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THE 



GLYCEEINE BAKGMETEE. 



WITH PLATE 



AND 



TABLE OF COEEECTIONS FOR TEMPEBATUEE. 



BT 



JAMES B. JORDAN, 

MIHINO SBOOBD OFFICE, MUSBUM OF PBACTICAL GBOLOOT. 







LONDON: 
EDWARD STANFORD, 55, CHARING CROSS, S.W. 

1881. 



i 



JORDAN'S GLYCERINE BAROMETER. 



i» 



I 



Various attempts have been made from time to 
time to construct barometers with fluids of lower 
density than mercury, with the view of increasing 
the range of movement of the column by the direct 
action of the atmosphere, thereby rendering the 
variations of pressure more distinctly visible, 
without the intervention of mechanical appliances. 
It has been thought that if precise instruments 
of this class were made, they would prove of 
much scientific value in showing the character of 
the more minute barometric fluctuations. At 
meteorological stations, seaports, collieries, and 
many other important situations, they would 
render considerable aid to the unpractised eye 
in detecting frequently and easily the changes 
which are continually taking place in atmospheric 
pressure. 
^ Water being the most convenient fluid for a 

long range barometric column, many water baro- 
meters have been constructed, notably that made 
by Professor Daniell for the Koyal Society in 1830. 
^ An interesting account of this instrument appears 

"5 in the Philosophical Transactions for 1832. The 

B 2 



( 4 ) 

main tube was of glass, about an inch in diameter 
and forty feet long, drawn in one length at the 
works of Messrs. Pellatt and Company ; when in 
position, this tube rested in a closed copper vessel, 
in which the water was boiled, and forced up the 
tube until it flowed out at the top, by the pressure 
of the confined steam. A stop-cock, provided here, 
was then closed, and the steam pressure being 
relieved the column fell to its proper level. 
While the water in the boiler, now constituting 
the cistern, was still warm, a quantity of pure 
castor oil was poured on its surface to a depth of 
half an inch, for the purpose of preventing absorp- 
tion of air and evaporation of the water. This 
instrument was at work for a period of two years, 
but during that time the readings lost greatly in 
value, partly from the leakage of air into the 
vacuum and partly from loss of water by evapora- 
tion ; these defects were caused by the chemical 
decomposition of the oil used on the surface of 
the water in the cistern. An elaborate series of 
observations was made while the instrument was 
in operation, which showed " that the water 
barometer preceded by one hour the mercurial 
barometer of half an inch bore in its indications 
of the horary oscillations." This was an important 
fact, but it yet remains to be proved that the same 
result takes place in the case of the glycerine 
barometer. On the removal of the Royal Society's 
rooms from Somerset House, the water barometer 



( 5 ) 

was trglnsferred to the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 
where it was refilled by the same process. It 
however, soon failed, and the instrument was even- 
tually destroyed by the fire which occurred at the 
Palace in 1866. In the following year a new 
water barometer was constructed for the Crystal 
Palace Company by the author, at the suggestion 
of Dr. David Price, Director of the Technological 
Museum; it was made on the same principle as 
the glycerine barometer herein described, and has 
since continued in successful operation. A second 
instrument of like construction was made about 
the same time for the Museum in Jermyn Street. 

Although the water barometer is an instrument 
of much interest as a weather glass, it is found to 
be of little value for indicating with certainty the 
variations of atmospheric pressure, owing to the 
effect of temperature on the aqueous vapour above 
the column; this fact led to the examination of 
other fluids than water for a barometric column, 
and among those tried glycerine appears to be best 
suited for the purpose. 

Glycerine is a substance composed of carbon, 
hydrogen, and oxygen, its chemical formula being 
C3H5(0H)3; it occurs in most fixed oils and fats 
of animal and vegetable origin, and is obtained 
in large quantities from palm oil and tallow in the 
process of manufacturing the fatty acids employed 
by candle makers. It is produced by the action of 
lime and water on the fats at a high temperature. 



( 6 ) 

The glycerine used for the barometer is a 
colourless and somewhat viscid fluid, having a 
specific gravity of 1*26 at a temperature of 60^ 
Fahrenheit. 

Although glycerine undergoes decomposition on 
being heated in atmospheric air, it can be distilled 
by means of superheated steam and in vacuo. Its 
vapour has a very low tension at ordinary tem- 
peratures, insufficient to influence the height of 
the barometric column by any appreciable quan- 
tity ; this property, together with a freezing point 
far below zero, renders glycerine especially suit- 
able for barometers. The mean coefficient of 
expansion by heat of glycerine, as determined by 
Professor Reinold, is • 000303 for every degree of 
Fahrenheit's scale. From this datum, a table of 
values has been computed for reducing the ob- 
servations to 32^. (This table is appended hereto.) 
As glycerine possesses the property of absorbing 
moisture on exposure to a damp atmosphere, this 
action is prevented by protecting its surface in 
the cistern with a shallow layer of a mineral 
oil especially suited for the purpose. This oil 
does not mix with or in any way act on the 
glycerine, or interfere with the free working of 
the column, nor does it evaporate at the ordinary 
temperatures. The mean height of the glycerine 
column at the sea level is about twenty-seven feet, 
or above ten times the height of the mercury 
column. 



( 7 ) 

The present foriQ of the glycerine barometer is 
one of much simph'city ; its construction will be 
readily understood by reference to the accompany- 
ing plate. The tube forming the body of the in- 
strument consists of a piece of ordinary composition 
gas-pipe, five-eighths of an inch diameter inside, 
furnished at the top with a gun-metal or brass 
socket, into which is cemented a glass tube four feet 
long and one inch diameter inside, the upper end 
being formed into an open cup shape with a small 
orifice at the neck, into which is fitted a conical 
stopper of vulcanized indiarubber. This tube is 
fixed in position by means of suitable supports pro- 
vided with indiarubber bearings. In it the fluctu- 
ations of the column are observed, the height being 
read off on carefully divided scale bars placed on 
either side, and fitted with index pointers, which 
are moved by means of the milled heads shown at 
A A in the plate. The scale on the left-hand 
side is divided into inches and tenths of absolute 
measure, numbering from the mean level of the 
liquid in the cistern, while that on the right, 
divided into tenths and hundredths, shows the 
equivalent values of a column of mercury at a tem- 
perature of 60° Fahrenheit. Each hundredth of 
this scale equals 0*1076 of an actual inch. The 
comparative values of the two scales at 60° are as 
follows : — 



Glycerine. Mercury. 

333 '57 inches = 31 inches. 
322-81 „ =30 „ 



Glycerine. Mercury. 

312-05 inches = 29 inches. 
301-29 „ =28 „ 



( 8 ) 

From this it will be seen that the movements of 
the glycerine column are 10 '76 times greater than 
those of the mercurial column at the standard 
temperature. Grlycerine being a colourless liquid, 
the column is rendered more distinct by tinting it 
red with roseaniline, and a strip of white enamelled 
glass is placed behind the tube to brighten its 
appearance. 

The fittings above described are attached to 
a conveniently constructed backboard made of 
mahogany or oak, fitted with suitable means for 
securing it on the wall of the apartment or hall 
where the instrument is intended to be placed. It 
should be so arranged that the mean height of the 
top of the column is about five feet above the floor, 
the main tube being taken down in a direct line to 
the cistern, which is placed in the basement of the 
building, either on the ground, or on a suitable 
bracket attached to the wall, as circumstances may 
permit. The exact position of the upper part of 
the barometer is best determined by measuring 
oflF on the wall, with a steel tape, a vertical 
distance of 324 inches, the average height of the 
column, commencing from the mean level of the 
liquid in the cistern, the position of the cistern 
having been previously determined. To this mea- 
surement the scales must be carefully adjusted. 

The cistern is a cylindrical vessel of copper 
tinned inside, four inches deep and ten inches in 
diameter, being one hundred times greater in 



( 9 ) 

sectional area than the glass tube, in which the 
movements of the column take place ; this definite 
proportion of 1 to 100 gives a ready means of 
making the small correction for capacity when 
exact readings are required. The top of the 
cistern is provided with an opening, four inches 
in diameter, foi* the convenience of pouring in the 
liquid and of gaining access to the interior ; this 
opening is fitted with a screwed cover and cap B 
and C. The air having access through a small 
hole, indicated by the arrow, is allowed to pass 
through cotton wool, placed in a recess turned in 
the cap, for the purpose of filtering out any dust 
that may be floating in the atmosphere. The 
projecting tube D, to which the main tube is 
attached by means of a soldered joint, passes 
through the top of the cistern, and is connected 
with a closed channel opening into the centre, 
below the surface of the liquid ; the orifice is fitted 
with a screw plug E, for use in closing the tube 
during the process of filling. There is a line 
drawn around the cistern, two inches above the 
bottom of it, to indicate where the surface of the 
liquid should stand when the instrument is in 
working condition. 

The various parts of the barometer having 
been properly fixed, it is ready for the operation 
of filling, which is performed in the following 
manner : — Th6 quantity of glycerine required for 
each instrument is about one gallon. By heating 

B 3 






( 10 ) 

slightly, it is rendered less viscid, thereby enabling 
the contained air to disengage itself more freely ; 
the heating may be readily eflFected by placing the 
jar containing the glycerine in a vessel of hot 
water, taking care not to allow any water to get 
to the inside. A sufficient quantity is then intro- 
duced into the cistern to cover the orifice at the 
bottom, the plug E being securely screwed in its 
place. The tube may now be completely filled 
by carefully pouring in the glycerine at the top, 
and allowing it to flow gently down the side of 
the tube so as to avoid taking in air. When full, 
the indiarubber stopper must be inserted, and the 
plug in the cistern removed for a few seconds, 
until the column has fallen an inch or two. The 
instrument should now be allowed to rest until all 
air in the liquid has ascended into the Torricellian 
vacuum, and when it is perfectly clear of air 
bubbles, the stopper must be again withdrawn, 
the tube filled up as before, and the stopper re- 
placed. Then on finally removing the plug in 
the cistern, the column gradually falls, free of air 
bubbles, until it is balanced by the pressure of the 
atmosphere. The small quantity of glycerine re- 
maining in the cup above the stopper hermetically 
seals the vacuum and completes the arrangement. 

It may be well to remark, in order to avoid any 
misconception, that it is not pretended that the 
glycerine barometer can take the place of the 
standard mercurial barometer as an instrument of 



♦- 



( 11 ) 

precision. All that can be claimed for the new 
instrument, is the obvious advantage that it pos- 
sesses of indicating accurately the smallest changes 
of atmospheric pressure by wide oscillations of a 
large fluid column, the simplicity of its construe-: 
tion enabling it to be used in situations where it 
is likely to be of more value to the observer 
than the ordinary barometer. 

Being a comparatively new instrument, it is 
scarcely possible to decide yet upon its scientific 
value for recording the character of the more 
minute variations of aerial pressure; indeed it is 
diflScult to determine its value for this purpose 
except by the application of an arrangement for 
self-registration, which it is hoped will soon be 
adapted, although the nature of the barotneter does 
i^ot readily permit of its association with an auto- 
matic apparatus. 

It has been remarked that the glycerine column, 
judging from the viscid nature of the fluid, must 
naturally be sluggish in its action ; but an answer 
to this objection is furnished by a series of ob- 
servations made during a period of great atmo- 
spheric disturbance, by Mr. Whipple, the Director 
of the Observatory at Kew, where a glycerine 
barometer has been placed by a grant from the 
Royal Society. Comparisons were made at short 
intervals with -the corresponding readings of the 
standard mercurial barometer, and the difierences 
were noted in thousandths of an inch, the advan- 



( 12 ) 

tage being sometimes in favour of one instrument 
and sometimes of the other. These small varia- 
tions were possibly due to the difficulty of securing 
perfect simultaneity of observation. 

There are certain situations in which the 
glycerine barometer may be peculiarly applicable. 
It has been observed in our fiery collieries that 
a sudden depression of the barometric column 
indicates an atmospheric change which may pro- 
bably be the first cause of an explosion. The 
firedamp, which had accumulated in places out of 
the range of the ventilating system, is set free by 
the reduced pressure, and thus streams forth into 
the workings of the colliery, where it forms, with 
the atmosphere, an explosive mixture. There can 
be no doubt that in such places the glycerine 
barometer would prove of much value to those 
who are responsible for the safety of the work- 
ings, for the instrument indicates, far more clearly 
than the mercurial barometer, all those minute 
fluctuations in atmospheric pressure which are 
constantly occurring. 

Again, for similar reasons, the glycerine baro- 
meter recommends itself for use at meteorolo- 
gical and storm stations, harbours, &c., and at 
some of our public institutions it has already 
become an object of popular interest as a weather 
glass. The subject of the " weather," affecting as 
it does the healths and comfort of every one, is 
daily becoming . of increasing interest. Much has 
been done of late to stimulate inquiry in this 



( 13 ) 

direction by the regular publication in the Times 
of the valuable reports and statistics issued by 
Mr. R. H. Scott, of the Meteorological OflSce ; and 
the glycerine barometer having proved itself to 
be so delicate a " weather glass/' one of the in- 
struments has recently been erected in the Times 
Office, and observations are regularly recorded at 
intervals of two hours, which appear in the daily 
editions of the paper, in conjunction with the 
reports alluded to above. An extract from a 
leading article which appeared in the Times of 
October 29th on the violent storms of the previous 
days may in conclusion be appropriately intro- 
duced. With reference to the glycerine barometer, 
it was remarked that : — 

" By the large increase of scale the variations of 
atmospheric pressure are rendered palpable in a 
very striking form. It takes an observer of some 
practical skill to read a mercurial barometer in 
tenths, and few persons pay any attention at all to 
more minute changes, whereas even a mercurial 
tenth is represented on the glycerine scale by 
something more than an inch, and therefore 
becomes visible even to the most unpractised eye. 
A glance at the records of the present week will 
show the importance of this increase of scale. 
During Sunday afternoon even the glycerine 
barometer exhibited changes of pressure which 
would only be marked on the mercury scale by 
hundredths. of an inch. The changes became more 
rapid, however, in the course of Monday morning, 



( 14 ) 

and since that time an almost continuous decrease 
of pressure has reduced the glycerine level from 
325 '7 inches, where it stood on Sunday at mid- 
night, to 309 '6 inches at ten o'clock yesterday 
morning, at which time it again began to rise. 
Thus between Sunday night and Thursday morn- 
ing the glycerine barometer indicated a total fall 
of more than sixteen inches. Such a record would 
not be devoid of interest even if it were of little 
scientific value. It gives a far more palpable 
measure of what is really meant by a consider- 
able change in atmospheric pressure than can be 
got by observation of the mercurial scale, and it 
helps us to realise the vast extent of the changes 
continually taking place on the surface of the 
atmospheric ocean at the bottom of which we live. 
" A very easy calculation would determine the 
actual difference of level in the surface of the 
atmosphere represented by a movement of sixteen 
inches in the glycerine barometer, and though the 
same result would be quite as easily deduced from 
the mercurial scale, it is obvious that the palpable 
result exhibited by the glycerine strikes the 
imagination more forcibly and helps the mind to 
realise more completely what is actually going on 
in the atmosphere. But far more important than 
this is the fact that all scientific weather wisdom 
depends on the barometrical record as its basis, 
and the increase of scale enables minute changes 
and diurnal variations to be noted which would 



( 15 ) 

escape observation on the mercurial scale. A 
barometer which almost enables the momentary 
changes of pressure to be noted by the naked 
eye cannot but afford material aid in the solu- 
tion of many of the problems which still baflfle 
meteorologists." 



CORRECTION OF OBSERVATIONS. 



I. Correction for Capacity. 
Examples. 

In the glycerine barometer the ratio of the in- 
terior area of the tube to that of the cistern is as 
1 : 100. 

The neutral point is fixed at 324 inches. 

Then if the observed height .. .. = 330 inches. 
Neutral point 



The difference above N. P, will 
Then add for capacity .. 



And the correct height will be 



= 324 



6 

0-06 „ 



= 330-06 „ 



In the following example the observed height is 
below the neutral point : 

Observed height = 320 inches. 

Neutral point = 324 „ 

Difference below N. P = 4 „ 

Subtract for capacity - 0*04^ „ 

Correct height =319-96 „ 



J J ^ J 



( 16 ) 

II. Correction for Temperature. 

The Tables on the following pages give the 
corrections which are to be applied to the readings 
of glycerine barometers to reduce the observations 
made with them to a constant temperature of 32° 
Fahrenheit. 

The values in these Tables have been computed 
from the following formula : 

H = A - (0- 000303 X (^ - 32°) h). 

h = Observed height of column in inches. 

t = Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. 
H = Corrected height at 32° Fahrenheit. 
0*000303 = Expansion of glycerine for 1° Fahrenheit. 

The observed heights are given in the first 
column for intervals of one inch, and the tempera- 
ture is shown at the head of the columns in degrees 
Fahrenheit. 

The correction is subtractive in each case. 



Note. — To reduce glycerine readings to corre- 
sponding readings of the mercurial barometer at 
any temperature, they should be divided by the 
numbers given in the following table : 



Temperature. Factor. 

32° 10-70 

40° 10-71 

50° 10-73 



Temperature. Factor. 

60° 10-76 

70° 10-78 

80° 10-80 



••o>9v^«- 



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LOinx)N: raoiTED bt edwabd stanfobd, 55, chasing CBOSS, 8.W. 



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t- 



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JAN 19 1904 



'■■I 



UNIVERSITY OF MICHIQAN 




1 V. 




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3 9015 06447 8954 



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