death  are  sweeping  the  inhabitants  into  the 
grave.  In  this  manner  the  fatal  work  of  the  preventable  diseases 
is  constantly  watched,  and  the  variations  jmd  causes  of  excessive 
mortality  at  particular  periods  of  life,  or  in  particular  localities 
are  ascertained.  This  hygienic  use  of  mortality-records  has  brought 
numerical  statements,  and  the  ratios  of  mortality  or  death-rates 
into  such  common  and  necessary  relations  to  the  sanitary  as  Avell 
as  statistical  reports  of  Boards  of  Hoalth,  that  we  need  to  make  a 
few  explanatory  remarks  upon  the  death-rates,  as  exhibited  in  this 
and  the  preceding  report  of  this  Bureau. 

The  total  number  of  deaths  that  occur  in  one  thousand  inhabi- 
tants, in  a  year,  is  accepted  by  hygeists  and  vital  statisticians,  as 
the  most  convenient  statement  of  a  death-ratio.  By  common  con- 
sent, therefore,  a  death-rate  is  understood  to  be  a  statement  of  the 
number  of  deaths  that  occur  during  one  year  in  one  thousand 
inhabitants.  It  may  lie  estimated  upon  any  part  of  a  year,  and 
thus  such  a  statement  of  the  annual  death-rate  in  the  different 
months  or  seasons  becomes  the  most  convenient  and  precise 
method  of  comparison  of  particular  months  and  seasons  with  each 
other,  and  with  the  average  death-rate  of  the  entire  year.  For 
example,  the  ratio  of  mortality  in  the  thirteen  weeks  of  winter 
may  chance  to  be  equal  to  twenty -six  in  one  thousand,  estimated 
as  a  quarter  of  a  year  ;  the  spring  quarter  of  the  year  may  chance 
to  have  a  death-rate  equal  to  only  twenty-four  in  a  thousand  ;  in 
summer  the  rate  may  be  as  forty  in  a  thousand  ;  and  in  the 
autumn  quarter  it  may  be  as  thirty-four  in  a  thousand  ;  while  in 
the  whole  year  the  average  death-rate  would  be  precisely  thirty- 
one  in  the  one  thousand  inhabitants.  It  may  relate  to  classes,  and 
any  divisions  of  a  population  ;  as,  for  example,  the  rate  of  mor- 
tality in  each  of  the  sexes,  or  the  total  population  that  is  of  a  par- 
ticular age,  or  of  a  particular  nationality,  a  given  occupation,  or 
the  whole  population  of  a  particular  ward  or  locality.  The  sani- 
tary officer  requires  to  be  constantly  informed  of  the  state  and 
fluctuations  of  the  death-rate  in  many  of  these  particulars.  He 
sometimes  needs  to  watch  the  death-rate,  and  the  causes  that  are 
influencing  it,  in  a  particular  ward,  or  in  a  single  block  of  dwell- 
ings ;  and  he  always  needs  to  know  the  infant  or  child  death-rate, 


202  Axxual  Report  of  the 

because  that  is  a  most  important  indicator  of  the  local  causes 
which  influence  public  health. 

The  chief  object  of  this  kind  of  inquiry,  and  exact  numerical 
estimation  of  the  various  causes  of  sickness  and  mortality,  is  the 
discovery  and  preventive  treatment  of  all  that  is  preventable. 
Hence  we  push  such  inquiries. into  the  several  wards  and  districts 
of  the  two  cities,  as  well  as  in  regard  to  the  different  periods  of 
life,  for,  wherever  infants  perish  by  thousands  in  their  cradles,  and 
wherever  men  and  women  are  struck  down  by  preventable  disease 
and  death,  at  the  very  threshold  of  useful  life,  the  officer  of  health 
is  solemnly  warned  to  ascertain  why  there  is  such  waste  of  lives, 
why  the  people  were  not  protected  or  warned  against  such  need- 
less calamities,  and  to  find  out  the  limits  and  the  nature  of  the 
fatal  places  where  death  holds  its  ghastly  sway.  By  this  kind  of 
inquiry  and  exactness,  monstrous  wrongs,  that  would  be  let  exist 
in  full  operation  against  life  and  health,  can  be  discovered  and 
exposed,  so  that  governments  and  all  classes  of  inhabitants  will 
bestir  themselves  for  the  common  welfare. 

Death-rate  in  the  Metropolitan  District. 
The  death-rate  in  the  county  of  New  York,  in  the  twelve  months 
ending  in  September,  18G7,  was  32.27  in  the  every  thousand 
inhabitants,  the  census  of  1865  being  the  basis  for  stating  the  total 
population  of  the  county.  But  if  we  accept  the  popular  estimate 
of  the  population,  namely,  that  there  are  1,000,000  inhabitants, 
then  the  actual  death-rate  would  be  precisely  23.44  in  one  thou- 
sand. But  as  the  latest  census  is  the  only  available  basis  for 
statistical  statements  of  this  kind,  we  must  accept  it.  Its  errors 
are  known  to  consist  chiefly  in  simple  neglect  in  the  house  to-house 
canvassing,  and  the  deficiencies  affect  all  ages  and  conditions  of 
life  similarly.* 


•  The  fact  that  there  are  serious  errors  and  deficiencies  of  the  census  returns,  and  that 
those  errors  are  probably  distributed  about  equally  in  the  different  ages,  sexes,  wards  and 
other  elements  of  the  numerical  returns,  is  well  stated  by  the  excellent  statist,  Dr.  F.  B. 
Hough,  Superintendent  of  the  last  census,  in  the  following  extract  from  a  letter  he  has 
kindly  forwarded  to  ua  upon  the  Eubject. 

************ 

"The  Xew  York  census  of  1865,  was  embarrassed  by  apprehensions  of  a  draft  or  other 
personal  liabilities.  Had  the  draft  that  impended  in  March  been  enforced  in  June,  the 
census  would  have  been  entirely  abandoned.  An  unscrupulous  and  virulent  attack  by  a 
partizan  press,  began  at  an  early  period  and  continued  through  the  whole  time  of  the 
enumeration,  added  greatly  to  these  difSculties,  and  this  cause  alone  did  more  to  impair 
the  fullness  of  returns  from  New  York  city  than  all  other  causea  combined.   No  complaints 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  203 

The  death-rate  in  Brooklyn,  in  the  year  ending  in  September 
last,  was  34.48  in  a  thousand;  or  if  we  accept  the  common  belief 
that  the  population  of  that  city  is  now  390,000,  the  rate  would  be 
23  in  a  thousand. 

Death-rates  in  the  villages  and  towns  of  the  Metropolitan  Dis- 
trict.— The  common  opinion  that  the  ratio  of  sickness  and  mortality 
is  much  less  in  the  suburban  villages  than  in  the  metropolis  itself, 
is  not  uniformly  sustained  b}r  facts.  Inquiries  made  in  certain  vil- 
lages on  Staten  Island  and  in  Westchester  county,  during  the  past 
year,  show  that  there  are  particular  sections  of  these  villages  that 
suffer  a  death-rate  scarcely  less  than  that  of  the  Fourth  and  Sixth 
Wards  of  New  York.  In  every  such  instance  we  have  found 
defective  drainage  and  local  tilth.  Though  these  sources  of  fatal 
disease  are  suffered  in  largest  degree  by  poor,  or  rather  by  the 
industrial  classes,  who  have  been  prompted  by  motives  of  economy 
and  the  hopes  of  health,  to  seek  suburban  houses  in  such  places, 
these  unhealthful  influences  are  nevertheless  widespread,  and 
destroy  much  life  and  health  among  the  more  .affluent  classes. 

Typhoid  fever,  obstinate  diarrhceal  diseases,  and  ordinary 
malaria,  persist  in  afflicting  many  of  the  populous  rural  neighbor- 
hoods. Pulmonary  consumption  is  likewise  persistently  prevalent 
in  the  badly-drained  districts.  It  is  hoped  that  at  the  end  of 
another  year  the  Board  of  Health  will  be  possessed  of  accurate 
statistical  returns  relating  to  these  diseases,  and  the  total  mortality 
in  the  chief  villages  of  the  Metropolitan  District.     The  amount  of 


have  been  made  on  account  of  short  returns  from  other  cities,  although  under  the  same 
organization,  and  under  a  common  difficulty,  so  far  as  the  recent  war  could  affect  results. 
In  many  cases  in  New  York  city  the  enumerators  were  repelled  from  houses,  and  all  in- 
formation absolutely  refused. 

"  A  great  fault  in  the  existing  census  law,  is  the  wide  range  of  statistical  inquiries  that 
it  embraces.  Everything  besides  personal  statistics  should  be  dropped,  and  agricultural, 
manufacturing,  and  other  statistics,  not  strictly  pertaining  to  a  census  of  population, 
should  be  assigned  to  other  agencies  for  reporting." 

**  As  to  whether  it  is  desirable  to  adopt  the  English  method  by  householders'  schedules, 
filled  up  by  the  heads  of  families  themselves,  we  have  no  experience  except  in  the  recent 
census  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  taken  under  my  direction  with  the  most  gratifying 
success.  In  any  city,  with  an  agency  as  intelligent  and  well  organized  as  the  Metropolitan, 
Police  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  a  complete  census  might  be  taken." 

"The  New  York  census  failed  to  obtain  satisfactory  returns  of  mortality  statistics, 
because  these  are  of  a  nature  not  within  the  reach  of  common  census  agencies.  There  is 
nothing  short  of  a  system  of  Vital  Registration  in  constant  use,  and  under  an  efficient  direc- 
tion, that  can  supply  the  want." 


204  Annual  Report  of  the 

preventable  sickness  and  mortality  in  certain  suburban  neighbor- 
hoods is  too  great  to  be  regarded  with  indifference.  But  there  is 
no  registration  of  deaths  in  any  of  the  towns,  and  as  to  the 
census,  it  not  only  throws  no  light  upon  the  sanitary  condition 
and  mortality  of  any  place  in  the  five  counties  comprised  in  the 
District,  but  in  the  mere  matter  of  death  statistics  the  census 
returns  are  utterly  useless.  Accurate  vital  registration  of  deaths 
should  be  immediately  adopted  in  every  town  in  the  Sanitary 
District.  The  people  of  the  cities,  no  less  than  the  permanent  resi- 
dents of  the  suburban  villages,  have  a  direct  concern  in  the  sani- 
tary welfare  of  the  towns  in  the  district. 

The  census  in  1865  made  the  following  official  records  of  the 
amount  of  mortality  in  the  several  counties  of  the  district.  They 
illustrate  the  fact  that  the  census  records  of  death  cannot  guide 
us  to  any  just  estimation  of  the  amount  and  nature  of  the  mor- 
tality that  occurs  in  these  five  counties: 

Census  returns  of  mortality  in  the  five  Counties  of  the  Sanitary 
District. — Total  number  of  deaths  ending  June  1st,  1865. 

Total  number  of  deaths  in  the  County  of  New  York 6,416 

"                          "                          "         Kings,     including 
Brooklyn 2,543 

Total  number  of  deaths  in  the  County  of  Westchester 969 

"  "  "         Queens..." 523 

"  "  "         Richmond 279 

It  is  plain  that  the  death-rates  in  the  several  counties,  if  esti- 
mated upon  these  statements  of  the  total  mortality  recorded  in 
the  census  returns,  would  be  wholly  incorrect,  for  in  the  counties 
of  New  York  and  Kings  respectively,  only  about  one-fourth  of  the 
total  number  of  deaths  found  any  record  in  the  census.  The 
errors  may  have  been  less  in  rural  counties,  but  the  necessi- 
ties of  the  public  in  the  conduct  of  sanitary  affairs,  require  an 
accurate  record  of  the  causes  of  death  should  henceforth  be  kept 
in  every  town  and  village  in  the  district. 

The  death-rates  in  the  different  wards  in  each  city,  and  in  each 
of  the  four  seasons  are  shown  on  the  quarterly  abstract  of  the 
mortality  by  wards.  The  death-rates  in  the  two  years  that  ended 
respectively  in  December,  1866,  and  in  September,  1867,  are 
shown  in  the  subjoined  table.  The  last  quarter  of  the  year  1866 
is  included  in  the  latter  as  well  as  the  former  period,  but  for 
practical  purposes  this  brings  two  years  into  fair  comparison,  as 
the  mortality  in  these  successive  autumns  of  1866  and  1867  differs 
little,  except  in  the  decrease  by  a  few  hundred  deaths  in  the  latter. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


205 


Stvmmnry  of  the  Meteorological  Observations  in  tie  Fifty-two 
Weeks  ending  September  28,  1867/  together  with  Statement  of 
Mortality  in  JXew  York,  by  Weeks. 


Total 

Mortality  by 

Weeks. 


449. 
428. 
475. 
409. 
389. 
391. 
372. 
397. 
432. 
385. 
433. 
378. 
384. 


October     6. 

do       13. 

do       20. 

do  27. 
Novemb'r  3. 

do       10. 

do       17. 

do  24. 
Decemb'r  1  . 

do         8. 

do       15. 

do       22. 

do       29. 

1867. 

January    5. 

do       12. 

do       19. 

do       26. 

452 !  Februarv  2. 


463 
434. 
436. 
403. 


1866.  Mean  Greatest 

Tempera- 1       Range. 
Week  ending  ture.       From  —  to- 


.  Total        Mean  Pres- 

Arernffe     r>    ■     r  ,,  r ,. 

■a       -j-.       Barn-fall,    sure  of  the 
Humidity.      T     i.  a  4  i 

Inches.     Atmosphere. 


414.., 
414... 
43y... 
423  . . , 
375... 
390  . . 
433 . . . 
40S . . . 
419... 
407... 
406... 
405 .. . 
428  .. 
416... 
385... 
361  .. . 
393... 
381... 
372 . . . 
339... 
409... 
472... 
525... 
582... 
677... 
647 .. . 
708  .. 
640 .. . 
608... 
579  .. 
561... 
512... 
568 .. . 
437 .. . 


do 
do 
do 

March 
do 
do 
do 
do 

April 
do 
do 
do 

May 
do 
do 
do 

June 
do 
do 
do 
do 

Julv 
do 
do 
do 

August 
do 
do 
do 
do 

Sept. 
do 
do 
do 


58 
60 
58 
54 
52 
47 
50 
46 
44 
47 
27 
29 
31 


25 
26 
14 
28 
23 
41 
36 
36 
39 
32 
33 
30 
38 
51 
53 
54 
51 
47 
54 
59 
57 
67 
70 
66 
70 
69 
77 
72 
f.8 
75 
73 
75 


70 
72 
64 
70 
59 


38—75 

50—72 
50—74 
38—72 
40—65 
30—65 
40—63 
32—61 
24—66 
30—56 
14—50 
0—40 
17—46 


14—40 
18—40 
3—25 
8—38 
4—47 
30—56 
16— fil 
22—55 
28—55 
20—43 
12—56 
16—40 
30—66 
40—70 
38—72 
40—70 
38—66 
37—64 
41—70 
49—70 
47—71 
56—84 
50—84 
48—84 
60—85 
56—86 
64—93 
60—88 
57—80 
58—91 
55—90 
64—87 
65—88 
58—90 
55—84 
60—84 
50—80 
46—89 
43—75 


53 
68 
59 
59 
61 
59 
61 
64 
68 
64 
47 
64 
69 


63 
60 
58 
71 
67 
75 
72 
62 
67 
70 
68 
58 
56 
45 
49 
52 
52 
53 
63 
55 
63 
59 
62 
65 
65 
74 
65 
61 
61 
64 
70 
78 
71 
71 
62 
67 
56 
•66 
54 


.10 
.50 
.10 
.15 

4.50 
.00 

1.21 
.25 

1.03 

1.00 
.00 

1.50 
.90 


.00 

.00 

1.00 

.00 

2. SO 

1 .  90 

.71 

1.50 

.30 

.50 

2.50 

1.50 

.35 

.05 

.2d 

1.10 

.06 

.59 

2.81 

.22 

.83 

1.34 


1 
2 
5. 

1 

1, 

1. 

1.17 

2.82 

1.76 

2.56 

1.52 

1.42 

.05 

.00 

.75 

.00 


30.10 
30.00 
30.06 
30. 00 
29.99 
30.32 
29.  S7 
29.75 
29 .  97 
29.98 
29 .  99 
30.03 
29.70 


30.02 
29.63 
29.76 
29.68 
29.91 
29.82 
30.31 
29.93 
29.96 
30.10 
29.98 
29.99 
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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  209 

Infant  Death-Rates. 

It  will  be  observed  in  the  foregoing  table,  that  the  death-rate 
of  each  sex  and  each  quinquennial  period  of  life  is  given,  also  the 
percentage  or  share  which  each  of  the  five  great  groups  of  causes 
claimed  in  the  grand  total.  The  census  does  not  state  the  number 
of  infants  living  iu  the  cities  in  each  year  of  the  first  quinquennial 
period,  but  the  aggregate  number  of  children  under  five  years  of 
a^e,  as  given  in  the  census  return,  is  quite  as  trustworthy  as  any 
other  item  of  the  returns.  The  total  number  of  children  under 
five  years  of  age  in  the  city  of  New  York,  according  to  the  census, 
in  the  summer  of  1865,  was  95,020.  The  total  number  at  the 
same  age  now  cannot  be  less  than  98,496,  or  eight-fold  as  many  as 
died  of  that  age — probably  it  is  more  than  100,000.  But  what- 
ever may  be  the  actual  number  of  infants  now  living,  the  fact  that 
12,312  children  under  five  years  of  age  died  during  the  past  twelve 
months,  and  that  this  was  more  than  one-half  of  the  total  number 
of  persons  that  died  in  the  year,  is  plainly  seen  in  the  foregoing 
table.  What  proportion  of  all  the  young  children  in  New  York 
and  Brooklyn  perished  will  be  found  by  dividing  the  total  num- 
ber of  children  under  the  fifth  year,  that  were  living  in  the  year, 
by  the  number  of  the  dead  at  this  age. 

The  number  of  infants  in  New  York  that  died  before  their  first 
birth-day  was  7,494,  and  the  number  in  Brooklyn  was  3,009.  This 
is  believed  to  be  little  less  than  one-fourth  of  all  the  infants  born 
alive  in  the  year;  and  this  we  know  is  twice  too  high  a  death-rate 
for  the  first  }rear  of  infant  life.  But  it  is  impossible  to  present 
this  subject  in  the  manner  its  importance  demands  until  a  full  re- 
turn is  annually  given  of  the  births  in  each  city. 

Upon  this  subject  the  Registrar  would  remark  that  he  has  good 
reason  to  believe  that  between  one-ninth  and  one-tenth  of  all  the 
children  under  five  years  of  age  in  the  metropolis,  in  any  one  year, 
are,  in  the  present  state  of  the  people,  doomed  to  die  in  the  course 
of  the  year.  But  if  sanitary  science  is  not  a  fable,  and  if  the 
principles  of  physiology  and  the  lessons  of  experience  and  of 
medical  observation  are  not  altogether  fallacious,  then  it  is  true 
that  fully  one-half  of  this  child-niDrtality  is  preventable  by  sani- 
tary measures. 

It  is  so  important  that  the  Board  of  Health,  as  well  as  the  pub- 
lic generally,  should  neither  be  misled  by,  nor  become  indifferent 
to,  the  enormous  waste  of  infant  life  in  the  metropolis,  that  we 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  14 


210  Annual  Report  of  the 

will  here  adduce  a  few  facts  which  may  aid  in  a  discriminating 
interpretation  of  these  high  death-rates  of  the  child-population. 

First,  we  would  remark,  all  history  shows  that,  taken  in  a  large 
way,  the  laboring  classes  are  by  far  more  prolific  in  child-bearing 
than  the  other  classes  of  society.  This  fact  is  apparent  in  New 
York  and  Brooklyn.  But  another  fact  also  appears  to  influence 
this  result  in  regard  to  the  prolific  quality  of  the  laboring  classes, 
though  the  fact  we  here  mention  has  no  relation  to  the  physiologi- 
cal effect  of  the  industrial  and  the  out-door  occupations,  namely, 
the  excessive  fecundity  of  the  classes  (married),  which  are  lowest 
in  the  social  scale,  and  most  improvident  and  degraded  in  their 
domestic  life.  This  holds  true,  especially  in  the  classes  and  the 
districts  in  which  there  is  much  sickness  and  a  high  rate  of  mor- 
tality. Without  delaying  in  this  place  to  present  the  statistical 
proofs  and  the  physiological  causes  of  this  important  law  of  fe- 
cundity in  low-lived  populations — a  law  that  yet  has  many  excep- 
tions— we  simply  state  the  fact  as  it  is.  It  is  one  of  the  physical 
circumstances  in  the  animal  and  half-brutalized  life  of  the  poor 
classes  of  the  population  in  cities. 

The  second  fact  to  be  noticed  concerning  the  excess  of  new-born 
children  among  the  lowest  classes  is  this,  namely  :  that,  as  a  rule, 
almost  without  exception,  a  high  death-rate  in  the  nurslings  and 
children  under  five  years  of  age,  in  any  city  or  district,  is  a  very 
unerring  index  of  an  exces.-ive  death-rate  in  the  adult  population 
of  such  city  or  place.  That  is,  if  in  the  Sixth  ward  of  New  York 
we  find  a  high  death-rate  in  children,  and  if  it  is  vastly  higher 
than  that  in  the  children  of  the  Fifteenth  ward,  then  we  shall  find 
(as  we  actually  have  found)  that  the  death-rate  is  excessively  high 
in  the  total  number  of  adult  inhabitants  of  the  Sixth,  while  there 
is  a  very  low  death-rate  in  the  adults  in  the  ward  (the  Fifteenth) 
that  buries  the  smallest  percentage  of  its  infants.  Thus,  experi- 
ence proves  that  the  infant  death-rate  is  a  safe  index  of  the  gen- 
eral rate  of  mortality,  both  in  the  total  population  and  in  the 
adults  of  any  city  or  district. 

Lastly. — The  respective  death-rates  of  infancy,  adult  life,  and  of 
the  total  population,  in  cities,  wards,  and  larger  districts,  give  val- 
uable aids  for  the  correct  estimation  of  the  state  of  the  public 
health.  And  the  infantine  death-rate  is  found  to  be  far  the  most 
trustworthy  and  quickly  perceptible  indicator  of  the  local  and 
other  physical  influences  that  affect  the  public  health.     The  rea- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


211 


sons  for  this  are  ample,  but  they  need  not  be  presented  in  this 
report. 

The  subjoined  table,  which  is  based  upon  studies  of  this  subject 
by  Dr.  W.  T.  Gairdner,  the  excellent  Health  Officer  of  Glasgow, 
and  upon  our  own  investigations,  presents  statistical  evidence 
upon  the  above  propositions  : 

Mean  Death-Rate*  of  Total  Populations  and  in  the  First  Two  Years  of 
Life,  Showing  the  Variations  and  Relations  of  the  General  with  the  Infan- 
tile Rates.     Average  results  in  certain  English  Cities  and  Counties. 


City  or  County 

(in  England) 

Average  of  seven  years'  records. 

General      Death- 
rate  of  the  total 
population. 
(All  ages.) 

Death-rate  of  the 
infants   in   first 
year  of  life. 

Ratio  of  the  gene- 
ral Death-rate  to 
the   rate  in  first 
year  of  infancy. 

Mean  in  Nine  Districts  that  have 

a  very  low  death-rate 

Mean  of  Eleven  Counties  having 

16.24 
19.53 

28.99 
25.22 

93.64 
147.88 

258.58 
206.62 

1  to  5  3-4 
1  to  7  1-2 

1  to  9  1-5 
1  to  8  1-5 

Mean  of  Fourteen  great  Town 
and   City    Districts   that  had 
high  general  death-rates  .... 

(in  America) 
Ten  years'  average. 

Berkshire  County,  Mass.    (In  a. 

Suflolk  County,  Mass.    (Boston, 

Providence,  R.  I.     (Average  of 
eleven  years,  and  mean  popu- 

New  York  city  in  the  year  1866. 
(Population  estimated  900,000 
and  total  hirths  estimated  at 
30,000) 

16.25 
23.33 

20.ro 

29.77 

97.38 
107.40 

100.63 
258.96 

1  to  5  9-10 
1  to  4  4-5 

1  to  6  1-2 
1  to  9  5-8 

Though  the  true  census  of  the  infantine  as  well  as  total  popu- 
lation of  New  York  can  only  be  given  approximately,  the  statisti- 
cal statement  in  the  foregoing  table  is  almost  absolutely  correct. 
Excessive  infantine  death-rates  are  in  each  instance  associated  with 
the  high  general  death-rate,  and  at  the  same  time  the  excess  of 
infaut  mortality  is  plainly  accompanied  by  a  relative  excess  in  the 
ratio  of  the  infantile  to  the  general  death-rate.  The  first  and  sec- 
ond columns  of  numerals  show  the  first  fact,  while  the  latter  fact 
is  exhibited  in  the  third  or  last  column,  when  read  in  connection 
with  the  other  numerical  statements. 

Death-rates  in  different  Wards. — Estimating  upon  the  basis  of 
the  census  of  1865,  the  death-rate  in  New  York  was  36.92  per 
1,000  in  1866,  and  32.27  per  1,000  in  the  twelve  months  ending 


212  Annual  Report  of  the 

in  September,  1867.  But  3,627  of  the  23,443  that  died  in  the  latter 
period  were  inmates  of  hospitals  and  certain  other  public  institu- 
tions of  the  county  and  of  the  State,  located  within  the  limits  of 
the  city.  Not  a  small  proportion  of  the  hospital  deaths  might 
reasonably  be  counted  out  from  the  city  mortality.  We  need  not, 
however,  deal  thus  with  the  records,  for  it  is  well  to  recognize  in 
the  total  results  of  disease  in  each  ward,  as  well  as  in  the  whole 
city  and  district,  the  share  the  public  hospitals  and  asylums  had 
in  the  annual  bill  of  mortality. 

In  the  subjoined  abstract  is  exhibited  the  annual  total  of  mor- 
tality in  the  respective  wards  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  toge- 
ther with  the  leading  facts  concerning  the  share  which  the  zymotic 
diseases  had  in  the  loss  of  life  in  each  ward,  also  the  share 
the  hospitals  and  other  public  institutions  had  in  the  mortality 
of  particular  wards.  The  columns  of  death-rates  in  this  table 
plainly  serve  a  practical  object,  that  could  not  be  attained  by  the 
statement  of  the  numerical  facts  alone.  And  if  the  reader  will, 
while  examining  the  table  for  New  York,  refer  to  the  graphically- 
shaded  diagram  which  Mr.  Worthen,  the  Sanitary  Engineer,  has 
prepared  to  show  the  comparative  rates  of  surface-crowding  or 
density  of  population  in  the  different  sections  of  this  city,*  it  will 
be  seen  that  while  as  a  general  rule  the  highest  death-rates  in 
wards  are  found  to  correspond  directly  with  the  degree  of  density 
of  population,  there  still  are  exceptions.  The  following  schedule, 
showino-  the  rate  of  population  to  ground  area  ,in  the  several 
wards,  may  properly  precede  the  subjoined  abstracts  of  mortality 
in  wards  and  by  the  zymotic  causes  : 


*  See  Report  of  Sanitary  Engineer,  Appendix  "D"  of  this  volume. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


213 


Density  and  Distribution  of  Population,  and  the  Annual  Death- 
Rate  in  the  Wards. 


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214 


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218  Annual  Report  of  the 

Notes  upon  the  Abstracts  of  Mortality  in  "Wards — Explana- 
tion of  the  Death-Kates,  etc. 

In  the  preceding  abstracts  is  presented  an  epitome  of  the 
hygienic  as  well  as  the  mortuary  records  of  the  forty-two  wards  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn.  These  records  may  be  read  most  intel- 
ligibly in  the  following  manner  : 

The  Right-hand  Column — Death-Rate*- — It  will  be  observed  that 
the  yearly  death-rate  differs  very  widely  in  different  wards  ;  as, 
for  example,  in  the  First,  Sixth  and  Fifteenth  of  New  York,  and 
the  Twelfth,  Fifth  and  Third  in  Brooklyn,  and  we  mention  these 
three  wards  in  each  city  in  the  order  of  their  death-rates,  respect- 
ively. It  will  be  observed  that  the  ward  death-rates  differ 
from  each  other  vastly  more  than  from  the  average  rate  in  the 
entire  city.  Thus  we  see  that  the  yearly  death-rate  for  the  entire 
city  and  county  of  New  York  is  32.27  in  1,000  inhabitants,  and  in 
Brooklyn  27.81  in  1,000;  but  the  Fifteenth  Ward  of  New  York 
had  a  death-rate  which  is  less  than  one-half  that  of  the  average  for 
the  entire  city ;  while  the  First  and  Sixth  have  a  death-rate  nearly 
one-third  higher  than  the  average  rate  of  the  whole  city. 

Third  Column  from  the  Rigid — Death-rate  by  Zymotic  Causes 
alone. — In  this  column  there  is  one  fact  that  should  not  escape 
attention,  namely,  that  in  the  First,  Twelfth  and  Nineteenth 
Wards  the  preventable  zymotic  diseases  alone  destroyed  life  at  a 
more  rapid  rate  than  all  the  causes  of  death  combined  that  were 
in  operation  in  the  Fifteenth  Ward  in  New  York ;  also,  that  in 
several  of  the  insalubrious  wards  in  either  city,  the  zymotic  dis- 
eases alone  were  nearly  as  destructive  as  were  all  causes  combined 
in  the  most  healthful  wards.  The  share  which  the  public  institu- 
tions had  in  the  zymotic  causes  and  in  the  general  mortality  of 
particular  wards  in  New  York  is  noted. 

Fourth  Column  from  the  Right — The  Percentage  of  Zymotic 
Causes  in  the  total  list  of  Deaths. — Here  is  presented  the  fact 
that  wherever  the  death-rate  was  low,  there,  too,  even  the  propor- 
tion or  ratio  which  the  zymotic  and  preventable  diseases  bear  to 
the  total  list  of  causes  of  death  is  diminished  in  about  the  same 
degree  that  the  total  in  the  ward  is  diminished  below  the  average 
total  of  the  city.  [The  2d  and  3d  columns,  instead  of  the  3d  and 
4th,  should  be  consulted  in  the  abstract  for  Brooklyn.] 

The  Several  Zymotic  Diseases. — The  thirteen  successive  col- 
umns, numbering  from  left  to  right,  concisely  epitomize  the  epi- 
demiological records  of  the  year.     It  will  be  noticed  that  scarla- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  219 

tina,  measles,  diphtheria,  typhoid  fever  and  cholera  infantum  make 
up  the  hecatomb  of  that  sacrifice  which  domestic  infections  and 
foul  air  demand  of  the  inhabitants  in  these  two  cities.  This 
record  of  6,884  deaths  by  zymotic  diseases  in  New  York,  and  2,502 
by  the  same  causes  in  Brooklyn,  Avill  be  justly  regarded  by  all 
medical  authorities  as  proof  that  the  fatal  pressure  of  preventable 
disease  is  far  too  great.  Twenty-nine  and  a  third  per  cent,  of  all 
the  deaths  in  New  York,  and  more  than  thirty  and  a  third  per 
cent,  of  the  total  mortality  in  Brooklyn,  were  caused  by  this  most 
avoidable  class  of  maladies.  The  particular  localities  in  which  these 
causes  were  most  active  are  here  indicated  by  ward  divisions  only, 
because  it  is  impracticable,  without  exhibiting  maps  of  each 
smaller  subdivision,  to  present  the  yet  wide  distinctions  that 
actually  exist  between  the  wholly  clean  and  sanitary,  and  the 
wholly  unclean  and  unsanitary  dwelling  areas  ;  such,  for  exam- 
ple, as  the  Murray  Hill  section  of  the  Twenty-first  Ward,  in  New 
York,  contrasted  with  an  equal  area  and  an  equal  population  of 
the  East  river  side  district  of  the  same  ward  ;  or  in  the  strongly- 
contrasted  east  and  west  segments  of  the  Sixth  Ward  of  Brook- 
lyn. There  remains  one  most  important  lesson  to  be  studied  in 
regard  to  the  total  quantity  of  these  fatal  filth-diseases  and  infec- 
tions, in  respect  of  the  periods  of  life  in  which  they  are  most  pre- 
valent. The  reader  will  find  the  complete  statistics  relating  to 
this  subject  by  turning  to  the  first  pages  of  the  Consolidated 
Abstracts  in  the  next  section  of  this  report,  and  in  the  correspond- 
ing section  of  the  Brooklyn  Abstracts.  In  the  statistics  here  men- 
tioned, we  find  that,  notwithstanding  the  absence  of  cholera  the 
past  season,  the  fatal  force  and  quantity  of  the  zymotic  maladies 
which  destroy  life  in  early  childhood  differed  but  little  from  the 
experience  of  the  previous  year.  This  appears  in  our  experience 
each  year,  and  it  holds  true  everywhere,  and  in  regard  to  all  zymo- 
tic poisons,  certain  rare  epidemics  and  fevers  excepted,  that  tender 
infancy,  and  the  children  under  seven  years  of  age.  succumb  more 
quickly  and  suffer  far  more  fatally  than  adults  exposed  to  the  same 
zymotic  causes  ;  and  this  is  witnessed,  not  only  in  regard  to  the 
child-pestilences — measles  and  scarlatina — but  quite  as  much  in 
regard  to  the  local,  domestic  and  dietic  causes  which  produce 
diarrhoeal  diseases. 

The  Deaths  in  Hospitals  and  othei"  Public  Institutions. — In  the 
foregoing  table,  we  note  the  fact  that  3,627  persons  died  in  hospi. 
tals  and  other  public  institutions  in  New  York,  and  that  561  of 


220  Annual  Report  of  tee 

these  deaths  occurred  in  the  immigrant  institutions  -which  the 
State  has  located  within  the  limits  of  this  cit}\  The  circumstan- 
ces under  which  this  class  of  foreigners,  and  the  still  larger  num- 
ber of  pauper  and  penal  patients,  that  die  in  the  institutions 
located  on  Ward's  and  Blackwell's  Islands,  find  admission  therein, 
render  it  impracticable  to  accredit  these  patients  to  particular 
wards.  But  the  fact  is  known  that  the  First,  Fourth,  Sixth, 
Seventh,  Eighth,  Eleventh  and  Seventeenth  Wards  send  the 
greater  part  of  all  these  from  their  overcrowded  dens  of  misery. 
Brooklyn,  a  city  of  families,  and  general  domesticity,  has  a  far 
less  formidable  list  of  inmates  and  deaths  in  asylums  and  hospitals. 
Its  mortuary  record  in  city  and  county  institutions  together 
amounts  to  448  in  the  year. 

The  total  hospital  mortality  in  New  York  occurred  in  a  total  of 
institution  admissions  amounting  to  nearly  60,000  persons;  and  in 
Brooklyn,  the  hospital  mortality  occurred  in  an  admitted  institu- 
tion-population of  about  7,000  persons.  How  much  greater  the 
number  of  deaths  would  have  been  in  the  same  total  of  persons, 
whose  very  destitution  and  homeless  woes,  or  degrading  vices, 
made  them  inmates  of  the  institutions,  no  one  can  tell;  but,  with 
all  the  sanitary  disadvantages  of  such  aggregation  of  the  needy 
and  the  sick,  there  is  nevertheless  experienced  a  vast  counterbal- 
ancing gain  to  life  and  health,  both  in  the  city  and  in  the  masses 
of  the  vicious  poor  and  the  homeless  sick,  by  thus  withdrawing 
these  needy  classes,  and  treating  them  as  they  are  treated.  Time, 
and  a  progressive  view  of  public  and  social  economy,  may  eventu- 
ally give  yet  wiser  methods  that  shall  save  more  of  this  kind  of 
life,  by  avoiding  the  present  system  of  condensation  of  these 
unhealthy  and  needy  masses.  Nearly  all  these  masses,  and  especi- 
ally those  that  are  under  penal  control,  are  of  foreign  birth,  an 
effete  residue  from  the  total  immigration  of  275,000  yearly  from 
all  Europe.  The  effect  of  these  classes  upon  the  metropolitan 
death-rate  should  be  born  in  mind  by  all  who  consult  the  vital 
statistics  of  population. 

It  is  believed  that  no  other  city  in  the  world  receives,  retains, 
and  charitably  provides  for  so  great  a  quantity,  pro  rata,  of  the 
effete  and  dependent  classes  of  foreign  countries.  The  effect  of 
these  classes  upon  the  total  mortality  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
is  obvious,  and,  in  round  numbers,  it  adds  nearly  one  per  thousand 
to  the  yearly  death-rate  in  the  former  city,  but  less  to  that  of 
Brooklyn.     As  to  the  death-rate  of  the  vicious  classes,  could  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  221 

mortuary  records  of  these  classes  be  separately  presented,  it 
would  appear  enormously  high  in  New  York;  yet  to  this  there  is 
one  important  exception,  namely,  in  the  juvenile  reformatories, 
and  the  reasons  for  this  are  such  as  to  encourage  and  reward  the 
Directors  of  all  such  institutions. 

The  records  of  mortality  in  the  several  public  institutions  in 
the  Metropolitan  District  will  be  found  in  a  subsequent  section  of 
this  report  in  appended  statement,  No.  IV. 

Comparative   Healthfulxess  of  the  several  Wards   rx  New 
York  axd  Brooklyx. 

The  sanitary  topography  of  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn can  no  longer  be  defined  exclusively  by  a  description  of  its 
geological  structure,  soils  and  water-courses,  yet  some  of  the  most 
destructive  diseases  in  each  city  plainly  tend  to  become  localized 
where  there  are  certain  general  defects  in  the  local  drainage;  this 
is  the  chief  fact  in  the  sanitary  topograph}*  of  these  cities.  But 
there  is  another  class  of  facts  that  so  obviously  relate  to  the 
healthfulness  of  particular  blocks,  streets  and  wards,  that  they 
do  not  escape  the  attention  of  any  intelligent  observer.  The 
several  local  circumstances  which  most  affect  the  healthfulness 
and  death-rates  in  the  different  wards  may  be  enumerated  thus: 

First,  and  most  importantly,  the  local  drainage  and  sewerage; 
thorough  cleanliness  by  means  of  good  sewers  and  drains,  and 
especially  the  effectual  and  deep  draining  of  the  soil  being 
essential  means  of  sanitary  security,  this  is  a  leading  circumstance 
affecting  the  salubrity  of  any  locality. 

Second,  and  the  most  widely  experienced  of  any  class  of  unsani- 
tary circumstances,  is  the  defective  house  accommodation,  and 
defective  sanitary  provisions  in  tenant-houses  and  other  dwellings. 
More  than  half  of  the  entire  population  feels  the  deadly  pressure 
of  this  class  of  wants. 

Third,  and  rapidly  gaining  in  importance,  is  the  unsanitary 
effect  of  mere  concentration  and  density  of  population. 

These  chief  evils  are  largely  associated  with  other  and  corres- 
ponding disadvantages  to  health  in  some,  if  not  nearly  all  the 
localities  where  one  or  more  of  them  chance  to  exist;  and  these 
disadvantages  relate  to,  (1)  unsound  and  unhealthful  food  articles; 
(2)  gross  ignorance;  (3)  great  accumulation  of  the  thriftless  and 
uncleanly  classes  of  inhabitants;  and  (4)  the  presence  of  unhealth- 
fully  conducted  business.     These  various  conditions  are  shared  so 


222  Annual  Report  of  tee 

equally  in  different  wards,  that  we  take  some  note  of  them,  as  fol- 
lows: 

The  First  Ward,  New  York. — This  ward,  which,  year  in  and 
year  out,  gives  the  highest  death-rate,  has  become  in  every  part 
that  commerce  has  not  absorbed,  an  emigrant  and  water-side  lodg- 
ing house  district,  in  which  every  place  is  crowded,  from  cellar  to 
garret,  with  filthy  and  improvident  people.  But  the  chief  and 
constant  cause  of  epidemic  disease  in  the  ward  is  filth;  filth  in  the 
domiciles,  with  utter  lack  of  ventilation;  filth  in  the  streets  and 
gutters;  filth  in  the  sewers,  which,  in  a  porous  soil,  that  is  already 
supersaturated  with  the  water  of  the  docks  and  organic  putrescence, 
are,  in  effect,  merely  elongated  cesspools.  It  is,  therefore,  not 
etrange  that  the  inhabitants  die  of  those  diarrhceal  disorders  and 
other  diseases  that  riot  only  in  filth.  This  population  sends  a 
larger  proportion  of  patients  to  hospitals  beyond  the  ward  than 
any  other  district  in  the  city.  The  child-population,  under  five 
years  of  age,  amounts  to  13. G6  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of 
inhabitants  of  the  ward. 

Tke  Second  and  Third  Wards. — These  wards,  now  entirely 
covered  with  massive  commercial  warehouses,  give  only  a  hotel 
population  and  a  few  denizens  of  crowded  garrets.  The  death- 
rates,  as  shown  iu  preceding  abstracts  of  mortality  in  wards,  do 
not  correctly  indicate  the  degree  of  salubrity  iu  this  district. 
Those  rates  show,  rather,  how  badly  it  fares  with  the  garret  and 
water-side  population,  whose  sanitary  wants  are  domiciliary  and 
personal.  These  wards  are  so  healthful  and  well  drained  and  cleans- 
ed that  cholera  took  no  root  in  them  in  1866,  though  in  the  con- 
tiguous First,  Fourth  and  Sixth  Wards  that  epidemic  did  its 
most  destructive  work.  These  two  wards  have  a  child-population 
under  five  equal  to  ten  per  cent,  of  all. 

The  Fourth  Ward. — The  improvements  in  local  drainage  and 
street  cleanliness  in  this  ward  have  begun  to  redeem  it  from  its 
ill  repute  of  unheal thfulness.  But  it  yet  remains  exclusively  a 
district  of  tenant-houses,  most  of  them  excessively  overcrowded. 
Its  child-population  under  five  amounts  to  nearly  thirteen  per 
cent,  of  all. 

The  Fifth  Ward. — Commerce  has  possession  of  the  elevated 
portion  of  this  ward;  and  the  population,  now  crowded  into  the 
very  centre  of  the  region  of  the  old  Lispenard  meadows,  where 
the  tide  Aoavs  in  the  sluggish  sewers,  surfers  an  enormous  infant 
mortality,  and  sends  an  excessive  share  of  its  adult  classes  to  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  223 

grave  by  diarrhoea!  and  tubercular  diseases.  The  child-population 
under  five  is  12.29  per  cent,  of  all. 

The  Sixth  Ward. — The  sanitary  topography  of  this  ward  is  the 
worst  of  any  equally  large  district  in  the  city.  From  Chatham 
to  Canal  street,  its  centre,  is  a  natural  slum  of  tilth,  and  the 
degraded  population  of  that  district  both  increase  the  natural 
unhealthfulness  and  are  destroyed  by  it.  The  porous  and  exces- 
sively moist  soil  of  the  ward,  and  the  great  defects  of  the  local 
drainage,  make  it  the  worst  cholera  field  in  the  city.  Its  over- 
crowded and  unventilated  tenements  are  inveterate  fever-nests. 
Infant  mortality  is  highest  in  this  ward.  But  the  general  death- 
rate  in  the  ward  has  rapidly  diminished  since  thorough  cleansing 
has  been  enforced,  the  past  six  months.  In  the  lowest  and  once 
the  foulest,  but  now  the  cleanest,  quarter  of  this  ward,  the  "Five 
Points  House  of  Industry"  and  the  "Mission  House/'  continue 
to  repeat  the  lesson  that  "cleanliness  is  next  akin  to  godliness,'* 
for  in  the  past  season,  as  in  18G6,  neither  cholera  nor  any  other 
disease  has  gained  foothold  in  those  always  crowded,  but  ventilated 
and  cleanly  institutions.  The  "Old  Brewery"  and  "Cow  Bay  " — 
the  foulest  aid  most  hopeless  ground  of  the  "Five  Points," — 
now  occupied  by  these  great  charities,  practically  illustrate  the 
doctrine  of  hygiene.  With  all  the  improvements  in  cleansing  of 
streets  and  courts,  the  Sixth  Ward  still  furnishes  more  fever-nests 
than  any  other  district  of  the  city.  This  evil  will  continue,  and 
will  jeopard  the  whole  city,  until  the  back-to-back  and  wholly 
unventilated  tenant-houses,  with  their  unliarhted  and  unaired  bed- 
rooms,  are  brought  under  sanitary  improvement  and  regulation. 
Children  under  live  years  of  age  constitute  nearly  one-eighth  part 
(12.47)  per  cent.)  of  the  population. 

Tlie  Seventh  Ward. — This  slope  of  deep  porous  soil, — once  a 
region  of  saud-hills. — has  a  constantly  high  infantine  death-rate, 
and  its  chief  source  of  insalubrity  is  in  its  tenant-houses,  of  which 
it  has  some  of  the  worst  examples  the  city  affords.  Its  excessive 
death-rate  would  be  preventable,  were  there  power  to  reform  and 
permanently  regulate  the  crowded  tenements.  Birmingham  alley, 
Pelham  street,  Cherry,  Scammel,  and  Monroe  streets,  have  for 
many  years  b^en  hotbeds  of  fevers  and  all  kinds  of  child-diseases. 
The  child-population  under  five  is  13.91  per  cent,  of  the  whole. 

The  Eighth  and  Ninth  Wards. — The  ground  that  underlies  the 
compact  dwellings  in  these  two  wards,  is  flat  and  porous  and 
mostly  very  moist.     It  was  formerly  a  region  of  paludal  malaria* 


224  Annual  Report  of  tee 

is  not  yet  wholly  free  from  that  tendency.  Perfect  sewerage  and 
cleansing  are  very  essential  here,  and  the  varying  degrees  of 
healthfullness  in  the  different  sections  of  this  district  are  plainly 
associated  with  these  local  conditions  and  with  classes, of  tene- 
ments and  tenants.  There  are  many  foul  spots  and,  unhealthful 
rear  tenant-houses  in  each  of  these  wards.  The  child-population  in 
the  Eighth  Ward  is  11.94  per  cent.,  and  in  the  Ninth  it  is  11.04 
per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  inhabitants. 

The  Thirteenth,  Tenth,  Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth  Wards. — 
These  four  wards,  densely  crowded  with  dwellings,  and  contain- 
ing an  aggregate  population  of  about  126,879,  occupy  a  belt  of 
very  deep,  porous,  diluvial  ground,  having  slight  descent  eastward 
and  westward  from  the  Bowery  as  an  axis.  "Whatever  essential 
differences  exist  in  the  sanitary  topography  of  different  sections  of 
the  whole  belt  consist  mainly  in  local  sewerage  and  general  clean- 
liness. The  Tenth  and  Fourteenth  Wards  occupy  the  highest 
grounds,  but  are  not  well  cleansed.  The  most  elevated  section  of 
the  Fifteenth,  between  the  Bowery  and  Broadway,  is  at  once  the 
most  uncleanly  and  unhealthful  portion  of  that  ward.  Tenant- 
houses  and  a  vast  amount  of  rear  tenantry  crowd  the  entire  belt 
comprising  the  wards,  from  the  East  River  to  Broadway.  The 
density  of  the  population  in  that  great  segment  of  the  belt  exceeds 
165.559  to  the  square  mile,  including  streets.  That  portion  of 
the  Fifteenth  Ward  which  is  west  of  Broadway,  is  populated  at 
the  rate  of  about  82.000  to  the  square  mile;  and,  in  the  heart  of 
that  portion  is  situated  Washington  Square,  comprising  nine  and 
three-fourths  acres,  and  with  its  stately  trees  and  thick  foliage, 
covering  the  ground  that  in  olden  times  was  the  Potter's  Field  or 
city  cemetery.  That  open  space,  in  the  midst  of  a  very  dense 
population,  serves  the  purpose  of  lungs,  to  purify  and  oxygenize 
the  atmosphere  of  the  ward.  Tompkins  Square,  containing  ten  and 
a  half  acres,  in  the  Seventeenth  Ward, — presently  to  be  noticed, — 
is  a  healthful  aid  to  the  dense  masses  of  human  life  that  surround 
it.  Like  the  Pelasgic  grounds,  which  the  Athenians,  before  the 
times  of  Pericles,  forbade  to  be  built  upon,  in  the  heart  of  their 
city,  the  sanitary  history  of  neighborhoods  surrounding  such  open 
parks,  proves  the  wisdom  of  the  Pythian  oracle  that  said* — 

"Best  is  Pelasgie  empty." 

and  that  even  commerce  ought  not  to  encroach  upon  them.     Life 

*  Python  was  the  mythological  filth-god  of  fevers.     The  oracle  warned  against  crowding 
the  Pelaggic  grounds  with  dwellings. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  225 

and  health  enjoy  a  special  safeguard  on  the  borders  of  these  open 
and  well-kept  grounds. 

There  has  recently  been  a  marked  improvement  in  the  death- 
rates  of  the  Tenth  and  Fourteenth  Wards,  mainly  in  regard  to 
diarrhoeal  diseases  and  exanthematous  infections  of  children. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  closing:  of  fourteen  slaughter- 
ing  establishments  in  these  two  wards  has  sensibly  aided  this  im- 
provement in  local  salubrity. 

The  child  population,  under  five  years  of  age,  in  the  Tenth 
Ward,  comprises  14.93  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  inhabi- 
tants ;  and  in  the  Thirteenth  Ward,  15.35  per  cent. — an  almost 
unexampled  proportion  ;  in  the  Fourteenth,  12.41  per  cent.  ;  and, 
in  the  Fifteenth  Ward,  7.39  per  cent. 

Th*.  Eleventh  and  Seventeenth  Wards. — These  contiguous  wards 
differ  in  their  sanitary  condition  mainly  in  this,  namely,  that  the 
Eleventh  is  most  uniformly  and  densely  crowded  with  population, 
and  is  a  flat,  so  nearly  at  tide-level  that  its  drainage  is  inferior  to 
that  of  the  Seventeenth  Ward.  The  excessive  moisture  of  the 
grounds  in  all  that  portion  of  the  Seventeenth,  north  of  Tompkins 
Square  and  East  of  Second  avenune — an  area  that  was,  not  long 
ago,  a  marshy  meadow,  like  the  whole  of  the  Eleventh  Ward — 
is,  of  all  the  places  in  the  city,  excepting  the  low  ground  of  the 
Sixth  Ward,  the  most  infected  with  fatal  diarrhoeal  diseases  and 
the  pestilences  of  childhood. 

The  child-population,  under  five  years,  in  the  Eleventh  Ward, 
amounting  to  16.12  per  cent. — an  unexampled  ratio  ;  that  of  the 
Seventeenth  Ward  is  15.23  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  in- 
habitants. 

The  fifteen  wards  thus  far  enumerated,  comprising  all  that  are 
situated  south  of  Fourteenth  street,  contain,  according  to  the 
census  returns,  57.92  per  cent,  of  all  the  population  of  the  city. 
They  gave  53.48  per  cent,  of  the  total  mortality  the  past  twelve 
months,  and  51.30  per  cent,  of  the  total  in  the  previous  nine 
months,  exclusive  of  the  mortality  in  all  public  institutions  of  the 
city.  Chronic  filthiness,  overcrowding,  and  the  general  neglect 
of  ventilation,  was  the  chief  causes  of  the  general  unhealthful- 
ness  of  this  commercial  district  of  the  city.  The  exceptions 
to  these  unsanitary  conditions,  and  to  the  generally  excessive 
death-rate  have  long  been  noticed  in  the  Fifteenth,  and  portions 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  15 


226  Annual  Report  of  the 

of  the  Seventh,  Seventeenth  and  Ninth  Wards.  Taken  as  a  whole, 
the  entire  area  of  these  fifteen  "down-town"  wards  is  naturally 
favorable  to  health.  The  chief  causes  of  any  unhealthfulness  in 
this  quarter  of  the  city  are  artificial.  But  the  excessive  concentra- 
tion of  a  great  mass  of  this  population — a  population  that  is  solely 
dependent  upon  tenant-houses  owners  and  the  sanitary  authorities 
for  protection  against  disease  from  bad  ventilation  and  filthiness — 
is  more  destructive  of  human  life  in  the  region  here  described, 
than  all  other  preventable  causes  combined.  Indeed,  it  is  the 
chief  source,  or  an  intensifying  concomitant,  of  a  great  share  of  the 
premature  deaths  that  occur  among  the  laboring  classes  in  the 
city. 

The  one  great  exception  to  the  high  death-rate  is  plainly  seen, 
in  the  Fifteenth  Ward,  to  depend  upon  general  cleanliness,  good 
housing  of  the  inhabitants,  competence,  and  general  intelligence. 
In  this  ward,  and  under  the  circumstances  that  prevail  here,  as 
just  mentioned,  the  average  "chance  of  life"  is  more  than  twice 
as  good  as  in  the  other  three  wards  that  have  been  described  in 
connection  with  this  favored  ward. 

However  rapidly  commerce  may  encroach  upon  these  fifteen 
southern  wards  of  the  city,  the  experience  in  condensed  packing 
of  population,  and  in  all  that  relates  to  sanitary  wants  in  this  older 
district,  will  be,  and  they  are  already,  repeated  on  both  river-sides 
in  the  uptown  district,  north  of  Fourteenth  street. 

North  of  Fourteenth  Street — New  Section  of  the  City. 

Eighteenth  and  Twenty-first  Wards. — The  eastern  third  of  each 
of  these  wards  occupies  low  land  by  the  East  river  side  that  dif- 
fers from  the  sanitary  topography  chiefly  in  this,  that  a  portion  of 
the  very  margin  of  the  river,  and  the  grounds  that  once  were 
sluggish  water-courses,  yet  remain  supersaturated  with  moisture. 
There  are  ninety-six  blocks  of  houses  (squares)  in  the  Eighteenth 
Ward,  fifty  of  which  are  west  of  the  Third  avenue,  and  forty-six 
of  which  are  east  of  it.  The  death-rate  in  the  population  east  of 
that  avenue  is  seventy  per  cent  higher  than  in  the  total  popula- 
tion of  the  fifty  squares  that  lie  between  the  Third  and  Sixth  ave- 
nues, Fourteenth  and  Twenty-sixth  streets.  So,  likewise,  in  the 
Twenty-first  Ward,  which  is  contiguous  and  of  the  same  width  on 
the  north  of  the  Eighteenth,  the  contrast  of  death-rates  in  the 
two  segments  of  the  ward  described  on  Third  avenue,  as  the  di- 
viding line,  is  most  remarkable ;  and  it  is  important  to  notice  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  227 

<?reat  extent  and  effect  of  this  difference  in  the  degree  of  health- 
fulness  in  the  contrasted  sections  of  those  wards. 

The  following  facts,  which  were  stated  in  one  of  the  weekly  re- 
turns of  mortality,  serve  to  illustrate  this  contrast  and  give  a  fair 
example  of  the  average  experience  in  the  year  : 

"Upon  mapping  out  the  fields  in  which  the  excess  of  mortality 
has  been  chiefly  concentrated  the  past  three  weeks,  we  find  that  in 
the  Tenth,  Eleventh,  the  eastern  quarter  of  the  Seventeenth, 
Eighteenth,  and  Twenty-second,  together  with  the  lower  sections 
of  the  Fourth,  Sixth,  and  Seventh  Wards,  not  only  nearly  all  the 
total  increase  of  deaths,  but  that  in  those  regions,  with  only  a 
moiety  of  the  city  population,  more  than  nine-tenths  of  all  the 
fatal  diarrhceal  maladies  have  occurred.  The  map  now  submitted 
shows  the  latter  fact,  and  the  following  memorandum  shows  the 
course  of  mortality  in  certain  wards  :  In  the  Eighteenth  Ward, 
extending  from  Sixth  avenue  to  the  East  river,  and  from  Four- 
teenth to  Twenty-sixth  streets,  there  were  thirty  nine  deaths, 
thirty-seven  of  which  occurred  in  the  narrow  belt  east  of  and  in- 
cluding Third  avenue.  In  that  narrow  tenant-house  belt  in  these 
two  wards,  twenty-nine  infants  died.  In  the  Twenty-first  Ward, 
exclusive  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  there  were  thirty-five  deaths,  thirty 
of  which  occurred  in  the  twenty-eight  blocks  east  of  Murray  Hill, 
and  only  five  of  which  occurred  in  the  seventy  blocks  lying  be- 
tween Third  and  Sixth  avenues." 

Xo  better  proof  than  this  need  be  given  of  the  salubrity  of  the 
Murray  Hill  district,  for  in  the  seventy  blocks  of  the  Twenty-first 
Ward  that  are  comprised  in  that  healthful  district  of  the  ward, 
the  death-rate  is  found  to  be  only  one-third  as  great  as  in  the 
water-side  or  low-land  and  tenant-house  district  that  lies  contigu- 
ous to  the  hill  in  the  same  ward.  But  there  is  one  subtle  source 
of  domestic  unhealthfulness,  even  in  the  hill  district,  that  is  best 
known  to  carefully  observing  family  physicians  in  that  locality  ; 
we  refer  to  the  springy  moisture  of  the  ground  in  various  quarters 
of  the  hill,  and  which  gives  wet  cellars.  This  evil  is  experienced 
in  many  of  the  fine  blocks  of  dwellings,  and  it  is  a  source  of  much 
chronic  disease. 

The  child-population  of  the  Eighteenth  Ward  is  11.07  percent, 
of  all,  and,  in  the  Twenty-first  it  amounts  to  only  10.74  per  cent, 
of  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants. 


228  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  Sixteenth  and  Twentieth  Wards. — These  wards,  situated 
directly  west  of  the  two  last  described,  have  had  a  high  death-rate 
ever  since  the  work  of  grading  and  sewering  was  commenced. 
Projecting  spurs  of  the  upheaved  gneiss  rock  formerly  gave,  in 
this  region,  a  series  of  irregular  ridges  interspersed  with  springs, 
moist  grounds  and  streamlets ;  whether  there  be  a  defect  or  not 
in  the  artificial  drainage  of  this  region,  the  fact  that  these  wards 
have  a  high  death-rate,  and  that  all  kinds  of  epidemic  diseases 
have  hitherto  found  a  most  congenial  ground  here,  is  an  import- 
ant one,  that  probably  cannot  be  accounted  for  by  any  peculiarity 
of  the  thrifty  middle-class  population  that  occupies  the  greater 
part  of  the  whole  region.  Elevated  and  hilly  as  the  greater  part 
of  the  Twentieth  Ward  originally  was,  it  has  been  one  of  the  most 
inveterate  "cholera  fields"  in  the  city  during  the  last  three  epi- 
demics. 

The  child-population,  under  five  years  of  age,  in  the  Sixteenth 
Ward  constitutes  12.06  per  cent,  of  the  total,  and,  in  the  Twen- 
tieth Ward,  it  is  13.66  of  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants. 

The  death-rate  for  corresponding  six  months  in 

Sixteenth  Ward,  in  1866,  was 28.53  per  cent. 

The  death-rate  for  corresponding  six  months  in 

Sixteenth  Ward,  in  1867,  was 23.94        do 

The   death-rate  for  corresponding  six  months  in 

Twentieth  Ward,  in  1866,  was 32.11        do 

The  death-rate  for  corresponding  six  months  in 

Twentieth  Ward,  in  1867,  was 26.61        do 


In  these  wards  every  kind  of  sanitary  improvement,  and  espe- 
cially that  which  gives  cleanliness  and  drainage,  tells  very  decid- 
edly upon  the  death-rate,  and  this  gain  is  mainly  in  the  list  of 
diarrhoeal  diseases  and  the  exanthematous  fevers  of  childhood. 
The  child-population  of  these  two  wards  is  thirteen  per  cent,  of 
the  total. 

The  Nineteenth  and  Twenty-Second  Wards. — These  wards, 
while  undergoing  their  rapid  transition  from  rocky  ridges  and 
tortuous  water-courses,  possess  peculiarities  of  sanitary  topography, 
as  well  as  of  population,  that  would  render  the  discriptions  which 
may  be  given  this  year  quite  inapplicable  in  some  future  time. 
Divided  by  the  Central  Park,  each  ward   in  its  inhabited  section, 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  229 

being  bounded  on  one  side  by  that  immense  area  (1,005  acres)  of 
perfectly-drained  and  healthful  grounds,  and,  on  the  other  side, 
by  one  or  the  other  of  the  great  rivers,  these  wards  will  be  ren- 
dered unhealthful  only  by  defective  drainage,  or  by  some  kind  of 
human  defilement  and  neglect  in  and  about  the  dwellings  and 
grounds  of  the  inhabitants.  Unfortunately,  these  sources  of  need- 
less sickness  and  death  are  profusely  scattered  throughout  each  of 
those  most  elevated  and  picturesque  districts.  Nowhere,  beyond 
lower  Washington  street  in  the  Fifth  Ward,  and  the  Five  Points 
in  the  Sixth,  is  there  to  be  found  such  stagnant  and  reeking  filtlii- 
ness  as  exists  in  the  shanty-villages  near  the  Central  Park.  The 
death-rate  in  those  foul  quarters  is  fearfully  high.  Nearly  one- 
tenth  of  the  entire  population  of  the  largest  collection — number- 
ing more  than  one  hundred — of  those  wretched  huts  perished  in 
the  year  1866,  and  the  same  place  and  the  neighborhood,  in  the 
south-western  quarter  of  the  Twenty-second  Ward,  gave  to  that 
ward  the  high  death-rate  we  have  found  there  the  past  twelve 
months.  Except  for  these  foul  spots,  and  several  undrained  areas, 
both  of  these  wards  would  be  the  most  salubrious  in  the  city. 

Some  gain  has  been  made  in  the  healthfulness  of  each  of  the 
wards  the  past  year,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  following  statement  of 
the  death-rates  in  1866  and  1867: 

Death-rate  in  the 
Twenty-second  Ward  in  the  half-year  ending  Oct. 

1,  1867 48.03  in  1,000 

do  do  Twelve  months  end- 

ing Oct.  1,  1867..     27.95        do 
Death-rate  in  the 
Nineteenth  Ward   in  the  six  months  ending  Oct. 

1,  1866 116.08        do 

do  do  Twelve  months  ending 

Oct.  1,  1867 72.70       do 


Blackwell's  Island,  with  an  average  population  of  about  5,000 
persons,  gives  nearly  half  the  total  mortality  of  the  Nineteenth 
Ward,  and  by  substracting  that  quantity  from  the  whole,  we  find 
that  the  death-rate  in  the  city  portion  of  that  ward  was  only  23.27 
per  1,000  the  past  twelve  months,  and  34  per  1,000  the  preceding 
six  mouths  in  1866. 

The  child-population  in  the  Nineteenth  Ward  is  12.46  per  cent. 


230  Annual  Report  of  the 

of  the  total,  and,  in  the  Twenty-second   Ward,  it  is   14.30  per 
cent,  of  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants. 

The  Twelfth  Ward. — In  this  ward,  yet  almost  wholly  rural  in 
character,  there  are  three  localities  in  which  concentrated  popula- 
tions are  yearly  suffering  a  high  death-rate  from  preventable 
causes.  The  first  is  in  a  certain  quarter  of  Manhattanville,  and 
Lawrence  street,  and  the  line  of  the  '•  old  canal,"  extending  along 
the  low  laud,  eastward  from  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-fifth  street 
and  Tenth  avenue,  across  to  One  Hundred  and  Seventeenth  street 
and  Harlem  Flats.  This  is  the  most  insalubrious  district  in  the 
Twelfth  Ward,  and  it  extends  to  another  unhealthful  quarter  in 
Harlem.  Paludal  malaria,  diarrhceal  diseases,  and  consumption 
are  rife  in  this  unhealthful  belt,  which  extends  from  river  to  river, 
and  is  nearly  at  tide-level.  Nearly  2,500  of  the  poor  people  here 
dwell  in  shanties  and  other  temporary  huts;  and  they  are  every 
year  vexed  by  malarial  fevers  and  fatal  diarrhoeas.  The  third 
point  at  which  there  are  special  reasons  for  a  higher  death-rate,  is 
the  hospital  and  asylum  population  of  Ward's  and  Randall's 
Islands.  The  530  deaths  on  Ward's  Island  were  equal  to  all  mor- 
tality, out  of  public  institutions,  in  the  ward. 

Exclusive  of  all  the  public  institutions,  this  ward  had  a  death- 
rate  equal  only  to  21.69  per  1,000  inhabitants;  and,  if  we  exclude 
the  undrained  lowland  quarter,  the  death-rate  is  found  to  be  the 
lowest  of  any  district  in  the  city.  The  child-population,  under 
five  years  of  age,  amounts  to  only  12  per  cent,  of  the  whole  num- 
ber of  inhabitants. 

While  thus  passing  in  review  the  leading  points  that  particu- 
larly influence  the  healthfulness  of  the  different  wards,  we  have 
purposely  omitted  to  give  any  statistics  of  nationalities  and  social 
conditions  of  the  inhabitants.  But  the  fact  needs  to  be  borne  in 
mind,  that  these  latter  points  hold  important  relations  to  the  rates 
of  mortality.  Moreover,  the  specially  fatal  results  of  bad  housing, 
bad  food  articles,  and  domestic  and  personal  uncleanliness, — all 
four  of  which  conditions  of  personal  unhealthfulness  are  almost 
invariable  concomitants  hi  New  York, — have  not  been  brought 
into  this  sketch;  for  the  object  has  been  here  to  make  a  plain 
statement  of  the  local  and  localizing  conditions  that  affect  the 
general  healthfulness  of  the  several  wards. 

We  respectfully  refer  the  Board  of  Health  to  the  very  clear  and 
instructive  statement  which  Deputy  Registrar,  Dr.  Stiles,  has  made 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  231 

upon  this  subject,  concerning  the  different  wards  in  Brooklyn,  in 
his  report  herewith  submitted.  We  would  invite  particular  atten- 
tion to  that  officer's  remarks  concerning  the  fevers  and  increased 
death-rate  in  certain  open  and  naturally  salubrious  districts,  in 
which  the  grounds  were  extensively  upturned  in  works  of  improve- 
ment and  drainage  during  the  summer.  Though  the  p^ ril  to  health 
and  life  was  really  very  great  from  the  causes  he  mentions  in  the 
Ninth  Ward,  the  causes  will  be  greatly  diminished,  or  altogether 
overcome,  when  the  drainage  of  that  beautiful  region  is  perfected. 
Attention  is  also  invited  to  the  points  he  submits  regarding  the 
insalubrity  of  a  portion  of  the  Fifth  Ward  in  that  city. 

Concerning  the  condition  and  influence  of  the  fluctuating  decree 
of  ground-moisture,  or  what  is  popularly  termed  the  "  ground- 
water," in  the  soil  of  these  two  cities,  as  regards  anj  of  the  epi- 
demic or  localized  diseases  which  have  prevailed  the  past  year, 
we  need  only  remark  that  systematic  observations  have  been  com- 
menced, and  that  conclusive  generalizations  can  well  be  based 
upon  the  observations  in  a  single  year.  But  this  subject  is  of 
great  practical  importance;  for  it  relates  to  ptrysical  facts  that 
may  ere  long  unvail  some  of  the  most  subtle  mysteries  of  various 
kinds  of  epidemic  disease.  Some  practical  points  relating  to  this 
subject  and  sanitary  drainage,  will  be  noticed  in  subsequent  pages, 
in  connection  with  statements  concerning  typhoid  fever,  cholera, 
and  phthisis. 

Note  ujjon  the  Consolidated  Abstract  of  the  individual  and 
classified  Causes  of  Death  [next  Abstract.\ — The  sanitary  history 
of  the  successive  quarters  of  the  year  and  the  various  records 
contained  in  the  preceding  pages,  present  all  the  general  and 
explanatory  statements  that  appear  necessary  for  a  correct  and 
comprehensive  view  of  the  local  and  preventable  causes  of  sick- 
ness and  premature  death.  But  it  is  desirable  to  take  a  close  and 
very  exact  view  of  each  individual  disease  and  event  that  stands 
charged  with  having,  caused  death  during  the  year;  also  to  notice 
with  particularity  the  ages  and  social  condition  of  the  decedents, 
and  show  what  share  each  cause  and  class  of  causes,  and  each  asre 
and  sex  had  in  the  Bill  of  Mortality.  The  Consolidated  Abstract, 
as  given  in  the  tables  next  following,  presents  these  statements  in 
a  statistical  form. 

As  to  the  statistics  themselves,  they  seem  to  need  no  explana- 
tion or  comment.     The  reader  who  carefully  examines  each  item 


232  Annual  Report  of  the 

in  this  record  may  draw  his  own  conclusions,  for  he  has  already 
seen  in  what  localities  and  amidst  what  environment  of  prevent- 
able conditions,  and  b}^  what  fluctuating  and  destructive  forces 
Life  is  sacrificed  in  tender  infancy,  and  at  every  stage,  from  the 
cradle  to  the  ripe  vigor  of  maturity.  But  no  statement  that  can 
be  made  concerning  zymotic  diseases  and  epidemics,  and  no  charts 
or  statistics,  can  show  the  extent  and  quantity  of  preventable 
sickness  and  mortality;  for,  not  only  is  it  generally  true  that  the 
same  local  conditions  which  nurture  and  propagate  the  zymotic 
maladies,  also  increase  the  quantity  of  constitutional  and  acute 
organic  disease,  but  that  no  small  portion  of  the  deaths  by  accident 
and  violence,  and  by  various  causes  that  are  commonly  regarded 
as  inevitable,  and  mainly  owing  to  avoidable  causes. 

Following  the  Consolidated  Abstract  there  will  be  found  a  few 
remarks  upon  the  chief  cause  of  Death,  and  they  will  more  fully 
illustrate  the  methods  and  extent  of  the  avoidable  violence  that 
is  done  to  human  life  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  Every  close 
observer  of  the  follies,  the  ignorance,  indolence,  apathy  and  vices 
of  mankind,  will  find  in  these  records  of  death  and  disease  much 
corroborative  evidence  that  Nature's  retributions  against  the  viola- 
tion of  her  laws  are  as  inevitable  as  the  grave.  And  thus  the 
study  of  the  causes  and  circumstances  of  death  becomes  a  study 
of  the  means  for  increasing  the  sum  of  life  and  health. 

The  subject  need  not  be  treated  exclusively  in  a  statistical  way, 
though  we  deal  only  with  exact  statements.  Let  us  drop,  for  a 
moment,  the  phraseology  of  statistics  and  sanitary  science,  while 
we  glance  across  the  whole  field  that  is  comprehended  within  the 
tabular  statements  that  next  folloAv.  The  journey  of  life,  as 
exhibited  in  these  yearly  records  of  mortality,  is — in  more  than 
half  that  are  born — plainly  a  failure.  Like  the  bridge  described 
by  Addison  in  the  "  Vision  of  Mirzah"*  the  first  five  "arches," 


*  What  Addison  has  most  eloquently  described  in  the  ct  Vision  of  Mirzah,"  may  be 
read  and  seen  as  a  complete  reality  in  those  yearly  records  of  Death  in  great  cities. 

"The  valley  that  thru  seest,"  said  the  genius,  to  Mirzah,  "is  the  valley  of  misery, 
and  the  tide  of  water  tnat  thou  seest  is  the  great  tide  of  eternity.  *  *  *  Examine 
now,  said  he,  this  sea  that  is  ounded  with  darkness  at  both  ends,  and  tell  me  what  thou 
discoverest  in  it.  I  see  a  bridge,  said  I,  standing  in  the  midst  of  the  tide.  The  bridge 
thou  seest,  said  the  genius,  is  human  life;  consider  it  attentively.  *  *  *  *  I  found 
it  consisted  of  three-score  and  ten  arches,  with  several  broken  arches.  *  *  *  *  I 
see  a  multitude  of  people  passing  over  it,  *  *  *  *  and  a  black  cloud  hanging  on 
each  end  of  it.  As  I  looked  more  attentively,  I  saw  several  of  the  passengers  dropping 
through  the  bridge,  into  the  great  tide  that  flowed  underneath  it;  and,  upon  further 
ezamination,  perceived   there   were   innumerable  trap-doors,  that   lay  concealed  in  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  233 

or  years  of  human  life,  in  these  eities,  are  beset  with  "  trap- 
doors" and  "pit-falls,"  which  renders  the  journey  so  perilous 
that  more  than  two  out  of  three  of  all  the  children  born,  complete 
their  first  five  years  of  existence. 

The  relative  chances  of  successfully  journeying  on  through  life 
are  manifestly  very  fair  in  the  first  decade  after  passing  the  fifth 
birthday. 

In  the  last  summary  in  the  abstract  now  following,  and  also  in 
that  we  presented  on  page  208,  the  rate  of  mortality  in  the  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  at  each  period  of  life  is  staled.  By  referring  to 
these  tables  it  will  be  seen  that  not  only  do  infants  perish  in  vast 
numbers,  but  that  men  and  women  are  cut  off  at  the  very 
threshold  of  useful  life.  In  every  100  deaths  that  occur  in  these 
cities,  43  of  them  are  infants  that  have  not  reached  their  second 
birthday,  and  nearly  53  children  who  have  not  reached  the  fifth 
year  of  age,  are  also  counted  in  every  100  deaths.  It  is  also  true 
that  19  of  the  100  deaths  occur  in  persons  between  twenty  and 
forty  years  of  age;  and,  by  examining  the  record  of  fatal  causes,  we 
find  that  no  small  proportion  of  those  who  died  at  the  latter  ages, 
— wThen  life  possesses  greatest  value  to  society, — were  cut  ofi*  by 
preventable  diseases.  The  zymotic,  the  constitutional,  and  the 
inflammatory  classes  of  disease  each  give  a  large  share  of  the 
avoidable  causes  of  death  in  the  adult  ages.  The  precise  number 
that  died  of  each  particular  form  of  disease  in  each  successive 
period  of  life  will  be  found  on  referring  to  the  Consolidated  Ab- 
stract following.  The  respective  death-rates  in  the  successive 
periods  of  life  are  found  in  the  table  of  Comparative  Death-rates 
already  presented. 

At  this  point  let  us  refer  to  both  of  the  abstracts  above  men- 
tioned, and  there  ascertain  the  kind  of  gain  has  been  made  in  the 
saving  of  life  at  particular  ages  during  the  year.  We  note  the  fol- 
lowing facts  : 

First. — In  the  infant  population  under  two  years  of  age  scarcely 
any  gain  resulted  in  the  nine  months  that  are  under  comparison. 
It  is  true,  however,  that  there  were  270  less  deaths  of  infants 
under  one  year  in  the  last  nine  months.  All  this  gain  was  under 
the  head  of  the  diarrhceal  diseases  of  infancy. 


bridge,  which  the  passengers  no  sooner  stood  upon  but  they  fell  through  them  into  the 
tide,  and  immediately  disappeared." 


234  Annual  Report  op  the 

Second. — The  total  number  of  deaths  in  children  and  infants 
under  five  years  of  age  in  the  past  twelve  months  shows  a  gain  of 
345.  These  were  all  saved  in  the  nine  months  preceding  last 
October,  over  the  corresponding  period  of  the  year  1866,  and  the 
diminution  in  the  death-rate  in  the  child-population  of  New  York 
is  expressed  by  the  ratio  of  129.49  to  133.12,  which  were  the  child 
death-rates  in  the  two  years  respectively.  This  was  gained  to  the 
child-population,  notwithstanding  the  adversity  of  epidemic  scarla- 
tina and  measles.  Facts  well  known  to  the  Sanitary  Inspectors 
would  warrant  the  conclusion  that  this  gain  is  justly  attributed  to 
increased  cleanliness  and  domestic  improvement. 

Third. — Those  classes  of  the  child  population  between  the  fifth 
and  tenth  years,  tenth  and  fifteenth,  and  the  fifteenth  and  twen- 
tieth years  of  age,  gained  less  than  the  adult  population,  yet  there 
was  a  gain  of  483  lives  for  these  three  quinquennial  periods  of 
youth,  in  the  first  nine  months  of  1867,  compared  with  the  first 
nine  months  of  1866.  This  occurred  in  a  total  population  of 
youth  amounting  to  about  230,000.  [By  census  of  1865  there 
were  224,634  in  New  York,  between  the  ages  of  five  and  twenty 
years.] 

fourth. — The  highest  ratio  of  gain  to  life  at  the  different  ages 
was  experienced  in  the  advanced  periods  just  past  active  manhood, 
but  the  greatest  total  gain  in  numbers,  for  there  is  but  a  small 
population  at  the  septuagenarian  and  older  years,  was  in  the 
period  of  most  useful  life,  between  the  ages  of  thirty  and  thirty- 
five  years,  when  human  responsibilities,  obligations,  and  labors 
are  most  important.  In  this  five  years  period,  the  gain  of  the 
last  nine  months  over  the  corresponding  months  of  the  previous 
year  was  no  less  than  377.  This  was  in  a  total  population  of 
about  70,000.     [The  census  gave  63,937.] 

In  the  period  of  life  between  the  ages  of  twenty-five  and  thirty 
years  the  gain  amounted  to  315  lives.  And  in  the  next  previous 
period,  namely,  between  the  ages  of  twenty  and  twenty-five  years, 
315  lives  were  saved. 

The  amount  of  mortality,  the  share  each  disease  had  in  it,  and 
the  extent  to  which  each  of  the  two  sexes  felt  the  fatal  causes,  are 
carefully  stated  in  the  tabular  abstracts;  but  in  order  to  show  in 
a  more  graphic  manner  the  facts  relating  to  the  relative  mortality, 
at  the  different  ages,  the  annexed  diagram  is  presented. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  .  235 

Explanation  of  tile  Diagram  to  Illustrate  the  Distribution 
of  the  Population  and  the  Yearly  Mortality  ln  New  York, 
by  Ages. 

The  statistical  relations,  and  the  actual  state  of  the  population 
in  regard  to  the  distribution  of  both  the  living  and  the  dead, 
according  to  the  different  ages,  may  be  very  accurately  presented 
by  outline  diagrams  representing  magnitudes  that  exactly  corres- 
pond with  the  respective  statistical  quantities.  The  several  prob- 
lems to  be  considered  may  be  stated  as  follows: 

1.  To  exhibit,  by  a  columnar  diagram,  the  relative  quantities  of 
population  (according  to  census  returns)  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
in  each  of  the  quinquennial,  or  five-year  periods  of  life,  under  80 
years  of  age;  and,  by  a  final  column,  at  the  right  side  of  the  dia- 
gram, to  exhibit  the  relative  quantity  of  the  population  that  is 
upward  of  80  years  of  off e.  Also,  by  a  distinct  column,  placed  at 
the  left  side  of  the  last  seventeen  columns,  to  exhibit  the  ratio 
which  the  total  quantity  of  infant  life,  under  one  year  of  age,  bears 
to  the  number  of  persons  living  in  each  of  the  seventeen  periods 
just  mentioned.     (The  method  of  estimation  for  obtaining  the  true 

,  number  of  the  infant  population  is  partly  given  on  page  79.) 

2.  To  exhibit  the  relative  quantities  of  the  population,  at  each 
age,  that  are  cut  off  by  death,  the  exact  proportion  of  the  dead  to 
the  living  is  expressed  by  the  blackened  tops  of  the  columns. 
This  is  a  correct  expresssion  of  the  chance  of  life  during  the  year 
1867,  in  each  of  the  eighteen  classes  (ages)  into  which  the  total 
population  is  divided. 

3.  To  present,  at  one  view,  by  means  of  a  subdivided  rectan- 
gular area,  the  exact  ratios  which  the  number  of  deaths  in  each  of 
the  eighteen  periods,  or  age  classes,  of  the  population,  bears  to 
the  deaths  in  each  other  period,  and  to  the  total  quantity  of  mor- 
tality at  all  ages,  a  subdivided  parallelogram  is  constructed,  and 
placed  at  the  base  of  the  chart,  as  seen  on  the  opposite  page. 

Remark. — The  fact  cannot  fail  to  be  observed  that  the  columnar 
diagram  exhibits  evidence  of  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  num- 
ber of  persons  living  in  the  city  between  live  and  fifteen  years  of 
age;  and  further,  that  the  decrease  must  have  commenced  very 
close  upon  the  tenth  year,  and  must  have  continued  at  least  two 
or  three  years  past  the  fifteenth  year  of  age.     This  is  plainly  seen 


236  Annual  Report  of  the 

by  inspecting  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  columns  from  the  left- 
hand  side.  In  like  manner,  by  inspecting  the  three  next  succeed- 
ing columns,  viz,  those  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  quinquen- 
nial periods  of  life — observing  the  losses  by  death  in  these  ages — 
the  fact  will  be  apparent  that  the  undiminished  fullness  of  these 
three  columns — the  periods  of  life  extending  from  the  twentieth  to 
the  thirty-fifth  years  of  age — must  have  been  produced  by  immi- 
gration to  the  city  by  people  at  those  ages.  The  fact  is  equally 
apparent  that,  in  earlier  ages — viz,  from  8  to  17  years  of  age — 
there  must  have  been  migration  of  children  from  the  city.  All 
this  is  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  records  of  movement  in  our 
city  population.  The  benevolent  agencies  of  that  kind  which  the 
Five  Points  House  of  Industry,  the  Children's  Aid  Society,  the 
Home  for  the  Friendless,  and  the  Juvenile  Reformatories  generally, 
represent,  do,  in  the  aggregate,  together  with  the  agency  of  edu- 
cational institutions  beyond  the  city,  transfer  about  6,000  children, 
at  those  ages,  from  the  city  to  the  country  every  year.*  In  regard 
to  the  immigration  to  the  city  by  persons  in  the  first  twenty  years 
of  adult  life,  no  remark  is  necessary,  for  it  is  in  that  halcyon  period 
of  human  existence  that  fortune,  pleasure,  and  business  occupa- 
tions of  every  kind,  draw  greatest  numbers  to  the  metropolis. 

The  census  of  the  dead  for  the  year  is  correctly  shown  in  the 
subdivided  parallelogram  at  the  foot  of  this  chart.  The  census 
of  the  living,  as  returned  by  the  census  marshals  in  1865,  is  stated 
as  "follows : 

Under  5  years  of  age 95,020 

From  5  to  10  years  of  age 91,755 

From  10  to  15  years  of  age 71,768 

From  15  to  20         do 61,111 

From  20  to  25         do  69,407 

From  25  to  30         do  69,728 

From  30  to  35         do  _. 63,937 

From35to40         do  _ 56,515 

From40to45         do 44,752 

From  45  to  50         do _ 36,166 

From  50  to  55         do 26,121 

From  55  to  60         do 12,953 


*The  "Children's  Aid  Society,"  as  we  are  informed  by  its  founder  and  General  Secre- 
tary, C.  L.  Brace,  Esq.,  **  transfers  every  year  to  the  country  about  two  thousand  children, 
generally  between  ten  and  fifteen  years  of  age." 


F  DEATHS 


•  .9 

\  % 
\  1 

TOTAL 

Deaths  of  Infants  under 
One  Year  ofAge 

(7,489-) 

;     re 

i 

Between  One  and  Two 
Years  of  Age 

(2,764) 

BETWEEN  TWO  AND  THREE 
(1,052) 

\ 

BETWEEN  3  AND  4-  (600.) 

g 

»          4-AND5  f388) 

ii         5  AND  10  (829) 

>    WjSi 

))          10  AND  15  (360.) 

§       ^ 

)l         15  AND 20  (172) 

3 

»       20 AND  25  (1,013) 

>     ^ 

"        2  5  AND  30  (1,10*) 

I  «4 

"       30AND35(yi3) 

I  1 

»      35AND40  (1,223) 

i 

»        40AND45  (924) 

S     4>. 
i  foe. 

i'         +5  AND  50   793.) 

11          50AND  55  (  720.) 

•^ 

))         55  AND  60  (  504 

-^1 

"         60 AND  65  (  572.) 

ii         65AND  70(491) 

')            70AND  75   <  1\&I.) 

a 

80   YEARS   AND    UPWAR  OS  Ci37) 

o  = 


To*atfNFraees  uj««B£UJN£  ires*  ofagsjamo  Tj*Epftoj»ft«T4««0FDE?iTHS| 


Total  Chilq  Population:  under  5  years  8fage,awbtjhe  proportion  of  BEATHSR 


BETWEEN  S  and  10  YEARS  OF AGE,AMD THE  PROPORTION  OF  DEATHS 


»        iftjiNDfS   n     »--*j     11  ?  t?  «  DEATHS 


TOTAl  POPU IATHJW    BETWEEN  15  «J6  20  "¥b«S  OtAcE,  AWUTHE  PROPORTION  SF^DEATBS 


15  20  AND  25    ?i         ii   -«      AHB  » 


DEATHS 


>\         25  AND30    W        51    3T    AND  H  ii  11      DEATHS 


»        30  and  33  S?     ii    »  and  i?        n  ii   SEATHS 


35AND4-0    >1       ii      ?t  AND  n 


ii   DEATHS 


'i       ^QUfNB^S  »      »     »  AND  --ii         ii  >i   DEATHS 


4-5  AND  5D  Yi       w      ftflJJ* 


DEATHS 


51         50 AND  55  n      i1        «ANO#         ii 


DEATHS 


i?         55  *np  6Q    P       i^       H>awo--%T-       ii  "  DEATHS 


n  11         fifl  and  65    it       n        V)  and"  11         H  11   DEATHS 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  237 

From  GO  to  (35  years  of  age ._ 12,712 

From  65  to  70         do 5,870 

From  70  to  75         do           3,831 

From  75  to  80         do 1,752 

Eighty  years  of  age  and  upwards 1,435 


The  bureau  is  indebted  to  Dr.  F.  J.  Randall  for  the  preparation 
of  this  and  every  other  diagram  that  appears  in  the  present  and 
the  previous  year's  report.  He  has  wrought  each  of  them  from 
our  written  specifications  and  rough  outlines. 


238 


Anxual  Report  of  the 


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261 


Total  Deaths  in  each  Week  in  the  City,  of  New  York,  by  Ages, 
from  October  Uh,  1866,  to  September  28th,  1867. 


WEEK 

ENDING. 


126 
121 
131 
123 
121 

99 
108 
110 
116 
107 
106 

87 


224 
191 
217 
150 


111 
120 

95 
100 
109 
127 
102 
125 
115 
121 
109 
123 

98 
123 
114 
119 
120 
124 
118 
116 

94 
106 

95 
107 
102 
126 
165 
225 
259 
336 
310 
297 
289 
232!  122 
228  119 


40 
42 
40 
29 
47 
53 
44 
38 
42 
29 
27 
45 
45 
39 
35 
47 
37 
37 
40 
45 
33 
42 
42 
40 
43 
41 
71 
95 
91 
102 
107 
115 
94 


106 
81 


66 


Total  in  year..  7,485  2,779 


1,060 


598 


8 

2 
6 
4 

10 
3 

6 

6 

12 

7 

12 
12 
14 


CO 

H 


396 


202 

204  12 

213  18 
185 

194  21 

169  17 

169  18 

162,  19 

201  15 

178[  19 

188  15 

170;  17 

168  17 


200 
207 
187 
170 
189 
221 
197 
201 
207 
193 
169 
206 
175 
197 
191 
203 
206 
200 
188 
189 
168 
183 
180 
187 
185 
217 
284 
359 
394 
477 
458 
457 
413 
396 
390 
363 
309 
350 
249 


12,318 


S21 


1 

7 
6 
5 

7 
6 
7 
9 
5 
3 
12 
6 
S 
2 


341 


7 
1] 

11 
8 
7 

13 

7 

9 

M 

8 
3 

14 
8 
2 

11 


13|  11 
13 


11 


464 


101 
109 
94 
85 
81 
97 
83 
78 
87 
87 
97 
86 
85 


13  101 
5 


oc  & 


99 
94 
103 
84 
77 
99 
85 
76 


102 
83 
92 
79 
71 
80 
77 
75 
72 
84, 
83 
81 
70 
85 
78 
57 
67 
92 
76 

112 
96 
86 
73 

102 
88 
80 
79 


4,478 


2,958 


1,715 


Total. 


48 

28  16 

36  10 

37  6 
41   11 

33  7 
40  13 
31!   7 

38  101 
241   6 

34  5 
33|  121 
44i  11 
42 
34 
28 
41 
36 
38 
43 
38 
38 
26 
21 
22 
34 
34 
23 
22 
1 

28 
26 
31 
44 
44 
20 
32 
33 
28 


359 


449 
428 
475 
409 
389 
391 
372 
397 
432 
385 
433 
378 
384 


463 
434 
436 
403 
452 
414 
414 
439 
423 
375 
390 
433 
408 
419 
407 
406 
405 
438 
418 
385 
361 
393 
381 
372 
339 
409 
472 
525 
582 
677 
647 
708 
640 
608 
579 
561 
512 
568 
437 


23,443 


262  Annual  Report  of  the 

Notes  on  the  Chief  Causes  of  Death. 

In  the  preceding  abstract  of  causes  of  death,  and  the  ages  of  the 
decedents,  it  appears  that  the  various  diseases  and  other  causes  of 
mortality,  the  past  year,  amounted  to  210.  Whatever  is  properly 
certified  as  the  chief  cause  of  death,  in  any  case,  is  registered 
accordingly,  and,  in  the  yearly  abstract,  enters  into  the  statistical 
statement.  But  most  of  the  certificates  of  death  furnished  to  this 
Bureau  by  physicians,  state  the  co-existence  of  a  remote  or  a  com- 
plicating cause,  and  also  so  mention  the  time  of  its  continuance,  or 
the  circumstances  which  attend  it,  that  its  relation  to  the  sickness 
and  death  is  n^t  a  matter  of  doubt.  For  the  purposes  of  the  sani- 
tary government,  medical  science,  and  the  accuracy  and  complete- 
ness of  public  records  of  death,  these  tributary  and  collateral 
causes  are  scarcely  less  important  than  the  statement  of  the  chief 
cause.  But  in  the  published  abstracts  the  chief  cause  alone  is 
given.  Only  such  names  as  are  reasonable  and  well  known  in 
medical  science  are  registered,  for  whoever  gives  in  his  certificate 
an  unmeaning  name  to  the  cause  of  a  death,  thereby  evinces  evi- 
dence of  incapacity  to  judge  of  the  true  cause  of  the  fatal  event. 
And  in  such  a  case,  means  are  adopted,  either  by  special  investiga- 
tion or  by  a  reference  to  the  coroners,  to  ascertain  wha£  disease  it 
was  that  destroyed  life. 

Fortunately  for  the  sanitary  uses  of  the  records  of  death,  which 
are  registered  in  accordance  with  the  system  of  nomenclature  and 
classification  now  employed  by  vital  statisticians,  the  names  of 
fatal  diseases  have  come  to  be  associated  in  no  small  degree  with 
their  productive  sources;  so  that,  by  general  usage,  these  names 
do,  in  some  measure,  guide  to  the  investigation  of  the  actual  or  the 
local  causes.  Thus,  cholera  infantum,  which  is  a  name  that  utterly ' 
fails  to  indicate  the  anatomical  and  pathological  eflects  of  the 
malady  itself,  has  become  so  associated  with  our  ideas  of  the  ex- 
ternal physical  conditions,  viz:  impure  air,  high  temperature,  and 
faulty  nourishment,  combined, — that  this  term  answers  a  practical 
purpose  in  the  search  for  local  and  special  causes  of  insalubrity. 

Every  disease  that  is  characterized  oy  inflammation  or  any 
morbid  change  in  the  tissues  of  a  particular  organ  or  part  of  the 
human  body,  has,  or  should  have,  a  specific  name  and  definition 
that  can  distinguish  it  from  every  other  disease.  These  inflamma- 
tory and  organic  diseases,  with  such  specific  appellations,  comprise 
nearly  half  of  all  the  causes  of  death  we  register  in  the  metropolis. 
The  name  may  not,  however,  be  written  out  in  full,  but  it  will  be 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  ■    263 

found  on  the  original  certificate  and  in  the  public  registers,  in  the 
words  that  are  generally  accepted  by  the  medical  profession.  For 
example,  Tubercula  Phtldsis  puhnonalis,  or  consumption,  is  regis- 
tered simply  as  "  phthisis  pulmonalis,"  and  in  the  weekly  abstracts, 
which  are  also  permanently  recorded,  it  is  registered  in  the  tuber- 
cular group  of  diseases,  and  in  the  brief  term  that  appears  in  the 
first  register.  With  the  progress  of  exact  pathological  knowledge, 
there  continues  to  be  an  increasing  degree  of  definiteness  in  the 
name  of  various  diseases,  and  in  the  specific  distinctions  that  dis- 
tinguish them.  But  it  is  an  interesting  and  suggestive  fact,  that 
with  few  and  equivocal  exceptions,  the  zymotic  diseases  have,  by 
common  and  spontaneous  consent  and  choice  in  the  medical  pro- 
fession, been  called  by  names  that  indicate  no  one  of  the  essential 
changes  which  the  diseased  action  produces  in  the  tissues  and 
fluids  of  the  body.  The  most  that  can  be  claimed  for  these  names 
(of  the  zymotics)  is,  that  they  serve  as  definitions  that  prevent  con- 
fusion of  terms.  The  names  "  diphtheria,"  "  small-pox,"  "  epi- 
demic cerebro-spinal  meningitis,"  and  "pyaemia,"  though  they 
attempt  to  describe  some  one  of  the  pathological  results  of  disease, 
do  not  by  any  means  succeed  in  defining  the  morbid  process  by 
which  are  engendered  the  changes  which  are  indicated  by  their 
respective  names.  The  group  of  miasmatic  diseases,  which  com- 
prises the  greater  part  of  the  zymotic  class,  are  believed  to  depend 
mainly  upon  specific  causes  that  operate  by  incubative  increase  and 
development  of  a  virus  or  miasm. 

Medical  science  continues  to  confess  the  imperfections  of  its 
best  classifications  of  diseases  and  their  causes,  nevertheless  it  is 
every  year  contributing  additional  means  for  discrimination  and 
prevention  of  some  of  the  most  destructive  and  incurable  of  them. 
In  concluding  each  annual  report  of  this  Bureau,  the  chief  of  these 
causes  of  mortality  are  noticed.  In  the  report  for  1866  the  fol- 
lowing causes  of  death  were  particularly  noticed  with  reference 
to  some  of  their  preventable  sources:  Small-pox,  scarlatina,  diph- 
theria, typhus  and  typhoid  fevers,  erysipelas,  and  puerperal  fever, 
the  diarrhceal  maladies,  diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs  ; 
together  with  violent  deaths.  This  year  we  add  notes  upon  a  few 
points  that  seem  to  be  most  important  to  sanitary  science,  and  to 
the  practical  work  of  the  Board  of  Health. 

Small-Pox. 
It  is  shown  in  the  preceding  abstract,  at  the  head  of  the  list  of 
diseases,  that  only  nineteen   deaths  occurred  from  small-pox  in 


264 


Annual  Report  of  the 


New  York,  and  but  two  in  Brooklyn.  This  is  the  least  number  of 
fatal  cases  of  small-pox  that  has  occurred  since  1829,*  and  it 
includes  what  until  1859  was  not  included,  all  the  cases  that  were 
sent  from  the  ships  in  Quarantine.  Six  cases  only,  died  in  the  city 
and  twelve  at  the  Small-pox  Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island.  That 
institution  receives  all  cases  which  are  sent  from  shipboard  and 
from  emigrant  institutions,  as  well  as  patients  from  the  city.  The 
total  number  of  patients  in  this  pest-hospital,  and  the  nativity  and 
social  condition  of  each,  will  be  seen  by  referring  to  the  notes  on 
Public  Institutions,  herewith  submitted. 

During  the  year  1867  twenty-eight  ships  arrived  at  Quarantine, 
having  small-pox  on  board;  and  in  London,  Liverpool,  and  seve- 
ral other  ports,  this  contagion  was  unusually  prevalent.  That  so 
few  vessels  arrived  with  this  disease  must  be  attributed  mainly  to 
the  fact  that  great  care  is  now  used  in  embarking  emigrant  passen- 


*  The  course  of  small-pox  in  New  York,  as  in  all  other  populous  places,  when  studied  in 
connection  with  the  records  of  vaccination,  and  with  the  records  of  mortality  in  any  ten 
years  that  preceded  Jenner's  discovery,  will  convincingly  show  what  amazing  protection 
is  given  by  vaccination.  We  cannot  in  this  place  present  the  details  of  the  course  pursued 
by  the  dreaded  disease  and  its  preventive  antidote  in  New  York.  But  the  following  is  an 
accurate  record  of  the  deaths  by  small-pox  from  the  year  1804  to  the  present  time.  Vac- 
cination was  introduced  in  New  York  by  a  friend  and  correspondent  of  the  great  Jenner, 
Dr.  Valentine  Seaman,  in  the  year  1800 ;  and,  in  the  first  "  Bill  of  Mortality  "  in  this  city 
(December,  1802)  108  deaths  by  small-pox  were  recorded,  and  with  that  record,  which 
was  given  to  the  medical  paper  in  the  city,  Mr.  Pintard,  the  registrar,  sent  a  note  in 
these  words :  c(  Of  the  disorders  with  which  helpless  infancy  is  afflicted,  fits  appear  to  be 
more  fatal  even  than  small -pox,  the  ravages  of  which,  thank  Heaven,  will  shortly  be  erased 
from  the  direful  catalogue  of  human  maladies. 


Deaths  by  Small 

■pox 

in  the  City  of  New  York  in 

the  64  years  ending 

1867. 

o 

CO 

us 

o 
co 

CO 
co 

o 
CO 

co 
o 

CO 

OS 

o 

CO 

o 

CO 

CO 

CM 

CO 

CO 
00 

-<* 
co 

us 

co 

to 

CO 

oo 

00 

oo 

OS 

1—1 

00 

No.  of  cases  . . 

169 

62 

48 

29 

62 

66 

4 

117 

21 

2 

2 

94 

179 

14 

19 

.... 

o 
cm 

CO 

CM 

co 

cm 

co 

CO 

cm 

co 

■* 

CM 

CO 

us 

CM 

co 

CO 
CM 

CO 

cm 

oo 

00 
IN 

00 

os 

CM 

00 

o 

CO 
CO 

CO 

co 

CM 

CO 
00 

CO 
CO 

oo 

CO 

co 

us 

CO 
00 

18 

394 

40 

58 

149 

93 

16 

176 

224 

89 

25 

233 

351 

CO 
CO 

co 

CO 
CO 

00 

CO 

co 

OS 

co 

CO 

o 
•<* 

CO 

co 

cm 

CO 

CO 

117 

CO 

US 

00 

to 
co 

CO 

co 

co 

Oi 
■«* 
CO 

o 

US 

CO 

US 
CO 

No.  of  cases  . .. 

173 

164 

91 

68 

232 

200 

181 

21 

425 

141 

53 

544 

326 

231 

562 

CM 

us 
co 

us 
CO 

US 

US 
US 

co 

co 
us 
co 

US 

CO 

00 
US 
00 

OS 
us 
CO 

o 
to 

CO 

to 
oo 

CM 

to 
oo 

CO 

to 

00 

to 

CO 

US 

to 

CO 

CO 
CO 

CO 

CO 
OO 

No.  of  cases.. . 

497 

656 

611 

101 

388 

423 

492 

60 

274 

599 

26S 

73 

382 

664 

36 

19 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  .      265 

gers  at  British  ports,  every  arm  being  examined  for  the  cicatrical 
evidence  of  vaccination.  The  good  results  of  immediate  domestic 
quarantine,  and  the  disinfection  of  the  clothing  of  the  sick  (l>y 
boiling  or  burning)  have  been  abundantly  witnessed  in  the  numer- 
ous cases  of  varioloid  and  about  one  hundred  cases  of  variola  that 
have  occurred  in  the  city  during  the  year.  And  we  would  here 
state  that  in  reply  to  the  following  inquiry  made,  of  prominent 
physicians,  in  eight  hundred  villages  and  cities  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  in  the  month  of  October  this  year,  not  an  affirmative 
answer  has  been  received,  though  more  than  one  hundred  of  the 
correspondents  have  replied  very  fully  upon  all  other  points  of 
inquiry:  "Have  any  cases  of  small-pox  in  your  district,  during  the 
past  twelve  months,  been  traced  to  New  York  or  Brooktyn?  If 
so,  please  give  date  and  circumstances." 

How  long  this  fortunate  "passover"  from  this  most  disgusting 
contagion  may  continue  can  be  predicted  only  by  those  who  know 
how  completely  the  infant  population,  in  the  cities  and  in  the 
country,  is  brought  under  the  protection  of  Jenner's  immortal 
boon.  Ceaseless  vigilance  by  parents,  family  physicians  and  the 
sanitary  authorities,  alone  can  ensure  such  timely  and  proper 
application  of  this  great  safeguard  as  will  ensure  the  continuance 
of  the  happy  experience  of  this  most  favored  year.* 

The  proofs  of  the  protective  power  of  genuine  vaccination  con- 
tinue to  be  as  decisive  in  character  as  when  Jenner  announced,  in 
1798,  that  this  discovery  would  exterminate  small-pox,  if  the 
application  of  the  harmless  antidote  were  made  universal. 

Measles,  Scarlatina  and  Diphtheria. 

These  three  foes  of  the  child-population,  in  the  two  cities  of  the 
Sanitary  District,  killed  2,175  persons.  The  following  table  shows 
the  chronological  course  of  these  diseases  in  the  year : 

*  The  experience  of  the  volunteer  forces  in  the  late  war  of  the  rebellion  was  unexam- 
pled in  magnitude,  and  so  conclusive  in  results,  especially  upon  the  questions  relating  to 
the  protective  virtue  of  good  vaccination,  the  rules  for  avoidance  of  spurious  vaccination, 
and  the  real  sources  of  impure  inoculation,  that  the  writer  has  recently  prepared,  by 
request  of  the  United  Slates  Sanitary  Commission,  a  resume  of  evidence  upon  these  prac- 
tical questions.  It  is  published  in  Vol.  I  of  the  Commission's  Sanitary  Memoirs  of  the 
War,  Hurd  &  Houghton,  New  York,  1867.  The  facts  and  results  of  that  inquiry  in  the 
late  war  will  be  practically  useful  to  Boards  of  Health,  for  the  observations  were  made 
upon  a  vast  scale. 


2 Q  g  Axnual  Report  of  the 

•  Mortality  caused  by  Measles,  Scarlatina  and  Diphtheria. 


NEWTOEK. 

TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  DEATHS  BY 


IN  THE  WEEK  ENDING. 


e£ 

e3 

s- 

c3 

J 

^ 

-C 

(3 

A 

to 

a 

BROOKLYN. 

TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  DEATHS  BY 


e? 

d 

S 

ja 

^J 

,s 

Pi 

ft 

October 

6 

1866 

do 

13, 

do 

do 

20, 

do 

do 

27, 

do 

November 

3, 

do 

do 

10, 

do 

do 

17, 

do 

do 

24, 

do 

December 

1, 

do 

do 

8, 

do 

do 

15, 

do 

do 

22, 

do 

do 

29, 

do 

January 

5 

1867 

do 

12, 

do 

do 

19, 

do 

do 

26, 

do 

February 

2: 

do 

do 

y 

do 

do 

16, 

do 

do 

23, 

do 

March 

2, 

do 

do 

9, 

do 

do 

16, 

do 

do 

23, 

do 

do 

30 

do 

April 

6 

do 

do 

13 

do 

do 

20 

do 

do 

27 

do 

May 

4 

do 

do 

11 

do 

do 

18 

do 

do 

25 

do 

June 

1 

do 

do 

8 

do 

do 

15 

do 

do 

22 

do 

do 

29 

do 

July 

6 

do 

do 

13 

do 

do 

20 

do 

do 

27 

do 

August 

a 

do 

do 

10 

,    do 

do 

17 

do 

do 

24 

,     do 

do 

31 

,     do 

September    7 

,     do 

do 

14 

,     do 

do 

21 

,     do 

do 

28 

,     do 

Total. 


3 
3 
6 
1 
5 

O 

3 

2 

8 

1 

3 

6 

6 

7 

10 

13 

16 

16 

14 

23 

16 

19 

15 

14 

26 

20 

26 

31 

22 

25 

24 

22 

15 

13 

5 

5 

7 

3 

2 

1 

462 


11 

6 
9 
8 
16 
12 
14 
21 
28 
26 
21 
23 
34 
29 
35 
26 
24 
13 
24 
21 
22 
26 
15 
13 
19 
10 
17 
16 
14 
21 
19 
17 
14 
12 
15 
15 
13 
12 
9 
17 
11 
9 
7 


12 

4 
7 
2 
2 
1 
3 

789 


2 
3 
5 
5 
6 
4 
1 
2 
2 
5 
3 
4 
7 
3 
6 
3 
5 
4 
2 
5 
4 

291 


16 

16 

17 
15 
23 
19 
20  ! 
26 
38 
38 
32 
28 
43 
36 
43 
36 
39 
21 
29 
33 
34 
33 
27 
28 
33 
26 
30 
33 
36 
39 
41 
42 
33 
36 
35 
35 
43 
33 
37 
50 
38 
37 
35 
35 
26 
31 
12 
17 
13 
7 


1,542 


4 
3 
4 
4 
5 
4 
4 
8 
5 
3 
3 
2 
3 
1 
1 
1 

156 


6 
5 
2 
5 
4 
1 

380 


97 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  267 

The  course  of  the  scarlatina  epidemic  is  seen  in  a  series  of  curves 
upon  the  statistical  diagrams.  But  the  attempts  to  master  all  the 
laws  and  causes  that  govern  the  epidemic  prevalence  of  this  subtle 
infection  reached  only  partial  results.  As  a  persistent  and  obsti- 
nate foe  scarlatina  is  more  to  be  dreaded  than  Asiatic  cholera. 
And  it  would  be  truly  fortunate  if  definite  and  positive" prophylac- 
tic means  could  be  applied  to  extinguish  or  completely  control  it. 
Possibly  an  antidote  may  yet  be  found  that  will  be  scarcely  less 
effectual  than  that  which  the  great  Jenner  has  given  to  prevent 
small-pox  ;  but,  until  that  much  wished-for  day  shall  come,  there 
can  be  no  plainer  duty  than  that  sanitary  authorities  an  J  families 
shall  enforce  the  most  thorough  cleansing,  ventilation,  and  the 
immediate  disinfection  of  all  clothing  and  infected  things  by  boil- 
ing or  other  adequate  means.  From  the  commencement  of  the 
epidemic  prevalence  of  scarlatina,  early  in  the  summer  of  1866 
until  now,  it  has  been  an  invariable  rule  of  this  Bureau  that  the 
clerk  who  issues  the  official  burial  permit  shall,  in  every  death  by 
this  infection,  request  the  messenger  who  bears  the  permit,  to 
inform  the  family  that  it  is  the  wish  of  the  Board  of  Healtb  that 
the  clothing  of  the  deceased  shall  be  immediately  disinfected  by 
boiling,  and  that  domestic  ventilation  and  cleansing  be  enforced 
in  the  house.  The  official  order  of  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health 
declaring  scarlatina  to  be  a  contagious  disease,  within  the  meaning 
of  the  Health  Act  (section  18  of  the  Act,  and  sections  19  to  30, 
inclusive,  of  the  Health  Ordinances,  1867),  constitutes  an  import- 
ant epoch  in  the  history  of  sanitary  regulations  against  contagious 
diseases.  Though  the  object  of  this  action  of  the  Board  is  simply 
to  mitigate  and  somewhat  limit  the  fatality  and  the  prevalence  of 
this  pest  of  childhood,  it  may  yet  prove  to  be  an  important  step 
toward  the  general  control  of  this  disease  as  an  epidemic.  The 
latter  result  seems  distant  and  doubtful,  but  the  object  actually 
aimed  at  is  neither  uncertain  nor  unworthy  the  labor  it  costs.  It 
has  the  hearty  approbation  of  physicians  and  the  people. 

Perhaps  no  better  testimony  to  the  enlightened  and  advanced 
hygienic  views  of  the  medical  profession  in  the  Metropolitan  Dis- 
trict could  be  adduced — certainly  no  better  proof  of  hearty  co- 
operation and  good  will  need  be  asked — than  has  been  spon- 
taneously given  in  the  prompt  and  cheerful  compliance  which 
physicians  now  render  to  the  requirement  of  the  authorities  for  the 
immediate  report  of  the  cases  of  scarlatina,  measles,  and  diph- 
theria.    Aside  from  the  first  great  end  sought  in  this  class  of 


268  Annual  Report  of  the 

reports  concerning  residence,  name  and  surroundings  of  the  sick 
and  the  dead,  an  equally  important  and  ultimate  end  may,  ere 
long,  be  reached  by  this  auspicious  beginning  of  the  Registration 
of  Diseases.  The  craving  desire  of  all  true  physicians  that  the 
history  of  epidemic  and  infectious  diseases  should  be  studied  upon 
a  broad  basis,  and  that  epidemiology  should  be  brought  up  to  the 
standard  of  the  exact  physical  sciences,  can  be  attained  in  no  other 
way  than  by  cordial  and  universal  co-operation  with  the  Boards  of 
Health  in  such  efforts  for  registration  of  the  facts  relating  to  sick, 
and  to  the  circumstances  of  prevalent  diseases. 

Typhus  and  Typhoid  Fever. 

The  one  hundred  and  ninety-nine  fatal  cases  of  typhus  fever  in 
New  York,  and  the  twenty-two  in  Brooklyn,  have  each  an  import- 
ant history,  and  each  case  taught  a  practically  useful  lesson  in 
hygiene.  An  offspring  of  personal  and  domestic  filthiness,  dark- 
ness, stagnant  foulness  of  air,  and  famine,  typhus  perpetuates  its 
infective  virus  wherever  its  germs  find  a  lodgment  amidst  any 
such  surroundings  as  those  that  first  engendered  it.  The  circum- 
stances attending  a  number  of  almost  explosive  outbreaks  of  this 
disease  were  noticed  in  our  records  of  the  first  two  quarters  of  the 
year.  The  severe  and  very  close  and  snowy  winter  so  shut  up 
the  poorer  classes  of  city  inhabitants  in  their  dwellings,  that  the 
malignant  outbreaks  and  rapid  diffusion  of  this  fever  threatened 
much  harm  to  the  tenant  population. 

The  four  hundred  and  four  deaths  by  the  enteric  of  typhoid 
fever  in  New  York,  and  the  one  hundred  and  fifty-nine  in  Brook- 
lyn served,  in  a  general  way,  and  not  unfrequently  in  a  very  par- 
ticular manner,  to  point  out  local  sources  of  unhealthfulness,  and 
these  mostly,  in  respect  of  drainage  and  the  proper  care  of 
excremental  filth.  The  details  upon  this  subject  need  not  be 
recited  here,  for  they  are  invariably  associated  with  the  evils  that 
have  most  required  the  investigation  of  Mr.  Worthen,  the  Sani- 
tary Engineer. 

In  many  respects  the  typhoid  fever  districts  have  been  found  to 
be  co-incident  with  the  "cholera-fields"  of  1866,  and  the  previous 
visitations  of  that  epidemic.  And  the  present  state  of  exact 
knowledge  regarding  the  localizing  conditions  that  favor  the  pre- 
valence of  cholera,  at  least  warrants  this  statement,  to  wit,  that 
wherever  this  fever  has  become  endemic  in  the  Metropolitan  Dis- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  269 

triet,  there  would  cholera  find  soil  and  surroundings  adapted  to 
promote  its  propagation. 

The  medical  profession  and  the  non-professional  public  have  a 
deep  interest  in  the  practical  results  of  a  faithful  enforcement  of 
the  cleansing  and  disinfection  which  the  Board  of  Health  has 
ordered,  these  several  mounts  past,  wherever  filth-disease  prevails; 
and,  as  the  city  sewerage  system  becomes  more  and  more  gener- 
ally extended,  it  will  be  fortunate  if  the  sewers  and  their  myriad 
connections  do  not  become  vast  ganglia  of  hidden  and  fever-breed- 
ing cesspools.  This  typhoid  disease,  in  a  crowded  city,  where 
the  water-closet  and  sewer  system  prevails  for  removing  the 
excremental  outflowings  of  the  population,  requires  skillful  guard- 
ing; for,  as  in  the  case  of  Prince  Albert,  who  died  of  it  at  Windsor 
Castle,  the  existence  of  the  fever  infection,  in  a  sewer  that  receives 
the  excrement  of  fever  patients  in  a  low  and  distant  quarter  of  the 
town,  will  communicate  its  fatal  poison  to  residents  of  a  palace 
who  chance,  in  their  walks  or  visits,  to  pass  within  the  range  of 
the  contaminated  atmosphere.  Unfortunately  this  has  been  the 
fate  of  members  of  several  affluent  families  that  were  healthfully 
domiciled  in  or  near  the  metropolis. 

There  are  some  facts  worthy  of  notice  in  regard  to  the  increas- 
ing prevalence  of  typhoid  fever,  and  the  gradual  decrease  of 
typhus  or  ship  fever  in  the  fifteen  years  past.  The  statistics  of 
deaths  by  these  fevers  in  New  York  are  as  follows  : 

Mortality  by  Typhus  Fever  and  by  Typhoid  Fever  in  JVeio  York 
in  the  Twenty  Years  ending  in  1867. 


Year.  Typhus. 

1848.. 720 

1849 415 

1850 396 

1851 977 

1852 662 

1853 404 

1854 390 

1855 439 

1856 227 

1857 171 

1858 126 

1859 169 

1860 198 


Total  number  of 

Deaths  by  all 

Typhoid. 

Causes. 

223 

15,919 

187 

23,773 

76 

16,978 

125 

22,024 

96 

21,601 

137 

22,702 

.  136 

28,568 

139 

23,402 

133 

21,102 

141 

21,775 

176 

22,196 

206 

21,645 

212 

22,710 

270  Annual  Report  of  the 


Year.  Typhus. 

1861 , 190 

1862 136 

1863.. _ 420 

1864... » ,  764 

1865 501 

1866  (nine  months) 371 

1867 I 199 


Total  number  of 

Deaths  by  all 

Typhoid. 

Causes. 

232 

22,117 

404 

21,244 

531 

25,196 

66l' 

25,645 

573 

24,843 

362 

21,206 

404 

23,443 

Total 7,875      5,154        448,089 


Erysipelas,  and  Puerperal  Fever. 
During  the  autumn  of  1866  there  were  numerous  fatal  cases  of 
each  of  these  diseases,  and,  as  regards  the  latter  malady,  there  was 
no  little  anxiety  among  thoughtful  obstetricians  in  the  down-town 
districts  where  it  most  prevailed.  In  the  past  twelve  months  there 
have  been  seventy-nine  fatal  cases  of  childbed  fever,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  sixteen  of  erysipelas,  the  latter  mostly  in  hospitals  or  in 
very  filthy  and  crowded  localities.  The  fearfully  positive  teach- 
ings of  medical  experience  in  regard  to  the  infectious  and  readily 
portable  nature  of  puerperal  fever,  and  in  regard  to  the  inter- 
changeable nature  of  this  fever-poison  and  erysipelas,  have  induced 
in  all  well-informed  practioners  of  obstetrics  in  those  two  cities  a 
very  great  degree  of  caution  and  conscientious  effort  to  avoid  all 
the  causes  of  this  destroyer  of  mothers  at  the  period  when  the 
sacrifice  of  maternal  life  is  most  lamented.  Public  gratitude  is  due 
to  the  teachers  and  practitioners  of  obstetrics  in  the  metropolis, 
for  the  conscientious  and  persistent  manner  in  which  they  have,  for 
many  years,  maintained  and  practically  obeyed  this  principle. 
Physicians  and  well-informed  families  in  these  two  cities  prudently 
regard  Puerperal  Fever  as  a  Domestic  Pestilence* 

Pyaemia  and  Septicemia. 
That  there  should  have  been  only  sixty  cases  of  pyasrnia  in  the 
two  cities,  and  in  a  hospital  population  of  nearly  20,000  patients 
of  all  kinds,  might  seem  to  be  a  matter  for  congratulation.  But, 
when  we  consider  that,  in  a  majority  of  instances,  this  destructive 
zymosis  is  engendered  by  foul  air  within  crowded  wards,  and  by 

*  This  is  the  title  of  a  most  valuable  Essay  upon  this  subject,  by  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  who  in  this  class  of  studies  has  proved  that  a  true  poet  can  be  a  great  physician. 


Metropolitan  Board  oi  Health.  271 

the  inherent  defects  of  hospital  construction  and  ventilation,  this 
record,  like  that  of  fatal  erysipelas,  points  specifically  to  unsani- 
tary circumstances  connected  with  the  existing  hospitals.  Besides 
these  sixty  deaths  by  pyaemia,  there  were  nineteen  by  osteo-myelitis, 
which  previous  to  the  recent  advances  in  exact  surgical  pathology, 
would  have  been  recorded  under  the  former  name,  or  under  the 
name  of  "surgical  fever."  * 

The  Diarrhceal  Diseases. 
The  total  quantity  of  diarrhceal  disease  in  these  cities,  week  by 
week,  and  month  by  month,  and  year  by  year,  indicates  with  a 
kind  of  mathematical  and  chemical  certainty,  the  total  death  pres- 
sure of  putrescent  defilement  of  the  atmosphere  in  the  sickly  dis- 
tricts. The  total  number  of  deaths  by  diarrhceal  diseases,  of  one 
kind  and  another,  in  the  twelve  months  was  4,404.  Asiatic 
cholera  caused  only  one  hundred  and  one  of  these  deaths.  The 
following  summary  will  best  exhibit  the  course  of  the  diarrhceal 
diseases  in  the  six  months  of  the  warm  season  in  1866  and  1867, 
respectively  : 

*  No  other  circumstance  than  this  relating  to  the  zymotic  nature  and  collateral  causes 
of  pyaemia  and  putrefactive  inflammation  of  injured  bones,  could  more  forcibly  illustrate 
the  practical  relations  which  hygiene  bears  to  the  success  of  surgpry  and  of  hospital  care. 
And  it  is  a  fact,  full  of  significance,  that  the  careful  researches  by  which  MM.  Jules Roux, 
Vallette,  and  Larrey,  in  Europe,  and  Dr.  J.  A.  Lidell  in  America,  studying  in  the  mili- 
tary hospitals  of  the  recent  great  wars,  have  proved  that  the  chief  and  worst  of  the  causes 
concerned  in  these  dreadful  calamities  which  befall  the  wounded  in  hospital  wards,  is  the 
conjoined  operation  of  a  foul  atmosphere  and  a  putrefactive  zymosis.  The  very  first  result 
of  the  scientific  researches  of  Dr.  Lidell  and  his  army  confreres  in  this  line  of  histological 
and  pathological  inquiry,  has  been  to  arouse  the  profound  attention  of  all  good  surgeons 
and  the  medical  officers  of  hospitals,  and  to  lead  them  to  guard  their  surgical  patients, 
when  suffering  amputation  or  fractures,  and  to  protect  their  hospital-wards  against  pyaemia 
infections  and  against  the  zymotic  and  destructive  results  of  bone  inflammations  or  osteo- 
myelitis. Though  these  scientific  inquiries  may  seem  to  lie  somewhat  beyond  the  range  of 
such  sanitary  observations  as  Boards  of  Health  require,  they  actually  are  very  important 
matters  for  sanitary  officers  to  know;  for  the  clearest  demonstration  of  sanitary  principles, 
likewise  some  of  the  most  urgent  necessities  for  the  application  of  them,  are  these  very 
cases  in  which  science,  in  its  highest  researches,  discovers  that  unhygienic  conditions, 
rather  than  inevitable  fate,  is  chargeable  with  the  loss  of  many  precious  lives  in  hospitals 
and  the  chambers  where  medicino  and  surgery  are  often  worsted  in  an  unequal  conflict 
with  the  zymotic  infections  of  a  polluted  atmosphere  and  the  defiled  surroundings  of  the 
suffering  patients.  As  Florence  Nightingale  has  well  said,  "  The  most  delicate  test  of 
sanitary  conditions  in  hospitals  is  afforded  by  the  progress  and  termination  of  surgical  case* 
after  operation,  together  with  the  complications  which  they  present." 


272 


Annual  Report  of  the 
Diarrhoea!  Diseases  in  1866  and  1867. 


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Having,  in  other  sections  of  this  report,  presented  the  leading 
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now  to  notice  the  records  of  cholera  as  it  appeared  in  New  York 
during  the  past  summer.  The  bare  statistics  of  the  deaths  by  this 
scourge,  read  as  follows  : 


Metropolitan  Board  o*  Health. 


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274  A  nnval  Rep  out  of  the 

As  cholera  did  not  gain  an  epidemic  foothold  in  any  portion  of 
the  Metropolitan  District,  except  in  a  single  square  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  we  will  not  burden  this  report  with  the  details  relat- 
ing to  the  several  individual  cases,  and  to  the  local  circumstances 
that  surrounded  them.  But  these  details  will  be  found  complete 
in  the  special  report  upon  the  present  epidemic,  now  nearly  ready 
for  the  use  of  the  Board.  The  notes  submitted  a  year  ago,  upon 
cholera  as  it  had  appeared  during  the  summer  and  autumn  of 
1866.  have  made  it  desirable  that  the  map  of  the  "cholera  fields'' 
should  be  completed  for  the  consecutive  years  1866  and  1867. 
Accordingly,  we  have  re-examined  the  history  and  local  circum- 
stances of  every  fatal  case  of  cholera  that  has  been  reported 
within  the  limits  of  the  city  proper  during  these  two  years.  The 
personal  records  of  each  victim  of  cholera  who  died  in  hospital 
has  been  so  ascertained  as  to  enable  us  to  designate  the  position 
and  character  of  the  house  whence  each  such  patient  was  conveyed 
away  to  die.  Having  visited  all  the  localities  in  which  cholera 
has  occurred  in  New  York  these  two  past  seasons,  as  well  as  those 
in  which  two  previous  epidemics  prevailed,  and,  in  the  course  of 
these  inquiries,  having  seen  abundant  evidence  of  the  existence 
and  importance  of  the  local  conditions  that  have  prepared  the 
way  and  furnished  a  congenial  soil  for  the  propagation  of  this 
exotic  pestilence,  we  beg  leave  now  to  submit  this  map  in  evi- 
dence, as  an  important  part  of  the  sanitary  records  of  cholera  in  this 
last  visitation.* 

The  Cholera  and  Diarrheal  Fields. — In  the  preceding  table, 
exhibiting  the  chronological  course  and  records  of  the  diarrhceal 
diseases,  it  was  seen  that  in  the  corresponding  six  months,  ending 
Oct.  1,  in  1866  and  1867,  the  totality  of  deaths  by  these  dis- 
orders— including  cholera — amounted  to  4,105  in  the  former,  and 
2,504  in  the  latter,  in  the  city  of  New  York;  and  in  Brooklyn, 
to  1,941  deaths  in  the  former  season,  and  1,052  in  the  latter.  It 
further  appears,  that,  by  excluding  the  cholera  mortality  from 
these  totals,  we  find  a  gain  of  633  fewer  deaths  by  the  ordinary 
diarrhceal  disorders,  the  last  year  in  New  York,  and  380  lives 
saved  in  like  manner  in  Brooklyn.  The  total  gain  to  life  appears, 
therefore,  so  far  as  this  kind  of  mortality  is   concerned,  as  being, 

*  The  map  here  presented  will  be  found  well  explained  by  referring  to  the  notes  at  the 
left  corner,  bottom,  and  by  reading  the  pages  on  Comparative  Unhealthfulness  of  the 
Different  Wards.  The  reader  should  also  refer  to  the  Sanitary  Engineer's  report  in  a 
subsequent  part  of  this  Report. 


275 

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Metr  op  o  lit  a  n  Board  of  He  a  LTh  275 

almost  exclusively,  a  saving  from  cholera.  Indeed,  this  was 
absolutely  the  fact  in  Brooklyn,  for  the  380  lives  gained  from 
ordinary  diarrhoeal  deaths  were  scarcely  equivalent  to  the  pro  rata 
increase  of  deaths  from  the  rapidly  increased  population.  Briefly, 
medical  experience  and  the  records  of  death  show  that  the  total 
quantity  of  fatal  diarrhoeal  diseases,  exclusive  of  Asiatic  cholera, 
in  the  two  cities  and  throughout  the  Metropolitan  District,  was 
nearly  the  same  in  each  of  the  two  past  years.  And  there  is  a 
still  more  important  circumstance  to  be  mentioned,  namely,  that 
medical  testimony  is  borne  to  the  fact  that,  so  far  as  merely 
diarrhoeal  disorders  were  concerned,  there  seems  to  have  been  a 
far  more  epidemic  tendency  to  this  class  of  maladies  in  the  latter 
than  in  the  previous  year. 

List  of  the  Hospitals  and  other  Public  Institutions,  as  Indicated 

on  the  Map. 

No.  as  given 

on  the  map.  Names.  Location. 

1 . .  Castle  Garden  (Emigrant  Landing  and  Labor  Exchange) Battery. 

2.  .City  Hospital 319  Broadway. 

3 .  .Howard  Mission  (Home  for  Little  Wanderers) 40  New  Bowery. 

4.  .Five  Points  (Ladies')  Mission 61  Park  street. 

5.  .Five  Points  House  of  Industry 155  Worth  street. 

6 . .  New  York  Dispensary White  and  Centre  streets. 

7 . .  Eastern  Dispensary Essex  Market,  Grand  street. 

8 . .  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum Prince,  corner  Mott  street. 

9.  .Lying-in  Asylum 85  Marion  street. 

10 . .  House  of  Protection 33  E.  Houston  street. 

11 . .  German  Dispensary 8  Third  street. 

12.  .St.  Franciscus  Hospital 409  Fifth  street. 

13.  .Northern  Dispensary Waverley  Place,  cor.  of  Christopher  street. 

14.  .Infirmary  and  Dispensary  for  Women  and  Children 162  Second  avenue. 

15 . . Protestant  Half-Orphan  Asylum 65  W.  Tenth  street. 

16.  .St.  Vincent's  Hospital 195  W.  Eleventh  street. 

17 . .  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary 216  Second  avenue. 

18.  .Old  Ladies'  Home 226  E.  Twentieth  street. 

19 . .  Demilt  Dispensary 401  Second  avenue. 

20.  .Bellevue  Hospital Foot  of  Twenty-sixth  street,  East  River. 

21 .  .New  York  Ophthalmic  Hospital 387  Fourth  avenue. 

22 . .  Mount  Sinai  Hospital 138  W.  Twenty-eighth  street. 

23.  .Home  for  the  Friendless  and  Female  Guardian  House.  .32  E.  Thirtieth  street. 

24.  .Institution  for  the  Blind Ninth  avenue,  between  33d  and  34th  street. 

25 .  .Orthopedic  Dispensary  and  Infirmary 1299  Broadway. 

26.  .North-western  Dispensary 511  Eighth  avenue. 

27.  .Asylum  for  Aged  and  Infirm  (M.  E.) 255  W.  Forty-second  street. 

28.  .Protestant  Episcopal  Orphan  Asylum. .  .Forty-ninth  st.,  near  Lexington  ave. 

29 . .  Woman's  Hospital Fourth  avenue,  cor.  Fiftieth  street. 

30.  .Infant's  Home  Dispensary .Lexington  avenue  and  Fifty-first  street. 


276  Annual  Report  of  the 

No.  as  given 

on  the  map.  Names.  Location. 

31.  .R.  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum  (male) Fifth  avenue  and  Fifty-first  street. 

32.  .R.  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum  (female). .  .Eighty-sixth  st.,  near  Second  avenue. 

33.  .St.  Luke's  Hospital Fifty-fourth  street,  corner  Fifth  avenue. 

34 . .  Colored  Home First  avenue  and  Sixty-fifth  street. 

35.  .N.  Y.  Orphan  Asylum W.  Seventy-first  street  and  Bloomingdale  road. 

36 . .  German  Hospital Fourth  avenue,  corner  Seventy-seventh  street. 

37.  .Hebrew  Orphan  Asylum Seventy-seventh  street,  near  Third  avenue. 

38 .  .Magdalen  Asylum Eighty-eighth  street,  near  Fifth  avenue. 

39 .  .German  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum Eighty-ninth  street,  corner  Avenue  A. 

40.  .House  of  the  Good  Shepherd  (Magdalen). . .  .Ninety-first  st.  and  East  River. 
41 . ,  The  Leake  and  Watts  Orphan  Asylum . .  109th  &  110th  sts.,  bet.  9th  &  10th  avs. 

42.  .Bloomingdale  Lunatic  Asylum. . , 117th  street  and  10th  avenue. 

43.  .College  of  the  Christian  Brothers W.  131st  street,  cor.  11th  avenue. 

44.  .Manhattan  Dispensary 131st  street,  between  10th  and  11th  avenues. 

Note. — There  are  many  other  public  institutions  and  charitable  establishments 
in  the  city,  but  we  enumerate  above  the  more  important  and  populous  ones  which 
were  exposed  to  cholera  in  the  epidemic  of  1866.  The  institutions  which  are 
located  upon  the  islands  in  the  East  River  are  indicated  by  outlines  and  names  on 
the  map. 

To  prevent  the  confusion  that  would  result  from  printing  upon  the  map  the  sym- 
bols to  indicate  the  situation  of  each  house  in  which  deaths  occurred  from  the  com- 
mon diarrheal  diseases  in  the  year  1867,  those  symbols  are  omitted ;  but  as  they 
would  mostly  be  included  within  the  contour  lines  that  mark  the  diarrhoeal  fields, 
this  map  is  made  to  illustrate  the  records  of  the  two  years,  1866  and  1867.  The 
wards  are  numbered,  and  their  boundaries  are  shown  in  black. 

And  now  we  come  to  notice  the  all-important  circumstance 
that  has  characterized  the  "  diarrhozal  and  cholera  fields  "  in  these 
two  consecutive  years.  The  boundaries  and  areas  of  these  un- 
healthful  sections  of  the  city  were  coincident  and  almost  identi- 
cally the  same  in  the  last  as  in  the  previous  season.  There  was  a 
difference,  in  the  following  respects  only,  so  far  as  we  can  discover: 

(1.)  The  extent  of  some  of  these  fields  of  bowel-disease  was 
diminished  ;  and  such  difference  has  been  noticed  only  in  those 
districts  in  which  sanitary  scavenging  and  cleansing  have  been 
particularly  thorough  and  incessant  during  the  past  summer.  The 
Fourth,  Sixth,  the  Sixteenth,  and  a  part  of  the  Seventeenth  wards 
are  instanced  as  illustrating  this  point.  (2.)  The  fatal  force  or 
lethality  of  these  diseases  was  apparently  diminished  in  the  dis- 
tricts last  mentioned.  (3.)  Lastly,  in  certain  localities  that  were, 
in  this  year  of  unusual  rain-falls,  supersaturated  with  surface 
moisture  (and,  possibly,  the  wash  of  sewers),  as  in  portions  of  the 
Eleventh,  Seventeenth,  and  Twenty-second  wards,  there  was  a 
greater  amount  of  fatal  diarrhceal  disease,  exclusive  of  cholera,  in 
1866  than  1867.     Similar  experience  in  various  uudrained  sections 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  277 

of  Brooklyn  taught  the  same  practical  lesson  as  these  persistent 
haunts  of  bowel-disease  in  New  York.  They  concentrated  their 
teachings  upon  the  one  great  question  of  sanitary  drainage  and 
sanitary  cleansing. 

Is  the  Epidemic  of  Cholera  liable  to  return  to  the  Metropolis? — 
Cholera  has  returned  to  several  places  in  Europe,  and  to  some  in 
the  United  States.  It  may  return  to  us,  and,  if  it  does  gain  an 
epidemic  hold  in  the  "  diarrheal  fields  "  in  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn, there  will  be  a  greater  liability  to  its  malignant  prevalence 
the  ensuing  year  or  two  than  in  the  summer  of  1866.  This  con- 
clusion is  based  upon  the  principle  which  Drs.  Pettenkofer,  Grie- 
singer,  and  Simon  have  demonstrated  in  their  careful  studies  of 
the  conditions  of  soil  and  moisture  that  most  favor  the  propaga- 
tion of  cholera.     That  principle,  briefly,  is  stated  as  follows: 

The  cholera  germs  or  infection,  by  whatsoever  means  they 
chance  to  be  introduced  into  any  town  or  city,  will  be  epidemically 
propagated  only  where  and  when  certain  conditions  of  putrescence 
in  the  earth,  the  atmosphere,  or  the  potable  water  are  present; 
that  where  any  two  or  more  of  these  unhealthful  circumstances  are 
present,  the  certainty  and  the  severity  of  the  epidemic  will  be 
greatly  increased,  unless  the  disinfecting  power  of  acid  antiseptics 
is  brought  to  bear  at  every  point  of  infectious  exposure;  and,  finally, 
the  co-existence  and  co-operation  of  surface  moisture  of  the  ground, 
technically,  in  the  words  of  Prof.  Pettenkofer,  the  ground-water, 
is  the  most  constant  and  essential  of  all  the  physical  ageneies  that 
promote  the  propagation  of  cholera,  after  the  germs  of  infection 
have  been  introduced. 

The  Chief  Practical  Lesson  in  Cholera-Prevention. — The  reek- 
ing filthiness  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn  at  the  time  cholera  made  its 
advent,  in  the  spring  of  1866,  rendered  it  imperatively  necessary 
for  the  Board  of  Health  to  resort  very  largely  to  the  chemical 
antiseptic  and  disinfecting  method  of  arresting  and  destroying  the 
cholera  poison.  The  doctrines  upon  which  that  sanitary  practice 
is  founded  have  been  abundantly  confirmed  by  a  world-wide 
experience  the  past  year  and  a  half.  The  review  we  gave  last 
year  upon  the-evidences  and  philosophy  of  this  preventive  practice, 
will  be  found  fully  corroborated  by  all  recent  experience  and 
testimony.*     In  the  application  of  exact  and  absolute  science  to 


*  In  the  progress  of  exact  scientific  knowledge  concerning  the  natnre  of  the  infectious 
cause, — or  the  communicable  and  propagating  element  in  the  assemblage  of  causes  of 
cholera,  great  progress  has  been  made  during  the  present  epidemic.     And  in  the  precision 


278  Annual  Report  of  the 

the  elucidation  of  the  most  difficult  questions  relating  to  the  essen- 
tial nature  and  entity  of  the  cholera  infection  itself,  great  progress 
seems  to  have  been  made.     But  these  questions  in  mere  science, 

and  possible  results  of  some  of  these  steps  of  progress  there  is  something  worthy  of  the 
highest  promises  of  exact  science.  But  these  revelations  of  the  highest  powers  of  the 
microscope  and  the  nicest  tests  of  chemistry  have  not  in  any  manner  changed  or  dimin- 
ished the  plain  teaching  of  that  philosophical  and  practical  mastery  which  had  previously 
been  attained  by  leading  hygienists.  Hence,  this  year,  we  need  here  only  refer  to  the 
practical  review  concerning  Preventive  Measures  that  was  contained  in  the  report  submit- 
ted by  the  writer,  in  the  Board's  first  report.  But  in  regard  to  these  curious  and  very 
promising  advances  in  our  knowledge  of  the  precise  and  organic  agencies  by  which  cholera 
seems  to  be  propagated,  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  is  not  indifferent.  These  mar- 
velously  interesting  advances  in  this  kind  of  exact  scientific  discovery  may  be  concisely 
epitomized  as  follows :  . 

The  Cholera  Fungus — cylindro-tcenium. — Ever  since  the  year  1838,  the  best  microscopi- 
cal students,  particularly  those  who  were  familiar  with  the  minute  forms  of  vegetable 
and  animal  parasites,  have  sought  for  the  existence  of  some  minute  kind  of  cryptogamic 
cell-growth  or  fungus  parasite  that  might  turn  out  to  be  found  exclusively  in  the  riee- 
water  excrement  of  the  cholera- sick.  With  occasional  apparent  success,  but  mostly  in 
deep  and  repeated  disappointment,  the  chief  students  of  these  things  reached  uncertainties 
only.  The  records  of  these  efforts  fill  a  thousand  pages  in  various  languages.  There  are 
reasons  for  believing  that  the  recondite  mysteries  of  zymosis,  at  least  in  such  a  pestilence 
as  cholera,  are  in  some  way  dependent  upon  cell-germs  and  cell-growth  more  or  less  like 
certain  ferments,  like  the  torula  in  yeast.  Still  more,  it  has  long  seemed  probable  that 
some  minutest  kind  of  organic  cell-germs  would  at  last  turn  out  to  be  the  secret  carriers 
of  the  cholera  pestilence.  To  discover  and  describe  such  a  carrier  and  germ  of  the  pesti- 
lence would,  in  some  sense,  give  certainty  to  preventive  measures  against  it.  During  the 
year  1866,  several  of  the  ablest  microscopists  in  Europe  made  great  progress  in  this  branch 
of  inquiry,  and,  separately  or  independently  as  regards  each  other,  they  have  reached  the 
same  results,  which,  in  untechnical  phraseology,  may  be  expressed  as  follows : 

In  the  rice-water  excrement  of  cholera-sick  persons,  and  within  the  intestinal  canal  of 
such  persons, — also  in  the  water  and  soil  that  have  been  in  any  manner  made  to  receive  or 
imbibe  the  rice-water  excrement, — is  discovered  a  peculiar  cell-growth  or  fungus  cyst 
that  in  most  respects  resembles  in  its  developed  state,  the  fungus  known  as  the  Penicil- 
lium  and  other  forms  of  the  Oidium  that  are  so  well  known  in  connection  with  certain 
blighting  diseases  of  cereals,  as  well  as  with  the  diphtheritic  and  other  diseases  of  the 
human  body.  But  this  is  a  new  and  peculiar  species  of  fungus-cell  that  is  as  marvelous 
for  its  rapidity  of  development  as  for  its  strange  forms  of  growth  and  its  terribly  fatal 
destruction  of  the  epithelial  tissue  of  the  intestine  (it  is  termed  cylindro-tcenium  or  zoo- 
glcea,  by  Profs.  Thome  and  Klobe;  but  we  have  chosen  to  mention  it  as  Prof.  Haller  and 
Dr.  Simon  do,  as  being  an  exotic  member  of  the  family  to  which  the  urocystic  and  oidium 
blights  of  the  cereal  grains  and  fruits  belong.  Haller  has  proved  that  from  a  certain 
stage  of  development  in  cholera-fungus  he  has  found  it  would  grow  luxuriantly  in  the  rice 
plant,  which  is  a  native  of  India). 

As  described  by  Prof.  Ernst  Hallier,  of  Jena,  this  fungus  cell-growth  is  a  Penicillium 
bearing  one,  or  rather  it  is  a  urocystic  variety,  which  is  known  to  be  a  native  of  India 
only,  and  having  the  following  peculiarities : 

1.  As  shown  in  all  his  experiments,  its  life  (power  of  further  propagation  or  growth  in 
the  urocystic  form)  is  instantly  destroyed  by  an  acid  condition  of  the  fluid  or  soil  in  whioh 
their  growth  was  being  observed. 

2.  The  presence  of  an  abundance  of  nitrogenous  matter,  and  the  absence  of  acids,  in  the 
soil,  the  substance  or  the  fluid  in  which  the  propagation  and  development  of  the  cholera- 
fungus  was  being  observed,  experimentally,  was  proved  to  be  an  essential  condition  for 
snoLi  propagation  and  growth. 

3.  When  the  fungus-cells,  in  the  course  of  their  development  upon  a  piece  of  intestinal 


Metr op olita n  Board  of  He alth.  279 

and  the  apparently  successful  answer  to  some  of  the  most  abstruse 
ones,  do  not  yet  in  the  least  diminish  the  practical  force  and  cor- 

membrane  (in  a  bottle),  reached  a  certain  stage,  they  rapidly  increased  and  the  epithe- 
lium as  rapidly  wasted  away. 

This  subject  is  so  pregnant  with  possible,  we  might  say — probable — importance,  that  it 
is  at  least  a  duty  to  keep  ourselves  well  informed  in  the  progressive  knowledge  concerning 
it.  But,  aside  from  the  apparently  strong  confirmation  it  gives  to  all  our  fixed  rules  for 
cholera  prevention,  this  latest  discovery  in  the  history  of  parasitic  organisms  may  not  aid 
the  sanitary  officer  in  any  practical  manner,  for,  as  Dr.  Simon  has  recently  said  in  regard 
to  the  practical  application  of  such  knowledge  in  a  health  officer's  daily  duties : 

"  Nowhere  out  of  Laputa,  could  there  be  serious  thought  of  differentiating  the  excre- 
mental  performances  into  groups  of  diarrhoeal  and  healthy,  or  of  using  the  higher  powers 
of  the  microscope  to  identify  the  cylindro-tcsnium  for  extermination.  For  it  is  excrement, 
indiscriminately,  that  must  be  kept  from  fouling  us  with  its  decay." 

Disinfection. — Vast  experience  in  all  kinds  of  disinfection,  as  well  as  the  very  nice 
experiments  that  have  been  made  upon  the  cylindro-taenium  with  chemicals,  thus  far 
seems  simply  to  corroborate  the  chemical  doctrines  ef  cholera  disinfection  which  Professor 
Pettenkofer  first  taught,  as  regards  the  application  of  sulphate  of  iron  and  certain  other 
acid-reacting  chemicals.  Sulphate  of  iron,  combined  with  solutions  of  carbolic  acid,  ie 
demonstrated  to  be  the  most  effectual  of  all  disinfectants  for  cholera  defilement;  and,  for 
clothing,  the  solutions  of  permaganate  of  potassa,  or  of  sulphate  of  zinc,  are  practically 
the  most  applicable. 

Discovery  and  Application  of  New  Chemical  and  Physiological  Tests  in  the  Blood. — We 
would  briefly  allude  to  a  practically  useful  discovery  that  has  been  made,  during  the  late 
epidemic,  by  M.  Papillon,  in  the  laboratory  of  Prof.  Chas.  Robin,  a  leading  authority  in 
the  highest  branches  of  physiological  knowledge : 

1.  That  upon  taking  blood  from  a  person  sick  or  dead  with  cholera,  and  after  carefully 
separating  and  drying  the  albuminous  part  of  that  blood,  if  sulphuric  aoid  be  touched  to 
the  surface  of  the  dried  albumen,  it  will  not  produce  the  black  stain  that  is  produced  by 
that  acid  when  touched  to  the  dried  albumen  of  blood  that  has  been  taken  from  persons 
not  suffering  from  cholera. 

2.  That  when  such  albumen  (from  cholera  blood)  is  touched  by  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
sulphuric  acids,  there  will  be  no  elimination  of  the  hyponitious  fumes. 

3.  That  when  hydrochloric  acid  is  touched  to  cholera-blood  albumen,  it  produces  no 
such  deep  violet  stain  or  tint,  as  that  which  it  produces  in  all  other  blood-albumen. 

4.  That  when  thrown  into  water  (cold  or  hot)  the  mass  of  dry  albumen  remains  unaf- 
fected, and  thus  proves  the  loss  of  the  ordinary  hydroscopic  property  which  other  blood- 
albumen  possesses. 

5.  When  treated  in  the  aqueous  solutions  of  potassa  and  soda,  of  proper  strength  and 
temperature  for  dissolving  all  other  kinds  of  blood-albumen,  this  albumen  from  cholera 
blood  refuses  to  enter  into  solution. 

In  the  course  of  a  vexatious  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  a  disease  that  destroyed  a  great 
number  of  lives  upon  the  emigrant  ship  "  Minnesota,"  these  discoveries  of  Prof.  Robin 
chanced  to  serve  a  good  practical  purpose,  though  the  chemical  tests  gave  negative  results 
mainly,  answering  neither  to  these  chemical  tests  of  cholera-albumen,  nor  to  that  of 
healthy  blood.  The  patients  sickened  and  died  without  cholera  discharges  and  with  no 
suppression  of  urine.  For  want  of  a  better  name,  we  called  this  disease  cholera  sicca;  but 
it  was  a  kind  of  purpuric  disease,  and  occurred  in  a  company  of  sturdy  Irish  emigrants. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  and  important  chemical  researches  upon  cholera,  the  past 
two  years,  are  those  by  Dr.  Thudichum,  an  official  assistant  of  Dr.  Simon,  the  Medical 
Officer  of  the  English  Government.  But  no  one  point  reached  in  the  chemical  researches 
upon  cholera  seems  as  important  as  tho  physiological  fact  which  Prof.  Robin  has  proved 
concerning  the  great  change  which  occurs  in  cholera-blood.  The  precise  nature  of  the 
intimate  fatal  changes  which  cholera  produces  in  the  blood  may  soon  be  discovered;  but 
all  such  knowledge  progresses  by  most  laborious  steps.  All  the  great  practically  prevent- 
ive measures  have  thus  far  been  attained  without  these  nice  inquiries  by  chemists  and 
mioroicoputs. 


280  Annual  Report  of  the 

rectness  of  the  practical  conclusions  that  had  previously  been 
reached  concerning  the  sanitary  measures  that  prevent  cholera 
epidemics  in  towns.  And  upon  this  subject  the  forcible  and  mas- 
sive testimony  of  Dr.  John  Simon,  the  Chief  Medical  Officer  of  the 
English  Privy  Council,  recently  given  to  Parliament,  in  a  most 
learned  report  upon  the  latest  advances  of  science  in  the  study  of 
cholera,  fully  conveys  the  views  of  the  most  experienced  and  exact 
observers  of  the  epidemic  and  its  accessory  causes.  This  testi- 
mony correctly  sets  forth  the  leading  lesson  which  cholera,  as  the 
Great  Sanitary  Inspector,  has  everywhere  taught,  while  stalking 
abroad  over  continents  and  through  cities  in  every  latitude.  After 
showing  how  essentialy  useful  the  practice  of  thorough  disinfection 
is  now  proved  to  be,  Dr.  Simon  says: 

"  Practically,  the  business  of  resisting  cholera  on  any  large 
scale  resolves  itself  into  aims  of  prevention  ;  and  in  contrast  with 
the  powerlessness  of  curative  medicine,  the  preventive  power 
which  we  possess  is  among  the  happiest  possessions  of  science. 

*  #  #  «  xhat  which  for  public  use  'in  this  country  I  believe 
to  be  without  a  shadow  of  doubt,  now  as  for  long  past  years,  the 
all-important  principle  of  cholera  prevention  is  the  principle  that 
for  us  cholera  derives  all  epidemic  destructiveness  from  filth,  and 
especially  from  excremental  uncleanliness." 

Rehearsing  next  the  evidences  concerning  "the  cholera  fungus 
— the  alleged  discovery  that  the  specific  zymosis  of  cholera,  the 
bowel  fermentation  in  respect  of  which  it  is  contagious,  has  essen- 
tially associated  with  it,  and  perhaps  as  its  immediate  cause,  as 
definite  multiplying  organic  form," — this  greatest  of  sanitary 
philosophers  and  eminently  effective  health  officer  of  England 
goes  on  to  say,  in  conclusion  : 

"In  the  long  chain  of  cause  and  effect  through  which  the  rise 
of  a  certain  ferment  in  India  becomes  the  predestining  force  for 
subsequent  outbreaks  of  pestilence  in  Europe,  we  see  at  present 
only  one  link  where  we  may  strike  with  the  certainty  of  preven- 
tive effect.  Whatever  may  be  the  explanation  of  the  fact,  at 
least  empirically,  we  know  that  here  in  Europe  the  pestilence 
rao-es  only  where  there  are  definite  sanitary  evils.  This  know- 
ledge remains  unchanged;  and  unchanged  remains  also  our  practi- 
cal means  of  applying  it.  Between  different  epidemiologists  there 
may  be  differences,  even  strong  differences,  of  opinion,  as  to  the 
intimate  nature  of  some  of  the  steps  by  which  the  Asiatic  influence 
becomes  able  to  operate  on  the  individual  dweller  in  some  English 
town  ;  but  practically  all  would  unite  in  saying  that  the  chain  of 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  281 

evil  is  abruptly  broken  wherever  thorough  cleanliness  prevails. 
The  details  of  the  contrary  condition  are  beyond  measure  disgust- 
ing to  write  about  ;  but  more  disgusting  by  far  it  would  be  that 
they  should  continue  through  not  being  identified.  It  cannot  be 
too  distinctly  understood  that  the  person  who  contracts  cholera  in 
this  country  is  ipso  facto  demonstrated,  with  most  absolute  cer- 
tainty, to  have  been  exposed  to  excremental  pollution;  that  which 
gave  him  cholera  was  (mediately  or  immediately)  cholera  conta- 
gium  discharged  from  another's  bowels  ;  that,  in  short,  the  diffu- 
sion of  cholera  among  us  depends  entirely  upon  the  numberless 
filthy  facilities  which  are  let  exist,  and  especially  in  our  larger 
towns,  for  the  fouling  of  earth,  and  air,  and  water,  and  thus  sec- 
ondarily for  the  infection  of  man,  with  whatever  contagium  may 
be  contained  in  the  miscellaneous  outflowings  of  the  population. 
Excrement-sodden  earth,  excrement-reeking  air,  excrement- 
tainted  water,  these  are  for  us  the  causes  of  cholera." 

Believing  that  there  never  has  been  a  period  since  1848  when 
there  could  be  greater  necessity  for  adopting  effectual  measures 
against  epidemic  cholera,  we  respectfully  submit  to  the  Board  of 
Health  these  records  and  notes  concerning  the  deadly  foe  that  has 
for  two  years  been  kept  in  abeyance,  but  has  not  yet  ceased  to 
threaten  the  American  continent  and  its  metropolis. 

Phthisis  Pulmonalis. 

This  blighting  affliction  of  humanity  visits  New  York  and 
Brooklyn  less  fatally  than  the  New  England  towns,  but  the  3,286 
deaths,  or  14.02  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  deaths  by  all 
causes  in  New  York,  and  1,161,  or  13.51  per  cent,  of  all  in  Brook- 
lyn, left  many  sad  blanks  in  society.  If  consumption  should  ere 
long  be  demonstrated  to  be  a  really  preventable  disease,  its  causes 
would  at  once  be  sought  out  and  controlled  by  law.  Its  domestic, 
hereditary,  and  dietic  causes  are  well  studied,  but  only  the  first 
in  this  list  can  be  officially  controlled  by  any  sanitary  government 
among  a  free  people.  Tuberculous  men  and  women  will  wed, 
and  families  will  live  on  what  diet  they  please  ;  but  something 
may  be  done  to  enforce  the  structural  means  of  ventilation  and 
air-supply  for  human  lungs.  And,  in  the  progress  of  inquiry  in 
this  Bureau,  and  by  good  medical  observers  elsewhere,  it  turns 
out  that  there  are  found  certain  local  conditions  that  are  extra- 
domiciliary,  and  not  personal,  which  are,  or  seem  to  be  prone  to 
induce  consumption.     Attention  was  first  called  to  this  subject  in 


2g2  Annual  Report  of  the 

a  definite  manner  by  Dr.  Henry  I.  Bowditch,  of  Boston,  and 
knowing  the  desirableness  of  more  information  on  the  subject, 
inquiries  have  been  commenced  upon  the  questions  most  relevant 
to  the  object  in  view,  viz:  the  saving  of  life  by  discovering  the 
real  causes  of  fatal^disease  in  the  Metropolitan  District.  And  we 
mention  this  subject  here,  because  it  is  desirable  that  both  sanitary 
officers  and  other  physicians  should  observe  and  report  all  facts 
that  will  tend  to  show  by  what  circumstances  tubercular  phthisis 
is  engendered. 

We  know  that  injurious  occupations,  or,  rather,  that  hurtful  ly- 
conducted  trades,  unventilated  workshops,  churches,  schoolrooms 
and  places  of  assemblings ;  and,  still  more,  that  unventilated 
dormitories,  and  close,  unlighted,  and  damp  living-rooms,  are  the 
chief  sources  of  phthisis  in  our  cities.  But  it  comes  to  pass  that 
the  homes  of  affluence  and  the  fairest  examples  of  genius  and 
useful  learning  are  so  often  afflicted  by  this  insidious  destroyer 
that  the  discovery  of  a  local  cause  of  the  disease,  or  of  an 
infectious  principle  in  it,  has  come  to  be  a  matter  in  which  every 
class  of  society  is  concerned  to  find  out  preventive  measures. 

The  facts  we  desire  to  submit  are  these: 

First.  That  in  an  elaborate  and  statistically  fortified  report 
which  Dr.  John  Simon  has  recently  prepared  by  the  aid  of  skilled 
experts,  who  made  their  investigations  under  his  direction  for  the 
English  Government,  records  of  mortality  and  the  present  condi- 
tion of  the  living,  in  twenty -five  large  towns  where  sanitary 
drainage  and  kindred  improvements  have  been  most  needfully  as 
well  as  effectively  executed  in  the  past  twenty  years,  a  great 
decrease  in  the  quantity  and  fatality  of  consumption  turns  out  to 
be  the  very  chief  and  most  constant  of  all  the  good  hygienic 
results  to  the  resident  population.  The  evidence  upon  this  point 
is  voluminous  and  convincing.* 

*  Concerning  this  investigation  in  the  twenty-five  towns  and  cities,  Dr.  Simon,  wh» 
planned  and  superintended  it,  says  : 

"  Certain  of  our  English  proceedings,  especially  our  modern  works  of  town-drainage, 
have  been  great  popular  experiments  in  the  management  of  the  public  health;  experi- 
ments, it  is  true,  which  medical  science  could  not  deem  of  doubtful  promise;  but  not  the 
less  to  the  popular  mind,  experiments  to  be  judged  by  their  actual  fruits.  Their  lordship* 
(the  Privy  Council)  authorized  me  to  institute  the  inquiry.  *  *  It  has  related  to 
twenty-five  towns,  with  an  aggregate  population  of  more  than  600,000  persons.  *  *  *  * 
In  some  of  the  twenty-five  towns  structural  improvements  have  but  very  recently  been 
made,  in  others  such  improvements  have  been  made  for  seven  or  eight  years  and  upward." 

After  reciting  the  statistical  proofs  that  cholera,  typhoid  fever,  and  fatal  diarrhoea  had 
been  successfully  resisted,  first,  in  proportion  to  the  "  dis-pollution  "  of  the  towns  by  works 
of  drainage  and  cleansing,  this  officer  goes  on  to  remark  upon  his  records  of  the  investiga- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  283 

Now  this  must  be  regarded  by  the  public  as  a  most  gratifying 
and  unexpected  result.  But  great  observers  among  our  American 
physicians  have  reached  similar  conclusions,  though  from  more 
limited  fields  and  records  for  study  of  the  facts.  And  it  is 
because  this  subject  is  one  of  very  vital  importance,  and  one  that 
by  the  aid  of  physicians  of  the  Metropolitan  District,  and  by  the 
statistical  returns  they  furnish  to  this  Bureau,  can  be  successfully 
studied,  we  deem  it  to  be  a  duty  of  first  rate  importance  to 
begin  inquiry  in  this  field.  Practically  considered,  there  is 
probably  no  kind  of  skilled  sanitary  service  performed  under 
direction  of  the  Board  of  Health  that  ensures  more  permanent 
and  universal  benefits  to  health,  and  which  so  much  tends  to  guard 
against  the  preventable  causes  of  phthisis  as  well  as  of  cholera 
and  endemic  diseases,  as  the  service  of  the  Sanitary  Engineer,  in 
planning  the  much-needed  works  for  local  drainage,  surface  dry- 
ing, and  domestic  ventilation. 

The  following  points,  which  seem  now  to  have  been  satisfactorily 
reached  by  Dr.  Bowditch's  and  Dr.  Simon's  investigations,  were 
well  stated  by  the  former  excellent  observer  in  the  year  1862. 
These  conclusions  were  based  upon  a  special  practice  in  lung 
diseases,  and  especially  upon  a  series  of  special  researches  of  the 
physicians  throughout  Massachusetts. 

u  1.  Consumption  is  not  equally  distributed  over  New  England. 

"2.  Its  greater  or  less  prevalence  depends  very  much  upon  the 
characteristics  of  the  soil  on  or  near  which  the  patients  affected 
with  it  have  resided. 

"3.  Moisture  of  the  soil  is  the  only  known  characteristic  that, 
so  far  as  our  investigations  have  gone,  is  connected  with  consump- 
tive-breeding districts."* 

tion,  that  "the  drying  of  soil  which  has,  in  most  cases,  accompanied  the  laying  of  sewers 
in  tbe'improved  towns,  has  led  to  the  diminution,  more  or  less  considerable,  of  phthisis. 
*  *  *  •  The  reductions  on  the  death-rates  by  phthisis  in  the  first  fifteen  towns,  are 
as  follows  :  Salisbury,  forty-nine  per  cent,  on  its  previous  rate  ;  Ely,  forty-seven  per  cent. ; 
Rugby,  forty -three  per  cent.;  Banbury,  forty-one  per  cent.;  Worthing,  thirty-;ix  per 
cent.;  Macclesfield,  thirty-one  per  cent.;  Leicester,  thirty-two  per  cent.;  Newport, 
thirty-two;  Cheltenham,  twenty-six;  Bristol,  twenty-two,  Dover,  twenty;  Warwick, 
nineteen;  Croyden,  seventeen;  Cardiff,  seventeen;  Merthyr,  eleven.  The  towns  here 
mentioned  were  once  as  distinguished  for  unhealthfulness  as  they  are  now  for  the  benign 
results  of  sanitary  works  of  drainage  and  cleansing.  The  general  death-rate  has  fallen 
nearly  one  half  in  them  all.  But  the  fact  that  mortality  by  phthisis  has  decreased  more 
uniformly  and  considerably  than  any  other,  should  create  new  friends  to  the  sanitary 
governments  that  are  pressing  forward  the  local  improvements  by  which  such  results  can 
alone  be  attained." — Ninth  Report  of  the  Medical  Officer  of  the  Privy  Council.  Blue- 
book,  1S67. 

*  In  quoting  these  three  deductions  by  Dr.  Bowditch  (see  his  illustrated  Report  on 
/ 


284  -^  nnual  Rep  ort  of  the 

Seeing  how  great  the  ravages  of  consumption  are  in  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  and  knowing  that  there  are  extensive  neighborhoods 
in  the  rural  portions  of  the  Metropolitan  District  that  suffer  by  this 
destructive  disease  even  more  than  these  cities,  we  cannot  avoid 
this  notice  of  some  of  the  most  preventable  causes  that  engender 
and  perpetuate  it  as  a  blighting  affliction  to  particular  localities 
and  to  particular  populations.  The  evidence  upon  this  subject  is 
cumulative  and  convincing,  but  facts  relating  to  it  need  to  be  con- 
tinually added  by  all  medical  observers  who  make  returns  to  the 
sanitary  authorities.  The  ultimate  results  of  such  inquiry  will, 
in  all  probability,  be  among  the  richest  benefits  which  sanitary 
science  has  conferred  upon  society.  While  we  see  upon  every 
hand  an  impoverished  and  badly  housed  class  of  our  fellow  beings 
constantly  yielding  to  the  combined  force  of  -all  the  causes  that 
engender  fatal  tuberculosis  of  the  lungs,  it  is  quite  essential  that 
wherever  there  exists  any  one  great  general  cause  which,  in  an 
unsuspected  but  fatal  manner,  is  silently  undermining  the  health 
and  life  of  families,  there  particularly,  and  with  all  the  effective- 
ness that  science  and  sanitary  regulations  can  give,  must  compre- 
hensive and  permanent  sanitary  measures  be  applied.  Such,  thank 
God,  is  the  work  of  sanitary  drainage  of  grounds  and  sanitary 
sunlighting  and  ventilation  of  habitations. 

The  subjoined  table  shows  the  ages,  nativities,  occupations,  etc., 
of  the  decedents  by  phthisis  in  the  year  ending  September  30, 
1867. 

In  this  summary  of  the  records  of  phthisis  we  present  only  the 
facts  which  are  fully  stated  in  the  certificates  we  have  received 
from  the  attending  physicians.  There  remains  to  be  presented  in 
a  future  report  another  and  most  important  class  of  local  and  per- 
sonal records  concerning  the  decedents  by  this  great  destroyer. 

"  Consumption  in  New  England :  Locality  One  of  its  Chief  Causes"),  I  beg  leave  to  state 
that  these  views  of  great  general  causes  of  phthisis,  are  already  inducing  the  best  physi- 
cians in  New  England  to  advocate  works  of  drainage  and  other  local  sanitary  improvements. 
Dr.  Simon's  massive  argument  upon  the  subject,  made  a  few  months  ago  to  Parliament, 
was  received  with  deep  interest  by  the  sanitary  authorities  in  the  British  cities,  and  it  will 
add  fresh  encouragement  to  the  works  of  sanitary  drainage  now  in  progress  in  the  British 
islands.  And,  following  closely  upon  these  grand  generalizations,  there  has  been  added 
new  and  conclusive  evidence  that  tubercular  phthisis  possesses  a  contagious  or  infectious 
element;  and  this  proof  enables  us  to  consider  and  treat  the  chief  causes  of  this  disease  as 
belonging  to  the  zymotic  poisons.  Dr.  William  Budd,  of  Bristol,  England,  has  kindly  and 
very  fully  communicated  to  me,  in  writing,  his  views  upon  this  subject.  He  and  Prof. 
Villemin  (of  Val  de  Grace)  have  clearly  proved  the  existence  of  the  infectious  principle  in 
phthisis,  while  Drs.  Bowditch,  Simon  and  others,  have  opened  up  a  great  and  life  saving 
truth  concerning  the  most  universal  of  the  local  sources  of  the  disease.  These  two  classes 
of  faots  are  entirely  harmonious,  so  far  as  we  rightly  comprehend  them. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  285 

Having  mapped  out  the  two  cities  and  the  entire  Metropolitan 
District  into  (1.)  Drained  and  Undrained  sub-districts,  and  (2.) 
the  Over-crowded  and  badly  housed  and  the  uncroivded  and  decently 
housed — the  sanitary  inquiries  regarding  this  fatal  disease  will 
extend  to  its  chief  removable  causes,  and  the  questions  of 
parentage  and  nativity,  and,  particularly,  the  subject  of  unhealth- 
ful  occupations  are  being  regarded  in  the  inquiries.  Already  our 
records  show  that  the  death-rate  by  consumption  is  much  greater 
in  some  districts  than  in  others,  and  also  in  some  classes  of 
dwellings  than  in  others.  For  example,  we  tind  that  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  Twenty-first  Ward  (the  wet  Hank  of  Murray 
Hill),  the  phthisis  mortality  bears  a  ratio  to  that  in  the  northern 
and  elevated  half  of  the  same  ward,  which  in  1867  was  expressed 
as  75  to  55  ;  Bellevue  Hospital  being  excluded  from  the  records 
of  the  former  section.  Again,  we  find  that  in  particular  blocks 
of  dwellings  the  consumption  death  ratio  is  thrice  greater  than  in 
other  and  better  blocks,  the  census  of  population  being  the  basis 
of  the  calculation. 


286 


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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  287 

Other  Preventable  Diseases. 

In  the  list  of  2,241  deaths  by  diseases  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system;  in  that  of  721  deaths  by  diseases  of  the  heart  and  circu- 
latory organs;  in  the  2,777  deaths  by  inflammatory  disease  of  the 
respiratory  organs,  and  in  the  residue  of  the  category  presented 
in  our  consolidated  abstract,  we  need  to  mention  such  causes  anTF- 
such  classes  of  the  deaths  as  are  preventable.  But  with  a  single 
remark  we  pass  them  until  another  year. 

Vainly  have  we  endeavored  to  reduce  the  number  of  certificates 
of  death  by  convulsions.  By  persistent  effort,  however,  we  have 
succeeded  in  obtaining  a  greater  proportion  of  strictly  correct 
returns  of  the  chief  cause  of  the  death  of  those  that  suffer  convul- 
sions in  their  last  hours  of  life.  For  example,  the  fact  will  be 
seen  that  the  total  number  of  deaths  by  meningitis  and  by  inflam- 
mation of  the  brain  has  increased  as  the  total  number  accredited 
to  convulsions  has  decreased.  But  the  word  •'  convulsions"  stands 
upon  the  public  registers  in  the  column  of  "complicating  causes 
of  death."  in  all  cases  that  were  so  certified  (or  so  corrected),  by 
the  physician. 

Inanition  and  marasmus,  also,  are  this  year  accredited  with 
many  deaths  that  were  in  the  first  instance  returned  by  physicians 
as  death  by  convulsions,  but  which  they  subsequently  certified 
more  correctly.  Neither  the  name  of  the  last  symptom,  nor  the 
mere  mode  of  death,  ought  to  be  accepted  as  the  name  of  the 
actual  cause. 

A  venerable  physician,  in  making  a  return  of  "congestion  of 
the  lungs,"  as  the  chief  cause  of  death  in  a  tenant-house  child  a 
few  weeks  ago,  added  that  the  "  remote  cause  of  the  death  was 
plainly  "suffocation  in  the  foul  air  of  an  unventilated  tenement." 
The  fact  is  becoming,  every  month,  more  and  more  apparent,  that 
fully  one  half  of  the  acute  diseases  of  the  lungs,  and  much  more 
than  half  of  the  deaths  by  congestion  of  the  lungs  and  bronchitis  in 
New  York,  are  chargeable  to  the  foul  and  stagnant  atmosphere  of 
the  unventilated,  improperly  heated  rooms  in  which  the  great 
majority  of  the  people  spend  their  days  and  nights.  Upon  no 
subject  is  popular  information  and  common  sense  more  needed 
than  in  regard  to  the  purity  and  amount  of  the  air  which  human 
beings  should  have  every  minute  in  the  twenty-four  hours. 

Puerperal  diseases  and  the  fatal  accidents  of  maternity,  have 
been  at  a  remarkable  minimum  throughout  the  year  in  the  well- 


288  A  nnual  Rep  out  of  the 

to-do  classes,  but  they  have  been  painfully  destructive  in  certain 
instances  of  malpractice,  where  ignorance  and  rashness  have 
chanced  to  preside.  Certain  of  the  "  accidents  "  of  childbirth 
that  have  occurred  in  consequence  of  the  foolhardiness  and  igno- 
rance of  unqualified  mid  wives,  &c,  have  afforded  new  proofs  of 
the  claim  of  the  wives  of  the  poor  to  adequate  protection  from 
the  gross  ignorance  and  impostures  of  many  persons  that  now 
practise  obstetrics. 

Criminal  abortion  has  become  a  death-dealing  trade,  and, 
unfortunately  for  the  innocence  and  health  of  the  less  tempted 
rural  population  throughout  the  State,  not  a  few  women  die  in  the 
city,  by  the  most  agonizing  modes  of  death,  before  they  can  be 
conveyed  to  their  distant  homes.  Such  crime,  such  suffering  and 
death  by  criminal  causes,  and  such  shame  at  last,  would  seem  to 
be  sufficient  to  deter  others  from  incurring  such  hazards  to  life 
and  womanly  honor.  Tne  State  continues  to  let  the  child-mur- 
derers, who  make  a  trade  of  foeticide,  go  on  unrestrained  in  their 
ghoul-like  business. 

Still-Births. — The  number  of  dead-born  infants  that  were  re- 
ported to  the  Board  of  Health  (always  by  application  for  burial 
permit),  was  2,228  in  New  York,  and  799  in  Brooklyn  the  past 
year. 

This  number  in  New  York  shows  a  higher  ratio  of  still-births  to 
the  total  number  of  deaths  by  all  causes  than  is  reported  in  the 
chief  European  nations.  The  ratio  of  the  registered  still-births  to 
the  total  deaths  by  all  other  causes  in  New  York,  last  year,  was  9| 
per  cent.,  or  1  to  10^  other  deaths.  The  highest  European  ratios, 
of  which  we  have  records  in  the  official  reports  received  by  us, 
are  as  follows  :  Prussia  has  a  still-birth  ratio  of  5.80  per  cent.,  or 
1  to  18  deaths  by  other  causes;  Belgium  has  5.69  per  cent.,  or  1 
to  18  total  other  deaths;  and  France  has  3.51  per  cent.,  or  1  in  28 
of  total  others. 

For  the  present  we  forbear  to  present  any  deductions  from  the 
records  of  this  class  of  deaths.  In  no  country  has  the  medical 
and  statistical  history  of  still-births  been  so  studied  as  to  show 
what  may  be  the  normal  or  inevitable  ratio  which  this  class  of 
calamities  bears  to  the  total  number  of  deaths  by  all  other  causes; 
much  less  is  it  known  what  is  the  inevitable  ratio  of  still-births 
to  living-births.  But  these  facts  we  notice,  and  can  demonstrate 
by  accurate  records,  viz:  First.  That  by  far  too  many  of  the 
dead-born  had  no  accoucheur  present  to  give  that  skilful  aid  which 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


289 


the  science  of  obstetrics  offers  at  the  hands  of  educated  physicians. 
Upon  the  subject  of  unskilful  midwifery,  by  all  sorts  of  ignorant 
women,  we  beg  leave  to  add  emphasis  to  the  statement  that  we 
made  in  last  year's  report.  Second.  The  great  number  of  still- 
births that  are  certified  to  have  occurred  between  the  fifth  and 
eighth  months  of  foetal  existence,  add  force  to  other  evidences  that 
a  certain  large  percentage  of  these  blighted  lives  are  cut  off  by 
foeticide — a  degrading  crime,  that  is  rapidly  becoming  a  publicly 
blazoned  shame  to  society. 

The  Waste  of  Infant  Life. — The  subjoined  statistics  present 
their  own  appeal  to  the  Board  of  Health,  and  to  society  at  large 
for  the  speedy  reformation  of  the  chief  preventable  causes  of 
excessive  waste  of  young  life  in  these  two  cities. 

Table  of  Mortality  in  the  First  Year  of  Life  for  the  Year  ending 
September  30,  1867. 

NEW  YORK. 


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Deaths  in  the  first  Five  Years  of  Childhood  in  the  Twelve  Months 
ending  September  28,  1867. 


NEW  YORK. 


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24 

25 


684 
803 

53 

13 

9 


416 
243 


999 

227 

66 

36 

17 


133 
188 

152 
86 


944 

390 

149 

67 

50 


Total  under  5  years  of. 
age , 


2,609 


962 


XM 


1,345 


424 


1,412 

427 

220 

134 

95 


7499 

2764 

1052 

600 

389 


3,346 

1,657 

531 

291 

202 


627   245   300   1,600  1,051  2, 2S8 


12304 


6,030 


[Assem.  No.  122.] 


19 


290 


Annual  Report  oi  the 


Deaths  in  the  first  Five  Years  of  Childhood  in  the  Twelve  Months 
ending  September  28,  1867. 


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From  1  to  2  years  of 

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261 

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1,187 

479 

291 

473 

158 

307 

81 

150 

517 

474 

924 

5,041 

1,045 

DeatJis  by  Accidents,  Negligence,  Violence. — In  the  subjoined 
abstract  will  be  seen  how  the  deaths  by  violence,  accidents  and 
negligence,  are  classified  in  the  statistics  of  this  Bureau.  These 
were  Coroners'  cases  ;  and  though  the  columns  do  not  present  the 
entire  list  of  deaths  that  we  know  occurred  from  negligence,  they 
comprise  all  that  were  reasonably  subject  to  the  magisterial  inqui- 
sition of  the  Coroner.  A  full  report  upon  this  class  of  deaths  is 
herewith  submitted  for  the  private  use  of  the  Board  of  Health. 
And  we  will  only  add,  in  this  place,  that  up  to  the  present  time 
the  certified  records  of  this  important  class  of  deaths,  though  we 
include  all  the  sworn  testimony  of  the  inquest  witnesses,  and  the 
final  rendering  of  verdict  by  the  jurors,  continues  to  be  the  most 
indefinite  and  unsatisfactory  of  all  the  certificates  of  death  which 
are  filed  in  this  Bureau.  The  causes  for  this  are  ample,  and  the 
Board  of  Health  can  best  judge  what  defects  in  these  official  returns 
by  Coroners  can  be  prevented,  as  well  as  what  cannot  be 
remedied  under  the  existing  sanitary  code. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


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294  A  njvual  Rep  or  t  of  tee 

Concerning  the  personal  habits,  peculiarities,  and  idosyncrasies 
of  those  who  form  this  long  list  of  centenarians,  very  little  is 
known.  Such  facts  as  we  have,  gathered  mainly  from  the  relatives 
and  friends  of  a  few  of  the  number,  are  nevertheless  worthy  of 
note. 

1.  William  Daily  was  born  in  Kelleren,  Ireland.  His  father 
lived  103  years,  and  a  sister  attained  the  same  age.  He  was  below 
the  medium  height,  measuring  only  5  feet  3  inches,  but  had  a 
very  compact  physical  structure,  with  a  large  head  and  well- 
developed  chest.  He  was  an  extensive  farmer,  and  in  early  life  a 
hard-worker.  After  reaching  New  York,  in  1848,  his  life  was 
quiet  and  inactive,  but  temperate  and  abstemious.  He  was  twice 
married:  the  first  time  when  30  years  of  age,  and  during  this 
union  became  the  father  of  seven  children,  three  of  whom  are  still 
living.  He  had  no  children  by  the  second  marriage.  He  had 
great  physical  strength,  was  quiet  and  peaceable  in  his  habits  and 
manners,  and  retained  his  mental  and  bodily  vigor  until  a  short 
time  before  his  death.  He  seemed  to  require  very  little  sleep, 
frequently  finding  two  or  three  hours  sufficient,  during  the  night, 
and  seldom  sleeping  during  the  day.  He  used  tea  and  coffee  in 
moderate  quantities,  and,  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  rarely 
tasted  alcoholic  stimulants  of  any  kind.  His  final  sickness  is  also 
said  to  have  been  his  first. 

2.  Phyllis  Bees  (colored)  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  of 
■slave  parents,  in  1761,  and  was  baptized  in  Old  Trinity  Church. 
She  was  held  as  a  slave  until  1803,  in  which  year  she  was  manu- 
mitted, her  papers  being  signed  by  Colonel  Marinas  Willett,  then 
Mayor  of  this  city.  Cooking  was  the  occupation  of  her  life,  and 
she  is  said  never  to  have  served  in  any  other  capacity.  |  She  was 
twice  married,  but  had  no  children.  She  had  a  large  frame,  was 
somewhat  spare  in  flesh,  and  was  of  pure  African  blood.  She 
suffered  for  some  time  a  peculiar  religious  monomania,  which 
manifested  itself  only  at  night.  During  the  clay  she  was  com- 
paratively quiet.  Her  mind  began  to  fail  about  ten  years  before 
her  death;  but  she  had  rarely  been  sick,  and,  with  the  exception 
of  some  bronchitis,  h«r  general  health  was  very  good,  until  within 
a  week  of  her  demise,  when  she  was  prostrated  by  general  debility, 
rather  than  by  any  specific  disease. 

3.  Emilie  C.  Lorenz  was  born  in  Germany,  December  16,  1763, 
1763.  At  the  advanced  age  of  85,  she  emigrated  to  this  country, 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  her  life  in  New  York  city.     She  lived 


METRoroLirAx Board  of  ITealtii. 


295 


married  35  years,  but  had  no  children.  She  retained  her  mental 
and  physical  vigor  to  a  remarkable  degree,  until  about  six  weeks 
before  her  death. 

4.  Judy  Green  was  born  at  Fishkill,  New  York,  a  slave  of  Isaac 
Storms,  in  1758.  Her  father  was  an  African  and  her  mother  a 
squaw.  When  a  young  woman,  she  was  sold  to  Cornelius  Roose- 
velt, of  this  city,  in  whose  family  she  lived  about  six  years.  She 
then  absconded,  and  for  the  next  two  years  lived  with  Lindley 
Murnry,  during  which  time  she  attained  her  freedom.  She  then 
married,  and  became  the  mother  of  four  children,  two  of  whom 
died  in  infancy,  the  third  of  phthisis,  and  the  fourth  of  delirium 
tremens.  She  was  employed  as  cook  in  various  families,  until,  at 
the  age  of  89,  she  became  an  inmate  of  the  Colored  Home.  She 
had  cholera  in  1832,  lived  through  attacks  of  measles  and  small- 
pox, and  for  many  years  was  subject  to  frequent  attacks  of  rheu- 
matism. She  was  temperate  in  her  habits,  and  never  indulged  in 
alcoholic  drinks.  On  May  13,  1867,  she  was  seized  with  epilepti- 
form convulsions,  which  followed  each  other  in  rapid  succession, 
for  two  hours,  and  then  terminated  in  death. 

We  •would  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  these  centenarians,  who 
made  their  way  through  their  humble  and  laborious  duties  until 
they  had  passed  quite  beyond  their  hundredth  span  of  the  "bridge 
of  life,"  possessed  good  powers  of  assimilation,  and  that  their 
food,  like  their  labor,  wras  invigorating  and  abundant. 

The  Board  of  Health  will  not  fail  to  appreciate  the  good  will 
and  attention  of  the  physicians  and  other  citizens,  wTho  continue  to 
forward  to  this  bureau  the  personal  records  of  rare  events  and 
important  diseases. 

The  following  record  of  all  deaths  above  the  age  of  80  years  is 
appended,  to  show  how  strikingly  the  fact  is  illustrated,  that 
woman  endures  the  perils  incident  to  the  later  periods  of  life 
better  than  mau: 


Deaths  at  Eighty  Yeaes  of  Age  and  Upward,  in  the  Twelve 
Months  ending  September,  1867. 


80 

-85 

85 

-90 

90 

-95 

95 

.inn 

100  and 

Total  by 

upward. 

sexes. 

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4 

13 

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4 

134 

220 

354 

296  Annual  Report  of  the 

Diseases  and  Mortality  in  the  Public  Ihstituttons  m  the 
Metropolitan  District. 

A  statistical  summary,  under  this  head,  will  accompany  the 
report  that  is  to  be  submitted  January  5th,  upon  the  Death  Eecords 
of  the  two  cities  for  the  three  months  ending  the  last  week  of 
1867. 

Diseases  and  Mortality  of  Seamen  in  the  Port  of  New  York. — 
In  the  summary  mentioned  in  the  preceding  paragraph  will  be 
found  the  record  of  deaths  of  seamen  in  hospitals  ;  but  we  here 
state  that  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  of  the  deaths  registered  in 
New  York  the  past  year,  were  deaths  of  seamen.  Of  these,  more 
than  half  died  in  city  hospitals,  and  most  of  the  otheis  in  board- 
ing-houses  and  other  dwellings,  and  on  shipboard  at  the  wharves 
of  these  cities.  Some  of  these  decedents  were  brought  into  port 
in  a  dying  condition. 

It  was  found  that  nearly  half  of  these  seamen  died  of  phthisis, 
and  many  others  came  to  their  death  by  rheumatic  and  heart  dis- 
eases. And  in  the  report  that  is  to  be  appended,  the  fact  appears 
that  this  hardy  and  roughly-used  class  of  men,  whose  sinews  are 
so  necessary  to  the  world's  commerce,  have  a  short  life,  and  suffer 
many  forms  of  fatal  disease  that  are  both  agonizing  and  preventa- 
ble. The  forecastle  of  the  merchant  ship,  even  in  the  proudest 
steamships,  is  equalled  in  unhealthfulness  only  by  the  reeking 
slums  termed  "sailors^  boarding  houses,"  in  the  First  and  Fourth 
wards  of  New  York. 

The  Quarantine  Diseases  and  Mortality. — The  Health  Officer, 
John  Swinburne,  reports  to  the  Board  of  Health  that  250  ships 
were  quarantined  for  sickness  on  board,  and  that  1,030  cases  of 
sickness  and  384  deaths  occurred  in  those  vessels  during  passage 
and  in  port.  Of  the  sick  that  arrived  at  Quarantine  257  were 
treated  in  the  Floating  Hospital ;  and  of  these  60  died.  The 
death-rate  in  the  total  number  of  the  sick  was  372.8  in  the  1,000, 
or  37.28  per  cent. ;  while  in  the  257  patients  admitted  to  the 
Floating  Hospital  the  death-rate  was  equivalent  to  233.4  per  1,000, 
or  23.34  per  cent,  on  the  admissions. 

Yellow  fever  occurred  on  passage  and  in  port  in  75  vessels ; 
the  total  number  of  sick  with  that  fever  was  390,  of  whom  112 
were  fatal.  Cholera  occurred  upon  three  emigrant  ships,  in  which 
there  were  1,569  passengers,  133  of  whom  perished  by  this 
pestilence. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  297 

Events  of  marvelously  instructive  interest  to  sanitary  science 
have  occurred  during  the  past  two  years  at  the  Quarantine  anchor- 
age. The  New  York  Quarantine  establishment,  indeed,  has  been 
a  great  school  of  hygiene,  and,  as  the  number  of  emigrant  pas- 
sengers that  pass  its  inspection  or  enjoy  its  benefits  every  year 
exceeds  the  aggregate  of  emigrants  similarly  exposed  to  incuba- 
tive infections  at  sea,  on  voyages  so  'precisely  adapted  to  bring 
great  numbers  of  sick  together  with  the  worst  fever-poisons,  that 
arrive  at  all  the  other  ports  of  this  continent  combined,  and  far 
more  than  arrive  at  all  the  ports  of  Europe  under  like  sanitary 
circumstances,  it  has  become  highly  desirable  that  not  an  event 
should  go  unnoticed  that  can  throw  light  upon  maritime  and  naval 
hygiene,  or  upon  the  history  and  prevention  of  pestilential 
infection. 

As  Corresponding  Secretary  and  Eegistrar  of  the  Board  of 
Health,  the  writer  takes  this  opportunity  publicly  to  acknowledge 
the  courtesy  and  kindness  of  the  Health  Officer  and  his  deputies, 
who  have  given  him  great  facilities  for  personal  inquiries  upon  the 
ships  at  Quarantine.  Menaced  by  yellow  fever,  and  by  cholera 
from  foreign  ports,  the  central  office  of  the  Board  of  Health 
needed  constant  information  upon  every  event  relating  to  these 
and  all  other  diseases  at  Quarantine. 

The  only  events  to  which,  in  this  report,  it  seems  dutiful  to 
make  any  special  allusion,  were  the  following,  to  wit: 

(1.)  Neither  in  1866  nor  1867  did  we  succeed  in  tracing  a  single 
case  of  cholera  (occurring  in  New  York)  to  the  Quarantine  anchor- 
age, nor  to  any  ships,  goods  or  immigrants  just  arrived. 

(2.)  The  Hospital  Ship  Falcon  has  remained  uninfected  from 
cholera  as  well  as  yellow  fever,  as  the  writer  predicted  it  would 
if  the  sanitary  methods  and  rules  continue  to  be  maintained  as  he 
established  them  in  the  first  organization  of  that  institution,  in 
1859. 

(3.)  The  three  fatal  cases  of  Yellow  Fever  that  occurred  in  New 
York,  and  the  one  unequivocal  case  in  Brooklyn,  were  directly 
traced  to  the  ships  whence  they  came,  and  the  true  source  of  the 
infection  that  killed  them  was  ascertained. 

(4.)  The  sickness  that  occurred  upon  the  Italian  bark  Chiara 
was  anomalous,  and  unrecognizable  as  a  clearly  pronounced  and 
unequivocal  form  of  fever.  It  could  not  really  be  called  a  fever, 
for  it  was  a  kind  of  putrid  disease  that  is  believed  to  arise  exclu- 
sively from  filth  in  ships,  sewers,  and  the  like.     Its  only  peculiar 


298  A nnual  Report  of  the 

characteristic  was  that  -which  certain  poisonous  effluvia  produce. 
The  temperature  of  the  body  was  constantly  cooler  than  natural, 
the  blood  rapidly  lost  its  red  corpuscles  by  some  zymosis  that 
destroyed  them,  (and  this  it  was  that  induced  so  much  anxiet?/-  and 
doubt  concerning  the  ChiaraJs  sick  men);  the  natural  function  of 
the  kidneys  was  abundantly  maintained  in  all  these  sick  men,  and, 
of  the  three  that  died,  the  one  that  was  carefully  dissected  yielded 
pus  and  purulent  fluids  in  all  the  cavities  of  the  serous  membranes, 
and  in  the  liver  and  other  viscera, — a  morbid  result  never  wit- 
nessed in  the  vast  number  of  yellow  fever  post-mortem  inspections 
which  the  writer  has  made  in  former  years. 

What  that  disease  was,  and  how  it  was  engendered,  need  not 
be  discussed  here,  for  these  questions  involve  many  points  that 
are  purely  medical.  But  the  most  essential  lesson  which  the 
Cldards  misfortunes  taught,  was  this  :  that  certain  ships  may 
arrive  at  the  wharves  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn  in  an  appar- 
ently safe  sanitary  condition,  and  yet  be  foul  with  filth  and 
putrescence  in  the  hold  and  bilge,  and  may  likewise  have,  in  the 
bottom  of  the  cargo,  such  masses  of  rotteness  as  will  create  an 
endemic  pestilence,  which  will  not  only  endanger  the  lives  of  all 
persons  on  board,  but  of  all  who  are  exposed  to  the  effluvia  from 
the  ship  and  its  filth;  and,  moreover,  that  in  such  instances  there 
is  the  greatest  necessity,  both  for  immediate  sanitary  control  of 
the  pestiferous  ship,  and  all  that  pertains  to  it. 

The  name  of  the  disease  in  such  anomalous  cases  is  far  less  im- 
portant than  the  one  essential  fact  that  it  is  malignant,  and  from 
or  by  the  ship  and  its  hoarded  filth,  is  communicable*  Even 
were  it  possible  to  adopt  the  hypothesis  that  the  Chiara  became 
infected  with  yellow  fever  by  any  of  its  exposures  on  her  way  up 

*  The  outbreak  of  a  malignant  £i/pft.-poison  in  ships  with  putrid  cargoes  occasionally  baf- 
fles the  skill  of  the  physician,  and  almost  compels  us  to  accept  the  simple  but  unscientific 
term,  "putrid  zymosis  "  in  describing  such  cases.  A  sudden  death  occurred  last  Spring 
on  board  a  canal  boat,  loaded  with  rotten  potatoes,  and  as  the  patient  (the  proprietor  and 
constant  resident  of  the  boat)  exhibited  the  symptoms  that  chiefly  characterize  the  "spot- 
ted fever"  or  "  cerebro-spinal-meningitis,"  the  certificate  of  death  was  in  accordance 
with  the  latter  view  of  the  case  ;  but  the  real  cause  of  that  death  was  so  clearly  a  putrid  poison 
that  was  found  where  the  man  slept  at  night,  and  worked  by  day,  that  the  expert  Sani- 
tary Inspector  and  pathologists  who  investigated  the  case  declared  that  the  cause  was  a 
"malignant  typh-poison." 

Though  such  diseases  may  not  be  contagious  from  person  to  person,  they  are  endemically 
infectious  in  the  same  sense  as  yellow  fever  is  an  endemic  infection.  And  persons  who  are 
killed  by  the  kind  of  putrescence  here  referred  to,  seern.almost  literally  to  pass  into  a  kind 
of  zymotic  putridity,  as  truly  as  potatoes  do  from  the  effect  of  exposure  to  that  pestilential 
little  fungus  the  Botrytis  infestans  which  causes  or  actually  is  the  "potato  disease." 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  299 

the  harbor,  or  at  the  wharf,  or,  even  that  it  was  a  spontaneous 
outbreak  of  yellow  fever  (neither  of  which  hypotheses  is  tenable 
since  the  entire  body  of  evidence  has  been  reviewed),  such  an  ex- 
ceptional mode  of  infection  would  chiefly  show  how  perilous  is 
the  putrescence  on  board,  which  rendered  such  a  mode  of  infection 
possible. 

The  sanitary  inspection  of  certain  ships  while  unloading  their 
cargoes  at  the  wharves  of  the  city,  would  seem  to  be  quite  as 
necessary  as  any  inspection  can  be  for  that  class  of  vessels  at  the 
Quarantine  anchorage.  There  also  exists  a  manifest  necessity  for 
providing  in  each  of  the  cities  a  fever-refuge,  properly  situated, 
and  having  adequate  arrangements  for  temporarily  admitting  sea- 
men and  other  homeless  persons  who  chance  to  fall  sick  with  any 
pestilential  disease  while  in  ships  at  the  wharves,  or  in  boarding- 
houses  and  elsewhere.  The  Cldards  men  were  refused  admission 
at  several  of  the  hospitals  for  seamen,  merely  because  of  hospital 
"by-laws"  that  reject  all  infectious  fevers;  and  creditable  it  was 
for  the  Kings  County  Alms  Hospital  to  open  its  wards  to  them 
by  request  of  Deputy  Sanitary  Superintendent,  Dr.  Conkling, 
Brooklyn. 

The  Quarantine  anchorage  is  too  distant  to  meet  exigencies  of 
this  kind  that  are  constantly  occurring  in  the  city.  Even  the 
hospitals  on  Blackwell's  and  Ward's  Islands  are  too  distant  to 
answer  the  requirements  in  certain  cases,  and  would  still  be  so 
though  there  was  no  delay  in  transportation  thither. 

The  two  conclusions  which  we  here  record,  are:  (1)  that  a  fever- 
refuge  for  urgent,  casual  and  anomalous  cases  of  pestilential  (real 
or  suspected)  disease,  that  mostly  occur  among  homeless  or  tran- 
sient persons,  would  tend  greatly  to  prevent  both  danger  and 
public  alarm  from  such  occurrences  :  (2)  that  a  sanitary  inspection 
of  vessels,  at  the  wharves  or  near  them,  which  are  liable  to 
engender  or  become  carriers  of  dangerous  diseases,  would  greatly 
add  to  the  public  safety,  and  lead  to  humane  and  timely  care  of 
many  sick  seamen. 

The  Fever  Hospital,  which  has  been  in  operation  on  Blackwell's 
Island  since  1863,  has  most  practically  illustrated  the  economy 
and  great  usefulness  of  such  well-devised  arrangements  for  both 
isolating  the  fever-sick,  and  giving  them  every  hygienic  advantage. 
The  experience  of  the  Floating  Hospital  at  Quarantine  has  also 
proved  that  an  unusual  success  in  medical  treatment  results  from 
such  immediate  care  of  the  sick,  such  perfection  of  ventilation, 


300  Annual  Report  of  tee 

and  such  avoidance  of  delay  and  injury  by  transportation  of  the 
patients  as  has  been  illustrated  in  that  important  lazaretto. 

We  have  thus  referred  to  this  subject  of  quarantineable  causes 
of  death  because  the  various  transportable  kinds  of  disease  have 
so  large  a  share  in  the  mortality  and  the  perils  of  the  Metropolitan 
population,  and  because  they  claim  so  largely  the  anxious  atten- 
tion of  this  Bureau  and  the  executive  officers  of  the  Board  of 
Health. 

Upon  no  other  class  of  facts  relating  to  the  protection  of  the 
public  health  is  there  more  urgent  necessity  for  the  adoption  of 
comprehensive  and  scientifically  correct  methods  for  ensuring  the 
highest  degree  of  protection  to  the  public  health,  together  with 
the  greatest  general  benefits  to  society  at  large. 

Statistics  of  Disease. — Sickness  Rates. — The  diseases  that  are 
most  active  in  destroying  life  are  particularly  designated  in  our 
abstracts  of  the  records  of  death.  But  while  it  appears  that  vari- 
ous of  these  records,  as  shown  by  the  abstracts  in  the  present 
report,  bear  witness  to  the  fact  that  the  population  in  certain 
wards  suffers  vastly  more  than  its  pro  rata  share  in  particular 
kinds  of  death,  there  exist  no  public  records  of  sickness,  except 
the  incomplete  registration  of  the  contagious  diseases.  But  these 
registered  enemies  of  life  will,  henceforth,  be  far  less  liable  to 
make  their  fatal  aggressions,  now  that  their  lurking-places  are 
daily  reported,  and  their  highways  are  mapped  out.  This  is  a 
hopeful  beginning  in  a  work  that  promises  much  good. 

Impracticable  as  it  may  be  to  obtain  yearly  records  of  the  "  non- 
contagious "  diseases,  there,  nevertheless,  are  means  by  which  we 
may  ascertain  both  the  ratio  and  kind  of  diseases  that  are  suffered 
by  certain  classes.  The  sanitary  records  of  the  Metropolitan  Police 
and  of  the  Metropolitan  Fire  Department,  and  the  sickness  in  vari- 
ous large  manufactories,  and  among  particular  classes  of  workmen, 
are  available  for  this  purpose.  Moreover,  it  is  both  practicable 
and  desirable  to  know,  from  time  to  time,  the  ratio  and  the  kinds 
of  sickness  that  are  found  in  certain  kinds  of  dwelling-houses,  and 
in  the  population  of  a  particular  locality.  In  the  sanitary  survey 
of  the  metropolis,  which  was  conducted  under  the  writer's  super- 
vision in  1864-65,  this  kind  of  inquiry  in  vital  statistics  guided  to 
the  most  important  conclusions. 

The  public  may,  every  week,  hear  that  the  death-rate  in  the  city 
is  far  too  high,  and  that  it  is  highest  in  the  First,  Sixth  and  Eleventh 
wards  ;  but  when  the  fact  is  demonstrated  that  the  inhabitants  of 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  301 

a  particular  tenant-house  or  block  suffer  not  only  a  death-rate  that 
is  ninety  per  cent,  higher  than  that  in  domiciles  which  are  of  a 
better  kind,  or  that  are  removed  from  the  vicinity  of  miasmatic 
grounds  and  nuisances  ;  or,  when  the  statistics  of  a  year's  experi- 
ence show  that  printers  and  compositors,  seamstresses  and  factory 
hands,  and  the  children  in  primary  schools,  suffer  thrice  as  much 
sickness  and  a  vastly  higher  death-rate  than  similar  classes  of  per- 
sons who  breathe  pure  air,  then  will  the  work  of  sanitary  improve- 
ment be  understood  and  aided  by  all  classes."* 

The  most  trustworthy  records  of  sickness  and  disease  we  are 
able  to  present  in  this  place  to  illustrate  the  practical  value  of 
this  most  vital  class  of  the  "  vital  statistics,"  are  furnished  by  the 
Metropolitan  Police  force.  This  well-selected,  but  much  exposed 
body  of  men,  numbering,  at  present,  2,561  patrolmen  and  officers 
of  all  grades,  has  its  medical  record  carefully  kept  day  by  day. 
The  following  summary,  which  we  have  caused  to  be  tabulated, 
from  the  police  medical  register  is  instructive  : 

*In  prosecuting  the  sanitary  survey  of  New  York  city,  in  1864-65,  the  Council  of  Hygiene 
of  the  Citizens'  Association  found  that,  in  every  special  research  into  the  relation  of  the 
sickness-rate — that  is,  the  number  constantly  sick  to  the  population — where  there  was  a 
high  death-rate,  there  co-existed  a  ratio  of  disease  that  increased  from  a  normal  sickness3 
rate,  in  a  geometrical  ratio,  as  the  death-rates  increased  in  an  arithmetical  ratio.  In  the 
worst  classes  of  tenant-houses,  the  ratio  of  the  constantly  sick,  to  the  total  number  of 
inhabitants,  ranged  from  1  in  8  to  1  in  4  continually  on  the  sick  list. 

Mr.  Neison,  a  great  authority  in  vital  statistics  in  England,  has  shown  that,  taken  in  a 
large  way,  thero  will  always  be  found  to  be  two  persons  constantly  sick  for  every  death 
that  occurs  in  a  year,  in  the  English  towns.  Plainly,  then,  this  ratio  of  sickness  to  deaths 
would  show  that,  if  the  same  rule  holds  true  in  New  York,  there  were  46,886  people  con- 
stantly sick  and  needing  medical  care  every  day  in  the  past  year,  for  there  were  23,443 
deaths.  In  taking  the  census  of  Ireland,  Sir  William  Wilde  found  that,  in  the  city  of 
Dublin,  in  which  the  census  was  taken  in  a  single  night,  there  were  5,646  persons  seri- 
ously sick  and  disabled  in  a  population — total  of  Dublin — of  254,293  inhabitants.  This  is 
the  lowest  sickness-rate  of  whioh  we  have  found  any  record  in  a  large  oity.  It  is  22.22 
sick  in  every  1,000  of  the  living.  Generally,  the  rule  holds  true,  in  all  large  masses  of 
population,  that,  in  the  course  of  an  entire  year,  two  will  be  constantly  sick,  throughout 
the  365  days,  for  every  death  that  occurs,  in  the  same  population.  The  faot  which  was 
ascertained  by  Dr.  Lyon  Playfair,  that  there  were,  in  a  certain  district  of  England,  28 
cases  of  sickness  and  disability  to  every  death,  is,  perhaps,  a  less  constant  fact  than  that, 
in  a  large  way,  we  find  two  or  more  persons  constantly  sick  for  every  death.  It  will  be 
observed  that  the  Metropolitan  Police  sickness  and  death-record  harmonize  with  both  these 
rules.  This  will  occur  only  in  populations  or  olasses  that  suffer  kinds  of  sickness  whioh 
are  of  longer  duration  in  each  case  than  the  usual  average  length  of  each  sick  person  in  a 
whole  community.  According  to  the  principles  thus  deduced,  from  the  largest  bodies  of 
sickness  and  disease  statistics  hitherto  acquired,  it  is  safe  to  say  that,  for  the  23,443  deaths 
in  New  York  the  past  12  months,  there  were  at  least  46,886  of  the  city  inhabitants  con- 
stantly on  the  siok  and  disabled  list;  and  that,  if  the  less  uniform,  but  practically  correct 
rulo  be  true,  concerning  the  number  of  persons  that  become  siok  (number  of  cases  of  sick- 
ness), for  every  death  that  occurs,  then  thcro  were  no  less  than  656,404  cases  of  sickness 
in  the  city  during  the  year.  Let  overy  person  derive  from  such  facts  the  great  lessons 
they  teach,  regarding  hygiene  as  a  great  eoononiizer  of  health  and  life. 


302 


Annual  Report  of  the 


8ichness-Ttates  and  Death-Hates  in  the  Metropolitan  Police,  in  the 
Years  1864,  1865,  1866,  and  1867. 


YEAR. 


1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 


Total 

number  of 

men. 


Total  days 

sick  or 
disabled. 


2,014 
2,369 
2,401 
2,543 


number  of 
days  of  sick- 
ness per  man 


24,455 
27,546 
30,859 
25,527 


12  1-8 

12  4-5 

12  4-5 

8  1-2 


Average  number  of 

men  constantly  sick 

per  1,000  men. 


\  33.26  ) 

\  (or  3g  per  cent.)  \ 
\  35.44  ) 

I  (or  3£  per  cent.)  $ 
\  35.21  ) 

\  (or  Z\  per  cent.)  ) 
I  27  49  ) 

(  (or  2|  per  cent.)  ) 


Total 
number 

of 
deaths. 


31 
24 
24 
24 


Death- 
rate  per 
1,000 
men. 


15.44 

14.35 

9.99 

9.60 


An  inspection  of  this  record  shows  that  the  sickness-rate  among 
the  policemen  has  greatly  decreased  during  the  past  year.  The 
chief  cause  of  this  saving  of  health  is  reported  to  consist,  mainly, 
in  a  single  improvement  for  the  comfort  and  health  of  the  men  in 
their  temporary  dormitories  at  the  station-houses — and  this  single 
provision  for  health  and  comfort  consists  solely  in  a  well-enforced 
rule  that  requires  the  men  to  remove  their  clothing  on  retiring  to 
bed,  in  a  healthful  way,  and  in  the  improved  sanitary  care  of  the 
bedding  and  bed-rooms ;  whereas  most  of  the  men,  when  on  post- 
duty  at  night,  formerly  slept  in  those  places  with  their  clothing  on. 

This  saving  of  health  in  the  police  force  is  equivalent  to  the  con- 
stant service  of  11|  men  for  an  entire  year!  At  the  same  time, 
the  chance  for  prolonged  and  useful  life  has  been  correspondingly 
increased  in  the  total  number  of  more  than  2,000  patrolmen — a 
beneficial  result  that  has  been  brought  about  by  a  well-considered 
and  faithfully-executed  order  of  the  Superintendent  of  Police* 
These  facts  are  mentioned  to  illustrate  some  of  the  practical  les- 
sons that  are  derived  from  definite  information  upon  the  subject 
of  sickness-rates  and  preventable  diseases. 

*  We  are  permitted  to  copy  the  official  order  that  secured  these  results : 

Central  Office  of  the  Metropolitan  Police,  ) 
300  Mdlberry  Street,  N.  Y.,  June  9, 1866.      £ 

"  Resolved,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  captains,  sergeants,  and  patrolmen,  to  furnish 
themselves  with  good  and  comfortable  beds,  for  use  in  the  station-house,  which  they  are  to 
keep  clean  and  in  good  order,  and  cause  to  be  regularly  and  carefully  made  up  once  in  each 
day;  the  sheets  and  pillow-slips  to  be  changed  at  least  once  in  each  week.  They  shall, 
when  retiring  for  sleep,  divest  themselves  of  all  garments  worn  while  on  duty,  using  a 
Dight-shirt  for  sleeping;  their  clothing,  meanwhile,  to  be  so  placed  as  to  be  ventilated  and 
dried.     They  are  also  to  keep  their  persons  well  washed  and  scrupulously  clean." 

Bj  order  of  the  Board  of  Police  Commissioners. 
(Signed)  JOHN  A.  KENNEDY, 

Superintendent  of  Metropolitan  Police. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  303 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Fire  Department  will  adopt  system- 
atic sanitary  regulations,  and' careful  medical  registration  of  sick- 
ness and  debility  in  its  force,  as  has  been  done  by  the  police;  and 
it  would  be  to  the  advantage  of  every  great  employer  of  labor  to 
do  likewise. 

The   Cemeteries. 

The  subjoined  summary  exhibits  the  records  of  Interments  from 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  in  the  several  cemeteries  within  or  near 
the  Metropolitan  District. 

Note. — The  subjects  presented  in  the  present  and  the  previous  year's  report  of  the 
Bureau  correspond  with  the  classified  branches  of  labor  which  are  conducted  in  thi3 
department  of  the  sanitary  service.  The  jlrst  object  of  all  this  labor  is  to  ascertain  the 
conditions  under  which  human  life  is  needlessly  wasted  and  destroyed;  the  second  object 
is  to  maintain  an  accurate  and  comprehensive  system  of  vital  statistics;  and  the  third 
object  is  to  associate  these  first  necessities  of  the  Bureau  with  such  methods  of  exact  and 
practical  applications  of  sanitary  knowledge  as  will  aid  the  Board  of  Health  and  benefit 
the  people.     These  classified  duties  may  be  enumerated  as  follows. 

I. — Relating  to  Causes  of  Death. 

(a.)  With  regard  to  a  correct  and  full  statement  of  the  pathological  events  that  should 
be  known  or  recorded  concerning  each  death. 

(b.)  With  regard  to  the  localities  in  which  epidemic  and  other  preventable  causes  of 
sickness  and  mortality  are  found  te  exist. 

(c.)  AVith  special  regard  to  the  faulty  conditions  of  housing  and  domiciliary  hygiene, 
that  can  be  ascertained  to  act  as  causes  of  preventable  disease  and  mortality. 

(d.)  With  regard  to  occupations,  personal  and  social  conditions,  hurtfully  conducted 
trades,  and  the  neglect  of  sanitary  care  in  various  ways. 

(e.)  With  regard  to  violent,  sudden,  accidental,  and  the  various  causes  of  death  or  of 
sickness  resulting  from  culpable  neglect,  the  returns  of  Coroners,  and  the  verdicts  of 
Coroners'  juries. 

II. —  The  Progress  and  Exact  Applications  of  Sanitary  Knowledge. 

(/•)  "vVith  regard  to  the  sanitary  influence  arid  relations  of  habitations,  and  in  regard 
to  food-articles  and  beverages  of  the  poor  and  dependent  classes. 

(g.)  With  regard  to  the  special  applications  of  sanitary  chemistry,  particularly  with 
refercnoe  to  the  points  mentioned  (in  section  /),  and  with  reference  to  the  hygienic 
questions  connected  with  water-supply,  and  disinfection  and  cleansing.  [This  branch  of 
inquiry  and  record  has  been  well  commenced,  but  the  chief  contribution  to  it  has  been  a 
voluntary  one  by  Prof.   Chandler,  of  Columbia  College.] 

III.  The  Application  of  Sanitary  Regulations  in  the  care  of  the  Remains  of  the  Dead, 
the  Records  and  Regulation  of  Burials,  and  the  transit  of  Dead  Bodies. 

IV. — The  Permanent  Registration  of  Births,  Marriages  and  Deaths. 

V. —  The  Permanent  Recording  and  Systematic  Tabulation  of  Events,  Statistics  and 
results  of  Inquiry  regarding  Epidemic  and  Preventable  Diseases,  and  their  Associated 
Causes. 

VI.  The  Registration  of  Physical  Phenomena  which  hold  important  Relations  to  the 
Preventable  Causes  of  Disease. 

VII. — To  maintain  such  Correspondence  and  Exchanges  for  the  promotion  of  Sanitary 
Information,  that  the  Board  of  Health  shall  be  aided  in  its  duties,  while  the  progress  and 
practical  applications  of  Sanitary  Knowledge,  and  the  highest  uses  of  vital  statistics,  shall 
be  generally  promoted. 

By  distribution  of  all  this  labor  into  hands  specially  qualified,  and  by  virtue  of  the  unity 
of  plan  upon  which  the  work  is  pursued,  this  department  of  sanitary  service  is  economi- 
cally conducted.  The  personnel  of  the  Bureau,  besides  the  Registrar,  consists  of  seven 
clerks,  who  are  wholly  engaged  in  merely  clerical  labors;  the  excellent  Chief  Clerk,  Mr. 
John  Bowne,  to  whom  is  committed  the  supervision  of  the  general  clerical  work,  and  of 
all  details  that  pertain  to  the  records  of  marriages  and  births;  and  lastly,  an  assistant  in 
that  branch  of  inquiry  and  reoords  relating  to  epidemiology  and  domestic  hygiene — the 
valuable  labors  of  Norris  R.  Norton  being  given  in  this  portion  of  the  work.  And  in  this 
place  the  fact  should  be  mentioned  that  physicians  in  all  portions  of  the  Metropolitan 
District  voluntarily  contribute  most  valuable  information  relating  to  prevalent  diseases 
which  occur  in  their  praotice;  and  that  the  medical  officers  of  hospitals  and  other  public 
institutions  are  frequent  contributors  of  important  information  relating  to  the  sources  and 
results  of  preventable  diseases. 


304 


Annual  Report  of  the 


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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  305 

It  will  be  noticed  that  but  few  interments  are  now  being  made 
at  any  point  south  of  One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth  street  in  New 
York.  The  officers  who  have  charge  of  the  various  cemeteries 
have  faithfully  complied  with  all  regulations  of  the  Board  of 
Health  concerning  burial  permits,  <fcc.  The  fact  that  there  still 
exist  within  city  limits  in  New  York  a  considerable  number  of 
these  resting-places  of  the  dead,  and  that  some  of  them  are  situated 
in  densely-populated  districts,  renders  it  desirable  that  the  facilities 
and  inducements  for  interments  in  rural  cemeteries  should  be  so 
increased  that  all  pleas  of  necessity  for  the  burial  of  the  dead  in 
any  portions  of  this  city,  lying  south  of  One  Hundred  and  Fiftieth 
street,  will  be  removed.  Indeed  it  were  well  if  all  intramural 
interments  could  be  wholly  avoided.* 

The  statistics  of  burials  exhibit  the  fact  that  8,891  interments — 
or  39.91  per  cent,  of  all  the  city  dead — were  interred  in  Calvary 
Cemetery,  which  is  the  principal  burial-ground  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  The  records  of  this  "  city  of  the  dead,"  when 
added  to  those  of  the  Catholic  cemetery  at  Flatbush,  and  in  their 
two  or  three  intramural  burial  places,  exhibit  singularly  instructive 
records  of  the  nationalities  and  ages  of  the  decedents  belonging 
to  that  religious  denomination. 

Greenwood  Cemetery  stands  next  in  the  importance  of  its  list  of 
the  dead  ;  for  2,954  burials  from  the  city  of  New  York  were  made 
in  that  beautiful  ground  (13.28  per  cent.);  while  the  Lutheran 
Cemetery  (situated  near  Middle  Village,  on  the  Jamaica  Turnpike,) 
received  10.22  per  cent,  of  all  the  burials  from  New  York ;  the 
cemetery  at  Cypress  Hill,  situated  in  the  south-eastern  extremity 
of  Newtown,  received  1,358,  or  6.09  per  cent.;  and  the  Evergreens 
— which  is  half  within  and  half  without  the  Eighteenth  Ward  and 
city  limits  of  Brooklyn — received  5.34  per  cent.;  various  ceme- 
teries near,  but  outside,  the  limits  of  the  Metropolitan  District, 
received  1,668,  or  7.49  per  cent,  of  the  dead  ;  and,  lastly,  the 
Potter's  Field — the  "City  Cemetery" — received  13.26  per  cent., 
or  2,954  of  the  dead  ;  these  were  the  homeless  and  the  friendless 
dead,  whom  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities,  and  the  Com- 
missioners of  Emigration,  buried  in  the  eastern  grounds  of  Ward's 
Island,  a  beautiful  place,  but  too  near  a  dense  population,  and  to 
a  great  assemblage  of  hospitals  and  asylums,  to  be  much  longer 
permitted.     The  health  of  the  Emigrant  Refuge  and   Hospitals, 

*  During  the  entire  summer  and  autumn  of  1866,  and  throughout  the  hot  season  in  1867, 
all  burial-places  south  of  125th  street  in  New  York  were  closed  as  a  prudential  regulation. 

\ Assem.  No.  122.]  20 


306  Annual  Report  of  the 

and  the  great  Asylum  for  Inebriates  on  that  island,  will  ere  long 
suffer  from  the  presence  of  this  vast  burial-ground.  '  We  alluded 
to  this  subject  in  last  year's  report.  It  will  be  a  duty  to  continue 
to  mention  and  urge  its  important  bearings  on  the  healthfulness 
of  the  neighborhood  every  year,  until  the  State  shall  order  and 
provide  for  the  removal  of  this  Aceldama  to  a  locality  remote 
from  public  asylums  or  other  dense  populations. 

Searches  of  the  Public  Records,  and  Transcripts  from  them. 

The  total  number  of  transcripts  which  have  been  made  out  from 
the  public  registers  of  births,  deaths,  and  marriages  the  past  year, 
is  796.  The  total  number  of  searches  that  have  been  made  for 
records  of  one  or  the  other  of  these  three  events  of  personal  his- 
tory amounted  to  no  less  than  about  two  thousand.  In  vain  are 
made  many  of  the  most  necessitous  applications  for  the  informa- 
tion which  the  registers  of  vital  statistics  should  never  fail  to  con- 
tain. The  registration  of  marriages  is  but  just  beginning  to  be 
reasonably  complete,  and  that  of  births  had  little  value  until 
recently. 

The  vast  amount  of  toil  which  such  searching  of  public  records 
requires  of  the  clerks  in  the  three  branches  of  registration,  would 
seem  to  require  that  to  prevent  needless  impositions  by  mere 
speculators  who  may  offer  our  transcripts  to  their  clients,  the 
applicants  for  them  should  first  pay  &  reasonable  fee  into  the 
treasury.  Let  the  widow,  the  orphan,  the  soldier,  and  the  poor, 
have  their  searches  and  transcripts  gratuitously,  but  let  the  regis- 
ters have  such  a  safeguard  as  a  fee  to  the  treasury  would  be,  from 
all  other  applicants  for  searches.  This  is  required  in  every  other 
city  in  which  there  exists  a  good  system  of  vital  registration. 

Correspondence  of  the  Bureau. 

To  the  chief  officers  of  vital  registration  in  each  city  and  State 
where  such  registration  is  attempted,  we  are  under  obligations  for 
courtesies  and  reports.  To  the  chief  vital  statists  and  hygienists  in 
Europe  we  acknowledge  with  gratitude  their  valuable  correspond- 
ence and  reports.  Special  thanks  are  due  to  Dr.  Wm.  Farr  and 
Dr.  John  Simon,  of  London;  Prof.  Pettenkofer,  of  Munich;  Dr. 
Lombard,  of  Geneva,  and  Miss  Nightingale,  the  acknowledged 
leaders  in  sanitary  science  in  Europe. 

To  the  medical  profession  not  only  in  the  two  cities,  but  through- 
out the  State  and  in  every  city  in  the  Union,  the  Board  of  Health 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  3Q7 

is  indebted  for  cordial  and  intelligent  approval  and  support  of  its 
efforts  to  make  vital  registration  an  effective  department  of  public 
hygiene. 

The  Application  of  Vital  Statistics  to  Questions  of  Public 

Economy. 

Though  every  person  should  have  a  rational  concern  in  the 
decision  of  questions  that  determine  the  "chances  of  life"  in 
the  different  social  and  physical  conditions  of  particular  classes, 
occupations  and  ages,  we  find  such  an  embodiment  of  practical 
interest  in  these  questions  in  the  business  and  principles  of  life 
insurance  and  all  kinds  of  annuity  funds,  that  there  will  not  fail 
to  be  ere  long  a  demand  upon  the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  for 
such  aid  as  its  improved  registration  can  give.  This  fact  has  been 
kept  in  view  in  the  organization  and  execution  of  all  our  methods 
for  obtaining  and  recording  the  elements  of  a  perfect  registry. 

At  this  early  period  it  would  be  premature  to  attempt  any  final 
deductions  in  regard  to  principles  that  already  begin  to  appear  in 
the  statistical  handling  of  our  records  of  the  causes  and  circum- 
stances of  death,  and  the  ages,  occupations,  nativity  and  social 
status  of  the  decedents.  But  we  unhesitatingly  point  to  the 
statistical  abstracts  in  this  report  for  some  useful  information  con- 
cerning these  questions.  The  aim  has  been,  in  these  abstracts,  to 
m;ike  complete  statements  upon  all  points  of  information  that  are 
found  to  be  unexceptioncrfly  accurate  and  full,  both  as  respects  the 
individual  records  and  the  totality  of  such  records.*  Upon  the  many 
points  of  curious  but  not  very  useful  information,  the  Registrar 
has  neither  the  time  nor  wish  to  report;  for,  to  make  the  study 
of  life  and  health  directly  useful  in  discovering  and  applying 
means  for  saving  them  has,  from  the  first,  been  the  chief  duty. 
The  time  will  soon  come,  however,  when  a  skillful  actuary  can 
draw  from  this  vital  registration  and  the  sanitary  studies  thereon, 
such  revised  principles  as  life  insurance  corporations,  and  all  trans- 
actions that  are  based  on  the  "chances  of  life"  plainly  begin  to 
require  in  this  country.  No  duty  can  be  more  obvious  than  that 
the  State  should,  from  motives  of  public  economy,  provide  and 
put  into  thorough  operation  a  system  of  vital  registration,  based 
upon  the  principles  that  are  illustrated  in  this  report.     With  this, 

*  There  atill  exists  a  defect  in  the  records  of  occupations  of  the  decedents,  but  it  is 
believed  that  this  will  soon  be  overcome  by  the  aid  which  physicians  and  undertakers  are 
giving  in  this  particular. 


308  Annual  Report  of  the 

and  other  most  important  ends  in  public  economy,  the  next  census 
(in  1870)  should  not  fail  to  be  made  as  skillfully  and  as  exhaust- 
ingly  accurate  as  the  English  census  has  become. 

This  report,  like  that  of  the  preceding  nine  months,  presents, 
mainly,  the  organization  and  bare  statistics  of  a  branch  of  public 
hygiene  that,  in  the  rapid  progress  of  sanitary  information,  had 
come  to  be  an  indispensable  necessity  to  any  intelligent  and  per- 
manently effective  plans  or  principles  of  health  governments,  and 
much  more  have  such  vital  and  sanitary  studies  become  indispens- 
able as  a  basis  for  setting  forth,  in  any  useful  and  instructive  way, 
the  practical  teachings  of  hygiene.  But  these  first  reports  have 
necessarily  embodied  only  in  a  fragmentary  manner,  some  of  the 
chief  lessons  gleaned  from  whatever  statistical  and  sanitary 
information  has  been  found  most  trustworthy,  as  well  as  publicly 
needful. 

In  the  report  of  Dr.  R.  Cresson  Stiles,  the  Deputy  Registrar, 
Brooklyn,  will  be  found  an  important  and  well- digested  body  of 
information.  The  business  of  the  Brooklyn  branch  of  the  Bureau 
continues  to  be  conducted  in  entire  unison  with  the  plans  of  the 
central  office  in  New  York;  and  the  eminent  ability  of  its  chief 
officer  in  physiology,  pathology,  and  microscopy,  has  essentially 
aided  in  many  inquiries  connected  with  unusual  causes  of  disease 
and  death. 

Condensed  abstracts  of  the  returns  for  the  three  months  to  end 
on  the  31st  of  December  [Appmded  Statement  No.  I.]  will  be 
appended  hereto  when  this  report  goes  to  press.  There  also  will 
be  submitted,  at  the  same  time,  a  memorandum  upon  the  Meteoro- 
logical Phenomena  in  the  year  1867  [Appended  Statement  No.  II.]; 
a  series  of  analyses  of  Croton  and  other  Drinking  Waters  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  by  Prof.  Chandler,  of  Columbia  College 
[Appended  Statement  No.  III.])  and  [Appended  Statement  No. 
IV.]  the  Vital  Statistics  of  the  Hospitals  and  other  Public  Insti- 
tutions for  1867. 

Concluding  Remark. 

It  is  as  true  to-day  as  ever  that  "all  a  man  hath  will  he  give 
for  his  life,"  and,  in  closing  a  report  that  has  to  deal  so  inquisi- 
tively with  the  causes  that  brings  our  fellow-beings  to  the 

*        *        *        "  Last  soene  of  all, 

That  ends  this  strange,  eventful  history,*' 

there  are  a  few  plain  truths  which  duty  requires  us  to  notice. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Heath.  3Q9 

First — The  excessive  waste  of  human  life  in  the  metropolis  is 
clearly  proved  to  be  dependent,  mainly,  upon  preventable  causes, 
that  cannot  be  permanently  overcome  without  persistent  effort  to 
give  examples  and  practical  instruction  in  hygiene. 

Second — That  the  almost  exampled  ratio  of  infant  mortality  in 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  is  not  distributed  over  all  sections  of 
these  cities  alike,  but  is  associated  with  actual  and  discovered 
sources  of  unhealthfulness  in  the  dwellings,  neighborhoods,  and 
classes  that  suffer  this  needless  slaughter  of  the  innocents;  and  that 
the  same  places  and  classes  suffer  an  excessive  death-rate  in  all 
the  periods  of  life.  And,  further,  that  owing  to  the  utterly  depend- 
ent and  unenlightened  condition  of  these  unhealthy  masses  they 
have,  in  effect,  no  election  against  the  circumstances  that  compel 
the  sacrifice  they  are  constantly  making  to  disease  and  death.  To 
six  hundred  thousand  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  two  cities,  who  thus 
have  no  election  of  the  necessary  means  for  healthy  living,  a  high 
death-rate  and  a  pauperizing  and  debilitating  amount  of  disease  is 
a  fate  from  which  sanitary  improvements  alone  can  rescue  them. 

Third — A  constantly  low  death-rate  in  all  such  sections  of  the- 
metropolis  as  are  most  completely  free  from  the  local  and  domestic 
sources  of  disease,  is  a  fact  well  established  by  the  past  eighteen, 
months'  observations;  while,  on  the  other  had,  a  constantly  high 
death-rate  is  the  typical  characteristic  of  the  districts  that  are  suf- 
fering from  the  contrary  hygienic  conditions. 

Health  laws,  faithfully  executed,  will  continue  to  reduce  the 
death-rates;  and  there  needs  to  be  added  to  their  good  working 
still  other  and  more  permanent  life-saving  agencies,  for,  whichever 
way  we  turn  to  search  out  the  most  deep-rooted,  far-reaching 
causes  of  excessive  mortality  of  infants,  high  death-rates,  disabling 
sickness,  and  low  vitality  among  the  unhealthful  classes  in  New 
York,  the  fact  appears  that  the  people  "  perish  for  lack  of  know- 
ledge." Even  much  of  the  unworthy  life  that  exists  in  these  great 
cities,  is  but  the  combined  product  of  ignorance  and  vicious  self- 
indulgence.  No  health-laws  will  wholly  uproot  the  inevitable  pro- 
ducts of  such  planting.  Therefore,  in  this,  which  is  one  of  the 
greatest  and  most  permanent  labors  for  the  public  health,  every 
well-wisher  for  his  fellow-beings  should  be  urged  to  share. 
Instruction  concerning  the  laws  of  hygiene  should  by  all  means 
go  hand  in  hand  with  the  execution  of  the  laws  of  Sanitary  Code. 

Most  desirable  is  it  that  every  sick-chamber  and  every  hospital 
ward  should  be  made  the  place   and   the  occasion  of  complete 


310  Annual  Report  of  the 

practical  instruction  in  personal  and  domestic  hygiene.  The  phy- 
sician is  the  natural  and  ever-willing  teacher  of  such  knowledge; 
and  in  the  charities  and  care  that  Heaven  has  inclined  women  to 
give  to  the  needy  sick,  she  too  may  become  a  missionary  of  health 
and  of  most  permanently  useful  instruction  to  the  ignorant  poor. 
Already  some  of  the  metropolitan  hospitals  are  rapidly  becoming 
schools  of  practical  hygiene,  and  the  surgeon  proves  to  be  one  of 
the  best  of  teachers  of  this  science,  when  he  calls  about  him  his  pupils 
to  witness  in  the  very  appearance  and  condition  of  wounds  the 
delicate  evidences  of  the  deadly  effects  of  foul  air,  on  the  one  hand, 
and  of  the  salutary  influence  of  fresh  air,  cleanliness  and  hygienic 
care  on  the  other  hand. 

Human  physiology,  hygiene,  and  chemistry  in  its  applications 
to  common  life,  have  come  to  be  easily  understood  by  all  who  seek 
such  knowledge;  and  they  afford,  withal,  such  powers  and  incen- 
tives for  the  protection  of  health,  that  to  neglect  them  as  necessary 
branches  of  school  education  is  to  deprive  the  rising  generation 
and  the  public  of  great  sanitary  and  social  benefits. 

Year  by  year  some,  gain  to  the  average  length  of  human  life 
certainly  should  be  proved  by  the  statistics  of  a  decreasing  death- 
rate,  but  the  total  gain  in  the  number  lives  saved  from  the  grave, 
in  every  thousand  of  the  population,  shows  only  a  mere  fraction  of 
the  actual  gain  to  the  value  and  usefulness  of  the  aggregate  of  life 
in  the  whole  metropolis,  because  the  gain  to  the  common  stock  of 
healthy  and  vigorous  life,  in  a  population,  is  twenty-fold  greater  than 
the  few  added  years  of  wordly  comfort  and  usefulness  that  are 
represented  by  the  number  of  persons,  at  given  ages,  saved  from 
premature  death. 

No  statistics  can  fully  set  forth  the  benefits  which  increased 
health  and  invigorated  life  confer.  The  public  economist,  the 
moralist,  and  the  philanthropist,  together  claim  this  boon  for 
society,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  say  whether  the  moral  or  the  purely 
physical  blessings  of  health  and  length  of  life  most  urgently 
demand  an  unceasing  effort  to  give  to  all  our  fellow-beings  the 
means  of  healthy  living. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

ELISHA  HARRIS,  M.  D., 

Registrar  and  Corresponding  Secretary, 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


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REPORT 

OF   THE 

DEPUTY  REGISTRAR,  BROOKLYN. 


Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics,      "] 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  I 

Brooklyn,  November  15,  1867.     J 

Elisha  Harris,  M.  D.,  Registrar  of  Vital  Statistics: 

Sir:  The  accompanying  tabulations  of  the  vital  statistics  of 
Brooklyn  for  the  past  year,  afford  gratifying  evidence  of  a  decided 
improvement  in  the  statistical  record  in  completeness  and  perma- 
nent value.  The  present  report  embraces  the  returns  of  an  entire 
year,  from  October  1,  1866,  to  September  30,  1867.  The  physi- 
cians of  this  city  have  manifested  increasing  willingness  to  furnish 
full  and  accurate  statistical  information,  giving  evidence  that  their 
interest  has  been  awakened  in  the  scientific  results  which  it  lies  in 
their  power  to  further,  and  in  the  credit  of  their  city  for  so  im- 
portant an  element  and  evidence  of  civilization  as  that  of  public 
registration.  That  so  favorable  a  response  should  have  been  made 
to  the  demands  of  the  Board  of  Health  in  this  respect,  offers  an 
encouraging  prospect  for  its  future  endeavors.  The  habit  of 
making  returns,  and  the  recognition  of  their  permanent  and 
increasing  value,  are  necessary  in  order  to  bring  the  record  to  its 
highest  perfection.  No  penalties  have  hitherto  been  enforced  on 
account  of  non-compliance  with  the  law,  and  the  resources  of  this 
office  have  not  been  equal  to  any  extraordinary  effort  in  the  col- 
lection of  statistical  information  that  has  not  been  voluntarily  fur- 
nished. The  comparative  incompleteness  of  our  marriage-record 
is  mainly  due  to  this  latter  cause. 

To  this  Bureau  belongs  rather  the  consideration  of  local  circum- 
stances and  peculiarities  of  the  district,  than  generalizations,  which 
would  be  more  firmly  based  upon  the  records  of  the  central  Bureau, 
and  which,  in  your  report  for  the  Metropolitan  District,  must  em- 
brace whatever  of  sanitary  importance  is  afforded  by  this  portion 
of  the  same. 


312  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  number  of  deaths  registered  during  the  past  year,  is  9,214 
for  the  Long  Island  portion  of  the  Metropolitan  District,*  of 
which  8,589  occurred  within  the  city  of  Brooklyn  and  her  public 
institutions.  There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  a  single  death 
within  the  latter  limits  has  escaped  registration,  but  prior  to  the 
organization  of  the  Board  of  Health,  the  record  is  not  so  trust- 
worthy. For  this  reason,  comparison  can  be  instituted  only 
between  periods  subsequent  to  this  event. 

For  the  six  months  ending  September  30,  1866,  5,293  deaths 
were  returned  for  the  city  and  her  public  institutions;  for  the  cor- 
responding period  of  1867,  4,656  were  registered;  there  is,  there- 
fore, a  diminution  of  637  deaths  in  favor  of  the  latter.  Of  the 
former  number,  2,328  were  due  to  foul-air  diseases;  of  the  latter, 
1,758;  a  difference  of  570  deaths,  due  to  the  comparative  freedom 
of  the  latter  period  from  miasmatic  influence. 

During  the  summer  of  1866  there  were  two  periods  of  exces- 
sive mortality,  one  corresponding  to  the  heated  term  which  cul- 
minated in  the  third  week  of  July,  the  other  during  the  prevalence 
of  Asiatic  cholera,  which  reached  its  height  in  the  second  week 
of  August.  The  past  summer  presents  a  most  satisfactory  con- 
trast to  the  foregoing.  From  the  second  week  of  July  to  the  last 
week  of  August  (both  included),  there  was  for  the  past  year  a 
saving  of  476  lives  in  the  city  alone.  The  summer  has  been 
moderate  in  temperature,  and  no  epidemic  of  any  magnitude  has 
prevailed.  The  rural  districts,  however,  and  the  low  grounds  on 
the  outskirts  of  the  city,  show  the  influence  of  the  abundant  rains 
of  the  season  in  an  unusual  amount  of  malarial  disease  and  the 
greater  number  of  deaths  from  remittent  fever. 

Comparative  Healthfulness  of  the  Wards  of  Brooklyn. 

The  different  wards  of  the  city  present  very  diverse  death-rates, 
as  influenced  by  topographical  position,  by  the  prevailing  charac- 
ter of  their  population,  its  manner  of  living,  its  attention  to  works 
of  sanitary  improvement,  and  obedience  .to  existing  sanitary  regu- 
lations. The  following  table  presents  the  total  number  of  deaths 
in  each  ward  during  the  year,  with  the  rate  per  thousand  of  in- 
habitants. 

*  The  mortality  of  the  entire  city  district  is  represented  in  the  accompanying  diagram. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  313 

Total  No.  Rate 

Wards.                                            of  deaths.  per  1,000. 

First  Ward 129 21.05 

Second  Ward 273  31.16 

ThirdWard 150  16.87 

Fourth  Ward 265  23.03 

Fifth  Ward _..  581 32.60 

Sixth  Ward 700 26.50 

Seventh  Ward 382  23.92 

Eighth  Ward 334  33.98 

Ninth  Ward 775  33.05 

Tenth  Ward 714 24.90 

Eleventh  Ward 570 31.24 

Twelfth  Ward 457  34.92 

Thirteenth  Ward 387  21.75 

Fourteenth  Ward 500  32.41 

Fifteenth  Ward 298  26.02 

Sixteenth  Ward 768 31.50 

Seventeenth  Ward 286  28.00 

Eighteenth  Ward 163 26.92 

Nineteenth  Ward 224  27.80 

Twentieth  Ward 280  20.03 


Total 8,236     Average. 27.81 

The  wards  in  which  the  death-rate  is  over  thirty  per  thousand, 
are  the  Second,  Fifth,  Eighth,,  Ninth,  Twelfth,  Fourteenth  and 
Sixteenth.  The  high  rate  in  the  Eleventh  Ward  is  due  to  the 
location  of  the  Brooklyn  City  Hospital  within  its  boundaries.  The 
number  of  deaths  in  that  institution  for  the  year,  was  seventy-four, 
and  the  rate  for  the  ward,  when  these  are  excluded  from  the 
reckoning,  27.19  per  thousand.  These  wards  are  the  same,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Ninth,  which  presented  last  year  the  highest 
death-rates,  showing  that  the  deadly  influences  at  work  iu  them 
were  not  temporary,  but  possess  a  degree  of  permanence  in  spite 
of  endeavors  to  counteract  them.  In  the  Ninth  Ward  two  unusual 
sources  of  disease  existed  during  the  past  summer.  Abundant 
rains  rendered  noxious  its  unoccupied  marshy  soil,  and  pools  of 
stagnant  water  and  the  upturning  of  the  soil  and  accumulation  of 
organic  matter  in  the  course  of  the  labors  upon  Prospect  Park, 
have  added  their  influence  to  that  of  the  former,  in  raising  the 
death-rate  from  the  average  of  the  previous  year,  to  five  per  thou- 
sand above  that  of  the  present. 


314  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  causes  of  the  high  death-rate  in  our  city  may  be  brought 
into  prominence  by  comparing  the  four  most  favored  wards,  the 
Third,  Twentieth,  First  and  Thirteenth,  with  the  four  at  the  other 
extreme  of  the  scale,  viz  :  the  Twelfth,  Eighth,  Fifth  and  Four- 
teenth. The  Third  and  Twentieth  Wards  occupy  the  choicest 
sites  within  the  city  limits,  are  remote  from  the  river,  elevated, 
well  drained,  and  occupied  by  the  finest  residences,  inhabited  by 
a  highly-civilized  and  affluent  population.  The  First  has  all  the 
advantages  of  the  Third,  with  the  exception  of  a  single  street  at 
the  foot  of  "  the  Heights,'7  adjoining  the  river.  The  Thirteenth 
has  also  an  unwholesome  river  front,  but  is  fortunate  in  its  large 
proportion  of  well-drained  soil  and  well-situated,  comfortable 
residences. 

In  marked  contrast  to  the  foregoing  are  the  amphibious  Twelfth 
and  Eighth  Wards.  The  Twelfth  consists  largely  of  tongues  and 
belts  of  land  rescued  from  the  tides,  the  sanitary  condition  of 
which  is  deplorable.  It  was  here  that  the  cholera  took  up  its 
abode  last  year,  and  with  ample  justification.  The  Eighth  shares 
the  disadvantages  of  its  neighbor.  Many  of  its  streets  are  embank- 
ments or  causeways  amid  watery  wastes,  and  the  corresponding 
squares  resemble  rather  the  lake  dwellings  of  afar  remote  antiquity 
than  modern  habitations.  The  Fifth  Ward  embraces  an  unhealthy 
litioral  district,  of  which  the  point  of  land  between  Wallabout  Bay 
and  the  East  Eiver,  not  embraced  in  the  Navy  Yard,  is  occupied 
by  tenement  houses  and  miserable  dwellings,  and  is  a  hot-bed  of 
zymotic  germs.  The  Fourteenth  Ward,  side  by  side  with  the 
favored  Thirteenth,  differs  from  it  mainly  in  the  character  of  its 
dwellings  and  their  inhabitants.  While  in  the  Thirteenth  less  than 
one-fourth,  in  the  Fourteenth  over  one-half,  of  the  population  is 
foreign,  and  its  streets  are  notoriously  neglected. 

Of  the  four  healthy  wards  mentioned  above  but  one-fourth  of 
the  population  is  foreign,  while  in  the  four  unhealthy  wards  but 
one-third  is  native.  The  death-rate  among  foreigners  is  much 
higher  than  in  our  native  population.  The  former  suffer  from 
want  of  acclimation,  and  from  the  poverty  which  has  driven  them 
to  seek  a  more  tolerable  existence  on  our  shores,  and  here  consigns 
them  to  districts  which  their  more  fortunate  native-born  fellow- 
citizens  have  avoided  or  forsaken. 

The  fact  ought  not  to  pass  unnoticed  that  the  most  prominent 
causes  of  unhealthfulness  in  our  city  are  such  as  time  will  surely 
remedy.  The  rapidly  growing  city  has  extended  over  a  surface 
unprepared  for  its  reception  ;  works  of  public  improvement  are 


Metr op olitan  B oard  on  Health.  315 

already  planned,  and  awaiting  the  increased  value  of  property  to 
warrant  their  consummation. 

Infant  Mortality. 
The  following  table  furnishes   the  total  weekly  mortality  of 
adults,  in   contrast  with  that  of  children,  from  the  first  week  in 
June  to  the  last  week  in  September,  for  the  entire  district : 

Adults.  Children. 

For  the  week  ending  June    8th 57  76 

"             "              June  15th _..  44  64 

"              "              June  22d 49  77 

June29th 47  101 

July    6th... 60  191 

July  13th 66  169 

"             "              July  20th 51  199 

"             "              July  27th 70  207 

"              Aug.    3d 47  229 

"             ■■             Aug.  10th 53  216 

"             "             Aug.  17th 64  226 

"             '              Aug.  24th 60  214 

"             Aug.  31st 61  195 

"             ■•              Sept.  7th ...  77  186 

"             "              Sep.  14th 50  144 

"             "              Sep.  21st 66  165 

Sep.  28th 73  ,...  130 

Totals 995  2,789 

It  is  a  fact  in  harmony  with  the  indication  of  the  foregoing 
table,  that  in  the  absence  of  unusual  epidemic  influence,  adult 
mortality  is  not  subject  to  great  fluctuation  from  week  to  week 
and  season  to  season,  while  that  of  infants  swells  the  tide  which 
sets  in  so  strongly  during  the  month  of  June,  to  ebb  gradually  as 
the  approach  of  winter  destroys  the  vitality  of  organic  morbid 
germs. 

While  many  infants  perish  in  spite  of  robust  constitutions, 
through  the  ignorant  care  or  neglect  of  parents,  and  many  in- 
heriting feeble  or  tainted  constitutions  are  timely  cut  off  in  early 
infancy,  another  and  the  largest  proportion  of  valuable  lives  is 
annually  sacrificed  to  preventable  diseases,  lurking  and  fermenting 
in  unwholesome  habitations,  in  tenement-houses  inflicted  on  the 
poor  by  wealthy,  but  greedy  and  selfish  owners.  The  poor  are 
compelled  to  take  such  abodes  as  the  wealthy  provide  for  them. 


316         *  Annual  Report  of  the 

Every  wealthy  owner,  therefore,  of  such  a  haunt  of  misery  merits 
the  sternest  condemnation  of  all  good  citizens.  The  amount  of 
suffering  which  is  inflicted  upon  this  community,  and  circles  in 
wide-spreading  contagion  around  these  centres  of  morbid  at- 
traction, passes  calculation.  There  is  no  charity  so  pressing,  so 
worthy  to  engross  the  minds  of  our  capitalists,  as  that  of  supply- 
ing dwellings  for  the  poor,  constructed  and  maintained  according 
to  the  teachings  of  sanitary  science.  The  example  set  by  one  of 
our  illustrious  countrymen  in  a  foreign  city  will  hand  down  his 
name  to  the  gratitude  of  posterity  as  surely  and  proudly  as  the 
institutions  of  learning  fostered  by  his  beneficence  in  our  own 
country.  Great  as  this  charity  is,  it  would  be  sure  to  yield  an 
adequate  return  on  the.  pecuniary  investment.  The  law  ought, 
then,  to  forbid  to  be  inhabited  every  room,  or  apartment,  or  en- 
closure, from  which  the  light  of  day  is  shut  out,  which  is  not 
properly  ventilated,  is  not  protected  against  accumulations  of 
tilth,  or  which  in  any  manner  promotes  or  subserves  human  phy- 
sical degradation. 

Scarlatina. 
There  has  been  no  intermission  in  the  prevalence  of  scarlatina 
during  the  past  year,  every  week  having  furnished  its  quota  of 
deaths  from  this  cause,  the  whole  number  for  the  year  amounting 
to  369.  The  disease  was  most  fatal  during  the  week  ending  July 
6th,  for  which  21  deaths  were  reported.  In  the  following  table 
is  given  the  total  mortality  in  each  ward  from  scarlatina  for  the 
year,  with  its  ratio  to  the  number  of  children  under  five  years  of 
age,  according  to  the  last  census: 

No.  of  Children 
Total  No.  of      under  5  years  to 
Wards.  Deaths.  each  death. 

First  Ward 8  89 

Second  Ward 12  99 

Third  Ward 5  146 

Fourth  Ward. 7  166 

Fifth  Ward 38  65 

Sixth  Ward 22  163 

Seventh  Ward , 12  168 

Eighth  Ward 24  61 

Ninth  Ward 25  136 

Tenth  Ward » 42  90 

Eleventh  Ward 21  104 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  .         317 

No.  of  Children 

Total  No.  of  under  5years  to 

Wards.                                                                                     Deaths.  each  death. 

Twelfth  Ward 22  95 

Thirteenth  Ward 14  156 

Fourteenth  Ward 28  85 

Fifteenth  Ward 25  6Q 

Sixteenth  Ward 20  210 

Seventeenth  Ward 19  81 

Eighteenth  Ward 9  100 

Nineteenth  Ward , 7  139 

Twentieth  Ward 9  172 


Totals ...    369  119 


The  low  rate  of  mortality  in  the  Sixteenth  Ward  from  scarla- 
tina, when  compared  with  the  number  of  cases  reported,  and  with 
the  high  death-rate  from  all  other  causes  in  thatundrained,  marshy, 
and  crowded  ward,  is  remarkable.  The  proportion  of  cl  ildren 
under  five  years  of  age  to  the  entire  population  of  the  ward  is 
nearly  one-sixth  (the  same  as  in  the  Tweltth  Ward,  and  double 
that  of  the  Third);  but  the  Sixteenth  Ward  is  a  German  settle- 
ment, and  the  nationality  may  possibly  explain  the  comparative 
immunity. 

The  most  decided  epidemic  of  scarlatina  during  the  year  was 
that  which  prevailed  in  the  Fifth  Ward  from  the  middle  of  May 
until  the  last  of  July,  and  destroyed  24  lives  in  that  quarter  of  the 
ward  (before  alluded  to)  between  the  Navy  Yard  and  the  River. 

Cholera  and  Yellow  Fever. 

But  five  fatal  cases  of  cholera  were  reported  during  the  past 
summer,  and  but  thirteen  of  cholera  morbus;  a  degree  of  immu- 
nity so  unexpected  as  to  be  a  special  source  of  gratitude. 

While  yellow  fever  scourged  the  shores  of  the  Gulf,  and  fears 
were  entertained  of  an  epidemic  of  that  disease  in  our  owai  city, 
its  actual  prevalence  was  limited  to  a  few  cases.  Timely  warning 
was  given  for  the  exercise  of  caution.  As  early  as  the  10th  of 
July,  a  fatal  case  of  that  disease  occurred  in  Bergen  street,  in  the 
Tenth  Ward.  It  was  that  of  a  storekeeper  who  had  visited  on  a 
lighter  an  infected  ship,  detained  at  Quarantine.  On  the  7th  of 
August  an  Italian  brig,  the  Chiara,  entered  this  port,  and  after 
discharging  her  cargo  of  oranges,  during  which  operation  several 


318  Annual  Report  of  the 

of  her  crew  were  taken  ill,  was  moored  at  a  dock  in  Newtown 
creek,  in  the  Seventeenth  Ward,  to  reload.  While  there,  three 
more  of  her  crew  were  seized  with  sudden  illness  and  were 
removed  to  the  Kings  County  Hospital,  at  ^latbush.  Here  they 
were  under  close  observation  by  yourself  and  the  physicians  of 
that  institution.  Their  disease  could  not  be  called  yellow  fever, 
as  there  was  no  jaundice  and  no  fever,  but  there  was  evidence  of  a 
serious  disorganization  of  the  blood,  in  bleeding  gums,  albumi- 
nous urine,  excessive  prostration,  with,  in  one  case,  anthrax  during 
convalescence.  There  was  no  suspicion  of  a  scorbutic  taint  in 
these  cases. 

On  the  17th"of  September,  one  of  the  workmen  in  the  glass 
factory  of  Messrs.  Bailey  and  Doblemau,  in  the  Seventeenth  Ward, 
was  taken  ill  with  symptoms  of  yellow  fever,  and  died  on  the 
seventh  day  of  the  disease.  Four  others  were  seized  soon  after, 
and  in  like  manner.  These  cases  I  was  commissioned  to  investi- 
gate. The  post-mortem  appearances  in  the  first  case,  those  in  one  of 
the  subsequent  ones,  with  the  symptoms  in  a  case  which  recovered, 
were  observed  by  myself,  and  carefully  analyzed.  While  I  fully 
recognize  the  fact  that  diseases  are  not  entities  which,  like  living 
beings,  may  have  their  generic  and  specific  characters  accurately 
determined  by  observation,  I  am  confident  that  these  cases  pre- 
sented evidence  of  the  action  upon  those  affected  of  a  specific 
morbid  cause,  of  a  character  foreign  to  those  causes  in  action  upon 
this  community  at  the  time,  and  that  the  resulting  symptoms  and 
post-mortem  appearances  accorded  more  closely  with  those  of  yel- 
low fever  than  of  any  other  disease  in  our  nosological  catalogues. 

By  a  strange  coincidence,  in  a  region  populous  with  workmen, 
the  only  cases  of  this  disease  occurred  among  those  employed 
within  an  enclosure  of  the  four  sides  of  which  the  Ohiara  had 
formed  one  for  several  weeks  before  the  outbreak.  This  coinci- 
dence, merely  fortuitous,  as  it  now  appears,  may  not  seem  so 
surprising  when  our  knowledge  of  the  mode  of  propagation  of 
such  morbid  emanations  as  were  here  indicated,  and  of  the  reac- 
tions of  the  human  system  to  their  agency  shall  be  better  under- 
stood. 

DlARRHCEAL    DISEASES. 

The  relation  which  diarrhoeal  diseases  bore  to  the  entire  class  of 
zymotics  as  causes  of  death,  and  to  the  total  mortality  throughout 
the  year,  may  be  seen  in  the  accompanying  diagram,  in  which  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  319 

perpendicular  parallel  lines  correspond  to  successive  weekly  periods, 
and  the  horizontal  divisions  denote  the  number  of  deaths.  Of 
this  class  the  largest  portion  is  reported  as  cholera  infantum,  the 
remainder  as  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  aud  cholera  morbus.  There 
were  830  fatal  cases  of  cholera  infantum,  230  of  diarrhoea,  201  of 
dysentery,  and  17  of  cholera  morbus,  reported  during  the  year  for 
the  city  and  its  public  institutions,  making  1,278  for  the  entire 
class  of  diarrhoeal  diseases.  Of  these  1,129  were  of  infants  under 
five  years  of  age. 

Consumption. 

Consumption  presents  its  usual  melancholy  record  of  lives  cut 
off  in  their  prime,  and  of  wide  spread,  remorseless  devastation. 

1866.  Deaths. 

In  October,  there  were 96 

In  November,       do 115 

In  December,       do        _ 110 

1867. 

In  January,  do   --- 106 

In  February,  do —  75 

In  March,  do   140 

InApril,  do 102 

InMay,  do        97 

In  June,  do --  84 

InJuly,  do        97 

In  August,  do        81 

In  September,  do 89 

Total ...1192 


1,102  deaths  in  the  district,  and  1,072  in  the  city  alone,  were 
due  to  this  cause.  The  mortality  from  phthisis  in  the  several  wards 
of  the  city  was  as  follows  : 

No.  of  persons 
Wards.  No.  of  Deaths,     to  each  death. 

First  Ward 21  244 

Second  Ward 41  213 

Third  Ward 17  523 

Fourth  Ward 40  287 

Fifth  Ward 88  202 

Sixth  Ward... 102  259 

Seventh  Ward 41  389 

Eighth  Ward ,.__  41  240 


320 


Annual  Report  of  the 


Wards.  No. 

Ninth  Ward 

Tenth  Ward '. 

Eleventh  Ward 

Twelfth  Ward 

Thirteenth  Ward.... 

Fourteenth  Ward ..„ 

Fifteenth  Ward 

Sixteenth  Ward 

Seventeenth  Ward „ «.  _ . 

Eighteenth  Ward 

Nineteenth  Ward 

Twentieth  Ward  .„ 

Total 1,072 


The  Fifth  Ward  presents  the  highest  death-rate  from  this  cause 
also,  due  to  the  unheal thfulness  of  the  quarter  above  indicated ; 
whether  from  its  damp  and  exposed  position,  from  the  character 
of  its  population,  or  from  contagion,  to  which  the  record  of  scarla- 
tina has  shown  it  to  be  peculiarly  favorable,  and  to  which  recent 
researches  have  given  prominence  in  the  production  of  phthisis,  a 
more  extended  record  is  necessary  in  order  to  determine. 

Of  the  1,192  deaths  within  the  district,  640  were  of  males,  and 
552  of  females. 

The  foreign  element  in  our  population  suffered  more  than  the 
native  ;  of  the  whole  number  of  deaths 

549 were  natives  of  the  United  States. 


).  of  Deaths. 

No.  of  persons 
to  each  death. 

90 

260 

106 

270 

91 

200 

39 

335 

51 

349 

67 

230 

30 

382 

86 

283 

35 

292 

15 

403 

32 

251 

39 

358 

1,072 

298 

459 

144 

43 

16 

14 

5 

3 

3.... 

3 _ 

2 

2.... 

2 

and  7  of  other  and  all  different  nationalities. 


Ireland. 

Germany. 

England. 

Scotland. 

British  America. 

France. 

Switzerland. 

Norway. 

Holland. 

Spain. 

Portugal. 

Denmark. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  32  [ 

The  average  duration  of  residence  in  the  city  of  those  not  born 
here,  who  died  of  consumption,  was  11.7  years. 

The  average  duration  of  the  disease  was  a  year  and  a  half,  or 
1.53,  more  accurately. 

From  the  great  number  of  different  occupations  reported,  no 
deductions  can  be  drawn  respecting  the  influence  of  each  upon  the 
liability  to  this  disease.  A  much  greater  length  of  record  is 
necessary  to  this  end.  The  class  of  Irish  laborers  is,  however,  at 
once  pointed  out  as  peculiarly  predisposed. 

The  attention  of  the  sanitary  authorities  has  been  directed  by 
the  returns  of  this  office  to  those  localities  where  their  interposi- 
tion has  been  most  needed.  The  practical  object  of  its  institution 
has  thus  been  subserved.  Transcripts  of  the  records  have  been 
furnished  to  all  applicants,  and  have  been  instrumental  in  securing 
their  rights  in  pensions  and  legacies.  The  usefulness  of  the 
Bureau,  in  this  latter  respect,  must  steadily  increase.  In  addition 
to  these  practical  results,  the  pathologist  and  sanitarian  will  find 
in  the  records  of  the  vital  statistics  of  Brooklyn,  as  they  accumu- 
late and  develop  their  legitimate  teachings,  a  mine  of  precious 
truth. 

The  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  in  this  city  has  served  as  a  rally- 
ing-point  for  the  interest  of  the  profession  in  the  advance  of  medi- 
cal science  and  the  promotion  of  the  public  welfare,  and  its 
existence  has  favorad  professional  harmony  and  self-respect.  That 
it  should  be  made  subservient  to  the  wants  of  physicians  in  the 
diffusion  of  valuable  information — valuible  to  them  and  to  the  pub- 
lic— and  thus  make  a  return  for  our  dependence  upon  them,  which 
we  gratefully  recognize,  is  much  to  be  desired. 
Yours,  very  respectfully, 

R.  CRESSON  STILES, 

Deputy  Registrar. 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  21 


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April  27 
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Aug.  24 
Aug.  31 
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BROOKLYN. — Deaths    from    Small-Pox,    Measles.    Scarlatina, 

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1296,112 

344 


Annual  Report  of  the 


DEATHS 

FROM  ZYMOTIC  DISEASES. 

BROOKLYN.— Deaths 

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Scarlatina, 

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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


345 


DEATHS  FROM  ZYMOTIC  DISEASES. 

BROOKLYN. — Deaths    from    Small-Pox,   Measles,    Scarlatina, 

Diphtheria,  Whooping-cough,  Typhoid  Fever, 

Typhus  Fever, 

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in  all  thoWards 

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16 

35 

18 

5 

13 

22 

38 

23 

358 

59 

1564 

296,112 

:46 


Annual  Report  of  the 


DEATHS  FROM  ZYMOTIC  DISEASES. 

BROOKLYN. — Deaths  from  Small-Pox,  Measles,  Scarlatina, 
Diphtheria,  Whooping-cough,  Typhoid  Fever,  Typhus  Fever, 
Cholera,  Cholera  Infantum,  Diarrheal  Maladies  and  other 
Zymotic  Diseases. 

Registered  during  the  Quarter  ending  Saturday,  September  28,  1867. 


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296,112 


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TO    TIIE 


REPORT 


OP   THE 


REGISTRAR  OF  VITAL  STATISTICS. 


-A_ppended  Statement  ]STo.  I. 


The  Vital  Statistics  and  the  State  of  the  Public  Health  in 
the  Fourth  Quarter  of  the  Year  ending  December  81,  1867. 

Succeeding  a  season  of  excessive  rainfalls,  the  autumn  opened 
as  the  dryest  and  most  healthful  quarter  of  the  year.  In  the  four 
months  that  preceded  October  the  total  rainfall  exceeded  twenty- 
seven  inches  depth  of  water;  and,  in  the  twelve  months  preceding 
this  quarter,  the  total  rainfall  exceeded  fifty-seven  inches.  The 
surface  of  the  earth,  throughout  the  Metropolitan  District,  was 
excessively  saturated  with  water,  except  where  drainage  was 
good.  And  it  was  a  noticeable  fact  that  those  districts  of  New 
York  and  Brooklyn  that  are  suitably  sewered,  were,  during 
the  autumn  (until  cold  weather  came  on),  more  healthful  than 
those  outlying  and  suburban  districts  where  drainage  is  incom- 
plete. 

Theundrained  and  ungraded  portions  of  the  Twelfth,  Nineteenth 
and  Twenty-second  Wards  in  New  York  were  especially  the 
localities  that  gave  the  largest  death-rate  by  the  zymotic  diseases 
throughout  the  quarter.  In  each  of  those  up-town  wards  there 
was  an  unusual  prevalence  of  intermittent  and  remittent  fever; 
and  although  this  particular  exhibition  of  malaria  did  not  find  any 
record  in  the  death  registers,  an  excessive  mortality  of  infants, 
from  all  cawes,  on  the  registers  stands  charged  to  the  badly-drained 
portions  of  both  cities. 

The  weather  continued  warm  and  dry  throughout  October  and 
the  first  two  weeks  of  November.  The  weekljr  total  of  deaths 
steadily  decreased  in  the  first  seven  weeks  of  the  quarter;  though 
in  Brooklyn  there  was  far  less  gain  to  the  chances  of  life  than  in 
New  York,  chiefly  in  consequence  of  the  high  death-rate  in  the 
unsewered  and  badlv-drained  districts  in  the  former  city.  The 
mean  temperature  and  the  average  humidity  of  the  atmosphere 
continued  to  be  favorable  to  human  life  until  winter  began,  as  the 
following:  records  show: 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


353 


WEEK  ENDING. 


1867. 

October  5th 

October  12th 

October  19th 

October  26th 

November  2d 

November   9th 

November    I  6th 

November  23d 

November  30th 

December  7th 

December  14  th 

December  2 1st 

December  31st  (10  days — to  end  of  year) 


S  o 


58 
BO 

59 
52 
■,2 
47 
42 
38 
44 
29 
is 
25 
35 


40  to  71 
37  to  70 
46  to  80 
34  to  71 
40  to  60 
32  to  70 
36  to  65 
16  to  54 
16  to  60 
13  to  45 
1  to  35 
15  to  40 
15  to  50 


M 
81 
M 
■r.7 
S5 
SI 
60 
55 
86 
46 
49 
59 
66 


469 
434 
464 
386 
357 
357 
353 
382 
362 
3S6 
365 
430 
530 


449 

428 

475. 

409 

389 

391 

372 

397 

432 

385 

433 

378 

671 


Upon  the  following  pages  we  compare  the  total  footings  of  the 
mortality  records  by  classes  and  at  the  several  ages  in  the  cor- 
responding (fourth)  quarters  of  1866  and  1867: 


|'A.ssem.  No.  122.] 


23 


354 


Annual  Report  of  the 


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366  -A  nnual  Rep  or  t  of  the 

Marriages  and  Births. 

The  subjoined  tables  exhibit  results  of  these  two  branches  of 
registration  during  the  quarter.  The  aggregate  of  these  returns 
falls  below  the  numbers  registered  in  the  preceding  quarter. 
This  deficit  results  from  an  inattention  to  the  law  requiring  the 
return  of  these  records  from  clergymen  and  physicians.  But  this 
neglect  to  make  returns  does  not  appear  to  arise  so  much  from 
unwillingness  as  from  simple  neglect;  moreover,  during  the  past 
year,  no  circulars  have  been  sent  out  to  urge  these  returns. 

The  3,386  returns  of  persons  married  in  New  York,  and  the 
762  in  Brooklyn,  certainly  fall  short  of  the  total  number  who  mar- 
ried in  these  cities  during  the  last  quarter  of  the  year.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  incompleteness  of  the  returns  of  births  in  this 
quarter.  Circulars  to  physicians  and  clergymen  will  again  be 
sent  out,  and  they  will  temporarily  stimulate  the  returns  which 
the  law  requires;  but  actual  completeness  in  these  branches  of 
registration  can  be  reached  only  by  systematic  official  collection 
of  the  records,  as  is  done  in  Rhode  Island,  Massachusetts  and 
Great  Britain.  This  duty  is  so  obvious,  and  the  teachings  of 
experience  and  examples  in  regard  to  it  are  so  conclusive,  that 
the  Registrar  would  respectfully  state  that  the  conclusions  which 
were  embodied  in  a  preceding  section  of  this  report*  upon  the  sub- 
ject here  referred  to,  are  sustained  by  the  experience  of  the  last 
three  months  of  the  year.  The  very  unusual  success  of  the  voluntary 
system  of  the  Birth  and  Marriage  returns,  and  the  absolutely  per- 
fect character  of  the  individual  records  which  are  received  from 
physicians  and  clergymen,  warrant  the  belief  that  it  will  be  en- 
tirely practicable  to  obtain  complete  records. 

*See  pages  131  and  192  of  this  report. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


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Annual  Report  of  the 


CoiTPAKISON    OF   THE    MORTALITY  TABLES   OF  1867    WITH   THOSE  OF 

1866. 

In  concluding  this  review  of  the  records  of  the  last  quarter  of 
the  year  1867,  and  with  the  hope  that  henceforth  there  will,  at 
the  close  of  every  year,  be  instituted  a  searching  comparison  of 
each  successive  year's  experience  with  that  of  the  year  which  last 
preceded,  we  now  undertake  such  a  comparison  of  the  vital  sta- 
tistics of  New  York  for  the  year  1867  with  the  statistics  of  the 
year  1866.  For  this  purpose  we  consolidate  the  total  records  of 
deaths  that  occurred  in  these  respective  years  into  the  five  classes 
that  embrace  all  the  causes,  and,  in  two  tabulations,  which  are 
comparable  with  each  other  at  every  point,  we  present  these 
records  by  ages  of  the  decedents  in  twenty  quinquenniads,  from 
five  years  of  age  to  one  hundred  and  upward,  and  with  five  pre- 
fixed columns  for  the  respective  first  five  years  of  childhood. 

In  studying  the  results  which  are  presented  in  these  condensed 
abstracts  of  two  successive  years'  results,  the  reader  will  best  pur- 
sue the  comparison  of  the  different  points  as  follows  : 

1.  Compare  each  of  the  grand  totals  which  are  found  in  the 
perpendicular  column,  next  to  the  last,  at  the  right  hand  side  of 
the  pages,  and  note  the  difference  of  each  of  the  five  classes  as 
well  as  the  difference  in  the  final  sum  of  mortality  in  the  respec- 
tive years.  Next  compare  the  adjacent  column  by  percentages, 
to  show  what  share  each  great  class  of  causes  of  death  had  in  the 
total  quantity,  and  to  find  in  what  class  or  classes  the  chief  gain 
to  life  was  made.  This  first  step  in  the  proposed  comparison  may 
be  epitomised  aud  carried  out  to  result  as  follows  : 


1866. 

1867. 

Gain  to  life 
in  1SS7. 

Death-rate  by  each 
class  of  causes,    in 
1000  inhabitant,  the 
population       being 
1,000,000*. 

Total  deaths  by  zymotio  diseases.. 
Total  deaths  by  constitutional  dis'e 
Local  diseases  (mostly  inflammato- 

8,859 
6,109 

9,036 

1,877 

939 

6,583 
5,513 

8,547 

1,720 

796 

2,2-76 
596 

489 
157 
143 

1866. 
8.66 
6.10 

9.03 

1.88 
0.94 

1867. 
6.58 
5.51 

8.55 

Deaths  by  developmental  diseases. 

1.72 
0.79 

Total  deaths  by  all  causes.... 

26,815 

23,159 

3,656 

26.81 

23.15 

♦As  the  total  of  the  population  of  the  eity,  including  all  transient  residents,  is  conceded 
to  be  fully  equal  to  1,000,000  inhabitants  at  the  close  of  the  year  1867,  we  accept  this 
number  rather  than  that  which  the  census  of  1865  gave,  both  because  it  is  a  more  correct 
statement  of  the  fact,  and  is  more  convenient  for  such  percentage,  estimates. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  371 

2.  To  compare  the  total  numbers  that  died  at  any  particular 
period  of  life,  follow  the  columns  of  ages,  and  find  the  desired 
points  for  comparison. 

3.  To  find  and  compare  the  amounts  of  mortality  that  occurred 
in  either  sex  or  in  both  sexes  at  a  particular  age,  and  from  a  par- 
ticular class  of  causes,  the  reader  will  note  in  the  first  left-hand 
column  the  arrangement  of  the  lines  in  the  table  for  the  sexes  and 
for  the  total  of  the  two  sexes. 

4.  The  last  horizontal  line  in  the  last  page  of  these  tables  shows 
the  points  at  which  gain  and  loss  to  life  occurred  in  the  year  1867 
over  1866. 

This  scheme  of  comparison  might  be  carried  out  to  minute 
details  as  regards  the  nearly  three  hundred  differently-named 
causes  of  death,  but  space  cannot  be  allowed  for  such  an  exten- 
sion of  these  inquiries  in  the  printed  report.  Referring  to  the 
comparisons  which  we  have  instituted  in  the  former  sections  of 
this  annual  report,  for  many  particulars  which  need  not  be  re- 
hearsed in  this  place,  we  will  conclude  this  comparison  of  the  two 
years,  by  simply  reviewing  the  facts  which  stand  recorded  in  the 
last  line  of  the  statistics  of  the  abstracts  of  death  in  the  twenty- 
five  periods  of  human  life,  as  classified  upon  two  succeeding  pages. 
In  this  final  line,  which  shows  the  gain  and  loss  to  life  in  the  year 
just  ended,  it  will  be  observed  that  the  signs  -f-  *nd  —  (plus  and 
minus),  indicate  the  points  at  which  there  was  either  a  saving  or 
loss  of  life. 

Gain  in  the  first  year  of  infancy. — This  is  seen  to  have  been 
305.  And  this  saving  was  mainly  by  the  diminished  fatality  of 
diarrha3al  and  marasmic  disorders,  and  nearly  half  of  the  whole 
amount  of  it  was  effected  by  a  single  and  most  instructive  improve- 
ment in  the  hygienic  care  of  nurselings  in  the  humane  keeping  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities,  viz  :  the  substitution  of 
the  natural  aliment" — breast  milk — for  the  spoon  and  bottle- 
feeding  of  the  foundlings  and  motherless  infants  that  are  com- 
mitted to  the  city's  charity. 

Loss  to  Life  in  Second  Year  of  Infancy. — There  was  one  chief 
cause  for  this  loss  of  infant  life  in  its  second  year,  viz.  :  measles. 

In  the  year  that  ended  December  31,  1866,  only  252  children 
died  by  measles,  while  in  the  year  1867  there  were  459  deaths  by 
that  disease;  and  as  nearly  one  half  of  all  these  deaths  occurred 
in  infants  between  one  and  two  years  of  age,  the  excess  of  the 
aggregate  mortality  in  the  second  year  of  life  in  the  last  twelve 
months,  is  found  in  this  single  cause. 


O  I 


Annual  Report  of  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Heat/tit. 


373 


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374  Annual  Report  of  the 

Gain  in  the  next  following  Three  Years  of  Childhood. — In  the 
as:es  between  two  and  three,  and  between  three  and  four,  and 
between  four  and  five,  the  gain  was,  for  the  respective  periods — 
36,  36  and  70,  or  142  in  the  aggregate.  This  was  a  small  gain,  and 
we  shall  presently  see  what  causes  operated  to  keep  up  the  high 
death-rates  in  these  three  years  of  childhood. 

The  Total  Gain  to  Life  in  the  First  Five  Years  of  Childhood 
was  375. — Yet  with  this  amount  of  life-saving,  the  total  quantity 
of  this  child-mortality  was  something  most  painful  to  contemplate, 
for  it  is  an  index  of  fearful  evils  that  war  against  life  in  the  masses 
of  the  population.  The  gain,  however,  was  effected  against  some 
of  the  most  relentless  foes  of  infant-life.  Measles,  scarlatina  and 
diphtheria  prevailed  epidemically  during  the  first  half  of  the  year 
1867,  and  in  the  twelve  months  these  three  causes  alone  killed 
1,530  children,  while  in  the  previous  year  only  811  died  by  these 
diseases — a  difference  of  719.  It  is,  therefore,  no  light  result  to 
laave  gained  375,  instead  of  losing  719  over  the  total  mortality  in 
the  first  five-year  period.  The  result  is  plainly  equivalent  to  a 
gain  of  1094  (375  -f-  719)  lives  in  this  first  quinquenniad. 

The  Gains  in  the  Adult  Periods  of  Life. — Following  along  the 
final  line,  beyond  the  periods  of  childhood  and  adolescence,  it 
is  seen  that  in  that  grand  period  of  human  existence  which  is 
the  most  important  in  all  useful  lives,  namely,  the  period  between 
the  ages  of  twenty  and  forty-five  years,  there  was  a  saving  of 
1,586  lives,  and  that  this  saving  was  most  conspicuously  noticeable 
in  that  most  publicly  and  socially  important  of  the  years  of  man- 
hood and  womanhood, — the  decade  between  the  twenty-fifth  and 
thirty-fifth  years  of  age, — when  all  the  great  activities  and  obliga- 
tions of  life  are  entered  upon  with  ardor  and  hopefulness,  and 
when  every  element  of  security  to  individual  lives  has  the  very 
highest  commercial  and  public  value.  And  when  we  consider  that 
an  the  particular  period  of  life  during  which  the  ablest  talent  and 
the  greatest  numbers  seek  duty  and  fortune  in  the  metropolis,  the 
greatest  gala  was  made  in  the  general  chances  of  healthy  existence 
in  our  city,  it  must  plainly  appear  that  the  people  of  the  whole 
commonwealth  and  of  every  state  and  country  can  claim  a  share 
of  the  practical  benefits  which  result  from  such  gain  to  life. 

In  this  comparison  of  the  results  of  two  years'  experience  we 
discover  at  what  points  any  great  gain  or  loss  to  the  chances  of 
life  has  been  made.  And  in  every  succeeding  year  these  com- 
parisons and  reviews  must  be  kept  up,  and  must  be  extended  to 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  375 

the  various  districts,  and  to  the  particular  relations  which  the  gain 
and  the  loss  may  be  found  to  sustain  to  local  causes  and  to  sanitary 
works,  or  the  want  of  them. 

It  has  been  a  leading  purpose  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health 
to  make  the  records  and  the  chief  circumstances  of  fatal  disease 
directly  tributary  to  the  one  great  object  of  sanitary  government, 
viz.,  the  prevention  of  needless  sickness  and  mortality  ;  and,  if 
their  preventable  causes  are  diligently  and  skilfully  investigated, 
and  promply  met  by  the  proper  applications  of  sanitary  science, 
the  time  will  come  when  the  safeguards  of  hygiene  and  the  bless- 
ings of  healthy  life  can  be  enjoyed  by  every  class  of  the  people. 
Until  that  time  comes,  there  must  be  unremitting  search  into  the 
causes  and  local  circumstances  which  are  found  associated  with 
every  gain  and  every  loss  to  human  life  in  the  metropolis. 

E.  HARRIS. 


376  -^  nnual  Rep  out  of  the 


Appended  Statement  No,  II. 


Summary   of  Meteorological   Observations  in  the   Fifteen 
Months  ending  December  31,  1867. 

The  Board  of  Health  is  indebted  to  Jonas  P.  Loines,  M.  D.,  the 
Resident  Physician  of  the  Eastern  Dispensary,  New  York,  for  daily 
and  weekly  records  of  Meteorological  Observations. 

Dr.  Loines'  stations  of  observation  are  (a)  at  the  Eastern  Dis- 
pensary, Essex  Market,  and  (li)  at  Harlem. 

Prof.  O.  W.  Morris,  at  the  Institution  for  Deaf-Mutes,  Fanwood, 
One  Hundred  Seventy-fifth  street  (North  River  side  of  the  city), 
has  continued  to  favor  the  Board  of  Health  with  observations 
upon  the  storms,  rainfall,  and  humidity.  The  value  of  these  ob- 
servations of  meteorological  phenomena  is  enhanced  by  a  weekly 
comparison  of  them  with  those  which  the  Central  Park  Commis- 
sion has  instituted  in  the  Park;  and  their  practical  usefulness  is 
promoted  by  the  judicious  selection  and  increased  number  of  sta- 
tions and  observers.  For  although  these  records  of  atmospheric 
changes  may  fail  to  throw  much  light  upon  the  causes  and 
phenomena  of  disease,  they  do,  nevertheless,  very  essentially  aid 
the  medical  inquirer  in  the  discovery  of  those  external  conditions 
■which  are  found  associated  with  the  propagation  and  fatal  results 
of  particular  diseases;  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  precise  statement 
and  the  nice  mechanical  aids  by  which  meteorological  observa- 
tions are  now  made,  render  them  trustworthy.  Recently  a  great 
improvement  has  been  made  in  the  methods  of  registering  the  fluc- 
tuations of  the  atmospheric  pressure.  This  is  accomplished  by 
means  of  an  automatic  register  that  both  traces  the  curves  and 
registers  the  degrees  of  fluctuation  in  barometrical  pressure  for 
the  briefest  as  well  as  for  the  longest  periods,  and  with  a  nicety 
that  indicates  variations  of  even  the  thousandth  of  an  inch  in  the 
barometrical  column  of  mercury,  hour  by  hour.  This  very  inge- 
nious instrument,  invented  by  Prof.  Hough,  the  Superintendent  of 
the  Dudley  Observatory  at  Albany,  bids  fair  to  render  essential 
aid  in  giving  to  such  observations  a  new  and  practical  value  for 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  377 

the  purposes  of  sanitary  science.  Prof.  Hough  has  kindly  fur- 
nished the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  such  barographic  records  as 
we  have  desired. 

In  a  note  to  us  on  this  subject,  a  year  ago,  Prof.  Hough  remarked 
that:  ';  The  percentage  of  mortality,  in  certain  diseases,  I  presume, 
is  intimately  connected  with  atmospheric  pressure  and  temperature, 
and  the  study  of  barometrical  and  thermometrical  indications,  in 
connection  with  the  progress  of  disease,  will  undoubtedly  lead  to 
valuable  deductions."  This  is  a  practically  important  view  of  this 
subject,  and  it  has  chanced  to  be  obsered  in  our  daily  study  of  the 
several  causes  of  death,  that  the  fluctuations  in  the  amount  of 
mortality  by  diseases  of  the  heart  and  great  blood-vessels,  and  by 
certain  congestive  diseases,  have  reached  a  maximum  whenever  the 
degree  of  atmospheric  pressure  was  most  excessive,  either  in  sum- 
mer or  in  winter.  With  the  accession  of  excessively  cold  weather, 
the  deaths  in  old  age,  and  in  very  feeble  persons  in  needy  circum- 
stances, greatly  increases — some  of  this  mortality  might  be  pre- 
vented by  previsionary  measures  of  prudence  and  increased 
attention  of  individuals  to  their  own  hygiene  condition.  The 
physician  also  might  suggest  many  timely  precautions.  But  for 
the  present  we  find  the  daily  records  of  the  humidity  and  temper- 
ature of  the  atmosphere  are,  from  their  well-ascertained  relations 
to  the  localizing  causes  of  zymotic  diseases,  the  most  immediately 
useful  of  all  the  meteorological  observations.  So  useful  are  these 
simple  elements  of  information  concerning  the  local  atmosphere, 
that  every  sickly  place  and  every  sick-room  or  hospital-ward 
should  have  its  local  records  of  the  dry  and  the  wet-bulb  thermome- 
ters. The  same  may  be  well  claimed  for  all  school-rooms  and 
asylums.  Excessive  humidity  and  excessive  dryness  of  the  air  we 
breathe,  should  be  avoided. 

No  attempts  have  }ret  been  made  by  the  Board  to  procure  sys- 
tematic observations  upon  the  ozone  of  the  city  atmosphere,  nor 
has  it  been  practicable,  in  the  pressure  and  multiplicity  of  other 
duties,  to  undertake  any  of  the  elaborate  scientific  investigations 
that  need  to  be  made  concerning  the  chemical  impurities  of  the 
atmosphere  in  particular  places,  and  in  the  particularly  unhealthy 
dwellings  in  the  two  cities.  The  very  best  skill  and  resources  of 
chemistry  and  microscopy  must  be  applied  in  this  branch  of  sani- 
tary science,  if  we  would  make  it  practically  useful.  But  in 
regard  to  the  varying  and  excessive  humidity  of  the  atmosphere 
in  certain  unhealthful  and  low-lying  districts,  and,  especially,  in 


278  ^ nxua l  Rep ort  of  the 

certain  rear  tenements,  basements,  and  cul  de  sac  courts,  it  may 
truly  be  said  that  local  dampness  is  one  of  the  essential  elements 
in  the  natural  history  of  preventable  disease  and  premature  mor- 
tality which  prevail  in  such  places. 

The  average  degree  of  humidity  of  the  atmosphere  the  past  year 
was  rendered  excessive  and  long-continued  in  consequence  of  pro- 
fuse and  almost  daily  rainfalls,  and  by  the  unusually  small  propor- 
tion of  days  with  clear  and  sunny  sky.  The  three  summer  months 
are  believed  jto  have  been  the  cloudiest,  dampest,  and  most  rainy 
of  any  summer  in  New  York,  since  the  year  1798. 

The  Place  of  Observation  and  the  Meteorological  Instru- 
ments. 

Essex  Market  Station. — 57  Essex  street,  corner  of  Grand  ;  lati- 
tude 40 '  45'  north  ;  longitude  74°  03',  west.  The  instruments  are 
elevated  fifty  feet  above  mean  tide-level,  and  are  twenty  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  street.  The  building  has  an  exposure  to  the  south, 
east,  and  north, — the  northern  being  upon  an  open  street.  The 
instruments  are  so  suspended  as  to  give  the  degree  of  temperature 
and  humidity  to  which  the  people  on  the  shaded  sides  of  the 
streets  in  the  vicinity  of  Essex  Market  are  exposed.  The  hygrome- 
ters are  simply  Mason's  wet-bulbs.  And  for  hygrometic  purposes 
in  the  coldest  weather  of  winter,  four  or  five  per  cent,  of  alcohol 
is  added  to  the  water  that  moistens  the  bulbs  ;  these  exceptional 
observations  being  properly  corrected.  The  hygrometers  for 
these  cold-weather  observations  are  suspended  in  a  cold  room 
with  windows  open.  The  reduction  of  the  wet  and  dry-bulb  ob- 
servation for  rate  of  humidity,  is  made  by  means  of  Glaisher's 
"  factors." 

The  rain-gauge  is  kept  in  an  open  area  of  a  quadrangle  or  block 
of  high  buildings  on  Ludlow  street.  The  rain-gauge  surface  is  a 
funnel,  having  a  top  area  of  one  hundred  square  inches  ;  the  fun- 
nel opens  into  a  receiver  that  is  protected  against  evaporation  by 
means  of  a  self-closing  valve.  The  barometer  is  a  "marine,"  hav- 
ing  one-third  of  an  inch  calibre.  The  temperature  is  observed  by 
means  of  both  the  mercurial  and  spirit  thermometers. 

E.  H. 


Metropolitan  Bo  abb  of  Health. 


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.Appended  Statement  No:  III. 


Sanitary  Qualities  of  the  Water-supply. 

The  probability  that  cholera  would  revisit  the  Metropolitan 
District  during  the  summer  of  1867,  made  it  very  desirable  to 
know  and  place  on  record  the  results  of  chemical  analysis  of  the 
drinking-water  which  is  supplied  to  the  cities  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn.  This  object  has  been  attained  through  the  kindness 
and  scientific  zeal  of  Dr.  C.  F.  Chandler,  the  able  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  "  School  of  Mines,1'  Columbia  College. 

Prof.  Chandler  first  visited,  with  the  writer,  the  principal  well* 
which  continued  to  be  used  in  certain  "  cholera  fields"  up  town. 
Various  samples  of  water  were  obtained  from  such  wells  as  had, 
in  the  cholera  season  of  the  previous  year,  been  suspected  of  aid- 
ing the  fatal  activity  of  that  infection,  both  in  consequence  of 
common  kinds  of  filth-soakage  into  them,  and,  especially  in  con- 
sequence of  the  contamination  of  their  oozing  waters  by  the 
specific  contagium  of  cholera  itself.  The  samples  of  these  waters 
were  obtained  at  a  period  in  summer  when  the  surrounding  grounds 
were  unusually  cleanly,  owing  to  the  scavenging  that  followed 
the  removal  of  pig-styes  and  other  nuisances  from  those  neighbor- 
hoods. But  the  results  of  Prof.  Chandler's  analysis  of  these  well- 
waters  plainly  demonstrated  the  presence  of  putrescent  organic 
matter,  and  a  great  excess  of  nitrogenized  salts — the  hurtful  pro- 
duct of  the  filth-soakage  that  prevails  in  the  vicinity  of  the  wells. 
The  first  schedule  iu  Table  B,  herewith  appended,  exhibits  the 
chief  results  of  the  most  favorable  analysis  hereto  obtained  from 
these  well-waters. 

The  last  schedule  in  Table  B  exhibits  the  results  of  an  analysis 
of  waters  from  well  No.  3,  of  the  first  schedule,  Prof.  Draper's 
analysis  of  these  well-waters  in  the  summer  of  186-4,  when  hun- 
dreds of  swine  and  an  indescribable  condition  of  filthiness  existed 
in  the  neighborhood. 

The  results  of  this  well-water  analysis  are  presented,  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  an  exact  illustration  of  the  kinds  of  contamina- 
tion which  wells  are  subject  to  whenever  they  receive  the  soil- 
soakage  of  styes,  privies,  stables,  and  filth-sodden  grounds.    Many 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  25 


3 S  6  Annual  Report  of  the 

thousand  persons  still  use  this  kind  of  foul  but  sparkling  water 
in  the  two  cities,  notwithstanding  the  copious  flowing  of  the 
"  Crotou  "  water  in  New  York,  and  the  "  Ridgewood"  in  Brook- 
lyn. And  in  several  of  the  rural  villages  of  the  suburban  por- 
tions of  the  Metropolitan  District,  the  chemical  and  sanitary 
quality  of  the  drinking-waters  is  scarcely  better  than  that  of  these 
disease-breeding  wells  in  the  cities.  As  the  Chief  Medical  Officer 
of  England  recently  said  of  many  old  towns  in  that  country,  we 
can  truly  say  of  many  of  the  rural  villages  of  this  District:  "  Town 
after  town  might  be  named,  with  thousands  upon  thousands  of 
population,  where  there  is  little  more  structural  arrangement  for 
the  removal  of  refuse  than  if  the  inhabitants  were  but  tented  there 
for  a,  night.  And  the  case  of  the  vxtter-supply  is  no  better"  What 
share  foul  water  and  the  privy-soakage  into  the  wells,  may  have 
hud  in  the  fatal  diarrhoeas  and  typhoid  fevers  in  certain  quarters 
of  Richmond,  Kings,  Queens  and  Westchester  counties,  the  past 
year,  is  not  officially  reported,  but  the  extent  of  such  unsuspected 
and  self-afflicted  harm  is  too  great  to  be  tolerated  in  civilized  com- 
munities. Yet  there  is  no  law  upon  the  statute-books  of  New 
York  that  can  either  enable  or  compel  the  local  authorities  in 
towns  and  villages  to  direct  such  drainage  as  will  protect  the  well- 
waters  from  filth-poisoning.* 


*  The  writer  begs  leave  in  this  place  to  refer  to  his  report  upon  "  Sanitary  Drainage," 
published  by  the  Legislature  in  1861,  Transactions  N.  Y.  State  Medical  Society.  No 
external  cause  of  disease  and  death  more  requires  the  public  attention  than  this  of  the 
filth-poisoning  of  wells  and  the  neglect  of  sanitary  drainage  in  villages  and  about  home- 
steads. 

Tbe  following  instances  are  cited  in  illustration  of  this  subject: 

During  the  early  part  of  last  autumn,  in  the  most  frequented  street  of  the  village  of 
Edgewater,  Staten  Island,  a  small  block  of  dwellings  became  infested  with  typhoid  fever. 
Case  after  case  occurred,  and  six  of  them  terminated  fatally.  The  first  patient  is  believed 
to  have  contracted  the  fever  elsewhere,  but  the  one  chief  and  essential  cause  of  the  endemic 
which  swept  through  those  dwellings  was  ascertained  to  have  been  a  common  underground 
drain  which  connected  the  several  dwelling-houses  with  the  waters  of  the  bay;  and  that 
drain  had  been  deliberately  closed  up  by  the  owner  of  the  property  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  street,  simply  because  he  knew  no  law  that  could  prevent  his  doing  thus.  The  sewage 
of  the  unsuspecting  and  hapless  tenants  was  flooded  back  upon  their  premises,  polluting 
the  well-water  and  the  atmosphere.  Six  funerals  and  the  protracted  illness  of  nearly  half 
the  inhabitants  in  that  little  cluster  of  dwellings,  were  the  direct  results  of  that  one  source 
of  defilement. 

In  another  group  of  houses,  in  the  same  village,  a  case  of  typhoid  occurred  in  June, 
and  was  soon  followed  by  others.  The  first  two  cases  were  fatal,  and  four  deaths  in  all 
occurred  there  in  the  space  of  a  few  weeks.  This  place  was  most  favorably  located  for 
natural  purity  of  the  atmosphere,  having  an  open  exposure  to  the  bay  at  a  distance  of  a 
few  hundred  feet. 

The  medical  attendants  and  the  Sanitary  Inspector  sought  for  the  looal  causes  of  the 
sickness,  and  soon  found  that  during  the  wet  season  the  privies  pertaining  to  the  dwellings 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  3g7 

The  Croton  Water. 

In  Tables  D  and  C  is  presented  in  a  series  of  carefully-con- 
ducted analyses  by  Prof.  Chandler.  The  water  of  the  Reservoirs, 
as  well  as  that  from  the  Mining  School  hydrant,  at  East  Fiftieth 
street  and  Fourth  avenue,  was  carefully  anatyzed  each  week,  seve- 
ral weeks  in  succession.  The  chemistry  of  this  great  fountain  of 
health — the  "Croton" — confirms  the  correctness  of  the  popular 
belief  that  it  is  an  exceedingl}'  pure  water.  And  so  vitally  impor- 
tant is  this  water-supply,  and  the  variations  in  its  degrees  of  purity, 
that  the  Board  of  Health  cannot  fail  to  maintain  a  permanent  and 
systematic  inquiry  concerning  the  extent,  nature,  and  causes  of 
all  deviations  from  the  standard  purity  of  the  "Croton,"  at  the 
distributing  reservoir  and  the  hydrants,  as  Prof.  Chandler  has 
been  prompted  to  do  by  love  of  the  exact  and  publicly  useful 
applications  of  the  science  of  which  he  is  a  most  efficient  and 
erudite  cultivator.  The  remarks  with  which  Prof.  Chandler 
accompanies  his  tabulated  analyses  will  confer  public  benefits,  by 
inducing  an  intelligent  watchfulness  of  the  sanitary  qualities  of 
drinking  waters. 

In  Table  D  we  present  an  abstract  of  chemical  analysis  of  the 
waters  now  supplied  in  London,  Glasgow,  and  some  other  cities. 
Glasgow  (like  New  York)  enjoys  a  mountain  source  of  water-sup- 
ply, from  Loch  Katrine;  while  the  water  supplied  by  the  "East 
London  Company"  is  chiefly  derived  from  surface-soil  drainings 
in  the  great  basin  of  the  river  Lea,  from  600  square  miles,  and 
supplies  a  population  exceeding  700,000  persons. 

Particular  attention  is  invited  to  Professor  Chandler's  notes  upon 
the  chemical  and  sanitary  conditions  in  which  organic  impurities 
are  found  in  waters.  For,  as  Dr.  Simon  and  Professor  Frankland 
have  shown,  the  condition,  as  respects  putrescence,  rather  than  the 
greater  or  lesser  percentage  of  organic  matter  in  water,  is  particu- 
larly important;  and  still  more  important  is  it  that  the  specific 
and  very  infectious  kind  of  contamination  which  comes  from  privy- 
soakage,  and,  most  of  all,  that  of  cholera  excrement,  should  not 
be  permitted  so  much  as  by  the  barest  possibility,  to  defile  and 
poison  any  well,  conduit  or  reservoir  of  water.     Hence  a  mountain 

had  actually  overflowed,  and,  as  stated  by  the  Inspector,  "a  considerable  portion  of  the 
liquid  filth  invaded  the  well,  the  cisterns,  and  the  cellars,  the  latter  being  constantly 
flooded."  Instances  of  this  kind  are  constantly  occurring  in  the  suburban  towns;  and  in 
view  of  them,  the  words  of  Dr.  Simon,  the  Sanitary  Officer  of  England,  should  be  applied, 
vis:  "  That  for  a  population  to  be  thus  poisoned  by  its  own  excrement  will,  some  day, 
be  deemed  ignominious  and  intolerable." 


3  S  8  -4 NNUAL  Rep ort  of  the 

stream,  as  a  source  of  water-supply  to  a  city,  is  one  of  the  greatest 
physical  blessings  the  population  can  have.  Such  is  the  ;'  Ceo- 
ton  ?;  of  New  York.* 

*  So  greatly  has  this  subject  of  the  nature  and  standard  purity 
of  civic  water-supplies  come  to  be  a  leading  question  in  all  cor- 
respondence and  records  which  public  hygeists  exchange  with 
each  other,  that  we  need  to  present  in  this  place  a  few  facts  relat- 
ing to  the  sources  and  sanitary  qualities  of  the  metropolitan  water- 
supply,  as  such  facts  will  be  usefully  consulted  by  persons  who 
read  this  report. 

The  Sources  and  Sanitary  Quality  of  the  Ceoton  Watee. 
The  352  square  miles  of  hill  and  mountain  country  embraced 
within  the  limits  of  the  watershed  or  valley  of  the  Croton  river 
and  its  tributaries,  comprise  an  area  which  is  very  completely 
adapted  to  yield  pure  and  wholesome  water.  From  more  than 
thirty  mountain  lakes  and  a  myriad  of  rivulets,  which  are  fed  by 
perennial  springs,  which  break  forth  from  hillside  and  mountain, 
the  water  for  the  metropolis  flows  over  beds  of  diluvial  gravel 
and  the  primitive  rocks,  until  it  reaches  the  "Fountain  Reser- 
voir/' at  the  head  of  the  Aqueduct,  where,  by  the  aid  of  the  dam 
and  the  bold  shores  of  the  river,  the  original  chaunel  becomes  a 
vast  basin — six  miles  in  length  and  four  hundred  acres  in  extent — 
for  sedimentary  purification.^  Chemical  analysis  shows  that  the 
water  at  that  fountain  reservoir  usually  contains  less  than  five 

*  The  deadly  epidemics  that  ravaged  the  city  of  New  York  every  few  years,  during  the 
century  that  preceded  the  introduction  of  the  Croton  water,  are  believed  to  have  been,  in 
some  degree,  favored  and  invited  by  the  soakago  of  privy  defilement  into  the  wells.  The 
earth-pit  priviPB,  and  nearly  thirty  cemeteries,  had  come  to  occupy  fully  one-tenth  part 
of  the  built-up  districts  of  the  city ;  and,  in  the  absence  of  sewers  and  flushed  water- 
closets,  there  was  such  a  preparation  for  cholera  that,  when  it  first  gained  access  to  the 
city,  in  June,  1832,  and  had  incubated  in  the  filth-sodden  soil  a  few  days,  it  burst  upon 
the  city  as  by  explosion.  The  history  of  that  epidemie  demonstrated  the  sanitary  necessity 
for  supplying  the  city  with  pure  mountain  water,  though  the  intimate  and  dependent  rela- 
tion of  that  explosive  and  relentless  epidemic  to  the  foul  wells  of  the  city,  and  to  it3 
wretched  privies  was  not  then  understood. 

M.  Yolney,  when  tarrying  in  New  York,  many  years  previously,  described  the  'defiled 
well-waters  of  New  York  as  follows :  "  It  is  so  true  that  the  water  drunk  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  city  receives  nitrations  from  the  cemeteries  and  privies,  that,  in  Front  street,  I 
found  the  water  in  my  decanters  became  ropy,  if  kept  three  days  in  the  month  of  May, 
and  at  length  it  acquired  a  cadaverous  stench. "  [See  Volney's  Climate  and  Soil  of  the 
United  States,  p.  32o.] 

Previous  to  the  time  when  the  Croton  water-supply  superseded  the  disease-breeding 
wells,  and  also  led  to  improved  sewerage,  the  city  of  New  York  had  a  chronic  habit  of 
suffering  from  a  class  of  malignant  epidemic  fevers,  which  have  now  disappeared  altogether 
from  the  sewered  districts. 

•f  This  artificial  lake  is  a  grand  "  subsidence  basin." 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  35Q 

grains  of  solid  residuum  to  the  gallon;  and,  as  Prof.  Chandler's 
analysis  shows,  in  this  report,  the  average  amount  of  solid  residue 
per  gallon  of  the  water,  as  distributed  by  the  city  hydrants, 
during  the  past  year,  was  only  4.56  grains. 

The  necessities  which  are  now  compelling  the  Croton  Aqueduct 
Commissioners  to  turn  additional  mountain  streams  into  the  Cro- 
ton valley  will  improve  rather  than  impair  the  average  degree  of 
purity,  for  the  great  storage  reservoir  that  is  now  being  prepared 
in  the  town  of  Kent,  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Putnam  county, 
covers  300  acres,  is  GOO  feet  above  tide-level,  and  is  70  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  city.  The  remoteness  of  the  sources  of  our  water- 
supply,  the  altitude  and  natural  purity  of  the  lakes  and  rivulets, 
and  the  wise  forethought  of  the  State  in  granting  the  necessary 
power  to  control  and  increase  the  amount  and  the  purity  of  tho 
supply  as  exigencies  may  require,  will  ensure  to  the  metropolis 
the  sanitary  quality  of  this  most  excellent  water,  if  the  Croton 
Board  continues  to  be  faithful  to  its  great  trust.  Hitherto  there 
has  been  no  serious  defilement  of  the  Croton  river  by  tilth-soak- 
age.  It  must  be  forever  kept  unfouled  by  sewage,  and  from  all 
pernicious  waste  of  factories  and  village  populations. 

The  main  aqueduct,  45^  miles  in  length,  cemented  as  it  is  and 
carefully  guarded,  secures  the  purity  of  the  stream  it  contains. 
It  jrives  no  such  chances  for  tilth-detilement  as  the  East  Loudon 
Company's  aqueduct  suffers,  and  which  became  a  source  of  pesti- 
leuce  in  London  in  1866.*     The  water  enters  the  fountain  reser- 


*  In  the  Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Privy  Council  of  Eng- 
land, Dr.  J.  N.  Radcliffe,  an  expert  sanitary  observer,  whom  Dr.  Simon  selected  to  study 
and  report  upon  the  localizing  causes  of  epidemic  cholera  in  London  in  1866,  has  put  forth 
in  a  very  clear  ligh,t  the  proof  that  a  single  one,  out  of  the  eight  water  companies  which 
supply  the  metropolis,  was  in  some  way  very  directly  concerned  in  producing  that  great 
epidemic.  That  one  company  (the  East  London)  which  supplied  less  than  one-fourth,  viz : 
700,000  of  the  population  of  the  metropolis,  and  that  portion  of  the  population  by  no 
means  most  exposed  to  the  other  causes  of  cholera,  is  charged  with  having  caused,  in  the 
houses  and  streets  that  were  supplied  with  its  water,  no  les3  than  4,276  out  of  the  total 
of  5,915  fatal  cases  of  cholera  that  occurred  in  London.     This  is  71  per  cent,  of  the  whole  ! 

The  only  peculiarity  of  that  death-giving  water  was  shown  to  consist  in  a  minute  amount 
of  sewage  defilement,  which,  though  not  sufficient  in  quantity  to  increase  the  average  of 
organic  impurities  to  the  extent  of  a  single  grain  in  a  gallon  above  the  average  of  the 
■water  supplied  by  other  companies,  nevertheless  did  receive  enough  of  such  specific  pollu- 
tion to  inflict  a  fearful  pestilence. 

In  the  epidemic  of  1854  the  same  dreadful  experiment  with  sewage  defilement  was  made 
by  the  Southwark  or  Vauxhall  Water  Company.  With  only  this  one  peculiarity,  resulting 
from  taking  the  water  from  the  Thames  near  Vauxhall  Bridge  instead  of  tapping  that 
river  farther  up,  and  with  the  Lambeth  Company;  the  water  of  the  former  company  con- 
veyed and  distributed  the  filthy  pabulum  on  which  cholera  fed.  In  the  same  streets  and 
the  same  district  it  helped  cholera  kill  315  persons  who  used  this  water,  while  in  the  same 
number  of  houses  the  Lambeth  Company's  patrons  suffered  but  37  deaths.     In  the  same 


390  Annual  Report  of  the 

voir  reasonably  free  from  organic  matter  and  from  the  earthy 
elements  usually  found  in  water.  And,  guarded  as  the  aqueduct 
ever  should  be,  with  increasing  vigilance,  its  stream  can  be  pre- 
served from  every  source  of  pollution.  The  health-giving  blessing 
of  such  purity  and  protection  of  our  water-supply  now  secured  to 
the  metropolis  by  the  wisdom  and  authority  of  the  State,  is  in 
striking  contrast  with  such  sewage-defiled  water  as  that  of  the 
merely  commercial  companies  which  supply  London  with  water. 
The  "  East  London  "  or  Lea  River  Company's  water,  for  example, 
is  conducted  along  the  side  of  the  canal-locked  and  badly  polluted 
river,  which  has  received  the  sewage  of  a  suburban  population 
numbering  150,000,  and  at  various  places  the  badly-protected 
aqueduct  receives  both  overflows  and  soakage  from  the  foul  river. 
Justly  has  the  chief  sanitary  officer  of  the  English  government 
remarked,  in  view  of  experience  with  epidemics  and  the  commer- 
cial or  private  water  compauies,  that  "the  advantages  offered  by 
such  supplies  are  countervailed  by  dangers  to  life  on  a  scale  of 
gigantic  magnitude,  unless  those  who  administer  the  supplies  are 
under  a  very  deep  sense  of  responsibility."!  The  sanitary  import- 
ance of  the  excellent  water  supply  which  New  York  enjoys  cannot 
be  over-estimated,  nor  can  we  sufficiently  prize  the  safeguards  by 
which  its  continued  and  constant  purity  shall  be  ensured.     Nature 

manner  the  famous  tea-water  pump  near  Golden  Square,  in  a  naturally  healthy  neighbor- 
hood of  the  "  West  End"  of  London,  became  the  active  agent  in  destroying  500  lives, 
duriDg  a  single  week,  in  the  families  that  used  that  water.  Even  the  people  at  their 
country  houses,  miles  out  of  the  city,  who,  from  fondness  of  that  cool  and  sparkling  water, 
sent  daily  into  town  for  a  supply  of  it,  were  seized  with  cholera  and  became  its  solitary 
victims  in  rural  homes  miles  away  from  the  "  death-dealing  Broad  street  pump." 

The  suspicion  of  maliciously  poisoned  wells,  and  of  poisoned  drugs  and  food,  which  last 
summer,  in  Italian  towns,  and  often  elsewhere  before,  led  to  mobs  ancUshocking  barbari- 
ties, are  well  explained  by  the  present  state  of  scientific  knowledge  concerning  the  cholera 
infection  of  wells,  water-courses  and  soils  by  excremental  defilement.  So,  likewise,  we 
may  now  comprehend  the  cause  and  significance  of  certain  deadly  and  explosive  outbreaks 
of  cholera  that  have  so  often  been  limited  to  single  houses,  or  groups  of  houses,  or  to  one 
side  of  a  street,  where  no  other  cause  than  the  water  supply  could  be  charged  with  fault; 
so,  too,  in  many  instances,  the  condition  of  the  sub-soil  water  (ground  water)  is  ascertained 
to  be  the  determining  local  cause.  And,  in  reviewing  the  evidence  concerning  the  cholera 
bearing  and  diffusive  or  epidemic  agency  of  water,  Dr.  Simon  expresses  the  opinion  that 
streams  of  water,  reservoirs,  etc.,  "which  have  become  contaminated  by  the  cholera  con- 
tagium,  when  distributed,  splashed  about,  and  wetting  and  soaking  a  predisposed  district, 
are  dangerous,  independently  of  being  drunk  by  the  people."  This  view  of  the  agency 
of  water  in  cholera  outbreaks  seems  to  aid  us  in  understanding  the  very  comprehensive 
theory  given  by  Professor  Pettenkofer  concerning  the  relations  of  the  "ground-water"  to 
cholera  epidemics.  Taken  together,  as  harmonious  views,  these  grand  conclusions  show 
the  paramount  importance  of  sanitary  drainage,  and  of  strict  safeguards  upon  water- 
supplies. 

*  Ninth  Report  of  the  Medical  Ofiicer  of  the  Privy  Council,  1867,  p.  34. 


Metropolitax  Board  of  Health.  391 

and  the  wise  provision  of  noble  citizens  and  legislators  have  done 
their  share  to  secure  this  benificent  result.  It  now  remains  for 
sanitary  chemistry  and  systematic  care  to  anticipate  and  absolutely 
prevent  every  source  and  possibility  of  defilement  of  the  stream. 
Mills  and  chemical  works  of  various  kinds,  rapidly  increasing 
rural  villages,  and  all  liabilities  to  sewage  and  filth  defilement, 
will  henceforth  demand  watchfulness  along  the  Croton  valley. 
And  it  will  manifestly  be  a  sanitary  duty  to  maintain  a  systematic 
scientific  testing  and  record  of  the  water,  for  it  is  continually  sub- 
ject to  variations  from  a  normal  and  perfectly  healthful  stardard. 

Of  course  the  most  important  variations  occur  in  respect  to  the 
nature  and  percentage  of  organic  impurities,  while,  at  the  same 
time,  the  increase  and  the  self-production  of  every  kind  of  organic 
impurity,  even  the  minutest  confervoid  plants,  depend  mainly 
upon  some  fructifying  infusion  of  defilement.*  It  will  alwa}'s  be 
easier  to  know  beforehand  the  nature  and  progress  of  an  unfavor- 
able change  in  the  quality  of  the  water,  than  to  satisfy  or  prevent 
popular  anxiety,  when  some  new  evil  has  acquired  sufficient  mag- 
nitude to  excite  public  attention.  The  manner  in  which  Prof. 
Chandler  has  enabled  the  Board  of  Health  to  keep  a  weekly 
record  of  the  Croton  water  analysis  the  past  year  proves  that  such 


*  Though  the  greater  part  of  all  organic  matter  found  in  the  Croton  water  is  derived 
from  the  minute  alga,  that  abound  in  all  waters,  it  is  quite  certain  this  source  of  organic 
impurity  is  far  less  important  than  the  slightest  defilement  by  any  kind  of  animal  excre- 
ment. The  greenish  color  and  bitter  taste  of  the  water,  that  gave  so  much  popular 
anxiety  for  a  few  days  in  the  autumn  of  1859,  were  found  by  Prof.  Torrey  to  hare  been 
caused  by  the  amazingly  rapid  growth  and  decay  of  the  minutest  of  conferva,  which  that 
distinguished  botanist  regarded  as  belonging  to  the  curious  genus  of  minute  water-plants 
termed  Xortoe. 

The  common  opinion  which  prevails  in  our  city,  and  is  quoted  as  a  fact  in  numerous  san- 
itary reports  abroad,  that  the  rate  of  Croton  water-supply  is  equal  to  about  300  gallons 
daily,  to  each  inhabitant  of  the  city,  is  erroneous.  The  actual  rate  is  only  about  thirty 
gallons  daily.  The  minimum  flow  of  the  Croton  river,  in  dry  seasons,  is  less  than  30,000,- 
000  of  gallons  per  diem  at  the  Croton  dam;  aud  at  the  best  dues  not  much  exceed  50,- 
000,000  gallons  daily.  The  grand  extension  of  the  Croton  supply,  by  means  of  storage 
reservoirs  in  the  mountain  district  of  the  upper  tributaries  in  Putnam  and  Dutchess  coun- 
ties and  the  border  of  Connecticut,  will  hereafter  give  a  greater  and  even  purer  supply 
than  is  now  enjoyed. 

The  average  daily  rate  of  Croton  supply  in  the  city  and  its  Institutions  seldom  exceeds 
one  barrel  of  water  to  each  inhabitant.  Hygienic  considerations  demand  that  the  supply 
should  be  equal  to  fifty  gallons  per  diem  to  each  inhabitant,  exclusive  of  all  waste  or  use 
for  public  cleansing  and  mechanical  purposes.  Ancient  Rome  enjoyed  an  aqueduct  supply 
equal  to  an  average  of  300  to  340  gallons  daily  to  every  inhabitant  of  the  city.  Hospital 
experience  has  proved  that  not  less  than  sixty  gallons  of  water  daily  to  each  patient  is 
required  in  such  institutions  ;  and  the  requirements  of  a  dense  city  population  are  scarcely 
less  than  those  of  a  hospital,  because  sanitary  security  in  our  cities  is  mainly  a  problem 
of  ceaseless  cleansing. 


392  Annual  Report  of  the 

work  results  only  in  the  good  which  comes  from  constant  assur- 
ance and  knowledge  of  the  physical  agencies  which  are  concerned 
in  health  and  disease. 


Sources  and  Sanitary    Quality   of  the  Kidgewood  Water- 
Supply,  Brooklyn. 

The  nearly  eighty  square  miles  of  "water  shed,"  from  which 
the  Ridorewood  conduits  convey  the  water  of  the  rivulets  and 
ponds  from  the  sandy  plain  that  extends  eastward  from  Jamaica, 
constitute  a  vast  filter-bed  for  the  water  of  the  rainfalls,  as  it  slowly 
moves  southward,  through  sand  and  gravel,  from  the  central  ridge 
{"  back-bone ")  of  the  island,  toward  the  sea.  The  exceeding 
purity  of  the  spring  water  which  bursts  forth  at  a  multitude  of 
places  near  the  seashore  of  Long  Island,  is  a  fact  well  known. 
The  central  ridge  of  the  island — a  terminal  morain  of  an  ancient 
glacier,  as  geologists  believe — determines  the  direction  of  the  flow 
of  water  from  it  and  the  great  flank  of  diluvial  gravel  and  alluvial 
sand  to  the  southward.  The  main  conduit  of  the  "  Ridgewood  " 
works  intercepts  the  springs  and  rivulets  near  tide-level  in  Jamaica 
and  Hempstead,  and  conducts  the  waters  there  collected  some 
twelve  miles,  with  a  descending  grade  of  only  six  inches  in  a  mile, 
to  the  great  "  pump  well,"  (five  miles  distant  from  Brooklyn  City 
Hall)  where  it  is  pumped  into  a  reservoir  that  is  170  feet  above 
tide-level.  The  14,000,000  gallons  which  that  city  now  receives 
every  day  are  nearly,  if  not  quite,  equal  to  the  Croton  water,  in 
purity.  But  the  liability  to  contamination  is  actually  much  greater; 
consequently,  the  importance  of  constant  watchfulness  against 
sewage-defilement  of  the  rivulet  sources  of  supply  is  correspond- 
ingly greater. 

The  subjoined  table  exhibits  the  results  of  Prof.  Eaton's  analy- 
sis of  the  Jamaica  pond  water,  in  1860 — then,  as  now,  the  chief 
source  of  supply.  And  it  should  be  observed  that  a  portion  of 
the  solid  constituents,  as  summed  up  in  this  table,  becomes  sedi- 
mentary, and  is  thereby  separated  from  the  reservoir  water  before 
distribution  to  the  city. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  393 

TABLE  A. 

Analysis  of  the  Water  from  the  Centre  of  Jamaica  Pond.     By  A. 
K.  Eaton,  M.D.,  Analytical  Chemist — January,  1860. 


Lime 697  grs. 

Magnesia 211     " 

Sodium 073     «« 

Phosphates  (iron  and  alumina). .      .369     **     I     Sulphate  of  Lime 332 


Combined  as  follows  : 
Carbonate  of  Lime 998  grs. 


Sulphuric  Acid 195 

Chlorine 113 

Carbonic  Acid,  in  combination..      .804 

Silica 703 

Organic  matter 1  •  234 


Chloride  of  Sodium 18(5  " 

Carbonate  of  Magnenia 677  '* 

Phosphates  (iron  and  alumina).      .36y  *' 

Silica 703  «« 

Organic  matter  and  loss 1.234  '< 


In  one  gallon 4.399     "  In  one  gallon 4.399    « 

Brooklyn  enjoys  an  exhaustless  and  excellent  source  of  water, 
supply,  though  its  population  should  increase  to  a  million  or 
more  ;  for  both  faces  (the  northward  and  the  southward)  of  the 
long,  central  ridge,  or  axis  of  Long  Island,  constitute  a  vast  filter- 
bed  of  sand  and  gravel,  through  which  the  rainfalls  slowly  make 
their  way  to  the  living  springs  which  appear  near  either  shore. 
But  this  most  important  of  the  natural  causes  of  the  purity  of  the 
water  already  requires  to  be  specially  guarded  against  one  of  the 
most  insidious  agents  of  disease — we  refer  to  the  defilement  of 
rivulets  in  the  vicinity  of  growing  villages  and  cemeteries.  And 
this  precaution  is  beginning  to  be  a  sanitary  necessity,  not  only 
with  regard  to  the  great  reservoir  supplies  for  Brooklyn,  but  with 
regard  also  to  the  well-waters,  and  other  private  and  public  sup- 
plies of  the  suburban  villages.  Sanitary  chemistry,  and  timely 
work  in  engineering,  will  be  invaluable  aids  to  protection  of  the 
public  health  in  the  growing  population  of  Kings  and  Queens 
counties. 

Having  been  led  to  examine  the  chemical  impurities  of  a  great 
number  of  well-waters,  during  the  year  1866,  the  advice  of  Pro- 
fessor Chandler,  of  Columbia  College,  was  solicited  on  account  of 
his  special  experience  and  studies  in  this  branch  of  chemical  in- 
quiry. His  plan,  for  a  preliminary  series  of  examinations  of  the 
chief  sources  of  water-supply,  was  adequate  to  meet  the  exigen- 
cies of  an  epidemic,  if  the  Board  should  wish.  The  first  step  in 
this  branch  of  sanitary  inquiry  having  been  taken,  the  following 
statements  and  accompanying  tables  are  submitted  by  Professor 
Chandler,  and  will  constitute  a  chapter  for  future  use,  when  the 
records  of  water-analysis  come  to  be  systematically  required  by 
the  Water  Commissioners  and  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


39-4  Annual  Report  of  the 

The  analysis  of  the  "water-supplies  of  other  cities,  as  given  in  sub- 
joined tables,  presents  the  requisite  standards — good  and  bad — 
for  the  comparisons  we  may  hereafter  desire  to  make.  It  is  an 
original  and  trustworthy  compilation  of  analyses,  several  of  which 
were  made  by  Professor  Chandler  himself.  They  also  show  the 
importance  of  obtaining,  and  systematically  recording,  such 
analyses  of  drinking-waters. 

School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College,  ) 
New  York,  January  22,  1868.        \ 
Elisha  Harris,  M.D., 

Corresponding  Sec'y,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  : 

Dear  Sir — Herewith  you  will  receive  the  results  of  my  exami- 
nation of  Croton  water,  made  during  the  summer  of  1867.  The 
examination  was  undertaken  at  your  suggestion,  and  I  was  induced 
to  make  it  by  a  strong  conviction  of  the  importance  of  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  composition  of  the  waters  used  in  the  metropo- 
lis, and  of  the  changes  liable  to  occur  in  them  from  week  to  week. 

My  original  plan  included  a  weekly  analysis  of  the  Croton  and 
Ridgewood  waters,  and  an  occasional  analysis  of  the  water  from 
every  well  now  used  in  the  cities  and  villages  of  the  Metropolitan 
District.  I  found  the  number  of  wells  to  be  much  greater  than  I 
had  supposed,  however,  and  other  engagements  interfered  with  my 
plans,  so  that  I  have  been  able  to  execute  but  a  small  portion  of 
the  work  laid  out. 

The  accompanying  report  exhibits  the  results  of  the  weekly 
examinations  of  Croton  water  during  the  thirteen  weeks  from 
July  19  to  October  10,  1867.  The  samples  were  collected  on 
Wednesday  or  Thursday  of  each  week  at 

The  Reservoir  in  the  Central  Park. 

The  Reservoir  on  Fifth  avenue  and  Forty-first  street. 

The  Hydrant  at  the  School  of  Mines,  corner  of  Fourth  avenue 
and  Fiftieth  street. 

The  examination  was  limited  to  the  determination  of 

1.  The  total  impurities. 

2.  The  inorganic  matter. 

3.  The  organic  and  volatile  matter. 

4.  The  oxygen  required  to  oxidize  the  organic  matter. 

5.  The  hardness,  or  the  carbonate  of  lime,  or  its  equivalent. 
The  quantity  of  oxygen  required  to  oxidize  the  organic  matter 

in  the  water,  is  considered  the  best  measure  of  its  injurious  char- 
acter, as  the  organic  matter  is  injurious  in  proportion  as  it  is  ready 
to  undergo  decomposition.     In  Dr.  Letheby's  reports  of  analyses 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  395 

of  London  waters,  made  to  the  Metropolitan  Association  of  Medi- 
cal Officers  of  Health,  this  oxygen  is  supposed  to  represent  eight 
times  its  weight  of  oxidable  organic  matter,  and  is  so  reported. 
I  think  this  estimate  excessive,  and  as  it  is  a  mere  assumption, 
prefer  to  report  the  oxygen  directly. 

The  results  of  the  analyses  are  tabulated  in  parts  in  100,000, 
and  in  grains  in  one  United  States  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches. 

Owing  parti}'  to  the  excessive  rainfall  of  the  past  summer,  but 
chiefly  to  the  character  of  the  district  of  country  from  which  the 
supply  of  water  is  drawn,  the  results  of  the  analysis  are  most 
satisfactory.  The  average  quantity  of  impurities  for  the  entire 
season  was  only 

In  100,000  parts.  In  1  V.  S.  gallon. 

Inorganic  matter.. 6.72     ....     3.90  grains. 

Organic  and  volatile  matter,      1.12      0.66        " 


Total 7.^4      4.56 


At  the  same  time  there  was  great  uniformity  in  quality,  the  ex- 
tremes of  total  impurity  during  the  season  having  been  3.99  and 
4.98  grains  per  gallon. 

Accompanying  this  report  are  tabular  statements  of  the  com- 
position of  waters  used  in  several  large  cities  in  the  United  States 
and  Europe,  iu  which  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  only  in  the  Cochi- 
tuate,  of  Boston,  and  the  Schuylkill,  of  Philadelphia,  that  the 
■water  is  found  to  be  as  little  contaminated  with  impurities ;  aud 
even  in  these  cities  the  quantity  of  organic  matter  exceeds  that 
contained  in  the  Croton  water. 

Would  that  the  same  statements  could  be  made  with  regard  to 
the  two  or  three  hundred  wells  now  used  in  the  villages  and  cities 
of  the  Metropolitan  District,  most  of  which  are  heavily  charged 
with  organic  matter,  derived  from  infiltering  sewage,  and  ready, 
under  favorable  conditions,  to  develop  cholera  and  other  fatal 
diseases. 

The  character  of  these  well-waters  is  faintly  indicated  by  the 
analysis  which  I  reported  on  July  12th.  I  say  faintly,  because 
the  grounds  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  those  wells  had 
been  cleared  of  numerous  sources  of  contamination  by  the  orders 
of  the  Board  of  Health,  and  because  the  heavy  rains  which  had 
prevailed  for  some  time  had  cleaned  the  district  and  diluted  the 
waters.  Notwithstanding  these  circumstances  the  water  of  one  of 
the  wells  showed 


396 


Annual  Report  of  the 

In  100,000  parts. 

Inorganic  matter 66.8 

Organic  matter „ 7.8 

Total 74.6 


In  1  gallon. 

38.95  grains. 
4.55     do 


43.50     do 


These  wells  should  be  very  carefully  looked  after,  that  they 
may  not  be  permitted  to  pass  a  certain  maximum  limit  of  foulness 
before  they  are  closed,  at  least  temporarily,  for  the  protection  of 
those  families  who  are  unfortunately  obliged  to  make  use  of  them. 

At  some  future  time,  I  hope  to  be  able  to  lay  before  you  the 
results  of  the  more  comprehensive  examination  which  the  water- 
supplies  of  the  Metropolitan  District  imperatively  demand. 

These  analyses  were  conducted  according  to  the  methods  em- 
ployed by  Prof.  W.'A.  Miller,  Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann,  and  Dr.  E. 
Frankland,  Journal  of  the  London  Chem.  Soc,  New  Series,  III., 
117,  1865;  IV;  IV.,  239,  1866. 

I  should  mention  that  I  have  been  materially  aided  in  this 
examination  by  Dr.  H.  Endemann,  my  private  assistant. 

Very  truly  yours, 

C.  F.  CHANDLER,  Ph.  D. 


TABLE  B,  No.  I. 

New  York  Well  Waters.     Analyses  by  Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler. 

I.  Results  calculated  for  100,000  parts  water. 


u 

S3 
"3 

is  a 

*-<   to 

s>  *> 

« 

>     . 

5  fe 

T  d  ". 

e 

'O  £ 

o-<0* 

o.£  Ik 

o 

B  .2 

IH 

s«s 

O    B    O 

£ 

fl 
es 
bO 

■si 

o 
*3 

b2| 

a>  m  * 

Mo  a 

sona 
its  e 
lard 

o 

s 

MS 

6  ** 

o 
H 

© 

Well  No.  1 

None. 
None. 

66.8 
41.9 

7.8 
trace . 

74.6 
41.9 

0.0666 
0.0454 

18.45 

13.00 

None. 

69.1 

3.4 

72.5 

0.0590 

8.10 

II.  Results  calculated 

in  grains  for  one  U.  S. 

gallon  of  231  cub 

c  inches 

Well  No.  1 

None. 
None. 
None. 

38.95 
23.96 
40.30 

4.55 
trace. 
1.98 

43.50 
23.96 

42.28 

0.038S 
0.0265 
0.0344 

10.76 

7.58 

4.72 

School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College 
New  York,  July  12,  1867. 


•I 


*  Owing  to  an  unavoidable  delay,  these  waters  were  allowed  to  stand  some  days  before 
they  were  treated  with  permanganate  of  potassa ;  the  numbers  iu  this  column  are  conse- 
quently much  smaller  than  they  would  otherwise  have  been. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  397 


TABLE  B,  No.  II. 

Report  of  ax  Analysis  of  a  Sample  of  Water  from  Well  in 
the  Twenty-second  Ward,  by  Prof.  Draper,  in  1864. 

Grains. 

Organic  matter  and  volatile  salts,  per  gallon 23  ,%*0 

Fixed  salts,  do  ....      24-^ 


Total  solid  residue,  do  48^ 


ififf 


(Signed)  HENRY  DRAPER,  M.  D. 

Chkuical  TiABORATOHY,  UtfivBnsnY  oy  New  York,  ) 
October  4,  1864.  $ 

Prof.  John  W.  Draper,  who  superintended  this  analysis,  addetl 
the  following  note: 

University  Medical  College,  ) 

107  East  Fourteenth  street,       J> 
New   York,    October   4,   1867.  J 
Dr.  E.  Harris  : 

Dear  Sir:  I  enclose  the  analysis  of  the  sample  of  water  sent  by 
Dr;  J.  L.  Smith.  You  see  at  once  what  is  its  peculiarity — the 
very  large  amount  of  organic  matte)'.  This  is  reported  to  me  to 
have  been  of  the  most  fetid  kind,  suggesting  the  proximity  of  a 
sewer,  privy,  or  some  other  putrid  receptacle. 

Now,  there  is  obviously  hut  one  thing  to  be  done  in  such  a  case. 
It  is  to  close  up  the  well.  The  people  that  use  it  are  drinking  so 
much  liquid  poison,  and  no  wonder  they  have  bowel  complaints. 

Compare  the  tilt  by  water  with  waters  elsewhere  used.     It  has, 
in  a  gallon,  more  than  48  grains  of  solid  matter,  half  of  which  is 
organic.     But  the   Thames  water  haw  only  15  grains,  the  Seine 
water  20  grams,  and  the  Danube  \Q\  grains. 
Yours  truly, 
(Signed)  JOHN  W.  DRAPER,  M.  D., 

JJrof.  Cliemist'ry  and  Physiology,  University  of  N,  Y. 


398 


Annual  Report  of  the 


TABLE  C,  No.  I. 

Analyses  of  the  Croton  Water,  at  various  periods,  daring  the  sum- 
mer of  1867,  by  Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler,  of  Columbia  College. 


Daily  Examination  of  Ceoton  Water,  drawn  from  the  Hydrant 
at  the  School  of  Mines,  Fourth  Avenue  and  East  Fhtieth 

Street. 

I.  Results  calculated  for  100,000  parts  of  water. 


u 
o 
'o 
O 

u 

o 

d 

a 

'E 

cS 
M 

u 
o 

B 
h-l 

cS 

"o 
t- 

-3 

a 

eS 

.2 

'3    . 
a  o 

*"  -3 
O 

GO 

"o 

© 

Oxygen   required 
to  oxidize  organ- 
ic matter. 

CarboDato  of  lime, 
or  its  equivalent. 
"Hardness." 

0.1757 

0.2059 
0.1878 
0.1727 
0.1696 
0.1757 

Yellow. 

5.50 

0.60 

6.10 

4.00 

Yellow. 

Yellow. 



lTellow. 
Yellow. 



1 

6.18     1     0.85 

7.03 

II.  Results  calculated  in  grains  for  one  U.  S.  gallon  of  231  eubic  inches. 


Croton  (Hydrant),  June  27 Yellow. 

Croton  (Hydrant),  June  28 Yellow. 

Croton  (Hydrant),  June  29 Yellow. 

Croton  (Hydrant),  July     1 Yellow. 

Croton  (Hydrant),  July     2 Yellow. 

Croton  (Hydrant),  July     3 Yellow. 

Croton  (Hydrant),  July     5 Yellow. 

Croton  (Hydrant),  July     8 Yellow. 


3.21 


3.60 


0  35 


0.49 


3.56 


4.09 


0.1024 

2.333 

0.1201 

0.1095 

0.1007 

0.0989 

0.1024 

Metropolitan  Board  of  IIlaltu. 


TABLE  C,  No.  II. 

Week!)/  examination  of  the  Croton  Wafer  during  the  Summer  of 
1867,  by  Professor  C.  F.  Chandler,  of  the  School  of  3/ines, 
Columbia  College. 


I.   Results  calculated  for  100,000  parts  of  water. 

DATE. 

SOURCE  OF  WATER. 

u 

o 

s 

_o 

°e 

a 
M 

b. 
o 
a 
i— i 

Organic    ami   vola- 
tile matter. 

s 

00 

"3 

o 
H 

o 

n  .2 

a  - 
Jt  s 
■  m 

fS 

Cy  —  .2 

••IS  ** 

m  g  1 

© 

2  a 

1       .—    9 

,  sH 

-    "2 
i  ~  5 

«  S3 

o 

July 

19.. 
19.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 
Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue 

5.60 
6.00 

1.30 
1  45 

6.90 
7  45 

0.1779 
0.1737 

4.05 
4.17 

19.. 

5.50 

1.35 

6.85 

0.1715 

4.07 

July 

25.. 
25.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College  ... 

6.07 
6.47 

1.35 

1.20 

7.42 
7.67 

0  1838 
0.1986 

4.30 
4.37 

25.. 

6.00 

1.10 

7.10 

0.1853 

4.40 

Aug. 

1.. 

Hvdrant,  Columbia  College.... 

7.05 

1.05 

8.10 

0  1859 

4.25 

1.. 

Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue 

7.10 

1.19 

8.25 

0.1888 

4.20 

I.. 

y.io 

0.90 

8.00 

0.2U46 

4.30 

Aug. 

8.. 

Hvdrant,  Columbia  College. . . . 

6.20 

1.80 

8.00 

0  1 983 

4  30 

8.. 

6.45 

1.65 

8.10 

0.1865 

4.30 

8.. 

6.15 

1.70 

7.85 

0.1983 

4.21 

Aug. 

15.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

6.50 

2.00 

8.50 

0.2136 

4.20 

15.. 

6.45 

1.S0 

8.25 

0.2194 

4.31 

15.. 

6.60 

1.70 

8.30 

0.2136 

4.40 

Aug. 

22.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College 

6.20 

1.20 

7.40 

0.2136 

4.10 

22. 

6.35 

1.30 

7.65 

0.2194 

4.11 

22.. 

6.15 

1.15 

7.30 

0.2136 

4.00 

Aug. 

29.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College  — 

6.75 

0.S5 

7-60 

0.1913 

4.20 

29.. 

6.75 

0.95 

7.70 

0.1958 

4.22 

29.. 

7.41 

1.11 

8.52 

0.1987 

4.30 

Sept. 

5. 

Hvdrant,  Columbia  College 

6 .65 

1.75 

8.40 

0.1750 

4.31 

5.. 

6.95 

1.61 

8.56 

0.1809 

4.39 

5.. 

Reservoir,  Central  Park 

6.95 

1.30 

8.25 

0.1824 

4 .  32 

Sept. 

12.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

6. SI 

1.25 

8.06 

0.1483 

4.41 

12.. 

fi.61 

1.32     ! 

7.93 

0.1483 

4.50 

12.. 

6  95 

1.21 

8.16 

0.1468 

4.52 

Sept. 

19.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

6.62 

0.92 

7.54 

0.2091 

4.30 

19.. 

Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue 

7.30 

0.85 

8.15 

0.2032 

4  30 

19.. 

7.31 

0.91     i 

8.22 

0.2002 

4.42 

Sept. 

26.. 

2fi.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

6. 40 
6  91 

1.05 
0.90 

7.45 
7.81 

0.1920 
0.1079 

4.40 
4.59 

25.. 

7.02 

1   11 

8.13 

0.1979 

4.61 

Oct. 

4.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

6.95 

0.15 

7.00 

0.1241 

4,31 

4.. 

Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue 

7.65 

0.27 

7.92 

0.1270 

4.43 

4.. 

7.60 

0.25 

7.85 

0.1211 

4.50 

Oct. 

10.. 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

7.21 

0.61 

7.82 

0.1270 

4.38 

10.. 

Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue 

7.32 

0.60 

7.92 

0.1299 

4.50 

10.. 

Thirteen  weeks'  average  . . . 

7-30 

0.52 

7.82 

0.1270 

4.58 

6.72 

1.12 

7.84 

0.1809 

4.32 

400 


Annual  Report  of  the 
TABLE  C,  No.  III. 


II.  Results  Calculated  in  Grains  for  One  U.  S.  Gallon  of  231 

Cubic  Inches. 


DATE. 

SOURCE  OF  WATER. 

u 

o 

OS 

a 

"a 

d 
bO 
I* 

O 

a 

Organic  and  volatile 
matter. 

12 

o 

"3 

o 

Oxygen  required  to 
oxidize    organic 
matter. 

Carbonate  of  lime, 
or  its  equivalent. 
"Hardness." 

Grains 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Grains. 

Grains. 

or  deg's. 

July  19... 
19... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College .... 
Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue 

3.26 
3.50 

076 
0.84 

4.02 
4.34 

0.1038 
0.1013 

2.36 

2.43 

19... 

3.20 

0.79 

3.99 

0.1000 

2.37 

July  25... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

3.54 

0.79 

4.33 

0.1072 

2.51 

25... 

3.77 

0.71 

4.47 

0.1159 

2.55 

25... 

3  50 

0.64 

4.14 

0.1081 

2.56 

Aug.   1... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

4  11 

0.61 

4.73 

0.1084 

2.48 

1    .. 

Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue. 

4.14 

0.67 

4.81 

0.1101 

2.45- 

1... 

4.14 

0.52 

4.66 

0.1193 

2.51 

Aug.   8... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

3.61 

1.05 

4.66 

0.1156 

2.51 

8... 

3.76 

0.96 

4.73 

0.1087 

2.51 

8... 

3.68 

0.99 

4.57 

01156 

2.45 

Aug.  15. .. 
15... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College .... 

3.79 
3.76 

1.16 

1.05 

4.95 
4.81 

0.1245 
0.1280 

2.45 
2.51 

15... 

3.85 

0.99 

4.84 

0.1245 

,>;.56 

Aug.  22... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  Collego .... 

3.61 

0.70 

4.31 

0.1115 

2.39 

22. .. 

3.70 

0.76 

4.46 

0.1142 

2.39 

22... 

3.58 

0.67 

4.25 

0.1159 

2.33 

Aug.  29... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College  .... 

3.94 

0.49 

4  43 

0.1020 

2.45 

29... 

3.94 

0.55 

4.49 

0.1055 

2.45 

29... 

4.31 

0.64 

4.95 

0.1050 

2.51 

Sep.    5... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College 

3.88 

1.02 

4.90 

0.0864 

2.51 

5... 

4.05 

0.93 

4.98 

0.0864 

2.58 

5... 

4.05 

0.76 

4.81 

0.0856 

2.51 

Sep.  12... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

3.96 

0.73 

4  69 

0.1219 

2  56 

12... 

Reservoir,  Fifth  avenue 

3.84 

0.76 

4.60 

8.1185 

2.62 

12... 

4.05 

0.70 

4.75 

0.1168 

2.62 

Sep.  19... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  Collego .... 

3.85 

0.52 

4.37 

0.1219 

2.51 

19... 

4.25 

0.50 

4.75 

0.1237 

2.51 

19... 

Reservoir,  Central  Park 

4.25 

0.52 

4.77 

0.1246 

2.58 

Sep.  26... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College.... 

3.73 

0.61 

4.24 

0.1119 

2.56 

26... 

4.02 

0.52 

4.54 

0.1163 

2.68 

26... 

4.08 

0.64 

4.72 

0.1153 

2.68 

Oct.    4... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  College 

4.05 

0.08 

4.13 

0.0723 

2.51 

4... 

4.46 

0.14 

4.60 

0.0740 

2.62 

4... 

4.43 

0.14 

4.57 

0.0706 

2.62 

Ot.  10... 

Hydrant,  Columbia  Collego  . . . . 

4.20 

0.35 

4.55 

0.0740 

2.56 

10... 

4.25 

0.35 

4.60 

0.0758 

2.62 

10... 

4.25 

0.29 

4.54 

0.0741 

2.68 

3.90 

0.66 

4.56 

0.1055 

2.51 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


401 


TABLE  D,  No.  I. 

Abstract  from  the  Officially  Published  Analysis  of  Waters 
supplied  in  Various  Cities. 

Analysis  of  the  Waters  supplied  to  London,  in  November,  1867. 
By  Prof.  Franklaxd,  F.  R.  8.,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Chem- 
istry, London. 

Royal  College  of  Chemistry,  Nov.  30,  1867. 


COMPANIES. 


Thames. 

Chelsea 

West  Middlesex 

Southwark  and  Vauxhall 

Grand  .)  unction 

Lambeth 

Other  Sources. 
New  River  (unfiltered).. , 

"  (filtered) 

East  London 

Kent 


3S 

T3  ""' 


S  £>£ 

O—  ft 

H 


29.6 
28.4 
29.8 
29.8 
31.0 


25.2 
24.8 
30.2 
42.9 


.263 
.2S6 
.259 
.277 
.268 


.104 
.075 
.118 
.113 


.222 
.225 
.183 
.210 
.229 


.187 
.176 
.156 
.364 


.003 
.002 
.001 
.001 

.001 


.001 
.001 
.001 
.001 


.242 
.245 
.203 
.229 
.249 


.208 
.179 
.164 
.369 


fc.2 


sl.s 


1,920 
1,950 
1,520 
1,790 
1,980 


1,560 
1,450 
1,250 
3,330 


20.5 
20.6 
21.7 
22.8 
22.8 


18.5 
18.6 
21.8 
29.1 


Analysis  of  the  Waters  supplying  Glasgow,  Lancaster  and  Man- 
chester, by  Prof.  Frankland,  during  the  Autumn  of  1867. 


(1  <=> 

rt  j: 

s 

3  => 

u  £ 

TJ 

*o  J 

C  o 

c 
0 

«'C 

a 

<*  9 

fc.2-v 

■ 
in 

9 

,"Z>  C2 

t. 

J3 

»  *•? 

a 

COMPANIES. 

2  'H 

■3  ^s 

cS 
O 
a 

'a 

8*3 

0  = 

'5 
0 

•6 

—  0 

sag 
.2  *  ■" 

1 

a 
"3 

to 

O 

a 
< 

*  'S 

0 

H 

Lock  Katrine  (for  Glasgow). 

3.28 

.256 

.031 

.002 

.041 

0.3 

3.54 
6.8 

.157 
.242 

.036 
.001 

.001 
.001 

.038 
.028 

0.1 

2.7 

"  The  numbers  in  the  columns  all  relate  to  100,000  parts  of  the 
waters.         .......... 

"  The  animal  charcoal,  through  which  the  New  River  Company's 
water  was  passed,  has  now  been  in  constant  use  for  six  months  ; 
nevertheless  the  amount  of  organic  matter  left  in  the  water  after 
passage  through  the  charcoal  has  only  just  perceptibly  increased. 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  26 


402 


Annual  Report  of  the 


On  the  1st  of  June  100,000  parts  of  the  filtered  water  contained 
.07  part  of  organic  carbon  and  no  organic  nitrogen,  while  on  the 
19th  of  November,  100,000  parts  of  water  passed  through  the 
same  charcoal,  contained  .075  part  of  organic  carbon,  and  .002 
part  of  organic  nitrogen. 

"I  have,  &c, 
(Signed)  «  E.  FRANKLAND. 

'•  The  Registrar  General  of  England." 

Note. — The  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  is  indebted  to  the 
courtesy  of  Dr.  Win,  Farr,  of  the  Registrar-General's  office,  of 
London,  for  this  lucid  exhibit  of  the  water  analyses  which,  at  his 
earnest  suggestion,  have  been  made  at  regular  intervals,  and  fur- 
nished in  this  manner  to  the  Registrar-General's  office,  London. 

E.  H. 


The  following  table  shows  the  results  of  Dr.  Letheby's  analysis 
of  the  well  and  the  river  waters  of  London  : 

TABLE  D,  No.  II. 

Composition  and  Quality  of  the  Metropolitan  Waters  in  October \ 
1867,  by  II.  Letheby,  M.  D.,  Health  Officer  of  London  within 
the  Walls. 


Total      solid 
matter    per 
gallon. 

'3 

bo 

'i*. 

m   O 
o  -j3 

Oxidizable 
organic 
matter. t 

Hardness. 

a 

WATER  COMPANIES. 

Before 
boiling. 

After 
boiling. 

o   oi 

^  o  s 

© 

Thames  Water  Companies  ; 

Grains. 

19.67 
16.67 
18.50 
19.00 

27.50 
17.00 
19.20 

81.33 

120.00 

74.67 

Grains. 
1.00 
0.85 
1.00 
1.25 

0.75 
0.25 
0.50 

2.00 

11.51 

8.00 

Grains. 
0.56 
0.52 
0.59 
0.60 

0.26 
0.31 
0.49 

0.06 
1.51 
0.96 

Degrees. 
13.5 
12.5 
13.0 
13.5 

18.0 
12.0 
13.0 

32.0 
50.0 
36.0 

Degrees. 
4.5 
4.0 
4.5 
4.5 

7.5 
3.0 
4.5 

16.0 

Grains. 

0.004 

0.004 
0.004 

Other  Companies  i 

0.000 

0.001 

0.001 

Surface  Wells  in  City. 

0.004 

1.281 

0.008 

*  The  loss  by  ignition  represents  a  variety  of  volatile  matters,  as  well  as  organic  matter, 
as  ammoniacal  salts,  moisture,  and  the  volatile  constituents  of  nitrates  and  nitrites. 

\  The  oxidizable  organic  matter  is  determined  by  a  standard  solution  of  permanganate 
of  potash — the  available  oxygen  of  which  is  to  the  organic  matter  as  1  is  to  8;  and  the 
results  are  controlled  by  the  examination  of  the  color  of  the  water  when  seen  through  a 
glass  tube  two  feet  in  length  and  two  inches  in  diameter. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


403 


TABLE  D,  No.  III. 

Waters  of  Paris,  analyzed  by  Bussey,  Wurtz  and  Ville,  1861. 

Reaults  calculated  for  100,000  parts  of  Water. 


Lime 

Magnesia    

Potassa 

Soda  . , 

Chlorine 

Sulphuric  acid  . 

Silica 

Nitric  acid 

Ammonia 

Organic  matter. 

Total 


TABLE  E. 

Waters  of  Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Results  calculated  for  100,000  parts  of  water. 


Reservoir 
Passy. 

Reservoir 
Montmartre. 

Seine,  above 
Paris. 

10.400 

10.000 

8.740 

0.750 

0.800 

0.460 

1.000 
2.500 

1.000  ) 
2.400  ) 

1.070 

0.780 

0.700 

0.700 

2.800 

2.000 

0.930 

0.980 

0.700 

1.100 

0.560 

0.510 

0.410 

0.043 

0.022 

0.017 

3.200 

3.500 

1.700 

23.013 

21.232 

15.127 

Inorganic 
matter. 

47.00 
27.88 
20.25 


Maelar  Lake (Alex.  Mueller) 

Haga  Palace (Dr.  Bahr) 

Grundsborg (Dr.  Bahr) 

Well   at   the   Military  Hospital, 

(Alex.  Mueller)       95.00 
Well  on  Handwerker  Strasse,  near 

the  Churchyard  (Alex.  Muller)     389.00 


Organic  and 
Volatile  matter. 

7.00 
3.26 
1.95 


12.00 
23.00 


Total 
Solide. 

54.00 
31.14 
22.20 

107.00 

412.00 


404 


Axxual  Report  of  the 
Analyzed  by  Dr.  Bahr. 


Chloride  of  sodium _ 

Sulphate  of  lime .__ 

Carbonate  of  lime „. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Nitrate  of  potassa 

Nitrate  of  lime 

Silica - 

Organic  matter 

Total 

*  The  nitric  acid  was  determined  by  loss,  at  ■ '."  1.95 


Haga 
Palace. 

Grunds- 
borg. 

2.74 

3.55 

5.90 

3.80 

13.14 

7.19 

2.13 

2.16 

0.11* 

0.38* 

2.88* 

2.33* 

0.9& 

0.84 

3.26 

1.95 

31.14 

22.20 

1.73 


Waters  of  Amsterdam,  Holland.     Analyzed  by  Von  Baumhauer 
and  Van  Morrsel. 

Results  calculated  for  100,000  parts  of  water.     "Water  from  surface  wells.* 


Well  at  the 
Amstel. 


Well  at  the 

Leyden  Gate. 


Well  at  the 
Zaagport. 


Chlorine 

Sulphuric  acid 

Silica 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Alumina  and  acids  of  iron 

Potassa  and  soda 

Ammonia • 

Nitric  acid 

Carbonic  acid f 

Organic  matter • ) 

Total , 


224.20 
16.80 

8.90 
30.20 
48.00 

2.70 


232.60 


563.40 


154.20 

3.60 

5.40 

23.40 

31.60 

2.90 


212.10 


433.20 


160.10 

Trace. 

6  00 

17-70 

39.30 

5.10 


175.10 


404.20 


*  These  wells  are  in  grounds  which  were  once  the  bed  of  sea;  hence  the  great  excess  of 
chlorine  and  chlorides  in  the  well  waters. 


Metropolita  x  Boabd  of  Health. 


405 


Table  showing  purity  of  Croton  Water  as  compared  with  the  Water 
of  other  cities.     Compiled  by  Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler. 

Results  calculated  for  100,000  parts  of  water. 


New  York 


Brooklyn 

Boston 

Philadelphia. 
<c 

Albany  

Troy 

Utica 

Syracuse 

Cleveland. . . . 

Chicago  

Rochester. ... 
Schenectady  . 
Newark  .... 
Jer«ey  City. 
Hoboken  and 
Hudson  City  ) 

Trenton 

London  


Dublin  , 
Paris 


Croton  :  average  for  13  weeks,  1867  (Prof.  C.  F. 

Chandler) 

Ridgewood* (Prof.  Eaton) 

Cochituate (Prof    E.  N.  Horsford) 

Fairmount,  Schuylkill . ...  "  " 

Delaware (Prof.   H.  Wurtz) 

Hydrant rProf.  E.  N.  Horsford), 

Hydrant (Prof.  W.  Elderhorstj 

Hydrant (Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler)! 

New  Reservoir **  " 

Lake  Erie (Prof.  J.  L.  Cassels) 

Lake  Michigan]- (Prof.  Blaney) 

Genesee  River (Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler) 

State  street  well **  " 

Passaic  River (Prof.  E.  N.  Horsford) 


Stockholm 


Amsterdam 


(Prof.  H.  Wurtz) 

Thames:  Grand  Junction  Co.  ..(Dr.  H.  Letheby) 
"  West  Middlesex  Co.  ..  " 

"         Southwark  and  Vauxhall  Co... (Dr.  H 

Lethebv)  

"  Lauibeth'Co (Dr.  H.  Letheby) 

"  Kent  Co " 

New  River  Co " 

East  London  Co " 

Well,  LeadeDhall  street ** 

Lough  Vartry,  new  supply  (Prof.  Apjohn  <toths.) 
Seine,  above  the  city.  .(Wurtz,  Bussey  and  Ville) 
Reservoir,  Montmartre         '*  "  '* 

Reservoir,  Passy "  "  cc 

Maelar  Lake (Alex.  Muller) 

Haga  Palace (Dr.  Bahr) 

Well,  Hanwerkerstrasse (Alex.  Muller) 

River  Vecht...(V.  Baumhauer  and  Van  Moorsel) 
Deep  well  at  the  Keisersgracht  (V.  Baumhauer 

and  Van  Moorsel) ' 

Artesian  well,  Bikkerseiland  (V.  Baumhauer  and 
Van  Moorsel) 


6.72 

4.49 

4.12 

3.95 

4.97 

14.52 

10.44 

9.43 

20.81 

8.13 

9.63 

20.62 

80.38 

7.85 

5.02 
26.67 
22.60 

25  78 
25.36 
38.21 
23.93 
26.71 

154.98 
3.04 
13.43 
17.73 
19.81 
47.00 
27.88 

389.00 
24.78 

110  69 

106.89 


1  12 
1.79 
1.22 
2.06 
1.08 
3.96 
2.30 
1.64 
3.08 
2.62 
1.81 
2.12 
4.00 

4.90 

0.95 
1.43 
1.21 

1.43 
1.78  I 
1.07  I 
0.35  | 
0.71  : 

1S.44  ' 
2.39  i 
1.70  | 
3.50  | 
3.20  I 
7.0()  ! 
3.26  | 

23.00 
3.66 

7.51 


7.84 

6.28 

5.34 

6.01 

6.05 

18.48 

12.74 

11.07 

23.89 

10.75 

11.44 

22.74 

84.38 

12.75 

5.97 
28.10 
23.91 

27.21 
27-14 
39.28 
24.28 
27.42 

171.42 
5.34 
15.13 
21.23 
23.01 
54.00 
31.14 

410.00 
28.44 

118.10 


2.31  109.20 


This  Appendix  is  submitted  with  the  desire  that  throughout  the 
Metropolitan  District  the  chemical  purity  and  sanitary  care  of  the 


*  See  Prof.  Eaton's  Analysis,  on  a  preceding  page  of  this  Report. 

t  Taken  from  Lake  Michigan,  two  miles  off  shore,  where  the  water-supply  enters  the 
submerged  aqueduct.  Analysis  by  Prof.  Blacey.  Dr.  JohnH.  Rauch,  the  Sanitary  Superin- 
tendent of  Chicago,  remarks,  in  a  recent  letter  to  us,  that  "the  introduction  of  pure 
lake  water,  no  doubt,  had  a  marked  influence  in  diminishing  the  mortality  of  the  past 
year.  The  difference  between  our  water-supply  and  that  of  other  cities  is,  that  it  remains 
the  same  during  the  entire  year." 


406  Annual  Report  of  the 

waters  used  by  the  inhabitants  shall  be  regarded  worthy  of  sys- 
tematic attention  ;  for  no  other  physical  agent,  except  the  air  we 
breathe,  has  such  universally  important  relations  to  health  as  the 
water  supply  of  cities  and  towns.  The  public  and  the  Board  of 
Health  will  more  and  more  appreciate  the  practical  value  of  this 
branch  of  sanitary  inquiry  which  has  been  so  well  begun  by  Pro- 
fessor Chandler.  Henceforth  the  endemic  outbreaks  of  typhoid 
fever  and  all  bowel  diseases  should  be  studied  in  the  light  that  is 
shed  upon  their  history  by  the  physical  circumstances  which  sani- 
tary chemistry  and  the  skilled  inspection  of  waters  and  the  drain- 
age of  grounds  reveal.  The  most  destructive  evils  may  be  antici- 
pated and  prevented,  but  no  human  skill  can  devise  a  cure  for 
filth  poisons,  when  once  they  have  gained  a  fatal  control  of  the 
blood  and  tissues  of  the  human  body.  Protection  against  the  in- 
fection of  typhoid  and  some  other  miasmatic  fevers,  and  against 
cholera  and  the  incurable  kinds  of  diarrhceal  diseases,  can  be  en- 
sured only  in  this  way.  E.  H. 


Metropolitan  Board  op  Health. 


407 


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Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  4X3 

The  Vital  Statistics  and  the  humane  purposes  of  the  seventy- 
five  hospitals  and  other  institutions  which  are  presented  in  the 
foregoing  snmmaries,  sustain  very  important  relations  to  the  pub- 
lic health.  They  all  are  institutions  of  a  civilization  that  has 
wrought  into  its  very  texture  the  humane  and  religious  idea  of 
good-will  and  charity  among  men.  The  physician  regards  them 
with  just  pride,  as  well  as  with  emotions  of  solicitude  that — better 
than  words — explain  the  object  we  have  in  carefully  gathering  the 
records  of  this  benevolent  service  in  which  sanitary  science  and 
social  wants  are  conjointly  studied;  a  service  that  applies  with 
greater  or  less  success,  the  practical  lessons  which  are  derived 
from  such  stud}-. 

The  tabulated  statistics  which  we  have  here  presented  merely 
show  what  has  been  the  movement  of  these  charities  during  the 
year  1867.  The  several  columns  in  these  tables,  are  sufficiently 
explained  by  their  headings,  but  each  institution  has  a  special 
organization  and  history  of  its  own,  and  therein  are  found  the 
reasons  for  whatever  results  appear  in  the  columns  relating  to  the 
mortality  of  inmates.  And  we  need  to  remark  here,  that  the 
sanitary  condition  of  a  hospital  is  not  to  be  estimated  alone  by 
the  number  that  die  in  it,  but  rather  by  the  course  of  curable  dis- 
eases that  are  brought  into  it,  and  the  circumstances  of  an)'  zymotic 
disease  which  originates  upon  the  hospital  premises.  This  remark 
has  apt  illustrations  in  such  models  of  sanitary  administration  as 
the  hospitals  of  St.  Luke  and  St.  Vincent,  which,  being  founded 
wholly  upon  the  religious  obligations  of  mercy  and  medical  care 
to  the  incurable  as  well  as  the  curable,  necessarily  exhibit  death- 
rates  that  are  at  once  explained  by  the  fact  we  now  mention. 

Classification  of  Public  Institutions. 
In  order  to  exhibit  these  records  of  medical  and  social  charity 
in  groups  that  will   aid  the  reader  who  has  occasion  to  consult 
them,  we  arrange  them  as  follows,  for  New  York: 

1.  Hospitals  of  New  York,  in  the  city  proper. 

2.  Hospitals  and  the  Pauper  and  Penal  Institutions  of  Black- 
well's  Island. 

3.  Nursery  Department  and  Hospital  on  Randall's  Island. 

4.  Immigrant  Hospitals  and  Refuge  on  Ward's  Island. 

5.  The  Medical  Dispensaries  of  the  city. 

6.  The  Reformatory  Houses  of  New  York. 

7.  Various  other  Humane  Institutions,  having  houses  of  resi- 
dence and  medical  care. 


414  'Annual  Report  of  the 

The  Hospitals  m  the  City. 

The  six  general  hospitals  in  the  city  have  a  total  capacity  equal 
to  1,841  beds.  About  65  per  cent,  of  this  nominal  capacity  is 
constantly  occupied,  and  during  the  winter  season  more  than  75 
per  cent,  is  occupied.  There  were  admitted  to  these  six  hospitals 
during  the  year  10,216  patients,  which  together  with  the  1,777 
patients,  that  on  the  1st  of  January,  1867,  were  remaining  in  the 
wards,  make  up  an  aggregate  of  12,093  persons  receiving  medical 
and  surgical  care  in  them  in  the  twelve  months.  The  total  mor- 
tality  in  these  six  hospitals  amounted  to  1,123.  The  mean  death- 
rate  was  92.88  per  1,000  patients,  or  9.28  per  cent,  of  all  that 
received  care.  The  returns  being  incomplete  for  numbers  remain- 
ing January  1,  1868,  we  would  remark,  that  this  total  scarcely 
varies  from  that  of  January  1,  1867,  and  therefore,  that  the  death- 
rate  here  given  is  a  correct  one. 

The  New  York  Hospital. — This  "  oasis"  in  a  region  which  the 
most  massive  warehouses  of  the  metropolis  have  made  a  desert  as 
regards  a  resident  population,  receives  a  greater  number  of  sea- 
men than  in  former  years,  for  the  hospital  requirements  of  this 
class  of  the  sick  and  wounded  servants  of  commerce  constantly 
increase  with  our  commercial  growth.  The  doors  of  this  oldest 
and  noblest  of  the  hospitals,  are  always  open  for  the  reception  of 
all  kinds  of  casualty  cases.  Both  these  classes  of  patients  give  a 
high  death-rate.  But  the  average  mortality  of  this  hospital  has 
been  unusually  low  the  past  year,  and  the  records  of  the  surgical 
wards  testify  to  such  professional  skill  and  sanitary  care  as  have 
rarely  been  exceeded.  Scrupulous  care  in  removing  and  isolating 
whatever  cases  have  manifested  an  infectious  character,  has  proved 
of  great  advantage  to  the  surgical  wards.  The  removal  of  the 
medical  department  and  all  the  surgical,  excepting  the  casualty 
wards,  to  the  high  grounds  north  of  the  Central  Park,  can  only 
be  a  question  of  time  and  prudence,  for  the  cardinal  policy  of  its 
governors  has  always  been  to  do  gladly  whatever  can  be  done  to 
save  the  greatest  number  of  lives. 

Bellevue  Hospital. — This  great  refuge  of  the  sick  poor  and  of 
street  and  factory  casualties,  presents  results  which  prove  how 
greatly  its  hygienic  management  has  been  improved  by  strict  sani- 
tary regulations  in  the  care  of  its  wards.  But,  like  the  old  Hotel- 
Dieu,  to  which  it  answers  in  its  humane  purposes,  this  hospital  is 
so  crowded  and  populous  that  it  frequently  suffers  the  unhygienic 
consequences  of  ward-crowding  and  general  excess  of  population 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  415 

upon  the  hospital  grounds.  la  addition  to  its  enormous  casualty 
list,  it  receives  a  vast  quantity  of  broken-down,  chronically  dis- 
eased and  consumptive  patients;  this  last  named  cause  alone  giving 
one  hundred  and  forty-six  deaths  in  the  last  year. 

St.  Luke1*  Hospital. — This  excellent  institution,  now  in  its 
tenth  year  of  beneficent  service,  has  provided  for  more  than  5,000 
patients  in  the  whole  term,  and  for  more  than  1,000  last  year.  It 
h>xs  about  140  beds  constantly  occupied.  Though  it  is  managed, 
and  was  built,  by  the  Episcopal  Churches,  this  hospital,  true  to 
the  humane  spirit  of  its  beloved  founder  and  pastor-superintendent, 
Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  "  welcomes  every  proper  applicant  whom 
Providence  sends  to  its  door."  Its  nursing  and  internal  adminis- 
tration are  managed  by  an  evangelical  sisterhood,  which  is  an 
American  example  of  the  pious  duties  that  the  deaconesses  of 
Kaisserswerth,  in  Europe,  so  successfully  organized  under  the 
guidance  of  Pastor  Fliedner.  There  is  an  orthopaedic  child-ward, 
at  St.  Luke's,  in  which  147  patients  were  treated  last  year.  Con- 
sumptives and  chronically  diseased  sufferers  are  received  in  such 
numbers,  that  the  average  death-rate  is  kept  up  to  about  twice  the 
mean  rate  at  which  its  acutely  diseased  patients  die. 

Hospitals  St.  Vincent,  Mt.  Sinai,  and  St.  Franciscus. — Eaeh  of 
these  institutions  strives  to  supply  to  its  inmates  all  the  skillful 
nursing  and  generous  care  which  the  obligations  of  religious 
benevolence  can  suggest.  They  are  respectively  located  in  the 
midst  of  dense  populations,  and  to  their  misfortune,  though 
scarcely  to  the  detriment  of  their  humane  service,  in  the  very 
places  where  they  are  situated,  the  districts  surrounding  the  two 
last  named  institutions  are  insalubrious  in  consequence  of  original 
and  acquired  peculiarities.  They  need  and  must  have  better 
hygienic  surroundings. 

The  six  other  hospitals  and  infirmaries,  that  are  mentioned  in 
the  summary  of  City  Charities,  are  favorably  located  for  the  ser- 
vice they  respectively  offer  for  the  classes  of  disease  that  receive 
care  in  them.  But,  as  regards  the  Lunatic  Hospital  at  Blooming- 
dale,  it  should  be  remarked  that  the  Governors  have,  with  wise 
forethought,  recently  made  arrangements  for  the  timel}-  removal 
of  that  important  institution  to  the  town  of  White  Plains,  some 
twenty-one  miles  distant  from  the  present  site,  in  consequence  of 
the  rapid  encroachments  of  the  cit}'  upon  the  quiet  neighborhood 
of  Bloomingdale.  Concerning  the  sanitary  wants  of  the  old  site, 
Dr.  D.  Tilden  Brown,  the  intelligent  medical  officer  and  superin- 


416  Annual  Report  of  the 

tendent  states  a  fact  which  we  have  ascertained  to  be  applicable 
and  very  important  to  most  of  the  public  institutions  near  the 
Central  Park,  viz:  that  "there  are  such  numerous  and  rapidly 
multiplied  obstructions  to  the  natural  water-courses,  by  roadways, 
and  by  tenants  of  properties,  vegetable  gardeners,  etc.,  that  the 
surface-water  is  prevented  from  flowing  off"  freely."  Dr.  Brown 
further  states  a  fact  to  which  all  sanitary  observers  in  that  region 
bear  witness,  that  "  there  needs  to  be  a  thorough  examination  into 
the  matter  of  surface-drainage  all  along  the  Bloomingdale  district." 
Such  external  circumstances  are  scarcely  less  important  than  mat- 
ters of  internal  sanitary  care  in  regard  to  all  hospitals  and  asylums. 

Pauper  and  Penal  Institutions  on  Blackwell's  Island. 

The  12,888  admissions  and  the  nearly  5,000  constant  inmates  of 
these  institutions  have,  in  the  past  two  years,  given  some  of  the 
most  conclusive  results  which  have  ever  been  contributed  to  sani- 
t  iry  science  by  a  similar  population.  By  referring  to  the  map 
which  faces  page  275  of  this  report,  the  statistics  of  the  cholera 
epidemic  of  1866  in  these  institutions  can  be  read,  and  if  the 
reader  can  refer  to  our  report  of  that  year,  the  fact  will  be  clearly 
seen  that  the  sanitary  management  of  such  masses  of  pauperized 
and  damaged  life  is  worthy  of  all  that  skillful  and  conscientious 
care  which  has  so  distinguished  the  Commissioners  of  Public 
Charities  and  their  chief  medical  advisers.  The  statistical  sum- 
mary for  the  nine  branches  of  these  great  social  charities  give  a 
correct  view  of  the  sanitary  results  actually  reached  on  u  the 
Island"  iu  the  year  1867.  The  saving  of  life  that  has  been  wit- 
nessed in  the  Almshouse,  the  Charity  Hospital  and  the  crowded 
Lunatic  Asylum  is  worthy  of  remark.  But  the  most  instructive 
of  all  hygienic  lessons  has  been  taught  in  the  infant  department, 
where,  in  a  few  months'  experience — which  yet  goes  on — it  has 
been  proved  that  the  standard  of  mortality  which  for  years  has 
prevailed  among  the  spoon-fed  infants  is  now  reduced  seventy  per 
cent.,  by  substituting  breast-milk  for  the  former  unnatural  system 
of  nourishment.  To  the  interests  of  infant-life  in  the  city, 
wherever  the  first  duty  of  maternity  has  become  unfashionable, 
the  result  of  this  experiment  with  foundlings  is  full  of  important 
instruction.* 

RandalVs  Island  institutions  being  a  special  branch  of  the  city 
charities,  requires  no  separate  notice. 

•  In  the  sanitary  care  of  the  vast  assemblages  of  sick,  pauperized,  and  vicious  person! 
that  fill  the  institutions  of  Charity  and  Correction  under  the  Commissioners,  the  diet  of  the 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  417 

Immigrant  Institutions — Ward's  Island.  . 

The  State  Hospital  and  Refuge  added  591  deaths  to  the  aggre- 
gate of  mortality  in  New  York.  The  care  which  the  Commission- 
ers of  Emigration  gave  to  the  nearly  18,000  needy  emigrants  that 
they  placed  there  in  the  course  of  the  year,  probably  saved  the 
population  of  the  city  proper  from  a  still  greater  number  of 
deaths,  that  would  have  resulted  from  the  unguarded  presence  of 
that  unhealthy  mass  of  emigrants  in  the  city  lodging-houses.  At 
the  time  this  note  is  being  written  there  are  nearly  2,900  inmates 
in  these  two  great  institutions.  There  were  579  infants  born  in 
the  lying-in  department  of  the  Refuge.  This  unfortunate  class  of 
illegitimates  loses  heavily  by  death;  239,  or  more  than  forty-one 
per  cent.,  having  died  during  the  year.     Yet  this  is  less  than  half 

inmates  has,  fortunately,  received  special  attention  the  past  year.  The  Commissioners  of 
Charities  having  requested  the  Medical  Boards  at  the  several  institutions  to  revise  the  diet 
tables,  so  as  to  conform  to  the  best  hygienic  standards,  the  duty  was  given  into  the  hands 
of  competent  committees,  who  called  to  their  assistance  the  expert  physiologist,  Prof. 
Austin  Flint,  Jr.,  and  before  midsummer  their  final  reports  were  submitted  to  the  Com- 
mission, and  at  once  were  adopted.  The  beneficial  results  of  the  reformed  dietary  soon 
became  obvious,  and  we  arc  warranted  in  the  belief  that  the  diminished  death-rato  in 
those  institutions,  which  we  have  found  to  be  a  source  of  congratulation  every  week  in  the 
last  five  months  of  the  year,  was  mainly  brought  about  by  the  new  dietary. 

The  statistical  facts  may  be  concisely  stated  as  follows:  In  tho  year  186G,  there  was  a 
total  population  amounting  to  38,636  in  the  hospitals  and  other  institutions  under  the  care 
of  the  Commissioners  of  Charities  and  Corrections,  inclusive  of  the  13,670  inmates  of  the 
workhouse.  Cholera  killed  428  in  those  institutions,  and  other  causes  destroyed  3, 1 40  lives. 
But,  in  the  year  1867,  there  were  only  2,492  deaths  by  all  causes  in  the  whole  group  of 
those  institutions,  though  the  total  number  of  inmates  amounted  to  43,169,  or  to  4,533 
more  persons  than  received  care  the  previous  year.  The  death-rates  for  the  two  years 
read  as  follows : 

In  Year  1866.  In  year  1867. 

Death-rate  in  Total  Group  of  the  Institutions  )  81.2  8.12  57.7  5.77 

(not  including  Cholera  deaths  in   1806),  $      in  1,000.     percent.     inl,000.     percent. 

Death-rate  in  the  Total  (exclusive  of  Work-  )  121.8  12.18  92.1  9.21 

house)  each  year,  )    per  1,000.  percent.     inl,000.     percent. 

The  work-house  statistics  need  to  be  excluded  as  above,  because  no  change  has  been 
ordered  in  the  work-house  diet  table.  The  last  schedule  in  the  above  table  correctly  pre- 
sents the  death-rates  of  the  institutions  in  which  the  improved  diet  has  been  adopted. 

Whatever  other  hygienic  causes  have  co-operated  to  reduce  the  death-rates  in  the  hos- 
pitals and  asylums  here  mentioned,  there  is  no  kind  of  doubt  that  the  improved  diet  is  the 
chief  cause.  It  is  a  marvellously  instructive  result;  and,  until  we  had  ascertained  the  na- 
ture and  extent  of  this  reform,  we  were  utterly  unable  to  explain  the  steady  decrease  in 
the  rate  of  mortality  in  those  institutions.  This  gain  in  the  economy  of  life  is  also  a  gain 
in  financial  economy;  for  the  average  period  of  hospital  residence  will  be  found  to  be  far 
less  than  formerly.  The  Bellevue  Medical  Board  concisely  epitomizes  the  results  of  this 
reform  as  follows : 

"The  present  dietary  of  this  hospital  may  be  regarded  as  representing  the  latest  deduc- 
tions of  science,  and  the  results  of  experience  in  regard  to  the  alimentation  of  the  sick. 
The  beneficial  effects  of  this  improved  diet  is  apprrent  to  every  medical  attendant,  in  a  more 
rapid  convalescence  than  formerly  of  that  large  class  of  patients  who  have  hitherto  suffered 
from  a  species  of  chronic  inanition.  The  advantages  will  be  a  reduced  mortality,  a  diminution 
in  the  amount  of  exponsivo  drugs  and  stimulants,  and  a  shortor  residence  in  the  hospitals.') 

[Assem.  No.  122.J  27 


418  Annual  Report  of  the 

the  death-rate  that  has  prevailed,  until  a  few  months  ago,  in  the 
foundling  and  dry-nursery  wards  on  Blackwell's  Island.  The  gen- 
eral death-rale  in  the  Hospital  Department  on  Ward's  Island,  has 
greatly  decreased  since  its  new  pavilions  have  been  occupied. 
Their  cost  is  being  rapidly  repaid  in  valuable  lives  saved. 

The  Medical  Dispensaries  of  New  York. 

This  class  of  the  city  charities  probably  has  no  parallel  in  any 
country.  It  is  as  free  and  generous  as  the  Belgian  system,  and  is 
far  less  restrained  and  dilatory  than  the  systems  of  Paris,  Berlin, 
London,  and  Liverpool.  The  162,311  cases  of  disease  which  were 
treated  in  these  dispensaries  last  year,  represent  at  least  35,000 
families  and  more  than  100,000  persons.  Indeed,  the  eight  more 
important  of  these  thirteen  institutions  seldom  enter  any  patient's 
name  the  second  time  in  one  year  for  the  same  disease. 

The  number  of  deaths  reported  by  the  Dispensary  physicians 
amounted  to  630.  The  total  number  of  patients  sent  to  hospitals 
by  them,  exceed  the  number  that  died  at  home.  As  nearly  as  we 
are  able  to  ascertain  there  were  about  125,000  different  persons 
treated  or  sent  to  hospitals  by  the  Dispensary  physicians,  and  of 
that  number  about  1,000  died  at  home  and  in  hospital.  In  view 
of  the  timely  and  intelligent  medical  care  given  by  these  institu- 
tions, it  is  due  to  them  to  mention  and  regard  them  as  constituting 
an  indispensable  branch  of  public  sanitary  service. 

New  York  Infirmary  for  Woman  and  Children. — This  well-or- 
ganized medical  charity  is  conducted  by  thoroughly-educated 
female  physicians,  and  is  one  of  the  most  useful  medical  and  sani- 
tary institutions  in  the  city.  Its  dispensary  or  out-door  department 
has  adopted  methods  of  sanitary  instructions  and  effort  in  the  houses 
of  the  sick  poor  that  should  be  imitated  by  all  the  dispensaries.* 

•It  is  conducted  in  the  following  manner: 

"  A  certain  number  of  persons  applying  to  the  Dispensary  for  medical  advice,  are  called 
on  at  their  homes  by  the  visitor,,  who,  entering  into  conversation  with  the  mother  or  fath- 
er, ascertains  the  various  facts  relating  to  the  physical  condition  of  the  family.  Wheu 
there  are  children  in  the  family,  it  is  entered  on  the  record  for  continued  oversight  and 
instruction  in  hygienic  matters.  In  successive  calls,  the  visitor  brings  up  the  subjects  of 
ventilation,  cleanliness,  warmth,  food,  clothing,  etc.,  making  practical  suggestions  as  they 
seem  to  be  needed  in  each  case.  She  has  sometimes  taught  them  how  to  cook  their  food, 
or  to  choose  it  with  economy,  or  to  vary  it  sufficiently;  sometimes  the  lesson  has  been  in 
airing  their  bedding,  or  opening  windows  without  drafts,  or  using  such  means  of  improve- 
ment as  they  possess  to  the  best  advantage.  Nuisance  found  on  the  premises  have  been 
reported  to  the  proper  authorities  and  speedily  removed.  5,000  copies  of  an  excellent  lit- 
tle tract  on  fresh  air  were  reprinted  for  distribution;  this  tract  has  often  been  read  aloud 
in  families  where  no  one  could  read.  Employment  has  often  been  found  for  those  who 
needed  it,  for  though  the  work  is  educational  rather  than  benevolent,  pressing  physical 
■wants  must  often  be  supplied  before  any  improvement  can  be  attempted." — Fourteenth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Infirmary  Dispensary. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  419 

Medical  Charities  in  Richmond  County,  Staten  Island. 

The  Seamen's  Retreat. — Organized  in  the  year  1834,  under  a 
charter  and  special  law  of  the  State,  which  ordered  the  creation  of 
a  Seamen's  Hospital,  this  institution  has  proved  to  be  one  of  the 
most  useful  and  indispensable  of  medical  institutions.  Its  sani- 
tary condition  has  continued  to  be  unusually  good  throughout  the 
past  year.  The  wards  of  this  hospital  are  afflicted  with  certain 
inherent  hygenic  defects  of  plan  and  construction,  which  tend  to 
nurture  any  infectious  fever-poison  that  gains  a  lodgment  in  them. 
This  sad  fault  in  the  original  ward-plan  has  cost  the  lives  of  three 
medical  officers,  and  a  much  greater  number  of  sailors,  who  have 
died  of  typhus  there  since  1851.  Its  location  upon  the  bayside 
in  the  village  of  Edgewater,  by  the  Upper  Quarantine  anchorage, 
favors  its  original  design  for  receiving  sick  and  wounded  seamen 
directly  from  shipboard.  It  occupies  nearly  forty  acres  of  ele- 
vated grounds. 

Tne  total  number  of  seamen  admitted  in  1867  was  1,354,  which, 
with  the  125  remaining  in  the  wards  at  the  close  of  the  previous 
year,  makes  an  aggregate  of  1,479  patients  that  received  care  in 
the  year.  The  number  of  foreign  seamen  was  1,147.  There 
were  eighty  deaths  in  the  year.  About  eleven  per  cent  of  the 
patients,  year  after  year,  are  surgical  cases,  many  of  this  class 
being  of  a  severe  and  uecessarily  fatal  character. 

The  fact  that  this  Hospital  is  wholly  sustained  by  a  special  tax 
imposed  by  the  State,  whde  the  general  government  collects, 
through  the  Custom  House  in  New  York,  upwards  of  34,000,  and 
expends  only  half  that  sum  upon  seaman  in  the  Metropolitan  Dis- 
trict, warrants  the  hope  that  some  plan  will  soon  be  devised  by 
which  the  excellent  care  of  the  Retreat  may  be  extended  to  every 
sick  seaman  who  cannot  be  provided  for  in  the  city  hospitals. 
This  is  an  important  sanitary  question,  as  the  reader  may  see  by 
referring  to  the  facts  we  stated  on  pages  290,297  in  the  body  of 
this  Report. 

The  Dumber  of  seamen  constantly  sick  and  requiring  hospital 
care  in  the  port  of  New  York  exceeds  two  hundred  and  fifty. 
The  large  share  which  the  Retreat  has  taken  in  this  humane  ser- 
vice from  the  commencement  of  its  work  in  1834  until  now,  is 
shown  in  the  following  summary  of  its  records  the  past  year,  and 
for  the  entire  period  of  its  history,  thirty-four  years  : 


420 


Annual  Report  of  the 
In  the  year  1867. 


Total  No.  that 
Received  Care. 

Discharged 
Cured. 

Discharged 
Relieved 

Discharged 
by  Request. 

Died. 

Death-rate 
per  1000. 

Per  Cent 
of  Deaths. 

1,223 

879 

89 

72 

51 

41.78 

4.18 

In  the  Thirty-four  Years  from  1834  to  1868. 

55,828 

44,978 

4,734 

1,607 

2,778 

47.98 

4.8 

Such  success  as  these  statistics  indicate  may  justly  awaken 
inquiry  as  to  the  sanitary  advantages  of  rural  hospital  sites.  And, 
in  view  of  these  great  advantages  to  life  at  this  excellent  institu- 
tion, the  question  naturally  arises,  "  Why  should  the  National 
Treasury  any  longer  neglect  to  share  in  the  support  of  the  Ee- 
treat  ?"  The  Seamen's  Hospital  Fund  in  the  National  Treasury, 
receives  annually  twice  as  much  mone}7  from  seamen  in  the  port 
of  New  York,  as  it  expends  for  seamen  in  the  Metropolitan  Dis- 
trict. We  mention  this  subject  because  it  demands  attention  as  a 
very  important  sanitary  question,  since  the  Quarantine  hospitals 
have  ceased  to  offer  adequate  accommodation  for  seamen. 

The  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor. — This  institution  was  founded  by 
Captain  Eobert  E.  Randall,  of  New  York,  who  left,  by  his  will,  in 
the  year  1801,  a  large  portion  of  his  estate  to  found  and  forever 
support  "an  Asylum  aud  Marine  Hospital,  to  be  called  the  Sail- 
ors' Snug  Harbor,  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  and  supporting 
aged,  decrepit  and  worn-out  sailors."  Captain  Randall's  original 
donation  of  laud  comprised  some  twenty-one  and  one-quarter 
acres  lying  upon  the  southern  border  of  what  is  now  East  Tenth 
street,  and  extending  to  Waverly  Place.  This  ground  now  yields 
an  immense  revenue  by  leases.  The  site  of  the  "  Snug  Harbor" 
was  selected  and  the  edifices  were  commenced  in  1831.  The 
premises  comprise  one  hundred  and  fifty  acres  on  the  North  shore, 
Staten  Island.  The  locality  is  salubrious.  The  average  popula- 
tion is  four  hundred  and  twenty.  There  is  a  spacious  hospital  con- 
nected with  the  establishment,  and  it  contains  an  average  of  forty 
invalids.  The  death-rate  in  the  wards  and  in  the  whole  estab- 
lishment is  high,  for  it  is  a  community  of  "broken-down  and  worn- 
out  sailors."  The  total  number  of  deaths  in  1867  was  31.  Total 
number  of  inmates  exclusive  of  employes,  426.  Death-rate,  72.7 
per  1,000,  or  7.27  per  cent,  of  total  population;  consumption,  heart 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  421 

and  kidney  diseases,  syphilitic  dyscrasia  of  all  kinds,  and  rheu- 
matic diseases  hasten  the  old  sailor  to  the  grave.  Like  the  "  Sea- 
men's Retreat,"  the  "  Snug  Harbor"  relieves  the  city  of  a  great 
quantity  of  homeless  and  destitute  invalids,  and  diminishes  the 
total  list  of  deaths  for  the  city.  Like  the  sick  seamen  in  the  city 
institutions  and  the  sailor  boarding  houses,  these  invalids  of  the 
mercantile  marine  furnish  overwhelming  testimony  to  the  neces- 
sity for  great  and  radical  improvement  in  the  sanitary  care  and 
provisions  of  the  forecastle.  Commerce  and  society  at  lar^e 
loses  much  by  the  existing  neglect  of  this  duty. 

The  S.  R.  Smith  Infirmary. — This  is  a  village  hospital,  proba- 
bly the  first  one  in  the  United  States.  It  is  the  offspring  of  reli- 
gious charity  and  medical  benevolence.  Its  full  organization 
dates  from  the  20th  of  June,  1863.  It  has  fifteen  beds,  a  portion 
of  which  are  supported  by  endowment  or  by  churches.  As  a 
model  of  beneficent  work  and  of  pre-eminent  success  in  the  medi- 
cal and  surgical  results  of  treatment,  this  excellent  charity  is  an 
example  that  should  find  many  imitators.  Until  the  present  time 
it  has  occupied  one  of  the  pavilions  upon  the  western  margin  of 
the  old  quarantine  grounds,  Tompkinsville  (Edgewater).  Its 
medical  service  is  given  gratuitously,  by  selection  or  rotation, 
by  the  members  of  the  Richmond  County  Medical  Society. 

Total  number  of  patients  under  care  in  the 

Infirmary  in  1867 69 

Discharged  cured 44  (73  per  cent.) 

Relieved  __„ 10 

Died 5  (7.24  per  cent.) 

Remaining 10 

About  twenty  per  cent  of  the  patients  are  surgical,  and  the  oth- 
ers (eighty  per  cent.),  are  mainly  sufferers  by  acute  forms  of  dis- 
ease. The  daily  cost  per  patient  averages  $1.75.  Vaccination  is 
offered  gratuitously  to  all  who  apply,  once  each  week,  at  a  stated 
day  and  hour. 

The  Floating  Hospital,  Quarantine. — This  institution  dates  its 
existence  from  July  5th,  1859.  The  hospital-ship  Falcon  was  a 
disabled  steamship,  capacity  nearly  900  tons,  7  feet  between  decks 
and  210  feet  in  length,  "over  all;"  28  feet  average  width,  with 
one  main-deck  ward,  150  feet  in  length,  and  with  a  top-house 
structure  divided  into  smaller  wards,  offices,  &c,  and  having  ample 
side  windows,  and  also  having   ridge  ventilation  bv  a  continuous 


422 


Annual  Report  of  the 


double  series  of  window  transoms,  which  open  and  close  by  pul- 
leys. Two  immense  air-shafts,  with  valves.  &c,  extend  from 
windsail  faces,  on  the  hurricane  deck,  through  the  decks  to  the 
very  keelson  of  the  ship.  The  sides  of  the  ship,  against  the  main 
wards,  are  cut  by  numerous  window  ports  that  extend  from  floor 
to  floor.  This  unparalleled  provision  for  the  ventilation  and 
effectual  flushing  of  the  ship  with  fresh  air,  together  with  the 
apparatus  for  disinfecting  by  steam  heat  and  by  chemical  agents, 
constitute  the  reasons  for  that  entire  immunity  from  every  kind 
of  infection  and  contagion  that  has  been  brought  into  the  ship 
during  the  nine  successive  years  it  has  been  used  as  the  Quaran- 
tine lazaretto. 

This  triumphant  success  of  the  very  simplest  sanitary  safeguards 
against  the  contagium  of  cholera,  the  infectious  fomites  of  yellow 
fever  clothing,  &c.,  as  well  as  against  small-pox  and  typhus,  has 
been  closely  watched  by  the  writer,  under  whose  superintendence 
this  test-experiment  in  marine  hygiene  was  prepared,  in  1859. 
The  total  number  of  patients  treated  on  board  the  hospital  ship 
to  January  1st,  1868,  is  about  1.200.  The  following  summary 
exhibits  the  leading  points  in  the  vital  statistics  of  this  hospital  : 


dumber  of  Fever  Patients  ,*...«•       »^*;„„*„     :„„i„ 

,     .   .    j  .    tt       -i  i  ov      Cholera    .Patients,    lneln- 
admitied  to  Hospital  ship.     ,.    „  •,    ,,     ,.       n'n„„„„j 
Yellow  Fever,  including  a   ding  both  the  Collapsed       per  cenfc>  of      per  cent-  of  Deathg 
few  doubtful  Cases.  and  Re-aeting  Cases.        Deathsin  Cholera    in  Yellow  Fever. 


Total. 


Deaths. 


Total. 


Deaths. 


815 


837 


259 


24.76 


By  an  Act  of  Congress  the  Secretary  of  War  has  turned  over  to 
the  Quarantine  Commissioners  and  Health  Officer  of  New  York  the 
old  transport  steamships  Illinois  and  Empire  City,  to  be  used  for 
infected  passengers  and  baggage  when  needed.  But  there  is  good 
reason  to  believe  that  the  artificial  island  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
channel,  in  the  Lower  Bay,  will  be  successfully  completed,  and 
that  a  pavilion  hospital  for  yellow  fever  and  cholera  will,  before 
the  end  of  the  approaching  summer,  be  so  far  perfected  as  to 
supersede,  in  a  great  measure,  the  farther  use  of  the  wards  of  the 
hospital-ship.  The  island  is  now  500  feet  in  length,  and  260  feet 
in  width,  and  is  an  oblong  hexagon  in  shape,  with  a  sea-wall  on 
all  sides,  nine  feet  above  high-tide  mark.  It  is  nearly  two  miles 
off  the  Staten  Island  shore,  and  is  nine  miles  south  from  the  White- 
hall or  lower  terminus  of  Broadway. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  423 

We  have  here  presented  the  vital  statistics  of  the  seventy-nine 
public  institutions  in  which  medical  service  is  systematically given , 
and  in  which  it  is  either  the  chief  or  at  least  a  very  essential  fea- 
ture of  the  plan  and  purpose  of  the  organization. 

In  the  visits  which  the  Registrar  and  Deputy  Registrar  have 
made  to  these  institutions,  and  in  all  correspondence  with  them, 
there  has  been  manifested  a  cordial  spirit  of  co-operation  with  the 
Board  of  Health.  Their  directors  earnestly  desire  to  see  the  san- 
itary interests  of  these  benevolent  institutions  promoted.  In  the 
original  selection  of  sites  for  their  buildings,  as  well  as  in  the 
plans  of  construction  of  the  edifices  themselves,  some  of  the  insti- 
tutions have  not  had  sufficient  regard  to  the  sanitary  topography 
and  drainage  of  the  grounds,  or  to  that  first  and  most  indispens- 
able requisite  for  health  of  body  and  mind,  viz.:  fresh  air  in 
abundance  to  every  inmate.  But  in  most  of  the  institutions  the 
advice  of  medical  officers  now  predominates,  and  must,  ere  lono-, 
work  out  the  needed  sanitary  improvements,  both  as  respects 
ventilation  and  healthfulness  of  sites. 

In  regard  to  the  sanitary  condition  and  wants  of  the  hospitals 
in  the  Metropolitan  District,  there  is  much  reason  for  reiterating 
the  two  postulates  upon  which  Florence  Nightingale — "  the  ^ood 
Providence  of  the  modern  hospital  " — has  founded  the  great  reform 
in  hospital  hygiene.  Indeed,  it  would  be  a  public  blessino-  if 
these  same  principles  were  effectually  applied,  both  to  the  edifices 
and  the  general  administration,  purposes,  and  plans,  of  every  kind 
of  charitable  or  reformatory  institutions,  as  well  as  in  every  hos- 
pital, for  this  is  the  only  method  of  making  a  practical  applieation 
of  that  far-reaching  physiological  law:  "Corjms  sanare  est  animam 
salvare." 

The  principles  here  mentioned  are  concisely  stated  as  follows  : 

1.  The  very  first  requirement  of  an  hospital  is  that  it  should  do 
the  sick  no  harm. 

2.  The  object  sought  in  the  construction  of  a  hospital  is  the 
recovery  of  the  largest  number  of  patients  to  health  in  the  shortest 
possible  time,  and  that  to  this  end  everything  else  is  only  subsidiary. 

E.  HARRIS. 


424  Annual  Report  of  the 


Appended  Statement  No.  "V. 


Cholera  at  the  Military  Posts  in  the  Harbor  of  New  York 
During  the  Year  1867. 

In  the  records  of  cholera-outbreaks  at  military  posts  and  among 
soldiers  in  transitu,  there  is  such  a  definiteness  as  to  dates  and 
circumstances  of  the  first  cases,  as  well  as  in  regard  to  the  history 
of  all  subsequent  events  in  the  progress  of  the  epidemic,  that  this 
class  of  contributions  to  the  vital  statistics  and  epidmiology  of  the 
Metropolitan  District  is  particularly  valuable.  The  Surgeon- 
General  of  the  United  States  Army  has  kindly  ordered  a  summary 
of  the  records  from  the  military  posts  in  the  harbor  of  New  York 
to  be  furnished  to  the  Board  of  Health  to  show  in  what  manner 
and  at  what  points  within  the  island-fortifications  near  the  city 
cholera  gained  foothold  during  the  past  summer  and  autumn. 

In  the  subjoined  summary  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  J.  Wood- 
ward, is  a  record  of  the  sharp  epidemic  outbreak  of  cholera,  which 
occurred  on  Governor's  and  Bedloe's  Islands  the  last  week  in 
August  (1867),  and  which  killed  22  out  of  45  soldiers  whom  it 
attacked,  in  commands  that  numbered  at  the  time  1,20U  men. 

Surgeon-General's  Office,  ) 

Washington  City,  January  11th,  JL868.  ) 

Dr.  E.  Harris,  Corresponding  Secretary  and 

Registrar  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health : 

Sir — In  reply  to  your  letter  requesting  a  condensed  summary 
of  the  facts  with  regard  to  Asiatic  cholera  and  diarrhoeal  diseases 
at  the  military  posts  in  New  York  harbor  during  1867,  the  Sur- 
geon-General has  directed  me  to  furnish  you  the  following  state- 
ment: 

The  posts  at  which  cholera  occurred  were  Fort  Columbus, 
Governor's  Island,  and  Fort  Wood,  Bedloe's  Island. 

At  Fort  Columbus  there  were  thirty  five  (35)  cases  of  cholera 
and  eighteen  (18)  deaths,  during  August  and  September.  The  first 
case  occurred  August  21st,  the  last  case  September  10th.  Brevet 
Brigadier-General  J.  B.  Brown,  Post  Surgeon,  makes  the  follow- 
ing statement  with  regard  to  the  introduction  of  the  disease: 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  425 

"  The  first  case  occurred  this  summer  on  the  21st  of  August,  as 
previously  reported,  in  the  person  of  recruit  Louis  Vassar,  who 
arrived  at  this  post  the  evening  previous,  with  a  detatchment  of 
recruits  direct  from  St.  Louis,  Mo.  One  man  had  died,  en  route, 
after  a  short  illness,  with  symptoms  similar  to  cholera.  I  have 
since  learned  that  recruit  Vassar,  with  another  recruit,  were  in 
personal  attendance  upon  the  sick  man.  The  other  recruit  went 
to  Bedloe's  Island,  and  is  regarded  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Ran- 
dolph, Post  Surgeon  at  Fort  Wood,  as  the  individual  who  intro- 
duced the  disease  at  that  post,  he  having  been  attacked  by  cholera 
shortly  after  his  arrival  there. 

"No  additional  cases  occurred  at  this  post  until  the  31st  August — 
an  interval  of  ten  days — when,  as  previously  reported,  ten  new 
cases  were  admitted  to  hospital,  four  of  these  cases  occurring 
among  men  of  a  fresh  detachment  of  recruits  received  here  on  the 
28th  August,  three  days  previously.  One  of  these  men  came  from 
Philadelphia,  two  from  Jersey  City,  and  one  from  New  York  city. 
Four  others  of  the  ten  were  rejected  recruits,  who  had  been  on 
this  island,  respectively,  one  month,  twelve  days,  two  weeks,  and 
three  weeks,  but  in  daily  and  nightly  contact  with  all  newly-arriv- 
ing recruits  in  the  castle.  The  remaining  two  cases  of  these  ten 
■were  general  prisoners  under  confinement,  also  in  the  castle. 

"  The  facts  relative  to  the  cases  occurring,  during  the  present 
month,  appear  in  the  accompanying  special  report.  It  will  be 
seen  that  six  only  of  these  cases  have  occurred  in  persons  who 
were  not  recent  arrivals  at  this  depot." 

At  Fort  Wood  there  were  ten  (10)  cases  of  cholera  and  four  (4) 
deaths  during  August  and  September.  The  first  case  occurred 
August  25th,  the  last  September  24th.  Of  these  cases  six  were 
recruits,  two  belonged  to  the  permanent  party  of  the  post,  and 
two  to  the  band. 

Brevet  Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  F.  Randolph,  Post  Surgeon,  in  his 
report  of  the  outbreak, .gives  substantially  the  same  account  of  the 
disease  as  is  contained  in  the  report  of  Surgeon  Brown,  above  quoted. 

Appended  arc  summary  tables  showing  the  monthly  movement 
of  cholera  and  diarrhoeal  diseases,  compared  with  all  other  dis- 
eases (wounds  and  accidents  excluded),  at  the  above  posts  for  the 
last  six  months  of  1867. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant,         J.  J.  WOODWARD, 
Asst.  Surg,  and  Brevet  Lieut.-Col.  U.  8.  Army. 

By  order  of  the  Surgeon-General. 


426  Annual  Report  of  the 

Fort  Columbus,  Governor's  Island,  New  York  Harbor. 


MONTHS. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

!             !      ■ 
Oct.    1    Nov.        Dec. 

Total. 

Mean  Strength. 

827 

875 

887 

7 

1 
"7            903 

892 

860 

TO 

a 
C 

P 

"S 

o 
P 

o 
a 
O 

"5 

P 

o 

Deaths. 
Cases. 

Deaths. 
Cases. 

9 

TO 

<5 

03 

S> 
ft 

11 

5 

24 

11 

259 

13 

IS 

11 

662 

1 

48 

1 

169 

156 

.... 

.... 

45 

....    12 

21 
.... 

... 

12 

20 

.... 

14 

5 

2 
1 

2    

7 

1 

1 

1 

181    .... 
149    .... 

187 
138 

5 

3  08 
150 

18 
2 

48 
77 

2  !   13 

....  100 

1  i  21  !..., 
1  Jl  18    .... 

758  1  26 

All  other  Diseases  . . . 

732  1     3 

Aggregate 

330  [.... 

325 

5 

458 

20 

125 

2    113 

2 

139  [.... 

1490  j  29 

i^o?-^  Wood,  Bedloe's  Island,  New  York  Harbor. 


MONTHS. 

July. 

August. 

Sei>t. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Total. 

Mean  Strength. 

409 

292 

°?7 

305 

382 

360 

347 

0 
0 

0 

Cases. 
Deaths. 

0 

cs 
0 
P 

P 

TO 
O 

"5 
P 

Cases. 
Deaths. 

0 

5 

r. 
O 
P 

2 

8 

4 

10 

4 

55 

53 

.... 

75 

1 

31 

.... 

35 

12 

261 

1 

Acute  Dysentery  .... 

6 

1 

1 

1 

6 

4 
1 

— 

7 

.... 

5 

29 
1 

2 

61 
58 

1 

3 

56 
46 

1 

89 
47 

5 

36 
39 

.... 

42 
61 

.... 

17  P.... 

54  !.... 

301 

7 

All  other  Diseases  . . . 

305 

3 

119 

4 

102 

1 

136 

5 

75 

.... 

103  1.... 
1 

71 

606 

10 

The  Medical  Officers  of  the  army  have  greatly  promoted  the 
practical  knowledge  of  the  doctrines  and  duties  of  hygienic  regu- 
lations against  cholera.  The  foregoing  statement  from  the  Medi- 
cal Bureau,  like  that  which  was  presented  a  year  ago,*  clearly  sets 
forth  the  very  convincing  evidence  that  cholera-infection  was  in- 
troduced by  recruits  that  arrived  from  places  known  to  hnve  been 


*  See  Report  of  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  for  1866  (1st  Edition),  pp.  297-300;  Al- 
bany Edition,  572-579. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  427 

infected  at  the  time.  Last  summer  the  soldiers  who  had  nursed 
and  buried  a  deceased  comrade  while  en  route  for  New  York,  from 
St.  Louis — where  cholera  then  prevailed — seem  to  he  justly 
charged  with  introducing  the  infection.  And  by  referring  to  our 
last  year's  report,  it  will  he  seen  that  a  cholera  nest  that  existed 
in  the  First  Ward  of  the  city,  and  near  the  military  post,  was 
justly  accused  of  the  fault,  and  that  a  certain  soldier  in  transitu 
from  Minnesota,  by  special  exposure  in  the  sickly  district,  became 
the  first  victim  and  carrier  of  the  pestilence. 

The  local  circumstances  which  appear  to  have  favored  the  pro- 
pagation of  cholera  on  Governor's  and  Bedloe's  Islands,  in  1867, 
were  essentially  the  same  as  those  which  existed  at  those  posts 
and  at  Hart's  Island  the  previous  year.  They  were  briefly  these  : 
1st.  The  use  of  earth-pits  or  surface  latrines  at  the  outbreak  of 
cholera.  2d.  A  porous,  diluvial  soil,  underlaid  at  the  depth  of  a 
few  feet  b}'  an  impervious  rocky  basin  or  bed  ;  and  3d.  The  per- 
sonal condition  and  habits  of  military  recruits  and  prisoners. 

The  prompt  arrest  and  sanitary  control  of  the  outbreak  on  those 
Islands,  last  summer,  very  forcibly  illustrated  the  effectiveness  of 
the  "stamping  out"  method  of  arresting  this  relentless  foe  of  the 
soldier.  The  most  indispensable  sanitary  measures  consisted  in 
(!)  the  flooding  with  copperas  and  crude  carbolic  acid  of  all  the 
latrines  and  cholera-defiled  places  and  things  ;  (2)  the  immediate 
sealing  up  and  permanent  disinfection  of  the  latrines,  and  the  con- 
struction of  privy-closets  beyond  the  sea-wall,  over  the  tidal  floods 
of  the  bay  ;  (3)  the  official  watch  and  medical  care  which,  after 
the  first  group  of  cases,  discovered  and  promptly  treated  every 
man  who  was  attacked  with  any  bowel  disorder,  however  slight. 

The  fact  that  2,051  cases  of  other  diseases  than  cholera  occurred 
at  these  two  military  posts  during  the  six  months,  sufficiently 
proves  that  the  soldier  population  there  was  not  in  a  good  condition 
to  resist  an  epidemic.  In  the  corresponding  six  months  of  1866 
only  1,789  cases  of  diseases,  exclusive  of  123  cases  of  cholera, 
occurred  at  the  same  posts,  and  in  about  the  same  average  number 
of  men. 

The  surgeons  of  the  United  States  army  who  confronted  cholera 
in  1832,  1834,  1849,  and  subsequently  have  strongly  maintained 
the  doctrine  of  its  infectious  and  transportable  nature.  The  mili- 
tary rules  of  surveillance,  and  daily  record  of  all  that  concerns 
the  soldier  in  camp  and  in  transitu,  furnished  to  the  medical  offi- 
cers abundant  evidence  of  the  fact  long  before  the  true  explana- 


428  Annual  Beport  of  the 

tion  of  cholera-infection  was  found.  And  now  the  circumstance 
is  as  noticeable  as  it  is  worthy  of  the  Army  Medical  Bureau,  that 
the  official  report  of  the  Surgeon-General  on  the  cholera  in  1866 
proves  to  be  one  of  the  most  convincing  and  instructive  resumes 
of  statistical  and  historical  evidence  upon  the  truth  and  value  of 
the  doctrines  and  the  methods  which  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Health  has  enforced  against  cholera  the  past  two  summers. 
The  following  well-considered  remarks  concerning  the  part  the 
army  acted  in  spreading  the  infection  of  cholera  in  1866  honestly 
gives  the  conclusions  reached  by  army  surgeons  and  the  central 
Bureau  in  regard  to  this  point.  We  quote  from  Colonel  J.  J. 
Woodward's  report  in  the  Surgeon-General's  instructive  Circular 
JSTo.  5: 

"The  epidemic  (in  the  army)  appears  from  the  record  to  have 
radiated  directly  from  two  chief  centers. 

"  Originating  in  the  overcrowded  barracks  of  Governor's  Island, 
New  York  harbor,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  an  infected  city 
(we  would  say,  a  certain  infected  quarter  in  the  city),  through 
which  recruits  passed  with  more  or  less  delay  before  arrival,  the 
infection  spread  hy  readily  treaceable  steps  to  Hart's  Island;  to 
Georgia;  to  Louisiana,  by  way  of  New  Orleans:  to  Texas,  by  way 
of  Galveston;  to  Louisville,  Kentucky;  to  Richmond,  Virgiana; 
and  to  La  Virgin,  Nicaraugua  Bay.  From  Richmond  it  was  car- 
ried to  Norfolk,  Virginia;  from  Louisville  to  Bowling  Green, 
Kentucky.  The  probabilities  appear  to  be  that  the  disease  was 
carried  from  New  Orleans  up  the  Mississippi  river  to  various 
points  on  that  stream,  and  west  of  it;  and  though  the  whole  chain 
of  evidence  is  not  complete,  yet  there  are  a  sufficient  number  of 
known  cases  of  the  transfer  of  the  epidemic  from  one  post  to 
another  in  this  region  to  put  this  view  of  the  whole  movement 
beyond  reasonable  doubt. 

"The  other  principal  center  appears  to  have  been  Newport 
Barracks,  Kentucky,  where  the  disease  was  plainly  introduced 
from  the  infected  city  of  Cincinnati,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Ohio  river.  Although  it  did  not  prevail  to  any  great  extent  at 
this  post,  yet  it  is  in  evidence  that  it  was  carried  thence  to  Augusta 
and  Atlanta,  Georgia,  and  to  Nashville  and  Memphis,  Tennessee."* 

Such  was  the  course  pursued  by  cholera  in  1866.  The  record 
of  its  destructive  journeyings  with  moving  detachments  of  soldiers 

*  Circular  No.  5.     War  Department,  Surgeon-General's  Office,  May  4,  1867.  Report  on 
Epidemic  Cholera,  pp.  15  and  16. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  429 

the  past  twelve  months  teach,  with  greatly  increased  certainty  and 
clearness,  the  same  lessons  that  were  taught  in  the  previous  year. 

The  sanitary  regulations  which  were  enforced  the  past  year  in 
camps  and  in  the  moving  bodies  of  troops  prevented  untold  suf- 
fering and  greatly  restrained  the  epidemic  movement  of  the  pesti- 
lence. Sanitary  authorities  in  American  towns  are  under  lasting 
obligations  to  the  army  medical  officers  for  unceasing  and  intelli- 
gent efforts  to  prevent  the  spread  of  cholera  and  at  the  same  time 
to  record  with  careful  accuracy  and  fulness  whatever  they  observed 
in  the  progress  of  the  pestilence,  and  in  the  results  of  sanitary 
measures  against  it.  Their  testimony  has,  in  all  parts  of  the 
United  States,  in  a  remarkable  degree,  confirmed  the  principles 
upon  which  the  sanitary  officers  of  the  Metropolitan  District  have 
combated  the  incursions  of  this  foe.  And  in  numerous  instances 
the  army  experience  has  seemed  clearly  to  prove  the  correctness 
of  M.  Gendron's  remark,  that  "  Vepidemie  est  Veffet  et  non  la  cause 
de  la  contagion."  The  epidemics  last  summer  on  Governor's  and 
Bedloe's  Islands  certainly  teach  this  doctrine,  namely,  that  the 
contagium  of  cholera,  when  planted  in  a  favorable  soil,  will  pro- 
duce an  epidemic  growth  of  it. 

E.  H. 

Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics, 
New  York,  February  1,  lb (38. 


430  Annual  Report  of  the 


-A.ppeiid.ed  Statement  No.  VI. 


Memorandum  of  Disinfection.* 

Fresh  air  and  pure  wafer,  constant  ventilation,  and  thorough 
cleansing,  are  natural  means  of  preventing  and  destroying  the 
causes  of  infection  and  disease.  But  there  may  be  infected  or  foul 
places  and  things,  and  there  are  times  of  special  necessity  or  sudden 
danger  from  the  presence  of  infectious  epidemic  disease,  which 
require  the  instant  arrest  or  destruction  of  the  infection  and  all  its 
removable  causes:  this  is  disinfection.  The  clothing  from  persons 
with  small-pox,  scarlatina,  or  typhus,  and  even  the  air  in  the  sick- 
rooms of  such  patients  is  infectious;  and  the  sick  with  typhoid 
fever  or  cholera  discharge  excremental  matters  which  possess  infec- 
tive properties  that  should  he  immediately  destroyed. 

In  this  memorandum  the  words  infection  and  disinfection  are 
employed  just  as  they  are  understood,  as  referring  to  the  prevent- 
able causes  that  are  concerned  in  repropagating  specific  kinds  of 
disease;  these  causes  are: 

First — The  specific  infectious  property  or  contagious  substance 
of  any  one  of  the  pestilential  disorders. 

Second — The  local  impurities  and  moisture  in  the  house  and 
grounds  where  the  outbreaks  of  disease  have  occurred  or  are  lia- 
ble to  occur. 

Third — The  foul  exhalations  and  atmospheric  impurities  which 
injure  health,  or  help  to  propagate  pestilential  epidemics. 

Experience  has  proved  that  it  is  possible,  by  certain  chemical 
agencies  (such  as  are  described  in  sections  4,  5,  6  and  7  of  this 
memorandum),  wholly  to  destroy  or  prevent  the  operation  of  the 
specific  infection  or  contagium  of  any  disease;  but  to  do  this,  it 
is  necessary  that  precise  rules  should  be  observed  in  applying  the 
disinfectants;  and,  as  regards  cholera  and  typhoid  fever,  it  is 
especially  important  that  the  infective  discharges  from  the  sick 

*  This  memorandum  has  been  the  chief  guide  in  the  work  of  disinfection  within  the 
Metropolitan  District,  since  the  month  of  May,  1866.  This  edition  is  revised  and  con- 
densed. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  431 

should  be  disinfected  as  soon  as  voided  from  the  body,  and  that 
-whatever  clothing  or  surfaces  may  have  been  soiled  by  such  dis- 
charges should  be  disinfected  as  soon  as  practicable.  The  fact 
should  also  be  borne  in  mind  by  all  persons  who  have  charge  of 
infected  things,  that  the  infective  property  or  virus  of  some;  dis- 
eases, and  of  cholera  especially,  is  capable  of  rapid  increase  in 
-filthy  places  and  in  a  foul,  damp  atmosphere.  Therefore,  the 
cleansing  and  disinfection  of  such  places  should,  if  possible  pre- 
cede l he  arrival  or  outbreak  of  any  such  pestilence.  Every  unclean 
and  damp  place  about  dwelling-houses,  warehouses,  factories, 
places  of  assemblage,  passenger  vessels,  railway  depots  and  hotels, 
should  be  made  and  kept  perfectly  clean  and  dry.  All  drains, 
privies,  and  water  closets,  should  be  kept  as  clean  as  possible,  and 
should  be  thoroughly  purified  before  cholera  comes  into  the  neigh- 
borhood. Such  cleansing  and  disinfection  give  the  surest  protec- 
tion against  pestilential  epidemics. 

DISINFECTANTS    AND   THEIR    USES. 

There  are  three  important  classes  of  disinfectants,  each  having 
specific  uses  as  mentioned  above.  Some  of  these  purifying  agents 
accomplish  only  one  object,  others  accomplish  two  or  more  objects; 
some  may  be  advantageously  combined;  others  are  incompatible 
with  each  other,  and  must  not  be  used  together. 

Class  I.  Positive  disinfectants  that  quickly  destroy  or  completely 
restrain  every  contagious  and  infectious  virus. 

This  class  comprises  the  caustic  acids,  the  acid  salts  of  metals 
(soluble  oxide  salts),  such  as  sulphate  of  iron,  sulphate  of  zinc, 
etc.;  carbolic  acid  and  cresylic  acid,  which  not  only  destroy  every 
communicable  virus  of  disease,  but  also  prevent  those  kinds  of 
fermentation  and  decay  that  aid  in  propagating  epidemics.  Frost 
destroys  some  infections,  but  preserved  many  others,  while  boiling 
or  high  steam  heat  destroys  all  contagious  matter.  It  will  be 
observed  that  no  one  of  these  agents,  singly,  is  applicable  to 
everything  and  every  place  that  may  require  disinfection. 

Class  II.  Antiseptics,  comprising  chemical  age.its  that  arrest  or 
wholly  prevent  fermentation  and  decay. 

This  is  a  larsre  class,  and  embraces  carbolic  acid  and  most  of  the 
agents  of  the  first  class  ;  but  not  every  antiseptic  substance  or  gas 
(common  salt  or  chlorine,  for  example),  can  absolutely  prevent 
the  fatal  operation  of  epidemic  infection. 


432  A  nnual  Rep  or  t  of  the 

Class  III.  Deodorants,  absorbant,  etc.,  comprises  all  the  chemi- 
cals that  deodorize  or  destroy  putrid  exhalations,  or  that  absorb 
moisture  and  gases:  charcoal,  quicklime  and  chlorine  are  good 
examples  of  this  group. 

Each  of  these  three  classes,  and  each  disinfecting  agent,  has  its 
proper  uses,  and,  as  it  is  frequently  important  that  these  threefold 
means  of  disinfection  should  be  applied  at  once  to  a  given  place 
or  source  of  disease,  the  chemical  properties  of  the  several  agents 
must  be  regarded.  For  example,  it  should  be  remembered  that 
chlorine  and  the  common  alkaline  compounds  do  not  destroy  the 
cholera  infection;  also,  the  fact  that  if  permanganate  salts,  carbolic 
acid  and  chlorine  be  used  together,  or  if  the  first  two  of  them  be 
mixed,  they  will  simply  destroy  each  other,  and  leave  the  infec- 
tion undestroyed. 

Volatile  Disinfectants. — Carbolic  acid  on  any  surfaces  from 
which  it  will  evaporate,  or  from  which  it  may  be  evaporated  by 
steam-heat,  and  the  sulphurous  acid  fumes,  are  example  of  disin- 
fectants belonging  both  to  the  first  and  the  second  class.  Bromine 
and  nitrous  acid  have  similar  powers,  but  should  be  used  only  by 
medical  officers. 

Of  the  volatile  deodorants  in  Class  III,  chlorine  is  the  chief, 
and  though  useful  for  certain  purposes  in  the  other  classes  (I  and 
II)  if  intensely  concentrated,  it  is  principally  useful  to  destroy  other 
gases  and  temporarily  to  arrest  decay.  It  seems  not  to  have  power 
to  destroy  the  infectious  property  of  cholera,  small-pox  and  the 
cattle-plague,  while  the  vapor,  as  well  as  the  strong  solution  of 
carbolic  acid,  seems  to  destroy,  or  at  least  arrest,  the  infectious 
activity  of  all  of  them. 

§  1.  Quicklime. — To  absorb   moisture  and   putrid  fluids,   use . 
fresh  stone   lime  finely  broken  ;  sprinkle   it  on  the  place  to  be 
dried,  and  in  damp  rooms  place  a  number  of  plates  or  pans  filled 
with  the  lime  powder ;  whithwash  with  pure  lime,  and  not  with 
kalsomine. 

§  2.  Charcoal  Powder. — To  absorb  the  putrid  gases,  the  coal 
must  be  dry  and  fresh,  and  should  be  combind  with  lime;  this 
compound  is  the  calx  powder,  as  sold  in  the  shops. 

§  3.  Chloride  of  Lime. — To  give  off  chlorine,  to  destroy 
putrid  effluvia  and  to  stop  putrefaction,  use  it  as  lime  is  used  ; 
and  if  in  cellars  or  close  rooms  the  chlorine  gas  is  wanted,  pour 


Metropolitan  Boa  rd  of  He  a  ltk.  433 

strong  vinegar  or  diluted  sulphuric  acid  upon  plates  of  chloride  of 
lime  occasionally,  and  add  more  of  the  chloride. 

§  4.  Sulphate  of  Iron  (Copperas)  and  Carbolic  Acid. — To 
disinfect  privies,  cess-pools,  drains  and  sewers,  and  especially  the 
vessels,  grounds  or  places  in  which  the  discharges  from  the  sick 
with  cholera  and  diarrhoea!  diseases  are  evacuated.  Dissolve  eight 
or  ten  pounds  of  sulphate  of  iron  in  five  gallons  of  water  and  add 
half  a  pintof  fluid  carbolic  acid  (if  it  can  be  had);  stir  or  agitate  it 
briskly,  to  make  a  complete  solution.     Use  as  follows: 

To  keep  privies  and  water  closets  from  becoming  infected  or 
offensive,  pour  a  pint  of  this  solution  into  every  water-closet  pan 
or  privy  seat  morning  and  evening. 

To  disinfect  masses  of  filth,  privies,  sewers  or  drains,  gradually 
pour  in  the  solution,  hour  by  hour,  until  every  part  of  the  mass 
or  foul  surface  has  been  thoroughly  disinfected. 

To  disinfect  the  cholera  discharges,  let  a  small  quantity  of  this 
solution  be  constantly  kept  in  all  vessels  into  which  the  discharges 
are  voided  from  the  body,  and  let  every  privy  and  place  where 
the  discharges  are  cast  away  be  thoroughly  saturated  with  the 
disinfecting  solution.  Wherever  cholera  is  present  in  a  house  or 
neighborhood,  and  wherever  persons  are  arriving  from  infected 
places,  the  daily  use  of  this  disinfecting  fluid  should  be  maintained. 
Bed-pans  and  chamber-vessels  are  disinfected  with  the  strong  solu- 
tion, using  a  gill  at  a  time,  and  emptying  and  thoroughly  cleans- 
ing as  soon  as  used  by  the  patient. 

§  5.  Permanganate  of  Potassa. — To  be  used  in  disinfecting 
clothing  and  towels  from  patients  sick  with  cholera,  scarlatina, 
typhus  or  typhoid  fevers,  duriug  the  night,  or  when  such  articles 
cannot  be  instantly  boiled.  Throw  the  soiled  articles  immediately 
into  a  tub  of  water  into  which  there  has  been  dissolved  an  ounce 
of  the  permanganate  salt  to  every  three  gallons  of  water.  Boil 
the  clothing  as  soon  as  it  is  removed  from  this  colored  solution,  or 
boil  them  in  it. 

The  Weimar  Conference  recommeuds  that  sulphate  of  zinc  should 
be  used  precisely  as  we  use  permanganate  of  Potassa.  The  zinc  solu- 
tions need  to  be  much  stronger  than  those  of  the  permanganate  ; 
use  at  least  two  ounces  of  sulphate  of  zinc  to  one  gallon  of  water. 
It  must  be  remembered  that  if  any  of  these  solutions  are  very 
strong  they  would  destroy  clothing.  At  the  best,  they  are  but 
temporary  substitutes  for  disinfection  by  boiling. 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  28 


434  Annual  Report  of  the 

[Note.— Rules  for  Testing  and  Disinfection  of  Impure  Drink- 
ing Water — To  test  for  organic  impurities  in  drinking  water,  pro- 
ceed as  follows :  For  testing. — Make  a  solution  of  chemically 
pure  permanganate  of  potassa,  eight  grains  to  one  ounce  of  dis- 
tilled water.  Into  a  half-pint  of  the  impure  or  suspected  water, 
in  a  goblet  or  tumbler,  put  one  drop  of  the  red  solution;  if  the 
red  tint  disappears  from  the  glassful  in  half  an  hour,  add  more  of 
the  solution.  For  every  drop  that  loses  its  color  in  the  half-pint 
there  will  be  found  to  be  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  grains  of  putrid 
organic  matter  in  the  gallon  of  water.  To  disinfect. — To  purify  such 
water,  if  it  must  be  used,  drop  in  the  permanganate  solution  until  a 
slightly  perceptible  red  tint  remains  in  the  water.  This  very  weak 
solution  of  permanganate  is  not  unwholesome,  but  for  common  pur- 
poses and  among  the  poor  it  is  better  to  depend  upon  the  thorough 
boiling  of  impure  water,  if  such  water  must  be  used.  The  per- 
manganate quickly  tests  the  presence  of  organic  impurities.  It 
destroys  them  by  instantly  oxidizing  or  burning  therm] 

§  6.  Carbolic  Acid  (fluid). — This  may  be  diluted  at  the  rate 
of  from  forty  to  one  hundred  parts  of  water  to  one  of  the  fluid 
acid.  Use  this  solution  for  the  same  purpose  as  copperas  is  used; 
also  to  sprinkle  upon  any  kind  of  garbage  or  decaying  matter,  and 
on  foul  surfaces,  or  in  drains.  When  used  to  disinfect  clothing, 
carbolic  acid  of  a  pure  quality  should  be  thoroughly  mixed  with 
its  own  quantity  of  strong  vinegar,  and  next  be  dissolved  in  two 
hundred  times  it  own  quantity  of  water  before  the  clothing  is 
immersed  in  it.  This  mixture  with  vinegar  ensures  such  complete 
solution  of  the  carbolic  acid  that  the  clothing  will  not  be  burned 
by  undissolved  drops  of  acid  when  disinfected  in  the  carbolic 
water.  This  weak  rolution  (one  part  to  two  hundred)  will  not 
injure  common  clothing,  but  the  acid  mutt  be  of  good  quality 
and  free  from  tarry  matter.  The  clothing,  etc.,  will  long  retain 
the  offensive  odor  of  the  acid,  except  in  articles  that  can  be  imme- 
diately washed  out  in  a  strong  solution  of  soap  or  soda. 

If  it  should  be  desirable  to  destroy  certain  articles  and  their 
infection  together,  without  fire,  then  saturate  them  with  the  acid, 
or  use  it  diluted  in  ten  to  thirty  times  its  own  quantity  of  water. 
The  disinfecting  and  antiseptic  power  of  good  carbolic  acid  is 
so  great  that  one  part  of  it  to  one  hundred  parts  of  water  is  suffi- 
cient for  ordinary  disinfecting  solutions.  For  ordinary  purposes 
in  disinfecting  clothing,  the  zinc  solution  is  preferable  to  that  of 
carbolic  acid. 

For  drains,  sewers,  foul  heaps,  stables,  and  privies,  the  cheap 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  435 

"dead  oil"  of  coal-tar,  or  the  crude  carbolic  acid,  answers  every 
purpose  when  freely  applied.  Coal-tar  itself  is  available  as  a 
disinfectant  or  antiseptic  paint  for  the  walls  of  stables,  privy- 
vaults,  and  drains.  By  mixing  with  sawdust  or  dry  lime,  coal-tar 
or  crude  carbolic  acid  may  be  used  on  foul  grounds  or  heaps  of 
refuse. 

The  carbolic  and  cresylic  "  acids "  are  derived  from  coal-tar. 
Chemically  considered,  they  are  alcohols,  and  not  acids.  In  mar- 
ket they  are  called  by  the  first  name — carbolic  acid — and  are 
frequently  much  adulterated  or  very  impure  in  consequence  of 
the  naphthaline  and  tarry  matters  that  dissolve  in  this  kind  of 
alcohol.  The  impurities  do  not  dissolve  in  water.  Coal-tar  and 
the  "  dead  oil "  of  coal-tar  derive  their  disinfecting  power  from 
the  "carbolic  acid,"  of  which  the  tar  contains  two  or  three  per 
cent.,  and  the  dead  oil  contains  five  to  twelve  per  cent.  The 
impurities  and  adulterations  of  the  crude  "  acids"  make  it  desira- 
ble for  sanitary  officers  to  know  the  percentage  of  cryslallizable 
acid  in  the  carbolic  fluids  or  disinfecting  powder  they  use.  Crude 
carbolic  acid,  containing  fifty  per  cent,  its  weight  crystallizable, 
costs  less  than  a  dollar  per  gallon,  and  is  a  good  disinfectant  for 
grounds,  drains,  or  the  air  of  a  foul  place  in  which  cholera  or  any 
pestilential  disease  exists.  Dilute  or  thoroughly  agitate  the  acid 
in  forty  to  two  hundred  parts  water,  and  completely  saturate 
grounds,  the  surfaces,  and  foul  things  in  the  infected  neighbor- 
hood. Streets,  court-yards,  drains,  and  sewers  may  be  quickly 
and  effectually  disinfected  in  this  manner.  Tne  sprinkling  of 
streets  and  gutters  with  a  cheap  solution  of  the  acid  has  proved 
very  useful  in  damp,  hot  weather  :  Add  sulphate  of  iron  whenever 
it  is  practicable. 

§  7.  Boiling  or  High-Steam  Heat. — Whenever  foul  clothing 
and  infected  things  can  be  boiled,  or  have  a  boiling  heat  steadily 
applied  and  kept  up  for  an  hour,  this  is  one  of  the  simplest  and 
best  modes  of  disinfection.  But,  until  such  high  heat  is  actually 
applied  to  the  infected  things,  some  one  of  the  disinfecting  solu- 
tions must  be  used.  A  common  steam  tub  (in  a  laundry,  or 
elsewhere),  with  a  tight  cover,  is  a  good  disinfecting  vat:  but  the 
temperature  must  be  kept  at  boiling-point. 

[Note. — The  methods  of  disinfection  which  we  have  here  de- 
scribed are  preferred  simply  because  they  are  effectual,  safe,  easily 
applied,  and  not  expensive.  They  have  been  thoroughly  tested, 
and  are  in  accordance  with  the  latest  experience.] 


436  Annual  Rep  or  t  of  the 

places  that  must  be  disinfected,  and  what  disinfectants  to  use. 

Water-closets,  Privies,  Close-stools,  Bed-pans,  etc. — Use  either 
of  the  substances  4  or  6,  as  described  in  the  numbered  sections  of 
the  foregoing  directions. 

Cellars,  Vaults,  Stables,  or  any  damp  or  offensive  Places. — Use 
1,  2,  3,  4,  or  6,  in  any  manner  suited  to  the  objects  to  be  attained, 
as  described  in  these  directions. 

Note. — The  permanganate  salts  must  not  be  used  with  the  car« 
bolic  or  coal-tar  disinfectants.  It  is  also  best  that  chlorine  and 
the  chlorides  should  not  be  used  at  the  same  time  or  contact  with 
the  latter  class  of  substances. 

Sick-rooms,  Bed-rooms,  and  Closets. — Ventilate  and  keep  clean, 
and  use  substances  described  in  sections  1,  2,  or  3,  according  to 
directions. 

To  disinfect  a  Privy,  or  a  quantity  of  Earth  that  is  contami- 
nated by  Cholera-Excrement,  or  liable  to  be  infected. — Use  the 
mixed  carbolic  and  copperas  solution,  saturated  strength,  as 
follows: 

To  every  cubic  foot  of  soil  or  filth  give  two  or  three  pints  of 
the  strong  solution. 

To  every  privy  and  water-closet  allow  at  the  rate  of  one  pint  of 
this  solution,  to  be  poured  in  daily,  at  evening,  for  every  four 
persons  on  the  premises.  This  practice  to  be  kept  up  while  cholera 
is  in  the  district  or  country. 

[This  method  of  systematic  disinfection  would  be  useful  in 
every  household;  but  when  cholera  is  present  in  any  city  or  coun- 
try, such  thorough  application  of  this  means  of  protection  cannot 
be  safely  neglected  in  any  city  to  which  persons  may  come  from 
towns  where  cholera  is  epidemic.  Sanitary  chemists  advise  that 
the  estimated  quantity  of  these  privy  and  sewer  disinfectants 
required  for  each  person  daily,  in  the  presence  of  cholera,  should 
be  one  half  an  ounce  sulphate  of  iron  and  one  half  a  drachm  or 
one  half  a  teaspoouful  of  carbolic  acid.] 

THINGS  TO  BE  DISINFECTED. 

(a)  Beds.  Bedding,  and  upholstered  Stuffs. — Expose  to  sunlight 
and  ventilation  freely  and  trequently.  If  actually  infected, 
thoroughly  moisten  every  part  with  a  strong  solution  of  6  or  5. 

(b)  Soiled  Clothing,  etc.,  from  the  Sick  with  Cholera  or  any 
contagious  Disease. — Use  solution  5  or  6,  preoisely  as  direotedj 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  4.37 

aud  as  soon  as  tbc  soiled  articles  are  removed  from  the  patient 
Or  immerse  them  at  once  in  boiling  water.  In  any  case  of  infec- 
tious disease,  the  clothing  must  be  boiled  previous  to  washing  or 
drying.  Infected  clothing  must  be  thrown  into  the  water  at  boil- 
ing heat.     The  boiling  should  be  kept  up  for  an  hour. 

(c)  Carpets,  /Sofas,  Lounges,  Mattresses,  Floors,  etc.,  infected 
by  Cholera-Excrement,  or  by  Small-pox,  Scarlatina  and  other 
Contagions. 

First. — Thoroughly  moisten  every  infected  thing  with  one  of 
the  carbolic  or  permanganate  solutions  (No.  5  or  No.  6.) 

Second  :  Rules  for  Fumigation. — To  give  still  greater  com- 
pleteness to  the  disinfection  required  for  an  infected  apartment 
and  thick  woolen  stuffs,  carpets,  etc.,  to  which  boiling  heat  can- 
not be  applied,  fumigate  with  sulphurous  acid,  thus:  1st.  Arrange 
to  vacate  the  room  for  twelve  hours;  close  every  window  and 
aperture,  and,  upon  an  iron  pipkin,  or  kettle  with  legs,  burn  a 
few  ounces  of  sulphur;  the  quantity  required  for  effectual  work 
will  depend  upon  cubical  space  of  the  apartment,  and  there  should 
be  enough  to  burn  rapidly  until  want  of  oxygen  in  the  air  shall 
extinguish  the  flame.  Instantly  after  kindling  it  every  person 
must  withdraw  from  the  place,  and  the  room  must  remain  close 
for  the  succeeding  eight  hours.  If  any  other  kind  of  fumigation 
is  resorted  to  (as  that  by  chlorine,  bromine,  or  nitrous  acids),  a 
sanitary  officer  or  a  chemist  should  superintend  the  process. 
Fumigation  should  be  resorted  to  in  dwelling-houses  only  by  offi- 
cial orders  or  permission,  or  under  the  personal  superintendence 
of  a  competent  medical  man,  as  the  disinfecting  gases  are  very 
poisonous. 

(d)  Finally,  let  fresh  air  and  sunlight  purify  every  place  they 
can  reach.  Open  and  dry  all  cellars  aud  vaults,  and  keep  the 
grounds  and  surfaces  about  dwellings  as  dry  and  clean  as  possible. 
Use  fresh  lime  or  the  "  calx  powder"  freely  upon  wet  or  offensive 
surfaces.  Flush  the  water-closets  and  drains  daily  before  throw- 
ing in  the  disinfectants  as  directed.  Domestic  and  personal 
cleanliness  should  be  ever3rwhere  observed.  There  are  no  sub- 
stitutes for  pure  air  and  water. 


438  Annual  Report  of  the 

To  Sextons  and  Otheb  Persons  in  Charge  of  the  Unburied 

Dead.* 

Cleansing. — In  cleansing  the  surface  of  the  corpse,  especially  the 
parts  most  soiled  by  discharges,  use  the  solution  of  Chlorinated 
Soda  (Labarraque's  Solution,  of  the  shops),  a  pint  to  two  quarts 
of  hot  water.  A  solution  of  Chloride  of  Lime,  made  by  strain- 
ing or  decanting  a  gallon  of  water,  into  which  a  pound  of  that 
substance  has  been  thrown,  answers  the  same  purpose.  This 
cleansing  is  required  for  the  whole  person  in  every  case  of 
death  of  cholera,  fever,  scarlatina,  or  small-pox.  Cloths,  sponges, 
&c,  employed  about  the  dead  must  be  instantly  burned  or 
boiled. 

Disinfection. — Fill  a  large  wad  of  cotton  or  fine  shavings  with 
two  pounds  of  coal-tar  powder,  or  chloride  of  lime,  and  place 
it  beneath  the  hips;  and,  in  case  of  cholera,  place  much  more 
of  this  kind  of  absorbent  material  beneath  the  corpse  to  absorb 
and  disinfect  the  purged  fluids  that  may  flow. 

Directions  in  the  Family. — Whatever  disease  has  caused  the 
death,  order  every  garment  and  cloth  that  was  used  upon  the 
dead  person,  and,  in  cholera  and  the  infectious  fevers,  whatever 
was  about  the  person,  or  was  soiled  during  sickness,  to  be  im- 
mediately boiled,  or,  until  boiled,  to  be  kept  in  one  of  the  dis- 
infecting solutions.  Ventilate  every  room  and  closet  upon  the 
floor  where  a  death  has  occurred  from  an  infectious  disease. 
Keep  windows  and  fire-places  open  for  several  days. 

Burials. — The  dead  of  cholera  should  be  interred  as  soon  as 
practicable,  and  always  within  thirty-six  hours  after  death. 

•This  card  has  heea  givea  *at  daily  by  the  Burial  Permit  clerks  since  May,  1836 — E.  H. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  439 


"  C." 

Office  of  the  Attorney,  "| 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  \ 

New  York,  November  29,  1867.  J 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  : 

Though  my  duties  as  Attorney  of  the  Board  of  Health  during 
the  past  year  have  been  less  engrossing  and  laborious  than  during 
the  previous  year,  they  have  still  required  a  large  portion  of  my 
time.  The  Courts,  as  a  whole,  have  been  induced  to  interfere  less 
with  the  operations  of  the  Board,  and,  though  the  daily  routine 
duties  have  required  constant  attention,  there  is  nothing  in  them 
that  calls  for  any  particular  remark. 

The  bill  drawn  by  direction  of  the  Board,  in  order  to  remedy 
defects  in  the  original  act,  and  to  enable  the  Board  to  more  ade- 
quately fulfill  the  object  of  its  creation,  was  finally  adopted  by 
the  Legislature.  Though  it  met,  at  first,  with  much  specious 
opposition,  yet  when  its  provisions  came  to  be  carefully  examined, 
it  passed  both  branches  without  opposition.  The  beneficial  effects 
of  this  new  law,  in  promoting  efficiency  and  economy  in  the  ope- 
rations of  the  Board,  have  been  felt  almost  daily. 

Besides  the  bill  to  which  I  have  referred,  the  last  Legislature 
also  passed  two  other  bills  affecting  this  Board.  One  of  these  is 
what  is  known  as  the  "  Tenement  House  Act."  This  Act  was 
drafted  by  myself,  in  consultation  with  the  Sanitary  Superintend- 
ent and  the  Engineer,  but  at  the  request  of  a  member  of  Assem- 
bly from  Brooklyn  ;  it  was  modelled  after  the  English  law,  but 
is  far  less  stringent  than  that.  Being  the  first  attempt  in  this 
country  to  remedy  by  legislation  the  evils  connected  with  tene- 
ment and  lodging  houses,  it  was  made  as  little  burdensome  as  was 
consistent  with  any  practical  efficiency.  No  attempt  was  made  to 
prevent  the  great  evil  of  overcrowding,  or  to  limit,  in  any  way 
the  number  of  persons  who  might  occupy  any  house  or  room. 
It  wras  not  deemed  that  the  time  had  come  when  legislation  in  that 
direction  was  possible.  What  was  sought  to  be  done,  was  to 
secure  at  once  some  degree  of  ventilation  for  rooms  and  halls| 
some  attention  to  cleanliness,  some  security  against  dampness  and 


440  Annual  Report  of  tee 

proper  water-closets  or  privies  ;  while,  at  the  same  time,  prospec- 
tive clauses  in  the  law  should  provide  for  further  progress  in  this 
direction. 

This  law  did  not  take  effect  until  July  1st,  and  it  was  not  for 
some  months  after  that  time  that  any  attempt  was  made  to  enforce 
its  provisions,  further  than  by  calling  the  attention  of  owners  to 
it.  Very  great  improvements  were  voluntarily  made  at  once  in 
the  condition  of  many  of  this  class  of  houses.  Toward  the  end  of 
the  year  about  one  hundred  suits  were  commenced  by  direction 
of  the  Board,  against  persons  who  had  failed  to  comply  with  the 
law.  With  very  few  exceptions,  the  persons  so  sued  hastened  to 
do  what  was  required,  and  the  suits  were  discontinued,  on  pay- 
ment of  the  actual  cost  to  the  Board. 

While  this  law  is  by  no  means  perfect,  experience  has  shown 
that  it  is  in  no  respect  too  stringent,  and  does  not  require  burden- 
some or  expensive  alterations  in  the  premises  affected  by  it.  It 
has  not  called  forth  any  considerable  degree  ot  opposition,  though 
it  has  sometimes  been  confused  in  the  public  mind  with  what  is 
known  as  the  "Unsafe  Building  Act,"  to  which  there  has  been  an 
organized  opposition. 

The  other  law  passed  by  the  Legislature  related  to  sunken  lots 
in  Brooklyn,  and  gave  the  local  officers  power  to  drain  such  lots, 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  Board  of  Health.  A  law,  giving 
similar  powers  to  the  Croton  Aqueduct  Board,  in  New  York, 
would  be  productive  of  great  good.  As  it  is  now,  the  sunken  lots, 
filled  with  stagnant  water,  into  which  all  sorts  of  filth  and  dead 
animals  are  thrown,  constitute  one  of  the  great  existing  evils;  evils 
which  the  orders  of  the  Board  cannot  remedy,  because  there  is  no 
power  to  drain  across  other  lots,  nor  to  equitably  assess  the 
expense  on  different  owners.  Moreover,  it  is  very  frequently 
impossible  to  ascertain  the  names  of  the  owners  of  sunken  lots, 
and  the  law  contains  no  provision  for  service  upon  unknown  own- 
ers. In  consequence  of  this  last  defect,  a  large  number  of  orders, 
made  against  some  of  the  worst  nuisances  on  Manhattan  Island, 
have  necessarily  remained  unexecuted. 

The  provisions  of  the  law  of  1867,  giving  the  Board  a  lien 
upon  land  for  expenses  incurred  by  it,  have  imposed  some  labor 
upon  me,  but  the  promptness  with  which  the  work  has  been  done, 
since  it  was  put  in  charge  of  the  Sanitary  Superintendent,  and  the 
reasonableness  of  the  charges,  combined  with  the  fear  of  the  lien, 
have  led  to  the  payment  of  by  far  the  greater  number  of  bills 
before  they  passed  into  my  hands. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  441 

The  total  number  of  liens  filed  have  been  thirty-one,  for  an 
aggregate  sum  of  $G64. 

As  already  stated,  the  Courts  have,  as  a  whole,  interfered  •with 
the  operations  of  the  Board  far  less  during  the  present  year  than 
during  the  preceding  one.  On  January  17,  1867,  the  Superior 
Court  at  General  Term  reversed  the  decision  rendered  by  Judge 
McCunn,  in  the  case  of  Reynolds,  the  shell-lime  burner,  referred 
to  in  my  last  report.  The  opinion  given  by  Chief  Justice  Robert- 
son was  able  and  lucid,  and  received  the  apparent  concurrence  of 
all.  It  led  to  the  discontinuance  of  the  action,  and  the  removal 
of  the  works  of  the  plaintiff  to  another  part  of  the  district.  The 
actions  of  three  or  four  other  shell-burners  were  also  at  once  dis- 
continued, and  all  litigation,  so  far  as  the  Superior  Court  was  con- 
cerned, was  ended.  The  same  was  true  of  the  Ceurt  of  Common 
Pleas. 

In  June,  the  General  Term  of  the  Supreme  Court  affirmed  the 
decision  of  Judge  Ingraham  in  the  Washington  and  Fulton  Mar- 
ket  cases,  holding  that  the  powers  given  to  the  Board  over  them 
were  only  health  powers.  Early  in  June  sixteen  actions  were 
commenced  in  the  Supreme  Court  by  butchers,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  prevent  the  Board  from  carrying  out  its  policy  of  removing 
the  slaughter  houses  from  all  that  portion  of  New  York  south  of 
Fortieth  street.  In  one  of  these,  that  of  Schuster,  a  motion  for 
an  injunction  was  carefully  argued  on  June  21.  No  decision  was 
rendered  until  November  19,  before  which  time  most  of  the  butch- 
ers had  accommodated  themselves  to  the  rules  of  the  Board,  and 
all  the  business  of  butchering  had  been  removed  above  Fortieth 
street.  The  decision  was,  to  the  surprise  of  all,  adverse  to  the 
Board  ;  and,  in  connection  with  a  subsequent  injunction  granted 
by  Judge  George  G.  Barnard,  in  the  case  of  Jantzen,  it  deprives 
the  Board,  for  the  present,  of  auy  power  to  remove  the  slaughter- 
houses or  to  prevent  cattle-driving  in  the  streets.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  procuring  a  speedy  decision  by  the  Court  of  Appeals  of 
the  questions  involved,  four  agreed  cases  were  submitted  to  the 
General  Term,  in  Kings  county,  on  December  13.  As  soon  as 
they  are  decided,  an  appeal  will  be  taken  to  the  highest  Court. 
The  decision  of  the  latter  will,  it  is  hoped,  result  in  defining  the 
powers  of  the  Board  so  carefully  that  they  cannot  be  mistaken 
either  by  the  Courts  or  the  Board. 

The  decision  of  Judge  Joseph  Barnard,  with  reference  to  the 
use  of  Seguine's  Point  by  the  Board,  was,  after  argument,  affirmed 


442  Annual  Report  of  the 

by  the  General  Term,  and  subsequent  legislation  rendered  it  unne- 
cessary to  pursue  the  case  further. 

The  only  other  litigation  in  which  the  Board  has  been  involved 
have  been  in  suits  commenced  by  it.  Two  or  three  of  these  were 
actions  against  physicians,  for  failing  to  make  the  proper  reports, 
and  a  considerable  number  were  brought  to  recover  penalties  for 
failures  to  comply  with  the  orders  of  the  Board.  On  February  7, 
an  action  was  brought  against  one  of  the  Ferry  companies,  to 
recover  a  penalty  for  the  neglect  which,  it  was  claimed,  led  to  au 
accident  on  the  Idaho.  A  demurrer  was  interposed  by  the  com- 
pany, and  argued  May  14,  but  no  decision  has  been  rendered. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

GEORGE  BLISS,  Jr., 
Attorney,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  443 


Office  of  Council,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  ) 
New  York,  December  24,  1867.      \ 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 

The  action  of  the  Board  during  the  past  year  has  demonstrated 
that  the  laws  uuder  which  it  is  organized  are  reasonably  adequate 
to  secure  efficiency  in  the  discharge  of  its  general  duties;  and 
unless  the  Courts  shall  finally  sanction  some  limitation  of  the 
powers  apparently  conferred  upon  the  Board,  there  is  every  rea- 
son to  think  it  may  continue  to  discharge  the  proper  functions  of 
a  Board  of  Health  with  as  much  vigor  and  promptness  as  is  con- 
sistent with  the  habits  of  the  people  and  the  proper  protection  of 
the  rights  of  person  and  property. 

There  will  doubtless  at  all  time  be  found  those,  on  the  other 
hand,  who,  feeling  the  pressure  of  the  just  action  of  the  Board, 
will  make  complaint  that  it  is  unreasonable  and  meddlesome;  and 
on  the  other,  those  who,  perceiving  many  things  they  regard  as 
abuses  to  exist  will  equally  complain  because  summary  redress  is 
not  at  once  and  universally  administered.  And  between  these 
extremes,  in  the  just  exercise  of  its  large  and  responsible  powers, 
the  Board  will  be  called  upon  to  act  with  forbearance  and  with 
firmness. 

The  last  year  has,  I  think,  exhibited  a  sensible  diminution  of 
the  unreasonable  jealously  which  was  awakened  by  the  vigorous 
action  of  the  Board  during  the  first  months  of  its  existence  and 
when  called  upon  to  proceed  in  the  exercise  of  large  powers  with 
unusual  promptness  in  view  of  the  threatened  visitation  of  the 
cholera.  As  a  joint  result  of  this  feeling  and  of  the  salutary  legis- 
lation of  last  winter,  it  has  been  found  less  difficult  to  secure  an 
enforcement  of  the  orders  of  the  Board  and  a  collection  of  the 
expenses  thereby  incurred. 

But  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  a  Board  of  Health  will  become 
universally  popular;  for  the  principal  cause  of  its  creation  is  the 
fact  that  there  are,  in  every  community,  and  especially  in  large 
cities,  considerable  numbers  of  people  who  habitually  so  disregard 
the  comfort  of  others  and  so  conduct  their  business,  as  to  require 
a  regulation  and  coercion  more  prompt  and  summary  than  can  be 
secured  in  the  regular  civil  or  criminal  courts;  and  it  not  unfre- 


444  Annual  Report  of  the 

quently  happen  that  the  profits  made  by  such  people  are  propor- 
tioned to  their  disregard  of  the  rights  of  others,  and  their  neglect 
of  precautions  demanded  by  the  common  safety.  And  it  is  to  be 
expected  that  when  a  large  number  of  persons  are  engaged  in  so 
conducting  the  same  kind  of  business,  and  are  united  for  common 
attack  and  defence,  they  will  be  able  to  make  a  strong  and 
protracted  resistance,  and  to  spread  abroad  plausible  rumors, 
adapted  to  create  an  impression  that  they  are  oppressed  by  a 
Board  of  Health,  and  this  even  when  the  Board  may  be  proceed- 
ing with  far  less  vigor  than  is  demanded  by  the  general  voice,  and 
needful  to  guarantee  the  common  comfort  and  security. 

The  ordinary  legal  tribunals,  in  which  the  litigants  are  of  all 
classes  and  occupations,  are  in  the  main  free  from  those  sources  of 
attack  and  prejudice  which  are  thus  encountered  by  a  Board  of 
Health,  which,  of  necessity,  at  all  times  stands  between  those  on 
the  one  hand  who  demand  exemption  from  interference  in  doing  as 
they  please  even  to  the  destruction  of  general  comfort  and  safety, 
and  those  on  the  other  who  clamor  for  summary  abatement  and 
suppression  of  erections  and  occupations,  often  with  little  regard 
for  the  fundamental  rights  of  property  or  of  person. 

I  am  convinced  that  it  is  desirable,  in  order  that  a  Board  of 
Health  may  have  the  time  and  disinterested  independence  needed 
for  the  discharge  of  its  legitimate  duties,  that  there  should  not  be 
imposed  upon  it  other  duties  incongruous  in  their  nature  and 
exacting  in  their  demands. 

In  this  connection  it  is  proper  to  refer  to  the  Act  of  last  winter 
creating  a  corporation  known  as  the  "  Soldiers'  Business,  Messen- 
ger, and  Dispatch  Company,"  which  is  authorized  to  erect  business 
booth  or  stands  upon  streets  and  sidewalks  of  the  cities  and  vil- 
lages of  Metropolitan  Police  District. 

:  The  section  6  of  this  Act  (Ch.  382  of  the  Laws  of  1867)  declares 
that  "  the  number,  size,  and  location  of  said  booths  or  stands  shall 
be  determined  by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  or  a  majority 
of  said  Board,  who  shall  determine  and  locate  the  same,  upon 
application  by  the  President  of  this  corporation." 

While  it  is  for  the  Legislature  to  judge  what  duties  it  is  expe- 
dient to  confer  upon  the  Board,  it  must  be  conceded  that  the  duties 
imposed  by  this  act  are  wholly  foreign  to  the  theory  and  practical 
sphere  of  such  a  Board. 

In  view  of  the  provisions  of  another  law  of  the  last  session, 
affecting  the  power  of  the  Board,  it  was  advised  to  decline  locating 


Metropolitan  Board  of  ITealttt.  445 

any  booths  or  stands,  unless  ordered  by  the  Court  to  administer 
the  law  creating  this  corporation.  The  corporation  thereupon 
obtained  a  mandamus  from  the  Supreme  Court,  by  which  the 
Board  was  required  to  act  under  the  law,  and  it  has  done  so,  and 
some  booths  have  been  located.  In  the  exercise  of  the  duties 
thus  forced  upon  the  Board,  much  time  has  been  devoted  to  the 
subject,  and  perplexing  legal  questions  have  arisen,  which,  how- 
ever, it  is  not  necessary  here  to  specify,  as  will  come  up  for  solu- 
tion when  the  business  operations  of  this  company  shall  become 
sufficiently  conspicuous  to  attract  public  attention. 

The  subjects  relative  to  which  there  has  been  the  most  legal 
discussion  and  litigation  are  the  slaughter  and  driving  of  cattle  in 
the  densely  populated  portions  of  the  City  of  New  York.  During 
the  year  1866  and  the  early  part  of  the  present  year,  large  slaugh- 
ter-houses or  abbattoirs,  of  a  capacity  adequate  to  accommodate 
all  the  wants  of  the  city,  had  been  erected  above  Fortieth  street, 
on  the  shore  of  the  island  or  wholly  outside  of  it.  The  dangers 
of  cattle  driving  in  the  crowded  streets  and  avenues  below  Fortieth 
street  had  long  been  a  subject  of  complaint,  and  some  lives  had 
been  lost  and  many  perilled,  as  the  result  of  such  driving.  The 
statistics  of  disease  and  death  had  demonstrated  the  unhealthy 
effect  of  slaughtering  in  that  part  of  the  city,  and  very  numerous 
complaints  or  petitions  attested  to  the  Board  the  earnest  and  just 
desire  of  the  public  for  the  removal  of  slaughter-houses  from  these 
densely-populated  quarters. 

The  Courts  had  also  repeatedly  declared  that  such  houses  in 
such  sections  of  the  city  were  prima  facie  nuisances. 

Previous  to  the  passage  of  the  present  Health  Laws,  the  health 
authorities  of  the  City  of  New  York  had,  among  others,  the  fol- 
lowing powers: 

"  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  City  Inspector,  on  complaint  being 
made  to  him,  or  whenever  he  shall  deem  any  business,  trade  or 
profession,  &c,  detrimental  to  the  public  health,  to  notify  such  per- 
son or  persons  to  show  cause  before  the  Board  of  Health,  &c, 
why  the  same  should  not  be  discontinued  or  removed,  &c;  cause 
may  be  shown  by  affidavit,  and  the  order  of  the  Board  of  Health 
shall  be  final  and  conclusive  thereon." 

Subd.  4th.  Every  person  who  shall  "  disobey  any  order  for  the 
abatement  or  removal  of  any  nuisance,  &c.  described  in  said 
order,  &c.,  shall  be  liable  to  arrest  and  summary  punishment  by 


446  Annual  Rep  ort  of  the 

fine,  not  exceeding  $1,000,  or  imprisonment,  not  exceeding  one 
year,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment." 

And  those  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn  had  these  powers: 

Title  2,  sec.  13,  sub.  20,  of  the  Brooklyn  Charter,  gives  the 
•Common  Council  of  that  city  "  power  to  compel  the  owner  or 
occupant,  &c,  of  any  slaughter-house,  &c,  cleanse,  remove  or  abate 
the  same  from  time  to  time,  as  often  as  may  be  necessary  for  the 
health,  comfort,  or  convenience  of  the  inhabitants,"  &c. 

And  subdivision  6  of  the  same  sec.  13  gives  power  "to  locate, 
regulate,  and  remove  slaughter-houses.'1' 

Recognizing  this  condition  of  things,  the  Legislature  at  its  last 
session,  enacted  a  law  (chap.  700  of  the  Laws  of  1867)  providing 
that  cattle  should  not  be  driven  in  the  streets  or  avenues  of  New 
York  or  Brooklyn,  except  as  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health 
shall  prescribe,  and  also  declaring  that  "  so  long  as  such  Board 
shall  permit  the  business  of  slaughtering  animals  for  food  to  be 
carried  on  in  that  portion  of  the  City  of  New  York  south  of 
Fortieth  street,"  it  shall  be  lawful  to  drive,  as  the  Board  shall 
provide,  south  of  that  street.  This  act  seemed  to  enlarge  the 
powers  of  the  Board  in  regard  to  the  subject  of  the  driving  and 
slaughtering  of  cattle  beyond  what  would  belong  to  it  in  the 
exercise  of  its  ordinary  powers  as  a  Board  of  Health. 

The  Board,  in  the  exercise  of  both  branches  of  its  power,  took 
separate  proceedings  against  each  slaughter-house  below  Fortieth 
street,  and  afforded  the  parties  affected  by  its  action,  a  "full  and 
fair  opportunity  to  be  heard  before  the  Board"  (as  the  health 
laws  provide),  on  the  question  whether  each  individual  slaughter- 
house was  in  itself  dangerous  to  life  and  health.  The  parties 
affected  by  the  orders,  by  apparent  concert  of  action,  disregarded 
the  service  of  the  respective  notices  on  them — ignored  the  pro- 
posed action  of  the  Board,  and  very  soon  appealed  to  the  Courts. 

The  Board,  upon  separate  consideration  of  the  cases,  duly 
determined  the  places  complained  of  to  be  dangerous  to  life  and 
health,  and  ordered  the  business  of  slaughtering  thereat  discon- 
tinued. Thereafter  the  business  of  driving  and  slaughtering  cattle 
south  of  Fortieth  street  was  forbidden  by  ordinance. 

Cases  soon  came  on  in  the  Supreme  Court  for  hearing,  on  appli- 
cations for  injunctions  against  the  Board  interfering  with  slaugh- 
tering in  the  district  referred  to,  save  for  the  mere  purpose  of 
*'  police  regulation."  The  record  of  the  action  of  the  Board  was 
not  brought  before  the  Court  by  the  complaining  parties. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  447 

On  the  part  of  the  Board  it  was  claimed  that  its  action  was 
within  its  jurisdiction;  that  it  was  reasonable,  necessary,  and  just; 
that  the  complainants  should  have  appeared  before  the  Board  and 
shown  any  facts  available  tending  to  make  it  appear  that  slaughter- 
ing could  be  safely  conducted;  that  a  proper  and  efficient  remedy 
against  any  unjust  or  unauthorized  action  of  the  Board  could  in  all 
cases  be  had  by  certiorari;  and  that  the  Board  should  not  be 
enjoined  at  the  instance  of  a  party  who  spurned  its  authority, 
declined  to  appear  before  it  in  a  case  clearly  within  its  jurisdic- 
tion, and  in  reference  to  a  subject  as  to  which  an  Act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture and  the  danger  to  life  and  health  so  clearly  called  for  the 
exercise  of  its  powers. 

The  matter  was  held  for  some  months  under  advisement — and 
in  the  meantime,  from  August  to  December,  there  was  a  suspension 
of  the  driving  and  slaughtering  cattle  deloiv  Fortieth  street  in  the 
City  of  New  York — when  the  Court  enjoined  the  Board.  And 
since,  the  driving  and  slaughtering  cattle  has  been  to  a  consider- 
able extent  resumed. 

The  litigation  upon  these  subjects  is  still  pending;  and  it  is  not', 
perhaps,  advisable  to  attempt  to  state  what  may  be  the  course  of 
litigation.  For  the  present  the  Board  finds  itself  unable  to 
adequately  protect  the  public  against  the  evils  incident  to  such 
driving  and  slaughtering.  Appeals  to  the  highest  Court  Avould 
seem  to  be  necessary  to  determine  how  far  the  reasoning  of  the 
Supreme  Court  is  to  be  finally  accepted  as  a  true  exposition  of 
the  law,  and  what  are  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  Board  as  to 
sabjects  of  such  great  importance  to  the  comfort  and  safety  of  so 
large  a  portion  of  the  population  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

No  litigation  against  the  action  of  the  Board  on  these  subjects 
has  arisen  in  Brooklyn;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  final  result 
as  to  that  in  New  York  maybe  such  as  to  secure  alike  the  rightful 
protection  of  the  private  rights  of  persons  and  property,  and  the 
exercise  on  the  part  of  the  Board  of  such  power  as  is  necessary  to 
prevent  undue  invasion  of  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  great 
body  of  the  people  of  that  city, 

D.  B.  EATON, 

Counsel,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


448  Annual  Report  of  tee 


u  n  » 

-*— *  • 

office  of  the  engineer,  ) 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  \ 

New  York,  December  1st,  1867.  J 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  : 

In  presenting  my  second  annual  report,  as  Engineer  of  your 
honorable  Board,  care  has  been  taken  that  there  should  be  as  few 
repetitions  as  possible  of  the  contents  of  the  first;  and  it  has  been 
considered  rather  as  a  continuation  of  it,  with  such  further  sug- 
gestions  and  recommendations  as  have  resulted  from  a  more 
extended  experience. 

From  reports  of  Inspectors,  and  from  my  own  personal  obser- 
vation, I  am  satisfied  that  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  District 
has  been  improved  since  the  organization  of  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Health.  Complaints  of  nuisances  have  become  less  fre- 
quent; requests  and  orders  for  abatement  have,  in  general,  been 
promptly  complied  with.  Where  orders  for  constructions  have 
not  been  attended  to  by  owners  or  lessees.  "  finals  "  have  been 
issued  by  the  Board;  and  since  the  first  day  of  August,  they  have 
been  placed  in  my  hands  for  execution.  Propositions  were  solicited 
and  received  from  responsible  parties  for  different  classes  of  work 
and  material,  and  a  scale  of  prices  has  been  established,  as  far  as 
possible,  under  which  work  has  been  done.  This  scale  refers 
chiefly  to  plumbing  and  mason  work  in  this  city  and  Brooklyn. 
With  the  exception  of  a  few  orders  executed  in  Mott  Haven  and 
Melrose,  no  work  has  been  given  out  without  reinspection  and  full 
report  to  me,  or  on  personal  inspection. 

The  work  has  been  done,  subject  to  my  supervision,  and  on 
completion  has  been  inspected;  and,  when  requisite,  measured. 
The  bill  has  been  made  ont,  with  the  name  of  the  party  inspect- 
ing, and  approved  by  me;  it  has  been  presented  by  the  party 
executing  the  work  to  the  parties  on  whom  the  order  Avas  served. 
The  following  is  the  form  of  the  bill-head  adopted: 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Healtl.  449 

New  York, 186 

M. 

of  Premises  No Street. 

To  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  Dr. 

To  expenses  incurred  in  the  execution  of  Order  No 

Inspected day  of. 186  ,  by 

approved 

Engineer  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 

Work  done  by to  ivhom  payment  may  be  made. 

It  will  be  seen,  by  a  glance  at  the  bottom  of  the  heading,  that 
the  parties  executing  the  work  are  authorized  to  receive  payment 
for  the  same.  In  case  of  refusal,  it  has  been  so  endorsed,  and 
then  referred  to  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  for  collection.  Of 
the  amounts  collected  by  the  different  parties,  and  the  amount 
still  remaining  unpaid,  and  of  the  total  amount  of  the  work  clone 
by  me,  I  would  respectfully  refer  to  the  report  of  the  Sanitary 
Superintendent. 

Considering  the  peremptory  character  of  the  orders  and  their 
execution,  less  complaint  has  been  made  by  owners  and  lessees 
than  might  be  expected;  many  have  paid  promptly;  many,  after 
notice  from  the  Sanitary  Superintendent,  have  come  to  my  depart- 
ment for  explanation,  and  have  then  settled  their  bills.  In  some 
cases  the  work  has  been  so  satisfactory,  that  other  premises,  on 
which  there  was  no  order  of  the  Board,  have  been  plumbed  at  the 
wish  of  the  same  owners,  and  by  the  same  contractors.  Cases 
have  also  occurred  in  which  parties  have  asked  me  to  execute  any 
order  for  work  that  might  be  issued  against  their  premises.  But 
there  is  one  class  of  orders  which,  in  their  execution,  have  not, 
and  probably  never  will,  give  satisfaction,  viz:  "  to  repair  roof  so 
as  not  to  leak."  These  orders  can  seldom  be  subjects  of  estimate 
or  come  under  any  price-list."  It  is  almost  impossible  to  repair 
an  old  slate  or  shingle  roof  so  as  to  make  it  completely  water- 
tight; and  the  cost  may  sometimes  exceed  that  of  a  new  roof. 
Where  complaints  are  made  of  leaky-roofs,  as  "  dangerous  to  life 
and  detrimental  to  health,"  I  would  recommend  that  such  orders 
be  put  into  the  hands  of  your  attorney  to  prosecute  for  non-com- 
pliance, rather  than  given  to  the  Sanitary  Superintendent  for  exe- 
cution. 

Few  orders  have  been  given  out  by  me  for  execution  outside  of 
the  cities'  limits.  With  the  force  in  my  department  it  has  not 
been  possible  to  have  such  supervision  of  the  work  as  I  should 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  29 


450  A  KHU-&L  Rep  or  t  of  the 

consider  necessary;  and  so  far  as  could  be  done,  without  manifest 
injury  to  their  sanitary  condition,  such  orders  have  been  returned, 
as  those  upon  premises  with  short  leases,  where  work  was  to  be 
done  by  lessees,  with  a  recommendation  that  the  order  be  consid- 
ered as  complied  with  if  the  premises  be  kept  clean.  Orders  of 
an  estimated  cost  of  execution,  exceeding  two  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  ($250),  have  been  referred  to  your  Board  for  further 
action. 

Sewer  Connections. — It  has  been  the  uniform  practice  of  your 
Board,  by  request  and  orders,  to  sewer,  as  far  as  practicable,  all 
premises.  How  far  those  requests  and  orders  have  been  complied 
with,  may  be  readily  understood  by  comparison  of  the  sewer 
permits  granted,  or  money  received  for  sewer  permits  in  the  cities 
of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  for  several  consecutive  years,  ex- 
tracted from  reports  of  the  Sewerage  Departments. 

Foe  New  York. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  yearly  revenue  derived  from 
permits  to  connect  premises  with  the  public  sewers,  as  collected  by 
this  Department : 

January  1,  1861,  to  December  31,  1861 $15,981  00 

1,  1862,  to  December  31,  1862 14,193  00 

1,  1863,  to  December  31,  1863 16,169  00 

1,  1864,  to  December  31,  1864 15,375  00 

1,  1865,  to  December  31,  1865 16,393  30 

1,  1866,  to  December  31,  1866 29,775  50 

1,  1867,  to  December    1,1867 46,59150 


Foe  Brooklyn. 

Number  of  connections  made  with  sewers. 

Number  of 
Year.  connections  made. 

1859 422 

1860 1,695 

1861 4,895 

1862 3,168 

1863 .' 1,948 

1864 1,301 

1865 1,519 

1866 3,605 

1867,  to  December  1 2,858 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  45| 

As  a  sanitary  measure,  the  construction  of  water-tight  privies, 
and  their  connection  with  the  street  sewer,  and  the  discharge  of 
hydrant  waste,  and  roof-water  into  them,  removes  in  a  cheap  way, 
a  great  cause  of  offence,  both  within  and  without  the  premises  ; 
but  it  is  only  a  means  which,  by  improper  use,  may  become  a 
source  of  annoyance  rather  than  a  benefit.  Many  tenement-houses 
require  as  much  inspection  after  as  before  connection  is  estab- 
lished. The  sewer-pipes  and  grates  become  clogged  by  extraneous 
matters  thrown  into  the  vault  through  ignorance,  heedlessness, 
and  often  wilfulness,  as  an  exhibition  of  spite  by  the  tenants 
toward  the  landlord. 

In  the  construction  of  privy  vaults,  as  adopted  by  the  Croton 
Department  and  the  Brooklyn  Board  of  Sewer  Commissioners, 
many  proprietors  to  save  the  length  of  sewer  and  flushing  pipes, 
have  brought  the  vaults  too  near  the  house,  the  contents  of  which, 
stirred  up  by  the  water  from  the  leaders  during  rains,  throw  off  a 
great  effluvium.  The  remedy,  in  such  cases,  is  to  disinfect  with 
sulphate  of  iron.  But  it  must  be  observed  that  the  privy-vault, 
as  recommended,  is  on\y  a  large  hopper-closet,  with  intermittent 
water-supply — a  hopper  whose  extraordinary  size  is  dependent  on 
the  character  of  the  parties  using  it;  as  they  will  use  it  for  ashes  and 
garbage,  some  spaces  must  be  left  for  the  deposit  of  these  articles. 
Among  the  better  class  of  tenants  the  vault  may  be  reduced  in 
depth  below  the  trap ;  or  a  school-sink  may  be  substituted. 
Whatever  is  used  in  tenement-houses,  when  the  responsibility  is 
divided,  there  should  always  be  some  person  in  charge  to  look 
after  the  premises,  under  whose  supervision  the  premises  would 
always  be  kept  in  order,  and  the  tenants  themselves  Avould  become 
more  cleanly.  Whenever,  from  the  character  of  the  occupants  I 
have  considered  it  safe,  orders  for  privies  have  been  modified  to 
orders  for  water-closets. 

Water-closet  with  defective  water-supply  due  to  want  of  head  in, 
the  street  mains. — Last  year  orders  were  made  to  put  up  pumps 
and  cisterns,  but  when  cisterns  will  not  fill  by  the  increase  of 
head  during  the  night,  and  their  supply  depends  entirely  on 
pumps,  the  trouble  has  been  to  compel  somebody  to  work  them. 
I  have,  therefore,  but  seldom  endorsed  such  orders  this  year,  and 
have  instead  recommended  to  lessees  complaining,  that  they  keep 
a  pail-supply  in  the  closets  as  an  equally  good  means  of  flushing, 
and  by  far  more  economical  in  the  use  of  water,  and  as  involving 
less  labor  than  pumping;  in  such  cases  there  will  be  no  complaint 


452  Annual  Report  of  the 

of  the  emptying  of  the  cistern  by  negligence  in  leaving  some  cock 
open. 

Sunken  Sidewalks,  Curbs  and  Gutters. — Of  these  there  have 
been  many  complaints  this  year,  and,  by  direction  of  your  Presi- 
dent;. I  saw  the  Assistant  Street  Commissioner  of  this  city,  and, 
after  consultation  with  him,  decided  that  the  surest  and  quickest 
remedy  lay  "within  your  Board.  The  old  order  was  therefore  con- 
tinued to  "relay  sidewalk  and  reset  curb  and  gutter  to  established 
grade."  In  one  ease  this  order  has  been  issued  to  every  owner  in 
Fifty-third  street,  in  the  blocks  between  Second  avenue  and  East 
river;  and  has  been  complied  with  by  all,  with  a  single  exception, 
the  owners  thereby  hoping  that  the  Croton  Department  would 
repave  the  street,  but  that  Department  was  unwilling  to  assume 
the  responsibility  without  an  explicit  order  from  your  Board, 
especially  as  the  owners  washed  to  have  the  pavement  changed 
from  the  cobble  to  the  Belgian. 

Tenement-Houses. — No  orders  for  the  ventilation  of  tenement- 
houses  have  been  executed  under  my  direction;  but  notices  have 
been  served  by  the  attorney  for  non-compliance  with  the  require- 
ments of  the  Act  of  1867;  and,  at  his  request,  I  have  personally 
visited  several,  to  see  what  could  be  done  to  bring  them  within 
its  provisions,  as  at  this  season  windows  and  ventilating  flues  are 
kept  closed  by  the  tenants  themselve  to  preserve  as  much  as  pos- 
sible the  warmth  of  the  room;  it  seems  useless  to  make  any  con- 
structions which  are  not  wished  for  by  the  tenants,  but  are  made 
perfectly  void  by  their  acts. 

The  form  of  ventilator  "  in  the  roof  at  the  top  of  the  hall  "  is  to 
be  approved  in  this  city  by  the  Inspector  of  Public  Buildings ; 
but  in  Brooklyn  by  the  Assistant  Sanitary  Superintendent  of  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  In  regard  to  the  former  I  do  not 
know  that  any  form  has  been  approved,  but  it  has  been  decided 
by  the  latter,  after  consultation  with  me,  to  call  any  louver  blind, 
or  adequate  aperture  through  which  sufficient  air  can  pass,  and 
rain  not  admitted,  a  proper  ventilator  according  to  the  require- 
ments ef  the  Act. 

To  show  the  crowding  of  the  population  in  the  different  wards 
of  our  city,  I  have  prepared  a  plan  based  upon  the  returns  of  the 
census  of  1865,  showing  in  light  and  shade  their  relative  number 
of  inhabitants  in  the  different  "  enumeration  districts  "  below  Sixty- 
third  street.  The  entirely  black  parts  represent  a  population  of 
nearly  300,000  to  the  square  mile;  and  the  lightest  shade,  with 


map  or 
JVEW  YORK 

SQMTi'HI  DBF'  63&W  SfflME.'E'.T' 
Showing  the  relative  density  of  PopulatioTL  in. 
the  different  Sections.  (According to  Census  of  1865J 

To  accumpam  ■  t/ie  Secorut  Annual,  Report  oft/ie  Metropolitan  Boa/rf  ofHcaWi 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  453 

the  exception  of  the  squares,  a  population  of  30.000  or  less  to  the 
square  mile,  including  streets  but  not  squares,  in  the  estimate  of 
space.  It  will  be  observed,  by  mere  inspection  of  this  map,  how  little 
provision  has  been  made  for  the  ventilation  of  the  most  thickly- 
crowded  districts  and  narrow  streets,  and  an  almost  entire  absence 
of  public  squares.  Some  writer  has  called  the  public  squares  of 
London  its  lungs.  The  Fourth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  Tenth,  Eleventh, 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and  Seventeenth  wards  are  almost  entirely 
deficient  in  this  vital  organ.  If  the  upper  part  of  the  city  requires 
a  Boulevard  drive,  why  not  have  a  Park  avenue  as  a  wTalk  for  pre- 
destrians  in  these  quarters,  by  widening  Avenue  A,  Essex  street 
and  Rutgers  street  to  East  river. 

Sunken  Lots  and  Stagnant  Water. — An  act  was  passed,  at  the 
last  session  of  the  Legislature,  of  which  the  first  section  is  as 
follows  :  "  Whenever  it  shall  appear  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Health  that  any  surface  water  has  been  or  shall  be  liable  to  be 
ponded  at  any  place  in  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  and  remain  stagnant, 
so  as  to  be  or  become  a  nuisance  dangerous  to  the  public  health 
in  the  vicinity  thereof,  they  shall  cause  a  notice  in  writing  to  be 
served  upon  the  Board  of  Sewerage  Commissioners  of  said  city, 
specifying  the  location  of  such  place." 

With  the  Alderman  of  the  ward  and  the  Inspectors,  I  have 
made  a  careful  examination  of  the  districts  where  this  nuisance 
existed,  and  on  a  proper  complaint  being  made  thereof,  your 
Board  has  caused  notice  to  be  served  on  the  Sewer  Commissioners, 
agreeably  to  the  law;  and  in  compliance  with  these  notices  the 
Commissioners  have  expended  about  seven  thousand  ($7,000)  dol- 
lars in  draining  these  ponds,  but  the  provisions  of  the  law  seem 
inadequate  to  all  the  cases,  in  regard  to  the  funds  from  which 
such  work  can  be  paid;  but  the  difficulty  is  mostly  from  the  effect 
of  the  last  clause  of  section  2,  as  follows  : 

"  So  as  to  drain  such  water  from  such  pond  or  place,  and  cause 
it  to  flow  and  be  discharged  into  some  public  street  or  sewer," 
the  streets  being,  in  most  cases,  the  cause  of  ponding,  and  are 
entirely  above  the  level'of  water.  And  the  districts  most  com- 
plained of  are  without  public  sewers.  When  there  are  single  lots, 
or  lots  together  belonging  to  one  owner,  and  there  are  sewers  in 
the  street,  the  orders  issued  by  you  "  to  connect  premises  with 
sewer,  and  fill  and  grade  lots  to  discharge  all  surface  water  into 
the  sewer  pipes,"  have,  in  most  cases,  been  complied  with  or 
executed. 


454  Annual  Report  of  the 

There  should  be  general  orders  of  this  character  issued  on  the 
lots  at  the  south-easterly  corner  of  Central  Park.  Neither  city 
authorities,  trustees,  nor  any  commissioners  seem  to  have  power 
to  compel  or  even  execute  drainage.  I  have  made  frequent  jour- 
neys to  Staten  Island,  and  also  to  Westchester  county;  have  met 
trustees  and  others  interested  in  the  sanitary  condition  of  these 
neighborhoods,  and  trust  that,  during  the  session  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, some  general  law  will  be  passed  giving  authority  to  some 
board,  elective  or  appointed,  to  enter  upon  any  premises  and 
cause  suitable  drains  to  be  made,  assessing  damages  and  benefits, 
or  making  surveys  and  plans,  and  establishing  lines  of  drainage, 
and  making  them  permanent,  as  with  the  sewers  established  in 
Brooklyn.  As  in  Brooklyn,  it  will  not  be  necessary  when  these 
lines  are  thus  established,  that  they  should  be  executed  wholly  or 
even  in  part;  but,  as  in  the  suburban  districts,  where  the  popula- 
tion is  increasing  with  great  rapidity,  farm  or  large  landed  pro- 
prietors often  cut  their  land  in  squares  and  streets  for  their 
own  immediate  profit;  and,  as  these  streets  become  built  on,  each 
year  increases  the  difficulties  of  drainage.  Whereas,  were  posi- 
tive lines  of  sewers  or  drains  laid  out,  then  there  would  be  some 
conformity  of  streets  to  suit  these  lines,  and  some  provisions  made 
for  their  easy  maintenance;  but  if  postponed,  every  year  adds  to 
the  difficulty  of  construction,  and  increases  the  attending  expense. 
Sewers,  both  in  this  city  and  in  Brooklyn,  have  been  very  much 
extended  during  the  past  year,  and  the  Departments  in  both  cities, 
in  regard  to  all  matters  within  their  power,  have  cheerfully  com- 
plied with  the  recommendations  of  the  Board  of  Health. 

Damp  and  Wet  Cellars. — When  such  can  be  drained  by  con- 
nection with  the  street  sewer,  such  orders  have  been  endorsed 
and  complied  with  or  executed;  some  have  been  filled  to  make 
such  drainage  effective.  But  there  has  been  a  large  class  of  com- 
plaints of  such  cellars  along  our  river  fronts,  or  in  the  low  parts 
of  the  city,  which  are  more  or  less  subject  to  be  directly  flooded 
by  the  tide,  or  by  the  backing  up  in  the  street  sewer  during  high 
tides.  On  most  of  these  complaints  no  orders  have  been  endorsed; 
and  when  they  are  endorsed  and  passed  by  your  Board,  they  have 
not  been  executed,  as  the  cost  of  scoring  and  cementing  would 
exceed  the  limits  prescribed  by  your  Board.  No  such  cellars 
should  be  permitted  to  be  used  as  habitations,  and  when  used  for 
storage,  it  seems  rather  a  matter  of  pecuniary  interest  between 
landlord  and  lessee,  than  as  a  sanitary  measure  to  be  executed  by 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  055 

your  Board.  The  improvement  and  drainage  of  these  cellars 
would  add  to  the  value  of  the  property,  and  advance  their  sanitary 
condition.  But  the  remedy  proposed  is  general,  and  not  local. 
From  data  obtained  from  the  Croton  Department,  and  by  a  plot 
of  contours  on  a  map  of  the  cit^v,  I  estimate  that  below  the  line  of 
Fourteenth  street  there  are  at  least  four  hundred  (400)  acres  of 
house  lots  where  deep  and  dry  cellars  cannot  be  constructed, 
except  at  great  cost.  To  effectually  drain  this  valuable  area,  I 
would  suggest  an  intercepting  sewer  along  our  river  fronts,  at  an 
average  low-tide  level,  discharging  its  contents  into  a  covered 
receiving  basin  at  the  Battery,  whence  they  should  be  pumped 
out  far  into  the  river.  Of  the  feasibility  of  this  scheme  there  can 
be  no  question,  after  the  developments  of  the  London  experience. 
"Whether  or  not  this  sewer  should  be  constructed  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  the  present  sewers,  leaving  them  still  to  discharge  the 
rain-fell  and  drain  the  buildings  on  the  higher  levels,  or  intersect 
the  present  sewers  and  discharge  as  much  as  possible  at  the  Battery, 
will  be  a  question  of  after-consideration.  I  should  prefer  the  for- 
mer. I  have  studied  the  details  of  both  schemes,  and  think  that 
either  would,  financially,  be  profitable,  were  it  to  be  executed  at  the 
cost  of  the  property  owners;   but  this  is  included  in  our  next  subject. 

Wliarves. — No  complaints  have  been  referred  to  me,  during  the 
present  year,  of  the  unsafe  and  dirty  condition  of  our  wharves 
and  piers.  There  has  been  no  material  improvement  in  their  con- 
dition, and  any  orders  from  your  Board  would  he  useless,  so  long 
as  there  are  no  responsible  parties  on  whom  to  serve  the  order, 
nor  funds  by  which  the  same  might  be  executed. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  has  lately  appointed  a  committee  to 
take  the  condition  of  our  wharves  and  piers  into  consideration, 
and  devise  some  scheme  by  which  permanent  structures  may  be 
constructed  commensurate  with  their  commercial  importance. 
"Were  it  but  a  financial  or  engineering  question,  its  solution  would 
be  very  simple;  larger  enterprises  have  been  undertaken;  more 
difficult  works  have  been  built:  but  the  question  is  a  legal  one 
how  to  acquire  title  to  construct  the  work,  and  then  secure  the 
profits  of  the  constructions.  For  the  right  of  way  of  an  elevated 
railroad  along  the  bulk-head  line  established  by  the  commission, 
a  company  could  be  organized  who  would  not  only  build  a  per- 
manent line  of  stone  wharves,  but  also  within  it  an  intercepting 
sewer,  and  tunnel  of  sufficient  size  for  gas  pipes,  to  remove  all 
gas  works  without  the  city  limits. 


456  Annual  Retort  of  tee 

Of  the  necessity  of  a  steam  road  in  the  city  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  and  of  the  many  great  conveniences  of  a  belt  line,  which 
would  serve  not  only  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers,  but  also  for 
the  distribution  of  freight.  The  right  of  way  should  not  be  a 
matter  of  gift  but  of  purchase. 

Soldie?*s'  Business,  Messenger  and  Dispatch  Company. — 'Local- 
ities which  have  been  selected  by  this  Association  I  have  exam- 
ined, and  have  reported  whether  the  booth  would  be  an  obstruc- 
tion to  traffic  and  transit.  Plans  have  been  made  exhibiting  the 
main  features  of  their  position,  to  put  you  in  possession  of  facts  to 
enable  you  to  judge  of  their  fitness  for  booths,  rather  than  to 
depend  on  my  mere  report. 

W.  E.  WORTHEN, 
Engineer,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 


Metropolitan  Bo aed  of  Health.  457 


"E." 

Office  of  the  Sanitary  Company,  ) 

Metropolitan  Police,  301  Mott  Street,  \ 

New  York,  November  1st,  1867.      J 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health: 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  the  annual  report  of  this  branch 
of  the  Metropolitan  Police  Department  for  the  year  ending  Octo- 
ber 31st,  1867,  containing,  as  will  be  found  in  tables  annexed, 
the  number  of  reports  made  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health, 
the  number  of  orders  served,  issued  by  said  Board  ;  the  number 
complied  with  by  owners,  and  the  number  returned  as  not  com- 
plied with.  Also  the  number  of  privies  cleaned,  and  the  number 
of  dead  animals  and  the  amount  of  unsound  meat,  fish,  &c, 
removed  from  the  city  limits  under  the  supervision  of  this  depart- 
ment. 

Yours  respectfully, 

BOWEN  G.  LORD, 

•    Captain  Sanitary  Company,  Metropolitan  Police. 

Number  of  Complaints  of  Nuisances  reported  to  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Health  from  November  1st,  1866,  to  October  31st,  1867, 
inclusive 

Privy  vaults  full 11,503 

Privy  vaults  and  water-closets  filthy .. 855 

Yards  filthy 1,671 

Cellars  filthy 1,250 

Sewers  stopped  and  filthy » 1,599 

Houses  (tenement)  filthy 522 

Areas  and  alleys  filthy _ 515 

Cess-pools  and  cisterns  filthy _ 476 

Slaughter  houses  filthy - 12 

Stables  filthy _ 178 

Hog  pens  filthy 102 

Vacant  lots  filthy 144 

Sunken  lots  filthy 405 


458  Annual  Report  of  the 

Culverts  full  and  filthy 26 

Fat-boiling  establishments  filthy 6 

Manure  vaults  filthy „ 70 

Privy  vaults  leaking  and  unsafe 657 

Houses  out  of  repair  and  unsafe 125 

Stoops  out  of  repair  and  unsafe 107 

Chimneys  out  of  repair  and  unsafe ._ 153 

Coal  vault  covers  out  of  repair  and  unsafe 92 

Areas  unsafe 4 

Sidewalks  unsafe _ 147 

Street,  curb  and  gutter  stones  sunken  and  out  of  repair..  308 

Hydrants  and  waste-pipes  out  of  repair  — 1,062 

Cisterns  and  cess-pools  out  of  repair  and  unsafe 28 

Total  number  of  complaints 21,917 


Work  performed  under  orders  issued  by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 

Health. 

Number  of  Preliminary  orders  served,  received  from  "the 
Superintendent,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health..     5,489 

Number  of  Preliminary  orders  complied  with 2,300 

Number  of  Preliminary  orders  not  complied  with.     3,189 

Total 5,489 

Number  of  General  orders  received  from  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Health  12,149 

Number  of  General  orders  served 10,076 

Number  of  Gen'l  orders  complied  with,  no  service-     2,073 

Total 12,149 

Number  of  Gen'l  orders  complied  with  by  owners.  7,836 
Number  of  General  orders  not  complied  with,  and 

forwarded  to  the  Sanitary  Superintendent 2,240 

Number  of  Gen'l  orders  complied  with,  no  service.  2,073 

Total 12,149 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  459 

Number  of  Special  orders  received  from  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Health 2,502 

Number  of  Special  orders  not  complied  with  and 

returned  to  the  Sanitary  Superintendent 2,471 

Number  of  Special  orders  complied  with,  no  service  31 

Total 2,502 


Number   of  Privies  cleaned,   Dead   Animals   removed,    Unsound 
Meat,  Fish,  &c.,  seized  and  removed  from  the  City  Limits. 

Number  of  Privies  and  Water-closets  cleaned 17,098 

do  Loads  of  night-soil  removed 65,715 

do  Dead  horses  removed 4,417 

do  Cows  removed 131 

do  Goats  removed 189 

do  Sheep  removed —  229 

do  Hogs  removed 376 

do  Dogs  and  Cats  removed 6,198 

do  Deer  removed 5 

do  Calves  "bobs"  removed 423 

Total  number  of  Dead  Animals 11,968 

Pounds. 

Unsound  Veal  removed 65,464 

do       Mutton  removed 54,351 

do       Beef  removed 44,691 

do       Pork  removed ... 5,052 

do       Fish  removed 75,100 

do       Poultry  removed 11,712 

Total 256,370 

Unsouud  Eggs  removed 21,500 

Number  of  barrels  of  Offal 91,920 


460  Annual  Report  of  the 


«  F." 
REPORT 


OP   THE 


SANITARY  COMMITTEE  ON  PROSTITUTION. 


To  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health: 

The  Sanitary  Committee,  to  whom  was  referred  the  resolution 
offered  in  the  Assembly  by  Mr.  Jacobs,  viz.: 

"  Resolved,  That  the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Police  and  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  be  required  to  furnish  to  this 
House,  at  their  earliest  convenience,  their  opinion  as  to  the  neces- 
sity and  the  probable  result  of  legislation  looking  to  the  more 
thorough  restriction  of  prostitution  in  the  city  of  New  York," 

Beg  leave  respectfully  to 

REPORT: 

That  their  experience  as  physicians  has  rendered  them  familiar 
with  the  extent  to  which  prostitution  is  carried,  and  with  the  evils 
arising  from  the  diseases  which  eminate  from  it.  Private  practice 
and  attendance  at  the  dispensaries  and  hospitals  show  that  these 
diseases  are  farspread,  and  are  cf  the  most  deplorable  character. 

High  and  low,  rich  and  poor,  are  affected  by  venereal  diseases, 
and  no  class  has  a  monopoly  of  virtue.  If  it  were  so,  the  moral 
would  before  this  have  exterminated  the  immoral.  Prostitution 
has  always  existed  in  all  large  communities,  and  will  continue  to 
exist  until  the  present  order  of  society  shall  be  changed,  or  until 
the  golden  age  of  virtue,  which  poets  have  foretold  and  the  wise 
and  good  anticipated,  shall  have  come. 

The  actual  and  important  fact  is,  that  venereal  disease  is  sap- 
ping the  strength  of  the  people.  Husbands  give  it  to  their  wives, 
and  mothers  give  it  to  their  children;  and,  where  it  has  once 
entered  the  constitution,  no  one  can  tell  whether  it  ever  will  or 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  4(J| 

can  he  eradicated.  Every  part  of  the  body  is  invaded — the  skin, 
brain,  eyes,  throat,  nose,  lungs  and  bones.  The  surface  of  the 
body  becomes  covered  with  sores  and  scars,  which  endure  forever 
afterward.  The  blood  itself  is  poisoned  and  loses  its  red  globules, 
which  were  intended  to  give  vivacity  to  the  brain  and  strength 
and  vigor  to  the  muscles.  The  poor  victim  of  syphilis  is  racked 
with  pains,  permanently  debilitated,  and  incapable  of  hard  work: 
and,  if  his  private  means  are  insufficient  for  his  support,  must  seek 
a  refuge  in  the  hospitals  or  almshouses.  Death  is  often  his  best 
friend;  and,  if  it  comes  early,  he  may  be  saved  from  a  lingering 
consumption,  or  some  of  the  varied  forms  of  scrofulous  diseases. 

The  picture  is  not  overdrawn.  The  simple  facts,  as  just  stated, 
are  common  and  beneath  the  truth;  yet,  there  are  some  persons 
who,  from  the  superior  excellence  of  their  constitutions,  or  from 
using  medicines  early  and  sedulously,  escape  the  severer  penalties 
of  the  disease.  But  no  one  can  tell,  in  advance,  who  these  favored 
individuals  are  to  be,  for,  with  all  the  external  signs  of  flourishing 
health,  there  often  exists  some  vice  of  constitution  which  syphilis 
will  find  out,  develop  and  render  incurable. 

Innocent  wives  get  the  disease  from  depraved  husbands,  and  go 
through  the  same  stages  of  suffering,  broken  health  and  premature 
decay.  Their  children  are  born  dead  or  diseased,  wrinkled,  cov- 
ered with  eruptions,  and,  if  alive,  affected  with  a  wheezing  cough 
and  catarrah.  It  would  be  a  fortunate  event  if  their  lives  could 
always  terminate  before  they  had  grown  to  mature  age,  and  before 
they  were  old  enough  to  generate  a  race  of  decrepit  and  feeble 
children  to  become  burthens  to  themselves  and  to  society. 

Syphilis  is  so  insidious  that  a  person  attacked  with  it  never 
knows,  with  certainty,  that  he  is  cured.  A  little  of  the  poison, 
left  uneradicated,  may  taint  again  his  whole  system. 

Your  committee  have  known  repeated  instances  where  young 
men,  who  (having  once  had  the  disease,  and  believing  themselves 
well),  have  ventured  to  many,  have  generated  diseased  children, 
and  these  children,  in  utero,  have  given  the  disease  to  their 
mothers.  This,  too,  after  a  period  of  six  or  eight  years  has 
elapsed,  since  the  disease  was  contracted,  during  which  time  these 
young  men  have  led  virtuous  lives. 

Physical  pain,  and  the  ruined  health  of  wife  and  children,  per- 
haps their  deaths,  or  the  loss  forever  of  the  hope  of  offspring, 
may  seem  punishment  enough.  But  to  these  must  be  added  the 
consciousness  of  guilt.     Their  sins  will  rise  from  the  buried  past, 


462  Annual  Report  of  tee 

and,  like  reproving  ghosts,  haunt  their  souls  forever  with  remorse 
and  shame.     No  imagined  suffering  can  transcend  misery  like  this. 

No  one  knows  what  the  }Toung  man  is  who  proposes  to  marry 
his  daughter.  He  may  possess  a  good  character  and  the  noblest 
qualities,  and  yet  this  daughter  may  give  birth  to  diseased  children, 
and  die  of  the  diseases  which  prostitutes  have  generated  and 
disseminated.  These  facts  must  bring  the  subject  home  to  every 
individual;  and  all  ought  to  resolve  that  such  diseases  shall  not 
continue  to  exist,  if,  in  God's  good  Providence,  they  can  be  eradi- 
cated. The  question,  moreover,  is  not  a  private  one,  but  of  great 
political  importance — for  the  health  of  the  citizens  is  the  wealth 
and  power  of  the  State.  The  laboring  population  are  ruined  in 
health  and  made  dependent  on  the  public  charities. 

During  the  late  rebellion  the  soldiers  of  our  army  were,  at  vari- 
ous times,  incapacitated  from  engaging  in  active  military  opera- 
tions, by  the  prevalence,  among  them,  of  venereal  diseases. 

It  would  have  been  a  profitable  study  to  collate  accurate  statis- 
tics to  show  the  extent  to  which  these  diseases  prevail  in  the 
public  hospitals,  dispensaries,  and  also  in  private  practice.  We 
have  called  for  this  information  upon  these  establishments,  but 
there  has  been  so  great  delay  that  we  cannot,  at  the  present  time, 
wait  for  full  returns.  Especially  we  regret  that  nothing  of  conse- 
quence has  been  obtained  from  the  public  institutions,  under  the 
eharge  of  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction; 
for  these  are  the  chief  resorts  of  those  afflicted  with  syphilitic 
complaints. 

From  Dr.  Frank  P.  Foster,  of  the  New  York  Dispensary,  we 
have  been  favored  with  a  full  report.  He  states  that  the  whole 
number  treated,  for  all  complaints,  amounted,  in  the  year  1866,  to 
36,162.     Of  these 

525  were  cases  of  genorrhcea ; 
11  were  cases  of  gleet ; 
4  were  cases  of  balanitis ; 
57  were  cases  of  gonorrhoeal  epedidymitis  ; 
467  were  cases  of  primary  venereal  sore  (chancre  and  chancroid); 
52  were  cases  of  venereal  bubo  ; 
2  were  cases  of  condylomata ; 
1,035  were  cases  of  constitutional  syphilis ; 

including  11  cases  of  congenital  syphilis.  Dr.  Foster  says  that 
"  22  have  been  registered  as  having  diseases  that  were  the  result 
of  venereal  disease;  but  it  must  be  confessed  that  this  statement 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  463 

conveys  but  a  poor  idea  of  the  real  state  of  the  case;  as,  first,  most 
of  the  cases  of  these  diseases  have  been  registered  simply  as  sec- 
ondary syphilis;  and,  second,  of  the  2,066  cases,  registered  simply 
as  chronic  rheumatism,  and,  of  the  135  registered  as  struma,  it  may 
reasonably  be  presumed  that  very  many  (perhaps  nearly  one-half), 
were  of  syphilitic  origin." 

In  the  Demilt  Dispensary  Dr.  Cummings-  has  reported  : 

Cases  of  primary  venereal  disease _   176 

Cases  of  constitutional  venereal  disease -. 147 

Total 323 


From  Randall's  Island  Nursery,  Dr.  Henry  A.  Whittlesey  writes 
that  "the  patients  treated  are  children  between  the  ages  of  ten 
and  twelve  years.  We  have,  therefore,  only  hereditary  syphilis 
under  observation,  generally  modified  and  marked  by  previous 
treatment,  rendering  it  impossible  to  give  statistics  of  value.  Of 
the  diseases  of  the  eyes,  skin,  bones,  joints.  &c,  that  may  be  pre- 
sumed to  have  depended  upon  hereditary  syphilitic  taint,  there 
have  been  treated  during  the  past  two  years  316  cases  out  of  the 
whole  number  in  1865  of  1,741  patients ;  in  1866  of  1,475 
patients." 

Of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  Dr.  A.  A.  Davis,  resident  physician, 
states  "that  no  venereal  cases,  as  such,  are  treated  in  this  hospital; 
that  the  diseases  the  result  of  previous  venereal  diseases,  such  as 
iritis,  rheumatism,  diseases  of  the  skin,  bones  and  scrofula,  &c, 
about  thirty  cases  are  treated  annually;  the  whole  number  being 
934  patients  of  all  diseases  annually  treated." 

Dr.  F.  P.  Moffatt,  physician  to  the  Seaman's  Retreat,  writes 
that  the  whole  number  treated  in  the  hospital  in  1866,  was  1,479; 
venereal  diseases,  134 ;  diseases  the  result  of  previous  veneral 
infection,  192. 

Dr.  D.  S.  Teller,  of  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  says  "the  regulations 
of  the  hospital  prohibits  the  admission  of  patients  with  venereal 
diseases,  unless  they  are  able  to  pay  for  their  treatment,  except  in 
cases  of  females  where  the  disease  is  communicated  by  the  hus- 
band. The  number  of  venereal  cases  treated  in  1864  was  16;  in 
1865,  18;  in  1866,  22.  The  number  of  secondary  diseases  of  a 
syphilitic  character  treated  in  1864  was  12;  in  1865,  12;  in  1866, 
26.     The  whole  number  of  patients  admitted  in  1866  was  569." 


454  Annual  Report  of  the 

From  the  annual  report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration  we 
find  the  whole  number  of  patients  to  have  been  5,672;  the  syph- 
ilitic cases,  515. 

Dr.  Wm.  H.  Thompson,  who  was  engaged  during  the  war  in  ex- 
amining recruits  for  the  army,  replies,  "  that  the  presence  of  bubo 
scars  in  8,700  men  was  in  the  following  percentage  rates  :  Of  the 
whole  number,  8,700,  eight  per  cent  were  scarred;  of  5,000  re- 
cruits from  the  country,  1.05  were  scarred;  of  5,000  from  the  city, 
12,25  were  scarred.  The  different  nationalities  stand  in  this  mat- 
ter thus:  Americans,  6.75;  Irish,  6.80;  Germans,  9.08." 

To  supply  the  deficient  information,  we  have  resorted  to  the 
published  report  of  Dr.  Wm.  W.  Sanger,  resident  physician  at 
Blackwell's  Island  in  1857,  who  reports  as  follows  : 

Penitentiary  Hospital,  Blackwell's  Island 2,090 

Alms-house,  Blackwell's  Island 52 

Work-house,  Blackwell's  Island 55 

Penitentiary,  Blackwell's  Island 430 

Bel levue  Hospital,  New  York 768 

Nursery  Hospital,  Randall's  Island  . —  ._ 734 

N.  Y.  State  Emigrant  Refuge  Hospital,  Ward's  Island,  559 

N.  Y.  Hospital,  Broadway 405 

N-  Y.  Dispensaay 1,580 

Northern  Dispensary - 327 

Eastern  Dispensary 63Q 

Demilt  Dispensary _ .. 803 

Northwestern  Dispensary . . . .  304 

Medical  Colleges 207 

Kings  County  Hospital » 311 

Brooklyn  City  Hospital _ 186 

Seamen's  Retreat - 365 

Total 9,847 

cases  of  venereal  disease;  and  if  we  add  to  this  an  equal  number 
for  the  cases  attended  in  private  practice,  which  (considering  the 
multitude  of  such  patients  attended  by  the  regular  physicians  and 
the  advertising  quacks)  is  probably  less  than  the  truth,  we  shall 
have  19,694  cases  of  venereal  disease  in  the  Metropolitan  Health 
District. 

Mr.  Kennedy,  Superintendent  of  Police,  thinks  that  about  fifteen 
per  cent,  of  the  men  who  offer  themselves  for  examination,  to  serve 
as  policemen,  are  excluded  on  account  of  the  venereal  disease. 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  465 

The  fountain  of  these  diseases  must  be  sought  for  among  the 
prostitutes,  and  from  the  report  made  with  great  accuracy  by  Mr. 
Kennedy,  we  rind  the 

Houses  of  prostitution  arc 560 

Houses  of  assignation  are 90 

The  whole  number  of  prostitutes,  jL  e.,  of  women  who  pursue 
prostitution  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  and  not  including  those  who 
practice  private  debauchery,  amounts  to  2,574. 

To  speak  of  prostitution  and  the  diseases  resulting  from  it,  and 
especially,  to  propose  to  treat  these  diseases,  and  subject  the 
wretched  women  who  pursue  this  occupation  to  police  and  medi- 
cal surveillance,  in  hopes  of  eradicating  their  diseases,  is  at  first 
sight  revolting,  and  has  always  met  with  opposition,  even  in  those 
countries  which,  ultimately,  have  changed  their  views  upon  the 
subject.  Many  thoughtful  and  good  men  have,  in  times  past, 
urged  upon  the  authorities  the  necessity  of  this  control,  but  no 
one  can  revive  the  subject  without  wounding  the  sensibilities  of 
man}-  worthy  persons,  who  believe  that  to  undertake  to  treat  pros- 
titutes, would  give  encouragement  to  vice. 

Virtue  is  the  result  of  natural  disposition,  or  arises  from  educa- 
tion and  early  training,  which  makes  the  moral  nature  elevated, 
conscientious  and  religious,  and  not  the  outgrowth  of  the  dangers 
incurred  from  debauchery. 

Since  the  moral  view  is  likely  to  be  confronted  at  every  step, 
it  is  proper  to  give  to  it  thoughtful  consideration. 

If  it  were  proposed  to  establish  prostitution  in  a  place  where  it 
had  never  existed,  there  would  be  an  united  and  emphatic  protest 
against  such  a  measure.  But  since  prostitution  has  always  existed 
in  all  large  communities,  and  the  whippings  inflicted  in  times  past 
upon  the  diseased  of  both  sexes  in  entering  and  on  leaving  the 
hospitals,  the  denunciations  of  the  church,  the  penalties  imposed 
by  the  laws,  in  addition  to  the  dangers  of  disease  and  loss  of 
character,  have  all  been  powerless  to  prevent  it.  what  shall  be 
done?  Are  we  to  allow  the  diseases  thus  generated  to  go  on  to 
destroy  the  people?  If  debauched  people  lead  infamous  lives,  are 
we  to  say  that  they  and  their  companions  in  vice  are  suffering  the 
just  penalty  for  their  profligacy?  that  they  have  offended  against 
the  laws  of  God,  and  ought  to  be  left  to  suffer  from  ruined  health, 
and  to  give  disease  to  the  innocent? 

Censure,   when  parried  to  cruelty,  cannot  be  attended  by  any 

[Assem.  No.  122.]  30 


46  6  Annual  Report  of  the 

good  result.  It  may  make  the  offender  defiant,  or  fill  him  with 
despair,  but  is  not  likely  to  lead  to  his  reformation.  Such  stern 
views  of  duty  cannot  be  held  for  any  length  of  time;  for  most  of 
the  diseases  which  inflict  mankind  arise  from  some  infringement 
of  the  laws  of  God. 

When  one  is  prompted  to  be  harsh  in  his  judgment  of  others, 
let  him  reflect  how  slight  a  step,  in  many  instances,  exists  between 
the  evil  thought  and  the  evil  act ;  that  the  circumstances  of  time 
and  place,  early  associations,  and  teachings,  or  a  colder  tempera- 
ment, may  have  been  the  only  restraints,  that  have  delayed  and 
saved  the  tempted.  Let  him  also  reflect  that,  if  the  Creator  has 
affixed  penalties  to  vices,  He  has,  in  His  wisdom  and  goodness, 
furnished  us  with  remedies  to  treat  the  diseases  which  follow  from 
them,  and  if  we  are  wise  and  thankful,  we  shall  not  hesitate  to  use 
them.  Physicians  who  are  most  familiar  with  diseases  and  their 
origin,  and  who  have  fixed  and  elevated  views  of  the  obligations 
of  their  profession,  are  not  likely  to  allow  the  miserable  to  suffer, 
if  they  have  the  means  of  relieving  them,  and  will  not  allow 
abstract  questions  of  casuistry  to  perplex  their  judgments  or  to 
lead  them  to  inquire  how  the  disease  was  contracted,  when  the 
sufferer  is  appealing  to  them  for  help. 

The  municipal  authorities  have  spent  large  sums  for  hospitals, 
and  many  thousands  of  dollars  are  employed  annually  for  the 
treatment  of  venereal  diseases,  and,  as  the  population  of  the  dis- 
trict grows,  so  must  the  hospital  accommodations  be  increased. 
Whereas,  if  they  had  treated  these  diseases  from  their  origin,  and 
had  endeavored  to  prevent  them,  the  results  would  have  been 
greater,  and  the  pecuniary  outlay  very  much  less.  They  have 
acted  as  if  they  believed  that  public  censure  would  attach  to  them 
if  they  treated  the  prostitutes  efficiently. 

Some  of  the  dispensaries  and  hospitals,  which  receive  large  con- 
tributions to  their  funds  from  the  State  and  cities,  have  proposed 
to  charge  those  effected  with  syphilis  a  certain  sum  for  medieines, 
or  in  some  way  make  distinction  between  them  and  the  other 
patients.  The  managers,  it  would  seem,  relieve  their  minds  by 
such  conduct  from  all  responsibility  in  the  matter,  as  if  a  penalty 
or  a  fine  would  make  that  right  which  was  immoral  in  itself;  as 
if  their  narrow  notions  could  impose  rules  of  conduct  on  the  phy- 
sicians, who  would  regard  them  as  impertinent,  and  consequently 
to  be  disobeyed.  As  if  the  public  had  no  interest  in  having  con- 
tagious diseases  cured,  and  would  patiently  continue  their  contri- 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  467 

butiona  to  the  support  of  these  institutions,  while  both  guilty  and 
innocent  were  held  up  to  ignominy,  and  the  peace  of  families  de- 
stroyed hy  the  exposure  of  their  illnesses,  which  such  distinctions 
would  cause. 

It  is  time  that  we  had  made  up  our  minds  on  this  subject ;  and, 
if  it  is  immoral  to  treat  prostitutes  with  venereal  diseases,  let  us 
say  so  at  once — let  the  miserable  victims  die — and  never  allude  to 
the  subject  again.  But,  if  it  is  right  to  treat  them,  let  us  do  so 
efficiently,  and  not  suffer  our  minds  to  be  swayed  by  the  ever- 
recurring  questions  of  conscience,  which  weaken  the  will  and  ren- 
der the  execution  feeble.  We  ought  to  act  in  this  matter  with  the 
good  sense  aud  resolution  we  would  use  in  any  other  business, 
and  crush  it  out  in  its  origin,  as  we  did  the  cholera. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Health  to  take  cognizance  of  everj'- 
thing  that  endangers  the  health  or  lives  of  the  people,  and,  in 
reply  to  the  Legislature,  who  have  called  for  information,  to  say 
that  nothing  imperils  it  more  than  the  prevalence  of  venereal  dis- 
eases among  all  classes.  Private  individuals  may  hesitate  to  vol. 
unteer  their  opinions,  but  a  public  body  like  the  Board  of  Health 
can  properly  urge  upon  the  Government  of  the  State  the  necessity 
of  enactments  to  give  legal  authority  to  measures  which  are  de- 
manded for  the  eradication  of  the  venereal  diseases. 

For  this  purpose  we  would  suggest,  first,  that  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  all  hospitals  and  dispensaries  in  the  Metropolitan  Health 
District,  which  receive  pecuniary  aid  from  the  State,  cities  or 
counties,  to  reseive,  treat,  prescribe  for,  and  dispense  medicines  to 
all  persons  affected  with  venereal  diseases,  on  the  same  terms  as 
persons  affected  with  other  diseases,  without  any  exceptions,  dis- 
tinctions or  charges,  fouuded  on  the  nature  of  such  diseases. 

That  all  keepers  of  houses  of  prostitution  and  assignation  shall 
be  registered;  so  shall  all  prostitutes  who  live  in  these  houses; 
that  these  registers  shall  contain  their  names,  ages,  nativities,  and 
whether  married  or  not.  These  registers  shall  not  be  open  to 
public  inspection.  The  owners  of  all  houses  of  prostitution  and 
assignation  shall  be  also  registered. 

In  case  any  woman  shall  gain  admission  into  a  house  of  prosti- 
tution, the  fact  is  to  be  announced  to  the  police,  aud  the  police 
shall  not  allow  such  woman  to  remain  in  such  house  unless  she  is 
a  registered  prostitute. 

That  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health  shall  establish  a  hospital 
for  prostitutes  affected  "with  venereal  disease,    and  shall  appoint 


4  G  8  -A  xxual  Rep  or  t  of  the 

physicians  for  the  same,  the  custody  of  such  hospital  to  devolve 
upon  the  police. 

That  the  Board  of  Health  shall  cause  to  be  inspected  the  houses 
and  persons  of  all  prostitutes,  and  if  ?a\y  prostitute  is  found  dis- 
eased with  any  venereal  affection,  shall  send  her  immediately  to 
the  hospital. 

To  earn'  out  these  measures,  and  to  provide  the  means  for  the 
support  of  the  hostital,  also  to  establish  regulations  which  shall 
enable  the  police  to  compel  obedience  in  case  of  resistance,  must 
be  left  to  the  wisdom  of  the  Legislature. 

By  subjecting  the  owners  of  houses  of  prostitution  to  registra- 
tion, it  is  believed  that  it  would  compel  the  owners  of  houses  to 
have  regard  to  the  character  of  their  tenants,  and  prevent  the 
sub-letting  of  them  for  infamous  purposes.  The  publicity  given 
to  their  names  would  prevent  many  from  renting  these  houses, 
who  now  do  so  with  an  eye  to  profit,  because  it  can  be  done 
secretly.  Registration  would  also  enable  the  police  to  close  many 
houses  of  assignation,  which  are  the  schools  in  which  young 
women  begin  a  career  which  ends  in  prostitution.  It  would  pre- 
vent, in  a  jrreat  measure,  the  meeting  of  married  women  in  these 
houses,  for  they  would  fear  the  watchfulness  of  the  police,  and 
dread  the  public  exposure  which  might  follow. 

By  inscribing  upon  the  registers  the  names  of  the  keepers  of 
houses  of  prostitution  and  of  the  prostitutes,  it  is  probable  that 
their  dependence  upon  the  police  would  be  felt  by  them,  and  that 
they  would  be  induced  to  behave  decently  and  without  public 
scandal. 

The  fear  of  a  long  detention  in  the  hospital  will  compel  them 
to  confess  their  maladies  early,  and  thus  not  continue  their  voca- 
tion until  obliged  by  aggravated  disease  to  stop. 

Thieves,  and  all  sorts  of  malefactors,  constantly  resort  to  houses 
of  prostitution,  and  the  women  there  are  often  thieves  themselves. 
The  registration  and  supervision  of  them  will  tend  to  make  them 
behave  honestly,  and  deter  them  from  robbing  those  who  visit 
them.  Being  personally  known  to  the  police,  they  can  be  held 
responsible  for  their  conduct.  Drunken  men,  and  young  men  just 
escaped  from  boyhood,  are  often  found  infatuated  enough  to 
squander  their  hard-earned  wages  or  their  estates  upon  these 
women.  The  increased  facility  of  detection  would  serve  to  pre- 
vent these  crimes. 

Registration  will  enable  parents  to  trace  their  children,  and  in. 


Metropolitan'  Board  of  Heal  til  4  (3  9 

some  instance  to  reclaim  them;  or,  in  case  property  is  at  stake,  it 
wil  1  enable  those  concerned  to  know  whether  they  are  living  or  dead. 

The  books  which  contain  the  names  of  the  registered  house- 
keepers and  prostitutes  should  never  be  open  for  public  inspection, 
because  the  peace  of  many  respectable  families  would  be  destroyed 
by  the  secrets  contained  in  them. 

By  obliging  the  housekeepers  to  report  the  women  who  demand 
admission  to  their  houses,  it  is  believed  that  the  debauching  of 
young  girls,  often  mere  children,  will  be  prevented.  The  police 
could  take  charge  of  them,  and  also  of  those  women  who,  recently 
fallen  from  virtue,  and  not  utterly  ruined,  in  despair  rush  to  these 
houses  to  embrace  the  life  of  a  prostitute.  The  police  could 
arrest  them  in  their  career,  give  them  time  to  reflect,  and  the 
Moral  Reform  Society  and  other  kindred  institutions  could  inter- 
pose their  good  offices,  restore  them  to  their  families,  or,  by  gentle 
words,  friendly  counsel  and  protecting  care,  raise  their  hopes  and 
lead  them  to  a  better  life. 

The  greater  freedom  from  disease,  caused  by  the  earty  medical 
care  given  to  the  prostitutes,  might  lead  the  depraved  to  prefer 
them  to  all  other  women.  It  may  be  so,  but  it  would  have  this 
good  effect,  to  lessen  the  demand  for  the  women  who  frequent  the 
houses  of  assignation  to  practice  debauchery  secretly. 

It  will  be  perceived  that  we  have  chiefly  recommended  four 
measures,  which  seem  to  be  best  calculated  to  eradicate  the  venereal 
diseases.     These  are — 

1st.  To  oblige  all  hospitals  and  dispensaries,  which  receive 
pecuniary  aid  from  the  public,  to  treat  venereal  diseases. 

2d.  Registration  of  prostitutes,  &c. 

3d.  Hospitals  for  prostitutes. 

4th.  The  sanitary  inspection  of  prostitutes.  These,  or  some- 
thing simple  as  these,  must  be  at  the  foundation  of  the  proposed 
reform.  The  remarks  made  are  intended  to  be  explanatory  of 
their  effects.  We  know  that  we  have  not  covered  the  whole  sub- 
ject of  control  or  medical  supervision.  This  must  be  the  work  of 
the  Legislature.  Much  must  be  left  to  persuasion,  and  to  the  in- 
fluence of  public  sentiment,  which,  we  believe,  is  earnest  in  its 
demand  that  prostitution  shall  be  restricted  and  controlled. 

JOHN  O.  STONE,  M.  D., 
WILLARD  PARKER,  M.  D., 
JAMES  CRANE,  M.  D., 

Sanitary  Committee. 


470  -4  fmwA l  Report  of  the 


n  E  !P  O  Ti  T 

UPON  THE  OPERATIONS  OF  THE 

NEW  YORK  RENDERING  COMPANY 

BY 

INSPECTORS   MOREAU  MORRIS,   M.  D., 

AND 

E.   H.  JANES,   M.  D. 


E.  B.  Dalton,  M.  D.,  Sanitary  Superintendent : 

Sir — In  compliance  with  your  or  tier,  we  have  the  honor  to 
report,  that  several  joint  inspections,  at  various  times,  have  been 
made  of  the  rendering  operations  now  being  conducted  by  the 
"  New  York  Rendering  Company,"  upon  their  boats,  located  at 
the  dock  at  the  foot  of  Thirty-eighth  street,  North  River. 

This  dock  was  set  apart  by  city  ordinance  for  th.3  purpose  of 
depositing  butchers7  offal  from  slaughter-houses,  and  all  dead 
animals  found  in  the  city  limits.  Boats,  provided  for  the  purpose, 
were  moored  at  this  dock  during  the  day,  upon  which  these  mate- 
rials were  loaded,  until  night,  when  they  were  taken  down  the 
bay  to  Barren  Island,  and  discharged. 

In  consequence  of  this  daily  accumulation,  and  of  the  delay  in 
removal,  this  dock  has  been  for  years  past  a  most  offensive 
nuisance. 

Accumulations  of  offal  and  dead  animals,  in  all  stages  of  decom- 
position, remained  thereon  during  the  entire  day,  emitting  inde- 
scribably noxious  odors,  and  impregnating  the  atmosphere  for  a 
great  distance.  The  timbers  of  the  dock  were  saturated  with 
exudations  from  this  offensive  material. 

Many  kindred  obnoxious  kinds  of  business  have  gradually  been 
located  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  dock,  for  a  distance  of  several 
blocks  around,  until  at  the   present  time  such   an  admixture  of 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  471 

indescribable  odors  infects  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  that  it 
would  require  the  genius  of  a  specialist  to  discriminate  as  to  their 
separate  origins. 

Tallow  and  soap-grease  rendering,  under  imperfect  methods  ; 
immense  herds  of  hogs,  yarded,  awaiting  slaughter  :  tripe,  tongues 
and  piers'  feet,  boiling  and  cleaning  ;  gut-cleaning  ;  distilleries  ; 
soap  and  candle  factories  ;  boats  receiving  manure  ;  all  kinds  of 
bones,  such  as  animals'  skulls,  butchers'  scraps,  hotel  and  house- 
refuse,  barrels  and  wagons  full  of  refuse  from  public  and  private 
markets,  as  cleanings  of  fish,  rotten  eggs,  spoiled  meats,  &c,  &c; 
all  are  con2re£:ated  within  a  radius  of  half  a  mile  along1  the  dock, 
from  Thirty-sixth  to  Fortieth  streets,  North  River. 

The  New  York  Rendering  Company  have  located  a  vessel  on 
each  side  of  the  dock,  at  the  foot  of  Thirty-eighth  street,  which 
extends  out  into  the  river  some  two  hundred  feet.  On  these  ves- 
sels, at  a  great  expense,  have  been  fitted  up  nine  sets  of  apparatus, 
for  the  purpose  of  immediately  suppressing  the  nuisance,  and  then 
utilizing  the  material  here  deposited.  Butchers'  offal,  dead  ani- 
mals, and  market  refuse,  are  the  only  materials  which  come  under 
their  control. 

These  accumulations,  which  exaled  by  far  the  most  obnoxious 
odors,  from  the  fact  of  lying  upon  the  dock  during  the  entire  day, 
exposed  to  the  direct  action  of  the  sun's  rays  while  in  the  most 
active  stage  of  decomposition,  afforded  one  of  the  greatest  sources 
of  air-poisoning  in  this  locality. 

This,  we  believe,  is  now  being  almost  entirely  obviated,  b}r  the 
improved  scientific  methods  adopted  by  this  company. 

Another  offensive  nuisance,  that  of  depositing  refuse  bones  from 
slaughter-houses,  public  and  private  markets,  and  the  gatherings 
of  bone-pickers,  pertains,  also,  to  this  dock,  over  which  this  com- 
pany has  no  control.  This  is  received  by  other  parties,  who  trans- 
port these  bones  daily  to  remote  points,  and  with  this  the  Render- 
ing Company  have  nothing  to  do. 

The  business,  as  conducted  by  this  company,  is  as  follows,  viz: 
The  offal,  brought  to  this  dock  in  butchers'  carts,  is  dumped 
directly  into  iron  tubs,  provided  for  the  purpose.  These  are 
hoisted  over  the  vessel,  and  immediately  emptied  into  the  tanks, 
which,  as  soon  as  filled,  are  hermetically  closed,  so  that  no  further 
odor  escapes  therefrom.  Thus,  the  necessity  of  depositing  and 
leaving  this  most  offensive  material  upon  the  dock  is  entirely 
obviated. 


472  -A  nnual  Rep  or  t  of  the 

Steam-heat  is  now  applied,  by  means  of  a  steam-jacket  surround- 
ing the  tank.  The  vapors  and  noxious  gases  evolved  during  the 
process  of  rendering  are  wholly  conducted  by  an  iron  pipe  into  a 
coil  of  several  hundred  feet  in  length,  located  in  a  separate  fur- 
nace, where,  becoming  superheated,  they  are  brought  in  contact 
with  the  flame  of  the  furnace,  and,  being  united  with  certain  pro- 
portions of  atmospheric  air,  which  render  them  combustible,  they 
are  entirely  consumed. 

This  fact  was  thoroughly  tested  in  various  ways,  by  repeated 
and  critical  observation,  during  every  stage  of  the  process,  from 
filling  to  discharging  the  tanks,  both  on  land  and  water,  at  various 
distances,  and  immediately  over  the  chimney  proper.  Flannels 
were  placed  over  the  mouth  of  the  chimney  at  different  stages  of 
the  process,  for  the  purpose  of  absorbing  and  detecting  any  odors 
that  might  escape.  No  odor  could  be  detected,  but  that  arising 
from  scorched  flannel  and  burning  coal. 

Thus,  both  the  nuisance  attending  the  accumulation  for  twelve 
hours  of  this  highly  offensive  material,  at  this  dock,  and  that 
which  usually  pertains  to  the  utilizing  or  rendering  process,  are 
rapidly  and  effectually  suppressed. 

Persons  who  have  been  familiar  with  the  conditions  which  have 
existed  heretofore  at  this  dock,  express  great  satisfaction  at  the 
improvement. 

With  regard  to  the  disposal  of  dead  animals,  almost  the  same 
plan  is  pursued  as  with  the  offal.    . 

One  boat  is  exclusively  appropriated  for  this  purpose.  Small 
animals,  such  as  pigs,  she^p,  goats,  dogs,  cats  and  poultry.  &c, 
are  at  once  deposited  in  the  tanks.  Horses  and  cattle  are  carted 
directly  upon  the  boat,  which  is  enclosed  upon  all  sides;  here  they 
are  skinned,  quartered,  and  immediately  put  into  the  tanks,  which 
are  then  closed  and  undergo  precisely  the  same  process  as  the 
offal-tanks  before  described. 

The  average  number  of  large  dead  animals  daily  deposited  here 
is  about  fourteen,  and  the  time  occupied,  from  depositing  a  dead 
horse  upon  the  deck  of  the  boat  until  it  is  in  the  tank  out  of  sight, 
is  about  fifteen  minutes. 

By  this  plan,  another  great  source  of  air-poisoning  from  these 
accumulations  is  rapidly  removed. 

Wo  were  informed,  by  persons  who  had  charge  of  this  dock, 
that  there  had  been  times,  formerly,  when  as  many  as  200,  and 
over,  dead  animals  had  remained  there   exposed  for  forty-eight 


Metropolitan  Board  of  Health.  473 

hours  before  removal.     From  eight  to  ten  was  the  daily  average 
but  a  few  weeks  since;   now  none  are  deposited  upon  it. 

When  the  contents  of  these  tanks  are  sufficiently  cooked,  the 
strain  is  shut  off,  they  are  allowed  to  cool  down,  the  greesc  is 
taken  therefrom,  the  greaves  (or  scrap)  after  being  washed,  'is  dis- 
charged from  the  bottom  of  the  tanks,  drained,  and  removed  upon 
sloops  lying  alongside,  and  are  then  transported  beyond  the  city, 
limits,  to  be  again  utilized  for  purposes  of  fertilization. 

Thus,  these  poisonous,  destructive  materials  are  rapidly  changed 
to  life-sustaining  principles. 

Frequent  inspections,  prolonged,  at  different  times,  during  all 
the  various  stages  of  this  process,  on  different  days,  standing  over 
the  tanks  during  their  tilling,  boiling  and  discharging;  examining 
their  construction,  various  connections,  and  plan  of  operations, 
have  satisfied  us  that,  so  far  as  it  is  possible  to  suppress  this  offen- 
sive condition  of  the  refuse  of  this  great  city,  this  company  is 
doing  it.  At  the  same  time  it  is  using  every  endeavor  to  comply 
"with  any  suggestion  which  has  been  made  through  your  officers, 
with  reference  to  minor  details  connected  with  the  business,  such 
as  disinfecting  the  already  saturated  dock,  by  the  liberal  use  of 
sulphate  of  iron,  frequent  washing  of  the  decks,  utensils,  and 
things  connected  with  the  business,  whitewashing  woodwork,  &c. 

During  the  time  of  operations,  there  are  two  periods  when  there 
is  an  offensive  odor  which  escapes.  These  are  while  emptying 
the  contents  of  the  butchers'  carts  into  the  tanks,  and  during  the 
evisceration  of  the  horses  and  cattle. 

This  odor  is  confined  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  boats,  not 
being  discoverable  fifty  feet  therefrom. 

Of  one  fact  we  are  assured,  that  from  the  moment  these  noxious 
substances  come  into  the  possession  of  this  company,  their  offen- 
siveness  is  rapidly  and  effectually  suppressed. 

The  carting  of  butchers'  offal  through  our  crowded  streets,  has 
been,  and  is  still,  loudly  and  justly  complained  of,  as  one  of  those 
evils  connected  with  the  present  system  of  slaughtering  through- 
out the  city. 

The  necessity  of  tolerating  this  offence  during  cartage  transpor- 
tation, demands  that  its  removal  should  be  done  as  speedily  as 
possible.  Now  that  the  business  of  slaughtering  is  being  rapidly- 
transferred,  under  your  recent  orders,  near  to  the  shores,  on  both 
sides  of  the  city,  this  transportation  through  the  thickly  settled 
and  better  parts  of  the  city  can  be  entirely  avoided.     To  that  end 


4  74       Annual  Report  of  the  Met.  Board  of  Health. 

we  would  respectfully  suggest  that  the  company  provide  another 
apparatus,  at  some  point  on  (he  East  River  side,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Forty-fifth  street,  where  the  butchers  have  largely  congregated, 
there  to  receive  all  the  offal  from  that  side  of  the  city,  thus 
obviating  the  necessity  of  carting  it  across  the  city  to  this  only 
place  of  deposit. 

We  would,  also,  respectfully  suggest  that  an  order  be  issued  by 
your  Board  that  all  offal  from  slaughter-houses  be  delivered  at 
these  depots,  between  the  hours  of  two  o'clock  a.  m.  and  ten 
o'clock  a.  m.,  every  day  except  Sundays.  The  reason  for  such  an 
order  being,  that,  as  the  slaughtering  is  mostly  done  in  the  after- 
noon and  night,  this  material  could  be  delivered  in  the  morning, 
and  the  business  of  rendering  so  systematized,  that  no  accumula- 
tion, at  either  depot,  need  take  place.  At  the  present  time  a  tank 
must  be  kept  open  at  all  times  during  the  day  to  receive  it,  as  it 
is  brought  straggling  along  from  six  o'clock  a.  m.  until  seven 
o'clock  p.  M.,  much  of  it  far  advanced  in  decomposition.  Several 
of  the  proprietors  of  large  slaughtering  establishments  are  willing 
to  comply  with  this  regulation. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

MOREAU  MORRIS,  M.  D., 
E.  H.  JANES,  M.  D., 
Sanitary  Inspectors,  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health. 

New  Yokk,  September  26th,  1867. 


CONTENTS  OF  REPORT. 


TAGE. 

Introductory 7 

General  Review  of  Proceedings  of  the  Board 10 

Orders  of  the  Board 15 

Execution  of  Orders 21 

Sanitary  Improvement 23 

Permits 33 

The  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics 34 

Registration  of  Births  and  Marriages 35 

Health  Laws  and  Sanitary  Ordinances 35 

Public  Schools 36 

The  Gas  Nuisance 39 

Prostitution 40 

Quarantine 41 

Epidemic  Diseases 42 

Expenditures 46 

Commissioner  John  G.  Bergbn 46 

Report  of  Treasurer 49 


CONTENTS  OF  APPENDIX. 


PAGE. 

"A" — Report  of  Sanitary  Superintendent 77 

The  Tenement-House  Act 79 

Execution  of  Orders 93 

Report  on  Tenement  Houses 112 

Report  on  Tenement  Houses,  Recommending  Improvements 117 

Report  on  Slaughter-Houses 120 

Report  of  Assistant  Sanitary  Superintendent *  127 

«  R  » — Report  op  Registrar  op  Vital  Statistics 138 

Notes  on  Population  and  Census 143 

State  of  the  Public  Health  in  each  Quarter  of  the  Year 148 

Birth  and  Marriage  Registration 179 

Death-Rates  and  Consolidated  Abstracts  of  Causes  of  Death 202 

Notes  on  Chief  Causes  of  Death. 262 

Deputy  Registrar's  Report,  Brooklyn. 311 

Vital  Statistics  of  the  Fourth  Quarter  of  Year^l867 352 

Meteorological  Observations  in  1867 376 

Sanitary  Qualities  and  Chemical  Analysis  of  the  Water ...  385 

Vital,  Statistics  of  Hospitals  and  Institutions 407 

Cholera  at  Military  Posts  in  New  York  Harbor 423 

Memorandum  on  Disinfection 430 

"  C  " — Report  op  Attorney 439 

Report  op  Counsel 443 

"  D  " — Report  op  Engineer 448 

«E" — Report  op  Captain  op  Sanitary    Company  op  Metropolitan 

Police 457 

«  J1 » — Report  op  Sanitary  Committee  on  Prostitution 460 

"  G  " — Report  on  the  Operations  of  the  New  York  Rendering  Com- 
pany    470 


»w 


INDEX  TO  APPENDIX  "B." 


REPORT  OF  THE  REGISTRAR  OF  VITAL  STATISTICS. 


Abstracts:  pagb« 

Of  Zymotic  Diseases..  150,  151,  160,  161,  166,  167,  172,  173,  174,  175,  176, 

177,  214-217,  360,  361,  (Brooklyn)  243-2-16,  363 

Consolidated,  for  Twelve  Months 238-260,  (Brooklyn)  322-337 

Accidents,  Negligence  and  Violence  : 

Deaths  by , 290-292 

Appended  Statements  : 

No.  1.     Vital  Statistics  and  Public  Health,  Fourth  Quarter  of  1867.  352-375 

No.  2.     Summary  of  Meteorological  Observations 376-384 

No.  3.     Sanitary  Qualities  of  Water-supply  of  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn   385-406 

No.  4.     Vital  Statistics  of  Hospitals  and  Public  Institutions 407-423 

No.  5.     Cholera  at  Military  Posts  in  New  York  Harbor 424-420 

No.  6.     Memorandum  on  Disinfection 430-438 

Births  : 

Registration  of 179-181 

Average  number  of,  yearly,  in  New  York 189 

Brooklyn  : 

Comparative  Healthfulness  of  Different  Wards 312,  313 

Infant  Mortality 315 

Scarlatina   4  310 

Cholera  and  Yellow  Fever 317 

Diarrhoea!  Diseases 318 

Consumption 319,  320 

Consolidated  Abstract  of  Deaths 322-337 

Deaths  from  Zymotic  Diseases 343-346,  363 

Beport  of  Marriages 347,  348 

Ages  of  Persons  Married 348,  368 

Report  of  Births 349,  369 

Water-supply 392,  393 

Vital  Statistics  of  Hospitals  and  other  Institutions 412 

Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  : 

Note  upon  Classified  Branches  of  Labor  in 303 

Correspondence  of  the 306 

Carbolic  Acid  : 

Its  Uses  as  a  Disinfectant 431-435 

Cemeteries  : 

Notes  upon  the  Different 303-306 

Return  of  Interments  in 304 


478  Index.. 

"Chiara:"  page. 

Sickness  upon  the  Italian  Bark 297-300 

Child  Population  : 

Percentage  of,  to  Total  Population 185,  18G 

Cholera  Fungus : 

Description  of  the  Cylin&ro-taenium 278,  279 

Cholera : 

Map  of  Cholera  and  Diarrhoeal-fields facing  275 

Record  of  Fatal  Cases  in  1867 273 

Chief  Practical  Lesson  in  Prevention 277 

Its  Propagating  Element 277 

New  Chemical  Tests  of  the  Blood  of  the  Sick  or  Dead  of 279 

At  Military  Posts  in  New  York  Harbor 42G-429 

Croton  Water  : 

Mountain  Sources  and  Sanitary  Quality  of , 387-392 

Analysis  of 399,  400 

Death  : 

Causes  and  Statistics  of,  Discussed 193-205,  238-291 

Death-Rates  : 

Note  upon 200-213 

Special  Comparison  of,  in  successive  years 206-208,  372,  373 

In  different  Wards 211-229 

In  Metropolitan  Police 302 

Deputy  Registrar  : 

Report  of - 311-321 

Diagrams : 

Showing  Course  of  the  Chief  Causes  of  Mortality. . .  .■ facing  230,  311 

Showing  Distribution  of  Yearly  Mortality  in  Different  Ages. .  .facing  236 

Explanation 236,  311 

DlARRHCEAL  DISEASES  : 

In  1866  and  1867,  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn 272,  273 

'  Diphtheria: 

Prevalence  of 154 

Disinfection: 

Memorandum  on 430-438 

Dispensaries  : 

Statistics  and  Notes 409,  418 

Emigrant  Refuge  and  Hospital  : 

Statistics  and  Notes 407,  417 

Fire  : 

Deaths  by 156 

Fumigation  : 

Rules  for 436 


Index.  479 

Health:  |page. 

Public— Last  Quarter  of  1866 148-157 

do        First  Quarter  of  1867 157-164 

do        Second  Quarter  of  1867 104-168 

do        Third  Quarter  of  1867 168-170 

do        Fourth  Quarter  of  1867 352-373 

Hospitals  and  Public  Institutions  : 

Deaths  in 219 

List  of,  as  Indicated  on  the  Map 275 

Vital  Statistics  of 407-423 

Infants  : 

Death-Rates 200,  210 

Infaxt  Life: 

Waste  of 289 

Lethal  : 

Explanation  of  the  Word 152 

Life  : 


Gain  in  the  Adult  Periods  of,  in  1867 


o i o—o i 3 


Marriages  : 

Registration  of 182-186 

Measles,  Scarlatina  axd  Diphtheria: 

The  Epidemic  Course  and  Statistics  of 205,  26G 

Meteorological  Records  : 

Summary  of 204,  365,  379-384 

Notes  on 370-37S 

Mortality  : 

Tables  of,  for  1866  and  1867,  "with  Xotes  for  their  Comparison 370-375 

Old  Age : 

Deaths  of  Centenarians,  for  four  years 292-293 

Pauper  and  Pexal  Ixstitutioxs  : 

Statistics  of  the,  of  New  York 408,  409-416 

Phthisis  Pulmoxalis  : 

Statistics  of,  in  Xe\r  York,  for  15  Months 286 

Statistics  of,  in  Brooklyn,  for  12  Months 319 

Population  : 

Census  of  the  143-14S 

Density  and  Death-rates 213 

Puerperal  Fever : 

A  Domestic  Pestilence 270,  271 

Public  Records  : 

Searches  of  and  Transcripts  from  the '. 306 

Pyaemia  axd  Septicemia: 

Note  upon  Zymotic  Xature  and  Collateral  Causes  of 270 

Quaraxtixe  : 

Diseases  and  Mortality  at 290-300 

Floating  Hospitals , 415,  421 


480  lNDEX- 

Rainfall  :  page. 

In  the  First  Quarter,  1867 162 

In  the  Summer  Quarter,  1867 168 

In  each  Week  of  the  Year  ending  Sept.  28,  1867 205 

Ridge  wood  Water-Supply  : 

Notes  upon  the  Sanitary  Quality  and  Sources  of  the 342 

Analysis  of 293 

Seamen  : 

Diseases  and  Mortality  of 296 

Hospitals  for 419-422 

Sickness-Rates  : 

Compared  with  Death-Rates 300-303 

In  Metropolitan  Police 302 

Small-Pox  : 

Note  upon 263-265 

Statistics  of,  for  64  years 264 

Staten  Island  : 

Medical  Institutions  on 419-423 

Still  Births  : 

Ratio  of,  in  Different  Countries 288 

Summary : 

General,  of  Report  of  Registrar 139-142 

Typhoid  Fever  : 

Prevalence  and  Places  of • 157 

Typhus  Fever  : 

Nests  of - 157 

Statistics  of  Typhus  and  Typhoid  Fevers 209,  270 

Vital  Statistics  : 

Application  of,  to  Questions  of  Public  Economy 307 

In  the  Metropolitan  District,  previous  to  the  Organization  of  the 

Present  System 193 

Wards  : 

Comparative  Healthfuluess  of  different,  in  New  York 211-231 

do  do  do  in  Brooklyn 312-315 

Week: 

Total  Deaths  in  each,  in  the  Year,  in  New  York 261 

do  do  do         in  Brooklyn 338 

Water-Supply  : 

Sanitary  Qualities  of,  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn 385-  406 

Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler's  Notes  on 394 

From  Wells 5°?"^  « 

Of  Cities  in  Europe. . 4U1-404 

Of  American  Cities ■ 405 

Well  Water: 

Sanitary  Qualities  of 385,  386,  388,  397 

Yellow  Fever  : 

In  New  York  and  Brooklyn 297 


