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AN 


ELEMENTARY  INTRODUCTION 

TO 


MINERALOGY. 


LONDON : 

GILBERT  AND  RIVINGTON,  PRINTERS, 

st.  John’s  square. 


ELEMENTARY  INTRODUCTION 


TO 


MINERALOGY, 


BY  THE  LATE 


WILLIAM  PHILLIPS. 


Mm  ifritinn, 

WITH  EXTENSIVE  ALTERATIONS  AND  ADDITIONS, 

BY 

H.  J.  BROOKE,  F.R.S.  F.G.S. 

AND 

W.  H.  MILLER,  M.A.  F.R.S.  F.G.S. 

PROFESSOR  OF  MINERALOGY 
IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CAMBRIDGE. 

1 


LONDON: 

LONGMAN,  BROWN,  GREEN,  AND  LONGMANS;  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  AND 
CO.;  F.  AND  J.  RIVINGTON,  WHITTAKER  AND  CO.;  TEGG  AND  CO.; 
AND  D.  BOGUE. 


1852. 


* 


PREFACE. 


When  it  was  proposed  to  the  Editors  to  undertake  the  pre¬ 
paration  of  a  new  edition  of  the  elementary  treatise  on  Mine- 
ralogy  by  the  late  W.  Phillips,  their  first  impression  was  to 
revise  with  care  the  third  edition  of  the  work,  and  to  make 
such  additions  to  it  as  later  discoveries  might  render  necessary. 
But  after  an  attentive  perusal  of  only  a  small  portion  of  the 
volume,  they  found,  that  if  the  form  of  the  third  edition  was  to 
be  retained,  the  corrections,  alterations  and  additions  would  be 
so  numerous  as  to  render  the  labour  of  revision  greater  than 
would  be  occasioned  by  the  entire  recomposition  of  the  whole 
treatise.  Being  aware  also  of  the  great  advance  since  1823  in 
the  knowledge  of  the  physical  properties  of  minerals,  as  well  as 
of  their  chemical  constitutions ;  and  recollecting  the  important 
generalizations  introduced  into  mineralogy  since  that  time,  it 
appeared  to  the  Editors  that  the  work  must  both  in  form  and 
substance  be  new.  It  has  accordingly  been  entirely  recon¬ 
structed,  and  the  latest  observations  and  discoveries,  as  far  as 
the  Editors  are  aware,  have  been  introduced. 

The  peculiar  character  of  the  third  edition  of  the  work  of 
W.  Phillips,  and  which  rendered  it  so  generally  acceptable  to 
all  who  were  engaged  in  mineralogical  pursuits  was,  its  copious 
illustrations  of  crystalline  forms,  and  the  extensive  lists  of 
measured  angles,  which  lists  have  been  greatly  extended  in 
this  edition.  The  methods  of  representing  crystals  in  this 
volume  differ  from  those  employed  by  the  late  W.  Phillips  ;  but 


VI 


PREFACE. 


the  Editors  trust  that  by  ordinary  attention  on  the  part  of 
the  reader,  they  will  not  occasion  any  embarrassment  when  he 
compares  them  with  the  figures  given  by  that  author. 

In  preparing  this  IArork,  the  Editors  have  availed  themselves 
of  the  opportunities  afforded  by  specimens  from  different  col¬ 
lections,  of  remeasuring  a  great  number  of  the  crystals  de¬ 
scribed  ;  they  have  thus  been  enabled  to  correct  several  errors 
of  form,  and,  having  deduced  the  angles  by  calculation  fiom 
the  best  observations,  they  believe  that  the  forms  and  angles 
inserted  in  this  work  are  as  nearly  accurate  as  they  can  at 
present  be  rendered. 

In  the  compilation  of  this  volume,  the  Editors  have  relied 
chiefly  on  Zippe5s  edition  of  IMolis,  and  on  Hausmann  ;  but 
they  have  also  availed  themselves  of  such  other  sources 
of  information  as  appeared  best  calculated  to  increase  the 
accuracy  of  the  descriptions.  The  analyses  are  almost  entirely 
selected  from  Eammelsb  erg’s  “  Handworterbuch  des  chemischen 
Theils  der  Mineralogie,”  and  the  four  Supplements  to  that 
work.  In  making  the  selection,  the  Editors  have  been  guided 
by  his  criticisms,  and  have  endeavoured  to  avoid  encumbering 
the  book,  and  misleading  the  reader  by  the  insertion  of 
analyses  palpably  inaccurate.  They  are  also  indebted  to 
Professor  Eammelsberg  for  an  early  communication  of  the 
results  of  his  elaborate  chemical  examination  of  tourmaline 
subsequent  to  the  appearance  of  the  lourth  supplement. 

It  has  been  the  practice  in  other  mineralogical  treatises  to 
omit  all  the  optical  characters  of  minerals  except  those  of 
colour  and  lustre ;  but  it  has  appeared  to  the  Editors  that 
some  account  of  the  characters  and  phenomena  which  depend 
upon  refraction  and  polarization  would  confer  a  higher  interest 
on  the  study  of  minerals,  and  they  have  accordingly  inserted 
many  notices  of  these  curious  properties.  The  geometrical 
expressions  for  computing  the  symbols  of  crystals,  and  the 
angles  the  faces  make  with  each  other,  are  more  numerous  than 
is  usual  in  elementary  treatises,  and  they  will  probably  meet 


PREFACE. 


Vll 


every  case  likely  to  occur.  The  shape  in  which  they  are 
presented  has  been  chosen  with  the  view  of  shortening,  as  far 
as  possible,  the  arithmetical  operations  they  involve  in  their 
application. 


I  think  it  due  to  Professor  Miller  to  state,  that  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  assistance  which  I  have  been  able  to  render  to 
the  composition  of  this  volume  consists  in  such  information 
relating  to  many  of  the  minerals  described  as  a  long  acquaint¬ 
ance  with  them  has  enabled  me  to  afford,  and  in  having  sup¬ 
plied  such  specimens  and  crystals  as  it  appeared  desirable 
again  to  examine  and  measure.  In  every  other  respect  the 
treatise  has  been  composed  and  arranged  entirely  by  Pro¬ 
fessor  Miller. 


H.  J.  P. 


' 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION. 

PAGE 

Art.  1...4.  Minerals.  Kinds  or  species . 1 

5.  Descriptive  characters  .......  3 

6.  Form  in  general  ........  3 

7-  Angles  between  normals  to  the  faces  .....  3 

8.  9.  Geometry  of  crystals  .......  4 

10.  Axes.  Parameters.  Indices  of  faces  ....  5 

11.. .  15.  Geometrical  illustrations  ......  5 

16.  Geometrical  elements  of  a  crystal  .....  6 

17.  Sphere  of  projection  ........  6 

1 8.  Zone.  Zone-circle.  Axis  of  a  zone  .....  7 

19.  Symbol  of  a  zone  containing  two  given  faces  ...  7 

20.  Symbol  of  a  face  common  to  two  zones  ....  7 

21.  Condition  that  a  face  may  be  in  a  zone  ....  7 

22.. . 25.  Relations  between  the  indices  and  mutual  inclinations 

of  four  faces  in  a  zone  .......  7 

26.  To  change  the  axes  ........  8 

27.  To  change  the  parameters  ......  8 

28.  29.  Arrangement  of  crystals  in  Systems  ....  8 

30.  Forms.  Holohedral  and  hemihedral  forms.  Combinations  9 

31.  Number  of  arbitrary  elements  in  each  of  the  different 

Systems.  Geometrical  description  of  a  crystal  .  .  9 

32.. . 63.  Cubic  System  ........  10 

64.. .  110.  Pyramidal  System  .......  19 

111.. .  163.  Rhombohedral  System . 28 

164.. .  196.  Prismatic  System  .......  39 

197-. .215.  Oblique  System  .......  44 

216.. . 219.  Anorthic  System . 47 

220.. . 223.  Twin  crystals  ........  49 

224.. . 231.  Goniometers  and  the  method  of  using  them  .  .  50 


X 


CONTENTS. 


232... 233.  Figures  of  crystals  and  methods  of  drawing  them 

PAGE 

53 

234.  Cleavage  ..... 

55 

235.  Structure  ..... 

56 

236.  Fracture  ..... 

57 

237.  Indeterminate  forms  . 

•  %  • 

57 

238.  Transparency  .... 

58 

239.  Lustre  ..... 

58 

240... 248.  Refraction  and  polarization 

59 

249.  Pleocliroism  .... 

64 

250.  Colour  ..... 

65 

251.  Phosphorescence 

67 

252.  Streak  ..... 

68 

253.  Sectility  and  malleability 

68 

254.  Flexibility  ..... 

68 

255.  Frangibility  .... 

68 

256... 258.  Hardness  .... 

69 

259... 264.  Specific  gravity 

70 

265.  Magnetism  .... 

73 

266... 268.  Electricity 

73 

269.  Touch  ..... 

75 

270.  Smell . 

75 

271.  Taste . 

75 

272.  Chemical  constitution 

75 

273.  Symbols  and  equivalents  of  the  elements  of  minerals  . 

76 

274. ..277-  Combinations  of  the  elements 

77 

278.  Dimorphism  .... 

80 

279,  280.  Isomorphism 

80 

281.  Chemical  reactions  of  minerals  . 

85 

282.  Testing  in  the  dry  way 

•  85 

283.  Testing  in  the  moist  way 

87 

284.  Pseudomorphism 

V 

100 

Order  in  which  the  characters  are  given  in  the  descriptions 

107 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SPECIES. 


Metalloids  ............  109 

Metals  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .114 

Tellurides  .  .  .  .  .  . . .134 

Antimonides  ...........  140 

Arsenides  ............  142 

Selenides  ............  150 

Sulphides . 155 

Oxides,  earths  and  acids  .........  218 

Hydrous  earths,  oxides  and  acids . 268 

Silicates  .  282 

Hydrous  silicates . 403 

Titanates . 461 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


Tantalates,  niobates,  scheelates,  molybdates 
Arseniates  and  phosphates 
Hydrous  arseniates  and  phosphates 
Sulphates  ...... 

Hydrous  sulphates  .... 

Chromates  ...... 

Vanadiates  ..... 

Sulphates  with  carbonates 
Carbonates  ..... 

Hydrous  carbonates  .... 

Nitrates  ...... 

Borates  ...... 

Hydrous  borates  .... 

Fluorides,  chlorides,  bromides,  iodides 
Hydrous  chlorides  .... 

Chloride  with  sulphate 

Chlorides  with  oxides  and  carbonates 

Hydrous  oxalates  .... 

Hydrous  mellate  .... 

Resins  ......' 

Coal  ...... 

Appendix . 


PAGE 

.  4G4 
.  481 
.  496 
.  526 
.  536 
.  557 
.  560 
.  561 

.  565 

.  592 

.  600 
.  602 
.  604 
.  605 

.  618 
.  620 
.  620 
.  623 
.  624 
.  625 
.  633 
.  635 


ERRATA. 


Page  19 
31 
74 
76 
110 
138 

147 

148 
163 
174 
181 
217 
227 
230 
236 

242 

245 

246 


line 


O'. 


252 

272 

274 

282 

288 

312 

327 

336 

382 

405 

485 

526 

528 

535 

537 

565 


28  at  apex,  for  100  read  001. 

2  for  kick  read  hkl. 

17  for  resinous  read  vitreous. 

—  16  for  170  42  read  340  84. 

—  2  from  below,  for  40°  0'  read  42c 

—  13  for  18  read’  i'5. 

—  27  for  54°  16'  read  54°  44'. 

—  15  fore  Oil  read  c  001. 

—  13  for  19°  16'  read  19°  6'. 

—  15  for  Riddrhytta  read  Kiddarhytta. 

—  27  for  Condurra  read  Condurrow. 

—  9  after  ‘adamantine’  insert e  Hyacinth-red.  Streak  the  same.’ 

—  7  dele  uc  69  52. 

—  17  for  Wallis  read  the  Valais, 
fig.  252  between  e  and  c,  for  r  read  y. 

—  —  between  e"  and  p"  for  s'  read  s". 
bottom  line,  for  qo  read  go. 

line  9  from  below,  after ( Oil  ’  insert  ‘  b 

—  14  for  rb  read  \b. 

—  16  for  y  b  read  rb. 

—  11  for  hyrophane  read  hydrophane. 

—  19  for  ea  read  la. 

—  3  dele  cb  90  0. 

—  6  dele  ca  90  0. 

—  3  for  110  read  Ill,  and  for  80°  30'  read  80°  33'. 
fig.  310  transpose  g , v,  and  g ',  u',  v'. 

325  transpose  8,  £,  17,  and  8',  £',  rj'. 

27,  for  010  read  101. 

2  and  3  from  below,  for  z  read  rr 
15  for  r'  read  r. 


211.’ 


line 


20  for  e'  read  e. 


9  from  below,  for  cove  read  clove. 

—  25,  for  041  read  041. 

—  26,  for  232  read  232. 

—  11,  for  So  read  Is. 

fig.  520,  between  z  and  0,  for  q  read  y. 
line  4  from  below,  for  sufatee  read  sulfatee. 

—  3  for  v  read  v. 

fisr.  563,  between  a  and  m  insert  r. 


AN 


/ 


ELEMENTARY  INTRODUCTION 

TO 

MINERALOGY. 


INTRODUCTION. 

1.  The  surface  or  crust  of  the  earth,  as  the  very  thin  stratum 
with  which  we  are  acquainted  has  been  named,  consists  of  vast 
plains  and  rocky  or  mountain  masses,  the  nature,  causes,  and 
relations  of  which  are  the  objects  of  Greological  inquiry. 

If  we  examine  the  mountain  masses,  we  shall  find,  that 
different  portions  of  the  same  rock  will  present  great  differ¬ 
ences  both  of  physical  characters  and  chemical  composition. 
But  we  may  also  discover  in  different  rocks  some  substances 
which  occur,  either  as  the  linings  of  cavities,  or  filling  veins,  or 
otherwise  disseminated  through  them,  and  which,  wherever 
found,  present  respectively  nearly  the  same  forms  and  physical 
characters,  and  are  generally  composed  of  nearly  the  same 
chemical  constituents. 

These  are  termed  minerals,  and  are  divided  into  kinds  or 
species,  the  descriptions  of  which,  and  the  methods  of  dis¬ 
tinguishing  them  from  each  other,  are  the  objects  of  the  follow¬ 
ing  treatise. 

The  methods  here  employed  are,  however,  occasionally  de¬ 
fective  in  consequence  of  differences  in  the  physical  characters 
of  some  minerals  which  nearly  agree  in  their  chemical  constitu¬ 
tion,  and  of  differences  in  the  chemical  composition  of  others, 
the  forms  and  other  properties  of  which  are  nearly  alike. 


Q 


INTRODUCTION. 


Indeed,  at  the  very  outset  of  our  work,  the  inquiry,  What  is 
a  mineral  species  P  is  encumbered  with  considerable  difficulty  ; 
involving  as  it  does  the  chemical  doctrine  of  isomorphous  sub¬ 
stitution,  and  being  unprovided  with  any  rule  by  which  the 
essential  elements  of  a  mineral  may  be  distinguished  from  the 
foreign  matter  with  which  it  is  almost  universally  mixed. 

Spinelle  affords  an  instance  of  the  uncertainty  which  follows 
a  strict  chemical  discrimination  of  kinds  among  a  considerable 
number  of  apparently  similar  minerals  ;  and  we  do  not  perceive 
any  clear  rale  for  deciding  whether  the  individuals  which  form 
such  apparently  natural  groups  should  be  kept  together  as 
varieties  of  the  same  mineral  as  we  have  arranged  them,  or  be 
regarded  chemically  as  distinct  species,  and  be  denoted  by  the 
different  names  assigned  to  them  by  other  authors. 

2.  Another  embarrassment  arises  from  the  introduction  of 
several  substances  among  minerals  which  do  not  appear  to 
belong  to  mineralogy. 

No  part,  for  example,  of  the  tribe  of  combustibles  of  vegetable 
origin  ought,  we  think,  to  be  classed  among  minerals. 

Modern  turf  certainly  cannot  claim  a  place  among  them ; 
and  passing  from  this  through  the  wood  coal  of  Bovey  and 
other  places,  to  the  fossil  beds  of  ancient  forests,  the  whole 
appears  to  belong  to  the  series  of  organic  remains  which  con¬ 
stitute  so  important  a  branch  of  geological  investigation.  Yet, 
in  conformity  with  the  practice  of  other  authors,  we  have 
retained  this  series  in  our  system. 

Some  other  substances  introduced  into  works  on  mineralogy 
are  also  retained  in  this  treatise,  although  more  properly 
belonging  to  geology.  We  allude  to  some  of  the  slates  and 
clays,  and  to  some  of  the  hydrous  silicates  of  alumina  of  variable 
character  and  composition. 

3.  Of  the  minerals  described  in  this  work,  there  are  many 
which  we  have  not  seen,  and  the  descriptions  of  which  are  con¬ 
sequently  given  on  the  authority  of  other  observers. 

Of  several  of  these,  we  have  repeatedly  endeavoured,  but  in 
vain,  to  obtain  specimens,  having  been  desirous  of  adding 
something  to  the  very  bare  descriptions  of  some  of  them  ;  and 
of  assisting  in  supporting,  or  otherwise,  the  claims  of  others  to 
be  regarded  as  separate  species :  for  it  appears  to  us  very  uncer¬ 
tain  whether  some  of  the  supposed  new  substances  are  really 
other  than  accidental  mixtures  of  the  elements  of  other  minerals, 
or,  impure  varieties,  containing  uncertain  and  variable  pro¬ 
portions  of  different  kinds  of  foreign  matter. 

It  is  also  probable  that  some  of  the  apparent  differences  in 
the  chemical  constitution  of  particular  minerals  may  have  been 
occasioned  by  the  analysis  of  misnamed  specimens,  instead  of 
the  substances  purported  to  be  examined. 


DESCRIPTIVE  CHARACTERS. 


3 


4.  There  are  a  few  substances  which  have  been  more  or  less 
perfectly  described  in  former  works  on  the  sole  authority  of  the 
discoverers  of  them,  but  of  which  there  are  not  any  specimens, 
as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  existing  in  any  known 
collection.  Of  this  class  desmine  affords  an  example.  With 
respect  to  these,  as  it  is  not  desirable  to  retain  any  uncertain 
kinds,  or  to  exclude  any  really  distinct  minerals,  we  shall  give 
them  as  they  were  originally  described,  and  leave  it  to  the 
judgment  of  future  observers  to  retain  them  or  to  reject  them 
from  future  systems. 

DESCRIPTIVE  CHARACTERS. 

5.  The  several  principal  characters  employed  in  describing 
minerals  may  be  classed  under  the  following  heads.  They  will 
be  separately  considered,  and  the  subordinate  characters  given 
in  the  immediately  ensuing  sections. 

Touch. 

Hardness. 

Specific  gravity. 

Magnetism. 

Electricity. 

Phosph  orescence. 

Smell. 

Taste. 

Effects  of  heat  in  glass  tubes. 

Effects  of  heat  before  the  blowpipe. 
Effects  of  liquid  reagents. 

Chemical  composition. 

EORM. 

6.  The  forms  under  which  minerals  occur  are  either  determi¬ 
nate,  being  those  of  geometric  solids,  named  crystals,  which 
are  generally  proper  to  the  mineral  substances  of  which  they 
respectively  consist,  or  they  are  indeterminate,  being  irregular 
and  accidental  shapes,  some  of  which  have  been  termed  imi¬ 
tative,  and  all  of  which  may  be  common  to  many  different 
kinds  of  minerals. 

7.  In  the  following  treatise  the  mutual  inclination  of  any 
two  of  the  planes  which  bound  a  solid,  will  be  expressed  by  the 
angle  between  straight  lines  drawn  from  a  point  within  the 
solid,  respectively  perpendicular  to  the  two  planes.  The  angle 
between  perpendiculars  to  the  planes,  or  normals  as  they  will 
generally  be  called,  is  the  supplement  of  the  angle  between  the 
planes  according  to  the  usual  mode  of  expressing  it.  If  the 


Form. 

Cleavage. 

Structure. 

Fracture. 

Transparency . 

Lustre. 

Eefraction. 

Colour. 

Streak. 


Flexibility . 


Sectility. 

Malleability 


4  GENERAL  GEOMETRICAL  PROPERTIES  OE  CRYSTALS. 

angles  between  planes,  as  given  in  previous  works,  are  severally 
subtracted  from  180°,  the  differences  will  be  the  angles  between 
normals  to  such  faces,  and  they  may  thus  be  compared  with 
the  angles  quoted  in  this  volume. 

The  advantage  of  this  change  will  be  importantly  felt  by  the 
observer  at  every  step  in  his  examination  of  crystals,  on  account 
of  the  great  facility  it  affords  in  computing  the  angles  between 
their  planes,  and  in  comparing  them  with  the  results  of  mea¬ 
surement. 


GENERAL  GEOMETRICAL  PROPERTIES  OE  CRYSTALS. 


8.  Many  natural  substances  occur  in  the  form  of  solids 
bounded  by  plane  surfaces.  These,  when  broken,  frequently 
exhibit  a  tendency  to  separate  in  the  directions  of  planes, 
passing  through  any  point  within  them,  either  parallel  to  some 
of  the  bounding  planes,  or  else  making  given  angles  with  them. 
Solids  of  this  description  are  called  ‘crystals;’  the  planes  by 
which  they  are  bounded  their  ‘  faces,’  and  the  planes  in  which 
they  have  a  tendency  to  separate  their  ‘  cleavage  planes.’ 

9.  The  mutual  inclinations  of  the  faces  and  cleavage  planes 
of  a  crystal  are  subject  to  a  law  which  may  be  emmciated  as 
follows : — 


Through  any  point 
o  within  the  crystal, 
let  planes  be  drawn 
parallel  to  each  of 
its  faces  and  cleavage 
planes.  Let  ox,  oy, 
oz  be  any  three  inter¬ 
sections  oftheseplanes, 
not  all  in  one  plane; 
and  let  any  face,  or 
cleavage  plane,  meet 
ox,  oy,  oz  in  Ab  Pi,  Cj. 
In  ox  take  oa2  = 


^OAl5  oa3  — 
towards  x  : 


rOAi 


OA_!  = 
OAi,  OA_2  ==  OA2,  OA _ 3, 

=oa3,  ...  in  the  op¬ 
posite  direction,  and 


EIG.  1. 


Co 


x'  x-i 


oax  =  ^oa1  =  in¬ 
finity,  in  either  direc¬ 
tion.  And  let  the  points  B_b  b2,  b_2,  b3,  b_3, 

C— 25  (  35  c_3,  .  .  .  ,  c0,  be  determined  in  the  same  manner  from 
OEb  ocb  respectively.  Then,  any  face,  or  cleavage  plane,  of 
the  crystal  will  be  parallel  to  a  plane  drawn  through  three 


*0,  c-n  c2, 


5 


GENERAL  GEOMETRICAL  PROPERTIES  OE  CRYSTALS. 


points  thus  determined,  one  being  in  each  of  the  three  lines 
XOX',  YOY^  ZOz'. 

10.  The  lines  xox',  yoy',  zoz '  will  he  called  ‘axes;’  the 
portions  oa15  ob15  ocq  ‘parameters.5 

The  symbol  32 1  will  be  used  to  denote  the  face  parallel  to 
a3b2Ci,  214  the  face  parallel  to  a2r_1c4i,  and  generally,  7i7d  will  be 
used  to  denote  the  face  parallel  to  AABfccz,  where 

°A*  =  jOAj,  OBfc  =  iOBj,  OC,  =  jOCx, 

h,  7c,  l  being  any  positive  or  negative  whole  numbers  including 
zero,^  and  oaa,  OBfc,  oc,  measured  towards  x,  y,  z,  or  towards 
Y'  ■>  according  as  li,  7c,  l  are  positive  or  negative. 

The  numbers  3,  2,  l,  and  2,  l,  4  in  the  two  former  examples, 
and  the  letters  7i,  7c,  /  in  the  latter,  will  be  called  ‘  indices.5  An 
index  taken  negatively  will  be  distinguished  by  a  negative  si°\n 
placed  over  it.  & 

The  indices  7i,  7c,  l,  which  by  taking  different  integral  values 
determine  the  positions  of  the  different  faces  of  the  same 
crystal,  are  seldom  large.  The  highest  index  does  not  com¬ 
monly  exceed  six. 

dl-  Parallel  and  opposite  faces  have  the  same  indices  with 
different  signs. 

12.  The  linear  dimensions  of  the  faces  are  not  subject  to  any 
law  ;  consequently,  a  face  of  a  crystal  may  be  represented  by 
any  plane  parallel  to  it,  on  the  same  side  of  the  point  o. 

13.  When  one  of  the  indices  of  a  face  is 
zero,  the  point  in  which  the  face  intersects 
the  corresponding  axis  is  indefinitely  dis¬ 
tant,  or  the  face  is  parallel  to  that  axis. 

When  two  of  the  indices  are  zero,  the 
face  is  parallel  to  the  two  corresponding 
axes. 

In  the  parallelopiped  deg  (fig.  2)  having 
its  edges  parallel  to  the  axes  ox,  oy,  oz, 
dee,  lgk  are  the  faces  100,  100 ;  gef,  ldh 
are  the  faces  010,  010,  and  deg,  hek,  are 
the  faces  001,  00I. 


EIG.  2. 


z 


14.  In  ox,  oy,  oz  (figs.  3,  4,  5,  6,)  take  oh,  ok,  ol,  respect¬ 
ively  proportional  to  ioA1?  ioBj,  jocj ;  oh  =  oh,  ok  =  ok, 


OL  =  OL. 

Then,  in  the  prism  qr  (fig.  3)  having  klkl  for  its  section,  and 
its  axis  parallel  to  ox,  qkl^  rkl  are  the  faces  olcl,  0 Id,  and 
qkl,  rkl  are  the  faces  0 Tel,  0 Tel. 

In  the  prism  having  lhlh  (fig.  4)  for  its  section,  and  its 
axis  parallel  to  oy,  hsl,  htl,  are  the  faces  7iol,  hoi,  and  hsl, 
htl  are  the  faces  7iol,  7iol. 


B  3 


6 


GENERAL  GEOMETRICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  CRYSTALS. 


FIG.  3. 


FIG.  4. 


FIG.  5. 


In  the  prism  rv  (fig.  s),  having 
iikhk  for  its  section,  and  its  axis  pa¬ 
rallel  to  oz,  hku,  hkv  are  the  faces 
hko,  Mo,  and  hktt,  hkv  are  the  faces 
Mo,  hlco. 

In  the  double  pyramid  ll  (fig.  6), 
hounded  by  planes  through  ii,  K,  l, 

&c.,  hkl,  hkl  are  the  faces  hkl,  hlcl  • 
hkl,  hkl  are  the  faces  hJcl,  hkl; 
hkl,  hkl  are  the  faces  hkl ,  hkl ;  hkl, 
hkl  are  the  faces  hid,  hkl. 

15.  The  face  hkl  may  be  denoted  by  any  three  integers  pro¬ 
portional  to  the  indices  h ,  k,  l  respectively. 

16.  The  mutual  inclinations  of  the  axes  and  the  ratios  of  the 
parameters  are  the  same,  at  a  given  temperature,  for  all  crystals 
of  the  same  species.  The  symbols  of  the  faces  may  be  different. 
Hence,  the  angles  yoz,  zox,  xoy,  which  the  axes  make  with 
each  other,  and  the  ratios  of  two  of  the  parameters  OAb  OEx, 
ocb  to  the  third,  are  five  elements  by  which  each  crystalline 
species  is  characterized. 

17.  The  law  enunciated  in  (9)  may  be  expressed  in  a  shape 
more  convenient  for  calculation  in  the  following  manner : — 

Let  the  axes  ox,  oy,  oz  meet  the  surface  of  a  sphere  de¬ 
scribed  round  o  as  a  centre,  in  the  points  x,  y,  z.  Let  the 
radius  op,  drawn  perpendicular  to  the  face  hkl ,  meet  the  surface 
of  the  sphere  in  p,  and  let  OAx  =  a ,  ORx  =  J,  oc x  —  g.  Then 


fig.  6. 


a  l)  c 

-COSPX  =  -COSPY  =  -COSPZ. 

hkl 

The  sphere  to  the  surface  of  which  the  faces  cf  a  crystal  are 
referred  will  be  called  the  ‘  sphere  of  projection.’  The  extremity 
of  a  radius  of  the  sphere  drawn  perpendicular  to  any  face  will 
be  called  the  ‘pole’  of  that  face.  A  face  and  its  pole  will  be 
denoted  by  the  same  symbol. 


GENERAL  GEOMETRICAL  PROPERTIES  OE  CRYSTALS.  7 

18.  It  frequently  happens  that  a  number  of  faces  of  a  crystal 
intersect  each  other,  or  would  intersect  if  produced  till  they 
met,  in  parallel  lines.  Such  an  assemblage  of  faces  is  called  a 
‘  zone.’  The  faces  of  a  zone  are  all  perpendicular  to  one  plane, 
and  their  poles  lie  in  a  great  circle,  which  will  be  called  the 
‘  zone-circle.’  A  line  parallel  to  the  intersections  of  the  faces 
of  a  zone  will  be  called  the  ‘  axis’  of  the  zone. 

19.  Let  hkl,  pqr  be  the  symbols  of  any  two  faces  in  a  zone. 
Then,  if 

u  =  lev  —  lq,  v  =  Ip  —  hr,  w  —  hq  —  kp, 

uvw  will  be  the  symbol  of  the  zone  containing  the  faces  hkl, 
pqr,  or  of  the  zone-circle  through  the  poles  of  hkl,  pqr. 

20.  A  face  may  be  common  to  two  zones,  or  its  pole  may  be 
the  intersection  of  two  zone-circles. 

Let  hkl,  pqr  be  the  symbols  of  two  zones.  Then,  if 

u  =  kr  —  lq,  v  —  lp  —  hr,  w  —  hq  —  kp, 

uvw  will  be  the  symbol  of  the  -  face  common  to  the  zones 
hkl,  pqr. 

21.  Let  uvw  be  the  symbol  of  a  face  in  the  zone  uvw.  Then, 

uu  +  yv  -f-  w  w  =  o. 

Any  positive  or  negative  whole  numbers,  including  zero, 
wdiich,  when  substituted  for  u,  v,  w,  satisfy  the  above  equa¬ 
tion,  are  the  indices  of  a  face  in  the  zone  uvw  ;  and  any 
positive  or  negative  whole  numbers,  including  zero,  which, 
when  substituted  for  u,  v,  w,  satisfy  the  same  equation,  are  the 
indices  of  a  zone  containing  the  face  uvw. 

22.  Let  p,  q,  r,  s  be  four  poles  in 
one  zone-circle,  pr  being  larger  than 
pq,  and  pq,  pr,  ps  measured  in  the 
same  direction  from  p.  Let  their 
symbols  be, — 

P  efg ,  q  hid,  R  pqr,  s  uvw. 

[ps]  _  fw  —  gv  gu  —  ew  ev  — fu 

[sr]  vr  —  wq  wp  —  ur  uq  —  vp  ’ 

[pq]  _  fl  —  gk  _  gh  —  el  _  ek  —  fh 

[qr]  kr  —  lq  lp  —  hr  hq  —  kp 

Then, 

(cot  PS  —  COt  PR)  —  ji— (cotPQ  —  COtPR). 

[SR]  [QRJ 


EIG.  7. 


8 


GENEEAL  GEOMETEICAL  PEOPEET1ES  OE  CEYSTALS. 


By  means  of  this  equation,  having  given  pq,  pe,  and  the 
symbols  of  p,  q,  e,  s,  we  can  find  ps  ;  or,  having  given  pq,  pe, 
ps,  the  indices  u,  v,  w  may  be  found,  by  combining  it  with  the 
equation  xm  -f-  vv  +  w w  =  o,  in  which  uvw  is  the  symbol  of 
the  zone-circle  pqe. 

23.  If  -  =  m,  n  being  integers, 

n  [pQjsmQE  sinps 

u  =  me  +  np,  v  =  mf  -J-  nq,  w  —  mg  nr. 

Whence,  having  given  pq,  pe,  ps,  and  the  symbols  of  p,  q,  e, 
the  symbol  of  s  may  be  found. 

24 .  Let  tan  6  =  E??]  .  Then, 

[ps]  [qe]  siiiPQ 

tan(ps  ~  |^pe)  =  tan|-PE  tan  (45°  —  0). 

Whence,  having  given  pq,  pe,  and  the  symbols  of  p,  q,e,s,  ps 
may  be  found. 

25.  Let  q,  s  lie  between  p  and  e  ;  i  =  [rsT  .  Then, 

[be] [pq] 

COS(2PE  — PQ  — ES)  =  (l  —  i)  COS  (PQ  —  ES)  -j-  i  COS  (PQ  +  Es) . 

A¥hence,  having  given  pq,  es,  and  the  symbols  of  p,  q,  e,  s,  pe 
may  be  found. 

26.  To  change  the  axes  of  a  crystal. 

Let  the  new  axes  be  parallel  to  the  axes  of  the  zones  efg,  hkl, 
pqr.  Let  uvw  be  the  symbol  of  any  face  referred  to  the  old 
axes,  u!v'w'  its  symbol  when  referred  to  the  new  axes.  Then 

u  —  eu  +  fy  +  gzr, 
v '  =  h  u  +  \v  +  \w, 
w'  =  pw  +  qv  +  r  w. 

27.  To  change  the  parameters  of  a  crystal. 

Let  hkl  be  the  symbol  of  a  given  face  with  the  old  para¬ 
meters,  h'k'V  its  symbol  with  the  new  parameters,  uvw  the 
symbol  of  any  other  face  with  the  old  parameters,  uvw  its 
symbol  with  the  new  parameters.  Then 

u  —  h'klu,  v  —  hk'lv,  iv’  —  hkl'w. 

28.  In  many  crystals  axes  may  be  discovered  which  make 
right  angles  with  each  other ;  in  others,  axes  of  which  one  is 
perpendicular  to  the  other  two ;  and  in  others,  axes  making 
equal  angles  with  each  other.  In  the  crystals  with  equiangular 
axes,  and  in  some  of  the  crystals  with  rectangular  axes,  equal 


GENERAL  GEOMETRICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  CRYSTALS.  9 

parameters  may  be  found  ;  and,  among  the  remaining  crystals 
Mith  rectangular  axes,  some  which  have  two  of  the  parameters 
equal.  Upon  the  differences  in  the  positions  of  the  axes  with 
respect  to  each  other,  and  in  the  relation  between  the  para¬ 
meters,  above  enumerated,  is  founded  the  arrangement  of 
crystals  in  systems. 

1.  In  the  cubic  system  the  axes  are  rectangular  and  the 
parameters  equal. 

2.  In  the  pyramidal  system  the  axes  are  rectangular  and  two 
of  the  parameters  equal.  In  this  system  we  shall  always 
suppose  a  and  b  equal. 

3.  In  the  rhombohedral  system  the  axes  make  equal  angles 
with  each  other,  and  the  parameters  are  equal. 

4.  In  the  prismatic  system  the  axes  are  rectangular. 

5.  In  the  oblique  system  one  axis  is  perpendicular  to  each  of 
the  other  two.  We  shall  always  suppose  the  axis  oy  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  each  of  the  axes  oz  and  ox. 

6.  The  anorthic  system  includes  all  crystals  which  cannot  be 
referred  to  any  of  the  preceding  systems. 

.  29  •.  The  different  systems  of  crystallization  are  further  dis¬ 
tinguished  by  the  various  kinds  of  symmetry  observable  in  the 
distribution  of  the  faces  of  the  crystals  belonging  to  them. 
Tor,  if  a  face  occur  having  the  symbol  liJcl,  it  will  generally  be 
accompanied  by  the  faces  having  for  their  symbols  certain 
arrangements  of  ±  h ,  ±  Jc,  ±  l ,  determined  by  laws  peculiar  to 
each  system,  and  which  will  be  fully  explained  when  we  come  to 
describe  each  system  separately. 

30.  A  4  form 5  in  crystallography  is  the  figure  bounded  by  a 

given  face  and  the  faces  which,  by  the  laws  of  symmetry  of  the 
system  of  crystallization,  are  required  to  coexist  with  it.  A 
form  will  be  denoted  by  the  symbol  of  any  one  of  its  faces. 

The  ‘holohedral  forms’  of  any  system  are  those  which  pos¬ 
sess  the  highest  degree  of  symmetry  of  which  the  system  ad¬ 
mits.  ‘  Ilemihedral  forms’  are  those  which  may  lie  derived 
from  a  holohedral  form  by  supposing  half  of  the  faces  of  the 
latter  omitted  according  to  a  certain  law. 

The  figure  bounded  by  the  faces  of  any  number  of  forms  is 
called  a  ‘combination’  of  those  forms. 

31.  The  elements  of  a  crystal  are  the  inclinations  of  the  axes 
yoz,  zox,  xoy,  and  the  ratios  of  two  of  the  parameters  a,  b,  c, 
to  the  third.  In  the  cubic  system,  where  the  axes  are  rectan¬ 
gular  and  parameters  equal,  all  the  elements  are  determined. 
In  the  pyramidal  system,  where  the  axes  are  rectangular  and 
two  of  the  parameters  are  equal,  the  ratio  of  either  of  them  to  the 
third  is  the  only  variable  element.  In  the  rhombohedral  system, 
where  the  axes  make  equal  angles  with  each  other  and  the  para¬ 
meters  are  equal,  the  angle  between  any  two  of  the  axes  is  the 

E  5 


10 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


only  variable  element.  In  the  prismatic  system,  where  the  axes 
are  rectangular,  the  ratios  of  two  of  the  parameters  to  the  third, 
are  two  variable  elements.  In  the  oblique  system,  where  one 
of  the  axes  is  at  right  angles  to  the  other  two,  the  inclination 
of  the  two  axes  which  are  perpendicular  to  the  third,  and  the 
ratios  of  two  of  the  parameters  to  the  third,  are  three  variable 
elements.  In  the  anorthic  system,  the  angles  between  the 
axes  and  the  ratios  of  two  of  the  parameters  to  the  third,  are 
all  variable. 

In  practice  it  is  found  more  convenient  to  substitute,  for  the 
elements  enumerated  above,  certain  angles  from  which  the 
angles  of  the  crystal  can  be  readily  computed.  The  angular 
elements  appropriate  to  each  system  will  be  given  in  the  section 
devoted  to  that  system. 

The  geometrical  description  of  a  crystal  is  complete  when  we 
have  given  the  angular  elements,  the  symbols  of  the  simple 
forms  of  which  it  is  a  combination,  and  the  symbols  of  its 
cleavage  forms. 

CUBIC  SYSTEM. 

32.  In  the  cubic  system  the  crystallographic  axes  are  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  and  the  parameters  are  all  equal. 

33.  The  form  7i7cl  is  bounded  by  all  the  faces  having  for  their 
symbols  the  different  arrangements  of  ±  7i,  ±  7c,  ±  l,  taken 
three  at  a  time.  When  h ,  7c,  l  are  all  different,  they  afford  the 
forty-eight  arrangements  contained  in  the  annexed  table. 
When  the  values  of  any  two  of  the  indices  are  equal,  or.  when 
one  of  them  is  zero,  the  number  of  arrangements  will  reduce 
itself  to  twenty-four.  When  two  of  the  indices  are  equal,  and 
the  third  is  zero,  the  number  will  be  twelve.  When  the  three 
indices  are  equal,  it  will  be  eight,  and  when  two  indices  are 
zero,  it  will  be  six. 


ll 

7c 

l 

7c 

l 

7i 

l 

7i 

7c 

l 

7c 

7i 

7c 

7i 

l 

7i 

l 

7c 

7i 

7c 

l 

7c 

l 

7i 

l 

7i 

7c 

l 

7c 

7i 

7c 

li 

l 

7i 

l 

1c  * 

Ji 

7c 

l 

7c 

l 

7i 

l 

7i 

7c 

l 

7c 

7i 

7c 

7i 

l 

1 

l 

1 

h 

1c 

l 

7c 

l 

7i 

l 

7i 

7c 

l 

7c 

7i 

7c 

7i 

l 

1 

l 

7c 

1 

7c 

l 

7c 

l 

li 

1 

1 

7c 

l 

7c 

l 

1 

1 

l 

1 

l 

% 

1 

7c 

l 

7c 

l 

7i 

l 

7i 

7c 

l 

7c 

7i 

k 

7i 

l 

h 

l 

7c 

h 

7c 

l 

7c 

i 

7i 

l 

1 

7c 

l 

7c 

7i 

7c 

1 

l 

7i 

l 

7c 

Ji 

7c 

l 

7c 

i 

li 

l 

7i 

7c 

l 

7c 

li 

7c 

7i 

~l 

7i 

l 

7c 

CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


11 


>110 


ElCr.  9. 


FIG.  8. 

34.  If  we  suppose  h 
to  be  the  greatest,  and 
l  the  least  of  the  three 
unequal  indices  hid, 
fig.  8,  will  represent  the 
distribution  of  thepoles 
of  the  form  hid,  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere  of 
projection. 

Fig.  9  exhibits  the 
poles  of  the  forms  ob¬ 
tained  by  making  one 
of  the  indices  zero,  or 
by  making  two  of  them 
equal.  Both  figures 
show  the  poles  of  the 
forms  100,  ill,  and  loi. 

35.  The  form  bound¬ 
ed  either  by  all  the 
faces  of  the  form  hid, 
which  have  an  odd  num¬ 
ber  of  postive  indices, 
or  by  all  the  faces  which 
have  an  odd  number  of 
negative  indices,  is  said 
to  be  hemihedral  with 
inclined  faces,  and  will 
be  denoted  by  the  sym¬ 
bol  dikl,  where  Tiki  is 
the  symbol  of  any  one 
of  its  faces.  The  upper  and  lower  halves  of  the  table  in  (33) 
contain  the  symbols  of  the  faces  of  Ml,  Ml  respectively. 

If  the  surface  of  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into 
eight  triangles  by  zone-circles  through  every  two  of  the  poles 
of  the  form  100,  the  poles  of  dild  will  be  found  in  four  alternate 

triangles,  and  those  of  ddd  in  the  remaining  four  alternate 
triangles. 

36.  The  form  bounded  either  by  all  the  faces  of  the  form 
hid,  the  indices  of  which  stand  in  the  order  TikThk,  or  by  all  the 
faces  the  indices  of  which  stand  in  the  order  Ikhlk,  is  said  to 
be  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces,  and  will  be  denoted  by  the 
symbol  nTikl,  where  Tiki  is  the  symbol  of  any  one  of  its  faces. 
The  right  and  left  halves  of  the  table  in  (33)  contain  the 
symbols  of  the  faces  of  7 dikl,  nlkli  respectively. 

If  the  surface  of  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into 

b  6 


no 


12 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


twenty-four  triangles  by  zone-circles  passing  through  every  two 
of  the  poles  of  the  form  ill,  the  poles  of  irliJcl  will  he  found 
in  twelve  alternate  triangles,  and  the  poles  of  nlkli  in  the 
remaining  twelve  alternate  triangles. 

37.  Any  number  of  holohedral  forms  may  occur  in  combination 
with  each  other,  and  with  any  hemihedral  forms  with  inclined 
faces,  or  with  any  hemihedral  forms  with  parallel  faces.  Hemi- 
hedral  forms  with  inclined  faces  have  never  been  observed  in 
combination  with  hemihedral  forms  with  parallel  faces. 

38.  To  find  the  position  of  the  pole  of  any  face. 

Let  a,  b,  c  be  the  poles  of  loo,  oio,  ooi,  and  let  p  be  the 
pole  of  likl.  bc,  ca,  ab  are  quadrants. 


cospa  = 


COSPB  = 


COSPC  = 


h 

n/(^2 

+  W 

+ 

V)  ’ 

7c 

s/  (h2 

+  Jc1 

+ 

1‘)  ’ 

l 

+  W 

+ 

F)  ' 

l 

tanPAB  =  p  tanPBC  = 


pig.  10. 

C 


B 


h  h 

T,  tanpcA  =  t  • 


39.  To  find  the  distance  between  the  poles  of  any  two  faces. 
Let  p  be  the  pole  of  hhl,  q  the  pole  of  pgr.  Then 

hp  +  Tea  -f-  Ir 

40.  The  poles  of  the  form  hhl  are  symmetrically  arranged  with 
respect  to  zone-circles  through  every  two  of  the  poles  of  the 
form  100,  and  through  every  two  of  the  poles  of  the  form  111. 
The  poles  of  kIiJcI  are  symmetrically  arranged  with  respect  to 
the  zone-circles  through  every  two  of  the  poles  of  the  form 
ill ;  and  the  poles  of  tvIiTcI  are  symmetrically  arranged  with 
respect  to  zone-circles  through  every  two  of  the  poles  of  the 
form  loo. 

41.  Two  hemihedral  forms,  either  with  inclined  or  parallel 
faces,  derived  from  the  same  holohedral  form,  are  identical  in  all 
respects,  position  excepted ;  for,  by  turning  the  sphere  of  pro¬ 
jection  through  two  right  angles,  round  any  two  opposite  poles 
of  the  form  loo,  the  poles  of  Mel  come  into  the  places  of  the 

poles  of  kJi/cI,  and  the  poles  of  uhld  come  into  the  places  of  the 
poles  of  irlkh.  But  a  combination  of  Mel  and  K'pqr  is  essentially 

different  from  a  combination  of  Mcl  and  Kpqr  ;  and  a  combina- 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


13 


tion  of  7 Ml  and  7 Tpqr  is  essentially  different  from  a  combination 
of  7 rhlcl  and  n rg/p. 

42.  If  tbe  distance  between  tbe  poles  of  any  two  faces  of  either 
of  the  forms  Mo,  hJck,  be  given,  and  we  express  the  cosine  of 
the  given  distance  in  terms  of  the  indices  of  the  faces,  we  ob 
tain  an  equation  from  which  the  indices  may  be  found. 

If  the  distances  between  the  pole  of  any  face  of  the  form 
Ml,  and  the  poles  of  each  of  two  other  faces  of  the  same  form, 
be  given,  and  we  express  the  cosines  of  the  given  distances  in 
terms  of  the  indices  of  the  faces,  we  obtain  two  equations  from 
which  the  indices  may  be  found. 

43.  In  the  following  description  of  the  different  simple  forms  of 
the  cubic  system,  the  letter  placed  upon  the  edge  in  which  any 
two  faces  intersect,  will  be  used  to  denote  the  angle  between 
normals  to  the  two  faces.  The  edges  at  which  equal  angles  are 
made  by  the  intersecting  faces  are  denoted  by  the  same  letter. 
The  arrangement  of  the  poles  is  shown  in  figs.  8,  9,  28.  The 
number  of  faces  is  given  in  (33) . 

44.  The  form  loo  (fig.  n)  has  six  faces,  and  is  called  a  cube, 
its  faces  being  parallel  to  those  of  the  cube  of  geometry. 

e  =  90°. 

45.  The  form  ill  (fig.  12)  has  eight  faces,  and  is  called  an 
octahedron,  its  faces  being  parallel  to  those  of  a  regular  octa¬ 
hedron. 

D  =  70°  3l'-7. 

46.  The  form  Kill  (fig.  13)  is  a  regular  tetrahedron. 

t  =  109°  28r,3. 

™.  11.  TIG.  12.  FIG.  13. 


oca 

F 

010  V 

100 

47.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100  and  ill  (fig.  14), 
the  faces  of  one  form  truncate  the  solid  angles  of  the  other. 

A  normal  to  any  face  0,  of  the  form  ill,  makes  an  angle  of 
54°  44'  with  a  normal  to  any  adjacent  face  a  of  the  form  100. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100  and  mi  (fig.  15),  the  faces 
of  100  truncate  the  edges  of  mi. 


14 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


FIG.  14. 


FIG.  15. 


48.  The  form  loi  (fig.  16)  has  twelve 
faces,  and  is  called  a  dodecahedron. 

G  =  60°. 

Any  two  alternate  faces,  meeting  at 
their  acute  angles,  make  with  each  other 
an  angle  of  90°. 

49.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms 
loo  and  101  (fig.  17),  the  faces  of  101 
truncate  the  edges  of  100. 


A  normal  to  any  face  d  of  the  form  101 
makes  an  angle  of  45°  with  normals  to 
each  of  the  adjacent  faces  a  of  the  form 
100,  an  angle  of  135°  with  normals  to  each 
of  the  opposite  faces,  and  an  angle  of  90° 
with  normals  to  each  of  the  two  remaining 
faces. 

I11  a  combination  of  the  forms  ill 
and  101  (fig.  is),  the  faces  of  101  trun¬ 
cate  the  edges  of  111. 

A  normal  to  any  face  d  of  the  form 
101  makes  an  angle  of  35°  16'  with  nor¬ 
mals  to  each  of  the  adjacent  faces  0  of 
the  form  ill ;  an  angle  of  144°  44'  with 
normals  to  each  of  the  opposite  faces, 
and  an  angle  of  90°  with  normals  to  each 
of  the  four  remaining  faces. 


fig.  17. 


x - 


FIG.  18. 


50.  The  form  Mo  (fig.  19)  has  twenty- 
four  faces. 


COS  F  = 


COS  G  = 


2  hJc 

Jd  + T2’ 
Id 
P  + 


FIG.  19. 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


15 


In  the  form  210, 
In  the  form  8 10, 
In  the  form  320, 
In  the  form  520, 


F  ==  86°  62', 
F  —  53°  8', 
E  =  22°  37', 
F  =  46°  24', 


G  =  36°  52'. 
G  =  25°  5l'. 
G  =  46°  ll'. 
G  =  30°  27'. 


51.  In  the  form  irokh,  h  being  greater 
than  k  (fig.  20), 


COSD  = 


h2  —  k2 
h2  +  k2  ’ 


cosu  = 


Ilk 

h2  +  k?' 


FIG.  20. 


In  the  form  71-012,  d  ==  53°  8',  u  =  66°  25' 

In  the  form  71-023,  d  = 

In  the  form  7r034,  d  = 

52.  In  a  combination  of  the 
truncate  the  solid  angles  of  hko, 

210.100  =  26°  34',  210,010  =  63°  26',  210.001  =  90°  O'. 

310.100  ==  18°  26',  310,010  =  71°  34',  310,001  =  90°  O'. 

56°  19',  320,001  =  90°  O'. 

75°  58',  410,001  =  90°  O'. 


67°  22',  U  =  62°  31'. 

:  73°  44',  U  =  61°  19'. 

forms  100,  Jiko,  the  faces  of  100 
in  which  the  edges  g  meet. 


320.100  =  33°  4l',  320,010 

410.100  =  14°  2',  410,010 

430.100  =  36°  52',  430,010 

520.100  =  21°  48',  520,010 

540.100  =  38°  40',  540,010 


53°  8',  430,001  =  90°  o'. 
68°  12',  520,001  =  90°  O'. 
51°  2 o',  540,001  =  90°  O'. 


In  a  combination  of  the  forms  ill,  hko,  the  faces  of  ill 
truncate  the  solid  angles  of  hko,  in  which  the  edges  f,  g  meet. 

210.111  =  39°  44'.  310,111  =  43°  5'. 

320.111  =  36°  49'.  520,111  =  41°  22'. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100,  irokh,  the  faces  of  100 
truncate  the  edges  d  of  nokh. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  111,  ttO kh,  the  faces  of  ill 
truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which  the  three  edges  u  meet. 


53.  The  form  hkk,  h  being  greater 
than  k  (fig.  21),  has  twenty-four  faces. 


COSD 


h2 

h2  +  2  k2  ’ 


COSF  r= 


2  hk  -f  k2 
h2  +  ' 


FIG.  21. 


16 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


In  the  form  211,  d  =  48°  11%  e  =  33°  33'. 
In  the  form  311,  d  =  35°  6r,  e  =  50°  29'. 


54.  In  the  form  thick  (fig.  22). 

2  lik  +  k 2 


cose  = 


h2  +  2/c2 


COST  — 


h2  —  2  k2 
h2  +  2  k2' 


EIG.  22. 


In  the  form  k2U,  e  =  33°  33',  t  =  70°  32'. 
In  the  form  k311,  e  =  50°  29',  t  =  50°  29'. 


55.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100,  hkk,  three  faces  of 
JiJcJc,  forming  the  solid  angle  in  which  the  three  edges  e  meet, 
appear  upon  each  of  the  angles  of  loo. 

211.100  =  35°  16',  211,010  =  65°  54',  211,001  =  65°  54'. 

311.100  —  25°  14',  311,010  =  72°  27',  311,001  =  72°  27'. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100,  kJiJcJc,  three  faces  of  the 
latter,  forming  the  solid  angle  in  which  the  three  edges  E  meet, 
appear  upon  each  alternate  angle  of  loo. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  111,  hJclc,  the  faces  of  ill 
truncate  the  solid  angles  of  likk  in  which  the  edges  e  meet. 

211,111  =  19°  28'.  311,111  =  29°  30. 


56.  The  form  khh ,  li  being  greater 
than  k  (fig.  23),  has  twenty-four  faces. 


COS  D  = 


27r  -  It* 

2  h2  +  k2 1 


COS  G  = 


h2  +  2  hk 
2  h2  +  k2  ' 


Eld.  23. 


In  the  form  122,  d  =  38°  57',  <3-  —  27°  16'. 

In  the  form  133,  d  =  26°  32',  g  =  37°  52'. 

In  the  form  233,  d  =  50°  29',  G  =  17°  2o'. 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


17 


EIG.  24. 


57.  In  the  form  kJcIiJi  (fig.  24), 

cos  g  =  — _ 

2/i2  +  &2’ 


cost  = 


h2  -  2U 


2A2  4-  &2' 

In  the  form  k122,  g  =  27°  16',  t  =  90°  o' 


.  ^  a  combination  of  the  forms  100  and  khh,  three  faces 

ot  khh,  forming  the  solid  angle  in  which  the  three  edges  G 
meet,  appear  upon  each  of  the  angles  of  100 


122.100  =  70°  32',  122,010  =  48°  n',  122,001  =  48°  11'. 

133.100  =  76°  44',  133,010  =  46°  30',  133,001  =  46°  30'. 

233.100  =  64°  46',  233,010  =  50°  14',  233,001  =  50°  14'. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100  and  Mh,  three  faces  of 
the  latter,  forming  the  solid  angle  in  which  the  three  edo-es 
n  meet,  appear  upon  each  alternate  angle  of  100. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  111  and  khh,  the  pairs  of 
laces  ot  the  latter  that  intersect  in  d,  truncate  the^ges  of  111. 

122,111  =  15°  48  .  133,111  22°  o'.  233,111  r=:  10°  l'. 


,  59.  The  form  hkl  (fig. 25)  has  forty- 
eight  faces. 


cosd  = 

COSE 

COS  G  = 


h2  +  k2  —  P 
h2  +  &2 +~Z2’ 
2 hh  4-  l 2 

w+  k2  +  r 

h2  +  2  hi 
h2  +  k2  +  l2' 


FIG.  25. 


In  the  form  321, 
In  the  form  431, 
In  the  form  421, 
In  the  form  731, 


D  =  31°  o', 
D  =  22°  37', 
D  =  25°  13', 
I)  =  14°  58', 


E  =  21°  47', 
E  =  15°  57', 
E  =  35°  57', 
E  =  43°  13', 


G  =  21°  47'. 
Gr  =  32°  12'. 
G  =  17°  45'. 
G  =  21°  13'. 


18 


CUBIC  SYSTEM. 


GO.  In 


In  the 
In  the 

61.  In 


the  form  ddd  (fig.  26), 

2 Tile  +  l 2 

C0SF  “  A2  +  7c2  +  T 
li 2  +  2  Tel 

cosa  “  A2  +  A2  +  T 
7i2  -  2  7d 

C0ST  —  7^ - T2~~, - 72* 

A2  +  ¥  +  l2 

form  k321,  e  =  21°  47',  G 
form  <c531,  E  =  27°  40',  G 

the  form  nl7di  (fig.  27), 

7,2  +  _  Z2 

C0SI>  “  A2  +  A2  +  Z2’ 

_  A2  —  A2  +  l2 

COS  W  -  ¥  +  ^2  +  ^ 

Tel  ~J-  Ih  ~h  A  A 

cosu  —  - =-5  • 

A2  +  A*2  +  Z2 


EIG.  26. 


21°  47',  T  =  69°  5  . 
27°  ^0',  T  =  57°  i . 

EIG.  27. 


In  the 
In  the 
In  the 


form  7rl23,  d 
form  7rl24,  d 
form  7ri35,  d 


30°  o',  w 
25°  13',  W 
19°  28',  W 


64°  37',  U  =  38°  13'. 
61°  45',  U  =  48°  ll'. 
60°  56',  U  =  48°  55'. 


62.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  loo,  7i7cl,  six  faces  of  TiTcl, 
forming  the  solid  angle  in  which  the  edges  e,  G  meet,  appear 
upon  each  of  the  angles  of  loo. 


321.100  =  36°  42',  321,010  =  57°  4l',  321,001  =  74°  30'. 

421.100  =  29°  12',  421,010  =  64°  7',  421,001  =  77°  24'. 

431.100  =  38°  20',  431,010  =  53°  58',  431,001  =  78°  4l'. 

531.100  =  32°  19',  531,010  =  59°  32',  531,001  =  80°  16'. 

731.100  =  24°  18',  731,010  =  67°  l',  731,001  =  82°  3l'. 


In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100  and  kJiTcI,  six  faces  of  the 
latter,  forming  the  solid  angle  in  which  the  edges  e,  G  meet, 
appear  upon  the  alternate  angles  of  100. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  loo  and  tt17c7i,  three  faces  of 
ttITcTi,  forming  the  solid  angle  in  which  the  edges  u  meet,  appear 
upon  each  of  the  angles  of  loo. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  111  and  hid ,  or  kJiTcI,  the  faces 
of  ill  truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which  the  edges  e,  g  meet. 

321.111  =  22°  13'.  421,111  =  28°  8'.  431,111  =  25°  4'. 

531.111  =  28°  35'.  731,111  =  34°  14'. 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


19 


In  a  combination  of  tbe  forms  ill  and  ? rlhh,  the  faces  of  ill 
truncate  the  solid  angles  of  the  latter,  in  which  the  edges  xr 
meet. 

63.  Fig.  28  shows  the  arrangement  of  the  poles  of  the 
faces  of  the  preceding  forms  on  an  octant  of  the  sphere  of 
projection. 

EIG.  28. 

100 


014 


.104 


013. 

025 


103 


.205 


012, 


102 


13.7  125 


215  31/ 


023. 

034, 


135 


'  113 

124  *  214 


315 


.203 

.364 


011. 


134  123  325  112  235  213  314 


101 


013. 

032. 


021. 


052. 


031 1 
041  . 


173 


133 

I43.  122 

153*  132* 

142*  153 

152  ,  121* 

131* 


312 


352* 

231* 


233  HI  323 

332 

321 

• 

331 


313 

•413 

*312  *513 

*523  .412 


403 

.302 


201 


■713 


*211 


*512 


.502 

,301 


•532 

*321 


•311 


.401 


251*  241 


421 


371 


351 


341 


431  • 

531 


•521 


731 


>010 


140  130  250  120  230  340  U0  43o  320  210  520  310 


410 


100* 


Of  the  preceding  forms,  those  which  have  the  simplest  indices 
— the  cube  loo,  octahedron  ill,  and  dodecahedron  oil,  occur 
much  more  frequently  than  the  others.  It  does  not  appear 
that  any  cleavages  have  been  observed  except  parallel  to  the 
faces  of  one  or  more  of  the  forms  loo,  ill,  on. 

PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 

64.  In  the  pyramidal  system,  the  crystallographic  axes  make 
right  angles  with  each  other,  and  the  first  and  second  para¬ 
meters  are  equal. 

65.  The  form  JiJcl  is  bounded  by  all  the  faces  which  have  for 
their  symbols  the  different  arrangements  of  ±  h,  ±  Jc,  ±  Z,  in 
which  Z  holds  the  last  place.  When  h  and  k  are  different,  they 


20 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


afford  the  sixteen  arrangements  contained  in  the  annexed  table. 
"When  one  of  the  indices  is  zero,  or  when  Ji  =  Jc ,  the  number 
will  be  eight.  When  l  is  zero,  and  Ji  —  Jc,  or  when  one  of  the 
indices  Ji,  Jc  is  zero,  the  number  will  be  four.  When  Ji  and  Jc 
are  zero,  it  will  be  two. 


Ji  Jc  l 

Ji  k  l 

Jc  Ji  l 
Jc  Ji  l 


h  Jc  l 

hkl 
Jc  h  l 

Jc  Jl  l 


Jc  Jl  l 
Jc  I  l 

JJJ 

Jl  Jcl 


Jc  Jl  l 

Jc  hi 
Jl  Jc  l 

Jl  J  l 


Jcho 


Ho/ 


--  khl  . 
hhl-  ’  o  hi 


m 

*  hhl 


hht  0  hi 

khl 


no- 


66.  If  we  suppose  Ji  to  be  fig.  29- 

greater  than  Jc ,  the  annexed 
figure  will  represent  the  ar¬ 
rangement  of  the  poles  of  the 
form  JiJcl  on  the  surface  of  the 
sphere  of  projection. 

67.  The  form  bounded  either 
by  all  the  faces  of  the  form  JiJcl  r°0' 
which  have  an  odd  number  of 
positive  indices,  or  by  all  the 
faces  of  the  form  JiJcl  which 
have  an  odd  number  of  nega¬ 
tive  indices,  is  said  to  be  hemi- 
hedral  with  inclined  faces,  and 
will  be  denoted  by  the  symbol  Mel,  where  JiJcl  is  the  symbol  of 
any  one  of  its  faces. 

The  symbols  of  the  faces  of  kJiJcI  are  contained  in  the  first  and 

second  columns  ;  those  of  Mel  in  the  third  and  fourth  columns 
of  the  table  in  (65). 

If  the  surface  of  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into 
eight  triangles  by  zone-circles  through  the  poles  of  the  forms 
ooi  and  loo,  the  poles  of  kJiJcI  will  be  found  in  four  alternate 
triangles,  one  of  which  contains  the  pole  of  the  face  ill.  The 

poles  of  the  form  Mel  will  be  contained  in  the  remaining  four 
alternate  triangles. 


68.  The  pyramidal  system  admits  of  a  second  hemihedral  form 
with  inclined  faces,  which  is  bounded  by  all  the  faces  of  the 
lorm  JiJcl  in  which  the  order  of  Ji ,  Jc  changes  with  the  sign  of  l, 
and  which  will  be  denoted  by  the  symbol  A  JiJcl,  where  JiJcl  is  the 
symbol  ot  any  one  of  its  faces.  The  symbols  of  the  faces  of  the 
torm  A  JiJcl  are  contained  in  the  first  and  fourth  columns  ;  those 
ot  A Jchl  in  the  second  and  third  columns  of  the  table  in  (65) . 

If  the  surface  of  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


21 

eight  triangles  by  great  circles  through,  the  pcles  of  the  forms 
001  and  lio,  the  poles  of  A  hkl  will  be  found  in  four  alternate 
triangles,  and  the  poles  of  the  form  A  khl  in  the  remaining  four 
alternate  triangles.  ° 

69  The  form  bounded  by  all  the  faces  of  the  form  hkl,  in 
w  lch  the  order  of  h,  k  is  the  same  or  different,  according  as  h  k 
haYe  the  same  or  different  signs,  is  said  to  be  hemihedral  with 
paraHel  faces,  and  will  be  denoted  by  the  symbol  Ml,  where 
hkl  is  the  symbol  of  any  one  of  its  faces.  The  symbols  of  the 
taces  ot  the  form  Ml  ^  are  contained  in  the  first  and  third 

columns  ;  those  of  Ml  in  the  second  and  fourth  columns  of  the 
table  m  (65). 

•  ^1<3  SUfface  sP^ere  of  projection  be  divided  into 

eight  limes  by  zone-circles  through  the  poles  of  the  forms  loo 
lio,  the  poles  of  Ml  wifi  be  found  in  four  alternate  lunes  :  and 
those  oi  Ml  m  the  remaining  four  alternate  lunes. 

7°.  The  form  bounded  by  all  the  faces  of  the  form  hkl,  in  which 
the  order  of  the  indices  h,  k  is  the  same  or  different  according 
as  an  odd  number  of  the  indices  are  positive  or  negative,  is  said 
to  be  hemihedral  with  asymmetric  faces,  and  will  be  denoted  by 
the  symbol  « hkl,  where  hkl  is  the  symbol  of  any  one  of  its 
faces.  The  upper  and  lower  halves  of  the  table  in  (65),  contain 
the  symbols  of  the  faces  of  Ml,  akhl  respectively. 

The  poles  of  Ml  are  the  eight  alternate  poles  of  the  form 

hkl ;  and  the  poles  of  akhl  are  the  remaining  eight  alternate 
poles  of  the  form  hkl. 

71.  The  poles  of  the  form  hkl  are  symmetrically  arranged  with 
respect  to  each  of  the  five  zone-circles  drawn  through  the 
poles  of  every  two  of  the  forms  ooi,  100,  no.  The  poles  of 
Ml  are  symmetrically  arranged  with  respect  to  the  two  zone- 
circles  drawn  through  the  poles  of  the  form  ooi,  and  those  of 
the  form  no.  The  poles  of  A  hkl  are  symmetrically  arranged 
with  respect  to  the  two  zone-circles  through  the  poles  of  the 
form  ooi,  and  those  of  the  form  loo.  The  poles  of  Ml  are 
symmetrically  arranged  with  respect  to  the  zone-circle  passing 
through  the  poles  of  the  form  loo. 

72.  The  two  hemihedral  forms,  either  with  inclined  or  with 
parallel  faces,  derived  from  the  same  holohedral  form,  are 
identical  in  all  respects,  position  excepted  ;  for  by  making  the 
sphere  of  projection  revolve  through  two  right  angles  round  two 
opposite  poles  of  the  form  loo,_  the  poles  of  Ml  and  Ml  come 
into  the  places  of  those  of  dikl  and  nkhl  respectively;  and  by 
making  it  revolve  through  two  right  angles  round  two  opposite 
poles  of  the  form  no,  the  poles  of  A  hkl  come  into  the  places  of 
those  of  A khl.  The  two  hemihedral  forms  ahkl,  akhl  are  essen¬ 
tially  different. 


22 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


73.  To  find  tlie  position  of  any  pole. 


Let  a,  b,  c  be  the  poles  of  loo,  010, 
001 ;  e  the  distance  between  the  poles 
of  101,  001  ;  p  the  pole  of  hJcl. 
bc,  ca,  ab  are  quadrants. 

tanpAB  — -cotE, 
k 

tanPBA  =  -cotE, 


FIG.  30. 


tanPCA  = 


h 

k 

h 


B 


h  h, 

cot  PA  =  —COS  PAB  =  -tanECOSPAC. 

k  l 

k  k 

COtPB  =  —  COSPBA  =  -taUECOSPBC. 

h  l 

cotpc  =  y  Cot  E  COS  PCA  —  —  CotE  COS  PCB. 

h  k 

tan  po  = 

V 

e  is  the  angular  element  of  a  crystal  belonging  to  the  pyra¬ 
midal  system. 

74.  In  the  form  hko,  let  the  distance  between  two  poles  be 
k,  f  or  m,  according  as  their  symbols  differ  only  in  the  sign  of 
k,  the  order  of  the  indices  h ,  k,  or  in  the  order  of  the  indices 
h,  k,  and  the  signs  of  h  or  k.  Then 


tan  Ik  =  f  =  90c 

h 


K, 


M  =  90  . 


75.  In  the  form  hoi,  let  l  be  the  distance  between  two 
poles  differing  only  in  the  sign  of  l,  f  the  distance  between 
two  poles  differing  only  in  the  arrangement  of  h,  o,  E  the  dis¬ 
tance  between  the  poles  ooi,  101.  Then 

tan^L  =  ~  cotE,  cose  =  (sinjL)2. 
h 

76.  In  the  form  hhl,  let  k,  l  be  the  distances  between  two 
poles  differing  only  in  the  signs  of  h,  l  respectively.  Then 

tanjL  =  j  cos  45°  cotE,  cosk  =  (sin^L)2. 

tl 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


23 


77 .  Let  n,  k,  l  be  the  distances  between  any  two  poles  of  the 
form  JiJcl,  differing  only  in  the  signs  of  h,  Jc,  l  respectively.  Let 
e  be  the  distance  between  any  two  poles  having  the  indices  Ji ,  Jc 
in  different  order,  and  the  signs  of  the  first,  second,  and  third 
indices  in  one,  the  same  as  the  signs  of  the  first,  second,  and 
third  indices  in  the  other.  Let  g  be  the  distance  between  any 
two  poles  having  the  indices  h,  Jc  in  different  order,  the  signs  of 
the  first  and  second  indices  in  one,  different  from  the  signs  of 
the  first  and  second  indices  in  the  other,  the  sign  of  the  third 
index  being  the  same  in  both ;  and  let  m  be  the  distance  be¬ 
tween  any  two  poles  differing  only  in  the  order  of  the  indices 
h,  Jc,  and  in  the  sign  of  one  of  them.  Then 


-  COtECOS0, 


sin  Ik  =  cosjLsin^,  sin  jH  =  cosJlcos0, 


sin^G  =  cos  Jl  sin  (45°+  0), 
sinjE  =  cosiLcos(45°+  0), 
cosm  =  (sin-|L)2. 


78.  If  the  distance  between  two  poles  of  either  of  the  forms 
JiJco,  hoi,  Jihl  be  given,  the  distance  between  the  two  poles,  or 
its  supplement,  will  be  one  of  the  arcs  e,  k,  l,  whence,  from 
the  expressions  in  (74),  (75),  (76),  the  indices  may  be  found. 

If  the  distance  between  any  pole  of  the  form  JiJcl  and  each 
of  two  other  poles  of  the  same  form  be  given,  the  three  poles 
not  being  in  a  great  circle,  the  given  distances,  or  their  supple¬ 
ments,  will  be  two  of  the  arcs  h,  k,  l,  e,  g,  m,  which  being 
known,  0  and  l,  and  thence,  from  the  expressions  in  (77),  the 
indices  may  be  found. 

/9.  Let  a,  b,  c  be  the  poles  of  loo,  oio,  ooi  respectively  5  p 
the  pole  of  JiJcl,  q  that  of  pqr. 


Let  q  be  in  the  zone-circle  pa.  Then 

tan  pa pJc pi 

tanQA  Jiq  hr 


Let  q  be  in  the  zone-circle  pb.  Then 


tanPB  __  ql  _  qh 
tanQB  Jcr  Jcp 

Let  q  be  in  the  zone-circle  pc.  Then 

tan  pc  _  rJi _ rJc 

tanQC  Ip  lq 


24 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


80.  Let  p  be  the  pole  of  hkl,  q  tbe  pole  of  jpqr,  c  the  pole  of 
001.  Then 


l 

x/  (Ji2  +  kj 


tan  pc  = 


_ r 

V(p2  +  g2) 


tanQC. 


81.  To  find  the  distance  between  any  two  poles. 

Let  a,  b,  c  be  the  poles  of  the  faces  100,  oio,  ooi ;  p,  q  the 
poles  of  hkl,  pqr ;  and  let  pq  meet  ab  in  m.  Then,  h,  k,  l,p,  q,  r 
being  known,  the  symbol  of  M  is  known  by  (19),  (20).  tanPCA, 
taiiQCA,  tan  mca  are  known  by  (73).  Therefore  pcm,  qcm  are 
known. 


tan  pc  = 


\/  (li2  -f  kj 
— - j - tanE. 


cospm  =  cospcm  sinpc. 

tanQM  tan  qcm 

tan  pm  tan  pcm  * 

"Whence  pq,  which  is  either  the  sum  or  difference  of  pm,  qm, 
is  known. 

82.  Having  given  the  distance  between  any  two  poles,  not 
both  in  the  zone-circle  100,010,  to  find  e,  the  distance  between 
the  poles  101,  001,  or  the  angular  element  of  the  crystal. 

Let  hkl,  pqr  be  the  symbols  of  p,  q,  m  the  intersection  of  the 
zone-circles  pq,  ab.  Then  pcm,  qcm  are  known  by  (19),  (20), 
and  (73).  J  v  v  J ’ 

sin(QM  +  pm)  __  sin  (qcm  +  pcm) 
sin(QM  —  pm)  sin  (qcm  —  pcm)’ 

The  given  distance  pq  is  either  qm  +  pm  or  qm  —  pm  there¬ 
fore  pm,  qm  are  known. 


cospm  =  cospcm  sinpc. 


tanE  = 


l 

TPM7!2) 


tan  pc. 


83.  To  change  the  axes. 

Let  the  new  axes  be  the  axes  of  the  zones  containing  every 
tv  o  of  the  laces  110,  110,  001.  Then,  u ,  v,  iv  being  the  indices 
of  a  face  when  referred  to  the  old  axes,  u\  v',  w'  its  indices  when 
referred  to  the  new  axes, 

u  —  u  +  v,  v'  —  u  —  v ,  w'  —  w. 

84.  To  determine  the  figure  and  angles  of  the  form  hkl 
when  h,  k,  l  take  particular  yalues. 

The  angle  between  normals  to  any  two  faces  is  obtained 


> 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


25 


from  the  expressions  in  (74),  (75),  (76),  (77),  and  will  be 
denoted  by  the  letter  which,  in  the  accompanying  figure,  is 
placed  upon  the  edge  in  wdiich  the  given  faces  intersect.  The 
arrangement  of  the  poles  of  the  different  forms  is  shown  in 
fig.  29.  The  number  of  faces  is  given  in  (65). 

85.  The  form  ooi  has  two  parallel  faces. 

86.  The  form  100  (fig.  3l)  has  four  faces,  of  which  the 
opposite  laces  are  parallel,  and  the  adjacent  faces  perpendi¬ 
cular  to  each  other. 

E  =  90°. 

87.  The  form  no  (fig.  32)  has  four  faces,  of  which  the 
opposite  faces  are  parallel,  and  the  adjacent  faces  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  each  other. 

k  =  90°. 


88.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  100  and  no,  the  faces 
of  one  form  truncate  the  edges  of  the  other. 

A  normal  to  a  face  of  one  of  the  above  forms  makes  an 
angle  of  45°  with  normals  to  the  adjacent  faces  of  the  other. 

I11  combinations  of  the  forms  100,  no  with  the  form  001, 
the  faces  of  100,  no,  make  right  angles  with  the  faces  of  001. 


FIG.  31. 


FIG.  32. 
K 


FIG.  33. 


K 


K 


89.  The  form  hJco  (fig.  33)  has  eight  faces  in  one  zone. 

Jc 

tanjK  =  — ,  f  =  90° —  k. 
h 

In  the  form  210,  k  =  53°  8',  f  =  36°  52'. 

In  the  form  310,  k  ==  36°  52',  f  =  53°  8'. 

In  the  form  320,  k  =  67°  23',  F  =  22°  37'. 

In  the  form  430,  k  =  73°  44',  F  =  16°  16'. 

In  the  form  510,  k  =  22°  37',  f  =  67°  23'. 

In  the  form  530,  k  =  61°  56',  f  =  28°  4'. 

In  the  form  710,  k  =  16°  16',  f  =  73°  44'. 

c 


26 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


90.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  hko,  001,  the  faces  of  the 
form  hk o  make  right  angles  with  those  of  the  form  001. 

In  combinations  of  the  form  hko  with  the  forms  100,  no, 
the  faces  of  loo  truncate  the  edges  k,  the  faces  of  no  truncate 
the  edges  r. 

A  normal  to  any  face  of  the  form  hko  makes  with  normals  to 
the  nearest  faces  of  loo,  no  angles  Jk,  Jf  respectively. 

91.  The  form  nhko,  bounded  by  the  alternate  faces  of  the  form 
kko,  has  four  faces,  of  which  any  two  opposite  faces  are  parallel, 
and  any  two  adjacent  faces  are  perpendicular  to  each  other. 


92. 

faces. 


The  form  hoi  (fig.  34)  has  eight 


PIG.  34. 


tan  =  — cotE, 

h 

cosp  =  (sinjL)2. 

.93.  In  combinations  of  the  form  hoi 
with  the  forms  001,  100,  110,  the  faces  of 


the 


001  truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which  the  edges  p  meet , 
faces  of  100  truncate  the  edges  p,  and  the  faces  of  no  truncate 
the  solid  angles  in  which  the  edges  p,  p  meet. 


hoi, 001  =  90°  —  |p, 
hoi, 100  =  ip, 

cos  (hoi, no)  =  cos45°cosip. 


94.  In  the  form  \hol  (fig.  35), 

TJ  =  180°  —  P,  Y  =  180u  —  F. 

.95.  In  combinations  of  the  form  \hol 
with  the  forms  001,  100,  no,  the  faces  of 
001  truncate  the  edges  tj  ;  the  faces 
of  no  truncate  the  edges  y  5  and  the 
faces  of  100  truncate  the  solid  angles  in 
which  the  edges  tj,  y  meet. 


PIG.  35. 


96.  The  form  hhl  (fig.  36)  has  eigh 
faces. 

tanip  =  yCos45°  cotE, 

h 


cosk  =  (sin  ip)2. 

97.  In  combinations  of  the  form 
hhl  with  the  forms  001,  100,  110,  the 
faces  of  001  truncate  the  solid  angles 
in  which  the  four  edges  k  meet ;  the 


PIG.  36. 


PYRAMIDAL  SYSTEM. 


27 


faces  of  loo  truncate  tlie  solid  angles  in  which  the  edges  k,  l 
meet ;  and  the  faces  of  lio  truncate  the  edges  l. 

hill, 001  =  90°  —  |l  ; 
cos (hhl, loo)  =  cos45°cos|l  ; 
hhl,  loo  =  Jl. 

98.  In  the  form  Mil  (fig.  37),  pig-.  s7. 

W  =  180° —  L,  T  =  180° —  K.  T 

99.  In  combinations  of  the  form  Ml 
with  the  forms  ooi,  100,  lio,  the  faces 
of  ooi  truncate  the  edges  w  ;  the  faces 
of  100  truncate  the  edges  T;  and  the 
faces  of  no  truncate  the  solid  angles  in 
which  the  edges  t,  w  meet. 

100.  Let  p,  q  be  two  adjacent  poles  of  one  of  the  forms  hhl , 
por,  equidistant  from '  c  the  pole  of  ooi  ;  and  let  the  arc  pq 
contain  s,  a  pole  of  the  other  form.  Then, 

tansc  =  cos45°tanPC. 

101.  The  form  hhl  (fig.  38)  has  sixteen 
faces. 

h  l 

tanrf)  =  -,  tan  =  -cotE  cos0, 
h  h  r 

sinjK  =  cos|Lsin0, 
sin|E  =  cosJl  cos  (45°+  0), 

102.  In  combinations  of  the  form  hhl 
with  the  forms  ooi,  100,  no,  the  faces  of 


fig.  38. 


f\  K 

/  F^\ 

f/  \l 

Z  K  A 

\  K  / 

\  / 
\  / 

\f  r 

\  /  F 

K  \  / 

y  /  /  -  -  — 

001  truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which  the  edges  k,  f  meet ;  the 
faces  of  100  truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which  the  edges  k,  l 
meet ;  and  the  faces  of  no  truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which 
the  edges  f,  l  meet. 

hhl, ooi  =  90°  —  Jl  ; 

cos  (MZ,  100)  —  cos|l  cos 0  ; 

cos  (AH,  no)  ==  cos  sin  (45°+  0). 


103.  In  the  form  Mhl  (fig.  39), 
sin  |g  =  cosJl  sin  (45°+  0), 
cos|t  =  cos|lcos0. 

104.  In  combinations  of  the  form  Mhl 
with  the  form  loo,  the  faces  of  100  truncate 
the  edges  t. 

c  2 


FIG.  39. 
T 


28 


RHOMB OHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


105.  In  the  form  A  Jikl  (fig.  40), 

sinjH  =  cos^l  cos^, 
cosjv  =  cos  Jl  sin  (45°+  (f). 

106.  In  combinations  of  the  form  A Ml  with  the  form  110, 
the  faces  of  no  truncate  the  edges  y. 

107.  In  the  form  nhlcl  (fig.  4l), 

cosm  =  (sin|L)2. 

108.  In  the  form  ahkl  (fig.  42), 

cosm  =  (sin^n)2, 

cosJt  =  cosJlcos  (p, 

cosjy  =  cosJl  sin  (45°+  <p ). 

109.  In  combinations  of  the  form  ahhl  with  the  forms  100, 
no,  the  faces  of  100  truncate  the  edges  t;  and  the  faces  of 
no  truncate  the  edges  y. 


PTGk  40-  FIG.  41.  yia.  42. 


110.  The  cleavages,  in  crystals  belonging  to  the  pyramidal 
system,  are  parallel  to  the  faces  of  one  or  more  of  the  forms 
ooi,  ioo,  hoi,  hhl. 


RHOMBOHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 

-^n  ^ie  rhombohedral  system  the  axes  make  equal  angles 
with  each  other,  and  the  parameters  are  equal. 

112.  The  form  hJcl  is  hounded  by  all  the  faces  which  have  for 
their  symbols  the  different  arrangements  of  +  h  -f  Jc  _i_  J 
together  with  those  of  -  h,  -  k,  -  l.  When  h,  Jc,  l  kre  all 
different,  the  number  of  arrangements  will  be  twelve,  as  shown 
in  the  annexed  table,  except  when  the  indices  are  o,  —  1  1. 
In  this  case,  and  also  when  two  of  the  indices  are  equal,  the 


BHOMBOHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


29 


number  will  be  six  ; 
will  be  two. 

and  when  all  three  are 

equal,  the  number 

Ji  7c  l 

l  7c  7i 

7i  7c  l 

Jkk 

TclTi 

7c7il 

Iclh 

kill 

I7i  7c 

Til  7c 

Ik  7c 

Ilk 

113.  If  7i  be  algebraically 
tlie  greatest,  and  l  tlie  least  of 
three  unequal  indices  Ji ,  k,  l, 
the  annexed  figure  will  repre¬ 
sent  the  arrangement  of  the 
poles  of  the  form  hkl  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere  of  pro¬ 
jection. 

114.  The  form  bounded  ei¬ 
ther  by  all  the  faces  which  have 
for  their  symbols  the  different 
arrangements  of  +  h,  +  k, 

+  l,  or  by  all  the  faces  which 
have  for  their  symbols  the 
different  arrangements  of  —  7i, 

—  7c,  —  l,  is  said  to  be  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces,  and 
will  be  denoted  by  the  symbol  kTiTcI,  wrhere  7i7cl  is  the  symbol 
of  any  one  of  its  faces.  The  first  and  second  columns 
of  the  table  in  (112)  contain  the  symbols  of  the  form  kTiM  ; 
the  third  and  fourth  columns  those  of  the  form  kTiTcI. 

If  the  surface  of  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into  two 
parts  by  the  zone-circle  through  the  poles  of  the  form  101, 
one  part  will  contain  the  poles  of  Mel,  and  the  other  part  the 
poles  of  tchkl,  except  when  the  sum  of  the  indices  is  zero. 
When  the  sum  of  the  indices  is  zero,  three  alternate  arcs,  of 
the  six  arcs  joining  the  poles  of  the  form  101,  contain  the  poles 
of  kTiTcI  ;  and  the  other  three  alternate  arcs  the  poles  of  kTiTcI. 

115.  The  form  bounded  either  by  all  the  faces  of  the  form  7i7cl, 
the  indices  of  which  stand  in  the  order  7i7cl7i7c ,  or  by  all  tlie  faces 
the  indices  of  which  stand  in  the  order  I7c7il7c,  is  said  to  be 
hemihedral  with  parallel  faces,  and  will  be  denoted  by  the 
symbol  tcTiTcI,  where  7i7cl  is  the  symbol  of  any  one  of  its  faces. 
The  first  and  third  columns  of  the  table  in  (112)  contain  the 
symbols  of  the  faces  of  n7i7cl ;  the  second  and  fourth  those  of 
7 rl7c7i. 


EIG.  43. 
112 


If  the  surface  of  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into 
twelve  lunes  by  zone-circles  through  the  poles  of  the  forms 
ill,  211,  101,  six  alternate  lunes  will  contain  the  poles  of  7 diTcl, 

c  3 


30 


RHOMEOHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


and  the  other  six  alternate  lunes  those  of  7 rlkh,  except  when 
the  algebraic  sum  of  two  of  the  indices  is  equal  to  twice  the 
third  index.  And  if  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into 
twelve  triangles  by  zone-circles  through  every  two  of  the  poles 
ol  the  forms  ill,  2II,  six  alternate  triangles  will  contain  the 
poles  of  ivTihl ;  and  the  other  six  alternate  triangles  those  of 
TrlJch,  except  when  the  sum  of  the  indices  is  zero. 

116.  The  form  bounded  either  by  all  the  faces  of  hkl  which 
have  for  their  symbols  the  arrangements  of  +  h,  +  k,  -f-  Z, 
which  stand  in  the  order  hklhk ,  and  those  of  —  h ,  —  k,  —  Z, 
which  stand  in  the  order  Ikhlk ,  or  by  all  the  faces  which  have  for 
their  symbols  the  arrangements  of  '+  h ,  +  k,  +  Z,  which  stand 
in  the  order  Ikhlk,  and  those  of  —  h ,  —  k,  —  Z,  which  stand 
in  the  order  hklhk,  is  said  to  be  hemihedral  with  asymmetric 
faces,  and  will  be  denoted  by  the  symbol  ahkl,  where  hkl  is  the 
symbol  of  any  one  of  its  faces. 

The  first  and  fourth  columns  of  the  table  in  (112)  contain 
the  symbols  of  the  faces  of  ahkl ;  the  second  and  third  columns 
those  of  alkh. 

It  the  surface  of  the  sphere  of  projection  be  divided  into  six 
lunes  by  zone-circles  through  the  poles  of  the  forms  ill  and  2I1, 
three  alternate  lunes  will  contain  the  poles  of  ahkl,  and  the 
remaining  three  alternate  lunes  the  poles  of  alkh. 

117.  To  determine  the  position  of  any  pole. 

Let  o  be  the  pole  of  111 ;  a,  b,  c  the  poles  of  100,  010,  001 : 
P  the  pole  of  hkl. 

oa  =  ob  =  oc  =  d,  bc  =  ca  =  ab,  and  the  angles  eoc, 
coa,  aob  are  each  equal  to  120°. 


tanroA  = 


tan  poe  = 


tanpoc  = 


s/3 

s/3 


k  -  Z 

2  h  —  k  -  V 
l  -  h 

2  k  —  Z  —  li 


s/3 


h  -  k 


2  Z  —  h  —  k  ’ 


EIGr.  44. 


c 


tanpo  =  VU[(fr-0°+  (*-»)•+  Q-tVH 

h  -j-  k  -f*  Z 


tani). 


d  is  the  angular  element  of  a  crystal  belonging  to  the 
rhombohedral  system. 


RHOMBOHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


31 


118.  Let  TiTcTc,  pqr  be  any  two  faces  in  a  zone  containing 

ill.  Then 


h  -  l 


7i  -f-  7c  7 


tan  ill) 


q  —  r 


p  +  q  +  v 


tan  (^r,  ill). 


119.  Let  o vw  be  any  face  in  the  zone  containing  010,  Oil. 
Then 


tan(oiw,on) 


v  4-  vj,  /  -n 
— - — tan  (010,011). 

v  —  w 


120.  Let  uvv  be  any  face  in  a  zone  containing  ill,  oil.  Then 

_  _  qP  _  _ 

tan  (uvv, oil)  =  -tan (ill, 011). 

v 


121.  When  7i ,  7c,  l,  p,  q,  r  are  connected  by  the  equations, 


p  —  —  7i  +  27c  +  2?,  q  =  zh  —  7c  -f-  2I,  r  —  2  7i  +  2&  —  l, 


the  arc  joining  the  poles  7i7cl,  pqr,  is  bisected  in  the  pole  ill. 
The  forms  TiTcl,  pqr  are,  in  this  case,  said  to  be  transverse  with 
respect  to  each  other. 

In  certain  crystals  belonging  to  the  rhombohedral  system,  com¬ 
binations  of  pairs  of  transverse  forms  occur  frequently.  Such  a 
combination  is  called  dirhombohedral.  It  may  be  denoted  by  the 
symbol  ITikl,  where  TiTcl  is  the  symbol  of  either  of  the  two  forms. 

The  poles  of  the  form  TiTcl  are  symmetrically  situated  with 
respect  to  each  of  the  three  zone-circles  through  the  poles  of 
the  forms  ill,  211.  The  poles  of  the  dirhombohedral  combina¬ 
tion  of  forms  TiTcl,  pqr  are  symmetrically  situated  with  respect 
to  each  of  seven  zone-circles  through  every  two  of  the  poles  of 
the  forms  ill,  211,  101. 

122.  The  two  hemihedral  forms,  either  with  inclined  or 
with  parallel  faces,  derived  from  the  same  holohedral  form,  are 
identical  in  all  respects,  position  excepted  ;  for,  if  the  sphere  of 
projection  be  made  to  revolve  through  two  right  angles  round 
any  two  opposite  poles  of  the  form  10I,  the  poles  of  icTiTcl  come 
into  the  places  of  those  of  JiTcl,  and  the  poles  of  7 xTiTcl  come 
into  the  places  of  the  poles  of  7 rlTcTi,  The  forms  a  TiTcl,  alJcli  are 
essentially  different. 

123.  Let  p,  a  be  any  two  adjacent  poles  of  the  forms  TiTcTc,  100 
respectively,  o  the  nearest  pole  of  the  form  ill,  po  =  t, 
ao  =  d,  the  angular  element  of  a  crystal  belonging  to  the 
rhombohedral  system.  Then 


tanT  = 


h  -  7c 
7 l  +  2/fc 


tanD. 


32 


RIIOMBOHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


Tlie  signs  of  tanT,  tanD,  will  be  the  same  or  different, 
according  as  the  directions  in  which  po,  ao  are  measured  from 
o,  are  the  same  or  different. 

124.  If  y  be  the  distance  between  any  two  of  three  poles  of 
the  form  hick,  which  have  the  indices  A ,  k,  k , 

sinjy  =  sin  60°  sin  t. 

The  distance  between  any  two  adjacent  poles,  one  of  which 
has  the  indices  +  A,  +  k,  +  Z,  and  the  other  the  indices  —  h , 
—  k,  —  Z,  will  be  180°—  v. 

125 .  If  p  be  any  pole  of  the  form  Jikl,  where  A  +  k  +  Z  =  o, 
po  =  90°,  and  if  h  be  the  distance  between  any  two  adjacent 
poles  of  Jikl  having  the  indices  A,  k,  l , 

tanjn  =  ^3— ft  ~~  1  . 

2  li  —  k  —  Z 

126.  Let  the  arc  adjoining  any  two  poles  of  the  form  hid, 

ha\ing  the  indices  -f~  A,  +  k,  +  Z,  be  h,  k,  l  or  y,  according  as 
7?,  k,  Z,  or  neither  of  the  indices,  holds  the  same  place  in  the 
symbols  of  the  two  poles  ;  t  the  distance  of  either  of  the  poles 
from  ill  ;  d  the  distance  of  any  pole  of  the  form  loo  from 
the  nearest  pole  of  the  form  m  ;  2d,  2<p,  2\p  the  angles  sub¬ 
tended  at  m  by  h,  k,  l.  The  angle  subtended  by  y  will  be 
120°.  Then  J 

tanT  =  s/»[(^~02  +  (*-»)»  + 

A  +  k  +  l  9 


tand  =  3 


k  —  I 


2h  —  k  —  Z 


tan  (p  —  s/3 


l  —  A 


2  k  —  Z  —  A 


9 


tan-i//  =  sj  2> 


A  —  k 


2 1  —  li  —  k  ’ 


sin^H  =  sindsinT,  sinjK  =  sin  0  sin  t, 
sinju  =  sin  ^  sin  t,  sinjy  =  sin  60°  sin  t. 

127.  If  y,  the  distance  between  any  two  of  three  equidistant 
poles  of  the  form  Jikk,  be  given,  we  have 

siniy  =  sin  60°  sin  t,  tanT  =  mtanD, 

(A  —  k)  =  +  mill  +  2 7c), 


EHOMEOHEDEAL  SYSTEM. 


33 


the  upper  or  lower  sign  being  taken  according  as  t  and  n  are 
measured  from  ill  in  the  same,  or  in  different  directions. 
Whence,  m  being  known,  k  and  h  may  be  found. 

128.  In  the  form  7i7cl,  where  k  +  7c  +  l  =  o,  the  distance 
between  any  two  poles,  not  a  multiple  of  60°,  being  known,  we 
can  find  the^  distance  of  one  of  them  from  the  nearest  pole  of 
the  form  211.  If  this  distance  be  0,  h,  7c,  l  may  be  found  from 
the  equations 

tand  =  V  3  —  ^  ~~  ^ — 7 ,  k  +  7c  +  l  —  o. 

129.  If  the  distances  between  any  pole  of  the  form  7i7cl  and 
each  of  two  other  poles  of  the  same  form  be  given,  the  three  poles 
not  being  in  one  zone-circle,  the  given  distances,  or  their  sup¬ 
plements,  will  be  two  of  the  arcs  h,  k,  l,  y. 


tand 

_  tanj(x  —  l) 

sind 

sinjn 

tan  60° 

tan|(K  +  l)  ’ 

sin  60° 

sin|Y  ’ 

tan0 

_  tan|(E  +  h) 

sin^ 

_  sin -Ik 

tan  60° 

tanJ(L  —  h)  7 

sin  60° 

sinJ-Y  7 

tamp 

_ tan^(K  —  h) 

sinx// 

sin|L 

tan  60° 

tan|(K  +  h)’ 

sin  60° 

sin^Y* 

Two  of  the  four  distances  h,  k,  l,  y  being  known,  t  and  one 
of  the  angles  d,  </>,  yp  may  be  found ;  and  then  the  indices  may 
be  found  from  the  equations 


tand  =  v/3 


tan^  =  x/3 
tan;//  —  a/3 


7c-  l 

2k-  7c-  V 

l—k 

27c—  l  —  k’ 


k  —  7c 

2  l  —  k  —  Tc9 


2tanT  cosd  = 


2tailT  COS0  = 
2tanT  cos^  = 


2k  —  7c  —  l 
k  ~j-  7c  -f-  Z 


tanD, 


2  7c  —  l  —  k 
k  -j-  7c  ~j~  7 


tanD, 


2 1  —  7i  —  7c 
7i  -{-  7c  -j-  7 


tanD. 


130.  To  find  the  distance  between  any  two  poles. 

Let  p,  q  be  the  poles  of  k7cl,  pqr ;  o,  a  the  poles  of  ill,  100  ; 
oa  =  d.  Let  pq  meet  the  zone-circle  through  the  poles  of  the 
form  101  in  m.  Then,  k,  7c,  l,  p,  q,  r  being  known,  the  symbol 
of  m  is  known  by  (19),  (20).  tanMOA,  tanpoA,  tanQOA  are 
known  by  (117).  Therefore  pom,  qom  are  knowm.  po  is  given 
in  terms  of  d  by  (117). 

c  5 


34 


E1I0MB0HEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


cos  pm  =  cosPOMsinpo, 

tanQM  tanQOM 

tan  pm  tan  pom  ’ 

Whence  pq,  which  is  either  the  sum  or  difference  of  pm,  qm,  is 
known. 

131.  Haying  given  the  distance  between  any  two  poles,  not 
both  in  the  zone-circle  through  the  poles  of  the  form  10I,  to  find 
d,  the  distance  of  any  pole  of  the  form  100  from  the  nearest  pole 
of  the  form  ill. 

Let  p,  q  be  the  given  poles,  TiTcl,  pqr  their  symbols  ;  then 
retaining  the  •  construction  in  (130),  7i,  7c,  l,  p,  q,  r  being 
known,  pom,  qom  are  known. 

sin(QM  +  pm)  sin  (qom  +  pom) 

sin(QM  —  pm)  sin  (qom  —  pom)’ 

One  of  the  arcs  qm  —  pm,  qm  -f-  pm  is  the  given  distance 
pq.  Therefore  pm,  qm  are  both  known. 

cos  pm  =  cos  pom  sinpo. 

po  being  known,  d  is  given  by  the  equation 

tanpo  =  (*-9*+  C*-*)1  +  P-*)2l?tanl 

h  +  7c  +  l 


132.  To  change  the  axes. 

Let  the  new  axes  be  the  axes  of  the  zones  containing  every 
two  of  the  three  faces  TiTcIc,  7c7i7c,  TcTcTi.  Then,  u,  v,  w  being  the 
indices  of  a  face  when  referred  to  the  old  axes,  u',  vr,  w'  its 
indices  when  referred  to  the  new  axes, 

ur  —  (h  -J-  7c)  n  —  7cv  —  Tew, 
v  —  —  7cu  +  (7i  -f  7c)  v —  Tew, 
wf  —  —  7cu  —  Tcv  -f  ( li  +  7c)  w. 

133.  To  determine,  the  figure  and  angles  of  the  form  TiTcl, 
when  7i,  7c,  l  take  particular  values. 

The  angle  between  normals  to  any  two  faces  of  the  same 
form  may  be  computed  by  the  formulae  in  (124),  (125),  (126), 
and  will  be  denoted  by  the  letter  placed  upon  the  corresponding 
edge  of  the  accompanying  figure.  The  arrangement  of  the 
poles,  when  the  three  indices  are  unequal,  is  shown  in  fig.  43. 
The  poles  of  the  form  TiTcTc  lie  in  zone-circles  through  the  poles 


EHOMEOHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


35 


of  tlie  form  ill,  and  those  of  the  form  211.  The  number  of 
faces  is  given  in  (112). 

134.  The  form  ill  has  two  parallel  faces. 

135.  The  forms  Kin,  kIII  consist  of  the  faces  ill,  III  respec¬ 
tively. 

136.  The  form  21 1  (fig.  45)  is  a  regular 
six-sided  prism. 

Gr  =  60°. 

137.  The  form  *21!  is  bounded  by  three 
alternate  faces  of  the  form  211,  and  k-211 
is  bounded  by  the  remaining  three  alter¬ 
nate  faces. 


EMI.  45. 

G  112  G 


G  112  G 


138.  The  form  101  (fig.  46)  is  a  regular 
six-sided  prism. 

11  =  60°. 

139.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms 
101,  211,  the  faces  of  one  form  truncate 
the  edges  of  the  other. 

112,011  =  30°. 

The  faces  of  either  of  the  forms  k211, 
k2Ti  truncate  the  alternate  edges  of  the 
form  101. 


EIGr.  46. 


In  combinations  of  the  form  ill  with  the  forms  211,  101,  the 
faces  of  2I1,  10I  make  right  angles  with  the  faces  of  ill. 

140.  The  form  hkk  is  bounded  by  three  pairs  of  parallel  faces, 
making  equal  angles  with  each  other.  This  form  is  called  a 
rhombohedron. 

Let  t  be  the  distance  of  any  pole  of  the  form  Tiklc  from  the 
nearest  pole  of  the  form  ill  ;  v  the  distance  between  two 
adjacent  poles  equidistant  from  ill ;  w  the  distance  between  two 
adjacent  poles  not  equally  distant  from  ill,  and  d  the  distance 
of  a  pole  of  the  form  100  from  the  nearest  pole  of  the  form  ill. 
Then 

li  —  k  , 

tanT  =  - - -tanD, 

h  +  2  k 


siniy  =  sin  60°  sin  t, 


w  =  180°—  y. 


The  position  of  a  rhombohedron  is  said  to  be  direct  when 
tanT,  tanD  have  the  same  signs,  or  when  t,  d  are  measured 
from  ill  in  the  same  direction,  and  inverse  when  tanT,  tanD 
have  different  signs,  or  when  t,  d  are  measured  from  ill  in 
different  directions. 

c  6 


36 


EHOMBOHEDEAL  SYSTEM. 


141.  In  combinations  of  rhombohedrons  with  tbe  forms  ill, 
211,  the  faces  of  a  direct  rbombobedron  truncate  tbe  edges 
formed  by  ill  and  each  of  tbe  faces  211, 121, 112  ;  the  faces  of  an 
inverse  rhombohedron  truncate  tbe  edges  formed  by  ill  and 
each  of  tbe  faces  211,  121,  112.  The  faces  of  the  form  ill  trun¬ 
cate  tbe  solid  angle  in  which  tbe  edges  y  meet.  A  normal  to 
ill  makes  equal  angles  with  normals  to  each  of  the  three  faces 
meeting  in  the  edges  y. 

142.  A  normal  to  the  faces  of  the  form 
111  is  called  the  axis  of  the  rhombohedron. 

143.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  211, 
likk  (fig.  47),  a  normal  to  any  face  of  the 
form  likk  makes  an  angle  90°  —  t  with  a 
normal  to  the  nearest  face  of  the  form  211, 
and  an  angle  it  with  a  normal  to  either  of 
the  two  next  faces,  where 

cosu  =  sin30°sinT. 

144.  In_  a  combination  of  the  forms  10I,  likk  (fig.  48),  the 
faces  of  10I  truncate  the  edges  w  of  likJc. 

The  angles  between  normals  to  any  face  of  the  form  likk 
and  normals  to  the  three  pairs  of  faces  of  the  form  oil,  are 
90°  —  Jy,  90°,  90°  +  Jy. 

145.  The  rhombohedron  100  (fig.  49),  is  direct. 

100,111  =  d. 

146.  The  rhombohedron  oil  (fig.  50),  is  inverse. 

tanr  =  —  JtanD. 

The  faces  of  the  form  oil  truncate  the  edges  y  of  the 
form  100. 


fig.  47. 

U2 


FIG.  48. 


FIG.  49. 


FIG.  50. 


147.  The  rhombohedron  211  is  direct.  tanT  =  itaiiD. 

The  faces  ot  the  form  211  truncate  the  edges  y  of  the  form 
Oil. 

148.  The  rhombohedron  311  is  direct.  tanT  =  -Itani). 

O 


EHOMBOHEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


37 


149.  The  rhombokedron  122  is  in¬ 
verse.  tanT  =  —  tann. 

Position  excepted,  the  form  of  122  is 
the  same  as  that  of  100. 

150.  A  combination  of  the  forms  100, 

122  (fig.  51),  is  a  double  six-sided  py¬ 
ramid.  The  faces  of  the  form  211  trun¬ 
cate  the  edges  which  form  the  common 
base  of  the  two  pyramids. 

sin  J  (221,100)  =  sin  30°  sin  d. 

122,100  =  180°  —  2D. 

151.  The  rhombohedron  Ill  (fig.  52), 
is  inverse.  tanT  ==:  —  2taiiD. 

The  faces  of  the  form  100  truncate 
the  edges  v  of  the  form  Ill. 

152.  The  rhombohedron  3ll  is  direct. 
tanT  =  4tanD. 

The  faces  of  the  form  Ill  truncate  the 
edges  y  of  the  form  sll. 

153.  The  form  vihkk  has  the  three  faces  having  the  indices 
+  ^  +_&,  +  k,  which  make  equal  angles  with  each  other.  The 
form  f chkk  has  the  three  faces  with  the  indices  —Ji,  —k,  —k. 

154.  Let  p  be  the  pole  of  one  of  the  faces  of  a  rhombohedron, 
the  edges  v  of  which  are  truncated  by  the  face  of  another  rhom¬ 
bohedron,  the  pole  of  which  is  s.  Then  tanpo  =  —  2  tan  so. 

155.  The  form  hkl ,  where  h  -f-  k  -|-  l  =  0  (fig.  53),  has  twelve 
faces  in  the  same  zone  with  the  faces  of  the  forms  oil,  ail. 

ta„|H  = 

L  =  60°  —  H. 


EIG.  52. 


1  of  the  forms  oil, 

211,  are  \ 

L,  i 

In  the  form  213, 

n  = 

21° 

47'. 

In  the  form  314, 

11  = 

32° 

12'. 

In  the  form  415, 

H  = 

00 

00 

0 

13'. 

In  the  form  325, 

n  = 

13° 

10'. 

In  the  form  516, 

11  = 

42° 

6'. 

In  the  form  527, 

n  = 

27° 

48'. 

In  the  form  718, 

H  = 

46° 

50'. 

EIG.  53. 


38 


EHOMBOIIEDRAL  SYSTEM. 


In  combinations  of  this  form  with  the  forms  Oil,  211,  tlie 
faces  of  Oil  truncate  the  edges  l,  and  the  faces  of  211  truncate 
the  edges  h. 

156.  The  form  Mel,  where  h  +  k  -f  l  =  o,  is  bounded  by 
the  alternate  pairs  of  faces  of  the  form  hkl. 

The  angles  between  normals  to  adjacent  faces  are  alternately 
n  and  120°  —  ii. 

157.  The  form  ^ dikl,  bounded  by  the  alternate  faces  of  the 
form  hkl,  is  a  regular  six-sided  prism. 

158.  The  form  hkl  has  twelve  faces.  Let  h,  l  be  algebraically 
the  greatest  and  least  of  the  three  indices  ;  t,  d  the  distances 
of  any  poles  of  the  forms  hkl ,  loo  from  the  nearest  poles  of  the 
form  ill  ; 

Eia.  54. 


7 


tanT  =  +  (l-hy  +  tanD. 

h  +  k  +  l 

sin  Jii  =  sind  sinT,  sinin  ==  sin  <p  sinT, 
sin =  sin^  sinT,  w  =  180°  —  k. 

"When  the  algebraic  sum  of  two  of  the  indices  is  equal  to 
twice  the  third,  h  and  l  are  equal. 

159.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  hkl,  10T,  the  faces  of  lol 
truncate  the  edges  w  of  hkl. 

The  angle  between  normals  to  any  face  of  the  form  hkl,  and 
the  nearest  face  of  the  form  lol,  is  90°  —  in. 

In  a  combination  of  the  forms  hkl,  211,  the  faces  of  211  trun¬ 
cate  the  solid  angles  of  hkl,  in  which  the  edges  w,  n,  l  meet. 

160.  Each  of  the  forms  dikl,  Mel ,  has  the  faces  of  one  of  the 
two  pyramids  which,  joined  base  to  base,  constitute  the  form 
hkl. 

161.  Each  of  the  forms  i rhkl,  nlkh,  is  bounded  by  the  alter¬ 
nate  faces  of  the  form  hkl,  which  occur  in  three  parallel  pairs, 
making  equal  angles  with  each  other.  Let  y,  w  be  the  dis- 


PRISMATIC  SYSTEM. 


39 


tances  between  two  adjacent  poles  equally  and  unequally  distant 
from  the  pole  ill.  Then 

sin|v  =  sin  60°  sin  t,  w  =  180°  —  y. 

162.  In  the  forms  ahJcl,  a ITcTi,  let  y  be  the  distance  between 
adjacent  poles  equally  distant  from  the  pole  ill ;  u,  w  the  dis¬ 
tances  between  adjacent  poles  unequally  distant  from  the 
pole  ill.  Then 

siniy  =  sin  60°  sin  t,  u  =  180°  —  h,  w  =  180°  —  k. 

163.  The  cleavages,  in  crystals  belonging  to  the  rhombo- 
hedral  system,  are  parallel  to  the  faces  of  the  forms  oil,  m,  or 
to  those  of  forms  which  have  two  of  their  indices  equal. 

PRISMATIC  SYSTEM. 

164.  In  the  prismatic  system  the  axes  make  right  angles 
with  each  other. 

165.  The  form  TiTcl  is  bounded  by  all  the  faces  having  for 
their  symbols  the  different  combinations  of  ±  Ji,  ±  7c,  ■  ±  l ,  each 
index  having  always  the  same  place.  When  h,  7c,  l  are  all 
finite,  the  form  TiTcl  will  have  the  eight  faces. 

7i  7c  l  7i  7c  l  7i  7c  l  7i  7c  l 

7i  7c  l  7i  7c  l  7i  7c  l  7i  7c  l 

WTien  one  of  the  indices  is  zero,  the  number  of  faces  will  be 
four.  When  two  of  the  indices  are  zero,  the  number  of  faces 
will  be  two. 

166.  The  arrangement  of 
the  poles  of  7i7cl  on  the  sur¬ 
face  of  the  sphere  of  projec¬ 
tion  is  shown  in  the  annexed 

!  figure. 

167.  The  form  bounded 
by  all  the  faces  of  7i7cl,  which 
have  either  an  odd  number 
of  positive  indices,  or  an  odd 
number  of  negative  indices, 
is  said  to  be  hemihedral  with 
inclined  faces,  and  will  be 
denoted  by  kTiTcI,  where  7i7cl 
is  the  symbol  of  any  one  of 
its  faces. 

The  symbols  of  the  faces  of  kTiJcI  are  contained  in  the  upper 
line,  those  of  tcTiJcl  in  the  lower  line  of  the  above  table. 

_The  form  kTiTcI  consists  of  four  alternate  faces  of  the  form  TiTcl, 
k7i7cI  of  the  other  four  alternate  faces. 


EIGr.  55. 


010 


40 


PRISMATIC  SYSTEM. 


168.  The  form  bounded  by  all  the  faces  of  hkl,  in  the  symbols 
of  which  the  sign  of  one  of  the  indices  remains  unchanged, 
is  said  to  be  hemihedral  with  symmetric  faces,  and  may  be  de¬ 
noted  by  the  symbol  dikl,  the  index  which  preserves  its  sign 
unchanged,  having  its  proper  sign  placed  over  it. 

The  poles  of  the  two  half  forms  will  be  found  respectively  in 
the  two  hemispheres  into  which  the  surface  of  the  sphere  is 
divided  by  a  zone-circle  through  two  of  the  three  poles  100, 
010,  001. 

169.  The  form  bounded  by  all  the  faces  of  the  form  hkl,  in 
which  two  of  the  indices  change  their  signs  together,  is  said 
to  be  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces,  and  may  be  denoted  by  the 
symbol  nhkl,  a  dot  being  placed  over  that  index,  the  sign  of 
which  is  independent  of  the  signs  of  the  other  two  indices. 

The  poles  of  the  half  form  are  found  in  two  alternate  lunes, 
of  the  four  into  which  the  sphere  of  projection  is  divided  by  two 
of  the  zone-circles  through  every  two  of  the  poles  100,  010,  ooi. 

170.  To  determine  the  position  of  any  pole. 

Let  a,  b,  c  be  the  poles  of  the  faces  loo,  oio,  ooi. 
011,010  =  n,  101,001  =  E,  110,100  =  r.  D,  e,  e  are  con¬ 
nected  by  the  equation  tan d tan e tan e  =  l.  p  the  pole  of  hkl. 
bc,  ca,  ab  are  quadrants. 


tanPAB 

tanPBC 

tanpcA 


l 

ytanD, 

As 

h 

— tanE, 
t 

k 

—tanE. 

h 


B 


h 


cot  PA  =  —  COtECOSPAB  =3 
k 

k 

COt  PB  =  — COtDCOSPBC  = 


l 


h 

—tanE  cos  pac, 
k 

—tanE  cos  pba, 
h 


cotpc  =  —  Cot E COS PCA  3=  -tanDCOSPCB. 

h  k 

Any  two  of  the  three  angles  d,  e,  e  are  the  angular  elements 
of  a  crystal  belonging  to  the  prismatic  system. 

171.  The  poles  of  the  form  hkl  are  symmetrically  situated 
with  respect  to  each  of  the  zone-circles  through  every  two  of 
the  poles  100,  oio,  ooi. 

The  poles  of  the  two  halves  of  the  same  holohedral  form 


PRISMATIC  SYSTEM. 


41 


maj-,  in  every  case,  be  made  to  change  places  with  each  other, 
bj  causing  the  sphere  of  projection  to  revolve  through  two 
right  angles  round  the  poles  of  one  of  the  forms  100,  010,  001. 

,  1^2.  In  the  form  o kl,  if  l  be  the  distance  between  two  poles 
differing  only  in  the  sign  of  l, 

tan|L  =  —  tani). 

2  k 


1/3.  In  the  form  7/oZ,  if  h  be  the  distance  between  the  poles 
differing  only  in  the  sign  of  h, 


,  ii 

tan|H  =  —  tans. 

i 


174.  In  the  form  7/7*0,  if  k  be  the  distance  between  two  poles 
differing  only  in  the  sign  of  k, 


tan^K  =  —  tanp. 
h 


1/5.  In  the  form  Jihl,  if  h,  k,  l  be  the  distances  between  any 
two  poles,  the  symbols  of  which  differ  only  in  the  signs  of  7/,  k,  l 
respectively, 

Tc  l 

tan  (p  =  —  tanF,  tanJ-L  =  —  cotEcos^, 

siniR  =  cos  Jl  sin sinjn  z=  cosJlcos^. 

176.  Let  a,  b,  c  be  the  poles  of  loo,  oio,  ooi  respectively; 
P  the  pole  of  h/cl,  q  that  of  pqr. 

Let  q  be  in  the  zone-circle  pa.  Then 

tan  pa  pic  pi 
tanQA  hq  hr ' 

Let  q  be  in  the  zone-circle  pb.  Then 


tanPB  ql  qh 
tanQB  hr  lcp 

Let  q  be  in  the  zone-circle  pc.  Then 


tan  pc  Ih  Ik 
tanQC  rp  rq 

177.  To  find  the  distance  between  any  two  poles. 

Let  p,  q  be  the  poles  of  hkl,  pqr ;  a,  b,  c  the  poles  of  100,  010, 
001.  Let  pq  meet  the  zone-circle  ab  in  m.  Then,  the  tangents 
of  MCA,  pca,  qca  can  be  found  in  terms  of  7/,  k,  l,  p,  q,  r,  and 
two  of  the  three  angles  d,  e,  f  ;  therefore  pcm,  qcm  are  known. 


42 


PRISMATIC  SYSTEM. 


pc  can  be  found  in  terms  of  h,  1c,  l,  and  two  of  the  three  angles 

D,  E,  E. 

cos  pm  =  sinpc  cos  pcm, 

tanQM  _  tanQCM 

tan  pm  tan  pcm  * 

Therefore,  pm,  qm  being  known,  pq,  which  is  their  sum  or  dif¬ 
ference,  is  known. 

178.  If  the  distance  between  any  two  poles  of  either  of  the 
forms  o hi,  hoi ,  hho  be  given,  the  indices  may  be  obtained  from 
the  expressions  in  (172),  (173),  (174). 

179.  In  the  form  hhl ,  the  distances  between  any  pole  and  each 
of  two  others,  or  their  supplements,  will  be  two  of  the  arcs 
h,  k,  l  ;  therefore  two  of  the  arcs  h,  k,  l  being  known,  0,  and 
thence  h ,  h,  l  may  be  found  from  (175). 

180.  The  angles  n,  e,  e  may  be  found  from  the  expressions 
in  (172),  (173),  (174),  having  given  the  distances  between  the 
poles  of  two  of  the  forms  0 hi,  hoi,  hJco  ;  or  from  the  expressions 
in  (175),  having  given  the  distance  between  any  pole  of  the  form 
hhl,  and  each  of  two  others  not  all  in  the  same  zone-circle. 

181.  The  angles  d,  e,  E  may  also  be  found  from  the  distances 
between  three  given  poles  in  one  zone-circle  not  passing  through 
either  of  the  poles  100,  010,  001. 

Let  p,  q,  r  be  the  three  given  poles  ;  a,  b,  c  the  poles  of 
100,  010,  001.  Let  pr  meet  bc,  ca,  ab  in  l,  m,  h  respectively. 
Then,  knowing  the  symbols  of  P,  Q,  R,  the  symbols  of  l,  m,  h 
may  be  found  by  (l9),  (20).  Therefore  pl,  pm,  PH.maybe 
found  by  (22)  or  (24) .  Therefore  the  distances  between  l,  m,  n 
are  known. 

(tanLB  r  = - ,  (tanMcr  = - ,  (tanHAr  = - . 

tanLM  tan  mist  tanHL 

The  numerical  values  of  tan  mist,  tan  hl,  tan  lm  being  taken 
with  positive  signs. 

Hence,  knowing  tan  lb,  tan  mc,  tan  ha,  and  the  symbols  of 
l,  m,  H,  the  angles  n,  e,  e  may  be  found  by  (172),  (173),  (174). 

182.  To  determine  the  figure  and  angles  of  the  form  hid,  when 
It,  h,  l  take  particular  values. 

The  angle  between  normals  to  any  two  faces  is  obtained  from 
the  expressions  in  (172)  .  .  .  (175),  and  will  be  denoted  by  the 
letter  which,  in  the  accompanying  figure,  is  placed  upon  the 
edge  formed  by  their  intersection.  The  arrangement  of  the 
poles  is  shown  in  fig.  55.  The  number  of  faces  is  given  in 
(165). 


PRISMATIC  SYSTEM. 


43 


183.  The  three  forms  100,  oio,  ooi,  have 
each  two  parallel  faces. 

In  combinations  of  these  forms  with 
each  other,  the  faces  of  any  one  form  are 
perpendicular  to  those  of  each  of  the  other 
two. 

Either  of  the  above  forms  may  become 
hemihedral. 


eig.  57. 


010 


100 


010 


184.  The  form  0 Id  (fig.  58)  has  two  pairs  eig.  58. 

of  parallel  faces. 

,  l 

tan^L  =  —  tann,  k  =  iso°  —  l. 
k 

100  100 

185.  In  a  combination  of  the  form  o Id 
with  the  forms  loo,  oio,  ooi,  the  faces  of  100 
are  perpendicular  to  those  of  o Id  ;  and  the 

faces  of  oio,  ooi  truncate  the  edges  l,  k  respectively.  A 
normal  to  any  face  of  o hi  makes  angles  -|l,  with  normals 
to  the  nearest  faces  of  oio,  ooi  respectively." 


186.  The  form  hoi  (fig.  59)  has  two  pairs  eig.  59. 

of  parallel  faces. 

x  7  010 

h  - 

tanfH  =  —  tanE,  l  =  180°  —  n. 

i 

L  II  L 

187.  In  combinations  of  the  form  hoi 

with  the  forms  loo,  oio,  ooi,  the  faces  of  oio  L _ _ 

are  perpendicular  to  those  of  hoi ;  and  the  °r° 

faces  of  ooi,  100  truncate  the  edges  h,  l  respectively. 

A  normal  to  any  face  mak'es  angles  J-h,  Jl  with  normals 
to  the  nearest  faces  of  the  forms  ooi,  loo  respectively. 


oio 


II 


188.  The  form  hlco  (fig.eo)  has  two  pairs 
of  parallel  faces. 

Jc 

tan^K  =  —  tanE,  h  =  180°  —  k. 
h 

189.  In  combinations  of  the  form  hlco  1 
with  the  forms  loo,  oio,  ooi,  the  faces  of 
ooi  are  perpendicular  to  those  of  hlco  ;  and 
the  faces  of  100,  oio  truncate  the  edges 
k,  h  respectively. 

A  normal  to  any  face  of  hlco  makes  angles  Ik, 
normals  to  the  nearest  faces  of  100,  oio  respectively. 

190.  When  either  of  the  forms  o /cl,  hoi,  hlco  becomes  hemi¬ 
hedral  with  symmetric  faces,  the  half  form  consists  of  two 
adjacent  faces. 


|h  with 


44 


OBLIQUE  SYSTEM. 


When  either  of  the  above  forms  becomes  hemihedral  with 
parallel  faces,  the  half  form  consists  of  two  opposite  faces. 


191.  The  form  hkl  (fig.6l)  has  eight  faces. 

*  ,  i  l 

tan</>  =  —  tanE,  tan^L  =  —  cot  e cos 0, 
h  h 

sinjK  =  cosjusin^,  sinjH  =  cosJlcos  <p. 


EIG.  61. 


192.  In  a  combination  of  the  form  hkl  with  the  forms  100,  010, 
001,  the  faces  ot  loo  truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which  the  edges 
k,  l  meet ;  the  faces  of  oio  truncate  the  solid  angles  in  which 
the  edges  l,  h  meet ;  and  the  faces  of  00 1  truncate  the  solid 
angles  in  which  the  edges  h,  k  meet. 

A  normal  to  any  face  of  hkl  makes  angles  90°  —  ^H, 
9°°  —  90°  —  Ji*  with  normals  to  the  nearest  faces  of  the 

forms  100,  oio,  001  respectively. 


EIG.  62. 


193.  The  forms  ichkl,  hhkl  are  irregular 
tetrahedrons,  bounded  by  the  alternate 
faces  of  the  form  hkl. 

T  =  180°  —  ir,  y  =  180°  —  K,  W  =  180°  — L. 

194.  In  combinations  of  either  of  the 
above  forms  with  the  forms  loo,  oio,  ooi, 
the  faces  of  loo,  oio,  ooi  truncate  the 
edges  t,  y,  w  respectively. 

195.  A  hemihedral  form  with  symmetric  faces  consists  of 
four  faces,  which  make  one  of  the  solid  angles  of  fig.  61. 

196.  A  hemihedral  torm  with  parallel  faces  has  any  two 
pairs  of  parallel  faces  of  fig.  61. 


OBLIQUE  SYSTEM. 

197.  In  the  oblique  system,  one  axis,  oy,  is  perpendicular  to 
each  of  the  other  two  axes. 

198.  The  form  hkl  is  bounded  by  all  the  faces  which  have  for 
their  symbols  the  different  combinations  of +h,  +k,  ±7,  in  which 
each  ot  the  three  indices  has  always  the  same  place,  and  the 
first  and  third  indices  change  their  signs  together.  When  k 
is  finite  the  form  has  the  four  faces, 

hkl  hkl  hkl  hkl. 

When  k  is  zero,  or  when  each  of  the  other  two  indices  are 
zero,  the  number  of  faces  will  be  two. 

199.  The  hemihedral  form,  which  we  shall  denote  by  ahkl, 


OBLIQUE  SYSTEM. 


45 


where  hkl  is  the  symbol  of  one  of  its  faces,  is  bounded  by  the  faces 
ot  the  form  hkl  in  the  symbols  of  which  k  has  the  same  sign. 

The  poles  ot  the  two  half-forms  lie  on  different  sides  of  the 
zone-circle  100,001. 

200.  To  determine  the  position  of  any  pole. 

Let  a,  b,  c  be  the  poles  of  100,  010, 

001  ;  G,  l  the  poles  of  ill,  101,  the 
arcs  al,  gb,  lc  being  known ;  p  the 
pole  of  hkl. 

Let  pb  meet  ac  in  s.  ab,  bc  are 
quadrants. 

The  arc  as,  which  measures  the 
angle  pba,  is  given  by  the  equations 

,  n  Asinuc 

tand  =  - - 

l  sm  AL 

tan  (as  —  Jac)  =  tan|Actan(45°  —  0), 

Or  Z (cot AS  —  COtAC)  =  h  (cot AL  —  COtAC), 

,  l  sinAL , 

tanpB  —  —  _ - tan  gb, 

k  SinAS 

cospa  =  sinPB  cosas,  cos  pc  =  sinPB  coses. 

la,  gb,  lc  are  the  angular  elements  of  a  crystal  belonging  to 
the  oblique  system. 

201.  The  poles  of  the  form  hkl  are  symmetrically  arranged 
with  respect  to  the  zone-circle  001,100.  In  other  words,  they 
are  in  the  zone-circle  containing  the  poles  of  the  form  010,  and 
are  equidistant  from  the  nearest  pole  of  010. 

202.  Let  p,  q  be  the  poles  of  hkl,  pqr,  in.  a  zone-circle  passing 
through  b,  the  pole  of  010.  Then 

tanPB ql qh 

tanQB  hr  kp 

203.  To  find  the  distance  between  any  two  poles. 

Let  p,  q  be  the  poles  of  hkl,  pqr  ;  a,  b,  c  the  poles  of  100,  010, 
001 ;  l  the  pole  of  101.  Let  pq  meet  ca  in  m.  Then  the  sym¬ 
bol  of  M  may  be  found  by  (19),  (20),  and  mba,  pba,  qba,  pb  may 
be  found  in  terms  of  h,  k,  l,  p,  q,  r,  al,  lc,  by  (200). 

pbm,  qbm  being  known,  we  have 

cos  pm  =  cos  PBM  sinPB. 

tanQM tan  qbm 

tan  pm  tan  pbm  * 

Whence  pm,  qm  being  known,  pq  is  known. 


EIG.  63. 


46 


OBLIQUE  SYSTEM. 


204.  Let  a,  b,  c  (fig.  63)  be  tbe  poles  of  loo,  oio,  ooi  ;  g,  l 
tbe  poles  of  ill,  101.  Then,  if  s  be  the  pole  of  any  face  hoi  in 
the  zone  ac,  knowing  the  distance  as,  the  indices  h,  l  are  given 
by  the  equation 

li  _ sinAL  sin(AC  —  as) 

l  sinuc  sin  as 

205.  Let  p  (fig.  63)  be  the  pole  of  any  face  Tiki ;  s  the  inter¬ 
section  of  bp,  ac  ;  knowing  any  two  of  the  three  arcs  pa,  pb,  pc, 
the  arcs  pb,  as  may  be  found ;  and  the  indices  li ,  Jc:  l  are  given 
by  the  equations 

h _ sinAL  sin(AC  —  as) 

l  sinLC  sin  as 

Jc  sinAL  tanGB 
l  sin  as  tanPB 

206.  a,  b,  c  (fig.  63)  are  the  poles  of  loo,  oio,  ooi ;  g,  l  the 
poles  of  in,  101 ;  p  the  pole  of  hJcl.  Having  given  pa,  pb,  pc, 
to  find  al,  gb,  lc,  the  angular  elements  of  the  crystal. 

Let  pb  meet  ac  in  s. 

COSPC  =  shlPB  COS  SC,  COSPA  =  sillPB  COSAS,  AC  =  AS  +  SC. 

as,  sc,  ac  being  known,  al  is  given  by  the  equations 

tand  =  -?nSC,  tan  (al  —  Jac)  =  tan|AC  tan  (45°  —  0), 
li  sniAS 


Or  ll  COtAL  =  l  Cot  AS  +  ( 'll  —  l)  COt  AC. 


tanGB  = 


Jc  sin  as 
l  sinAL 


tanPB. 


207.  a,b,  c  are  the  poles  of  100,010, 
001,  P,  Q,  n  three  poles  in  ca  ;  t  any 
pole  not  in  ca.  Having  given  pq, 
qb,  tb,  and  the  symbols  of  p,  q,  b,  t, 
to  find  the  angular  elements  of  the 
crystal. 

Let  tb  meet  ca  in  s.  The  symbol 
of  s  maybe  found  by  (19),  (20),  pc, 
pa,  PS  may  be  found  by  (22)  or  (24) . 
sa,  tb,  sc  being  known,  the  angular 
elements  may  be  found  as  in  (206). 


EIG.  64. 


c 


AyORTHTC  SYSTEM. 


47 


208.  a, b,  c  are  the  poles  of  100,010, 

001 ;  m,  n  any  two  poles  of  different 
forms  not  in  the  zone-circle  001,100. 

Having  given  mb,  kb,  mn,  and  the 
symbols  of  m,  s,  to  find  the  angular 
elements  of  the  crystal. 

Let  mb,  nb,  mist  meet  ca  in  p,  q,  r, 
the  symbols  of  m,  n  being  known, 
those  of  p,  q,  r  are  known,  mb,  nb, 
mn  being  known,  pq  may  be  found. 

tan|(pR  —  qr) _ sin  (kb  —  mb) 

tan  \  (pr  +  qr)  sin  (nb  +  mb)  ’ 

which  gives  pr,  qr.  Whence  ap,  cp  may  be  found  by  (22)  or 
(24).  From  qa,  ]stb,  qc,  or  pa,  mb,  pc,  the  angular  elements 
may  be  found  by  (2oe), 

209.  To  change  the  axes. 

Let  u,  v,  w  be  the  indices  of  any  face,  v!,  v ,  iv'  its  indices  when 
referred  to  the  axes  of  the  zones  y>or,oio,  001,100,  eog,o\o  as 
crystallographic  axes  ;  then 

ur  —  p-w  —  ru,  v'  =  v,  w'  ~  gu  ew. 

210.  The  form  010  has  two  parallel  faces. 

211.  The  form  hoi  has  two  faces  parallel  to  each  other, 

212.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  hoi ,  010,  the  faces  of  hoi 
are  perpendicular  to  the  faces  of  010. 

213.  The  form  hid  has  four  faces,  in  two  parallel  pairs,  form¬ 
ing  a  zone. 

214.  In  a  combination  of  the  forms  hid,  010,  normals  to  any 
j  face  of  hid  and  the  adjacent  face  of  010  make  with  each  other 
I  an  angle,  which  is  measured  by  the  arc  pb,  where  pb  has  the 

value  assigned  to  it  in  (200).  The  faces  of  the  form  010  are  in 
the  same  zone  with  those  of  hid. 

215.  The  hemihedral  form  chid  has  the  two  faces  of  the  form 
hid,  adjacent  to  one  of  the  faces  of  the  form  010. 

ANORTHIC  SYSTEM. 

216.  In  the  anorthic  system,  the  form  7H'/has  the  two  faces  hid, 
hid. 

217.  To  find  the  position  of  any  pole. 

t>,  e,  G,  n  are  any  four  poles,  of  which  no  three  are  in  one 
zone-circle ;  f  the  intersection  of  the  zone-circles  ed,  gh. 


FIG.  65. 


48 


j^jS'ORTHIC  system. 


Having  given  the  symbols  of 

d,  e,  a,  h,  the  arcs  de,  ef, 
gf,  hf,  one  of  the  arcs  hd, 
he,  hg,  eg,  and  the  symbol  of 
the  pole  p  ;  to  find  the  place 
of  P. 

Let  the  zone-circle  through 
p  and  e  intersect  dg,  hf  in 
l,  m.  The  symbols  of  d,  g,  h,  e, 
p  being  known,  the  symbols  of 

e,  m,  f  may  be  found  by  (l9), 

(20) .  The  symbols  of  h,  g,  f, 
and  the  arcs  fg,  fh  being  known,  fm  may  be  found  by  (22)  or 
(24) .  Compute  efm,  gdf,  mef,  em,  el  by  the  rules  of  spherical 
trigonometry.  The  symbols  of  e,  m,  l,  p,  and  the  arcs  em,  el 
being  known,  ep  may  be  found  by  (22)  or  (24).  ep  and  pef 
being  known,  the  position  of  p  is  fully  determined. 

"When  p  is  in  either  of  the  zone-circles  fe,  fh,  its  distance 
from  f  can  be  found  at  once  by  (22)  or  (24). 

The  four  arcs  fd,  fe,  fg,  fh,  and  one  of  the  arcs  hd,  he,  dg, 
eg  may  be  taken  for  the  angular  elements  of  the  crystal. 

218.  Having  given  the  symbols  of  four  poles  d,  f,  g,  k  (fig.  66), 
any  five  of  the  arcs  df,  fg,  gk,  kd,  gd,  kf,  and  the  symbol  of 
the  pole  P  ;  to  find  the  position  of  p. 

Let  e  be  the  intersection  of  kg,  df  ;  h  the  intersection  of 
dk,  fg.  The  symbols  of  f,  g,  k,  d  being  known,  those  of  e,  h 
may  be  found  by  (19),  (20). 

Compute  fe,  fh  by  the  methods  of  spherical  trigonometry. 
Then,  the  symbols  of  f,  g,  h,  d,  e  being  known,  and  the  arcs 
fg,  fh,  fd,  fe,  dg,  the  position  of  p  may  be  found  by  (217). 

Any  five  of  the  six  arcs  df,  fg,  gk,  kd,  dg,  kf  can  be  used 
as  angular  elements,  but  not  so  conveniently  as  the  angular 
elements  adopted  in  the  preceding  article. 

219.  To  find  the  distance  between  any  two  poles. 

Let  f,  g,  h,  d,  e  have  the 
same  signification  as  in  (217)  ; 
let  p,  q,  be  the  two  poles,  and 
let  pq  intersect  fe,  fh  in  t,  tj, 
and  one  of  the  circles  gd,  ge, 
dh,  eh  in  v. 

The  symbols  of  t,  it,  y  may 
be  found  by  (19),  (20).  The 
symbols  of  f,  d,  e,  g,  h,  t,  u, 
and  the  arcs  fd,  fe,  fg,  fh 
being  known,  ft,  ftj  may  be 
found  by  (22)  or  (24).  tjt,  yt 


fig.  66. 


E 


TWIN  CEYSTALS. 


49 


may  be  found  by  the  rules  of  spherical  trigonometry,  ut,  yt, 
and  the  symbols  of  t,  u,  y,  p,  q  being  known,  tp,  tq  may  be 
found  by  (22)  or  (24) . 

If  the  arcs  pe,  qe,  and  the  angles  pee,  qee  have  been  found 
by  (217)  or  (218),  pq  may  be  computed  from  pe,  qe  and  qep  by 
the  rules  of  spherical  trigonometry. 

All  the  poles  are  usually  so  situated  in  the  intersections  of 
zone- circles,  that  their  places,  and  their  distances  from  each 
other,  may  be  readily  found  by  (19),  (20),  and  (22)  or  (24), 
and  the  ordinary  rules  of  spherical  trigonometry,  without 
having  recourse  to  the  methods  above  given. 

TWIN  CEYSTALS. 

220.  A  twin  crystal  is  composed  of  two  crystals  joined  together 
in  such  a  manner  that  one  would  come  into  the  position  of  the 
other,  by  revolving  through  two  right  angles  round  an  axis 
perpendicular  to  a  plane,  which  either  is,  or  may  be,  a  face  of 
either  crystal.  The  axis  will  be  called  the  twin  axis,  and  the 
plane  to  which  it  is  perpendicular  the  twin  plane. 

The  faces  of  the  two  crystals  are  symmetrical  with  respect 
to  a  plane  parallel  to  the  twin  face. 

221.  In  order  to  find  the  twin  axis  in  any  given  twin  crystal, 
i  when  it  cannot  be  done  by  simple  inspection,  we  must  deter¬ 
mine  by  measurement,  or  by  the  observation  of  zones,  the  inter- 

;  section  of  two  great  circles,  each  of  which  passes  through  the 
poles  of  corresponding  or  opposite  faces  of  the  two  crystals. 
If  the  intersections  of  the  circles  be  the  poles  of  corresponding 
faces  of  the  two  crystals,  they  will  be  the  poles  of  a  twin  plane. 

Let  p,  q  be  the  poles  of  any 
two  faces  of  one  crystal ;  p,  q  the 
poles  of  the  corresponding  faces 
of  the  other,  p',  the  poles  of 
the  faces  opposite  to  y>,  q ;  t,  t' 
the  intersections  of  the  great  cir¬ 
cles  p  ,  qQq  .  Then  T,  t'  are  the 
poles  of  the  twin  plane. 

222.  Crystals  belonging  to  the 
anorthic  system  are  sometimes 
united  in  such  a  manner  that  one 
would  come  into  the  position  of 
the  other  by  revolving  through 
two  right  angles  round  the  axis  of  a  zone. 

223.  When  the  twin  plane,  and  the  angles  between  the  faces  of 
one  of  the  crystals  are  given,  the  angle  between  any  faces  of 
each  of  the  two  crystals  can  be  readily  determined. 

Let  ?,p  (fig- 68)  be  the  poles  of  corresponding  faces  of  the 

D 


EIG.  68. 


50 


GCXNTOMETEES. 


two  crystals,  p'  the  pole  opposite  to  p.  Then  pt  — p'n  ,  therefore 
p pr  —  iso0 —  2pt.  When  pt  is  greater  than  90°,  the  faces  p ,p^ 
will  form  a  re-entering  angle.  Next  let  p ,q  he  any  poles  of 
each  of  the  two  crystals,  q,  q  opposite  poles  ol  the  same  crystal ; 
q  the  pole  of  one  crystal  corresponding  to  the  pole  q  of  the 
other,  pt,  qt,  pq  give  ptq.  t q'  180°  —  tq.  pt,  t q',  ptq 
being  known,  p q  may  be  found. 


GONIOMETEES. 


EIG.  70. 


224.  Carangeot’s  Goniometer  con-  r 

sists  of  two  small  metal  rulers  (fig.  69), 
fastened  together  by  a  pin  so  as  to 
move  stiffly  on  each  other.  In  order 
to  measure  the  mutual  inclination  of 
two  faces  of  a  crystal,  the  rulers  are 
placed  with  their  edges  touching  the 
faces  of  the  crystal  in  lines  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  the  intersection  of  the 
faces.  The  rulers  are  then  applied  to 
a  graduated  semi-circle  (fig. 7o),  with¬ 
out  altering  their  position  with  re¬ 
spect  to  each  other,  so  that  the  inter¬ 
section  of  their  edges  may  coincide 
with  the  centre  of  the  graduation. 

The  portion  of  the  graduated  arc, 
contained  between  the  edges  of  the  rulers,  will  then  measure  the 
supplement  of  the  inclination  of  the  planes,  or  of  the  distance 
between  their  poles.  This  instrument  is  obviously  incapable  of 
affording  accurate  results. 


225.  The  Reflective  Goniometer 
of  Wollaston. 

A  graduated  circle  L,  the  divi¬ 
sions  of  which  may  be  read  off  to 
minutes,  by  means  of  a  vernier  n, 
is  fixed  on  a  hollow  axle  which 
may  be  turned  round  by  the  milled 
head  M.  An  axle  cs  passing  through 
the  hollow  axle  of  l,  and  which  either 
turns  with  the  circle  l,  or  may  be 
turned  independently,  by  means  of 
the  milled  head  at  s,  carries  a  crooked 
arm  ge.  The  part  eg  is  connected 
with  ce  by  a  joint  which  permits  it 
to  turn  round  an  axis  perpendicular 
to  cs,  passing  through  cs  produced, 
and  has  a  collar  at  g  in  which  the  pin 


EIG.  71. 


s 


GONIOMETERS. 


51 


iik  turns  and  slides,  with  its  axis  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of 
eg-,  and  passing  through  the  point  in  which  sc  produced,  inter¬ 
sects  the  axis  of  eg.  The  crystal  is  fastened  by  means  of  a  soft 
cement  to  a  thin  plate  of  metal,  fixed  in  a  slit  at  k. 

226.  To  measure  the  angle  between  two  faces  of  a  crystal.  - 

Let  p,  q  be  two  faces  of  a  crystal.  Make  the  intersection 

oip,  q  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  circle,  and  as  nearly  coincident 
with  it  as  possible,  by  means  of  the  angular  motion  of  eg,  and 
the  angular  and  sliding  motion  of  iik.  Place  the  instrument 
upon  a  firm  stand,  and  let  a,  e  be  two  signals  in  a  plane  passing 
through  a  point  k  in  the  intersection  of  the  faces  p,  q,  and 
perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  circle.  Turn  the  circle  till 
the  image  of  one  of  the  signals  a,  seen  by  reflexion  in  the 
face  p,  coincides  with  b  viewed  directly,  and  read  off  the  arc  at 
which  zero  of  the  vernier  stands.  Now  turn  the  circle  till  the 
image  of  a,  seen  by  reflexion  in  q ,  coincides  with  b,  seen  by 
direct  vision,  and  read  off  the  arc  at  which  zero  of  the  vernier 
stands.  The  difference  of  the  two  readings  will  measure  the 
angle  between  the  faces  p ,  q. 

227.  If  a  face  r  belong  to  the  zone  of  p,  q,  it  will  be  parallel  to 
the  axis  of  the  circle,  and,  therefore,  in  some  one  position  of  the 
circle,  the  image  of  a  seen  by  reflexion  in  r  will  coincide  with 
B  seen  directly.  Hence,  in  order  to  find  the  faces  which  belong 
to  the  zone  containing  two  given  faces,  we  must  adjust  the 
crystal  as  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  the  angle  between  those 
faces,  and  then,  while  the  circle  makes  one  revolution,  observe 
the  faces  that  afford  by  reflexion  images  of  a  passing  through  b. 

228.  In  order  to  make  abk,  the  plane  through  the  two  signals 
and  the  crystal,  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  circle,  turn  the 
stand  of  the  instrument,  or  move  a,  till  the  image  of  a  seen  by 
reflexion  in  the  plane  surface  of  the  circle,  or  in  any  bright 
plane  surface  fixed  parallel  to  it,  coincides  with  a  point  a!  seen 
directly,  the  distance  of  wrhich  from  a,  in  a  line  parallel  to  the 
axis,  is  equal  to  twice  the  distance  of  the  crystal  from  the  plane 
of  the  circle,  or  from  the  reflecting  surface.  Let  a  solid  having 
two  bright  parallel  surfaces,  be  fixed  in  the  place  of  the  crystal, 
and  adjusted  till  the  image  of  a  seen  by  reflexion  in  either  sur¬ 
face,  describes  the  same  path  while  the  circle  revolves,  and 
place  the  lower  signal  b  in  the  path  traced  out  by  the  image  of 
a.  Having  thus  made  the  plane  abk  perpendicular  to  the  axis 
of  the  instrument,  the  intersection  of  the  faces  p ,  q  is  known  to 
be  parallel  to  the  axis,  when,  on  turning  the  milled  head  s,  the 
images  of  a,  seen  by  reflexion  in  p ,  q ,  are  observed  to  pass 
through  b.  The  adjustment  of  the  edge  p ,  q  is  most  easily 
made  by  cementing  the  crystal  to  the  plate  k,  with  one  of  the 
two  faces,  p  for  example,  nearly  parallel  to  the  plate,  which  is 
to  be  fixed  in  the  slit  at  the  end  of  hk,  so  that  intersection  of 

d  2 


52 


GONIOMETEHS. 


j),  q  may  be  nearly  perpendicular  to  he,  and,  therefore,  hk 
nearly  perpendicular  to  cs.  By  turning  iik  round  its  axis,  the 
path  of  the  image  of  a  seen  in  p,  may  be  made  to  pass  through 
e  ;  and  then,  by  turning  eg  on  its  axle  at  e,  the  path  of  the 
image  of  a  seen  in  q  may  be  made  to  pass  through  b.  Should 
the  latter  adjustment  disturb  the  former,  the  process  must  be 
repeated. 

229.  The  instrument,  as  it  is  usually  constructed  in  this  coun¬ 
try,  is  encumbered  with  a  spring  stop,  which  allows  the  circle  to  be 
turned  in  one  direction  only,  and  serves  to  fix  it,  not  very  accu¬ 
rately,  at  0°  or  180°.  This  should  be  removed  by  taking  out 
the  screws  which  fasten  it. 

In  using  the  instrument,  it  will  be  found  most  convenient  to 
turn  it  in  such  a  direction  that  the  degrees  increase  in  passing 
from  one  face  to  the  next. 

The  distances  of  the  two  signals  from  the  crystal  should 
be  nearly  equal,  and  not  less  than  six  or  eight  feet.  The  more 
distant  the  better.  The  upper  signal,  when  the  observations 
are  made  in  the  day  time,  may  be  a  narrow  black  bar,  or  a 
horizontal  slit  in  a  screen  placed  in  the  upper  part  of  a 
window,  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  circle ;  and  the  lower 
signal,  a  white  line  on  a  black  ground  also  parallel  to  the 
axis  of  the  circle.  In  some  cases  an  image  of  the  sun,  formed 
by  a  lens  of  short  focal  length,  or  a  small  round  hole  in  a  screen 
through  which  the  light  of  the  sky  is  seen,  may  be  used  with 
advantage  for  the  upper  signal.  In  observing  at  night  two  nar¬ 
row  slits  in  screens,  through  one  of  which  is  seen  the  flame  of  a 
candle,  and  through  the  other  a  sheet  of  paper  illuminated  by  a 
candle  placed  behind  it,  answer  extremely  well  for  the  upper 
and  lower  signals  respectively. 

The  best  bright  signal  is  obtained  by  reflecting  the  light  of 
the  sun  from  a  plane  mirror,  or  heliostat,  through  a  triangular 
opening  in  a  plate  of  metal,  which,  by  means  of  a  slider,  may  be 
diminished  or  increased  according  as  the  faces  of  the  crystal 
are  more  or  less  perfect.  The  faint  signal  may  be  a  horizontal 
slit  in  a  plate  of  metal,  illuminated  by  a  sheet  of  white  paper 
placed  behind  it,  viewed  by  reflexion  in  a  mirror  of  black  glass.  : 
The  signals  a,  b  may  then  be  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  eye  of 
the  observer,  and  need  not  be  more  than  six  inches  distant  from 
each  other.  In  observing,  the  image  of  a,  seen  by  reflexion  in 
a  face  of  the  crystal,  is  made  to  coincide  with  the  image  of  b 
seen  by  reflexion  in  the  mirror,  which  should  make  an  angle  of 
about  40°  with  a  horizontal  plane.  When  the  mirror  is  attached 
to  the  foot  of  the  goniometer,  any  unsteadiness  in  the  support 
of  the  goniometer  will  not  affect  the  accuracy  of  the  observations. 

It  is  not  essential  that  the  axis  of  the  goniometer  should  be 
horizontal.  A  goniometer  with  a  vertical  axis,  though  perhaps 


FIGURES  OF  CRYSTALS. 


53 


not  quite  so  convenient  in  use,  is  free  from  some  sources  of 
inaccuracy  to  which  a  goniometer  with  a  horizontal  axis  is 
subject. 

230.  When  the  points  of  p,  q,  at  which  the  reflexions  take 
place,  are  not  equally  distant  from  the  axis  of  the  circle,  the  angle 
through  which  the  circle  revolves  between  the  two  observations 
will  differ  slightly  from  the  angle  between  the  faces  p,  q.  This 
error  may  be  eliminated,  when  the  signals  a,  b  are  nearly  equi¬ 
distant  from  the  crystal,  by  turning  the  instrument  half  round 
in  azimuth,  and  repeating  the  observations.  A  mean  ol  the 
two  results  will  be  free  from  the  error  arising  from  the  eccen¬ 
tricity  of  the  points  at  which  the  reflexions  take  place. 

When  either  of  the  faces  is  large,  it  should  be  blackened 
over,  except  at  the  point  where  it  is  intended  the  reflexion 
should  take  place.  Any  error  that  may  arise  from  imperfect 
centring  of  the  circle,  will  be  eliminated,  if  the  observations  be 
repeated  so  that  observations  at  a  given  face  be  made  with  zero 
of  the  vernier  at  points  of  the  gradnated  circle  distant  nearly 
180°  from  each  other. 

231.  In  many  crystals,  not  belonging  to  the  cubic  system, 
Mitscherlich  discovered  that  the  angles  between  certain  faces, 
vary  slightly  with  the  temperature  of  the  crystal;  thus  the 
directions  of  the  cleavages  of  calcite,  which,  at  the  ordinary 
temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  make  angles  of  75°  55'  with 
each  other,  become  more  nearly  right  angled  by  8 '*5,  when  the 
temperature  of  the  crystal  is  increased  ioo°  c.  lor  the  same 
increase  of  temperature  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  face  ill 
expands  0-00286,  and  a  line  parallel  to  the  face  ill  contracts 
0’00056  of  its  length.  The  distance  between  the  poles  of  the 
faces  m,  mf,  of  a  crystal  of  aragonite,  is  diminished  2'*8,  and  the 
distance  between  the  poles  of  the  faces  Jc,  Jc'  is  increased  5'  5  by 
increasing  the  temperature  of  the  crystal  100°  c.  In  a  crystal 
of  gypsum,  which  belongs  to  the  oblique  system,  the  angle  be¬ 
tween  the  two  axes,  to  which  the  third  axis  is  perpendicular, 
and  the  ratios  of  the  parameters,  all  vary  with  a  change  of  tem¬ 
perature. 

FIGURES  OF  CRYSTALS. 

232.  The  drawing  of  a  crystal  is  the  projection,  on  a  given 
plane,  of  the  lines  in  which  the  faces  of  the  crystal  intersect 
each  other.  Hence,  if  lines  be  drawn  parallel  to  the  projections 
of  the  several  edges,  in  the  order  in  which  they  meet,  the 
lines  representing  opposite  edges  being  equidistant  from  the 
centre  of  the  drawing,  the  figure  of  the  crystal  will  be  obtained. 

When  the  inclination  of  the  axes  and  the  ratios  of  the 
parameters  are  known,  the  direction  of  the  projection  of  the 

d  3 


54 


FIGURES  OF  CRYSTALS. 


edge  in  which  any  two  faces  intersect,  may  be  found  in  the  fol¬ 
lowing  manner  :  — 

Let  ox,  oy,  oz  he  the  projections  of  the  three  axes,  a ,  b ,  c 
the  projections  of  the  corresponding  parameters,  h/cl,  pqr  the 
symbols  of  any  two  faces, 

u  =  kr  —  Iq,  Y  —  Ip  —  hr,  w  =  hq  —  Jcp. 


x 


7  „  FIG.  72. 

a  b  c 

OU  =  — ,  OY  =  — ,  OW=  — ,  z 

U  V  w 

ou,  oy,  ow  being  taken  to¬ 
wards  x,  y,  z,  or  in  the  op¬ 
posite  direction,  according 
as  u,  v,  w  are  positive  or 
negative. 

p  the  angle  opposite  to  o 
of  the  figure  of  the  paral- 
lelopiped  having  ou,  ov,  ow 
for  its  edges.  Then,  the  pro¬ 
jection  of  the  edge  in  which  the  two  faces  meet,  will  be  parallel 
to  OP. 

233.  In  this  volume  the  figures  of  crystals  of  the  cubic  system 
are  projections  upon  a  plane  parallel  to  the  face  010,  by  parallel 
lines  not  perpendicular  to  that  face.  Draw  zoz',  xox'  intersecting 
at  right  angles  in  o  ;  yoy'  so  that  the  angle  xoy'  may  be  about  20°. 
In  oz,  ox  take  the  points  c,  a  equidistant  from  o  ;  and  in  oy 
take  ob  equal  to  from  one- third  to  one-fourth  of  oa.  In  ox, 
oy,  oz  take  ou,  ov,  ow  equal  to  -Ioa,  -Iob,  ioc,  towards  x,  y,  z 

or  towards  x',  y',  z',  according  as  u,  v,  w  are  positive  or  negative. 
Then,  the  projection  of  the  edge  in  which  the  faces  meet,  will  be 
parallel  to  the  line  joining  o  and  the  opposite  angle  of  the 
figure  of  the  parallelopiped  uvw. 

h,  h',  k,  k',  l,  l '  being  the  points  in  which  xox',  yoy',  zoz' 
are  intersected  by  the  adjacent  faces  of  any  simple  form,  the 
pairs  of  distances  oh,  oh',  ok,  ok',  ol,  ol'  should  be  taken 
proportional  to  oa,  ob,  oc  respectively. 

The  figures  of  crystals  of  the  pyramidal  system,  are  projec¬ 
tions  upon  a  plane  parallel  to  the  face  ooi,  by  lines  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  that  face.  Draw  xox',  yoy'  intersecting  at  right 
angles  in  o.  In  ox,  oy  take  a,  b  equidistant  from  o,  and  ou, 
ov  equal  to  Toa,  Tob,  towards  x,  y  or  towards  x',  y',  according 


as  u,  v  are  positive  or  negative.  Then,  the  projection  of  the 
edge  in  which  the  faces  intersect,  will  be  parallel  to  the  line 
joining  o  and  the  opposite  angle  of  the  parallelogram  uv.  The 
projections  of  the  greater  number  of  the  edges  are  either  parallel 
to  the  lines  ox,  oy,  or  make  angles  of  45°  with  them. 

The  figures  of  crystals  of  the  rhomboliedral  system,  are  pro- 


CLEAYAGE. 


55 


jections  upon  a  plane  parallel  to  the  face  ill,  by  lines  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  that  face.  Draw  three  lines  xox',  toy',  zoz'  inter¬ 
secting  in  o  so  that  each  of  the  angles  zox,  xoy,  yoz  may  be 
120°.  In  ox,  oy,  oz  take  a,  b,  c  equidistant  from  o,  and  on, 
oy,  ow  equal  to  -Ioa,  -tOB,  w0C’  towards  x,  y,  z  or  x,  Y,  z, 

according  as  u,  v,  w  are  positive  or  negative.  Then,  the  projec¬ 
tion  of  the  edge  in  which  the  faces  intersect,  will  he  parallel  to 
the  line  joining  o  and  the  opposite  angle  of  either  oy  the  paral¬ 
lelograms  yw,  wn,  ey.  The  projections  of  most  of  the  edges 
are  either  parallel  or  perpendicular  to  ox,  oy,  oz. 

The  figures  of  crystals  of  the  prismatic  system  are  projections 
upon  a  plane  parallel  to  the  face  001,  by  lines  perpendicular  to 
that  face.  Draw  xox',  yoy'  intersecting  at  right  angles  m  o. 
Draw  any  line  ab  intersecting  ox  in  a  and  oy  in  b,  so  that  the 
angle  bao  =  110,010.  In  ox,  oy  take  oe,  oy  equal  to  £oa,  ^ob 

towards  x,  Y  or  towards  x',  y',  according  as  u,  v  are  positive  or 
negative.  Then,  the  projection  of  the  edge  in  which  the  faces 
meet,  will  be  parallel  to  the  line  joining  o  and  the  opposite 

angle  of  the  parallelogram  ey.  . 

The  figures  of  crystals  of  the  oblique  system  are  projections 
upon  a  plane  parallel  to  the  face  010  by  lines  perpendicular  to 
that  face.  Draw  zoz',  xox'  intersecting  in  o  at  an  angle  such 
I  that  xoz'  =  001,100.  Draw  any  line  ca  intersecting  oz  in  c 
and  ox  in  a,  so  that  the  angle  aco  =  101,100,  or  cao  =  101,001. 
In  oz,  ox  take  ow,  oe  equal  to  loo,  Ioa  towards  z,  x  or  towards 

z',  x',  according  as  w,  v  are  positive  or  negative.  Then,  the 
projection  ol  the  edge  in  which  the  laces  meet,  will  be  paiallel 
to  the  line  joining  o  and  the  opposite  angle  of  the  parallelo¬ 
gram  WE.  .  Till 

In  the  figures  of  crystals  of  the  pyramidal,  rhombohedral, 

prismatic  and  oblique  systems,  the  intersections  of  the  different 
faces  of  any  one  form  with  the  nearest  faces  of  any  other  form, 
should  be  drawn  equally  distant  from  the  point  o.  _ 

The  figures  of  crystals  of  the  anorthic  system  are  projections 
upon  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  zone  100,010,  by 
lines  parallel  to  the  axis  of  that  zone.  Draw  xox ,  yoy  inter¬ 
secting  in  o,  at  an  aogle  such  that  xoy'  =  010,100.  Draw  any 
line  ab  intersecting  ox  and  oy  in  a,  b,  so  that  abo  ~  110,100, 
or  bao  =  110,010.  In  ox,  oy  take  oe,  oy  equal  to  Ioa,  Iob 

towards  x,  y  or  towards  x',  y',  according  as  u,  v  are  positive  or 
negative.  Then,  the  projection  of  the  edge  in  which  the  faces 
intersect,  will  be  parallel  to  the  line  joining  0  and  the  opposite 
angle  of  the  parallelogram  ey. 

CLEAVAGE. 

231.  When  a  mineral  is  broken  by  a  hammer,  or  otherwise 

d  4 


56 


STRUCTURE. 


split,  the  fresh  surfaces  are  either  flat,  or  uneven  in  very  different 
degrees. 

The  flat  surfaces  are  referred  to  this  head  of  cleavage,  and  the 
uneven  ones  to  fracture. 

Other  faces  parallel  to  the  flat  surfaces  thus  exposed  may 
generally  he  discovered  by  splitting,  or,  as  it  is  termed,  cleaving 
the  mineral  in  the  corresponding  directions. 

The  faces  which  may  thus  be  developed  by  cleavage  are  of 
two  kinds ;  one  consisting  of  layers  of  thiu  crystals,  which  are 
separated  at  their  surfaces,  but  which  admit  of  no  farther 
division  or  cleavage  between  such  surfaces  ;  the  other  consisting 
of  planes  which  may  be  produced  at  indefinitely  small  distances 
from  each  other,  and  apparently  belong  to  the  structure  of  the 
mineral  itself.  The  first  of  these  kinds  will  be  termed  faces  of 
union ,  and  the  second  cleavage  planes. 

The  faces  of  union  are  generally  found  in  one  direction 
only ;  but  the  cleavage  planes  usually  occur  in  two  or  more 
directions,  and  frequently  in  such  as  to  produce  a  crystalline 
solid ;  and  if  the  mineral  occurs  in  regular  crystals,  the  cleavage 
planes  will  generally  be  parallel  to  some  of  their  faces.  When 
the  specimen  is  sufficiently  large,  it  may  be  rested  on  a  small 
steel  anvil,  and  be  split  with  a  small  chisel  and  a  light  hammer ; 
when  less,  a  pair  of  pincers  with  parallel  cutting  edges  may  be 
used  ;  and  sometimes  a  knife  may  be  sufficient  to  detect  the 
cleavage  planes  in  a  small  crystal,  which,  for  this  purpose,  must 
be  firmly  held  between  the  forefinger  and  thumb. 

Cleavage  planes  assist  in  determining  the  crystalline  form  of 
the  mineral  under  examination,  and  by  which  its  species  may 
frequently  be  known  ;  they  will  also  generally  afford  more 
exact  angular  measurements  than  can  be  obtained  from  the 
natural  faces  of  the  crystals. 

The  variety  of  pyroxene  named  sahlite  affords  an  instance  of 
faces  of  union,  and  galena  and  calcite  examples  of  cleavage 
planes  in  three  directions.  We  include  under  the  head  of 
cleavage  the  separation  of  the  thin  leaves  of  mica,  sulphate  of 
lime,  and  other  minerals  of  similar  structure. 

STRUCTURE . 

235.  This  term  is  used  to  express  the  manner  in  which  the 
separate  parts  of  minerals  are  aggregated  together,  as  far  as 
it  can  be  ascertained  by  mechanical  disruption  of  the  mass. 

The  varieties  of  structure  are 

Crystalline ,  where  the  broken  surfaces  present  the  cleavage 
planes  referred  to  in  the  preceding  section. 

Laminar ,  where  the  mass  admits  of  easy  separation  into 
indefinitely  thin  plates  in  only  one  direction,  as  in  mica. 


FRACTURE. — INDETERMINATE  FORMS. 


57 


The  lamina?  may  be  either  flat  or  curved. 

When  the  laminae  are  so  firmly  held  together  as  to  allow  of 
division  only  into  plates  of  variable  thickness,  the  structure  is 
termed  slaty. 

These  laminar  and  slaty  structures  also  produce  more  or  less 
perfect  cleavage  planes. 

Fibrous,  the  fibres  varying  in  size  from  those  of  the  most 
delicate  asbestus  to  large  and  rigid,  in  which  condition  the 
structure  is  said  to  be 

Columnar  ;  but  as  it  passes  by  insensible  degrees  from  fine  to 
coarse,  there  is  no  apparent  limit  to  either  character,  nor  has 
any  been  assigned  by  which  they  may  be  distinguished. 

The  fibrous  may  be  either  straight  or  bent,  and  their  relative 
positions  may  be  parallel,  divergent,  radiating,  promiscuous,  or 
matted,  which  structure  is  generally  the  cause  of  toughness. 

Granular ,  either  large  or  small. 

When  the  grains  cohere  slightly,  the  mineral  is  termed 
sandy,  earthy,  pulverulent,  as  chalk  ;  where  the  cohesion  is 
greater,  the  mineral  is  said  to  be  compact. 

The  grains  are  sometimes  small  regularly-formed  crystals,  or 
crystalline  masses,  which,  on  breaking  the  specimen,  may 
exhibit  separately  their  own  proper  structure. 

The  structure  is  frequently  alike  in  different  minerals ;  and 
hence  it  ceases  to  be  an  exact  determinative  character. 

FRACTURE. 

236.  This  term  is  used  to  denote  the  uneven  and  irregular  sur¬ 
faces  produced  by  breaking  minerals.  These  are  not,  however,  to 
be  relied  upon  as  distinctive  characters  ;  for  different  specimens 
of  the  same  mineral  will  exhibit  different  forms  of  fracture, 
according  to  their  more  or  less  pure  and  perfect  state,  and, 
probably,  according  to  the  direction  in  which  the  fracture  takes 
place. 

The  following  are  the  kinds  of  fracture  usually  described  : — 

Conchoidal,  as  in  flint. 

Uneven. 

Splintery,  when  the  broken  surface  exhibits  protruding  points. 

Hackly,  as  in  some  metals  when  broken. 

The  uneven  and  splintery  fractures  are  common  to  so  many 
minerals  as  to  render  those  characters  of  comparatively  little 
value  in  determining  species. 

INDETERMINATE  FORMS. 

237.  The  following  are  some  of  the  irregular  and  accidental 
shapes  of  minerals,  the  varieties  of  which  are  too  numerous  to 

D  5 


58 


TRANSPARENCY. — LUSTRE. 


allow  of  a  specification  of  more  tlian  a  few  of  the  most  pro¬ 
minent  groups.  _  . 

Amorphous ,  wlien  no  trace  of  crystallization  can  be  perceived. 

Nodular ,  when  the  external  surfaces  are  natural  and  uneven, 
sometimes  with  protuberances  and  deep  hollows. 

Globular,  when  the  nodules  approach  to  spheres. 

Mamillary,  when  the  globules  appear  to  be  embedded,  and 
only  segments  of  spheres  are  seen  above  the  surface  of  the  mass. 

Botryoidal,  when  the  separate  globules  are  more  prominent 
and  entire,  and  bear  a  rude  resemblance  to  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
adhering  to  each  other  by  their  surfaces. 

JEteniform,  or  kidney-shaped. 

Amygdaloidal,  or  almond-shaped. 

Stalactitic,  when  the  surfaces  are  more  or  less  cylindrical  or 
conical.  These  may  be  solid  or  tubular. 

Coralloidal,  as  in  aragonite. 

Wiry,  as  in  native  silver. 

Capillary. 

Fungiform,  as  iron  pyrites  from  the  chalk. 

Dendritic ,  d 

Mossy,  >  as  in  native  copper. 

Leafy,  J 


TRANSPARENCY. 

238.  This,  from  its  being  common  in  an  equal  degree  to 
many  different  minerals,  and  frequently  differing  considerably 
in  the  same  specimen,  is  of  little  practical  value  in  mineralogy. 
In  systematic  descriptions,  minerals  are  said  to  be 

Transparent,  when  objects  can  be  seen  distinctly  through  them. 
Semitransparent,  when  objects  are  indistinctly  seen. 
Translucent,  when  light  can  be  perceived,  but  not  objects. 
Opaque,  when  they  fail  to  transmit  light. 


LUSTRE. 


239.  The  kind  of  lustre  of  a  mineral  is  an  important  physical 
character,  depending  upon  its  refractive  power  and  structure, 
and  therefore  permanent  for  the  same  mineral  species,  when 
in  a  state  of  purity.  But  as  this  so  rarely  occurs,  and  as  each 
kind  is  common  to  many  different  minerals,  it  is,  when  taken 
alone,  of  limited  use  in  the  discrimination  of  species. 


The  kinds  of  lustre  are — 
Metallic. 
Adamantine. 
Resinous. 
Vitreous. 


Waxy. 

Pearly. 

Silky. 


And  these  are  farther  distinguished  as  splendent,  shining, 


REFRACTION. 


59 


glistening,  glimmering.  When  no  light  is  distinctly  reflected, 
the  mineral  is  said  to  be  dull. 

Metallic  lustre  belongs  to  opaque  substances,  having  an  index 
of  refraction  higher  than  2 5.  Perfect  metallic  lustre  is  that 
of  the  metals,  pyrites,  and  some  oxides.  Of  imperfect  lustre, 
tantalite  affords  an  example.  Anthracite  has  generally  imper¬ 
fect,  but  occasionally,  perfect  metallic  lustre. 

Adamantine  lustre  occurs  in  diamond  and  transparent  blende, 
and  generally  in  substances  having  indices  of  refraction  from 
1'9  to  2'5. 

Resinous  lustre  occurs  in  idocrase,  garnet,  and  other  minerals 
imperfectly  transparent,  and  having  refractive  indices  from  17 
to  1*9. 

Vitreous  lustre  is  that  of  glass  free  from  lead.  It  is  pos¬ 
sessed  by  quartz,  emerald,  and  other  minerals,  having  refractive 
indices  from  1*3  to  1‘8. 

Waxy  lustre  occurs  in  a  few  rather  soft  and  nearly  opaque 
minerals. 

Pearly  lustre  occurs  principally  upon  faces  of  perfect  cleavage, 
as  in  heulandite,  mica,  gypsum,  and  other  substances.  It  is 
generally  seen  in  only  one  direction  of  the  crystalline  structure, 
and  frequently  accompanies  incipient  decomposition. 

Silky  lustre  usually  accompanies  fibrous  structure. 

The  lustre  of  the  external  faces  of  crystals  frequently  differs 
from  that  of  the  cleavage  planes,  and  its  intensity  appears  to 
depend  upon  the  greater  or  less  degree  of  purity  of  the  sub¬ 
stance  and  regularity  of  its  structure. 

Different  kinds  of  lustre  sometimes  occur  on  different  faces  of 
the  same  crystal,  not  accidentally,  but  as  distinct  qualities  of 
the  particular  faces.  Karstenite  affords  an  example  of  these 
differences. 

REFRACTION. 

240.  When  a  ray  of  light  is  incident  upon  any  transparent 
medium,  part  of  the  incident  light  enters  the  surface,  forming 
the  £  refracted  ray.’  It  is  found  that  when  a  ray  is  refracted 
out  of  air  into  any  transparent  liquid  or  glass,  the  incident  and 
refracted  rays  lie  in  the  same  plane  with  a  normal  to  the  sur¬ 
face  at  the  point  of  incidence,  and  on  opposite  sides  of  it ;  also 
that  the  sines  of  the  angles  which  the  incident  and  refracted 
rays  make  with  a  normal  to  the  surface  at  the  point  of  inci¬ 
dence,  have  a  ratio  depending  only  on  the  medium  into  which 
the  refraction  takes  place,  and  the  nature  of  the  light. 

The  sine  of  the  angle  of  incidence  divided  by  the  sine  of  the 
angle  of  refraction  is  denoted  by  the  quantity  fx.  This  quantity 
is  called  the  refractive  index  of  the  medium. 

241.  In  crystals  belonging  to  the  cubic  system,  the  law  of  re- 

3)  6 


60 


REFRACTION . 


fraction  is  the  same  as  for  a  liquid  or  glass.  The  index  of  refrac¬ 
tion  may  be  found  in  the  same  manner  as  for  glass.  Let  i  be 
the  acute  angle  between  normals  to  the  two  planes  forming  an 
optical  prism,  through  wrhich  light  can  be  refracted  ;  d  the 
minimum  deviation  ot  a  ray  of  light  of  given  colour" refracted 
through  the  prism,  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  intersection 
of  its  refracting  surfaces.  Then 

_  sini(D  +  i) 
smji 

The  image  of  a  bright  point  seen  through  a  prism  is  an 
elongated  spectrum,  exhibiting  the  colours  of  the  rainbow,  in 
the  order  of  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  violet,  the  red  end 
of  the  spectrum  being  nearest  to  the  luminous  point.  The 
index  of  refraction  usually  refers  to  the  brightest  part  of  the 
spectrum,  which  lies  about  the  middle  of  the  yellow.  When 
the  prism  is  sufficiently  large  and  perfect,  the  index  may  be 
determined  for  one  or  more  of  the  dark  lines  by  which  the  solar 
spectrum  is  crossed,  or  for  the  light  of  the  flame  of  a  spirit- 
lamp,  or  the  bright  line  in  that  of  a  candle,  which  coincide  with 
Fraunhofer’s  dark  line  d. 

242.  The  minimum  deviation  d  may  be  measured  with  a  the¬ 
odolite  having  the  telescope  fixed  with  its  axis  intersecting  the 
axis  of  the  theodolite  at  right  angles,  and  its  object  end  at  such 
a  distance  from  the  axis  as  to  allow  the  prism  to  be  placed  over 
the  centre  of  the  theodolite.  The  minimum  deviation  may  also 
be  measured  in  the  following  manner : — Let  a  goniometer  be 
fixed  with  its  axis  vertical  (this  may  be  done  by  screwing  a 
right-angled  knee  of  metal  to  the  foot  of  the  instrument),  hav¬ 
ing  the  prism  adjusted  on  it  as  if  for  measuring  the  angle  I. 
Let  a  be  a  luminous  object,  such  as  a  narrow  vertical  slit, 
through  wdiich  is  seen  the  flame  of  a  candle,  or  of  the  sun 
reflected  from  a  mirror,  in  a  plane  through  the  prism  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  the  axis  of  the  goniometer ;  k,  l  two  small  vertical 
plane  mirrors  of  black  glass. 

Turn  the  axle  of  the  goni¬ 
ometer  till  the  coloured  spec¬ 
trum  of  A,  seen  through  the 
prism,  appears  stationary  at  b, 
and  move  k  till  the  reflexion 
of  a  seen  in  it  coincides  with 
b.  Next,  turn  the  axle  till 
the  spectrum  appears  station¬ 
ary  at  d,  and  move  l  till  the 
reflexion  of  a  coincides  wTith 
D.  Now  let  the  image  of  a, 
seen  by  reflexion  in  one  of  the 


fig.  73. 

*  B 


K 


L 


REER  ACTION. 


61 


faces  of  the  prism,  be  made  to  coincide  successively  with  b  and 
X),  by  turning  tbe  graduated  circle,  and  note  tbe  angle  through 
which  the  circle  has  been  turned  between  the  observations. 
The  difference  between  180°  and  this  angle  is  d,  the  minimum 
deviation’ of  the  spectrum. 

243.  When  light  is  incident  upon  the  surface  of  a  plate  of 
unsilvered  glass,  at  an  angle  the  tangent  of  which  is  equal  to  the 
index  of  refraction  of  the  glass,  the  reflected  light  is  said  to  he 
polarized  in  the  plane  of  reflexion.  If  the  light  incident  upon 
the  unsilvered  glass  has  been  previously  polarized  in  a  plane 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  incidence,  it  is  not  reflected.  In 
any  other  position  of  the  plane  of  polarization,  or  for  any  other 
angle  of  incidence,  a  portion  of  it  is  reflected.  The  light  trans¬ 
mitted  through  a  Nicol’s  prism  is  also  polarized.  The  light 
transmitted  through  a  slice  of  brown  or  green  tourmaline, 
bounded  by  planes  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  rhombohedron,  is 
polarized  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  rhombo¬ 
hedron.  When  a  polarized  ray  falls  upon  a  Nicol’s  prism,  or  a 
slice  of  tourmaline,  if  the  Nicol’s  prism  be  turned  round  its 
axis,  or  the  slice  of  tourmaline  turned  in  its  own  plane,  two 
positions  will  be  found  in  which  the  plane  of  polarization  of  the 
Nicol’s  prism,  or  of  the  tourmaline,  is  perpendicular  to  the  plane 
of  polarization  of  the  incident  ray,  and  the  light  will  be  stopped  ; 
in  every  other  position  a  portion  of  the  light  is  transmitted. 

244.  An  approximate  value  of  the  index  of  refraction  of  any 
singly  refracting  substance  may  be  obtained  by  observing  the 
angle  of  incidence  at  which  a  polished  plane  surface  completely 
polarizes  light. 

Adjust  the  plane  surface  so  as  to  be  in  the  axis  of  the  goni¬ 
ometer,  and  turn  the  graduated  circle  till  the  images  of  a,  seen 
by  reflexion  in  the  surface  to  the  right  and  left  of  a  respectively, 
are  extinguished  by  a  plate  of  tourmaline,  or  Nicol’s  prism, 
having  its  plane  of  polarization  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  goni¬ 
ometer.  Half  the  angle  through  which  the  circle  has  rerolved 
between  the  observations,  is  the  angle  of  incidence  at  which 
light  is  completely  polarized,  and  the  tangent  of  this  angle  is 
the  index  of  refraction  of  the  substance  under  examination. 
Or  the  incident  light  maybe  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  the 
axis  of  the  goniometer,  and  the  circle  turned  as  before  till  the 
reflected  images  of  a  vanish  in  succession. 

245.  On  looking  at  a  bright  point  through  two  inclined  faces 
of  a  prism  made  of  a  crystal  not  belonging  to  the  cubic  system, 
two  spectra  will  be  observed. 

In  pyramidal  and  rhombohedral  crystals,  one  of  the  spectra  is 
refracted  according  to  the  law  of  sines,  as  in  glass  or  in  cubic 
1  crystals.  The  direction  in  which  this  spectrum  is  seen  is  called 
the  { ordinary  rayd  The  direction  in  which  the  othei  spec- 


62 


REFRACTION. 


trum  is  seen,  ‘  the  extraordinary  ray,’  is  determined  by  a  law 
too  complicated  to  be  described  here. 

The  refraction  of  the  ordinary  ray  is  greater  than  that  of  the 
extraordinary  ray,  or  the  extraordinary  wave  surface  is  oblate, 
in  the  pyramidal  crystals,  wulfenite,  idocrase,  anatase,  mellite ; 
and  in  the  rhombo'hedral  crystals,  nitratine,  apatite,  calcite, 
dolomite,  pyromorphite,  biotite,  nepheline,  sapphire,  tourmaline, 
cinnabar.  It  is  less  than  that  of  the  extraordinary  ray,  or  the 
extraordinary  surface  is  prolate,  in  the  pyramidal  crystals,  apo- 
phyllite,  zircon,  rutile,  cassiterite ;  and  in  the  rhombohedral 
crystals,  brucite,  quartz,  hematite,  pyrargyrite. 

In  prismatic,  oblique  and  anorthic  crystals,  neither  ray  is 
refracted  according  to  the  law  of  sines,  excepting  in  particular 
directions  to  be  noticed  presently. 

In  some  crystals,  calcite  and  aragonite,  for  example, — the 
doubly-refractive  energy  is  so  great,  that  two  images  of  a  near 
point  may  be  seen  on  looking  through  a  slice  of  moderate  thick¬ 
ness,  bounded  by  parallel  planes.  In  all  cases,  if  we  examine 
the  two  images  by  looking  at  them  through  a  Nicol’s  prism,  or 
a  plate  of  tourmaline,  it  will  be  found  that  the  two  images  are 
polarized,  and  that  the  planes  of  polarization  are  different. 


fig.  74. 


K 


246.  The  most  convenient  instrument  for  examining  crystals 
in  polarized  light,  consists  of  a  mirror  of  black  glass  g,  called  the 
polarizer,  inclined  at  the  polarizing  angle  to  ghln,  the  common 
axis  of  three  lenses  h,  l,  n,  of  equal  focal  length  (from  l  inch 
to  1*2  inch  each),  at  distances  iil,  ln,  equal  to  twice  the  focal 
length  of  one  of  the  lenses,  from  each  other.  At  e,  en  being 
equal  to  the  focal  length  of  N,  is  an  eye-hole  with  a  plate  of 
tourmaline  or  a  Nicol’s  prism  (called  the  analyzer),  interposed 
between  it  and  the  lens  n.  At  m,  the  common  focus  of  the 
lenses  l,  n,  is  a  micrometer.  The  slice  of  crystal  to  be  examined 
is  placed  at  k,  the  common  focus  of  the  lenses  n,  l. 

When  the  planes  of  polarization  of  the  polarizer  and  analyzer 
are  perpendicular  to  each  other,  and  the  passage  of  the  light 
wholly  intercepted  by  the  analyzer,  if  a  slice  of  any  singly  re¬ 
fractive  substance,  such  as  glass,  or  a  crystal  belonging  to  the 
cubic  system,  be  placed  at  k,  no  change  will  occur  as  to  the 
transmission  of  light ;  but  if  a  transparent  slice  of  any  doubly 
refractive  crystal  (i.  e.  a  crystal  not  belonging  to  the  cubic 


REFRACTION. 


63 


system)  be  placed  at  k,  tbe  passage  of  tbe  light  will  be  restored, 
except  for  particular  positions  of  tbe  crystal. 

When  a  slice  of  any  pyramidal  crystal,  bounded  by  planes 
parallel  to  tbe  face  001,  or  of  any  rhombohedral  crystal  bounded 
by  planes  parallel  to  tbe  face  ill,  is  placed  at  k,  with  its  sur¬ 
faces  perpendicular  to  hkn,  a  series  of  concentric  coloured 
rings  will  be  seen,  intersected  by  a  black  or  a  white  cross, 
according  as  tbe  planes  of  polarization  of  tbe  polarizer  are 
perpendicular  or  parallel  to  each  other,  or  by  four  sectors  in 
which  tbe  rings  are  dislocated  for  any  other  relative  position  of 
tbe  polarizer  and  analyzer.  Tbe  direction  in  which  the  com¬ 
mon  centre  of  tbe  system  of  coloured  rings  is  seen,  is  called 
tbe  optic  axis  of  tbe  crystal. 

Tbe  intervals  between  tbe  rings  are  smaller  as  tbe  thickness 
of  the  slice  increases,  or,  tbe  thickness  of  tbe  slice  being  tbe 
same,  as  tbe  doubly  refractive  energy  of  tbe  crystal  increases. 

Crystals  of  tbe  prismatic,  oblique  and  anortbic  systems,  have 
two  optic  axes,  round  each  of  which  may  be  seen  a  series  of 
coloured  ovals.  These  can  sometimes  be  seen  together  in  tbe 
field  of  view  of  tbe  polarizing  instrument ;  more  frequently, 
however,  they  can  only  be  seen  in  succession  by  turning  the 
crystal. 

"When  tbe  direction  of  either  optic  axis  meets  tbe  surfaces  of 
tbe  slice  very  obliquely,  it  remains  invisible  in  air,  but  can 
o-enerally  be  brought  into  view  by  immersing  it  in  water  or  oil 
contained  in  a  vessel  bounded  by  parallel  glass  plates. 

‘The  goniometer  may  be  used  to  measure  tbe  apparent  an¬ 
gular  diameters  of  tbe  coloured  rings  and  tbe  angles  which  tbe 
optic  axes  appear  to  make  with  each  other  or  with  normals  to  any 
faces  of  tbe  crystal,  tbe  slice  of  crystal  being  attached  to  the 
goniometer  placed  with  its  axis  intersecting  hkl  at  1  ight 
angles  at  k.  When  tbe  observations  are  made  in  water  or  oil, 
tbe  goniometer  must  be  fixed  with  its  axis  vertical  and  tbe 
crystal  downwards. 

247.  In  pyramidal  and  rhombohedral  crystals,  the  ordinary 
ray  is  refracted  according  to  tbe  law  of  sines,  and  its  index  of 
refraction  may  be  found  in  tbe  same  manner  as  that  of  glass.  . 

An  extraordinary  ray  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  tbe  optic 
axis,  or  parallel  to  tbe  face  ooi,  in  a  pyramidal  crystal,  and  to 
tbe  face  ill,  in  a  rhombohedral  crystal,  is  refracted  according  to 
tbe  law  of  sines,  and  in  this  case  may  be  said  to  have  an  index 
of  refraction,  which  may  be  deduced,  by  the  usual  formula,  from 
tbe  minimum  deviation  of  tbe  ray  through  a  prism  having  its  edge 
parallel  to  the  optic  axis.  This  ray  is  polarized  in  a  plane  per¬ 
pendicular  to  the  optic  axis.  An  ordinary  ray  in  the  same 
plane  is  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  tbe  optic  axis. 

In  prismatic  crystals,  rays  in  planes  parallel  to  tbe  faces  loo, 


64 


PLEOCHEOISil. 


010,  001,  and  polarized  in  those  planes,  are  refracted  according 
to  the  law  of  sines,  and  may  therefore  he  said  to  have  indices  of 
refraction.  These  indices  may  be  found  from  the  minimum 
deviations  observed  through  prisms  having  their  edges  respec¬ 
tively  perpendicular  to  the  faces  loo,  oio,  ooi. 

In  oblique  crystals,  a  ray  in  a  plane  parallel  to  the  face  oio, 
and  polarized  in  that  plane,  is  refracted  according  to  the  ordi¬ 
nary  law.  Its  index  may  be  computed  from  its  minimum  de¬ 
viation  through  a  prism  having  its  edge  perpendicular  to  the 
face  oio. 

248.  Circularly  polarized  light  is  obtained  by  interposing 
between  g  and  u  a  lamina  of  gypsum  or  mica,  of  such  thickness 
that  for  a  ray  perpendicular  to  the  lamina,  the  difference  of  the 
retardations  is  a  quarter  of  an  undulation,  with  its  planes  of 
polarization  making  angles  of  45°  with  the  plane  of  reflexion  of 
the  mirror  G. 


PLEOCHROISM. 

249.  The  colours  of  many  crystals,  seen  by  transmitted  light, 
are  found  to  vary  with  the  direction  in  which  they  are  viewed. 
Such  crystals  are  called  p.eochromatic.  If  the  transmitted  ray 
be  analyzed  by  a  Nicol’s  prism,  interposed  between  the  crystal 
and  the  eye,  its  colour  will  be  found  to  vary  as  the  prism  (and 
consequently  the  plane  of  polarization  of  the  transmitted  light) 
is  turned  round  its  axis. 

The  difference  of  colour  of  two  rays,  oppositely  polarized,  is 
shown  in  a  very  striking  manner  by  Haidinger’s  dichroiscopic 
prism.  It  consists  of  a  cleavage  rhombohedron  of  calcite  a, 
having  one  edge  nearly  an  inch  long,  the  other  two  edges  0'3 
inch  each,  with  glass  prisms  b,  c  of  18°  each,  cemented  on  the 
small  faces  of  a.  At  one  end  is  a  convex  lens,  or  combination 
of  lenses,  d,  of  such  focal  length  as  to  show  distinctly  an  object 
about  0*4  inch  from  the  end  b,  seen  by  an  eye  at  the  end  d. 
At  b  is  a  stop,  having  an  opening  l,  about  0‘12  inch  square. 

On  looking  through  the  prism,  with 
the  lens  next  to  the  eye,  two  images 
of  l  will  be  seen  just  in  contact  with 
each  other.  The  light  of  the  image 
nearest  to  the  edge  of  the  prism  b,  is 
polarized  in  a  plane  through  the  short 
diagonal  of  a  (in  the  plane  of  the  paper),  and  the  light  of  the 
image  farthest  from  the  edge  of  the  prism  b,  is  polarized  in  a 
plane  through  the  longer  diagonal  of  a  (perpendicular  to  the  plane 
of  the  paper).  The  planes  of  polarization  of  the  two  images  of 
the  opening  may  be  also  known  by  observing  the  hour-glass 
shaped  yellowish  clouds,  discovered  by  Haidinger,  which  have 


eig.  75. 


65 


COLOUR. 

their  axes  in  the  planes  of  polarization  of  the  light  of  the 
squares  in  which  they  are  respectively  seen. 

When  a  pleochromatic  crystal  is  placed  before  l,  at  the  dis¬ 
tance  of  distinct  vision,  and  the  Haidinger’s  prism  turned  round 
its  axis  till  its  planes  of  polarization  coincide  with  those  of  the 
crystal,  the  twro  images  of  the  square  opening  will  show  the 
colours  of  the  oppositely  polarized  pencils  of  which  the  trans¬ 
mitted  light  is  composed. 


COLOUR. 

250.  Colours  and  their  varieties,  as  arranged  by  Werner  for 
the  purpose  of  being  applied  to  the  description  of  minerals,  are 
as  follows  : — 

Metallic  colours. 

1.  Pinchbeck-browni.  Yellowish-brown,  with  a  metallic  lustre. 

2.  Copper-red.  The  colour  of  metallic  copper. 

3.  Bronze-yellow.  The  colour  of  bronze. 

4.  Brass-yellow.  The  colour  of  ordinary  brass. 

5.  Gold-yellow.  The  colour  of  pure  gold. 

6.  Silver-white.  The  colour  of  pure  silver. 

7.  Tin-wdiite.  The  colour  of  pure  tin  or  antimony. 

8.  Lead-grey.  The  colour  of  pure  lead. 

9.  Steel-grey.  The  colour  of  steel  on  a  recent  fracture. 

10.  Iron-black.  A  blackish  grey. 

Non-metallic  colours. 

1.  Snow-white.  The  purest  white. 

2.  Reddish-white.  White  inclining  to  red. 

3.  Yellowish-white.  White  inclining  to  yellow. 

4.  Greyish- white.  Pure  white,  with  a  tinge  of  grey  arising 

from  the  translucency  of  the  substance  in  which  it 
occurs. 

5.  Greenish-white.  White  inclining  to  greenish-grey. 

6.  Milk-white.  The  colour  of  skimmed  milk. 

1.  Blueish-grey.  Grey  inclining  to  blackish -blue. 

2.  Pearl-grey.  Grey  mixed  with  red  and  blue. 

3.  Smoke-grey.  Browmish-grey,  the  colour  of  thick  smoke. 

4.  Greenish-grey.  Grey  mixed  writh  blackish-green. 

5.  Yellowdsh-grey.  Grey  mixed  with  yellowish-brown. 

6.  Ash-grey.  The  purest  grey,  a  mixture  of  black  and  white. 

1.  Greyish -black.  Black  inclining  to  ash-grey. 

2.  Yelvet-black.  The  purest  deep  black. 

3.  Greenish-black.  Black  somewhat  inclining  to  green. 

4.  Brownish-black.  Black  with  yellowish-brown. 

5.  Blueish-black.  Black  mixed  with  blue. 


66 


COLOUE. 


1.  Blackish-blue.  Blue  mixed  with  black. 

2.  Azure-blue.  A  very  bright,  rather  reddish  blue. 

3.  Violet-blue.  A  pure  mixture  of  red  and  blue. 

4.  Lavender-blue.  Violet-blue  mixed  with  ash-grey. 

6.  Plum-blue.  A  reddish  violet-blue  with  brown. 

6.  Prussian-blue.  The  purest  blue. 

7.  Smalt-blue.  A  pure,  but  pale  blue.  The  colour  of  a  sort 

of  smalt. 

8.  Indigo-blue.  A  dark  blue  with  black  and  green. 

9.  Duck-blue.  Blue,  with  a  great  deal  of  green,  and  a  little 

black. 

10.  Sky-blue.  A  bright,  rather  greenish  blue.  The  moun¬ 
tain  blue  of  painters. 

1.  Verdigris-green.  Bright  green,  much  inclining  to  blue. 

2.  Celandine-green.  Blueish-green  with  grey. 

3.  Mountain-green.  A  pale,  blueish-green. 

4.  Leek-green.  Green,  with  a  little  brown. 

5.  Emerald-green.  The  purest  green  colour. 

6.  Apple-green.  Pale  green,  with  a  little  yellow. 

7.  Grass-green.  Bright  yellowish  green. 

8.  Pistachio-green.  Yellowish-green  inclining  to  brown. 

9.  Asparagus-green.  Pale  green,  with  a  large  proportion  of 

yellow. 

10.  Blackish-green.  Pistachio-green,  with  much  black. 

11.  Olive-green.  Green,  with  much  brown  and  a  little  grey 

and  yellow. 

12.  Oil-green.  Green,  with  much  yellow  and  traces  of  grey 

and  brown. 

13.  Siskin-green.  Bright  green,  with  much  yellow. 

1.  Sulphur-yellow.  The  colour  of  pure  crystallized  sulphur. 

2.  Straw-yellow.  Pale  yellow,  with  a  little  grey. 

3.  Wax -yellow.  Yellow,  with  grey  and  a  little  brown. 

4.  Honey-yellow.  Dark  yellow,  inclining  to  reddish-brown. 

5.  Lemon-yellow.  The  purest  yellow  colour. 

6.  Ochre-yellow.  Yellow  with  brown. 

7.  Wine-yellow.  A  pale  yellow  colour,  with  a  little  red. 

8.  Isabella-yellow.  Pale  yellow,  inclining  to  yellowish-brown. 

9.  Orange-yellow.  Yellow,  very  much  inclining  to  red. 

1.  Aurora-red.  Bed,  with  a  great  deal  of  yellow. 

2.  Hyacinth-red.  Bed,  inclining  to  yellowish-brown. 

3.  Brick-red.  Bright  red,  inclining  to  yellowish-brown  and 

grey. 

4.  Scarlet-red.  Bright  red,  with  a  little  yellow. 

5.  Blood-red.  A  dark,  rather  yellowish-red. 


PHOSPHORESCENCE. 


67 


6.  Plesh-red.  A  pale,  ratlier  yellowish-red. 

7.  Carmine-red.  The  pure  red  colour  of  carmine. 

8.  Cocliineal-red.  Red,  with  a  little  blue  and  grey. 

9.  Rose-red.  Pale  carmine-red. 

10.  Crimson-red.  Bright  red,  with  a  little  blue. 

11.  Peach-blossom-red.  Pale  crimson-red  in  feebly  trans¬ 

lucent  substances. 

12.  Columbine-red.  Dark,  blackish  crimson-red. 

13.  Cherry-red.  Dark,  rather  brownish  cochineal-red. 

14.  Brownish-red.  Red,  with  a  great  deal  of  brown.  The 

colour  of  reddle. 

1.  Reddish-brown.  Brown  mixed  with  a  great  deal  of  red. 

2.  Clove-brown.  Dark  clear  brown,  inclining  to  violet-blue. 

3.  Hair-brown.  Brown,  with  a  little  yellow  and  grey. 

4.  Broccoli-brown.  A  colour  intermediate  between  liver- 

brown  and  violet-blue. 

5.  Chesnut-brown.  The  purest  brown  colour. 

6.  Yellowish-brown.  Brown,  with  a  great  deal  of  yellow. 

.  7.  Wood-brown.  Brown,  with  yellow  and  grey. 

8.  Liver-brown.  Brown,  inclining  to  green. 

9.  Blackish-brown.  Brown,  with  a  great  deal  of  black. 

Iridescence  is  occasionally  observable  on  the  surface  of 
minerals,  but  it  is  not  an  essential  character. 

Opalescence  in  different  degrees  is  also  occasionally  ob¬ 
servable,  exhibiting  differently  coloured  light. 

It  also  occasionally  happens,  as  in  a  green  variety  of  fluor, 
that  the  colour  exhibited  by  transmitted  light  differs  from  that 
occasioned  by  reflexion.  In  cordierite,  epidote,  and  many  other 
minerals,  the  colour  by  transmitted  light  varies  with  the  direc¬ 
tion  in  which  it  is  viewed.  This  property  is  denoted  by  the 
term  pleochroism. 


PHOSPHORESCENCE. 

251.  Many  varieties  of  fluor  and  diamond  begin  to  shine  in 
the  dark  at  a  temperature  below  that  of  boiling  water.  Pluor, 
apatite,  dolomite,  diamond,  many  varieties  of  calcite,  and  some 
other  minerals,  phosphoresce  at  a  temperature  below  that  of 
red  heat.  Blende  from  Kapnik  shines  when  scraped  or 
scratched. 

Many  varieties  of  dolomite  and  calcite  frequently  emit  light 
when  struck  with  a  hammer.  Two  pieces  of  quartz  phospho¬ 
resce  when  rubbed  against  each  other,  either  in  air  or  under 
water. 

Gypsum,  fluor,  calcite,  aragonite,  amber,  and  especially 


68  STREAK. — SECTILITY. — ELEXIBILITY. —  ERAXGIBILITY. 

some  varieties  of  diamond,  become  luminous  in  the  dark  after 
exposure  to  sun-light.  After  being  heated  several  times,  or  too 
strongly,  some  of  these  minerals  lose  the  property  of  phos¬ 
phorescing,  but  regain  it  on  having  a  charge  of  electricity  trans¬ 
mitted  through  them  or  over  their  surfaces. 

STREAK. 

252.  This  character  may  be  examined  either  by  scratching  the 
mineral  with  a  point,  harder  than  itself,  or,  when  not  too  hard, 
by  rubbing  it  upon  a  piece  of  unglazed  porcelain.  Where  it  is 
required  only  to  ascertain  the  colour  of  the  powder,  the  rough 
surface  will  in  many  cases  suffice,  but  the  point  will  be  found 
more  readily  applicable  and  more  generally  useful.  A  writing 
diamond  will  scratch  all  other  minerals,  but  it  wall  be  well  to 
use  occasionally  coarser  points,  as  a  fragment  of  corundum  or 
quartz,  or  a  point  of  hard  steel. 

The  application  of  the  point  may  produce  a  rough  or  a  smooth 
line,  and  with  or  without  powder.  Where  powTder  is  produced, 
it  may  be  either  wdiite  or  coloured,  and,  if  coloured,  it  may  be 
of  the  same  tint  as  the  mineral,  or  different  from  it.  The  lustre 
of  the  smootli  line  is  sometimes  greater  than  that  of  the 
mineral. 

The  streak  is  distinguished  as  shining,  dull. 

The  powder  is  white,  grey,  coloured;  the  same  as  the  mineral, 
different  from  it. 

SECTILITY  AiSTD  MALLEABILITY. 

253.  A  few  minerals  may  be  cut  into  slices  with  a  knife,  and 
are  then  termed  sectile. 

Some  may  be  extended  under  the  hammer ;  but  both  of  these 
characters  are  of  very  limited  use. 

ELEXIBILITY. 

254.  This  is  a  character  of  very  limited  application,  there 
being  but  few  minerals  that  are  capable  of  being  bent.  Among 
these,  some,  as  talc,  are  simply  flexible,  and  retain  the  bend 
without  any  tendency  to  return  to  their  previous  state ;  while 
mica  is  both  flexible  and  elastic.  Some  minerals  also,  as  kyanite, 
are  flexible  from  one  locality,  and  not  so  from  another,  which 
precludes  this  from  becoming  a  generally  determinative  cha¬ 
racter. 

ERANGIBILITY. 

255.  This  character  denotes  that  condition  of  minerals  which 
renders  them  brittle  or  tough  in  very  different  degrees ;  and, 


IIARDXESS. 


69 


although  the  measures  of  these  differences  are  not  laid  down, 
the  character  itself  will  he  useful  when  it  can  he  ascertained 
without  destroying  the  specimen  under  examination.  The  usual 
test  is  a  blow  with  a  hammer. 


HARDNESS. 


256.  This  term  expresses  the  degree  of  force  with  which  the 
particles  of  which  minerals  are  composed  are  held  together. 

Hardness,  denoted  by  h,  is  a  character  of  considerable  im¬ 
portance  in  the  determination  of  mineral  species,  as  it  may  be 
easily  ascertained  whenever  required.  But  it  is  much  to  be 
regretted  that  the  comparative  hardness  of  all  minerals  has  not 
been  more  exactly  ascertained,  so  as  to  allow  of  an  arrangement 
of  the  entire  series  in  the  order  of  this  property. 

257.  The  following  is  a  scale  to  which  the  comparative  hard¬ 
ness  of  minerals  is  commonly  referred : — 

%> 


1.  Talc. 

2.  Bock  Salt. 

3.  Calcite. 

4.  Fluor. 

5.  Apatite. 

6.  Felspar. 

7.  Quartz. 

8.  Topaz. 

9.  Corundum. 

10.  Diamond. 


Generally  fragments  of  transpa¬ 
rent  or  cleavable  varieties. 


The  hardness  of  calcite  is  said  to  be  3  ;  that  of  topaz  8  ;  and 
any  mineral  whose  hardness  is  between  that  of  any  two  conse¬ 
cutive  numbers  in  the  above  scale,  is  regarded  as  J,  J,  or  f  of 
the  difference  between  such  numbers,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  ex¬ 
pressed,  '25,  '5,  '75  harder  than  the  lowest  number  of  the  two  ; 
but  within  these  limits  there  is  no  scale  of  hardness  yet  con¬ 
structed. 

The  portion  of  a  mineral  to  be  examined  should  in  all  respects 
be  pure  and  perfect,  as  the  slightest  degree  of  decomposition  or 
mixture  of  foreign  matter  in  one  part  of  a  specimen  will  render 
the  hardness  of  that  part  different  from  that  of  contiguous  por¬ 
tions.  The  natural  external  surfaces  of  minerals  are,  perhaps, 
generally  harder  than  the  cleavage  planes,  and  the  solid  angles 
harder  than  the  flat  surfaces.  It  has  also  been  found,  that  the 
hardness  differs  in  different  directions  of  the  crystals,  it  being 
readily  observed  in  mica  that  the  edge  of  a  plate  of  this  mineral 
will  scratch  its  plane  surface ;  and,  generally,  the  faces  parallel 
to  the  best  cleavages  are  the  softest. 

258.  The  method  hitherto  employed  for  ascertaining  the  com- 


70 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 


parative  hardness  of  minerals  is,  by  attempting  to  scratch  the 
substance  to  be  examined  by  some  of  the  minerals  of  the  above 
scale,  and  thus  approximating  to  its  degree  of  hardness;  or, 
with  a  sharp  corner  of  the  substance,  try  to  scratch  a  smooth 
surface  of  the  successive  members  of  the  scale,  beginning  at 
No.  1,  if  necessary  ;  but  for  most  minerals,  not  being  metallic 
ones,  No.  3  will  be  sufficiently  low. 

Where  the  substance  neither  scratches  nor  is  scratched  by 
any  member  of  the  scale,  the  hardness  of  the  two  minerals  is 
equal.  When  it  scratches  the  softer,  and  is  scratched  by  the 
harder  of  two  consecutive  members,  a  nearer  approximation  to 
its  relative  hardness  is  required.  To  ascertain  this,  let  the 
three  minerals  be  passed  successively,  with  slight  pressure,  over 
the  surface  of  a  hard  fine  file,  one  end  of  which  should  be  held 
in  the  hand,  and  the  other  rest  on  a  table,  when  the  different 
degrees  of  resistance,  and  the  sound  produced,  will  indicate, 
with  greater  or  less  exactness,  the  intermediate  hardness  of  the 
substance  examined.  The  three  minerals  should  nearly  corre¬ 
spond  in  form,  size,  and  surfaces  applied  to  the  file.  It  requires 
some  little  practice  with  the  file  to  be  enabled  to  use  it  with 
effect,  and  some  care  to  preserve  it  in  a  state  fit  for  use. 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 

259.  This  term  is  used  to  express  the  relative  weights  of 
equal  volumes  of  different  bodies.  A  volume  of  distilled  water  at 
the  temperature  of  60°  F.  or  15*55  C.,  being  employed  as  the  unit 
with  which  all  others  are  compared.  Thus  the  specific  gravity 
of  water  is  said  to  be  1,  and  that  of  silver  about  loj  ;  meaning, 
that  a  mass  of  silver  of  equal  bulk  with  any  given  quantity  of 
water  will  weigh  10|  times  as  much  as  the  water. 

The  method  of  ascertaining  this  property  of  matter  is  to 
weigh  a  portion  of  the  body  to  be  examined  in  air,  and  in 
distilled  water,  at,  or  near,  the  temperature  of  60°,  when  it  will 
be  found  to  weigh  less  than  in  air,  the  difference  being  equal  to 
the  weight  of  a  bulk  of  water  exactly  equal  to  that  of  the  piece 
of  mineral  weighed. 

The  mineral  to  be  weighed  should  be  free  from  foreign 
matter,  from  disintegration  or  decay  of  any  kind,  and  should 
contain  no  cavities.  When  these  are  suspected,  the  mineral 
should  be  reduced  to  fragments,  or  coarse  powder. 

The  specific  gravity  of  a  body,  in  mineralogy,  is  the  ratio  of 
its  weight  to  that  of  an  equal  volume  of  water  at  a  given  tem¬ 
perature  (usually  60°  F.,  or  150,55  C.). 

The  following  are  the  practical  methods  of  finding  the  specific 
gravity  of  minerals : — 


SPECIFIC  GEAYITY. 


71 


260.  Let  a  fragment  of  tlie 
solid  be  suspended  by  a  hair,  or  a 
very  fine  Avire,  from  a  hook  on  the 
under  side  of  one  of  the  pans  of 
a  delicate  balance,  the  suspend¬ 
ing  threads  of  which  are  shorter 
than  those  of  the  other  pan. 
Let  w  be  weight  of  the  mineral  in 
air,  x  its  apparent  weight  when 
suspended  in  water,  g  its  specific 
gravity.  Then,  approximately, 


FIG.  76. 


w  —  x 


When  great  accuracy  is  required,  the  weight  of  the  air  dis¬ 
placed  by  the  mineral  must  be  taken  into  account.  Let  this  be 
u.  Then 


w  4-  u 

G  = 


w  -j-  u  —  X 


FIG.  77. 


A  double  hook  of  platinum  wire  (fig.  77), 
suspended  by  a  fine  wire,  may  be  used  for 
supporting  the  fragment  to  be  weighed. 

When  the  fragments  are  too  small  to  be 
weighed  singly,  they  may  be  contained  in  a 
small  cup  made  of  thin  glass  tube,  and  held 
by  a  wire  tvristed  about  the  rim  (fig.  78),  or  a 
thin  platinum  crucible. 

To  find  x,  the  apparent  weight  of  the 
mineral  in  water,  we  must  subtract  the 
apparent  weight  of  the  hook  or  cup  in 
water,  from  the  apparent  weight  of  the 
mineral  together  with  the  hook  or  cup,  in 
water.  The  value  of  x  may  also  be  found 
in  the  following  manner: — put  weights  into 
the  pan  e  till  they  balance  the  mineral  to¬ 
gether  Avith  the  hook  or  cup  suspended  in 
water  from  the  pan  d.  [Remove  the  mineral, 
leaving  the  hook  or  cup  suspended  in  water. 

Then  x  is  the  weight  which  must  be  placed 
in  d  in  order  to  restore  the  equilibrium. 

Bubbles  of  air  are  very  apt  to  attach 
themselves  to  the  mineral  when  immersed 
in  water ;  these  must  be  carefully  removed 
before  weighing.  The  only  certain  way  of 
doing  this  is,  by  making  the  water  in  which 
the  mineral  is  suspended,  boil  briskly  for  some  minutes.  The 


72 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 


whole  must  then  he  left  to  cool  down  to  nearly  the  temperature 
of  the  air  before  weighing. 

The  vessel  containing  the  water  should  be  as  large  as  con¬ 
venience  will  allow.  When  it  is  too  small,  the  results  are  apt 
to  he  erroneous,  in  consequence  perhaps  of  a  circulation  of  the 
water  when  its  temperature  differs  slightly  from  that  of  the  air. 

261.  When  the  substance  floats  in  water,  the  double  hook 
must  he  made  to  clasp  it,  and  be  heavy  enough  to  cause  the 
whole  to  sink.  Proceed  to  weigh  as  before ;  and,  approximately, 

w 

G  — - 

W  +  X 


Or,  u  being  the  weight  of  the  air  displaced  by  the  mineral, 


w  4-  u 

G  =  - — - . 

w  +  u  +  X 

To  find  x,  in  this  case,  we  must  subtract  the  apparent  weight 
of  the  hook  together  with  the  mineral  in  water,  from  the 
apparent  weight  of  the  hook  alone  in  water. 

Minerals  soluble  in  water  must  be  weighed  in  oil,  the  weight 
of  which,  relatively  to  that  of  water,  must  be  ascertained, 

262.  The  following  method  also  admits  of  considerable  ac¬ 
curacy  : — 


A  glass  cup,  like  the  annexed  figure,  with  its  fig.  79. 
rim  ground  truly  plane,  provided  with  a  lid  of  glass, 
also  ground  plane,  is  to  be  filled  with  water,  closed, 
and  any  water  adhering  to  the  outside  carefully 
wiped  off.  The  cup  is  then  to  be  weighed  in  any 
delicate  balance.  Now  put  the  mineral  into  the 
cup,  close  it  with  the  lid,  wipe  off  the  water  ad¬ 
hering  to  the  outside  of  the  cup,  and  weigh  it  as  before.  Let 
w  be  the  weight  of  the  mineral ;  x  the  weight  of  the  cup  filled 
with  water ;  y  the  weight  of  the  cup  containing  the  mineral, 
and  filled  up  with  water.  Then,  approximately, 


w 

G  = - 

w  -J-  x  —  y 

Or,  u  being  the  weight  of  the  air  displaced  by  the  mineral, 

w  4-  u 

G  =  - - - -  . 

iv  +  x  -f-  u  —  y 

The  escape  of  water  between  the  rim  of  the  cup  and  its  lid 
may  be  prevented  by  coating  the  under  surface  of  the  lid  with 
a  very  thin  film  of  grease,  or  turpentine.  Glass  cups  should 
be  provided  of  different  sizes,  and  the  smallest  used  that  is 
capable  of  containing  the  mineral. 

263.  The  same  cup  maybe  used  in  finding  the  specific  gravity 
of  a  liquid. 

Let  x  be  the  weight  of  the  lid  and  cup  filled  with  the  liquid, 


MAGNETISM. — ELECTRICITY. 


73 


y  the  weight  of  the  lid  and  cup  filled  with  water,  w  the  weight 
of  the  lid  and  empty  cup.  Then,  approximately, 


y  -w  ' 

Or,  u  being  the  weight  of  the  air  contained  in  the  cup, 

x  +  u  —  w 

Gr  —  - -  • 

y  +  u  —  w 

264.  Where  extreme  precision  is  required,  the  exact  tempera¬ 
ture  of  the  air  and  water  should  he  recorded,  and  the  expansibility 
of  the  body  weighed,  relatively  to  that  of  water,  ascertained. 

Specific  gravity  is  an  important  distinctive  character  of 
minerals,  and  has  been  observed  with  much  exactness  ;  hut  as 
it  requires  a  delicate,  and  not  easily  portable  apparatus,  it 
cannot  be  ascertained  with  sufficient  readiness  and  facility  to 
render  it  useful  in  the  immediate  determination  of  mineral 
species.  %  No  reliance  can  be  placed  upon  the  very  rude  estimate 
of  this  character  when  measured  only  by  the  hand ;  and  the  re¬ 
sults  of  weighing  by  Nicholson’s  araeometer,  even  as  improved 
by  Mohs,  must  be  regarded  as  little  more  than  a  rough  ap¬ 
proximation  to  the  true  differences  of  weight. 

MAGNETISM. 

265.  This  property  is  used  in  mineralogy  only  to  distinguish 
some  of  the  ores  of  iron.  A  feebly  magnetized  needle  may  be 
employed  to  ascertain  the  existence,  and  the  degree  and  kind, 
of  magnetism  in  a  mineral ;  and  also  whether  it  has  polarity, 
which  may  be  known  by  its  attracting  one  pole  of  the  needle 
when  one  part  of  the  specimen  is  held  towards  it,  and  repelling 
the  same  pole  when  another  part  is  presented  to  it.  Cobalt 
and  nickel  are  slightly  magnetic. 

The  following  substances,  called  ‘  magnetic,’  are  attracted 
by  either  pole  of  a  magnet : — Iron,  nickel,  cobalt,  manganese, 
chromium,  cerium,  titanium,  palladium,  platinum,  osmium. 

The  following,  called  ‘  diamagnetic,’  are  repelled  by  either 
pole  of  a  magnet : — Bismuth,  phosphorus,  antimony,  zinc, 
tin,  cadmium,  sodium,  mercury,  lead,  silver,  copper,  gold, 
arsenic,  uranium,  rhodium,  iridium,  scheelium. 

The  substances  are  arranged  nearly  in  the  order  of  the 
intensity  of  the  power  by  which  they  are  attracted  in  the 
former  case,  and  repelled  in  the  latter. 

ELECTRICITY. 

266.  This  is  interesting  rather  as  a  physical  property  than  a 
character  of  much  use  in  either  descriptive  or  determinative 

E 


74 


ELECTRICITY. 


mineralogy.  It  may  be  produced  in  many  minerals  by  friction ; 
in  some  by  beat ;  and  in  calcite  by  pressure. 

267.  The  electric  needle  is  a  fine  me-  rIG'  80, 

tallic  wire,  having  knobs,  a,  b,  at  each  end, 
suspended  by  a  dry  filament  of  unspun 
silk.  If  a  stick  of  sealing-wax  be  rubbed 
with  a  woollen  cloth,  and  brought  near 
either  end  of  the  needle  ab,  the  end  of  the 

needle  will  be  attracted  by  the  sealing-wax,  A  ? 

and  adhere  to  it.  Repeating  this  process,  •  * 

if  requisite,  the  end  of  the  needle  will  at  last  be  repelled  by 
the  sealing-wax.  The  needle  is  now  said  to  be  charged  with 
resinous  electricity.  In  like  manner,  if  a  rod  of  glass,  rubbed 
with  silk,  be  brought  near  either  end  of  the  needle,  it  will  at 
first  attract,  and  finally,  repel  it.  The  needle,  in  this  case,  is 
said  to  be  charged  with  resinous  electricity.  Two  bodies 
charged  with  the  same  kind  of  electricity  repel  each  other,  and 
two  bodies  charged  with  different  kinds  of  electricity  attract 
each  other. 

A  needle  charged  with  either  kind  of  electricity  is  attracted 
by  all  bodies  in  their  natural  state,  as  well  as  by  bodies  charged 
with  the  opposite  kind  of  electricity;  consequently,  the  only 
infallible  test  of  the  kind  of  electricity  with  which  any  body  is 
charged,  is  the  repulsion  of  one  of  the  ends  of  a  needle  charged 
with  the  same  kind  of  electricity. 

The  resinous  electricity  is  frequently  called  negative,  and  the 
vitreous  electricity  positive. 

Some  minerals  are  conductors,  and  others  non-conductors  of 
electricity. 

Nitre,  fluor,  apatite,  aragonite,  and  epidote  are  among  those 
which  acquire  resinous  electricity  by  friction;  and  sulphur, 
wolfram,  tantalite,  mispickel,  and  oxide  of  tin  among  those 
which  acquire  vitreous  electricity. 

The  kind  of  electricity  varies  also  in  the  same  mineral, 
according  to  the  smoothness  or  roughness  of  the  surfaces. 

268.  Some  crystals,  as  long  as  they  are  exposed  to  an  increasing 
temperature,  exhibit  vitreous  electricity  at  some  points  of  their 
surface,  and  resinous  electricity  at  other  points.  While  the  tem¬ 
perature  is  sinking,  these  points  are  charged  with  the  opposite 
electricities.  Such  crystals  are  called  pyroelectric.  The  points  at 
which  an  ascending  temperature  developes  vitreous  electricity 
are  called  analogous  poles  by  Riess  and  Gr.  Rose ;  and  the 
points  at  which  it  produces  resinous  electricity  antilogous 
poles.  While  the  crystal  is  cooling,  the  analogous  poles  exhibit 
resinous  electricity ;  and  the  antilogous  poles  vitreous  elec¬ 
tricity. 


TOUCH.  — SMELL. - TASTE. — CHEMICAL  CONSTITUTION.  75 


TOUCH. 

269.  This  character  is  so  limited  in  its  application  as  to  be  of 
little  service  in  distinguishing  minerals.  Steatites  have  a  more 
or  less  greasy  feel ;  and  dry  pulverulent  substances,  as  chalk, 
are  what  is  termed  meagre  to  the  touch.  Between  these  ex¬ 
tremes  there  are  intermediate  degrees  and  kinds  of  sensation 
experienced  by  the  touch,  but  they  are  not  of  sufficient  im¬ 
portance  to  have  received  much  attention  from  mineralogists. 

SMELL. 

270.  Some  minerals  emit  an  earthy  smell  when  breathed 
upon  ;  others  produce  peculiar  odours  when  struck  with  a  ham¬ 
mer  :  that  so  produced  in  some  of  the  ores  of  cobalt  and  arsenic 
resembles  garlic ;  those  of  selenium,  when  heated,  exhale  the 
odour  of  horseradish  ;  and  sulphurets  that  of  sulphur ;  and 
some  varieties  of  calcite,  which,  in  consequence,  bear  the  name 
of  stinkstone,  give  out  an  offensive  smell  when  broken.  But  • 
it  is  a  very  unimportant  character,  except  as  to  its  being  the 
means  of  detecting  the  presence  of -selenium,  arsenic,  and  sul¬ 
phur  in  minerals. 

TASTE. 

271.  This  quality  is  perceivable  in  only  the  few  soluble  sub¬ 
stances  which  are  admitted  as  mineralogical  species,  and  will  be 
noticed  in  their  several  descriptions. 

CHEMICAL  CONSTITUTION. 

272.  There  are  known  at  present  sixty-two  elementary  or 
undecomposed  substances,  which,  with  the  exception  of  some 
recently  discovered,  of  which  the  properties  are  not  yet  fully 
ascertained,  may  be  classed  as  follows : — 

1.  Non-metallic  elements. — Imperfect  conductors  of  elec¬ 
tricity  and  heat. 

Gaseous. —  Oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  chlorine,  fluorine. 

Liquid. — Bromine. 

Solid.— Carbon,  phosphorus,  sulphur,  boron,  selenium,  iodine, 
silicon. 

2.  Metallic  elements.— Good  conductors  of  electricity  and 
heat,  with  the  exception  of  mercury  solid. 

a.  Light  metals,  having  a  strong  affinity  for  oxygen. 

Metals  of  alealies  and  alcaline  earths. — Potassium,  sodium, 

lithium,  baryum,  strontium,  calcium. 

Metals  of  earths.— Magnesium,  lanthanium,  yttrium,  glucium, 
aluminium,  zirconium. 

b.  Heavy  metals. 

a.  Metals  not  reducible  to  a  metallic  state  by  heat  alone. 

e  2 


76  SYMBOLS  AND  EQUIVALENTS  OE  THE  ELEMENTS. 


Brittle  and  difficult  to  fuse. — Thorium,  titanium,  tantalum, 
scheelium,  molybdenum,  vanadium,  chrome,  uranium,  manga¬ 
nese,  cerium. 

Brittle  and  easily  fusible  or  volatile. — Arsenic,  antimony, 
tellurium,  bismuth. 

Malleable. — Zinc,  cadmium,  tin,  lead,  iron,  cobalt,  nickel, 
copper. 

/3.  Metals  reducible  by  heat. — Mercury,  silver,  gold,  pla¬ 
tinum,  palladium,  rhodium,  iridium,  osmium. 

The  remaining  substances,  the  properties  of  which  are  not 
fully  known,  are  didymium,  erbium,  terbium,  niobium,  pelo- 
pium,  norium,  ruthenium. 


273.  Symbols  and  Equivalents  of  the  Elements. 
( Taken  principally  from  Eresenius .) 


Aluminium 

A1 

170-42 

Nickel 

Ni 

369-14 

Antimony 

Sb 

1612-90 

Niobium 

Nb 

Arsenic 

As 

936*48 

Nitrogen 

N 

175-25 

Baryum 

Ba 

854*85 

Norium 

Nr 

Bismuth 

Bi 

2660-75 

Osmium 

Os 

1242-60 

Boron 

B 

136-31 

Oxygen 

O 

100-00 

Bromine 

Br 

999-63 

Palladium 

Pd 

662-54 

Cadmium 

Cd 

696*77 

Pelopium 

PI 

Calcium 

Ca 

250*00 

Phosphorus 

P 

391*55 

Carbon 

C 

75-00 

Platinum 

Pt 

1233*50 

Cerium 

Ce 

590-80 

Potash 

K 

488-94 

Chlorine 

Cl 

443-20 

Bhodium 

R 

652-00 

Chrome 

Cr 

349-83 

[Ruthenium 

Et 

Cobalt 

Co 

368*44 

Scheelium 

W 

1188-40 

Copper 

Cu 

396-00 

Selenium 

Se 

495*30 

Didymium 

D 

620-00 

Silicon 

Si 

184-88 

Erbium 

E 

Silver 

Ag 

1349-01 

Eluorine 

E 

235*71 

Sodium 

Na 

287-17 

Grlucium 

G 

58-08 

Strontium 

Sr 

545*60 

Gold 

Au 

2456-72 

Sulphur 

S 

200-00 

Hydrogen 

II 

12-50 

Tantalum 

Ta 

1148*40 

Iodine 

I 

1585*57 

Tellurium 

Te 

801-80 

Iridium 

Ir 

1232-00 

Terbium 

Tr 

Iron 

Ee 

350-00 

Thorium 

Tb 

743-90 

Lanthanium 

La 

588*00 

Tin 

Sn 

735*30 

Lead 

Pb 

1294*50 

Titanium 

Ti 

301*60 

Lithium 

L 

81-85 

Uranium 

U 

742-90 

Magnesium 

Mg 

157-75 

Vanadium 

Ya 

856-90 

Manganese 

Mn 

344*44 

Yttrium 

Y 

402-50 

Mercury 

Hg 

1250-80 

Zinc 

Zn 

406-60 

Molybdenum 

Mo 

596-10 

Zirconium 

Zr 

281*20 

SYMBOLS  AND  EQUIVALENTS  OE  THE  ELEMENTS.  77 


274.  When  any  two  elements  combine  chemically,  it  is  found 
that  the  ^weights  of  the  two  elements  are  as  some  low  multiples 
of  the  numbers,  or  ‘  equivalents,’  annexed  to  them  in  the  pre¬ 
ceding  table. 

Thus  one  combination  of  iron  and  sulphur  exists,  in  which 
the  proportions  of  the  iron  and  sulphur  are  as  one  equivalent, 
or  350'00  of  the  former,  and  one  equivalent  or  200*00  of  the 
latter ;  in  another  combination  of  the  same  elements,  the  pro¬ 
portions  of  iron  and  sulphur  are  as  one  equivalent,  or  350*00  of 
the  former,  and  two  equivalents,  or  400-00  of  the  latter. 

In  one  of  the  compounds  of  manganese  and  oxygen,  the 
proportions  of  manganese  and  oxygen  have  been  found  as  one 
equivalent,  or  344*44  of  manganese,  and  one  equivalent,  or  100  of 
oxygen.  In  another,  as  two  equivalents,  or  688*88  of  manganese, 
and  three  equivalents,  or  300*00  of  oxygen.  In  peroxide  of  man¬ 
ganese,  as  one  equivalent,  or  344*44  of  manganese,  and  two 
equivalents,  or  200*00  of  oxygen.  In  manganic  acid,  as  one 
equivalent,  or  344*44  of  manganese,  and  three  equivalents,  or 
300*000  of  oxygen ;  in  permanganic  acid,  as  two  equivalents, 
or  688*88  of  manganese,  and  seven  equivalents,  or  700*00  of 


I 


oxygen. 

A  compound  of  two  elements  is  denoted  by  the  symbols  of  the 
two  elements  ;  the  number  of  multiples  of  each,  when  greater 
than  one,  being  denoted  by  figures  respectively  annexed  to  them. 

Thus  Ees  denotes  the  combination  of  iron  and  sulphur,  consist¬ 
ing  of  one  equivalent  of  each  element;  Ees2  the  combination  of  one 
equivalent  of  iron  and  two  equivalents  of  sulphur  ;  Mn2o3  the  com¬ 
bination  of  two  equivalents  of  manganese  and  three  of  oxygen  ; 
MnO3  the  combination  of  one  equivalent  of  manganese  and  three 
equivalents  of  oxygen.  In  order  to  abbreviate  the  symbols,  equiva¬ 
lents  of  oxygen  are  denoted  by  dots,  one  for  each  equivalent, 
placed  over  the  symbol  of  the  element  with  which  they  are 
combined  ;  equivalents  of  sulphur  are  denoted  in  like  manner  by 
accents.  A  double  equivalent  of  an  element  is  denoted  by  its 
symbol  haviug  a  dash  drawn  through  it.  Thus  Mn  denotes  MnO3, 
Ma  denotes  Mn2o3,  fie  denotes  res2. 

The  equivalent  of  a  compound  of  two  elements  is  the  sum  of 
the  equivalents  of  its  components.  Thus  the  equivalent  of  pro¬ 
toxide  of  iron  EeO  is  350*00  +  100*00  =  450*00,  the  equivalent  of 
red  oxide  of  iron  Ee2o3  is  2(350*00)  -f-  3(100*00)  =  1000*00. 

The  law  of  combination  of  simple  substances  applies  also  to 
their  compounds,  which  unite  with  each  other  in  quantities 
proportional  to  lowr  multiples  of  their  equivalents.  The  com¬ 
bination  is  denoted  by  the  symbols  of  the  compounds  having 
the  sign  -f-  placed  between  them,  and  having  the  number  of 
multiples  of  each  prefixed. 

Thus  the  mineral  proustite,  consisting  of  three  equivalents 


E  3 


78  SYMBOLS  AND  EQUIVALENTS  OE  THE  ELEMENTS. 

of  a  sulphide  of  silver  AgS,  and  one  equivalent  of  a  tersulphide 
of  arsenic  AsS3,  is  denoted  by  3AgS  +  AsS3. 

275.  Combinations  of  Simple  Substances  with  Oxygen ,  and  their 

Equivalents. 


Acids. 


Nitric  acid 

NO5 

N 

675-25 

Sulphuric  acid 

so3 

S 

600-00 

Phosphoric  acid 

PO5 

P 

891*55 

Boracic  acid 

BO3 

B 

436-31 

Carbonic  acid 

CO2 

C 

275-00 

Oxalic  acid 

c2o3 

■e 

440'00 

Silicic  acid  (Silica) 

SiO2 

Si 

384-88 

Arsenious  acid 

AsO3 

As 

1236-48 

Arsenic  acid 

AsO5 

As 

1436-48 

Antimonious  acid 

SbO3 

Sb 

1912-90 

Antimonic  acid 

SbO5 

Sb 

2312-90 

Chromic  acid 

CrO3 

Cr 

649-83 

Molybdic  acid 

MoO3 

Mo 

896-10 

Yanadic  acid 

VO3 

V 

1156-90 

Scheelic  acid 

WO3 

■\v 

1488-40 

Tantalic  acid 

TaO3 

Ta 

1448-40 

Titanic  acid 

TiO2 

Ti 

501*60 

Stannic  acid 

SnO2 

Sn 

935*30 

Oxides. 

• 

Potash 

KO 

± 

588-94 

Soda 

NaO 

Na 

387-17 

Lithia 

LiO 

Li 

181*85 

Strontia 

SrO 

Sr 

645 '6 

Barytes 

BaO 

Ba 

954-85 

Lime 

CO 

Ca 

350-0 

Magnesia 

MgO 

5ig 

257*75 

Alumina 

AlO3 

A1 

640-84 

Zirconia 

ZrO 

Zr 

381*25 

G-lucine 

GO 

G 

158-08 

Yttria 

YO 

Y 

602-51 

Thoria 

TbO 

Th 

843-9 

Protoxide  of  cerium 

CeO 

Ce 

674*7 

Oxide  of  bismuth 

BiO3 

Bi 

2960*75 

Oxide  of  antimony 

SbO3 

Sb 

1912-9 

Oxide  of  zinc 

ZnO 

Zn 

506-59 

Protoxide  of  manganese  Mno 

Mn 

44444 

Oxide  of  manganese 

Mn203 

TV/1V» 

luit 

988-88 

SYMBOLS  AND  EQUIVALENTS  OE  THE  ELEMENTS. 


79 


Protoxide  of  iron 

EeO 

Ee 

450-0 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

Ee203 

Ee- 

lOOO'O 

Protoxide  of  uranium 

IJO 

tr 

842-9 

Oxide  of  uranium 

u2o3 

1785-8 

Oxide  of  chrome 

CrO 

999-66 

Oxide  of  lead 

PbO 

Pb 

1394*5 

Bed  oxide  of  copper 

Cu20 

Ctt 

892-0 

Black  oxide  of  copper 

CuO 

Cu 

496-0 

Oxide  of  nickel 

NiO 

Ni 

469-14 

Oxide  of  cobalt 

CoO 

Co 

468"44 

Water 

HO 

H 

112-5 

276.  Proportions  of  Ease  and 

Oxygen 

in 

100  parts 

of  the 

following  Combinations 

• 

Base.  Oxygen. 

Base.  Oxygen. 

KO 

K 

83’02 

16-98 

HgO 

Hg 

92-60 

7*40 

NaO 

Na 

74-17 

25-83 

Cu20 

Cu2 

88-79 

11-21 

LO 

li 

45-01 

54/99 

CuO 

Cu 

79-84 

20'16 

nh4o  nh4 

69-25 

30-75 

BiO3 

Bi 

89-87 

10*13 

BaO 

Ba 

89*53 

10-47 

CdO 

Cd 

87-45 

12*55 

SrO 

Sr 

84-51 

15-49 

AuO3 

Au 

89-12 

10*88 

CaO 

Ca 

71*43 

28-57 

PtO2 

Pt 

86-05 

13*95 

MgO 

Mg 

61-20 

38-80 

SbO3 

Sb 

84*32 

15*68 

AlO3 

A1 

53*19 

46-81 

SnO 

Su 

88-02 

11-98 

CrV 

Cr2 

70-11 

29-89 

SnO2 

Su 

78-62 

21-38 

ZrO 

Zr 

80’26 

19-74 

AsO3 

As 

75-74 

24-26 

MnO 

Mu 

77'50 

22-50 

AsO5 

As 

65-19 

34-81 

Mii203  Mn2 

69-67 

30-33 

CrO3 

Cr 

53-83 

46-17 

NiO 

Ni 

78-68 

21-32 

so3 

S 

40-00 

60-00 

CoO 

Co 

78-65 

21-35 

po5 

P 

43-92 

56-08 

Co20 

3  Co2 

71-07 

28-93 

BO3 

B 

31-21 

68-76 

EeO 

Ee 

77*78 

22-22 

c2o3 

C2 

3363 

66.67 

Ee20 

3  Ee2 

70-00 

30-00 

CO2 

c 

27-27 

72-73 

AgO 

Ag 

93-10 

6*90 

SiO2 

Si 

48-03 

51-97 

PtO 

Pt 

92-83 

7-17 

NO5 

N 

25*95 

74-05 

Hg20  Hg2 

96-16 

3'84 

CIO5 

Cl 

46-99 

53-01 

277.  Combinations  of  Simple  Substances  with  Sulphur ,  and 

their  Equivalents. 

Tersulphide  of  antimony 
Tersulphide  of  arsenic 
Bisulphide  of  tin 
Sulphide  of  lead 
Sulphide  of  iron 
Bisulphide  of  iron 
Disulphide  of  copper 

E  4 


SbS3 

nr 

Sb 

2212-9 

AsS3 

nr 

As 

1536-48 

SnS2 

Su 

1135*3 

PbS 

Pb 

1494-5 

EeS 

Ee 

550-0 

EeS2 

rr 

Ee 

750-0 

Cu2S 

Cu 

992-0 

80 


DIMORPHISM. — ISOMORPHISM. 


Sulphide  of  copper 

CuS 

Cu 

596‘0 

Sulphide  of  silver 

AgS 

Ag 

1549-01 

Sulphide  of  zinc 

ZnS 

Zn 

606-59 

Sulphide  of  tin 

SnS 

Sn 

935-3 

Dimorphism. 

278.  The  term  dimorphism  is  used  to  express  the  property 
possessed  by  some  substances  (both  simple  and  compound),  of 
crystallizing  in  forms,  which  have  been  regarded  as  constituting 
different  crystalline  species.  Thus,  carbonate  of  lime,  CaC, 
crystallizes  as  calcite  in  forms  belonging  to  the  rhombohedral 
system,  and  as  aragonite  in  forms  belonging  to  the  prismatic 
system.  Titanic  acid,  Ti,  as  brookite,  is  prismatic  ;  as  anatase, 
pyramidal;  as  rutile,  also  pyramidal,  but  with  parameters 
differing  from  those  of  anatase.  The  following  substances  also 
are  dimorphous  : — c,  s,  mas,  Hgi,  HgCi,  PeS2,  As,  Sb,  ks,  ix, 
MSH7,  kaPli4,  KSHS,  PbS  +  3PbC. 

Isomorphism. 

279.  It  was  first  observed  by  Mitscherlich,  that  many  groups 
of  substances,  simple  or  compound,  having  an  analogous  constitu¬ 
tion,  crystallize  in  forms  of  the  same  crystalline  species,  or  of 
species  differing  but  little  in  their  angles.  Such  groups  of  sub¬ 
stances  are  said  to  be  isomorphous,  homoeomorphous,  or  plesio- 
morphous. 

Thus  alumina,  ai,  red  oxide  of  iron,  fe-,  oxide  of  chrome,  4f, 
crystallize  in  forms  of  the  rhombohedral  system,  the  angles  of 
which  do  not  differ  more  than  a  few  minutes  from  each  other. 
Carbonate  of  bine  (as  calcite)  Cad,  of  magnesia  Mgd,  of  pro¬ 
toxide  of  iron  Pec,  of  protoxide  of  manganese  Mnd,  of  oxide  of 
zinc  Znc,  crystallize  in  isomorphous  forms  of  the  rhombohedral 
system.  Carbonate  of  lime  (as  aragonite)  CaC,  of  barytes 
Bad,  of  strontia  Src,  of  oxide  of  lead  Pbd,  crystallize  in  iso¬ 
morphous  forms  of  the  prismatic  system.  Sulphate  of  barytes 
Ba's,  of  strontia  srs,  of  oxide  of  lead  PbS,  have  isomorphous 
forms  of  the  prismatic  system.  Hydrous  sulphate  of  soda 
kaSH10,  seleniate  of  soda  kaseii10,  and  chromate  of  soda  kaCrii10, 
have  isomorphous  forms  belonging  to  the  oblique  system.  Sul¬ 
phate  of  potash  ks,  seleniate  of  potash  kse,  chromate  of  potash 
kdr,  manganate  of  potash  kiln,  have  isomorphous  forms  of  the 
prismatic  system.  Gypsum  dasii2,  sulphate  of  iron,  with  two 
equivalents  of  water,  PeSH2,  hydrous  seleniate  of  lime  baSeH2, 
have  isomorphous  forms  of  the  oblique  system.  Sulphate  of 
soda  Na’s,  seleniate  of  soda  ka"se,  sulphate  of  oxide  of  silver  Ag"s, 
seleniate  of  oxide  of  silver  AgSe,  have  isomorphous  forms  of  the 


ISOMORPHISM. 


81 


prismatic  system.  Seleniate  of  oxide  of  copper  CuSeH5,  sul¬ 
phate  of  oxide  of  copper  Cush5,  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  man¬ 
ganese  mu'sh5,  have  isomorphous  forms  of  the  anorthic  system. 
Antimony,  bismuth,  arsenic,  and  tellurium  crystallize  in  iso¬ 
morphous  rhombohedrons.  Sb  and  Is  crystallize  in  isomorphous 
forms  of  the  prismatic  system,  and  also  in  octahedrons. 

The  following  table,  extracted  principally  from  Frankenheim’s 
4  System  der  Krystalle,’  exhibits  most  of  the  isomorphous  groups 
known  at  present : — 

Cubic. 


Cu ; 

Ag  ;  Au. 

Cd  ; 

Pb  ;  Hg  ;  Pd. 

PbS  ; 

PbSe ;  PbTe. 

AgS  ; 

• 

AgSe  ;  AgTe. 

Cu2S 

;  AgS. 

FeS2 

;  MnS2. 

CoAs 

;  HiAs. 

Hi2 As;  Hi2Sb. 

CoS2 

-p  CoAs ; 

HiS2 

-P  HiAs ; 

HiS2 

-P  HiSb. 

,  a  m  ,  /  4  m 

€»  As  -f  le  As; 

■Gtt  As  K  Sb, 

3jgAl ;  Znil ;  Mnll  ;  Coil ;  ZnPe-  ; 
MgFe- ;  FeFe  ;  FeEr  ;  MgCr. 

Is  ;  Sb. 

ES  +  IlS3  -p  H24 
HaS  -f-  IlS3  -p  H“4 
LiS  -f-  IlS3  -f-  H24 
HH4S  +  A1S*  +  a24 

ks  -p  fes3  -p  1F4 
HaS  -p  Fe-  S3  -p  H"4 
LIS  +  Pe  S3  +  li24 
HH4S  -j-  Re  S3  -f-  H"1 


KS  +  S3  +  H24 
HaS  +  -G*  S3  -f-  H24 
LiS  +  -G?  S3  -j-  II24 

knrs  +  4  s3  -f-  li24 

CaSi2  +  AlSi 
Mg  Si2  +  AlSi 
-  FeSi2  +  IlSi 
MnSi2  +  IlSi 
CaSi2  +  FeSi 
CaSi2  +  -CrSi 

CoPH8;  HiPH8;  MgPH8. 

KBr;  kaCl;  HBr. 

BaH;  SrH;  Pbk. 

KHC2  ;  HIi4HC2. 

Cap  ;  KCi;  Li  Cl ;  AgCi;  Or; 
KI  ;  Ha  Cl ;  HaBr  ;  Hal ;  KF  ; 
HaF;  YBr  ;  YI  ;  Zrl ;  HH4C1. 

KCl  -p  PtCl2 
KCl  +  PbCl2 
KCl  -f-  IrCl2 
KCl  -p  Os  Cl2 
KCl  +  SnCl2 
Ha  Cl  +  SnCl2 
HH4C1  +  PtCl2 
HH4C1  +  Pd  Cl2 
HH4C1  +  IrCl2 
HH4C1  -f  SnCl2 
KBr  +  PtBr2 

E  0 


82 


ISOMORPHISM. 


ZnBrH6;  MgBrll6. 
Mg3B4  ;  Ca,  B. 


EEC2  +  CdHC2 
EEC2  +  ZnHC2 
EEC2  +  AgHC2 
EEC2  +  HgHC2 


Pyramidal. 


Ti  ;  Sn. 

HiSH7  ;  HiSeH7  ;  ZnSeH7. 
CuClECIH2;  CuClHH4Clli2. 
AgS2HH3  ;  Ag~Se2HH3  ;  AgCr2HH3. 
PbMo  ;  PbW  ;  CaW. 


HH4H2cP  ;  HH4H2As 
EH2cP  ;  EH2  As. 

-CaP  +  2PP  +  H3 
CaP  +  2PP  +  H8 

2HH4HC2H  +  PeHC2H 
2  KHC2H  +  PelSTfll 


Rhombohedral. 


As;  Bi;  Sb;  Te ;  Oslr 


/  offf  i  o  vr 

Ag  Sb;  Ag  As 


-Gr  ;  A1 ;  Be  ;  Ti 


3Pb3P  +  Pi)  Cl 
3Pb3As  +  PbCI 
3  CaP  +  CaP 

CaC  ;  MgC;  PeC;  ZnC  ;  MnC 


RC1  +  Pt  Cl2  H5, 

where  R  is  Mg,  Zn,  Cd,  Pe,  Mu, 
Hi,  Co,  Cu. 

SrS205H4  ;  CaS205H4;  PbS205H4 

2HH4Cl  +  BiCl3 
2HH4Cl+SbCl3 

2KPe-S4H7 
2HH4  Pe  S4li7 

PeHC2  +  2HH4HC2  +  HH4Br 
FeHC2  -f  2HH4HC3  -f  EH4  Cl 


Prismatic. 


Sb ;  As. 

Cu2S  ;  Cu2S,  AgS. 
MnH;  feH ;  A1H. 

Mn2  Si  ;  Mg2  Si;  Fe2  Si. 


AgSe ;  HaSe;  AgS;  HaS. 

E  S  +  H8 
E  Se  -j-  H  Se 

Cu4AsH  ;  Cu4PH 


ECr;  KSe;  EMn ;  KS;  NH4S. 
BaS  ;  SrS  ;  PbS. 


EC1  +  HgCIH 
EH4  Cl  -f-  Hg  Cl  II 


MgSH7  ;  Mg  Sell7  ;  ZnSeH7  ; 
ZnSH7;  HiSH7;  MgCrH7. 


HaC4H205  +  EC4H205  + 
HaC4H205  -j-  HH4C4H205 


+  Wj 


ISOMORPHISM 


83 


SbC4H205  +  kc4h2o5  +  ii2 
SbC4H20*  -f-  nh4c4h2o5  4-  ii2 
TeC4H205  +  KC4H205  +  H2 
AsC4H205  +  KC4H204  +  H2 

KC4H205  +  HC4H205 

hh4c4h2o5  +  ho4h2o5 

3K1SH2  +  R23NC2 
where  r  is  Pe,  Mn  or  Co 

KMh  +  HMn 

hh4s  +  lis 


SrRrli;  PbBrII 

AgS205H2;  NaS205H2 

HacPH.4  ;  NaAsH4 

iicio7;  KMn207 
HH4C107;  HH4Mn207 

BaCIH2;  BaBrH2 
PeSli4;  MaSH4 


Oblique . 

2NH44~cP  4"I£  j  2]STH4-f-As-f  H 


CaSeH2  ;  CaSH2  ;  PeSIT 

CoSH7  ;  PeSH7  ;  MnSH7 

KSPeSH6 
KSCuSH6 
KS  HiSH6 
KSZnSH6 
HH4SPeSH6 
HH4SMgSH6 
HH4SCuSH6 
NH4SHiSH6 

Pe3PH8 
Co3AsH8 
Pe3AsH8 
Zn3AsH8 
Hi3  As  H  8 

PbAH3;  BaAH3 

NaCIH4 ;  HaBrH4  ;  HalH1 

kc4h;  hh4c2h 


Ha2cPli25  ;  Ha2AsII25 

2STalSTH4cP  H9 
HalsrH4AsH9 

IfaSH10;  KaSeli10;  HaCrli10 

2NacPH15 

2HaAsH15 

R2  O3  3C2  O3  +  3K  C203  +  HS 
R2033C203  +  3^H4C2034-H6 

where  r2  is  Pe2,  Cr2  or  ai. 

R23HC24-3KHC2 

R23HC24-3NH4HC2 

where  R  is  Pe,  Co,  Mn  or  Cr. 

RCIHgClli4 

where  r  is  Mn,  Pe  or  Co. 

2HH44-PH3 

2HH44-^sH3 


AgCr2 

KCr3 


Anorthic. 

Cu  Se  II5 
Cu  S  H5 
Mn  S  li5 
E  6 


K4C203  4-  H7 
hii44c2o3  4-  h7 


84 


ISOMORPHISM. 


280.  An  exception,  rather  apparent  than  real,  to  the  laws 
stated  in  (274),  is  presented  by  some  isomorphous  substances 
which  are  found  to  crystallize  together  in  all  proportions. 

A  mixed  solution  of  sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper  (cu's)  and 
sulphate  of  oxide  of  zinc  (zus),  yields  crystals  having  the  form 
of  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron  (reSH7),  in  which  the  oxides 
of  copper  and  zinc  occur  in  variable  proportions.  The  oxygen 
of  the  sulphuric  acid  is  three  times,  and  that  of  the  water  con¬ 
tained  in  the  crystals  seven  times  as  great  as  the  oxygen  con¬ 
tained  in  the  oxides  of  copper  and  zinc  together.  The  consti¬ 
tution  of  such  a  crystal  is  represented  by  the  symbol  (cu,zn)  sh7, 
which  may  be  regarded  as  an  abbreviation  of  the  more  correct 
representation  (Cush7),  (znSH7).  This  mixture  is  described 
verbally  by  saying,  that  a  portion  of  the  oxide  of  copper  is 
replaced  by  oxide  of  zinc. 

A  crystal  of  the  mixed  sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper  and  sulphate 
of  oxide  of  zinc  with  seven  equivalents  of  water,  placed  alternately 
in  a  saturated  solution  of  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron,  with  which 
it  is  isomorphous,  and  of  the  sulphates  of  oxide  of  copper  and 
zinc,  was  found  to  be  enlarged  by  alternate  green  and  blue 
layers,  the  former  being  pure  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron, 
heSH7,  and  the  latter  the  mixed  sulphates  of  oxides  of  copper 
and  zinc  (cu,zn)  sh7. 

Perhaps  the  crystals  formed  in  the  mixed  solution  of  sul¬ 
phates  of  oxides  of  copper  and  zinc  may,  in  like  manner,  consist 
of  a  mechanical  mixture  of  portions  of  pure  Cush7  and  ZnSH7, 
but  too  minute  to  be  distinguished  from  each  other.  On 
this  hypothesis,  however,  we  must  assume  that  the  presence 
of  the  sulphate  of  oxide  of  zinc  influences  the  sulphate  of 
oxide  of  copper  so  as  to  make  it  combine  with  seven  equivalents 
of  water  instead  of  five,  the  proportion  with  which  it  unites 
under  ordinary  circumstances. 

Sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper  crystallizes  also,  in  all  propor¬ 
tions,  with  sulphates  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  oxide  of  nickel, 
sulphate  of  oxide  of  cobalt,  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron,  in  the 
form  of  the  latter  salt,  and,  like  it,  with  seven  equivalents  of 
water.  So  also  potash  and  alumina  alum,  ±s  Xis  -f-  h24, 
and  potash  and  chrome  alum,  xs-f  hs  +  li24,  and  chloride 
and  iodide  of  potassium  crystallize  together. 

Numerous  other  examples  are  presented  by  crystallized 
minerals. 

The  true  constitution  of  a  mineral  is  sometimes  disguised  by 
a  mechanical  mixture  of  impurity,  derived  from  the  solution  out 
of  which  it  crystallized.  When  a  solvent  can  be  found  capable 
of  acting  either  upon  the  mineral  or  the  impurity,  but  not  upon 
both,  the  impurity  may  easily  be  detected  as  such.  Thus, 
graphite  usually  contains  a  mechanical  mixture  of  iron,  which 


BLOWPIPE. 


85 


may  be  completely  removed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  the 
graphite  unaltered.  Some  varieties  of  calcite  contain  a  large 
admixture  of  quartz,  which  is  left  as  sand  when  the  calcite  is 
dissolved  by  hydrochloric  acid.  When  no  solvent  can  be  found 
that  does  not  act  equally  upon  the  mineral  and  the  impurity, 
the  separation  of  the  essential  constituents  of  a  mineral  from 
those  which  are  non-essential  presents  considerable  difficulty. 


On  the  Chemical  Reactions  of  Minerals. 

281.  By  chemical  reactions  are  understood  the  appearances 
and  changes  which  minerals  show  when  they  are  qualitatively 
tested  either  in  the  dry  or  moist  way.  Such  operations  only 
are  requisite  as  can  be  performed  with  small  and  simple  ap¬ 
paratus  on  very  small  quantities  of  the  mineral. 


Testing  in  the  Dry  Way. 

282.  Testing  the  fusibility  and  the  volatile  ingredients  of  a 
mineral. 

The  blow-  •FIG'-  81  • 

pipe,  in  its  best 
form,  consists 
of  a  metal  tube, 
ab,  of  about 
three  times  the 

dimensions  of  the  annexed  figure,  open  at  a,  and  closed  at  b, 
with  a  small  tube,  bc,  at  right  angles  to  ab,  ending  at  c  in  a 
cap,  at  the  end  of  which  is  an  aperture  of  about  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  The  end,  a,  being  applied  to  the  lips,  and  the 
mouth  kept  filled  with  air,  an  uninterrupted  current  of  air  is 
forced  through  c  by  the  action  of  the  muscles  of  the  cheeks. 

For  testing  minerals  in  the  dry  way,  the  heat  of  the  flame  of 
a  lamp  or  candle  is  concentrated  on  a  small  space,  and  rendered 
more  intense  by  the  stream  of  air  directed  through  the  blow¬ 
pipe.  The  fragment  of  the  mineral  to  be  examined,  or  the 
assay,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  should  not  be  larger  than  a 
grain  of  hemp-seed.  It  is  exposed  to  the  flame  held  in  forceps 
tipped  with  platinum,  or  by  a  platinum  wire,  or  supported  on 
platinum  foil,  or  on  a  bit  of  well-burnt  charcoal. 

The  flame  of  a  lamp  urged  by  a  blowpipe  consists  of  a  blue 
cone,  surrounded  by  a  bright  yellow  flame.  A  little  beyond  the 
blue  point,  where  the  flame  is  hottest,  it  has  a  tendency  to 
reduce  metallic  oxides  ;  at  the  extremity  ot  the  yellow  flame  it 
oxidates.  The  assay  is  exposed  to  the  flame  either  alone  or 
with  the  addition  of  different  reagents,  and  the  qualitative 


86 


BLOWPIPE. 


chemical  composition  is  inferred  from  the  various  appearances 
which  present  themselves. 

The  assay  may  he  heated  alone,  in  a  glass  tube  closed  at  one 
end,  over  the  flame  of  a  spirit-lamp,  m  order  to  discover 
whether  any  thing  is  volatilized  without  free  access  oi  atmos¬ 
pheric  air.  By  this  experiment  it  may  be  ascertained  whether 
water,  mercury,  arsenic,  tellurium,  and,  in  many  cases,  whether 
sulphur  or  fluorine  are  present  in  the  mineral. 

The  assay  is  heated  alone,  in  a  glass  tube  open  at  both  ends, 
in  order  to  see  whether,  when  freely  exposed  to  the  air,  vola¬ 
tile  oxides  or  acids  are  formed  and  expelled.  In  this  manner, 
for  example,  most  of  the  compounds  of  sulphur,  selenium,  tel¬ 
lurium,  and  arsenic  may  be  recognized. 

The  assay  is  heated  on  charcoal  in  order  to  discover  the 
presence  of  arsenic  (in  the  inner  flame),  or  of  sulphur  and 
selenium  (in  the  outer  flame),  which  betray  themselves  by 
their  smell.  Antimony,  zinc,  lead,  and  bismuth  are  known  by 
the  deposit  that  is  formed  upon  the  charcoal  round  the  assay. 
Many  oxides  and  sulphurets  are  reduced  to  a  metallic  state. 

The  assay  is  heated  alone  in  the  forceps,  on  platinum  wire,  or 
on  charcoal,  to  determine  its  fusibility ;  other  appearances,  such 
as  frothing,  intumescence,  shining,  colour  of  the  flame,  are  to 

be  noted  at  the  same  time.  , 

Minerals  differ  extremely  in  their  fusibility.  Some  melt 
readily  in  large  grains ;  others  more  difficultly ;  others,  again, 
only  in  fine  splinters ;  and  many  are  perfectly  infusible  before 
the  blowpipe.  The  nature  of  the  result  of  fusion  is  also  to  be 
observed,  whether  it  appears  as  a  glass,  clear,  or  full  ot  bubbles, 
as  enamel,  or  as  a  slag.  v.  Kobell  expresses  the  degree  ot 
fusibility  of  a  mineral  numerically,  by  comparing  its  fusibility 
with  that  of  one  of  the  minerals  in  the  following  scale 

(l)  Antimonite,  (2)  natrolite,  (3)  almandine,  (4)  actynolite, 

(5)  orthoclase,  (6)  bronzite.  <  . 

The  most  important  reagents  used  in  testing  minerals  with 
the  blowpipe  are  the  following : — 

(1.)  Soda  (carbonate  of  soda)  is  used  for  dissolving  silica  and 
many  silicates,  and  the  reduction  of  metallic  oxides.  Bor 
reduction,  the  assay  is  ground  to  powder,  made  into  a  paste 
with  soda,  and  exposed  to  the  inner  flame  on  charcoal.  Usually 
the  soda  sinks  into  the  charcoal.  The  portion  of  charcoal 
into  which  the  soda  has  penetrated  must  be  reduced  to  a 
very  fine  powder,  with  water,  m  an  agate  mortar,  and  the  char¬ 
coal-dust  carefully  washed  aw'ay.  If  the  assay  contained  a 
reducible  metal,  it  will  be  left  behind  in  the  mortar  in  spangles 
or  powder,  according  as  the  metal  is  or  is  not  malleable.  Bie- 
senius  recommends  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  sods  and  cyanide 
of  potassium  for  reducing  metallic  oxides. 


TESTING. 


87 


(2.)  Borax  (borate  of  soda).  It  should  be  fused  into  a  bead 
at  the  end  of  a  bit  of  platinum  wire,  bent  so  as  to  form  a  book. 
A  very  small  fragment  of  mineral  being  added  to  it,  one  observes 
whether  it  is  dissolved  easily  or  with  difficulty,  with  or  without 
ebullition,  and  the  colour,  if  any,  imparted  to  the  bead,  as  well 
in  the  outer  as  in  the  inner  flame. 

(3.)  Salt  of  phosphorus  (phosphate  of  soda  and  ammonia), 
used  on  platinum  wire,  like  borax,  serves  to  distinguish  metallic 
oxides,  as  the  colours  which  it  derives  from  them  are  much 
more  decided  than  those  of  borax.  It  is  also  a  good  reagent  for 
silicates,  the  silica  of  which  is  separated  from  the  bases,  and 
remains  undissolved  in  the  melted  salt  of  phosphorus. 

(4.)  Boracic  acid  is  used  to  detect  phosphoric  acid. 

(5.)  Anhydrous  bisulphate  of  potash  is  used  to  detect  lithia, 
boracic  acid,  bromine,  and  iodine. 

(6.)  Gypsum  and  fluorspar  are  employed  as  tests  for  each 
other,  being  fusible  together  into  a  bead,  which  is  transparent 
while  hot,  but  opaque  when  cold. 

(7.)  Solution  of  nitrate  of  oxide,  of  cobalt,  or  dry  oxalate  of 
oxide  of  cobalt,  serves  to  detect  alumina,  magnesia,  and  oxide  of 
zinc. 

(8.)  Oxalate  of  oxide  of  nickel  is  used  to  discover  potash  in 
minerals  which  at  the  same  time  contain  soda  and  lithia. 

(9.)  Tin,  in  the  form  of  strips  of  tin  foil,  promotes  the  com¬ 
plete  reduction  of  metallic  oxides. 

(10.)  Iron,  in  the  form  of  very  fine  wire,  is  used  for  detect¬ 
ing  phosphoric  acid. 

(11.)  Silica,  with  soda,  is  a  test  for  sulphur  and  sulphuric 
acid. 

(12.)  Oxide  of  copper  is  used  for  detecting  chlorine  and 
iodine. 

(13.)  Litmus,  brazilwood,  and  turmeric  paper. 


Testing  Minerals  in  the  Moist  Way. 


I; 


283.  The  testing  of  minerals  in  the  moist  way  is  based  upon 
the  mutual  action  of  different  acids  and  bases  when  they  come 
in  contact  with  each  other  in  a  watery  solution.  Consequently, 
the  mineral  to  be  examined,  if  not  already,  in  its  natural  state, 
capable  of  being  dissolved  in  water,  must  be  rendered  soluble. 
Accordingly,  minerals  may  be  divided  into  three  groups,  as 
follows  : — 

(1.)  Minerals  soluble  in  water — hydrolytes. 

(2.)  Minerals  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  or  nitric  acid. 

(3.)  Minerals  which  are  not  soluble  in  water,  nor  in  the 
above-mentioned  acids. 


88 


TESTIS  a. 


The  minerals  soluble  in  water  are  either  acids,  or  0x5  gen 
salts,  or  haloids.  Their  constituents  are  usually  easily  dis¬ 
covered.  Boracic  and  arsenious  acids  are  almost  the  only 
acids  that  occur.  In  testing  the  salts  that  belong  to  this 
group,  one  uses  part  of  the  solution  for  finding  out  t  le  ase,  or 
electro-positive  ingredient,  and  another  part  for  finding  out  the 

electro-negative  ingredient.  , 

The  bases  which  occur  in  the  mineral  hydrolytes  hitherto 

discovered  are,  ammonia,  potash,  soda,  lime,  magnesia,  alumina, 
protoxide  and  peroxide  of  iron,  oxides  of  zinc,  copper,  coba  , 
uranium,  and  mercury.  The  electro-negative  constituents  are 
carbonic,  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  boracic  acids,  and  chlonne. 

When  a  mineral  is  found  to  be  insoluble  in  water,  we  must 
endeavour  to  dissolve  it  in  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid.  1  e 
latter  is  to  be  preferred  when  the  appearance  of  the  mineral,  or 
preliminary  experiments  with  the  blowpipe,  lead  to  the  sup¬ 
position  that  it  is  a  metallic  alloy,  a  sulphide,  or  an  arsenide. 
In  this  manner  the  carbonates,  phosphates,  arseniates,  chrom¬ 
ates,  and  many  hydrous  aud  anhydrous  silicates,  many  sul¬ 
phides,  arsenides,  and  other  metallic  compounds,  are  decom¬ 
posed  and  rendered  soluble  in  water.  The  constituents  of  the 
solution  thus  obtained  may  then  be  determined  by  testing. 

Among  the  minerals  which  are  not  soluble  either  in  water  or 
acid  may  be  enumerated  sulphur,  graphite,  cinnabar,  some 
metallic  oxides,  some  sulphates,  chromates,  and  fluorides ;  but 
especially  silex,  and  a  great  number  of  silicates.  These,  as  well 
as  some  other  minerals  that  cannot  be  distinguished  by  the 
blowpipe,  must  be  reduced  to  an  extremely  fine  powder,,  melted 
in  four  times  their  weight  of  anhydrous  carbonate  of  soda,  in  a 
platinum  crucible,  and  thereby  rendered  soluble  in  hydrochloric 
acid  and  water,  and  their  solution  examined  further.. 

In  some  cases,  as  when  the  mineral  contains  soda,  it  should  be 
decomposed  by  heating  it  strongly  with  five  times  its  weight  of 
carbonate  of  barytes. 

Some  mineral  aluminates,  nearly  infusible  in  carbonate  ot 
soda,  may  be  readily  decomposed  by  fusion  with  a  mixture  of 
carbonate  and  of  borate  of  soda,  or  with  anhydrous  bisulphate 
of  potash. 


Noil-metallic  Elements  and  their  Compounds  with  Oxygen. 

Water. — When  the  assay  is  heated  in  a  tube  closed  at  one 
end,  the  water  is  driven  off,  and  is  deposited  at  the  cool  end  of 
the  tube. 

Nitric  Acid. — Nitrates  deflagrate  on  red-hot  charcoal,  when 
they  are  fusible  :  heated  in  the  closed  tube,  they  yield  nitrous 
acid,  which  is  known  by  its  colour  and  smell.  The  latter  reac- 


TESTING. 


89 


tion  is  more  evident  when  the  salt  is  mingled  with  copper-filings, 
and  strong  sulphuric  acid  added.  A  mixture  of  one  part  of 
sulphuric  acid  and  four  parts  of  a  solution  of  a  nitrate  be¬ 
comes  dark  brown  around  a  hit  of  sulphate  of  iron  placed 
in  it. 

Sulphur  and  sulphurets  on  charcoal,  or  in  the  closed  tube, 
evolve  sulphurous  acid.  Sulphuret  of  arsenic  and  of  mercury 
sublime  in  the  closed  tube.  "When  some  sulphurets,  as  for  ex¬ 
ample  iron  pyrites,  are  heated  in  the  closed  tube,  part  of  the 
sulphur  is  volatilized.  If  a  very  small  fragment  of  any  mineral 
containing  sulphuric  acid  or  sulphur  he  fused  with  silica  and 
soda,  the  bead  will  he  coloured  yellow  or  brown  by  the  sulphuret 
of  sodium.  A  more  certain  method  is  to  fuse  the  assay  in 
powder  with  tw'O  parts  of  soda  and  one  of  borax  on  charcoal  in 
the  reducing  flame,  and  then  place  it  in  a  drop  of  water  on  a 
bright  surface  of  silver,  the  silver  will  turn  brown  or  black. 
According  to  v.  Kobell,  sulphuric  acid  may  he  distinguished 
from  sulphur  in  a  mineral  as  follows  : — Boil  the  pulverized 
mineral  in  a  solution  of  caustic  potash,  heatmg  till  the  potash 
begins  to  melt :  add  water,  and  filter.  A  hit  of  bright  silver, 
placed  in  the  clear  solution,  will  he  blackened  if  the  sulphur 
existed  as  sulphur  and  not  as  sulphuric  acid. 

Phosphoric  acid. — According  to  Erdmann,  most  of  the  com¬ 
binations  of  phosphoric  acid  colour  the  blowpipe  flame  green, 
especially  when  they  have  been  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid. 
The  experiment  must  be  made  in  the  dark,  and  succeeds  when 
the  mineral  contains  only  three  per  cent,  of  phosphoric  acid. 
"When  the  per  centage  is  larger,  the  assay  is  melted  with 
boracic  acid  in  the  outer  flame,  a  bit  of  very  fine  iron  Avire 
inserted  into  the  red-hot  bead,  and  the  whole  exposed  to 
the  reducing  flame.  Phosphuret  of  iron  is  formed,  which,  on 
breaking  the  bead  after  it  has  cooled,  appears  as  an  iron  black 
magnetic  globule.  This  test  can  be  depended  on  only  when  no 
sulphuric  or  arsenious  acid,  or  metallic  oxide,  reducible  by  iron, 
is  present.  In  solution,  phosphoric  acid  yields  a  white  crystal¬ 
line  precipitate  Avith  chloride  of  magnesium,  on  adding  ammonia, 
which  is  soluble  in  acids  but  not  in  sal-ammoniac,  and  with 
acetate  of  lead  a  precipitate  which,  when  fused  before  the 
blowpipe,  becomes  crystalline  on  cooling.  If  molybdate  of 
ammonia  be  added  to  a  solution  containing  phosphoric  acid, 
and  then  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid  in  excess,  the.  solution 
becomes  yellow,  and  in  a  little  time  a  yellow  precipitate  is 
formed. 

Selenium  and  selenic  acid  are  known  by  their  very  remarkable 
smell  of  rotten  horse-radish  in  the  outer  flame ;  by  the 
grey  deposit  with  a  metallic  lustre  which  is  formed  on  the 


90 


TESTING. 


charcoal,  and  by  the  red  sublimate  formed  when  a  compound  of 
selenium  is  roasted  in  the  open  tube. 

Chlorine  and  chlorides. — Salt  of  phosphorus  is  melted  with  as 
much  oxide  of  copper  as  suffices  to  make  a  very  dark  green  bead, 
with  which  the  assay  is  fused ;  the  flame  then  assumes  a  violet 
colour  till  all  the  chlorine  is  driven  off.  When  the  quantity  of 
chlorine  is  very  small  the  assay  must  be  dissolved  in  nitric  acid, 
having  previously  rendered  it  soluble  if  necessary  by  fusion 
with  soda  on  platinum  wire  ;  the  solution,  diluted  with  water, 
on  adding  nitrate  of  silver,  yields  a  precipitate  of  chloride  of 
silver  which  becomes  dark  on  exposure  to  the  light,  is  easily 
soluble  in  ammonia,  but  not  at  all  in  nitric  acid. 

Iodine  and  iodides,  treated  in  the  same  manner  with  salt  of 
phosphorus  and  oxide  of  copper,  impart  to  the  flame  a  very 
beautiful  and  intense  green  ;  and,  when  heated  in  the  closed 
tube  with  bisulphate  of  potash,  they  yield  violet  vapour.  In 
solution  iodine  gives  a  precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver,  like 
that  of  chlorine,  which  however  is  soluble  with  difficulty  in 
ammonia.  Strong  sulphuric  acid  being  poured  on  an  iodide  in 
a  test  tube,  a  strip  of  starched  paper  or  cotton  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  tube  will  be  turned  blue. 

Bromine  and  bromides,  melted  in  like  manner  with  salt  of 
phosphorus  and  oxide  of  copper,  impart  to  the  flame  a  greenish 
blue.  Heated  with  bisulphate  of  potash  in  the  closed  tube, 
they  yield  vapours  of  bromine,  which  are  recognized  by  their 
yellow  colour  and  peculiar  smell.  When  a  mineral  containing 
bromine  is  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  in  a  test  tube,  a  piece  of 
starched  paper  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  assumes  an  orange- 
yellow  colour  at  the  end  of  a  few  hours. 

Fluorine. — When  it  is  present  in  small  quantities,  and  not  as 
an  essential  constituent,  if  the  assay  be  heated  alone  in  the  closed 
tube,  having  a  strip  of  Brazil  wood  paper  in  its  mouth,  the  glass 
will  be  corroded  and  the  paper  become  yellow.  But  when  the 
fluorine  is  in  large  quantity,  and  is  chemically  combined,  the 
assay  must  be  heated  with  fused  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  open 
tube  in  order  to  produce  the  same  results.  The  assay  being 
reduced  to  powder,  mixed  with  strong  sulphuric  acid  and 
warmed  in  a  small  platinum  crucible  covered  with  a  plate  of 
glass  coated  with  wax,  having  lines  traced  upon  it  with  a  wooden 
point,  the  places  where  the  glass  is  laid  bare  will  be  found  cor¬ 
roded  if  the  mineral  contained  fluorine. 

Boracic  acid. — One  part  of  the  assay  in  powder  is  mixed  with 
three  parts  of  a  flux  consisting  of  two  parts  of  fluorspar  and 
nine  of  bisulphate  of  potash,  and  melted  ;  at  the  instant  of 
melting  the  flame  becomes  green.  The  assay  is  heated  with 
sulphuric  acid  and  evaporated  to  dryness ;  alcohol  is  then  added, 


TESTING. 


91 


and  set  on  fire.  The  boracic  acid,  if  present,  is  volatilized  with 
the  alcohol,  and  imparts  a  decided  green  colour  to  the  flame. 

Carbon  in  powder  heated  with  nitre  deflagrates. — Carbonic 
acid  cannot  he  detected  in  the  dry  way.  It  is  easily  discovered 
by  the  effervescence  which  is  produced  when  the  assay  is  treated 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  heated  if  necessary.  The  gas  evolved  is 
void  of  smell.  Carbonic  acid  in  solution,  on  adding  lime  water 
or  barytes  water,  yields  a  precipitate,  which  effervesces  with 
acids. 

Silicic  acid  alone  remains  unchanged,  is  very  slowly  dissolved 
in  borax,  and  very  slightly  in  phosphoric  salt ;  in  soda,  how¬ 
ever,  it  melts  with  violent  effervescence  into  a  clear  glass. 
There  are  two  modifications  of  silicic  acid ;  one  of  which,  the 
amorphous,  is  soluble  in  w'ater  and  acids,  the  other,  the  crystal¬ 
line,  is  acted  on  only  by  hydrofluoric  acid.  The  former  is  rea¬ 
dily  soluble  in  boiling  solution  of  potash,  the  latter  with  great 
difficulty.  Many  silicates  can  be  dissolved  in  hydrochloric 
acid,  the  more  readily  the  stronger  the  base,  the  smaller  the 
quantity  of  silicic  acid,  and  the  greater  that  of  water  contained 
in  them.  The  hydrochloric  acid  either  combines  with  the  base, 
leaving  the  silica  as  a  jelly  or  powder,  or  it  dissolves  the  silica 
also,  which  does  not  gelatinize  till  the  solution  is  evaporated.. 
But  many  of  the  silicates  are  insoluble  in  acids,  and  must  be 
rendered  soluble  by  fusion  with  carbonate  of  soda,  during  which 
the  silica  combines  with  the  soda.  On  evaporating  the  solution 
a  jelly  is  formed,  and  then  a  dry  residue,  partly  soluble  in 
boiling  hydrochloric  acid ;  the  remainder  is  silica. 

Alcalis  and'  Earths. 

Ammonia  is  discovered  immediately  by  its  smell,  when  the 
assay  is  heated  in  the  closed  tube  with  soda.  When  an  am- 
moniacal  salt  is  rubbed  together  with  hydrate  of  lime,  or 
warmed  with  a  solution  of  potash,  the  ammonia  is  also  driven 
off,  and  is  known  either  by  its  smell  or  by  its  browning  turmeric 
paper,  or  by  the  wdiite  cloud  which  is  formed  when  a  glass  rod, 
moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid,  is  held  over  the  assay. 

Soda  is  discovered  in  a  mineral  by  the  reddish  yellow  colour 
which  it  imparts  to  the  outer  flame  when  the  assay  is  strongly 
heated.  Soda  yields  a  precipitate  with  antimoniate  of  potash  ; 
it  gives  no  precipitate  with  chloride  of  platinum  or  with  sul¬ 
phate  of  alumina ;  and  with  tartaric  acid  a  fine  acicular  pre¬ 
cipitate,  only  when  the  solution  is  very  much  concentrated. 

Lithia,  when  its  quantity  is  not  too  small,  is  discovered  by 
the  beautiful  carmine  red  which  the  assay  imparts  to  the  flame 
while  in  fusion.  When  the  proportion  of  lithia  is  small,  the 

same  colouring  is  exhibited,  according  to  Turner,  on  melting 

' 


92 


TESTING. 


the  assay  wit'll  two  parts  of  fluorspar  and  three  of  bisulphate  of 
potash.  This  method  fails  when  soda  also  is  present,  for  then 
the  flame  is  yellow. 

Potash ,  in  the  absence  of  both  soda  and  lithia,  is  known  by 
the  violet  colour  which  appears  when  the  assay  is  heated  in  the 
outer  flame.  When  either  soda  or  lithia  are  present  this 
test  fails ;  in  this  case,  however,  an  assay,  containing  potash 
melted  in  a  bead  of  borax  coloured  brown  by  oxide  of  nickel, 
imparts  to  it  a  blue  colour.  In  concentrated  solutions  of 
potash  salts,  bichloride  of  platinum  causes  a  citron  yellow 
crystalline  heavy  precipitate  of  chloride  of  potassium  and 
platinum ;  tartaric  acid  produces  a  white  granular  crystalline 
precipitate  of  bitartrate  of  potash,  and  sulphate  of  alumina, 
after  the  lapse  of  some  time,  a  precipitate  of  crystals  of  alum. 
When  ammonia  is  present  it  must  first  be  driven  off.  Potash 
and  soda  occur  frequently  in  silicates.  When  the  mineral 
is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  the  silica  is  to  be  separated 
first ;  alumina  and  oxide  of  iron,  if  present,  thrown  down  by 
ammonia,  and  the  lime  precipitated  from  the  filtered  solution 
by  oxalate  of  ammonia.  The  filtered  fluid  is  to  be  evaporated 
and  ignited  to  expel  the  ammoniacal  salts.  The  remainder 
must  be  dissolved  in  water,  and  if  lime  was  present,  oxalate  of 
ammonia  again  added,  the  solution  filtered,  evaporated,  and 
ignited,  by  which  the  salts  of  potash  and  soda  are  left  pure. 
They  may  then  be  distinguished  by  the  means  indicated  above. 
When  magnesia  is  present,  the  ignited  salt  is  to  be  dissolved  in 
lime  water,  filtered,  the  lime  precipitated  by  carbonate  or  oxalate 
of  ammonia,  the  solution  evaporated  and  ignited.  When  the 
silicate  cannot  be  dissolved  in  acids,  it  must  be  rendered 
soluble  by  igniting  it  strongly  with  five  times  its  weight  of 
carbonate  of  barytes.  After  the  separation  of  the  silica,  pre¬ 
cipitate  the  barytes  by  sulphuric  acid,  and  then  proceed  as 
before ;  or,  after  the  separation  of  silica  and  alumina,  the 
barytes  may  be  precipitated  by  carbonate  of  ammonia. 

Barytes. — Carbonate  of  barytes  melts  readily  into  a  clear 
glass,  which  becomes  milk-white  on  cooling.  Sulphate  of  barytes 
is  with  difficulty  fusible,  but  is  reduced  to  sulphide  of  barium  in 
the  inner  flame.  In  combination  with  silica,  barytes  cannot 
be  discovered  easily  in  the  dry  way.  In  solution,  on  adding 
sulphuric  acid  or  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  lime,  barytes  yields 
instantly  a  fine  white  precipitate,  which  is  insoluble  in  acids 
and  alcalis.  It  gives  a  colourless  crystalline  precipitate  with 
hydrofluosilicic  acid.  A  dilute  solution  of  a  neutral  salt  of 
barytes  yields  a  precipitate  on  the  addition  of  chromate  of 
strontia. 

Strontia. — The  carbonate  melts  only  on  the  thinnest  edges 
forming  luminous  excrescences.  The  sulphate  melts  without 


TESTING. 


03 


much  difficulty  in  the  outer  flame,  and  changes  into  sulphide 
of  strontium  in  the  inner  flame,  which  being  dissolved  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  dried  and  moistened  with  alcohol  and  set  on  fire, 
imparts  to  the  flame  a  beautiful  red  colour.  In  other  com¬ 
binations  it  must  be  tested  for  in  the  moist  way.  In  solution 
it  gives  a  precipitate  with  sulphate  of  lime,  but  not  immedi¬ 
ately.  Strontia  is  not  precipitated  by  hydrofluosilicic  acid.  If 
barytes  and  strontia  are  both  present  in  a  mineral,  they  must 
be  obtained  in  solution  in  hydrochloric  acid,  evaporated,  ignited, 
pulverized,  and  digested  in  alcohol,  which  dissolves  chloride  of 
strontium,  but  leaves  chloride  of  barium  undissolved.  The 
solution  of  chloride  of  strontium  in  alcohol  burns  with  a  carmine 
red  flame. 

Lime  occurs  in  such  various  combinations  that  no  general 
rule  can  be  given  for  detecting  it  by  the  blowpipe.  Carbonate 
of  lime  becomes  caustic,  and  turns  moistened  turmeric  paper 
brown.  Sulphate  of  lime  in  the  reducing  flame  becomes  sul¬ 
phide  of  calcium,  which  also  has  an  alkaline  reaction.  Lime 
in  solution  is  precipitated  by  sulphuric  acid  from  concentrated 
solutions  only ;  by  oxalic  acid  and  oxalates  when  very  dilute, 
and  not  at  all  by  hydrofluosilicic  acid.  Yet,  because  barytes 
and  strontia  yield  a  precipitate  with  oxalic  acid,  if  they  occur 
along  with  lime,  they  must  be  previously  separated  by  sulphate 
of  potash.  Chloride  of  calcium  imparts  a  yellowish-red  colour 
to  the  flame  of  alcohol. 

Magnesia ,  in  its  pure  state,  as  hydrate,  carbonate,  and  some 
other  combinations,  may  be  known  by  the  flesh  red  colour  it 
assumes  after  it  has  been  moistened  with  nitrate  of  oxide 
of  cobalt,  or  mixed  with  oxalate  of  oxide  of  cobalt,  and  ignited. 
Magnesia  is  not  precipitated  either  by  sulphuric  acid,  oxalic 
acid,  or  hydrofluosilicic  acid.  With  phosphate  of  soda,  on  adding 
ammonia,  it  affords  a  white  crystalline  precipitate  of  phosphate 
of  magnesia  and  ammonia. 

Alumina  alone  is  quite  unalterable  before  the  blowpipe.  In 
many  of  its  combinations  it  can  be  detected  by  the  blue  colour 
which  it  takes,  after  being  moistened  with  nitrate  of  oxide  of 
cobalt  and  ignited.  Alumina  in  solution  yields  a  white  volu¬ 
minous  precipitate  with  caustic  potash,  which  is  easily  and 
completely  dissolved  in  excess  of  potash,  and  again  precipitated 
by  sal-ammoniac.  Carbonate  of  ammonia  also  produces  a  pre¬ 
cipitate,  which  it  does  not  redissolve  on  being  added  in  excess. 

Glucine ,  yttria ,  zirconia ,  and  tlioria ,  in  combination  with 
other  substances,  are  not  easily  distinguishable  before  the 
blowpipe. 


94 


TESTING. 


Arsenic,  Antimony,  Bismuth,  Mercury. 

Arsenic  is  dissipated  on  charcoal  in  vapours  having  a  smell 
of  garlic  :  it  also  sublimes  in  the  matrass.  Sulphide  of  arsenic 
behaves  in  the  same  manner.  Most  of  the  arsenides  on  char¬ 
coal,  in  the  inner  flame,  yield  a  white  deposit  at  a  distance 
from  the  assay ;  or,  when  the  proportion  of  arsenic  is  large, 
grey  vapours  having  a  smell  of  garlic.  Some  arsenides  also  in 
the  matrass  afford  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic.  In  the 
open  tube  all  arsenides  yield  arsenious  acid.  Heated  with  soda 
on  charcoal  in  the  reducing  flame,  many  arseniates  emit  a 
smell  of  arsenic.  Some  of  the  earthy  arseniates,  heated  with 
charcoal  powder  in  the  matrass,  yield  a  sublimate  of  metallic 
arsenic.  Sulphide  of  arsenic,  and  many  arseniates  and.  arse- 
nites,  yield  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic,  when  heated  in  the 
matrass  with  sis  parts  of  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  dry  soda 
and  cyanide  of  potassium.  The  presence  of  arsenic,  in  many 
of  its  combinations,  can  only  be  shown  in  the  moist  way. 
The  assay  in  powder  must  be  melted  in  a  platinum  capsule, 
with  from  three  to  six  times  its  weight  of  nitre,  by  which 
arseniate  of  potash  is  formed.  The  melted  mass  is  digested 
in  water,  the  solution  concentrated,  diluted  with  alcohol,  and 
tartaric  acid  added  till  all  the  potash  is  precipitated,  and  the 
liquid  has  an  acid  reaction.  The  clear  portion  is  decanted  and 
nitrate  of  silver  added,  which  produces  a  reddish-brown  pre¬ 
cipitate  when  arsenic  is  present. 

Antimony  melts  easily  on  charcoal,  then  sublimes  and  is 
surrounded  by  a  white  crystalline  deposit  of  oxide  of  anti¬ 
mony.  In  the  matrass  it  will  not  sublime.  In  the  open  tube 
it  burns  slowly  with  a  white  smoke,  which  is  deposited  upon 
the  glass  in  a  sublimate  which  can  be  driven  from  place  to 
place.  Most  minerals  in  which  antimony  is  combined  with 
sulphur  and  other  metals  afford  the  same  reaction.  Oxide  of 
antimony  melts  easily,  sublimes,  is  reduced  on  charcoal,  and 
imparts  to  the  flame  a  faint  greenish-blue  colour.  When  the 
oxide  or  acid  of  antimony  is  present,  it  is  sometimes  advisable 
to  mix  the  assay  with  soda,  and  to  expose  it  to  the  inner  flame 
on  charcoal,  when  the  characteristic  deposit  shows  itself. 

Bismuth  melts  very  easily,  sublimes  and  coats  the  charcoal 
with  yellow  oxide.  It  does  not  sublime  in  the  matrass.  In 
the  open  tube  it  gives  off  no  vapour,  but  is  surrounded  by 
melted  oxide,  which  appears  dark  brown  when  warm  and  bright 
yellow  when  cold.  This  reaction  and  the  easy  reducibility  of 
the  oxide  permit  bismuth  to  be  easily  recognized  in  its  com¬ 
binations.  Oxide  of  bismuth  yields  a  black  precipitate  with 
sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  is  precipitated  by  potash  or  am- 


TESTING. 


95 


monia,  as  a  white  hydrate,  which  is  not  dissolved  in  an  excess 
of  the  precipitant.  A  copious  addition  of  water  produces  a 
white  precipitate  of  an  insoluble  basic  salt. 

Tellurium  sublimes  on  charcoal,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
red-bordered  deposit,  which  disappears  in  the  reducing  flame 
with  a  blueish-green  flame.  In  the  matrass  it  sublimes  in  a 
metallic  state.  In  the  open  tube  it  emits  dense  vapours  and 
forms  a  white  coating,  which  may  be  melted  into  small  trans¬ 
parent  drops. 

Mercury  and  all  compounds  of  mercury  yield  a  sublimate  of 
metallic  mercury,  when  they  are  heated  in  the  matrass  either 
alone  or  with  the  addition  of  tin  or  soda. 


Zinc,  Tin,  Lead,  Cadmium . 

Zinc. — The  assay  mixed  with  soda  is  exposed  to  the  blowpipe 
flame  on  charcoal,  by  which  the  zinc  is  driven  ofi*  in  a  metallic 
state,  but  is  immediately  converted  into  an  oxide  (with  a  blueish- 
green  flame  where  the  quantity  of  zinc  is  large),  which  is  depo¬ 
sited  on  the  charcoal.  While  warm  the  deposit  is  yellow, 
when  cold  it  becomes  white  ;  moistened  with  solution  of  cobalt, 
and  ignited,  it  becomes  green,  and  cannot  be  volatilized  in  the 
inner  flame.  On  adding  caustic  potash  to  a  solution  of  oxide 
of  zinc,  a  white  gelatinous  hydrate  is  precipitated,  which  is 
easily  dissolved  again  in  excess  of  potash,  and  from  which  it 
can  be  precipitated  by  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  as  white  sulphide 
of  zinc. 

Tin  occurs  as  an  important  ingredient  only  in  tin  pyrites  and 
tin  ore.  It  may  be  known  by  the  white  deposit  of  oxide  of 
tin,  formed  close  behind  the  assay,  which  cannot  be  driven  off 
either  in  the  inner  or  outer  flame.  Moistened  with  solution 
of  cobalt,  this  deposit  assumes  a  blueish-green  colour,  which 
is  however  very  different  from  that  of  oxide  of  zinc.  This 
oxide  can  be  reduced  by  soda. 

Lead. — In  combination  with  sulphur  and  other  metals,  it  is 
known  by  the  sulphur  yellow  deposit  of  oxide  of  lead  which  is 
formed  on  charcoal  in  the  outer  flame.  In  salts  of  lead,  on 
heating  the  assay  with  soda  on  charcoal  in  the  reducing  flame, 
the  lead  is  detected  as  well  by  the  deposit  of  oxide  of  lead  as  by 
its  reduction  to  a  metallic  state.  Solutions  of  salts  of  lead  are 
colourless,  and  yield  a  black  precipitate  with  sulphuretted  hy¬ 
drogen.  Hydrochloric  acid  produces  a  white  chloride  of  lead, 
which  is  unchangeable  in  ammonia,  but  is  soluble  in  a  large 
quantity  of  hot  water.  Sulphuric  acid  produces  a  white  pre¬ 
cipitate  ;  chromate  of  potash,  a  yellow  precipitate. 

Cadmium — Heated  on  charcoal,  with  the  addition  of  soda,  in 


9G 


TESTING. 


the  inner  flame  the  charcoal  becomes  coated  with  a  reddish 
brown  or  yellow  sublimate. 

Manganese ,  Cobalt,  Nickel,  Copper. 

Manganese.  — When  the  mineral  contains  manganese,  and  no 
other  metal  capable  of  colouring  the  flux,  the  head  formed  by 
fusing  the  assay  in  the  oxidating  flame  with  borax,  or  salt,  of 
phosphorus,  on  platinum  wire,  assumes  a  beautiful  amethystine 
colour,  which  disappears  in  the  inner  flame.  When  other 
metals  are  present,  the  assay  in  powder  is.  to  be  melted  with 
two  or  three  parts  of  soda,  on  platinum  foil ;  in  the  outer 
flame  the  fused  mass  takes  a  blueish-green  colour.  Protoxide  of 
manganese  is  thrown  down  from  its  solutions  by  caustic  potash 
or  ammonia,  as  a  white  hydrate,  which,  exposed  to  the  air, 
gradually  becomes  dark  brown,  and  is  insoluble  in  carbonate  of 
ammonia. 

Nic/cel.— An  assay  containing  nickel,  previously  roasted, 
forms  with  borax  a  bead  which,  when  hot,  is  reddish,  or  violet- 
brown,  and  when  cold,  is  yellowish,  or  dark  red  ;  an  addition 
of  nitre  changes  the  colour  into  blue,  by  which  means  oxide  of 
nickel  may  be  distinguished  from  oxide  of  iron.  In  the  inner 
flame,  the  colour  disappears,  and  the  bead  becomes  grey 
with  finely-divided  metallic  nickel.  The  appearances  with  salt 
of  phosphorus  are  the  same,  except  that  the  colour  vanishes 
almost  entirely  when  the  bead  becomes  cold.  Solutions  of  salts 
of  oxide  of  nickel  have  a  bright  green  colour,  and  yield,  with 
potash,  a  bright  green  precipitate  of  hydrate  of  oxide  of  nickel, 
which  is  unchangeable  in  the  air,  but  is  soluble  in  carbonate  of 
ammonia. 

Copper. — The  assay  containing  copper,  previously  roasted  if 
its  appearance  is  metallic,  being  fused  with  borax,  or  salt  of 
phosphorus,  in  the  inner  flame,  the  bead  is  opaque,  and  of  a 
reddish-brown  colour,  which  may  be  increased  by  the  addition 
of  a  little  tin.  In  the  outer  flame,  the  bead,  while  hot,  is 
green,  and  blue  when  cold.  With  soda,  metallic  copper  is 
obtained.  Solutions  of  salts  of  oxide  of  copper  are  blue  or 
green,  and  yield  a  brownish-black  precipitate  with  sulphuretted 
hydrogen;  ammonia  produces  at  first  a  pale  green  or  blue 
precipitate,  which  is  soluble  in  excess  of  ammonia,  and  assumes 
a  beautiful  blue  colour.  Perrocyanide  of  potassium,  even,  in 
very  dilute  solutions,  produces  a  dark  reddish-brown  precipi¬ 
tate.  Iron  throws  down  copper  in  a  metallic  state. 

Silver,  Gold,  Platinum,  and  the  Metals  which  accompany  it. 

Silver. — On  charcoal,  silver  may  be  reduced  from  many  of  its 
combinations.  Other  combinations  and  sulphides,  of  which 


TESTING. 


97 


silver  is  not  an  essential  constituent,  may  be  examined  in  the 
following  manner : — The  assay  in  powder,  mingled  with  borax 
and  metallic  lead,  is  melted  on  charcoal,  first  in  the  inner 
flame,  and  then  for  some  time  in  the  outer  flame.  The 
bead  of  lead  containing  silver  thus  obtained,  is  to  be  melted  on 
a  cupel  of  bone  ashes  in  the  oxidating  flame  till  most  of  the  lead 
is  oxidized.  The  bead  being  placed  on  a  fresh  cupel,  the 
remaining  lead  becomes  oxidized,  and  sinks  into  the  cupel, 
leaving  the  globule  of  silver.  In  some  cases,  the  globule  of 
silver  contains  copper  or  gold.  Hydrochloric  acid  throws  down 
silver  from  its  solution  in  nitric  acid,  as  a  white  curdy  chloride 
of  silver,  which,  exposed  to  the  light,  gradually  becomes  black, 
is  soluble  in  ammonia,  and  may  be  precipitated  from  it  again 
by  nitric  acid,  as  chloride  of  silver. 

Gold. — From  its  combinations  with  tellurium,  it  may  be 
easily  separated  on  charcoal.  If  the  globule  so  obtained  is 
white,  it  contains  more  silver  than  gold,  and  must  be  digested 
in  a  porcelain  capside  with  hot  nitric  acid,  in  which  the  globule 
turns  black,  and  the  silver  is  gradually  dissolved,  provided  not 
more  than  one-fourth  of  it  is  gold.  When  the  quantity  of  gold 
is  larger,  nitro-muriatic  acid  must  be  used,  which  dissolves  the 
gold.  A  solution  of  gold  in  nitro-muriatic  acid  gives  a  purple 
precipitate  with  a  mixture  of  protochloride  and  chloride  of  tin, 

I  and  a  precipitate  of  metallic  gold  with  sulphate  of  iron. 

Platinum,  and  the  metals  which  occur  with  it,  cannot  be 
separated  from  one  another  by  the  blowpipe.  Only  osmiridium 
is  decomposed  wPen.  it  is  strongly  heated  in  the  matrass  with 
nitre,  when  osmic  acid  is  evolved,  which  may  be  known  by  its 
i  extremely  pungent  smell.  The  mixture  of  which  the  grains  of 
platinum  usually  consist,  is  soluble  in  hot  nitro-muriatic  acid, 
leaving  un dissolved  grains  of  osmiridium.  Platinum  is  pre- 
cipitated  from  the  solution  by  sal-ammoniac,  as  chloride  of 
platinum  and  ammonium.  Afterwards,  the  solution  being 
evaporated  to  dryness,  and  then  diluted,  palladium  is  pre¬ 
cipitated  as  a  cyanide  by  cyanide  of  mercury.  Rhodium  is 
separated  by  dissolving  it  in  melted  bisulpliate  of  potash,  winch 
does  not  dissolve  platinum  and  iridium. 

j  Cerium ,  Lanthanum ,  Pidymium ,  Iron ,  Chrome,  Vanadium , 

!  |  Uranium. 

Cerium,  when  it  occurs  in  minerals  which  contain  no  Other 
metal  capable  of  giving  colour  to  the  fluxes,  such  as  oxide  of 
iron,  may  be  knowm  by  the  red  or  dark  yellow  glass  formed  by 
fusing  the  assay  in  the  outer  flame  with  borax,  or  salt  of 
s  phosphorus,  the  colour  of  which,  in  cooling,  becomes  very  pale, 
I  and  disappears  entirely  in  the  inner  flame.  Oxide  of  cerium 


98 


TESTING. 


is  frequently  combined  with  oxides  of  lanthanium  and  didymium, 
which  were  confounded  with  it  before  the  existence  of  those 
substances  was  known. 

Lanthanium. — The  oxide  forms  a  colourless  glass  with  borax. 
With  salt  of  phosphorus  it  forms  a  colourless  bead,  which 
becomes  milk-white  when  the  proportion  of  the  oxide  is  large. 

Didymium. — The  oxide  yields  a  violet  glass  with  borax  in  the 
outer  flame,  and  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  a  bead  having  the 
same  amethystine  colour  as  that  produced  by  titanic  acid. 

Iron. — Its  oxide,  and  the  hydrate  of  the  oxide,  become  black 
and  magnetic  before  the  blowpipe.  Minerals  containing  iron 
form,  with  borax  in  the  outer  flame,  a  dark  red  glass,  which, 
on  cooling,  becomes  bright  yellow,  and  in  the  inner  flame  an 
olive-green,  or  mountain-green  glass,  especially  when  tin  is 
added.  Exceptions,  however,  occur  when  cobalt,  copper,  nickel, 
chrome,  or  uranium  are  present.  When  the  iron  is  combined 
with  sulphur  or  arsenic,  the  assay  must  be  previously  roasted. 
Solutions  of  salts  of  protoxide  of  iron  are  green ;  from  these 
the  protoxide  is  thrown  down  by  caustic  potash,  or  ammonia, 
as  a  hydrate,  wdiich  at  first  is  white,  but  soon  becomes  a  dirty 
green,  and  at  last  yellowish  brown.  Carbonate  of  lime  pro¬ 
duces  no  precipitate.  Eerrocyanide  of  potassium  produces  a 
voluminous  blueish  white  precipitate,  which  turns  blue  on  being 
exposed  to  the  air.  Eerridcyanide  of  potassium  produces  a 
beautiful  blue  precipitate.  The  salts  of  the  oxide  afford  solu¬ 
tions  from  which  the  oxide  is  precipitated  by  potash  or  am¬ 
monia  as  a  flocky  brown  hydrate.  Carbonate  of  lime  also  pro¬ 
duces  a  precipitate.  Eerrocyanide  of  potassium  produces  a 
blue  precipitate  ;  ferridcyanide  of  potassium  no  precipitate. 

Chrome. — Most  minerals  containing  chrome,  when  melted 
with  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus,  yield  a  glass  which  is  yellow, 
or  red,  while  warm,  but  emerald  green  when  cold.  Usually 
this  reaction  shows  itself  best  in  the  inner  flame,  but  when 
oxide  of  lead  or  of  copper  is  present,  in  the  outer  flame. 
Oxide  of  chrome  may  be  known  by  its  green  colour  in  solutions. 
It  is  precipitated  by  potash  as  a  blueish  green  hydrate,  soluble 
in  excess  of  potash.  Chrome  may  be  detected  in  many  minerals 
by  fusing  the  assay  with  three  times  its  volume  of  nitre,  by 
which  chromate  of  potash  is  formed,  which  may  be  dissolved  in 
hot  water,  and,  with  acetate  of  lead,  gives  a  yellow  precipitate 
of  chromate  of  lead. 

Vanadium ,  as  vanadic  acid,  melted  on  platinum  wire,  with 
borax,  or  salt  of  phosphorus,  yields  a  glass  which,  in  the  outer 
flame,  is  yellow  or  brown,  and  is  green  in  the  inner  flame. 
The  appearance  in  the  outer  flame  distinguishes  vanadium 
from  chrome. 

Uranium. — Most  minerals  containing  uranium,  fused  with 


TESTING. 


99 


salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  outer  flame,  yield  a  clear  yellow 
glass,  and  in  the  inner  flame,  a  beautiful  green  glass.  The 
reaction  with  borax  is  the  same  as  that  of  iron. 


Molybdenum ,  Tungsten ,  Tantalum ,  Telopium,  Niobium , 

Titanium. 

Molybdenum ,  in  the  inner  flame,  with  salt  of  phosphorus, 
produces  a  green  glass,  but  with  borax,  a  brown  glass. 

Tungsten  occurs  only  as  tungstic  acid,  which,  in  some  cases, 
may  be  known  by  its  forming,  with  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the 
outer  flame,  a  colourless,  or  yellow  glass,  and  in  the  inner 
flame  a  beautiful  blue  glass,  which,  as  long  as  it  is  warm, 
appears  green.  When  iron  is  present,  however,  the  glass  is 
blood-red.  More  generally,  tungstic  acid  may  be  discovered 
by  melting  the  assay  with  five  times  its  weight  of  soda  in  a 
platinum  capsule,  dissolving  in  water,  filtering,  and  adding 
hydrochloric  acid,  which  throws  down  the  tungstic  acid.  The 
precipitate  is  white  when  cold,  and  citron  yellow  when  heated. 

Tantalum ,  as  tantalic  acid,  is  not  readily  distinguishable 
before  the  blow-pipe  :  in  salt  of  phosphorus  it  is  soluble  readily, 
and  in  large  quantities,  forming  a  clear  glass,  which  does  not 
become  opaque  on  cooling,  and  is  not  turned  bine  by  solution  of 
cobalt.  This  process  serves  to  distinguish  tantalic  acid  from 
glucine,  yttria,  zirconia,  and  alumina.  Its  actual  recognition  may 
be  best  effected  in  the  following  manner : — The  assay  is  melted 
with  twice  its  weight  of  nitre  and  three  times  its  weight  of 
soda,  in  a  platinum  capsule,  dissolved  in  water,  filtered,  and 
hydrochloric  acid  added ;  the  tantalic  acid  is  precipitated  as  a 
white  powder  which  does  not  become  y ellow  when  heated. 

Pelopic  acid  forms  a  colourless  glass  with  borax.  A\rith  salt 
of  phosphorus  it  yields  a  clear  colourless  glass  in  the  outer 
flame,  and  in  the  inner  flame,  on  charcoal,  a  clear  brown  glass 
inclining  sometimes  to  violet.  The  glass  becomes  blood-red  on 
the  addition  of  iron. 

Niobic  acid  with  borax  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  colourless 
glass ;  in  the  inner  flame  a  violet  glass.  With  salt  oi  phos¬ 
phorus  it  forms  a  transparent  colourless  glass  in  the  outer 
flame,  and  a  violet  or  blue  glass,  when  the  proportion  of  the 
acid  is  not  too  small,  in  the  inner  flame.  The  glass  becomes 
blood-red  on  the  addition  of  iron. 

Titanium.— In  anatase,  rutile,  brookite,  and  sphene,  the  pre¬ 
sence  of  titanic  acid  is  shown  by  the  formation  of  glass  with 
salt  of  phosphorus,  which  is,  and  remains,  colourless  in  the 
outer  flame,  but  in  the  inner  flame  is  yellow,  when  hot,  and, 
while  cooling,  becomes  first  red  and  then  violet.  When  iron 

e  2 


100 


PSEUDOMORPHISM. 


is  present,  tlie  glass  is  blood-red,  and  only  becomes  violet  after 
the  addition  of  tin.  In  order  to  discover  oxide  of  titanium  in 
titanic  iron  ore,  the  assay  must  be  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  the  solution  boiled  with  tin,  by  which  it  acquires  the  violet 
colour  of  oxide  of  titanium.  Titanic  iron-ore  shows  a  blue 
colour  when  heated  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Tor  further  information  respecting  the  methods  of  distin¬ 
guishing  the  constituents  of  minerals,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
the  treatises  on  the  use  of  the  blowpipe  by  Berzelius  and 
Plattner,  the  introductions  to  Analytical  Chemistry  by  Bam- 
melsberg  and  Eresenius,  and  H.  Bose’s  c  Ausfurliches  Hand- 
buch  der  Analytischen  Chemie.’  Methods  of  discriminating 
mineral  species  by  simple  experiments  with  the  blowpipe  and 
with  liquid  tests  are  given  in  von  Kobell’s  ‘  Tafeln  zur  Bestim- 
mung  der  Mineralien  mittelst  einfacher  chemischer  Yersuche 
auf  trockenem  und  nassem  AYege.’  These  tables  have  been 
translated  into  English  by  Muspratt. 

Pseudomorphism. 

284.  Pseudomorphous  minerals  are  those  which  have  the 
composition  of  one  mineral  and  the  form  of  another.  Thus 
steatite  is  found  in  the  form  of  quartz,  spinelle,  idocrase,  garnet, 
tourmaline,  topaz,  felspar  ;  malachite  in  the  forms  of  chessy- 
lite,  towanite,  fahlerz,  cuprite ;  serpentine  in  the  form  of  gar¬ 
net,  mica,  spinelle,  augite,  humite,  olivine,  amphibole ;  quartz 
in  the  form  of  baryte,  fluor,  calcite,  dolomite,  galena,  scheelite, 
cerussite,  hematite,  pyrite,  chalybite ;  chalcedony  in  the  form 
of  datholite  ;  mica,  and  the  substances  called  hard  fahlunite, 
aspasiolite,  fahlunite,  esmarkite,  bonsdorffite,  chlorophyllite, 
weissite,  praseolite,  pyrargyllite,  gigantolite,  pinite,  in  the  form 
of  cordierite. 

Eor  an  account  of  the  probable  nature  of  the  processes  by 
which  one  mineral  fills  the  space  previously  occupied  by  another, 
as  one  mineral  is,  without  change  of  form,  converted  into 
another,  or  otherwise  altered  in  its  composition,  the  reader  is 
referred  to  the  Essays  of  ITaidinger,  in  Poggendorff’s  £  Anna- 
len.’  B.  11,  s.  173  and  366.  B.  62,  s.  161 ;  and  especially 
to  Blum’s  4  Die  Pseudomorphosen  des  Mineralreichs,’  and 
£  Nachtrag  zu  den  Pseudomorphosen  des  Mineralreichs.’  An 
abstract  of  the  latter  has  been  given  by  Mr.  Dana,  in  Silliman’s 
J ournal  tor  1845,  vol.  xlviii.,  p.  66  ;  and  1848,  new  series,  vol.  vi., 
p.  267. 


PSEUDOMORPHISM. 


101 


List  of  Pseudomorphous  Minerals  from  Blum's  1  Die  Pseudo - 
morphosen  des  Miner  air  eichs’  and  ‘  Nachtrag' 

Pseudomorphous  by  Loss  of  an  Ingredient. 


Calcite 

Quartz 

Quartz 

Kyanite 

Steatite 

Copper 

Argentite 


in  the  form  of  Gaylussite. 

Heulandite. 
Stilbite. 
Andalusite. 
Amphibole. 
Cuprite. 
Pyrargyrite. 


55 


55 


if 


Pseudomorphous  by  the  Addition  of  an  Ingredient. 

Gypsum  in  the  form  of  Karsteinite. 
Mica 

Yalentinite 
Anglesite 
Hematite 
Limonite 
Malachite 
Bornite 
Towanite 


Baryte 

Baryte 

Pluor 

Gypsum 

Calcite 

Magnesite 

Chalcedony 

Jasper 

Opal 

Cimolite 

Lithomarge 

Lithomarge 

Lithomarge 

Kaolin 

Kaolin 

Kaolin 

Mica 

Mica 

Mica 

Mica 


Pinite. 

33 

Antimony. 

33 

Galena. 

33 

5  ? 

Magnetite. 

Hematite. 

33 

j  j 

Cuprite. 

Bedruthite. 

33 

Kedruthite. 

Exchange 

of  Ingredients . 

s  form  of 

Witherite. 

a 

Barytocalcite. 

Calcite. 

jj 

Calcite. 

55 

55 

.) 

Gypsum. 

Calcite. 

Datholite. 

55 

Amphibole. 

)5 

Augite. 

55 

Augite. 

55 

Topaz. 

55 

Pelspar. 

55 

Nepheline. 

55 

Pelspar. 

55 

55 

55 

Porzellanspath. 

Leucite. 

Andalusite. 

55 

Pelspar. 

55 

Scapolite. 

55 

E  3 

Tourmaline. 

102 


PSEUDOMORPHISM. 


jj 

if 

if 

n 

if 

if 


Mica  in  tlie  form  of 

Hard  fahlunite 
Aspasiolite 
Eahlunite 
Esmarkite 
Bonsdorffite 
Chlorophyllite 
W eissite 
Praseolite 
Pyrargillite 
Gigantolite 
Pinite 
Prehnite 
Prehnite 
Prehnite 
Talc 
Talc 
Talc 
Talc 
Talc 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Steatite 
Serpentine 
Serpentine 
Serpentine 
Serpentine 
Serpentine 
Serpentine 
Serpentine 
Amphibole 
Chlorite 
Chlorite 
Chlorite 
Pyrolusite 
Hausmairnite 


a 

a 

a 

a 

if 

a 

if 

a 

a 

if 

n 

ff 

a 

a 

a 

if 

if 

fl 

a 

a 

a 

if 

a 

if 

a 

fl 

if 

ff 

ff 

a 

a 

ff 

if 

ff 

a 

if 

if 

if 

ff 

ff 


Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Cordierite. 

Analcime. 

Mesotype. 

Leonhardite. 

Chiastolite. 

Kyanite. 

Couzeranite. 

Eelspar. 

Pyrope. 

Magnesite. 

Spinelle. 

Quartz. 

Andalusite. 

Chiastolite. 

Topaz. 

Eelspar. 

Mica. 

Scapolite. 

Tourmaline. 

Staurolite. 

Garnet. 

Idocrase. 

Augite. 

Spinelle. 

Mica. 

Garnet. 

Augite. 

Chondrodite. 

Amphihole. 

Olivine. 

Augite. 

Eelspar. 

Garnet. 

Amphibole. 

Manganite. 

Manganite. 


PSEUDOMORPHISM. 


103 


V  alentinite 
Stibiolite 
Kermes 
"W  ismuthocker 
Minium. 
Minium 
G-alena 
Pyromorpliite 
Pyromorphite 
Cerussite 
Cerussite 
Cerussite 
Wulfenite 
Magnetite 
Hematite 
Hematite 
Hematite 
Hematite 
Limonite 
Stilpnosiderite 
Limonite 
Limonite 
Pyrite 
Melanterite 
Griinerde 
Pseudotriplite 
W  olfram 
Lrythrine 
Hup  fer  s  cb  war  z  e 
Kupferpecherz 
Kupferpecherz 
Covelline 
Malachite 
Malachite 
Malachite 
Chessyhte 


Antimonite. 

Antimonite. 

Antimonite. 

Patrinite. 

Galena. 

Cerussite. 

Pyromorphite. 

Galena. 

Cerussite. 

Galena. 

Anglesite. 

Leadhillite. 

Galena. 

Chalybite. 

Gotliite. 

Pyrite. 

Pharmacosiderte. 

Chalybite. 

Mareasite. 

Yivianite. 

Skorodite. 

Chalybite. 

Mispickel. 

Pyrite. 

Augite. 

Triphyline. 

Scheelite. 

Smaltite. 

Pedruthite. 

Towanite. 

Pahlerz. 

Towanite. 

Chessylite. 

Towanite. 

Pahlerz. 

Pahlerz. 


in  the  form  of 

11 
19 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 


Pseudo  m  orph  ons  by  total  change  of  substance. 


Graphite 

Salt 

Karstenite 

Gypsum 

Polyhalite 

Quartz 

Quartz 


form  of 

Pyrite. 

?? 

Magnesite. 

Salt. 

Salt. 

5? 

Salt. 

Baryte. 

>5 

E  4 

Pluor. 

104 


PSEUDOMORPHISM. 


Quartz  in 

the  form  of 

Gypsum. 

Quartz 

a 

Calcite. 

Quartz 

Parytocalcite. 

Quartz 

» 

Magnesite. 

Quartz 

Scheelite. 

Quartz 

Galena. 

Quartz 

Cerussite. 

Quartz 

» 

Hematite. 

Quartz 

Pyrite. 

Quartz 

» 

Chalybite. 

Prasem 

Calcite. 

Eisenkiesel 

?> 

Calcite. 

Chalcedony 

5J 

Baryte. 

Chalcedony 

5> 

Pluor. 

Chalcedony 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Chalcedony 

» 

Magnesite. 

Chalcedony 

JJ 

Pyromorphite. 

Carnelian 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Hornstone 

JJ 

Fluor. 

Hornstone 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Hornstone 

JJ 

Mica. 

Hornstone 

JJ 

Chalybite. 

Semi  opal 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Lithomarge 

JJ 

Fluor. 

Pyrite 

J  J 

Quartz. 

Pyrite 

JJ 

Stephanite. 

Pyrite 

JJ 

Pyrargyrite. 

Marcasite 

JJ 

Pyrargyrite. 

Chalybite 

JJ 

Baryte. 

Chalybite 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Chalybite 

JJ 

Magnesite. 

Malachite 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Malachite 

JJ 

Cerussite. 

Crysocolla 

JJ 

Cerussite. 

Peldstein 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Meerschaum 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Pyrolusite 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Pyrolusite 

JJ 

Magnesite. 

Hausmannite 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Manganite 

5} 

Calcite. 

Psilomelane 

JJ 

Baryte. 

Psilomelane 

JJ 

Fluor. 

Psilomelane 

JJ 

Pharmacosiderite. 

Smithsonite 

JJ 

Fluor. 

Smithsonite 

JJ 

Calcite. 

Smithsonite 

JJ 

Magnesite. 

Smithsonite 

JJ 

Galena. 

PSEUDOMORPHISM. 


105 


Smith sonite  in 

the  form  of 

Pyromorphite. 

Kassiterite 

33 

Felspar. 

Cerussite 

33 

Baryte. 

C  eras  site 

33 

Fluor. 

Stilpnosiderite 

33 

Magnesite. 

Stilpnosiderite 

33 

Calamine. 

Hematite 

33 

Fluor. 

Hematite 

33 

Calcite. 

Limonite 

33 

Baryte. 

Limonite 

33 

Fluor. 

Limonite 

33 

Calcite. 

Limonite 

33 

Magnesite. 

Limonite 

33 

Quartz. 

Limonite 

33 

Comptonite. 

Limonite 

3  y 

Blende. 

Limonite 

33 

Galena. 

Limonite 

33 

Pyromorphite. 

Limonite 

33 

Cerussite. 

Limonite 

33 

Cuprite. 

Pyrite 

33 

Baryte. 

Marcasite 

33 

Fluor. 

Pyrite 

33 

Calcite. 

Marcasite 

33 

Calcite. 

Pseudomorphism  of  Dimorpl 

ions  Substances. 

Calcite  in 

the  form  of 

Aragonite. 

Marcasite 

Pyrite. 

After  Organic  Forms. 


Calcite. 

Baryte. 

Celestine. 

Fluor. 

Gypsum. 

Quartz. 

Opal. 

Talc. 

Pyrite. 

Hematite. 


Limonite. 

Chalybite. 

Blende. 

Galena. 

C  eras  site. 

Copper. 

Towanite. 

Bornite. 

Bedruthite. 

Cinnabar. 


r  5 


* 


OEDEE  OE  CIIAEACTEES. 


107 


The  order  in  which  the  characters  will  he  given  in  the  following 

descriptions  of  minerals  : — 


The  system  of  crystallization  to  which  the  mineral  belongs. 

The  angular  elements  used  in  computing  the  mutual  inclina¬ 
tions  of  the  faces  of  the  crystal. 

The  letters  and  symbols  by  which  the  simple  forms  are 
denoted. 

Enumeration  of  hemihedral  forms. 

The  angles  between  normals  to  the  faces.  These  angles  are 
the  supplements  of  the  angles  between  the  faces  as  they  are 
usually  given.  It  happens  not  unfrequently  that  forms  occur, 
the  faces  of  which  could  not  be  shown  in  the  figures,  without 
increasing  their  number  enormously,  and  that  the  situation  of 
such  faces  is  not  capable  of  being  clearly  described  in  words. 
In  every  case  of  this  kind  we  have  added  a  map  of  a  sphere  to 
the  surface  of  which  the  faces  of  the  crystal  are  referred,  by 
radii  drawn  perpendicular  to  the  respective  faces.  This  sphere 
is  called  the  sphere  of  projection,  and  the  extremity  of  a  radius 
drawn  perpendicular  to  any  face  is  called  the  pole  of  that  face. 
The  map  for  crystals  belonging  to  the  cubic  system  is  given  in 
fig.  28.  As  the  dots  on  the  maps,  corresponding  to  the  faces 
on  the  figures,  are  marked  by  corresponding  indices  or  letters, 
the  reader  will,  after  a  little  practice,  be  able  easily  to  perceive 
the  relation  of  the  maps  to  the  figures,  and,  when  once  accus¬ 
tomed  to  observe  the  crystalline  forms  on  the  maps,  he  will  ex¬ 
perience  as  little  difficulty  in  tracing  the  relative  positions  of 
the  faces  as  on  the  solid  figures  he  has  been  accustomed  to 
consult.  The  maps  given  in  this  work  exhibit,  respectively,  all 
the  faces  which  we  are  aware  of  having  been  hitherto  observed 
on  the  crystals  of  each  separate  mineral,  and,  being  records  of 
all  that  is  at  present  known  of  crystalline  forms,  they  may  for  a 
long  time  be  consulted  by  the  mineralogist  as  standard  figures. 

Simple  forms  that  have  been  observed  in  nature  without  any 
additional  faces,  and  the  principal  combinations  of  simple  forms 
which  have  been  observed.  The  lists  of  combinations  are 
sometimes  abbreviated.  Thus  enpr.d.z.t  is  used  to  denote  com¬ 
binations  of  the  forms  e ,  n,  p,  r  with  each  of  the  forms  d ,  z,  t ; 
and  enpr..d.z.t  to  denote  that  the  forms  e,  n,p,  r  have  been 
observed  in  combination  with  each  and  with  all  of  the  forms 
d,  z ,  t.  The  letters  denoting  hemihedral  forms  have  accents 
placed  over  them.  When  two  or  more  hemihedral  forms  have 

e  6 


108 


ORDER  OE  CHARACTERS. 


their  poles  in  the  same  subdivisions  of  the  sphere  of  projection, 
the  accents  annexed  to  the  corresponding  letters  incline  the  same 
way ;  when  they  are  in  different  subdivisions,  the  accents  incline 
different  ways. 

Twin  crystals.  Twin-plane,  or  axis. 

The  faces  parallel  to  which  cleavages  exist. 

The  nature  of  the  fractured  surface. 

The  degree  of  transparency  of  the  mineral. 

Lustre. 

Index  of  refraction  of  crystals  belonging  to  the  cubic  system. 
Optical  constants  of  crystals  belonging  to  the  other  systems. 
In  uniaxal  crystals  /u  denotes  the  index  of  refraction  of  the 
ordinary  ray ;  /f  the  index  of  refraction  of  the  extraordinary 
ray  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  optic  axis.  An  approxi¬ 
mate  value  of  the  refractive  power  of  a  doubly  refractive  crystal 
is  denoted  by  r. 

Colour  and  pleochromatism. 

Colour  of  the  streak  or  powder  of  the  mineral. 

Whether  fragile  or  tough,  flexible  or  elastic. 

Hardness,  denoted  by  h. 

Specific  gravity,  denoted  by  G. 

Magnetism. 

Electrical  properties. 

Taste  and  odour. 

Chemical  characters. 

Chemical  formula,  and  composition  computed  from  the  formula. 

Selected  analyses. 

Modes  of  occurrence. 

Principal  localities. 

Observations. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SPECIES. 


METALLOIDS. 


1.  SULPHUR. — Sulphur;  Phillips.  Soufre;  Hauy.  Pris- 
matischer  Schwefel ;  Mohs.  Schwefel ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  23°  7r,5  ;  101,001  =  62°  12';  110,100  =  50°  59'. 
Jc 


1)  010 

,  C  001, 

e  oil 

,  U  013 

i,  n 

101, 

W  203,  V 

103, 

m 

210,  p  111 

>  y 

112, 

5  113, 

t  115,  X 

313,  Z  31 

5. 

UC 

37° 

58' 

me 

90° 

o' 

tf 

nkO  r 

o7  5b 

ec 

66 

53 

pe 

36 

41 

tt" 

46 

58 

be 

90 

0 

pb 

42 

29 

t't" 

62 

9 

UU 

75 

56 

xb 

70 

0 

sb 

56 

36 

ee ' 

133 

45 

nb 

90 

0 

ss1 

52 

29 

VC 

32 

18 

pp 

73 

22 

ss" 

66 

49 

wc 

51 

40 

pp" 

95 

2 

/  // 
s  s 

90 

15 

nc 

62 

12 

f  v 

pp 

143 

17 

zc 

50 

54 

nn 

124 

24 

tb 

66 

31 

xc 

64 

0 

kb 

-j 

58 

19 

EIGr.  83. 

mb 

39 

1 

mm 

tc 

se 

yc 

pc 


78 

31 

45 


2 

5 

8 


56  26 

71  39 


ElCr.  82. 


110 


METALLOIDS. 


F orms  and  combinations,  p,  cp,  pm,  npb,  csnpm  ..te.  btyvwlcxz. 
The  faces  n  usually  rough  ;  the  other  faces  smooth  and  bright. 
Twins.  Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  p,  m,  imperfect.  Fracture 
conchoidal... uneven.  Transparent... translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  n  =  2‘0...2'24. 
Sulphur-yellow,  passing  into  red,  brown,  grey.  Streak,  sul¬ 
phur-yellow.  ..white.  Sectile.  h  =  1*6...2*5. '  G  ==  2-0....2-1 
Acquires  resinous  electricity  by  friction. 

Sublimes  in  the  matrass.  Melts  at  111°  c  ;  boils  at  420°  c  ; 
in  the  open  air  takes  fire  at  270°  c,  and  burns  with  a  blue 
flame,  forming  sulphurous  acid. 

S,  sulphur. 

Some  varieties  contain  selenium,  which  imparts  to  them  an 
orange-yellow  colour ;  others  are  coloured  brown  by  bitumen. 

In  attached  crystals  and  druses ;  globular,  reniform,  and  sta- 
lactitic  masses,  disseminated. 

Is  found  in  mica  slate  at  Ticsan  in  Quito,  and  Gflashutte  in 
Hungary.  In  limestone  at  Carrara.  In  metallic  veins  at  Rie- 
poldsau  in  the  Black  Forest,  in  Siegen,  and  at  Bries  in  Hun¬ 
gary.  In  beds  of  gypsum  at  Girgenti,  Cataldo,  Fiume,  and 
other  places  in  Sicily,  Urbino,  Modena,  and  Tuscany ;  at  Conil 
near  Cadiz  ;  in  Murcia  and  Aragon ;  at  Czarkow  and  Swoszowice 
near  Cracow,  Bex,  Radoboy  near  Crapnia  in  Croatia,  Lauen- 
stein  in  Hanover.  In  sandstone  in  Greenland,  Roisdorf  on 
the  Rhine,  Occhio  in  Sicily,  and  Siena  in  Italy.  In  alluvium 
at  Aosta.  In  brown  coal  at  Artern  in  Thuringia.  As  a  vol¬ 
canic  sublimate  in  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  the  Lipari 
Islands,  A5tna,  Iceland,  Guadaloupe,  Java,  Teneriffe,  Bourbon, 
the  volcanoes  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  As  a  deposit  from  the  hot 
springs  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Neundorf,  Eilsen.  The  finest  crys¬ 
tals  are  found  at  Conil,  at  Forli  near  Naples,  and  in  Sicily. 

The  faces  u ,  w,  v,  y ,  x,  z,  1c,  were  observed  in  a  group  of 
crystals  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection. 

Crystals  of  sulphur  obtained  by  sublimation,  by  the  slow 
evaporation  of  a  solution  of  sulphur  in  bisulphide  of  carbon, 
and,  in  some  cases,  by  the  cooling  of  sulphur  from  the  lowest 
temperature  of  fusion,  have  the  form  described  above.  The 
crystals  formed  by  the  cooling  of  sulphur,  heated  considerably 
above  the  melting  point,  and,  according  to  Pasteur,  sometimes, 
though  rarely,  when  crystallized  from  bisulphide  of  carbon, 
belong  to  the  oblique  system. 

101,100  =  40°  o'  ;  111,010  =  56°  12' ;  101,001  =  42°  14'. 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  n  on,  m  no,  t  m. 


SELENIUM. 


Ill 


ca 

00 

(£■ 

o 

14' 

tc 

52° 

2' 

011771 

90 

32 

mt 

33 

53 

m  a 

44 

14 

nc 

44 

51 

nn! 

90 

18 

one 

85 

55 

Twins. 

Twin-face  a. 

Cleavage. 

C,  771, 

The  crystals  are  at  first  transparent,  but 
after  exposure  to  the  air  become  opaque. 


eiq.  84. 


e 


2.  SELENIUM. — Selen  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Brownish-black... lead-grey.  In  thin  plates,  red  by  trans¬ 
mitted  light,  h  =  2‘0.  Q  =  4'3. 

Sublimes  in  the  matrass.  Melts  at  a  little  above  100°  c ; 
boils  at  700°  c. 

Se,  selenium. 

Is  found  investing  sulphur  in  Sicily. 


3.  DIAMOND. — Diamond  ;  Phillips.  Diamant ;  Hauy. 
Oktaedrischer  Demant ;  Mohs.  Demant ;  Hausmann,  Hai¬ 
dinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  d  oil,  g  032,  i  043,  p  122,  s  321.  The 
forms  o,  p,  s,  are  frequently  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


ad 

90° 

o' 

gd 

33° 

4l' 

pa 

o 

o 

•fc- 

32' 

oo' 

70 

32 

9° 

36 

49 

po 

15 

48 

oa 

54 

44 

ii 

16 

16 

pd 

19 

28 

dd' 

60 

0 

•  / 

ici 

36 

52 

sa 

36 

42 

dd 

45 

0 

pp 

27 

16 

so 

22 

13 

do 

35 

16 

PP< 

38 

57 

LIU.  85.  EIG.  86.  EIG.  87. 


112 


METALLOIDS. 


EIGr.  88.  EIG.  89.  EIG.  90. 


Forms  and  combinations,  o,  d ,  i,  p,  s,  ao,  ad,  od,  ai,  oi,  si, 
os,  o's',  aod,  aoi,  ois,  do  s' ,  aodpi.  The  faces  d  sometimes  rough 
and  curved ;  g,  i,  p,  s  curved.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  The 
twin-crystals  are  frequently  hemiliedral,  and  very  thin  in  the 
direction  of  a  normal  to  the  twin-face.  Cleavage,  o,  very 
perfect.  Fracture conchoidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre 
adamantine,  g  —  2‘44.  Colourless,  white,  grey,  brown,  green, 
yellow,  red,  blue,  rarely  black.  Streak  grey.  h  =  10’0. 
G  =z  3'5 . . . 3‘6.  Acquires  vitreous  electricity  by  friction.  Does 
not  conduct  electricity.  Some  varieties  are  phosphorescent  for 
some  time  after  exposure  to  the  light  of  the  sun. 

Burns  away  before  the  blowpipe  on  platinum  foil.  When 
burnt  in  an  atmosphere  of  oxygen,  the  product  of  combustion 
is  carbonic  acid.  Is  not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

C,  carbon. 

In  isolated  and  imbedded  crystals  and  grains,  rarely  massive. 

Is  found  in  a  quartz  conglomerate,  in  strata  of  clay  and  sand 
containing  iron  oxide,  and  in  alluvium,  on  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  plateau  of  the  Deccan,  between  the  parallels  of  14°  and 
25°.  The  principal  localities  are, — on  the  river  Pennar  be¬ 
tween  Cuddapah  and  Gandicotta ;  between  the  Pennar  and 
Kistna  near  Nandial  ;  on  the  lower  Kistna  near  Ellore ; 
Sumbhulpur  on  the  Mahanadi ;  Pannah  between  the  rivers 
Sonar  and  Sone  in  the  Bundelkund.  Diamonds  are  also  found 
in  Malacca ;  on  the  west  side  of  the  Batu  mountains,  rather  to 
the  north  of  Pulo  Ari,  Landak,  Sekajam  and  Tajan  in  Borneo, 
in  Celebes  and  Java.  They  are  found  in  the  Brazils  in 
alluvium,  accompanied  by  oxides  of  iron,  quartz,  kyanite, 
beryl,  chrysoberyl,  anatase,  topaz,  spinelle,  corundum,  garnet’ 
&c.  ;  in  the  district  of  Cero  do  Frio  in  Minas  Geraes,  in  the 
beds  of  Bio  Jequitinhonha  and  Bio  Arassuhay  ;  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Bio  S.  Francisco  at  Matto  Grosso^  and  in  the  beds 
of  Bio  Pardo,  Bio  Velhas,  and  various  other  rivers,  all  of  which 
fail  into  the  S.  Francisco ;  in  the  mines  of  Biven  and  Cuithe ; 


DIAMOND. 


113 


in  the  Serra  do  S.  Antonio,  Serra  das  Arraras,  and  in  the  brook 
Capivary  and  the  river  Parannan  in  the  Capitania  of  Goyaz ; 
in  the  Rio  Tibagy  in  the  district  of  S.  Paulo,  and  in  some  of 
the  tributaries  of  the  Rio  Doce ;  on  the  banks  of  the  Cachoina. 
Recently  diamonds  have  been  found  imbedded  in  itacolumite, 
a  micaceous  sandstone,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Corrego  dos 
Rois  ;  on  the  Serra  de  Grammagoa,  about  170  English  miles 
north  of  Tijuco,  and  at  Canga  de  Riberao  das  Datas,  twenty- 
three  miles  from  Tijuco.  According  to  Eschwege,  itacolumite 
is  the  prevailing  rock  in  the  Serra  de  Antonio,  in  which  the 
Jequetinhonha  rises  in  the  Serra  da  Matta  da  Corda,  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  wdiich  the  tributaries  of  the  Rio  Erancisco  rise, 
and  in  the  diamond  district  of  Tibagy.  A  black  massive  variety 
has  been  very  lately  found  in  the  Serra  Madre,  in  Mexico. 
Small  diamonds  have  been  found,  in  no  great  number,  in  the 
gold  stream-works  in  the  Ural,  on  the  banks  of  the  Poludennaja 
and  Adolfskoi,  tributaries  of  the  Koiwa,  not  far  from  Bissersk  ; 
at  Kuschaisk,  about  seventeen  English  miles  from  Kuschwinsk  ; 
at  Medscher’s  stream -wDrks,  about  ten  miles  to  the  east  of 
Katliarinenburg ;  and  at  Verch- Uralsk.  A  few  have  been 
found  in  Rutherford  County  in  North  Carolina,  and  in  Hall 
County  in  Georgia. 

It  appears  that  the  form  d  is  most  frequently  observed  in  the 
Brazilian  diamonds,  and  the  form  o  in  those  from  the  East 
Indies.  According  to  Parrot,  diamonds  from  the  Ural  usually 
show  the  form  i.  On  account  of  the  curvature  of  the  faces 
y,  i,  p,  s,  their  indices  have  not  hitherto  been  determined  with 
certainty. 

The  largest  diamonds  have  been  found  in  the  East.  The 
Koh-i-noor  is  said  to  weigh  279 '56  carats.  It  is  of  the  form  and 
size  of  half  a  hen’s  egg.  The  diamond  of  the  Raja  of  Matun 
in  Borneo  is  said  to  weigh  376  carats.  The  Pitt  diamond,  one 
of  the  Crown  jewels  of  Erance,  found  in  the  Golconda  district, 
weighed  uncut  410,  in  its  present  state,  136  carats.  Petzhold 
mentions  another  diamond  belonging  to  the  Erench  Treasury 
weighing  106  carats.  The  Sancy  weighs  33'75  carats.  The 
Emperor  of  Russia  has  one  of  194‘75,  and  another  of  86  carats. 
The  Florentine  diamond,  the  property  of  the  Emperor  of 
Austria,  weighs  139'5  carats.  According  to  Petzhold  a  diamond 
in  the  Portuguese  Treasury  weighs  205  carats.  The  largest 
Brazilian  diamond,  an  octahedron,  was  found  in  the  river 
Abaite.  Its  weight  is  variously  stated  at  from  95  to  138’5 
carats.  The  Nassac  diamond,  the  property  of  the  East  India 
Company,  weighs  89'75  carats.  A  green  diamond,  preserved  in 
the  Griine  Gewolbe  at  Dresden,  weighs  48  carats.  One 
carat  =  3 ‘17  grains. 


114 


METALS. 


<4.  GRAPHITE. — Graphite  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Rhomboe- 
drischer  Melan-Graphit ;  Mohs.  Graphit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Rhomhohedral.  Pia.  91. 


o  in,  b  2ii. 

bo  90°  o' 

bb "  60  0 

Comhination.  ob.  The  faces  o  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  the  al¬ 
ternate  faces  b.  Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect. 
Eracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic, 
steel-grey.  Streak-black,  shining.  Sectile. 
flexible,  h  =  ro...2-o.  g  =  i*8...2*i. 


b" 


Iron-black . . .  dark 
In  thin  leaves 


Infusible  before  the  blowpipe,  but  burns  with  difficulty.  In¬ 
soluble  in  acids,  which  act  only  upon  the  iron  and  other  im¬ 
purities. 

C,  carbon,  mixed  with  a  variable  quantity  of  iron,  amounting 
in  some  instances  to  ten  per  cent.,  which  may  be  extracted  by 
digestion  in  acids  ;  and  also  sometimes  with  very  small  quan¬ 
tities  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  oxides  of  titanium  and  copper. 

It  occurs  very  rarely  crystallized,  usually  in  reniform  masses, 
in  flattened  grains  or  scales. 

.  It  is  found  at  Arendal  in  Norway ;  Gopfersgriin  and  Wun- 
siedel  in  Bavaria  ;  Helette,  Mont  Labourd  and  Ursovia  in 
the  Pyrenees;  Einland,  Greenland,  North  America ;  in  gneiss 
at  Hafnerzell  and  Griesbach  near  Passan  ;  in  beds  near  Schott- 
wien  and  Spitz  in  Austria  ;  near  Ereienstein  in  Styria ;  at 
Schwarzbach,  Stubu,  Swogownov,  Naketen-Dorfklas,  Tepel’and 
other  places  in  Bohemia ;  Goldenstein  in  Aloravia  ;  Ereiwaldau 
in  Silesia;  at  Borrowdale  in  Cumberland  in  trap;  in  irregular 
masses  with  garnet  in  gneiss  at  Strathferran  near  Beuly  in 
Abei  deenshire  and  at  Ivilkenny  in  Ireland ;  at  Craigman  in 
Ayrshire  in  the  coal  formation ;  at  Marbella  in  the  south  of 
Spain ;  in  Ceylon,  the  Brazils,  Sturbridge  in  Massachusetts, 
Ticonderoga  and  several  other  places  in  the  United  States. 


metals. 

5.  BISMUTH.  —  Native  Bismuth  ;  Phillips.  Bismuth 
natif ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrisches  'Wismuth ;  Mohs.  Wismuth  • 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  56°  24/ 

o  in  cleavage,  e  oil  cleavage,  r  loo.  s  in  cleavage 
truncates  the  edge  r  r". 


e 


ANTIMONY. 


115 


eo 

o 

CO 

CO 

58 

TO 

66 

24 

so 

71 

37 

/ 

yy 

92 

20 

ss' 

110 

32 

sr 

55 

16 

TIG.  92. 


TIG.  93. 


Combinations,  os,  oes.  Crystallizes  from  fusion  in  the 
form  r.  Cleavage,  o,  perfect ;  e,  s,  less  perfect.  Twins.  Twin- 
face  e.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver  white,  inclining  to 
red;  liable  to  tarnish.  Streak  the  same.  Sectile,  almost  mal¬ 
leable.  H  =  2'0 . .  .2*5.  G  =  9*6... 9'8. 

Melts  at  264°  c,  frequently  with  a  smell  of  arsenic.  After 
prolonged  exposure  to  the  blowpipe  flame,  deposits  a  sub¬ 
limate  of  oxide  on  the  charcoal,  which  is  yellowish-brown 
while  hot.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  A  white  precipitate  falls 
when  a  large  quantity  of  water  is  added  to  the  solution. 

Li,  bismuth,  frequently  with  an  admixture  of  arsenic,  amount¬ 
ing  in  some  cases  to  upwards  of  30  per  cent. 

In  crystals  and  groups  of  crystals,  dendritic,  mossy,  granular, 
compact  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  veins  of  cobalt  and  silver  ores,  in  granite,  gneiss, 
mica  slate,  and  transition  rocks,  with  smaltine,  kupfernickel, 
and  silver,  and  in  tin  veins.  Is  found  at  Sclmeeberg,  Anna- 
berg,  Marienberg,  Johann- Greorgenstadt  and  Altenberg  in 
Saxony,  Lieber  in  Hanau,  IViedrichrode  in  Thuringia, 
Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia,  Loling  in  Carinthia,  Modum  in 
Norway,  Fahlun  and  other  parts  of  Sweden,  the  Pyrenees, 
Connecticut,  at  Redruth  and  near  St.  Ives  in  Cornwall.  It 
was  formerly  found  at  Wittichen  in  Baden  and  near  Has- 
serode  in  the  Harz. 

Bismuth  is  feebly  repelled  by  either  pole  of  a  magnet.  A  bar 
of  bismuth  suspended  freely  between  the  poles  of  a  horse-shoe 
magnet  rests  in  a  position  at  right  angles  to  the  line  joining  the 
poles 'of  the  magnet.  When  a  crystal  of  bismuth  is  suspended 
between  the  poles  of  a  horse-shoe  magnet,  the  principal  cleavage 
plane  o,  tends  to  place  itself  at  right  angles  to  the  line  joining 
the  poles.  Also  when  bismuth  crystallizes  from  fusion  between 
the  poles  of  a  powerful  magnet,  most  of  the  crystals  have  their 
principal  cleavages  perpendicular  to  the  line  joining  the  poles. 


6.  ANTIMONY. — Native  antimony  ;  Phillips.  Antimoine 
Natif:  Hauy.  Bhomboedrischer  Antimon  ;  Mohs.  Antimon; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  56°  28'. 

* 


116 


METALS. 


o  111,  0  211,  e  on  cleavage,  r  100,  s  In  cleavage, 
a  oil  cleavage. 


ao 

90° 

o' 

ee' 

62° 

53' 

act 

60 

0 

/ 

92 

25 

zo 

20 

40 

ss 

110 

35 

ro 

56 

28 

ze 

17 

48 

eo 

37 

2 

re 

46 

13 

so 

71 

40 

rs' 

55 

18 

zz' 

35 

36 

ra! 

43 

47 

Combination,  ozr.  Crystallizes  from 
fusion  in  the  form  r.  The  faces  z  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  r.  Twins. 
Twin-face  e.  Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect ;  e, 
distinct ;  the  cleavages  o,  e  striated  parallel 
to  their  intersections  with  each  other;  s 
less  distinct;  a  traces.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  _  Tin -white.  Streak  the  same. 
Rather  brittle,  h  =  3-o...3'5.  a  =  6-6...6'7. 
Conducts  electricity. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  a  white  sublimate. 
On  charcoal  burns  and  is  volatilized,  depositin 
mate  ot  antimonious  acid  upon  the  charcoal. 


EIG.  94. 


EIG.  95. 


Sb,  antimony. 


Analysis  of  antimony  from  Andreasberg  by  Klaproth. 
Antimony  .  .  .  .  93-00 

Silver . roo 

Iron . 0-25 


The  curved  lamellar  varieties,  of  a  tin-white  colour  inclining 
to  lead-grey,  appear  to  contain  arsenic  in  all  proportions  from 

two  up  to  sixty -two  per  cent.  Before  the  blowpipe  they  emit 
fumes  of  arsenic. 

Is  seldom  crystallized  ;  usually  in  crystalline  granular  masses, 
reniform,  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  veins  in  crystalline  rocks  with  arsenic,  antimonite, 
kermes,  antimonsilber,  pyrargyrite,  proustite,  galena.  Has 
been  found  at  Sahlberg  near  Sahla  in  Sweden,  Allemont  in 
Uauphine,  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz. 


7.  TELLURIUM. — Native  tellurium  ;  Phillips.  Tellure 
natif;  Ilauy.  Rhomboedrisches  Tellur ;  Mohs.  Tellur;  Haus- 
mann,  Ilaidinger. 

Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  570  30'. 

0  111,  b  21 1,  r  100,  r/  122. 


ARSENIC. 


117 


EIGE  96. 


bo 

90° 

o' 

bb" 

60 

0 

ro 

57 

36 

rb 

32 

24 

93 

58 

49 

56 

115 

12 

don. 

obrrt . 

Crystallizes  : 

Cleavage,  o,  imperfect ;  b,  very  distinct.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Tin -white.  Streak  the  same.  Lather  sectile. 
II  =  2-0.  ..2-5.  G  =  6-1.  ..6-3. 


In  the  open  tube  burns  with  a  greenish-blue  flame,  and  emits 
a  dense  smoke.  The  grey  sublimate  in  the  tube  becomes  white 
when  heated,  and  melts  into  transparent  drops  of  tellurous  acid. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts,  and  is  dissipated  in  a 
dense  smoke,  and  with  a  greenish  flame.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid 
with  evolution  of  nitrous  acid.  The  solution  in  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid  is  red. 

Te,  tellurium. 


According  to  Klaproth  and  Petz, 

consists  of 

Tellurium  .... 

.  91-55 

97-21 

Gold . 

0-25 

2-79 

Iron . 

7-20 

trace. 

Sulphur . 

.  — 

trace. 

In  attached  crystals,  massive,  granular,  and  disseminated. 
Is  found  in  a  sandstone  rock,  with  quartz,  gold,  and  pyrites,  in 
the  mine  of  Maria  Loretto  at  Facebay  near  Salatlma  in  Tran¬ 
sylvania. 

According  to  G.  Bose,  ro  —  56°  55'. 


8.  ABSENIC. — Native  arsenic;  Phillips.  Arsenic  natif; 
Hauy.  Bhomboedrisches  arsenik ;  Mohs.  Arsenik ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 


Bhombokedral.  100,111  =  57°  5l'. 


o  ill,  e  oil  cleavage,  r  loo,  h  455. 
in  which  o  meets  the  face  parallel  to  r. 


eo 

38° 

CO 

o 

ro 

57 

51 

ho 

67 

16 

ee' 

65 

16 

/ 

94 

19 

hli 

106 

2 

e,  h  truncate  the  edge 


eig.  97. 


118 


METALS. 


Crystals  obtained  by  sublimation  show  tbe  combinations 
or,  orh.  Twins.  Twin-face  e.  Cleavage,  o,  perfect ;  e,  im¬ 
perfect,  striated.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Tin-wbite,  inclining  to  lead-grey.  Streak  the  same.  Exposed 
to  the  air,  becomes  greyish-black.  Brittle,  h  =  3*5.  G  = 
5*7. .  .5'8.  Conducts  electricity  perfectly. 

Sublimes  in  the  matrass.  Is  volatilized  without  melting  be¬ 
fore  the  blowpipe,  emitting  an  odour  of  garlic,  and  depositing 
a  white  sublimate  on  the  charcoal.  In  nitric  acid  is  converted 
into  arsenious  acid. 

As,  arsenic. 

In  arsenic  from  Joachimsthal  John  found  from  two  to  three 
per  cent,  of  antimony,  and  one  per  cent,  of  red  oxide  of  iron 
and  water. 

Seldom  crystallized,  usually  in  fibrous,  globular,  and  rcniform 
masses ;  disseminated. 

Occurs  usually  in  veins,  seldom  in  beds,  principally  in  crys¬ 
talline  slate-rocks,  accompanied  by  antimony,  antimonial  silver, 
argentite,  pronstite,  galena.  Is  found  at  Andreasberg  in  the 
Ilarz,  Annaberg,  Sclmeeberg,  Marienberg,  Freiberg  in  Saxony, 
Wittichen  in  Baden,  J oachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  Kapnik  in  Tran¬ 
sylvania,  Orawitza  in  the  Banat,  Allemont  in  Hauphine,  Mar- 
kirchen  in  Alsace,  Kongsberg  in  Norway. 

9.  OSMIBIDIIJM. — Alloy  of  iridium  and  osmium  ;  Phil¬ 
lips.  Iridosmine  ;  Beudant.  Bhomboedrisches  Iridium ;  Mohs. 
Iridosmium ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  58°  27'. 

o  ill,  a  oil,  x  131. 

ao  90°  o' 

act'  60  0 

XO  62  0 

XX1  52  24 

xx"  99  45 

Combinations,  oa,  oax.  The  faces  o  smooth  and  bright ; 
a?,  a  dull.  Cleavage,  o,  tolerably  perfect,  yet  difficult  to  obtain! 
Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Tin-white,  lead- 
grey.  Slightly  malleable,  but  soon  cracks  under  the  hammer, 
and  may  be  reduced  to  powder,  n  =  7-0.  g  =  19*3...  21*2. 

Ignited  with  nitre  in  the  matrass,  emits  the  peculiar  smell  of 
osmium.  Is  not  sensibly  acted  upon  by  acids. 

One  variety  (Sisserskit ;  Haidinger.  Hunkles  Osmium- 
Iridium  ;  G-.  Eose)  is  lead-grey,  g  =  21*118.  Before  the 


EIG.  98. 


IEIDIUM. 


119 


blowpipe  on  charcoal  turns  black  and  smells  strongly  of 
osmium.  Causes  the  flame  of  a  spirit-lamp  to  burn  brightly 
with  a  yellowish-red  flame.  Another  variety  (Newjanskit ; 
Haidinger.  Lichtes  Osmium-Iridium  ;  Gr.  Hose)  is  tin-white. 
Streak  the  same.  G  =  19-386...  I9'47l.  Before  the  blowpipe 
unchanged.  They  have  both  the  same  form  and  angles. 

Analyses  a ,  b  of  the  lead-grey,  c  of  the  tin-white  variety 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Katharinenburg,  by  Berzelius  : — 


a 

b 

C 

Iridium  . 

.  24-83 

19-86 

46-77 

Khodium  . 

.  — 

. — 

3-15 

Iron  .  . 

.  — 

— 

0-74 

Osmium  . 

.  75*17 

80'14 

49-34 

Palladium 

.  — 

— 

trace. 

These  analyses  are  represented  by  the  formulae  IrOs3,  IrOs4, 
IrOs  respectively. 

Occurs  in  small  isolated  crystals  and  grains. 

The  lead-grey  variety  is  found  at  Nischne  Tagilsk,  the  neigh¬ 
bourhood  of  Katharinenburg,  Sissersk,  and  Kyschtimsk  in  the 
Ural.  The  tin-white  variety,  with  gold  and  platinum,  in  the 
Ural,  in  the  stream-works  at  Bilimbajewsk  and  Werch-Issetsk 
near  Katharinenburg  and  at  Kewjansk.  A  combination  of 
iridium  and  osmium  has  been  found  in  Borneo,  and  also 
(g  =  19-5)  in  South  America. 


10.  IBIDIUM. — Hexaedrisches  Iridium  ;  Mohs.  Platini- 
ridium  ;  Hausmann.  Iridium ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic.  fig.  99. 


a  100,  0  ill. 

ad 

00 

oa 


90°  O' 
70  32 

54  44 


Combination,  ao.  Cleavage,  a , 
difficult  to  obtain.  Opaque.  Lustre 

metallic.  Silver-white,  incliniug  to  yellow  exteriorly,  and  to 
grey  in  the  interior.  Slightly  ductile,  h  =  6*0 . . .  7'0.  G  =  22’65 
•  •  •  22  80. 

Unchangeable  before  the  blowpipe.  Insoluble  in  acids. 
Ir,Pt,  iridium  and  platinum. 


Analysis  by  Svanberg : 

Iridium  . 
Platinum  . 
Palladium 
Copper 


76-85 

19-64 

0-89 

1‘78 


120 


METALS. 


Occurs  in  small  isolated  crystals  and  rounded  grains,  with 
osmindium  and  platinum,  at  INischne  Tagilsk  and  Newjansk  in 
the  Ural,  and  Ava  in  the  East  Indies. 

11.  PLATINUM.— Native  Platina  ;  Phillips.  Platine 
natif  ferrifere  ;  Hauy.  Hexaedrisches  Platin  ;  Mohs.  Po- 
lyxen  ;  Hausmann.  Platin  ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  10°-  FIG.  100. 

ad  90°  o' 

No  cleavage.  Eracture  hackly.  Opaque. 

Lustre  metallic.  Steel-grey.  Streak  the 
same,  bright.  Ductile.  n  =  4*0... 4*5. 
g  =  18*947,  from  South  America ;  17*3. . .17*5, 
from  Russia.  Frequently  magnetic. 

Before  the  blowpipe,  alone  and  with  fluxes,  infusible  and 
unchangeable.  Soluble  only  in  nitromuriatic  acid.  The  so¬ 
lution  yields  a  lemon-yellow  precipitate  with  sal-ammoniac. 

Pt,  platinum,  with  iron,  iridium,  osmium,  rhodium,  palladium 
copper.  5 

Analyses  of  platinum  a, ,  b  from  Nischne  Tagilsk,  c  from  Go- 
roblagodat,  d  from  Barbacoas,  all  by  Berzelius,  e  from  Choco 
f  from  Pinto,  both  by  Svanberg : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Platinum 

78*94 

73*58 

86*50 

84*30 

86*16 

84*34 

Iridium 

4*97 

2*35 

— 

1*46 

1*09 

2*52 

Rhodium  . 

0*86 

1*15 

1*15 

3*46 

2*16 

3*13 

Palladium 

0*28 

0*30 

1*10 

1*06 

0*35 

1*66 

Osmium  . 

(not  determined) 

1*03 

0*97 

0*19 

Iron 

11*04 

12*98 

8*32 

5*31 

8*03 

7*52 

Copper 

0*70 

5*20 

0*45 

0*74 

0*40 

trace 

Manganese 

— 

--  ■ 

. 

0*1 0 

0*31 

1*56 

Osmium-iridium 

1*96 

2*30 

1*40 

_ 

V/  jL  \J 

1*91 

Earthy  substances 

— 

0*60 

— 

0*72 

A  silver-white  variety  from  the  Brazils  (g  =  16*94)  in 
round  grains,  according  to  Svanberg,  consists  of 

small 

Platinum  . 

.  55*44 

Iridium 

.  27*79 

Rhodium  . 

6*86 

Palladium . 

0*49 

Osmium  . 

.  a  trace 

Iron  .... 

4*14 

Copper  .  .  . 

3*03 

GOLD. 


121 


Occurs  very  rarely  in  cubic  crystals,  usually  in  small  plates 
or  rounded  grains  having  a  smooth  bright  surface,  less  fre¬ 
quently  in  large  grains  and  rounded  lumps,  of  which  the  largest 
known  weighs  8‘33  kilogrammes. 

Is  found  with  gold,  in  veins  of  quartz  and  brown  iron-ore,  in 
syenite,  near  Santa  Rosa  de  Osos,  in  the  province  of  Antioquia ; 
but  much  more  abundantly,  accompanied  by  gold,  osmiridium, 
iridium,  palladium,  chromic  iron-ore,  magnetic  iron-ore,  zircon, 
corundum,  and  occasionally  diamond,  in  the  alluvial  sand  of 
almost  all  the  valleys  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Ural  moun¬ 
tains  ;  at  Bogoslowsk,  Kuschwinsk,  Newjansk,  Miask :  also  on 
the  western  slope  at  Nisclme  Tagilsk,  where  it  appears  to  have 
been  originally  imbedded  in  serpentine  with  chromic  iron-ore.  It 
occurs  under  similar  circumstances  in  South  America,  in  the  pro¬ 
vinces  of  Choco  and  Barbacoas  ;  in  the  province  of  Matto  Grosso, 
in  the  Brazils  ;  in  the  valley  of  Jaky  in  St.  Domingo  ;  hi  Borneo, 
where  it  appears  to  have  been  originally  disseminated  in  ser¬ 
pentine  ;  and  in  small  quantity  in  the  gold  sand  of  the  Rhine ; 
with  the  gold  of  the  country  of  Rutherford  in  North  Carolina. 

12.  PALLADIUM. — Native  palladium;  Phillips,  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger.  Oktaedrisches  Palladium  ;  Mohs. 

Cubic. 

o  ill. 

oo  70°  32'.  (fig.  101.) 

Practure  hackly.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Light  steel- 
grey.  Ductile.  H  =  4<’5\.  .5*0.  G  =  11*8  .. .  12’14. 

When  heated  to  a  certain  point,  takes  a  blue  colour,  which 
disappears  on  ignition.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Melts 
with  sulphur.  With  nitric  acid  yields  a  red  solution. 

Pd,  palladium,  with  a  little  platinum  and  iridium. 

Occurs  in  very  small  octahedrons  and  grains,  which  are  some¬ 
times  an  aggregation  of  radiating  fibres,  with  grains  of  platinum 
in  auriferous  sand,  in  the  Brazils.  Also  with  gold  and  claus- 
thalite  at  Tilkerode  in  the  Harz,  in  very  small  bright  crystals, 
which  appear  to  be  regular  six-sided  prisms  (fig.  9l)  perfectly 
cleavable  parallel  to  o.  Hence  probably  palladium  is  di¬ 
morphous. 

13.  GOLD. — Native  gold ;  Phillips.  Or  natif ;  Hauy, 
Ilexaedrisches  Gold ;  Mohs.  Gold ;  Ilausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  cl  oil,  e  210,  m  311,  t  421, 

G 


122  METALS. 


aa' 

90° 

0' 

ed 

36° 

52' 

ta 

29°  12' 

oa 

54 

44 

// 

ee 

36 

52 

to 

28  8 

od 

70 

32 

ma 

25 

14 

ttf 

17  45 

da' 

45 

0 

on  a 

65 

54 

tti 

25  12 

dd! 

60 

0 

mo 

29 

30 

ed 

26 

34 

mm 

50 

29 

EIG.  101. 

EIG.  102. 

EIG.  103. 

Forms  and  combinations,  a,  o ,  d,  e,  m ,  ao,  ad ,  od ,  am ,  ow, 
aodmtz.  Twins.  Twin-face  0.  Cleavage,  not  observable. 
Fracture  hackly.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Gold-yellow... 
brass-yellow.  Streak  bright.  Extremely  ductile  and  malleable. 
H  =  2*5.  ..3’0.  G  =  14*556.. .19-1. 

Fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  In  a  bead  of  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  in  the  inner  flame,  pure  gold  remains  unaltered,  and 
the  bead  colourless  and  transparent ;  but  an  admixture  of  0*3 
per  cent,  of  silver  makes  the  bead  opalescent  when  cold ;  a 
larger  quantity  of  silver  makes  the  bead  yellow  and  opaque. 
Is  decomposed  by  nitromuriatic  acid  wrhen  it  does  not  contain 
more  than  20  per  cent,  of  silver,  leaving  a  residue  of  chloride  of 
silver. 

Au,  gold,  with  a  variable  quantity  of  silver,  which  in  some 
cases  amounts  to  40  per  cent.,  with  traces  of  copper  and  iron. 

Analyses  of  gold  a  from  Schabrowskoi  near  Katkarinen- 
burg,  b  from  Beresowsk,  c  from  Perwo-Pawlowrskoi  near  Bere- 
sowsk,  d  from  Beresowsk,  e  from  Newjansk,  /  from  Goruschkoi 
near  Nischne-Tagilsk,  g  from  Fuses  in  Transylvania,  h  from 


GOLD. 


123 


Titiribi  in  Columbia,  i  from  Syranowsk  in  tbe  Altai,  Jc  from 
Vorospatak  in  Transylvania,  all  by  G.  Rose:  l  tetrahedrons, 
m  octahedrons,  n  dodecahedrons,  o  dodecahedron,  p  dodecahe¬ 
drons,  q  dodecahedrons,  all  from  Katharinenburg,  by  Awdejew ; 
r  from  Eula  in  Bohemia,  by  Lampadius  ;  s  Rom  California, 
by  H.  Henry : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Gold 

• 

98-96 

93-78 

92-60 

91-88 

88-65 

87-17 

Silver 

• 

0-16 

6-94 

7-08 

8-03 

10-64 

12-41 

Copper 

• 

0*35 

0-08 

0-02 

0-09 

0'09 

0-05 

Iron 

• 

0-05 

0-04 

0-06 

trace 

0-35 

0*23 

9 

h 

• 

% 

h 

l 

m 

Gold 

• 

84-89 

76-41 

60-98 

60-4 

79-00 

70-86 

Silver 

• 

14*68 

23-12 

38-38 

38-74 

20-34 

28-30 

Copper 

Iron 

• 

9 

0-04 

0-13 

0-03 

trace 

033 

|  0-77 

0-66 

0-84 

n 

0 

P 

2 

r 

s 

Gold 

9 

95-3 

95-83 

92-71 

91*21 

96-9 

86*57 

Silver 

9 

3  86 

4-34 

6-51 

8-03 

2'0 

12-33 

Copper 

Iron 

9 

• 

|  0-84 

033 

0-78 

0-76 

0'29 

0-54 

The  colour  approaches  to  brass-yellow,  and  the  specific  gra¬ 
vity  diminishes  as  the  quantity  of  silver  increases.  The  first 
column  of  the  following  table  exhibits  the  per  centage  of  silver, 
the  other  three  columns  the  specific  gravity  of  the  gold  in  its 
natural  state,  hammered  and  after  fusion  respectively. 


0-16 

19-10 

— 

19-10 

3-86 

18-77 

18-89 

— 

4-34 

— 

— 

18*79 

6-23 

18-44 

18-66 

— 

8-35 

17-96 

18-02 

17-97 

9-02 

17-59 

17-75 

— 

10*65 

17*48 

— 

17-73 

12-07 

17*40 

— 

17*54 

16-15 

17-06 

17*06 

— 

20-34 

— 

16-03 

— 

28'30 

— 

— 

15'63 

38-38 

— 

— 

14-56 

Rhodium-gold,  G  =  15-5...  16‘8,  contains  from  34  to  43  per 
cent,  of  rhodium.  Porpezite,  from  the  Capitania  Porpez  in  the 
Brazils,  according  to  Berzelius,  consists  of  gold  85’98,  palladium 
9'85,  silver  4"17. 

In  attached  crystals,  capillary,  ramose,  in  plates,  dissemi¬ 
nated,  in  grains  and  dust. 

G  2 


124 


METALS. 


In  felspatliic  and  hornblende  rocks,  associated  with  pyrite, 
quartz,  brown  iron-ore.  It  exists  in  many  ores  and  rocks  in  a 
state  of  such  minute  subdivision  as  to  be  invisible  to  the  eye. 
It  occurs  frequently  in  conglomerates,  containing  oxide  of  iron, 
writh  magnetic  and  titanic  iron-ores,  platinum,  zircon,  &c.,  in 
alluvial  deposits,  and  in  the  sands  of  rivers  into  which  it  has 
been  washed  after  the  disintegration  of  the  rocks  in  which  it 
was  previously  contained.  Is  found  in  veins  of  green-stone  and 
syenitic  porphyry  of  Hungary  and  Transylvania,  at  Kremnitz, 
Schemnitz,  Nagyag,  Salathna  and  Offenbanya  ;  also  at  Antioquia 
and  Choco  in  South  America ;  in  veins  of  quartz  and  oxide  of 
iron,  in  green-stone,  between  the  rivers  Yadkin  and  Katawa  in 
North  Carolina,  and  in  the  island  of  Aruba  near  Cura9ao ;  in 
veins  in  slate  in  Hew  Spain,  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Beresowsk ;  in 
beds  at  Posing  and  Magurka  in  Hungary  ;  in  the  Banat  of 
Temeswar ;  at  Bauris  and  Schellegaden  in  Salzburg ;  dissemi¬ 
nated  in  porphyry  at  V orospatak  in  Transylvania ;  in  itacolu- 
mite  and  itabirite  at  Villa  Bicca,  Matto  Grosso  and  Diaman- 
tina  in  the  Brazils  ;  in  Bohemia  at  Eule,  Neuknin,  Bergreichen- 
stein;  in  Norway  at  Kongsberg;  at  Schlangenberg  in  Siberia; 
at  Tilkerode  in  the  Harz  in  seleniuret  of  lead ;  at  Schwarzgrund 
near  Budolstadt ;  the  Hundsriick  ;  Aedelfors  in  Sweden ;  La 
Gardette  in  Prance  ;  in  Spain.  In  alluvial  soil  in  the  Ural  and 
Altai,  especially  between  Newjansk  and  Nischne-Tagilsk ;  in 
North  Carolina,  Mexico,  Peru,  the  Brazils,  Chile,  Aruba,  St. 
Domingo,  Bohemia,  Ohlapian  in  Transylvania ;  in  Africa,  Thibet, 
China,  Java,  Borneo,  Sumatra ;  at  Crogan  Kinshela  in  Wicklow  ; 
Glen  Turret  in  Perthshire;  in  the  stream-works  of  Cornwall; 
in  the  sands  of  the  Danube,  Bhine,  Lech,  Inn,  Isar,  Edder ;  in 
Upper  California  and  New  Mexico. 

In  the  Turner  Catalogue  Mr  Levy  has  figured  a  crystal  of  gold, 
No.  5,  wdiich,  for  a  reason  he  there  assigns,  the  fear  of  damaging 
the  specimen,  he  says  he  did  not  measure.  Dufrenoy  supposes 
the  crystal  to  be  a  twin  of  the  form  m ,  in  which  several  of  the 
faces  are  wanting,  like  the  crystal  of  silver  from  Kongsberg,  de¬ 
scribed  by  G.  Bose  in  PoggendorfF’s  Annalen.  B.  04.  S.  533. 
This  conjecture  has  been  confirmed  by  the  measurement  of  a 
crystal  of  gold  of  the  same  character,  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection. 
The  angles  between  the  several  faces  m  of  one  individual  and 
the  laces  of  the  other  symmetrically  opposed  to  them,  are  121°  o' 
62°  58',  20°  3'  respectively. 

14.  SILVEB. — Native  silver  ;  Phillips.  Argent  natif ; 
Hauy.  Ilexaedrisches  Silber ;  Mohs.  Silber ;  Hausmann, 
Plaidinger. 

Cubic. 


AMALGAM. 


125 


a  100,  o  ill,  d 


ad 

CD 

0 

0 

0' 

oa 

54 

44 

dd 

45 

0 

do 

35 

16 

See  also  fig.  105. 


e 

210,  h 

410 

ea 

0 

CD 

<M 

34' 

ha 

14 

2 

ma 

25 

14 

mo 

29 

30 

m  311. 

L1G.  107. 


Forms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  e,  m,  ao,  om,  ode.  Crystallizes 
from  fusion  in  octahedrons.  The  faces  o  are  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  a :  the  other  faces  rough  but  even. 
Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage  not  observable.  Fracture 
hackly.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver-white.  Liable  to 
tarnish.  Streak  bright.  Malleable,  h  =  2'5...30.  G  =  10*1 
...ll-o. 

Fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  The 
addition  of  hydrochloric  acid  to  the  solution  produces  a  copious 
white  precipitate,  which  turns  black  on  exposure  to  the  light. 

Ag,  silver. 

Some  varieties  contain  very  small  quantities  of  copper,  anti¬ 
mony,  and  arsenic ;  others  contain  gold,  have  a  tinge  of  yellow, 
and  a  higher  specific  gravity.  According  to  Fordyce,  a  variety 
from  Kongsberg  contained  28  per  cent,  of  gold. 

In  crystals,  in  aggregations  of  minute  octahedrons  and  cubes, 
producing  dendritic  and  capillary  forms,  massive. 

Occurs  in  veins,  rarely  in  beds,  in  crystalline  slate-rocks, 
gneiss,  mica  slate,  hornblende  slate,  granite,  syenite,  porphyry, 
with  arsenic  and  various  ores  of  silver.  Is  found  at  Kongsberg 
in  Norway;  Sahla  in  Sweden ;  Freyberg,  Johann- Georgenstadt, 
Schneeberg,  Marienberg  and  Annaberg  in  Saxony  ;  J oachims- 
thal,  Przibram  and  Batiborzitz  in  Bohemia  ;  Schemnitz  in 
Hungary;  Felsobanya  and  Kapnik  in  Transylvania;  Schlan- 
genberg  in  Siberia ;  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz  ;  Wittichen  and 
Wolfach  in  Baden ;  Klausen  in  the  Tyrol ;  Allemont  and  Mar- 
kirchen  in  France  ;  most  abundant  in  Peru,  Mexico,  and  Chile  ; 
in  several  places  in  Cornwall ;  at  Alva  in  Scotland. 


15.  AMALGAM. — Native  amalgam  ;  Phillips.  Mercure 
argental ;  Hauy.  Hodekaedrisch.es  Mercur ;  Mohs.  Amalgam  ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  d  oil,  /  3io,  n  211,  p  122,  s  321. 


126 


METALS. 


ad 

90° 

o' 

do 

35° 

16' 

pa 

o 

o 

32' 

od 

70 

32 

na 

35 

16 

po 

15 

48 

oa 

54 

44 

no 

19 

28 

pd 

19 

28 

dd' 

60 

0 

dd 

30 

0 

n  / 

fa 

18 

26 

da 

45 

0 

sd 

19 

6 

EIG.  108. 

EIG.  109. 

EIG.  110. 

Form  and  combinations,  d,  od,  adn ,  dns,  aodpn ,  aodfns. 
Faces  smooth  and  bright.  Cleavage,  d ,  traces.  Fracture  con- 
choidal... uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver- white. 
Streak  the  same.  Brittle,  h  =  3-0... 3-5.  g  =  13-7...14-1. 

In  the  matrass  yields  mercury,  leaving  a  spongy  mass  of 
silver.  Easily  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Ag,Hg,  silver  and  mercury  in  indefinite  proportions. 

Consists,  according  to  the  analyses  of  Hever,  Cordier,  and 
Klaproth,  of 

Silver  ....  25-00  27‘50  36-00 

Mercury  .  .  .  73-30  72-50  64-oo 

The  first  and  second  analyses  correspond  nearly  to  the  for¬ 
mula  AgHg3,  the  third  to  AgHg2. 

In  attached  crystals  and  thin  plates,  investing  other  minerals, 
compact. 

Occurs  in  beds  containing  mercury  and  cinnabar.  Is  found 
at  Moschell-landsberg  and  some  other  places  in  the  Palatinate  ; 
Szlana  in  Hungary ;  Almaden  in  Spain ;  and,  it  is  said,  at 
Allemont  in  France,  and  Sahla  in  Sweden. 


16.  ABQTTERITE. — Arquerit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

o  in. 

00  70°  32'.  (fig.  101.) 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver-white.  Malleable  and 
extensible,  h  =  2-o...  2-5.  g  =  io-8. 

Chemical  characters  the  same  as  those  of  amalgam. 

•A-g6Hg,  silver  86’49,  mercury  13-51.  Domeyko. 


Is  found  in  tlie  Arqueros  mine  in  the  province  of  Coquimbo 
in  Chile. 

17.  MERCURY.— Native  quicksilver;  Phillips.  Mercure 
natif;  Hauy.  Eliissiges  Mercur ;  Mohs.  Quecksilber;  Haus- 
mann.  Merkur ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 
o  ill. 

oo'  70°  32'.  (fig.  101.) 

At  above  — 40°  c  liquid.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  ^  Tin- 
white.  When  solid,  g  =  14‘4.  Its  specific  gravity  at  o°  c.  is 

13‘59593  times  that  of  water  at  4°  c. 

Boils  at  360°  c.  Sublimes  in  the  matrass.  Is  entirely  vola¬ 
tilized  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Hg,  mercury. 

Occurs  in  drops  in  cinnabar ;  sometimes  in  crevices  of  the 
rocks  containing  cinnabar.  Is  iound  at  Idria,  in  Carniola; 
Almaden  and  Almadenejos,  in  Spain  ;  Horzowitz,  in  Bohemia ; 
Wolfstein,  Morsfeld  and  Moschellandsberg  in  the  Palatinate ; 
Sterzing  in  the  Tyrol ;  Delach  in  Carinthia ;  Huancavelica  in 
Peru  ;  China ;  Clausthal  in  the  Harz  ;  in  tertiary  formations 
near  Lisbon  and  Montpellier. 

1 

18.  LEAD. — Plomb  natif  volcanique  ;  Hauy.  Blei ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic,  o  ill. 

oo  70°  32'.  (fig.  101.) 

Crystallizes  from  fusion  in  the  form  o.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Lead-grey ;  acquires  a  blackish  tarnish  by  exposure. 
Eracture  hackly.  Ductile  and  malleable.  H  =  1*5.  g  =  11*35. 

Very  fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Volatilizes  and  deposits  a 
sulphur-yellow  sublimate  on  the  charcoal.  Soluble  in  nitric 

acid. 

Pb,  lead. 

Capillary,  dendritic,  disseminated.  .  . 

Is  said  to  have  been  found  in  lava  in  the  island  oi  Madeira ; 
in  carboniferous  limestone  at  Bristol ;  Kenmare  in  Ireland ; 
containing  silver  in  the  auriferous  sand  of  the  Salzach. 

19.  TIN. — Native  tin ;  Phillips.  Zinn ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  21°  5,-5. 

a  ioo,  m  no,  s  101,  t  301,  p  ill,  r  331. 

g  4 


i 


128 


METALS. 


act 

90° 

0' 

ma 

45 

0 

// 

pp 

57 

13 

ss" 

42 

11 

tt" 

98 

20 

// 

117 

8 

EIG.  111. 


a> 


pa 

0 

0 

13' 

ra 

62 

53 

sm 

75 

16 

tm 

57 

39 

sa 

68 

55 

ta 

40 

50 

EIG. 

112. 

pm 

61° 

24' 

rm 

31 

26 

PP 

39 

35 

rr 

74 

13 

ss 

29 

29 

tt' 

64 

41 

tig. 

113. 

Twins.  Twin-face  p  (fig.  112).  mm  =  67°  13'.  Twin-face  r 
(fig.  113).  pd  =  120°  5',  mm  =  1170  8'.  Lustre  metallic.  Tin- 
white.  Ductile.  Malleable.  h  =  2*0.  g  =  7*178.  After 
fusion,  a  =  7*293. 

Sn,  tin. 

The  occurrence  of  native  tin  in  Cornwall  and  other  places  is 
very  problematical.  The  crystals  above  described  were  ob¬ 
tained  by  the  reduction  of  the  metal  from  a  solution  of  its  pro¬ 
tochloride  by  a  voltaic  current.  Tin,  in  combination  with  a 
small  quantity  of  lead,  is  said  to  occur  with  osmiridium  and 
other  substances  accompanying  gold,  in  the  stream-works  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Miask  in  Siberia. 


20.  COPPER. — Native  copper  ;  Phillips.  Cuivre  natif  • 
Plauy.  Oktaedrisches  Kupfer  ;  Mohs.  Kupfer ;  Hausmann’ 
Haidinger. 


Cubic. 

a  100, 

0  111,  d 

011,  e 

021, 

Tc 

aa' 

CD 

O 

O 

O' 

dd' 

60° 

0' 

00 

70 

32 

ea' 

26 

34 

oa 

54 

44 

ed 

18 

26 

da 

45 

0 

ee 

36 

52 

do 

35 

16 

ee" 

36 

52 

EIG. 

114. 

EIG.  115 

• 

311. 

ha 

21° 

48' 

hd 

23 

12 

mm 

60 

29 

mm 

/ 

35 

6 

EIG.  116. 


COPPER. 


129 


EIG.  117. 


EIG.  118.  PIG.  119. 


Forms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  d,  e ,  ao,  ad,  ae,  aod,  aode , 
aodJc.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  ed  —  100°  32'  (fig.  118)  ;  mm  = 
121°  o',  mm  =  62°  58'  (fig.  119).  No  cleavage.  Fracture 
hackly.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Copper-red.  Streak  the 
same,  bright.  In  extremely  thin  films,  green  by  transmitted 
light.  Ductile,  n  =  2‘5...3*0.  G  =  8'5...8‘9. 

Fusible  before  the  blowpipe,  colouring  the  flame  green. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid ;  also  in  ammonia,  with  access  of  atmos¬ 
pheric  air,  yielding  a  blue  solution. 

Cu,  copper,  usually  very  nearly  pure,  sometimes  with  small 
quantities  of  iron  and  other  metals. 

Crystallized,  frequently  aggregated,  so  as  to  produce  den¬ 
dritic,  capillary,  laminar  forms,  and  massive. 

Occurs  in  veins  and  beds  with  cuprite,  towanite,  redruthite, 
carbonates  of  copper  oxide.  Also  disseminated  in  rocks  of  all 
formations,  rarely  in  amygdaloidal  trap  rocks,  sometimes  in 
isolated  blocks.  Is  found  in  beds  in  porphyry  at  Moldawa, 
Saska  and  Orawitza  in  the  Banat  of  Temeswar ;  at  Herrn- 
grund  in  the  county  of  Solder ;  at  Schmolnitz  and  Oolnitz  in 
the  county  of  Gfomor  in  Hungary  ;  Nischne-Tagilsk,  Bogos- 
lowsk  and  Turginsk  in  Siberia,  usually  imbedded  in  granular 
limestone ;  in  Cornwall  in  many  of  the  mines  near  Redruth, 
the  consolidated  mines,  Wheal  Buller  near  the  Lizard  in  serpen¬ 
tine  ;  Mansfield,  Kamsdorf ;  Chessy  near  Lyons  in  France  ; 
Spain;  Fahlun  in  Sweden;  Roraas  in  Norway ;  Hudson’s 
Bay ;  in  large  blocks  to  the  south  of  Lake  Superior  ;  in  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey;  Cuba;  in  the  Brazils 
and  Chile,  often  in  large  masses  ;  China,  J apan  ;  Rheinbreitbach 
near  Neuwied;  Nassau;  the  mining  districts  of  Saxony;  with 
prehnite  in  amygdaloidal  rocks  at  Oberstein,  beautifully  crys¬ 
tallized  ;  with  chabasie  in  Naalsoe,  Sandoe,  in  the  Faroe  Isles ; 
in  Zell,  one  of  the  Shetlands,  in  serpentine,  and  in  Mainland 
in  red  sand-stone.  Copper  crystallizes  from  fusion  in  cubes 
and  octahedrons  ;  occurs  in  octahedral  crystals  in  artificial 
avanturine  ;  is  deposited  from  sulphate  of  copper  on  iron  and 
sometimes  on  wood. 


130 


METALS. 


21.  IRON. — Native  iron  ;  Phillips.  Per  natif ;  Hauy. 
Oktaedrisches  Eisen ;  Mohs.  Eisen ;  Hausmann,  Hai dinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100  cleavage,  o  in.  eig.  120. 


act  90  0 

/ 


O 

06  70  32 

oa  54  44 


Cleavage  a ,  seldom  perceptible,  and 
difficult  to  obtain.  Practure  hackly. 

Surface  rough.  Opaque.  Lustre  me¬ 
tallic.  Light  steel-grey.  Streak  the 
same,  bright.  Highly  magnetic.  Ductile,  h 
7-0.. .7‘8. 


=  4'5.  G  = 


Pusible  with  great  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Pe,  iron. 


Iron  of  terrestrial  origin  is  almost  quite  pure,  or  contains  a 
small  admixture  of  other  metals,  but  without  nickel. 

Metallic  iron  has  been  found  in  a  vein  at  Oulle  near  Alle- 
mont  in  Dauphine ;  in  lava  at  Grraveneire  in  Auvergne ;  in 
thin  flexible  leaves  in  the  iron-stone  conglomerate  near  Itabira 
do  Matto  Dentro  in  the  Brazils.  It  is  also  said  to  have  been 
found  at  Pen-Yan  in  Yates  county  in  the  United  States.  A 
mass,  consisting  of  iron,  92‘5,  lead,  6"0,  copper,  1*6,  according 
to  Klaproth,  wras  found  with  magnetite  at  Gross  Kamsdorf  not 
far  from  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia. 

Iron  frequently  crystallizes  in  octahedrons  after  fusion. 
After  long-continued  exposure  to  a  high  temperature,  but 
lower  than  that  at  which  iron  fuses,  it  becomes  cleavable  in 
three  directions,  making  right  angles  with  each  other. 

Meteoric  iron  contains  nickel,  cobalt,  and  some  other  metals. 


Analyses  of  meteoric  iron  a ,  b  from  Bohumilitz,  c  of  the 
Pallas  iron,  d  from  Elbogen,  all  by  Berzelius  ;  e,  f  from  Clair- 
borne  in  Alabama,  the  former  by  Jackson,  the  latter  by 
Hayes : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

G 

7-61  . 

.  .  7’71 

— 

7-74 

— 

— 

Iron  . 

92-473 

93*775 

88-042 

88*231 

66-561 

83-572 

Nickel 

6-667 

3-812 

10*732 

8*517 

24-708 

12-665 

Cobalt 

0-235 

0-213 

0’455 

0-762 

- 

Copper 

— 

(and  tin 

0-66) 

sulphur 

4-000 

, 

Manganese 

— 

— 

0‘132  and  chrome  3 "240 

MM 

a 


b 


IRON. 


e 


131 


Magnesium 
Carbon 
Insoluble  . 


c 

0-050 
0.043 

1.625  2’200  0-480 


d 


0-279  — 

(chlorine  1*480 
2-211  TeS 


/ 

0-907) 

2.395 


Analyses  of  the  residue  in  b,  c,  d,  insoluble  in  nitric  and 
hydrochloric  acids,  by  Berzelius  ;  n  of  the  white,  flexible, 
magnetic  scales  h  =  6-5,  G  =  7m... 7*22,  (schreibersite)  found 
in  the  Arva  meteoric  iron,  by  A.  Patera: — 


. 

b 

C 

d 

n 

Iron  . 

.  65-987 

48*67 

68-11 

87-20 

Nickel 

.  15-008 

18*33  1 

17’72 

4-24 

Magnesium 

Phosphorus 

.  14-023 

9-66  J 
18-47 

14-17 

7-26 

Silicon 

2-037 

— 

— 

■ 

Carbon 

1-422 

— 

— 

traces 

Analyses  of  iron  g  from  Hrascliina,  h  from  the  Cape,  i  from 
Lenarto,  all  by  Wehrle;  Jc  of  the  magnetic  particles  dissemi¬ 
nated  through  a  meteoric  stone  which  fell  at  Klein  AVenden, 
near  Nordhausen,  on  the  16th  of  September,  1813;  l  of  the 
magnetic  portions  of  a  meteorite  which  fell  at  Nashville,  in 
Tenessee,  in  May,  1827,  both  by  Bammelsberg ;  m  of  the  mag¬ 
netic  portions  of  a  stone  which  fell  near  Utrecht  on  the  2nd  oi 
June,  1843,  by  Baumhauer : — 


9 

h 

G 

7'78 

7*66 

Iron  . 

89-784 

85-608 

Nickel 

8-886 

12-275 

Cobalt 

0-667 

0-887 

Copper 

— 

— — » 

Tin 

— 

‘ 

Phosphorus  . 

— 

— 

i 

7c 

l 

m 

7'79 

7*513 

— 

— 

90-883 

88-980 

85*00 

86-64 

8-450 

10-351 

13-01 

13-04 

0-665 

— 

1-42 

— 

0'002 

0-213  ] 
0-349  J 

t  0-57 

0-27 

0*107 

— 

0*05 

The  meteoric  iron  found  at  Seelasgen,  G  —  7*7345,  consists, 
according  to  the  analysis  by  Bammelsberg,  of— iron,  with  a 
small  quantity  of  manganese,  92-327,  nickel  6’228,  cobalt  o  667, 
copper  and  tin  0'049,  silica  0  026,  carbon  0*520,  remainder  o  1 83. 
It1  contains  grains  of  a  brownish-yellow  substance,  soluble  m 
hydrochloric  acid,  G  =  4’787,  consisting  ot— sulphur  28-155, 
iron  65-816,  nickel  and  cobalt  rs7l,  copper  0*666,  oxide  ot 
chrome  1*858,  protoxide  of  iron  0-874.  The  insoluble  remainder 
is  a  mixture  of  silica,  scales  of  graphite,  and  bright  silver-white 
very  magnetic  acicular  crystals,  which  consist  approximately  ot 
-sulphur  o-26,  phosphorus  6‘13,  iron  59-23,  nickel  26-78,  copper 
0*78  tin  0"20,  with  a  mechanical  mixture  ot  carbon  6  62. 

G  6 


132 


METALS. 


According  to  Rammelsberg,  100  parts  of  the  Klein  Wenden 
meteorite  consisted  of  alloy  of  iron  and  nickel  22*904,  magnetic 
iron  pyrites  5*615,  chromite  1*040,  olivine  38*014,  labradorite 
12*732,  augite  19*704.  The  analysis  tc  of  the  alloy  of  nickel  and 
iron  has  already  been  given.  The  remaining  simple  minerals 
are  composed  as  follows : — 


Chromite. 

Oxide  of  chrome  .  59*85 
Protoxide  of  iron  .  27*93 
Magnesia  .  .  12*22 


Labradorite. 


Silica 

.  16*28 

Alumina  . 

9*08 

Lime 

3*84 

Potash 

0*92 

Soda 

0*71 

Olivine. 


Silica 

39*60 

Magnesia  . 

47*37 

Lime 

2*12 

Protoxide  of  iron 

10*72 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

0*19 

Augite. 

Silica 

54*64 

Magnesia  . 

23*69 

Lime 

2*01 

Protoxide  of  iron 

19*67 

Of  100  parts  of  the  Juvenas  meteorite,  36*77  were  capable  of 
being  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  and  63*23  were  not 
capable  o±  being  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  The  ana¬ 
lyses  ol  these  two  portions,  by  Rammelsberg,  gave  respec- 
* 


Silica 

.  44*38 

Alumina  . 

.  33*73 

Red  oxide  of  iron 

3*29 

Lime 

.  18*07 

Magnesia 

0*36 

Soda 

1*03 

Potash 

0*33 

Phosphoric  acid 

0*54 

Sulphide  of  iron 

0*71 

Silica 

.  52*07 

Alumina 

.  .  0*24 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  30*81 

Lime 

5*68 

Magnesia  . 

9*98 

Soda  . 

0*41 

Chromite  . 

2*13 

Titanic  acid 

0*16 

This  meteorite  may  be  regarded  as  consisting  of: _ 

Christianite  ..... 

Augite.  • 

Chromite  ..... 

Sulphide  of  iron  .... 

Compounds  containing  phosphorus  and  titanium 


36*75 

60*00 

1*50 

0*25 

1*50 


When  a  polished  surface  of  meteoric  iron  is  immersed  in 
nitric  acid,  different  portions  of  the  surface  are  unequally  acted 

°n  *Y  ^  aCId’  Prod?cmg  a  series  of  deeply  etched  lines  in 
three  different  directions,  broad  spaces  less  deeply  etched 


IRON. 


133 


tlian  the  lines,  and  narrow  bands  between  the  deep  lines  and 
broad  shallow  spaces,  which  appear  to  be  Ter y  slightly,  or  not 
at  all  acted  on  by  the  acid,  preserving  their  polish,  and  contain 
a  larger  proportion  of  nickel  than  the  rest  of  the  mass.  A 
portion  of  the  Pallas  iron,  after  being  acted  upon  by  dilute 
acid,  left  a  porous  skeleton,  consisting  of — iron  57*18,  nickel 
34*00,  magnesium  4*52,  tin  and  copper  3‘75,  carbon  0*55.  The 
parts  of  the  surface  on  which  the  acid  acts  most,  contain  the 
smallest  proportion  of  nickel. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  masses  of  meteoric  iron  are — 
the  Pallas  iron,  weighing  originally  1600  ifes,  found  in  1749,  be¬ 
tween  Krasnojarsk  and  Abakansk  in  Siberia,  in  structure 
resembling  a  coarse  sponge,  the  cavities  of  which  are  filled  with 
olivine  ;  a  mass  of  30,000  lbs  weight  by  estimation,  found  by  Don 
Rubin  de  Celis,  in  1783,  in  the  province  of  Tueuman  in  South 
America  ;  the  ‘  verwiinschte  Burggraf,’  of  Elbogen  in  Bo¬ 
hemia,  weighing  230  lbs  ;  a  mass  weighing  86  lbs,  which  was  seen 
to  fall  on  the  26th  of  May,  1751,  at  Hraschina,  near  Agram  in 
Croatia ;  a  mass  supposed  to  weigh  17,300  lbs,  discovered,  in 
1784,  on  the  Riacho  de  Bemdego  in  the  Brazils  ;  one  of  300  lbs 
weight,  found,  in  1793,  between  the  great  Eish  river  and  Graf 
Reynet  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  one  of  above  3000  lbs,  from 
the  Red  River  in  America,  exhibiting  octahedral  crystals  ; 
another,  or  else  part  of  the  preceding,  from  the  Red  River,  in 
which  B.  Silliman  and  Hunt  found  a  small  quantity  of  chlorine  ; 
a  mass  weighing  240  lbs,  found,  in  1814,  at  Lenarto,  in  the  county 
of  Saross  in  Hungary ;  one  of  3300  lbs,  found,  in  1805,  at  Bit- 
burg  in  the  district  of  Treves  ;  one  of  127  lbs,  found,  in  1829,  at 
Bohumilitz  in  Bohemia  ;  iron  containing  cavities  filled  with 
olivine,  found  at  Steinbach,  between  Eibenstock  and  Johann- 
georgenstadt,  in  Saxony  ;  300  lbs  of  iron,  of  sponge-like  structure, 
containing  olivine,  found,  in  1827,  near  the  village  of  St.  Pedro 
in  Atacama  in  Peru  ;  a  mass  of  from  30,000  to  40,000  lbs,  found 
at  Durango  in  Mexico  ;  others,  one  of  which  weighed  18  lbs, 
32  feet  beneath  the  surface  in  the  gold  stream-works  of  Petro- 
pawlowsk,  370  miles  south-east  of  Ivusnezk,  and  in  small  masses 
in  considerable  abundance  in  the  Magura  mountains  near 
Szlanicz  in  Hungary  ;  a  piece  of  iron  weighing  40  lbs,  found  at 
Clairborne  in  Alabama,  in  which  chlorine  was  first  detected  by 
Jackson  ;  two  masses,  one  52  lbs,  the  other  37  lbs,  which  were  seen 
to  fall  early  in  the  morning  of  July  14th,  1847,  at  Braunau  in 
Bohemia,  consisting,  according  to  the  analysis  by  Eischer  and 
Duflos,  of— iron  91*882,  nickel  6*517,  cobalt  0*529,  copper,  man¬ 
ganese  and  arsenic  2*072,  calcium,  magnesium,  silicon,  carbon, 
chlorine,  sulphur  and  chrome  2*072.  _  A  remainder,  amounting  to 
1*3  per  cent.,  insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  composed  of  greyish- 
white,  bright,  magnetic  plates,  mingled  with  a  black  amorphous 


134 


TELLTJRIDES. 


powder,  consists  of — iron  56*430,  nickel  25‘015,  phosphorus 
11*722,  chrome  2*850,  carbon  1*156,  silica  0*985. 

It  occurs  also,  together  with  magnetic  pyrites,  disseminated 
in  the  greater  number,  though  not  in  all,  of  the  meteoric  stones 
which  have  been  preserved.  These  consist  of  various  silicates, 
among  which  olivine,  augite,  amphibole,  labrador,  christianite, 
albite  are  found,  and  contain,  in  variable  proportions,  iron  and 
nickel,  with  small  quantities  of  carbon,  sulphur,  phosphorus, 
magnesium,  cobalt,  tin,  copper,  with  phosphurets  of  iron,  nickel, 
magnesium,  magnetic  pyrites,  magnetite,  chromite,  &c.  Iron 
has  been  found  in  those  of  which  the  times  and  places  of  fall 
are  as  follows  : — 

Ensisheim  in  Alsace,  November  7th,  1492  ;  Maurkirchen  in 
the  Circle  of  the  Inn,  November  20th,  1786  ;  Eichstadt  in 
Bavaria,  February  19th,  1785  ;  Barbotan  in  France,  July  24th, 
1790;  Siena  in  Italy,  June  16th,  1794;  Wold  Cottage  in 
Yorkshire,  December  13th,  1795  ;  Krakhut  near  Benares, 
December  13th,  1798  ;  l’Aigle  in  Normandy,  April  26th, 
1803  ;  Timochin  in  Bussia,  March  13th,  1807  ;  Erxleben  in 
Prussian  Saxony,  April  5th,  1812  ;  Chantonnay  in  La  Vendee, 
August  5th,  1812 ;  Brasky  in  the  county  of  Limerick,  Sep¬ 
tember  10th,  1813  ;  Lixna  near  Diinaburg  in  Bussia,  July  12th, 
1820 ;  Bichmond,  Chesterfield  county  in  the  state  of  Virginia, 
June  4th,  1828  ;  Wessely  in  the  circle  of  Hradish  in  Moravia, 
September  9th,  1831 ;  Blansko  in  Moravia,  November  25th, 
1833  ;  Macao  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Assu  in  the  Brazils, 
December  11th,  1836  ;  Gross-Divina  near  Budetin  in  the 
county  of  Trentschin  in  Hungary,  July  24th,  1837 ;  Griine- 
berg  in  Silesia,  March  22  nd,  1841 ;  Chateau  Beynard  in 
France,  June  12th,  1841 ;  Milena  in  the  county  of  Warasdin 
in  Croatia,  April  26th,  1842  ;  Werchne  Tschirskaja  Stanitza  on 
the  Don,  October  30th,  1843. 


TELLTTRIDES. 

22.  SYLVANITE. — Graphic  tellurium  ;  Phillips.  Tellur 
natif  auro-argentifere  ;  ILauy.  Prismaticher  Antimon-Glanz  ; 
Mohs.  Schrift-tellur  (in  part)  ;  Hausmann.  Sylvanit ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  48°  28' ;  101,001  =  31°  26' ;  110,100  =  55°  24;. 
a  100,  b  010,  G  001,  d  Oil,  X  032,  G  101,  f  201, 

9  301>  ^  401,  m  no,  n  210,  v  310,  r  111,  s  112,  t  332, 

O  113,  ^  114,  l  211,  U  213,  W  318,  p  314,  i  312,  y  132. 


be 

90° 

o' 

ca 

90 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

n 

66 

7 

Me 

47 

46 

db 

48 

28 

dd' 

83 

4 

xb 

36 

58 

XX 

106 

4 

ea 

68 

34 

ee 

62 

52 

fa 

39 

17 

r 

101 

25 

ga 

28 

37 

99 

122 

46 

ma 

65 

24 

mm 

69 

12 

na 

35 

56 

nri 

108 

8 

va 

25 

47 

vv 

128 

26 

ra 

65 

25 

rb 

52 

55 

rc 

47 

6 

fig.  121. 


■b' 


SYLVANITE.  135 


sa 

74° 

24' 

la 

47° 

33' 

sb 

67 

3 

lb 

60 

43 

sc 

28 

17 

Ic 

56 

28 

oa 

78 

57 

ica 

77 

10 

ob 

73 

52 

wb 

83 

50 

oc 

19 

44 

ICC 

14 

17 

qa 

81 

31 

pa 

65 

63 

qb 

77 

39 

pb 

78 

37 

qc 

15 

4 

pc 

26 

59 

ta 

61 

8 

ia 

60 

2 

tb 

45 

36 

ib 

71 

55 

tc 

68 

13 

ic 

45 

31 

ua 

68 

40 

ya 

79 

35 

ub 

74 

43 

yb 

38 

12 

uc 

26 

42 

yc 

91 

56 

FIG.  122. 


V 


Cleavage,  c.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Bustre  metallic. 
Steel-grey. .  .tin- white,  silver-white,  sometimes  inclining  to  brass- 
yellow.  Streak  the  same.  Sectile.  h  =  r5...2’0.  G  =  7’99 
...8*33. 

In  the  open  tube,  yields  a  sublimate  of  tellurous  acid, 
which,  when  heated,  melts  into  clear  drops.  Before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  on  charcoal  imparts  a  greenish-blue  colour  to  the  flame, 
deposits  a  white  sublimate  on  the  charcoal,  and  melts  into  a 
dark-grey  bead,  which,  witli  soda,  yields  a  globule,  ol  an  a  oy 
of  gold  and  silver.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  with  the  ex- 
eeption  of  the  gold.  Is  decomposed  by  nitro-muriatic  acid, 
leaving  chloride  of  silver. 


136 


TELLIIEIDES. 


Analyses  a  by  Klaproth  ; 

Gold  . 

Silver 
Lead  . 

Copper 
Tellurium  . 

Antimony  . 


b,  c  by  Petz : — 


a 

b 

C 

30-00 

26-97 

26*47 

lO'OO 

11*47 

11*31 

— 

0-25 

2*75 

— 

0*76 

— 

60-00 

59*97 

58-81 

— 

0-58 

0*66 

Analyses  of  the  variety  called  ‘  weisstellur,’  cl  by  Klaproth  ; 
e:f  9  iu  crystals  from  Nagyag,  h ,  k  massive,  all  by  Petz : — 


Gold  . 

Silver 

Lead 

Tellurium 

Antimony 


d  e 

20*76  24-89 

8‘50  14-68 

19-60  2*64 

44-75  55-39 

—  2-50 


/  9 

28-98  27*10 

10-69  7-47 

3-51  8-16 

48*40  51-52 

8-42  6*75 


h  7c 

25-31  29-62 

10-40  2'78 

11*21  13*82 

44*54  49*96 

8-54  3*82 


In  crystals  and  columnar  and  granular  masses. 

Is  found  in  veins  in  porphyry,  with  gold  and  nagyagite,  at 
Offenbanya  and  Nagyag  in  Transylvania. 

The  angles  ot  syl'vanite  given  above  are  deduced  from  the 
measurements  of  some  crystals  from  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection. 


23.  PETZITE. — Argent  tellure  ;  Dufrenoy.  TJntheilbares 
tellur ;  Mohs.  Tellur  silber  ;  Hausmann.  Petzit ;  Haidinger. 

A  specimen  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  cabinet  has  some  crystals  upon 
it,  which  have  three  faces  apparently  at  right  angles  to  each 
other,  possibly  those  of  a  cube. 

Eracture  even.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Between  lead- 
grey  and  steel-grey.  Streak  the  same.  Malleable,  h  =  2*5 
...  3'0.  G  ==  8-31  ...8-83. 

In  the  open  tube  melts  and  yields  a  slight  sublimate  of  tel- 
lurious  acid.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal,  at  a  white 
heat,  is  volatilized,  leaving  a  brittle  globule  of  silver.  In  the 
matrass  with  soda  and  powdered  charcoal,  at  a  red  heat,  yields 
telluride  of  sodium,  which  with  water  forms  a  yellow  solution. 
Soluble  in  hot  nitric  acid;  after  standing  some  time,  the  solu¬ 
tion  deposits  crystals  of  telluriite  of  oxide  of  silver. 

.  AgTe,  silver,  62*77  ;  tellurium,  37‘23.  A  considerable  por¬ 
tion  of  the  silver  is  sometimes  replaced  by  gold. 

Analyses  of  petzite  a,  b  from  Siberia  (g  =  8*412... 8*565),  by 
G.  Bose,  c  from  Nagyag  (g  =  8-31.. .8-45),  d  from  NaJyai 
(g  =  8-72... 8*83),  both  by  Petz 


1ntAGYAGITE. 


137 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Silver 

62-42 

62-32 

61-55 

46-76 

Gold 

— 

— 

0-69 

18-26 

Tellurium 

36-96 

36*89 

37-76 

34-98 

Iron 

0-24 

0-50 

trace 

trace 

Lead,  sulphur  . 

— 

— 

trace 

trace 

Occurs  in  granular  masses,  with  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  and 
blende  in  talk-slate,  in  the  Sawodinski  mine  near  Barnaul  in 
Siberia  ;  also  at  Nagyag  in  Transylvania. 


24.  ALTAITE. — Plomb  tellure';  Dufrenoy.  Hexaedrisches 
tellur  ;  Mohs.  Tellurblei ;  Hausmann.  Altaite ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100  cleavage. 

ad  90°  o'. 

Cleavage  a  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven. 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Tin-white, 
slightly  inclining  to  yellow.  Streak  the  same.  Sectile. 
H  —  3’0.. .3‘5.  G  =  8-159. 

Melts  in  the  matrass,  colouring  the  glass  yellow  where  it 
touches  it.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe  in  the  inner  flame  into 
a  globule  which  is  volatilized,  leaving  a  minute  portion  of  silver. 
The  globule  is  surrounded  by  a  bright  ring  of  telluride  of  lead, 
and,  beyond  the  ring,  by  a  brownish-yellow  sublimate,  which  is 
dissipated  by  heat,  and  imparts  a  blue  colour  to  the  blowpipe 
flame.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

PbTe,  lead,  619  ;  tellurium,  38-1. 

Analysis  by  G.  Bose : — 

Lead  . 60-35 

Silver  . 1'28 

Tellurium  ....  38*37 

Is  found  with  petzite  in  the  Sawodinski  mine  near  Barnaul 
in  the  Altai. 

25.  NAGYAGITE. — Black  tellurium  ;  Phillips.  Tellure 
natif  auro-plcmbifere  ;  Hauy.  Pyramidaler  Eutom-Glanz  ; 
Mohs.  Blattertellur ;  Hausmann.  Nagyagit ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  61°  23'. 
a  100,  c  001,  m  no,  e  101,  r  111. 


138 


TELLTJEIDES. 


EIG.  124.  FIG.  125. 

ac  90°  o' 

ad  90  o 

ma  45  o 

ec  61  23 

rc  68  66 

re  41  17 

ee  76  46 

rr'  82  34 

Combinations,  cma,  crs. 

Cleavage.  c,  very  perfect.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Blackish  lead-grey.  Streak  the  same.  In  thin  leaves  very 
flexible.  Very  sectile.  h  =  l*o  ...  1*8.  G  =  7*0  ...  7*2. 

In  the  open  tube  emits  a  dense  vapour  and  sulphurous  acid, 
deposits  a  grey  fusible  sublimate  of  tellurate  of  oxide  of  lead 
close  to  the  assay,  and  a  white  sublimate  of  tellurous  acid  at  a 
greater  distance.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  easily, 
emits  fumes,  and  deposits  upon  the  charcoal  a  yellow  sublimate, 
which  disappears  in  the  inner  flame,  imparting  to  it  a  blue 
colour.  After  long  exposure  to  the  flame,  a  malleable  globule 
of  gold  is  left.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  with  the  exception  of  the 
gold. 

Analyses  of  nagyagite  from  Nagyag  a  by  Klaproth,  b  by 


Brandes,  c  by  Bertliier 

a 

b 

c 

Lead 

.  54-0 

55*49 

63*1 

Gold 

9'0 

8*44 

6*7 

Silver 

0’5 

trace 

— 

Copper  . 

1’3 

1*14 

ro 

Tellurium 

.  32*2 

31*96 

13*0 

Antimony 

.  — 

— 

4*5 

Sulphur  . 

3‘0 

3*07 

11*7 

Petz  found  in  three  varieties  8 ’54, 

7*81,  6*48 

per  cent,  of  gold, 

and  only  slight  traces  of  silver. 

In  attached  crystals, 

seldom ;  usually  in 

lamellar  masses, 

and  disseminated. 

Is  found  in  veins  with  sylvanite,  gold,  pyrite,  blende,  anti- 
monite,  quartz,  brown  spar,  at  JNagyag  and  Offenbanya  in  Tran¬ 
sylvania. 


26.  TETBADYMITE. — Bornine  ;  Beudant.  Bhomboe- 
drischer  Eutom-Glanz  ;  Mohs.  Tetradymit;  Ilausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  74°  44'. 
o  ill,  r  loo,  s  In,  z  211  twin-face. 


TELLUEWISMUTII. 


139 


FIG.  126. 


ZO  42°  30' 
TO  74  44 

SO  82  14 

rr'  113  20 

ss'  118  12 

sr  69  6 


Combinations,  or,  ors.  Twins.  Twin-face  z.  Usually  one 
individual  is  united  to  each  of  three  others  according  to  this 
law\  The  faces  r,  s  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with 
o.  Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Lead- 
grey  inclining  to  tin-white,  steel-grey  inclining  to  red.  Streak 
the  same.  Lather  sectile.  In  thin  leaves,  flexible  or  elastic. 


H  =  1-0...1*6.  G  =  7'4.. .7-5. 

In  the  open  tube  melts,  emits  wliite  fumes,  and  deposits  a 
fusible  sublimate  of  tellurous  acid,  and  close  to  the  assay  a  red 
sublimate  of  selenium,  which  may  also  be  recognised  by  the 
smell.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  easily  into  a 
bright  metallic  globule,  emitting  a  smell  of  sulphur  and  se¬ 
lenium,  and  imparting  a  blue  colour  to  the  flame.  A  yellow 
sublimate  is  deposited  near  the  assay  surrounded  l)y  a  blue 
sublimate.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  with  the  exception  of  the 
sulphur. 


Analyses  of  tetradymite  from  Schubkau,  a  by  AVehrle,  h  by 
Berzelius,  c  by  Uruschauer : — 


Bismuth 

Tellurium 

Sulphur 

Selenium 


a 

b 

C 

69-84 

68-74 

69-2 

35*24 

36-32 

35'8 

4-92 

4-35 

4-6 

trace 

— 

— 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  granular  masses  in  a  cleft  in  a  tra- 
chytic  conglomerate,  at  Schubkau,  near  Czernowitz,  not  tar 
from  Schemnitz,  in  Hungary. 

The  value  of  ro  in  tetradymite  is  rather  uncertain,  being 
deduced  from  the  angle  between  the  faces  o  of  two  individuals 
of  a  presumed  twin  crystal,  which  Haidinger  found  —  85  nearly. 
The  isomorphism  of  bismuth  and  tellurium  renders  it  probable 
that  they  are  capable  of  crystallizing  together  in  all  proportions, 
and  that  the  sulphur,  selenium,  and  silver  are  accidental  in  this 
and  the  following  species,  which,  in  that  case,  should  be  united. 


27.  TELLUEWISMUTH.  —  Elastischer  Eutom-Glanz  ; 
Mohs,  Molybdansilber,  Haidinger. 


140 


ANTIMONTDES, 


Bhombohedral. 
o  ill,  b  211. 

FIG.  127. 


bo  90°  o' 

bb"  60  0 

Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic.  Light  steel-grey.  Streak 
the  same.  Iu  thin  leaves,  elastic.  H  = 
2-5.  G  =  8’44. 


Analysis  by  Wehrle: — 


Bismuth  .  .  ,  .  61 ’15 

Tellurium  .  .  .  29 ‘74 

Sulphur  .  .  .  2 ’33 

Selenium  ....  trace 
Silver  ....  2-07 


Is  found  in  cleavable  masses  at  Deutsch-Pilsen  near  Gran 
in  Hungary. 

Minerals  allied  probably  either  to  tetradymite  or  tellurwis- 
muth  (if  they  are  distinct  species)  are  found  in  the  Gregory 
Nazianzen  mine,  in  the  Feritsel  mountains,  not  far  from 
Pojana  in  Transylvania,  in  chlorite  state  at  Kakova  near 
Bimaszombath  in  the  county  of  Gomor  in  Hungary,  Telle- 
marken  in  Norway?  the  Bastnas  mine  at  Biddahrhytta  in 
Sweden?  and  in  Cumberland.  A  mineral  from  S.  Jose. in  the 
Brazils  was  found  by  Damour  to  consist  of  bismuth  79- 15,  tel¬ 
lurium  15‘93,  sulphur  3’15,  selenium.  A  mineral  from  White¬ 
hall  mine  in  Virginia,  analyzed  by  C.  Fisher,  contained — 
bismuth  51'65,  tellurium  35- 7 7,  selenium  6-81,  iron  1-25,  silica  3-86. 
According  to  C.  T.  Jackson  it  consists  of  tellurium  35*05,  bis¬ 
muth  58-80,  sulphur  3*65,  gold,  oxide  of  iron,  silica  2*70. 


ANTIMONIDES. 

28.  ANTIMON SILBEE.  —  Antimonial  silver;  Phillips. 
Argent  antimonial ;  Ilauy.  Prismatisches  antimon  ;  Mohs. 
Antimonsilber ;  Hausmann,  Ilaidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  40°  4l' ;  101,001  =  33°  53' ;  110,100  =  60°  o'. 

a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  d  oil,  e  101,  p  201,  m  110, 
n  210,  q  310,  r  510,  y  111,  z  112,  s  313. 


ANTIMONSILBER. 


141 


do 

49° 

19' 

eb 

CO 

o 

o 

o' 

zb 

o 

I— 1 

CO 

8' 

be 

90 

0 

zc 

33 

53 

sa 

57 

57 

ec 

33 

53 

yc 

53 

20 

sc 

37 

47 

pe 

53 

20 

me 

90 

0 

yy 

47 

38 

ac 

90 

0 

za 

73 

49 

yy" 

88 

0 

mb 

30 

0 

nb 

49 

6 

rrn.  129. 

qb 

60 

0 

Combinations,  yc ,  em,  yep,  cma ,  ybq,  arnez,  czypma.  The 
faces  c  are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  a.  Twins. 
Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  c,  e,  distinct ;  m,  imperfect.  Fracture 
uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver-white,  inclining  to 
tin-white.  Streak  the  same.  Sectile.  h  =  3'5.  g  =  9*4... 9*8. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  oxide  of  antimony  ;  the  residuum  is 
surrounded  by  a  dark  yellow  glass.  Melts  easily  before  the 
blowpipe,  emits  fumes,  and  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of 
antimony  on  the  charcoal,  leaving  a  malleable  globule  ol  silver. 
Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  ol  oxide  oi 
antimony  undissolved. 

Ag4Sb,  silver  76*99,  antimony  23*01. 


Analyses  of  antimonial  silver  from  Andreasberg  a  by  Abich, 
b  by  Vauquelin,  c  from  Andreasberg,  d  from  Wolfach,  both  by 
Klaproth : — 

abed 

Silver  .  .  75*25  78*00  77*00  76*00 

Antimony  .  24*25  22*00  23*00  24*00 

In  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  veins  in  granite,  porphyry,  and  crystalline  slate 
rocks,  accompanied  by  silver,  ruby-silver,  arsenic,  arsenical 


142 


ARSENIDES. 


pyrites,  galena,  calcite.  Is  found  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Hartz, 
Guadalcanal  in  Spain,  Allemont  in  France,  Mexico,  and  for¬ 
merly  at  Altwolfach  in  Baden. 

The  arsenical  silver  of  Andreasberg  and  Guadalcanal  is  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  a  mechanical  mixture  of  antimonsilber  with  arsenic 
or  arsenical  pyrites. 


29.  BBEITHAITPTITE. — Nickel  antimonial  ;  Dufrenoy. 
Antimon  nickel ;  Mohs,  Hausmann.  Breithauptit ;  Haidinger. 


Bhombohedral. 

100,111 

59 

o  ill,  a  oil, 

i  231, 

IV 

ao 

90° 

o' 

ad 

60 

0 

io 

26 

22 

ii 

25 

40 

wo 

56 

5 

ww 

49 

2 

EIG.  130. 


Fracture  uneven... conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Light  copper-red.  Acquires  a  violet  tarnish.  Streak  reddish- 
brown.  Brittle,  h  =  5*o.  g  =  7*541. 

When  heated  in  the  open  tube,  a  little  antimony  sublimes. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  deposits  a  copious  sublimate  of 
oxide  of  antimony,  leaving  a  residue  of  nickel  fusible  with  great 
difficulty.  Easily  and  completely  soluble  in  nitromuriatic  acid. 

Ni2Sb,  nickel  31 ’43,  antimony  68*57. 


Analyses  by  Stromeyer  : — 

Nickel 

.  28*95 

27*05 

Iron  . 

0*87 

0*84 

Antimony  . 

.  63*73 

59*71 

Sulphuret  of  lead 

6*44 

12*36 

The  sulphuret  of  lead  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  a 
mechanical  admixture  of  galena. 

Is  found  in  thin  tabular  crystals,  dendritic  and  disseminated, 
at  Andreasberg,  with  smaltine,  galena,  blende,  pyrargyrite,  and 
arsenic. 


ARSENIDES. 

30.  KT7PFEKNICKEL. — Copper  nickel ;  Phillips.  Nickel 
arsenical ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Nickel- Kies  ;  Mohs.  Kupfer- 
nickel;  Hausmann.  Nickelin ;  Haidinger. 


KUPFERTTICKEL. 


143 


Bhombohedral.  loo.lll  =  58°  36r-5. 

o  ill,  a  oiT,  x  120.  The  face  x  truncates  the  edge  oa. 

eig.  131. 

ao  90°  o 

aa!  60  o 

XO  43  25 

xa  46  35 

xxf  41  12 

XX"  73  0 

Combination,  ox.  Fracture  conchoidal. ..uneven.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic.  Copper-red  ;  acquires  a  grey  or  blackish 
tarnish  by  exposure.  Streak  brownish-black.  Brittle,  h  =  5’5. 
G  =  7*2. ..7*8. 

In  the  matrass  yields  no  sublimate.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  melts,  with  evolution  of  arsenical  vapour,  into  a  brittle 
white  metallic  globule.  Boasted  in  an  open  tube,  yields  a  sub¬ 
limate  of  arsenious  acid,  and  changes  gradually  into  a  green 
earthy  mass,  which  fuses  with  soda  and  a  little  borax  into 
a  white,  magnetic,  metallic  globule. 

In  powder,  soluble  in  concentrated  nitric  acid,  depositing 
arsenious  acid,  more  readily  soluble  in  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
hydrochloric  acids.  The  solution  is  green. 


Hi2 As,  nickel  44 ‘02,  arsenic  55'98. 

Analyses  of  kupfernickel  a  from  Bieclielsdorf,  by  Stro- 
meyer ;  b  from  Ostre  Langoe  near  Krageroe  (o  =  7*663)  by 
Scheerer ;  c  from  Biechelsdorf,  by  Suckow ;  d  from  Oyer  in 
the  valley  of  Annivier  in  Wallis,  massive  (g  =  7'39)  by  Ebel- 
men;  e  from  the  Bohnard  mine  near  Olpe  in  Westphalia,  by 
Schnabel : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Nickel  . 

.  44-21 

44-98 

45-76 

43*50 

45-37 

Iron 

0-34 

0-21 

2-70 

0-45 

— 

Copper  . 

.  — 

o-ii 

(cobalt 

0-32) 

1-44 

Lead 

0-32 

— 

antimony 

0-05 

— 

Arsenic  . 

.  54-73 

54-35 

53*69 

54-05 

52-71 

Sulphur 

0-40 

0-14 

0-15 

2*18 

0*48 

Occurs  in  veins,  seldom  in  beds,  in  granite,  clay  slate,  and 
transition  rocks  ;  in  copper-slate,  associated  with  smaltine 
with  which  it  is  frequently  intermixed;  sometimes  with  ram- 
melsbergite  bismuth,  silver,  arsenic,  ruby-silver,  galena,  with 
baryte,  calcite,  siderite,  quartz. 

Is  found  at  Schneeberg,  Annaberg,  Marienberg,  Freiberg, 


144 


AKSEKEDES. 


Gersdorf  in  Saxony ;  Joachimsthal  and  Michelsberg  in  Bo¬ 
hemia  ;  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia  ;  Biechelsdorf  and  Bieber  in 
ITessia  ;  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz  ;  Wittichen  and  W olfach 
in  Baden  ;  Allemont  in  Dauphine  ;  Schladming  in  Stiria  ; 
Orawitza  in  the  Banat  ;  in  Spain  ;  in  the  copper  mines  of 
[Frederick  county  and  at  Chatham  in  Connecticut ;  Pengelly 
and  Huelchance  mines,  Cornwall  ;  Leadhills  and  Wardock 
head,  and  in  the  carboniferous  limestone  of  Linlithgowshire. 

In  the  preparation  of  cobalt,  an  arsenide  of  nickel  is 
formed,  the  crystals  of  which  belong  to  the  pyramidal  system. 
c  001,  e  101,  r  ill.  (fig.  125.)  ec  =  57°  49'*5,  ee'  =  73°  32', 
re  —  40°  is',  rc  —  66°  l'.  mAs.  According  to  the  analysis 
by  "Wohler,  consists  of  nickel  54*13,  arsenic  45*87. 

m 

31.  EAMMELSBEBGITE. — Nickel  arsenical  blanc  ;  Du- 
frenoy.  Weissnickelerz ;  Hausmann,  Bammelsbergit,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  d  oil. 

aar  90°  o'  dd'  60°  o' 

oo'  70  32  da  45  0  (figs.  114.  104.) 

oa  54  44 

Traces  of  cleavage.  Eracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Tin-white.  Acquires  first  a  greyish  and  afterwards 
blackish  tarnish  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  Emits  a  smell 
of  arsenic  when  broken.  Brittle,  h  =  5*5.  g  =  6*432... 6*735. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic,  leaving 
a  copper-red  residuum.  In  the  open  tube  yields  arsenic  and 
arsenious  acid.  Melts  readily  before  the  blowpipe,  emits  fumes, 
continues  to  glow  after  removal  from  the  flame,  depositing 
crystals  of  arsenious  acid,  and  at  last  leaves  a  brittle  metallic 
globule.  Soluble  in  nitric  and  in  nitromuriatic  acid,  forming  a 
green  solution,  which,  on  cooling,  deposits  crystals  of  arsenious 
acid. 

NiAs,  nickel  28*27,  arsenic  71*73. 

Analyses  of  Bammelsbergite  a  from  Biechelsdorf,  by  Booth  ; 
b,  c  from  Kamsdorf  (g  =  6*735),  d  from  Allemont  (g  =  6*4ll), 
all  by  Bammelsberg : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Nickel  . 

.  20*74 

28*40 

29*50 

18*71 

Iron 

3*25 

traces 

traces 

6*82 

Cobalt  . 

3*37 

— 

sulphur 

2*29 

Arsenic  . 

.  72*64 

70*34 

70*93 

71*11 

In  crystals  and  in  granular  or  columnar  masses. 


SMALTOTE. 


145 


Is  found  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  with  baryte  at  Biechels- 
dorf  in  Hessia,  Kamsdorf  near  Saalfeld. 

This  mineral  was  called  chloanthite  by  Breithaupt.  This 
name,  at  the  suggestion  of  ITaidinger,  has  been  transferred  to 
the  following  species  : — 


32.  CHLOANTHITE.  —  Weissnickelkies  ;  Breithaupt. 
"Weissnickelerz  (in  part);  Hausmann.  Chloanthit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

m  no. 

mm  56°...57°. 


Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Tin-white,  inclining  to  red  on 
surfaces  of  recent  fracture,  h  =  5*5.  o  =  7*099... 7*188. 

NiAs,  nickel  28*27,  arsenic  71*73. 


Analysis  of  chloanthite  from  Schneeberg,  by  Lloffmann : — 

Nickel  ....  28*14 
Bismuth  .  .  .  .2*19 

Copper  .....  0*50 
Arsenic  .  .  .  .71*30 

Sulphur  .  .  .  .0*14 

A  mineral  presenting  these  characters  is  found  at  Biechels- 
dorf  and  Schneeberg.  Among  the  specimens  we  have  examined 
from  Schneeberg,  we  have  found  one  of  twin-crystals,  somewhat 
analogous  to  those  of  harmotome,  imbedded  singly  in  the  ma¬ 
trix,  which  give  an  angle  of  57°  30'  between  two  faces,  possibly 
the  same  as  those  measured  by  Breithaupt.  We  mention  this 
fact  merely  on  account  of  the  remarkable  character  of  the  twin- 
crystals. 


33.  SMALTINE. — Tin-white  cobalt ;  Phillips, 
senical ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrischer  Kobaltkies ;  Mohs. 
Hausmann.  Smaltin ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  100,  o  ill,  cl 


cm' 

90° 

O' 

oo' 

70 

32 

ad' 

20 

0 

oa 

54 

44 

da 

45 

0 

do 

35 

16 

na 

35 

16 

no 

19 

28 

on,  n  211. 

E1GK  132. 


Cobalt  ar- 
Speiskobalt ; 


EIO.  133. 


I; 


II 


146 


ARSENIDES. 


Forms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  ao,  ad,  aod,  aodn.  Cleavage. 
a,  o,  d  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  a,  o  frequently  curved. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Tin-white,  inclining  sometimes  to 
steel-grey,  sometimes  to  silver- white.  Acquires  a  tarnish  by 
exposure.  Streak  greyish-black.  Brittle.  Emits  a  smell  of 
arsenic  when  broken,  h  =  5*5.  G  =  6*3...  6*6. 

In  the  matrass  yields  no  sublimate.  In  the  open  tube 
yields  a  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenious  acid.  Before  the 
blowpipe,  on  charcoal,  emits  arsenical  fumes,  and  melts  easily 
into  a  grey,  magnetic,  metallic  globule,  which  is  not  malleable, 
and  fuses  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  into  a  blue 
glass.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  arsenious 
acid. 

Co  As,  cobalt  28*23,  arsenic  71*77.  The  variety  from  Biechels- 
dorf,  analyzed  by  Sartorius,  consists  principally  of  NiAs. 

Analyses  of  smaltine  a  from  Biechelsdorf,  by  Stromeyer ; 
b  from  Tunaberg,  by  Y arrentrapp ;  c  from  Biechelsdorf,  by 
Sartorius : — 


a 

b 

C 

Cobalt 

.  20*31 

23*44 

9*17 

Iron 

3*43 

4*95 

2*24 

Nickel 

.  — 

— 

14*06 

Copper 

0*16 

— 

— 

Arsenic  . 

.  74*22 

69*46 

73*53 

Sulphur  . 

0*89 

0*90 

0*94 

.i 

In  crystals  which  are  frequently  cracked  or  rent  in  various 
directions,  arborescent,  reticulated,  botryoidal,  stalactitic,  and 
amorphous  masses. 

Is  found  in  veins  in  slate  rocks  at  Schneeberg,  Annaberg, 
Freiberg  and  Marienberg  in  Saxony,  Joachimsthal  in  Bo¬ 
hemia,  Biechelsdorf  in  Hessia,  Schladming  in  Stiria,  Dobs- 
cliau  in  Hungary,  Wittichen  in  Baden,  Siegen,  Sayn,  Saalfeld, 
Mansfeld,  France,  Piedmont ;  Dolcoath,  Herland  and  Huel 
Sparnon,  in  Cornwall. 


34.  SAFFLOBITE. — Cobalt  arsenical.  Yar.  gris-noiratre ; 
Hauy.  Eisenkobaltkies ;  v.  Kobell.  Eisenkobalterz ;  Haus- 
mann.  Safflorite ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  100,  o  111. 


aa ' 
oo 


oa 


90°  0' 

70  32 

54  44 


(fig.  132.) 


SKUTTERUDITE. 


147 


Fracture  uneven,  flat  conclioidal.  Light  steel-grey,  inclining 
to  tin-white,  and  sometimes  to  lead-grey.  Sometimes  acquires 
a  dark  grey,  or  iridescent  tarnish,  h  =  5*5.  g  =  6’92...7'3. 

Chemical  characters  the  same  as  those  of  smaltine,  except 
that  the  solution  in  nitric  acid  yields  a  copious  precipitate  of 
oxide  of  iron  on  the  addition  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

LAs,  where  It  is  Co  and  Fe. 

Analyses  of  safflorite  a  from  Schneeberg,  by  E.  Hoffmann ; 


a 

b 

Cobalt 

.  13*95 

9*44 

Iron  . 

.  11-71 

18*48 

Nickel 

.  1-79 

— 

Copper 

.  1*39 

trace 

Eismuth 

o-oi 

l-oo 

Arsenic 

.  70-37 

71-08 

Sulphur 

0-66 

trace 

Is 

found  in  very  small 

crystals,  reniform 

and  botryoidal 

masses  having  a  columnar  structure,  compact  and  disseminated. 

35. 

SKUTTERUDITE. 

—  Hartkobalterz 

;  Hausmann. 

Skutterudit ;  Haidinger. 
Cubic. 
a  100, 


Cleavage 


0  111,  d  Oil,  p  122 

ao! 

90° 

o' 

00 

70 

32 

oct 

54 

16 

dd' 

60 

0 

da 

45 

0 

pa 

70 

32 

pa 

48 

11 

!.  #, 

distinct ; 

d ,  traces. 

EIG.  134. 


Fracture  flat  conchoidal. 


glo  ui  w  ^  "***VVJ - ~ - o  ”  - O  J 

sometimes  with  a  tarnish  like  blued  steel,  h  —  6'0.  g  =  6'74. 


6’84. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic.  In  the 
open  tube  yields  a  copious  sublimate  of  arsenious  acid,  leaving 
a  rose-red  powder.  The  reactions  before  the  blowpipe  are  the 
same  as  those  of  smaltine, 

Co2As3,  cobalt  20-77,  arsenic  79*24. 

h  2 


118 


ARSENIDES. 


Analyses  a  by  Scheerer, 

b,  c  by  Wohler 

•  - 

• 

a 

b 

C 

Cobalt 

.  20*01 

18'5 

19-5 

Iron 

1-51 

1'3 

1*4 

Arsenic  .  - 

.  77-84 

79-2 

79-0 

Sulphur 

0-69 

— • 

— 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  granular  masses,  sometimes  attached 
to  crystals  of  cobaltine,  in  a  bed  of  ore  in  mica  slate,  at  Skut- 
terud,  in  the  parish  of  Modum,  in  Norway. 


36.  LOLINGrITE. —  Arsenical  Pyrites;  Phillips.  Per 
arsenical  axotome  ;  Dufrenoy.  Axotomer  Arsenik-Kies  ;  Mohs. 
Arsenikalkies  ;  Hausmann.  Lolingit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  25°  40';  101,001=41°  lor'5 ;  110,100=61°  13  . 


c  oil  cleavage,  o  oil,  e  101  cleavage,  m  no.  c  trun¬ 
cates  the  edge  oo  ;  the  edge  ee  is  perpendicular  to  the  edges 
oo',  mm. 

EIG.  135. 


me 

90° 

0 

mm 

57 

34 

oo' 

128 

40 

00 

64 

20 

ec 

48 

50 

Cleavage,  c,  perfect ;  e,  less  perfect ;  m,  traces.  Fracture 
uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver- white ...  steel-grey  ; 
acquires  a  dark  tarnish  by  exposure.  Streak  greyish-black. 
Brittle,  ii  =  5'5.  a  =  7*0...  7‘3. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic.  Be¬ 
fore  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal,  in  the  inner  flame,  emits  arsen¬ 
ical  fumes  and  melts  into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  Partially 
soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  arsenious  acid. 

BIAs3.  Ee4As3  gives  iron  33’26,  arsenic  6674. 

Analyses  of  lolingite  from  Reichenstein  a  by  Karsten, 
b  by  E.  Hoffmann,  c  by  Meyer,  d  from  Schladming  by 
Scheerer : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Iron 

.  32-35 

28-70 

31-36 

13*49 

Nickel 

.  — 

_ 

— 

13-37 

Cobalt  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

5-10 

Arsenic  . 

.  65-88 

67-49 

65-51 

60*14 

Sulphur  . 

1-77 

1-98 

1‘69 

5*20 

PLACODINE. 


149 


The  sulphur  is  probably  derived  from  a  mixture  of  pyrrhotine 
and  mispickel. 

In  crystals,  more  frequently  in  granular  and  columnar 
masses,  and  disseminated. 


Is  found  in  veins  in  clay- slate,  with  arsenic,  pyrargyrite, 
antimonsilber,  at  Andreasberg,  in  beds  of  chalybite,  at  Loling 
near  Hiittenberg  in  Carinthia,  and  Scliladming  in  Stiria,  and 
in  Serpentine  at  Reichenstein  in  Silesia. 

An  arsenical  iron  from  Satersberg  near  Possum  in  the 
parish  of  Modum  in  Norway,  not  crystallized,  G  =  7*09,  appears 
to  be  represented  by  the  formula  PeAs.  Two  analyses  by 
Scheerer  gave ; — 


Iron 

Arsenic  . 
Sulphur 


27'39  28*14 

70*09  70*22 

1*28  1*28 


37.  PL  AC  OPINE.  —  Placodine  ;  Dufrenoy.  Plakodin  ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  64°  56';  111,010  =  53°  5' ;  101,001  =  28°  16'. 
a  ioo,  n  201,  v  101,  h  loi,  m  lio,  /  320. 


PIG.  136. 


na 

45° 

15' 

va 

64 

56 

h 

S'  \ 

ha 

120 

5 

1 

fa 

46 

32 

on  a 

57 

44 

ml 

m 

S 

r 

86 

56  a 

mm' 

64 

32 

Combinations. 

amhv , 

amfhvn.  Cleavage. 

m,  a ,  v,  traces.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 

Between  bronze-yellow  and  copper-red.  Streak  black.  Brittle. 
H  =  5*0.  ..5.5.  Gr  =  7*99. ..8*062. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  a  sublimate  of  arsenious  acid,  and 
some  sulphurous  acid.  Readily  fusible  before  the  blowpipe. 
In  the  inner  flame,  imparts  a  blue  colour  to  glass  of  borax  ;  in 
the  outer  flame,  the  reddish-brown  colour  of  oxide  of  nickel. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Ni4As,  nickel  61*19,  arsenic  38*81. 

n  3 


150 


SELENIDES. 


Analysis  of  placodine  by  Plattner : — 

57-04 
0*91 
0-86 
trace 
39-71 

Sulphur  .  .  .  .0'62 

Is  found  in  attached  tabular  crystals  at  Miisen  in  Siegen, 
with  chalybite  and  gersdoffite. 

38.  DOMEYKITE. —  Arseniure  de  Cuivre  ;  Domeyko. 
Weisskupfer  ;  Hausmann.  Domeykit ;  Haidinger. 

Fracture  uneven ...  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Tin-white  ;  acquires  a  yellowish  or  variegated  tarnish.  H  =  3 "5. 

Melts  easily  before  the  blowpipe,  emitting  a  strong  arsenical 
smell.  After  the  arsenic  is  driven  olf,  yields  a  bead  of  copper. 

CuGAs,  copper  71-72,  arsenic  28’27. 

Analyses  of  domeykite  a  from  Calabazo,  b  of  a  variety 
mingled  with  towanite  from  the  San  Antonio  mine : — 


a 

b 

Copper 

.  71-65 

70‘70 

Iron  . 

•  • 

0'52 

Arsenic 

.  28*36 

23-29 

Sulphur 

•  •  1 

3-87 

Occurs  reniform,  botryoidal,  massive,  and  disseminated  with 
cuprite  and  arseniates  of  oxide  of  copper,  in  veins  in  the  por- 
phyritic  mountain  of  Calabazo  in  the  province  of  Coquimbo  in 
Peru,  in  the  silver  veins  of  San  Antonio  not  far  from  Copiapo 
in  Chile,  with  silver,  copper,  polybasite,  calcite,  intimately 
mixed  with  bornite. 


Cobalt 

Copper 

Iron 

Arsenic 


SELENIDES. 

39.  BEBZELINE. — Seleniuret  of  copper;  Phillips.  Ber- 
zeline ;  Beudant.  Selenkupfer ;  Mohs,  Hausmann.  Berzelin  ; 
Plaidinger. 

Crystalline.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver-white.  Streak  shining. 
Soft  and  malleable.  When  isolated  and  rubbed,  acquires 
resinous  electricity. 

In  the  open  tube  selenium  and  selenic  acid  sublime,  leaving  a 
residue  of  copper.  Emits  a  strong  smell  of  selenium  before  the 


JTATJMANNITE. 


151 


blowpipe,  and  melts  into  a  grey,  rather  malleable  bead.  After 
long-continued  roasting,  with  soda,  yields  a  globule  of  copper. 

Cu2Se,  copper  61-52,  selenium  38-48. 


Analysis  by  Berzelius  : — 

Copper  .  .  .  .64 

Selenium  .  .  .  .40 

Was  found  as  an  extremely  thin  dendritic  coating,  on  calcite, 
in  the  copper  mine  of  Skrickerum,  in  Smaland,  in  Sweden. 


40.  ETTKAIBITE. — Seleniuret  of  silver  and  copper;  Phil¬ 
lips.  Eukairite ;  Dufrenoy.  Eukairit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 

dinger.  . 

Crystalline.  Opaque.  Eustre  metallic.  Eead-grey.  Streak 

shining.  Soft.  . 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  selenium  and  selenic 
acid.  Before  the  blowpipe  emits  a  ,smell  ot  selenium,  and  melts 
easily  into  a  grey,  metallic  globule.  With  borax  and  salt  of 
phosphorus  yields  the  reaction  of  copper,  leaving  a  grey  brittle 
globule  of  seleniuret  of  silver.  By  cupellation  yields  a  globule 
of  silver.  Soluble  in  hot  nitric  acid. 

Cu2Se  +  AgSe,  silver  43-08,  copper  25’29,  selenium  31-63. 

Analysis  by  Berzelius : — 

Silver  .  •  •  .38-93 

Copper  .  23*05 

Selenium  .  26"00 

Earthy  matter  .  .  •  8*90 

Was  found  in  cleavable  grains  in  a  copper  mine,  now  for¬ 
saken,  at  Skrikerum  in  the  parish  of  Tryserum  in  Smaland, 
with  copper  and  calcite  in  serpentine. 


41.  NATTMANNITE— Seleniuret  of  silver;  Phillips.  Ar¬ 
gent  '  seleniure  ;  Dufrenoy.  Selensilber  ;  Mohs,  Hausmann. 
JSiaumannit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo  cleavage. 

fig.  137. 


Cleavage.  a,  very  perfect.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic.  Iron-black.  Streak  the 
same.  Malleable,  ii  —  2*5.  6  =  80. 

In  the  matrass  melts  and  yields  a  slight 
sublimate  of  selenium  and  selenious  acid. 
Melts  before  the  blowpipe.  W  ith  soda  and 

h  4 


152 


SELENIDES. 


borax  yields  a  globule  of  silver.  Easily  soluble  in  fuming 
nitric  acid ;  with  great  difficulty  in  dilute  nitric  acid. 

AgSe,  silver  73*15,  selenium  26*85. 

Analysis  by  Gr.  Eose  : — 

Silver  ....  65*56 

Eead  ....  4*9,1 

Selenium  ....  25*93 

In  thin  plates,  having  a  crystalline  structure. 

Is  found  at  Tilkerode  in  the  Harz,  with  clausthalite  in 
narrow  veins  in  diabase. 


42.  CLAUSTHALITE.  —  Seleniuret  of  lead  ;  Phillips. 
Clausthalie;  Beudant.  Selenblei ;  Mohs,  Hausmann.  Claus- 
thalit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

ci  loo  cleavage. 

act'  90°  o',  (fig.  137.) 

Cleavage.  a.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Lead  -  grey. 
Streak  grey.  Sectile.  h  =  2*5... 3*0.  g  =  8*2... 8*8. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates  violently.  The  varieties  con¬ 
taining  cobalt  yield  a  sublimate  of  selenium.  In  the  open  tube 
deposits  a  sublimate  ot  selenium,  partly  red,  partly  grey. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  fumes,  emits  a  smell  of  se¬ 
lenium,  deposits  a  red,  yellow,  and  wrhite  sublimate,  and  imparts 
a  blue  colour  to  the  flame ;  does  not  melt,  but  becomes  rounded, 
and  is  gradually  dissipated,  leaving  a  black  slag,  which,  with 
borax,  affords  the  reactions  of  iron,  copper,  and  sometimes  of 

cobalt.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of 
selenium. 

PbSe,  lead  72*31,  selenium  27.69. 

Some  varieties  contain  selenide  of  silver,  others  selenide  of 
cobalt. 


Analyses  of  Clausthalite  a  from  Tilkerode,  by  H.  Eose  ; 
b  from  the  Lorenz  Gegentrum  mine  near  Clausthal,  by  Stro- 

me^yer  ;  c  from  Clausthal,  by  Stromeyer ;  d  from  Tilkerode  by 
Eammelsberg  —  5  J 


Lead 

Silver 

Cobalt 

Iron 

Selenium 

In  granular  masses, 
disseminated. 


a 

b 

C 

d 

71*81 

63*92 

70*98 

60*15 

— 

— 

— 

11*67 

• — 

3*14 

0*83 

— 

— 

0*45 

— 

27*59 

31*42 

28*11 

26*52 

exhibiting  cubic  cleavages,  compact  and 


ZOEGITE. 


153 


Is  found  at  Tilkerode,  Zorge,  Lerbach  and  Claustbal  in  tbe 
Harz,  at  lie  in  sb  erg  near  Ere  ib  erg  in  Saxony. 

43.  LERBACHITE. — Seleniure  de  plomb  et  de  mercure ; 
Dufrenoy.  Selenquecksilberblei ;  Mobs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Cubic. 

Cleayable  in  three  directions  making  right  angles  with  each 
other.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Lead-grey,  inclining  to 
steel-grey  and  iron-black.  Streak  black.  Sectile.  Soft. 
G  =  7*3. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  In  the  matrass  yields  a  grey 
sublimate  of  seleniuret  of  mercury ;  with  soda,  a  sublimate  of 
mercury.  In  the  open  tube  yields  a  liquid  sublimate  of 
seleniate  of  oxide  of  mercury. 

A  mixture  of  PbSe  and  HgSe  in  variable  proportions. 

Analyses  of  Lerbachite  from  Tilkerode,  by  H.  Rose :  — 

Lead  .  .  .  55*84  27*33 

Mercury  .  .  .  16*94  44*69 

Selenium  .  .  .  24*97  27*98 

In  crystalline  granular  masses,  and  disseminated. 

Is  found,  under  the  same  circumstances  as  Clausthalite,  at 
Lerbach  and  Tilkerode  in  the  Harz. 


44.  ZORGrITE. — Seleniure  de  plomb  et  de  cuivre ;  Dufrenoy. 
S elenkupferblei ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  conchoidal... uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Light  lead-grey,  brass-yellow  ;  acquires  a  blue  tarnish.  Streak 
darker  than  the  colour.  Malleable.  H  —  2*5.  G  =  7*0... 7*5. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  and  deposits  a  red, 
white,  and  yellow  sublimate  like  clausthalite,  leaving  a  slag 
which  yields  the  reaction  of  copper. 

PbSe  with  a  variable  quantity  of  CuSe  or  CirSe. 

Analyses  of  zorgite  a ,  b  from  Tilkerode,  by  IT.  Rose, 
c ,  d  from  Grlasbach,  by  Kersten  : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

Lead 

59*67 

47*33 

56*31 

64*17 

Copper  . 

7*86 

15*46 

8*40 

4*08 

Silver 

— 

1*29 

0*05 

0*07 

Iron 

0*33 

— 

— 

trace 

Selenium 

29*96 

34*26 

31*44 

29*98 

Iron,  lead,  &c. 

0*44 

2*08 

tt  n 

2*10 

'  T 

154 


SELENTDES. 


Is  found  in  granular  masses  at  Tilkerode  and  Zorge  in  the 
Harz,  under  the  same  circumstances  as  Clausthalite,  in  the 
Eriedrichsgliick  mine  in  Glasbachgrund  near  Gabel  in  Thu¬ 
ringia,  in  a  vein  in  clay  slate. 

45.  BIOLITE. — Biolith;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 

Lead-grey.  Yery  malleable. 

AgSe2,  silver  57*66,  selenium  42*34,  according  to  Del  Bio. 

Is  found  in  small  six-sided  tables,  with  rounded  edges  and 
angles,  at  Tasco  in  Mexico. 

46.  OYOEBITE. — Selenschwefelquecksilber  ;  Hausmann. 
Onofrit ;  Haidinger. 

Lustre  metallic.  Blackish  lead-grey.  Streak  shining.  Sec- 
tile.  h  =  2*5. 

In  the  matrass  sublimes  undecomposed  as  a  black  powder ; 
with  soda  yields  metallic  mercury.  Before  the  blowpipe  emits 
the  smell  of  sulphurous  acid. 

HgSe,HgS,  a  mixture  of  seleniuret  and  sulphuret  of  mer¬ 
cury. 

Analysis  by  H.  Bose  : — 

Mercury  .  .  .  .81*33 

Sulphur  .  .  .  .  io*30 

Selenium  ....  6*49 

Is  found  massive  in  veins  with  mercury,  quartz,  calcite,  ba¬ 
ryte,  at  San  Onofre  in  Mexico. 

We  quote  the  descriptions  of  onofrite  and  riolite  as  they  are 
given  by  Haidinger ;  but  we  entertain  considerable  doubt  of 
their  correctness.  Mr.  Brooke  has  specimens  of  a  metallic 
looking  mineral  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  Culebras  mine, 
and  described  by  Del  Bio  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Brooke  as  ‘  native 
selenium  with  some  admixtures,’  and  to  which  Mr.  Brooke, 
many  years  since,  gave  the  name  of  riolite.  Being  desirous  of 
ascertaining  the  difference  between  this  mineral  and  onofrite, 
he  obtained  a  specimen  under  this  latter  name  from  Mr. 
Krantz,  which  so  perfectly  resembles  that  referred  to  by  Del 
Bio,  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  its  being  the  same  mineral,  and 
from  the  same  mine. 

The  riolite  of  Haidinger,  from  Tasco,  is  described  apparently 
on  the  authority  of  Del  Bio ;  but  it  does  not  appear  from  what 
work  that  authority  is  quoted ;  and  as  no  such  compound  is 


GALEKA. 


155 


alluded  to  in  any  of  Del  Rio’s  letters  to  Mr.  Brooke,  we  appre¬ 
hend  that  there  is  some  uncertainty  with  regard  to  it. 

The  mineral  named  culebrite  by  Mr.  Brooke  is  a  dark 
reddish-brown  earthy  substance,  occurring  in  small  thin  veins 
with  the  riolite  from  Culebras,  and  in  one  of  Del  Rio’s  letters 
is  stated  to  be  £  sulphuret  of  mercury  with  native  selenium, 
but  not  combined,’  a  description  which  may  probably  require 
to  be  corrected. 


SXJLPniDES. 


47.  GrALENA. — G-alena  ;  Phillips.  Plomb  sulfure  ;  Hauy. 
Hexaedrischer  Blei-Grlanz  ;  Mohs.  Bleiglanz  ;  Hausmann. 
Grlanz ;  Haidinger. 


Cubic. 

a  loo, 

o  111,  d 

oil,  n 

211, 

m  311, 

p  122, 

q  133. 

aar 

90° 

o' 

do 

o-O 

OO 

16' 

pa 

70°  32' 

oo' 

70 

32 

na 

35 

16 

po 

15  48 

dd' 

60 

0 

ma 

25 

14 

qa 

76  44 

oa 

64 

44 

no 

19 

28 

qo 

22  0 

da 

45 

0 

mo 

29 

30 

EIG. 

138. 

EIG.  139. 

EIG. 

140. 

Eorms  and  combinations.  «,  o,  ao,  cm ,  aod,  aon,  aom ,  aodp, 
aovq  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Frequently  very  thm  m  a  direc¬ 
tion  perpendicular  to  the  twin-face.  Cleavage  a,  very  perfect 
and  easily  obtained.  Eracture  conchoidal,  seldom  observable. 

h  6 


156 


SULPHIDES. 


Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Lead-grey ;  occasionally  tarnislied. 
Streak  the  same.  Lather  sectile.  n  =  2*5.  G  =  7*4...  7*6. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  In  the  open  tube  yields  a  sub¬ 
limate  of  sulphur  and  sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts,  and,  after  the  sulphur  is  driven  off, 
is  reduced  to  a  bead  of  lead,  which,  by  cupellation,  frequently 
yields  a  globule  of  silver.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid  with 
evolution  of  nitrous  acid  and  separation  of  sulphur. 

PbS,  lead  86*58,  sulphur  13*42. 


Analyses  of  galena  a  by  Thomson,  b  from  Inverkeithing, 
by  Robertson,  of  a  variety  containing  zinc  from  Przibram, 
c  (g  =  7*252),  d  (g  =  7'324),  both  by  Lerch : — 


Lead  .  .  85*13 

Iron  .  .  0‘50 

Sulphur  .  .  13 '02 


bed 

84*63  81*80  83*61 

zinc  3*59  2*18 

13*21  14*41  14*18 


G-alena  frequently  contains  a  small  quantity  of  sulphide  of 
silver,  amounting  usually  to  0*01  or  0*03  per  cent.,  occasionally 
to  0*5,  and  rarely  to  l  per  cent.  Some  varieties  contain  se- 
lenide  of  lead,  some  also  traces  of  gold,  antimony,  and  arsenic. 

In  attached,  and  sometimes  in  imbedded  crystals ;  but 
usually  in  granular  masses  and  disseminated,  pseudomorphous 
after  pyromorphite. 

Occurs  very  abundantly  in  rocks  of  the  most  different  forma¬ 
tions,  in  beds  associated  with  calamine,  brown  iron  oxide,  pyrite, 
towanite,  blende,  quartz,  baryte,  amphibole ;  in  veins  with  ores 
of  silver,  copper,  iron,  antimony,  with  gold,  silver,  arsenic, 
sulphur,  &c.  Is  found  in  veins  in  the  mining*  districts  of  Saxony 
and  Bohemia,  the  Harz,  Hungary,  Transylvania,  Prance,  Kons- 
berg  in  Norway,  Siberia,  Sahla  and  Pahlun  in  Sweden  ;  in  Spain 
at  Linares  in  granite  and  in  the  Sierra  de  Gador  in  the  Alpujar- 
ras  in  dolomite,  at  Bleyberg  and  Windishkappel  in  Carinthia  in 
limestone,  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia,  Stiria,  Missouri  and  other  places 
in  North  America,  in  Greenland  with  cryolite  and  chalybite,  in 
Cumberland,  Durham,  Northumberland,  Derbyshire  and  Flint¬ 
shire  in  veins  in  limestone,  in  several  mines  in  Cornwall  and 
Devonshire  in  veins  in  clay  slate,  in  Shropshire  and  most  of  the 
counties  of  Wales  in  slate,  the  Lead  Hills  in  Lanarkshire, 
Wanlockhead  in  Dumfriesshire,  Monaltrie  in  Aberdeenshire  in 
granite,  Strontian  in  Argyleshire  in  gneiss,  Cumberhead  in 
Lanarkshire,  in  the  Lothians  and  Fifeshire  in  the  sandstones  of 
the.  coal  formation,  in  limestone  in  Isla,  in  gneiss  in  Coll.  The 
varieties  containing  selenium  are  found  at  Clausthal  and  Tilke- 
rode  in  the  Harz  and  at  Fahlun  in  Sweden.  Pseudomorphous 


ARGENTITE. 


157 


after  pyromorpliite  at  Tschopau  in  Saxony,  Poullaoeun  in 
Prance  and  Wheal  Hope  in  Cornwall.  Crystallizes  from 
fusion  in  cubes. 

According  to  Naumann,  the  forms  433,  144,  455,  477,  611, 
12  l  l  have  been  observed  in  galena. 


48.  ABGrENTITE. — Sulphuret  of  Silver  ;  Phillips.  Argent 
sulphure;  Hauy.  Hexaedrischer  Silber-Glanz  ;  Mohs.  Silber- 
glanz  ;  Hansmann.  Argentit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


100, 

0 

111, 

cl  oil,  n 

211, 

P 

122. 

ad 

90° 

o' 

dd 

45° 

0' 

nn 

o 

eo 

CO 

33' 

00 

70 

32 

do 

35 

16 

]pa 

70 

32 

oa 

54 

44 

na 

35 

16 

po 

15 

48 

del' 

60 

0 

no 

19 

28 

EIG.  144. 

EIG. 

145. 

EIG. 

146. 

Eorms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  cl,  n,  ao,  ad,  an,  aodn.  Sur¬ 
faces  uneven,  dull.  Cleavage,  a,  d,  traces.  Eracture  uneven, 
hackly.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Blackish  lead-grey.  Streak 
shining.  Malleable,  h  =  2*0...  2‘5.  G  =  7'196. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  intumesces,  melts  with  dis¬ 
engagement  of  sulphurous  acid,  and  at  last  yields  a  globule  of 
silver.  Soluble,  with  the  exception  of  the  sulphur,  in  concen¬ 
trated  nitric  acid. 

AgS,  silver  87,05,  sulphur  12'95. 

Analyses  of  argentite  from  Ereiberg  and  from  Joachimsthal, 
by  Klaproth : — 

Silver  ....  86‘50  86'39 

Sulphur  .  .  .  13‘50  13'61 

The  crystals  either  attached  singly  or  united  in  druses, 
usually  bent  and  distorted,  dendritic,  capillary,  compact,  dis¬ 
seminated,  investing  other  minerals,  earthy  (black  sulphuret  of 
silver).  ^ 


158 


SULPHIDES. 


Occurs  in  veins  in  gneiss,  mica  slate,  hornblende  slate,  clay 
slate,  granite,  porphyry,  trachyte,  with  arsenic,  silver,  stephan- 
ite,  pyrargyrite,  proustite,  galena,  quartz,  calcite,  dolomite, 
baryte,  fluor.  Is  found  at  Freiberg,  Schneeberg,  Annaberg, 
Marienberg  and  Johan- Georgenstadt  in  Saxony,  Kongsberg  in 
Norway,  Joachimsthal  and  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  Schemnitz 
and  Kremnitz  in  Hungary,  Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol,  W olfach  in 
Baden,  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  Guadalcanal  in  Spain,  Sar¬ 
dinia,  Chalanches  near  Allemont  in  Dauphine ;  the  Kolywan 
mountains  in  Siberia,  Guanaxuato  and  Zacatecas  in  Mexico, 
Peru,  in  Cornwall,  in  cubes  and  massive  in  Herland,  Huel 
Duchy,  in  cubes  in  Huel  St.  Vincent  near  Callington,  in  Huel 
Basset  and  Dolcoath. 

49.  STBOMEYEBITE. — Sulphuret  of  silver  and  copper; 
Phillips.  Stromeyerine  ;  Beudant.  Isometrischer  Kupfer- 
Glanz  ;  Mohs.  Silberkupferglanz  ;  Hausmann.  Stromeyerit ; 
Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  Isomorphous  with  redruthite. 

a  100,  c  ooi,  u  102,  v  112  twin-plane,  w  114.  v 
truncates  the  edge  wm. 

uc  25°  53' 
ac  90  o 

mm  60  25 

wci  77  23 

WC  25  44 

VC  43  57 

me  90  0 

UU  51  46 

Combination,  mwuac.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  m.  2.  Twin- 
face  v.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Blackish  lead-grey.  Streak  the  same,  shining.  Perfectly  sec- 
tile.  H  =  2'5... 3-0.  a  —  6'255. 

Before  the  blowpipe  fuses  readily  into  a  grey  metallic  glo¬ 
bule,  which  with  fluxes  affords  the  reaction  of  copper,  and  by 
cupellation  yields  a  globule  of  silver.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric 
acid,  leaving  sulphur  undissolved. 

CAS  -}-  AgS,  silver,  53’13  ;  copper,  3ri7 ;  sulphur,  18'70. 

Analyses  of  stromeyerite  a  from  Schlangenberg,  by  Stro- 
meyer ;  b  from  Eudelstadt  by  Sander;  of  mixtures  of  stro- 


EIGK  147. 


REDRTJTMTE . 


159 


meverite  and  redruthite  e 

from 

San  Pedro  in 

Chile; 

d,  e,  f 

from  Catemo  in 

Chile,  all  by  Domeyko 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

f 

Copper 

.  30-48 

30*95 

53-38 

53-94 

60-58 

63-98 

Silver 

.  52-27 

52-71 

28‘79 

24-04 

16-58 

12-08 

Iron 

0-33 

0-24 

— 

2'09 

2-31 

2-53 

Sulphur 

.  15-78 

15-92 

17-83 

19'93 

20-53 

21-41 

In  crystals,  usually  massive  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  in  crystals  at  Budelstadt  in  Silesia,  massive  at 
Sehlangenberg  in  Siberia,  mixed  in  various  proportions  with 
redruthite  at  Catemo  near  San  Felipe  de  Aconcagna  and  San 
Pedro  Nolasco  in  Chile.  A  variety  from  Freiberg,  according 
to  Lampadius,  contains  18*5  per  cent,  of  sulphide  of  silver. 

The  isomorphism  of  stromeyerite,  Cu2s  +  Ags,  and  redruthite, 
Cu2s,  is  an  indication  that  Ags  is  isomorphous  with  Cu2s. 
Put  argentite  belongs  to  the  cubic  system.  Hence  probably 
AgS  is  isodimorphous  with  Cu2s. 

50.  PEDPUTHITE. — Vitreous  copper;  Phillips.  Cuivre 
sulphure  ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Kupfer-Glanz  ;  Mohs.  Kup- 
fer-Glanz ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  30°  57'  ;  101,001=44°  8' ;  110,100  =  59°  47/,5. 


a  100, 

b 

010, 

c  ooi,  e 

203, 

p  ill, 

V 

112 

,  * 

113. 

b  truncates 

the  edg 

e  cd,  oi 

truncates  the  edge  am 

ec 

o 

CO 

54' 

pc 

62° 

36' 

dc 

62 

44 

me 

90 

0 

ac 

90 

0 

za 

74 

13 

dd '  ] 

L25 

28 

va 

69 

59 

na 

48 

52 

pa 

63 

28 

ma 

59 

48 

pp' 

53 

4 

onon 

60 

25 

zb 

62 

9 

zc 

32 

44 

vb 

53 

9 

VC 

43 

57 

pb 

39 

53 

d  201,  m  no,  n  320, 


EIG.  148. 


Combinations.  mac,  bmac,  zee,  mpdac,  mpoidac,  mpzeac , 
bmpdeac,  mpzndeac.  The  faces  c  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  a.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  m.  2.  Twin-face  v. 
Cleavage,  on,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Blackish  lead-grey,  sometimes  iridescent.  Streak  the 
same,  shining.  Very  sectile.  h  =  2'5...3'0.  g  =  6*5... 6*8. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  imparts  a  blue  colour  to  the 


160 


SULPHIDES. 


flame ;  in  the  outer  flame  melts  easily  with  effervescence ;  in 
the  inner  flame  becomes  solid.  With  soda  yields  a  globule  of 
copper.  Is  completely  decomposed  by  warm  nitric  acid,  yielding 
a  blue  solution,  and  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 

Cu2S,  copper  79‘84,  sulphur  20‘16. 


Analyses  of  redruthite  a  from  the  Gfumeschefskoi  mine, 
near  Katharinenburg,  by  Klaproth  ;  b  from  Siegen,  by  Ull- 
mann ;  c  from  the  United  mines  in  Cornwall,  by  Thomson  ; 
d  from  Byglands  Grrube,  e  from  Stromsheien  in  Norway,  both 
by  Scheerer;  /‘from  San  Pedro  in  Chile,  by  Domeyko  : — 


Copper 

Iron 

Sulphur 

Silica 


a 

b 

c 

78-50 

79-50 

77-16 

2-25 

0-75 

1-45 

18*50 

19-00 

20-62 

0-75 

1-00 

— 

d 

e 

/ 

77-76 

79-12 

75-51 

0-91 

0-28 

0-74 

20-43 

20-36 

20-79 

- - 

Silver 

2-96 

In  crystals,  attached  singly,  or  collected  in  druses ;  usually 
massive  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  beds  and  veins  with  bornite,  pyrite,  chrysocolla, 
malachite,  chessylite,  quartz.  Is  found  near  Freiberg  in  veins  ; 
in  Mansfeld  and  Hessia  disseminated  in  beds  in  bituminous 
copper  slate  ;  in  Siegen  in  veins  of  iron  stone  ;  at  Kupferberg 
and  Kudelstadt  in  Silesia,  Moschellandsberg,  at  Lauterberg 
in  the  Harz,  in  Sweden,  Norway,  Siberia,  the  Banat  of 
Temeswar,  North  America,  Peru,  Gruanaxuato  in  Mexico. 
Crystallized  and  massive  in  veins  in  clay  slate  in  several 
mines  near  Eedruth  and  the  Land’s  End  in  Cornwall,  at  •Mid¬ 
dleton  Tyas  in  Yorkshire ;  in  veins  at  Fassney  Burn  in  East 
Lothian,  and  in  Ayrshire  in  Scotland,  in  Fair  Isle  between 
the  Orkney  and  Shetland  Isles. 

By  fusing  copper  glance,  or  a  mixture  of  copper  and  sulphur 
in  the  same  proportions,  €tt  can  be  obtained  in  octahedral  crys¬ 
tals,  and  is  consequently  dimorphous. 

The  characters  of  Breithaupt’s  digenite  appear  to  be  the  same 
as  those  of  redruthite,  except  that  g  =  4’568... 4-680.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  a  quantitative  blowpipe  analysis  by  Plattner,  it  con¬ 
sists  of — copper  70‘20,  silver  0'24,  sulphur  29‘66. 

It  occurs  massive,  and  investing  other  minerals  with  crystal¬ 
lized  redruthite,  at  Sangerhausen,  and  with  cnproplumbite  in 
Chile. 


51.  COYELLINE.  —  Covelline  ;  Beudant.  Kupferindig, 
Mohs,  Hausmann.  Covellin ;  Haidinger. 


PYRRHOTIKE. 


1G1 


Rhombohedral. 

o  ill,  a  oil. 

ao  90°  o' 

ad  60  o 

Combination,  oa.  The  faces  a  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  o.  Cleavage,  o  very  perfect.  Opaque. 
Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  metallic.  Indigo  blue.  Streak 
black,  shining.  Sectile.  In  thin  leaves  flexible.  h=1,5...2,o. 
G-  =  3’80. ..3-82. 

CuS,  copper  66’44,  sulphur  33‘56. 

Analyses  of  covelline  a  from  Badenweiler  by  ’Walchner,  b 
from  Vesuvius  by  Covelli: — 

a  b 

Copper  ....  64‘77  66'0 

Iron . 0’46  — 

Lead . ros  — 

Sulphur  ....  32'64  32‘0 

Before  the  blowpipe  burns  with  a  blue  flame.  Melts  with 
ebullition  into  a  globule  which  with  soda  yields  a  bead  of 
copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

In  crystals,  massive,  reniform,  investing  other  minerals. 

Is  found  in  the  kupferschiefer  at  Sangerhausen  in  Thuringia ; 
in  the  Hausbaden  mine  near  Badenweiler  with  redruthite 
and  towanite  ;  in  the  Herrenseegen  mine  at  Schapbach  in 
the  Black  Forest  with  towanite,  at  Kielce  in  Poland,  crys¬ 
tallized  with  calcite  in  clay  slate  at  Leogang  in  Salzburg,  in  the 
crater  of  Vesuvius. 


FTG.  149. 


52.  PYRRHO  TINE.  —  Magnetic  iron  pyrites  ;  Phillips. 
Per  sulfure  magnetique  ;  Hauy.  Rhomboedrischer  Eisen-Kies  ; 
Mohs.  Magnetkies  ;  Hausmann.  Pyrrhotin  ;  Haidinger. 


Rhombohedral. 

100. 

,111  = 

:  60°  7 

f 

0  ill, 

a 

Oil, 

b 

21 1, 

r  100 

>  r. 

ao 

90° 

o' 

XO 

44° 

44' 

ad 

60 

0 

zo 

63 

25 

ba 

30 

0 

/ 

/y»/v» 

tA/%As 

41 

12 

ro 

60 

7 

// 

✓y*  y* 

tAs  iA/ 

75 

6 

or 

60 

7 

zz 

63 

8 

✓ 

TV 

97 

20 

zz" 

101 

32 

/ 

p  p 

51 

23 

122,  X  120,  Z  131. 
PIG.  150. 


162 


SULPHIDES. 


Combinations,  ob,  oz,  oaz,  odbxzrr \ .  Cleavage,  o,  perfect ; 
b  less  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal,  small  and  imperfect. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Brass-yellow,  inclining  to  copper- 
red  ;  acquires  a  tarnish.  Streak  greyish-black.  Feebly  mag¬ 
netic.  Brittle,  h  =  3*5  ...4*5.  G-  =  4*6...  4*7. 

In  the  matrass  unchanged.  In  the  open  tube  yields  sul¬ 
phurous  acid,  but  no  sublimate.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  in  the  inner  flame  melts  into  a  greyish-black  highly  mag¬ 
netic  bead.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of 
hydrosulphuric  acid,  and  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 

/  nr 

Fe5Fe,  iron  60*49,  sulphur  39*51. 

Analyses  of  pyrrhotine  a  from  Treseburg ;  b  from  Bareges, 
by  Stromeyer ;  c  from  Congonhas  do  Campo  ;  d  from  Fahlun, 
by  Plattner  ;  e  a  very  magnetic  variety ;  f  less  magnetic,  from 
the  Lalliat  mountain  near  Sion  in  the  Valais,  by  Berthier; 
g  from  Bodenmais,  by  II.  Bose  ;  h  from  Modum,  by  Scheerer ; 
i  from  Klefva  in  Smaland,  by  Berzelius  ;  Jc  from  Bajpootanah, 
by  Middleton : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Iron  .  .  . 

59*29 

56*38 

59*61 

59*72 

69*8 

61 

Sulphur  .  . 

40*71 

43*62 

40*43 

40*22 

40*2 

39 

9 

h 

i 

Tc 

Iron  .  .  . 

61*02 

56*03 

57*91 

62*27 

Nickel 

— 

2*80 

3*05 

— 

Cobalt 

— 

— 

0*09 

— 

Manganese  . 

— 

— 

0*22 

— 

Copper  .  . 

— 

0*40 

0*45 

— 

Sulphur  . 

39*10 

40*46 

38*27 

37*73 

Very  seldom  distinctly  crystallized  ;  usually  massive  and  dis¬ 
seminated. 

Occurs  principally  in  beds  in  the  older  rocks,  with  magnetite, 
iron  and  copper  pyrites,  blende  ;  seldom  in  veins  with  silver, 
pyrargyrite,  arsenic,  galena,  calcite,  quartz  ;  in  various  meteor¬ 
ites.  Is  found  in  veins  with  silver  at  Kongsberg  in  Norway  and 
Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  well  crystallized  ;  in  veins  in  diorite 
and  slate  at  Treseburg  and  Thale  in  the  Harz  ;  in  beds  at 
Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  Breitenbrunn  and  Greyer  in  Saxony, 
Querbach  and  Gieren  in  Silesia,  Auerbach  in  Baden,  Valsugana 
in  the  Tyrol,  Fahlun  in  Sweden,  Wezelakow  in  Bohemia,  Zoppons 
in  Moravia,  Obedach  in  Stiria,  at  the  base  of  Moel  Elion  in 
Caernarvonshire;  disseminated  in  granite  and  greenstone  at 
Bareges,  Bagneres  de  Luchon,  the  Maladetta  in  the  Pyrenees, 
Nantes  in  France  ;  at  Appin  in  Argyleshire,  and  in  some  of  the 
hills  of  Galloway  in  Scotland ;  Congonhas  do  Campo  in  the 


MILLEEITE. 


1G3 


Brazils  ;  in  crystals  in  tlie  meteorites  which  fell  at  Juvenas  in 
Eranee,  Klein  Wenden,  Chateau  Benard  and  Bichmond  in 
Virginia,  in  the  meteoric  iron  of  Elbogen,  Bohumilitz  and 
Scriba. 

53.  MILLEBITE. — Native  nickel ;  Phillips.  Nickel  natif ; 
Hauy.  Haarkies  ;  Mohs.  Nickelkies ;  Hausmann.  Millerit ; 
Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  20°  50'. 


a  Oil,  b 

211, 

Jc  514, 

t  544, 

r  loo 

cleavage, 

T 

1  j 

122 

cleavage,  e 

oil 

cleavage, 

et  411 

cleavage.  t 

truncates 

the  edg 

e  e"b". 

EIGr.  161. 

Jcb 

19° 

16' 

tb 

138°  47' 

bd 

30 

0 

rb" 

79  45 

/r" 

bb" 

60 

0 

eb' 

84  39 

ad 

60 

0 

rd 

72  4 

e  / 

a" 

rb 

69 

10 

// 

ae 

80  41 

r‘ 

r  , 

be t 

79 

14 

rr 

35'  52 

b\ 

e" 

b 

eb 

100 

46 

ee 

18  38 

a  \ 

/a 

brt 

110 

50 

b  " 

The  alternate  faces  b  are 

frequently 

very  narrow. 

Cleavage. 

r,  rn  e, 

en  all  very  perfect. 

Opaque. 

Lustre  metallic.  Brass- 

yellow, 

inclining 

to  bronze-vellow. 

Streak  bright. 

11  = 

3‘5. 

G  =  5"26. .  .5*30. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  acid.  Before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  melts  readily  into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  Imparts  to 
borax  the  colour  of  nickel.  With  nitromuriatic  acid  yields  a 
green  solution. 

NiS,  nickel  64-86,  sulphur  35*14. 

Analyses  of  millerite  from  Camsdorf  a  by  Bammelsberg, 
b  by  Arfvedson,  c  from  the  Eriedrichszeche  near  Oberlahr,  by 
Schnabel :  — 


a 

b 

C 

Nickel 

.  61-34 

64-35 

64-80 

Iron  . 

1-73 

■ — 

— 

Copper  .  . 

1-14 

■ — 

— 

Sulphur  . 

.  35'79 

34‘26 

35*03 

In  very  delicate  capillary  and  acicular  attached  crystals. 

Is  found  at  Johanngeorgenstadt  in  Saxony,  Joachimstal  and 
Przibram  in  Bohemia,  Camsdorf  in  Thuringia,  Biechelsdorf  in 
Ilessia,  in  the  Westerwald,  Cornwall,  Merthyr  Tydvil  in  Gla¬ 
morganshire  in  nodules  of  chalybite. 


164 


SULPHIDES. 


It  is  not  improbable  that  the  faces  rn  et  may  belong  to  one 
of  the  individuals  of  a  twin-crystal,  and  r,  e  to  the  other.  On 
account  of  the  extreme  slenderness  of  the  crystals  in  which  the 
faces  rn  e,  were  observed,  it  has  not  been  found  possible  to 
verify  this  conjecture. 


54.  EISENNICKELKIES. — Eisennickelkies  ;  Hausmann. 
Cubic. 

Cleavage  apparently  parallel  to  the  faces  of  an  octahedron. 
Eracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Light  pinch¬ 
beck-brown.  Streak  rather  darker.  Brittle.  H  =  3’5...4’0. 
G  =  4‘6.  Not  magnetic. 

Chemical  characters  the  same  as  those  of  pyrrhotine,  except 
that  when  fused  with  borax  in  the  inner  flame,  after  being 
roasted,  the  bead  becomes  black  and  opaque  in  consequence  of 
the  reduction  of  the  nickel. 

2EeS  -f-  NiS,  iron  41*04,  nickel  22-11,  sulphur  35*95. 

Analysis  by  Scheerer  : — 

Iron  ....  40'2l 
Nickel  .  .  21-07 

Copper  .  .  l-78 

Sulphur  .  .  36'64 

Is  found  in  crystalline  masses  with  towanite,  in  greenish- 
black  amphibole,  near  Lillehammer  in  Norway. 

55.  GrBEEN 0 C KITE .  —  Cadmium  sulfure  ;  Eufrenoy. 
Grreenockit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  58°  47'. 

o  111,  a  oil,  b  2ll,  i  231,  X  120,  Z  131,  V  153. 

b"  truncates  the  edge  ad  ;  v  truncates  the  edge  za.  The  forms 
i,  x,  z,  v  are  frequently  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


EM.  152. 


ao 

90° 

o' 

zo 

62° 

IS' 

ad 

60 

0 

VO 

75 

18 

abn 

30 

0 

•  •/ 
ll 

24 

32 

io 

25 

28 

/ 

VVtA/ 

40 

22 

xo 

43 

37 

zz 

52 

33 

Combinations. 

axz,  oaxz, 

oax'z , 

oaix'z \ 

oax'z'v', 

oaix'z'v 

/ 

Cleavage. 

o,  a. 

Trans- 

ELEXDE. 


165 


lucent, ..semi-transparent.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to 
resinous,  g  =  2'688.  very  nearly  the  same.  Spheroidal 
wave  surface  oblate.  Honey-yellow ...  orange-yellow,  seldom 
brown.  Streak  reddish  orange-yellow,  n  =  3'5.  g  =  4.8...4'9. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates  and  turns  red,  reassuming  its 
yellow  colour  on  cooling.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
with  soda  deposits  a  reddish-brown  sublimate  on  the  charcoal. 
Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  hydrosul- 
phuric  acid. 

CdS,  cadmium  77'70,  sulphur  22'30. 

Analyses  by  Connel  and  Thomson : — 

Cadmium  .  .  .  77 '30  77 '6 

Sulphur  ....  22'56  22'4 

Occurs  in  attached  crystals  at  Bishopton  in  [Renfrewshire,  in 
a  porphyritic  amygdaloidal  trap  containing  crystals  of  felspar, 
calcite,  and  prehnite  in  its  cavities. 


56.  BLENDE. — Blende  ;  Phillips.  Zinc  sulfure ;  Plauy. 
Dodekaedrische  Granat  Blende ;  Mohs.  Zinkblende ;  Haus- 
mann.  Blende ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  d  oil,  g  023,  m  311,  p  122.  The  forms 
o,  m,  p  are  usually  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


acif 

90° 

O' 

oo' 

70 

32 

oo„ 

109 

28 

oa 

54 

44 

dd' 

60 

0 

dar 

45 

0 

do 

o 

»£> 

CO 

16' 

ga' 

33 

41 

gd 

11 

19 

no 

35 

16 

no 

19 

28 

nd' 

30 

0 

EIG.  154. 


in  a 

oc° 

fc/O 

14' 

mo 

29 

30 

nid' 

31 

29 

pa 

70 

32 

po 

15 

48 

pd 

19 

28 

EIGr.  155. 


166 


SULPHIDES. 


Forms  and  combinations,  a,  o',  on,  ad ,  do,  am,  o"on',  dm, 
ado ',  do  o ,  aod,  dom ,  adm ,  do'dgg ,  add-on,  ado'dgm . 


Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage,  d,  very  perfect.  Frac¬ 
ture  concboiclal.  Transparent... opaque.  Lustre  adamantine. 
Green,  yellow,  red,  brown,  black.  Streak  white.. .reddish- 
brown.  Brittle,  h  =  3-5... 4*0.  G  =  3-9... 4-2.  Conducts 
electricity  very  imperfectly. 

Decrepitates  violently  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  is  fusible  with  difficulty  on  the  edges.  When  strongly 
heated  in  the  outer  flame  deposits  an  areola  of  oxide  of  zinc 
round  the  assay.  With  soda  is  reduced.  In  powder  soluble, 
with  the  exception  of  the  sulphur,  in  concentrated  nitric  acid. 


ZnS,  zinc  67'03,  sulphur  32"97. 

Analyses  of  blende  a,  b  fibrous,  from  Przibram,  by  Lowe  ; 
c  by  Arfvedson  \  d  of  a  colourless  transparent  variety  (a  = 
4'063)  from  New  Jersey  (Nuttall’s  cleiophane),  by  T.  H.  Henry ; 
e  from  Bagneres  de  Luclion  by  Berthier ;  f  from  Cheronies  in 
the  department  of  Charente,  by  Lecanu  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Zinc  .  . 

61-40 

62-62 

66-34 

67-46 

63-0 

55*0 

Iron 

2-29 

2-20 

— 

• — 

3*4 

8-6 

Cadmium  . 

1-50 

1-78 

— 

trace 

— 

— 

Sulphur 

33-15 

32-72 

33-66 

32-22 

33-6 

36-2 

Analyses  of  blende  g  from  Baibel  in  Carinthia,  by  Kersten ; 
h  from  Eaton,  i  from  Lyman,  and  k  from  Shelburne  in  New 
Hampshire,  all  by  Jackson  ;  l  fibrous,  from  England,  by  Berthier; 
on  from  Christiania,  by  Scheerer  : — 


9 

h 

• 

t 

h 

l 

on 

Zinc  . 

.  64-22 

63-62 

55  *6 

52-0 

61-5 

53-17 

Iron  . 

1-32 

3-10 

8-4 

io-o 

4-0 

11-79 

Cadmium 

.  trace 

0-6 

2-3 

3-2 

— 

• — 

Sb,Pb,0 

0-72 

manganese 

1*3 

— 

0*74 

ALABANDIKE. 


167 


f)  h  i  k  l  m 

Sulphur  .  .  32-10  33-22  33'4  32‘6  33’0  33’73 

Water  .  .  0*80  —  earthy  matter  1*5  — 

•f 

According  to  Boussingault  black  varieties  of  blende  (marma- 
tite)  from  Candado  and  Salto  near  Marmato  not  far  from 
Popayan,  consist  respectively  of: — 

Sulphide  of  zinc  .  .  .  77*5  76*8 

Sulphide  of  iron  .  .  .  22-5  23*2 

In  attached  crystals,  granular  and  fibrous  masses,  botryoidal. 

Is  very  widely  diffused,  in  veins  and  beds,  especially  in  crystal¬ 
line  slate  and  transition  rocks  with  galena,  pyrite,  towanite,  in 
veins,  with  ores  of  silver  and  arseniurets. 

Is  found  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  Kapnik  in  Transylvania, 
Przibram  in  Bohemia,  Baibel  in  Carintliia,  Gferoldseck  in  the 
Breisgau,  Scharfenberg,  Schwarzenberg,  Preiberg  in  Saxony, 
Guslar,  Lautenthal,  Zellerfeld,  Andreasberg  and  Neudorf  in  the 
Harz,  Sweden,  Derbyshire,  Flintshire,  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall, 
Clifton  lead  mine  near  Tyndrum  in  Perthshire,  Lead  Hills,  in 
the  coal  field  around  Edinburgh,  Cumberhead  in  Lanarkshire. 
Cleavable  masses  have  been  obtained  by  fusing  together  zinc 
and  sulphur. 

57.  ALABAINTDINE. — Sulphuret  of  manganese  ;  Phillips. 
Manganese  sulfure  ;  Hauy.  Hexaedrische  Gflanz-Blende  ; 
Mohs.  Manganblende ;  Hausmann.  Alabandin ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  d  oil  cleavage. 
act'  90°  o' 

oa  54  44  (fig.  138.) 

da '  45  0 

Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage,  a,  perfect  ;  d,  traces. 
Fracture  uneven,  imperfect  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  me¬ 
tallic,  imperfect.  Iron-black ...  dark  steel-grey  ;  acquires  a 
brownish-black  tarnish.  Streak  dark  green.  Slightly  brittle. 
H  =  4*0.  a  =  3-95...4-014.  Does  not  conduct  electricity. 

In  the  matrass  unchanged.  In  the  open  tube  yields  sul¬ 
phurous  acid,  and  becomes  greyish-green.  Before  the  blowpipe 
on  charcoal,  after  previous  roasting,  melts  with  difficulty  in  the 
inner  flame  into  a  brown  slag.  With  borax  gives  the  reaction 
of  manganese.  Soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus  with  copious 
evolution  of  a  combustible  gas.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid 
with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


1G8 


SULPHIDES. 


MnS,  manganese  63*27,  sulphur  36*73. 

Analysis  of  alahandine  from  Transylvania,  by  Arfvedson : — 
Manganese  .  .  .  62*io 
Sulphur  .  .  .  .  37  "90 

In  crystals,  usually  in  granular  masses. 

Is  found  in  veins  with  nagyagite,  blende,  pyrite,  kohlerite, 
quartz,  at  Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  in  a  vein  of  quartz  at 
Bo^inha  da  Grama  in  the  province  of  Minas  Greraes  in  the 
Brazils,  in  Mexico. 


58.  TIAUEBITE. — Hauerit ;  Hausmann. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  cl  oil,  f  310,  s  321.  The  forms  f  s  are 
liemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 

Eld.  159. 

90°  O'  f"of  18°  26' 

70  32  fd  26  34 

54  44  sa'  36  42 

60  0  SO  22  13 

45  0 

Eorms  and  combinations,  o,  oa,  os', 
oas' ,  oadf' ,  oads' .  Cleavage,  a,  perfect.  In 
very  thin  plates  translucent  and  hrown- 
isli-red  by  transmitted  light.  Lustre 
adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic.  Dark 
reddish-brown . . .  brownish-black.  Streak 
brownish-red.  h  =  4*0.  G  =  3*463. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of 
sulphur,  leaving  a  green  residue  which 
before  the  blowpipe  becomes  brown  on  the  surface.  After  all 
the  sulphuret  of  manganese  is  decomposed  imparts  a  violet 
colour  to  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  outer  flame.  "With  soda 
on  platinum  foil  affords  the  reaction  of  manganese. 

MnS2,  manganese  46*27,  sulphur  53*73. 

Analysis  by  A.  Patera : — 

Manganese  .  .  .  42*97 

Iron . 1*30 

Sulphur  .  .  .  .  53*64 

Silica . i*20 

In  crystals  and  spherical  groups  of  crystals. 


aa' 

oor 

oa 

ddr 

da' 


PYKITE. 


1G9 


Is  found  in  clay  with  gypsum,  and  sometimes  with  sulphur 
at  Kalinka  near  Vegles,  not  far  from  Altsohl  in  Hungary. 


59.  PYRITE. — Iron  pyrites  ;  Phillips.  Per  sulfure  ;  Hauy. 
Hexaedrischer  Eisen-Kies  ;  Mohs.  Schwefelkies  ;  Plausmann. 
Pyrit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  100,  o  ill,  d  on,  g  320,  e  120,  f  310,  p  122,  n  211, 
m  311,  s  231,  v  531,  t  241,  z  543.  The  forms  g,  e,  f  s,  v, 
t,  z  are  usually  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 


aa' 

90° 

o' 

00 

70 

32 

oa 

54 

44 

dd' 

60 

0 

da' 

45 

0 

do 

35 

16 

ea 

26 

34 

eo 

39 

44 

ed" 

18 

26 

ga 

o 

00 

00 

41' 

gd" 

11 

19 

fa 

18 

26 

fd" 

26 

34 

pa 

70 

32 

po 

15 

48 

na 

35 

16 

no 

19 

28 

ma 

25 

14 

*  mo 

29° 

30' 

sa' 

36 

42 

so 

22 

13 

ta 

29 

12 

to 

28 

8 

va 

32 

19 

VO 

28 

35 

za 

45 

0 

zo 

11 

32 

fig.  161. 


FIG.  162. 


FIG.  163. 


FIG.  164. 


FIG.  165. 


FIG.  166. 


Porms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  g ,  e\  n ,  s',  ao ,  ae ,  as',  oe, 
g'e ,  e's ,  e's,  e't' ,  ave ,  ode,  ame,  ae's ,  aos ,  ae't' ,  e't's ,  aode , 
aoe't' ,  ode's ,  odps ,  adof',  aes'z,  aoe's,  ae't' s' ,  aoe'nt',  aoe't's , 
aet's'z,  aode'n,  aode  s',  aoe'g't'zt,  aog  e  s' v  t' .  The  faces  a  usually 
striated  parallel  to  the  edges  of  eK  which  they  truncate,  t  some- 


170 


SULPHIDES. 


times  rough.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage.  «,  o.  Fracture 
conchoidal... uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Brass-yellow 
inclining  sometimes  to  gold-yellow;  frequently  brown;  rarely 
iridescent.  Streak  dark  greenish -grey.  Opaque.  Brittle. 
h  =  6'0...6‘5.  o  =  4*9.. .5*1.  When  broken  emits  a  smell  of 
sulphur. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  sulphur.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  giving  out  a 
sulphureous  odour,  and  melts  in  the  inner  flame  into  a  blackish 
magnetic  globule,  which  imparts  a  bottle-green  colour  to  glass 
of  borax.  Partly  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of 
sulphur. 

FeS2,  iron  46*67,  sulphur  53*33. 

Analyses  a  by  Hatchett,  b  by  Berzelius,  c  from  the  Philipps- 
hoflhung  mine  near  Siegen,  cl  from  Heinrichssegen  near  Miisen 
by  Schnabel : — 

abed 
Iron  .  .  .  47*85  46*08  46*53  46*5 

Sulphur  .  .  52*15  63*92  53*39  53*5 

Some  varieties  contain  a  small  quantity  of  gold,  others  silver ; 
some  contain  traces  of  silicon  and  selenium.  According  to 
Breithaupt  the  varieties  associated  with  fluor  and  baryte  con¬ 
tain  a  small  quantity  of  arsenic.  Waldbroel  found  0*168  per 
cent,  of  nickel  in  pyrite  from  Eckerhagen. 

In  imbedded  and  attached  crystals,  united  in  druses,  glo¬ 
bular,  botryoidal,  reniform,  in  organic  forms,  filling  up  the 
crevices  of  wood,  and  in  the  form  of  the  interior  of  ammonites, 
&c.  ;  most  frequently  massive  and  disseminated  ;  pseudo- 
morplious  after  stephanite,  pyrargyrite,  calcite,  baryte. 

Is  universally  diffused,  disseminated  in  rocks,  in  beds  and 
veins,  in  the  most  different  formations,  and  occurs  frequently  in 
meteoric  stones.  Fine  crystals  are  found  in  Elba,  Traversella 
and  Brosso  in  Piemont,  the  coal  mines  near  Potschappel  near 
Dresden,  the  mines  of  Freiberg,  Schneeberg,  Johann- Georgen- 
stadt  in  Saxony,  Giftberg  near  Horzowitz  in  Bohemia,  Schem- 
nitz  in  Hungary,  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  Fahlun  in  Sweden, 
Derbyshire,  Cornwall,  Dauphine.  Auriferous  pyrites  occur  at 
Aedelfors  in  Sweden,  Beresow  in  Siberia,  Marmato  in  the 
province  of  Popayan  in  New  Granada,  and  in  several  places  in 
Mexico. 

60.  MABCASITE. — White  iron  pyrites  ;  Phillips.  Fer 
stilphure  blanc  ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Eisen-Kies  ;  Mohs. 
Wasserkies  ;  Hausmann.  Markasit ;  Haidinger. 


MAECASITE. 


171 


Prismatic.  011,010 — 32°  26' ;  101,001=49°  50' ;  110,100  =  53°  2'*5. 

c  ooi,  e  on,  l  101,  z  102,  v  103,  r  104,  m  no,  s  ill. 
z,  v  truncate  the  edge  Ir. 


ec 

57° 

34' 

lo 

ee 

115 

8 

ac 

re 

16 

30 

ma 

VC 

21 

33 

mm 

zc 

30 

38 

sc 

FIG.  167. 

>£» 

CD 

O 

50' 

me 

90° 

O' 

90 

0 

sa 

67 

35 

53 

3 

ea 

90 

0 

73 

55 

si 

45 

27 

63 

5 

Fid.  168. 


Combinations,  el,  elc,  mzc,  emlc ,  mlzc ,  eslc,  enisle,  emlzc , 
emslzc.  The  faces  e  striated  parallel  to  the  intersections  with  s, 
and  usually  rough  ;  z,  c  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  each  other.  Twins,  l.  Twin-face  m,  mut  —  —  320  io\ 
2.  Twin-face  e.  ca  =  -  64°  52'.  The  individuals  are  often 
united  to  others  according  to  the  former  law.  Cleavage,  vn,  toler¬ 
ably  distinct ;  l,  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Light  brass-yellow,  sometimes  inclining  to  green  and 
grey.  Occasionally  acquires  a  variegated  or  brown  tarnish. 
Streak  dark  greenish-grey.  Brittle.  h  =  6*0. ..6*6.  G-  =  4’65 . . . 
4*9.  Emits  a  smell  of  sulphur  when  pounded. 

FeS2,  iron  46*67,  sulphur  53*33. 

Its  leactions  are  the  same  as  those  of  pynte.  Decomposes 
readily. 

Analyses  of  marcasite  a  by  Berzelius,  l,  c  by  Hatchett,  d 
from  the  Briccius  mine  near  Annaberg  (Breithaupt’s  kyrosite) 
by  Scheidkauer : — 


a 

b 

c 

cl 

Iron  .  . 

45*07 

45*66 

46*40 

45*60 

Manganese 

0*70 

— 

copper 

1*41 

Sulphur 

53*35 

54*34 

53*60 

53*05 

Silica 

0*80 

— 

arsenic 

0*93 

Marcasite  and  pyrites  having  the  same  chemical  composition, 
it  follows  that  Fes2  is  dimorphous. 

1  2 


172 


SULPHIDES. 


In  crystals,  globular,  botryoidal,  reniform,  baying  a  radiating 
columnar  or  fibrous  structure  ;  massive  ;  pseudomorphous 
after  calcite,  fluor,  pyrite,  stepbanite,  proustite,  disseminated; 
earthy. 

Is  not  so  abundant  as  pyrites,  and  is  not  found  in  the  older 
rocks.  It  frequently  accompanies  pit  coal  and  brown  coal ; 
occurs  in  sandstone,  marl,  chalk,  beds  of  clay,  and  in  peat. 
Is  found  in  Saxony  near  Freiberg,  Memmendorf  in  Bohemia ; 
at  Johann- Georgenstadt,  Joachimsthal,  Littmitz  and  Altsattel 
near  Toplitz,  Przibram  ;  Ahnerode  in  Hessia ;  in  the  Harz  at 
Clausthal,  Zellerfeld,  Iberg  ;  Conde  in  France ;  Cornwall ; 
Derbyshire. 

61.  MOLYBDENITE. — Sulphuret  of  molybdena  ;  Phillips. 
Molybdene  ;  Hauy.  Dirhomboedrischer  Eutom-Glanz  ;  Mohs. 
Molybdanglanz  ;  Hausmann.  Molybdanit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 

o  ill,  a  oil,  b  2U,  x  120. 

ao  90°  o' 

act '!  60  0 

ba  30  0 

Combinations,  oa,  ax.  The  faces  o 
smooth ;  x,  a  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  o.  Cleavage,  o,  very 
perfect.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Lead- 
grey.  Streak  the  same  on  paper  ;  on  por¬ 
celain  greenish-grey.  In  thin  leaves  very  flexible.  Yery  sectile. 
H  =  l'O. ..1’5.  Or  =  4-5. ..4-6. 

Before  the  blowpipe  in  the  forceps  imparts  a  green  colour  to 
the  flame ;  on  charcoal  sulphurous  acid  is  disengaged,  and  a 
white  sublimate  is  deposited  upon  the  charcoal.  In  the  inner 
flame  imparts  a  brown  colour  to  a  mixture  of  borax  and  nitre. 
In  powder  is  decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of 
molybdic  acid.  With  hot  nitromuriatic  acid  forms  a  greenish 
solution  ;  with  boiling  sulphuric  acid  a  blue  solution. 

MoS2,  molybdenum  58"92,  sulphur  4U08. 

Analyses  of  molybdenite  a  from  Altenberg  by  Brandes,  b  from 
Chester  in  Pennsylvania  by  Seybert,  c,  d,  -  e  from  Lindas  in 
Smaland,  /'from  Bohuslan  by  Svanberg  and  Struve  : — 

a  b  c  d  e  f 

Molybdenum  .  59*6  59‘42  59*07  69-10  59-13  59-01 

Sulphur  .  .  .  40-4  39*68  40’93  40*90  40*87  40*99 


EIG.  169. 


BISMUTHINE. 


173 


In  crystals,  massive,  disseminated  and  investing  other  minerals. 

Occurs  imbedded  in  granite,  syenite,  gneiss  and  chlorite 
slate  ;  sometimes  in  beds  with  magnetite,  in  veins  of  cassiterite. 
Is  found  with  cassiterite  at  Altenberg  and  Ehrenfriedersdorf 
in  Saxony,  and  Schlackenwald  and  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia ;  in 
granite  in  the  iron  mine  at  Bispberg  near  Sather,  and  near 
Stockholm  in  Sweden,  with  augite  in  beds  of  iron  ore  and  in 
zircon  syenite  at  Laurwig  in  Norway,  Rathhausberg  in  Salzburg, 
"Wallis,  Silesia,  Chessy  in  Erance,  in  granite  at  the  foot  of  the 
Talefre  near  Mont  Blanc,  abundantly  in  granite  and  gneiss  in 
the  United  States,  Peru,  the  Brazils,  with  tin  and  copper  in 
the  Drake-walls  mine  near  Calstock,  near  Menabilly,  Huel 
Unity  and  Huel  G-orland  in  Cornwall,  in  the  granite  of  Cald- 
beckfell  near  the  source  of  the  Caldew  in  Cumberland,  Shap  in 
Westmoreland,  in  chlorite  slate  at  Grlenelg  in  Inverness-shire, 
and  in  granite  on  the  mountain  of  Coryby  at  the  head  of  Loch 
Creran  in  Scotland. 


62.  BISMUTHINE. — Sulphuret  of  Bismuth ;  Phillips.  Bis¬ 
muth  sulphure ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  W ism uth - Grlanz  ;  Mohs. 
Wismuthglanz  ;  Hausmann.  Bismuthin ;  Haidinger. 


Prismatic.  110,100  =  45°  30'. 
a  100,  b  010,  c  001  cleavage,  m  110,  e  310. 

FIG.  170. 


be  90°  0' 

ca  90  0 

ea  18  44 

rna  45  30 

ba  90  0 

mm  89  0 

b 

Combination,  mabe.  Crystals  obtained  by  fusing  sulphide 
of  bismuth  are  combinations  of  amb.  The  faces  m  deeply 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  a.  Cleavage,  a , 
perfect ;  b ,  less  perfect ;  c,  m,  imperfect.  Eracture  imperfect 
conchoidal,  seldom  observable.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Lead-grey,  inclining  to  tin-white  ;  acquires  a  yellowish  or  varie¬ 
gated  tarnish.  Streak  the  same.  Sectile.  h  =  2’0.  g  = 
6’4. . .  6‘5. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  a  sublimate  of  sulphur,  with  disen¬ 
gagement  of  sulphurous  acid,  and  boils.  Before  the  blowpipe 
on  charcoal,  in  the  inner  flame,  melts  readily  with  effervescence, 

1  3 


174 


SULPHIDES. 


yields  a  yellow  sublimate,  and  a  globule  of  bismuth.  Partially 
soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 

BiS3,  bismuth  81 '60,  sulphur  18 '40. 

Analyses  of  bismnthine  a  from  Biddarhyttan  by  H.  Bose, 
b  from  Betzbanya  by  Wehrle,  c  from  Gjellebak  by  Scheerer  : — 


a 

b 

c 

Bismuth 

...  80’98 

80*96 

79*77 

Copper  . 

•  •  • 

— 

0*14 

Iron  . 

•  •  • 

— ■ 

0*15 

Sulphur  . 

.  .  .  1872 

18*28 

19*12 

In  attached  crystals,  granular  and  columnar  masses,  and  dis¬ 
seminated. 

Occurs  in  beds  and  veins,  especially  in  crystalline  slate  rocks 
and  granite.  Is  found  in  beds  at  Biddrhytta  in  Westmanland 
with  towanite,  pyrite,  cererite,  amphibole,  and  many  other 
parts  of  Sweden  ;  Altenberg,  Schneeberg  and  some  other 
places  in  Saxony ;  in  veins  in  quartz  with  bismuth,  smaltine, 
towanite  and  mispickel,  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia  ;  Dram  men 
in  Norway,  the  Beresow  mountains  in  Siberia,  near  Bedruth  and 
the  Land’s  End  in  Cornwall,  Caldbeckfell  in  Cumberland. 

63.  ANTIMONITE.  —  Sulphuret  of  antimony  ;  Phillips. 
Antimoine  sulfure ;  Hauy.  Prismatoidischer  Antimon-Grlanz  ; 
Mohs,  Hausmann.  Antimonit ;  Haidinger. 


Prismatic. 

011,010 

=44°  1'; 

101,001  =  45°36'*5; 

110,100~ 

a  loo, 

b 

010, 

C  001, 

X  102,  U  101, 

m 

110, 

430,  t 

510, 

S  113,  p  111,  V  211,  e  213. 

be 

90° 

o' 

ec 

37° 

21' 

ua 

44 

24 

sa 

72 

9 

xa 

62 

56 

sb 

71 

65 

ca 

90 

0 

sc 

25 

53 

uv! 

/ 

91 

13 

pm 

34 

31 

XX 

54 

8 

sm 

64 

8 

ta 

11 

27 

cm 

90 

0 

ra 

37 

14 

va  . 

35 

10 

ma 

45 

23 

pa 

64 

38 

na 

63 

44 

pp 

70 

44 

ba 

90 

0 

// 

pp 

71 

50 

mm' 

89 

15 

■  /  // 
pp 

110 

58 

ea 

57 

13 

// 

vv 

49 

2 

eb 

74 

3 

/  // 

V  V 

132 

48 

ANTIMONITE. 


175 


eig.  171. 


EIG  172. 


Combinations.  sma,pona, 
pvma,  svpma,  sxepvona. 

The  faces  of  the  zone  ona 
striated  parallel  to  their  in¬ 
tersections  with  each  other. 

Cleavage,  a ,  very  perfect ; 
c,  on,  b  less  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal,  small  and  imperfect. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Lead-grey,  inclining  to  steel-grey  ; 
acquires  a  steel-blue  or  iridescent  tarnish.  Streak  lead-grey. 
Sectile.  In  thin  leaves  flexible,  -h  =  2*o.  g  =  4*6... 4*7.. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  first  a  sublimate  of  antimonious 
acid,  and  then  of  oxide  of  antimony.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  melts  very  readily,  imparts  a  green  colour  to  the  flame, 
is  volatilized,  and  deposits  a  white  sublimate  on  the  charcoal. 
Is  soluble  when  pure  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid ;  usually  leaves 
a  small  quantity  of  chloride  of  lead.  Decomposed  by  nitric 
acid,  leaving  oxide  of  antimony.  Decomposed  by  caustic 
potash,  forming  with  it  a  yellow  solution,  which  yields  a 
yellowish  red  precipitate  on  the  addition  of  an  acid. 

SbS3,  antimony  72*89,  sulphur  27-11. 

Analyses  a  by  Bergman,  b  by  Thomson,  c  by  J.  Davy,  d  by 
Braudes,  e  from  Arnsberg  in  Westphalia  by  Schnabel : — 


b 


a  b  c  d  g 

Antimony  ...  74  73*77  74*06  73*5  72  02 

Iron  ....  —  —  —  —  0 13 

Sulphur  ...  26  26*23  25*94  26*5  27*85 

In  long  columnar  or  acicular  crystals,  radiating  columnar, 
fibrous  and  granular  masses,  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  usually  in  veins  in  granite  and  slate  rocks,  either 
alone  or  with  gold,  silver  and  ores  of  lead  and  other  metals, 
sometimes  in  beds  in  chalybite.  Is  found  near  Posing  not  far 
from  Presburg,  Felsobanya,  Kremnitz,  Schemnitz,  Magurka 
and  other  places  in  Hungary,  Kapnik  in  Transylvania,  Brauns- 
dorf  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  Michelsberg  and  Przibram  in 

i  4 


1 


176 


SULPHIDES. 


Bohemia,  Neudorf,  Wolfsthal  and  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz, 
Arensberg  in  Westphalia,  Auvergne  and  other  places  in  France, 
Wolfach  in  Baden,  Leogang  near  Salzburg,  Schladming  in 
Styria,  Lavantthal  in  Carinthia,  Hold  Kronach  in  Baireuth, 
Schlangenberg  in  Siberia,  Loretto  in  Tuscany,  Padstow  in 
Cornwall,  Grlendinning  in  Dumfriesshire,  Spain,  North  and 
South  America. 


64.  OBPIMENT. — Orpiment ;  Phillips.  Arsenic  sulfure 
jaune ;  Ilauy.  Prismatoidischer  Schwefel ;  Mohs.  Bausch- 
gelb  ;  Hausmann.  Operment ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=41°  45';  101,001=33°  O';  110,100=59°  64'-5. 

a  100,  b  010,  0  oil,  m  110,  u  210,  p  ill,  v  211.  b 
truncates  the  edge  uu',  m  truncates  the  edge  ub,  v  truncates 
the  ed ge  pa. 

eig.  173. 


ob 

41° 

45' 

00' 

96 

30 

ua 

39 

40 

ma 

58 

55 

ba 

90 

0 

uu ' 

100 

40 

mm' 

62° 

ir 

va 

48 

3 

pa 

65 

48 

oa 

90 

0 

pb 

47 

10 

pm 

37 

27 

Combinations,  pmu,  opmu,  opuo ,  opvmiib ,  abomu.  The  faces 
a  rough  but  even ;  m ,  u  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  a.  Cleavage,  a ,  very  perfect ;  b,  traces.  Semi-transparent 
...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous;  on  the  cleavage 
a  pearly,  inclining  to  metallic.  Lemon-yellow,  inclining  to 
orange-yellow.  Sectile.  In  thin  leaves  flexible.  h  =  1*5. 
G  =  3-48. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  dark  yellow  or  red  sublimate.  In 
the  open  tube  burns,  yields  sulphurous  acid,  and  deposits  a 
sublimate  of  arsenious  acid.  Fused  with  soda  yields  metallic 
arsenic..  Soluble  in  nitromuriatic  acid,  caustic  potash  and 
ammonia. 

AsS3,  arsenic  60’95,  sulphur  39-05. 

Analyses  of  orpiment  by  Klaproth  and  Laugier : — 

Arsenic  ....  62  61 -86 

Sulphur  ....  38  38-14 

In  imbedded  crystals ;  botryoidal,  reniform,  stalactitic,  massive 


REALGAR. 


177 


and  disseminated.  In  beds  of  clay,  less  frequently  in  veins 
with  realgar.  In  veins  with  arsenic,  bismuth,  blende,  pyrar- 
gyrite  at  Kapnik,  Nagyag,  Eelsobanya,  Joachimsthal,  Schnee- 
berg,  Andreasberg,  Wittichen  and  Markirchen ;  in  beds  of  clay 
at  Tajowa  near  Neusohl,  in  dolomite  on  St.  Grotthardt,  in  lime¬ 
stone  and  gypsum  at  Ealken  stein  and  Hall  in  the  Tyrol ;  as  a 
volcanic  sublimate  in  the  Solfatara,  on  the  lava  of  Vesuvius, 
Gluadaloupe,  Kiusiu  in  Japan. 


65.  REALGAR. — Realgar;  Phillips.  Arsenic  sulfure rouge ; 
Hauy.  Hemiprismatischer  Schwefel ;  Mohs.  Realgar ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  73°  32'-5;  111,010=46°  59';  101,001=40°  22'’6. 


a  100, 

b 

010, 

C 

001, 

X 

101,  z 

201,  r 

012, 

q  Oil, 

032,  V 

230, 

m 

110, 

W 

430, 

l 

210,  g 

520,  n 

212, 

e  111, 

232,  d 

412 

,  t 

612, 

U 

421, 

f 

212. 

za 

44° 

2' 

nb 

64° 

59' 

72° 

33' 

xa 

73 

33 

x  b 

90 

0 

cm 

75 

48 

ca 

113 

55 

db 

71 

19 

xm 

80 

8 

yb 

36 

51 

zb 

90 

0 

fba 

40 

13 

qb 

48 

21 

tb 

76 

34 

tba 

29 

25 

rb 

66 

2 

ub 

54 

15 

uba 

21 

42 

cb 

90 

0 

vb 

26 

51 

FIG 

.  175. 

mb 

wb 

lb 

kb 

eb 


37  13 

45  20 

56  38 

62  14 

35  33 

46  59 


FIG.  174. 


a 


Combinations.  cm,  cmrl,  xrml ,  crmle,  crmleb ,  crmltzab , 
nrceqfmwlvab,  xnezucrfmwvab.  The  faces  s,  cj,  e ,  w,  m,  v,  b 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleav- 


i  5 


178 


SULPHIDES. 


age.  c ,  b,  tolerably  perfect ;  n,  m,  a ,  less  distinct.  7,  traces. 
Fracture  concboidal.  Semi-transparent... translucent.  Lustre 
resinous,  h  =  2'549.  Aurora  red.  Streak  orange -yellow. 
Sectile.  h  =  1*5.  n  =  3’556. 

In  the  matrass  sublimes.  The  sublimate  is  dark  yellow,  and 
transparent,  sometimes  red.  In  the  open  tube  burns,  deposit¬ 
ing  a  sublimate  of  arsenious  acid.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  melts  and  burns  with  a  yellowish-white  flame.  Soluble 
with  difficulty  in  acids.  In  hot  nitromuriatic  acid  dissolves 
slowly,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur.  In  warm  caustic  potash  is 
changed  into  a  dark  powder. 

AsS2,  arsenic  70-07,  sulphur  29-93. 

Analyses  by  Klaproth  and  Laugier  : — 

Arsenic  ....  68‘0  69-57 

Sulphur  ....  30'5  30‘43 

In  attached  crystals  and  druses,  massive,  disseminated  and 
investing  other  minerals. 

Is  found  in  veins  with  arsenic,  antimonite,  pyrargyrite, 
blende,  galena,  pyrite,  mispickel,  &c.,  in  veins  at  Kapnik  and 
IsTagyag  in  Transylvania,  Felsobanya  in  Hungary,  Joachimsthal 
in  Bohemia,  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  Andreasberg  and  AVolf's  - 
berg  in  the  Harz,  Markirchen  in  Alsace,  Wittichen  in  Baden  ; 
in  beds  of  clay  at  Tajowa  in  Hungary  ;  in  beds  of  dolomite  on 
St.  Gfotthardt ;  in  limestone  at  Kranabit ;  in  gypsum  at  Hall 
in  the  Tyrol ;  in  Peru ;  in  the  United  States ;  as  a  product 
of  sublimation  in  Vesuvius  and  iEtna,  Kiusiu  in  Japan. 


66.  CINNABAR. — Cinnabar  ;  Phillips.  Mercure  sulfure  ; 
Hauy.  Peritome  Rubin-Blende ;  Mohs.  Zinnober ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  69°  17'. 


o  111,  b  21],  e 


bb" 

60° 

o' 

210 

33 

28 

ZO 

41 

24 

xo 

46 

36 

TO 

69 

17 

bo 

90 

0 

eo 

62 

54 

on,  r  100,  u  211, 


uu 

57° 

4' 

ee 

87 

24 

ue 

43 

42 

zz 

69 

54 

XX 

78 

2 

/ 

108 

12 

er 

54 

6 

X  311,  2:  522. 

EIG.  176. 


Combinations,  ob,  ouzr ,  ozrb,  ouzxerb.  The  faces  u,  z,  x,  e 


STERKBERGITE. 


179 


are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  o.  Twins.  Twin- 
face  o.  Cleavage,  b,  very  perfect.  Semi-transparent... trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  adamantine.  Cochineal-red, 
passing  into  lead-grey  and  scarlet-red.  Streak  scarlet-red. 
Sectile.  h  =  2*5.  g  —  8'0 . .  .8'2.  Conducts  electricity  imper¬ 
fectly. 

In  the  matrass  sublimes  unchanged.  In  the  open  tube 
yields  a  sublimate  of  undecomposed  cinnabar  and  metallic 
mercury  with  a  disengagement  of  sulphurous  acid.  In  the 
matrass  with  soda  yields  a  sublimate  of  mercury.  Soluble  in 
nitromuriatic  acid,  leaving  a  residuum  of  sulphur.  Insoluble 
in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids,  and  in  caustic  potash. 

HgS,  mercury  86*21,  sulphur  13*79. 

Analyses  of  cinnabar  a  from  Japan,  b  from  Carinthia  by 
Klaproth,  c  from  Silberg  near  Olpe  in  Westphalia,  d  from 
Hokensohns  near  Wetzlar  by  Schnabel: — 

abed 

Mercury  .  .  .  84*50  85*00  86*79  85*43 

Sulphur  .  .  .  14*75  14*25  13*67  13*92 

In  attached  crystals,  single  or  in  druses,  granular  and  earthy 
masses,  disseminated  and  investing  other  minerals. 

Cinnabar  occurs  usually  in  beds  with  mercury,  amalgam,  less 
frequently  in  veins  with  pyrite,  quartz,  calcite,  &c.  Is  found 
at  Almaden,  Almadenejos  and  in  the  Asturias  in  Spain, 
Idria  and  Neumarktel  in  Carniola ;  Wolfstein,  the  Stahlberg, 
Mosckel-Landsberg,  the  Potzberg  near  Kusel,  in  the  Palatinate, 
in  many  parts  of  Carinthia,  Eisenerz  in  Stiria,  Horzowitz  in 
Bohemia  ;  Schemnitz,  Ivremnitz,  Szlana  and  Bo  sen  an  in  Hun¬ 
gary  ;  Hartenstein  in  Saxony,  Claustlial  in  the  Plarz,  Dum- 
brawa  in  Transylvania,  the  Ural,  and  in  large  quantities  in 
Mexico,  Peru,  China  and  Japan. 

The  massive  variety  from  Idria,  called  lebererz  or  hepatic 
cinnabar,  of  a  dark  red  or  black  colour  (g  =  6*287)  according 
to  Schrotter,  consists  of:  — 


Cinnabar 

.  .  90*40 

Idrialine  .... 

.  .  4*21 

Sulphide  of  iron  . 

.  .  0*42 

Sulphate  of  lime  . 

.  .  0*03 

Sulphur  .... 

.  .  0*54 

Silica . 

.  .  2*73 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  0*76 

67.  STEBKBEBGrITE. — Stembergite ;  Dufrenoy.  Elexible 
silver ;  Bournon.  Prismatischer  Eutom-Grlanz  ;  Mohs.  Stern- 
bergit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

i  6 


180 


STJLPIIIDE  s. 


Prismatic.  011,010  =  34°  48';  101,001  =40°  o';  110,100  =  59°  4o'. 


a  100, 

c 

001, 

e  201,  u 

10  0 

1, 

d  211,  m 

110  twin  plane. 

ec 

59° 

12' 

ma 

59° 

45' 

uc 

83 

12 

sa 

64 

24 

ac 

90 

0 

ss" 

95 

32 

wc 

76 

31 

va 

61 

8 

wa 

90 

0 

vvf 

111 

38 

sc 

59 

0 

da 

46 

14 

VC 

73 

17 

dd" 

72 

43 

vac 

90 

0 

dc 

65 

38 

Combinations. 

cdvua ,  cuseu ,  cwedva. 

W  061,  V  221, 


111, 


FIG.  177. 


a 


?edvu.  Twins.  Twin- 
face  m.  The  face  c  striated  parallel  to  its  intersections  with 
the  other  faces  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  c. 
Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect,  and  easily  obtained.  Lustre  metallic, 
brightest  on  c.  Pinchbeck  brown.  Streak  black.  Very  sectile. 
In  thin  leaves  flexible,  h  =  ro...i*5.  g  =  4-2l5. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  blue  flame, 
and  smells  of  burning  sulphur ;  fuses  into  a  magnetic  globule 
covered  with  silver.  With  borax  yields  a  globule  of  silver  and 
glass  coloured  by  iron.  Is  decomposed  by  nitromuriatic  acid, 
leaving  sulphur  and  chloride  of  silver. 


/  /// 

AgBe2,  silver  32'52,  iron  33‘74,  sulphur  33‘74. 

Analysis  of  sternbergite  from  Joachimsthal  by  Zippe  : — 

Silver . 33*2 

Iron . 36’0 

Sulphur . 30  D 


In  attached  crystals,  in  fan-shaped  and  globular  aggrega¬ 
tions,  and  columnar  masses.  Is  found  in  veins  with  pyrargy- 
rite  and  argentite  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia;  Schneeberg 
and  Johann-  Gfeorgenstadt  in  Saxony. 

The  flexible  silver  of  Phillips  is,  as  the  angles  demonstrate,  a 
distorted  figure  of  argentite.  It  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Brooke 
at  a  public  sale  as  Bournon’s  mineral,  and  handed  over  as  such  to 
Mr.  Phillips,  and  measured  and  described  without  reference  to 
Bournon’s  Catalogue.  The  specimen  of  sternbergite  now  in 
Mr.  Brooke’s  collection  is  in  very  perfect  crystals,  and  was 
formerly  in  the  possession  of  Count  Bournon. 


68.  BOBNITE. — Purple  copper  ;  Phillips.  Cuivre  pyriteux 
hepatique  ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrischer  Kupfer-Kies ;  Mohs.  Bunt- 
kupfererz  ;  Hausmann.  Bornit ;  Haidinger. 


BOEFITE. 


181 


Cubic. 


0  111, 

d 

Oil. 

ad 

90* 

3  o' 

00 

70 

32 

oa 

54 

44 

dd ' 

60 

0 

da 

45 

0 

FIG.  178. 


Forms  and  combination.  a,d,ao.  The  faces 
a  rough,  sometimes  curved.  Twins.  Twin- 
face  o.  Cleavage,  o,  traces.  Fracture  small  conclioi dal... uneven. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Between  copper-red  and  pinchbeck- 
brown.  Acquires  an  iridescent  tarnish  when  exposed  to  a 
moist  atmosphere.  Streak  greyish  -  black.  Bather  sectile. 
H  =  3*0.  G  ==  4'9.  ..5-1. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  acid,  but  no  sublimate. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  turns  black,  and  after  cooling, 
red.  After  long  exposure  to  the  flame,  fuses  into  a  steel-grey, 
brittle,  magnetic  globule.  Fused  with  borax  and  soda  yields  a 
globule  of  copper.  After  roasting  shows  with  fluxes  the  reac¬ 
tions  of  oxides  of  copper  and  iron.  Moistened  with  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid  colours  the  flame  blue.  Concentrated  hydrochloric 
acid  dissolves  it  partially,  leaving  the  greater  part  of  the  sulphur. 


/  /// 

4hi3Fe,  copper  55'57,  iron  16’37,  sulphur  28-06. 

The  massive  varieties  probably  contain  a  mechanical  mixture 
of  redruthite  or  towanite. 

Analysis  of  crystallized  bornite  a  from  Condurra  mine  by 
Plattner,  b  crystallized  from  Bedruth  by  Chodnew,  c  crystallized 
by  Yarrentrapp,  d  from  Boss  Island  Killamey  by  B.  Phillips,  e 
massive  from  Sangerhausen, /'massive  from  Eisleben,  g  massive 
from  the  Woitzkoi  mine  near  the  White  Sea,  li  massive  from 
Martanberg  in  Dalarne,  all  by  Plattner,  i  from  Yestanforss  in 
Sweden  by  Hisinger,  k,  l  massive  from  Bristol  in  Connecticut 


by  Bodemann: — 
a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Copper  . 

6676 

67-89 

58-20 

61-07 

7i-oo 

69-73 

Iron  . 

14-84 

14-94 

14’85 

14’00 

6-41 

7’54 

Sulphur  . 

28-24 

26-84 

26-98 

23-75 

22-58 

22-65 

Quartz  . 

— 

0-04 

— 

G50 

— 

— ■ 

(J 

h 

i 

k 

1 

•  ' 

Copper  . 

63-03 

66-10 

63-33 

62-75 

62*65 

Iron  . 

11-57 

17'36 

11-80 

11-64 

11-42 

Sulphur  . 

25-06 

25-80 

24-70 

25-70 

undetermined 

Quartz  . 

— 

0-12 

— 

0-04 

0-02 

182 


SULPHIDES. 


Very  seldom  crystallized;  usually  massive  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  beds  and  veins  in  tlie  older  rocks  with  towanite, 
redrutliite,  pyrite,  malachite,  quartz,  chalybite,  baryte,  calcite, 
fluor,  &c.  Is  found  at  Orawitza  in  the  Banat,  and  Arendal  in 
Norway  in  beds  with  garnets,  in  beds  in  bituminous  marl 
slate  at  Saalfeld  and  Kamsdorf  in  Thuringia,  in  Siegen  in  veins 
in  iron  stone,  Leogang  in  Salzburg,  Rudelstadt  and  Kupferberg 
in  Silesia,  TIessia,  Siberia,  Greenland,  Sweden,  North  America, 
in  veins  in  gneiss  at  Annaberg  and  Freiberg  in  Saxony, 
Bammelsberg  in  the  Harz,  crystallized  only  in  veins  near 
Bedruth  and  St.  Day  in  Cornwall. 


69.  CITBANE. — Cuban;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 
Cubic. 


eig.  179. 

a  100  cleavage. 

.  rt." 

ad  90°  o' 

Cleavage.  distinct.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Between  brass-yellow  and  bronze- 
yellow.  Streak  black,  h  =  4-0.  g  =  4’026 
. .  .4'042. 

Easily  fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Its  reactions  in  other 
respects  are  the  same  as  those  of  towanite. 

/  ///  l 

•Gu-Fe  +  2Fe,  copper  23*35,  iron  41 ’27,  sulphur  35*38.  ' 

Analysis  by  Scheidhauer:  — 

Copper . 22'96 

Iron . 42-51 

Lead . a  trace 

Sulphur . 34*78 

Is  found  at  Bacaranao  in  Cuba. 


70.  TOWANITE. — Copper  pyrites;  Phillips.  Cuivre  py- 
riteux ;  Hauy.  Pyramidaler  Kupfer-Kies  ;  Mohs.  Kupfer- 
kies  ;  Hausmann.  Chalkopyrit ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  44°  34'- 5. 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  m  no,  w  310,  g  203,  e  101,  h  302, 

201,  d  114,  X  113,  111,  n  112,  r  332,  t  221,  V  316, 

Jc  511.  d,  e,  p,  ?i,  v ,  7c  are  usually  hemihedral  with  inclined 
faces. 


TOWAHITE. 


183 


FIG.  180. 


FIG.  181. 


FIG.  182. 


wa 

i-* 

00 

o 

26' 

7na 

45 

0 

act' 

90 

0 

9° 

33 

18 

ec 

44 

35 

lie 

65 

55 

ze 

63 

6 

ac 

90 

0 

dc 

19 

13 

xc 

24 

65 

no 

34 

52 

pc 

54 

20 

re 

64 

26 

te 

70 

16 

one 

90 

0 

VC 

27 

27 

lea 

15 

53 

pa 

54 

57 

ae 

90 

0 

dd' 

24 

54 

xx' 

34 

40 

vx 

11 

54 

CJX 

22 

51 

99, 

45 

41 

nn 

47 

41 

ee 

59 

30 

en 

29 

45 

pe 

35 

40 

pp 

70 

7 

hh' 

71 

42 

pz 

39 

6 

zz 

78 

10 

/ 

rp/y* 

79 

16 

tt' 

83 

27 

FIG.  183. 


FIG.  184. 


Combinations,  p'p\  cp'p\  p'p'z,  p'p'a,  cp'p'z,  cepfz ,  cp'fzm, 
cimliTiTCcp' p'zw ,  cn cp p zciw ,  cd  xvc/ppehz.  llio  facos  c  aie  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  c  ;  the  faces/*  are  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  z.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  a. 
2.  Twin-face  p.  3.  Twin-face  e.  Cleavage ..  2,  perfect,  but 
interrupted  ;  c ,  indistinct.  Fracture  conchoidal,  more  or  less 
perfect.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Brass-yellow.  Streak 
greenish-black.  Slightly  brittle,  ii  =  3  5 . .  .4  o.  &  4  l . .  .4  3. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  easily  and  quietly  into 
a  brittle,  grey,  magnetic  globule.  Colours  glass  of  borax  green. 


184 


SULPHIDES. 


After  long-continued  roasting  in  the  outer  flame  yields  a  bead 
of  copper  when  fused  with  a  small  quantity  of  borax.  Partially 
soluble  in  concentrated  nitric  acid ;  more  readily  in  nitromuri- 
atic  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 

/  /// 

■GuFe,  copper  34-55,  iron  30’54,  sulphur  34’91. 

Analyses  of  crystallized  towanite  a  from  Bamberg,  b  from 
Kinzigthal,  both  by  H.  Pose,  c  crystallized  from  Cornwall  by 
B.  Phillips,  d  massive  from  Orijerfvi  in  Finland  by  Hartwall, 
e  massive  from  Saxony,  f  massive,  both  by  Berthier  :  — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Copper  . 

.  34-49 

33-25 

30-15 

32-93 

342 

31-7 

Iron  . 

.  30‘55 

30-12 

32-37 

30-71 

30-8 

32-7 

Sulphur 

.  35-97 

36'66 

35-34 

37-15 

32-9 

34'2 

It  sometimes  contains  traces  of  silver  or  gold. 

In  crystals,  usually  twins,  either  attached  singly  or  united  in 
druses  ;  more  frequently  massive  and  disseminated  ;  sometimes 
botryoidal  and  reniform  ;  pseudomorphous  after  redruthite. 

Occurs  in  beds  with  pyrite,  blende,  galena,  mispickel,  co- 
baltine,  in  veins  with  quartz,  calcite,  baryte,  fluor,  chalybite,  and 
in  small  quantities  in  veins  containing  ores  of  silver,  lead,  tin,  &c. 
Is  found  near  Preyberg  in  Saxony,  Schlackenwald  and  Batie- 
borzitz  in  Bohemia,  in  many  parts  of  Stiria,  Kamsdorf,  Mansfeld, 
Lauterberg  and  Groslar,  Milsen,  Eiserfeld,  Dillenburg,  Schapbach 
and  W olfach  in  Baden,  Auerbach  on  the  Bergstrasse,  Eoraas 
in  Norway,  Fahlun,  G-arpenberg,  Nya  Kopparberg  in  Sweden  ; 
very  abundantly  in  Cornwall  in  veins  in  granite  and  clay  slate ; 
in  Anglesea  in  a  bed  of  great  thickness  with  native  copper, 
sparingly  in  Derbyshire,  Staffordshire  and  Cumberland,  in  the 
Clifton  mine  near  Tyndrum  in  Perthshire,  in  Mainland,  one  of 
the  Shetland  isles,  in  the  mines  of  Cronebawn  and  Ballymur- 
tagh  in  Wicklow  in  Ireland,  in  Hungary,  the  Banat,  Siberia, 
North  and.  South  America,  Africa,  Japan.  The  best  crystals 
are  found  in  Cornwall,  near  Freiberg,  and  in  the  Pfaffenberg 
and  Meiseberg  in  Anhalt. 

71.  PATEINITE.— Plumbo-cupriferous  sulphuret  of  bis¬ 
muth  ;  Phillips.  Bismuth  sulfure  plombo-cuprifere ;  Dufrenoy. 
Prismatoidischer  Wismuth-Grlanz  ;  Mohs.  Nadelerz  ;  Haus- 
mann.  Patrinit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  Probably  isomorphous  with  bournonite. 

Has  a  single  cleavage  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  prism. 
Fracture  imperfect  couchoidal . . . uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  me- 


GliUNAUITE. 


185 


tallic.  Blackish  lead-grey... steel-grey.  Acquires  a  brown 
tarnish  by  exposure.  Streak  blackish-grey.  Slightly  brittle. 
H  =  2-0.  ..2‘5.  G  =  6‘75. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  acid,  and  a  wrhite  vapour, 
part  of  wdiich  condenses  in  transparent  drops.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  very  easily,  emits  fumes,  and 
deposits  a  white  and  yellow  sublimate  upon  the  charcoal,  and 
leaves  a  metallic  bead  which,  with  soda,  yields  a  globule  of 
copper.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  sulphate  of 
lead  and  sulphur. 

4ru  Bi  +  2Pb3Bi,  copper  10*94,  lead  3575,  bismuth  3674, 
sulphur  16'57. 

Analyses  a,  b  by  Erick,  c,  d  from  Katharinenburg  by  Chap¬ 
man  : — 


a 

b 

G 

d 

Copper  .  . 

.  1179 

10*59 

12*64 

10*94 

Lead  .  . 

.  35*69 

36  05 

40*43 

35*77 

Bismuth  .  . 

.  34*62 

36*45 

28*04 

36*73 

Sulphur  .  . 

.  16*05 

16*61 

18*89 

16*56 

In  long  slender 

four  and 

six-sided  prisms, 

striated 

parallel  to 

the  intersections  of  the  faces,  imbedded  in  quartz,  massive  and 
disseminated. 

Is  found  associated  with  gold  in  the  Pyschminski,  Preobra- 
schenski  and  Kljutschewski  mines  at  Beresow  near  Katha¬ 
rinenburg  in  Siberia. 


72.  GrBTJNAIJITE. — Griinauite  ;  Nicol.  Nickel  sulfure 
bismnthifere  ;  Dufrenoy.  Nickel wismuthglanz  ;  Mohs,  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill. 

ad  90°  o' 

00  70  32 

OCt  54  44 

Eorm  and  combination,  o,  ao.  Cleav¬ 
age.  o.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Light 
steel-grey,  silver- wdiite.  Acquires  a  yel¬ 
lowish  and  greyish  tarnish.  Streak  dark 
grey.  Brittle,  n  =  4*5.  g  =  573. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  a  grey,  brittle,  magnetic  bead, 
depositing  a  greenish-yellow  sublimate  on  the  charcoal.  Dis- 


riG.  185. 


186 


SULPHIDES. 


solves  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur.  The  solution 
is  green ;  when  neutral,  it  yields  a  precipitate  on  the  addition 
of  water. 


Analyses  a  by  v. 

Kobell,  b ,  c 

by  Schnabel : — 

a 

b 

C 

Nickel 

.  .  40-65 

22-03 

'  22-78 

Iron  . 

.  .  3-48 

6'55 

6'06 

Cobalt  . 

.  .  0*28 

11*24 

11-73 

Bismuth 

.  .  14-11 

10'49 

10-41 

Copper  . 

.  .  1*68 

11’59 

11*56 

Lead  .  . 

.  .  1*58 

7-11 

4-36 

Sulphur  . 

.  .  38-64 

31-99 

33-10 

Is  found  in  very  small  crystals  and  granular  aggregations  at 
Grriinau  in  Sayn  Altenkirchen  with  quartz  and  towanite. 


73.  LINNEITE. — Sulphuret  of  cobalt ;  Phillips.  Kobal- 
dine ;  Beudant.  Isometrischer  Kobalt-Kies ;  Mohs.  Kobalt- 
kies  ;  Hausmann.  Linneit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  100,  o  in. 

aa!  90°  o' 

oo'  70  32  (fig.  190.) 

oa  54  44 


Eorm  and  combination,  o,  ao.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleav¬ 
age.  a,  imperfect.  Eracture  conchoidal... uneven.  Surface 
smooth.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Silver-white,  inclining  to 
steel-grey.  Acquires  a  yellowish  or  copper-red  tarnish.  Streak 
blackish-grey.  Brittle.  H  =  5'5.  U  =  4‘8...5"0. 

Before  the  blowpipe  yields  sulphurous  acid,  and  melts  in  the 
inner  flame  into  a  grey  magnetic  globule,  the  interior  of  which 
is  bronze-yellow.  Imparts  a  blue  colour  to  glass  of  borax. 
Partially  soluble  in  warm  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of 
sulphur. 


/  ///  ,  _ 
Co-Go,  cobalt  58-01,  sulphur  41-99,  a  large  portion  oi  the 

cobalt  being  replaced  by  copper,  nickel,  and  iron. 

Analyses  of  Linneite  a,  b  from  the  Jungfer  mine  near  Miisen 
by  Wernekink,  c  from  Biddarhytta,  with  an  admixture  of 
towanite,  by  Hisinger,  d  from  the  Jungfer  mine  near  Miisen  by 
Schnabel,  e  from  the  Schwaben  mine  near  Miisen  by  Ebbinghaus : 

abode 

Cobalt  .  .  .  44-17  53-35  43'34  22‘09  11-00 

Nickel  ...  —  —  —  33-64  42-64 


S  TANNINE. 


187 


Iron  .  . 

Copper 
Sulphur  . 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

5*35 

2*30 

3-54 

2-29 

4-69 

4*13 

0-97 

14-45 

— 

— 

41*29 

42-52 

38-63 

41-98 

42-30 

In  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  crystallized  with  quartz,  towanite,  and  pyrite  in 
veins,  in  the  Schwaben  mine  and  the  Stahlberg  near  Miisen  in 
Siegen,  massive  and  disseminated  with  towanite  and  amphibole 
in  a  bed  in  gneiss  in  the  Nya  Bastnas  mine  at  Riddarhytta, 
also  at  Loos  in  Sweden. 


74.  SYEPOORITE. — Syepoorite;  Nicol.  Graukobalterz  ; 
Hausmann. 


Steel-grey,  inclining  to  yellow. 
CoS,  cobalt  64'86,  sulphur  35'14. 

Analysis  by  Middleton : — 

Cobalt  .  .  . 

Sulphur  .  .  . 


64-64 

35-36 


Occurs  massive  and  disseminated  at  Syepoor  near  Rajpootanah 
in  the  west  of  Hindostan. 


75.  STANNINE. — Sulphuret  of  tin;  Phillips.  Etain  sul- 
fure;  Hauy.  Hexaedrischer  Bystom-Grlanz ;  Mohs.  Zinn- 
kies ;  Hausmann.  Stannin  ;  Haidinger. 


Cubic. 

a  loo,  d  on  cleavage. 


EIG.  186. 


aa 

dd' 

da 


90°  O' 
60  0 
45  0 


Cleavage,  a ,  d,  traces.  Eracture  uneven 
...  small  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  me¬ 
tallic.  Steel-grey,  inclining  to  bronze-yellow.  The  yellow  colour 
of  some  varieties  is  occasioned  by  an  admixture  of  towanite. 
Streak  black.  Brittle,  n  =  4"0.  G  =  4’3...4"61. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  white  fumes  and  sulphurous  acid. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal,  in  a  strong  heat,  melts,  be¬ 
comes  white  on  the  surface,  and  deposits  a  white  sublimate  of 
tin,  which  cannot  be  volatilized,  close  round  the  assay.  After 
roasting  yields  with  fluxes  the  reactions  of  copper  and  iron. 


188 


SULPHIDES. 


With  soda  and  borax  yields  a  pale  scarcely  malleable  bead  of 
copper.  Is  easily  decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  forming  a  blue 
solution,  and  leaving  sulphur  and  oxide  of  tin  undissolved. 

4hi2Sn  -f-  Pe2Sn,  copper  29'58,  iron  13*07,  tin  27*47,-  sulphur 
29*88,  a  portion  of  the  iron  being  sometimes  replaced  by  zinc. 

Analyses  of  stanine  from  Huel  Rock  a  by  Klaproth,  b  by 
Kudernatsch,  c  from  Zinnwald  by  Rammelsberg,  d  from  St. 
Michael’s  Mount  by  Johnston: — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Copper 

.  30*0 

29*69 

26*31 

23*55 

Iron 

.  12*0 

12*57 

6*80 

4*79 

Zinc  .  . 

.  — 

1*79 

6*93 

10*11 

Tin  .  .  . 

.  26*5 

25*81 

28*94 

31*62 

Lead 

.  — • 

— 

0*41 

— 

Sulphur 

.  30*5 

29*95 

29*89 

29*93 

Is  found  at  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia,  and  Huel  Bock  mines  in 
St.  Agnes,  in  a  vein  accompanied  by  blende  and  pyrite.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  found  in  Stenna  Grwynn,  in  Huel  Scorrier, 
and  in  small  veins  in  the  granite  of  St.  Michael’s  Mount. 


76.  MISPICKEL. — Arsenical  Iron ;  Phillips.  Per  arsenical ; 
Hauy.  Prismatischer  Arsenik-Kies  ;  Mohs.  Mispickel ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=29°  4l' ;  101,001=49°  56' ;  110,100  =  55°56'*5. 


a  loo,  c  ooi  cleavage,  e  Oil,  l  101,  s  102,  r  104,  t  301, 
on  110,  g  ill,  x  132.  c  truncates  the  edge  rr .  t  truncates 
the  edge  la.  g  is  common  to  the  zones  one,  ea.  x  truncates  the 

eig.  187. 


eon. 

ta 

i "° 

lo 

28' 

0 

eo 

CO 

V 

CO 

la 

39 

41 

eon 

44 

9 

sa 

58 

56 

ee 

120 

48 

ra 

73 

14 

ona 

55 

36 

ca 

90 

0 

mon 

68 

48 

IV 

100 

38 

gon 

25 

7 

ss 

62 

8 

xm 

29 

14 

EIG.  188. 


Combinations.  ron,  rem,  seon ,  Iona, 
shorn.  The  faces  r  deeply  striated  pa¬ 
rallel  to  the  edge  rr  ;  s  rough,  and  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  the  edge  ss  ;  the  other 
faces  smooth.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  e. 
2.  Twin-face  on.  Cleavage,  on,  tolerably 


MISPICKEL. 


189 


perfect ;  c,  very  faint  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lus¬ 
tre  metallic.  Silver- white. ..light  steel-grey.  Streak  greyisli- 
hlack.  Brittle,  h  =  5'5.  a  =  6-0...6-3. 

In  the  matrass  yields  first  a  red  and  then  a  brown  sublimate 
of  sulphuret  of  arsenic  ;  afterwards,  in  a  strong  heat,  metallic 
arsenic  sublimes.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits 
arsenical  fumes,  and  melts  into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  After 
being  roasted,  colours  glass  of  borax  green,  the  variety  con¬ 
taining  cobalt  colours  glass  of  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus  blue. 
Beadily  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur  and 
arsenious  acid. 

FeS2  +  FeAs,  iron  34-37,  sulphur  19-64,  arsenic  45-99.  In 
some  varieties  (danaite)  part  of  the  iron  is  replaced  by  cobalt ; 
others  contain  a  very  small  quantity  of  silver  or  gold. 

Analyses  of  mispickel  from  Frevberg  a  by  Strom eyer,  b  by 
Chevreuil,  c  by  Karsten,  ^Breithaupt’s  ‘  plinian,’  by  Plattner : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Iron  .  . 

.  36-04 

34-94 

35-62 

34-46 

Sulphur 

.  21'08 

20-13 

20-65 

20-07 

Arsenic 

.  42-88 

43-42 

43-73 

45-46 

Analyses  of  the  varieties  containing  cobalt  (danaite)  e,fg 
from  Skutterud  by  Scheerer,  h  by  W ohler,  i  from  Franconia  by 
Hayes : — 

e  f  g  lb  i 


Iron  .  . 

.  26’54 

26-36 

26-97 

30-90 

33-28 

Cobalt  .  . 

8-31 

9-01 

8*38 

4-70 

6-52 

Sulphur  . 

.  17-57 

17-34 

18-06 

17-70 

18-02 

Arsenic 

.  47’55 

46-76 

46*01 

47'40 

41-86 

In  imbedded  and  attached  crystals,  frequently  united  in 
druses,  granular  and  columnar  masses,  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  veins  and  beds,  or  disseminated  in  gneiss,  mica 
slate,  and  serpentine,  with  cassiterite,  wolfram,  marcasite,  fluor. 
Is  found  at  Breitenbrunn,  Baschau,  Freiberg,  Braunsdorf, 
Munzig,  the  tin  mines  of  Altenberg,  Greger  and  Ehrenfrieders- 
dorf  in  Saxony,  in  the  tin  mines  of  Joachimsthal,  Schlackenwald 
and  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia,  Kupferberg  and  Altenberg  in  Sile¬ 
sia,  Grolnitz  in  Hungary,  Orawitza  in  the  Banat,  near  Salathna 
in  Transylvania,  Lungau  in  Salzburg,  Andreasberg,  the  Bam- 
melsberg  mine  near  Groslar,  Sala,  Mora  and  Norrberke  in 
Sweden,  in  most  of  the  tin  mines  in  Cornwall.  Danaite  is  found 
in  beds  with  cobaltine  at  Skutterud  in  Norway  and  Franconia 
in  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Greg’s  collection  contains  some  crystals  enclosing  towa- 


190 


SULPHIDES. 


nite,  called  by  Haidinger  1  prismatic  cobalt  pyrites,’  having  the 
form  of  mispickel,  and  in  which,  according  to  Haidinger’ s  mea¬ 
surements,  mm  =  69°  o',  U  =  99°  3o'.  These  are  probably 
either  danaite  or  glaucodote. 

77.  GLATJCODOTE. — Glaucodote;  Breithaupt. 

EIG.  189. 

Prismatic. 

c  truncates  the  edge  rr . 

me  90°  o' 

mm  67  24 

Cleavage,  c,  very  distinct ;  m,  indistinct. 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Hark  tin-white. 

Streak  black,  h  =  5-0.  a  =  5*975...  6-003. 

BS2  -j-  BAs,  where  B  is  Co  and  Fe. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  acid  and  a  sublimate  of 
arsenious  acid.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  fumes 
of  sulphur  and  arsenic,  and  melts  into  a  feebly  magnetic  globule 
with  a  black,  rough  surface.  With  borax  in  the  inner  flame 
yields  the  reaction  of  iron.  When  all  the  iron  is  separated  by 
borax,  the  remaining  arsenide  melted  with  borax  yields  a  blue 
glass. 

BS2  +  BAs,  where  B  is  Co  and  Fe. 


Analysis  by  Plattner  : — 

Cobalt,  with  a  trace  of  nickel  . 

Iron . 

Arsenic . 

Sulphur . 


24*77 

11-90 

43-20 

20-21 


Is  found  in  veins  in  chlorite  slate,  with  cobaltine,  towanite, 
axinite,  and  quartz,  near  Huasko  in  Chile. 


78.  COBALTINE. — Bright  white  cobalt ;  Phillips.  Cobalt 
gris;  Hauy.  Hexaedrischer  Kobalt-Kies;  Mohs.  Kobalt 
glanz  ;  Hausmann.  Kobaltin ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  111,  e  120,  h  140,  s  231.  The  forms  e,  h ,  s 
are  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 


act 

oo 

oa 


90° 

0' 

ed 

26° 

co 

ee 

53° 

8' 

70 

32 

ha 

14 

2 

eo 

39 

44 

64 

44 

so 

22 

13 

se 

17 

31 

COBALTTN'E. 


191 


riG.  190.  FIG.  181.  FIG.  192. 


Forms  and  combinations,  a,  o,  e,  no,  ae\  oe\  aoe\  oe's\ 
aoe's\  The  faces  a  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with 
e ;  the  other  faces  smooth.  Cleavage,  a,  perfect.  Fracture 
imperfect,  conchoidal... uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 
Silver- white,  inclining  to  copper-red;  occasionally  tarnished. 
Streak  greyish-black.  Brittle,  h  =  5*5.  g  =  6'1 . . . 6*3. 

In  the  matrass  unchanged.  In  the  open  tube  yields  a  subli¬ 
mate  of  arsenious  acid  and  disengages  sulphurous  acid.  On 
charcoal  before  the  blowpipe  emits  arsenical  fumes  and  melts 
into  a  grey,  feebly  magnetic  globule,  which  in  the  outer  flame 
imparts  a  bine  colour  to  glass  of  borax.  Soluble  in  warm  nitric 
acid,  leaving  a  residuum  of  arsenious  acid. 

CoS2  -f  Co  As,  cobalt  35*54,  arsenic  45*17,  sulphur  19*29.  Part 
of  the  cobalt  is  usually  replaced  by  iron. 

Analyses  of  cobaltine  a  from  Skutterud  by  Stromeyer,  b 
from  Siegen  by  Schnabel,  from  Orawitza  in  the  Banat,  c  by 
Huberdt,  d  by  Patera,  e  from  Skutterud  by  Ebbinghaus, 
f  from  Siegen  by  Schnabel : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Cobalt .  . 

33*10 

29*77 

30*37 

32*03 

32*60 

8*67 

Iron 

3*23 

6*38 

5*75 

4*56 

3*47 

25*98 

Arsenic  . 

43*46 

44*75 

44*13 

43*63 

43*68 

42*53 

Antimony . 

- — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

2*84 

Sulphur  . 

20*08 

19*10 

19*75 

19*78 

20*58 

19*98 

In  imbedded  crystals,  granular  masses  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  beds  in  crystalline  slate  rocks  with  pyrite,  towa- 
nite,  danaite,  skutterudite,  magnetic  iron  oxide,  accompanied 
by  quartz,  mica,  amphibole,  anthophyllite,  calcite.  The  crystals 
are  sometimes  imbedded  singly  or  in  small  groups  in  copper 
and  iron  pyrites,  or  attached  to  skutterudite.  Is  found  at 
Skutterud  in  the  parish  of  Modum  in  Norway,  Tunaberg  and 
Hakansbo  in  Sweden,  occasionally  at  Querbach  in  Silesia,  and 
Orawitza  in  the  Banat. 


192 


SULPHIDES. 


79.  GEESDORFFITE. —  Disomose;  Beudant.  Eutomer 
Kobalt-Kies  (in  part)  ;  Mohs.  Nickelglanz  ;  Hausmann.  Gers- 
dorffit ;  Haidinger. 


Cubic. 


a  loo,  o  ill, 
parallel  faces. 

e  120. 

The  form  e  is  hemihedral  with 

ad 

co 

o 

o 

o' 

00 

70 

82  (fig.  190.) 

oa 

54 

44 

ed 

26 

34 

Eorm  and  combination,  o,  ao.  Cleavage,  a,  tolerably  per¬ 
fect.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Light 
lead-grey,  inclining  to  tin-white  ;  acquires  a  greyish-black  or 
iridescent  tarnish  by  exposure.  Streak  greyish-black.  Brittle. 
H  =  5'0 . .  .5*5.  G  =  6*1.  ..6-13. 

Decrepitates  in  the  matrass.  In  the  open  tube  yields  a  yel¬ 
lowish-brown  sublimate  of  sulphnret  of  arsenic.  The  reactions 
of  the  residue  are  the  same  as  those  of  kupfernickel.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  deposits  a  wrhite  sublimate,  and  fuses  into 
a  black,  brittle  globule,  which  imparts  a  green  colour  to  glass 
of  borax.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of 
sulphur  and  arsenions  acid. 

Analyses  of  gersdorffite  a  from  Loos  by  Berzelius,  b  from 
Haueisen  near  Lobenstein,  c  from  Harzgerode  (g  =  5-61...5’65) 
both  by  Bammelsberg,  d  in  crystals  from  Schladming,  the  mean 
of  three  analyses,  and  e  from  Prakendorf  by  Lowe,  f  from 
Miisen,  in  octahedrons,  by  Schnabel : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Nickel .  . 

30-21 

31-82 

30-30 

26-14 

28-75 

32'66 

Iron 

4-15 

— 

6-01 

9*55 

8-90 

2-38 

Cobalt . 

0-92 

antimony 

0-86 

— 

— 

— 

Arsenic  . 

45-78 

48'02 

44‘01 

49-83 

46-10 

46-02 

Sulphur  . 

19-51 

20-16 

18-83 

14-13 

16-25 

18-94 

In  crystals  and  granular  or  lamellar  masses. 

Is  found  at  Harzgerode  and  Tanne  in  the  Harz,  Schladming 
in  Stiria,  Kamsdorf,  Lobenstein  in  Voightland,  near  Loos  in 
Helsingland  in  Sweden,  Prakendorf  in  Hungary,  in  Spain  and 
in  the  Brazils. 

A  mineral  from  Lichtenberg  near  Steben  in  the  Fichtelge- 
birge,  v.  Kob ell’s  ‘  amoibite,’  occurring  in  crystals  belonging  to 
the  cubic  system,  g  =  6"08,  consists  according  to  v.  Kobell  of: 


ULLMAN1STITE. 


193 


Nickel  37*34,  cobalt  trace,  iron  2*50,  lead  0*82,  arsenic  45*34, 
sulphur  14*00. 

An  arsenical  nickel  from  the  Hasselhaue  mine  near  Tanne  in 
the  Harz,  according  to  the  analysis  of  E.  Hoffmann,  consists  of : 
nickel  30*02,  cobalt  o*66,  iron  3*29,  arsenic  53*60,  sulphur  n*05. 


80.  ULLMANNITE. — Nickel  antimonie  sulfur e  ;  Dufrenoy. 
Eutomer  Kobalt  Kies  (in  part)  ;  Mohs.  Antimonnickelglanz  ; 
Hausmann.  TJllmannit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  d  oil. 

act  90°  o' 

00  70  32 

dd'  60  0 

oa  54  44 

da  45  0 

Combinations,  ao ,  aod.  Cleavage.  < 
feet.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic, 
grey . .  .steel-grey ;  acquires  a  greyish-black  or  variegated  tarnish 
by  exposure.  Streak  greyish-black.  Brittle,  h  =  5*0... 5*5. 
G-  =  6*2. ..6*55. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  acid  and  a  sublimate  of 
oxide  of  antimony.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  fumes 
abundantly,  emitting  a  faint  smell  of  arsenic,  and  melts  into  a 
brittle  metallic  globule,  which  frequently  tinges  glass  of  borax 
blue.  Decomposed  by  concentrated  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  re¬ 
sidue  of  sulphur,  oxide  of  antimony,  and  arsenious  acid.  Par¬ 
tially  soluble  in  nitromuriatic  acid,  forming  a  green  solution, 
and  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur. 

NiSb  +  NiS2,  nickel  26*84,  antimony  68*62,  sulphur  14*54,  a 
portion  of  the  antimony  being  sometimes  replaced  by  arsenic. 

Analyses  of  ullmannite  a  from  Eisern  by  TJllmann,  b  from 
Ereusburg  by  Klaproth,  c  from  Sayn-Altenkirchen  by  John, 
d,  e  from  Landskrone  by  H.  Bose,  f  from  Harzgerode  (g  = 
6*606)  by  Bammelsberg : 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Nickel .  . 

26*10 

25*25 

23*33 

27*36 

28*04 

29*43 

Iron  .  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1*83 

Antimony 

47*56 

47*75 

61*68 

65*76 

54*47 

60*84 

Arsenic  . 

9*94 

11*75 

— 

- — 

— 

2*65 

Sulphur  . 

16*40 

15*25 

14*16 

15*98 

15*55 

17*38 

K 


FIG.  193 


194 


SULPHIDES. 


In  crystals  and  granular  masses,  disseminated. 

Is  found  in  iron-stone  veins,  containing  copper  and  lead  ores, 
in  the  Westerwald;  with  pyrite,  towanite,  galena,  smaltine, 
cuprite,  malachite,  chalybite,  in  the  Jungfrau  mine  near  Gro- 
senbach,  Aufgeklartes  Grluck  near  Eisern,  Bandenberg,  Lands- 
krone  near  Willesdorf,  Eriedrich  Wilhelm  at  Ereusburg,  the 
Albertine  mine  near  Harzgerode. 

81.  ZINCKENITE.  —  Zinkenite;  Dufrenoy.  Bhomboe- 
drischer  Dy  stom-Glanz ;  Mohs.  Zinckenit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=75°  18' ;  101,001=8°  3 o' ;  110,100=60°  19'*5. 

uu'  29°  24' 

ma  60  20 

mm'  59  21 

sa  77  18 

ua  90  0 

s’s"  29  4 

ss'  25  24 

Twins.  Twin-face  m.  Eracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Dark  steel-grey... lead-grey ;  sometimes  iridescent. 
Streak  the  same.  Slightly  brittle.  H  =  3*0... 3*5.  Gt  =  5*30 
...5-35. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  a  white  sublimate  of  oxide  of  anti¬ 
mony  and  antimonite  of  lead.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
decrepitates,  melts  and  deposits  a  yellow  sublimate  of  oxide  of 
lead,  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  oxide  of  antimony,  and  can  be 
nearly  all  volatilized,  leaving  a  very  small  bead  containing 
copper.  With  soda  yields  a  globule  of  lead.  Decomposed  by 
warm  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  chloride  of  lead. 

/  /// 

PbSb,  lead  34’92,  antimony  43‘50,  sulphur  21*58. 

Analysis  of  zinckenite  from  Wolfsberg  by  H.  Eose; 

Lead . 31-84 

Copper . 0*42 

Antimony  ....  44*39 

Sulphur . 22*58 

In  attached  crystals,  forming  radiating  groups  and  druses, 
in.  columnar  masses. 

Is  found  in  a  vein  with  antimonite  and  quartz  at  Wolfsber^ 
in  the  Harz,  and  near  St.  Trudpert  in  the  Black  Eorest. 


EIG.  194. 


JAMESONITE. 


195 


82.  JAMES  ONTTE. — Jamesonite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Axotomer 
Antimon-Gflanz ;  Mobs.  Jamesonit;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

a  100  cleavage,  c  ooi  cleavage,  m  110. 


eig.  195. 


ac 

90° 

o' 

me 

90 

0 

ma 

50 

40 

mm' 

78 

40 

Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect ;  m,  a  less  perfect. 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Steel-grey.  Streak 
the  same.  Sectile.  h  =  2‘0...2*5.  g  =  5-564 ...5-616. 

In  the  open  tube  and  with  acids  the  reactions  are  the  same 
as  those  of  zinckenite.  Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before 
the  blowpipe  melts  easily,  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxides  of 
lead  and  antimony  on  the  charcoal,  and,  after  the  lead  and 
antimony  are  driven  off,  leaves  a  slag  which  usually  affords  the 
reactions  of  copper  and  iron.  With  soda  yields  a  globule  of 
lead. 


/  ill 

Pb3Sb2,  lead  43*59,  antimony  36*21,  sulphur  20'20. 

Analyses  of  jamesonite  a  from  Valencia  d’ Alcantara  by 
Scliaffgotsch,  b,  c,  d  from  Cornwall  by  H.  Bose,  c  from  Arany- 
Idka  by  Lowe : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Lead  .  . 

39-97 

40-75 

40-35 

38-71 

39*67 

Iron  .  . 

3*63 

2-30 

2*96 

2-65 

2-91 

Copper .  . 

— 

0-13 

G21 

0-19 

1-73 

Zinc .  .  . 

0-42 

— 

Pb,Ee,Zn 

0-74 

Zn  0"34 

Silver  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1*44 

Bismuth  . 

1*06 

— 

— 

— 

0-21 

Antimony  . 

32-62 

34-40 

33*47 

34-90 

32*17 

Sulphur 

21-78 

22-15 

undetermined 

25-53 

18-07 

In  acicular  crystals,  parallel  or  diverging  groups,  more  fre¬ 
quently  in  fibrous  masses. 

Is  found  in  Cornwall  sometimes  with  bournonite,  at  Valencia 
d’ Alcantara  in  Estremadura,  Arany-Idka  in  Hungary,  Carcas- 
sone  and  Pont  Vieux  in  Prance,  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia,  Catta- 
Pranca  in  the  Brazils. 

The  substance  called  ‘  bleischimmer’  is  supposed  to  be 
jamesonite.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Light  lead-grey.  Ac¬ 
quires  a  blackish  tarnish.  Streak  shining.  Soft.  Sectile.  g  = 

k  2 


196 


SULPHIDES. 


5*95.  Before  tlie  blowpipe  emits  a  smell  of  sulphur  and  arsenic, 
and  melts  into  a  metallic  globule,  depositing  a  white  and  a  red 
sublimate  upon  the  charcoal.  Analysis  by  Pfaff : —  Lead 
43*44,  iron  0*16,  copper  0*18,  arsenic  3*56,  antimony  35*47,  sul¬ 
phur  17*20.  Is  found  in  fine-grained  masses  with  towanite  at 
Hertschinsk  in  Siberia. 

83.  PLTJMOSITE. — Antimoine  sulfure  capillaire;  Hauy. 
Pedererz  ;  Hausmann.  Plumosit ;  Haidinger. 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic,  feeble.  Blackish  lead-grey . . .  steel- 
grey.  Sectile.  h  =  3*0.  G  =  5*7...  5*9. 

/  /// 

Pb2Sb,  lead  49*77,  antimony  31*01,  sulphur  19*22. 

Analyses  of  fibrous  plumosite  by  H.  Bose,  of  a  massive  variety 
by  Poseleger,  both  from  W olfsberg : — 


Lead  .  . 

.  .  .  46*87 

48*48 

Iron  .  . 

.  .  .  1*30 

— 

Zinc  .  . 

.  .  .  0*08 

— 

Antimony  . 

.  .  .  31*04 

32*98 

Sulphur 

.  .  .  19*72 

20*32 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily,  and  is  volatilized,  with  the 
exception  of  a  small  slag-like  residue,  depositing  a  sublimate  of 
oxides  of  lead  and  antimony  upon  the  charcoal.  With  soda 
yields  a  globule  of  lead. 

Is  found  in  fine  flexible  and  elastic  acicular  or  capillary 
crystals  in  veins  with  antimonite,  galena,  &c.  in  the  Harz, 
at  Wolfsberg,  Pfaffenberg,  and  Meiseberg  near  Neudorf. 

The  substance  known  by  the  name  of  dark  zundererz  from 
the  Catharina  Neufang  mine  at  Andreasberg,  according  to 
Borntrager,  consists  of 


Silver  .... 

.  .  .  2*56 

Lead  .... 

.  .  .  43*06 

Iron . 

.  .  .  4*52 

Antimony  . 

.  .  .  16*88 

Arsenic  .... 

.  .  .  12*60 

Sulphur  .... 

.  .  .  19*57 

84.  PLAGLONITE.  —  Plagionite  ;  Hufrenoy.  Hemipris- 
matischer  Dystom-Grlanz  ;  Mohs.  Plagionit ;  Hausmann,  Hai¬ 
dinger. 

Oblique.  101,100=54°  51 ;  111,010=71°  l'*5  ;  101,001  =  17°  37'. 
a  loo,  c  ooi,  e  ill,  s  ill,  n  221. 


DFFRESTOYSITE. 


197 


ca  72°  28' 
nri  120  49 

eeF  142  3 

SS  134  30 


The  faces  c  smooth ;  e,  s,  n  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  each  other,  the  faces  a  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  c.  Cleavage,  n  tolerably  perfect.  Frac¬ 
ture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Blackish 
lead-grey.  Streak  the  same.  Brittle,  h  =  2*5.  G  =  5*4. 

Decrepitates  violently  when  heated.  In  the  open  tube  emits 
fumes  of  antimony  and  sulphurous  acid.  Before  the  blowpipe 
melts  very  easily  on  charcoal,  sinks  into  the  charcoal,  and  at 
last  yields  a  globule  of  lead. 

/  w 

Pb4Sb3,  lead  41*04,  antimony  38*35,  sulphur  20*61. 


ec 

25° 

40 

nc 

41 

8 

sc 

149 

0 

FIG.  196. 

c 


Analyses  of  plagionite  from  Wolfsberg  by  H.  Bose  and 
Kudernatsch : — 

Lead  ....  40*52  40*98 

Antimony  .  .  37*94  37*53 

Sulphur  .  .  .  21*53  21*49 

Is  found  in  small  attached  crystals,  collected  in  druses,  and 
granular  masses,  in  a  vein  in  quartz  with  plumosite,  bourno- 
nite,  kermes,  at  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz. 


85.  DUFEENOYSITE. —  Dufrenoysit ;  Damour.  Ann.  de 
Chim.  3.  S.  14,  379  ;  Hausmann. 


Cubic. 


d  ooi,  n  211. 


FIG.  197. 


dd' 

nn' 

dri 


o' 


60' 

33  33 

30  0 


Combination,  dn.  No  cleavage  ob¬ 
servable.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic.  Steel- grey.  Streak  red¬ 
dish-brown.  Brittle.  G  =  5*549.  In  the 


Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  readily,  emitting  fumes 
of  arsenic  and  sulphur,  and  yields  a  globule  of  lead.  Soluble 
in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus.  Is  decomposed  by  hot  con¬ 
centrated  nitric  acid. 

K  3 


198 


SULPHIDES. 


/  /// 

Pb2As,  lead  57*21,  arsenic  20*69,  sulphur  22*10. 
Analyses  by  Damour : — 


Lead  .  . 

.  .  55*40 

56*61 

Silver 

.  .  0*21 

0*17 

Copper  . 

.  .  0*30 

0*22 

Iron  .  . 

.  .  0*44 

0*32 

Arsenic  . 

.  .  20*69 

20*87 

Sulphur  . 

.  .  22*49 

22*30 

In  crystals  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  with  realgar,  blende  and  pyrite,  in  narrow  veins  in 
the  dolomite  of  St.  Gotthardt. 


86.  BOTJLANGEBITE. — Boulangerit;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic,  inclining  to  silky.  Blackish  lead- 
grey.  Streak  darker.  Slightly  brittle.  h=3*0.  g=5*96...6*o. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily,  emits  sulphurous  acid  and 
fumes  of  antimony,  and  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  lead 
upon  the  charcoal.  Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  with 
evolution  of  hydro  sulphuric  acid. 

/  /// 

Pb3Sb,  lead  57*99,  antimony  24*09,  sulphur  17*92. 

Analyses  of  boulangerite  a  from  IVIolieres  by  Boulanger, 
1)  from  iNasafjeld  by  Thaulow,  c  from  the  Staroserentnische 
mine  by  Bromeis,  d  from  the  Ljurgenskische  mine  by  Bruel, 
e  from  Ober-Lahr  by  Abendroth,  f  from  Wolfsberg  by  Bam- 
melsberg. 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Lead 

.  53*9 

55*57 

66*29 

53*87 

55*60 

55*15 

Iron 

1*2 

— - 

— 

1*78 

. 

Copper . 

0*9 

— 

Silver  . 

.  - 

— 

— 

0*05 

Antimony 

.  25*5 

24*60 

25*04 

23*66 

25*40 

25*94 

Sulphur 

.  18*5 

18*86 

18*22 

19*11 

19*05 

18*91 

In  granular,  columnar  or  fibrous  masses. 

. Is  found  at  Molieres  in  Prance,  Ober-Lahr  in  Sayn.  Alten- 
kirchen,  Nasafjeld  in  Lapland,  in  the  Staroserentnische  and 
Ljurgenskische  mines  near  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia. 

87.  .  SCHULZITE. — Geokronite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Geokronit, 
Schulzit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


STEINMANNITE. 

Prismatic. 

b  010,  n  210,  r  ill. 

nb  59°  62' 
nil'  119  44 

Cleavage,  n.  Eracture  conclioidal . . .  even. 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Lead-grey.  Streak 
the  same.  Brittle.  h  =  2'6...3'0.  g  =  5"8 
. . .  6*54. 

Melts  very  easily  before  the  blowpipe,  and  affords  the  reac¬ 
tions  of  arsenic,  antimony  and  lead. 

/  /// 

Pb5Sb,  lead  66-83,  antimony  16’65,  sulphur  16'62,  a  large  pro¬ 
portion  of  the  antimony  being  sometimes  replaced  by  arsenic. 

Analyses  of  schulzite  a  from  Meredo  by  Sauvage,  b  of  the 
variety  called  geokronite  from  Sahla  by  Svanberg,  c  from  Val  di 
Castello  by  Kerndt : — • 


a 

b 

C 

Lead  .  . 

.  64-89 

66*45 

66-54 

Copper  . 

1-60 

1'51 

1-63 

Iron  .  . 

,  — 

0-42 

— 

Zinc  .  . 

.  — 

o-ii 

• — 

Antimony 

.  16-00 

9-58 

9*69 

Arsenic  . 

.  — 

4-69 

4-72 

Sulphur  . 

.  16-90 

16*26 

17-32 

Very  seldom  crystallized,  usually  massive. 

Is  found  in  galena  at  Meredo  in  the  province  of  Grallicia  in 
Spain,  at  Yal  di  Castello  near  Pietrosanto  in  Tuscany,  the 
geokronite  in  the  silver  mine  of  Sahla  in  Sweden. 

Kilbrickenite  is  supposed  by  Bammelsberg  to  be  schulzite. 
Blueish-grey.  h  =  2*o...2'5.  g  =  6"407. 

Slowly  soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analysis  by  Apjohn : — 

Lead . 68’87 

Iron . 0  38 

Antimony  ....  14-39 

Sulphur . 16‘36 

Is  found  at  Kilbricken  in  the  county  of  Clare  in  Ireland. 

88.  STEINMANNTTE. — Oktaedrischer  Blei-Grlanz  ;  Mohs. 
;  Steinmannit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

K  4 


200 


SULPHIDES. 


a  loo  cleavage,  o  ill. 

FIG.  199. 

act  90°  o' 

00  70  32 

oa  54  44 

Cleavage,  a,  imperfect.  Fracture 
uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic. 

Lead-grey.  Streak  grey,  shining.  Sec- 
tile.  H  =  25.  G  =  6'833. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates  and 
falls  into  powder.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  sul¬ 
phurous  acid,  fumes  and  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  anti¬ 
mony  upon  the  charcoal,  and  after  prolonged  exposure  to  the 
flame  leaves  a  globule  of  lead,  which  by  cupellation  yields  a 
globule  of  silver. 

/  /// 

Pb,Sb,  sulphides  of  lead  and  antimony  in  unknown  propor¬ 
tions. 

In  botryoidal  and  reniform  masses,  the  surfaces  of  which  are 
studded  with  crystals. 

Is  lound  at  Przibram  in  Bohemia  with  silver,  blende,  pyrite 
and  quartz. 


89.  BEETHIEBITE. — Berthierite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Berthierit ; 
Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cleavage  in  several  directions,  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Iron-black,  dark  steel-grey,  ,  inclin- 
ing  to  yellowish  or  reddish;  liable  to  tarnish,  h  =  2*0...  3’0. 
G  =  4-0. ..4‘3. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  readily,  yields  fumes 
of  antimony,  and  leaves  a  black  magnetic  slag.  Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid,  more  readily  in  nitromuriatic  acid. 

/  /// 

FeSb,  iron  12*30,  antimony  58-51,  sulphur  29-19. 

Analyses  of  berthierite  a  from  Chazelles,  b  from  Martouret 
mine  in  Auvergne,  c  from  Anglar,  all  by  Berthier;  d,  e  from 
Braunsdorf  by  Bammelsb erg,/1  from  Arany-Idka  by  v.  Pettko : _ 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Iron  .  .  . 

16-0 

9-85 

12-17 

11-96 

11-43 

12-85 

Zinc  .  .  . 

0-3 

— . 

- 

trace 

0*74 

Manganese  . 

— 

— 

. — 

0-46 

2*54 

Antimonv  . 

Cl  11  ^ 

52-0 

61-34 

58-65 

64*34 

54*70 

57*88 

sulphur  . 

30-3 

28-81 

29-18 

30*57 

31*33 

29*27 

EOUKXOITITE. 


201 


Is  found  in  crystalline  columnar  masses  in  a  vein  in  gneiss 
near  Chazelles  in  Auvergne,  Anglar  in  the  department  of  la 
Creuse,  Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  and  Arany-Idka 
in  Hungary. 

90.  WOLFSBERGITE.  —  Kupferantimonglanz  ;  Mohs, 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

a  100,  c  ooi  cleavage,  m  no,  n  210. 

ac  90°  o' 

na  50  30 

ma  67  36 

nn'  79  0 

mm '  44  48 

The  faces  a  large,  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  m.  Cleavage,  a, 
very  perfect ;  c,  less  perfect.  Fracture 
conchoidal... uneven.  Opaque.  '  Lustre 

metallic.  Lead-grey,  inclining  to  iron-black ;  sometimes  has  an 
iridescent  tarnish.  Streak  black,  dull,  h  =  3*5.  a  =  4*748. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily, 
and  deposits  a  white  sublimate  on  the  charcoal,  leaving  a  hard 
metallic  globule  which  with  soda  yields  a  bead  of  copper. 

/  //I 

■GuSb,  copper  24*71,  antimony  50*33,  sulphur  24*96. 

Analysis  by  H.  Bose  : — 

Copper  ....  24*46 

Iron  ....  1*39 

Lead  ....  o*56 

Antimony  .  .  .  46*81 

Sulphur  .  .  .  26*34 

Is  found  with  quartz,  towanite,  zinckenite,  antimonite,  at 
Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz. 

91.  BOITRINrONITE. — Bournonite  ;  Phillips.  Antimoine 
sulfure  plumb o-cuprif ere  ;  Hauv.  Diprismatischer  Dystom- 
Glanz  ;  Mohs.  Bournonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=46°  17';  101,001=41°  53'*5  ;  110,100=46°  50'. 

a  100,  b  010,  C  001,  Z  021,  0  Oil,  ll  023,  X  012, 

t  014,  n  101,  e  120,  l  230,  m  no,  w  430,  f  210,  y  ill, 

S  122,  V  121,  U  112,  T  314. 

K  5 


Fin.  200. 


202 


SULPHIDES. 


to 

13° 

27' 

ye 

xc 

26 

33 

ya 

he 

32 

31 

sa 

00 

43 

43 

vb 

ze 

62 

24 

yb 

be 

90 

0 

sb 

nc 

41 

54 

ub 

ae 

90 

O 

sc 

eb 

25 

8 

VC 

lb 

32 

1 

mb 

43 

10 

wb 

61 

21 

fi 

61 

56 

ab 

90 

0 

uc 

33 

15 

EIG. 

201. 

52° 

40' 

ua 

67° 

58' 

67 

3 

va 

67 

26 

72 

3 

ra 

66 

49 

35 

5 

rb 

78 

47 

64 

33 

re 

35 

31 

48 

54 

oo' 

87 

26 

66 

26 

nn' 

83 

47 

46 

34 

mm' 

86 

20 

64 

40 

PIG.  202. 


Combinations,  bomca ,  bounac,  bouymnoc ,  bemfoyuxnac. 
Twins.  Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  a ,  indistinct ;  b,  c  less  dis¬ 
tinct ;  o,  n  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal...  uneven.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic.  Steel-grey,  inclining  to  lead-grey  or  iron- 
black.  Streak  the  same.  Brittle.  H  =  2*5...  3*0.  G  — 6’7o...5'87. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  In  the  open  tube  disengages 
sulphurous  acid,  and  deposits  a  volatile  sublimate  of  oxide  of 
antimony  on  the  upper  part  of  the  tube,  and  on  the  lower  part 
a  sublimate  of  antimonite  of  oxide  of  lead,  which  is  infusible 
and  not  volatile.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts,  emits 
fumes,  leaves  a  black  globule  which,  exposed  to  a  strong  heat, 
deposits  a  yellow  sublimate  of  oxide  of  lead,  and  after  the  lead 
has  been  driven  off,  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  copper.  Par¬ 
tially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  forming  a  blue  solution,  and  leaving 
a  residue  of  oxide  of  antimony  and  sulphur. 


4rii  Sb  +  2Pb3Sb,  lead  41*80,  copper  12*79,  antimony  26*94 
sulphur  19*37. 

Analyses  of  bournonite  from  Neudorf  a  by  H.  Eose,  b  by 


WOLCHITE. 


203 


Sindig,  c  from  Meiseberg  (a  =  5*703...  5*792)  by  Bromeis,  from 
Neudorf  (o  =  5*822...  6*863),  d  by  Bromeis,  e  by  Bammelsberg, 


from  AYolfsberg  (a 
melsberg : — 

a 

Lead  .  .  .  40*84 

Copper  .  .  12'65 

Antimony  .  26' 28 

Sulphur  .  .  20'3l 


6*726... 6*855),  /  by 


b 

C 

d 

41*38 

40*04 

40*42 

12*68 

15*16 

13*06 

25*68 

24*82 

24*60 

19*63 

18*99 

19*49 

Bromeis,  g  by  Bam' 


e 

/ 

9 

41*83 

42*88 

41*92 

13*48 

13*06 

12*38 

24*54 

24*34 

26*08 

20*15 

19*76 

19*62 

In  e  and  g  the  antimony  was  deduced  from  the  loss. 

In  crystals,  granular  masses,  and  disseminated. 

Occurs  in  veins  in  slate  rocks,  with  galena,  antimonite, 
blende,  towanite,  mispickel,  quartz,  chalybite,  dolomite.  Is 
found  near  Neudorf,  Wolfsberg,  Clausthal  and  Andreasberg  in 
the  Harz,  Braunsdorf  and  Gross  Voigtsberg  in  Saxony,  Ober 
Lahr  in  Sayn- Altenkirchen,  Kapnik  and  Offenbanya  in  Tran¬ 
sylvania,  Neusohl  in  Hungary,  Servoz  in  Savoy,  Alais  and 
Pontgibaud  in  Trance,  Brozzo  in  Piedmont,  Huel  Boys  and 
Hanslo  near  Bedruth  in  Cornwall,  Beeralstone  in  Devonshire, 
Siberia,  Potosi,  Guanaxuato  in  Mexico. 


92.  WOLCHITE. — Prismatoidischer  Dystom-Glanz  ;  Mohs. 
Antimonkupferglanz  ;  Hausmann.  W olchit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  m  no,  e  oil. 

Cleavage.  a,  imperfect.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Blackish  lead-grey.  Streak  the 
same.  Brittle,  n  —  3*0.  u  —  5*7...  5*8. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  fuses  with  ebullition,  de¬ 
posits  first  a  wThite  and  then  a  yellow  sublimate,  yields  a  lead- 
grey  metallic  globule,  which,  after  prolonged  roasting,  with 
soda  yields  a  globule  of  copper. 

Analysis  by  Schrotter  : — 


Lead  . 

.  .  .  29*90 

Copper  .  . 

.  .  .  17*35 

Iron  .  .  . 

.  .  .  1*40 

Antimony 

.  .  .  16*65 

Arsenic  . 

.  .  .  6*04 

Sulphur  .  . 

.  .  .  28*60 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  massive,  in  a  bed  of  chalybite  with 
pyrite,  antimonite  and  galena  at  St.  Gertraud  in  the  Lavantthal 
in  Carinthia. 

K  6 


204 


SULPHIDES. 


93.  KOBELLITE. — Kobellite ;  Dufrenoy.  Kobellit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Dark  lead-grey.  Streak  black. 
G  =  6-29.. .6*32. 

In  the  open  tnbe  yields  sulphurous  acid  and  oxide  of  anti¬ 
mony.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  ebullition,  deposits  a 
white  and  a  yellow  sublimate  upon  the  charcoal,  and  leaves  a 
white  metallic  bead.  Soluble  in  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid 
with  disengagement  of  hydrosulphuric  acid. 

Analysis  by  Setterberg : — 


Lead  .... 

.  .  40*12 

Bismuth  . 

.  .  27*05 

Iron  .... 

.  .  2*96 

Copper  .  .  . 

.  .  0*80 

Antimony 

.  .  9*25 

Sulphur  .  .  . 

.  .  17*86 

Earthy  matter  . 

.  .  1*45 

In  radiating,  columnar  and  fibrous  masses. 

Is  found  in  the  cobalt  mine  of  Hvena  in  the  province  of 
Nerike  in  Sweden  with  cobaltine,  mispickel,  towanite. 


94.  TENN ANTITE.  —  Tennantite  ;  Phillips.  Cuivre  gris 
(in  part)  ;  Hany.  Dodekaedrischer  Dystom-Glanz  ;  Mohs. 
Tennantit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill,  d  oil,  n  211,  z  322.  o ,  n,  z  are  herni- 
hedral  with  inclined  faces. 


aa' 

90° 

o' 

dd' 

oa 

o 

o 

0' 

na 

35° 

16' 

oo' 

70 

32 

da' 

45 

0 

nd' 

30 

0 

00  u 

109 

28 

do 

35 

16 

zo 

11 

39 

oa 

54 

44 

no 

19 

28 

EIG. 

203. 

EIG. 

204. 

EIG. 

205. 

Combinations.  o' o',  ado',  don.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleav¬ 
age.  d,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven,  d  striated  parallel  to  the 


EAIILERZ. 


205 


intersections  with.  o.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Blackish  lead- 
grey  . .  .iron-black.  Streak  dark  reddish-grey.  Brittle,  h  =  4-o. 
G  4"3...4"5. 

Before  the  blowpipe  emits  arsenical  fumes,  and  melts  into  a 
black  magnetic  bead. 

(Be4,Cu4)As,  part  of  the  Be  being  replaced  by  Cu. 

Analysis  by  Kudernatsch : — 


Copper 

.  .  .  .  48-94 

Iron 

.  .  .  .  3*57 

Arsenic  . 

.  .  .  .  19-10 

Sulphur  . 

.  .  .  .  27-76 

Silver  . 

.  .  .  trace 

Quartz 

.  .  .  .  0-08 

In  small  attached  crystals,  rarely  massive,  on  other  ores  of 
copper,  in  veins  in  granite  and  clay  slate,  with  pyrite,  towanite, 
redruthite,  bornite,  kupferschwarze,  near  Bedruth  and  St.  Day 
in  Cornwall. 

Breithaupt’s  ‘  kupferblende ’  from  Freiberg  appears  to  be  a 
variety  of  tennantite  containing  zinc.  Streak  red.  h  =  3‘5...4. 
G  =  4’2...4"4. 

(Be4,Zn4,Gu4)As. 

Analysis  by  Plattner : — 


Copper . 

41-07 

Zinc . 

8-94 

Iron . 

2‘22 

Lead . 

0-34 

Arsenic . 

18-88 

Sulphur . 

28-11 

Silver  and  antimony  . 

traces 

95.  BAHLERZ.  —  Grey  copper  ;  Phillips.  Cuivre  gris 
(in  part)  ;  Hauy.  Tetraedrischer  Dystom-Glanz  ;  Mohs.  Eah- 
lerz  ;  Hausmann.  Tetraedrit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  100. 

,  o 

111, 

d  on,  f  3io,  n  211,  m  311, 
are  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 

y  233 

321. 

o ,  n, 

m,y 

ad 

CD 

O 

o 

o' 

nd' 

o 

o 

eo 

o' 

sa  36c 

}  42' 

oa 

54 

44 

yo 

10 

11 

SO  22 

13 

ddf 

60 

0 

yd 

44 

33 

ma  25 

14 

dd 

45 

0 

na 

35 

19 

mo  29 

30 

do 

35 

16 

fa 

18 

26 

no 

19 

28 

fd 

26 

34 

206 


SULPHIDES. 


El G.  206. 


EIG.  207. 


FIG.  208. 


EIG.  209. 


EIG  210. 


FIG.  211. 


Forms  and  combinations,  o',  ri,  o' o',  ao’ ,  o'  d,  o'ri,  o'n',  dn', 
ado',  adn' ,  don',  dn'y' ,  do  o' ri ,  adriri,  adori ,  ado' o' rim,  ado'friri. 
o',  ri  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other; 
d,  sometimes  rough ;  the  smaller  of  the  faces  o',  o'  very  rough. 
Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage.  o,  imperfect  ;  sometimes 
faint  traces  of  cleavage  parallel  to  a  and  d.  Fracture  conch oidal 
...uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Steel-grey... iron-black. 
Streak  black... dark  red.  Father  brittle.  h  =  3‘0...40. 
G  =  4-5.. .5-2. 


In  the  open  tube  yields  fumes  of  antimony,  sulphurous  acid, 
and  sometimes  arsenic.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  de¬ 
crepitates,  emits  the  smell  of  burning  sulphur,  deposits  a  subli¬ 
mate  on  the  charcoal,  and  melts  easily  with  slight  ebullition 
into  a  steel-grey  slag,  which  is  usually  magnetic,  and  with 
borax  melts  into  a  grey  metallic  globule,  which  with  soda 
yields  a  globule  of  copper.  In  powder  is  decomposed  by  nitric 
acid  with  disengagement  of  nitrous  acid  and  separation  of  oxide 
of  antimony,  arsenious  acid  and  sulphur;  the  solution  has  a 
brownish-green  colour.  In  powder  is  partially  decomposed  by 
caustic  potash,  which  dissolves  out  the  sulphides  of  antimony 
and  arsenic ;  the  alkaline  solution  yields  an  orange-red  or 
lemon-yellow  precipitate  on  the  addition  of  an  acid. 


it  /  /  /// 

(Pb4,Fe4,Zn4,£u4)Sb,  a  portion  of  the  bases  being  frequently 
replaced  by  Hg  and  Ag,  and  a  portion  of  the  sb  by  As.  The 
varieties  which  contain  a  large  proportion  of  arsenic  are  not  so 


FAHLERZ. 


207 


dark  as  those  which  contain  little  or  no  arsenic.  In  the 
varieties  containing  zinc  the  streak  is  red. 

Analyses  of  fahlerz  a  from  Kapnik,  b  from  Grersdorf  near 
Freiberg,  c  from  Markirchen  in  Alsace,  d  from  the  Aurora 
mine  in  Dillenburg,  e  from  the  Zilla  mine  near  Clausthal,  f 
from  the  St.  Wenzel  mine  near  Wolfach,  all  by  H.  Rose — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Copper  .  . 

37‘98 

38-63 

40*60 

38’42 

34'48 

25-23 

Silver  . 

0‘62 

2'37 

0-60 

0-83 

4-97 

17-71 

Iron 

0-86 

4*89 

4-66 

1-52 

2-27 

3-72 

Zinc 

7-29 

2-76 

3-69 

6-85 

5-55 

3-10 

Antimony  . 

23-94 

16-52 

12-46 

25-27 

28-24 

26-63 

Arsenic  . 

2-88 

7-21 

10-19 

2-26 

— 

. - 

Sulphur 

25-77 

26-33 

26-83 

25-03 

24-73 

23-52 

Analyses  of  fahlerz  g  from  Kotterbach  near  Iglo  in  Hungary 
by  Scheidthauer,  h  from  the  valley  of  Angina  in  Tuscany  (g  = 
4 ’84)  by  Kersten  ;  i  from  Schwatz  (g  =  5A07)  by  Weidenbusch  ; 
k  from  the  Habacht  mine  near  Freiberg  by  II.  Rose,  l  from 
Clausthal  by  Sander,  m  from  the  Meiseberg  (g  =  4-852)  by 
Rammelsberg : — 


Copper  . 
Mercury 
Silver 
Iron  .  . 

Zinc  .  . 

Antimony 
Arsenic  . 
Sulphur  . 


9 

h 

• 

t 

36-94 

35-90 

34-86 

7-73 

2-70 

15-70 

trace 

0-33 

— 

5-04 

1-93 

2-26 

1-04 

6-24 

1-35 

19-02 

27-47 

21-53 

4-09 

— 

— 

24-00 

23-40 

23-15 

Jc 

l 

m 

14-81 

35-7 

30-47 

lead 

0-9 

0-78 

31-29 

8-9 

10-48 

5-98 

4'5 

3-52 

0-99 

— 

3-39 

24-63 

26-8 

26-56 

21-17 

24*1 

24-80 

In  crystals  attached  and  aggregated  in  druses ;  massive  and 
disseminated. 

Occurs  in  beds  with  towanite,  chalybite,  quartz  ;  in  veins 
with  galena,  blende,  and  baryte.  Is  found  at  Andreasberg, 
Clausthal,  Goslar  and  Zellerfeld  in  the  Harz,  Neudorf  in  An¬ 
halt,  Dillenburg  in  Nassau,  Falkenstein  near  Schwatz  in  the 
Tyrol,  Kapnik  in  Transylvania,  Schemnitz,  Kremnitz  and 
Schmolnitz  in  Hungary,  Wolfach  and  Schriessheim  in  Baden, 
Drkolnow  near  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  in  Stiria,  Freyberg 
in  Saxony,  Mansfeld,  Saalfeld  and  Kamsdorf,  in  the  Yosges, 
Beresow  near  Katharinenburg  in  Siberia,  Mexico,  Chile,  Chi- 
vato  in  Peru,  Cook’s  Kitchen  and  Crinnis  (sparingly)  in 
Cornwall  ;  Tavistock  and  Beeralstone  in  Devonshire,  Fassney 
Burn  in  East  Lothian,  Airthrie  in  the  Ochil  hills  in  Scotland, 
Mainland  Shetland. 


208 


SULPHIDES. 


Analyses  n  of  weissgultigerz  (according  to  Fammelsberg  a 
variety  of  fahlerz)  from  Freiberg  by  Fournet,  o  from  the  Hoif- 
nung  Grottes  mine  near  Freiberg  (a  =  5" 438... 5- 46 5)  by  Fam- 
melsberg : — 


n 

O 

Copper  .  . 

.  — 

0-32 

Lead  . 

.  38-30 

38-36 

Silver  .  . 

.  20-00 

5-78 

Iron  .  .  . 

.  — 

3-83 

Zinc  . 

.  — 

6-97 

Antimony  . 

.  23-85 

22-39 

Sulphur  .  . 

.  17-85 

22-53 

96.  FFEIESLEBENITE. — Mine  d’ argent  grise  antimoniale  ; 
Home  de  Lisle.  Sulphuret  of  silver  and  antimony ;  Phillips. 
Peritomer  Antimon-Grlanz  ;  Mobs.  Schilfglaserz  ;  Hausmann. 
Freieslebenit ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  31°  4l' ;  111,010  =  64°  l' ;  101,001  =  56°  6'. 


a  loo, 

c 

001. 

,  w 

021 

,  v  032,  r 

on,  u 

012, 

X  101 

h 

120, 

n 

350 

,  l 

560, 

m 

110,  s 

430, 

t  310,  / 

111, 

y  H2 

z 

212, 

9 

312 

,  Jl 

414. 

UG 

24° 

52' 

hx 

6° 

57' 

XG 

66° 

5' 

rc 

42 

60 

zx 

13 

42 

UU 

130 

16 

VC 

54 

17 

fx 

25 

59 

94 

20 

IVC 

61 

39 

ga 

24 

35 

vv 

71 

26 

xa 

31 

41 

za 

34 

14 

ww' 

56 

42 

ca 

87 

46 

ya 

53 

2 

hhf 

80 

62 

ta 

11 

4 

ua 

87 

58 

mm 

119 

12 

sa 

23 

36 

EIG 

.  213. 

ma 

30 

24 

la  35  9 

na  44  21 

ha  49  34 

EIG.  212. 


FOLYBASITE. 


209 


Combinations,  awvuxkmsgzy,  awvruxklmtfgzy .  The  faces 
of  the  zone  ka  deeply  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  each  other.  Twins.  Twin-face  a.  Cleavage,  m?,  k? 
Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Steel-grey. 
Streak  the  same.  Brittle,  h  =  2*5.  g  =  6*19...  6*38. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  deposits  a  sublimate  of 
oxides  of  lead  and  antimony,  and  yields  a  globule  of  silver, 
which  sometimes  imparts  the  colour  of  copper  to  borax. 

/  ///  /  ///  /  /  / 

BSb  +  2B3Sb,  where  B  is  Ag  or  Pb. 

Analyses  by  Wohler: — 


Silver  .  .  . 

.  23*76 

22*18 

22*85 

Lead  .  .  . 

.  30*08 

30*00 

31*74 

Iron  .  .  . 

.  — 

0*11 

— 

Copper  .  . 

.  — 

1*22 

— 

Antimony  . 

.  27*05 

27*72 

not  determined 

Sulphur  .  . 

.  18*71 

18*77 

not  determined 

In  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated. 

This  very  rare  mineral  is  found  in  veins  in  gneiss  with  galena, 
antimonite,  pyrargyrite,  pyrite,  chalybite,  calcite,  quartz,  in  the 
Himmelsfurst  and  some  other  mines  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  found  at  Kapnik  in  Transylvania  and 
(a  variety  containing  bismuth)  at  Batieborzitz  in  Bohemia. 

Freieslebenite  was  supposed  to  be  prismatic.  Some  very 
good  crystals,  however,  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection,  from  which 
the  preceding  measurements  were  obtained,  evidently  belong 
to  the  oblique  system.  According  to  Phillips,  the  angle 
between  the  cleavages  is  loo°  o'.  He  probably  measured  the 
angle  between  m  and  k',  which  is  100°  2'. 

97.  POLYBASITE. — Polybasite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Bhomboe- 
drischer  Melan-Grlanz  ;  Mohs.  Polybasit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111 

o  111,  a  oil,  x  120. 

CIO  90°  o' 

aa  60  o 

XO  68  30 

XX  50  28 

Combinations,  oa ,  ox. 

The  faces  o ,  a  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage. 


70°  3l'. 

FIG.  214.  FIG.  215. 


210 


SULPHIDES. 


o,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Iron- 
black.  Streak  the  same.  Sectile.  h  =  2'5.  g  =  6-082. ..6-218. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  In  the  open  tube  yields  a  white 
sublimate  and  a  smell  of  sulphurous  acid.  Before  the  blowpipe 
on  charcoal  melts  very  easily,  and  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide 
of  antimony  upon  the  charcoal.  With  borax  yields  a  bead  of 
silver  containing  copper,  and  imparts  a  blueish-green  colour  to 
borax.  Its  reactions  with  acids  are  the  same  as  those  of 
pyrargyrite  and  bournonite. 


/  ill  w  %  rr  r 

Ag9B,  b  denoting  sb  and  As,  and  a  portion  of  the  Ag  being 
replaced  by  di. 

Analyses  of  polybasite  a  from  Guarisamey,  b  from  Schemnitz, 
c  from  Freiberg,  all  by  H.  Bose : — 


a 

b 

C 

Silver  .  . 

.  64-29 

72-43 

69-99 

Copper  .  . 

9-93 

3-04 

4'11 

Iron  .  .  . 

0-06 

0-33 

0-29 

Zinc  .  .  . 

.  — 

0-59 

— 

Arsenic  .  . 

3-74 

6-23 

1'17 

Antimony  . 

5-09 

0-25 

8-39 

Sulphur  .  . 

.  17-04 

16-83 

16-35 

In  thin  tabular  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  in  veins  in  crystalline  slate  and  transition  rocks,  and 
trachyte,  with  stephanite,  pyrargyrite,  blende,  towanite,  pyrite, 
quartz,  calcite,  in  several  mines  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  Joa- 
chimsthal  in  Bohemia,  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  Guanaxuato  and 
Guarisamey  in  the  province  of  Durango  in  Mexico. 


98.  STEPHANITE. — Brittle  sulphuret  of  silver ;  Phillips. 
Argent  antimonie  sulfure  noir  ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Melan- 
Glanz  ;  Mohs.  Sprodglaserz ;  Hausmann.  Stephanit ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=42°  32'-5;  101,001  =  34°  26';  110,100  =  57° 49'-5. 


a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  e  101,  d  201,  m  110,  p  111, 
r  221,  z  112.  e  truncates  the  edge  cd. 


be 

90° 

o' 

ec 

34 

26 

do 

53 

54 

ac 

90 

0 

ma 

67 

50 

ba 

90 

0 

zc 

32 

46 

pc 

62 

10 

rc 

68 

46 

mo 

CO 

0 

0 

o' 

za 

73 

15 

zb 

62 

44 

pa 

65 

38 

pb 

48 

4 

ra 

60 

15 

rb 

37 

55 

dd' 

107 

48 

mm 

64 

21 

DIG.  216. 


PYRARGYRITE. 


211 


Combinations,  cma,  cpd,  cpmdaz,  cpmdazbr.  The  faces  m,  a 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ;  the 
other  faces  smooth.  Twins.  Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  d ,  a 
imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal. ..uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic.  Iron-black.  Streak  the  same.  Sectile.  h  =  2-5. 
G  =  6'2.  ..6*3. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony : 
many  varieties  yield  arsenious  acid.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  melts  into  a  dark  grey  bead,  which,  with  soda  or 
borax,  in  the  inner  flame  yields  a  globule  of  silver.  Imparts  a 
blueish-green  colour  to  the  borax. 

/  /// 

Ag6Sb,  silver  70-34,  antimony  14-02,  sulphur  15‘64. 


Analysis  of  stephanite  from  Schemnitz  by  H.  Bose  : — 

Silver . 68‘54 

Copper . 0-64 

Antimony  ....  14-68 

Sulphur . 16-42 


In  tabular  and  short  columnar  crystals  ;  also  massive  dis¬ 
seminated,  investing  other  minerals ;  globular  with  a  drusy 
surface. 

Occurs  in  veins  with  silver  ore  in  crystalline  slate  rocks, 
transition  rocks,  in  trachyte,  with  arsenic,  silver,  gold,  galena, 
argentite,  towanite,  pyrite,  quartz,  calcite,  fluor,  baryte.  Is 
found  in  the  mining  districts  of  Freiberg,  Schneeberg,  Johann- 
Gieorgenstadt  in  Saxony;  Joachimsthal,  Przibram,  Ratieborzitz 
in  Bohemia ;  Schemnitz,  Kremnitz  in  Hungary ;  Andreasberg 
in  the  Harz  ;  in  many  places  in  Mexico. 


0  =. 

<b  z  OlJi 

rt  ® 


99.  PYRARGYRITE.  —  Bed  silver  (m  part)  ;  Phillips.  ■ 

Argent  antimonie  sulfure  ;  Hauy.  Rhomboedrische  Rubin-  t  ~  -  Y  " 
Blende  (in  part)  ;  Mohs.  Pyrargyrit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  42°  is'. 

o  ill,  a  oil,  b  2 IT,  u  211,  e  oil,  r  loo,  s  Ill,  m  3ll, 

f  322,  p  210,  t  310,  W  410,  V  20l,  y  302,  n  40l,  C  403, 

d  211,  g  712,  k  11  1  4,  X  133,  i  611,  Z  612. 

The  forms  b,  r,  s  are  frequently  hemihedral  with  inclined 
faces.  In  combinations  of  b,  r,  those  faces  of  b  occur  wdiich  are 
adjacent  to  the  faces  r  at  the  unattached  end  of  the  crystal. 


ao 

o 

o 

03 

o' 

ba! 

o 

O 

CO 

o' 

ro 

42° 

18' 

bo 

90 

0 

bb" 

60 

0 

mo 

74 

38 

ad! 

60 

0 

uo 

12 

49 

eo 

24 

28 

''h*  « 

- 

f  * 

1/  * 
i  : 

A 

W  5 

ft  = 


212 


SULPHIDES. 


so 

f° 

uur 

mm 

ee' 

ss' 

r 

vo 

yo 

CO 

zo 

Jco 

xo 

wr 

tr 

pr 

// 

re 


61  13 


82 

22 


11 

9 


71  18 

113  14 

42  2 

98  46 

118  11 
67  27 

75  51 

79  46 

54  9 

56  24 

78  16 

12  23 

15  55 

22  22 
35  39 


FIG.  217. 


nr 

vr 

yr 

cr 

ir 

dr 


rt 


rs 

XCl 

vb 


14u  26 

29  26 

38  46 

43  10 

13  8 

30  15 

49  23 

15  57 

29  14 


db 

yr 

zr 

rb " 
// 
ms 

rt 

vs 

va 

tt 

va 

va' 


FIG.  218. 


•« 


P 


'VO 


.* 

g- 


54°  27' 
15  53 

22  7 

70  20 
56  37 

37  12 

72  24 

52  48 

24  56 


•  n 


m 


Combinations,  oa.e.t.u.v,  ea.t,  ra.u..e.t.v.s}  ta..r.v.y ,  eas v,  eab\ 
raV .v.e,  leva,  tva.y.r ,  ueva.rs ,  esvya,  etra.b'o,  etrdkva ,  etdJcsvab. 
Twins.  1.  Twin-face  u.  2.  Twin-face  r.  3.  Twin-face  o. 
Cleavage,  r,  tolerably  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Trans¬ 
lucent  on  tlie  edges.  Opaque.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining 
to  metallic.  Carmine-red... blackish  lead-grey.  Acquires  a 
tarnish.  Streak  cochineal-red... cherry-red.  Slightly  sectile. 
H  =  2-0. ..2-5.  G  =  5'75. ..5’85. 

Decrepitates  wdien  heated.  In  the  open  tube  yields  sul¬ 
phurous  acid  and  fumes  of  antimony,  and  sometimes  a  crystalline 
sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony.  Melts  easily  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  on  charcoal  with  disengagement  of  sulphurous  acid  and 
vapour  of  antimony,  leaving  a  globule  of  silver.  Partially 
soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur  and  oxide  of 
antimony.  Caustic  potash  dissolves  out  sulphide  of  antimony. 

/  ill 

Ag3Sb,  silver  58*98,  antimony  23*46,  sulphur  17*56. 

Analyses  of  Pyrargyrite  a  from  Andreasberg  by  Bons- 


PEOXTSTITE. 


213 


dorff,  b  from  Mexico  by  Wohler,  c  from  Zacatecas  by  Bott- 
ger : — 


a 

b 

C 

Silver  .  . 

.  .  59-13 

60'2 

57*45 

Antimony 

.  .  22-92 

21-8 

24*59 

Sulphur  . 

.  .  16-69 

18-0 

17-76 

In  attached  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated,  in  veins  with 
calcite,  galena,  and  various  ores  of  silver. 

Occurs,  as  well  as  the  following  species,  which  is  much  less 
abundant,  in  veins  in  crystalline  slate  and  transition  rocks, 
granite,  trachyte,  with  arsenic,  silver,  argentite  stephanite, 
galena,  blende,  quartz,  calcite,  chalybite,  baryte,  fluor,  &c.  Is 
found  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  Joa- 
chimsthal,  Altwoschitz  and  Batiborzitz  in  Bohemia,  Wolfach 
in  Baden,  Schemnitz  and  Kremnitz  in  Hungary,  Guanaxuato 
and  Zacatecas  in  Mexico,  Callington  in  Cornwall. 

According  to  Breithaupt,  the  angle  rr'  =  71°  2o\  In  a 
crystal  of  pyrargyrite  from  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection,  the  ob¬ 
served  angles  between  every  two  of  the  three  faces  r,  r',  r"  were 
71°  18',  71°  l7'-5,  71°  18''5.  In  another  crystal,  not  quite  so 
good  as  the  former,  the  observed  angles  were  71°  l6'-5,  71°  i6'-5, 
71°  16'. 

In  addition  to  the  simple  forms  already  enumerated,  Levy 
gives  I22,  321,  12I  as  belonging  either  to  pyrargyrite  or  to  prous- 
tite. 


100.  PBOITSTITE. — Bed  silver  (in  part)  ;  Phillips.  Prous- 
tite  ;  Bendant.  Bubinblende  ;  Hausmann.  Pronstit ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  42°  si'. 


0  111, 

a  on, 

b  211,  U 

211,  e 

Oil,  r 

100,  S  111,  h  455, 

t  310,  V 

201, 

y 

302. 

bo 

90° 

o' 

hh! 

00 

<© 

o 

23' 

va 

72°  2l' 

ao 

90 

0 

ss 

99 

20 

// 

va 

52  41 

bd 

30 

0 

VO 

67 

50 

vd 

24  35 

bb" 

60 

0 

yo 

76 

7 

ad 

60 

0 

to 

31 

32 

EIG-. 

219. 

uo 

13 

3 

xo 

78 

29 

/■ 

TO 

42 

51 

tr 

16 

4 

V 

eo 

24 

53 

tr 

re 

36 

5 

ho 

54 

18 

vr 

29 

20 

d  U" 

i 

so 

61 

41 

yr 

37 

69 

u' 

r  \b  v 
ui 

a" 

mi 

22 

34 

rs" 

49 

40 

rr 

72 

10 

xd 

15 

48 

'  \  v>  \ 

/ v 

ee 

42 

44 

vs" 

37 

19 

a 

/a1 

214 


SULPHIDES. 


Combinations  generally  the  same  as  those  of  pyrargyrite. 
The  following,  however,  are  said  to  be  peculiar  to  proustite : — 
vs,  va.s.t.u,  vant,  ey.a.r ,  oliv,  evx.  Cleavage,  r,  tolerably  dis¬ 
tinct ;  e ,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal... uneven.  Semi-trans¬ 
parent. .  .translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  adamantine.  Cochi¬ 
neal-red ...  carmine-red.  Streak  aurora-red...  cochineal-red. 
Slightly  sectile.  h  =  2*o...2*5.  Q  =  5*5... 5*6. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Melts  easily  before  the  blowpipe 
on  charcoal,  yielding  sulphurous  acid  and  a  strong  smell  of 
arsenic,  and  leaves  a  brittle  globule  reducible  with  difficulty  to 
pure  silver.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue 
of  sulphur  and  arsenious  acid.  Caustic  potash  dissolves  out 
sulphide  of  arsenic. 

/  /// 

Ag3As,  silver  65-38,  arsenic  15*16,  sulphur  19'46. 

Analysis  of  proustite  from  Joachimsthal  by  H.  Bose  : — 


Silver  . 

Arsenic  . 

.  .  .  .  15‘09 

Antimony 

.  .  .  .  0-69 

Sulphur  . 

.  .  .  .  19*51 

Occurs  in  attached  crystals,  botryoidal,  massive,  disseminated 
and  investing  other  minerals,  in  veins  with  arsenic,  ores  of  silver. 

Is  found  at  Schneeberg,  Johann- Georgenstadt,  Annaberg, 
Freiberg,  Marienberg  in  Saxony  ;  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia, 
Wolfach  in  Baden,  Markirchen  in  Alsace,  Chalanches  in  Dau- 
phine,  Guadalcanal  in  Spain,  Mexico,  Peru. 

The  angles  of  proustite  given  above  were  deduced  from  the 
observed  values  of  the  angles  between  the  faces  of  the.  form  v. 
These  make  rr1  =  72°  io'.  According  to  Breithaupt,  rr'  = 
72°  n\ 

101.  MIABGYEITE. —  Miargyrite;  Beudant.  Hemipris- 
matische  Eubin-Blende ;  Mohs.  Miargyrit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Oblique.  101,100=40°  2' ;  111,010=26°  38' ;  101,001=41°  34'. 
a  ioo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  w  oil,  i  101,  n  301,  o  loi,  m  no, 

V  310,  t  111,  S  211l  d  311,  /  511,  e  212,  r  112,  Jl  113,  l  114, 


116,  £ 

1  1 

10,  X 

221,  y  112, 

9 

313,  p 

616,  k 

421,  2 

731 

na 

17° 

V 

00 

CO 

od 

o 

CO 

14' 

vv 

90° 

30' 

ia 

40 

2 

wc 

70 

61 

ma 

70 

11 

ca 

81 

36 

be 

90 

0 

mm 

39 

38 

ic 

41 

34 

ww 

38 

18 

ba 

90 

0 

oc 

50 

10 

va 

44 

45 

ti 

63 

22 

MIARGYEITE. 


215 


tt' 

ss 

dd' 

r 

99, 

pp' 

ee 

Kg 

qc 

Ic 

he 

rc 


53° 

16' 

to 

o 

o 

24' 

/ 

75° 

38' 

77 

13 

me 

87 

20 

XX 

38 

44 

95 

59 

cx 

96 

10 

99 

69 

6 

115 

54 

eg 

119 

47 

zv 

8 

8 

106 

21 

kb 

35 

34 

kv 

12 

49 

141 

1 

zb 

38 

56 

tv 

29 

11 

90  10 

17  40  PIG.  221. 

27  34 

37  54 

45  43 

56  21 


FIG.  220. 


Combinations,  cov,  codfa,  ceosdfab,  eiogpdnwct.s.f,  acioxgvztr- 
hlqK,  bxmtryzkvd.  The  faces  g,  o,  p  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other;  i,  n  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  i,  a  imperfect.  Brac- 
ture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Tustre  adamantine,  in¬ 
clining  to  metallic.  Blackish  lead-grey,  inclining  to  iron-black 
and  steel-grey.  In  thin  splinters  blood-red  by  transmitted  light. 
Streak  cherry-red.  Very  sectile.  n  =  2'5.  g  =  6*3... 5*4. 

In  the  open  tube  melts  easily,  yields  sulphurous  acid  and  a 
sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  silver.  Partially  soluble  in 
nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residuum  of  sulphur  and  oxide  of  anti¬ 
mony.  Caustic  potash  dissolves  out  the  sulphide  of  antimony. 

/  /// 

AgSb,  silver  35‘86,  antimony  4279,  sulphur  21-35. 


Analysis  of  miargyrite  from  Briiunsdorf  by  H.  Bose : — 


Silver 
Copper  . 
Iron  .  . 

Antimony 
Sulphur  . 


.  36*40 

1-06 
0-62 
.  39-14 

.  21-95 


216 


SULPHIDES. 


Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated,  at 
Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony. 

The  forms  t,  r ,  h,  l,  q,  £,  a?,  y,  Jc,  z  were  observed  in  crystals 
in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection. 


102.  XANTHOCONE. — Xanthokon;  Hausmann,Haidinger. 
Bhombohedral.  loo.lll  =  69°  30'. 


o  ill,  r  loo, 


100, 

S  111. 

TO 

69°  30' 

108  26 

so 

79  25 

sr 

68  21 

ss' 

116  42 

FIG.  222. 


Combination,  ors.  Cleavage,  o,  r.  Frac¬ 


ture  conchoidal,  uneven.  Transparent. . .translucent.  Lustre 
adamantine.  Orange-yellow... brown.  Streak  the  same,  but 
darker.  Brittle.  H  =  2*0... 3*0.  g  =  5*158... 5*191. 

In  the  matrass  melts  at  a  heat  below  redness,  becomes  lead- 
grey,  and  yields  a  slight  sublimate  of  sulphuret  of  arsenic.  In 
the  open  tube  evolves  sulphurous  and  arsenious  acids.  Before 
the  blowpipe  emits  fumes  of  sulphur  and  arsenic.  The  re¬ 
mainder  fused  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  silver. 


/  /////  /  ///  # 

Ag3As  +  2Ag3As,  silver  64*07,  arsenic  14*82,  sulphur  21*11. 
Analyses  by  Plattner : — 


Silver  .  . 

.  64*18 

63*88 

Iron  .  .  . 

0*97 

— 

Arsenic  .  . 

.  13*49 

14*32 

Sulphur  .  . 

.  21*36 

21*80 

Is  found  in  crystals  of  extreme  thinness  in  the  direction  per¬ 
pendicular  to  the  faces  o ,  and  in  small  reniform  aggregations, 
in  the  Himmelsfurst  mine  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony. 


103.  FEUEBBLENDE. — Feuerblende ;  Mohs,  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  62°  35' ;  111,010  =  50°  34' ;  101,001=53°  5l'. 


. 


a  loo  twin-face,  b  oio,  t  on,  u  012,  m  no.  a  truncates 
the  edge  formed  by  m  and  the  plane  parallel  to  m . 


KEKMES. 


217 


tb 

o 

CO 

o' 

rm 

68° 

24' 

ub 

56 

26 

rt 

30 

54 

mb 

69 

36 

rba 

74 

57 

ab 

90 

0 

tba 

116 

26 

rb 

31 

18 

The  faces  b  are  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  t.  Twins.  Twin-face  a.  Trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  pearly,  inclining  to  adamantine, 
rather  flexible,  h  =  2*0.  g  =  4*2...  4*3. 


EIG.  223. 


Its  reactions  before  the  blowpipe  are  the  same  as  those  of 
pyrargyrite. 

Contains  silver  62*3  per  cent.,  with  antimony  and  sulphur. 

In  delicate  attached  crystals. 

Is  found  in  the  Ivurprinz  near  Freiberg  and  at  Andreasberg. 


104.  KEBMES. — Bed  antimony ;  Phillips.  Antimoine  oxide 
sulphure  ;  Hauy.  Prismatische  Purpur-Blende  ;  Mohs.  Anti¬ 
monblende  ;  Hausmann.  Bermes ;  Hai dinger. 


Oblique. 

p  100,  u  ooi,  o  101,  s  103. 


op 

sp 

up 


37°  45' 


72 

102 


6 

9 


P 


Cleavage,  p.  The  crystals  are  elongated  in 
the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  zone  pou.  Faintly  translucent. 
Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic.  Cherry-red.  Streak 
the  same.  Sectile.  In  thin  leaves,  slightly  flexible,  h  =  rs. 
G  =  4’5 . .  .4'6. 


Melts  before  the  blowpipe  and  emits  fumes,  depositing  a 
sublimate  of  oxide  of  antimony  on  the  charcoal.  Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  hydrosulphuric  acid.  In 
powder  becomes  yellow,  and  is  completely  dissolved  in  caustic 
potash. 


•••  /// 

SbSb2,  antimony  76*34,  oxygen  4*73,  sulphur  18*93. 


Analyses  by  H.  Bose  : — 

Antimony  .  .  .  74*45 

Oxygen  ....  5*29 

Sulphur  ....  — 


75*66  — 

4*27  — 

—  20*49 

L 


218 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


In  very  fine  diverging  or  interlaced  acicular  crystals ;  amor- 
plious,  having  a  radiating  columnar  or  fibrous  structure. 

Is  found  in  veins  in  crystalline  slate  and  transition  rocks, 
with  quartz  and  almost  always  antimonite,  at  Braunsdorf  near 
Freiberg  in  Saxony,  Michelsberg  and  Przibram  in  Bohemia, 
Perneck  near  Malaczka  in  Hungary,  Allemont  in  Eauphine. 

The  angles  are  given  on  the  authority  of  Kengott  (Mineralo- 
gische  Hntersucliungen,  Erstes  Heft.). 


105.  YOLTZINE. — Voltzine  ;  Dufrenoy.  Voltzin;  Mohs, 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

In  very  small  hemispheres  investing  other  minerals,  having  a 
curved  lamellar  structure.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent 
on  the  edges... opaque.  Lustre  pearly,  on  the  surface  of  frac¬ 
ture  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Brick-red,  inclining  to 
yellow  and  brown,  h  =  4*5.  G  =  3*66. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide 
of  zinc. 

/  • 

Zn4Zn,  sulphide  of  zinc  82'73,  oxide  of  zinc  17*27. 

Analysis  by  Fournet : — 

Sulphide  of  zinc  .  .  .  .  82*92 

Oxide  of  zinc . 15*34 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  1*84 

Is  found  in  a  vein  of  quartz,  with  pyrite,  galena,  and  towa- 
nite,  at  Bosieres  near  Pontgibaud  in  the  department  of  Puy  de 
Home  in  France.  According  to  Kersten  a  similar  compound 
has  been  found  in  the  zinc  furnaces  of  Freiberg  in  Saxony, 
Altenau  in  the  Harz,  and  Altenberg  near  Aix-la-Chapelle. 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 

106.  SPABTALITE. — Bed  oxide  of  zinc ;  Phillips.  Zinc 
oxide  ferrifere  ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Zink-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Zink 
oxyd  ;  Hausmann.  Zinkit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  37°  30'. 

a  oil,  r  100,  x  613,  v  311. 


CIO 

90° 

0' 

VO 

71° 

57' 

63° 

so' 

ad 

60 

0 

xo 

60 

34 

rd 

58 

15 

TO 

37 

30 

xa 

29 

26 

vd 

34 

34 

MINIUM. 


219 


FIG.  225. 


FIG.  226. 


FIG  227. 


Cleavage,  o,  a  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent 
on  the  edges.  Lustre  adamantine.  When  pure  colourless, 
usually  red,  inclining  to  yellow.  Streak  orange-yellow.  Brittle. 
II  —  4-0.. .4*5.  G  =  5-43. ..6‘53. 

Before  the  blowpipe  phosphoresces  strongly;  is  infusible. 
On  charcoal  with  soda  yields  a  sublimate  of  zinc.  With  borax 
and  salt  of  phosphorus  yields  the  reaction  of  manganese. 
Soluble  without  effervescence  in  nitric  acid.  When  exposed  to 
the  air  becomes  dull  and  coated  with  a  white  crust. 


Zn,  zinc  80*26,  oxygen  19*74. 


Analyses  a  of  granular  spartalite  disseminated  in  franklinite 
from  New  Jersey,  b  of  cleavable  spartalite  associated  with  mag¬ 
netite  from  Sterling,  both  by  Whitney ;  c  by  Hayes  : — 


a 

b 

c 

Oxide  of  zinc  .  . 

.  94*45 

96*19 

93*48 

Oxide  of  manganese 

.  trace 

3*70 

Mn 

5*50 

Franklinite  .  .  . 

4*49  FeFe- 

0*10 

?e 

0*36 

Loss  by  ignition 

1*09 

— 

hematite 

0*44 

Is  found  in  beds  with  franklinite  and  calcite  in  the  Franklin, 
Sterling  and  Rutger’s  iron  mines  in  Sussex  county  in  New 
Jersey,  and  near  Sparta.  It  has  also  been  found  distinctly 
crystallized  in  iron  and  zinc  furnaces. 

The  form  r  was  observed  by  Descloiseaux  in  crystals  of 
oxide  of  zinc  formed  in  cavities  in  roasted  blende ;  x  was 
observed  in  some  artificial  crystals  obtained  from  Professor 
W older,  and  by  Levy  in  crystals  formed  by  sublimation  ;  v  was 
observed  by  Hausmann  and  Koch  in  crystals  formed  in  iron 
furnaces. 


107.  MINIUM. — Native  minium ;  Phillips.  Plomb  oxide 
rouge ;  Hauy.  Mennige ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Fracture  earthy,  even,  flat  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre 

l  2 


220 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


resinous,  feeble... dull.  Aurora-red.  Streak  orange-yellow. 
H  =  2-0. ..3‘0.  G  =  4-6. 

When  slightly  heated  grows  darker,  resuming  its  bright  red 
colour  on  cooling.  Before  the  blowpipe  at  a  red  heat  becomes 
yellow,  melts  very  easily,  and  is  reduced  on  charcoal.  In  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid  is  converted  into  colourless  chloride  of  lead  with 
evolution  of  chlorine.  Partially  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving 
a  residue  of  brown  peroxide  of  lead. 

Pb2Pb,  lead  90-66,  oxygen  9'34. 

Occurs  massive,  disseminated  and  pseudomorphous  after 
galena  and  cerussite. 

Is  found  in  Anglesea  in  veins  in  clay  slate  with  galena, 
towanite,  cerussite,  anglesite ;  at  Grrassington  Moor  in  Craven, 
and  at  Grrasshill  Chapel  in  Weirdale  in  Yorkshire  ;  at  Hausbaden 
near  Baden  Weiler  with  galena,  cerussite  and  quartz  ;  at  Bleialf 
in  the  Eiffel  and  Schlangenberg  in  Siberia. 


108.  PLATTNEBITE.  —  Schwerbleierz  ;  Mohs.  Braun- 
bleioxyd  ;  Hausmann.  Plattnerit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 

o  in,  a  oil,  x  120. 

ao  90°  o' 

aa  60  0  (fig.  227.) 

Combination.  oax.  Eracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic.  Iron-black  ;  acquires  a 
tarnish  and  becomes  dull.  Streak  brown.  Brittle.  G  =  9’392 
. . .9‘448. 

Is  easily  reduced  before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal. 

Pb,  lead  86’62,  oxygen  13*38,  according  to  Plattner  and  Lam- 
padius. 

Is  supposed  to  have  been  found  at  Leadhills. 

109.  PEC  II  EE  AN. — Pitch-blende ;  Phillips.  Pechurane  ; 
Hauy.  Untheilbares  Uran-Erz;  Mohs.  Pechuran ;  Haus- 
mann.  Uranine ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


o  ill. 


COEACITE. 


221 


FIG.  228. 


00 


70°  32' 


Fracture  conehoidal . . .  uneven.  Opaque. 

Lustre  resinous.  Pitch-black,  greenish- 
black,  greyish-black.  Streak  greenish- 
black.  Brittle,  h  =  5*5.  g  =  6*4.. .6*71. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  yields  a 
yellow  globule  in  the  outer  flame,  and  a 
green  globule  in  the  inner  flame.  Dissolves  in  hot  nitric  acid, 
forming  a  yellow  solution. 


UU,  uranium  84*78,  oxygen  15*22,  with  from  20  to  24  per 
cent,  of  lead,  bismuth,  iron,  arsenic,  lime,  magnesia,  silica, 
water,  and  sometimes  selenium  and  vanadium. 

Analyses  of  pechuran  from  Joachimsthal  a  by  Bammelsberg, 
b  by  Ebelmen,  c  by  Scheerer : — 


a  h  c 


Oxide  of  uranium  fr#  .  . 

79*15 

75*94 

76*6 

Lead . 

6*20 

4*22 

— 

Bismuth  with  Pb  and  Cu  . 

0*65 

ihx 

0*82 

1*0 

Iron . 

3*03 

Fe 

3*10 

— 

Arsenic . 

1*13 

S 

0*60 

— 

Lime . 

2*81 

6*24  oxide  of  lead 

Magnesia . 

0*46 

2*07  metallic  acids 

Sl5*6 

Silica . 

5*30 

3*48  silica  w 

— 

Water . 

0*36 

Na 

C 

1*85 

0*25  stony  matter 
3*32  and  loss 

4*10 
[>  2*7 

Is  found  at  Johann- Georgenstadt,  Weisenthal,  Marienberg, 
Annaberg  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony ;  at  Joachimsthal  and 
Przibram  in  Bohemia,  associated  with  torberite,  and  in  the  tin 
mines  of  Tincroft  and  Tolcarn  near  Bedruth  in  Cornwall. 


110.  COEACITE.— Le  Conte.  Silliman’s  Journal.  1847. 
3.  173. 

Amorphous.  Fracture  uneven.  Pitch-black.  Streak  grey. 
H  =  3*0.  G  —  4*378. 

Unchanged  before  the  blowpipe.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the 
characteristic  reactions  of  uranium.  Eeadily  soluble  with 
effervescence  in  hydrochloric  acid.  The  solution  has  a  green 
colour. 

L  3 


222 


OXIDES,  EAETHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


Analysis  by  Whitney  : — 


Oxide  of  uranium  r 

.  .  59*30 

Oxide  of  lead  .  .  . 

.  .  5*36 

Oxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

.  .  2*24 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  0*90 

Lime . 

.  .  14*44 

Carbonic  acid  .  .  . 

.  .  7*47 

Water . 

.  .  4*64 

Silica . 

.  .  4*35 

Is  found  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

111.  WOLFRAMOCHER.— Oxide  of  tungsten  ;  Phillips. 
Wolframocher ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Earthy.  Opaque.  Lull.  Yellow. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  at  first 
becomes  blackish-blue,  and  then  black.  With  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  colourless  or  yellow  glass, 
and  in  the  inner  flame  a  glass  which  becomes  blue  on  cooling. 
Completely  soluble  in  alkalies,  especially  in  ammonia. 

«♦« 

W,  scheelium  79*84,  oxygen  20*16. 

Occurs  massive  investing  other  minerals.  Is  found  at  Hun¬ 
tington  in  the  United  States  with  wolfram  and  scheelite. 

»*%«** 

112.  MOLYBLANOCHER.  —  Oxide  of  molybdenum  ; 
Phillips.  Acide  molybdique  ;  Beudant.  Molybdanoeher  ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Earthy.  Opaque.  Lull.  Orange-yellow ...  straw-yellow .. . 
siskin-green. 

Fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the 
inner  flame  forms  a  glass  which  is  dark  while  hot,  but  which 
becomes  green  and  transparent  on  cooling.  Reducible  with 
soda.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  in  potash,  and  in  ammonia. 

Mo,  molybdenum  66*52,  oxygen  33*48. 

Occurs  massive  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  with  molybenite  in  Sweden,  at  Linnas  in  Smaland, 
Bispberg  in  Lalarne,  at  Nummeladen  in  Norway,  at  Corybuy 
in  Loch  Creran  in  Scotland,  Ptalzerthal  in  the  Tyrol. 

113.  WISMUTHO CHER.— Bismuth  ochre  ;  Phillips.  Bis¬ 
muth  oxide  ;  Hauy.  Wismuthocker  ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 


CUPRITE. 


223 


Fracture  uneven... earthy.  Opaque.  Lustre  adamantine, 
feeble.  Yellow... grey.  Soft,  friable,  g  =  4-36l. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  is  easily  reduced.  Soluble 
in  nitric  acid. 

Bi,  bismuth  89’87,  oxygen  10‘13. 

Analysis  by  Lampadius  : — 


Oxide  of  bismuth  . 

.  .  .  86*3 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  .  5‘2 

Carbonic  acid  . 

.  .  .  4’1 

Water  .... 

Occurs  massive  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  with  bismuth  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Siberia. 


114.  CUPBITE. — Bed  oxide  of  copper;  Phillips.  Cuivre 
oxidule  ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrisches  Kupfer-Erz  ;  Mobs.  Kupfer- 
rotb ;  Hausmann.  Cuprit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  loo, 

o  111,  d 

on,  e 

210,  y 

510,  p 

122,  q 

133, 

n  211 

321. 

ad 

90° 

O' 

ea 

26° 

V 

CO 

na 

o 

lO 

CO 

16' 

oa 

64 

44 

ya 

11 

19 

no 

19 

28 

OO 

70 

32 

])0 

15 

48 

sa 

36 

42 

da 

45 

0 

jpd 

19 

28 

so 

22 

13 

do 

35 

16 

qo 

22 

0 

FIG.  229. 

FIG.  230. 

FIG.  231 

• 

224 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AND  ACIDS. 


Forms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  d,  ao,  ad,  od,  aod,  odq ,  aodp , 
aodn,  aodepns.  Cleavage,  o,  surfaces  of  cleavage  smooth,  but 
interrupted.  Fracture  conch oidal... uneven.  Surface  smooth 
and  splendent.  Semi-transparent... translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic.  Cochineal-red . .  .lead- 
grey.  Streak  brownish-red,  shining.  Brittle,  h  =  3*5...  4*0. 
G  =  5-89. ..6-15. 

Before  the  blowpipe  in  the  forceps  colours  the  flame  green, 
moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid  colours  the  flame  blue  ;  on 
charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  is  reduced.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid 
with  effervescence,  in  hydrochloric  acid  without  effervescence, 
and  in  ammonia. 

Gu,  copper  88*79,  oxygen  11*21. 

Analyses  by  Klaproth  and  Chenevix : — 

Copper . 91  88*5 

Oxygen . 9  11*5 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  and  granular  or  earthy 
masses. 

Occurs  in  beds  and  veins,  especially  in  granite  and  in  crys¬ 
talline  slate  rocks,  accompanied  by  copper,  redruthite,  towanite, 
bornite,  malachite,  chessylite,  galena,  blende,  pyrite,  gothite. 
Is  found  in  beds  in  gneiss  at  Moldawa  in  the  Banat,  in  beds 
in  sandstone  at  Katherinenburg  in  Siberia  and  at  Chessy  near 
Lyons,  in  veins  of  tin  and  copper  ore  in  Cornwall ;  in  the 
island  of  Cuba,  at  Linares  in  Spain,  in  Saxony,  near  Siegen, 
Norway,  Australia,  Peru,  Chile. 

The  fibrous  variety  has  been  supposed  to  be  rhombohedral, 
and  therefore  to  constitute  a  distinct  species.  Mr.  Brooke  has 
in  his  cabinet  a  series  of  specimens  of  this  mineral  from  Corn¬ 
wall  and  from  Siberia,  passing  from  moderately  large  and 
slightly  elongated  cubic  crystals  to  very  slender  fibres,  which 
still  retain  the  square  form.  We  have  also  examined  the  fibrous 
specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  late  Sir  Abraham  Hume, 
now  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge,  and  find  these  also  to  be 
slender  elongated  four-sided  fibres.  It  appears  probable,  there¬ 
fore,  that  there  has  been  some  mistake  in  supposing  all  the 
fibrous  varieties  to  be  rhombohedral. 

115.  FUTILE. — Futile;  Phillips.  Titane  oxide;  Hauy. 
Peritomes  Titan-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Futil ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  32°  47'*3. 

a  100,  c  001,  e  101,  m  no,  r  320,  h  210,  l  310,  x  410, 
u  7io,  s  ill,  z  321,  t  313,  v  301  twin-plane. 


BUTILE. 


225 


ua 

8° 

8' 

xa 

14 

2 

la 

18 

26 

ha 

26 

34 

ra 

33 

41 

ma 

45 

0 

aa! 

90 

0 

ea 

57 

13 

ca 

90 

0 

ee " 

65 

35 

ee 

45 

2 

va 

27 

22 

sm 

47 

40 

ss" 

84 

40 

ss' 

56 

52 

sa' 

61 

34 

ta' 

79 

46 

ea 

90 

0 

ZC  66°  42'  ZZ*  60°  46' 

ZZ  20  46  tc  34  XI 


FIG.  235. 


FIG.  236.  FIG.  237.  FIG.  238. 


Combinations.  sh,  em,  shm ,  earn,  sah ,  esam,  esamh , 
esamhl,  esmhlu,  ezhcr ,  estah ,  estzamh .  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  c. 
(fig.  237.)  The  axes  of  the  individuals  make  with  each  other 
angles  of  114°  25'  and  65°  35'.  2.  Twin-face  v.  (fig.  238.) 

oc  =  54°  44'.  The  faces  of  the  zone  ma  are  striated  parallel 
to  their  intersections  with  each  other;  m  sometimes  uneven. 
Cleavage,  a,  m  tolerably  perfect,  but  interrupted.  Fracture 
conchoidal.. .uneven.  Translucent... opaque.  Lustre  adaman¬ 
tine,  inclining  to  metallic.  Reddish-brown...  red,  sometimes 
inclining  to  yellow,  sometimes  to  black.  Streak  very  light 
brown.  H  =  6*0.. .6*5.  G  =  4*22.  ..4-30. 

Before  the  blowpipe  infusible  and  unchangeable.  "With 
borax  yields  a  greenish  glass  in  the  outer  flame,  and  a  dirty 
violet  glass  in  the  inner  flame ;  with  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the 
inner  flame  yields  a  columbine  red  glass,  which  on  the  addition 
of  tin  becomes  blue  or  violet.  Soluble  in  bisulphate  of  potash. 
In  powder  with  soda  melts  with  intumescence.  In  very  fine 


226 


OXIDES,  EAKTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


powder  soluble  with  difficulty  in  hot  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid.  The  specific  gravity  is  not  altered  by  ignition. 

Ti,  titanium  60‘13,  oxygen  39 ‘87. 

Analyses  of  rutile  a  from  St.  Yrieux  by  H.  Bose,  b  from  St. 
Yrieux  by  Eamour,  c  from  Freiberg  by  Kersten : — 

a  b  c 

Titanic  acid  ....  98'5  97’60  96‘75 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  rs  1*55  2*40 

Ekeberg  found  chrome  in  rutile  fromKaring-Bricka  in  Sweden. 

In  imbedded  and  attached  crystals  and  massive,  in  veins  in 
early  rocks  with  quartz,  felspar,  mica,  tourmaline,  or  in  beds  of 
magnetic  iron  ore  with  malacolite  and  garnet,  also  disseminated 
in  rocks.  Imbedded  in  quartz  at  Bosenau  in  Hungary,  on  the 
Bacher  in  Stiria,  at  Snarum  and  Modum  in  Norway.  In 
implanted  crystals  in  the  Saualp  and  near  Windisch-Kappel  in 
Karintliia,  Schollkrippen  near  Aschaflenburg,  Teinach  in  Stiria, 
Pfitsch  and  Lisenz  in  the  Tyrol,  Salzburg,  near  Freiberg. 
Massive  at  Gfangehansel  near  Petscliau  in  Bohemia.  In  beds 
of  iron  ore  at  Arendal  in  Norway.  Acicular  crystals  enclosed 
in  quartz  and  net-like  aggregations  occur  principally  in  Switzer¬ 
land  and  Savoy.  In  pebbles  and  crystals  in  alluvium  near 
Jungwoschitz  and  Malonitz  in  Bohemia,  in  the  gold  washings 
of  Ohlapian  in  Transylvania,  Ceylon,  at  St.  Yrieux  in  France, 
Horcajuelo  near  Vuitrago  in  the  province  of  Burgos  in  Spain. 
In  Sweden,  Siberia,  South  and  North  America.  In  Scotland  at 
Cairngorm,  in  quartz  and  calcite  at  Craig  Cailleach  near  Killin, 
in  quartz  in  Ben-gloe.  In  gneiss  in  the  Isle  of  Burray,  Shet¬ 
land;  in  quartz  in  Fife  and  Crianlarich  in  Perthshire. 

Crystals  of  rutile  are  frequently  attached  to  the  hematite  of 
St.  Gfotthardt  in  such  a  manner  that  the  faces  a ,  e  are  very 
nearly  parallel  respectively  to  the  faces  o,  r  of  the  hematite. 

The  Mineralogical  Museum  at  Cambridge  contains  several 
twins,  in  which  the  axes  of  the  individuals  make  with  each 
other  an  angle  of  64°  44'.  These  were  described  in  the  ‘  Philo¬ 
sophical  Magazine’  for  October,  1840. 

116.  BBOOKITE. — Brookite ;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Brookit ; 
Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=41°42'-3;  101,001  =43°  2l'*7;  110,100=49°5o'. 

a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  x  012,  y  014,  d  403,  t  201,  m  no, 
Z  120,  Jc  140,  p  2  11  0,  g  4  23  0,  O  111,  n  211,  W  722, 
7i  511,  e  212,  S  232,  r  221,  U  874,  i  432,  Z  112,  V  236, 
/  10  3  2,  Q  14  6  18. 


BROOKITE. 


227 


be 

90° 

o' 

ea 

CCl 

90 

0 

eb 

ab 

90 

0 

ec 

yy\ 

31 

20 

ua 

XX 

58 

36 

ub 

dd' 

103 

5 

uc 

tif 

124 

12 

ona 

pb 

8 

12 

nb 

8 

20 

ne 

kb 

11 

63 

fa 

lb 

22 

49 

fb 

onb 

40 

5 

fG 

mmf 

80 

10 

SCI 

oa 

57 

51 

sb 

ob 

60 

47 

sc 

OG 

55 

43 

va 

ra 

62 

27 

vb 

od> 

43 

36 

re 

71 

11 

za 

67 

37 

zb 

63 

6 

zc 

36 

15 

60° 

31' 

VC 

o 

(71 

CO 

46' 

67 

48 

ia 

46 

1 

47 

41 

ib 

51 

47 

49 

24 

ic 

68 

26 

47 

25 

ua 

49 

24 

69 

62 

ub 

47 

25 

38 

31 

uc 

69 

51 

62 

18 

ha 

17 

39 

65 

32 

Jib 

76 

55 

22 

31 

he 

78 

22 

70 

46 

wa 

24 

27 

78 

43 

wb 

72 

0 

64 

15 

wc 

74 

1 

39 

15 

da 

54 

57 

62 

37 

6b 

75 

54 

74 

39 

6c 

38 

35 

61 

50 

FIG.  240. 


b 


Combinations.  bdmed,  bdmezv ,  abxdonezv,  bcmet..x.z.v,  abcxy- 
tdmlevdoni,  abmxytezo.sf.cnrl ,  mgxyoe.n ,  camgze ,  abcydme ,  bcxyt- 
menf.  The  faces  6  usually  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  m ;  g  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  on ;  6 
uneven.  Cleavage.  a.  [Fracture  uneven.  Translucent.... 

l  6 


228 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AHD  ACIDS. 


opaque.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic.  The  optic 
axes,  seen  in  air  through  the  faces  b,  lie  in  a  plane  parallel  to  c, 
and  make  angles  of  17°  45'  with  a  normal  to  b.  Yellowish- 
brown,  reddish-brown... hyacinth-red.  Streak  yellowish-white. 
Brittle.  II  =  6‘0.  G-  =4‘125...4,170. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus, 
to  which  it  imparts  a  brownish-yellow  colour,  and  in  bisulphate 
of  soda.  In  powder  soluble,  like  rutile,  in  concentrated  sul¬ 
phuric  acid.  After  ignition  over  a  spirit  lamp  for  three- 
quarters  of  an  hour,  its  specific  gravity  becomes  4'192,  very 
nearly  the  same  as  that  of  rutile. 

Ti,  titanium  60*13,  oxygen  39'87. 

Analyses  of  brookite  a  by  H.  Bose,  b  from  Altan  in  the  Ural 


(g  =  3'8l  P)  by  Hermann : — 

a  b 

Titanic  acid  ....  89’59  94‘09 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  r4l  4-50 

Loss  by  ignition  .  .  —  1*41 


In  attached  crystals  near  Bourg  d’Oisans  in  Dauphine  with 
anatase,  albite,  quartz  and  crichtonite,  at  Tete-Noire  near 
Chamouni  in  Savoy  with  quartz,  in  Steinthal  near  Amstag  in 
the  Canton  of  Uri  with  anatase,  adularia,  quartz,  calcite,  in  the 
gold  stream-works  of  Altan  between  Miask  and  Slatoust  in  the 
Ural,  combinations  6...10;  Tremadoc  in  Caernarvonshire  with 
quartz  ;  in  extremely  minute  crystals  at  Biancavilla  on  Monte 
Calvario  near  -Etna.  A  variety  of  brookite  in  opaque  black 
crystals  implanted  on  quartz  (arkansite)  from  Magnet  Cove, 
Hot  Springs  County,  Arkansas,  exhibits  the  combinations 
bcmex..v.z ,  differing  greatly  in  appearance  from  those  of  the 
European  varieties,  in  consequence  of  the  smallness  of  the 
faces  b.  (fig.  242.)  g  ==  4*085,  according  to  Whitney,  a  little 
less  than  that  of  brookite  from  other  localities,  in  conse¬ 
quence  probably  of  a  slight  intermixture  of  quartz,  from  which 
it  was  difficult  to  free  it  entirely.  This  is  most  likely  the  cause 
of  the  low  density,  g  =  3*892... 3*949,  obtained  by  Bammels- 
berg.  A  qualitative  analysis  by  Whitney  showed  it  to  consist 
of  titanic  acid  with  a  trace  of  iron.  Bammelsberg  found  in  it 
at  least  94  per  cent,  of  titanic  acid. 

The  forms  &,  Z,  o,  i ,  n ,  w ,  h  were  first  observed  by  Mr. 
Brooke  in  crystals  from  Snowdon,  r ,  u,  s,  f  y,  p  were  observed 
by  v.  Kokscharow  in  crystals  from  the  Ural.  The  faces  Q  are 
so.  very  uneven  that  the  symbol  of  the  form  cannot  be  deter¬ 
mined  with  certainty ;  it  may  be  11  5  14.  The  symbol  of  a  is 
probably  also  doubtful. 


AHATASE. 


229 


117.  ANATASE. —  Anatase;  Phillips.  Titane  anatase  ; 
Hauy.  Pyramidales  Titan-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Anatas  ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  60°  38'. 


c  ooi,  e  101,  q  201,  u  105,  m  no,  p  in,  z  113,  r  115, 
V  117,  5  5  1  19. 


FIG.  243. 


I 

I 


uc 

19° 

34' 

ec 

60 

38 

qc 

74 

14 

VC 

19 

45 

rc 

26 

41 

zc 

30 

38 

pc 

68 

18 

me 

90 

0 

sc 

25 

30 

PP 

82 

9 

pe 

41 

4 

uu' 

27 

24 

ee 

63 

17 

qq' 

85 

48 

pq 

42 

54 

ru 

18 

31 

rr 

37 

2 

vv 

27 

39 

zz' 

42 

14 

ss 

9 

41 

Eorm  and  combinations,  p,  cp ,  rp,  vp,  sp,  rpq,  cvsp ,  cep , 
cepm,  cepq ,  cvep,  cvpe ,  crspq,  cvpeq.  Surface  very  smooth  and 
bright.  The  faces  m,  and  sometimes  p ,  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  c,  p  both  very 
perfect.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Semi-transparent... translucent. 
Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic.  Eor  the  brightest 
part  of  the  solar  spectrum  ju  ==  2‘554,  fx  =  2'493.  Indigo- 
blue... black,  hyacinth-red,  honey -yellow...  brown,  seldom  colour¬ 
less.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  5'5...6*0.  g  =  3*83. ..3*93. 
By  long  continued  ignition  the  specific  gravity  increases  till  it 
becomes  equal  to  that  of  rutile. 

Phosphoresces  suddenly  when  heated  before  the  blowpipe. 
Infusible.  With  borax  melts  into  a  glass  which  becomes 


230 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


yellow  and  at  last  violet-blue  in  the  inner  flame.  Soluble  with 
difficulty  in  salt  of  phosphorus  into  a  bead  which  becomes  blue 
in  the  inner  flame.  Is  not  decomposed  by  acids. 

Ti,  titanium  60*13,  oxygen  39*87. 


Analyses  of  anatase  a  from  Bourg  d’Oisans,  b  from  the 
Brazils,  both  by  H.  Bose ;  c  from  the  Brazils  by  Hamour : — 


a 

Titanic  acid  .  .  99*25 
Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  0*75 

Oxide  of  tin  .  .  — 


b  c 

99*75  98*36 

0*25  1*11 

—  0*20 


In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals. 

Is  found  in  narrow  irregular  veins  in  granite  and  mica  slate, 
associated  with  quartz,  epidote,  axinite,  felspar,  near  Bourg 
d’Oisans  in  Hauphine ;  in  mica  slate  in  the  valley  of  Maggia  in 
the  Canton  of  Tessin,  and  in  the  valley  of  Tavetsch  in  the 
Grisons,  in  the  Canton  of  Wallis,  in  Salzburg,  at  Lichtenberg 
and  near  Hof  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  near  Aschaflenburg,  in 
granite  in  Cornwall  and  Spain,  in  many  parts  of  the  Ural,  in 
crevices  in  clay  slate  near  Hof  Hale  in  the  parish  of  Slidre  in 
Norway,  in  the  sand  of  a  brook  in  which  diamonds  are  found 
near  Itabira  de  Matto  Hentro  in  Minas  Geraes  in  the  Brazils. 

Copper-red  cubic  crystals  of  TiCy  +  3Ti3]sr,  titanium  78*00, 
nitrogen  18*11,  carbon  3*89,  are  not  unfrequently  found  in  the 
hearths  of  iron  furnaces.  When  these  are  ignited  in  an  atmo¬ 
sphere  of  the  vapour  of  water,  they  are  converted  into  an 
aggregation  of  crystals  of  anatase. 


118.  CASSITEBITE.— Oxide  of  tin  ;  Phillips.  Etain  oxide ; 
Hauy.  Pyramidales  Zinn-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Zinnstein ;  Hausmann. 
Kassiterit ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  36°  55'*2. 


C  001, 

a  100, 

e  ioi. 

,  W  501, 

m 

110,  h 

210,  r 

320, 

S  111 

y  335,  i 

652, 

t 

313, 

Z  321. 

ha 

26° 

34' 

ee 

o 

CO 

29' 

ta 

79° 

28' 

ra 

33 

41 

im 

22 

49 

ea 

90 

0 

ma 

45 

0 

sm 

46 

26 

zc 

67 

35 

ad 

90 

0 

ym 

60 

17 

zz 

20 

54 

wa 

16 

34 

cm 

90 

0 

zz" 

61 

42 

ea 

56 

5 

ss" 

87 

7 

tc 

35 

20 

ca 

90 

0 

ss' 

68 

20 

zm 

25 

0 

ee" 

67 

60 

sd 

60 

51 

em 

66 

45 

CASSITE11ITE. 


FIG.  246. 


Form  and  combinations,  s,  sa,  zJi , 
sam,  szm ,  esam,  eszm ,  cesam ,  eszmr ,  ces- 
amhr ,  esatmlir.  Twins.  Twin-face  c. 

The  axes  of  the  individuals  make  with  each  other  angles  of  112°  10' 
and  67°  so'.  The  faces  c  rough,  m  often  uneven  ;  s,  e  some¬ 
times  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ; 
a ,  m,  r,  h  sometimes  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  each  other.  Cleavage,  a,  m  not  very  distinct ;  <?,  traces. 
Tracture  imperfect  conchoidal... uneven.  Semi-transparent... 
opaque.  Lustre  adamantine.  Colourless,  grey,  yellow,  red, 
brown,  black.  Streak  light  grey,  in  some  varieties  light 
brown.  Brittle,  h  =  6’0...7'0.  g  =  6'8...7'0. 

Before  the  blowpipe  alone  unchangeable.  On  charcoal  in  the 
inner  flame  with  soda  is  reduced  to  metallic  tin.  On  platinum 
foil  with  soda  some  varieties  yield  the  reaction  of  manganese. 
Is  not  acted  upon  by  acids.  Can  only  be  decomposed  by  fusion 
with  alkalies. 

Sn,  tin  78*62,  oxygen  21*38. 

Analyses  of  cassiterite  a  from  Alternon  in  Cornwall,  b  from 
Schlackenwald  by  Klaproth,  c  from  Linbo  near  Fahlun  by 
Berzelius : — 


a 

b 

C 

Oxide  of  tin  .... 

98*93 

99*28 

93*6 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

0*32 

0*72 

1*4 

Silica . 

0*75 

— 

- - 

Columbic  acid  .  .  . 

— 

— 

2*4 

Peroxide  of  manganese  . 

— 

— 

0*8 

231 

FIG.  247. 


FIG.  248. 


232 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AND  ACIDS. 


In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  and  in  druses,  reniform, 
botryoidal,  fibrous  and  granular  masses ;  pseudomorphous  after 
felspar. 

Occurs  in  veins  and  beds  and  disseminated  in  granite,  gneiss, 
porphyry,  mica  slate  and  clay  slate,  accompanied  by  quartz, 
mica,  fluor,  apatite,  topaz,  tourmaline,  beryl,  wolfram,  baryte, 
mispickel,  &c.,  and  in  alluvial  deposits.  Is  found  in  Asia,  on 
the  east  coast  of  Sumatra,  Siam,  Pegu,  Malacca  and  in  the 
island  of  Banca ;  in  Cornwall  at  St.  Just,  St.  Agnes,  Redruth, 
Penzance,  &c. ;  in  Bohemia  at  Joachimsthal,  Platten,  Graupen, 
Zinnwald,  Schlackenwald,  Schonfeld,  Abertham ;  in  Saxony  at 
Altenberg,  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Eibenstock,  Zinnwald,  Breiten- 
brunn,  Johann-  Gieorgenstadt,  Greyer,  Marienberg  ;  in  small 
quantities  at  Querbach  and  Giehren  in  Silesia ;  in  Gallicia  in 
Spain  ;  in  France  at  Yaulry  near  Limoges,  at  Pyriac  near 
Nantes,  Vilder  in  Morbihan  ;  in  Mexico  and  Chile  in  alluvium ; 
in  Sweden  at  Broddbo ;  in  Russia ;  in  North  and  South  America. 

119.  BRAITNITE.  —  Braunite  ;  Beudant.  Brachytypes 
Mangan-Erz ;  Mohs.  Hartbraunstein  ;  Hausmann.  Braunit  j 
Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  = 

c  001,  e  101,  s  201, 

ec  54°  20' 
sc  70  15 

ee "  108  39 

ee  70  7 

ss"  140  30 

SSr  83  27 

ccc  77  13 

xx"  35  66 

XX  51  43 

Combinations,  ce ,  cs,  ex,  ces.  The  faces  c  less  bright  than 
e,  and  sometimes  faintly  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  e ;  e  sometimes  slightly  convex;  s  uneven  and  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  e ;  x  smooth  and  even. 
Cleavage,  e,  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic,  imperfect.  Dark  brownish-black.  Streak  brownish- 
black.  Brittle,  h  =  6-0...6-5.  e=4-8...4*9.  Conducts  elec¬ 
tricity. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Imparts  a  violet  colour  to 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  outer  flame,  which  disap¬ 
pears  in  the  inner  flame,  especially  after  the  addition  of  tin. 


54°  19'’5. 
X  311. 


EIG-.  249. 


FIG.  250. 


PYROLUSITE. 


233 


In  powder  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolution  of  chlo¬ 
rine. 

AEn,  manganese  69*66,  oxygen  30*34. 

Analyses  of  braunite  a  from  Eglersburg  by  Turner,  b  from 
Botnedalen  in  Oevre-Tellemarken  by  Tonsager : — 

a  b 

Manganese  .  .  .  .  67*44  Mn  89*64 

Oxygen .  29*35  £  1*57 

Barytes . 2*62  silica  6*45 

Water . o*95  2*06 

In  small  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  and  granular  masses. 

Is  found  in  veins  in  quartzose  porphyry  with  other  ores  of 
manganese  and  baryte  at  Oehrenstock,  Eglersburg  and  Eried- 
richrode  in  Thuringia,  at  Schmalkalde  and  Leimbach  in  Manns- 
feld,  and  Streitberg  near  Neuenkirchen  in  Westphalia,  with 
amphibole  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont. 

120.  PYROLIISITE.  —  Pyrolusite ;  Dufrenoy.  Prisma- 
tisches  Mangan-Erz ;  Mohs.  Weichbraunstein  ;  Hausmann. 
Pyrolusit;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=68°  4/  ;  101,001=20°  O' ;  110,100=46°  50'. 
a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  d  101,  m  no. 

be  90°  o' 

dc  20  0 

ac  90  o 

ma  46  50 

ba  90  0 

mm'  86  20 

c  smooth,  frequently  rather  uneven  ;  a,b,m  striated  parallel 
to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  m ,  «,  b 
distinct.  Eracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Dark  steel-grey... light 
iron-black.  Streak  black.  Brittle.  h  =  2*0... 2*5.  o  =  4*7... 
6*0.  Is  a  good  conductor  of  electricity. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  On  charcoal  in  a  strong  heat 
becomes  reddish-brown.  In  the  outer  flame  imparts  a  violet 
colour  to  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  which  disappears  in  the 
inner  flame.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  abundant  evolu¬ 
tion  of  chlorine. 


Mn,  manganese  63*27,  oxygen  36*73. 


234 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


Analyses  of  pyrolusite  a  from  Undenaes  by  Arfvedson,  b 


from  Eglersburg,  c  from  an  unknown  locality,  both  by 
d  from  Ilmenau  by  Scheffler : — 

a  b  c 

Turner, 

d 

Red  oxide  of  manganese  MnMa 

83*56 

84*06 

85*62 

87*0 

Oxygen  .  . . 

14*58 

11*78  . 

11*60 

11*6 

Barytes . 

— 

0*53 

0*67 

1*2 

Lime . 

- - 

— 

-  — 

0*3 

Alumina . 

— 

r 

0*3 

Red  oxide  of  iron  .... 

— 

i 

- - 

1*3 

Silica . 

0*51 

0*55 

0*8 

Water . 

1*86 

1*12 

1*57 

6*8 

In  attached  crystals,  reniform  and  botryoidal 

masses,  com- 

pact,  earthy,  pseudomorphous  after  calcite,  manganite  and 
polianite,  in  veins  in  porphyry,  gneiss  and  other  rocks,  in  beds 
with  psilomelane,  hematite,  gothite,  baryte,  chalybite,  calcite, 
aragonite. 

Is  found  at  Ilmenau,  Friedrichsrode,  Eglersburg,  Reinweg  in 
Thuringia,  Yorderehrensdorf  near  Mahrish-Triibau  in  Moravia, 
in  the  Harz,  near  Zellerfeld  and  Goslar,  and  occasionally  at 
Ihlefeld,  pseudomorphous  after  manganite  and  calcite ;  at  Jo¬ 
hann- Georgenstadt  in  Saxony,  Hirschberg  in  Westphalia,  the 
Sudelzeche  near  Platten,  and  many  veins  of  iron  ore  in  the 
mining  districts  of  Bohemia ;  in  beds  of  chalybite,  especially 
when  decomposed,  in  Stiria,  Carinthia  and  Hessia ;  in  veins  of 
chalybite  and  hydrous  iron-oxide  in  Sayn,  Streitberg,  Horhausen 
and  Herdorf  near  Siegen,  and  near  Eriedewald,  Knorrenberg, 
Hamm  in  Westphalia,  Schnarchenreuth  and  Hirschberg  near 
Arzberg  in  Baireuth,  Schwarzenthal  in  the  Riesengebirge, 
Waidhofen  on  the  Thaia  in  Austria,  Konradswaldau  and 
Reinerz  in  Silesia,  Maczkamezo  in  Transylvania,  Villa  Ricca  in 
the  Brazils. 

Yarvicite  which,  according  to  the  analysis  of  Phillips,  consists 
of  manganese  63*3,  oxygen  31*7,  water  5,  is  supposed  to  be  a 
mechanical  mixture  of  pyrolusite  and  manganite. 


121.  POLIANITE. — Polianit;  Breithaupt,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  57°  43' ;  101,001  =31°  O';  110,100=46°  26'. 

be  90°  o' 

do  31  0 

ca  90  o 

ma  46  26 

ba  90  0 


(fig.  261.) 


CEEEKEEITE. 


235 


The  faces  a ,  m,  b  are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  each  other.  Cleavage,  a.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic, 
feeble.  Light  steel-grey.  Streak  grey,  n  =  6*5...  7*0.  g  = 
4’838 . .  .4*880.  Chemical  characters  the  same  as  those  of  pyro- 
lusite. 

Mn,  manganese  63*27,  oxygen  36*73. 

Analysis  of  polianite  from  the  Maria  Theresia  mine  near 


Platten  by  Plattner : — 

Led  oxide  of  manganese  MnMn  .  .  .  87*27 

Oxygen . 12*11 

Red  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina  .  .  .  0*17 

Water . o*32 

Silica . 0*13 


Is  found  in  the  Procopzeche  and  the  Maria  Theresia  mine 
near  Platten  in  Bohemia,  the  Adam  Heber  mine  at  Schneeberg, 
Tannenbaum  Stolln  near  Johann- Georgenstadt,  Spitzleute  near 
Schneeberg,  Hirsch  near  Geyer  in  Saxony,  the  Eiserne  Hardt 
in  Siegen. 

According  to  Haidinger,  polianite  is  pseudomorphous 
braunite  in  the  form  of  pyrolusite. 

]  22.  CREDNERITE. — Mangankupferoxyd  ;  Hausmann. 

Oblique. 

Cleavage  very  perfect  parallel  to  the  end  faces  of  an  oblique 
prism ;  less  perfect  parallel  to  the  lateral  faces.  Eracture 
uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic  on  the  principal  cleavages, 
less  bright  on  the  other  cleavages.  Iron-black.  Streak  black, 
inclining  to  brown,  h  =  4*5... 5*0.  G  =  4*89... 5*07. 

In  the  matrass  exfoliates  and  loses  its  lustre.  Before  the 
blowpipe  with  soda  on  charcoal  yields  a  malleable  bead  of 
copper.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  violet  glass  ; 
in  the  inner  flame  a  green  glass,  which  at  last  becomes  red  and 
opaque.  In  nitric  acid  the  oxide  of  copper  is  dissolved,  leaving 
a  black  residue.  Is  readily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with 
evolution  of  chlorine,  forming  a  green  solution. 

Analysis  by  Credner : — 

Oxide  of  copper  Cu . 43*85 

Oxide  of  manganese  MnMn  .  .  65*73 

Is  found  in  cleavable  granular  masses  with  pyrolusite  and 
hausmannite  at  Eriedrichrode  in  Thuringia. 

Crednerite  is  liable  to  decomposition,  in  consequence  of 
which  the  cleavages  become  more  distinct,  the  colour  changes 
to  a  blackish-blue,  n  is  reduced  to  2*5,  and  G  to  4*71. 


236 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AX'D  ACIDS. 


123.  HEMATITE. — Specular  iron;  Phillips.  Feroligiste; 
Hauy.  Bhomboedrisches  Eisen-Erz ;  Mohs.  Hamatit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Bhomhohedral.  100,111  =  57°  3o'. 


O  111,  a  Oil,  b  211,  h  312,  m  3U,  l  411,  r  100,  (J)  611, 

d  411,  U  211,  X  655,  y  233,  y  122,  C  255,  y  133,  e  Oil, 

rj  122,  455,  S  Ill,  p  322,  2:  175,  X  164,  n  13l,  7 r  021, 

y  231,  k  021,  t  031,  i  511,  g  411,  X  231,  £  132,  /3  133. 


aa' 

60° 

o' 

X\ 

9° 

42' 

ea 

CO 

o 

o 

o' 

bb" 

60 

0 

yyf 

19 

12 

Tza 

70 

23 

ba! 

30 

0 

99 

30 

4 

ta 

61 

62 

nb 

10 

54 

uu 

36 

63 

ar 

43 

5 

Jia' 

19 

6 

cc 

36 

63 

ka 

17 

19 

bo 

90 

0 

yy 

41 

30 

ag 

78 

6 

mo 

80 

57 

ee' 

64 

38 

ae ' 

57 

41 

lo 

75 

42 

n' 

74 

40 

27 

47 

ro 

57 

30 

/ 

93 

50 

la 

17 

33 

(})0 

44 

27 

w? 

105 

42 

ra 

90 

0 

do 

38 

7 

ss' 

111 

13 

ia 

73 

43 

no 

21 

25 

IV 

114 

6 

9a ' 

69 

56 

\o 

5 

36 

mm 

117 

34 

an 

64 

2 

yo 

11 

6 

pp 

118 

26 

Xa 

53 

51 

go 

17 

26 

er 

46 

55 

as" 

34 

24 

CO 

21 

25 

sr 

55 

36 

fia 

12 

51 

yO 

24 

9 

nn 

51 

66 

XX 

34 

18 

eo 

38 

7 

nr 

25 

58 

7 ]0 

lj/O 

so 

po 

ao 

zo 

xo 

no 

7 TO 

go 

ko 

to 

Po 

X° 

io 

9° 

io 


57  30 

66  59 

72  20 
82  44 

90  0 

79  35 

77  33 

61  7 

42  11 

24  22 

76  28 


46 

83 

64 


4 

8 

17 


73  42 

59  41 

58  57 


FIG.  252. 


FIG.  256. 


FIG.  257. 


FIG.  258. 


Combinations,  or ,  ru ,  rn,  on,  rm,  rbq,  roe,  orq,  ur..n.a, 
orqb,  orn..y.a.TT ,  ornu..y .y.yi,  ornea,  ornes ,  orntq,  orntcpy,  rnyu.i, 
rnyucd,  orne-rtya,  rneyulsz,  ornbes..a.u,  orabesu,  ornabixu,  ornbe- 
sakfih.  The  faces  o  usually  smooth  and  plane,  sometimes  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  the  intersections  with  r;  r  striated  parallel  to  the 
intersections  with  n  ;  y  uneven,  frequently  curved,  striated  pa¬ 
rallel  to  the  intersections  with  u;  e  sometimes  curved,  but  always 
smooth ;  \,  u,b  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  o. 
Twins.  1.  Twin-face  o.  2.  Twin-face  r.  Cleavage,  o,  r 
more  or  less  distinct ;  e,  traces,  o  is  perhaps  not  a  true 
cleavage,  but  merely  a  plane  of  union.  Fracture  conchoidal . . . 
uneven.  Opaque ;  very  thin  laminae  are  translucent  and  blood- 
red  by  transmitted  light.  Lustre  metallic,  y  =  3*19,  y  —  2'82. 
Dark  steel-grey... iron-black ;  sometimes  iridescent,  except  o. 
Streak  cherry-red...  reddish-brown.  Brittle.  ii  =  6,5...6*5. 
G  ==  5’0. . .5’3.  Sometimes  feebly  magnetic.  Conducts  elec¬ 
tricity. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe ;  in  powder  becomes  black  and 
magnetic.  Imparts  a  yellow  colour  to  borax  and  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  in  the  outer  flame,  and  a  green  colour  in  the  inner 
flame.  Is  very  slowly  soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid. 

¥e,  iron  70’ oo,  oxygen  30*00,  sometimes  with  an  admixture 
of  titanic  acid. 


238 


OXIDES,  EAETHS,  AND  ACIDS. 


Analyses  of  hematite  from  Tayetschthal  by  v.  Kobell:  — 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  94*82 

Protoxide  of  iron  ....  trace 

Titanic  acid . 3*57 

Protoxide  of  manganese  .  1*61 

In  attached  crystals ;  hotryoidal,  reniform  and  fibrous  masses  ; 
scaly,  granular  and  earthy ;  pseudomorphous  after  magnetite, 
pharmacosiderite,  fluor,  calcite,  gothite. 

Hematite  occurs  chiefly  in  beds  and  veins  in  the  older  rocks, 
and  as  an  ingredient  of  some  rocks.  It  is  deposited  by  sub¬ 
limation  in  the  crevices  of  active  volcanoes,  not  unfrequently, 
at  the  present  time  ;  also  in  pottery  furnaces  where  salt  is 
used  for  glazing.  Is  found  crystallized  in  Elba,  St.  Gotthardt, 
Caravatti  in  the  Grisons  and  many  other  parts  of  the  Alps, 
Eramont  in  the  Vosges,  Altenberg  and  Poherschau  in  Saxony, 
Capao  in  the  Brazils,  Thurnberg  near  Elachau  in  Salzburg ; 
imbedded  in  the  dolerite  of  the  Meissner,  near  Hedemiinden  in 
the  valley  of  the  Werra,  St.  Just  and  Tin  Croft  mines  in  Corn¬ 
wall,  Cumberhead  in  Lanarkshire,  Schabrowski  near  Katha- 
rinenburg  in  Siberia.  Crystals  formed  by  sublimation  are 
found  on  Vesuvius,  iEtna  and  Stromboli,  Puy  de  la  Vache  and 
Puy  de  la  Chopine  in  Auvergne,  Jumilla  in  Murcia,  in  crevices 
of  syenite  at  Meissen  in  Saxony,  Heps  and  Magyar-Hermany  in 
Transylvania.  It  occurs  in  thin  scales  (micaceous  iron)  in  the 
Eichtelgebirge  in  Bavaria,  Iieichenau  in  Bohemia,  Golnitz  and 
Dobschau  in  Hungary,  in  mica  slate  (itacolumite)  in  many 
parts  of  the  Brazils,  near  Tavistock  in  Devonshire,  near  Dun- 
keld  in  Perthshire,  Constantine  in  Estremadura,  Hawley  in 
Massachusetts,  Stiria,  Carinthia,  Moravia,  the  Harz,  Sardinia, 
Siberia.  It  occurs  massive  in  beds  in  Elba,  in  Sweden  at  Gel- 
livara  in  Lulea  Lappmark,  Norberg,  Grengesberg,  Langban- 
shytta ;  Kalstadt  mine  near  Krageroe  in  Norway,  in  the  Harz, 
Salzburg,  the  Tyrol,  Hessia,  Westphalia,  Saxony,  Bohemia, 
Wiirtemberg,  Lancashire,  Cumberland,  North  America,  Asia, 
Africa.  It  occurs  pseudomorphous  after  magnetite  at  Inficio- 
nado  in  Minas  Geraes  in  the  Brazils,  after  calcite  at  Sundwig 
near  Iserlohn,  after  gothite  at  Lostwithiel  in  Cornwall. 

According  to  Mohs  rrf  —  94°  2',  while  according  to  Phillips 
rr'  =  93°  so',  a  value  agreeing  very  closely  with  the  measures 
obtained  from  a  very  good  crystal,  evidently  formed  by  sublima¬ 
tion,  and  affording  the  characteristic  red  streak  of  hematite. 
The  latter  value  has  consequently  been  adopted  in  the  present 
treatise. 

When  the  vapour  of  chloro-chromic  acid,  CrCi3Cr2,  is  trans- 


ILMENITE. 


239 


mitted  through  a  red-hot  tube,  the  vapour  is  decomposed  into 
chlorine,  oxygen  and  oxide  of  chrome,  -€r,  chrome  69'99,  oxygen 
30’0l,  which  is  deposited  on  the  interior  of  the  tube  in  small 
twin  crystals,  the  individuals  of  which  resemble  the  combina¬ 
tion  oran  (fig*  254)  of  hematite,  with  which,  llmemte  and 
corundum,  it  is  isomorphous,  having  very  nearly  the  same 
angles.  In  these  crystals  rr'  =  94°  5'.  The  twin  face  is  r. 
They  have  a  perfect  cleavage  parallel  to  the  faces  r.  Lustre 
metallic,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Greenish-black.  Streak 
bright  green.  H  =  9‘0.  G  =  5’2l.  When  a  six-sided  crystal 
of  hematite  was  placed  in  the  tube,  the  oxide  ol  chrome  was 
deposited  upon  the  crystal  of  hematite  with  the  laces  and 
cleavages  of  the  latter  parallel  to  those  of  the  former,  as  hap¬ 
pens  frequently  in  other  cases,  when  crystals  ol  one  of  two 
isomorphous  bodies  are  deposited  upon  a  crystal  of  the  other. 


124.  ILMENITE. — Ter  oxidule  titane ;  Hauy.  Axotomes 
Eisen-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Kibdelophan ;  Hausmann.  Ilmenit,  Crich- 
tonit;  Haidinger. 


Ehombohedral.  100,111  =  57°  3o\ 


o  111,  a  Oil,  b  2ll,  l  4ll,  r  100,  e  oil,  s  ill,  £  311, 
p  322,  n  131,  x  164.  £  truncates  the  edge  or.  The  forms 

n,  x  are  frequently  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 


aa' 

60° 

0' 

eo 

38° 

7' 

93° 

5  o' 

bb' 

120 

0 

SO 

72 

20 

ss 

111 

13 

ba 

30 

0 

po 

84 

44 

pp' 

118 

26 

ah' 

30 

0 

ao 

90 

0 

erf 

46 

55 

bo 

90 

0 

XO 

77 

33 

sr' 

55 

36 

lo 

75 

42 

no 

61 

7 

nn 

51 

56 

TO 

57 

30 

1C 

54 

50 

nr’ 

25 

58 

4  o 

32 

7 

eer 

64 

38 

EIG.  259. 

EIG.  260. 

FIG.  261. 

■ 

) 

3  i 

:S  | 

1*  ! 

e. 

*\ 
is*.  I 


Combinations,  or,  ora,  ore,  orn  ,  oers,  oersn ,  o^ersna,  op,  opl, 
opla,  oplax  .  The  faces  o  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  r.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage,  o,  more  or  less  per- 


240 


OXIDES,  EAETHS,  AKD  ACIDS. 


feet ;  r,  indistinct.  Fracture  conclioidal.  Opaque.  Lustre 
metallic,  imperfect.  Iron-black,  sometimes  passing  into  steel- 
grey.  Streak  black,  in  the  variety  from  Spessart  and  St. 
Grotthardt  brown.  Brittle.  H  =  5*0... 6*0.  G  =  4*66...  5*31. 
More  or  less  magnetic. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in 
the  inner  flame  forms  a  red  glass.  Imparts  a  blue  colour  to 
hot  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  without  dissolving.  In  fine 
powder  soluble  in  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid.  When  the 
solution  is  concentrated  as  much  as  possible  without  being 
decomposed,  it  yields  a  precipitate  of  titanic  acid  on  being 
largely  diluted  with  water  and  boiled  for  a  considerable  time. 

Analyses  of  ilmenite  a  from  Grastein,  g  =  4*665... 4*735, 
by  v.  Kobell,  b  from  St.  Christophe  near  Bourg  d’Oisans, 
G  —  4*727  (crichtonite),  by  Marignac,  c  from  the  Ilmen  moun¬ 
tains,  G  =  4*76... 4*81  (ilmenite),  by  Mosander,  d  from  Eger- 
sund,  G  =  4*751,  by  H.  Bose ;  e  from  Washington,  G  =  4*963... 
5*016  (washingtonite),  by  Marignac,  f  from  Spessart,  G  =  5*06 
...5*13,  by  v.  Kobell,  g  from  the  Binnenthal  in  Wallis,  G=  5*127, 
by  Bammelsberg : — 

Titanic  acid 
Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Protoxide  of  iron 
Protox.  mangan. 

Magnesia  .  . 

Analyses  of  ilmenite  from  the  Ilmen  mountains  h  by  Mo¬ 
sander,  i  by  Delesse,  k  from  Egersund  by  v.  Kobell,  l  from 
Connecticut  by  Kendall,  m  from  Udewalla  by  Plantamour,  n 
from  St.  Grotthardt  by  v.  Kobell : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

59*00 

52*27 

46*92 

43*73 

22*21 

14*16 

4*25 

1*20 

10*74 

42*70 

59*07 

75*00 

36*00 

46*53 

37*86 

13*57 

18*72 

10*04 

1*65 

— 

2*73 

— 

— 

0*80 

— 

— 

1*14 

— 

— 

. — 

h 

i 

h 

l 

m 

n 

Titanic  acid  .  . 

46*67 

45*4 

43*24 

25*28 

15*56 

12*67 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

11*71 

40*7 

28*66 

51*84 

71*25 

82*49 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

35*37 

14*1 

27*21 

22*86 

11*32 

4'84 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

2*39 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Lime . 

0*25 

0*5 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

0*60 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Oxide  of  chrome  . 

0*38 

Sn  0*5 

— 

— 

. — 

— 

Silica . 

2*80 

Pb  0*2 

El,  Si, 

loss 

1*87 

— 

Analyses  of  ilmenite  o, 
simd,  all  by  Mosander : — 

q  from  Arendal,  r,  s, 

t  from  Eger- 

0 

P 

9. 

r 

s 

t 

Titanic  acid  .  . 

20*41 

24*19 

23*59 

39*04 

42*57 

41*08 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

55*23 

53*01 

58*51 

29*16 

23*21 

25*93 

ILMENITE. 

241 

0 

V 

<1 

r 

S 

t 

Protoxide  of  iron 

19*48 

19*91 

13*90 

27*23 

29*27 

29*04 

Lime  .... 

0*32 

0*33 

0*86 

0*96 

0*50 

0*49 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

0*73 

0*68 

1*10 

2*30 

1*22 

1*94 

Oxide  of  chrome . 

— 

— — 

0*44 

0*12 

0*33 

Oxide  of  tin  .  . 

3*64 

Mn 

0*21 

f ,  -Ge 

0*58 

Silica  .... 

0*80 

1*17 

1*88 

0*31 

1*65 

0*07 

It  is  supposed  by  H.  Bose  and  Scheerer  that  tbe  titanic  acid 
(ii)  results  from  the  combination,  during  tbe  analysis,  of  tbe 
blue  oxide  of  titanium  (35)  with  part  of  tbe  oxygen  of  tbe  red 
oxide  of  iron  (Fe),  converting  a  portion  of  it  into  protoxide  of 
iron  (fe).  According  to  these  views,  the  true  constitution  of 
tbe  different  varieties  of  ilmenite  would  be  as  follows : — 

abcidemfg 

Ti  .  53*69  47*04  42*59  40*89  38*25  20*13  14*01  13*39  8*58 

■Fe-  .  46*31  52*96  57*41  56*37  61*75  79*87  83*83  86*61  81*42 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  granular  and  lamellar 
masses,  disseminated  and  in  angular  or  rounded  grains. 

It  is  found  with  dolomite  in  talc  at  Gastein  in  Salzburg 
( orn ,  oersn '),  Lappacb  in  tbe  Tyrol,  in  miascite  on  Lake  Ilmen 
near  Miask  in  tbe  Ural  {ores,  oresn ),  in  Norway  at  Tvedestrand 
in  garnet  {ora,  orea ),  Eriedrichswarn  in  zircon-syenite,  Eger- 
sund,  Bamle  near  Krageroe  (< oransm ),  Arendal  in  beds  of  mag¬ 
netite,  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  Bourg  d’Oisans  in  Dauphine 
(crichtonite,  tbe  combinations  containing  tbe  form  p)  in  drusy 
cavities  with  quartz,  albite,  anatase,  brookite,  Spessart  near 
Asckaffenburg,  with  rutile  at  Malonitz  near  Klattau  in  Bo¬ 
hemia,  St.  Gotthardt,  in  isolated  grains  in  alluvium  at  Iserwiese 
in  tbe  Biesengebirge,  in  tbe  gold  stream-works  at  Ohlapian 
in  Transylvania,  in  tbe  United  States  at  Washington,  Lichfield, 
Westerley  and  Goshen  in  Massachusetts,  Essex  in  New  York. 
Tbe  combination  o'£ersna  occurs  in  crystals  from  Hamburg  in 
New  Jersey,  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection. 

According  to  Mobs  rr'  —  94°  l\  Tbe  values  of  rr  obtained 
by  Breitbaupt  for  varieties  from  different  localities  are  as  fol¬ 
lows  : — 

Miask  ....  94°  17'  Tavetscbtbal  .  .  93°  52*4' 

d’Oisans  ...  93  63*5  Tvedestrand  .  .  93  50 

Mobsite  is  perhaps  ilmenite.  Bhombohedral.  o  ill,  a  oil. 

Tbe  value  of  \f/0  in  mobsite  approaches  to  that  of  xLo  in  hema¬ 
tite.  If  we  suppose  ip  to  be  554,  a  will  be  722,  and  e  10  l  l. 


242 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AND  ACIDS. 


EIG.  262. 


oa! 

90° 

0' 

x^a 

36° 

52' 

\po 

67 

30 

/ 

ee 

83 

38 

to 

50 

21 

W 

106 

17 

aO 

78 

18 

GO 

116 

0 

No  cleavage  observable, 
cboidal.  Opaque.  Lustre 


con- 

Ir  on-black. 


Brittle. 


Fracture 
metallic. 

Scratches  glass  very  easily.  Not  magnetic.  In  twin  crystals 
(twin-face  o')  on  quartz  coloured  by  chlorite.  Is  supposed  to 
have  been  found  in  Dauphine. 


125.  COBUND  IJM. —  Corundum;  Phillips.  Corindon  ; 
Hauy.  Bhomboedrischer  Korund  ;  Mohs.  Thonerde ;  Haus- 
mann.  Korund ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  57°  34'. 


O  111,  a  Oil,  b  2 IT,  f  523,  r  100,  d  411,  S  522,  7}  122, 

5  Ill,  n  13l,  Q  3  10  4,  W  142,  K  295,  V  153,  Z  175, 

6  197,  v  1  13  11,  p  375,  g  4ll,  i  511. 


acif 

60° 

o' 

lb" 

60 

0 

ba ' 

30 

0 

6 

35 

/«' 

23 

25 

bo 

90 

0 

TO 

57 

34 

do 

38 

12 

lo 

27 

41 

7]0 

67 

34 

so 

72 

22 

ao 

90 

0 

ro 

84 

45 

Go 

82 

10 

zo 

79 

36 

vo 

74 

36 

K0 

72 

31 

WO 

69 

51 

£ 0 

64 

45 

no 

61 

11 

i 1 0 

59 

45 

EIG.  263. 


EIG.  265. 


EIG.  264. 


CORUNDUM. 


243 


io 

59° 

l' 

9° 

68 

2 

rr' 

93 

66 

W 

47 

26 

ss' 

111 

15 

vv' 

69 

44 

66' 

59 

24 

zz 

68 

55 

vv 

57 

38 

KK 

66 

68 

WIV 

56 

0 

r 

QQ 

53 

46 

nri 

51 

58 

pT1, 

9 

14 

ra 

43 

2 

r\r 

49 

56 

va! 

74 

37 

ra 

90 

0 

Combinations. 

la 

ga 


73°  42' 
69  66 


na 

// 

cts 

no.  267. 


64°  l' 
29  22 


\<r 


oa,  or,  ar,  rn,  zn,  ora,  orn,  orz,  onz,  orna, 
ornz,  nsva,  ornab ,  obzda,  oarpnp,  oarnqvgs.  The  faces  o  are 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  r,  and  sometimes 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  a.  The  faces  of  the  zones 
oa  deeply  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other. 
Twin  crystals.  Twin-face  r;  frequently  repeated  in  parallel 
layers.  Cleavage,  r,  o,  in  many  varieties  perfect,  but  interrupted. 
The  planes  r  are  frequently  merely  faces  of  union.  Fracture 
conchoidal. . .uneven.  Transparent... translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  vitreous  ;  o  in  some  varieties  pearly.  g  =  1*769, 
jx  =  1*762.  Colourless,  white,  usually  blue  or  red,  also  green, 
yellow,  brown,  grey.  Sometimes  different  parts  of  the  same 
crystal  have  different  colours,  as  blue  and  red,  blue  and  white, 
red  and  white.  Some  varieties  are  opalescent,  and  show  a  six- 
rayed  star,  having  its  centre  in  the  axis  of  the  crystal,  especially 
when  the  end  is  ground  convex.  By  transmitted  light  some 
varieties  appear  green  in  the  direction  of  the  axis,  and  blue  in  a 
direction  perpendicular  to  the  axis.  On  looking  through  a  blue 
crystal  in  a  direction  parallel  to  o,  its  colour  is  prussian  blue 
when  the  light  is  polarized  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  o,  and 
light  green  when  the  light  is  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  o. 
A  red  crystal  viewed  in  the  same  manner  is  red  or  very  light 
brown,  according  as  the  light  is  polarized  in  a  plane  perpen¬ 
dicular  or  parallel  to  o.  H  =9*0.  G  =  3*93... 4*08. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe  either  alone  or  with  soda. 
Soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  with  great  difficulty 
but  perfectly,  forming  a  transparent  glass.  With  solution  of 

M  2 


OXIDES,  EAETIIS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


24  4 


cobalt  in  the  outer  flame  becomes  blue.  With  bisulphate  of 
potash  in  a  platinum  capsule  over  a  spirit  lamp  it  melts  into  a 
mass  which  is  perfectly  soluble  in  water.  Is  not  acted  upon  by 
acids.  Fusible  into  a  cleavable  mass  in  the  flame  of  the 
oxyhydrogen  blowpipe. 

•  •  • 

Al,  aluminium  53'19,  oxygen  46,8l. 


Analysis  by  Klaproth : — 

Alumina . 98 ‘5 

Red  oxide  of  iron  .  .  ro 

Lime . 0’5 


In  imbedded  crystals  and  in  cleavable  masses. 

The  transparent  blue  and  red  varieties,  called  sapphire  and 
ruby  respectively,  are  principally  found  in  gravel  and  river- 
sand  at  Matura  and  Saffragang  in  Ceylon,  in  the  Capelan 
mountains  twelve  days’  journey  from  Syrian  in  Pegu,  at  Hohen- 
stein  on  the  Elbe,  Iserwiese  and  Podsedlitz  in  Bohemia,  Puy  in 
France.  The  variety  which  occurs  imbedded  in  rough  crystals 
and  cleavable  masses,  opaque,  and  of  a  dull  colour,  called  co¬ 
rundum,  occurs  at  Canton  in  China,  Battagamnana  in  Ceylon, 
Permetty  in  the  Carnatic,  Mysore,  in  the  Ural  in  the  auriferous 
sands  of  Slatoust  among  blocks  of  fine-grained  felspar,  and  in 
granite  near  Miask,  in  felspar  at  Mozzo  in  Piedmont,  in  magnetic 
iron  ore  at  Gelliware  in  Sweden,  Lapland,  at  Newton  in  New 
Jersey,  in  Maryland  and  Connecticut,  in  the  valley  of  Cha- 
mounix,  in  dolomite  at  Campo  Longo,  in  basalt  at  Nieder- 
mendig  on  the  Rhine.  The  granular  and  massive  variety,  called 
emery,  is  found  at  Ochsenkopf  near  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony 
in  a  bed  of  talc  in  mica  slate,  in  rounded  masses  in  Naxos, 
Italy,  Spain,  in  great  abundance  on  the  summit  of  Grumuchdagh 
near  Gumuchkeny  about  twelve  miles  to  the  east  of  Ephesus, 
and  between  Eskihissar  and  Melas  in  Asia  Minor. 

The  combinations  oarr/np,  oarncvgs ,  and  indistinct  traces  of 
the  form  i  w^ere  observed  in  crystals  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection. 
The  faces  of  the  zone  oa  between  n  and  a  are  striated  to  such 
an  extent  that  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  distinguish  true 
reflexions  from  diffraction  images,  in  observing  with  the  reflec¬ 
tive  goniometer ;  consequently,  the  determination  of  the  faces 
in  this  zone  is  liable  to  considerable  uncertainty.  Besides  the 
forms  enumerated  above,  Mohs  gives  5  li  I  (5  11 1,111  =  470  28'), 
and  Hausmann  the  forms  5  17  7  (5  17  7, ill  =  65°  22'),  2  17  1 B 
(2  17  13,111  =  81°  38').  Some  of  the  crystals  in  Mr.  Brooke’s 
collection  appear  to  show  traces  of  the  forms  3  13  7  (3  13  7,111  = 
71°  44'),  2  11  7  (2  11  7,111  =  76°  16'),  1  15  13  (l  15  13,111  = 


QUARTZ. 


245 


85°  30').  The  existence  of  these  forms  is,  however,  for  the 
reason  above  mentioned,  extremely  doubtful. 

126.  PEBICLASE. — Periclase ;  Dufrenoy.  Periclas  ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100  cleavage,  o  ill. 

ad  90°  o' 

OO  70  32 

oa  54  44 

Cleavage,  a ,  very  perfect.  Trans¬ 
parent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Dark  green. 

II  =  6-o.  g  ==  3*75. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  In 
powder  soluble  in  acids. 

Mg,  magnesium  61*20,  oxygen  38*80. 


Analyses  a  by  Scacchi,  b, 

c  by 

Damour : — 

a 

b 

C 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

89*04 

92*57 

91*18 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

8*56 

6*22 

5*67 

Insoluble  matter  . 

— 

0*86 

2*10 

"Was  found  on  Monte  Somma  near  Naples. 


127.  QTTABTZ.— Quartz  ;  Phillips.  Bhomboedrischer 
Quarz  ;  Mohs.  Quarz  ;  Hauy,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  51°  47'. 

o  ill  twin-face,  a  oil,  h  11  4  7 ,  r  _100,  z  122,  s  142, 

i  Oil,  d  411,  /I  13  2  2,  l_  Ill,  A  _511,  rn  7_22,  y  311, 

If  833,  £  13  5  5 ,_h  433,  0  13  8  8,_  p  744,  V  16  5  8,  X  412, 

y  10  2  5,  U  814,  t  4  11  2,  0  14  22  7,  J)  10  14  5,  e  452, 

W  14  16  7,  q  16  17  8,  y  221,  71  854,  k  251,  Z  22  19  2, 

It]  11  14  2. 

The  forms  v,  x,  y,  u,  s,  t,  p,  6,  w,  q,  y,  n  are  hemihedral  with 
asymmetric  faces,  occurring  in  one  only  ol  the  two  zones  r  z  b, 
r"zb ,  and  in  the  same  alternate  lunes  between  b,  b'\  b\...  . 

M  3 


RIG.  268. 


246 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AND  ACIDS. 


The  forms  rj,  d  are  also  hemihedral  with  asymmetric  faces.  The 
faces  a,  Jc  appear  upon  the  edges  of  the  six-sided  prism  bb", . . . 


ou  which 

V ,  X , 

y  do  not 

occur. 

bo 

90° 

0' 

Jib 

167° 

19' 

qb 

159° 

43; 

ao 

90 

0 

(bb 

173 

35 

pb 

161 

31 

Jcb 

8 

27 

l>b 

175 

54 

nb 

174 

39 

ba 

30 

0 

vb 

8 

52 

sa 

24 

27 

bb" 

60 

0 

xb 

12 

1 

la 

42 

17 

lb 

7 

29 

yb 

14 

35 

/ 

85 

45 

fb 

8 

9 

ub 

18 

29 

rz 

46 

16 

yb 

11 

8 

bs 

37 

68 

T)Z 

63 

5 

mb 

14 

42 

bz" 

66 

52 

77 

20 

rb 

21 

29 

br 

113 

8 

Sz" 

16 

1 

fib 

25 

17 

tb 

135 

5 

dr 

39 

6 

yb 

38 

13 

bs" 

142 

2 

dr 

46 

55 

db 

57 

35 

db 

148 

22 

■qr 

49 

29 

ib 

122 

25 

pb 

151 

37 

r\r 

36 

58 

zb 

141 

47 

eb 

154 

55 

// 

T]T 

25 

37 

lb 

158 

31 

ivb 

157 

34 

FIG. 

269. 

EIO.  270 

• 

FIG.  271 

• 

fig.  273. 


no.  274. 


QUAETZ. 


247 


FIG.  275. 


Combinations,  brz,  brzs ,  brz<px,  brzfax,  brz\i,  brzseOxu, 
Irzsx,  brzex ,  brzcpsx,  brz£x,  brzpfx ,  brzpx ,  brzhmfxuq ,  brztyfimse/c, 
brzyfhnusx ,  brzytsx,  brzfimlpu,  brzpkmwqxu.  The  faces  &  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  the  faces  r;  «  fre- 
ouently  dull,  and  smaller  than  r ;  X  and  sometimes  y  and  w 
rough.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  o.  The  individuals  are  frequently 
united  in  such  a  manner  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a 
single  crystal.  The  faces  5,  a, y,  u . ..are  sometimes  seen  on  each 
angle  of  one  end,  or  of  both  ends  of  the  twin  crystal,  or  on 
three  alternate  angles  of  one  end  and  the  other  three^  alternate 
angles  of  the  other  end.  The  hemihedral  forms  of  the  two 
individuals  are  usually  of  the  same  kind ;  sometimes,  however, 
they  are  of  different  kinds.  The  line  of  separation  of  the 
two  individuals  is  sometimes  very  irregular,  as  in  fig.  276, 
where  the  faces  z  are  distinguishable  from  the  faces  r ,  by  the 
,  quality  of  their  surface,  the  former  being  covered  with  irre- 

M  4 


248 


OXIDES,  EAKTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


gularities  resembling  drops  of  liquid.  The 
light  reflected  from  r  is  reddish,  that  from 
z  greenish.  When  breathed  upon  r  be¬ 
comes  dark  yellow,  z  violet.  In  many 
instances  the  faces  z  are  dull.  2.  Twin- 
face  £.  The  axes  of  the  two  rhombohe- 
drons  make  with  each  other  an  angle  of 
84°  34'.  3.  Twin-face  r.  The  axes  of  the 

two  rhombohedrons  make  with  each  other 
an  angle  of  103°  34'. 

Cleavage,  r,  z,  b,  interrupted.  Fracture  conchoidal ...  splin¬ 
tery.  Transparent . ..translucent.  Lustre  vitreous;  in  some 
varieties  inclining  to  resinous  on  surfaces  of  fracture. 

The  optical  properties  are  peculiar,  the  wave  surface  being  a 
sphere  and  a  prolate  spheroid  the  axis  of  which  is  a  little  less 
than  the  radius  of  the  spherical  surface.  The  indices  of  refrac¬ 
tion  of  rays  corresponding  to  Fraunhofer’s  lines  are  : — 


H- 

B  .  .  . 

.  1-54090 

1*54990 

C  .  .  . 

.  1-54181 

1-55085 

D  .  .  . 

.  1-54418 

1*55328 

E  .  .  . 

.  1-54711 

1*55631 

F  .  .  . 

.  1’54965 

1-55894 

a  .  .  . 

.  1-55425 

1*56365 

H  .  .  . 

.  1'55817 

1*56772 

If  a  plate  of  quartz  bounded  by  planes  perpendicular  to  the 
axis  of  the  rhombohedron  be  placed  in  a  polarizing  apparatus,  the 
diametei  s  of  the  coloured  rings  will  be  seen  to  vary  on  turning 
the  analyzer  (the  tourmaline  plate,  Nmols  prism  or  reflector  of 
blackened  glass  nearest  to  the  eye)  round  its  axis;  and  the 
direction  in  which  it  must  be  turned  to  enlarge  the  rings  is 
found  to  depend  upon  the  situation  of  the  hemihedral  faces 
when  they  occur.  With  a  slice  of  crystal  in  which  either  of  the 
faces  v,  x,  y ,  in  the  zone  bz\  is  situated  as  in  figs.  270,  272,  269, 
the  axis  of  the  polarizing  instrument  being  horizontal,5  the 
upper  part  of  the  analyzer  must  be  turned  to  the  observer’s 
left  hand  to  make  the  rings  dilate.  With  a  slice  of  a  crystal  in 
which  either  of  the  faces  v,  x,  y,  in  the  zone  bz',  is  situated 
as  m  figs.  271,  273,  274,  the  upper  part  of  the  analyzer  must  be 
turned  to  the  observer’s  right  hand  to  make  the  rings  dilate. 
When  the  emergent  light  is  polarized  by  transmission,  the 
Incident  light  being  circularly  polarized  and  the  emergent  light 
plane  polarized,  coloured  spirals  are  seen  having  the  form  of 
fig.  277  or  278,  according  as  the  slice  is  taken  from  a  crystal 


EIGK  276. 


QUARTZ. 


249 


like  fig.  270  or  271.  "When  the  fig.  277.  fig.  278. 

incident  light  is  plane  polarized 
and  the  emergent  light  circu¬ 
larly  polarized,  the  spirals  re¬ 
semble  fig.  278  or  277,  accord¬ 
ing  as  the  slice  is  taken  from  a 
crystal  like  fig.  270  or  271. 

When  the  emergent  light  is  polarized  by  reflexion,  the  incident 
light  being  circularly  polarized  and  the  emergent  light  plane 
polarized,  crystals  270,  271  produce  spirals  resembling  figs.  278, 
277  respectively.  When  the  incident  light  is  plane  polarized 
and  the  emergent  light  circularly  polarized,  crystals  270,  271 
produce  spirals  resembling  figs.  277,  278  respectively. 

The  purple  variety  of  quartz,  called  amethyst,  is  frequently 
composed  of  alternate  layers  having  opposite  optical  properties, 
and  exhibits  traces  of  this  structure  in  a  kind  of  rippled  fracture. 
When  a  slice  of  amethyst  or  of  a  twin  crystal,  bounded  by  planes 
perpendicular  to  the  axis,  is  placed  in  a  polarizing  apparatus, 
at  such  a  distance  as  to  be  distinctly  seen  by  the  observer,  the 
portions  of  the  individuals  of  which  it  consists,  may  be  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  each  other,  when  they  have  opposite  optical 
properties,  by  a  difference  of  colour. 

When  the  planes  of  polarization  and  analyzation  are  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  each  other,  the  centre  of  the  rings  is  not  dark,  as  is 
I  the  case  with  any  other  uniaxal  crystal.  TJsing  homogeneous 
light,  the  centre  becomes  dark  on  turning  the  analyzing  plane, 
in  the  direction  which  enlarges  the  rings,  through  an  angle  pro¬ 
portional  directly  to  the  thickness  of  the  slice,  and  inversely  as 
the  square  of  the  length  of  the  undulation  of  the  light  employed. 
The  slice  of  quartz  being  0'04  inch  thick,  the  centre  becomes 
dark  for  different  colours,  on  turning  the  analyzing  plate  through 
the  following  angles  : — 

Bed  ....  I90,oo  Blue  ....  32°*31 

Orange  ...  21  ’40  Indigo  ...  36  '13 

Yellow  ...  24  '00  Violet  ....  40  '88 

Green  ....  27  '86 

Colourless,  white,  violet-blue,  rose-red,  clove-brown,  apple- 
green.  Streak  wdiite.  H  =  7’0.  G  —  2  5... 2  8;  for  the  pure 
varieties  G  =  2*65. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Exposed  to  the  flame  of  the 
oxy hydrogen  blowpipe  it  melts  so  that  it  may  be  drawn  into 
fine  threads,  and  is  volatilized.  With  soda  fuses  with  intu¬ 
mescence  into  a  clear  glass.  Insoluble  in  all  acids  except  hy¬ 
drofluoric  acid.  Two  pieces  rubbed  together  in  the  dark  emit  a 
i  phosphorescent  light  and  a  faint  einpyreumatic  odour. 

xi  5 


250 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


Si,  silicon  48*04,  oxygen  51-96. 

Analyses  a  of  transparent  colourless  quartz  by  Bucbolz,  b 
of  a  purple  variety  (amethyst)  by  Bose,  c,  d  of  a  green  variety 
(prasem)  by  Beudant,  e  of  red  compact  quartz  from  Sundwich 
near  Iserlohn  by  Schnabel : — • 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Silica  . 

99-37 

97-60 

95-25 

94*84 

94-93 

Alumina  .... 

trace 

0-25 

0-41 

0-47 

0-42 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

— 

0-60 

(fie  2-66 

3*64) 

3-93 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

— 

0-25 

Cu  1-00 

— 

Magnesia  .... 

— 

— 

0-67 

H  1-05 

0-73 

According  to  Puchs,  the  rose  quartz  from  Babenstein  near 
Bodenmais  owes  its  colour  to  the  presence  of  from  l  to  1*5  per 
cent,  ol  oxide  of  titanium.  The  purple  colour  of  some  varieties 
of  quartz  (amethyst)  was  generally  supposed  to  be  produced 
by  manganese.  It  was,  however,  observed  by  Heintz  that  a 
very  dark  purple  amethyst  contained  less  thanVoi  per  cent,  of 
manganese,  and  that  it  lost  its  colour  at  about  250°  c ;  the 
colouring  matter,  therefore,  cannot  be  manganese.  In  loo  parts 
of  a  light  purple  amethyst  he  found — red  oxide  of  iron  0-0197, 
lime  0-0236,  magnesia  0-0133,  soda  0-418.  The  discoloration  by 
heat,  and  the  presence  oi  soda,  are  considered  favourable  to 
Poggendorff’s  conjecture  that  the  colour  of  amethyst  is  due  to 
the  presence  of  a  small  quantity  of  ferric  acid. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  globular,  reniform  and 
stalactitic,  fibrous,  compact.  Also  pseudomorphous  after  datho- 
lite,  baryte,  fluor,  gypsum,  calcite,  barytocalcite,  dolomite, 
scheelite,  galena,  cerussite,  hematite,  pyrite,  chalybite,  pyro- 
morphite.  The  crystals  sometimes  contain  capillary  crystals  of 
epidote,  amianthus,  amphibole,  rutile,  antimonite,  thin  scales 
of  mica,  chlorite,  silver,  copper,  mispickel,  argentite,  pyrite, 
pyrargyrite  and  proustite,  pyrolusite,  hematite,  gothite,  mag¬ 
netite,  kyanite,  stilbite,  tourmaline,  topaz,  calcite,  bitumen  or 
drops  of  very  expansible  liquids. 

A  variety  of  light  brownish-red  or  greenish-grey  colour,  pene¬ 
trated  by  amianthus,  and  exhibiting  a  play  of  light,  is  called 
catseye.  Avanturine  contains  numerous  minute  fissures,  which 
reflect  many  bright  points  of  light.  Chalcedony  appears  to  be 
an  intimate  mechanical  mixture  of  crystalline  and  amorphous 
quartz,  botryoidal,  reniform,  stalactitic.  It  is  called  carnelian 
when  of  a  red,  yellow,  or  brown  colour ;  plasma  when  dark 
green ;  chrysoprase  when  of  an  apple-green  colour,  produced 
by  the  admixture  of  l  per  cent,  of  oxide  of  nickel.  Heliotrope 
is  a  mixture  of  chalcedony  with  earthy  chlorite.  It  is  dark 


i 


OPAL. 


251 


green  with  red  or  yellow  spots.  Chalcedony  in  alternate  layers 
of  different  colours  is  called  onyx.  In  irregular  layers,  or  con¬ 
taining  dendritic  markings,  it  is  called  agate.  Flint  is  a  variety 
of  chalcedony  found  in  nodules  in  the  upper  chalk.  Jasper,^ 
flinty  slate,  and  hornstone,  are  variously-coloured  mixtures  ot 
quartz  with  alumina,  lime,  carbon,  oxides  of  iron,  manga¬ 
nese,  &c. 

Quartz  occurs  as  an  essential  constituent  of  various  rocks,  as 
granite,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  topaz  rock.  The  finest  crystals  are 
found  in  the  mountains  of  Switzerland,  the  Tyrol  and  Salzburg, 
Dauphine,  Madagascar,  Ceylon  and  the  Brazils  ;  smaller  crystals 
at  Quebec ;  implanted  in  drusy  cavities  in  granular  limestone 
at  Carrara  in  Italy ;  isolated  in  the  county  of  Marmarosch  in 
Hungary ;  of  a  brown  colour  in  many  places  in  Bohemia,  in  the 
Morne  mountains  in  Ireland  and  in  Siberia  ;  of  a  pale  violet-blue 
in  Hungary,  the  Tyrol  and  Siberia ;  the  purple  variety  called 
amethyst  in  Hungary,  Porkura  in  Transylvania,  Siberia,  the 
Brazils,  in  many  parts  of  India  and  Persia,  in  pebbles  in  Ceylon ; 
in  the  Harz,  Saxony,  Silesia,  Scotland,  Spain,  &c.,  in  veins,  and 
in  agate  balls.  A  rose-red  variety  is  found  at  Babenstein  near 
Zwiesel  in  Bavaria,  and  in  Siberia  ;  of  paler  colour  at  Konigs- 
werth  in  Bohemia ;  milk-white  in  Norway,  Greenland,  Spain, 
Prance.  Chalcedony  is  found  in  Trevascus  mine  in  Cornwall, 
ITaytor  in  Devonshire  (pseudomorphous  after  datholite),  Scot¬ 
land,  Greenland,  Iceland,  the  Faroe  islands.  Agate  in  the 
cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks,  at  Oberstein,  near  A  icenza,  in 
Hungary  and  Transylvania,  Chemnitz,  Freyberg,  Schneeberg  in 
Saxony,  and  in  various  places  as  the  substance  of  petrifactions. 
Carnelian  in  Arabia,  India,  Surinam,  Siberia.  Flint  in  nodules 
and  small  beds,  enclosing  sponges,  alcyonia,  echinites  and 
other  fossils,  is  found  in  the  chalk  formation  in  the  islands  of 
Biigen,  Moen,  Jutland,  England,  the  north  of  Ireland,  Cham¬ 
pagne  in  France,  the  south  of  Bussia,  &c. 

The  forms  d ,  77,  c>,  0,  £  were  observed  by  Mr.  Brooke  in 
crystals  in  his  collection.  For  the  description  ot  the  other 
forms,  the  editors  are  indebted  to  G-.  Bose’s  Memoir  on  the 
Crystallization  of  Quartz,  in  the  ‘  Berlin  Transactions  for 
1844,’  communicated  to  them  by  the  author. 


128.  OPAL. — Opal;  Phillips.  Quarz  resinite ;  Hauy.  Un- 
theilbarer  Quarz  ;  Mohs.  Opal ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent . ..trans¬ 

lucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  in  some  varieties  inclining  to  resinous. 
1  Colourless,  white,  yellow,  red,  brown,  green,  grey,  black.  Streak 

M  6 


1 


252 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


white.  Some  varieties  exhibit  a  beautiful  play  of  colours.  Yery 
brittle.  H  ==  5’5.. .6-5.  G  =  1*9.  ..2-3. 

The  variety  called  hyalite  is  transparent.. .semitransparent ; 
colourless  ;  reniform,  botryoidal.  Tire  opal  is  transparent ;  red, 
yellow,  sometimes  iridescent.  Noble  opal,  semitransparent... 
translucent ;  milk-white,  yellowish- white,  exhibiting  a  play  of 
colours.  Common  opal  shows  no  play  of  colours.  Semiopal 
is  dull  and  opaque.  .  Cascholong  is  white  and  opaque.  Siliceous 
sinter  is  deposited  in  fibrous,  reniform  and  botryoidal  masses 
by  various  hot  springs.  Hyrophane  imbibes  water  readily, 
and  becomes  more  transparent  in  consequence. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  decrepi- 
tates,  is  infusible.  Is  almost  perfectly  soluble  in  a  cold  solu¬ 
tion  of  caustic  potash.  In  other  respects,  the  chemical  charae- 
ters  are  the  same  as  those  of  quartz. 

Consists  of  amorphous  silica  with  from  5  to  13  per  cent, 
ot  water,  and  small  quantities  of  red  oxide  of  iron,  alumina 
hme,  magnesia,  potash  and  soda. 

Analyses  of  hyalite  a  from  Trankfort  on  the  Maine  by 
-Bucholz,  b  from  Hungary  by  Beudant,  c  from  AYaltsch  in 
Bohemia  by  Schaffgotsch,  of  the  red  or  yellow  variety  called 
fire  opal  d  from  Zimapan  in  Mexico  by ‘Klaproth,  of  noble 
opal,  exhibiting  a  play  of  colour  e  from  Cscherwenitza  in  Hun¬ 
gary,  of  yellow  opal/from  Telkobanya,  both  by  Klaproth:— 


Silica .... 
Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Lime  .... 
Mater  .  .  . 


a  b  c 

92’00  91-32  95*5 

—  —  0-8 

-  —  0-2 

6-33  8-68  3*0 


d  e  f 

92-00  90-0  93-5 

0-25  —  1*0 

7-75  lO'O  5-0 


In  hyalite  from  Zimapan  in  Mexico  the  loss  by  ignition  was 

found  to  be  2-5... 2-9  per  cent.;  in  siliceous  sinter  from  the 
Heyser  io*6  per  cent. 

Analyses  of  opal  g  from  Trankfort  by  Stucke,  h  from  Mo- 
ravm  z  from  Paris  (menilite),  both  by  Klaproth;  h  from  Cas- 
e  a  Monte  by  Beudant;  wood  opal  (forming  the  substance  of 
fossil  wood)  I  from  Oberkassel  by  E.  Brandes ;  hydrophane  m 
from  Hubertsburg  m  Saxony  by  Klaproth 1 


9 

h 

Silica  .... 

82-75 

85-00 

Alumina  .  .  . 

3-50 

3-00 

Eed  oxide  of  iron 

3-00 

1"75 

Lime  .... 

0-25 

AYater  .... 

io-oo 

8’00 

Carbon  .... 

— 

1*00 

i 

h 

l 

m 

85-50 

93-2 

93-00 

93-13 

l'OO 

■ — 

0-13 

1*62 

0-50 

(Mg  0*3) 

0-37 

_ _ 

0-50 

0-4 

— 

— 

11-00 

6-1 

6-13 

5-25 

(0*33 

bituminous  oil) 

- 

VALENTIN  ITE . 


253 


Analyses  of  fire  opal  n  from  the  Faroe  islands,  of  the  opaque 
variety  called  cascholong  o  from  the  Faroe  islands,  both  by 
Forchammer,  p  from  Meronitz  in  Bohemia  by  Wertheim,  sili¬ 
ceous  sinter  q  from  Iceland  by  Forchammer,  r  from  Iceland  by 
Kersten,  of  semi-opal  s  from  Scliifienberg  near  Giessen  by 
Wrightson : — 


Silica  .  .  . 

Alumina  .  . 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Magnesia  .  . 

Lime 
Potash  . 

Soda  .... 
Water  .  .  . 


n 

0 

P 

88*73 

95*32 

83*73 

0*99 

0*20 

— 

0*25 

— 

3*58 

1*48 

0*40 

0*67 

0*49 

0*06 

1*57 

0*34 

0*07 

— 

0  06 

— 

7*75 

3*47 

11*46 

9 

r 

S 

84*43 

94*01 

90*20 

3*07 

1*70 

1*86 

1*91 

— 

4*11 

106 

— 

0*86 

0*70 

sulphuric  acid 

0*31 

0*92 

0*80 

— 

0*90 

7*88 

4*10 

2*73 

Occurs  massive  and  disseminated  ;  in  botryoidal  and  reniform 
concretions  ;  also  as  fossil  wood.  Hyalite  is  found  near  Franc- 
fort  on  the  Maine,  on  the  Kaiser stuhl  in  the  Breisgau,  in  por¬ 
phyry  near  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  in  Silesia  in  many  places 
on  quartz  rock  and  serpentine,  in  Bohemia  near  Waltsch  on 
basalt,  in  the  islands  of  Ischia  and  Graziosa,  in  Mexico. 
Siliceous  sinter,  a  product  of  hot  springs,  is  found  incrusting 
vegetable  matter  at  the  Geysers  in  Iceland,  and  in  Italy. 
The  variety  of  opal  which  exhibits  a  play  of  colours  is  found 
in  porphyry  at  Czerwenitza  between  Kaschau  and  Eperies  in 
Hungary,  at  Zimapan  in  Mexico,  in  the  amygdaloid  of  the 
Faroe  islands  and  in  Iceland.  The  common  opal  is  found  at 
Telkobanya  not  far  from  Eperies,  and  other  places  in  Hungary, 
at  Pernstein  and  Smrczek  in  Moravia,  Niemczitz  and  Budweis 
in  Bohemia,  Frankenstein,  Kosemutz  &c.  in  Silesia,  Iceland 
and  Greenland.  Wood  opal  is  found  at  Kremnitz,  Libethen, 
Telkobanya  in  Hungary,  and  in  many  parts  of  Transylvania,  in 
great  stems  in  sandstone ;  at  Bilin  in  Bohemia,  the  Siebenge- 
birge,  Hoentwiel  in  Suabia,  near  Ahrweiler,  in  France  and  in 
North  America. 

129.  VALENTINITE. — Oxide  of  antimony ;  Phillips.  An- 
timoine  oxide  ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Antimon-Baryt ;  Mohs. 
Antiinonbliithe ;  Hausmann.  Valentinit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010—15°  35' ;  101, 001=64°  44' ;  110,100=68°  29'. 

a  100,  s  103,  r  101,  v  401,  m  no,  x  211.  The  faces 
s,  s'  truncate  the  edge  rr' ;  v  truncates  the  edge  ra. 


254  OXIDES,  EAKTHS,  AND  ACIDS. 

Eld. 


va 

10° 

2' 

ma 

68° 

29' 

ra 

35 

16 

mm ' 

43 

2 

sa 

64 

46 

xa 

52 

49 

vv 

159 

66 

xxf 

74 

22 

109 

28 

xx" 

100 

16 

S8 

50 

28 

r 

XX 

155 

17 

Combinations,  sm,  rma,  rxma.  The  faces  r,  x  curved ; 
smooth  and  plane ;  m,  sometimes  rough,  but  plane.  Cleavage. 
m,  very  perfect.  Fracture  not  observable.  Semitransparent... 
translucent.  Lustre  adamantine,  especially  on  the  curved 
faces  ;  a ,  pearly.  White,  passing  into  grey,  yellow,  brown  and 
red.  Streak  white.  Seethe,  h  =  2*6. ..3*0.  a  =  5*566. 

In  the  matrass  it  sublimes  completely.  Melts  very  easily 
before  the  blowpipe,  sublimes  and  forms  a  crystalline  deposit 
on  the  charcoal.  Is  reduced  in  the  inner  flame,  especially  when 
mixed  with  soda  and  cyanide  of  potassium,  and  colours  the 
flame  green.  With  borax  it  forms  a  glass  which  is  yellowish 
while  hot,  but  becomes  almost  colourless  on  cooling.  It  is 
readily  soluble  in  nitromuriatic  acid.  It  is  precipitated  from 
the  solution  on  the  addition  of  water. 

Sb,  antimony  84*32,  oxygen  15*68. 

Analysis  of  valentinite  from  Wolfach  by  Suckow: — 

Oxide  of  antimony  sb  .  .  91*7 

Fed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  .  i*2 

Silica . 0*8 

Antimony . 6*3 

Valentinite  occurs  generally  in  tabular  and  acicular  crystals, 
in  diverging  groups  of  crystals ;  more  rarely  in  granular,  co¬ 
lumnar  or  lamellar  masses  ;  as  a  thin  crystalline  coating  on 
other  minerals  ;  pseudomorphous  after  antimony. 

It  is  found  at  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  Braunsdorf  in  Saxony, 
Pernek  near  Malaczka  in  Hungary,  Wolfach  in  the  Breisgau, 
Horhausen  in  Nassau,  Allemont  in  Dauphine. 

Oxide  of  antimony  is  dimorphous.  Octahedral  as  well  as 
prismatic  crystals  are  obtained  in  smelting  some  of  the  ores  of 
antimony,  and  also  from  a  solution  of  chloride  of  antimony  in 
boiliug  carbonate  of  soda.  When  sublimed  at  a  high  tempera¬ 
ture,  the  crystals  belong  to  the  prismatic  system ;  sublimed  at 
a  low  temperature,  it  crystallizes  in  octahedrons.  A  solution 
of  antimonic  oxide  in  boiling  soda  crystallizes  in  octahedrons  on 


ARSENITE. 


255 


cooling  in  close  vessels.  If  boiling  acid  hydrochlorate  of  anti- 
monic  oxide  be  added  to  a  boiling  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda, 
prismatic  crystals  of  antimonic  oxide  are  obtained. 


130.  SENABMONTITE. — H.  de  Senarmont.  Annales  de 
Chimie.  Avril.  1851. 

Cubic. 

o  ill. 

00  70°  32' 

Cleavage,  o,  traces.  Eractnre  un¬ 
even,  lamellar.  Transparent . . .  translu¬ 
cent.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  ada¬ 
mantine.  Colourless.  Streak  white. 

H  less  than  3.  u  =  6*22...  5*30. 

Chemical  characters  the  same  as  those 
of  valentinite. 

Sb,  antimony  84*32,  oxygen  15*68. 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  granular  and  compact  masses, 
at  Sensa  near  the  source  of  the  Ain-el-Bebbouch  in  the  province 
of  Constantine  in  Algiers. 

131.  ABSENITE. — Oxide  of  arsenic ;  Phillips.  Arsenic 
oxide  ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrische  Arsenik-Saure ;  Mohs.  Arsenik- 
bluthe ;  Hausmann.  Arsenit;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

o  ill. 

00  70°  32'  (fig.  280.) 

Cleavage,  o.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Transparent... opaque. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine,  p  =  1*811.  White ; 
yellow  or  red  when  mixed  with  realgar.  Streak  white.  ii  =  l*5. 
G  =  3*699. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  is  volatilized ;  with  soda  on 
charcoal  emits  a  smell  of  garlic.  In  the  open  tube  sublimes  in 
small  octahedrons.  Heated  in  contact  with  a  splinter  of  char¬ 
coal,  or  better  with  a  mixture  of  soda  and  cyanide  of  po¬ 
tassium,  in  a  closed  tube,  metallic  arsenic  sublimes.  Slightly 
soluble  in  water.  With  hydrochloric  acid  on  a  plate  of  copper 
leaves  a  grey  metallic  coating. 


EIG.  280. 


256 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


As,  arsenic  7574,  oxygen  24*26. 

t  crystals,  crystalline  crusts,  and  columnar  masses,  stalac- 
titic,  earthy,  investing  other  minerals. 

It  is  probably  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  ores  con¬ 
taining  arsenic,  in  veins  with  metallic  arsenic,  realgar,  proustite, 
galena,  &c.  It  is  found  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  Kapnik 
in  Transylvania,  Bieber  in  Hanau,  Markirch  in  Alsace,  An- 
dreasberg  in  the  Harz,  Gistain  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Sublimed  at  a  high  temperature  in  close  vessels  arsenious 
acid  is  amorphous,  glassy  and  perfectly  transparent,  g  =  37385. 
Exposed  to  the  air,  it  gradually  becomes  crystalline  and  opaque. 
A  solution  of  glassy  arsenious  acid  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  on 
cooling,  deposits  crystals  which,  as  they  form,  were  observed  by 
H.  Bose  to  become  luminous.  In  the  process  of  roasting 
cobalt  ores  containing  arsenic,  it  is  sometimes  obtained  in  thiiq 
pearly,  flexible,  prismatic  crystals  isomorphous  with  valentinite. 
These  when  sublimed  yield  octahedrons.  A  boiling  solution 
of  potash  saturated  with  arsenious  acid  and  left  to  cool,  usually 
deposits  prismatic  crystals  of  arsenious  acid. 


132.  ICE. — Eis ;  Hausmaim. 
Bhombohedral. 


o  ill,  a  on. 


ao  90°  o' 


aa 


60  o 


FIG.  281. 


Combination,  oa.  Twins.  Twin-face  a. 

Groups  of  twin-crystals  occur  frequently  in 
snow,  producing  star-shaped  figures.  Cleav- 
age.  o.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Pellucid  in  a  high  degree. 
Lustre  vitreous.  The  indices  of  refraction  for  rays  of  different 
colours  are  as  follows  : — 


Bed  ....  1-3070 

Orange  .  .  .  1-3085 

Yellow  .  .  .  1-3095 


Green  .  .  .  1-3115 

Blue  ....  1*3160 

Violet  ....  1*3170 


Double  refraction  very  feeble.  The  surface  of  ice  formed  on 
still  water  is  the  face  0 ,  the  centre  of  the  coloured  rings  sur- 
rounding  the  optic  axis  being  seen,  when  placed  in  a  polarizin°- 
apparatus,  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  the  surface.  Colour^ 
less,  in  large  masses  greenish  or  blueish.  Seethe,  rather 
brittle,  h  =  1*5.  g  =  0-918  at  o°  c. 


HATJSMAITNTTE. 


257 


Becomes  liquid  at  0°  c  ;  boils  at  100°  c. 

HO,  hydrogen  11*11,  oxygen  88*89. 

Occurs  in  the  Andes  in  strata  alternating  with  sandstone, 
and  as  glaciers  in  the  Alps  and  other  elevated  situations. 

According  to  Breithaupt,  combinations  of  the  forms  o,  a 
with  three  forms  the  faces  of  which  truncate  the  edge  oa,  are 
not  unfrequently  observed  in  the  levels  of  the  Lorenz  Gegent- 
rum  mine  near  Freiberg. 


133.  IEITE. — Irit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

0  111.  (fig.  280.) 

Lustre  metallic.  Iron-black.  G  =  6*056. 

Melted  with  nitre  emits  fumes  of  osmium.  Insoluble  in 
acids. 

Analysis  by  Hermann : — 


Oxide  of  iridium  t'r  .’  . 

.  62*86 

Protoxide  of  osmium 

.  10*30 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  12*60 

Oxide  of  chrome  .  .  . 

.  13*70 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

.  trace 

In  fine  scales  in  cavities  in  the  larger  pieces  of  platinum,  and 
in  the  ferruginous  platinum  sand  of  the  Ural. 

134.  HATJSMANNTTE. — Hausmanite ;  Beudant.  Pyra- 
midales  Mangan-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Glanzbraunstein  ;  Hausmann. 
Hausmannit ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  58°  57'. 

c  ooi  cleavage,  e  101,  o  ill,  s  103. 

pro.  282. 


sc 

o 

00 

04 

68' 

eer 

74° 

CO 

Ol 

ec 

58 

57 

ee ' 

117 

54 

oc 

49 

36 

oof 

65 

8 

ss' 

40 

3 

oo" 

99 

10 

ss" 

57 

66 

eo 

37 

18 

Combinations,  es,  eos.  The  faces  s  very  smooth  and  bright ; 
e  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  s,  frequently  dull. 
Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage,  c,  tolerably  perfect ;  o,  e  less 


258 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AND  ACIDS. 


distinct  and  interrupted.  Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
imperfect  metallic.  Brownish-black.  Streak  dark  reddish- 
brown,  almost  ckesnut-brown.  h  =  5*0... 5*5.  a  —  4*7...  4*8. 
Conducts  electricity  feebly. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Imparts  a  violet  colour  to 
glass  of  borax.  Soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid  with  evolu¬ 
tion  of  chlorine.  Concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  to  which  it  has 
been  added  in  powder,  assumes  a  bright  red  colour. 

MnM-n,  protoxide  of  manganese  Mn  30*89,  oxide  of  manga¬ 
nese  fin  69*02,  or  protoxide  of  manganese  93*02,  oxygen  6*98. 

Analyses  of  hausmannite  a  from  Ihlefeld  by  Turner,  b  from 
Ilmenau  by  Rammelsberg  : — 


a 

b 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

.  92*00 

92*49 

Oxygen  . 

7*oo 

Barytes . 

0*15 

Silica ....... 

0*34 

— 

Water . 

0*44 

-  — 

In  attached  crystals,  granular  masses  and  pseudomorphous 
after  manganite  and  calcite. 

Is  found  in  veins  in  porphyry  associated  with  manganite  at 
Oehrenstock  near  Ilmenau  in  Thuringia  and  at  Ihlefeld  in  the 
Harz.  Is  said  to  occur  at  Leisa  near  Battenberg  in  the  neigh¬ 
bourhood  of  Marburg. 


135.  FRANKLINITE. — Franklinite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Dodekaedrisches  Eisen-Erz ;  Mohs.  Eranklinit  5  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


cleavage,  0 

111 

ad 

CO 

0 

0 

0' 

od 

70 

32 

oa 

64 

44 

dd' 

60 

0 

do 

35 

16 

no 

19 

28 

nd 

54 

44 

fO 

15 

48 

pd 

19 

28 

EIQ-.  283. 


Forms  and  combinations.  0,  d ,  od,  dn ,  odp.  Surface  smooth. 


MAGNETITE. 


259 


Cleavage,  a,  o  both  very  imperfect.  Fracture  conclioidal. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Iron-black.  Streak  dark  brown. 
Brittle,  h  =  6*o...6*5.  G  =  5*07... 5*13.  Slightly  magnetic, 
without  sensible  polarity. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  "With  soda  on  charcoal  in  the 
inner  flame  yields  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  zinc.  In  the  outer 
flame  imparts  a  purple  colour  to  glass  of  borax.  Completely 
soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  yellowish-green 
solution. 


BB-,  where  b  is  protoxide  of  iron  Ee,  protoxide  of  manganese 
Mn  and  oxide  of  zinc  Zn,  and  b  is  red  oxide  of  iron  fe  and  oxide 
of  manganese  in. 

Analyses  of  Franklinite  by  Berthier  and  Abich  : — 


Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  66*0 

68*88 

Oxide  of  manganese 

.  16*0 

18*17 

Oxide  of  zinc  .  .  . 

.  17*0 

10*81 

Alumina  .... 

• 

0*73 

Silica . 

— 

0*40 

In  imbedded  crystals,  angular  or  rounded  grains,  and  granular 
masses. 

Is  found  in  crystals  imbedded  in  spartalite,  and  in  rounded 
grains  imbedded  in  calcite,  at  Franklin  and  Sterling  in  New 
Jersey,  with  calamine  and  smithsonite  at  Altenberg  near  Aix 
la  Chapelle. 


136.  MAGNETITE. — Magnetic  iron  ore  ;  Phillips.  Fer 
oxidule ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrisches  Eisen-Erz ;  Mohs.  Magnet- 
eisenstein  ;  Hausmann.  Magnetit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  100, 

d 

011,  0 

111, 

e  210, 

y  io  1 1, 

z 

16  1  1. 

ad 

90° 

o' 

mo 

29° 

K 

O 

CO 

dd! 

60 

0 

sa 

36 

42 

dd 

45 

0 

sd 

64 

41 

00 

70 

32 

sa 

74 

30 

oa 

54 

44 

so 

22 

13 

ea 

26 

34 

sd " 

19 

6 

pa 

70 

32 

ya 

8 

3 

pd 

48 

11 

yo 

46 

41 

pd 

19 

28 

za 

5 

3 

ma 

25 

14 

zo 

49 

41 

122,  m  311,  s  321, 


EIG.  284. 


260 


OXIDES,  EADTIIS,  AND  ACIDS. 


EIG.  285. 


EIG-.  286. 


EIG.  287. 


Porms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  d,  ao,  od,  ds,  aod,  odm,  odep , 
ode??is,  ctoyz.  The  faces  d  usually  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  o  ;  p  smooth  but  curved  ;  the  faces  of  the  other 
forms  usually  smooth  and  even.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleav¬ 
age.  a,  o  distinct. ..traces.  Practure  conchoidal... uneven. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic,  sometimes  imperfect.  Iron-black. 
Streak  black.  Brittle,  h  =  5*5. ..6'5.  g  =  4*96.. .5*20. 

Pusible  before  the  blowpipe  with  very  great  difficulty.  In 
the  inner  flame  imparts  a  bottle-green  colour  to  borax.  In 
powder  is  perfectly  soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid. 

•  •  •  • 

PeBe,  red  oxide  of  iron  68*97,  protoxide  of  iron  35*03,  or 
iron  72*41,  oxygen  27*59. 

Analyses  of  magnetite  a  from  Norra  in  Sweden  by  Berzelius, 
1)  crystallized  from  Dannemora  in  Sweden,  c  massive  from  Grelli- 
vara  in  Lapland,  d  crystallized  from  Berggieshiibel  in  Saxony, 
e  crystallized  from  the  Tyrol,  all  by  Karsten,  f  crystallized  by 
Puchs  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

69 

69*95 

69*40 

67*95 

67*56 

68*40 

Protoxide  of  iron 

31 

29*53 

28*25 

29*92 

28*66 

30*88 

Titanic  iron  oxide 

— 

0*25 

— 

— 

3*31 

—  ■ 

Earthy  matter 

— 

0*15 

— 

1*86 

— 

— 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  and  disseminated,  in 
chlorite  slate,  serpentine,  granite,  syenite,  basalt,  &c. ;  usually 
massive  in  beds  with  augite,  amphibole,  garnet,  quartz,  calcite, 
pyrite,  hematite,  in  gneiss,  mica  slate,  chlorite  slate,  horn¬ 
blende  slate,  clay  slate,  greenstone,  marble,  very  seldom  in 
veins ;  sometimes  in  rounded  grains  in  alluvium  in  stream- 
works  with  gold,  platinum  and  various  gems. 

Is  found  in  enormous  masses  in  Norway  near  Arendal  and 
other  places  in  Sweden,  Dannemora  in  Upland,  the  island  of 
Uto,  near  Norberg  in  Westmanland,  Philipstad  in  Werm eland, 
on  the  Grengesberg  in  Dalarne,  on  the  Taberg  mountains  in 
Smaland,  in  Lapland  in  the  mountains  Kurunavara  and  Luos- 


ISEEINE. 


261 


savara  in  Tornea  Lappmark,  Gellivara  in  Lulea  Lappmark ; 
in  the  Ural  in  Wissokaja  Gora  near  Nischne-Tagilsk,  Blagodat 
near  Kuschwinsk,  Kaschkanar  near  Nischne-Turinsk,  Ulu- 
Utasse-Tau  near  Magnitnaja  ;  in  the  Harz,  Saxony,  Bo¬ 
hemia,  Stiria,  Moravia,  Silesia,  Corsica,  Elba,  Savoy,  the  Astu¬ 
rias,  near  Marbella  in  Spain,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  Virginia,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and  Connecti¬ 
cut  ;  in  Mexico,  the  Brazils,  the  East  Indies ;  in  serpentine  in 
Unst,  Cornwall,  Wicklow  in  Ireland.  Is  found  in  crystals 
at  Eahlun,  in  many  places  in  the  Ural,  in  the  Zillerthal 
in  the  Tyrol,  Kraubat  in  Stiria,  Traversella  in  Piedmont,  in 
the  Brazils,  near  Tavistock  in  Devonshire,  in  attached  crystals 
in  the  cavities  of  amygdaloid  in  the  county  of  Antrim  in  Ire¬ 
land,  in  the  matter  ejected  by  Vesuvius.  It  occurs  as  sand 
in  the  gold  and  platinum  stream-works  in  the  Ural  and  in 
America.  Crystals  of  magnetite  are  frequently  formed  when 
iron  at  a  high  temperature  is  exposed  to  atmospheric  air  or 
to  the  vapour  of  water.  Some  varieties  from  the  Brazils 
and  from  Kalinowkoi  near  Beresowsk  in  Siberia  appear 
to  be  wholly  or  partly  changed  into-  hematite,  retaining  their 
form  and  cleavage.  The  streak  in  these  cases  is  reddish-brown, 
and  the  magnetic  power  is  impaired,  but  not  wholly  destroyed. 
Magnetite  appears  sometimes  to  contain  a  mechanical  mixture 
of  hematite. 


137.  ISEBINE. — Iserine  ;  Phillips.  Per  oxidule  titanifere  ; 
Hauy.  Hexaedrisches  Eisen-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Titaneisenstein  ; 
Hausmann.  Iserin ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  100,  d  oil,  o  ill. 


ad 

90° 

O' 

dd' 

60 

0 

da 

45 

0 

od 

70 

32 

oa 

64 

44 

od 

35 

16 

EIGr.  288. 


Combinations,  ao,  ad,  od.  The  faces  of  the  crystals  rounded, 
rough.  Cleavage  not  perceptible.  Eracture  conclioidal.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic,  imperfect ;  bright  on  the  surfaces  of  fracture. 
Iron-black.  Streak  black.  Brittle,  h  =  6‘0...6'5.  g-  =  4'86... 
'>•10.  Magnetic. 

,  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in 
he  inner  flame  yields  a  reddish  glass. 


262 


OXIDES,  EAETHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


Fe-R,  where  R>  is  -Ee  and  -1-i. 


Analyses  a  of  the  slag-like  iserine  from  the  basalt  of  Unkel 
on  the  Rhine  hy  Rammelsberg,  b  of  the  strongly  magnetic 
iserine  from  the  decomposed  basalt  of  the  Yirneberg  near 
Rheinbreitenbach,  g  =  5*1,  by  Rhodius : — 


a  b 

Titanic  acid  ....  irsi  9’63 

Red  oxide  of  iron  .  .  48'07  si‘86 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  39’16  40'27 


• » •  •  • 

Ei  is  supposed  to  be  converted  into  Ti  by  combining  with  a 
portion  of  the  oxygen  in  the  Ee-  during  the  analysis. 

Occurs  in  imbedded  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated  in 
basalt  and  dolerite,  and  in  the  form  of  sand  in  alluvium. 

Is  found  in  Bohemia  on  the  Feuermauer  near  Krzmusch  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Toplitz  and  at  Schima,  in  Saxony  in  the 
Kirnitz  brook  near  Schandau,  on  the  Scheibenberg,  Zittau,  the 
Eisberg  near  Herrnhut  in  Upper  Lusatia,  at  Unkel,  Laach, 
Niedermendig  and  Rheinbreitenbach  on  the  Rhine,  Puy  de 
Rome  in  France,  Calabria.  The  magnetic  sand  found  in  a 
rivulet  near  Menaccan  in  Cornwall  is  probably  iserine. 

Talkeisenerz  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  iserine  containing 
some  alumina  and  magnesia.  Cleavage,  a,  imperfect.  h=5'5... 
6'0.  g  =  4-40... 4-45.  Feebly  magnetic.  Is  found  with  black 
spinelle  at  Warwick  in  New  York. 


138.  CHROMITE. — Chromate  of  iron ;  Phillips.  Fer 
chromate;  Hauy.  Oktaedrisches  Chrom-Erz ;  Mohs.  Chro- 
meisenstein;  Hausmann.  Chromit;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

o  ill. 

oo'  70°  32'.  (fig.  280.) 

Cleavage.  a ,  o  traces.  Fracture  uneven... imperfect  con- 
choidal.  Opaque.  Eustre  metallic,  inclining  to  resinous. 
Iron-black... brownish-black.  Streak  dark  brown.  Brittle. 
h  =  5*5.  g  =  4-40... 4'59.  Sometimes  slightly  magnetic.  Con¬ 
ducts  electricity  feebly. 

s  Unchangeable  before  the  blowpipe.  The  unmagnetic  va¬ 
rieties  become  magnetic  in  the  inner  flame.  Slowly  but  com¬ 
pletely  soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  showing  the 


SPIKELLE. 


263 


colour  of  iron  while  hot,  and  the  green  of  chrome  when  cold. 
After  fusion  with  nitre  yields  with  water  a  yellow  solution, 
which  affords  the  reaction  of  chrome.  Soluble  in  bisulphate  of 
potash. 


BH,  where  B  is  Fe,  Mg,  Cr  and  B-  is  Gr,  A1  and  perhaps  Be. 


Analyses  of  chromite  a  from  Boraas  by  v.  Kobell,  from 
Baltimore  b  crystallized,  c  massive  by  Abich,  d  from  the  gold 
mines  of  Beresowsk  by  Moberg,  e  from  Bolton  in  Canada, 
/‘from  Memphramagog  in  Canada,  both  by  T.  S.  Hunt: — 


a 

b 

C 

A 

e 

/ 

Oxide  of  chrome  .  . 

54-08 

60-04 

44'91 

58*40 

45-90 

49-75 

Alumina  .... 

9-02 

11-85 

13-85 

10*83 

3-20 

11-30 

Protoxide  of  chrome . 

— 

— 

— 

5-17 

— 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

25-66 

20-13 

18-97 

18'42 

35-68 

21-28 

Magnesia  .... 
Silica . 

5-36 

7*45 

9-96 

6*68 

15-03 

18-13 

4-83 

— 

0-83 

0-91 

— 

— 

In  imbedded  crystals  and  grains,  in  granular  masses,  usually 
disseminated,  in  alluvium. 

Is  found  in  nodules  in  serpentine  near  Gassin  in  the  depart¬ 
ment  of  Var  in  France ;  in  irregular  veins  on  the  Gulsen  near 
Kraubat  in  Stiria ;  in  limestone  near  Portsoy  in  Banfshire,  and 
Buchanan  in  Stirlingshire  ;  in  large  quantities  in  serpentine  on 
the  islands  of  Unst  and  Fetlar ;  in  Silesia  at  Grochau,  Silber- 
berg,  Hartenberg ;  in  Moravia  at  Hrubschiitz  in  considerable 
quantities ;  in  Bohemia  at  Bonsberg  and  Altsmoliwetz  dissemi¬ 
nated  in  serpentine ;  in  Norway  near  Boraas  ;  in  Siberia  at 
Katharinenburg  in  large  masses,  and  in  several  other  places 
disseminated  in  serpentine,  and  in  small  grains  and  octahedrons 
in  the  gold  and  platinum  stream  works ;  in  Maryland,  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  in  serpentine  and  in  lime¬ 
stone  at  Hoboken  in  New  Jersey,  and  massive  and  crystallized 
in  limestone  on  the  Bare  Hills  near  Baltimore ;  as  sand  in  the 
Isle  a  Vaches  near  St.  Domingo  in  the  West  Indies. 


139.  SPINELLE. — Spinelle  ;  Phillips.  Alumine  magnesiee  ; 
Hauy.  Dodekaedrischer  Korund  ;  Mohs.  Spinell ;  Hausmann. 
Spinell,  Berzelin,  Chlorospinell ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


Oil, 

o  ill,  m 

311,  p 

122. 

00 

70°  32' 

mo 

29° 

3  o' 

50° 

CO 

<M 

dd" 

60 

0 

m!d 

31 

29 

J P° 

15 

48 

do 

35 

16 

mm 

35 

6 

pd 

19 

28 

2G4 


OXIDES,  EAETHS,  AXD  ACIDS. 


EIG.  289. 


EIG.  290. 


FIG.  291. 


Forms  and  combinations,  o,  cl,  od,  odm,  odmp.  Surface 
smooth,  especially  the  faces  o  and  m.  d,  m  sometimes  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  o.  Twins.  Twin-face  o. 
Cleavage,  a,  o  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent... 
translucent ;  translucent  on  the  edges  only  when  the  colour  is 
dark  ;  opaque  when  black.  Lustre  vitreous.  White,  red,  blue, 
green,  brown,  yellow,  black.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  7"5 . . . 
8-o.  g  =  3-523,  a  transparent  red  variety.  G  =  3’77...3'95, 
black  varieties. 

The  red  variety  when  heated  becomes  opaque  and  black,  in 
cooling  green,  then  colourless,  and  lastly  red.  In  a  strong 
heat  pleonaste  becomes  blue.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe. 
In  powder  is  soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  into  a 
glass  more  or  less  coloured  by  chrome  or  iron.  Is  easily  and 
completely  decomposed  by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash. 
Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  In  powder  partially  soluble  in 
sulphuric  acid. 

MgAl,  alumina  71*32,  magnesia  28'68.  Part  of  the  Mg  is  fre¬ 
quently  replaced  by  Ee,  and  sometimes  part  of  the  Ii  is  replaced 
by  #e. 

Analyses  a  of  red  spinelle  from  Ceylon,  b  of  blue  spinelle 
from  Aker,  c  of  black  spinelle  (pleonaste)  from  the  dolomite 
of  Monte  Somma,  all  by  Abieh,  d,  e  of  green  spinelle,  g  =  3-591 
...3'594  (chlorospinelle),  from  Slatoust  by  H.  Bose,  f  of  black 
spinelle  from  Arendal  by  Scheerer : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Alumina 

69*01 

68-94 

62-84 

57-34 

64-13 

65-17 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

— 

— 

6-15 

14-77 

8*70 

Mn  2*71 

Magnesia  . 

26-21 

25-72 

24-87 

27'49 

26-77 

17-65 

Protoxide  of  iron 

0-71 

3-49 

3-87 

(Ca 

0'27) 

18-33 

Silica  .... 

2-02 

2-25 

1-83 

(CuO'62 

0-27) 

5'09 

Analyses  of  black  spinelle  (pleonaste),  g  from  the  IJral, 
h  from  Fassathal,  i  from  Vesuvius,  k  from  Iserwiese,  all  by 


GAHIHTE. 


265 


Abich,  l  from  Ceylon  by  C.  Gmelin,  m  from  Ronsperg,  G  =  3’9l 
. . .3'95  (hercynite),  by  Quadrat: — 


9 

Ji 

i 

Jc 

l 

m 

Alumina 

67-46 

66-89 

65-27 

59-66 

57-20 

61-17 

Magnesia 

25-94 

23-61 

17-58 

17-70 

18-24 

2-92 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

5*06 

8-07 

13-97 

19-29 

20*51 

35-67 

Silica . 

2'38 

1*23 

2-50 

1*79 

315 

— 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals  and  granular  masses. 

The  red  variety  occurs  in  isolated  crystals  and  grains  in 
alluvial  soil,  and  in  the  sand  of  rivers,  in  Ceylon,  Ava  and 
Mysore  ;  also,  it  is  said,  imbedded  in  gneiss  and  granite  in 
Ceylon.  The  blue  varieties  occur  imbedded  in  granular  lime¬ 
stone  at  Aker  in  Sweden ;  Rohleta  and  Loju  Soken  in  Fin¬ 
land,  and  Straskau  in  Moravia ;  in  the  dolomite  of  Nalande 
and  Candi  in  Ceylon.  The  black  varieties  called  pleonaste  are 
found  in  Ceylon  ;  in  Bohemia  on  the  Iserwiese,  and  in  the 
beds  of  pyrope  in  rounded  crystals  and  pebbles,  at  Ronsperg 
(hercynite)  ;  near  Montpellier ;  in  the  Tyrol  on  the  Monzoni 
mountain  in  Fassathal,  massive  and  in  crystals,  imbedded  in 
compact  gehlenite  with  mica,  idocrase,  calcite ;  coating  the 
drusy  cavities  of  rocks  ejected  by  Vesuvius,  with  augite,  amphi- 
bole,  mica,  &c. ;  in  the  volcanic  rocks  of  Laach  near  Ander- 
nach ;  in  the  Ural  in  the  stream-works  of  Barsowskoi,  with 
chondrodite  in  granular  limestone  and  serpentine  at  Amity 
and  Warwick  in  New  York.  The  white  variety  is  found  at 
La  Ricia  near  Rome  with  black  garnet  and  green  augite.  The 
grass-green  variety  (chlorospinelle)  is  found  in  the  chlorite 
slate  of  Slatoust  in  the  Ural. 

140.  GAHNITE. — Antomalite ;  Phillips.  Spinelle  zinci- 
1  fere ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrischer  Korund ;  Mohs.  Gahnit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

FIG.  292. 

Cubic. 

% 

a  loo  cleavage,  o  ill. 

aa  90°  o' 

oo  70  32 

oa  54  44 

Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage. 
a ,  usually  distinct ;  o,  traces.  Fracture 
:  conchoidal . . . splintery.  Translucent  on  the  edges... opaque. 


266 


OXIDES,  EARTHS,  AHD  ACIDS. 


Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Dark  leek-green... 
blackish-green,  greyish-green,  blue,  black.  Streak  grey.  Brittle. 
h  =  7*6...  8*0.  o  =  4‘23... 4-49.  Conducts  electricity  feebly. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Nearly  infusible  in  borax  and 
salt  of  phosphorus.  In  powder  with  soda  on  charcoal,  in  the 
inner  flame,  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  zinc  on  the  char¬ 
coal.  In  powder  fuses  with  bisulphate  of  potash  into  a  mass 
which  is  completely  soluble  in  water.  Is  not  acted  upon  by 
acids  or  alcalies. 

•  •  *  •  •  •  • 

ZnAl,  part  of  the  Zn  being  replaced  by  Mg  and  Be,  and  part 
of  the  a1  by  ffe . 

Analyses  of  gahnite  a  from  Eahlun,  b  from  North  America 
by  Abich,  c  of  a  black  variety,  G-  =  4'39,  from  Bodenmais 
(kreittonite)  by  v.  Kobell : — 


a 

b 

c 

Alumina . 

65*14 

57*09 

49*62 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

5*85 

— 

9*60 

Oxide  of  zinc  .... 

30*02 

34*80 

26*67 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

— 

4*55 

7*99 

Magnesia . 

5*25 

2*22 

3*40 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

traces 

traces 

1*44 

Silica . 

3*84 

1*22 

— 

According  to  H.  Bose  the  silica  is  derived  either  from  a 
mechanical  mixture  of  quartz,  or  from  the  agate  mortar  in 
which  the  mineral  was  reduced  to  powder. 

In  imbedded  crystals  ;  granular  masses  ;  disseminated. 

Is  found  in  Sweden  in  Eric  Matts  mine  near  Eahlun,  in 
talc  slate,  associated  with  blende,  galena,  gadolinite,  and  garnet, 
and  at  Broddbo  near  Eahlun ;  massive  at  Oester  Silfberg  near 
Sather  and  at  Grarpenberg  with  quartz ;  in  Einland  at  Lojo ; 
Bodenmais  ;  Haddam  in  Connecticut,  in  granite  with  beryl, 
garnet,  and  cymophane.  We  have  observed  some  single  and 
twin  octahedral  crystals,  apparently  gahnite,  imbedded  in  the 
interior  of  a  large  crystal  of  garnet  from  Eahlun. 

According  to  Alger,  ‘  disluite’  is  to  be  considered  as  a  va¬ 
riety  of  gahnite.  Cubic,  o  ill.  oo  =  70°  32'.  Yellowish- 
brown.  h  =  4*5.  g  =  4*55.  Before  the  blowpipe  dissolves 
slowly  in  borax,  forming  a  red  glass.  Analysis  by  T.  Thomson, 
as  interpreted  by  Bammelsberg : — alumina  30*49,  red  oxide  of 
iron  27*96,  protoxide  of  iron  12*55,  oxide  of  zinc  16*80,  protoxide 
of  manganese  7*60.  Is  found  with  gahnite  at  Sterling  in  New 


CHRYSOBERYL. 


267 


141.  CHRYSOBERYL.  —  Chrysoberyl ;  Phillips.  Cymo- 
phane  ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Korund ;  Mohs.  Chrysoberyll ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Prismatic.  011,010=39°  l';  101,001  =  30°  7';  110,100  =  64°  49'. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi  cleavage,  x  oil,  2  023,  i  101, 

m  no,  s  210,  r  310,  t  720,  o  ill,  n  211,  v  121,  w  212. 


x  b 

39° 

1' 

ma 

64° 

49' 

ib 

90° 

O' 

zb 

50 

33 

ba 

90 

0 

na 

63 

52 

cb 

90 

0 

/ 

/y/y* 

109 

19 

xa 

90 

0 

XX 

101 

58 

ss 

86 

27 

00 

40 

7 

zzr 

78 

54 

mm ' 

60 

22 

00" 

93 

44 

ia 

59 

53 

vb 

25 

6 

/  // 

0  0 

106 

29 

ca 

*90 

0 

ob 

43 

8 

nb 

51 

8 

•  7 

n 

60 

14 

wb 

61 

55 

ns 

30 

34 

ta 

31 

17 

FIG.  293. 


FIG.  295. 


b 


FIG.  294. 


a 


Combinations,  iab,  iosob ,  iorab,  ionrab.  Twins.  Twin-face  i. 
The  faces  a ,  r,  s,  m,  and  especially  b,  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other ;  the  other  faces  usually  smooth 
and  bright ;  i  sometimes  rough.  Cleavage,  a,  b  not  very  per¬ 
fect,  a  being  more  distinct  than  b  ;  c  very  faint  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Transparent.  ..semi-transparent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
The  faces  i  and  a  show  a  blueish  opalescence.  r=1'76.  The  optic 
axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel  to  and  make  angles  of  76°  5'  with  a 
normal  to  b.  Greenish-white,  asparagus-green,  oil-green,  green¬ 
ish-grey.  Exhibits  trichroism.  Streak  wdiite.  h  =  8’5.  g  = 
i  3-680. ..3-754. 


268 


HYDROUS  EARTHS,  OXIDES,  AXD  ACIDS. 


Unchanged  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax  and  salt  of 
phosphorus  fuses  slowly,  and  with  difficulty,  into  a  clear  glass. 
With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Is  decomposed  by  fusion 
with  potash,  and  by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash.  Is  not 
acted  upon  by  acids. 

GrAl,  alumina  80-21,  glucine  19'79,  small  portions  of  the  alu¬ 
mina  and  glucine  being  replaced  by  red  oxide  and  protoxide  of 
iron. 


Analyses  of  chrysoberyl  a  from  North  America  by  Thomson, 
1)  from  the  Ural,  G-  =  3*689,  c  from  the  Brazils,  G  =  3‘737, 
both  by  Awdejew,  d ,  e,f  from  Haddam  by  Dainour : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Alumina 

.  76*75 

78*92 

78*10 

76*02 

74*34 

75*43 

Oxide  of  chrome  . 

• 

0*36 

Ee- 

4*51 

3*53 

4*06 

Glucine 

.  17*79 

18*02 

17*94 

18*41 

19*03 

17*93 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

4*49 

3*12 

4*47 

— 

— 

— 

Oxides  of  Pb,  Cu  . 

W- 

II 

o 

00 

0*29 

Si 

0*49 

2*91 

0*96 

In  imbedded  and  isolated  crystals,  granular  crystalline  masses, 
and  in  grains  and  pebbles. 

Is  found  in  very  large  crystals,  with  phenakite  and  emerald, 
in  mica  slate  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Takowaja,  85  wersts 
(59  E.  miles)  to  the  east  of  Katharinenburg  in  the  Ural ; .  at 
Haddam  in  Connecticut,  and  near  Saratoga  in  New  York,  with 
garnet,  tourmaline,  and  emerald,  in  gneiss  and  granite  ;  at 
Petersdorf  near  Wiesenberg  in  Moravia,  with  garnet,  in  fibrous 
quartz  in  gneiss ;  in  isolated  crystals  and  pebbles  in  river  sand 
associated  with  various  gems  at  Saffragang  in  Ceylon,  Pegu, 
and  in  the  Bio  Piauhi  and  Bio  Americanas  in  the  Brazils.  The 
faces  w  were  observed  in  a  small  crystal  from  the  Brazils. 


HYDROUS  EARTHS,  OXIDES,  AXD  ACIDS. 

142.  ANTIMONOCHEB.  —  Antimonial  ochre;  Phillips. 
Antimoine  oxide  ;  Hauy.  Spiesglanzocker ;  Mohs,  Haidinger. 
Antimonocher ;  Hausmann. 

Amorphous.  Eracture  uneven,  earthy.  Opaque.  Dull. 
Yellow.  Streak  yellowish-white,  shining.  Brittle.  Very  soft 
...friable,  o  =  5*28. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  is  volati¬ 
lized,  depositing  a  white  sublimate  upon  the  charcoal.  With 
soda  is  reduced. 


BRUCITE. 


269 


SbSbH2, 


antimony  75*89,  oxygen  18*82,  water  5*29. 


Analysis  by  Blum  and  Delffs  : — 

Antimony 

Oxygen 

Water 

Arsenic 


.  75*83 

.  19*54 

4*63 

.  traces 


Occurs  massive,  disseminated,  investing  other  minerals,  pseu- 
domorphous  after  antimonite,  from  the  decomposition  of  which 
it  results. 

Is  found  with  antimonite  at  Losacio  in  Spain,  Eelsobanya 
and  Kremnitz  in  Hungary,  Goldkronach  in  Bavaria,  the  Carmen 
mine  near  Zacualpan  in  Mexico,  in  Huel  Boys  near  Padstow, 
and  near  Port  Isaac  in  Cornwall. 


143.  BBUCITE.  —  Brucite ;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Bhom- 
boedrischer  Kuphon- Glimmer  ;  Mohs.  Brucit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 

o  ill,  a  Oil. 

ao  90°  o' 

ad  60  o 

Cleavage,  o ,  very  perfect ;  «,  traces. 

Practure  scarcely  observable,  uneven. 

Semi-transparent ...  translucent.  .  Lustre 
pearly.  White,  sometimes  inclining  to 
grey  and  green.  Streak  white.  Sectile,  in  thin  leaves  flexible, 
ir  =  2*0.  G  =  2*3...  2*4. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces 
and  becomes  opaque,  but  is  infusible.  Moistened  with  solution 
of  cobalt  and  ignited  becomes  red.  Is  easily  and  perfectly 
soluble  in  acids.  Exposed  to  the  atmosphere  becomes  dull, 
pulverulent,  and  combines  gradually  with  carbonic  acid. 

MgH,  magnesia  69*62,  water  30*38. 

Analyses  of  brucite  a  from  Hoboken  by  Bruce,  b  by  Stro- 
meyer,  c  from  Hnst  by  Eyfe,  d  from  Unst  by  Stromeyer,  e  by 
II.  Wurtz : — 

a  b  c 

Magnesia  ....  70  68*34  69*75 

Oxide  of  manganese  .  —  0*64  — 

N  3 


d  e 

66*67  69*11 

1*57  — 


FIG.  296. 


270  HYDROUS  EARTHS,  OXIDES,  AND  ACIDS. 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Protoxide  of  iron 

•  •  ' 

0*12 

—  — 

1*18 

0*47 

Lime  .... 

— 

— 

— 

0*19 

— 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  30 

30*90 

30*25 

30*39 

30*42 

Analyses  of  the  fibrous  variety  (nemalite)  f  by  Connell,  q 

by  Whitney,  h ,  i  by  Wurtz, 

7c  by  Rammelsberg 

• 

/ 

9 

7l 

* 

% 

h 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

57*86 

62*89 

66*05 

66*11 

64*86 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

2*84 

4*64 

5*63 

5*72 

4*05 

Water  .... 

27*96 

28*36 

30*13 

undet. 

29*48 

Carbonic  acid  .  . 

10*00 

4*10 

— 

■  ■■ 

■ - 

Silica . 

0*80 

— 

— 

— 

0*27 

According  to  Gr. 

Rose  it 

;  contains 

carbonic 

acid  (perhaps 

derived  from  the  atmosphere),  and  transparent  fragments  of 
the  mineral  are  dissolved  with  effervescence  in  hydrochloric 
acid. 

Is  found  in  crystals,  and  columnar,  scaly  or  granular  and 
fibrous  masses,  in  fissures  in  serpentine  at  Hoboken  in  Hew 
Jersey,  Staten  Island  in  Hew  York,  Swinaness  in  Unst,  near 
Portsoy  in  Scotland,  Pyschminsk  not  far  from  Beresowsk  in 
Siberia. 

144 .  Y OLKHERITE.  — Y olknerit ;  Hermann. 

In  six-sided  prisms.  Lustre  pearly.  White.  Unctuous  to 
the  touch,  a  =  2*04. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Exfoliates  and  shines  brightly 
before  the  blowpipe,  but  does  not  melt.  Soluble  in  acids  with 
evolution  of  carbonic  acid. 

Analysis  by  Hermann : — 

Alumina . 17-65 

Magnesia . 38*59 

Water .  4376 

Exclusive  of  3*92  per  cent,  of  carbonic  acid,  supposed  to  be 
derived  from  the  atmosphere. 

Is  found  at  Schischimskaja  Glora  in  the  Ural. 

According  to  Hermann,  hydrotalcite,  a  mineral  found  in  the 
steatite  of  Snarum,  was  originally  identical  with  volknerite.  It 
is  cleavable  in  one  direction ;  translucent,  pearly,  white  in¬ 
clining  to  yellow ;  and  according  to  the  analysis  by  Hochstetter 
consists  oi : — carbonic  acid  10*54,  alumina  12*00,  red  oxide  of 
iron  6-90,  magnesia  36*30,  water  32*66,  insoluble  matter  1*20. 


GIBBSITE. 


271 


145.  HYDBABGILLITE.  —  Hydrargylite  ;  Dufrenoy. 
Hydrargillit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 


o  111,  a  Oil, 

b 

211. 

ao 

90°  O' 

cm 

60 

0 

ba 

30 

0 

bb" 

60 

0 

Combination. 

oba. 

The 

EIG.  297. 


ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  b. 

Cleavage,  o,  perfect.  Lustre,  on  a  vitre¬ 
ous  ;  on  o  pearly,  bright.  Colourless,  light  reddish-white. 
H  =  2‘5..  .3-0.  G  =  2*340. ..2*387. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
white  and  opaque,  exfoliates  and  shines  with  a  very  bright  light, 
without  melting.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue. 
Yields  a  colourless  transparent  glass  with  borax  and  salt  of 
phosphorus.  In  fine  powder  soluble  with  difficulty  in  hot 
sulphuric  or  hydrochloric  acid. 


A1H3,  alumina  65*55,  water  34*45. 

Analyses  of  hydrargillite  a  from  Schischimskaja  Gora  by 
Hermann,  b  from  Cidade  d’Ouro  Preto  by  v.  Ix  obeli : 

a  b 

Alumina .  64*03  65*6 

Phosphoric  acid ....  1*43 

Water  ......  34*64  34*4 

Is  found  in  very  small  crystals  and  granular  and  scaly  masses 
at  Achmatowsk  near  Slatoust  in  the  Ural,  with  granular  and 
crystallized  magnetite;  Cidade  d’Ouro  Preto  in  the  Brazils; 
^Richmond  in  Massachusetts. 


146.  GIBBSITE.—  Gibbsite;  Phillips.  Gibb  sit ;  Mohs, 

Ilausmann,  Haidinger. 

Eeebly  translucent.  Dull.  Greenish,  greyish,  yellowish- 
white.  Brittle,  h  =  3*0.  G  =  2*20...  2*44.  . 

In  the  matrass  yields  much  water,  and  diminishes  in  \  olume. 
Before  the  blowpipe  in  the  forceps  shines  brightly,  but  does 
not  melt.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  With  boracic 
acid  and  iron  wire  yields  pliosphuret  of  iron.  Is  not  soluble  m 
boiling  hydrochloric  acid. 

N  4 


272 


HYDROUS  EARTHS,  OXIDES,  AND  ACIDS. 


A  mixture  of  A1 P  H8  with.  A1H3  in  various  proportions. 

Analyses  of  gibbsite  from  Richmond  by  Hermann : — 

Alumina  .  .  .  26*66  38‘29  50*20  53*92 

Phosphoric  acid  .  37*62  26*30  15*30  11*90 

Water  ....  35*72  35*41  34*50  34*18 

Is  found  in  botryoidal  masses  at  Richmond  in  Massachusetts. 

The  first  analysis  represents  the  composition  of  the  precipi¬ 
tate  of  hydrous  phosphate  of  alumina,  obtained  by  adding  phos¬ 
phate  of  soda  to  a  solution  of  alum. 

147.  DIASPORE. — Eiaspore  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Eutomer 
Eisthen-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Diaspor ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=57°  38' ;  101,001=30°  39' ;  110,100=46°  56'. 


a  100, 

c  001,  e  101, 
o  truncates  the 

d  120,  h 

320, 

l  210, 

P 

111 

0  922. 

edge 

pa. 

EIG. 

298. 

ca 

90° 

o' 

oa 

23° 

56' 

ea 

ee 

59 

61 

21 

18 

ss 

ss" 

28 

62 

6 

36 

/ 

$* 

h 

n 

ea 

28 

9 

/  // 
s  s 

69 

58 

p 

ha 

35 

30 

pp 

63 

10 

a' 

e1 

e  o, 

da 

64 

57 

// 

pp 

pp ' 
00 

67 

14 

t 

V 

dd' 

60 

6 

81 

54 

7/' 

s‘ 

s 

Jr 

do 

90 

0 

132 

8 

A 

/  * 
4 

sa 

75 

67 

oo" 

25 

4 

A 

pa 

63 

25 

/  // 

0  0 

139 

56 

Combinations.  ahdc,  ahdso ,  alhdeps.  The  edges  sd ,  oh  rounded. 
Cleavage,  a,  very  perfect;  d,  less  perfect.  Eracture  con- 
choidal... uneven.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous;  a,  pearly  ;  on  surfaces  of  fracture  resinous.  The  minimum 
deviations  of  light  refracted  through  dd"  are  21°  54',  21°  6'  the 
least  refracted  ray  being  polarized  in  the  plane  of  refraction. 
Colourless,  greyish-white,  yellowish-white,  greenish-white,  pale 
green,  blue,  dark  violet,  yellowish-brown  from  an  admixture  of 
hydrate  of  red  oxide  of  iron.  The  variety  from  Schemnitz 
appears  of  a  reddish  plum-blue  colour  when  viewed  in  a  direc¬ 
tion  perpendicular  to  c,  violet  inclining  to  blue  when  viewed  in 
a  direction  perpendicular  to  a,  and  asparagus  green  when  viewed 
in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  edge  ae.  Streak  white.  H  =  6*5, 
G  =  3*30. ..3*43. 


GOTHITE. 


273 


In  the  matrass  decrepitates  violently,  and  falls  into  white 
shining  scales,  except  the  variety  from  Kosoibrod,  which  does 
not  decrepitate  and  is  brown  after  ignition,  when  heated  to 
redness  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  infusible.  Borax 
and  salt  of  phosphorus  dissolve  it,  after  ignition,  easily  into  a 
clear  colourless  glass.  It  is  not  acted  upon  by  soda.  With 
solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Is  not  acted  upon  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  which  dissolves  the  oxide  of  iron  leaving  the 
mineral  colourless.  After  being  strongly  ignited  is  soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid.  The  Siberian  diaspore  is  soluble  in  sulphuric 
acid  after  ignition. 

A1H,  alumina  85'07,  water  14"93. 


Analyses  of  diaspore  a ,  \ 
Sweden,  d  from  Siberia,  both 
by  Lowe  : — * 

a 

Alumina  .  .  .  85  ’44 

Water  ....  14'56 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  — 

Silica  .... 

Lime . — 


from  Siberia  by  Hess,  c  from 
by  Dufrenoy,  e  from  Schemnitz 


b 

C 

d 

e 

85-61 

78-93 

74-66 

85-13 

14-39 

15*13 

14-58 

15-00 

— 

0-52 

4-51 

— 

— 

1-39 

2-90 

— 

■  ■  — 

1-98 

1-64 

— 

Separate  crystals  are  rare,  it  usually  occurs  massive,  in 
slightly  curved  laminae  which  are  readily  separable  ;  also  in 
masses  of  slender  crystals  intersecting  each  other  in  every 
direction. 

Is  found  in  the  Ural  at  Gornoschit  and  Kosoibrod  with 
limnite,  in  narrow  veins  in  chlorite  slate  ;  in  crystals  and 
radiating  masses  with  pyrite  in  veins  in  porphyry  in  the  Crown 
Prince  Perdinand  mine  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  in  dolomite 
with  corundum  on  St.  Gotthardt,  Gumuch-dagh  near  Ephesus, 
and,  as  it  is  said,  at  Broddbo  in  Sweden. 

The  angles  of  corresponding  forms  in  diaspore  and  gothite 
approximate  to  each  other,  and,  though  less  closely,  to  those  ot 
manganite. 


148.  GOTHITE. — Hydrous  oxide  of  iron ;  Phillips.  Per 
oxide  hydrate ;  Hauy.  Prismatoidisches  Habronem-Erz ; 
Mohs.  Pyrrhosiderit ;  Hausmann.  Gothit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=56°  33  ;  101,001=31°  15  ;  110,100=47  26. 

a  100,  b  010,  u  Oil,  e  101,  d  120,  m  110,  l  210,  s  122, 
n  in,  z  522,  f  131.  r  truncates  the  edge  j>b. 

N  5 


274 


HYDROUS  EARTHS,  OXIDES,  AXD  ACIDS. 


ub 

66° 

33' 

pa 

cb 

90 

0 

sa 

uu 

66 

64 

ua 

ea 

68 

48 

rb 

ca 

90 

0 

pb 

ee 

62 

30 

eb 

la 

28 

34 

pp 

ma 

47 

26 

// 

pP 

da 

65 

20 

r  /> 

pp 

ba 

90 

0 

ss 

mm' 

85 

8 

ss" 

dd' 

49 

20 

sd 

za 

38 

18 

ra 

63° 

9' 

f  // 
rp*  rp* 

128° 

32' 

75 

47 

zb 

70 

1 

90 

0 

/  // 
zz 

117 

44 

30 

32 

60 

32 

EIG. 

299. 

90  0 


Combinations,  adp,  admp ,  admpe ,  admpes,  obdmpeur ,  dbdmp- 
seuz.  The  faces  e  smooth ;  p ,  s  faintly  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other ;  p  sometimes  rather  uneven ; 
d ,  m  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ; 
the  faces  a  frequently  greatly  enlarged,  giving  to  the  crystals 
the  appearance  of  thin  plates.  Cleavage,  a ,  very  perfect. 
Tract ure  imperfect  conchoidal.  Translucent  on  the  edges... 
opaque.  Lustre  adamantine.  Yellowish-brown,  reddish-brown 
...blackish-brown.  In  thin  plates  and  fine  needles,  hyacinth- 
red  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  yellowish-browm.  Brittle. 
H  =  5-0. ..5*5.  G  =  4-12. ..4-37. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  turns  red.  Before  the 
blowpipe  in  the  outer  flame  becomes  brownish-red ;  in  the  inner 
flame  becomes  black  and  magnetic.  Fusible  with  very  great 
difficulty.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  affords  the  re¬ 
action  of  iron.  Is  easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  frequently 
leaving  a  residue  of  silica. 


Fell,  red  oxide  of  iron  89 ’89,  water  io-n. 


Analyses  of  crystals  (gothite)  from  Eiserfeld  a  by  v.  Kobell, 
b  by  Schnabel,  c  of  crystals  from  Lostwithiel  (o-  =  4"37)  by 
Yorke,  of  a  fibrous  variety  from  Hollerter  Zug  d  by  v.  Kobell, 
e  by  Brandes,  /'by  Schnabel : — 


a 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

86-35 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

0-51 

Oxide  of  copper  . 

0-91 

Water . 

11-38 

Silica . 

0-85 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

89-27 

89-55 

85’65 

88‘00 

84*24 

0-65 

0-16 

2-60 

0-50 

2‘45 

10’08 

10-07 

11-50 

1075 

12*68 

— 

0-28 

0-35 

0-50 

0-63 

MANGA^ITE. 


275 


Analyses  of  fibrous  varieties  g  (lepidokrokite)  from  Oberstein 
a  =  4-1,  by  v.  Kobell,  h  from  the  Huth  mine  near  Hamm  by 
Schnabel ;  of  compact  varieties,  i  from  the  Huth  mine  by  Kars- 
ten,  k  from  Saxony,  l  from  Maryland,  both  by  v.  Kobell,  m  from 
Chile  (chileite)  by  Plattner : — 


9 

h 

• 

l 

h 

l 

m 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

90-53 

83-51 

86-13 

86-34 

86*32 

83-5 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

— 

4-72 

0-75 

ox.  copper 

1-9 

"Water . 

9-47 

11-35 

11-42 

11-66 

10’80 

10'3 

Silica . 

trace 

0'42 

1-70 

2-00 

2*88 

4-3 

In  small  attached  acicular  and  tabular  crystals,  in  capillary 
crystals  enclosed  in  quartz,  in  reniform  and  botryoidal  masses 
having  a  columnar  or  fibrous  structure  with  a  rough  or  velvet¬ 
like  surface,  in  columnar  and  granular  masses,  pseudomorphous 
after  pyrite. 

Occurs  in  veins  and  cavities  with  quartz  and  limnite.  Is 
found  in  crystals  at  Clifton  near  Bristol  in  geodes  of  quartz, 
Ke  storm  el  mine  near  Lostwithiel  and  Botallack  in  Cornwall,  at 
Oberstein  in  acicular  crystals  enclosed  in  crystals  of  quartz, 
Landsberg  in  Khenish  Bavaria,  Siebenhitz  near  Hof  in  Bavaria, 
Horhausen  in  Nassau,  near  Hirschberg  in  Yoigtland,  Schnee- 
berg,  Nieder  Planitz  and  Geier  in  Saxony,  Einkelhubel  near 
Grlatz  in  Silesia ;  in  the  Drkolnow  mine,  Keichenberg,  and 
Woina  near  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  Nadabula  near  Kosenau  in 
Hungary;  enclosed  in  quartz  in  the  W olkostrow  and  Kischj 
islands  in  the  lake  Onega,  and  pseudomorphous  after  pyrite  at 
Lewaschowka  in  the  government  of  Orenburg  in  Bussia,  Mount 
Sinai,  Antonio  Pereira  in  the  Brazils. 


149.  MANGANITE. — Grey  oxide  of  manganese;  Phillips. 
Acerdese  ;  Beudant.  Prismatoidisches  Mangan-Erz  ;  Mohs. 
Graubraunstein  ;  Hausmann.  Manganit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  57°  7'*6;  101,001  =  28°  35';  110,100=49°  50'. 


a  100, 
t  520,  l 

h 

010, 

h 

C  001, 

u 

Oil 

,  w 

021,  e  101, 

y  310, 

210, 

320,  m 

110, 

i 

340, 

d  120,  h 

140, 

V  ill, 

n  211,  s  122,  g  133,  V 
hedral  with  inclined  faces. 

221, 

sc 

635. 

The  form 

x  is  hemi- 

he 

90° 

o' 

ta 

25° 

2l' 

ha 

78c 

5  5' 

ca 

90 

0 

la 

30 

38 

IV 

118 

48 

uu 

65 

41 

ka 

38 

18 

kk' 

103 

24 

vow 

104 

28 

ma 

49 

50 

mm 

80 

20 

ee' 

57 

10 

ia 

67 

40 

dd' 

45 

46 

ya 

21 

33 

da 

N 

67 

6 

7 

na 

47 

32 

276  HYDROUS  EARTHS,  OXIDES,  AND  ACIDS. 


pm 

CO 

o 

49' 

nn 

nl 

38 

18 

Tin!' 

xl 

52 

46 

/  n 

nn 

nb 

66 

25 

pp' 

vv' 

67 

24 

pp 

vv" 

92 

24 

/  // 
pp 

v'v" 

61 

15 

sd 

xa 

68 

38 

/  // 
XX 

74 

28 

o 

00 

56' 

SS 

25° 

47' 

47 

10 

ss" 

63 

50 

103 

24 

s's" 

70 

2 

49 

11 

99 

17 

21 

69 

6 

99" 

64 

50 

80 

22 

9’f 

67 

42 

54 

59 

EIG.  301. 


EIG.  300. 


•  x" 

r 

• 

e 

•  V 

~s^uTs 

\  •  / 
\w 

" V 

Combinations,  cm,  cmk ,  umk,  gnvmldx ,  usepvmJcld.  The 
faces  c  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  u  ;  u  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  writh  p  ;  the  faces  of  the  zone  mm 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Most 
of  the  faces  smooth  and  bright.  Twins.  Twin-face  e.  Cleavage. 
a,  very  perfect  and  easily  obtained ;  m,  perfect ;  b,  c  traces. 
Opaque.  Lustre  metallic,  imperfect.  Dark  steel-grey... iron- 
black,  brownish -black,  velvet-black  ;  sometimes  iridescent. 
Streak  reddish-brown.  Brittle.  H  =  3*5...4*0.  o  =  4*22... 
4*34.  Conducts  electricity. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe. 
Imparts  an  amethyst  colour  to  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  in 
the  outer  flame,  which  disappears  in  the  inner  flame.  Soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid  with  disengagement  of  chlorine.  Very 
slightly  soluble  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  colouring  it 
faintly  red. 

M-nH,  manganese  62*55,  oxygen  27‘24,  water  10-21. 

Analyses  of  manganite  a  from  Undenas  by  Arfvedson,  b  from 
Ihlefeld  by  L.  Ganelin,  c,  d  from  Ihlefeld  by  Turner : — 


LIHNITE. 


277 


a 

b 

c 

d 

Manganese 

*  *  \  OQ'OQ 

62*86 

62*68 

62*77 

Oxygen  . 

/  (JO  i J  ta 

•  •  J 

27*64 

27*22 

27*13 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  10*08 

9*50 

10*10 

10*10 

In  attached 

and  imbedded 

crystals,  columnar  and  granular 

masses. 

Occurs  in  irregular  veins  in  porphyry  with  pyrolusite  and 
other  ores  of  manganese,  baryte,  calcite  and  rarely  aragonite  ; 
also  in  veins  in  gneiss  with  quartz,  and  in  beds  of  chalybite  and 
hydrous  iron  oxides  ;  occasionally  in  the  cavities  of  amygdaloidal 
trap.  Is  found  in  veins  in  gneiss  near  Ihlefeld  in  the  Harz,  11- 
menau  and  Oehrenstock  in  Thuringia,  Aberdeenshire,  Christian- 
sand  in  Norway,  Undenas  in  Sweden,  Nova  Scotia. 

It  appears  to  result  sometimes,  together  with  gothite,  from 
the  decomposition  of  chalybite,  when  the  latter  contains  kohle- 
rite.  It  is  frequently  converted  into  pyrolusite,  its  colour, 
hardness  and  specific  gravity  being  changed  at  the  same  time. 
An  intimate  mixture  of  manganite  and  pyrolusite  sometimes 
occurs  in  pseudomorphous  forms  after  calcite ;  this  mixture 
appears  to  be  identical  with  the  substance  called  varvicite. 


150.  TUEGTTE. — Turgit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Fracture  even,  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Dull.  Brownish-red. 
Streak  blood-red,  shining,  h  —  5*o.  a  —  3*56...  3*74. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
darker,  but  undergoes  no  farther  change.  The  reactions  with 
fluxes  are  the  same  as  those  of  pure  red  oxide  of  iron. 

He2H,  red  oxide  of  iron  95*27,  water  4*73. 

Analysis  by  Hermann : — 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  ....  85*34 

Water . 6*31 

Oxides  of  copper  and  lead  .  1*85 
Silica  and  insoluble  matter  .  7*50 

Occurs  massive  in  the  Turginsk  copper  mines  near  Bogos- 
lowsk  in  the  Ural,  and  in  those  of  Solotuschenskoi  in  the  dis¬ 
trict  of  Kolywan  in  the  Altai. 


151.  LIMNITE. — Brown  hematite  ;  Phillips.  Eer  oxide 
hydrate;  Hauy.  Untheilbares  ITabronem-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Brau- 
neisenstein  ;  Hausmann.  Eimonit  ;  Haidinger.  Eimnit  ; 
Grlocker. 


278 


HYDROUS  EARTHS,  OXIDES,  AXD  ACIDS. 


Opaque.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Yellowish- 
brown...  blackish-brown.  Streak  yellowish-brown.  Brittle. 
H  =  5‘0... 5-5.  g  =  3*4. . ,3'95.  Conducts  electricity. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  becomes  black  and  magnetic.  With  borax  in  the  inner 
flame  melts  into  a  green  glass.  Is  soluble  in  warm  hydrochloric 
acid,  frequently  leaving  a  residue  of  gelatinous  silica. 

-Fe2H3,  red  oxide  of  iron  85*56,  water  14*44,  usually  contain¬ 
ing  an  admixture  of  silica. 

Analyses  of  limnite  a  fibrous  from  Horhausen  by  Schon- 
berg,  b  pitchy  iron  ore  from  Siegen,  c  fibrous  from  Kamensk  in 
the  government  of  Perm,  d  pseudomorphous  after  pyrite,  all  by 
v.  Kobell,  e  very  pure  ‘glaskopf’  from  the  Kuhbach  mine  near 


Riibeland  in  the  Harz  by  Amelung,  f  from 

Cornwall,  g 

=  3*98, 

by  Yorke  :  — 

a 

b 

C 

d  e 

/ 

Red  oxide  of  iron 

82*27 

82*87 

83*38 

82*24  86*77 

82*16 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

— • 

3*00 

oxide  of  manganese 

1*13 

Water  .... 

13*26 

13*46 

15*01 

13*26  13*23 

14*28 

Silica  .... 

4*50 

0*67 

1*61 

4*50  - 

2*42 

Occurs  in  fine  fibres  united  into  globular,  reniform  and  sta- 
lactitic  aggregations,  having  a  radiating  fibrous  or  curved  lamel¬ 
lar  structure ;  compact  and  earthy ;  pseudomorphous  after 
calcite,  quartz,  galena,  fluor,  blende,  baryte,  chalybite,  pyrite, 
marcasite,  wood  and  various  shells.  Is  supposed  to  result  from 
the  decomposition  of  chalybite,  pyrite,  &c. 

Is  found  in  Carinthia  at  Hlittenberg  and  in  the  valley  of  the 
Lavant,  in  Stiria  in  beds  in  gneiss  with  calcite  at  Turrach  and 
Eisenerz,  in  Hungary  at  Sirk,  Hreiwasser  near  Bhonitz  and  in 
the  county  of  Glomor,  in  the  Riesengebirge  in  mica  slate  near 
Starkenbacb,  in  Saxony  at  Schneeberg  and  Scbwarzenberg, 
in  Thuringia  at  Kamsdorf  and  Saalfeld,  in  Nassau,  the  Harz, 
the  Tyrol,  the  Black  Forest,  Bohemia,  Upper  Silesia,  in  extra¬ 
ordinary  quantity  in  the  Pyrenees,  at  Somorostro  near  Bilbao 
and  other  places  in  the  Basque  provinces  of  Spain,  in  Scotland 
at  Cumberhead  in  Lanarkshire,  in  Mainland  one  of  the  Shet¬ 
land  isles,  and  in  Hoy  one  of  the  Orkneys,  in  Cornwall  at 
Botallack  near  the  Land’s  End  and  in  Tin  Croft  mine  near 
Redruth,  in  Siberia,  in  the  Brazils  at  Villa  Ricca  and  Antonio 
Pereira,  in  the  United  States. 

152.  WAD. — Wad  ;  Phillips.  Manganese  oxide  hydrate 
(in  part)  ;  Hauy.  Schaumartiger  Wad-Glraphit ;  Mohs.  Man- 
ganschaum ;  Hausmann.  Wad;  Haidinger. 


ASBOLAXE. 


279 


Amorphous.  Opaque.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic,  feeble. 
Clove-brown,  passing  into  grey.  Streak  brown,  shining.  Soils. 
Very  sectile.  Unctuous  to  the  touch,  h  =:  0*5.  G  =  2*i79... 
3700.  Conducts  electricity. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  The  reactions  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  are  the  same  as  those  of  oxide  of  manganese. 

Analyses  of  wad  a  from  Upton  Pyne  by  Turner,  b  from 
Biibeland  in  the  Harz  by  Bammelsberg,  c  from  Umenau  by 
Scheffler,  d  from  Krummau  in  Bohemia,  o  =  2779,  by  Kussin, 


e  from  Mossebo  in  Westgothland 

a 

Protoxide  of  manganese  .  73*60 

by  Ingestrom 

b  c 

67*50  66*5 

d 

64*40 

e 

74*17 

Oxygen  . 

.  .  14*34 

13*48 

12*1 

7*37 

8*34 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

t  • 

1*01 

1*0 

11*12 

0*77 

Lime . 

4*22 

— 

— 

1*91 

Barytes  . 

.  .  — 

0*36 

8*1 

magnesia 

0*69 

Potash  .  .  .  . 

.  .  — 

3*66 

— 

— 

— 

Water  .  .  .  . 

.  .  10*66 

-  10*30 

9*8 

14*10 

5*58 

Silica . 

.  .  — 

0*47 

2*5 

■ — 

1*43 

Occurs  massive,  botryoidal,  sometimes  pulverident,  or  in 
froth-like  coatings  on  other  minerals. 

Is  found  at  Elbingerode  and  Iberg  in  the  Harz,  Kemlas 
and  Arzberg  in  Eranconia,  Siegen,  Nassau,  Hiittenberg, 
Eriesach,  Loben  and  other  places  in  Carinthia,  Piedmont,  in 
Prance  at  Cantern,  Groroi  in  the  department  of  Mayenne,  Yie- 
dessos  in  the  department  of  Arriege,  Cornwall  and  especially 
in  the  manganese  pits  of  Upton  Pyne  in  Devonshire. 


153.  ASBOLANE. — Earthy  cobalt ;  Phillips.  Cobalt  oxide 
noir;  Hauy.  Untheilbarer  Psilomelan-Graphit ;  Mohs.  Ko- 
baltschwarze  ;  Hausmann.  Asbolan ;  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  resin¬ 
ous,  glimmering . . .  dull.  Blueish  and  brownish-black . . .  blackish- 
blue.  Streak  black,  shining.  Soils  slightly.  Sectile.  h  =  i-o... 
1*5.  G  =  2*2. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  having  an  empyreumatic  smell. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  a  smell  of  arsenic,  but 
does  not  melt.  A  small  quantity  imparts  a  violet  colour  to 
borax  in  the  outer  flame,  and  a  smalt-blue  colour  in  the  inner 
flame. 

(Co,Cu)Mn2H4. 


280 


HYDBOTJS  EAETIIS,  OXIDES,  AXD  ACIDS. 


Analysis  of  asbolane  from  Kamsdorf  by  Bammelsberg  : — 


Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

.  .  40*05 

Oxygen  . 

.  .  9*47 

Oxide  of  cobalt  .... 

.  .  19*45 

Oxide  of  copper  .... 

.  .  4*35 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

.  .  4*56 

Barytes . 

.  .  0*50 

Potash . 

.  .  0*37 

Mater . 

.  .  21*24 

Occurs  massive,  mammillary,  botryoidal  and  pulverulent, 
investing  other  minerals. 

Is  tound  at  Kamsdorf,  Saalfeld,  Griucksbrum  in  Thuringia ; 
Bieber  and  Biechelsdorf  in  Hessia;  Mittichen  in  the  Black 
Forest ;  Eengersdorf  in  Lusatia  ;  in  the  mines  of  Mauknerotz 
and  Greyer  near  Brixlegg  in  Tyrol ;  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia  ;  in 
sandstone  with  copper  pyrites  at  Alderley  Edge  in  Cheshire  ; 
of  a  blue  colour,  investing  fissures  in  slate  clay  in  the  peninsula 
of  Howth  near  Dublin. 

154.  PSILOMELANE. — Psilomelane  ;  Beudant.  Untheil- 
bares  Mangan-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Schwarzbraunstein  ;  Hausmann. 
Psilomelan ;  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Fracture  even...  flat  conchoidal.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic,  imperfect.  Blueish-black,  greyish-black ...  dark 
steel-grey.  Streak  brownish-black,  shining.  Brittle,  h  =  5*o 
...6‘0.  a  =  3*7 . .  .4*4.  Is  a  good  conductor  of  electricity. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Its  reactions  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  are  the  same  as  those  of  manganite.  In  powder  soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid  with  an  abundant  evolution  of  chlorine. 
In  powder  imparts  a  red  colour  to  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 
After  ignition,  the  potash  which  some  varieties  contain  may  be 
dissolved  out  by  water. 

Analyses  of  psilomelane  a  from  Schneeberg,  b  from  Eo- 
maneche,  both  by  Turner,  c  from  Baireuth  by  Fuchs,  d  from 
Horhausen  by  Bammelsberg,  e  from  Ilmenau  by  Schefller:  — 

a  b  c  d  e 
Bed  oxide  of  manganese  mema  69*80  70*97  81*8  81*36  83*3 


Oxygen .  7-36  7*26  9*5  9*18  9*8 

Barytes .  16*36  16*69  —  —  6*8 

Potash . —  __  4.5  3-04  _ 

Mater .  6*22  4*13  4*2  3*39  4*3 

Silica . ,  .  .  .  0*26  0*95  —  0*54  1*7 


Black  oxide  of  copper 


SAS  SOLUTE. 


281 


abode 
-Red  oxide  of  iron  ....  —  —  —  1  *43  0*3 

Lime . —  —  —  0"38  1*8 

Soda  and  magnesia  ....  —  —  —  CT32  — 

Alumina . —  —  —  ■ —  2’l 


Some  varieties  are  nearly  or  quite  anliydrous,  as  appears 
from  the  following  analyses  of  psilomelane  from  Ilmenau  f  by 
Clausbruch,  from  Gy  g  by  Ebelmen,  from  near  Heidelberg  h 
by  Bammelsberg : — 


Protoxide  of  manganese . 

Oxygen . 

Potash . 

Lime . 

Magnesia . 

Barytes . 

Black  oxide  of  copper 
Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

Oxide  of  cobalt  .  .  . 

Silica . 

Water . 


/ 

9 

li 

7723 

70-60 

70-17 

15-82 

14-18 

15-16 

5-29 

4*05 

2-62 

0-91 

— 

0*60 

— 

1-05 

0-21 

0-12 

6-55 

8-08 

0-40 

• — 

0-30 

— 

0-77 

— 

— 

— 

0-54 

0-52 

0-60 

0’90 

— — 

1-67 

1-43 

Occurs  in  botryoidal,  reniform  and  stalactitic  masses,  also 
compact  and  disseminated.  It  is  probably  a  mixture  of  different 
minerals. 

Occurs  in  beds  of  pyrolusite  and  manganite,  in  veins  in  por¬ 
phyry  and  in  beds  of  chalybite  and  hydrous  iron  oxides  ;  also 
in  newer  formations,  especially  in  the  new  red  sandstone.  Is 
found  at  Mariaspring  near  Gottingen,  in  the  Harz  at  W urzeln- 
berg  in  the  Herzberg  forests,  near  Braunlage,  in  the  beds  of 
iron  ore  of  Elbingerode  and  N euwerk,  near  Ilefeld,  in  Thuringia 
near  Ilmenau,  Eglersburg,  Brotterode  and  Schmalkalden,  in 
Saxony  near  Schneeberg,  Johann- Georgenstadt  and  Ehrenfrie- 
dersdorf,  in  Stiria  at  Vordernberg  in  clefts  in  decomposed 
chalybite,  Hollerter  Zug  in  Siegen,  Naila  and  Arzberg  in 
Baireuth,  in  many  parts  of  the  Black  Eorest  in  veins  in  granite 
and  new  red  sandstone,  at  Bieber  in  Hessia,  near  Siegen,  at 
Kupferberg  and  Konradswaldau  in  Silesia,  Schwarzthal  and 
Bonsberg  in  Bohemia,  Jessenitz  in  Moravia,  Bhonitz  in  Hun¬ 
gary,  Arschitz  in  Bukownia,  Bomaneche  and  other  places  in 
Prance,  Christiansand  in  Norway,  Devonshire,  Cornwall,  Monk- 
ton  in  Vermont  in  North  America. 


155.  SASSOLINE. — Native  boracic  acid  ;  Phillips.  Acide 
boracique ;  Hauy.  Prismatische  Borax-Saure  ;  Mohs.  Sasso- 
lin ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


282 


SILICATES. 


Anorthic.  110,110  =  61°  30' ;  100,110=59°  o';  111,110=47°  3' ; 
001,110  =  48°  o' ;  001,110  =  80°  30'. 

a  100,  c  001,  y  101,  x  T01,  m  110,  t  IlO,  v  ill,  r  Ill, 
s  1I1,  u  111. 

ma  59°  0' 

mt  61  30 

ta  69  30 

ya  51  21 

ca  75  42 

xa  106  10 

vm  39  27 

cm  80  33 

um  131  25 

rt  47  3 

ct  95  3 

St  137  55 

Combinations, 
of  the  zone  amt. 

easily  obtained.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  pearly. 
The  optic  axes  seen  through  the  faces  c  appear  to  make  with 
each  other  an  angle  of  about  8°.  Colourless,  white,  greyish- 
white,  yellowish- white.  Streak  white,  h  =  1.  G  =  l'48. 

Unctuous  to  the  touch.  Taste  faintly  acid  and  bitter.  In 
the  matrass  yields  water.  Exposed  to  the  flame  of  a  lamp 
intumesces,  and  melts  into  a  transparent  bead,  which  on  being 
rubbed,  without  being  isolated,  acquires  resinous  electricity. 
Imparts  a  green  colour  to  the  blowpipe  flame.  Soluble  in  26 
parts  of  water  at  19°  c,  and  in  3  parts  of  boiling  water.  Soluble 
in  alcohol.  The  solution  burns  with  a  green  flame. 

Boll3,  boracic  acid  56‘38,  water  43'62. 

In  crystalline  scales  and  crusts,  granular  and  stalactitic. 

Is  found  mixed  with  sulphur  in  crevices  in  the  islands  of 
Vulcano  and  Stromboli,  and  appears  to  have  been  produced  by 
sublimation  along  with  the  vapour  of  water  ;  also  in  solution  in 
the  water  of  hot  springs  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sasso  in 
Tuscany. 


EIG.  302. 


FIG.  303. 


camt ,  camtvrsu.  Twins.  Twin  axis,  the  axis 
oc  =  29°  2'.  Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect  and 


SILICATES. 

156.  STAUROLITE. — Staurolite  ;  Phillips.  Staurotide  ; 
Hauy.  Prismatoidischer  Grranat ;  Mohs.  Staurolith  ;  Haus- 
mann,  Hai dinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=34°  38  ;  101,001  =  34°  26';  110,100  =  64°  40'. 


STAUROLITE. 


283 


a  100,  e  ooi,  r  on,  m  no,  x  302  twin-face,  z  322 
twin-face,  x  truncates  the  edge  ac ;  z  truncates  the  solid 
angle  cma. 


re 

55° 

22' 

ma 

64° 

40' 

ZC 

60° 

37' 

/ 

110 

44 

mm 

50 

40 

za 

59 

42 

xc 

45 

48 

me 

90 

0 

FIG.  304.  FIG.  305.  FIG.  306. 


Combinations.  cm,  cma,  crma.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  x. 
(fig.  305.)  co  =  91°  36r.  2.  Twin-face  z.  (fig.  306.)  co  — 

58°  46',  ax  —  —  60°  36'.  The  faces' c  sometimes  rough.  Cleav¬ 
age.  a  perfect,  but  interrusted  ;  m  traces.  Fracture  con- 
choidal. ..uneven.  Translucent... translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Tor  red  rays  in  a  plane 
parallel  to  c,  and  polarized  in  that  plane,  g  =  1*7526.  The 
optic  axes  make  angles  of  42°  30'  with  a  normal  to  c,  in  a  plane 
perpendicular  to  the  edge  ac.  Beddish-brown . . . blackish-brown. 
Streak  white,  h  =  7*0. ..7*5.  G  —  3*52. ..3*79. 

Nearly  infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  In  borax  melts  with 
difficulty  into  a  glass  coloured  green  by  iron.  Soluble  with 
very  great  difficulty  in  salt  of  phosphorus  into  a  colourless 
opalescent  glass.  With  soda  melts  with  effervescence  into  a 
yellow  slag.  Partially  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  either 
before  or  after  ignition. 


Analyses  of  staurolite  a,  b  from  Airolo,  G  =  3’66...3'73,  c,  d 
from  Bretagne,  G  =  3*527 .  ..3*529,  e,  f  from  Polewskoi  in  the 
Ural,  G  =  3’547... 3*588,  all  by  Jacobson  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

33*45 

32*99 

39*19 

40*35 

38*68 

38*33 

Alumina  .... 

47*23 

47*92 

44*87 

44*22 

47*43 

45*97 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

16*51 

16*65 

15*09 

15*77 

15*06 

14*60 

Ox.  mangan. 

— 

— 

0*17 

0*10 

— 

— 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

1*99 

1*66 

0*32 

— 

2  44 

2*47 

Analyses  of  staurolite  g,  h,  Jc,  l  from  St.  Grotthardt,  g  =  3*737 
in  fragments,  g  —  3*744  in  powder,  by  Jacobson,  m  by  Marig- 
nac :  — 


284 

SILICATES. 

9 

h 

k 

l 

m 

Silica . 

30-91 

29*72 

29-13 

30-31 

2847 

Alumina . 

48-68 

64*72 

62-01 

46*80 

63-34 

Ked  oxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

15-37 

15-69 

17*58 

18-08 

17*41 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

1-19 

— 

lime 

0  13 

0*31 

Magnesia . 

1-33 

1*85 

1*28 

2-16 

0-72 

The  composition  of  staurolite  from  Airolo  is  represented  by 
it  Si,  where  ji  is  ai  and  Fe-.  In  staurolite  from  St.  Gotthardt 
the  bases  contain  about  twice  as  much  oxygen  as  the  silica. 
In  the  varieties  from  Bretagne  and  the  Ural  the  oxygen  of  the 
bases  is  of  that  of  the  silica. 

In  imbedded  crystals  in  mica  slate,  talc  slate,  clay  slate,  rarely 
in  gneiss,  with  garnet,  kyanite,  tourmaline. 

Is  found  near  Prato  on  St.  Gotthardt,  and  on  the  Greiner  in 
the  Zillertlial,  often  attached  to  crystals  of  kyanite  so  that  a 
face  of  one  crystal  is  in  contact  with  a  face  ot  the  other,  and 
their  edges  parallel;  at  Sebes  in  Transylvania,  near  Petersdort 
and  Goldenstein  in  Moravia,  St.  Jago  di  Compostella  in  Spain, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Oporto,  in  mica  slate  and  isolated 
crystals  at  Quimper  and  Lamine  in  the  department  of  Pinis- 
terre,  Hieres  in  the  department  of  Yar,  in  some  of  the  Hebrides, 
in  Aberdeenshire,  Syra  in  the  Ural,  in  the  mica  slate  of  New 
England. 


157.  ANDALUSITE. — Andalusite;  Phillips.  Andalousite  ; 
Hauy.  Andalusit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  54°  34/  ;  101,001  =  35°  5' ;  110,100  =45°  22'. 


a  ioo.  b  oio.  c  ooi,  r  on.  s  101,  m  no,  le  120. 


rc 

35° 

26' 

Tea 

be 

90 

0 

ba 

sc 

35 

5 

ac 

90 

0 

ss' 

ma 

45 

22 

mm1 

FIG.  307. 


Combinations,  cm,  sm,  csm,  csrm,  scmb,  mcrslc.  Surface 
uneven  and  rough,  seldom  smooth,  usually  covered  with  films  of 
mica.  Cleavage,  m  more  or  less  distinct ;  b  imperfect ;  s  and 
a  traces.  Eracture  uneven,  splintery,  flat  conehoidal.  Trans¬ 
parent  ...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous.  Eor  a 
red  ray  in  a  plane  parallel  to  c ,  and  polarized  in  that  plane 
H  —  i’624.  The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the 


A.KD  ALU  SITE. 


285 


faces  r,  c,  r\  and  make  angles  of  46°  13'*5  with  a  normal 
to  c.  Pearl-grey,  flesh-red,  peach-blossom-red . . .  violet . . .  reddish- 
brown  ;  seldom  green.  In  a  variety  from  the  Brazils  rays 
transmitted  through  the  crystal  in  planes  parallel  to  a,  b,  c, 
and  polarized  in  those  planes,  are  oil-green,  olive-green  and 
red  respectively.  Streak  white.  H  =  7*5.  &  =  3*1.. .3*2. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble  with  extreme  diffi¬ 
culty  in  borax,  forming  a  clear  glass.  In  powder  becomes  blue 
with  solution  of  cobalt.  Very  slightly  attacked  by  acids. 


AlSi,  silica  37*52,  alumina  62*48. 

Analyses  of  andalnsite  a  from  Herzogau  by  Bucholz,  b  of 
peach-blossom-red  andalusite  from  Munzig  in  the  Triehischthal, 


Silica  .... 
Alumina 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Magnesia 

Lime  .... 


from  Lisens,  G  = 

3*154,  by  A.  Erdmann : — 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

36*5 

37*51 

37*65 

40*17 

39*99 

60-5 

60*01 

59*87 

68*62 

58*60 

4-0 

1*49  . 

1*87 

— 

0*72 

— 

0*46 

© 

CO 

00 

Mn.  0*51 

0*83) 

.  -  - 

0*48 

0*58 

0*28 

— 

Andalnsite  decomposes  very  readily,  being  frequently  con¬ 
verted  into  a  steatitic  substance  containing  kyanite,  or  into  a 
substance  like  kaolin,  for  which  h  =  3,  G  =  2 '70. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica 

slate. 

Is  found  near  Toledo,  in  the  Sierra  Morena  and  m  Aragon  ; 
Bisens  in  the  Tyrol,  Arber  near  Bodenmais,  Lahmerwinkel  and 
Herzogau  in  Bavaria,  Haplitz  and  Albenreuth  near  Iglau  in 
Bohemia,  G-oldenstein  and  Winkelsdorf  in  Moravia,  Landeck 
and  Freiwaldau  in  Silesia,  Braunsdorf  and  Penig  in  Saxony, 
at  Porez  in  Prance,  near  Schaitansk  in  Siberia,  m  the  alluvium 
of  Grupiara  in  Minas  Novas  in  the  Brazils,  at  Botritney  in 
Banffshire  in  gneiss,  in  mica  slate  at  Ivillmey  m  Ireland,  Lich¬ 
field  in  Connecticut,  and  Westford  in  Massachusetts. 

FIG.  308. 

Chiastolite  appears  to  be  a  variety  of 
andalusite  having  prisms  of  a  darker  sub¬ 
stance  in  the  centre,  and  sometimes  in 
each  angle,  connected  by  thin  plates  of  the 
same.  The  dark  portions  are  either  the 
slate  in  which  the  crystals  are  imbedded, 
or  discolorations  produced  by  carbona¬ 
ceous  matter,  which  disappear  on  igniting  the  crystal.  H  =  5-0 
...5*5.  G  —  2*9.. .2*95. 


286 


SILICATES. 


Analysis  of  chiastolite  a  from  Lancaster  by  Bunsen,  b  by 
Jackson : — 


Silica . 

.  39*09 

33*0 

Alumina . 

.  58*56 

61*0 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

0*53 

Fe  4*0 

Lime . 

0*21 

— 

Volatile  matter  . 

0*99 

H  1*5 

Cbiastolite  occurs  imbedded  in  clay  slate  near  Bareges,  in 
the  valleys  of  Luchon  and  Gristain  in  the  Pyrenees,  Serra  de 
Marao  in  Portugal,  St.  Jago  di  Compostella,  near  Santa  Elena 
in  the  Sierra  Morena  in  Spain,  St.  Brieux  in  Bas  Bretagne, 
Grefrees  in  the  Pichtelgebirge,  Grreifenhagen  in  the  Harz,  the 
Wolfscrag  near  Keswick  in  Cumberland,  Agnavanagh  in  Wick¬ 
low,  in  dolomite  on  the  Simplon,  in  grey  limestone  at  Coule- 
doux  in  La  Haute  Graronne,  at  Sterling  and  Lancaster  in  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  Siberia,  Mexico. 


158.  KYANITE. — Kyanite  ;  Phillips.  Disthene ;  Hauy. 
Prismatischer  Disthen-Spath ;  Mohs.  Histhen  ;  Hausmann. 
Kyanit;  Haidinger. 

Anorthic. 

em  20°  45' 

im  34  19 

tm  73  44 

Tan  48  37 

pm  79  10 

pt  86  45 

Combinations,  pmt ..ie.i.e.  The  faces  m,  t  are  sometimes 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Twins. 
1.  Twin-face  m.  2.  Twin-axis  the  axis  of  the  zone  mt.  Pairs 
of  crystals  occur  also  united  by  the  faces  m,  so  that  the  faces 
p  of  the  two  individuals,  and  the  axes  of  the  zones  mt  are 
parallel,  the  faces  t  forming  a  re-entering  angle.  Cleavage. 
m  very  perfect,  t  less  perfect,  p  least  perfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
Transparent... translucent.  Lustre,  pearly  on  m,  vitreous  on 
the  other  faces.  Colourless,  white,  passing  into  blue,  green, 
and  sometimes  grey.  Stripes  of  blue  occur  frequently  on  a 
lighter  ground.  On  looking  through  a  blue  crystal  in  a  direc¬ 
tion  parallel  to  the  edge  mp ,  it  is  of  a  deep  biue  colour  when 
the  light  is  polarized  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  m,  and  colour¬ 
less  when  the  light  is  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  m.  In  a 
direction  nearly  perpendicular  to  m,  the  colour  is  lighter  or 
darker  according  as  the  light  is  polarized  in  planes  parallel  or 
perpendicular  to  the  edge  mt.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  5*0 


FIG.  309. 


KYANITE. 


287 


on  the  faces  m,  above  6*0  on  the  other  faces  and  on  the  angles 
and  edges,  g  =  3*58... 3*62. 

Perfectly  infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  The  coloured  va¬ 
rieties  become  white.  With  borax  melts  with  difficulty,  hut 
completely,  into  a  transparent  colourless  glass.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  leaves  an  opaque  skeleton  of  silica.  With  a  little 
soda  melts  partially ;  with  more  soda  intumesces  and  becomes 
infusible.  Moistened  writh  solution  of  cobalt  and  strongly 
heated  becomes  blue.  Is  not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

AlSi,  silica  37*52,  alumina  62*48. 

Analyses  of  kyanite  a,  b  from  St.  Gotthardt  by  Arfvedson, 
c  from  St.  Gotthardt  by  Rosales,  d  from  St.  Gotthardt,  G  =  3*6, 
by  Marignac,  e  from  R5raas  by  Arfvedson,  f  from  the  Tyrol, 
g  —  3*661,  by  A.  Erdmann,  g  from  the  Greiner,  g  =  3*678,  by 
Jacobson : — 

a  b  c  d  e  f  g 

Silica  ....  34*33  36*9  36*67  36*60  36*4  37*36  37*30 

Alumina  .  .  .  64*89  64*7  63*11  62*66  63*8  62*09  62*60 

Red  ox.  iron  .  —  - —  1*19  0*84  —  o*7i  1*08 

In  imbedded  crystals,  in  mica  slate,  talc  slate,  gneiss,  granite, 
dolomite,  marble,  with  staurolite,  which  is  frequently  attached 
to  or  imbedded  in  the  crystal  of  kyanite,  with  the  face  a ,  and 
the  edge  am ,  of  the  staurolite  parallel  to  the  face  m,  and  edge 
mt ,  of  the  kyanite ;  in  columnar  or  fibrous  masses ;  pseudo- 
morphous  after  andalusite. 

Analyses  of  a  brown  columnar  variety  (sillimanite)  from 
Pettypang  near  Saybrook  in  Connecticut  Ji  by  Staaff,  i  by 
B.  Silliman,  Jc  of  a  fibrous  variety  (bucholzite  or  fibrolite)  from 
Chester  in  Pennsylvania  by  A.  Erdmann,  l  from  Chester, 
m  from  Brandywine  Springs,  n  of  Bournon’s  fibrolite,  all  by 


B.  Silliman : — 

Ji 

i 

h 

1 

m 

n 

Silica . 

37*36 

37*65 

40*08 

34*31 

36*16 

36*31 

Alumina  .... 

58*62 

62*41 

58*88 

64*43 

63*53 

62*42 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 

2*17 

— 

0*74 

— 

— 

0*70 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

0*40 

— 

— 

0*52 

— 

— 

Is  found  in  many  places  on  St.  Gotthardt,  in  mica  slate,  on 
the  Greiner  and  at  Pfitscli  in  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Bacher  in  Styria, 
on  the  Sau  Alp  in  Carinthia,  Gangerhausel  near  Petschau  in 
Bohemia  ;  Bodenmais,  Hof  and  Aschaffenburg  in  Bavaria, 
in  the  mining  districts  of  Saxony,  near  Sebes  in  Transyl¬ 
vania,  Langenlois  near  Krems  in  Austria,  Bernstein  in  Moravia, 
the  island  of  Syra,  in  many  places  in  the  Ural,  Botriphny  in 


288 


SILICATES. 


Banffshire,  near  Banchory  in  Aberdeenshire,  Zetland,  Lich¬ 
field  in  Connecticut,  Chesterfield  and  Bussell  in  Massachusetts 
and  many  other  places  in  the  United  States,  in  the  Serro  do 
Con9ei$ao  and  Passagem  in  Minas  Geraes  in  the  Brazils,  in 
the  Himalaya  mountains.  Sillimanite  occurs  in  slender  prisms 
at  Chester  and  Yantic  in  Connecticut,  Yorktown  in  New  York. 
Pibrolite  is  found  with  corundum  in  the  Carnatic  and  in  China, 
Lisens  and  Paltigl  in  the  Tyrol,  Moravia,  Bohemia,  and  North 
America. 

159.  BAMLITE. — Bamlite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Bamlit;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  uneven  and  splintery.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous  ;  silky  in  the  columnar  masses.  White,  sometimes  inclining 
to  green.  H  =  6*5.  G  —  2*984. 

Before  the  blowpipe  slowly  soluble  in  borax  forming  a  colour¬ 
less  glass.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue. 


Analysis  by  Erdmann :  — 

Silica . 56*90 

Alumina . 40*73 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  1*04 

Lime . 1*04 

Eluorine . trace 


Is  found  in  long  slender  prisms  and  crystalline  masses,  with 
quartz  in  gneiss,  at  Brakke  not  far  from  Brevig  in  the  parish  of 
Bamle  in  Norway. 

160.  WOLLASTONITE. — Tabular  spar;  Phillips.  Wol- 
lastonite ;  Hauy.  Prismatisclier  Augit-Spath ;  Mohs.  Wol- 
lastonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100=32°  4' ;  111,010  =  59°  24'*4  ;  101,001  =  37°  44'. 


a  100, 

c 

001 

,  r  205,  S 

203, 

t  201, 

U  201, 

V 

203 

023,  e 

Oil, 

,  x 

021,  m 

110, 

n  ill 

,  /  221. 

9  221. 

rc 

o 

o 

30' 

nc 

47c 

’  6' 

r 

106° 

45' 

sc 

29 

41 

fG 

59 

10 

mm 

'  95 

35 

tc 

60 

18 

me 

75 

11 

99 

92 

14 

ac 

69 

48 

9G 

93 

52 

uc 

95 

23 

gu 

43 

53 

FIG.  310. 

VC 

135 

32 

ft 

36 

37 

V 

9 

f  ^ 

zc 

34 

52 

zz' 

110 

16 

\  e  i 

J 

ec 

46 

16 

ec 

87 

28 

a\  ™ 

-  At, 

m 

V 

xc 

64 

26 

xx' 

51 

8 

V 

|e  x 

ma  42  12  nn  118  49 


WOLLASTONITE.  2S9 

Twins.  Twin-face  c.  Cleavage,  c,  t,  u ,  a ,  a  being  the 
brightest.  Fracture  uneven.  Semi-transparent... translucent 
on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the 
cleavages. .  White,  passing  into  grey,  yellow,  red,  and  brown. 
Streak  white.  Lather  brittle,  h  =  5*0.  g  =  2*8... 2*9. 

Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  semi-transpa¬ 
rent  glass.  Is  soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  leaving 
a  skeleton  of  silica.  Is  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 

•  M 

CaSi,  silica  52*37,  lime  47*63. 

Analyses  of  wollastonite  a  from  Skrabbole  in  Finland  by 
Bonsdorff,  b  from  Perhoniemi  in  Finland  by  H.  Bose,  c  from 
Cziklowa  by  Stromeyer,  d  by  Beudant,  e  from  Wilsborough 
on  Lake  Champlain  by  Seybert,  /  by  Vanuxem  : — 


a 

l 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

52*58 

52*19 

51*45 

53*1 

51*0 

51*67 

Lime  .... 

44*45 

46*93 

47*41 

45*1 

46*0 

47*00 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

0*68 

(Ms 

-  0  26) 

1*8 

trace 

. — 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

0*13 

(Ee 

0*40) 

— 

1*3 

1*35 

Water  .... 

0*99 

— 

0*08 

— 

1*0 

. - 

Analyses  of  wollastonite  g  from  Capo  di  Bove  by  v.  Kobell, 
h  from  Diana  in  New  York  by  Beck,  i  from  Pargas  by  Palander, 
~k  from  Gockum  in  Upland  by  Weidling,  l  from  Harzburg  by 
Bammelsberg,  m  from  Greenville  in  Upper  Canada  by  Bunce : — 


9 

ll 

i 

k 

I 

on 

Silica  .... 

.  61*50 

61*90 

50*60 

52*16 

53*01 

53*05 

Lime . 

.  45*45 

47*55 

47*21 

45*04 

44*91 

45*74 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

0*55 

life 

0*14 

0*90 

1*04 

— 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  — 

0*25 

— 

0*87 

Pe 

1*20 

Water  .... 

2*00 

— 

(Ms 

0*34) 

1*59 

— 

Occurs  in  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  lamellar,  granular 
or  columnar  masses,  usually  in  beds  of  granular  limestone  in 
the  older  slate  rocks,  with  garnet,  pyroxene  and  amphibole. 

Is  found  at  Cziklowra  and  Orawitza  in  the  Banat,  Skrabbole, 
Pargas,  and  Porhoniemi  in  Finland,  at  Gokum  in  Sweden,  crys¬ 
tallized  in  the  Fossa  Grande  in  matter  ejected  by  Vesuvius,  and 
at  Capo  di  Bove  near  Borne  in  lava,  at  Greenville  in  Canada, 
in  the  United  States,  in  Wilsborough  in  New  York,  Bucks 
County  and  Easton  in  Pennsylvania,  in  Hesse  Darmstadt, 
Auerbach  near  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  in  Ceylon  with 
garnet  in  gneiss,  in  the  castle  rock  of  Edinburgh  in  trap. 
A  cleavable  substance  resembling  wollastonite  in  appearance 
and  composition  has  been  found  in  the  slags  of  iron  furnaces. 

o 


290 


SILICATES. 


It  lias  also  been  obtained  by  fusing  in  a  crucible  lime  and 
silica  in  the  required  proportions. 

In  tbe  Phil.  Mag.  for  Sept.  1831,  Mr.  Brooke  has  given  the 
form  and  angles  of  a  mineral  from  Vesuvius  which  he  received 
as  wollastonite.  This  particular  specimen  has  not  been  ana¬ 
lyzed,  but  it  resembles  others  received  in  this  country  under 
the  same  name.  The  fragment  figured  by  "W".  Phillips  as 
tabular  spar  was  taken  from  a  specimen  stated  on  its.  ticket  to 
be  from  Vermont,  U.  S.  The  supposed  tabular  spar  is  in  large 
grains,  and  is  accompanied  by  small  grains  of  coccolite  ;  but  we 
do  not  find  any  notice  in  the  American  works  on  Mineralogy  ot 
such  an  association  of  minerals  having  been  found  in  V ermont. 


161.  AU G-ITE. — Augite,  Pyroxene;  Phillips.  Pyroxene; 
Hauy.  Paratomer  Augit-Spath;  Mohs.  Diopsid,  Amianth, 
Malacolith,  Augit ;  Hausmann.  Augit ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100=49°  50' ;  101,001  =  24°  19'* 8  ;  111,010=65°  4l'*7 . 


a  loo, 

b 

010,  C 

ooi,  e 

Oil,  0 

021,  X 

041, 

p  101, 

y 

101, 

n 

102, 

q  301, 

f  aw- 

9 

210, 

m  110,  y 

120, 

i  130, 

s 

ill, 

0 

221, 

A  331, 

U  111, 

d 

131, 

V  221,  £ 

483, 

<p  152. 

ya 

49° 

50' 

mb 

43° 

33' 

£0 

16°  24' 

ca 

73 

59 

</> 

62 

15 

uc 

33 

51 

na 

89 

20 

fb 

70 

40 

VC 

49 

54 

pa 

105 

24 

ab 

90 

0 

me 

79 

3 

qa 

144 

28 

A  b 

44 

4 

cX 

103 

26 

xb 

23 

42 

ob 

47 

45 

CO 

114 

•  28 

zb 

41 

17 

sb 

60 

16 

cs 

137 

49 

eb 

60 

20 

db 

36 

26 

mm 

87 

5 

cb 

90 

0 

ub 

65 

42 

00 

95 

30 

ib 

17 

35 

vb 

55 

35 

ss' 

120 

31 

25 

25 

(f)b 

37 

49 

zz 

82 

33 

EIG.  311.  EIG.  312.  EIG.  313. 


AUGITE. 


291 


Combinations.  cm, 
cab ,  cabm ,  sma.p.o.z.b, 
nmab..cp,om..c.sp.z.\.a , 
cpuoab..s.m.f,somab.  The 
faces  usually  rough; 

n ,  curved ;  a,  b  striated 
parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  each  other; 

o ,  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with 
s.  Twins.  Twin-face  a. 

Cleavage,  m,  tolerably 
perfect,  but  interrupted ; 
a ,  b  less  distinct  ;  s, 
occasionally.  Planes  of 
union,  but  not  of  true  cleavage,  occur  frequently  in  some  varie¬ 
ties  parallel  to  c.  Fracture  conchoidal. .  .uneven.  Transparent . . . 
opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  For  rays  in  a  plane  parallel  to  b,  and 
polarized  in  that  plane,  p  ==  1*680.  The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane 
parallel  to  b.  One  makes  angles  of  80°  34'  and  6°  35'  with  normals 
to  a  and  c  respectively ;  the  other  makes  angles  of  21°  38'  and 
52°  2l'  with  normals  to  a  and  c  respectively.  Colourless,  white, 
usually  coloured,  grey,  green,  black.  Streak  white... grey. 
Brittle,  h  =  6*o...  6*o.  g  =  3*2...  3*4. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  a  white,  grey,  green  or  black 
glass.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  usually  yields  the 
reaction  of  iron.  With  solution  of  cobalt  the  white  and  colour¬ 
less  varieties  become  red.  Is  but  slightly  acted  upon  by  acids. 

••••••  •  •  * 

CaSi  -j-  BSi,  where  B  consists  essentially  of  Mg  and  Fe. 


EIG.  314. 


Analyses  of  the  grey  and  green  transparent  varieties  called 
diopside  a  from  the  Fassathal  by  Wackenroder,  b  from  Orijerfvi 
by  H.  Bose,  c  from  Langbanshytta  in  Warmland  by  H.  Bose, 
d  from  Tammare  in  Finland  by  v.  Bonsdorlf,  e  from  Achma- 
towsk,  G  =  3*28,  by  Hermann, /‘from  the  Brazils  by  Kussin  : — 


a 

b  c. 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

.  54*15 

54*64 

55*32 

54*83 

53*97 

55*61 

Lime  .... 

.  24*74 

24*94 

23*01 

24*76 

25*60 

25*11 

Magnesia  .  . 

.  18*22 

18*00 

16*99 

18*55 

17*86 

17*82 

Protox.  iron  . 

2*50 

1*08  (Fe-  2*16) 

0*99 

2*00 

1*20 

Protox.  mang.  . 

0*18 

2*00 

1*59 

0*32 

0*57 

— 

Alumina  .  .  . 

0*20 

o  2 

0*28 

■ 

1 

292 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  the  translucent  green  and  brown  varieties  called 
malacolite  or  sablite  g  from  Sahla,  h ,  i  from  Bjormyresweden  in 
Dalecarlia,  all  by  H.  Bose,  h  from  Langbanshytta,  G  —  3*27,  by 
Beuterskold,  l  from  Nordmark  by  Bunk,  m  of  fibrous  augite 
(amianthus)  from  Schwarzenstein  in  the  Tyrol  by  Meitzen- 
dorf : — 


9 

Jl 

i 

Tc 

l 

m 

Silica  .... 

.  54*86 

54*08 

54*55 

53*56 

52*18 

55*87 

Lime . 

.  23*57 

23*47 

20*21 

23*86 

22*00 

17*76 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  16*49 

11*49 

15*25 

16*27 

7*06 

20*33 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  4*44 

10*02 

8*14 

4*48 

16*13 

4*31 

Protox.  mang. 

0*42 

0*61 

0*73 

1*87 

1*61 

1*12 

Alumina  .  . 

0*21 

— 

0*14 

0*25 

0*42 

— 

Analyses  of  the  dark  green  or  black  opaque  varieties  called 
augite  n  from  Pargas  in  Finland  by  Nordenskiold,  o  from  the 
Bhongebirge  (mean  of  two),  p  from  Gillenfelder  Maar  (mean  of 
jpur),  q  from  Zigolonberg  in  the  Bassathal  (mean  of  two),  r 


1  /  '  _Z-  K~J 

from  iEtna,  s  from  Vesuvius,  all  by 

Kudernatscli 

n 

0 

P 

9 

r 

S 

Silica  .... 

.  51*80 

50*42 

48*75 

50*12 

50*55 

50*90 

Alumina 

6*56 

6  *67 

5*70 

4*20 

4*85 

5*37 

Lime  .... 

.  19*07 

18*78 

23*01 

20*05 

22*29 

22*96 

Magnesia 

.  12*01 

16*31 

14*30 

13*70 

13*01 

14*43 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

6*92 

7*40 

7*55 

11*60 

7*96 

6*25 

Water  .... 

1*02 

— 

— 

— 

— 

■ — 

Analyses  of  the  black  variety  (hedenbergite)  t  from  Tuna- 
berg,  u  from  Taberg,  both  by  H.  Bose,  v  from  Arendal  by 
Wolff,  w  from  the  island  of  Pico,  G  =  3*174,  by  Hochstetter,  x 
of  asbestiform  augite  by  Gruner,  y  of  augite,  g  =  3*380,  from 
a  mixture  of  crystals  of  augite  and  amphibole  imbedded  in  one 
another  in  the  basaltic  tufa  of  Hartlingen,  by  Bammelsberg  : — 


t  u  v  w  x  y 

Silica .  49*01  53*36  47*78  50*40  43*9  47*52 

Alumina . —  —  —  2*99  1*9  8*13 

Lime .  20*87  22*19  22*95  21*10  0*5  18*25 

Magnesia .  2*98  4*99  —  2*40  1*1  12*76 

Protox.  iron  ....  26*08  17*38  27*01  22*00  52*2  13*02 


Protox.  mang.  ...  —  0*09  (water  o*3o)  —  0*40 

In  imbedded  and  attached  crystals  and  columnar,  fibrous  and 
granular  masses. 


HYPERSTIIEKE. 


293 


Augite  is  found  in  imbedded  crystals  in  basalt,  lava  and 
dolerite  at  Boreslau,  Wolfsberg  near  Cernossin  in  Bohemia, 
the  Bhongebirge,  Yogelsgebirge,  the  Kaiserstuhl  in  the 
Breisgau,  Auvergne  and  Yelay  in  France,  Yesuvius,  Teneriffe, 
Bourbon,  Scotland  ;  in  granular  limestone  at  Pargas  in  Finland 
and  several  places  in  North  America ;  in  the  meteoric  stones 
which  fell  at  Stannern  in  Moravia.  It  is  sometimes  found  in 
the  slags  of  iron  furnaces,  and  has  been  obtained  by  fusing 
silica,  lime  and  magnesia  in  proper  proportions  in  a  crucible, 
and  permitting  the  mass  to  cool  very  slowly.  By  exposure  to 
the  atmosphere  the  variety  called  augite  undergoes  decomposi¬ 
tion,  and  is  converted  into  an  earthy  or  steatitic  substance. 

The  transparent  grey  and  green  variety  called  diopside  is 
found  on  the  Mussa  Alp  in  Piedmont  and  Schwarzenstein  in  the 
Tyrol  with  garnet  and  chlorite,  in  many  parts  of  the  Swiss  and 
Italian  Alps,  at  Beichenstein  in  Silesia,  Tjotten,  Modum  in 
Norway,  Malsjb  and  many  other  places  in  Sweden,  Tammare  in 
the  parish  of  Hwittis,  Orijerfvi  in  Finland,  Achmatowsk  in  the 
Ural,  Lichfield  in  Connecticut,  Bolton  in  Massachusetts  and 
several  other  parts  of  the  United  States.  Malacolite  or  salilite 
is  found  in  beds  of  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  magnetite,  and 
hematite  at  Arendal  in  Norway,  Fahlun,  Norberg,  Nya  Bop- 
parberg,  Langbanshvtta,  Persberg,  Philipstad,  and  in  veins 
with  galena  at  Sahla  in  Sweden,  near  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony, 
Monzoni  in  the  Tyrol  in  granular  limestone,  at  the  foot  of  Ye¬ 
suvius  in  matter  ejected  from  the  crater,  well  crystallized  in  the 
valley  of  Brosso  in  Piedmont,  Fassathal  in  the  Tyrol,  Buon  near 
Arendal,  the  Age  mine  and  Taberg  near  Philipstad  in  Sweden, 
the  sources  of  the  Sljudenka  S.W.  of  the  Baikal,  Monroe  and 
other  places  in  New  .York.  In  the  grass-green  smaragdite  from 
the  Bacher,  augite  and  amphibole  occur  in  alternate  layers,  one 
of  the  cleavages  of  the  amphibole  being  parallel  to  the  face  a  of 
the  augite,  and  the  intersection  of  the  cleavages  parallel  to  the 
edge  ab. 

162.  HYPEBSTHENE. — Hyperstliene  ;  Phillips,  Iiauy. 
Prismatoidischer  Schiller-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Hypersthen ;  Ilaus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  Isomorphous  with  augite. 
a  100,  b  010,  p  loi,  m  110. 

mb  43°  15' 

ab  90  0 

ma  4G  45 

mm  86  30 

o  3 


294 


SILICATES. 


Cleavage,  m,  distinct,  but  interrupted;  a,  perfect;  b,  imperfect. 
Fracture  uneven.  Opaqne,  in  some  varieties  translucent  on  the 
edges.  Lustre  pearly  on  the  planes  of  most  perfect  cleavage ; 
on  the  other  faces  vitreous  ;  on  surfaces  of  fracture  inclining  to 
resinous.  Greyish-black,  greenish-black  ;  in  many  varieties 
almost  copper-red  on  the  planes  of  perfect  cleavage.  Streak 
greenish-grey.  Very  tough,  h  =  6*0.  G-  =  339. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  more  or  less  readily  into  a 
greenish-black  glass  which  is  frequently  magnetic.  Ecadily 
soluble  in  borax,  forming  a  greenish  glass.  Is  not  acted  upon 
by  acids. 

BSi,  where  It  is  principally  magnesia  and  protoxide  of  iron, 
usually  with  small  quantities  of  lime  and  protoxide  of  manga¬ 
nese. 


Analyses  of  hypersthene  a  from  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  b 
from  the  island  of  Skye,  both  by  Muir,  c  from  Labrador  by 


Dam  our : — 

a 

b 

C 

Silica  .  .... 

.  46-11 

51-35 

61-36 

Alumina . 

4-07 

— 

0-37 

Magnesia . 

.  25-87 

11-09 

21*31 

Lime . 

1-84 

3-09 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

.  12-70 

33*92 

21*27 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

5-29 

— 

1*32 

Water . 

0-50 

— 

In  crystals  and  crystalline,  granular  masses. 

Is  found  in  the  island  of  St.  Panl  on  the  Labrador  coast  in 
rolled  masses  and  as  a  constituent  of  a  greenstone  rock,  Green¬ 
land,  in  many  parts  of  Norway  in  hypersthene  rock,  in  the 
island  of  Skye,  Penig  in  Saxony,  Bonsberg  in  Bohemia,  Mon- 
zoni  in  the  Tyrol,  Elfdalen  in  Sweden,  Nenrode  in  Silesia,  and 
in  boulders  in  the  neighbonrhood  of  Berlin. 

163.  BBONZITE. — Bronzite;  Phillips.  Diallage  (in  part)  ; 
Hauy.  Hemiprismatisclier  Schiller- Spath ;  Mohs.  Bronzit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  Isomorphous  with  augite. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  m  no,  all  cleavages. 


mb 

CO 

o 

o' 

ab 

90 

0 

mb 

47 

0 

mm 

86 

0 

DIALLAGE. 


295 


Cleavage,  a ,  very  perfect,  usually  rather  curved ;  on,  less 
distinct;  c ,  b  traces.  Translucent... translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre,  on  a  pearly  or  silky  inclining  to  metallic,  on  the  other 
faces  resinous  or  vitreous.  Clove-brown... pinchbeck-brown, 
sometimes  greenish  or  yellowish.  Streak  white.  Slightly 
brittle,  h  =  5-0...6-0.  g  =  3*2... 3‘6. 

Melts  with  great  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe.  Is  not 
decomposed  by  acids. 

•  •  •  • 

RSi,  where  R  is  magnesia  and  protoxide  of  iron. 


Analyses  of  bronzite  a  from  the  Stempel  near  Marburg, 
b  from  Ultenthal  in  the  Tyrol,  both  by  Kohler,  c  from  Ultenthal, 
cl  from  Stiria,  both  by  Regnault : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

Silica . 

.  57’19 

56-81 

55*84 

56-41 

Alumina . 

2-07 

1*09 

— 

Magnesia . 

.  32-67 

29-68 

30-37 

31*50 

Lime . 

1-30 

2-19 

— 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

7*46 

8-46 

10-78 

6-56 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

0-35 

0-62 

— 

3-30 

Water . 

0-63 

0-22 

1-80 

2-38 

In  imperfect  imbedded 

crystals ; 

massive  in 

granular 

aggre- 

gations. 

Is  found  in  serpentine  on  the  Gfulsen  in  Stiria,  near  Kupfer- 
berg  in  Bayreuth,  Lettowitz  and  Gloldenstein  in  Moravia,  the 
Bacher  mountain  in  Lower  Stiria,  and  the  Lizard  in  Cornwall, 
on  the  Seefeld  Alp  in  Ultenthal  in  the  Tyrol ;  in  basalt  on  the 
Stempel  near  Marburg,  and  on  the  Alpstein  near  Sontra  in 
Hessia.  It  is  said  to  occur  also  at  Volpersdorf  and  Zobten- 
berg  in  Silesia,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Spain. 

164.  DIALLAGrE. — Diallage  (in  part)  ;  Phillips,  Hauy. 
Prismatischer  Schiller-Spath  (in  part)  ;  Mohs.  Diallag ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  Supposed  to  be  isomorphous  with  augite. 

Cleavage  in  two  directions  making  right  angles  with  each 
other ;  one  perfect,  the  other  imperfect ;  traces  of  cleavage  in 
other  ’  directions.  Eracture  uneven,  splintery.  Opaque;  in 
very  thm  flakes  translucent.  Lustre  on  the  plane  ot  perfect 
cleavage  pearly  or  silky,  inclining  to  metallic.  G-rey,  brownish- 
o-rey,  brownish-green,  sometimes  light  pinchbeck-brown.  Streak 
white.  H  —  4"0.  G  =  3’2...3'3. 


29  G 


SILICATES. 


Before  tlie  blowpipe  melts  readily  into  a  grey  and  green 
enamel.  Is  not  acted  upon  by  acids. 


Analyses  of  diallage  a  from  the  Baste  (mean  of  two),  b  from 
Salzburg,  c  from  Prato  in  Tuscany,  all  by  Kohler,  d  from  Traun- 
stein,  e  from  Piedmont,  both  by  Begnault,  f  from  Grossarl  in 
Salzburg  by  v.  Kobell: — 


a 

Silica . 

52-89 

Alumina  .... 

2-70 

Magnesia  .... 

17-68 

Lime  . 

17-40 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  | 

Protox.  mang. .  .  .  J 

>  8‘41 

Water . 

1-06 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

51-34 

53-20 

51-25 

50-05 

50-20 

4-39 

2-47 

3-98 

2-58 

w 

3*80 

15*69 

14*91 

22'88 

17-24 

16-40 

18-28 

19-09 

11-18 

15-63 

20-26 

8-23 

8’67 

6-75 

11-98 

8*40 

0-38 

— 

— 

traces 

2-11 

1-77 

3-32 

2-13 

— 

In  imperfect  crystals ;  massive  having  a  crystalline  structure  ; 
granular;  lamellar. 

Is  found  with  amphibole  in  euphotide  in  the  Harzburg 
Forest  in  the  Harz,  and  la  Prese  in  the  Valteline;  in  Silesia, 
in  the  Apennines,  in  the  Ural. 

%  Diaclasite  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  diallage  from  the  eupho¬ 
tide  of  the  Harzburg  Porest,  and  the  gneiss  of  the  Gruadarrama 
mountains  in  Spain,  in  crystals  showing  the  faces  a ,  b,  m,  s. 
Between  bronze  and  brass-yellow,  more  or  less  inclining  to 
green.  Streak  greenish-grey.  H  —  3'5 . .  .4'0.  0  =  3-054.  &Ac- 

cording  to  Kohler,  diaclasite  from  the  Harzburg  Porest  con¬ 
tains  silica  53*74,  alumina  1‘34,  magnesia  25*09,  lime  4'73, 
protoxide  of  iron  11*51,  protoxide  of  manganese  0'23,  water  3*76. 


165.  BHOHONITE.  —  Siliciferous  oxide  of  manganese  ; 
Phillips.  Manganese  oxide  silicifere ;  Hauy.  Diatomer  Au- 
git-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Bhodonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  Isomorphous  with  augite. 

a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  m  110,  all  cleavages. 

ac  74°  0' 

be  90  0 

ma  43  33 

ba  90  0 

mm  87  6 

Cleavage,  a ,  perfect ;  b,  less  perfect ;  m,  imperfect.  Prac¬ 
tice  uneven.  Translucent... translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the  cleavages  m.  Bose-red, 


AMPHIBOLE. 


297 


peach-blossom-red,  brown,  spotted  with  green.  Streak  reddish- 
white.  H  =  5-0... 5’5.  Gr  =  3-61... 3-65. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  melts 
into  a  red  semi-transparent  glass,  in  the  outer  flame  into  a 
black  globule.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the 
outer  flame  melts  into  a  violet  glass,  the  colour  of  which 
disappears  in  the  inner  flame.  Is  not  decomposed  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid. 

By  exposure  the  manganese  becomes  more  highly  oxidized, 
and  combines  with  water,  forming  a  black  crust. 

MnSi,  silica  46-41,  protoxide  of  manganese  53‘59,  part  of  the 
in  being  replaced  by  Ee,  zc,  ca,  Mg. 


Analyses  of  rhodonite  a  from  Langbanshytta  by  Berzelius, 
b  from  Algiers  and  c  from  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont  by  Ebelmen, 
d  from  Sterling  in  New  Jersey  by  Hermann  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Silica . 

.  48-00 

45-49 

46-37 

46-48 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

.  49-04 

39-46 

47-38 

31-52 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  — • 

6*42 

— 

7-23 

Oxide  of  zinc  .... 

.  — 

— 

— 

5-85 

Lime . 

4-66 

5-48 

4-50 

Magnesia . 

0-22 

2-60 

• — 

3-09 

Loss  by  ignition  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

l'OO 

Is  found  in  cleavable  and  compact  masses,  at  Langban¬ 
shytta  in  Sweden,  Schabrowa  near  Katharinenburg,  Kapnick  in 
Transylvania,  Schebenholz  near  Elbingerode,  and  Oberstahl- 
berg  near  Biibeland  in  the  Harz,  New  Jersey,  Piedmont, 
Algiers. 

166.  AMPHIBOLE. — Hornblende ;  Phillips.  Amphibole  ; 
Hauy.  Hemiprismatischer  Augit-Spath ;  Mohs.  Amphibol ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  50°  35' ;  111,010  =  77°  13' ;  101,001=24°  27'. 


;  loo 

,  b 

010, 

C  001,  z 

021 

1 

101,  10 

101, 

t  201, 

110, 

n  310,  e 

130,  Tc  ill 

,  r 

HI, 

V  131,  i 

131, 

0  221. 

la 

c 

© 

iq 

35' 

mb 

62° 

15' 

me 

76° 

00 

ca 

75 

2 

eb 

32 

21 

CO 

121 

29 

wa 

106 

2 

mm 

124 

30 

cr 

145 

35 

ta 

130 

6 

hb 

77 

13 

rt 

28 

31 

tc 

55 

4 

vb 

55 

46 

zt 

60 

8 

cb 

90 

0 

rb 

74 

14 

vt 

81 

21 

zb 

60 

26 

ib 

49 

45 

mt 

124 

42 

ab 

90 

0 

ob 

65 

48 

nb 

80 

3 

he 

27 

24 

o  5 


298 


SILICATES. 


FIG.  315. 


FIG.  316. 


Combinations.  fon..c.a,  crmb..aw,  crzmb..k.v.i.o ,  ckrztovimeba. 
Twins.  Twin-face  a.  The  faces  a ,  n ,  m,  c,  &  are  sometimes 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  The 
faces  are  frequently  uneven  and  rounded.  Cleavage,  m,  very 
perfect  ;  a,  b  indistinct.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal. 
Slightly  translucent... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  in  the  light 
coloured  varieties  inclining  to  pearly.  Colourless,  white, 
usually  green  of  various  shades,  brown,  yellow,  grey,  black. 
Streak  greyish- white... brown.  Brittle,  h  =  6'0...6'0.  G  = 
2'90. .  .3*40. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  intumescence  into  a  grey, 
green  or  black  bead.  Its  fusibility  increases  with  the  propor¬ 
tion  of  iron  contained  in  it.  Dissolves  slowly  in  borax.  The  ’ 
varieties  which  are  rich  in  iron  are  slightly  acted  on  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid. 


•  •  •  •  •  •  * 

3BS  +  R2S3,  wrhere  B  is  magnesia,  lime  and  frequently 
protoxide  of  iron.  The  green  and  black  varieties  frequently 
contain  a  considerable  quantity  of  alumina,  amounting  in  some 
instances  to  16  percent.,  which  appears  to  form  an  aluminate  of 
magnesia  or  protoxide  of  iron  capable  of  crystallizing  with  the 
silicates  in  all  proportions. 

Analyses  of  the  white,  grey  and  bright  green  varieties  ex¬ 
hibiting  the  forms  b,  m,  G  =  2,93...3,04  (grammatite  or  tremo- 
lite),  a  from  Fahlun,  b  from  Grullsjo  by  v.  Bonsdorff,  c  from 
Cziklowa  by  Beudant,  of  the  green  varieties  having  the  forms 


AMPHIBOLE. 


299 


b,  m,  r,  g  =  3*01...  3*03  (actinote),  d  from  Taberg  by  v.  Bons- 
dorff,  e  from  Pennsylvania  by  Seybert,  of  tbe  brown  columnar 
variety,  a  =  3*27...  3*31  (anthophyllite)  /  from  Kongsberg  by 
Vopelius : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  60-10 

59*75 

59*5 

59*75 

56*33 

56*74 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  24*31 

25*00 

26*8 

21*10 

24*00 

24*35 

Lime . 

14*11 

12*3 

14*25 

10*67 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

1*00 

0*50 

trace 

3*95 

4*30 

13*94 

Protox.  mangan. 

0*47 

— 

— 

0*31 

— 

2*38 

Alumina  .... 

0*42 

trace 

1*4 

— 

1*67 

— 

Hydrofluoric  acid  . 

0*83 

0*94 

— 

0*76 

— 

— 

Water  .... 

0*15 

0*10 

— 

— 

1*03 

1*67 

Analyses  of  fibrous  amphibole  (asbestus)  g  from  tbe  Taren- 
taise  by  v.  Bonsdorff,  h  from  Kuhnsdorf  in  the  Yoigtland  by 
Bammelsberg,  i  from  Taberg  by  Murray,  h  from  Koruk  in 
Greenland  by  Lappe,  l,  m  from  the  sources  of  the  Tschussowaja 
in  the  Ural  by  Heintze  : — 


9 

li 

i 

k 

l 

m 

Silica  .... 

.  58*20 

57*98 

59*50 

68*48 

69*23 

58*19 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  22*10 

22*38 

19*30 

31*38 

31*02 

30*79 

Lime . 

.  15*55 

12*95 

12*65 

0*04 

— 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

3*08 

6*32 

8*60 

9*22 

8*27 

7*93 

Protox.  mang.  .  . 

0*21 

— 

-  1 

>  0*88 

— 

— 

Alumina 

0*14 

0*58 

—  J 

0*19 

0*18 

Hydrofluoric  acid 

0*66 

loss  by  ignition 

1*31 

1*86 

Analyses  of  black  amphibole  n  from  Slatmyran  near  Fahlun, 
o  from  the  parish  of  Garpenberg,  p  from  Pargas,  all  by  Hisinger, 
g  from  Pargas  by  v.  Bonsdorff,  r  from  Nordmark  by  v.  Bons¬ 
dorff,  s  from  Kienrud  mine  at  Kongsberg  by  Kudernatsch  : — 


n 

0 

p 

2 

r 

5 

Silica . 

.  47*62 

63*50 

41*50 

45*69 

48*83 

49*07 

Alumina  .  .  . 

7*38 

4*40 

15*75 

12*18 

7*48 

9*24 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  14*81 

11*35 

19*40 

18*79 

13*61 

20*29 

Lime . 

.  12*69 

4*65 

14*09 

13*83 

10*16 

10*33 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  15*78 

22*52 

7*75 

7*32 

18*75 

9*77 

Protox.  mang.  .  . 

0*32 

0*35 

0*25 

0*22 

1*15 

— 

Hydrofluoric  acid 

.  — 

— 

— 

1*50 

0*41 

— 

Water  .... 

• 

0*60 

0*50 

— 

0*50 

*  1 

o  is  supposed  by  Breithaupt  to  belong  to  a  variety  in  which 
mm!  =  124°  nearly. 

o  6 


300 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  black  or  brown  ampbibole  showing  the  forms 
b,  c,  t,  m,  r,  k,  o,  i,  z,  v,  and  in  twin  crystals,  having  a  brown 
streak,  and  red  or  reddish-brown  by  transmitted  light,  g  =  3*17 
. . .3*24  (basaltic  hornblende),  t  from  the  Yogelsberg  by  v.  Bons- 
dorff,  u  from  the  Wolfsberg  near  Czernuzin  by  Goschen,  v  from 
Aker  by  v.  Bonsdorff,  w  from  Lindbo  in  Westmanland  by  Hi- 
singer,  x  of  green  or  greenish-black  amphibole  from  the  Saualp 
in  Carinthia  (carinthine)  by  Clausbruch,  y  of  a  black  mineral 
from  the  Baltym  lake,  having  the  form  of  pyroxene  but  the 
cleavage  of  amphibole  (uralite)  by  Kudernatsch  : — 


t 

U 

V 

W 

X 

y 

Silica . 

42*24 

40*27 

47*21 

45*38 

46*03 

53*03 

Alumina  .... 

13*92 

16*36 

13*94 

13*82 

8*37 

4*56 

Magnesia 

13*74 

13*38 

21*86 

16*34 

18*48 

12*90 

Lime . 

12*24 

13*80 

12*73 

13*92 

10*23 

12*47 

Protox.  iron  . 

14*59  (Ee  15*34) 

2*28 

7*74 

17*44 

16*37 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

0*33 

— 

0*57 

1*50 

— 

— 

Hydrofluoric  acid  . 

— 

— 

0*90 

— 

— 

— 

Water  .... 

— 

0*46 

0*44 

0*23 

— 

_ 

Analyses  of  amphibole  a  from  Kaltajuva  in  the  Ural  by 
Henry,  /3  from  Zsidovacz  in  Hungary,  g  =  3*136,  by  Kussin, 
y  from  Kimito  in  I  inland  by  Moberg,  £  from  Haavi  on  Fillef- 
jeld  by  Sukow,  e  greyish-green  from  Helsingfors,  G  =  3*166, 
by  Pipping,  £  of  tremolite  from  St.  Gotthardt  by  Hamour : — 


a 

P 

V 

a 

£ 

c 

Sdica  ..... 

.  45*18 

46*01 

43*23 

45*37 

57*20 

58*07 

Alumina  .... 

.  11*34 

10*49 

11*73 

14*81 

0*20 

— 

Magnesia 

.  17*55 

15*09 

7*04 

14*33 

21*20 

24*46 

Lime . 

9*87 

13*80 

9*72 

14*91 

9*45 

12*99 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  16*16 

10*03 

26*81 

8*74 

11*75 

1*82 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

.  — 

3*46 

1*61 

1*50 

1*15 

— 

The  amphibole,  g  =  3*270,  from  the  mixture  of  augite  and 
amphibole  in  the  basaltic  tufa  of  Hartlingen,  according  to  Bam- 
melsberg,  consists  of: — silica  42*62,  alumina  ll*oo,  magnesia 
13*45,  lime  12*25,  protoxide  of  iron  16*11,  protoxide  of  man¬ 
ganese  0*48,  soda  1*71,  potash  1*92,*  titanic  acid  1*01. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  columnar,  fibrous  and 
granular  masses  and  disseminated. 

The  white,  grey,  green,  semi-transparent  or  translucent  varie¬ 
ties  (grammatite)  occur  in  long  implanted  crystals  and  columnar 
masses,  in  granular  limestone  or  dolomite  at  Campo  Longo  on 
St.  Gotthardt,  Sebes  in  Transylvania,  Bistrau  in  Bohemia 


AMPHIBOLE. 


301 


Pfitsch  and  Clausen  in  the  Tyrol,  Gullsjo,  Aker  and  other 
places  in  Sweden,  near  Nantes  in  Prance  in  granite,  Orawitza 
and  Dognazka  in  the  Banat,  Massachusetts  in  the  United 
States,  Aberdeenshire,  and  in  the  marble  of  Glen  Tilt  in  Scot¬ 
land,  Iona.  The  greenish-grey,  leek-green  and  blackish-green 
varieties  in  long  implanted  crystals  (actinote)  are  found  in  beds 
of  iron  ore  in  the  older  rocks  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Baschau  and 
Breitenbrunn  in  Saxony,  Gotteshaus  in  Bohemia,  Arendal  inNor- 
way,  Westmanland,  Warmeland  and  other  places  in  Sweden,  im¬ 
bedded  in  talcose  rocks  on  the  Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal  in  the 
Tyrol,  on  St.  Gotthardt,  Salzburg,  the  Bacher  in  Lower  Stiria, 
Smrczek  in  Moravia.  Anthophyllite  is  found  at  Kongsberg  in 
Norway,  Piskenaes  and  several  other  places  in  Greenland,  and 
in  several  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  fibrous  varieties 
known  by  the  names  of  mountain-wood,  mountain-cork,  &c., 
are  found  at  Sterzing  in  the  Tyrol,  Johann- Georgenstadt  in 
Saxony,  Wischkowitz  in  Bohemia,  Sahlberg  in  Sweden,  Mo¬ 
ravia,  Switzerland,  Spain,  Dauphine,  Maryland  in  the  United 
States,  Strontian,  Portsoy  and  Lead  Hills  in  Scotland.  The 
substance  called  amianthus  or  asbestus  consists,  for  the  most 
part,  of  amphibole  in  fibres  so  slender  as  to  be  flexible.  It  is 
found  in  Corsica,  Piedmont,  Savoy,  Salzburg,  the  Tyrol,  Dauphine, 
Hungary,  Silesia,  in  several  of  the  United  States,  St.  Keverne 
in  Cornwall,  Portsoy  in  Aberdeenshire,  and  in  the  islands 
of  Unst  and  Petlar.  Common  hornblende  occurs  in  dark  green 
or  black  crystals,  massive  or  disseminated,  as  a  constituent  of 
many  rocks,  forming  with  albite  diorite  and  dioritic  porphyry, 
with  felspar  syenite,  with  quartz  and  mica  hornblende  rock  and 
hornblende  slate,  and  frequently  in  granite,  gneiss,  basalt  and 
lava.  It  is  found  in  the  beds  of  iron  ore  at  Arendal  and 
Kongsberg  in  Norway,  Sweden,  Pinland,  Breitenbrum  and 
Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony,  Malleschau  in  Bohemia,  Zillerthal 
and  Pusterthal  in  the  Tyrol,  the  Saualp  in  Carinthia.  Basaltic 
hornblende  occurs  in  black  opaque  crystals  imbedded  in  basaltic 
rocks  on  the  Wolfsberg  near  Czernuzin,  Muckow,  the  Klotz- 
berg  and  other  places  in  Bohemia,  in  the  Bhongebirg,  the 
Habichtswald,  the  Kaiserstuhl,  Carboneira  on  Cabo  de  Gata  in 
Spain.  Uralite  has  the  form  of  the  combination  abrnsp  of 
augite,  but  the  cleavage  of  amphibole.  The  cleavages  make 
equal  angles  with  the  face  b,  and  their  intersection  is  parallel 
to  the  edge  ab.  It  sometimes  contains  a  nucleus  of  augite.  It 
is  probably  pseudomorphous.  It  is  found  in  the  green-stone 
porphyry  of  the  Ural,  on  the  Tavignolo  near  Predazzo  in  the 
Tyrol,  Tunguraqua  in  Quito,  the  Mysore. 

Amphibole  is  sometimes  changed  into  a  rust-coloured  earth, 
in  consequence  of  the  conversion  of  the  protoxide  of  iron  into 


302 


SILICATES. 


hydrate  of  red  oxide  of  iron,  and  the  loss  of  part  of  the  lime 
and  magnesia. 

According  to  Mitscherlich,  Berthier  and  (x.  Bose,  gram- 
matite  and  actinote,  after  being  fused  in  a  porcelain  furnace, 
yield  crystals  having  the  form  of  augite. 

Thomson’s  raphilite,  a  greyish  or  greenish-white  mineral 
from  Lanarck,  Canada  West,  11  =  5*5,  g  =  2’845,  is  tremolite 
according  to  T.  S.  Hunt.  His  analysis  gave  silica  55*30,  lime 
13*36,  magnesia  22*50,  protoxide  of  iron  6*30,  alumina  0*40,  man¬ 
ganese  traces,  potash  o  25,  soda  0*80,  loss  by  ignition  0*30. 


167.  PABGASITE.  — 1  Pargasite  ;  Phillips.  Hornblende 
(in  part)  ;  Hausmann.  Amphibol  (in  part)  ;  Haidinger. 

Isomorphous  with  amphibole. 

b  oio,  c  ooi,  t  201,  m  no,  r  Ill. 

According  to  Nordenskiold  mm  —  124°  lo'. 

A  crystal  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection  gave 
mm  —  124°  o',  rb  —  74°  9',  rm  —  96°  l\ 


FIG.  318. 


Cleavage,  m,  perfect ;  b,  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal. .  .uneven.  More  or  less  translu¬ 
cent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly. 

Blueish-green.  Streak  white,  h  =  5*0. ..6*0.  g  =  3*07 . . .3*08. 

Melts  before  the  blowpipe  with  ebullition.  With  borax 
yields  an  opaque,  colourless  bead. 


Analyses  of  pargasite  by  C.  Gr.  Grmelin  and  v.  Bonsdorff: — 


Silica . 

.  .  51*75 

46*26 

Alumina . 

.  .  10*93 

11*48 

Magnesia . 

.  .  18*87 

19*08 

Lime . 

13*96 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  3*97 

3*48 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

.  .  1*83 

0*36 

Loss  by  ignition  .  . 

.  .  2*51 

F1H  1*60 

Is  found  in  imbedded  crystals  having  their  edges  rounded, 
and  in  grains,  in  limestone  at  Pargas  in  Finland. 

In  several  crystals  of  black  amphibole  from  Vesuvius  in 
Mr.  Brooke’s  collection  the  angle  mm  appears  to  be  about 
124°  io'.  Breithaupt  found  the  angle  mm'  —  124°  nearly,  in 
varieties  of  black  amphibole,  G  =  3*290... 3*462,  from  Arendal, 


AEEVEDSONITE. 


303 


Pehrsberg  in  Sweden,  Schmalzgrube  near  Marienberg  in  Saxony, 
Bhonsberg  in  Bohemia,  Greenland,  and  in  a  brown  ampbibole, 
G  =  3'26 . .  .3*31,  from  La  Prese  near  Bormio. 

Analyses  a  of  tbe  ampbibole  from  Greenland  by  Arfvedson, 
b  from  La  Prese  by  Kudernatsch : — 


a 

b 

Silica . 

45*31 

Alumina . 

.  12*14 

11*88 

Magnesia . 

.  11*20 

14*28 

Lime . 

.  11*55 

10*49 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

.  19*50 

15*93 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

1*47 

trace 

Silica  and  titanic  acid  .  . 

.  — 

0*66 

168.  ABFVEDSONITE. — Arfvedsonite ;  Phillips.  Perito- 
mer  Angit-Spatb ;  Mobs.  Arfvedsonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Probably  isomorpbous  with  ampbibole. 

b  oio,  m  no. 

miv!  123°  55' 

Cleavage,  m,  very  perfect;  b ,  imperfect.  Fracture  imper¬ 
fect  concboidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Black.  Streak 
greyish-green...  celadon-green,  h  =  6*o.  G  =  3*328...  3*44. 

In  thin  fragments  melts  in  tbe  flame  of  a  candle.  Before  tbe 
blowpipe  melts  very  easily,  with  ebullition,  into  a  black,  mag¬ 
netic  bead.  With  borax  yields  a  glass  coloured  by  iron. 

Tbe  oxygen  in  tbe  silica  and  alumina  together  is  to  tbe 
oxygen  in  tbe  bases  as  12  to  5. 

Analysis  of  arfvedsonite  a  by  v.  Kobell,  and  b  of  a  greyish- 
black  mineral  from  an  island  near  Brevig,  having  tbe  form  of 
ampbibole,  erroneously  called  aegirine,  and  supposed  to  be  a 
variety  of  arfvedsonite,  by  Plantamour : — 


a 

b 

Silica . 

.  .  49*27 

46*57 

Alumina . 

.  .  2*00 

3*41 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  36*12 

24*38 

Soda . 

.  .  8*00 

7*79 

Potash . 

.  .  trace 

2*96 

Lime . 

.  .  1*50 

5*91 

Magnesia . 

.  .  0*42 

5*88 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

.  .  0*62 

2*06 

Chlorine . 

.  .  0*24 

Ti  2*02 

304 


SILICATES. 


The  titanic  acid  in  b  is  derived  from  a  mechanical  mixture  of 
ilmenite. 

Arfvedsonite  is  found  in  cleavable  masses  in  a  crystalline 
slate  rock  at  Kangerluardsuk  in  Greenland,  with  sodalite, 
eudialyte,  felspar  and  mesotype.  Also  in  the  south  of  Norway 
in  zirconsyenite  mingled  wTith  krokydolite,  and  in  the  beds  of 
iron  ore  at  Arendal.  The  arfvedsonite  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collec¬ 
tion  is  very  fusible,  melting  in  the  flame  of  a  candle  without 
the  aid  of  the  blowpipe.  Hence  there  can  be  but  little  room 
for  the  doubt  entertained  by  Breithaupt  as  to  its  identity  with 
the  mineral  analyzed  by  v.  Kobell. 

169.  BABINGrTONITE. — Babingtonite ;  Phillips,  Beu- 
dant.  Axotomer  Augit-Spath ;  Mohs.  Babingtonit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Anorthic.  011,010  =  57°  5l',  001,010  =  87°  26',  210,010  =  42°  oo, 
100,010  =  67°  30',  001,100  =  92°  o'. 

a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  d  oil,  li  210,  g  no. 

EIG.  319. 

be 
ca 
ah 
Jib 


Combinations,  cbhg,  cbahgd.  a,  b,  h,  g  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  each  other,  c ,  d  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  b.  Cleavage,  c,  perfect ;  a,  less  per¬ 
fect.  Eracture  imperfect^conchoidal.  In  thin  fragments  trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Black.  By  transmitted  light,  brownish 
in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  c,  greenish  in  directions  parallel 
to  c.  Streak  greenish-grey.  Brittle,  h  =  5-5...  6'0.  q  = 
3-355... 3-406. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily,  with  intumescence,  into  a 
brownish-black,  bright,  magnetic  globule.  Imparts  the  colour 
of  iron  to  glass  of  borax.  Is  slowly  decomposed  by  boiling 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Analysis  of  babingtonite  from  Arendal  a  by  Arppe,  b  by 
B.  D.  Thomson : — 


o 

CO 

26' 

& 

47° 

45' 

92 

0 

lia 

24 

35 

67 

30 

dc 

29 

35 

42 

55 

db 

57 

51 

b 


Silica  .  . 

Alumina  . 


a 

54-4 

0-3 


b 

47-46 

6-48 


ACMITE. 


305 


a 

b 

Lime . 

19’6 

14-74 

Magnesia . 

2-2 

2*21 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

21-3 

16-81 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

1*8 

10-16 

Loss  by  ignition 

0-9 

1-24 

It  contains  a  mechanical  mixture  of  titanic  iron  ore,  which 
may  be  separated  from  it  by  a  magnet. 

In  small  attached  crystals,  with  amphibole,  albite,  felspar, 
epidote,  in  a  bed  of  magnetite  near  Arendal  in  Norway,  in 
quartz  in  the  Shetland  islands,  in  felspar  at  Glouverneur  in  New 
York,  in  prehnite  at  Charlestown  in  Massachusetts. 


170.  ACMITE.  —  Acmite;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Paratomer 
Augit-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Achmit ;  Hausmann,  llaidinger. 


Oblique. 


100,  b 

oio,  m 

110 

ab 

o 

o 

o 

o' 

ma 

46 

32 

mb 

43 

28 

sb 

59 

45 

sa 

76 

13 

The  intersection  of  the  faces  s,  b  makes  angle  of  74°  with  a 
normal  to  a.  The  edge  zo  makes  an  angle  of  75°  50'  with  a 
normal  to  b.  Combination,  abmsoz.  Twins.  Twin-face  a. 
Cleavage,  m,  distinct ;  b  less  distinct.  Eracture  imperfect 
conchoidal.. .uneven.  Nearly  opaque.  Lustre  vitreous;  sur¬ 
face  of  fracture  glimmering  or  dull.  Brownish-black,  reddish- 
brown  ;  surface  of  fracture  blackish  or  greyish-green.  Streak 
greenish-grey,  h  —  6‘0...6'5.  u  =  3*53... 3'55. 

Melts  readily  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  bright  black  mag¬ 
netic  globule.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  yields  a  skeleton  of 
silica  and  exhibits  the  reaction  of  iron.  With  borax  fuses  into 
a  glass  coloured  by  iron.  With  soda  on  platinum  foil  gives 
indications  of  manganese.  In  powder  is  partially  decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids. 


-F2Si3  +  2NaSi,  silica  55"8,  red  oxide  of  iron  32'0,  soda  12-2. 


306 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  acinite  a  by  Strom,  b  by  Berzelius,  c  by  Lehunt, 


cl  by  Bammelsberg : — 

a 

b 

C 

d 

Silica . 

.  54*27 

55*25 

52*02 

64*13 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

34*44 

31*25 

(II  0*69) 

34*44 

Protox.  mang.  . 

1*08 

3*49 

Ti  3*10 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  — 

— 

28*08  ' 

— 

Soda  . 

9*74 

10*40 

13*33 

not  det. 

Lime . 

.  — 

0*72 

0*88 

— 

Loss  by  ignition  .  . 

1*88 

Mg 

0*60 

— 

The  titanic  acid  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  a  mechanical 
mixture  of  ilmenite. 

Is  found  in  the  south  of  Norway  in  long  crystals  imbedded 
in  quartz  and  felspar  in  granite  at  Bundemyr  in  the  parish  of 
Eger,  and  in  syenite  at  Kless  near  Porsgrund. 

The  angles  between  the  faces  a,  b,  m,  s  are  very  nearly  the 
same  as  in  augite,  with  which  it  has  been  supposed  isomorphous. 
Its  constituents,  however,  are  not  isomorphous  with  those  o± 
augite. 


171.  ZOISITE. — Zoisit ;  Werner. 
Oblique. 


no,  Jc 

210. 

sb 

58° 

8' 

Jcb 

72 

44 

ss' 

116 

16 

JcJc < 

145 

48 

ivJc 

56 

30 

FIG.  321. 


Cleavage,  b,  very  perfect.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous  .  Grreyish-white,  yellowish-grey . . .  brown, 


Jc 


green 


In  the  matrass  yields  moisture,  which  reddens  litmus  paper, 
and  the  assay  grows  darker.  Before  the  blowpipe,  in  forceps, 
intumesces  and  fuses,  without  difficulty,  into  a  slightly  translu¬ 
cent,  greenish-white,  irregular  mass.  With  a  certain  propor¬ 
tion  of  soda  on  platinum  wire,  in  the  outer  flame,  fuses  into  a 
transparent  slightly  greenish  glass  ;  with  any  other  proportion 
of  soda  the  globule  is  opaque.  With  borax,  in  the  outer  flame, 
fuses  slowly  into  a  perfectly  transparent  glass  of  a  very  light 
yellow  colour  whilst  hot ;  perfectly  colourless  when  cold.  With 
salt  of  phosphorus  fuses  readily  into  a  transparent  glass,  which 


EPIDOTE. 


307 


is  yellow  whilst  hot  and  colourless  cold.  With  nitrate  of 
cobalt  becomes  deep  grey,  approaching  to  black. 

Analyses  of  zoiste  from  the  Sanalp  in  Carinthia  a  crystal¬ 
lized,  b  massive,  both  by  Klaproth,  c  from  the  Fichtelgebirge 
by  Bucholz,  cl  from  the  Fichtelgebirge  by  Greff  ken,  e  from 
Williamsburgh  by  Thomson,  f  from  Faltigl  "(u  =  3‘28)  by  Her¬ 
mann  :  — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

44-0 

40‘25 

40*03 

40*21 

40*95 

Alumina 

.  29 

32-0 

30*25 

29*83 

25*59 

30*34 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  . 

3 

2’5 

4*50 

Ee  4*24 

7*68 

4*96 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

7*55 

— 

C  1*13 

Lime  .... 

.  21 

20*0 

22*50 

18*85 

23*28 

21*56 

Water  .... 

.  - 

— 

2*00 

— 

1*71 

0*56 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals  on  the  Saualp  in  Carinthia, 
Sterzing  in  the  Tyrol,  Fernleite  in  Fusch  in  Salzburg,  Baireuth, 
Conradsreuth  near  Hof  in  Bavaria,  the  Ural. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  the  analyses  c,  d ,  e,  f  refer  to  zoisite 
or  to  epidote,  with  which,  as  we  afterwards  state,  it  has  been 
confounded.  In  October,  1831,  Mr.  Brooke  gave  an  account  of 
the  crystalline  form  of  this  mineral,  by  which  its  form  appears  to 
approach  very  nearly  to  that  of  euclase,  if  not  to  be  identical 
with  it.  Zoisite  is  usually  considered  to  be  a  variety  of  epidote, 
and  the  distinction  between,  the  two  substances  is  generally 
described  as  one  of  colour  only,  yet  they  have  not  any  corre¬ 
sponding  cleavages,  faces,  or  angles.  For  it  will  be  found  that 
the  crystals  of  epidote  are  invariably  lengthened  in  the  direction 
of  a  perpendicular  to  the  face  b,  while  those  of  zoisite  are  as 
invariably  lengthened  in  the  direction  of  the  edge  Jch .  The 
principal  cleavage  of  zoisite  is  parallel  to  the  face  b,  correspond¬ 
ing  to  that  of  euclase,  while  the  principal  cleavages  of  epidote 
are  perpendicular  to  the  face  b.  The  distinction  between  the 
two  substances  is  therefore  so  strongly  marked  as  to  lead  to 
the  conclusion  that  they  have  not  been  examined  and  compared 
by  any  of  the  authors  who  rest  the  distinction  between  them 
chiefly  on  the  difference  of  colour. 

172.  EPIDOTE.  —  Epidote  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Prismatoi- 
discher  Augit-Spath ;  Mohs.  Epidot ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  63°  43r;  111,010  =  35°  16'*5  ;  101,001  =  51°  4l'. 
m  100,  b  010,  t  001,  z  oil,  u  012,  i  201,  s  302,  r  101, 


308 


SILICATES. 


102, 

f  103, 

0  110, 

h  210, 

n 

111, 

x  211,  y 

1 12, 

q  122 

111. 

im 

o 

CO 

21' 

nn 

o 

o 

33' 

xm 

51° 

55' 

sm 

45 

37 

xb 

48 

21 

mn 

75 

11 

rm 

63 

43 

xxf 

96 

41 

qm 

89 

42 

Im 

89 

27 

1cm 

39 

9 

ZM 

104 

16 

fm 

98 

38 

om 

58 

26 

dm 

117 

49 

tin 

115 

24 

bin 

90 

0 

y* 

45 

5 

em 

145 

17 

lek' 

101 

43 

nt 

69 

1 

ut 

35 

27 

oo' 

63 

8 

ot 

102 

59 

zt 

54 

56 

dd! 

96 

10 

td ' 

130 

11 

tb 

90 

0 

uu 

109 

6 

EIG.  323. 

zz 

70 

9 

yl  38  15 

ql  67  37 

yy  103  30 

qq  64  46 

nr  54  44 


EIG.  322. 


Combinations.  rntm ,  Irztumb ,  rntuomb ,  Irnxyqtuzdom. 
Twins,  l.  Twin-face  t\  2.  twin-face  m ,  seldom.  Cleavage. 

perfect ;  t,  less  perfect ;  l ,  in  thulite.  Eracture  uneven. 
Z,  y,  y,  0  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other. 
Semi-transparent ..  .transparent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous, 
u  —  i*7.  Pearly  on  the  faces  of  perfect  cleavage.  Green,  yel¬ 
low,  brown,  red,  black.  Streak  grey;  in  the  variety  from 
St.  Marcel  red.  Exhibits  pleochroism.  A  ray  traversing  the 
crystal  in  a  plane  parallel  to  b  and  polarized  in  that  plane  is 
almost  entirely  absorbed.  The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel 
to  b,  and  make  angles  of  about  46°  30'  with  a  normal  to  t.  On 
looking  through  a  crystal  in  the  direction  of  either  optic  axis  a 
light-coloured  stripe  is  seen  between  two  dark  spots.  Brittle. 
H  =  6’5.  G  =  30.. .3‘5. 

Before  the  blowpipe  the  green  varieties  swell  and  exfoliate  ; 
they  melt  with  great  difficulty  on  the  edges  into  a  clear  glass  ; 


EPIDOTE. 


309 


the  varieties  containing  a  large  quantity  of  oxide  of  iron  melt 
rather  more  easily ;  the  varieties  containing  a  large  quantity  of 
oxide  of  manganese  melt  readily  into  a  black  glass.  With  borax 
the  green  and  black  varieties  yield  a  green  glass ;  the  blackish- 
red  varieties  a  glass  which  is  violet  in  the  outer  flame,  and 
colourless  in  the  inner  flame.  In  powder  after  fusion  or  igni¬ 
tion  is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly  of 
silica.  By  ignition  the  specific  gravity  of  epidote  from  Arendal 
is  reduced  from  3 '403  to  3'271. 

Ca3Si2  -f-  2li-Si,  where  part  of  the  Ca  is  replaced  by  Mg,  Ee, 
Mn,  and  s  is  ii,  Ee  or  Mn.  Several  varieties  from  the  north  of 
Europe  contain  a  small  quantity  of  oxide  of  tin ;  epidote  from 
Orrijerfvi  contains  nearly  l  per  cent. 

Analyses  of  epidote  a  from  Arendal,  b  from  Bothlaue  near 
G-utannen  in  the  Haslithal,  g  =  3'387,  both  by  Bainmelsberg, 
c  from  Geier  in  the  Erzgebirge,  d  dark-green  from  Dauphine, 
e  from  Penig,  /‘from  Arendal,  all  by  Kilim  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

.  37'98 

44'5  6 

40'57 

39'85 

38'64 

36'68 

Alumina 

.  20'78 

23'72 

14*47 

21'61 

21*98 

21*72 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  17*24 

8'33 

13'44 

16*61 

17*42 

16*72 

Lime  .... 

.  23*74 

24*71 

30'00 

22'15 

21'95 

23'07 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

I'll 

— 

2'76 

0'30 

0'27 

0'53 

Analyses  g  of  blackish-green  epidote,  G  =  3'49,  from  Arendal, 
7?  from  Burowa  south  of  Miask,  g  =  3 '35,  i  olive-green,  g  = 
3*38,  from  Bourg  d’Oisans,  Ic  grass-green,  g  =  3'39,  from  Ach- 
matowsk,  l  black,  g  =  3'51,  from  Achmatowsk,  m  green,  G  = 
3'33...3'34,  from  Achmatowsk,  all  by  Hermann  : — 


9 

h 

i 

k 

l 

on 

Silica  .... 

.  .  36'79 

38'87 

37*60 

37*38 

36*97 

36*45 

Alumina 

.  .  21*24 

18*13 

18*57 

18*25 

21*84 

24*92 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  12*96 

14*20 

13*37 

12*31 

10*19 

9*54 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  5*20 

4'60 

5*55 

2*20 

9*19 

3*25 

Lime  .... 

.  .  21*27 

21*45 

21*19 

24*72 

21*14 

22*45 

Magnesia 

.  .  — 

0*40 

1*40 

0*39 

— 

— 

Soda  .... 

0‘08 

- — 

0*91 

— 

— 

Carbonic  acid  . 

.  .  2*31 

0'89 

1*22 

1*61 

0*32 

2*73 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  0*55 

0*67 

0*46 

0*59 

0*68 

0*77 

Ji  contains  also  soda  0*08  and  traces  of  boracic  acid,  Jc  traces 
of  boracic  acid. 


310 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  epidote  n  from  Arendal,  G  =  3*37,  by  Hermann, 
o  from  Arendal  by  Bammelsberg,  p  from  Arendal  by  Geffken, 
q  from  Zwiesel  by  Kuhn,  r  from  Bourg  d’Oisans  by  W.  Baer : — 


n 

0 

P 

9 

r 

Silica 

.  .  .  37*32 

38*76 

36*14 

40*62 

37*78 

Alumina 

.  .  .  22*85 

20*36 

22*24 

29*18 

21*25 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

.  .  .  11*56 

16*35 

14*29 

6*19 

15*97 

Protox.  iron  . 

.  .  .  1*86 

Mn 

2*12 

— 

— 

Lime  .  . 

.  .  .  22*03 

23*71 

22*86 

22*67 

23*46 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  .  0*77 

0*44 

2*38 

0*73 

0*61 

Carbonic  acid 

.  .  .  2*64 

• — 

— 

Na 

0*41 

Water  .  .  . 

2*00 

— 

0*42 

— 

Analyses  of  epidote  s ,  a  variety  remarkable  for  its  pleo- 
cbroism,  (puschkinite)  by  Wagner,  t  (puschkinite),  g  =  3*43, 
from  Werchneiwinsk  by  Hermann,  u  a  rose-red  variety,  g  = 
3'124  (tliulite)  from  Souland  in  Tellemarken  by  C.  Gmelin,  v 
manganesian  epidote,  g  =  3*404,  from  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont 
by  Geffken,  w  by  Hartwall,  x  by  Sobrero  : — 


s 

t 

U 

V 

W 

X 

Silica . 

38*88 

37*47 

42*81 

36*87 

38*47 

37*86 

Alumina . 

18*85 

18*64 

31*14 

11*76 

17*65 

16*30 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

16*34 

14*15 

2*29 

10*33 

6*60 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

— 

2*56 

— 

— 

— 

7*41 

Ox.  mangan.  Mn  . 

0*26 

— 

1*63 

18*25 

14*08 

18*96 

Lime . 

16*00 

22*06 

18*73 

22*78 

21*65 

13*42 

Magnesia  .... 

6*10 

— 

— 

— 

1*82 

— 

Soda . 

1*67  1 

>  2*28 

1*89 

— 

—  . 

Lithia . 

0*46  J 

— 

—  - 

Mn 

4*82 

Water . 

- * 

0*65 

0*64 

— 

— 

-  . 

Carbonic  acid  . 

— 

0*79 

— 

— 

Sn,  Cu 

0*40 

In  u  the  iron  is  probably  in  the  state  of  protoxide. 

In  attached  crystals,  columnar  and  granular  masses.  The 
crystals  are  almost  invariably  attached  by  the  face  opposite  to 
b,  and  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  zone  mrt. 

Occurs  in  granite,  syenite,  diorite,  euphotide,  diabase,  trap, 
porphyry  and  various  crystalline  slate  rocks.  Is  found  at 
Arendal  in  Norway,  Norberg  and  Langbanshytta  in  Sweden, 
Mont  Blanc  and  many  other  parts  of  the  Alps,  Bourg  d’Oisans 
in  Dauphine,  Bachety  near  Katharinenburg,  Slatoust  and  many 
other  places  in  the  Ural,  in  the  Pyrenees,  Schriesheim  in 
Baden,  Auerbach  in  Darmstadt,  the  Pichtelgebirge,  Bohemia, 
Moravia,  Silesia,  Saxony,  Monzoni,  and  in  amygdaloidal  rocks 


BEAGATIO^ITE. 


311 


at  Predazzo  in  tlie  Tyrol,  Finland,  G-reenland,  tlie  United 
States,  in  crystals  which  are  red  and  yellow  respectively  in 
two  directions  at  right  angles  to  each  other  in  a  plane 
parallel  to  the  face  b  at  Grlenco  in  Argyleshire  in  trap.  The 
rose-red  variety  (thnlite)  is  found  at  Souland  in  Tellemarken  in 
Norway.  Manganesian  epidote  in  long  imperfect  crystals  of  a 
dark  red  colour,  and  having  a  red  streak,  is  found  at  St.  Marcel 
in  the  valley  of  Aosta. 

173.  BUCKLANDITE. — Bucklandit  ;  Mohs,  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Oblique.  Isomorphous  with  epidote. 
m  100,  t  ooi,  u  012,  /  103,  o  no,  y  112. 

FIG.  324. 


fm 

99° 

41' 

00 

63° 

0' 

tm 

114 

55 

nt 

*  35 

20 

fl  t 

15 

14 

om 

58 

.30 

tun 

65 

5 

yu 

19 

36 

Ulb 

109 

20 

Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Dark  brown, 
black.  Streak  grey,  n  =  6‘0.  g  =  3‘865  (from  Laach). 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  intumescence  into  a  bright, 
black,  magnetic  slag,  which,  when  the  intumescence  ceases, 
becomes  very  infusible.  With  Fluxes  yields  the  reaction  of 
iron. 

Is  supposed  to  be  Fe3S2  +  2FS. 

Is  found  in  small  crystals  in  the  Neskiel  mine  at  Arendal,  in 
rhyacolite  in  volcanic  rocks  at  the  lake  of  Laach,  and  in  granite 
at  Werchoturje  in  Siberia. 

174.  BBAGrATIONITE.  —  Bragationit  ;  v.  Kokscharow. 
Poggendorff’s  Annalen.  1848. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  63°  25' ;  111,010  =  35°  48' ;  101,001  =  51°  30'. 

m  100,  t  001,  z  oil,  r  101,  l  102,  i  201,  X  301, 
7)  201,  n  ill,  l  211,  l  112. 

X m  22°  22'  rm  63°  25'  tm  114°  55' 

im  34  19  hn  88  68  rjm  157  20 


312 


SILICATES. 


nn' 

71° 

36' 

in 

37' 

zz 

70 

50 

ic 

20 

a' 

121 

15 

i* 

28 

zv 

118 

17 

A  z 

91 

mn 

74 

50 

iz 

84 

nz 

29 

18 

zr 

68 

zS 

38 

15 

zl 

58 

cm' 

37 

37 

ni 

59 

ct 

50 

30 

n\ 

63 

it 

34 

17 

nt 

68 

ll'  EIGr.  325. 


Eracture  uneven. ..conch oidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous; 
on  m  imperfect  metallic.  Black.  Streak  dark  brown,  h  —  6‘5. 
G  =  4-115. 

Intumesces  before  the  blowpipe,  and  melts  into  a  bright, 
black,  magnetic  globule.  With  borax  forms  a  green  glass  in 
the  inner  flame,  and  a  glass  which  is  orange  while  hot  in  the 
outer  flame.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  leaves  a  skeleton  of  silica. 

Is  found  with  diopside  and  chlorite  in  the  Achmatowsk  mine 
near  the  Kussinsk  iron-works  in  the  district  of  Slatoust  in  the 
Ural. 

The  form  of  bragationite  agrees  very  closely  with  that  of 
epidote. 


175.  ALLANITE. — Allanite,  orthite  ;  Phillips.  Cerium 
oxide  siliceux  noir ;  Hauy.  Tetartoprismatisches  Melan-Erz, 
Prismatoidisches  Melan-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Allanit  ;  Hausttiann. 
Allanit,  Orthit,  Cerin;  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  63°  40f  ;  111,010  =  35°  45' ;  101,001  =51°  15'. 


m  loo, 

t 

Oil, 

r  101,  s 

302,  U 

012 

sm 

34°  30 

nn 

71° 

30' 

rm 

63 

40 

dd' 

96 

37 

tm 

114 

55 

nt 

68 

33 

ut 

35 

7 

td' 

130 

17 

zt 

54 

35 

nm 

74 

69 

uu 

109 

47 

zm 

104 

8 

zz 

70 

51 

dm 

127 

40 

on,  n  ill,  d  ill. 

EIG.  326. 


r 


Eracture  conchoidal... uneven.  Opaque.  In  thin  splinters 
feebly  translucent.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic,  inclining  to 
vitreous  or  resinous.  Black  passing  into  brown  or  green. 
Brown  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  greenish-grey . .  .brownish- 
grey.  Brittle,  h  =  6-o.  a  =  3T...  4-2. 


ALLANITE. 


313 


Melts  before  the  blowpipe  with  intumescence  into  a  brown  or 
black  magnetic  glass.  Most  varieties  are  decomposed  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly.  The  allanite  from  Snarum  is  but 
very  imperfectly  decomposed,  and  that  from  Bastnas  entirely 
resists  the  action  of  the  acid. 


E3Si2  +  ESi,  where  E  is  Ca,  Ce,  Ee  and  E  is  He,  Al. 


Analyses  of  allanite  a,  b  from  Jotum-Ejeld,  c,  d  from  Sna¬ 
rum,  of  the  variety  called  orthite  e  from  Eille-Ejeld,  f  from 
Hitteroe,  g  =  3*5,  all  by  Scheerer:  — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  34*69 

35*15 

35*75 

34*00 

34*93 

32*77 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  15*58 

16*23 

15*49 

16*40 

14*26 

14*32 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

.  14*42 

15*55 

15*19 

15*51 

14*90 

14*76 

Protox.  cerium 

’  |  19*65 

13*34  1 

>  19*96 

13*73  ' 

>  21*43 

17*70 

Ox.  lanthanium 

5*80  J 

7*80  _ 

2*31 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

1*55 

0*98 

— 

— 

0*85 

1*12 

Yttria  .... 

.  - 

— 

— 

— 

1*91 

0*35 

Lime . 

.  11*90 

12*02 

11*25 

11*75 

10*42 

11*18 

Magnesia 

1*09 

0*78 

0*77 

0*56 

0*86 

0*50 

Water  .... 

0*52 

0*50 

— 

— 

0*52 

2*51 

Analyses  of  orthite  g  from  Werchoturie,  g  =  3*48...  3*66, 
h ,  i  from  Miask,  G  =  3*41... 3*647  (ural  orthite)  by  Hermann, 
Jc  from  Miask  by  Eammelsberg,  l  from  Hitteroe,  g  —  3*546,  by 
Scheerer,  the  proportions  of  Ee  and  #e-  being  determined  by 
Eammelsberg,  m  the  variety  called  cerine  from  the  Bastnas 
mine  near  Eiddarhytta  by  Scheerer  : — 


9 

fl 

• 

% 

Tc 

l 

m 

Silica  .... 

.  32*46 

34*47 

35*49 

34*08 

33*81 

32*06 

Alumina  . 

.  18*09 

14*36 

18*21 

16*86 

13*04 

6*49 

Eed  ox.  iron  . 

'  |  13*84 

7*67 

— 

7*35 

8*16 

25*26 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

8*24 

13*03 

7*90 

8*30 

— 

Protox.  cerium  . 

6*77 

14*79 

10*85  1 

21*38 

20*50 

23*80 

Ox.  lanthanium  . 

9*76 

7*66 

6*54  J 

2*45 

Ox.  mangan.  .  . 

.  — 

— 

2*37 

k 

0*67 

— 

Yttria  .... 

1  50 

— 

(Cu 

0*13) 

1*45 

— 

Lime  .... 

.  13*18 

10*20 

9*25 

9*28 

9*42 

8*08 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

1*02 

1*08 

2*06 

0*95 

0*38 

1*16 

Water  .... 

3*40 

1*56 

2*00 

1*32 

3*38 

0*60 

Analyses  of  orthite  n  from  Einbo,  o  from  Glottliebsgang,  both 
by  Berzelius,  p  from  Ytterby,  q  from  the  Park  at  Stockholm, 

p 


314 


SILICATES. 


a  =  3'4l,  r  from  Kullberg  near  Stockholm,  G  =  2 ’88,  both  by 
Berlin,  s  from  Eriksberg  in  Stockholm,  g-  =  278,  by  Babr : — 


n 

0 

V 

<1 

r 

S 

Silica  ...... 

36-25 

32-00 

36-24 

33-05 

27-59 

32'93 

Alumina . 

14-00 

14*80 

8-18 

15-29 

16-14 

15-54 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

11-42 

12-44 

9-06 

16-64 

16-01 

4-21 

Oxide  of  cerium  . 

17-39 

19-44 

4-98  ‘ 

11-75 

20-01 

Oxide  of  lanthanium  . 

— 

— 

>  20  55 

Lime . 

4-87 

7-84 

5-48 

10'18 

2-28 

6-76 

Protoxide  of  mangan. 

1-36 

3-40 

-  1 

>  1-58 

1-55 

0-39 

Magnesia  .... 

— 

— 

0-61  j 

4*94 

2-15 

Yttria . 

3-80 

3-44 

29-81 

1-18 

2*12 

0-59 

Water  ..... 

8-70 

5-36 

4-59 

1-24 

11*46  ' 

>  17-55 

Potash  and  Na  .  . 

— 

— 

0-61 

C 

671  j 

The  varieties  containing  water  are  supposed  to  be  more  or 
less  decomposed. 


Analyses  of  allanite  t,  u  (g  =  3790)  from  Schmiedefeld  near 
Suhl  in  Thuringia  by  Credner,  v  from  Iglorsit  in  Greenland  by 
Stromeyer,  w  cerine  from  Bastnas  by  Hisinger : — 


t 

U 

V 

w 

Silica . 

36-82 

37*55 

33-02 

30*17 

Alumina . 

16-94 

15-99 

15-23 

11*31 

Oxide  of  lanthanium  .  . ' 

I 

9‘30 

Protoxide  of  cerium 

^  13*22 

3-19 

21-60 

28-19 

Yttria  . -  . 

[  17-11 

0-56 

Cu 

0-87 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

16-83 

15-10 

20-72 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

0-56 

0-23 

0’40 

— 

Lime . 

14-84 

13-60 

11*08 

9-12 

Magnesia . 

0-86 

0-22 

_ 

- 

Water . 

0-28 

1-80 

3-00 

- 

Allanite  is  found  in  long  acicular  crystals  and  granular 
masses  in  Greenland  at  Iglorsoit,  Alluk,  and  several  other  places 
in  granite ;  in  Norway  at  Hitteroe  in  granite  ;  at  Jotum-Fjeld 
and  Snarum.  The  variety  called  orthite  in  granite  at  Finbo 
near  Fahlun,  at  Stockholm  in  gneiss,  at  several  other  places  in  j 
Sweden,  Fille-Fjeld  and  Hitteroe  in  Norway,  in  the  granite  of 
the  Thiiringerwald,  Werchoturie  and  Miask  in  the  Ural.  The 
variety  called  cerine  at  Biddarhytta  in  Sweden. 

The  form  of  allanite  is  shown  by  v.  Kokscharow  to  approach 
very  closely  to  that  of  epidote.  At  Sillbohle  near  Helsingfors 
crystals  of  epidote  frequently  occur,  the  interior  of  which  con¬ 
sists  of  orthite.  The  crystal  described  by  Haidinger  assumed 


MONTICELLITE. 


315 


the  appearance  of  belonging  to  the  anorthic  system,  in  conse¬ 
quence  of  the  enlargement  of  some  faces  at  the  expense  of 
others.  According  to  Breithaupt  the  crystals  are  pseudo- 
morphous. 

The  pyrorthite  from  Kararfvet  near  Eahlun  is  supposed  to 
he  allanite  containing  a  mechanical  admixture  of  carbon.  When 
ignited  at  one  point  it  burns  on  without  flame  or  smoke ;  after 
which  it  becomes  wdiite,  very  porous,  and  may  he  melted  with 
difficulty  into  a  black  globuie.  With  borax  in  the  inner  flame 
forms  a  blood-red  glass  which  becomes  yellow  on  cooling. 

According  to  Berzelius,  it  consists  of:  — 


Silica . 

.  10*43 

Alumina . 

3*59 

Lime . 

1*81 

Protoxide  of  cerium  . 

.  13*92 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

6*08 

Yttria . 

4*87 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

1*39 

Water  .  .  .  .-  . 

.  26*50 

Carbon  and  loss  .  .  . 

.  31.41 

176.  MONTICELLITE.  —  Monticellite  ;  Brooke.  Philo¬ 
sophical  Magazine,  October,  1831.  Monticellit  ;  Mohs, 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  37°  22' ;  101,001  =  48°  46' ;  110,100  =  48°  55'. 
a  100,  Te  101,  s  lio,  n  120,  e  122. 

EIGr.  327. 

ha  41°  14'  ea 

JcJc'  97  32  en 

sa  48  55  ee 

na  66  27  ee 

nri  47  6  de 

No  cleavage  observable.  Nearly  transparent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
Colourless,  yellowish,  h  =  5*5.  o  =  3*245...  3*275. 

In  powder  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

C2Si  +  Mg2Si,  Scacchi. 

Is  found  in  crystals  imbedded  in  granular  limestone,  with 

mica  and  augite,  on  Monte  Somma. 

The  angles  between  the  faces  of  monticellite  cannot  be  de¬ 
termined  with  much  accuracy,  on  account  of  the  want  of  even¬ 
ness  of  the  faces.  They  approximate  to  those  of  olivine,  yet 

r  2 


o 

o 

54' 

35 

0 

38 

12 

97 

20 

110 

0 

316 


SILICATES. 


differ  too  much  to  allow  of  the  union  of  monticellite  and  olivine 
in  one  species. 


177.  OLIVINE. — Chrysolite;  Phillips.  Peridot;  Hauy. 
Prismatischer  Chrysolith  ;  Mohs.  Chrysolith  ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  on,oio=38°27';  101,001 =49°  33'*4;  110,100=47°  l'’4. 


a  100,  b 

010,  e 

001, 

d  oil,  h 

102,  h 

101, 

i  201, 

n  120, 

s  110 

,  r  320, 

z  210,  g 

144, 

e  122,  / 

m, 

l  322. 

db 

38° 

27' 

ra 

35° 

35' 

ga 

79° 

40' 

cb 

90 

0 

sa 

47 

1 

da 

90 

0 

dd' 

103 

6 

na 

65 

1 

lb 

58 

7 

ia 

23 

5 

ba 

90 

0 

Ic 

65 

12 

ha 

40 

27 

TV 

108 

50 

fb 

50 

46 

ha 

59 

36 

S3 

85 

57 

ft 

59 

51 

ca 

90 

0 

nri 

49 

58 

eb 

42 

38 

hid 

99 

7 

la 

42 

25 

ec 

54 

15 

lhf 

60 

48 

fa 

53 

53 

za 

28 

13 

ea 

69 

57 

EIG.  328. 

EIG.  330. 

EIG.  329. 


Combinations.  deni),  defnb ,  hnadsc ,  cbadhsze,  hna..d.e.s, 
cdenab.f.h.h.s.r,  cfe Idk ins v a .  The  faces  c,  a  usuallyrough.  n,  s,  r,  z 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleav¬ 
age.  a  easily  obtained,  b  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Trans¬ 
parent...  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  r  =  i-660.  Green 
yellow,  brown.  Streak  white,  h  =  6‘5...7-o.  0  =  3-3.  3-44* 

Grows  dark  before  the  blowpipe;  is  infusible,  excepting 
hyaiosidente,  which  melts  into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  With 


OLIVINE. 


317 


salt  of  phosphorus  yields  the  reactions  of  iron  and  silica.  With 
soda  melts  into  a  brown  slag.  Is  easily  and  completely  decom¬ 
posed  by  sulphuric  acid,  forming  a  jelly. 

Mg2 Si,  silica  42*75,  magnesia  57*25,  part  of  the  Mg  being  re¬ 
placed  by  re. 


Analyses  a  of  the  transparent  variety  (chrysolite),  of  the 
less  transparent  varieties  (olivine),  b  from  the  Yogelsberg  near 
Giessen,  c  from  Kasalthoff  in  Bohemia,  d  from  the  Isei  wiese, 
e  from  Bohemia,  /  from  Monte  Somma  (mean  of  two  analyses) 
by  Walmstedt : — 


Silica  .... 
Magnesia 
Protoxide  of  iron  . 
Oxide  of  nickel 
Oxide  of  manganese 
Alumina .... 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

39'73 

40' 09 

40*54 

41*54 

41*42 

40*12 

50*13 

60*49 

50*67 

50*04 

49*61 

44*54 

9'19 

8*17 

8*07 

8*66 

9*14 

15*32 

0*32 

0*37 

0*33 

— 

— 

— 

0*09 

0*20 

0*18 

0*25 

0*15 

0*29 

0'22 

0*19 

0*19 

0*06 

0*15 

0*14 

Analyses  of  olivine  g  from  the  basalt  of  Langeac  by  Berthier, 
Ti  from  Greenland  by  Bappe,  i  from  the  talc  slate  oi  Syssersk 
in  the  Ural  (g  =  3*39... 3*43)  by  Hermann,  h  by  Beck,  l  from 
Be  Puy  in  Yivarais  by  Walmstedt,  m  from  the  Thjorsa  lava  ot 
Hekla  (a  =  3*226)  by  Genth 


Silica  .  .  •  •  • 

Magnesia 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 
Oxide  of  nickel 
Oxide  of  manganese 
Alumina  .... 


9 

h 

i 

h 

1 

m 

40*8 

40*00 

40*04 

39*21 

41*44 

43*44 

41*6 

43*09 

42*60 

44*06 

49*19 

49*31 

16*4 

16*21 

17*58 

17*45 

9*72 

6*93 

z} 

0*55 

0*15 

(Ca 

0*2l) 

0*13 

0*32 

0*06 

— 

— 

0*16 

traces 

Analyses  of  olivine  n  from  the  Otumba  iron  in  South  Ame¬ 
rica,  o  from  the  Pallas  iron  by  Stromeyer,  j?  from  the  Pallas  iron 
by  Berzelius,  q  from  the  Pallas  iron,  r  from  Monte  Somma, 
both  by  Walmstedt,  5  of  the  partially  decomposed  olivine  (hya- 
losiderite)  having  a  semi-metallic  lustre  and  brown  tarnish  (G  — 
2 '875)  from  the  Haiserstuhl  in  Baden  by  Walchner . 

n  o  p  q  r  8 

38'25  38'48  40'86  40'83  40'08  31'63 

49*68  48'42  47'35  47'74  44'22  32'40 

11*75  11*19  11‘72  11'53  15'26  28  49 

0*11  0*34  0*43  0'29  0'48  0'48 

_  0.18  —  —  0*18  2*21 

_  —  0*17  —  K  2'79 

p  3 


Silica  . 
Magnesia 
Protox.  iron 
Protox.  man. 
Alumina 
Oxide  of  tin 


318 


SILICATES. 


According  to  Kummler  the  olivine  from  the  Pallas  iron,  and 
the  iron  from  Atacama,  contains  a  trace  of  arsenious  acid. 

In  attached,  imbedded  and  isolated  crystals;  in  granular 
masses,  the  grains  being  slightly  coherent. 

The  green  transparent  variety  (chrysolite)  is  found  in  Egypt, 
IVatolia,  and  the  Brazils.  The  less  transparent  varieties  (oli¬ 
vine)  in  imbedded  crystals  and  granular  aggregations,  in  the 
islands  of  Palma  and  Bourbon,  in  the  basalts  of  the  Habichts- 
wald,  the  Eiffel,  the  Upper  Palatinate,  Greysingberg  near  Alten- 
berg,  Hutberg  near  Herrenhut,  Kapfenstein  in  Stiria,  in  masses 
of  rock  ejected  by  Vesuvius,  in  cavities  of  the  obsidian  of  Cerro 
de  las  ETavajas  in  Mexico,  in  syenite  at  Elfdalen  in  Sweden,  in 
the  meteoric  iron  ot  Krasnojarsk,  Otumba,  and  Steinbach. 
Ihe  brown  variety  (hyalosiderite)  is  found  at  Sasbach  and 
lnngen  on  the  Ivaiserstuhl,  and  in  dolerite  near  Ereiburg  in 
Baden. 

The  angles  of  Levy’s  ‘  forsterite,’  de-  eig.  331. 

duced  from  the  measurements  of  some 
very  good  crystals  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  col¬ 
lection,  do  not  differ  sensibly  from  those 
of  olivine.  The  combination  abdkhrsnefl 
was  observed.  The  faces  r,  s  truncating 
the  edge  an,  d  truncating  ee,  h  truncat¬ 
ing  ee  ,  l,  f  truncating  ae,  were  all  very 

narrow  Cleavage.  «,  e.  Transparent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
Colourless.  .  n  =  7*0.  According  to  Children  contains  silica 
and  magnesia.  Is  probably  Mg2 si.  Occurs  in  attached  crystals 
with  pieonaste  and  augite  on  Vesuvius. 


e"  "U 

<v 

e 

178.  BATEACHITE. — Batrachit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dmger.  5 

Cleavage  m  two  directions,  making  with  each  other  an  angle 
oi  115  and  65  nearly,  and  a  third  bisecting  the  obtuse  angle 
between  the  two  former ;  all  imperfect.  Fracture  imperfect 
conchoidal.  Translucent.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous 
Light  greenish-grey,  white.  Streak  white.  h  =  6'0.  g  =  3'033. 

Eusible  before  the  blowpipe. 


Ca2Si  +  Mg2Si,  part  of  the  Mg  being 
Analysis  by  Eammelsberg 

Silica . 

Lime . 

Magnesia . 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

Mater  . 

•  •  •  •  • 

Is  found  at  Eizoni  in  the  Tyrol. 


replaced  by  Ee. 


37-69 
35 '45 
21-79 
2-99 
1-27 


FAYALITE. 


319 


179.  EAYALITE— Eayalit ;  Hausmann,  Haiclinger. 


Prismatic. 

Cleavage  in  two  directions,  making  right  angles  with  each 
other.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal... uneven.  Opaque. 
Lustre  imperfect  metallic,  approaching  to  resinous  on  surface 
of  fracture.  Iron-black,  inclining  to  green  or  brown.  kome- 
times  having  a  pinchbeck-brown,  brass-yellow  or  mdiscent 
tarnish,  h  =  6*5.  G  =  4*11... 4*14.  Magnetic. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  into  a  black,  brittle,  mag¬ 
netic  globule.  Imparts  the  colour  of  iron  to  glass  of  borax. 


Ee2Si,  silica  29'96,  protoxide  of  iron  60-04. 

Analyses  of  fayalite  from  Slavcarrach  a  by  Thomson,  from 
Eayal  &  by  C.  Gr.  Grmelin,  from  Eayal  c  by  v.  Eellenberg:— 


Silica . 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

Protoxide  of  manganese 
Alumina  .... 

Lime . 

Oxide  of  copper  . 
Sulphide  of  iron  (fe) 
Oxide  of  lead  . 


29-60 

24*93 

68-73 

65-84 

1-78 

2-94 

— 

1-84 

0"60 

2'77 

31*04 

62-67 

0-79 

326 

0-43 

0-32 

171 


l  c  are  mechanical  mixtures  of  re  si,  which  can  be  deco  - 
nosed  bv  hydrochloric  acid,  and  a  very  variable  quantity  ol  a 
compound  incapable  of  being  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Is  found  in  large  nodules  and  angular  pieces  on  the  sea¬ 
shore  in  I’ aval,  and  on  Slavcarrach,  one  of  the  Home  moim- 

ta*Crvstals  having  the  composition  of  fayalite,  and  very  nearly 
the  form  of  olivine,  are  frequently  found  in  refinery  cinder,  and 
in  the  slags  of  copper  furnaces. 

011,010  =  38°  32' ;  101,001  =49  11  ;  110,100  47  20  . 


a  100, 
u  340,  S 

db 

cb 

Jca 

ha 

ca 

hid 

hh! 

va 


b 

010, 

c  001,  d 

oil, 

h  102,  h 

110, 

■  r 

320,  V  620, 

e  122,  /  Hi,  ' 

o 

00 

eo 

32' 

ra 

35° 

52' 

90 

0 

sa 

47 

20 

40 

49 

na 

55 

20 

69 

56 

na 

65 

12 

90 

0 

ba 

90 

0 

98 

22 

la 

42 

45 

60 

8 

fa 

64 

12 

23 

27 

ea 

70 

10 

p  4 


101,  n  120, 
322. 

PIG.  332. 


320 


SILICATES. 


Combinations.  len,  alen,  able,  alemn,  alernnc,  alemncblidlurv . 
Cleavage,  c  very  perfect,  a  less  perfect,  b  indistinct.  Trans¬ 
lucent  ..  .opaque.  Olive-green...  black,  h  =  6’0. 

Analyses  of  crystals  from  refinery  cinder  a  (<j  =  3700)  b  (a  = 
3-529)  both  by  Walchner,  c  by  Mitscherlich,  d  black’ opaque 
crystals  (g  _  4-08)  which  may  be  considered  pseudomorphous, 
part  of  the  protoxide  of  iron  having  been  converted  into  the 
red  oxide,  by  Percy ;  from  copper  slags  e  by  Mitscherlich,  /by 


Silica . 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 
Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Magnesia  .  .  . 

Oxide  of  manganese 
Alumina  .  .  . 

Potash  .... 
Phosphoric  acid  . 
Sulphuret  of  iron  . 


a 

b 

C 

32-96 

32-35 

31-16 

61-24 

62-04 

67-24 

— 

— 

■ — 

1-90 

1-40 

0'25 

1-30 

2-65 

— 

1‘56 

1-02 

— 

0-20 

0'29 

(Ca 

d 

e 

/ 

29*60 

30-93 

29-25 

48’43 

69-07 

63-32 

17*11 

Cu 

2-65 

0-35 

— 

1-30 

1*13 

— . 

1-46 

1-28 

— 

1-24 

0-47) 

■ — 

0-18 

1-34 

— 

— . 

1*61 

— 

. 

180.  TEPHROIT.  Tephroit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cleavage  m  two  directions,  making  right  angles  with  each 
other.  Eracture  uneven... imperfect  conchoidal.  Lustre  ada¬ 
mantine.  Ash-grey.  Acquires  a  brown  or  black  tarnish. 
Streak  ash-grey,  h  =  5-5.  <j  =  4-06... 4-12. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  very  easily  into  a  brown  or  black 
slag.  VV  ith  borax  m  the  outer  flame  fuses  into  a  glass  which 

1S  V1°11tt  ThliG  Wf?m’  and  becomes  red  on  cooling.  Is  decom¬ 
posed  by  hydrochloric  acid  forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 

•  •• 

Mn  Si,  silica  30’22,  protoxide  of  manganese  6978. 

Analyses  by  Thomson  and  Rammelsberg  : — 

^ca  . . . 

Protoxide  of  manganese  .  .  66‘60 

Protoxide  of  iron  ....  o*92 

Water . !  !  2-70  — 

Is  found  m  clearable  and  granular  masses  with  franklinite  at 
Irankhn  m  New  Jersey. 


28*66 

68-88 

2-92 


1SL  "WILLEMiTE— AVillemine;  Beudant.  Brachytyper 
Zmk-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Willemit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger.  ’  P 


Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  30°  7'. 
0  111,  a  oil,  b  211,  r  100 


5  111. 


W1LLEMITE. 


bo 

90° 

o' 

rb 

59° 

53' 

bb" 

60 

0 

ra 

64 

15 

ab 

30 

0 

/ 

/y*y* 

51 

30 

TO 

30 

7 

EIG 

.  333. 

EIG.  334 

• 

321 


SO  49°  14' 

ss'  82  0 

sr  41  o 


EIG.  335. 


tt 


Combinations.  rb,  tocl ,  vscib.  Cleavage,  o  perfect,  5  and  r 
traces.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Semi-transparent... 
translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Colour¬ 
less,  white,  yellow,  brown,  when  impure.  Streak  white.  Brittle. 

11  =  5-5.  G  =  3-89.  ..4-18.  . 

Becomes  opaque  before  the  blowpipe,  and  melts  with  ditii- 
culty  on  the  edges.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  leav¬ 
ing  a  jelly  of  silica.  Is  in  a  great  measure  soluble  in  a  solution 

of  caustic  potash. 


Zn2Si,  silica  27*53,  oxide  of  zinc  72*47. 

Analyses  of  willemite  a  from  Franklin,  l  from  Sterling 
(troostite),  both  by  Vanuxem  and  Keating,  c  from  Moresnet 
by  Levy,  d  from  Stolberg,  e  from  Stolberg,  compact,  both  by 

Monheim : — 


Silica . 

Oxide  of  zinc  .  .  . 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Oxide  of  manganese 
Magnesia  . 

Loss  by  ignition  .  . 


a 

25*00 

71-33 

0’67 

2-66 


Silica . 

Oxide  of  zinc  .  .  • 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 
Protoxide  of  manganese 
Magnesia  .... 
Loss  by  ignition  .  . 


b 

c 

d 

e 

i  25*44 

28-03 

26-90 

26-53 

!  68-06 

70-88 

72-91 

69-06 

1 

0-78 

0‘35 

4-36 

V  6-50 

i  1 

Ca 

0-41 

J 

— 

— 

013 

— - 

0‘31 

C 

0-04 

Aix-la- Chapelle,  g  from  Franklin, 

Jersey  (troostite)  by  Hermann, 

arten : — 

1  / 

9 

ll 

i 

27-28 

27-40 

26-80 

27*34 

72*37 

68*83 

60-07 

70-82 

0*35 

0*87 

— 

1‘81 

_ _ 

2-90 

9*22 

— 

-  -  - 

- - 

2-91 

— 

■■■  — 

1-00 

— 

p  5 


SILICATES. 


322 

In  attached  crystals,  reniform,  and  compact. 

Is  found  at  Moresnet  near  Liege,  Stolberg  near  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  Baibel  in  Carinthia,  Kucsaina  in  Servia,  [Franklin  in  New 
Jersey.  The  figure  of  troostite  (combination  rsab),  which  till 
lately  was  supposed  to  consist  principally  of  silicate  of  protoxide 
of  manganese,  is  given  on  Breithaupt’s  authority.  His  observa¬ 
tions  make  rr  —  50°  nearly. 

182.  GAD OLINITE. — Gadolinite;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Hemi- 
prismatisches  Melan-Erz ;  Mohs.  Gadolinit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=25°  40' ;  101,001  =  50°  30' ;  110, 100=59°  45'. 

b  oio,  c  ooi,  e  104,  m  no,  r  ill.  r  is  hemihedral 
with  parallel  faces. 

be  90°  o' 

ec  16  52 

mb  30  15 

mm'  60  30 

re  67  27 

rm  22  33 

Cleavage  none  perceptible.  Fracture  conchoidal..  .uneven. 
Translucent  on  the  edges. . .opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining 
to  resinous.  Black,  seldom  red.  The  black  varieties  greenish 
by  transmitted  light.  Streak  greenish-grey.  h  =  6'5.  g  =  4’2 
. . .  4'4.  Sometimes  magnetic. 

Infusible,  or  fusible  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe. 
Some  varieties  from  Hitteroe  glow  brightly  when  heated,  and 
their  specific  gravity  is  increased  by  ignition  from  4‘35  to  4‘63  ; 
others  merely  intumesce.  Soluble  readily  in  borax,  and  par¬ 
tially  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  forming  a  glass  coloured  by  iron. 
Completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  leaving  a  jelly  of 
silica.  After  ignition  is  decomposed  with  difficulty. 


Analyses  of  gadolinite  from  Hitteroe  a, ,  b  by  Scheerer  of 
glassy  gadolinite  from  Ytterby  c,  d,  e,fbj  Berlin:— 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

f 

Silica . 

Yttria  .... 
Oxide  of  cerium 

2578 

45-67 

1-81 

25-59 

44-96 

—  1 

24*65 

49*60 

24*65 

51-38 

24-86 

48-32 

J 

24-85 

51-46 

Ox.  lanthanium 

4-75 

6‘33  I 

7*64 

7-99 

7*41 

5-24 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 
Glucine  .  ,  .  . 

11-68 

9  ‘57 

12-13 

10*18 

15-03 

2*13 

14-69 

traces 

14-80 

3-60 

13*01 

4-80 

EIG.  336. 


TSCHEEEKHSTITE. 


a 

0'34 


32£ 

/ 

0-50 

111 


Lime . 

Magnesia  ,  .  .  — 

Protox.  man.  .  .  — 

Led  ox.  iron  .  .  1’28  — 

Crystallized,  massive,  in  rounded  imbedded  grains ;  often 
covered  with  a  yellow  crust. 

Is  found  in  granite,  gneiss  and  syenite,  at  Ytterby  near 
Stockholm,  Pinbo,  Broddbo  and  Kararfvet  near  Palilun,  Brevig 
and  Hitteroe,  Bornholm,  Disko,  Ceylon,  in  trap  near  the  town 
of  Galway  in  Ireland. 

The  angles  given  above  were  deduced  from  measurements  ot 
a  crystal  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection  made  with  the  reflective 
goniometer.  On  account  of  the  imperfection  of  the  faces  ot 
the  crystal,  they  must  be  regarded  as  rough  approximations 
only.  According  to  Breithaupt  the  crystals  are  pseudomorphous. 

it  is  doubtful  whether  the  form  is  hemihedral  prismatic  or 
oblique.  The  only  crystals  we  have  seen,  are  too  rough  tor 
exact  measurement;  we,  therefore,  retain  it  m  the  prismatic 
system,  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  W;  Phillips,  and  leave 
it  to  future  observation  to  determine  in  which  system  it  oug 

to  stand. 

183.  TSCHEEEKIMTE.— Tschewkinit ;  Hausmann.  Ts- 
cheffkinit ;  Haidinger. 

Eracture  flat  conchoidal.  Almost  opaque.  Lustre  vitreous, 
brio-lit.  Velvet  black;  by  transmitted  light  brown.  Streak 

dark  brown.  H  —  5*3.  &  —  4’508...4  549.  . 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  the  first  application  of  heat  glows, 
intumesces,  turns  brown,  and  at  last  melts  into  a  black  globu  _e. 
In  powder  melts  readily  in  borax  into  a .  clear  glass  slig  y 
coloured  by  iron.  Before  ignition  gelatinizes  m  hydrochloric 

acid. 


Mean  of  six  analyses  by  H.  Bose  : 


Silica . 

Titanic  acid . 

Lime . 

Magnesia . 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

Protoxide  of  iron  ... 

Oxides  of  cerium,  lanthanium,  didymmm 

Potash  and  soda .  , 

The  excess  of  4-38  per  cent,  arises  from  the  conversion  of 
the1  protoxide  of  cerium  into  oxide  during  the  analysis.  The 
r  p  6 


21*04 

20*17 

3*50 

0*22 

0*83 

11*21 

47*29 

0*12 


324 


SILICATES. 


silica,  when  boiled  with  a  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda,  left 
behind  a  remainder  of  from  2-09  to  4'29  per  cent.  The  titanic 
acid  appears  to  contain  glucine,  alumina  and  yttria. 

Is  found  with  felspar  in  the  Ilmen  mountains  near  Miask. 


184.  ILVAITE. — Lievrite ;  Phillips.  Per  calcareo-siliceux  ; 
Hauy.  Diprismatisches  Melan-Erz ;  Mohs.  Ilvait  ;  Haus- 
mann.  Lievrit ;  Haidinger. 


Prismatic.  011,010=56°  20' ;  101,001  =  24°  3l' ;  110,100=55°  36'. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  r  on,  w  031,  e  201,  n  102,  m  110, 
s  210,  t  310,  v  120,  d  410,  0  ill,  x  121.  n  truncates  the 
edge  ec ;  v  the  edge  mb  ;  t,  d  truncate  the  edge  sa ,  x  is  in  the 
zone  ob. 


re 

0 

CO 

CO 

40' 

da 

wc 

63 

25 

ta 

be 

90 

0 

sa 

67 

20 

ma 

wvf 

126 

50 

va 

nc 

12 

51 

ba 

ec 

42 

23 

ss' 

ac 

90 

0 

mm 

ed 

84 

45 

Eia.  337. 


0 

0 

3' 

oc 

00 

GO 

0 

55 

25 

57 

or 

20 

47 

36 

8 

00' 

41 

34 

55 

36 

00" 

62 

26 

71 

6 

om 

51 

5 

90 

0 

xc 

54 

38 

107 

44 

XX 

30 

38 

68 

48 

xx" 

100 

58 

EIG.  338. 


Combinations,  om,  ot,  rm,  mso ,  mro,  rso,  roms.e.c.v  ve  ce 
rowbmsa.  The  faces  a,  t,  s,  m,  v,  b  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  each  other ;  o,  r  striated  parallel  to  their  common 
intersection.  Cleavage,  a,  c,  r,  m,  the  two  former  more  distinct 
than  the  two  latter.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal. ..uneven 
Opaque.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic  inclining  to  resinous’ 
.Black,  inclining  to  grey,  brown  and  green.  Streak  black’ 
sometimes  inclining  to  green.  Brittle,  h  =  5*5... e*o.  g  =  3-989 
. . . 4-ois.  Eeebly  magnetic.  Is  a  good  conductor  of  electricity 
Before  the  blowpipe  melts  readily  into  a  black  magnetic 
globule.  Imparts  the  colour  of  iron  to  borax  and  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus.  W  ith  salt  of  phosphorus  leaves  a  skeleton  of  silica.  In 


COKDIERITE. 


325 


warm  hydrochloric  acid  is  easily  and  completely  dissolved  into 
a  yellowish  transparent  jelly. 


*****  •••  •  /■»• 
■EeSi  -f-  2BrSi,  when  It  is  lime  and  protoxide  of  iron. 


Analyses  of  ilvaite  from  Elba  a  by  Stromeyer,  the  propor¬ 
tions  of  re  and  #e-  by  v.  Kobell,  b,  c,  d,  e,  f  by  Rammelsberg. 
In  b  the  whole  of  the  iron  is  estimated  as  protoxide ;  in  c  the 
amount  of  red  oxide  of  iron  only,  and  in  d,  e,f  the  quantities 
of  Ee  and  fe  respectively  are  determined. 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

29’28 

29-83 

29*10 

— 

— 

— 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

23-00 

— 

22-24 

24-58 

22-80 

21*79 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

31-90 

52*68 

— 

30-73 

33-07 

34*20 

Lime . 

13-78 

12-44 

11-00 

— 

■ — 

— 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

1*59 

1*51 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Alumina  .... 

0'61 

— 

— 

— 

■ 

— 

Water . 

1-27 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

In  attached  crystals  ;  granular  and  fibrous  masses. 

Is  found  at  Bio  la  Atarina  and  Cape  Calamita  in  Elba,  in 
Bredgang  mine  at  Eossum  near  Skeen  in  Norway,  Kupferberg 
in  Silesia,  Eeschitz  in  Moravia,  Bhode-island,  Siberia,  Green¬ 
land. 

Ilvaite  is  liable  to  decomposition,  being  converted  into  an 
earthly  substance  containing  hydrate  of  red  oxide  ot  iron. 


185.  COBDIEBITE. — Iolite  ;  Phillips.  Cordierite;  Hauy. 
Prismatischer  Quarz ;  Mohs.  Gichroit ;  Hausmann.  Cor- 
dierit ;  Haidinger. 


Prismatic.  011,010 


a  100, 

b 

010, 

112,  0 

311 

• 

nc 

29° 

ll' 

ac 

90 

0 

nri 

58 

22 

da 

29 

35 

ma 

59 

35 

ba 

90 

0 

dd' 

120 

50 

mm 

60 

50 

sc 

28 

53 

46°  26' ;  101,001  = 


001,  n 

101, 

m 

rc 

47° 

48' 

sa 

75 

51 

sb 

65 

23 

oa 

39 

28 

ra 

67 

58 

rb 

50 

18 

ob 

64 

1 

oc 

62 

34 

>°  ll' ;  110,100  =  59°  35'. 
110,  d  310,  r  111, 

FIG.  339. 


326 


SILICATES. 


Combinations.  crndab ,  crmb.M.d ,  cromd.ab,  csromdb.M.a. 
Cleavage,  a ,  imperfect.  Paces  of  union  c.  Practure  con- 
choidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  brightest 
on  surfaces  of  fracture,  sometimes  inclining  to  resinous, 
u  =  1*544.  Blue  of  various  shades,  inclining  frequently  to 
grey  or  black.  Exhibits  pleochroism.  One  variety  is  dark 
blue  when  viewed  with  the  naked  eye  in  a  direction  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  c,  greyish-white  perpendicular  to  b  and  yellowish- 
white  perpendicular  to  a.  Light  transmitted  parallel  to  a  and 
polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  a  is  dark  blue,  light  parallel  to  b 
and  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  b  is  blueish-white,  light 
parallel  to  c  and  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  c  is  yellowish- 
white.  The  optic  axes  are  in  a  plane  parallel  to  a,  and  make 
angles  of  31°  25'  with  a  normal  to  c.  A  light  stripe  between 
two  dark  spots  may  be  seen  on  looking  through  a  crystal  in  the 
direction  of  either  optic  axis.  Streak  white,  h  =  7*0...  7*5. 
G  =  2*600. ..2‘718. 

Melts  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  before  the  blowpipe.  So¬ 
luble  with  difficulty  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  leaving  a 
skeleton  of  silica  in  the  latter.  With  a  small  quantity  of  soda 
yields  a  dark  grey  slag,  with  a  larger  quantity  intumesces  and 
becomes  infusible.  Imperfectly  decomposed  by  acids. 

AlSi3  -f  2MgSi,  a  considerable  portion  of  the  Mg  being 
replaced  by  le. 


Analyses  of  cordierite  a  from  Bodenmais,  b  from  Simiutak 
in  Greenland,  c  from  Orijerfvi  in  Einland  (steinheilite) ,  ^from 
Eahlun  (hard  fahlunite),  all  by  Stromeyer,  e  from  Orijerfvi  by 
v.  Bonsdorff,  /from  Connecticut  by  Thomson:  — 


a 


Silica . 

.  48*35 

Alumina .... 

.  31*71 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  10*16 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

8*32 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

0*33 

Water  .... 

0*59 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

49*17 

48*54 

50*25 

49*95 

49*62 

33*11 

31*37 

32*42 

32*88 

28*72 

11*45 

11*30 

10*85 

10*45 

8*64 

4*34 

5*69 

4*00 

6*00 

11*58 

0*04 

0*70 

0*68 

0*03 

1*51 

1*20 

1*69 

1*66 

1*75  Ca 

.  0*23 

Analyses  of  cordierite  g  from  Orijerfvi,  Ji  from  Einspang  in 
Eastgothland,  G  =  2*64,  i  from  Brunhult  in  Siidermanland 
(g  =  2*6l),  all  by  Schiitz,  /c  from  Haddam  in  Connecticut, 
l  from  Unity  in  New  Hampshire,  both  by  Jackson,  m  from 
Krageroe  in  Norway,  mean  of  two  analyses  by  Scheerer  : — 


Silica  .... 
Alumina  .  .  . 

Protoxide  of  iron 
Magnesia  . 
Protox.  mang. 
Lime  . 

Not  decomposed  . 
Loss  by  ignition 


IDOCRASE. 


9 

h 

i 

48'9 

48‘6 

49’7 

30-9 

305 

32-0 

6*3 

10-7 

6'0 

11*2 

8-2 

9‘5 

0-3 

0’1 

0'1 

— 

— 

0-6 

1*6 

0-2 

0-6 

1*9 

15 

2-1 

327 

7c 

l 

m 

48'35 

48-15 

50-44 

32-50 

32-50 

32*95 

6-00 

7-92 

— 

lO'OO 

10-14 

12-76 

o-io 

0-28 

— 

— 

— — 

1-12 

— 

Fa- 

1-07 

3-10 

0-50 

1-02 

In  imbedded  crystals  and  granular  masses,  usually  m  gneiss. 
Is  found  in  crystals  at  Nijar  on  Cabo  de  Gata  in  Spain,  in 
crystals  and  massive  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  near  the  Lake  o 
Laach,  Oriierfvi  in  Pinland,  Tvedestrand  near  Brevig  m  Norway 
Pablun  in  Sweden,  Greenland,  Siberia,  North  America,  in  rolled 

pebbles  in  Ceylon.  .  tv  t 

Cordierite  decomposes  readily.  At  Gloria  near  Bio  Janeiro 

it  is  found  unaltered,  slightly  decomposed,  and  converted  into  a 
substance  like  serpentine.  The  substances  which  have  been 
called  pinite,  gieseckite,  killinite,  fahlunite,  bonsdorffite,  esmar- 
kite,  aspasiolite,  pyrargillite,  chlorophyllite,  gigantolite,  praseo- 
lite,  iberite,  weissite,  oosite,  are  supposed  by  Lana,  Haidmger, 
Blum,  Bischoff,  to  be  cordierite  which  has  been  more  or  less 

altered.  . 


186.  ILOCBASE. — Idocrase  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Pyramidaler 
Granat ;  Mohs.  Idocras ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Pyramidal.  010,001  —  28°  9  . 


a  loo, 

c  ooi,  e  101, 

g  201, 

m 

no,  / 

210,  h 

310, 

n  113 

112,  U 
411,  V 

ill, 

511. 

W  221,  t 

331,  r 

441, 

Z  211, 

0  421, 

i  312, 

S  311 

ha 

o 

00 

26' 

tc 

66° 

14' 

zc 

50° 

7' 

fa 

ma 

26 

34 

rc 

71 

43 

oc 

67 

20 

45 

0 

me 

90 

0 

X  c 

65 

37 

ad 

90 

0 

va 

22 

58 

VC 

69 

53 

mud 

90 

0 

x  a 

27 

55 

ua 

64 

45 

ec 

28 

9 

sa 

35 

15 

za 

46 

40 

9C 

ac 

46 

57 

ae 

90 

0 

ia 

52 

13 

90 

0 

ic 

40 

14 

na 

80 

3 

TIC 

14 

10 

sc 

69 

25 

ya 

75 

31 

yc 

uc 

20 

44 

oa 

34 

24 

ta 

49 

41 

37 

7 

wa 

53 

51 

ra 

47 

49 

wc 

56 

33 

az 

69 

56 

em 

70 

31 

328 


SILICATES. 


gin 

sa' 

xa 

va 
•  / 
la 

oar 

nn 

yy 


58u  54 
74  12 

77  14 

79  23 

78  13 

65  38 

19  55 

28  59 


UU 

IVW 

ttf 

/ 

yy 

zz 


50 u  31 
72  19 

80  39 

84  21 

38  59 

62  13 

28  5 


00 

ss" 

ss' 

00 

oo' 


ii" 

ii' 


40°  6' 

31  36 

45  15 

48  44 

33  56 

23  34 

33  35 


FIG.  341. 


FIG.  340. 


Combinations.  umah ,  cma.Ji.f \  cuma.e.h.s.r,  cuwinaf^ 
ceuina..n.y.i.z.s.t ,  cnioustma ,  couizwsvorhfma ,  cneuizwJitovtfma. 
c  often  uneven  and  curved.  The  faces  a ,  h,f,  in  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  m,  a  not  very- 
distinct  ;  c,  less  distinct.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal,  uneven. 
Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resi¬ 
nous.  Various  shades  of  green  passing  into  yellow,  brown  and 
black.  Inclining  to  yellow  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  e, 
and  to  green  in  directions  parallel  to  c.  In  a  variety  from 
Piedmont  light  transmitted  through  the  crystal  parallel  to  c  is 
oil-green  when  polarized  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  c,  and 
grass-green  when  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  c.  Streak 
white.  H  =  6-5.  G  =  3-35...  345. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  with  intumescence  into  a 
yellowish-green  or  brown  glass.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  fuses  into  a  glass  coloured  by  iron ;  with  the  latter 
yields  a  skeleton  of  silica.  Is  imperfectly  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid.  After  fusion  completely  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid  forming  a  jelly  of  silica.  Cyprine  in  the 


IDOCRASE. 


329 


inner  blowpipe  flame  melts  into  a  red  glass.  With  borax  fuses 
into  a  green  glass.  With  soda  yields  metallic  copper. 

According  to  Magnus  after  fusion  a  =  2 ‘95.  According  to 
Varrentrapp  fusion  reduces  g  from  3‘346  to  2‘929...2‘94l. 

Ca3Si2  +  AlSi,  a  portion  of  the  Ca  being  replaced  by  Mg, 
Ee,  iJh,  and  part  of  the  ai  by  i^. 

In  the  three  analyses  by  Hermann  the  quantities  of  oxygen 
in  the  bases  it,  it  and  in  the  si  are  as  numbers  3,  2,  5  nearly. 

Analyses  of  idocrase  a  from  Egg  near  Christiansand,  b  from 
Cziklowa  in  the  Banat,  c  from  Vesuvius,  d  trom  Slatoust,  all 


by  Magnus,  e,  f  from 

Slatoust 

by  Varrentrapp : — 

a 

l 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  ..... 

37  ‘66 

38‘52 

37*36 

37*18 

37*55 

37*84 

Alumina  .... 

17*70 

20‘06 

23*53 

18*11 

17*88 

17*99 

Lime . 

31‘90 

32*41 

29*68 

35*79 

35*56 

35*18 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

6‘49 

3‘42 

3*99 

4*67 

6*34 

6*45 

Magnesia  .... 

4*54 

2‘99  ’ 

5*21 

0*77 

2*62 

2*81 

Protox.  of  manganese 

0‘50 

0*02  _ 

1*50 

— 

■ 

Analyses  of  idocrase  g  from  Vesuvius,  h  from  Piedmont, 
i  from  the  valley  of  Sass,  all  by  Karsten,  k  trom  Monzoni  by 
v.  Kobell,  l  from  Grdckum  by  Berzelius,  m  from  Erugard  by 
Nordenskiold : — 


9 

li 

i 

k 

l 

m 

Silica . 

37*50 

39*25 

38*40 

37*64 

36*00 

38*53 

Alumina  .... 

18*50 

18*10 

18*05 

15*42 

17*50 

17*40 

Red  oxide  of  iron 

6*25 

(Na 

0*90) 

— 

5*25 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

— 

4*30 

3*10 

6*42 

— 

3*90 

Lime . 

33*71 

33*85 

36*72 

38*24 

37*65 

27*70 

Magnesia  .... 

3*10 

2*70 

1*50 

— 

2*52 

10*60 

Protox.  of  manganese 

0*10 

0*75 

0*65 

(H 

0*36) 

0*33 

Analyses  of  idocrase  n  from  a  place  to  the  east  of  Kongsberg 
by  Rammelsberg,  o  from  the  Wilui  river  in  Siberia,  g  =  3‘375, 
p  from  Achmatowsk  in  the  district  of  Slatoust,  G  =  3‘40,  q  from 
Polakowsk  in  the  district  of  Slatoust,  G  =  3‘42,  all  by  Hermann, 
r  of  a  partially  decomposed  variety  from  Haslau  near  Eger 
by  Karsten,  s  from  Ala  by  v.  Kobell : — 

no  p  q  r  s 

Silica . 37‘24  38‘23  37‘62  38‘19  39‘70  34‘85 

Alumina  ....  16'80  14'32  13'2o  14  35  18  95  20  71 

Red  oxide  of  iron .  .  7'21  5‘34  7  12  5‘26 


330 


SILICATES. 


n 

0 

P 

9. 

r 

S 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

— 

1-03 

0-60 

0*61 

2-90 

6-40 

Lime . 

33‘60 

34-20 

36-43 

32-69 

34-88 

35-61 

Magnesia  .... 

5'26 

6-37 

3'79 

6-20 

— 

— 

Protox.  of  manganese 

— 

0-50 

0’50 

2*10 

0-96 

— 

Loss  by  ignition  .  . 

0-22 

C 

0-70 

Na 

2-10 

— 

A  green  or  blue  variety  from  Tellemarken  in  Norway 
(cyprine)  contains  some  oxide  of  copper. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals  and  columnar  masses. 

Is  found  on  Monte  Somma  in  blocks  of  dolomite,  at  the 
junction  of  the  rivers  Achtaragda  and  Wilui  near  the  Lake 
Baikal,  Slatoust  in  the  Ural,  Kamtschatka,  Monzoni  in 
the  Eassathal,  Schwarzenstein  in  the  Zillerthal,  Eirudo  on 
St.  Gotthardt,  in  veins  in  serpentine  at  Testa  Chiarva  on  the 
MussaAlp  in  Piedmont,  at  Christiania,  Egg  near  Christiansand, 
and  Souland  (the  blue  variety,  cyprine)  in  Norway,  Haslau 
near  Eger  in  Bohemia,  Orawitza  in  the  Banat  in  limestone, 
Gokum  in  Sweden,  Erugard  in  Einland,  many  places  in  the 
Pyrenees,  Auerbach  in  Baden,  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony, 
Kilranelagh  in  Wicklow  and  the  county  of  Donegal  in  Ireland, 
in  Spain,  and  in  North  America. 


187.  GABNET. — Gurnet ;  Phillips.  Grenat ;  Hauy.  Do- 
decaedrischer  Granat ;  Mohs.  Granat ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  ioo, 

d 

oil,  e 

210,  n 

211, 

X  233, 

S  231, 

U  341. 

ad 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

// 

ee 

36°  62' 

xn 

16° 

47' 

nn' 

33 

33 

ed 

18 

26 

sd 

36 

42 

nn 

/ 

48 

12 

en 

24 

6 

sd 

10 

54 

del' 

60 

0 

na 

35 

16 

sd" 

19 

6 

dd 

45 

0 

nd' 

30 

0 

ud 

38 

20 

dn 

54 

44 

xd 

25 

13 

un 

16 

6 

ed 

26 

34 

xn 

29 

31 

ud" 

13 

54 

FIG.  343.  EIG.  344.  FIG.  345. 


GAENET. 


331 


FIG.  34G. 


FIG.  347. 


FIG.  348. 


Forms  and  combinations.  d,  n,  cid ,  dn ,  dne,  dns,  dries, 
a  rough.  The  faces  n,  s  striated  parallel  to  their  intersection 
with  d  ;  d  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  the  faces  a. 
Cleavage,  d,  obtained  with  difficulty,  Iracture  conchoidal, 
more  or  less  perfect . . . uneven.  Transparent . . .  opaque.  Lusti e 
vitreous  inclining  to  resinous.  g  —  1‘759.  Fed,  brown,  yellov , 
white,  green,  black.  Streak  white... grey.  h  =  6  5... 7  6. 
q  —  3*1  4<*3 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  into  a  glass,  which  when 
the  variety  contains  much  iron  is  black  or  grey,  in  other  cases 
is  green  or  brown.  Soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus 
forming  a  glass  coloured  by  iron  or  manganese  ;  with  the  latter 
leaves  a  skeleton  of  silica.  Imperfectly  soluble  in  hydrochloric 
acid.  After  fusion  is  easily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid 
forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 

A  garnet  (g  =  3*6),  and  idocrase  (g  =  3-45),  were  found 
by  Magnus  to  have  the  same  composition.  After  fusion  they 
had  the  same  lustre,  hardness  and  specific  gravity  (a  =  2  9o7). 

Analyses  of  the  varieties  represented  nearly  by  the  formula 
Ca3s2  +  AiSi,  h  =  6*5. ..7-0,  G .=  3*44. . .3*62.  Greyish, yellowish- 
white,  green  varieties  having  the  forms  d,  n  (grossular),  a  from 
the  Wilui  by  Karsten,  b  from  the  Wilui,  c  from  Tellemarken, 
both  by  Trolle- W achtmeister,  d  from  Slatoust,.  G  =  3*504,  by 
Croft  •  red  and  yellow  varieties  (essonite,  einnamonstone) , 
e  from  Ceylon  by  Gmelin,  /  from  Malsjo  in  Wermland  by 
Arfvedson,  g  from  Kimito  by  Nordenskiold : 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

Silica  .  . 

38‘25 

40*55 

39*60 

36*86 

40*01 

41*87 

41*21 

Alumina 

19*35 

20*10 

21*20 

24*19 

23*00 

20*57 

24*08 

Fed  ox.  iron 

7*33 

5*00 

— 

• — 

3*67 

3*93 

7*02 

Protox.  iron 

— 

— 

2*00 

— 

— 

— 

’ 

Lime 

31*75 

34*86 

32*30 

37*16 

30*57 

33*94 

24*76 

Magnesia  . 
Protox.  man. 

2*40 

0*50 

0*48 

3*15 

(potash  0*59)  j 
(volatile  o*33)  J 

r  0*39 

0*92 

332 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  varieties  having  the  forms  a ,  d ,  n,  e ,  li  reddish- 
yellow  garnet  from  St.  Gotthardt  by  Karsten,  «,  brownish-red 
garnet  from  Eriedberg  in  Silesia  by  Karsten,  k  reddish-brown 
garnet  from  Vesuvius  by  Trolle-Wachtmeister  ;  of  brown  garnet 
having  the  forms  d,  n,  h  =  7'0,  G  =  3*429... 3*432  (calophonite), 
l  from  Norway  by  Richardson  ;  of  black  magnesian  garnet  con¬ 
sisting  principally  of  Mg3Si2  +  lisi,  having  the  forms  d,  n,  H  =  6*5 
...7*0,  g  =  3*157,  m  from  Arendal  by  Trolle-Wachtmeister;  of 
red... brown  manganesian  garnet  having  the  form  n,  h  =  7*0... 
7*5,  g  =  3*666.. .3*775,  represented  by  the  formula  xudsi2  -f  lisi, 
a  large  portion  of  the  Mn  being  replaced  by  re,  n  from  North 
America  by  Seybert : — 


h 

i 

k 

l 

m 

n 

Silica . 

37*82 

36*55 

39*93 

37*60 

42  45 

35*83 

Alumina  .... 

19*70 

18*75 

13*45 

14*40 

22*47 

18*06 

Red  oxide  of  iron . 

5*95 

6*61 

10*95 

13*35 

— 

— 

Lime . 

31*35 

31*44 

31*66 

27*80 

6*53 

— 

Magnesia  .... 

4*15 

4*20 

— 

6*55 

13*43 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

— 

• — 

3*55 

— 

9*29 

14*93 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

0*15 

1*70 

1*40  ( 

H  1*00) 

6*27 

30*96 

Red  and  brown  varieties,  transparent. ..translucent  on  the 
edges,  having  the  faces  d,  n,  n  =  7*0... 7*5,  G  =  3*95. ..4*29, 
represented  nearly  by  the  formula  ie3s‘i2  lisi  (almandine), 
o  from  the  Zillerthal  by  Karsten,  p  from  Eahlun  by  Hisinger, 
q  from  Garpenberg  in  Sweden  by  W.  Wachtmeister,  r  from 
Brena  in  Sudermanland  by  Bahr,  s  from  the  Greiner  in  the 
Zillerthal,  t  from  Hungary,  both  by  v.  Kobell : — 


0 

p 

d 

r 

S 

t 

SiliCci  •  •  •  •  • 

.  39*62 

39*66 

39*42 

37*16 

39*12 

40*56 

Alumina .... 

.  19*30 

19*66 

20*28 

19*30 

21*08 

20*61 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  — 

— 

- - 

— 

6*00 

5*00 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  34*05 

39*68 

24*82 

37*65 

27*28 

32*70 

Lime . 

— 

2*63 

0*90 

5*76 

_ - 

Magnesia 

2*00 

— 

3*69 

2*03 

— 

— 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

0*85 

1*80 

7*51 

3*19 

0*80 

1*47 

Analyses  of  almandine  u  from  Ohlapian,  v  from  Greenland, 
both  by  Karsten,  w  from  Engso  in  Sweden,  x  from  Hallandsas  in 
Sweden,  y  from  Hallandsas,  z  from  New  York,  all  by  Trolle- 
Wachtmeister  : — 


u 

V 

W 

X 

y 

Z 

Silica . 

.  37*15 

39*85 

40*60 

41*00 

42*00 

42*51 

Alumina  .... 

.  18*08 

20*60 

19*95 

20*10 

21*00 

19*15 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  31*30 

24*85 

33*93 

28*81 

25*18 

33*57 

Lime . 

0*36 

3*51 

— 

1*50 

4*98 

1*07 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  10*15 

9*93 

— 

6*04 

4*32 

- - 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

0*30 

0*46 

6*69 

2*88 

2*38 

5*49 

GAENET. 


333 


Analyses  of  the  varieties  of  garnet  represented  by  the  formula 
ca3si2  +  -Fe-si,  part  of  the  Ca  being  replaced  by  Mg,.  re,  in,  and 
part  of  tlie  Fe  by  li ;  brown,  green,  yellow,  having  the  faces 
d,  n,  e,  s,jl  =  7-0,  G  =  3*65... 3*85  (aplome),  «,  /3  from  Sahla  in 
Sweden  by  Bredberg,  y  from  Lindbo  in  Westmanland  by  Hi- 
singer  ;  black,  having  the  faces  d,  n  nearly  opaque,  in  thin 
fragments  translucent,  green  by  transmitted  light,  g  =  374... 
3-79  (melanite) ,  l  from  Frascati  by  Vauquelin,  e  by  Karsten, 
£  from  Beaujeux  by  Ebelmen : — 


a 

0 

y 

a 

e 

£ 

Silica . 

.  36-62 

36-73 

37-55 

34*0 

34-60 

36-45 

Alumina  .... 

7-53 

2'78 

— 

6-4 

4*55 

2-06 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  22-18 

25-83 

31-35 

25-5 

28-15 

29-48 

Lime . 

.  31-80 

21-79 

26-74 

33-0 

31-80 

30-76 

Magnesia  .... 

1-95 

12-44 

— 

— 

0-65 

0-06 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

.  . — 

— 

7’40 

— 

■ 

0'28 

Loss  by  ign.  .  .  . 

.  — 

— 

■ 

■ 

0-96 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  granular,  massive,  in 
granite,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  chlorite  slate,  hornblende  rock,  ser¬ 
pentine,  lava,  rarely  in  limestone. 

The  transparent  red  garnet  (almandine)  is  found  in  the  sand 
of  rivers  and  in  alluvial  soil  in  Pegu,  Ceylon,  Hindostan,  the 
Brazils;  in  Bohemia  in  alluvium  near  Collin,  in  gneiss  at 
Zbislau  and  many  places  near  Czaslau.  Opaque  crystals  are 
found  in  the  Tyrol  in  the  Oetztlial  and  on  the  Greiner,  m 
Carinthia,  Styria,  in  Switzerland  at  Airolo,  Canaria,  Mhggia ; 
Hungary,  Sweden,  Norway,  Scotland,  Spain,  Greenland,  North 
America.  The  common  garnet  is  tound  in  Saxony  at  Breiten- 
brunn,  Berggieshiibel,  Geier,  Schwarzenberg  ;  in  Norway  at 
Drammen  and  Arendal ;  in  Sweden  at  Broddbo,  Pinbo,  Fahlun, 
Eangbanshytta,  Finland,  in  the  Banat  at  Orawitza ;  in  Hun¬ 
gary  at  Dobschau  and  Bezbanya,  in  Stiria  at  Saldenhofen,  in 
the  Tyrol  at  Monzoni  in  Fassathal  and  Schneeberg  ;  Moravia, 
Silesia,  Siberia ;  in  granular  limestone  at  Haslau  near  Eger  in 
Bohemia.  The  granular  brown  variety  (calophomte)  is  found 
at  Arendal  and  in  North  America  ;  the  light  green  variety 
(o-rossular)  in  serpentine  with  idocrase  on  the  river  vVilui  m 
Kamtschatka  ;  the  black  variety  (melanite)  in  volcanic  rocks  on 
Monte  Somma  in  matter  ejected  by  Vesuvius,  Frascati,  Albano 
near  Borne,  the  Breisgau  ;  in  beds  in  the  older  rocks  at  Arendal 
in  Norway ;  in  granular  limestone  in  the  Pic  d’Ereslids  near 
Bareges  in  the  Pyrenees.  The  honey-yellow  garnet,  (topaz- 
olite)  in  veins  in  serpentine  on  the  Mussa  Alp  m  Piedmont. 
The  reddish-yellow  garnet  (essonite)  in  Ceylon,  Egypt,  Pargas 
in  Finland,  the  Mussa  Alp  in  Piedmont.  .  . 

Pyrope  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  garnet  having  the  lorms 


334 


SILICATES. 


a,  cl,  in  which,  according  to  Moberg,  protoxide  of  chrome  forms 
part  of  the  base  k.  The  faces  a  convex  and  rough.  No 
cleavage  observable.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent... 
semi-transparent.  Lustre  vitreous,  /x  =  1’792.  Dark  hya¬ 
cinth-red.  ..blood-red.  H  =  7"5.  G  =  3'699 . .  .3  78. 

When  heated  becomes  black  and  opaque;  on  cooling  yel¬ 
lowish  and  then  red.  Fusible  with  difficulty  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  into  a  black  glass.  With  borax  and  sait  of  phosphorus 
melts  into  a  chrome-green  glass.  After  fusion  is  partially  de¬ 
composed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  In  powder,  when  heated  with 
access  of  air,  becomes  brick-red.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 


Analyses  of  pyrope  a  from  Meronitz  in  Bohemia  by  Trolle- 
Wachtmeister,  b  from  the  Stiefelberg  in  Bohemia  by  v.  Kobell, 
c  from  Bohemia  by  Moberg  : — 


a 

b 

c 

Silica . 

.  .  43-70 

42-08 

41-35 

Alumina . 

.  .  22-40 

20-00 

22-35 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

•  • 

1*61 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  11-48 

9-10 

9-94 

Lime . .  . 

.  .  6-72 

1-99 

5-29 

Magnesia . 

.  .  5-60 

10-20 

15-00 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

.  .  3*68 

Kn 

0-32 

2-59 

CrGe . 

.  .  6-52 

Cr 

3-01 

Cr  4-18 

In  indistinct  crystals ; 

usually  in  rounded 

grains. 

Is  found  in  serpentine  at  Zoblitz  and  Grreifendorf  in  Saxony, 
in  boulders  and  alluvium  in  Bohemia  at  Meronitz,  Gritschin, 
Bowensko,  Neu  Pakka,  Podsedlitz,  Trziblitz ;  also  in  Ceylon. 


188.  UWABOWITE. — IJwarowit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Cubic. 

d  on.  EIG.  349. 


dd'  60°  o' 

Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal,  splin¬ 
tery.  Translucent.. .translucent  on  the 
edges.  Lustre  vitreous.  Emerald-green. 
Streak  greenish- white.  h  =  7*5... 8*0. 
G  =  3-4184. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With 
borax  melts  slowly  into  a  transparent 
chrome-green  glass. 


Ca3Si2  -p  -GrSi,  part  of  the  Ca  being  replaced  by  Fe,  Mg, 
and  part  of  the  -€r  by  ii. 


EUCLASE. 


335 


Analyses  a  by  Komonen,  b  by  A.  Erdmann,  c  by  Damour : — 


a 

b 

C 

Silica . 

.  37*11 

36*93 

35*57 

Alumina  .... 

5*88 

5*68 

6*25 

Oxide  of  chrome 

.  22*54 

21*84 

23*45 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  — 

1*96 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

2*44 

— 

— 

Lime . 

.  30*34 

31*63 

33*22 

Magnesia  .... 

1*10 

1*54 

— 

"Water . 

1*01 

— 

— 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive. 

Is  found  at  Saranowskaja  near  Bissersk  and  at  Kyscbtimsk 
in  tbe  Ural. 


189.  EUCLASE. — Euclase  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Prismatischer 
Smaragd  ;  Mohs.  Enklas  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Oblique. 

101,100 

=49°  17' ;  111,010 

=  75°63'*5;  101,001  = 

21°  50'. 

a  loo, 

b 

010, 

C  001,  V  012. 

,  m 

101,  5 

110, 

1  320, 

210,  q 

430 

,  d 

ill,  n  Ill,  / 

131,  e 

331,  0 

121, 

r  311, 

321,  i 

341, 

ma 

49° 

17' 

db  75° 

54' 

ns 

88° 

25' 

ca 

71 

7 

mb  90 

0 

ns 

72 

10 

vb 

81 

5 

ob  56 

52 

os 

80 

7 

cb 

90 

0 

rib  71 

55 

es 

25 

28 

sb 

57 

25 

ib  49 

52 

ds 

48 

22 

qb 

64 

24 

ub  67 

10 

fi 

40 

16 

lb 

66 

55 

rb  78 

6 

nba 

100 

1 

Jcb 

72 

17 

eb  65 

8 

rba 

140 

32 

ah 

90 

0 

FIG. 

351. 

fi 

63 

0 

FIG.  350. 


336 


SILICATES. 


Combinations,  abslcfr.u,  askfrui..n.e,  cdfenoruiklsb ,  drenoui- 
hlsb,  vdfenoriuklsb.  The  faces  in  the  zone  ab  striated  parallel 
to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  b,  very  per¬ 
fect  and  easily  obtained;  m,  a  less  distinct.  Fracture  con- 
choidal.  Transparent... semi- transparent.  Lustre  vitreous, 
n  =  i*663,  1*643.  Green,  yellow,  blue,  very  pale.  Streak 
white,  h  =  7*5.  g  =  3-0...3-1. 

When  heated  strongly  before  the  blowpipe  intumesces  and, 
in  thin  splinters,  melts  into  a  white  enamel.  Dissolves  in 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  with  intumescence.  Is  not  acted 
upon  by  acids. 

•  ••••  •  •  • 

AlSi3  +  6G2Si,  silica  43-68,  alumina  32'40,  glucine  23"92. 

Analysis  by  Berzelius  : — 


Silica . 

.  43’22 

Alumina  .... 

.  30-66 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

2'22 

Glucine  .... 

.  21*78 

Oxide  of  tin  .  . 

0-70 

In  attached  and  isolated  crystals. 

Is  found  in  chlorite  slate  at  Boa  Vista  and  Capao  near  Villa- 
Bica  in  the  Brazils,  imbedded  in  mica  and  fluor  at  Trumbull  in 
Connecticut,  Peru,  and  is  said  to  have  been  found  in  Siberia 
near  the  Baikal. 

The  forms  of  euclase  are  frequently  hemihedral.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  they  are  always  hemihedral.  In  a  crystal  in  the 
Humian  collection  in  Cambridge  corresponding  faces  occur  on 
both  sides  of  the  zone  amc. 


190.  EMEBALD. — Beryl,  Emerald  ;  Phillips.  Emeraude  ; 
Hauy.  Dirhomboedrischer  Smaragd  ;  Mohs.  Smaragd ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  44°  56' . 


9  111, 

a 

Oil, 

b  211, 

h  312,  r 

loo,  r/ 

122, 

p  12( 

251,  U 
032,  W 

131,  X 
,  287. 

2  17  13, 

9  411> 

9 ,  5 

11  4,  V 

041, 

V'  23: 

bo 

90° 

o' 

UO 

49° 

2' 

VP, 

28‘ 

5o 

bb " 

60 

0 

XO 

76 

58 

nn 

38 

10 

bh 

10 

54 

ao 

90 

0 

uu' 

44 

22 

ba 

30 

0 

wa 

14 

30 

XX 

68 

18 

ro 

44 

66 

va 

37 

49 

zo 

44 

66 

j po 

29 

57 

ar ' 

52 

17 

zr 

41 

22 

no 

40 

60 

ga 

43 

4 

rr' 

75 

26 

EMERALD. 


337 


aw, 

,.o 

14 

30' 

av, 

37 

49 

a9, 

43 

4 

EIG. 

352. 

EIG.  353. 


Combinations,  oa ,  oab ,  oap,  oarrp  oaprrtu,  oab..rrt  p,  oaprruvv,, 
oapnrr pv  xww The  faces  a ,  5  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  o,  a ;  a  usually  inter¬ 
rupted.  Fracture  conchoidal... uneven.  Transparent... trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  r  =  1-685.  Double  refraction  very 
feeble.  Green  in  the  variety  called  emerald ;  colourless,  blue, 
yellow,  red,  in  the  varieties  called  beryl.  Streak  white,  h  =  7’S 
...8'0.  G  =  2'67.. .2‘75. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  into  an 
opaque  blebby  glass.  With  borax  melts  into  a  transparent 
colourless  glass.  The  chrome-green  variety  melts  into  a  pale 
green  globule.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  dissolves  slowly  without 
leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica,  and  forms  a  globule  which  is  opa¬ 
lescent  when  cold.  With  soda  fuses  into  a  clear  and  colourless 
bead.  With  fluor  melts  into  a  globule  which  is  colourless 
while  hot,  and  opaque  and  of  a  pale  green  colour  when  cold. 

AlSi3  +  3GSi,  silica  67'44,  alumina  18-71,  glucine  13*86. 

Analyses  of  emerald  a  from  Peru  by  Klaproth,  b  by  Yauque- 
lin,  of  beryl  c  from  Siberia  by  Klaproth,  d  from  Siberia  by 
Du  Menil,  e  from  Siberia  by  Thomson,  /  from  Possum  by 
Scheerer : — 


a 

l 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  68-50 

64-40 

66-45 

67-00 

66*86 

67-00 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  15*75 

14*00 

16-75 

16-50 

18-41 

19-64 

Glucine  .... 

.  12-50 

13*00 

15-50 

14-50 

12-54 

12-56 

Ked  oxide  of  iron  . 

1-00 

— 

0-60 

l'OO 

2-00 

0-53 

Lime . 

0*25 

2-56 

— 

0-50 

— 

0-18 

Oxide  of  chrome  . 

0*30 

3-50 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Q 


338 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  beryl  g  from  Broddbo  by  Berzelius,  h  from 
Broddbo  by  C.  Ganelin,  i  from  Somero  in  Finland,  h  from 
Tarnela  in  Finland,  both  by  Moberg,  l  from  Limoges  by  C. 
Ganelin,  m  from  America  by  Schlieper  : — 


Sdica .  «  •  . 

Alumina 
Glucine  . 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Tantalic  acid  . 


9 

h 

i 

68-35 

69’70 

67*36 

17'60 

16-83 

16-46 

13‘13 

13*39 

12-75 

0-72 

0-24 

1-50 

0-72 

— 

0-28 

h 

l 

m 

66-62 

67*54 

69*51 

16*51 

17-63 

14-49 

12-75 

13-51 

15-41 

3'03 

Ca,  Mg 

1-64 

o-io 

— 

— 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  in  broken  crystals  and 
pebbles  in  alluvium. 

The  emerald-green  varieties  (emerald)  are  found  at  Muzo  to 
the  north  of  Santa  Fe  di  Bogota  in  Peru,  in  Tipper  Egypt  on 
the  mountain  Zabareh,  on  the  river  Takowaja  near  Bissersk  in 
Siberia,  in  mica  slate  in  Heubachthal  in  Salzburg,  at  Kjerringoe 
in  Norway.  The  other  varieties  (beryl)  are  found  at  Ehren- 
friedersdorf  in  Saxony  and  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia  in  tin 
veins,  Babenstein  and  Zwiesel  in  Bavaria,  the  Bathhausberg  in 
Salzburg,  in  Elba,  Limoges  in  France,  G-allicia,  Satersberg  near 
Fossum,  and  Berbie  near  Fredrikshald  in  Norway  ;  Lalaret  and 
Broddbo  near  Fahlun  in  Sweden,  Tammela  in  Finland,  at 
Adun-Tschilon  and  Mursinsk  in  Siberia,  the  Tigeretz  mountains 
in  the  Altai,  in  North  America  at  Boyalston  and  Groshen  in 
Massachusetts,  Bowtenham  in  Maine,  Haddam  and  Monroe  in 
Connecticut,  Acworth  in  New  Hampshire,  Chester  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  Greenville  and  Abbeville  in  South  Carolina,  near  Ame¬ 
ricana  on  the  Bio  St.  Mattheo  in  the  Brazils  ;  in  the  Morne 
mountains  in  Ireland,  and  in  Aberdeenshire. 


191.  PHENAKITE. — Phenakite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Bhomboe- 
drisches  Smaragd ;  Mohs.  Phenakit ;  Hausmann,  Iiaidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  37°  19'. 


a  Oil,  b  211,  312,  r  100,  2  122,  e  oil,  f  111, 

p  021,  t  031,  X  031,  S  021,  W  211,  y  311,  X  122.  r,  p 
ai  e  fr  ecpiently  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces  5  s ,  w,  h  hemi- 
hedral  with  parallel  faces. 


Jib 

0 

0 

1—1 

54' 

zb 

ba 

30 

0 

fb 

bb" 

60 

0 

sa 

rb 

52 

41 

\a 

eb 

110 

62 

ar f 

127° 

19' 

ta 

72° 

62' 

146 

44 

pa 

78 

23 

28 

23 

ea 

90 

0 

39 

2 

xa 

25 

28 

58 

20 

af 

43 

36 

PHENAKITE. 


339 


EIG.  354. 


wa 

62° 

18' 

ya 

70 

43 

ra 

90 

0 

63 

20 

ap" 

66 

15 

PP 

23 

14 

ee 

35 

56 

EIG.  355. 


EIG.  356. 


EIG.  357. 


Combinations,  ra,  pa,  rpb,  erab,  apr ,  rpa..s'.w',  rzepas'w.b. 
Twins.  Twin-face  b.  Cleavage,  r,  a,  not  very  distinct.  Frac¬ 
ture  conchoidal . . .  uneven.  Transparent . . .  translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous.  Colourless,  yellow,  brown,  h  =  7'5...8'0.  g  — 
2*96 . . .3'0. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax  melts  slowly 
into  a  clear  glass.  Dissolves  slowly  in  salt  of  phosphorus  leav¬ 
ing  a  skeleton  of  silica.  With  a  little  soda  melts  into  a  white 
bead,  with  more  soda  intumesces  and  becomes  infusible.  With 
solution  of  cobalt  takes  a  blueish-grey  colour.  Insoluble  in 
acids. 


Gr2Si,  silica  54*90,  glucine  45*10. 

Analyses  of  phenakite  a  from  the  Ural  by  Hartwall,  b  from 
Framont  by  Bischof : — 


a  b 

Silica . 55-14  54*40 

Glucine .  44*47  45*57 


Lime  and  magnesia  .  .  • 

Q  2 


SILICATES. 


340 


In  crystals  ;  massive. 

Is  found  with  quartz  in  brown  iron  ore  in  the  Upper 
Breuschthal  near  Framont  in  Alsace,  with  emerald  and  chryso- 
beryl  in  mica  slate  at  Takowaja  85  wersts  east  of  Katharinen- 
burg,  with  green  felspar  and  topaz,  in  granite  veins  in  the  Ilmen 
mountains  in  Siberia. 


192.  ZIECOJST.  —  Zircon;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Pyramidaler 
Zirkon  ;  Mohs.  Zircon ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  32°  38'. 


a  loo, 

e 

ioi,  on 

110,  p 

111 

221,  U 

331,  X 

311, 

411, 

511 

■  • 

ea 

57° 

22' 

yy 

57° 

6' 

UU 

o 

CO 

00 

9' 

ee' 

65 

16 

yy\ 

26 

13 

VV 

76 

29 

ee 

44 

50 

XX 

47 

17 

XV 

23 

39 

ma 

45 

0 

// 

/Y»/Y* 

M/tV 

32 

57 

ZU 

32 

2 

aa 

90 

0 

um 

20 

12 

vm 

28 

54 

EIG 

.  358 

EIGr.  359. 

pm  47  50 

pp"  84  20 

pp  56  41 

za  20  21 

ya  24  52 

xa  31  43 

pa  61  40 

ae  90  o 

ZZf  64  4 

zz"  21  37 

Forms  and  combinations,  p ,  pm,  pa,  pxma,  pvma,  pxum, 
pxuma,  pvxuma,  epxyma,  epxyzma.  The  faces  e  rough,  a  fre¬ 
quently  rough  and  uneven.  Cleavage,  p,  m,  on  more  distinct 
than  p,  yet  neither  very  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal . . .  uneven. 
Transparent... translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  in¬ 
clining  more  or  less  to  adamantine,  y  =  1-961,  y  =  2-0l5. 
Bed,  brown,  yellow,  grey,  green,  white.  Streak  white,  h  = 
7'5.  u  =  4-0.. .4*7. 

Phosphoresces  and  loses  its  colour  when  heated.  Its  specific 
gravity  is  at  the  same  time  slightly  increased.  Infusible  before 
the  blowpipe.  Soluble  with  difficulty  in  borax.  Insoluble  in 
salt  of  phosphorus.  Partially  decomposed  by  digestion  in  sul¬ 
phuric  acid. 


ZrS,  silica  33-i2,  zirconia  66’88. 


TOTJEMALITTE . 


341 


Analyses  of  zircon  a  from  Eriedrichswam,  b  from  the  northern 
Circars  by  Klaproth,  c  from  Ceylon  by  Vauquelin,  d  from  Ex- 
pailly  by  Berzelius,  e  from  North  Carolina  by  Vanuxem,  /  zir¬ 
con,  a  =  4*615,  by  Henneberg,  g  from  Litchfield  in  Maine, 

G-  =  47,  by  Gibbs : — 

a  b  c  d  e  /  g 

Silica .  33  32-5  32-6  33*48  32*08  33*85  35*39 

Zirconia  ....  65  64*5  64*5  67*16  67*07  64  81  63  56 

Bed  ox.  of  iron .  l  1'5  2*0  —  —  1'55  o*79 

Lime . —  —  —  —  *  088 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  especially  in  gneiss, 
granite  and  basaltic  rocks,  in  matter  ejected  by  volcanoes,  in 
alluvium  and  in  the  sand  of  rivers,  with  other  gems  and  with 

gold.  .  .  . 

Is  found  abundantly  in  syenite  along  the  Christiamarjord 

from  Stavarn  to  Hackedalen  in  Norway,  in  the  miascite  of  the 
Ilmen  mountains,  especially  in  the  neighbourhood  of  lake 
Ilmen  near  Miask  in  Siberia,  in  granite  or  gneiss  in  New 
Jersey,  New  York,  Sweden,  Scalpay  in  the  island  of  Harris, 
Kitiksut  in  Greenland,  Meissen,  in  boulders  of  syenite  at  Assuan 
in  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  Saualp  in  Carinthia  in  a  bed  of  quartz, 
calcite  and  epidote  in  gneiss,  in  basalt  at  Unkel  and  the  Sie- 
bengebirge  on  the  Rhine,  in  basaltic  conglomerate  at  Uubichts- 
wald  near  Cassel ;  in  amygdaloid  at  Expailly  near  Puy  in 
Erance,  and  at  Vicenza  in  Italy,  near  the  lake  of  Laacli,  and  m 
pale  blue  crystals,  which  were  first  sent  to  this  country  as 
zeagonite,  at  the  foot  of  Vesuvius  in  ejected  volcanic  rocks. 
In  isolated  crystals  in  alluvium  in  Ceylon  and  many  other 
places  in  the  East  Indies,  Expailly  in  Erance,  at  Zoblitz,  Pod- 
sedlitz  and  the  Iserwiese  in  Bohemia,  at  Hohenstem  and 
Sebnitz  in  Saxony,  with  gold  in  sand  at  Ohlapian  and  Musk  a 
in  Transylvania,  in  the  Ural  and  in  Columbia.  . 

According  to  Svanberg  the  earth  in  zircon  is  composed  ol 
zirconia  and  noria  in  different  proportions.  Hence  the  varia¬ 
tions  of  specific  gravity  and  hardness  in  crystals  of  zircon  trom 
different  localities.  Zircon  from  Stockholm,  for  example,  is  not 
so  hard  as  zircon  from  other  places,  and  its.  specific  gravity  is 
only  4*03.  Noria  is  supposed  to  occur  principally,  though  no 
exclusively,  in  zircon  from  Norway. 

193.  TOURMALINE. — Tourmaline;  Phillips, ILauy.  Rhorn- 
boedrischer  Turmalin ;  Mohs.  Turmalin ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  27°  2o\ 

Q  3 


342 


SILICATES. 


0j.il,  a  on,  b  211,  h  3I2,  l  413,  e  oil,  r  100,  s  In, 

y  311,  W  433,  Z  322,  q  031,  t  02l,  U  032,  X  211,  V  122. 

The  forms  0,  e,  s,  y,  w,  t,  u,  q ,  b ,  li ,  l  are  usually  hemihedral 

with  inclined  faces,  s,  y,  w,  t ,  u,  q  occur  on  one  end  of  the 

crystal,  and  0,  e  on  the  opposite  end. 


eig.  360. 


bo 

90C 

5  O' 

ad 

60 

0 

bb" 

60 

0 

bd 

30 

0 

ha' 

19 

6 

Id 

13 

54 

lib 

10 

64 

lb 

16 

6 

eo 

14 

29 

TO 

27 

20 

so 

45 

57 

yo 

64 

11 

wo 

61 

4 

zo 

68 

51 

ee' 

25 

1 

rr 

46 

52 

ss' 

77 

0 

inf  t 

120 

0 

WW 

98 

34 

zz 

107 

44 

er ' 

23 

26 

sr 

38 

30 

ua 

24 

46 

ta 

37 

34 

qa 

49 

5 

ar 

66 

34 

va 

32 

9 

// 

as 

51 

30 

x  a 

68 

19 

Combinations.  Black  tourmaline,  b'r,  ab'r ,  b'rs,  ab'rs', 
ab' re's',  ab'rs'u',  aVrs'ij,  abWh',  ah' b'r  e\  o'ctbKb're\  ab'b'h'rse] 
Brown  tourmaline,  o'ab'b'h'lrex'tsyz'itv'q'.  Green  tourmaline. 
o'ar  s',  <j  acres' ,  oab're't'x  .  Bed  tourmaline,  ab're\  oaV'r'e, 
odb'r'e ,  oal)rt' ,  o'ab'r'e .  The  face  0  bright,  o'  dull.  In  figs. 
363,  364,  which  represent  the  opposite  ends  of  the  same 


tourmaline. 


313 


crystals,  o  is  bright  in  363  and  dull  in  364.  When  all  the 
faces  of  r  occur,  those  of  r  are  striated  parallel  to  their  inter- 
sections  with  those  of  5,  the  faces  of  r'  are  smooth,  b,  a  h, ,  l 
are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other. . 
When  all  the  faces  of  b  occur,  those  of  b'  are  usually  larger 
than  those  of  V.  Cleavage,  r,  «  imperfect.  Fracture  imper¬ 
fect  conchoidal. .  .uneven.  Transparent. . . almost  opaque,  Less 
transparent  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  than  perpendicular  to  it. 
Lustre  vitreous.  For  light  corresponding  to  Fraunhofer’ s  line  D, 
,t  =  1*6366,  fx  =  1*6193.  In  the  coloured  varieties  ol  tourma¬ 
line  the  ordinary  ray  is  almost  entirely  absorbed.  Colourless, 
urey,  yellow,  green,  blue,  red,  brown,  black.  The  same  indi¬ 
vidual  sometimes  exhibits  different  colours.  The  colour  seen 
by  transmitted  light  in  the  direction  of  the  axis,  is  sometimes 
different  from  the  colour  seen  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to 
the  axis.  Thus  some  crystals  are  yellowish-brown  m  the 
direction  of  the  axis,  asparagus-green  in  .  a  direction  perpen¬ 
dicular  to  the  axis,  or  purple  in  the  direction  ot  the  axis  blue 
in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  the  axis.  Several  ot  the  tour¬ 
malines  examined  by  Bammelsberg  were  found  to  exhibit 
nleochroism.  Column  o  shows  the  colour  by  transmitted  light 
polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  rhombohedron, 
column  e  the  colour  by  transmitted  light  polarized  in  a  plane 
perpendicular  to  the  axis :  • 

o  E 


Yell .  -br . ,  W  indischkapp  el  Br. -yellow . 

Lark  br. -yellow. 
Deep  gr.-blue. 
Green. 


Brown,  Orford  .  . 

Black,  Greenland  .  . 

Black,  Snarum  .  . 

Black,  Unity  .  .  • 

Black,  Alabaschka 
Black,  Saar  .  •  •  • 

Black,  Langenbielau  . 
Blu. -black,  Sarapulsk 
Green,  Elba 
Green,  Brazils 
Green,  Chesterfield  . 
Bed,  Elba  • 


.  Blue. 

.  Bright  blue. 

.  Bright  blue. 

Lark  blue. 

.  Leep  blue. 

.  Pale  green. 

.  Yellowish-brown. 
.  Lark  bl.-green. 

.  Pale  red. 


Yellow. 

Light  br.-yellow. 
Beddish-brown. 
Beddisli-brown. 
Beddish-brown. 
Beddish-brown. 
Beddish-brown. 
Be  ddish -brown . 
Pale  blue. 

Very  pale  green. 
Oil- green. 

Light  bl.-green. 
Yery  pale  red. 


Streak  white.  H  =  7*0. ..7*6.  a  —  3*0.. .3  3.  Pyroelectric. 
While  cooling,  the  extremity  of  the  crystal,  on  which  the  faces 
of  the  hemihedral  form  s'  occur,  acquires  vitreous  electricity ; 
and  the  extremity  on  which  the  faces  of  the  hemihedral  form  e 
occur,  acquires  resinous  electricity.  The  end  on  which  the 
half  form  s'  appears,  is  the  antilogous  pole ;  and  the  end  on 

Q  I 


344 


SILICATES. 


which  the  half  form  ev  appears,  the  analogous  pole.  Gene¬ 
rally,  hut  not  invariably,  the  former  is  the  end  at  which  the 
edges  formed  by  the  faces  r  are  directed  towards  the  faces  of 
the  hemihedral  form  b\  as  in  fig.  361 ;  the  latter  that  at  which 
the  edges  formed  by  the  intersections  of  the  faces  of  r  are 
directed  to  the  intersections  of  the  faces,  as  in  fig.  362  ;  figs. 
361,  362,  representing  the  opposite  ends  of  the  same  crystal. 

Before  the  blowpipe  black  tourmaline  from  Karingbricka 
melts  with  intumescence,  and  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus 
yields  the  reactions  of  iron  and  silica ;  tourmaline  from  Bovey 
melts  into  a  black  slag.  The  red  and  light  green  tourmalines 
containing  litlna  and  soda  intumesce,  but  do  not  melt.  With 
soda  they  yield  the  reaction  of  manganese.  With  fluor  spar 
and  bisulphate  ol  potash  they  all  impart  a  green  colour  to  the 
ame.  After  fusion,  but  not  before,  is  almost  completely 
decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 


Analyses  by  Bammelsberg  of  yellow  and  brown  tourmaline 
containing  but  little  iron  and  the  largest  quantity  of  magnesia 
and  m  which  the  proportions  of  oxygen  in  the  bases  it,  »  and 
the  acids,  are  nearly  as  the  numbers  l,  3,  5.  a  from  Gouver- 
neur  m  New  York,  b  from  Windisch-Kappelin  Carinthia,  cfrom 
Bibenstock  m  Saxony,  d  from  Orford  in  New  Hampshire,  e  from 
Monroe  in  Connecticut, /from  the  Zdlerthal  in  the  Tyrol  — 


G . 

Fluorine  .  .  . 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

Silica . 

Boracic  acid 
Alumina .... 
Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 
Protoxide  of  iron  . 
Magnesia  .  .  . 

Lime . 

Soda . 

Potash . 

In  analysis  b  the  Fe 


a 

b 

3-049 

3'035 

2-28 

2'10 

trace 

0-12 

38'85 

38-08 

8-25 

9*39 

31-32 

34-21 

1*27 

1-43 

14'89 

11-22 

1'60 

061 

1-28 

2-37 

0-26 

0*47 

contains  Mn. 

C 

d 

3-034 

3-068 

2-51 

2-50 

— 

0-24 

37-83 

38-33 

8-88 

9-86 

30-86 

33-15 

4-85 

3-07 

— 

0-12 

11'62 

10-89 

0-88 

0-77 

2-27  | 
0-30  f 

•  1*52 

e 

/ 

3-068 

3-054 

2'38 

•  2*50 

— 

0-24 

39-01 

37-94 

9'04 

8-58 

31'18 

33-64 

3*44 

2-79 

0-98 

0-37 

9-90 

10*46 

1-81 

0-98 

1-82 

2*13 

0-44 

0-37 

Analyses  of  black  tourmaline  containing  a  mean  proportion 
ol  iron  and  magnesia,  and  in  which  the  proportions  of  oxyo-en 
m  the  bases  it,  jj,  and  in  the  acids  are  nearly  as  the  numbers 
l,  4,  6.  g  from  Gothaab  in  Greenland,  h  from  Texas  in  Lan¬ 
caster  County,  Pennsylvania,  i  from  St.  Gotthardt,  h  from 


TOURMALINE . 


345 


Havredal  near  Krageroe  in  Norway,  l  from  Ramfossen  near 
Snarum  in  Norway,  m  from  Haddam  in  Connecticut,  n  from 
Haddam,  having  the  appearance  of  being  slightly  decomposed, 
o  from  Unity  in  New  Hampshire  : — 


9 

Jl 

i 

h 

G . 

3*072 

3*043 

3*055 

3*107 

Fluorine  .... 

2-23 

2*36 

2*33 

2*10 

Phosphoric  acid 

0*11 

0*20 

0*24 

0*08 

Silica . 

37*70 

38*45 

38*00 

37*11 

Boracic  acid 

7*36 

8*48 

8*99 

8*78 

Alumina  .... 

34*53 

34*56 

32*28 

31*26 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

4*63 

3*31 

6*36 

7*57 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

0*25 

f 

© 

6 

1*51 

0*77 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

9*51 

9*11 

7*27 

9*43 

Lime . 

1*25 

0*71 

1*31 

0*80 

Soda . 

2*00 

2*00 

1*43 

1*78 

Potash  .... 

0*43 

0*73 

0*28 

0*32 

l 

m 

n 

0 

G . 

3*145 

3*136 

3*132 

3*192 

Fluorine  .... 

1*71 

1*78 

1*95 

1*59 

Phosphoric  acid 

0*11 

traces 

— 

— 

Silica . 

37*22 

37*50 

36*55 

36*29 

Boracic  acid 

8*70 

7*94 

4*87 

6*94 

Alumina  .... 

29*70 

30*87 

32*46 

30*44 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

11*45 

8*31 

11*08 

13*08 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

0*86 

1*06 

0*50 

2*38 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

7*94 

8*60 

8*61 

6*32 

Lime . 

0*65 

1*61 

1*80 

1*02 

Soda . 

1*13 

reel 

2*28 

1*94 

Potash  .... 

0*53 

0*73  J 

Analyses  of  the  blackest  tourmaline,  with  the  largest  pro¬ 
portion  of  iron  and  the  smallest  of  magnesia,  in  which  the 
proportions  of  oxygen  in  the  bases  k,  B  and  in  the  acids  are 
nearly  as  the  numbers  1,  6,  8,  p  from  Bovey  Tracy  in  Devon- 
sliirG?  o  from  AlEifo&sclxkti  near  ursmsk  in  tlio  Tj  vz tl?  9  fiom 
Sonnenberg  near  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  5  from  Saar  m 
Moravia,  t  from  Langenbielau  in  Silesia,  u  from  Krummau 


in  Bohemia : — 

P 

9 

r 

S 

t 

U 

G  .  .  •  •  • 

.  3*205 

3*228 

3*243 

3*181 

3*152 

3*135 

Fluorine  .  .  • 

1*49 

1*54 

1*64 

1*30 

1*43 

1*90 

Q  5 

846 


SILICATES. 


P 

! 1 

r 

S 

t 

U 

Phosphoric  acid  .  . 

0*12 

— 

0*12 

trace 

trace 

— 

Silica . 

37*00 

35*74 

36*51 

36*82 

37*24 

38*43 

Boracic  acid  .  . 

7*66 

8*00 

7*62 

8*70 

7*62 

8*06 

Alumina . 

33*09 

34*40 

32*92 

35*50 

33*97 

34*25 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

9*33 

7*61 

8*13 

6*57 

10*77 

9*98 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

6*19 

8*60 

9*51 

7*68 

1*95 

1*44 

Protox.  of  manganese 

— 

— 

0*11 

— 

— 

— 

Magnesia  .... 

2*58 

1*76 

0*78 

1*55 

3*65 

3*84 

Lime . 

0*50 

0*86 

0*72 

0*81 

0*62 

0*44 

Soda . 

1*39 

1*02 

1*36 

0*98 

1*93 

1*36 

Potash . 

0*65 

0*47 

0*68 

0*09 

0*82 

0*30 

In  analysis  t  tlie  red  oxide  of  iron  contains  some  oxide  of 
manganese. 


Analyses  of  dark  violet,  blue,  green  tourmaline  generally  con¬ 
taining  lithia  and  iron  along  with  manganese,  and  in  which  the 
proportions  of  oxygen  in  the  bases  n,  #  and  in  the  acids  are 
nearly  as  the  numbers  1,  9,  12,  v  blue,  from  Sarapulsk  near 
Mursinsk,  w  violet,  from  Elba,  x  green,  from  Elba,  y  green, 
from  Paris  in  the  state  of  Maine,  z  green,  from  the  Brazils, 
a  green,  from  Chesterfield  in  Massachusetts : — 


V 

w 

X 

y 

Z 

a 

G . 

3*162 

2*942 

3*112 

3*069 

3*107 

3*108 

Eluorine  .... 

1*75 

2*00 

2*35 

2*00 

2*09 

2*10 

Phosphoric  acid  .  . 

0*06 

— 

— 

— 

-traces 

— 

Silica  ..... 

38*30 

36*71 

38*19 

38*47 

38*55 

40*26 

Boracic  acid  .  .  . 

6*32 

7*11 

7*58 

7*69 

7*29 

7*79 

Alumina  .... 

36*17 

36*00 

39*16 

40*93 

38*40 

38*00 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

6*35 

7*14 

3  14 

3*08 

6*13 

2*61 

Oxide  of  manganese 

3*71  (Mn  5*52 

4*26 

1*55 

0*73) 

0*90 

Protoxide  of  iron 

3*84 

— 

— 

— 

2*00 

3*80 

Magnesia  .... 

0*53 

2*30 

1*00 

1*21 

0*73 

0*80 

Lime . 

0*27 

0*80 

0*84 

0*88 

1*14 

0*81 

Soda . 

2*37 

2*04 

2*40 

2*36 

2*37 

2*09 

Lithia . 

— 

— 

0*74 

1*47 

1*20 

0*20 

Potash . 

0*33 

0*38 

0*34 

0*36 

0*37 

0*64 

Analyses  of  red  tourmaline  containing  lithia  but  no  iron,  in 
which  the  proportions  of  the  oxygen  in  the  bases  fi,  S,  and  in 
the  acids  are  nearly  as  the  numbers  1,  12,  15,  /3  from  Elba, 
y  from  Paris  in  Maine,  S  from  Schaitansk  in  the  Ural,  e  from 
Bozena  in  Moravia,  probably  decomposed : — 


TOURMALINE. 

347 

y 

B 

£ 

G . 

.  3-022 

3-019 

3*082 

2-998 

Eluorine . 

2*41 

2*58 

2-47 

2-70 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

o-io 

0-27 

0-27 

0-22 

Silica . 

.  39-27 

38-33 

38-38 

41"16 

Boracic  acid 

7-87 

9*00 

7-41 

8-56 

Alumina . 

.  44-41 

43-15 

43-97 

41-83 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

0-64 

1-12 

2-60 

0-97 

Magnesia  .... 

0*78 

1*02 

1-62 

0‘61 

Lime . 

.  — 

— 

0*62 

1 

Soda . 

2-00 

2'60 

1'97 

1-37 

Bithia . 

1-22 

1*17 

0-48 

0*41 

Potash . 

1*30 

0-68 

0-21 

2*17 

Occurs  in  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  in  gneiss,  granite, 
mica  slate,  and  in  the  veins  which  traverse  those  rocks,  in 
pebbles  in  stream  tin  works,  and  in  the  sand  of  rivers. 

Colourless  transparent  varieties  are  found  in  the  dolomite  of 
Campo  Bongo  on  the  Grimsel ;  the  red  in  lepidolite  and  quartz 
at  Rozena  in  Moravia,  Penig  in  Saxony,  Massachusetts,  Scliai- 
tansk  and  Sarapulsk  not  far  from  Mursinsk,  and  at  Miask  m 
Siberia  ;  the  blue  at  TJto  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  Massachusetts 
and  Goshen  in  North  America ;  yellow  and  brown  tourmaline 
on  St.  Gotthardt,  Windishkappel  in  Carinthia,  Ceylon,  ^egu, 
Madagascar  ;  the  green  at  Penig,  Rozena,  Campo  Bongo,  Pied¬ 
mont,  Katharinenburg,  Massachusetts,  Villa  Rica  m  the 
Brazils,  Madagascar.  Black  tourmaline,  or  schorl  as  it  is 
sometimes  called,  is  found  at  Penig,  Rochsburg,  Eibenstock, 
and  Neustadt  in  Saxony  in  granite,  Andreasberg^  Horlberg 
near  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  Karlsbad,  Pfitsch,  Paltigl  and 
Ratschinges  in  the  Tyrol,  Bovey  in  Devonshire  St.  Just  m 
Cornwall,  Karingbricka  in  Sweden,  Arendal  and  Langoe  m 
Norway  Karosuhk  in  Greenland,  Polokowskoi  on  the  mountain 
Auschkul  near  the  lake  Scharlasch  near  Beresowsk,  Alabasclika 
near  Mursinsk,  Gornoischit  near  Katharinenburg,  Werchnei- 
winsk  near  Newjansk,  in  the  topaz  veins  of  the  Ilmen  moun¬ 
tains,  in  the  quartz  of  Totschilnaja  Gora,  m  granite  at  Schai- 
tansk  and  at  Bokorodskoi  on  the  Tura,  Vicdessos,  Luchon  and 
Sallat  in  the  Pyrenees,  Madagascar,  in  granite  at  Portsoy  m 
Banffshire.  Transparent  crystals  of  various  colours  are  found 
in  Elba:  they  frequently  exhibit  parallel  zones  of  different 
colours,  being  red  at  the  two  extremities  and  blue  m  the 
middle  blackish-green  at  the  end  by  which  they  are  attached 
and  reel  at  the  other  extremity,  or  partly  grass-green  and  partly 

azure-blue.  __  _  ,  •  ,_0  • 

The  angle  so  deduced  from  Kupfler  s  measure  is  45  64^  m 

black  tourmaline,  45°  57'  in  green  tourmaline,  and  46  2  m 

Q  6 


348 


SILICATES. 


red  tourmaline.  In  white  tourmaline,  from  a  mean  of  Mr. 
Brooke’s  measures,  so  =  45°  53'.  A  crystal  of  green  tourmaline 
(in  which  the  close  agreement  of  the  angles  between  every  two 
of  the  three  faces  s,  s',  s",  showed  that  it  was  a  single  crystal, 
and  not  an  aggregation,  such  as  is  frequently  observed,  of  two 
or  more  crystals  in  positions  nearly,  but  not  quite  parallel)  gave 
so  =  45°  57'"6.  A  crystal  not  quite  so  good  gave  the  same 
result.  The  angles  in  other  crystals  were  found  as  follows  : 
red  tourmaline,  so  =  46°  12 '.  In  black  tourmaline,  said  to  be 
from  Modum,  so  =  46°  l2/*8.  In  light  brown  tourmaline, 
so  =  46°  4'.  The  angles  of  the  supposed  crystal  of  tourmaline 
described  by  Marignac  (Bib.  Univ.  Gen.  1847.  T.  6.  p.  299) 
agree  with  those  of  the  combination  abrepw  of  phenakite. 


194.  AXIjNTTE. — Axinite  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Prismatischer 
Axinit ;  Mohs.  Axinit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Anorthic.  011,010=45°  12'  ;  001,011=44°  43  ;  101,001=56°  55' ; 
100,101=40°  6l';  100,010  =  77°  30'. 


U 

0 


v  100,  p  010,  m  001,  r  oil,  z  012,  e  oil,  y  101,  l  120, 
110,  w  110,  x  ill,  s  121,  i  131,  c  ill,  q  211,  n  ill, 
112. 


EIC.  365. 


Ip 

up 

vp 

wp 

rp 

zp 

onp 

ep 

em 

yv 

my 

ip 

sp 

xp 


28°  57' 

44  35 

77  30 

119  50 

45  12 

63  34 

89  55 

45  17 

44  48 

40  51 

56  55 

24  33 

33  21 

49  32 


yp 

79° 

24' 

xr 

40 

48 

vr 

86 

46 

xm 

64 

57 

ux 

30 

34 

EIQ. 


sr 

36° 

22' 

us 

27 

59 

ue 

55 

14 

yu 

49 

44 

wy 

56 

'58 

366. 

m 


AXIXITE. 


349 


Combinations,  upr,  uprsl,  uprslx  ..z.y.o.n.e.m.v.w.i.  The  faces 
v  rough ;  t,  z  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each 
other  ;  u,  l,  and  sometimes  also  v,  p,  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  v,  y ;  p ,  m,  traces  ; 
r,  indistinct  and  interrupted.  Eracture  conchoidal . . . uneven. 
Transparent ..  .translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous, 
n  —  r735.  Close  brown  of  various  shades,  inclining  to  plumb- 
blue  and  pearl-grey.  Exhibits  trichroism.  On  looking  through 
a  crystal  in  the  direction  of  either  optic  axis,  a  dark  violet 
stripe  is  seen,  interrupted  at  the  point  occupied  by  the  axis. 
Brittle,  h  =  6*5... 7*0.  u  =  3-29...  3*30.  Acquires  vitreous 
electricity  by  friction.  Pyroelectric.  The  angles  uxp,  uxp  are 
analogous  poles,  and  the  angles  rxp,  rxp  antilogous  poles. 

Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces,  and  melts  easily  into  a  dark 
green  glass,  which  becomes  black  in  the  outer  flame.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  yields  a  glass  coloured  by  iron, 
and  in  the  outer  flame  becomes  violet.  In  salt  of  phosphorus 
a  skeleton  of  silica  is  left.  With  soda  yields  the  reaction  ot 
manganese.  With  fluor  spar  and  bisulphate  of  potash  imparts 
a  green  colour  to  the  flame.  After  fusion  is  completely  de¬ 
composed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 


Analyses  of  axinite  a ,  b,  c  from  Oisans,  d  from  Treseburg, 
e  from  Berkutzkaja  Gora  near  Miask,  /  from  Oisans,  in  order 
to  determine  the  red  oxide  of  iron  and  boracic  acid,  all  by  Bam- 


melsberg : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica 

.  43-47 

43-68 

not  det. 

43-74 

43-72 

— 

Alumina  . 

.  16*30 

15-63 

17-17 

15'66 

16-92 

• - 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  10-25 

9-45 

9*31 

11-94 

10-21 

8*26 

Ox.  mang. 

2-74 

3*05 

2-94 

1*37 

1*16 

■ 

Lime 

.  19-90 

20-67 

20'00 

18-90 

19-97 

■ 

Magnesia  . 

1-55 

1*70 

1*94 

1-77 

2-21 

■ 

Potash  . 

.  1  not 

0-64 

o-ii 

l  6-62 

5-81 

■  ■ 

Boracic  acid 

.  J  det. 

5-61 

not  det. 

3-40 

It  annears 

from  the 

nature 

of  the  analytical 

processes 

em- 

nloved  that  the  amount  of  boracic  acid 

is  less 

than  5  61 

and 

greater  than  3*40.  .  . 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive,  usually  m  veins  or  beds  m 

granite,  dionte,  diabase,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  clay  slate. 

&  Is  found  at  Bourg  d’ Oisans  in  Dauphine,  Botallack  in  Corn¬ 
wall,  Bareges,  Pic  d’Ereslids  and  other  places  in  the  Pyrenees, 
Mont  Anvert  in  Savoy,  St.  Gotthardt,  Santa  Maura  in  the 
Grisons,  Monzoni  in  the  Tyrol,  in  Saxony  at  Thum,  Schneeberg, 
Schwarzenberg  and  Griinstadtel,  Arendal  and  Ivongsberg  in 
Norway,  near  Philipstadt  in  Sweden,  Berkutzkaja  Gora  near 
Miask  in  the  Ural,  Andreasberg  and  Treseburg  in  the  Harz. 


350 


SILICATES. 


195.  HELVIN. — Helvin ;  Phillips,  Hauy,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
clinger.  Tetraedrischer  Glranat ;  Mohs. 

Cubic. 


o  ill. 


eig.  367. 


oo 

oo 


'  70°  32' 

109  28 


Pour  alternate  faces  of  o  are  larger  than 
the  other  four  alternate  faces.  The  larger 
faces  smooth,  rather  curved  and  uneven, 
sometimes  striated  parallel  to  their  edges  ; 
the  smaller  faces  rough,  hut  even.  Fracture  uneven.  Trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous. 
Brown,  yellow,  green  of  various  shades.  Streak  white.  Brittle. 
H  =  6-0... 6-5.  G  =  3*1 . .  .3*3. 

Before  the  blowpipe  in  the  inner  flame  melts  with  intu¬ 
mescence  into  a  yellow  opaque  bead.  "With  borax  in  the  outer 
flame  fuses  into  a  transparent  violet  glass.  With  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  yields  a  skeleton  of  silica.  With  soda  on  platinum  foil 
becomes  green.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  with  evo¬ 
lution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  forms  a  jelly  of  silica. 

•  •  •  • 

3E2S  +  MnSu,  where  B  is  glucine  and  protoxides  of  iron 
and  manganese. 


Analyses  by  C.  Gmelin  : — 


Sdica  ....... 

33-26 

35-27 

Glucine . 

12*03 

9-47 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

6-66 

7-99 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

44-68 

42-13 

Sulphur . 

6-06 

— 

Is  found  in  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  in  a  bed  in  gneiss 
at  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony.  It  is  said  to  occur  also  on  the 
Kalte  Kober  near  Breitenbrunn  in  Saxony,  and  at  Hortekulle 
near  Modum  in  Norway. 


196.  EFLYTINE. — Bismuth  blende ;  Phillips.  Bismuth 
silicate ;  Dufrenoy.  Dodekaedrische  Demant-Blende  ;  Mohs. 
Kieselwismuth  ;  Hausmann.  Eulytin  ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

«  loo,  d  oil  cleavage,  o  ill,  n  211.  The  forms  o,  n  are 
hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


HTTMITE. 


351 


aa! 

90° 

o' 

00! 

70 

32 

oa 

54 

44 

dd' 

60 

0 

da 

45 

0 

nn 

33 

33 

nn/ 

48 

11 

nrntt 

70 

32 

na 

35 

16 

no 

19 

28 

nd 

54 

44 

EIG-.  368. 


EIQ.  369. 


Forms  and  combinations,  n ,  an ',  wV,  onn.  .  Twins.  Twin 
face  d.  The  faces  n  are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  the  faces  d.  The  edges  sometimes  rounded.  Semi-transpa¬ 
rent. .  .  opaque.  Lustre  adamantine.  Brown,  inclining  to  yellow 
and  black.  Brittle,  h  =  4’5...5*o.  o  —  5-965. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  with  effervescence 
into  a  brown  bead,  depositing  a  yellowish-brown  sublimate 
on  the  charcoal.  With  soda  yields  bismuth.  In  salt  ol  _  phos¬ 
phorus  leaves  a  skeleton  of  silica.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid 
forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 


Analysis  by  Kersten  : — 

Silica . 

Oxide  of  bismuth . 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . 

Oxide  of  manganese  .... 
Phosphoric  acid  .  .  • 

Water,  hydrofluoric  acid  and  loss 


22-23 

69-38 

2"40 

0-30 

3-31 

2-38 


In  very  small  attached  crystals,  single  or  united  in  small 

druses  and  globular  groups.  ,  « 

Is  found  in  the  cobalt  veins  of  Schneeberg,  and  at  Braunsdort 

near  Freiberg  in  Saxony. 


197.  HIJMITE.— Humite,  Chondrodite ;  Phillips.  Chon- 
drodite  ;  Hauy.  Hemiprismatischer  Chrysolith  ;  Mohs.  Chon- 
drodit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  64°  O';  111,010  =  37°  43' ;  101,001  =36°  48'. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  d  021,  n  oil,  h  023,  w  401,  u  201, 
v  403  z  101,  e  403,  r  201,  x  401,  m  110,  f  ill,  p  211,  s  ill, 
Ji  112,  l  221,  t  221,  i  421,  q  623,  g  423,  y  223,  O  223. 


352 


SILICATES. 


io  a 

21° 

38' 

ua 

40 

37 

va 

54 

29 

za 

64 

0 

ca 

100 

48 

ea 

137 

36 

ra 

147 

8 

xa 

161 

0 

Jcc 

43 

17 

nc 

54 

43 

dc 

70 

31 

be 

90 

0 

m f 

93 

26 

nri 

70 

34 

dd' 

38 

58 

ma 

64 

45 

ba 

90 

0 

mm 

50 

30 

fz 

52 

17 

EIG. 

370. 

c 


fb 

o 

CO 

43' 

r 

75 

26 

qb 

58 

1 

ph 

46 

53 

lb 

28 

6 

pu 

43 

7 

gb 

52 

2 

gv 

37 

58 

gb 

48 

21 

Jib 

54 

34 

ob 

51 

7 

sb 

42 

39 

ss 

85 

18 

tb 

32 

38 

tr 

57 

22 

ib 

46 

52 

ix 

CO 

o 

8' 

pa 

56 

56 

fa 

74 

27 

na 

96 

13 

sa 

116 

24 

qc 

65 

3 

lie 

39 

43 

ye 

48 

33 

fi 

60 

40 

le 

76 

27 

me 

94 

35 

ct' 

111 

52 

cs 

125 

50 

CO 

136 

13 

sbe 

30 

12 

EIG.  371. 


c 


Twins.  Twin-face  u.  Cleavage,  c.  Fracture  uneven... 
conchoidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  in¬ 
clining  to  resinous.  Yellow  of  various  shades . .  .reddish-brown, 
grey.  Streak  white,  h  =  6*5.  G  =  3'10 . .  .3-20. 

In  the  open  tube  with  salt  of  phosphorus  yields  the  reaction 
of  fluorine.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  *  Dissolves  in  salt 
of  phosphorus  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica.  With  borax  fuses 
slowly  hut  completely  into  a  clear  glass  slightly  tinged  by  iron. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica.  Soluble  hi 
sulphuric  acid  which  expels  the  fluorine. 


3Mg2Si  +  MgFl,  silica  37'28,  magnesia  50-06,  magnesium  ’ 
5-11,  fluorine  7*65.  Part  of  the  magnesia  is  replaced  by  pro¬ 
toxide  of  iron.  J  1 


TOPAZ. 


353 


Analyses  of  the  less  distinctly  crystallized  variety  (chondro- 
dite)  a ,  b  from  North  America,  c,  d  from  Pargas,  all  by  Pam- 
melsberg,  e  from  New  Jersey  by  W.  Pisher,  f  crystallized 
(humite)  from  Vesuvius  by  Marignac: — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica 

.  33-06 

33*97 

33-10 

33-19 

33-35 

30-88 

Magnesia  . 

.  55-46 

56-97 

56-61 

54*50 

53-05 

56-72 

Protox.  iron 

3-65 

3-48 

2*35 

6"75  Pe-  5-50 

2-19 

Fluorine 

7-60 

7-44 

8-69 

9'69 

7-60 

not  det. 

G.  Pose 

convinced 

himself 

of  the 

presence 

of  fluorine  in 

humite. 

Is  found  in  crystals  having  rough  surfaces  and  in  round  im¬ 
bedded  grains  (chondrodite)  in  granular  limestone  at  Pargas  in 
Pinland,  Aker  and  Gullsjo  in  Sweden,  imbedded  in  dolomite 
at  Taberg  near  Pbilipstad  in  Sweden,  in  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  and  other  places  in  the  United  States.  It  occurs  also 
in  very  perfect  crystals  (humite)  in  the  Fossa  Grande  on 
Vesuvius. 

Humite  has  been  described  by-preceding  authors,  with  the 
exception  of  G.  Pose,  as  belonging  to  the  prismatic  system,  an 
error  into  wdiich  they  have  probably  been  led  by  the  very  near 
agreement  of  the  angles  rc  and  vc,  xc  and  uc,  ca  and  wc ,  and  by 
regarding  the  absence  of  the  symmetry  which  belongs  to  crystals 
of  the  prismatic  system,  as  imperfections  only  of  the  particular 
crystals  examined.  AV e  have  however  found  the  laces  given  in 
our  figure  recurring  so  uniformly  on  several  well-iormed  crys¬ 
tals  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  form  being  oblique. 

198.  TOPAZ.  —  Topaz  ;  Phillips,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 
Topaze ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Topaz  ;  Mobs. 

Prismatic.  Oil, 010=29°5'"5;  101,001=43°  30  '5  ;  110,100  =  62°  9'"5. 

a  100,  c  ooi,  i  oil,  d  013,  w  401,  y  201,  n  101,  e  203, 
m  110,  2  320,  l  210,  U  310,  V  410,  Jc  111,  0  112,  S  113,  T  211, 
x  213,  t  315,  f  114,  q  413.  Some  of  the  forms  are  bemibedral 
with  inclined  faces,  having  only  those  faces  which  occur  on  one 
side  of  the  zone  min',  and  on  some  crystals  which  have  only  one 
end  terminated  by  faces,  the  face  i  and  several  others  occur  on 
one  side  only  of  the  zone  ca. 


dc 

03 

o 

o 

55' 

IJC 

62° 

13' 

ua 

o 

CO 

16' 

dd' 

61 

50 

WC 

75 

15 

la 

43 

26 

ic 

60 

65 

ac 

90 

0 

za 

51 

37 

ii 

121 

49 

run! 

87 

1 

ma 

62 

10 

ec 

32 

19 

yy 

124 

26 

U 

93 

8 

nc 

43 

31 

va 

25 

20 

mm 

55 

41 

354  SILICATES. 


hi 

24° 

47' 

r 

24° 

23' 

rc 

69° 

5' 

W 

49 

33 

r 

47 

14 

ry 

39 

64 

kn 

52 

41 

sd 

15 

11 

oor 

38 

63 

kk" 

105 

21 

xd 

28 

30 

oo' 

78 

8 

ri 

42 

43 

yd 

47 

21 

qc 

54 

27 

85 

26 

ss 

30 

22 

n 

94 

42 

fG 

26 

56 

ss" 

59 

28 

/f 

qq 

40 

44 

sc 

34 

7 

xx' 

56 

59 

tc 

33 

57 

oc 

45 

28 

// 

/y»  7* 

•Viv 

53 

42 

td 

56 

22 

kc 

63 

48 

xc 

41 

4 

tt" 

34 

42 

me 

90 

0 

xe 

26 

61 

FIG.  372. 


FIG.  373. 


FIG.  374. 


Combinations.  oml,  yml..c.o.z.ua ,  onml,  oniml ,  fsxonml , 
csonml ..x.y ,  xonml ,  csoknymzlu.a.xi ,  acinymlukot ,  cidenymlkos. 
wvr ,  mlo  o'.  The  faces  c  rough,  sometimes  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  l ;  m,  z,  l,  u,  v  sometimes  striated  parallel 
to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  c,  very  per¬ 
fect  ;  i,  w  imperfect ;  m,  l  traces,  especially  in  the  varieties  from 
Scotland.  Fracture  conchoidal  more  or  less  perfect... uneven. 
Transparent ...  translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous. 

The  indices  of  refraction  of  a  white  topaz  for  rays  in  planes 
parallel  to  a ,  perpendicular  to  a,  c,  parallel  to  c,  and  polarized 
in  those  planes  respectively,  have  been  determined  by  Eudberg. 
They  are,  for  rays  corresponding  to  Fraunhofer’s  lines, 


H  .  .  .  .  1*62745 

Gr  .  .  .  .  1*62365 

F  .  .  .  .  1*61914 

E  .  .  .  .  1*61668 


1*62539  1*63506 

1*62154  1*63123 

1*61701  1*62652 

1*61452  1*62408 


TOPAZ. 


355 


D  .  .  .  .  1*61375  1*61161  1*62109 

C  .  .  .  .  1*61144  1*60935  1-61880 

B  .  .  .  .  1*61049  1-60840  1-61791 

The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel  to  a.  In  the  variety- 
examined  by  Budberg  they  made  angles  of  28°  19'*5  with  a 
normal  to  c  within  the  crystal,  and  angles  of  50°  2  ,  when  seen 
in  air  through  planes  parallel  to  c.  In  Brazilian  topaz  they 
make  angles  of  24°  55'  with  a  normal  to  c.  In  topaz  from 
Schneckenstein  they  make  angles  of  57°  6  with  a  normal  to  c, 
when  seen  in  air  through  planes  parallel  to  c.  This  angle  be¬ 
comes  larger  when  the  crystal  is  heated.  Colourless,  yellowish- 
white  . . . yellow,  reddish- wrhite . . . hyacinth-red,  blue-green.  Ex¬ 
hibits  trichroism.  A  variety  from  the  Brazils,  by  transmitted 
light  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  a,  straw-yellow,  by  light 
polarized  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  a,  c,  honey-yellow,  and  by 
light  polarized  in  a  plane  parallel  to  c,  wine-yellow.  Streak 
white,  h  =  8-0.  G  =  3-4... 3-6.  Pyroelectric,  the  middle  of 
c  being  analogous,  and  the  edges  wim'  antilogous. 

Heated  strongly  in  the  open  tube  with  salt  of  phosphorus 
yields  the  reaction  of  fluorine.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe  ; 
in  a  strong  heat  blisters  form  on  the  surface,  but  not  on  the 
faces  of  cleavage,  and  burst  immediately.  Soluble  in  salt  of 
phosphorus  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica.  "With  borax  fuses 
slowly  into  a  clear  glass.  "With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes 
blue.  Digested  with  sulphuric  acid  yields  hydrofluoric  acid. 
By  ignition  the  dark  yellow  varieties  become  red,  and  the  pale 
yellow  varieties  colourless,  retaining  their  transparency. 

2AIE3  +  3SiE2  +  l2AlSi,  fluorine  17*28,  oxygen  36*65,  silicon 
16*94,  aluminium  29*14.  The  silicon  and  aluminium  correspond 
to  silica  35-26,  alumina  54*80. 

Analyses  of  topaz  a  from  Schneckenstein,  b  from  the  Brazils, 
c  from  Einbo*  all  by  Berzelius,  d  from  the  Brazils,  6  fiom  Trum¬ 
bull  in  Connecticut, /from  Einbo,  all  by  Eorchhammer 

a  b  c  d  e  f 

Silica .  34-24  34-01  34*36  —  35*39  36-66 

Alumina .  57*45  58*38  57*74  54  88  55  96  55  lb 

Eluorine . 14’99  15’06  15’02  17  33  17  35  17  79 

The  quantities  of  fluorine  in  d,  e,f  deduced  from  the  loss 
sustained  by  exposure  to  a  very  high  temperature,  which  drives 
off  the  whole  of  the  fluorine  in  combination  with  silicon,  were 
16-50,  16-86,  17-84  respectively. 

Usually  in  attached  crystals,  seldom  m  imbedded  crystals, 
massive  or  disseminated,  in  veins  and  druses,  in  granite,  gneiss 
and  porphyry. 

Is  found,  green,  blue  and  colourless  at  Alabaschka  near 


356 


SILICATES. 


Mursinsk,  Miask  and  Adun-Tscliilon  in  Siberia,  Kamtskatka, 
Peru,  Pozena  in  Moravia  with  lepidolite,  Mucla  in  Asia  Minor, 
Penig  in  Saxony,  at  Schneckenstein  near  Auerbach  in  Saxony  of 
a  wine-yellow  colour,  at  Yilla  Pica  in  the  Brazils  of  a  deep 
yellow  colour ;  with  tin  ore  at  Greyer,  Ehrenfriedersdorf  and 
Altenberg  in  Saxony,  and  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia,  with  tin 
ore  and  apatite  in  veins  in  granite  at  St.  Michael’s  Mount  and 
Huel  Kind  near  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall,  at  Trumbull  and  Mid¬ 
dleton  in  Connecticut,  in  granite  in  the  Morne  mountains  in 
Ireland.  In  isolated  crystals  in  alluvial  soil  at  Eibenstock  in 
Saxony,  Eribus  in  Bohemia,  Orio-Branco  and  the  river  Ita  Inga 
in  the  Brazils,  New  South  Wales,  Cairn  Groram  in  Aberdeen¬ 
shire.  The  less  transparent  variety  (pyrophysalite)  with  fluor 
in  granite  veins  at  Einbo  near  Eahlun,  and  in  boulders  at 
Broddbo  near  Eahlun  in  Sweden,  in  gneiss  at  Eos  sum  near 
Modum  in  Norway. 

Topaz  from  New  South  Wales,  the  Brazils  and  Scotland, 
sometimes  contains  cavities  in  which  Sir  David  Brewster  dis¬ 
covered  two  fluids,  one  of  which  has  an  index  of  refraction 
=  l"2ll,  and  expands  0*25  of  its  original  volume  on  being  heated 
from  10°  to  27°. 

According  to  Mohs  and  Hausmann,  ‘pycnite’  is  a  variety  of 
topaz  having  the  faces  a,  on,  and  a  perfect  cleavage  parallel  to 
the  face  c,  with  planes  of  union  sometimes  parallel  and  some¬ 
times  making  an  angle  with  c.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal 
...uneven.  Translucent... translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
on  the  cleavage  planes  vitreous,  on  the  surfaces  of  fracture 
feeble.  Yellow,  green,  red,  grey.  Streak  white.  h  =  7*5. 
G  =  3*494... 3*535.  Pyroelectric.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe, 
but  blisters  more  readily  than  topaz.  Analyses  of  pycnite  from 
Altenberg,  a  by  Berzelius,  b  by  Eorchhammer : — 


a 

b 

Silica  . 

.  .  .  .  38*43 

39*04 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  .  51*00 

51*25 

Eluorine  . 

.  .  .  .  17*10 

18*48 

Is  found  in  parallel  columnar  aggregations,  at  Altenberg  in 
Saxony,  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia,  at  Mauleon  in  Erance  in 
steatite,  at  Kongsberg  in  Norway  in  mica  slate. 

199.  LEUCOPHANE. — Leucophane  ;  Dufrenoy.  Leuko- 
phan ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger, 

Anorthic. 

Eracture  uneven.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous  on  cleavage  planes,  inclining  to  resinous  on  the  surfaces  of 
tracture.  Pale  greenish-grey. .  .light  wine-yellow.  Streak  white. 


EUDIALTTE. 


857 


Very  tough,  n  =  3'75.  g  =  2*974.  Phosphoresces  with  a 
blue  light  when  struck  with  a  hammer  or  heated.  Becomes 
feebly  electric  by  pressure  and  also  when  heated. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  a  clear  bead  tinged  with  violet. 
In  borax  fuses  readily  into  a  clear  amethyst-coloured  glass. 

3CaSi  +  G3Si2  +  NaE,  silica  48-6,  lime  26*3,  glucine  11*9,  so¬ 
dium  7 ‘3,  fluorine  5*9. 

Analysis  by  Erdmann : — 


Silica . 

.  47*82 

Glucine . 

.  11*51 

Lime . 

.  25*00 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

1*01 

Potassium . 

0*26 

Sodium . 

7*59 

Eluorine . 

6*17 

Is  found  imbedded  in  syenite  in  the  Lammon  rock  below 
Stokon  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lange sund-fjord  in  Norway. 


200.  ETJDIALYTE. — Eudyalite;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Ehom- 
hoedrischer  Almandin-Spath ;  Mohs.  Eudialyt ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 


Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  67°  42'. 


HI, 

a  Oil,  b 

211,  r 

100,  e 

Oil, 

ad 

0 

0 

co 

0' 

/ 

/y/y* 

106° 

30' 

bet! 

30 

0 

ss 

116 

4 

bb " 

60 

0 

ta 

13 

59 

zo 

31 

22 

tr 

22 

46 

TO 

67 

42 

ze 

42 

2 

bo 

90 

0 

rd 

53 

15 

eo 

50 

38 

rs 

58 

2 

so 

78 

25 

ra 

36 

45 

to 

81 

11 

// 

ae 

47 

58 

zz 

53 

35 

// 

as 

31 

58 

ee 

84 

4 

211,  s  ill,  t  021. 


EIG.  375. 


Combinations,  ozra ,  ozrs,  ozvba ,  ozerba ,  ozersba ,  ozerstba. 
Cleavage,  o,  distinct ;  0,  less  distinct ;  r,  a  traces,  seldom 
observable.  Eracture  conchoidal . . . uneven.  Translucent  on  the 
edges... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Dark  peach-blossom-red... 
brownish-red.  Streak  white.  Slightly  brittle,  h  —  5  0... 5  5. 


G  =  2'84. .  .2’95. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  little  moisture.  Before  the  blowpipe 
melts  into  a  greyish-green  opaque  slag.  With  borax  fuses 


358 


SILICATES. 


readily  into  a  clear  glass  slightly  coloured  by  iron.  With  salt 
of  phosphorus  the  silica  intumesces  so  that  the  bead  cannot 
take  a  globular  form.  In  hydrochloric  acid  is  partly  decom¬ 
posed  and  gelatinizes. 

2ESi  +  ZrSi,  where  E  denotes  soda,  lime,  protoxides  of 
iron  and  manganese. 

Analyses  a  by  Stromeyer,  corrected  by  Eammelsberg,  b  by 
Eammelsberg : — 


a 

b 

Silica . 

49-92 

Zirconia . 

.  10*89 

16-88 

Protoxide  of  iron 

6-16 

6-97 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

2-31 

1*16 

Lime . 

.  10-14 

11*11 

Soda . 

’  j  13-92 

12*28 

Potash . 

0-65 

Chlorine . 

1*00 

1*19 

Loss  by  ignition  .... 

1*80 

0’37 

Eammelsberg  supposes  that  in  analysis  a  the  silica  contained 
some  zirconica. 

According  to  Svanberg,  the  zirconia  obtained  from  eudialyte 
contains  a  new  oxide,  resembling,  in  some  of  its  properties,  the 
substance  which  went  by  the  name  of  yttria  previous  to  its 
separation  into  yttria  and  the  oxides  of  erbium  and  terbium, 
but  does  not  perfectly  resemble  either  of  them. 

In  attached  crystals ;  massive,  granular,  disseminated. 

Is  found  at  Kangerdluarsuk  in  West  Greenland  with  soda- 
lite,  arfvedsonite  and  felspar. 

201.  WOHLEEITE. — Wohlerite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Wohlerit; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Traces  of  cleavage.  Eracture  conchoidal... splintery.  Trans¬ 
lucent  more  or  less.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  surfaces  of  frac¬ 
ture  resinous.  Yellow,  brown,  grey.  Streak  yellowish-white, 
n  =  55.  g  =  3-41. 

Before  the  blowpipe  in  a  strong  heat  melts  quietly  into  a 
yellowish  glass.  Imparts  the  colours  of  iron  and  manganese  to 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus.  Is  decomposed  by  warm  concen¬ 
trated  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  silica  and  pelopic 
acid. 

Analysis  by  Scheerer : — 

Silica . 30-62 

Pelopic  acid . 14-47 

Zirconia . 16*17 


NEPHELINE. 


359 


Protoxide  of  manganese  .  1*55 

Magnesia . 0*40 

Lime . 26*19 

Soda . 7*78 

Water . 0*24 

Is  found  in  tabular  and  columnar  crystals,  and  angular 

grains,  in  some  islands  in  Langes und-Pjord,  and  in  the  island 
of  Rodkindholmen  near  Eriedrichswarn  in  Norway. 

202.  NEPHELINE. — Nepheline ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Ehom- 
boedrischer  Elain-Spath ;  Mohs.  Nephelin ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  59° 
o  ill,  a  oil,  b  2 II,  x  120, 

ao  90°  o' 

ad  60  0 

bd  30  0 

XO  44  3 

ZO  62  40 

xcd  40  41 

zz'  52  44 


Z  131. 

EIGr.  376. 


Combinations,  oa,  oax,  oaxz,  oabxz.  Cleavage,  o,  a  imper¬ 
fect.  Eracture  conchoidal . . .  uneven.  Transparent.,  .feebly 
translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Surfaces  of  fracture,  especially 
of  the  coloured  varieties,  resinous.  Colourless,  greenish-grey, 
flesh-red  inclining  to  brown,  blue  inclining  to  green.  Streak 
white.  Brittle,  h  —  5'5...6'0.  u  =  2*58...  2*64. 

Before  the  blowpipe  nepheline  melts  with  difficulty,  elseolite 
more  readily,  into  a  blebby  glass.  Is  decomposed  with  great 
difficulty  by  salt  of  phosphorus.  With  solution  of  cobalt  the 
melted  edges  become  blue.  A  translucent  splinter  becomes 
opaque  in  nitric  acid.  In  powder  is  completely  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 

IPSi3  +  2Al2Si3,  where  It  denotes  Na,  K,  Ca. 

Analyses  of  the  white  varieties  (nepheline),  a  from  the  Kat- 
zenbuckel  by  L.  Gmelin,  b  from  the  Katzenbuckel  by  Scheerer, 
c,  d,  e  from  Monte  Somma,  all  by  Scheerer, /from  Vesuvius  by 
Arfvedson : — 

a  b  c  d  e  f 

.  .  43‘36  43*70  44*03  44*29  44*04  44*11 

.  ,  33*49  32*31  33*28  33*04  34*06  33*73 


Silica  . 
Alumina 


360 


SILICATES. 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Soda  ...... 

13-36 

16*83 

15-44 

14-93 

15^91 

20-46 

Potash . 

7-13 

6'60 

4-94 

4-72 

4  "*52 

— 

Lime . 

0-90 

0-84 

1-77 

1-82 

2-01 

— 

Ox.  of  iron  and  man. 

1-50 

1-07 

0-65 

0-39 

0-44 

— 

Water . 

1-39 

1-39 

0-21 

0:21 

0*21 

0-62 

Analyses  of  coloured  varieties  (elaeolite)  g  from  Friedrikswarn 
(green),  h  from  Friedrikswarn  (brown),  i,  h  from  Brevig  (brown), 
l,  m  from  Miask  (white),  all  by  Scheerer,  n  from  Miask  (white) 
by  Bromeis  : — 


9 

Jl 

i 

h 

l 

m 

n 

Silica 

45-31 

45-55 

44-59 

44*48 

44-30 

44*07 

42-33 

Alumina 

32-63 

32-00 

32-14 

32-03 

33-25 

33-12 

34*39 

Soda 

15-95 

16-09 

15-67 

15-76 

16*02 

15-70 

16*26 

Potash  .  .  . 

5-45 

5-02 

5-10 

5*24 

5-85 

5-69 

5"95 

Lime 

0-33 

trace 

0-28 

0-24 

0-32 

0-26 

0-47 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

0-45 

1-41 

0-86 

1*30 

0-82 

0-57 

trace 

Magnesia  .  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0-07 

trace 

0-45 

Water  .  .  . 

0-60 

0-78 

2*05 

2-06 

— 

0-90 

0-92 

According  to  Bromeis  and  Scheerer,  nepheline  and  elaeolite 
contain  traces  of  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals  and  massive. 

The  white  varieties  (nepheline)  are  found  on  Monte  Somma 
in  matter  ejected  from  Vesuvius,  in  a  basaltic  rock  at  Capo  di 
Bove  near  Borne,  in  dolerite  on  the  Katzenbuckel  near  Heidel¬ 
berg,  Meiges  in  Hessia,  the  Lobau  mountain  in  Saxony,  Miask. 
The  coloured  varieties  (elaeolite)  in  syenite  near  Laurvig  and 
Brevig  in  Norway,  near  Miask  in  the  Ural. 


203.  LEUCITE. — Leucite;  Phillips.  Amphigeno  ;  Hauy. 
Trapezoidaler  Amphigen-Spath ;  Mohs.  Leucit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

d  oil  cleavage,  n  211. 

dd'  60°  o' 

nd  64  44 

nn/  48  11 

nri  33  33 

Cleavage,  d ,  very  imperfect,  extending 
a  very  small  distance  below  the  surface. 

Fracture  conchoidal . . .  uneven.  Semi- trans¬ 
parent...  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  the  surface  of  fracture 


eig.  377. 


PORZELLA?sTSPATII. 


361 


resinous.  r  =  1*527.  Greyish- wliite ...  ash-grey,  yellowish  and 
reddish-white.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  6*5...  6*0.  n  = 
2-45... 2-50. 

Perfectly  infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax  melts 
slowly  into  a  transparent  glass.  With  soda  effervesces  and 
forms  a  transparent  blebby  glass.  With  solution  of  cobalt 
becomes  blue.  In  powder  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  leaving  silica  in  powder. 

KSi  +  AlSi3,  silica  55*59,  alumina  23*14,  potash  21*27. 


Analyses  of  leucite  a ,  b  from  Vesuvius,  c  from  Albano,  d  from 
Pompeii,  all  by  Klaproth,  e  from  Vesuvius  by  Arfvedson,  / 
from  Monte  Somma  by  Awdejew  : — 


a 

b 

G 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  . 

.  53  7 5 

53*50 

54 

54*5 

56*10 

56*05 

Alumina  , 

. 24*63 

24*25 

23 

23*5 

23*10 

23*03 

Potash 

. 21*35 

20*09 

22 

19*5 

21*15 

20*40 

Soda  . 

•  •  •  •  • 

— 

— 

(fe 

0*95) 

1*02 

Is  liable  to  decomposition,  losing  its  lustre  and  transparency, 
and  at  last  falling  into  powder. 

In  imbedded  crystals  and  grains. 

Is  found  in  lava  near  Pome  at  Albano,  Nemi,  Borghetto, 
Viterbo,  Acquapendente  ;  in  lava  around  Vesuvius,  Monte 
Somma,  Pompeii  ;  in  trachyte  between  Andernach  on  the 
Bhine  and  the  lake  of  Laach ;  in  the  dolerite  of  the  Kaiser- 
stuhl  in  Baden. 


204.  POBZELLANSPATH. — Porzellanspath  ;  Mohs,Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 


Prismatic,  mm'  —  88°. 

Cleavage  in  two  directions,  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 
bisecting  the  acute  and  obtuse  angles  between  m,  m,  not  very 
perfect.  Practure  uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the  cleavage  planes.  Vellowish- 
white,  greyish-white,  light  grey.  Brittle.  H  =  5*5.  G  = 
2*65... 2*68.  Phosphoresces  when  heated. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  intumescence  into  a  blebby 
colourless  glass.  Is  decomposed  by  concentrated  hydrochloric 
acid. 


sAlSi  +  3CaSi  +  NaSi3, 
soda  5*7. 


silica  50*6,  alumina  28*1,  lime  15*6, 


R 


362 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  a  by  Fuchs,  b  by  v.  Kobell,  c  by  Schafhautl : — 


a 

b 

c 

Silica  .  . 

.  .  .  .  49*30 

60*29 

49*20 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  .  27‘90 

27-37 

27*30 

Lime  . 

.  .  .  .  14-42 

13-53 

15*48 

Soda  .  . 

.  .  .  .  5-46 

6-92 

4-53 

Potash  . 

....  — 

0‘17 

1-23 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  .  0*90 

— 

1*20 

Chlorine  . 

....  — — 

— 

0-92 

In  crystals  and  granular  masses.  • 

The  crystals  are  found  imbedded  in  isolated  blocks  of  felspar 
in  the  porcelain  earth-pits  at  Obernzell  near  Passau,  the  massive 
varieties  in  a  bed  in  granite  near  the  same  place. 

Is  decomposed  by  exposure,  and  transformed  into  friable 
porcelain  earth,  which  frequently  retains  the  form  of  the 
crvstals. 


205.  SPODUMENE. — Spodumene  ;  Phillips.  Triphane  ; 
Hauy.  Prismatischer  Triphan-Spath ;  Mohs.  Triphan ;  Haus- 
mann.  Spodumen ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  49°  50' ;  111,010  =  45°  33' ;  101,001  =  60°  40\ 


a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  t 
x  112,  0  212. 


oil,  m  110,  i  130,  v  111, 
EIG.  378. 


tb 

39° 

45' 

cb 

90 

0 

ib 

17 

33 

mb 

43 

30 

ab 

90 

0 

ca 

110 

30 

vb 

45 

33 

ob 

63 

53 

xb 

58° 

0' 

X  c 

45 

9 

VC 

69 

32 

me 

103 

57 

ta 

102 

66 

va 

62 

35 

xct 

78 

48 

oa 

54 

36 

Cleavage,  ci ,  perfect ;  m,  not  quite  so  perfect.  Fracture 
uneven... splintery.  Translucent... translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the  cleavage  planes. 
Greenish  -  white . . .  apple  -  green . . .  light  greenish  -  grey.  Streak 
white,  h  =  6’5 . .  .7*0.  n  =  3*07.. .3*20. 

Intumesces  before  the  blowpipe,  imparts  a  fleeting  redness  to 
the  flame,  and  fuses  easily  into  a  transparent  glass.  With 
solution  of  cobalt  becomes' blue.  Melted  with  fluor  and  bisul¬ 
phate  of  potash  it  colours  the  flame  red.  Is  dissolved  in  salt  of 


PETALITE. 


363 


phosphorus,  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica.  Is  not  acted  upon  by 
acids  either  before  or  after  ignition. 


Analyses  of  spodumene  from  Uto  a  by  Arfvedson,  b  by  Stro- 
meyer,  c  by  Begnault,  d  by  Hagen,  e  from  Mexico,  f  from  the 
Tyrol,  both  by  Hagen : — 


a 

b- 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  66-40 

63-29 

65-30 

66-14 

65-25 

66-03 

Alumina 

.  25-30 

28-78 

25-34 

27-02 

27-56 

26'45 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

1-45 

0-79 

2-83 

0-32 

— 

— 

Lithia  .... 

8-85 

5*63 

6-76 

3-84  * 

>  not. 

det. 

Volatile  matter 

.  0-45 

0*78 

Soda 

2-68  _ 

In  analyses  ci,b,  c  a  mixture  of  lithia  and  soda  appears  to 
have  been  mistaken  for  pure  lithia. 

Is  found  in  imperfect  crystals,  and  cleavable  masses,  in  a  bed 
of  iron  ore  in  gneiss  in  the  island  of  Uto,  in  granite  at  Sterzing 
and  Lisens  in  the  Tyrol,  Killiney  in  Ireland,  Peterhead  in 
Scotland,  Sterling  and  some  other  places  in  Massachusetts. 


206.  PETALITE. — Petalite  ;  Phillips.  Petalite  ;  Hauy. 
Prismatischer  Petalin-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Petalit  ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Cleavages  parallel  to  three  faces,  r,  m,  s ,  in  one  zone ;  s,  im¬ 
perfect.  m  =  38°  25',  sm  =  63°  O'. 

Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous  ; 
pearly  on  the  planes  of  most  perfect  cleavage.  White,  passing 
into  red,  sometimes  into  green.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  = 
6*0. ..6-5.  G  =  2*38. ..2*43. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  into  an  opaque  blebby  glass, 
colouring  the  flame  red.  The  redness  of  the  flame  becomes 
very  evident  when  petalite  is  fused  with  fluor  and  bisulphate  of 
potash.  With  borax  melts  into  a  clear  glass.  Is  not  decom¬ 
posed  by  acids. 


Analyses  of  petalite  from  Uto  a  by  Arfvedson,  b  by  C. 
Gmelin,  c,  d  by  Hagen,  e  from  Elba  (castor)  by  Plattner : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Silica  .... 

.  .  79-21 

74-17 

77‘81 

77-07 

78-01 

Alumina 

.  .  1723 

17-41 

17’19 

18-00 

18-86 

Lithia  .... 

.  .  5-76  1 

5*16 

2-69 

2-66 

2-76 

Soda  .... 

.  •  -  ) 

2’30 

2-27 

trace 

Lime  .... 

.  .  — - 

0*32 

— 

— 

— 

Loss  by  ignition 

•  • 

2-17 

— 

¥e 

0-61 

361 


SILICATES. 


In  analysis  a ,  the  presence  of  soda  in  the  mixture  of  lithia 
and  soda  was  overlooked. 

Is  found  in  granular  and  compact  masses  in  the  island  of 
Uto,  at  Bolton  and  Littleton  in  Massachusetts,  near  York 
on  the  north  coast  of  lake  Ontario,  in  attached  crystals  (castor) 
in  granite  in  Elba. 


207.  POLLUX. — Pollux ;  Breithaupt,  Hausmann. 

Traces  of  cleavage.  Practure  conchoidal.  Transparent. 
Lustre  vitreous,  bright.  Colourless,  white.  h  =  6-0...6-5. 
G-  =  2-868..  .2-892. 

Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  opaque.  In  thin  splinters 
melts  on  the  edges  into  a  blebby  enamel.  Imparts  a  reddish- 
yellow  colour  to  the  outer  flame.  Easily  soluble  in  borax 
forming  a  clear  glass. 

Analysis  of  a  very  small  quantity  by  Plattner  : — 


Silica . 46"20 

Alumina . 16‘39 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . 0*86 

Potash . 16-61 

Soda  with  a  trace  of  lithia  ....  10-47 

Water . 232 


Is  found  with  petalite  in  the  drusy  cavities  of  granite  in 
Elba. 


208.  EELSPAB. — Eelspar;  Phillips.  Eeldspath  (in  part)  ; 
Hauy.  Orthotomer  Eeldspath ;  Mohs.  Eeldspath ;  Haus- 
mann.  Adular ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  65°47' ;  111,010  =  63°  7' ;  101,001  =  50°  2o\ 


a  100, 

b 

010,  C 

001,  y 

201 

,  r 

403,  X 

101,  q 

203 

201,  m  no,  z  130, 

h  023, 

n 

021, 

i  061, 

0  111, 

S  131 

221,  V 

241 

>  9  112, 

d  241, 

G 

Ill. 

cb 

90° 

o' 

rib 

45° 

3' 

eb 

72° 

20' 

ab 

90 

0 

Jib 

71 

36 

db 

49 

10 

ca 

63 

53 

zb 

29 

25 

zc 

102 

29 

ca 

116 

7 

mb 

69 

24 

xm 

69 

20 

yc 

80 

22 

xb 

90 

0 

xz 

78 

23 

rc 

63 

27 

ob 

63 

7 

yz 

66 

31 

XG 

50 

19 

sb 

33 

20 

oy 

39 

27 

qc 

34 

13 

ub 

57 

0 

ny 

83 

12 

WG 

41 

0 

vb 

37 

35 

dy 

113 

12 

ib 

18 

28 

9h 

74 

00 

CM 

ym 

134 

19 

FELSPAK. 


365 


my 

IJZ 

wm 

wz 

rm 

rz 

qm 


45°  4l' 
66  31 

37  32 

63  6 

58  31 

72  40 

83  2 


or 

yx 

gm! 

mo 

ne 

sn 

mn 


fig.  379. 

9 


29°  42' 
29  29 

81  12 
57  43 

36  26 

33  1 

84  46 


wm 

gc 

oc 

uc 

me 

ec 

cm 

qz 

oz 

vz 

zri 

*9 


37°  32' 
29  8 

65  18 

81  56 

112  16 
33  30 

67  44 

86  22 
55  1 

21  2 
39  48 

75  57 

FIG.  380. 


FIG.  381. 


FIG.  382. 


FIG.  383. 


Combinations.  cm ,  xcm,  xcmb..o.g.n.y.a.z,  ycmb.x.o.n.z , 
qxoycmzb,  oxcrymb ,  oxcyutb.nvwz ,  oxeneswmb.  The  laces  m,  z,  b 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Twins. 
1.  Twin-face  c  (fig.  38i).  2.  Twin-face  n  (fig.  382).  3.  Twin- 

face  a  (fig.  383).  4.  Twin-face  2.  Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect. 

Paces  of  union  exist  also  parallel  to  c.  b ,  perfect,  sometimes 
interrupted  by  conchoidal  fracture,  and  rather  difficult  to 
obtain  5  m,  traces.  Practure  conchoidal... uneven.  Trans¬ 
parent...  translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  c,  pearly. 

n  3 


366 


SILICATES. 


k,  —  1*536,  1*764.  The  optic  axes  are  in  a  plane  parallel  to  c, 
and  make  angles  of  58°  307  with  a  normal  to  b.  Colourless,  white 
inclining  to  grey,  green,  brown,  red,  flesh-red,  verdigris-green. 
Streak  greyish- white.  Brittle,  n  =  6*0.  o  =  2-53...  2*59. 

Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into  an  opaque 
blebby  glass.  With  borax  forms  a  clear  glass.,  Soluble  with 
difficulty  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica. 
With  solution  of  cobalt  the  melted  edges  become  blue.  Is  not 
acted  on  by  acids. 


IGSi3  -f  AlSi3,  silica  65*25,  alumina  18*11,  potash  16*64.  Part 
of  the  potash  is  frequently  replaced  by  soda  and  lime. 


Analyses  of  the  transparent  colourless  varieties  (adularia)  a 
from  St.  Grotthardt,  o  —  2*5756,  by  Abich,  b  by  Awdejew,  c  by 
Berthier,  d  from  the  Valenciana  mine  in  Mexico  (Breithaupt’s 
\  alencianite)  by  Plattner,  e  of  flesh-coloured  felspar  from  Lom- 
nitz  by  V .  Rose,  f  of  opalescent  felspar  from  Dawlish  (murchi- 
sonite)  by  R.  Phillips  : — 


a 

Silica . 

.  65-69 

Alumina  .... 

.  17-97 

Potash  .... 

.  13*99 

Soda . 

1-01 

Lime . 

1*34 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

65*75 

64*20 

66*82 

66*75 

68*6 

18*69 

18*40 

17-58 

17-50 

16*6 

14-17 

16*95 

14-80 

12*00 

14*8 

1*44 

0*09 

1*75 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1-25 

- - 

Analyses  of  greyish  or  yellowish  transparent  varieties  in 
imbedded  crystals  showing  the  forms  b ,  c ,  x,  m ,  n  (glassy  felspar 
or  sanidine)  g  from  Vesuvius  by  Gr.  Rose,  Ti  from  the  Brachen- 
fels,  i  from  Mont  d’Or,  both  by  Berthier,  k  from  Epomeo  in 
Ischia,  l  from  Arso  in  Ischia,  m  from  the  tufa  of  Pausilipo  all 
by  Abich : — 


Silica . 

Alumina . 

Red  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

Potash . 

Soda . 

Lime . 

Magnesia . 

Oxide  of  mangan. 


9 

Ji 

• 

l 

65*52 

66*6 

66*1 

19*15 

18*5 

19-8 

— 

0*6 

— 

|  14*74 

8*0 

6*9 

4*0 

3*7 

0*60 

1-0 

— 

— 

— 

2*0 

— 

— 

k 

1 

m 

66*73 

65*00 

67-87 

17*36 

18*64 

15*72 

0*81 

0*83 

2*41 

8*27 

9*12 

6*68 

4-10 

3-49 

3*86 

1*23 

1-23 

3*16 

1*20 

1*03 

1‘40 

— 

0*13 

- - 

Analyses  of  felspar  n  from  Alabaschka,  o  from  Schaitansk  by 
Moss  and  Litton,  p  from  Martersberg  near  Marienberg,  o-  ~ 
:rn,  by  Kroner,  q  from  Freiberg  by  Kersten,  r  from  Mulde  near 
-breiberg  by  Moll,  s  (Breithaupt’s  mikroklin)  by  Evreinoff:— 


FELSPAR. 


367 


n 

0 

P 

2 

r 

S 

Silica  .... 

.  65*91 

65*82 

66-43 

65-52 

65-75 

65-76 

Alumina 

.  20-93 

19-00 

17-03 

17-61 

17-72 

18-31 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  — 

— 

0*49 

0-80 

"  “ 

' 

Potash  .... 

.  10-18 

12-25 

13-96 

12-98 

12-05 

14*06 

Soda . 

3-50 

3-30 

0-91 

1*70 

3-66 

Lime . 

O'll 

0-34 

1-03 

0-94 

0-82 

1*20 

Magnesia 

.  — 

0*07 

- 

' 

Analyses  of  felspar  t  (g  =  2-5552)  from  Baveno,  u  green 
felspar  (amazon-stone,  a  =  2*5816)  from  Siberia,  both  by  Abich, 
v  green  crystallized  felspar  (g  =  2*646... 2’549)  from  Bodenmais 
by  Kerndt,  w,  x  of  nodules  resembling  glassy  felspar  m  the 
trachyte  of  Hobenbagen  near  Hransfeld  m  Hanover  by  Sclme- 
dermann,  y  flesh-red  felspar  (a  =  2-576... 2-579)  from  Batburst 
in  Canada  (Thomson’s  pertbite)  by  T.  S.  Hunt : 


t 

u 

V 

w 

X 

9 

Silica  . 

.  .  65*72 

65*32 

63-66 

64-86 

64-86 

66’44 

Alumina  .  . 

.  .  18-57 

17-89, 

17-27 

21*46 

21-92 

18*35 

Potash 

.  .  14*02 

13-05 

10-66 

2*62 

4-15 

6*37 

Soda  . 

.  .  1*25 

2-81 

6-14 

10-29 

7*53 

5*56 

Lime  .  .  • 

.  .  0-34 

o-io 

0-39 

■ — 

- 

0*67 

Magnesia 

.  .  o-io 

0-09 

2-28 

— 

0  24 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  (with 

^ — s 
O 
03 

o 

S» 

•o 

0-45 

— 

■ 

yy  1*00 

Ox.  mangan. 

.  .  — 

0-19 

0-15 

■  1  ^ 

H  0*40 

Analyses  of  felspar  z  from  Cbamoum ,  «  from  the  syenite  of 
the  Ballon  de  Servance  in  the  Vosges,  both  by  Delesse,  /3  of 
milk-white,  translucent  moon-stone,  slightly  decomposed,  from 
Ceylon,  y  of  the  same  decomposed,  pearly  both  by  Brongmart, 
3  of  partially  decomposed  felspar  from  the  Auersberg  m  the 
Harz1  by  Bammelsberg,  e  from  Lauryig  (g  —  2*6872),  (  from 
Priedrichswarn,  exhibiting  a  play  of  sky-blue  light,  hot  y 
C.  Grmelin: — 


a 


3 


Silica  .  •  • 

66*48 

64*26 

Alumina  .  • 

19*06 

19*27 

Potash  .  .  • 

10-52 

10-58 

Soda  .  •  • 

2-30 

2-88 

Lime  .  •  • 

0-63 

0-70 

Magnesia  .  . 

— 

0-77 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

— 

0"50 

Water  .  .  • 

— 

0*40 

64-00 

67*10 

66-26 

65-90 

65-19 

19*43 

17-83 

16*98 

19-46 

19-99 

14-81 

13*50 

14-42 

6-55 

7-03 

,  - 

— 

0-20 

6-14 

7-08 

0*42 

0-50 

0‘43 

0-28 

0*48 

0*20 

trace 

0*11 

— 

— 

, 

0*31 

0-44 

0-63 

1*14 

1*07 

1*29 

0-12 

0-38 

In  attached 
masses. 


and  imbedded  crystals,  crystalline  and  granular 
E  4 


368 


SILICATES. 


Adularia  and  the  nearly  opaque  common  felspar  are  found  in 
plutonic  and  metamorphic  rocks ;  the  transparent  varieties 
having  a  bright  vitreous  lustre,  in  imbedded  crystals,  having 
but  few  faces,  and  traversed  by  numerous  cracks,  called  glassy 
felspar  or  sanidine,  in  volcanic  rocks.  It  has  been  observed 
that  common  felspar  exposed  to  a  high  temperature  in  the 
inner  wall  of  a  furnace  has  acquired  the  appearance  of  glassy 
felspar.  Adularia  is  found  in  St.  Gotthardt,  Mont  Blanc, 
Uauphme,  Arendal  in  Norway,  in  the  granite  of  Arran,  in  veins 
m  slate  at  Tintagel  in  Cornwall,  on  Snowdon.  A  varietv  ex¬ 
hibiting  a  play  of  colours  was  found  in  Ceylon,  in  the  zircon 
syenite  of  the  south  of  Norway,  in  Greenland.  Common  fel¬ 
spar  in  attached  crystals  at  Baveno  on  the  Lago  Maggiore, 
Lommtz  m  Silesia,  the  Morne  mountains  in  Ireland,  Alabaschka 
near  Mursmsk  and  several  other  places  in  the  Ural,  in  imbedded 
ciystals  at  Karlsbad  and  Elbogen  in  Bohemia,  Ochsenkopf,  Kos- 
sem  and  Kirchenlamitz  in  the  Eichtelgebirge,  Eglersburg  in 
I  lunngia,  near  Rio  Janeiro  in  the  Brazils.  Green  felspar 
(amazon-stone)  is  found  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Ilmen. 
Glassy  felspar  occurs  in  trachyte  in  the  Drachenfels  on  the 
Khme,  Mont  d’Or  and  other  places  in  Auvergne,  in  Mexico, 
Glide  ;  at  Oberbergen,  Bischoffingen  and  Bothweil  in  Baden, 
m  Hungary,  the  Euganean  hills,  Milo,  Kamtschatka,  Sitka,  in 
trachytic  lava  at  Montamiata,  Viterbo,  Potzzuolo,  Ischia  in 
Italy ,  m  Iceland ;  in  the  basaltic  conglomerate  of  Dorenbero- 
near  Cassel ;  in  volcanic  masses  about  Vesuvius  and  the  lake 
of  Laach,  m  Kum,  in  pitch-stone  in  Arran.  The  murchisonite 
of  Levy  is  a  flesh-red  variety  of  felspar  (o  =:  2'5l)  occurring 
m  rolled  pebbles  at  Heavitree  near  Exeter,  which  has,  besides 
the  usual  cleavages  c,  b,  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  a  third 
cleavage  b,  such  that  bb  =  90°  o',  be  =  106°  so',  ba  =  9°  17'. 
An  opalescent  play  of  light  is  observable  on  the  cleavage 
planes  S.  Some  of  the  crystals  are  twins,  the  twin-face  being  « 
Ihe  transparent  colourless  felspar  from  Ceylon  (moon-stone) 
and  the  lndiscent  felspar  from  Friedrichs  warn  have  the  same 
cleavages  and  play  of  light.  Crystals  of  flesh-red  felspar  having 
the  faces  b,  m  and  probably  either  c,  a?  or  y,  have  been  formed 
m  a  copper  furnace  in  Mannsfeld ;  and  crystals,  perfectly  re¬ 
sembling  the  adularia  from  St.  Gotthardt,  having  the  faces  b,c  m 
and  sometimes  a  and  3,  both  single  and  in  twins  (twin-face’ cV 
were  found  by  the  younger  Hausmann  between  five  and  six 

Stcflberg76  ^  °f  ^  ir°n  furnace  at  Josephshiitte  near 

I  elspar  is  liable  to  suffer  decomposition,  forming  a  silicate  of 
potash  soluble  m  water,  which  is  washed  away,  leaving  a  hydrous 
silicate  of  alumina  (porcelain-clay  or  kaolin).  It  is  sometimes 
converted  into  a  substance  like  steatite,  or  into  a  mechanical 


RHYACOLITE. 


369 


mixture  of  nearly  equal  parts  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  silicate 
of  alumina  and  red  oxide  of  iron. 


209.  RHYACOLITE.  —  Empyrodoxer  Eeld-Spatb;  Mohs. 
Ryacolith ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100=65° 

37f'3 ; 

111,010 

=  63°  19'; 

a  loo 

in. 

twin-face,  b 

010, 

c  001,  n  02l: 

be 

90° 

o' 

ob 

63° 

19' 

ab 

90 

0 

yo 

39 

19 

cct 

116 

6 

on 

43 

56 

xc 

50 

29 

mo 

56 

68 

yc 

80 

28 

oc 

cm! 

55 

21 

ym 

45 

26 

67 

41 

nb 

45 

16 

xm 

69 

8 

zb 

29 

41 

xbm 

65 

37 

mb 

59 

41 

ybm 

35 

37 

Combinations,  oxernb ,  xenyrnb , 

oxcnymzb 

FIG.  384. 


ocr 


Twin-face  a. 


28'.  Cleavage. 

c,  perfect ;  b,  less  perfect,  yet  distinct.  Eracture  conchoidal. 
Transparent . .  .translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white, 
greyish,  yellowish.  Streak  white.  Very  brittle,  h  =  6*0. 


<j  =  2-67.. .2-62. 

Before  the  blowpipe  is  rather  more  fusible  than  felspar,  and 
imparts  a  yellow  colour  to  the  flame.  Is  decomposed  by  hy¬ 
drochloric  acid  leaving  a  residue  of  silica  in  powder. 


RSi  +  AlSi2,  where  R  is  soda,  potash  and  lime. 
Analysis  by  Gr.  Rose : — 


Silica  .... 

.  .  .  50*31 

Alumina  .  .  •* 

,  .  .  29*44 

Red  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  0*28 

Lime  .... 

.  .  .  1*07 

Magnesia  .  .  • 

.  .  .  0*23 

Potash  .... 

.  .  .  5*92 

Soda . 

.  .  .  10*56 

Is  found  in  small  transparent  crystals  in  volcanic  matter  at 
the  foot  of  Vesuvius,  in  imbedded  crystals  in  the  lavas  of  the 

Eiffel,  and  at  the  lake  of  Laach. 

r  5 


370 


SILICATES. 


210.  ALBITE. — Albite ;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Heterotomer 
Eeld-Spath,  Tetartoprismatischer  Eeld-Spath ;  Mohs.  Albit ; 
Hausmann.  Albit,  Periklin;  Haidinger. 

Anorthic.  110,110  =  57°  45' ;  010,110=60°  8';  001,110=64°  55'; 
111,001  —'57°  37' ;  110,001  =  69°  9'. 


m  010, 

p 

001,  e 

021, 

I10,  z 

130, 

f  130, 

S  111 

tm 

62° 

7' 

sm 

Im 

60 

8 

xs 

It' 

67 

45 

ox 

fin 

31 

30 

om' 

zm 

30 

48 

tp 

mp 

86 

24 

pg 

pm' 

93 

36 

9° 

np 

46 

5 

o9 

ep 

42 

34 

si 

xp 

52 

37 

ks 

yx 

29 

46 

pk 

FIG.  385. 


021,  X  101,  y  201,  l  110, 
o  ill,  k  112,  g  112. 


59° 

33' 

pV 

69° 

9' 

25 

19 

te 

52 

19 

27 

19 

es 

42 

46 

67 

49 

sy 

39 

27 

64 

55 

yt 

45 

28 

29 

55 

ly 

41 

26 

27 

42 

yo 

39 

0 

57 

28 

on 

48 

4 

55 

7 

nl' 

61 

30 

25 

54 

tmp 

63 

26 

29 

50 

Imx 

63 

49 

FIG.  387. 

m! 


Combinations.  xoptlm ,  xyognpltfzm ,  xsonptlzfim.  Twins. 
1.  Twin-face  m  (fig.  386).  pd  =  -?-  7°  12'.  xx  —  —  io°  16'.  2. 

Twin-axis  the  axis  ot  the  zone  tml.  3.  Twin-axis  the  axis  of 
the  zone  pxy.  Cleavage,  p,  very  perfect ;  m,  less  perfect ;  ^im¬ 
perfect.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal... uneven.  The  faces 
f  z,  m,  t,  l  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each 
other  ;  x  usually  uneven,  rough.  Transparent . . .  translucent  on 
the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  on  cleavage  faces,  especially  p, 


ALBITE. 


371 


pearly.  Colourless,  white  of  various  sliades,  liglit  red,  yellow, 
green,  grey.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  H  —  6  o ...  6  5.  G-  2  54 

.  •  .  2  64.  .  ..  .  , -I 

Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  and  colours  the 

flame  distinctly  yellow.  Is  not  decomposed  by  acids. 

NaSi3  +  AlSi3,  silica  69*20,  alumina  19*20,  soda  11*60.  A 
small  portion  of  the  soda  is  usually  replaced  by  lime  and  potash. 


Analyses  of  albite  a  from  Finbo  by  Eggertz,  b  from  Finland 
by  Tengstrom,  c  from  Penig  by  Ficinus,  d  from  Arendal  by 
Gr.  Bose,  g  from  Chesterfield  in  North  America  bj  Stromeyer, 
/from  St.  Gotthardt,  in  crystals  (pericline),  by  Thaulow 


Silica . 

Alumina  . 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

Lime . 

Soda . 


a 

b 

C 

70*48 

67*99 

67*75 

18*45 

19*61 

18*65 

— 

0*70 

0*95 

i 

— 

0*25 

0*55 

0*66 (Mg  0*34) 

10*50 

11*12 

10*06 

d  e  f 

68*46  70*68  69*00 

19*30  19*80  19*43 

0*28  0*11  — 

0*68  0*23  0*20 

9*12  9*06  11*47 


Analyses  of  albite  g  from  the  greenstone  of  Miask,  in 
crystals  (g  =  2*624)  by  Abich,  li  from  Brevig  m  Norway  by 
Erdmann,  i  from  Pantellaria  in  trachyte  (a  —  2  595)  by  Abich, 
Ic  from  Schreibersau  in  the  Biesengebirge,  in  crystals  (g  — 2.624), 
by  Lohmeyer,  l  from  Freiberg,  m  from  Manenbad,  o  —  2  612, 

both  by  Kersten : — ■ 


Silica .... 
Alumina  .  - 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Lime 

Magnesia  .  • 

Soda  .... 
Potash  .  .  . 


9 

h 

i 

68*45 

69*11 

68*23 

18*71 

19*34 

18*30 

0*27 

0*62 

1*01 

0*50 

— 

1*26 

0*18 

— 

0*51 

11*24 

10*98 

7*99 

0*65 

0*65 

2*53 

Tc 

l 

m 

68*75 

67*92 

68*70 

18*70 

18*50 

17*92 

0*90 

0*50 

0*72 

0*39 

0*85 

0*24 

0*09 

0*42 

— 

10*90 

8*01 

11*01 

1*21 

2*55 

1*18 

Analyses  of  albite  n  from  Arendal  (a  —  2'63...»'6ti)  mean  of 
three  analyses  by  Eammelsberg,  o  from  Pennsylyama,  mean  of 
three  analyses  by  Kedtenbacher,  p  from  Perth  m  Canada 
(Thomson’s  penstente,  a  =  2-686...a82.)  by  T.  S.  un  , 
«  in  white  crystals  from  Snarum  by  Scheidhauer,  r  granular, 
perhaps  a  mechanical  mixture  of  albite  and  felspar,  from 
St.  Gotthardt  by  Brooks 

T? 


372 


SILICATES. 


n 


0 


P  q 


r 


Silica  .  .  .  . 

Alumina  .  . 

Red  oxide  of  iron 
Lime  .  .  .  . 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

Soda  .  .  .  . 

Potash  .  .  .  . 

Water  .  .  .  . 


0-85  1-44 

1'46  0*31 

10*24  9*91 

0*51  1*57 

0*69  — 


67*62  67*20 

16*59  19*64 

2*30  — 


66*80  66*11 

21*80  18*96 

0*30  0*34 

2*52  3*72 

0*20  0*16 

7*00  9*24 

0*58  0*57 

0*60  — 


67*39 

19*24 


0*31 

0*61 

6*23 

6*77 


In  attached  crystals  and  cleavable  or  granular  masses,  in 
granite,  gneiss,  greenstone,  lava. 

Is  found  at  Auris  in  Dauphine  and  Montagne  de  Lis  near 
Bareges  in  the  Pyrenees,  Baveno  in  Italy  on  felspar,  Bobritzsch 
near  Preiberg,  Borstendorf,  Siebenlehn,  Penig  and  Zoblitz  in 
Saxony,  Langenbielau  and  near  Hirschberg  in  Silesia,  Gastein 
and  Iluttenwinkel  in  Salzburg,  Andreasberg  and  Steinberg 
near  Goslar  in  the  Harz,  on  the  Rohrberg  and  Greiner,  the 
Schmunerthal,  Pfundersthal  and  Pfitscherjoch  in  the  Tyrol, 
Rozena  and  near  Bobruwka  in  Moravia,  WIttichen  in  Baden, 
Greenland,  ICerabinsk  near  Miask  and  Alabaschka  near  Mur- 
sinsk  in  Siberia,  the  Saualpe  in  Carinthia,  St.  Gotthardt  and 
other  places  in  the  Alps,  Eimito  in  Tinian d,  Broddbo  and 
Pinbo  in  Sweden,  Tintagel  in  Cornwall,  in  syenite  and  green¬ 
stone  near  Edinburgh,  the  Morne  mountains  in  Ireland,  Upper 

Egypt,  Chesterfield  and  Wilmington  in  Massachusetts,  Almada 
in  the  Brazils. 


211.  OLIGOCLASE. — Oligoclase;  Dufrenoy.  Antitomer 
Peld-Spath ;  Mohs.  Oligoklas;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Anorthic. 

m  oio,  p  ooi,_  e  021,  n  02lL  x  101,  y  201,  l  110, 
t  110,  3  130,  /  130,  s  ill,  0  ill,  u  221.  The  face  n 
truncates  the  edge  pm. 


EIG.  388. 


mp  86°  45' 

pt  64  30 

It  60  nearly 


Combinations,  xpenzfm ,  xposeyutlzfm.  Twins.  1.  Twin 
axis  the  axis  of  the  zone  xp.  2.  Twin-face  m.  The  massive 
varieties  are  frequently  composed  of  numerous  pairs  of  twins 


OLIGOCLASE. 


373 


giving  a  striated  appearance  to  the  cleavages  p.  Cleavage. 
p,  perfect ;  m,  less  perfect ;  l,  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal 
...uneven,  splintery.  More  or  less  translucent.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous,  on  the  more  perfect  cleavage  faces  inclining  to  pearly,  on 
the  other  faces  inclining  to  waxy.  Grreenish-white . . .  leek-green, 
greenish-grey,  reddish-grey,  flesh-red.  Streak  white.  H  =  6‘0. 
G  =  2'63... 2'74. 

Melts  before  the  blowpipe  much  more  easily  than  felspar  and 
albite  into  a  white  porous  glass.  Is  not  decomposed  by  acids. 

•  ••  ••••• 

Na2Si3  +  2AlSi3,  a  considerable  part  of  the  soda  being  re¬ 
placed  by  lime,  potash  and  magnesia. 

Analyses  of  oligoclase  a  from  Danvikszoll  near  Stockholm, 
b  from  Ttterby,  both  by  Berzelius,  c  from  Arendal  by  Hagen, 
d  from  Ajatskaja  to  the  north  of  Katharinenburg  by  Francis, 
e  from  Arendal  by  Rosales,  f  from  Schaitansk  in  the  Ural  by 
Bodemann : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  6370 

61;55 

63-51 

61-06 

62-70 

64*25 

Alumina 

.  23-95 

23-80 

23-09 

19-68 

23-80 

22-24 

Red  oxide  of  iron 

0-50 

— 

— 

4-11 

0*62 

0-54 

Lime . 

2*05 

3-18 

2-44 

2-16 

4-60 

2*57 

Magnesia  . 

0-65 

0-80 

0-77 

1-05 

0-02 

1*14 

Soda  ..... 

8-11 

9-67 

9-37 

7-55 

8-00 

7-98 

Potash  .... 

1-20 

0-38 

2-19 

3-91 

1-05 

1-06 

Analyses  of  oligoclase  g  from  Warmbrunnin  Silesia  by  Ram- 
melsberg,  h  from  Kimito  in  Finland  (g  =  2‘63)  by  Chodnew, 
i  from  a  boulder  at  Flensburg  (g  =  2’65i)  by  Wolff,  k  from 
Tvedestrand  in  Norway,  l  from  the  gneiss  of  the  deep  Flirsten- 
stolle  near  Freiberg  (g  =  2‘63 .. .2*65),  m  from  Marienbad  in 
Bohemia  (a  =  2*63i),  both  by  Kersten: — 


d 

h 

i 

k 

l 

m 

Silica 

.  .  63-94 

63-80 

64-30 

61-30 

62-97 

63-20 

Alumina  . 

.  .  23-71 

21-31 

22-34 

23-77 

23-48 

23-50 

Red  ox.  iron  . 

.  .  traces 

— 

— 

0-36 

0-51 

0-31 

Lime 

.  .  2-52 

0-47 

4-12 

4-78 

2-83 

2-42 

Magnesia  .  . 

.  .  traces 

— 

— 

— 

0-24 

0-25 

Soda  .  . 

.  .  7 '66 

12-04 

9-01 

8-50 

7‘24 

7-42 

Potash  .  .  . 

.  .  2-17 

1-98 

— 

1-29 

2-42 

2-22 

Analyses  of  oligoclase  n  from  the  volcanic  rocks  of  Tenerifle 
(q  =  2-58... 2-59)  by  Heville,  o  from  Arriege  by  Laurent,  p 
from  Boden  near  Marienberg  (a  =  2*66... 2’68)  by  Kerndt,  q 
from  Mellandamsbacken  near  Sahla  (g  =  2*69)  by  Svanberg,  r 


374 


SILICATES. 


from  the  protogyne  of  Chamouni  by  Delesse,  of  hafnefjordite  s 
from  Hafneijorcl  (o  =  2729)  by  Forchhammer: — 


n 

0 

P 

2 

r 

S 

Silica 

62‘97 

62*6 

61-96 

59-66 

63-25 

61-22 

Alumina 

22-29 

24-6 

22-66 

23-28  , 

2392 

23-32 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

— 

0*1 

0-35 

1-18 

— 

2-40 

Lime 

2-06 

3-0 

2-02 

6*17 

3-23 

8’82 

Magnesia  .  . 

0-54 

0-2 

0*11 

0-36 

0-32 

0-36 

Soda  .... 

8-45 

8-9 

9-43 

5*61 

6'88 

2-56 

Potash  .  .  . 

3-69 

— 

3*08 

1-75 

2*31 

trace 

Loss  by  ignit.  . 

— 

— 

(Mn  0-39) 

1-02 

— 

— 

Not  decomp.  . 

— 

— 

— 

0-82 

1 

— 

Crystabized  and  massive,  in  granite,  syenite,  gneiss,  por¬ 
phyry,  basalt. 

Is  found  massive  in  granite  near  Stockholm,  Ytterby,  Troll- 
hatta,  Tvedestrand  in  Norway  (avanturine-felspar  or  sonnen- 
stein,  the  play  of  colours  being  produced  by  numerous  thin 
hexagonal  plates  of  hematite),  Kimito  and  other  parts  of  Fin¬ 
land,  Schaitansk  in  the  Ural,  Philadelphia  in  the  United  States  ; 
in  attached  crystals  at  Arendal  in  Norway,  in  imbedded  crys¬ 
tals  in  the  porphyry  of  Ajatskaja  and  Bogoslowsk  in  the  Ural, 
in  the  green  porphyry  of  the  Muhlenthal  near  Elbingerode  in 
the  Harz,  in  the  porphyry  called  Verde  Antico  in  the  Morea. 
Hafnefjordite  is  found  in  cavities  in  lava,  with  augite  and 
ilmenite,  at  Hafnefjord  in  Iceland. 


212.  LABBADOBITE. — Labrador  felspar  ;  Phillips.  Feld- 
spath  opalin ;  Hany.  Polychromatischer  Eeld-Spath ;  Mohs. 
Labradorit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Anorthic. 

m  oio,  p  ooi,  l  no,  t  lio,  y  201. 

rnp  86°  25' 

Ip  114  26 

pi'  65  34 

lm  59  20 

Twins,  l.  Twin-face  m.  2.  Twin-face 
p.  Massive  varieties  are  sometimes  constituted  of  numerous 
layers  of  which  each  pair  is  a  twin-crystal  according  to  one  of 
the  two  laws  above  stated.  Cleavage,  p  very  perfect ;  m  rather 
less  perfect;  l  imperfect.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal... 
uneven,  splintery.  Faintly  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous  in- 


no.  389. 

m ! 


rn 


LABRADORITE. 


375 


dining  to  pearly  on  the  faces  of  most  perfect  cleavage,  and  to 
resinous  on  the  surfaces  of  fracture.  Grey  passing  into  yellow, 
red,  green,  white  ;  ash-grey,  smoke-grey,  flesh-red.  The  colours 
of  the  face  b  sometimes  changeable.  The  play  of  colours  ap¬ 
pears  to  he  produced  by  a  number  of  microscopic  crystals  of 
some  other  mineral,  perhaps  quartz,  contained  in  the  labrado- 
rite.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  6*0.  G  =  2*67. ..2*76. 

Melts  before  the  blowpipe  rather  more  easily  than  felspar, 
into  a  colourless  glass.  In  powder  is  completely  decomposed 
by  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 

•••  #••••  • 

RS  +  A1S2,  where  R  is  principally  lime  and  soda. 

Analyses  of  labradorite  a  from  the  island  of  St.  Paul,  b  from 
Russia,  both  by  Klaproth,  c  from  a  boulder  in  Brandenburg  by 
Dulk,  d  from  Campsie  in  Scotland,  e  from  Milngavie  near 
Glasgow,  both  by  Le  Hunte,  /  from  the  lava  of  AStna  by 
Abich : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica .... 

.  .  56*75 

55*00 

54*66 

54*67 

52*34 

53*48 

Alumina 

.  .  26*50 

24*00 

27*87 

27*89 

29*97 

26*46 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  1*25 

5*25 

— 

0*31 

0*87 

1*60 

Lime  .... 

.  .  11*00 

10*25 

12*01 

10*60 

12*10 

9*49 

Magnesia  .  . 

.  .  — 

— 

— 

0*18 

— 

1*74 

Soda  .... 

.  .  4*00 

3*50 

6*46 

5*05 

3*97 

4*10 

Potash  . 

.  .  — 

— 

— 

0*49 

0*30 

0*22 

Protox.  mang.  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0*89 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  0*50 

0*50 

1 

■ 

0*42 

Analyses  of  labradorite  g 

from  Kijew 

by  Segeth,  h 

from 

Russgarden  in  the  parish  of  Tuna  in  Dalarne  by  Svanberg,  i 
from  the  doleritic  porphyry  of  the  Faroe  islands  (g  =  2*67... 
2*69)  by  Forchammer,  k  (g  =  2*7l),  l  (a  —  2*72),  m  (g  — 
2*705),  all  from  Egersund  by  Kersten: — 


9 

li 

i 

k 

1 

m 

Silica  . 

.  .  .  55*49 

52*15 

52*52 

52*30 

52*45 

62*20 

Alumina 

.  .  .  26*83 

26*82 

30*03 

29*00 

29*85 

29*05 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  .  1*60 

1*29 

1*72 

1*95 

1*00 

0*80 

Lime 

.  .  .  10*93 

9*15 

12*58 

11*69 

11*70 

12*10 

Magnesia 

.  .  .  0*15 

1*02 

0*19 

0*15 

0*16 

0*13 

Soda  .  .  • 

.  .  .  3*97 

4*64 

4*51 

4*01 

3*90 

4*70 

Potash  .  . 

.  .  .  0*36 

1*79 

— 

0*60 

0*60  j 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  0*51 

1*75 

■ — 

— 

— 

— 

Analyses  of  labradorite  n  from  Drummond  in  Canada  by  T.  S. 
Hunt,  o  from  the  porphyry  of  Tyf holms  Udden  near  Holmen 


376 


SILICATES. 


in  Norway,  p  from  the  melaphyr  between  Botzen  and  Collman 
in  the  Tyrol,  both  by  Delesse  : — 


n 

0 

P 

Silica . 

.  54-70 

55-70 

53-23 

Alumina  .... 

.  29*80 

25*23 

27-73 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 

0-36 

1*71 

1-50 

Magnesia  .... 

.  — 

0*72 

0-93 

Lime . 

.  11-42 

4’94 

8-28 

Soda . 

2-44 

7-04  1 

7‘38 

Potash  .... 

023 

3*53  / 

Water . 

0-40 

0-77 

0*95 

Labradorite  occurs  principally  as  a  constituent  of  rocks  with 
augite,  diallage,  hypersthene.  The  varieties  which  exhibit  a 
play  of  colours  are  mostly  derived  from  a  coarse-grained  hypers¬ 
thene  rock. 

It  is  tound  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  in  the  island  of 
St.  Paul,  in  Russia  near  Peterhof  in  Ingermannland,  Kijew, 
in  Finland  at  Ojamo  and  Miolo,  in  the  Morne  mountains  in 
Ireland,  Monzoni  in  the  Tyrol,  in  the  Harz,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brandenburg  in  boulders,  in  greenstone  porphyry  at  Campsie 
and  Milngavie  near  Glasgow,  Vico  in  Corsica,  Neustadt  near 
Stolpen  in  Saxony,  Wiesbiihl  near  Lobenstein  in  the  princi¬ 
pality  of  Reuss,  in  dolerite  at  Penig,  Rosswein,  Siebenlehn 
in  Saxony,  the  Meissner  in  Hessia,  and  the  island  of  Skye,  in 
hornblende  rock  at  Russgarden  in  Dalarne  in  Sweden,  in  the 
doleritic  porphyry  of  the  Faroe  islands,  and  at  Egersund  in 
Norway,  in  lava  on  Monte  Pilieri  near  Nicolosi  on  iEtna,  in 
the  lava  of  Vesuvius. 


213.  CHRISTIANITE.  —  Anorthite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Anorthomer  Feld-Spath;  Mohs.  Anorthit;  Hansmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Anorthic.  ll0,110  ==  59°_30' ;  0l0,110  =  62°  32';  001,110  = 
65°  38' ;  111,001  =  58°  10'  ;  110,001  =  69°  3'. 


m  oio,  p  ooi,  _  e  021,  n  021,  x  101,  y  201,  i  201, 
q  203,  l  110,  t  110,  z  130,  /  130,  s  111,  0  111,  r  111, 


U  221,  W  241,  V  241. 


rnp 

0 

to 

00 

48' 

pt' 

pi 

no 

57 

tl' 

pV 

69 

3 

mt 

pt 

65 

38 

Im 

114° 

22' 

zm 

0 

0 

co 

59' 

59 

30 

fin 

29 

27 

57 

58 

nm 

47 

25 

62 

32 

np 

46 

47 

CHRISTIANITE. 


ep 

42° 

38' 

om 

64° 

40' 

em 

43 

10 

um 

57 

15 

qp 

34 

48 

vp 

88 

4 

xp 

51 

33 

vm 

38 

6 

yp 

81 

31 

wp 

81 

23 

ip 

41 

14 

wm 

38 

38 

op 

58 

10 

sp 

64 

22 

up 

85 

7 

pml 

116 

14 

rp 

45 

14 

xml 

64 

41 

FIG.  391. 


377 


yml 

o 

CO 

43' 

qml 

81 

26 

imt 

22 

32 

FIG.  390. 


Combinations,  ptlsoney  .uxqri,  xsoypeitlm ,  xsoyuvwnepiltfzm. 
Twins.  Twin-face  m  (fig.  392).  pd  —  —  8°  24'.  Cleavage. 
p,  m,  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent . . .  translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous,  on  the  cleavage  faces  pearly.  Colourless,  white. 
Streak  white.  Brittle.  H  —  6'0.  G  =  2"656.  ..2"763. 

Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  blebby  glass. 
With  soda  forms  an  opaque  white  glass.  Is  completely  decom¬ 
posed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  silica  in  powder. 

CaSi  +  AlSi,  silica  43‘72,  alumina  36-40,  lime  19-88.  Part  of 
the  lime  is  usually  replaced  by  magnesia,  potash  and  soda. 


Analyses  of  christianite  a  from  Monte  Somma  by  Gr.  Bose, 
b ,  c  from  Monte  Somma  by  Abich,  d  from  the  lava  of  J ava  by 
Beinwardt,  e  from  Selfjall  near  Lamba  in  Iceland  (g  =  2"7o), 


378 


SILICATES. 


not  quite  free  from  a 

mixture  of  augite,  by  Forchammer,  /from 

lava  m  the  plain  of  Thjorsa  in  Iceland 

0  = 

2*688)  by  Genth  :  — 

a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . • 

.  44*49 

44*12 

43*79 

46*0 

47*63 

48*75 

Alumina  .... 

.  34*46 

35*12 

35*49 

37*0 

32*52 

30*59 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

0*74 

0*70 

0*57 

— 

2*01 

1*50 

Lime . 

.  15*68 

19*02 

18*93 

14*5 

17*05 

17*22 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

5*26 

0*56 

0*34 

— 

1*30 

0*97 

Soda . 

.  - 

0*27 

0*68 

0*6 

1*09 

1*13 

Potash  .... 

.  - 

0*25 

0*54 

— , 

0*29 

0*62 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  massive,  with  other  volcanic  minerals, 
in  cavities  in  scattered  blocks  of  dolomite  on  Monte  Somma 
near  "V  esuvius,  in  Java  in  lava,  in  Iceland,  at  Paras  in  Columbia, 
in  the  meteoric  stones  that  fell  at  Juvenas. 

Having  used  the  term  ‘  anorthic  ’  to  denote  the  system  of 
crystallization  to  which  the  crystals  of  this  substance  belong, 
and,  as  the  name  ‘  anorthite  ’  might  with  equal  propriety  have 
been  applied  to  every  other  member  of  the  system,  we  have 
been  induced  to  adopt  the  name  of  1  christianite,’  assigned  to  cer¬ 
tain  crystals  of  it  by  M.  Monticelli,  to  designate  this  mineral. 


214.  LATBOBITE. — Latrobite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant.  La- 
trobit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Anorthic. 

Cleavage,  in  three  directions,  making  with  each  other  angles 
of  86°  30r,  78°  15/  and  71°  o'.  Fracture  uneven.  Translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly.  Pale  red.  h  =  5*0...  6*0. 
G  =:  2*720. ..2-722. 

Becomes  white  before  the  blowpipe,  and  melts  with  intu¬ 
mescence  on  the  edges.  With  borax  fuses  into  a  clear  glass. 

Analyses  by  C.  Gmelin  : — 


Silica . 

.  44*65 

41*78 

Alumina . 

.  36*81 

32*83 

Lime . 

8*28 

9*79 

Potash . 

6*58 

6*58 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

3*16  1 

5*77 

Magnesia  .... 

0*63  J 

Water . 

2*04 

In  imperfect  crystals  ;  massive  ;  disseminated. 

Is  found  with  felspar,  mica  and  calcite  on  the  island  of 
Amitok  near  the  coast  of  Labrador.  It  is  said  to  occur  also  at 
Bolton  in  Massachusetts. 


GEHLENITE. 


379 


215.  BABSOWITE. — Barsowit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction  tolerably  perfect.  Eracture  splin¬ 
tery.  Translucent  on  tbe  edges.  Lustre  pearly . . .  dull.  White. 
H  =  5'3.  ..6-0.  G-  =  274. ..2-752. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  into  a 
blebby  glass.  With  borax  melts  into  a  colourless  transparent 
glass.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  leaves  a  skeleton  of  silica. 
With  solution  of  cobalt  turns  blue.  Is  easily  decomposed  by 
warm  hydrochloric  acid  forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 

Al2Si3  +  2CaSi,  part  of  the  Ca  being  replaced  by  Mg. 


Analyses  by  Varrentrapp  : — 


Silica  .  .  . 

.  .  .  49-01 

49-05 

48-07 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  33-85 

33-78 

34-08 

Lime  . 

.  .  .  15-46 

15*30 

15-10 

Magnesia  .  . 

.  .  .  1-55 

1-42 

1-65 

Is  found  in  granular  and  compact  masses,  in  blocks  containing 
corundum,  spinelle  and  mica,  in  the  auriferous  sand  of  Bar- 
sowskoi  near  Kyschtimsk  in  the  IJral. 


216.  GrEHLEHITE. — Grehlenite  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Pyra- 
midaler  Adiaphan-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Gehlenit ;  Hausmann,  Hai¬ 
dinger. 


Pyramidal. 


a  100,  c  ooi. 


ac  90°  o' 

ad  90  o 


EIG.  394. 


Cleavage,  c,  imperfect,  but  distinct;  a,  traces.  Eracture 
imperfect  conchoidal. . .uneven.  Eaces  rough,  uneven.  Tians- 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous. 
G-rey,  brown,  green.  Streak  white.  Hot  very  brittle,  h  = 
5-5. ..6-0.  G  =  2-99. ..3-10. 

Before  the  blowpipe  fusible  in  thin  splinters  with  great 
difficulty.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  fuses  into  a 
glass  coloured  by  iron.  Is  completely  decomposed,  bothbefore 
aud  after  ignition,  by  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly  of 
silica. 


380 


SILICATES. 


Ca3Si  +  AlSi,  part  of  the  Ca  being  replaced  by  Mg,  Fe,  and 
part  of  the  ai  by  #e-. 


^  Analyses  a  by  Fuchs,  b  by 
Kuhn,  f  by  Kammelsberg  : — 


Silica . 

a 

.  29-64 

Alumina  .... 

.  24-80 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 
Protoxide  of  iron  . 

‘  >  6-56 

Lime . 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

#  - 

Soda  .... 

- 

Water  .... 

.  3-30 

v.  Kobell,  c  by  Damour,  d,  e  by 


b 

C 

•  d 

e 

/ 

31-0 

31*60 

30-47 

29-52 

29-78 

21-4 

19-80 

17-79 

19-00 

22-02 

— 

5*97 

7-30 

— 

3*22 

4-4 

— 

— 

7-25 

1*73 

37’4 

38-11 

36-97 

36-55 

37'90 

3-4 

2-20 

2-99 

1*41 

3-88 

— 

0-33 

— 

Mn 

0-19 

2-0 

1*53 

3-62 

5-55 

1-28 

In  a  the  whole  of  the  iron  was  determined  as  black  oxide  ej;  ; 
the  iron  was  assumed  to  be  in  the  state  of  red  oxide  in  d,  and 
in  the  state  of  protoxide  in  e. 

Is  found  in  crystals  imbedded  in  calcite  on  Mount  Monzoni 
near  Vigo  in  Fassathal.  Crystals  having  the  same  form  and 
composition  have  been  found  by  X)r.  Percy  in  the  slags  of  an 
iron  furnace. 


.  217.  SOMEBVILLITE. — Melilite,  Humboldtilite,  Somer- 
villite  ;  Phillips.  Humboldtilite  ;  Beudant.  Humboldtilith 
Melilith ;  Mohs.  Humboldtilit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  32°  si'. 

c  001,  a  100,  e  101,  m  no,  h  210. 

EIG.  395. 


ec  32°  61' 

ac  90  0 

lia  26  34 

ma  45  0 

ad  90  0 

mm!  90  0 


Combinations,  ca,  cma ,  cah,  cea,  cmah ,  cemah.  Cleavage. 
c,  perfect ;  a,  traces.  No  cleavage  has  been  observed  in  the 
variety  called  melilite.  Fracture  conchoidal... uneven.  Semi¬ 
transparent...  opaque.  Eustre  vitreous,  on  the  surfaces  of 
Iracture  inclining  to  resinous.  White,  green,  yellow,  brown. 
Streak  white,  n  =  5*0... 5'5.  G  =  2-90...3-104. 


SAECOLITE. 


3S1 


Melts  without  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe.  Gelatinizes 
with  hydrochloric  acid. 


2B3Si2  +  B-Si,  where  31  is  Ca,  Mg,  Na,  K,  and  is  A1  and  Be. 


Analyses  a,  b  of  melilite,  G  =  2 ‘95,  from  Capo  di  Bove,  c 
of  humholdtilite,  G  =  2*90,  from  Monte  Somma,  all  by  Damour, 
d  of  humholdtilite  from  Vesuvius  by  v.  Kobell: — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Silica . 

.  .  39-27 

38-34 

40-60 

43-96 

Alumina . 

.  .  6'42 

8-61 

10-88 

11-20 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  10-17 

10-02 

4-43 

Fe  2-32 

Lime . 

.  .  32-47 

32-05 

31-81 

31-96 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  6-44 

6-71 

4-54 

6‘10 

Soda . 

.  .  1-95 

2-12 

4‘43 

4-28 

Potash . 

.  .  1-46 

1*61 

0-36 

0-38 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  granular  masses  and  dissemi¬ 
nated,  with  calcite,  on  Monte  Somma,  and  in  the  lava  of  Capo 
di  Bove  near  Borne. 

The  want  of  cleavage  in  melilite  renders  its  identity  with 
somervillite  rather  doubtful.  These  minerals  are  united  on  the 
authority  of  MM.  Damour  and  Descloizeaux. 


218.  SABCOLITE. — Sarcolite  ;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy.  Sarko- 
lith ;  Mohs,  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  41°  35'. 

a  100,  c  001,  e  101,  m  no,  Ti  210,  r  ill,  t  113, 
v  313,  s  311.  The  form  v  is  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 

ha 
ma 
a' a 
mm' 
ec 
ac 
tc 

Combination.  acmehrtsv .  Practure  conchoidal.  Semi¬ 
transparent...  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Plesh-red... white. 
Very  brittle,  h  =  6'0.  G  =  2'545. 

Pusible  before  the  blowpipe. 


FIG.  396. 


26° 

34' 

rc 

51° 

27' 

45 

0 

me 

90 

0 

90 

0 

sa 

26 

40 

90 

0 

ra 

56 

26 

41 

35 

re 

33 

34 

90 

0 

ve 

12 

28 

22 

41 

rr 

67 

8 

382 


SILICATES. 


Analysis  by  Scacchi : — 


Silica . 42*11 

Alumina . 24*50 

Lime . 32*43 

Soda . 2*93 


Is  found  among  tbe  anciently  ejected  debris  of  Vesuvius. 


219.  SCAPOLITE. — Scapolite  ;  Phillips.  Meionite,  Wer- 
nerite,  Paranthine ;  Hauy.  Pyramidaler  Elain-Spath.  Mohs. 
IV ernerit ;  Hausmann,  Hai dinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  23°  45'*5. 


c  ooi,  a  loo,  e  101,  m  no,  /  3io,  r  ill,  2?  311, 
w  331.  The  form  z  is  sometimes  hemihedral  with  asymmetric 
faces,  the  alternate  faces  z  beiug  wanting. 


ac 

90° 

O' 

aa' 

90 

0 

ma 

45 

0 

fa 

18 

26 

fin 

26 

34 

e'  e' 

47 

31 

eef 

33 

7 

rc 

31 

54 

rm 

58 

6 

/  // 
rp  p 

63° 

tf* 

00 

wm 

o 

00 

10' 

pp* 

43 

53 

em 

73 

27 

wc 

61 

50 

za 

39 

37 

fig.  398. 


fig.  397. 


Combinations,  rma,  crma ,  erma ,  rivzma ,  rzmaf.  Cleavage. 
a,  perfect ;  m ,  imperfect ;  c,  traces.  Eracture  conch oidal. 
Translucent . . .  opaque.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  on  surfaces  of  frac¬ 
ture  resinous ;  a ,  m  pearly.  Colourless,  white,  grey,  green,  red 
in  impure  varieties.  Streak  white... greyish-white.  Brittle. 
H  =  5*0. ..5*5.  G  =  2*61.  ..2*78. 


SCAPOLITE. 


383 


Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  intumescence  into  a  trans¬ 
lucent  glass.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Soluble 
with  effervescence  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus.  In  powder 
is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Ca3S2  +  2AlSi,  silica  39*77,  alumina  33*11,  lime  27*12,  part  of 
the  lime  being  replaced  by  soda  and  potash.  According  to 
Harkort  and  Breithaupt  scapolite  always  contains  traces  of 
fluorine. 

Analyses  of  the  transparent,  colourless  or  light-coloured 
varieties  (meionite)  a  from  Monte  Somma  by  B.  Ganelin,  b 
from  Monte  Somma  by  Stromeyer,  c  from  Vesuvius  by  Wolff ; 
of  less  transparent  varieties  (scapolite,  ekebergite),  d  from 
Ersby  in  the  parish  of  Pargas  by  Nordenskiold,  e  from  Pargas 
by  Wolff,  /from  Pargas  by  Hart  wall: — 


r 

a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

.  43*80 

40*53 

42*07 

43*83 

45*10 

49*42 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  32*85 

32*73  . 

31*71 

35*43 

32*76 

25*41 

Lime  .... 

.  20*64 

24*25 

22*43 

18*96 

17*84 

15*59 

Soda  .... 
Potash  .... 

2*57  ' 

f  1*81 

0*45 

0*31 

- 

0*76 

0*68 

6*05 

Mg  0*68 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

1*07 

018 

— 

— 

— 

1*40 

Loss  by  ign.  .  . 

.  — 

— 

0*31 

1*03 

1*04 

1*45 

Analyses  of  scapolite  g  from  Tunaberg  by  Walmstedt,  7i,  i 
from  Ersby,  Jc  from  Petteby,  all  by  Hartwall  and  Hedberg,  l 
from  Pargas  by  Nordenskiold,  m  from  Bolton  (nuttallite)  by 
Thomson : — 


9 

h 

i 

h 

l 

m 

Silica  .... 

.  43*83 

48*77 

52*11 

51*34 

54*13 

37*81 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  35*28 

31*05 

27*60 

32*27 

29*23 

25*10 

Lime  .... 

.  19*37 

15*94 

13*53 

9*33 

15*46 

18*34 

Soda  ..... 

.  — 

3*25 

3*86 

5*12 

k 

7*31 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

0*61 

— 

0*55 

1*91 

re 

7*89 

Water  .... 

.  — 

0*61 

0*73 

1*00 

1*07 

1*50 

Analyses  of  scapolite  u  from  Malsjo  near  Carlstadt  in 
Wermland,  massive,  G  =  2*623,  o  from  Hirvesalo  in  Einland,  in 
crystals  and  massive,  G  =  2*733,  from  Bolton  in  Massachu¬ 
setts,  crystalline,  G  =  2*718,  q  from  Hesselkulla,  massive,  G  = 
2*735,  r  from  Arendal  in  crystals,  g  =  2*712,  all  by  Wolff,  s 
from  Bocksaters  in  the  parish  of  Drothem  in  Eastgothland, 
G  =  2*34,  by  Berg : — 


384  SILICATES. 


n 

0 

P 

s 

r 

S 

Silica  .... 

.  49-88 

48-15 

48-79 

49-26 

50-91 

46-35 

Alumina 

.  27’02 

25-38 

28'16 

26-40 

25*81 

26-34 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

0-21 

1-48 

0-32 

0-54 

0-75 

0-32 

Lime . 

16-63 

15’02 

14*44 

13-34 

17'00 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

0-85 

0-84 

1-29 

— 

0-58 

0-54 

Sodci  «  •  .  *  « 

7‘59 

4-91 

4-52 

6-14 

7*09 

4*71 

Potash  .... 

0-87 

0-12 

0"54 

0-65 

0-85 

032 

Volatile  .... 

0'77 

0-85 

0-74 

0-69 

0-41 

1'60 

TJndecomposed 

.  — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0-99 

Analyses  of  nuttallite  (h  =  4-0...4-5)  t  from  Bolton  in  Massa¬ 
chusetts  by  Stadtmiiller,  of  metamorphosed  scapolite  u  from 
Ersby  by  Nordenskiold,  v  from  Bolton  in  Massachusetts  by 
Thomson,  w  from  Sjosa  in  Sweden,  red  (h  =  6’0,  G  =  2 *643), 
very  difficult  to  fuse  before  the  blowpipe,  not  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid,  by  Berzelius,  x  from  Pargas  in  slender  grey 
crystals,  not  cleavable  (h  =  6*0  or  more,  g  =  2*65),  infusible 
and  not  decomposed  by  acids,  by  Wolff: — 


t 

U 

V 

IV 

X 

Silica  .  .  . 

.  45-79 

41-25 

46-30 

61-60 

92-71 

Alumina  . 

.  30-11 

33-58 

26-48 

25  35 

Lime  . 

.  17-41 

20-36 

18-62 

3-00 

- 

Magnesia 

.  — 

— 

— 

0'75 

- 

Bed  ox.  iron 

1-86 

— 

— 

1-50 

7-29 

Potash  .  . 

3’49  Mg, 

Mn  0"54,  ]Va, 

Li  3-64, 

Na,k  5-00 

Water  .  . 

1-63 

3-32 

5-04 

Mn  1'50 

-- 

The  analyses  of  varieties  of  meionite  vary  greatly,  partly 
in  consequence  of  the  decomposition  of  the  mineral,  to  which  it 
is  very  liable,  and  partly  on  account  of  a  mechanical  admixture 
of  quartz  or  mica. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  and  massive. 

The  transparent  variety  (meionite)  is  found  near  Vesuvius 
in  cavities  in  granular  limestone  in  the  debris  of  ancient  erup¬ 
tions.  The  opaque  varieties  are  found  in  the  iron  mines  of 
Arendal  in  Norway ;  Malsjo,  Hallestad,  Hesselkulla  in  Sweden  ; 
at  Pargas  in  Finland ;  at  Eisenberg,  Strasko  and  Ebersdorf  in 
Moravia ;  at  Akudlek  in  Greenland  ;  at  Bareges  in  France  ;  at 
Bolton,  Warwick  and  many  other  places  in  North  America/ 

The  minerals  usually  arranged  under  scapolite  differ  con¬ 
siderably  in  hardness.  On  this  account  the  softer  varieties 
have  been  regarded  by  Mr.  Brooke  as  a  distinct  mineral,  and 
named  nuttallite.  Specimens  from  Arendal,  some  from  Finland, 
and  one,  according  to  its  ticket,  from  Jefferson  County,  New 


GLATJCOPHANE. 


385 


York,  in  separate  crystals  imbedded  in  calcite,  are  bard,  and 
scratch  with  ease  those  from  Littleton  and  Bolton,  Massachu¬ 
setts,  and  from  Hinvenjalo  in  Finland.  If  the  relative  hardness 
of  these  minerals  does  not  constitute  a  specific  difference,  it 
must  be  ascribed  to  an  altered  state  of  the  crystals. 

220.  WICHTISITE. — Wichtisit ;  Hausmann.  Wichtyn  ; 
Haidinger. 

Cleavage  in  two  directions  nearly  at  right  angles  to  each 
other.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Dull.  Black.  &  = 
3 '03.  Magnetic. 


Analysis  by  Laurent : — 

Silica . 56'3 

Alumina . 13'3 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  ....  4'0 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  .  .  13 '0 

Lime . 6'0 

Magnesia  ......  3'0 

Soda . 3'5 


Is  found  at  Wichtis  in  Finland. 


221.  GfLAITCOPHANE. — Glaucophan;  Hausmann. 

Cleavage  in  two  directions,  not  making  right  angles  with 
each  other.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent... nearly  opaque. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  cleavage  faces  ;  vitreous 
on  the  surfaces  of  fracture.  Blneish-grey.  Streak  the  same. 
h  =  6'5.  g  =  3-103... 3'113.  In  powder  attractable  by  the 
magnet. 

Before  the  blowpipe  turns  brown,  and  melts  readily  into  an 
olive-green  glass.  With  borax  fuses  with  ebullition  into  a 
clear  glass,  showing  the  colour  of  iron  while  hot.  Slowly  and 
imperfectly  decomposed  by  acids. 


Analysis  by  Schnedermann  :  — 

Silica . 6  6  "49 

Alumina . 1223 

Protoxide  of  iron . 10*91 

Protoxide  of  manganese  .  .  .  0-50 

Magnesia . 7 ‘97 

Lime . 2*25 

Soda  with  traces  of  potash  .  .  9*28 


Is  found  in  long  slender  crystals,  and  in  columnar  or  granular 
masses,  in  a  bed  of  mica  slate  in  the  island  of  Syra. 

s 


386 


SILICATES. 


222.  TALC. — Talc;  Hauy.  Prismatischer*  Talk- Glimmer ; 
Molis.  Talk ;  Hausmann,  Hai dinger. 

In  thin  six-sided  plates,  with  angles  of  nearly  60°,  having  one 
very  distinct  cleavage. 

The  compact  varieties  have  a  splintery  or  earthy  fracture. 
More  or  less  translucent.  Lustre  pearly  on  the  cleavages. 
The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  cleavage,  and 
make  angles  of  3°  42r  with  a  normal  to  the  cleavage.  By 
transmitted  light,  various  shades  of  blue,  green,  grey;  by 
reflected  light,  frequently  silver-white.  Streak  white.  In  thin 
leaves  flexible,  but  not  elastic.  Sectile.  h  =  ro...l*6.  G-  — 
2*6. ..2*8.  Unctuous  to  the  touch. 

Either  infusible  or  fusible  with  great  difficulty  before  the 
blowpipe.  With  solution  of  cobalt  assumes  a  pale  red  colour. 
Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Analyses  of  cleavable  talc  a  from  the  little  St.  Bernard  by 
Berthier,  b  from  the  Greiner,  c  from  Brussiansk  near  Katha- 
rinenburg,  both  by  v.  Kobell,  d  from  the  Zillerthal,  e  from 
Bhode  Island,  both  by  Delesse,  f  g  from  Chamouni  by  Ma- 
rignac  : — 


a  b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

Silica 

.  58-2  62'8 

62-80 

63-0 

61-75 

62-58 

62-41 

Magnesia  . 

.  33’2  32‘4 

31*92 

33-6 

31-68 

35-40 

35-49 

Protox.  iron  . 

4"6  1-6 

1-10 

trace 

1'70 

1-98 

2-06 

Alumina  . 

.  —  i-o 

0-60 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Water  .  .  . 

3’5  23 

1-92 

3-4 

3*83 

0-04 

0‘04 

Analyses  of  greenish-white 

talc 

h  from 

Boschkina  in  the 

district  of  Slatoust  by  Hermann,  of 

massive  varieties  (speck- 

stem)  i  from  Mont  Caunegou,  k  from  Sahla,  l  from  Scotland, 

m  from  China, 

n  from  Wunsiedel, 

all  by 

Lychnell,  o 

from 

Voigtsberg  (a  - 

=  2795)  by  Kersten 

li  i 

h 

l 

m 

n 

0 

Silica 

59-21  66-70 

63-13 

64-53 

66-53 

65-64 

66-02 

Magnesia  .  . 

34-42  30-23 

34*30 

27‘70 

33-42 

30*80 

31-94 

Protox.  iron  . 

2*14  2-41 

2-27 

6'85 

trace 

3-61 

0-81 

Ox.  nickel  . 

0*12  — 

— 

— 

Na,  K 

0  75 

Water  .  .  . 

1-00  — 

— 

— 

-  - 

—  ■  ■ 

0*20 

Carb.  ac.  .  . 

2-50  — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

■  .  - 

In  crystals ;  slaty  or  earthy  masses ;  pseudomorphous  after 
kyanite,  felspar,  pyrope,  quartz,  andalusite,  augite,  tourmaline, 
topaz,  dolomite. 

It  occurs  alone  as  talk-slate,  and  with  quartz,  mica,  chlorite, 
felspar,  forms  various  slaty  and  granular  rocks ;  in  beds  with 


BIOTITE. 


387 


kyanite  and  staurolite ;  in  beds  of  magnetite,  towanite  and 
galena ;  in  veins  of  tin  ore.  Crystallized  talc  is  found  on  the 
Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal  in  the  Tyrol,  St.  Gotthard,  the  district 
of  Salzburg,  Stiria,  Sahla,  Eahlun  and  other  places  in  Sweden, 
Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  Katharinenb urg  in  Siberia,  in  many 
parts  of  Scotland.  The  massive  variety  is  found  at  Gopfersgriin 
near  "Wunsiedel  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  pseudomorphous  after 
various  minerals,  in  the  tin  mines  of  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  the 
United  States,  Greenland. 


223.  BIOTITE. — Mica  (in  part)  ;  Hauy.  Bhomboedrischer 
Talk- Glimmer ;  Mohs.  Biotit ;  Hausmann.  Meroxen  ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  70°  o'. 


Ill 

,  a 

Oil,  r 

100,  s 

Ill,  W  142, 

V  153,  Z 

175. 

ao 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

108° 

66' 

WO 

o 

00 

■b- 

8' 

ad 

60 

0 

SO 

79  . 

41 

VO 

81 

3 

TO 

70 

0 

ss' 

116 

62 

ZO 

84 

0 

FIG. 

399. 

FIG.  400. 

FIG. 

401. 

Combinations,  oa,  or,  oaswvz.  Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect. 
Transparent. . .translucent ;  less  so  in  a  direction  perpendicular 
to  o  than  parallel  to  o.  Lustre,  o  pearly  inclining  to  metallic  ; 
the  other  faces  vitreous.  Dark  green,  brown,  passing  into 
black.  Streak  white... pale  greenish-grey.  Sectile.  In  thin 
leaves  elastic.  H  =  2'0...2"5.  o  less  hard  than  the  other 
faces,  g  —  2*78 . .  .2'95. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and,  usually,  traces  of  hydro¬ 
fluoric  acid.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  difficulty  into  a 
grey  or  black  bead.  Soluble  in  borax  lorming  a  glass  coloured 
by  iron.  Is  slightly  attacked  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Is  com¬ 
pletely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  leaving  pearly  scales  ol 
silica. 

B,3Si2  +  AlSi,  where  it  denotes  Mg,  K,  Fe,  and  part  of  the 
Ii  is  replaced  by  F*. 


388 


SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  biotite  a  from  Miask,  b  from  Monroe,  c  from 
Karosulik,  d  from  Bodenmais,  all  by  y.  Kobell,  e  from  Pargas 
by  Svanb erg,  f  from  the  Baikal  by  H.  Bose  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

.  42*12 

40*00 

41*00 

40*86 

42*59 

42*01 

Alumina 

.  12*83 

16*16 

16*88 

15*13 

21*68 

16*05 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  10*38 

7*50 

4*50 

13*00 

10*39 

4*93 

Magnesia 

.  16*15 

21*54' 

18*86 

22*00 

10*27 

25*97 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

9*36 

— 

5*05 

(lime 

0*26 

~) 

Potash  .... 

8*58 

10*83 

8*76 

8*83 

8*45 

7*55 

Protox.  man.  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

- , 

0*75 

— 

Hydrofl.  ac. 

.  — 

0*53 

— 

0 

0*51) 

0*68 

Tit.  acid  .  .  . 

.  — 

0*20 

— 

Ca 

0*56 

— 

Water  .... 

1*07 

3*00 

4*30 

0*44 

3*35 

— 

Of  the  following  varieties  of  mica,  having  nearly  the  same 
chemical  constitution  as  biotite,  the  forms  and  optical  pro¬ 
perties  are  unknown.  Mica  g  from  Sahla  and  h  from  Bosendal 
near  Stockholm  by  Svanberg,  i  from  Vesuvius  by  Bromeis,  k 
from  the  Zillerthal  by  Varrentrapp,  l  from  Miask  by  H.  Bose : — 


9 

h 

i 

k 

1 

Silica  .... 

.  .  42*65 

44*41 

39*79 

39*85 

40*00 

Alumina 

.  .  12*86 

16*86 

16*01 

16*07 

12*67 

Aluminium 

.  .  0*10 

-Fe- 

8*30 

13*21 

19*03 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  25*39 

11*26 

24*51 

15*60 

15*70 

Magnesium 

.  .  0*36 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  7*11 

20*71 

— 

Ti  • 

1*63 

Protox.  mangan. 

.  .  1*06 

0*46 

— 

— 

0*63 

Lime  .... 

.  .  — 

0*90 

0*87 

0*42 

— 

Calcium 

.  .  — 

0*43 

— 

— 

— 

Potash  .  .  . 

.  .  6*03 

4*05 

8*79 

13*68 

5*61 

Pluorine 

.  .  0*62 

0*41 

0*51 

EH 

2*10 

Water  .... 

.  .  3*17 

1*13 

0*75 

— 

— 

In  k  potash  13*68  includes  soda  and  loss. 

In  imbedded  and  attached  crystals,  usually  very  thin  in  a 
direction  perpendicular  to  o  ;  in  scaly  and  granular  aggrega¬ 
tions.  Is  much  less  widely  diffused  than  the  biaxal  mica. 

Is  found  in  the  miascite,  and  in  the  veins  of  granite  which 
traverse  it,  in  the  Ilmen  mountains,  in  several  parts  of  the 
Ural  in  chlorite  slate,  in  large  crystalline  plates  with  malacolite 
on  the  Baikal,  at  Monroe  in  New  Jersey,  Karosulik  in  Green¬ 
land,  in  the  older  masses  ejected  by  Vesuvius.  The  combina¬ 
tion  oaswvz  was  observed  by  Marignac  in  mica  from  Vesuvius. 

Some  varieties  of  mica  exhibit  two  optic  axes,  making  with 


MICA. 


389 


each  other  a  very  small  angle.  Possibly  these  may  have  been 
uniaxal  in  their  normal  condition,  and  the  separation  of  the 
single  optic  axis  into  two  may  be  due  to  the  state  of  strain 
produced  in  the  crystal  in  the  process  of  detaching  and 

cleaving  it. 


224.  MICA. — Mica  (in  part)  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Hemipris- 
matischer  Talk-Glimmer  ;  Mohs.  Glimmer ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  25°  19' ;  111,010  =  64°  46';  101,001  =  54°  42'. 


b  010,  c  001,  e 


be 

90° 

0' 

mb 

60 

23 

sb 

64 

46 

rb 

61 

27 

vb 

70 

4 

eb 

24 

45 

x  b 

31 

30 

VC 

43 

1 

sc 

58 

32 

021,  m 

110,  8 

ill,  r 

111,  V 

112, 

a?  131 

me 

81° 

20' 

sbe 

54° 

42' 

rc 

107 

5 

mbc 

80 

1 

mm 

120 

46 

rbc 

109 

34 

FIG.  402. 


c 


cf 


Combinations,  cmb,  cmbvsrex.  Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect ; 
m.  b  traces.  Practure  conchoidal,  seldom  observable.,  -trans¬ 
parent...  in  thin  leaves  translucent.  Lustre,,  c  pearly  inclining 
to  metallic  ;  the  other  faces  vitreous  inclining  to  adamantine. 
E  =  r500.  The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  perpendicular  toe.  1  he 
angle  between  either  axis  and  a  normal  to  c  varies  m  different 
varieties  from  3°  to  22°  3l'.  Colourless,  white,  various  shades 
of  grey  brown,  green,  black.  Colours  by  reflected  and  trans¬ 
mitted  light  frequently  different.  Strejik  white . . .  grey,  bectile  ; 

in  thin  leaves  elastic.  H  =  2‘5.  g  2*8... 3'1.  . 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  a  trace  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 
Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  a  yellowish-grey  blebby  glass. 
Different  varieties  possess  very  different  degrees  of  fusibility ; 
those  containing  fluorine  become  dull  when  heated  Is  dis¬ 
solved  readily  in  borax  and  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  leaving  a 
skeleton  of  silica  in  the  latter.  Is  not  decomposed  ^  hydro¬ 
chloric  or  sulphuric  acid,  the  clirome-mica  from  the  Zillerthal 
excepted,  which  is  acted  upon  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  of  mica  a  from  Ut5,  b  from  Broddbo  a  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Pahlun,  d  from  Kimito  *  from  Ochotzk,  all 
by  H.  Bose,,/ brown  mica  from  Cornwall  by  Turner  . 

J  s  3 


390 


SILICATES. 


Sdica  .  .  .  .  . 

a 

.  47-50 

Alumina 

.  37-20 

Bed  ox.  iron 

3-20 

Oxide  of  mangan. 

0-90 

Lime . 

— 

Potash  .... 

9-60 

Water  .... 

2-63 

Hydrofluoric  acid 

0'56 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

46-10 

46-22 

46-36 

47-19 

36*54 

31-60 

34*52 

36*80 

33-80 

25*47 

8-65 

6-04 

4*53 

4*47 

27-06 

1-40 

2'11 

— 

2*58 

1-92 

— 

— 

' — 

0-13 

0-93 

8*39 

8-22 

9-22 

8*35 

6-47 

l'OO 

0-98 

1-84 

4-07 

— 

1-12 

1‘09 

o-7l 

0-29 

270 

Analyses  of  mica  g  from  Broddbo,  h  from  Abborforss,  both 
by  Svanberg,  i  from  Jefferson  County  in  New  York  by  Meit- 


Schwarzenstein  in  the  Zillerthal  (fuchsite),  m 
from  Schwarzenstein,  both  by  Schafhautl : — 

chrome-mica 

9 

h 

i 

h 

l 

m 

Silica . 

47-97 

39-45 

41-30 

48*00 

47-95 

47-68 

Alumina  .... 

31-69 

9-27 

1535 

34-25 

34-45 

15'15 

Bed  ox.  iron 

5-37 

35-78 

177 

4-50 

1-80 

5*72 

Oxide  of  mangan.  . 

1*67  (Mi 

a  2-57) 

— 

0-50 

— 

1-17 

Protox.  iron 

— 

1-45 

ox.  chrome 

3'95 

5-91 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

— 

3-29 

28-79 

— 

0*72 

11*58 

Lime . 

— 

0-31 

— 

(soda 

0*37 

1-17) 

Potash  .... 

8-31 

5-06 

9-70 

8*75 

10-75 

7‘27 

Water  .... 

3-32 

— 

0“28 

1-25 

2‘86 

Eluorine  .... 

0*72 

0-29 

3-30 

_ 

0*35 

Aluminium  . 

0-35 

]STa,Li 

0-65 

_ 

Calcium  .... 

— 

0-32 

— 

—  ■ 

0-42 

—  . 

Analyses  of  mica  n,  silver-white,  locality  unknown,  g  =  2‘83l, 
by  Bammelsberg,  o  from  Zsidovacz,  g  =  2-817,  by  Kussin,  p 
from  Vesuvius  in  oblique  crystals,  blackish-green,  by  Chodnew, 
q  from  the  Zillerthal  by  Varrentrapp,  r  from  St.  Etienne 
(g  =  .2*817).  by  Delesse,.  s  of  six-sided  prismatic  crystals,  re¬ 
sembling  mica,  formed  in  the  slags  of  a  copper  furnace  at 
G-arpenberg,  by  Mitscherlich : — 


n 

0 

P 

9. 

r 

s 

Silica  .  .  . 

.  .  47-84 

48-07 

40’91 

39-85 

46*23 

47‘31 

Alumina 

.  .  32-36 

38-41 

17-79 

16*07 

33-03 

5*74 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  3-06 

— 

11-02 

13-21 

3-48 

28*91 

Ox.  mang.  .  . 

— 

— 

— 

■ - 

trace 

0-48 

Magnesia  .  . 

.  .  1-28 

— 

19-04 

15-60 

2-10 

10*17 

Lime 

.  .  0'29 

— 

0-30 

0*42 

6-23 

LEPIDOLITE. 

391 

n 

o  p  q 

r 

s 

Potash  .  .  . 

.  .  10-25 

10-10  9*96 1 

8-87 

1-05 

Soda  .  .  • 

.  .  1-55 

—  —  S  13*68 

1-45 

Water  .  .  • 

.  .  2-43 

3*42  -  J  H,EH 

4"12 

In  p  part  of  the  iron  is  supposed  to  he  in  the  state  of  pro¬ 
toxide.  This  analysis  appears  to  show  that  the  substance  oi 
biotite,  with  which  it  agrees  very  nearly,  is  dimorphous. 

Mica  is  an  essential  ingredient  of  granite,  gneiss,  mica-slate, 
and  is  often  found  in  fissures  in  those  rocks,  or  crystallized  m 
the  cavities  of  the  veins  which  traverse  them.  It  also  occurs  m 
sand  stones  and  various  slate  rocks,  to  which  it  imparts  the 
property  of  cleavage  ;  in  veins  and  cavities  m  porphyry,  basalt, 
dolomite,  limestone,  lava,  and  in  matter  ejected  from  volcanoes  ; 
investing  or  imbedded  in  andalusite,  pinite,  scapolite,  tourma- 

line  and  other  minerals.  .  .  .  , , 

Is  found  on  Vesuvius,  the  Ilmen  mountains,  at  Alabaschka 

near  Mursinsk,  the  Adun-Tschilon  mountains  near  Nertsehmsk, 
and  in  very  large  transparent  plates  on  the  upper  part  of  t  be 
course  of  the  Witim  in  Siberia,  at  Pargas  in  Fmtod,  Narkseil- 
siak  in  Greenland,  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States,  at 
Eio  Janeiro  in  large  plates  near  Skutterud  m  Ivorway,  m 
curvedlaminse  at  SkogbL  in Kimito  in  Finland.  Mica  occurs 
occasionally  in  the  slags  of  furnaces.  The  clay  sandstone 
forming  the  wall  of  iron  furnaces  has  been  found  converte 
into  a  substance  like  mica.  Some  varieties  of  mica  suffer 
decomposition,  and  are  converted  into  a  steatitic  substance. 

TheP  figure  and  angles  given  above  are  deduced  from  the 
measurements  of  a  crystal  from  Vesuvius  by  W.  Phillips. 
The  crystal  from  the  valley  of  Binnen,  described  by  Marignac 
(Bibl  Univ.  de  Geneve.  Ser.  4.  T.  6.  Supp.  p.  BOl),  is  per¬ 
haps  a  combination  of  the  forms  cbmuz,  where  «  18  22}  ^ 

261.  i*  truncates  the  edge  mr,  and  *  is  common  to  the  zones 

bu,  CCC.  UC  —  94°  26',  ub  =  60°  6',  zb  —  30  6  . 


225  LEPEDOLITE.— Bepidolite ;  Phillips.  Mica  (in part)  ; 
Ilauy  HemTprismatkcher  Talk-Glimmer  (in  part)  ;  Mohs. 
Lepidolith ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique  ? 


b  oio,  c  ooi,  m  no. 

mb 

mm 


69°  3 o' 

61  o 


Combination,  cbm.  Cleavage. 

s  4 


c,  very  perfect ;  m,  b  traces. 


392 


SILICATES. 


Fracture  conchoidal,  seldom  observable.  Transparent... trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre,  on  c  pearly  inclining  to  adamantine ; 
on  the  other  faces  vitreous.  Of  various  shades  of  white,  grey, 
green,  rose-red,  peach-blossom-red,  violet ;  frequently  silver- white 
by  reflected  right,  rose-red  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  white. 
In  thin  leaves  elastic,  h  =  2-0...3-0.  g  =  2*8... 3*o. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  a  white  or  grey  glass,  some¬ 
times  into  a  black  magnetic  bead.  Imparts  a  purple  colour  to 
the  flame.  Is  acted  upon  more  or  less  by  acids.  The  variety 
from  Altenberg  is  completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 


Analyses  of  lepidolite  ct  from  Bozena  by  C.  Glmelin,  b  from 
Bozena  by  Kralowansky,  c  from  Chursdorf  by  C.  Glmelin,  d 
from  Zinnwald  by  C.  Glmelin,  e  from  Cornwall,  brown,  by 
Turner,/,  locality  unknown,  yellow,  by  Begnault  :  — 


Silica  .  .  . 

Alumina  .  . 

Bed  ox.  iron 
Protox.  mangan. 
Magnesia  .  . 

Potash  .  .  . 

Lithia 

Hydrofluoric  acid 
Phosphoric  acid 
Water  .  .  . 


a 

b 

C 

49‘06 

49-08 

52*25 

33-61 

34-01 

28*35 

— 

— 

— 

1-40 

1*08 

3-66 

0-41 

0-41 

— 

4*19 

4-19 

6-90 

3’59 

3-58 

4*79 

3'45  } 

>  3*50 

6-07 

0*11  J 

— 

4-18 

4-15 

trace 

d 

e 

/ 

46-23 

40*06 

49-78 

14*14 

22*90 

19-88 

17-97 

27-06 

1322 

4*57 

1*79 

— 

4-90 

4*30 

8-79 

4-21 

2-00 

4*15 

8-63 

2*71 

4*25 

— 

— 

— 

0-83 

- - - 

. 

.  Analyses  of  lepidolite  g  from  Zinnwald,  h  from  Altenberg 
i  rom  Uto,  k  from  the  Ural,  l  from  Cornwall,  grey,  all  by 
Turner,  on  perhaps  from  Bozena  by  Begnault 


Silica  .... 
Alumina  .  . 

Protox.  iron 
Protox.  mangan. 
Potash  . 

Lithia 

Hydrofluoric  acid 


9 

h 

i 

44-28 

40-19 

50-91 

24-53 

22-79 

28-17 

11-33 

19-78 

— 

1-66 

2-02 

1-08 

9-47 

7-49 

9*50 

4*09 

3-06 

5-67 

5-14 

3-99 

4*11 

lc 

l 

on 

50-35 

50-82 

52-40 

28-30 

21*33 

26-80 

— 

9-08 

— 

123 

trace 

1-50 

9*04 

9-86 

9*14 

5-49 

4*05 

4-85 

5-20 

4*81 

4-40 

Analyses  of  lepidolite  n,  o  from  Juschakowa  near  Mursinsk 
by  Bosales,  p  from  Altenberg  by  Stein,  from  Zinnwald  q  by 
Lohmeyer,  r  by  Stein,  «  from  Zinnwald,  t  of  lepidolite  (1  ~ 
2  848)  associated  with  red  decomposing  tourmaline  from  Bo¬ 
zena  m  Moravia,  both  by  Bammelsberg : _ 


n 

Silica 

Alumina 

20-80 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

— 

Ox.  man.  . 

4-30 

Protox.  man.  . 

— 

Lime 

0*11 

Magnesia  . 

— 

Potash  .  .  . 

1G96 

Lithia  . 

2-77 

Soda  .  .  . 

2-23 

Pluorine  .  . 

Chlorine 

Loss  ign.  .  . 

— 

MAKGA.KITE. 


0 

P 

1 

48-92 

47-01 

42-97 

19-03 

20*35 

20-59 

— 

14*34 

14-18 

5-59 

— 

0-83 

. — 

1-53 

— 

0-14 

— 

(he 

9-62 

4-33 

10-02 

1-60 

1*41 

10*44 

1-43 

6-35 

1*31 

0-40 

0-21 

— 

1-53 

0*22 

393 

r 

S 

t 

48-65 

46-52 

51-70 

17-67 

21-81 

26-76 

— 

4-78 

— 

— • 

— 

1-29 

1-24 

1-96 

— 

14-57 

6"80) 

0-40 

0-63 

0-44 

0-24 

8-60 

9*09 

10-29 

2*41 

1-27 

1-27 

0-71 

0-39 

115 

8*16 

7-47 

7-12 

P 

0-13 

0-16 

- 

— 

the  place  of  mica, 

at  Chursdorf 
at 

in  the  tin-mines  of 


It  occurs  principally  in  granite,  taking 
and  in  beds  and  veins  in  granite  and  gneiss. 

Is  found  at  Rozena  near  Hradisko  in  Moravia, 
near  Penig  in  Saxony,  in  Uto,  near  Mursinsk  in  the  Ural, 
Paris  in  Muine,  Middletown  in  Connecticut, 

Bohemia,  Saxony  and  Cornwall. 


226.  MARGARITE. — Margarite ;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Ile- 
miprismatischer  Perl- Glimmer  ;  Mohs.  Margant ;  Ilausmann, 
Hai  dinger. 


Oblique. 

In  thin  six-sided  prisms  forming  thin  crystalline  laminae, 
Cleavage  parallel  to  the  base  of  the  prism,  very  perfect.  Semi¬ 
transparent. ..translucent.  Lustre,  the  cleavage  faces  pearly  ; 
the  other  faces  vitreous.  Reddish-white,  greyish-white,  pearl- 
grey.  Streak  white.  Rather  brittle.  In  thin  leaves  slightly 

elastic.  H  =  3*5. ..4"5.  G  =  3'0...3  1.  i  X- 

Intumesces  and  melts  before  the  blowpipe.  Is  attacked  by 

acids. 


Analysis  of  margarite  made  in  the  Gottingen  laboratory  . 


Silica . 

.  .  33*50 

Alumina . 

.  .  68-00 

Lime . 

.  .  7-50 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

.  .  0-42 

Magnesia . 

.  .  0-05 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

0"03 

Is  found  at  Sterzing  in  the  Tyrol  with  chlorite. 

s  5 


394 


SILICATES. 


227.  LEPIDOMELANE. — Lepidomelane  ;  Hausmann. 

Crystallized  in  six-sided  plates  having  a  cleavage  parallel  to 
the  base  of  the  crystal.  Fracture  not  observable.  Opaque. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Black,  in  extremely 
thin  scales  leek-green  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  mountain- 
green.  Bather  brittle,  h  =  3*o.  a  =  3*0. 

Before  the  blowpipe,  in  a  strong  heat,  melts  into  a  black, 
magnetic  globule.  Beadily  soluble  in  borax  forming  a  green 
glass.  Decomposed  easily  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a 
residue  of  silica  in  pearly  scales. 

RSi  +  BSi. 

Analysis  by  Soltmann  :  — 


Silica . 

Alumina . 

.  ,  .  11*60 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  .  27*66 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  .  12*43 

Magnesia  and  lime 

.  .  .  0*26 

Potash . 

Water . 

Is  said  to  have  been  found  in  six-sided  tabular  crystals,  and 
scaly,  crystalline  masses,  at  Persberg  in  Wermland  in  Sweden. 


228.  SPHENE. —  Sphene  ;  Phillips.  Titane  calcareo-sili- 
cieux  ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Titan-Erz ;  Mohs.  Sphen ;  Haus¬ 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  34°  27' ;  111,010  =  68°  8' ;  101,001  =  60°  27'. 

b  010,  c  ooi,  r  Oil,  o  013,  y  101,  x  102,  v  101, 
l  110,  rn  130,  S  141,  U  163,  71  123,  2:  112,  e  113,  W  214, 
t  121. 


XC 

39° 

21' 

IV 

133° 

48' 

yc 

60 

27 

ub 

39 

34 

VC 

63 

34 

nb 

68 

2 

oc 

12 

20 

eb 

78 

36 

rc 

33 

16 

uu 

79 

7 

be 

90 

0 

mV 

136 

4 

mb 

38 

1 

sb 

33 

52 

mm! 

76 

1 

yb 

90 

0 

lb 

66 

64 

ss' 

67 

44 

SPHERE. 


395 


FIG.  403. 


wx 

7° 

44' 

zx 

15 

11 

tb 

66 

27 

tv 

34 

33 

zy 

25 

47 

ny 

38 

24 

ry 

65 

39 

ty 

109 

35 

iy 

40 

40 

lc 

94 

30 

me 

93 

52 

ur 

28 

4 

sr 

51 

32 

mr 

75 

46 

tr 

106 

1 

nbe 

28 

7 

Ibc 

94 

54 

FIG.  405. 


c 


Combinations.  cyn..r.l.t.x,  ryn,  cyxl..n.s.t.m.r  cyxls,  cyxlrnb, 
tbnmxyx.  The  faces  e,  l  faintly  striated  .parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  r;  *  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  t 
n,  s;  x  frequently  rounded,  y  sometimes  rounded.  Twins. 
1  Twin-face  c.  2.  Twin-face  y.  Cleavage,  r  sometimes  dis¬ 
tinct  •  c  l  less  distinct.  Fracture,  imperfect  conchoidal. 
Transparent... translucent  on  the. edges.  Lustre  adamantine, 
inclining  to  vitreous.  For  rays  in  a  plane  parallel  to  6  and 
polarized  in  that  plane  y  =  m.  The  optic  axes  lie  m  a 
plane  parallel  to  b,  and  make  angles  of  about  15  11  with  a 
normal  to  <c.  Yellow,  green,  brown,  sometimes  yellow  passing 
into  brown  at  one  end,  red.  Exhibits  pleochroism.  Stieak 

s  6 


396 


SILICATES. 


white;  light  red  in  greenovite.  h  =  6-0... 5-5.  g  =  3-3... 37. 
Pyroelectric. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  on  the  edges  with  intumescence 
into  a  dark  glass.  With  borax  yields  a  transparent  yellow  glass. 
"With  salt  of  phosphorus  and  tin  in  the  inner  flame  yields  a 
violet  glass.  Is  partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  ; 
perfectly  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  or  by  fusion  with  six 
times  its  weight  of  bisulphate  of  potash. 

Ca2Si  +  TrSi,  silica  31*13,  titanic  acid  40-56,  lime  28*31. 


Analyses  of  sphene,  a  from  Schwarzenstein  in  the  Zillerthal 
by  I  uchs,  b  from  the  Zillerthal  by  H.  Bose,  c  from  Arendal 
by  Bosales,  d  from  Passau  by  Brooks,  of  a  red  variety 
(greenovite),  e,  f  from  Saint  Marcel  by  Delesse,  g  by  Ma- 
rignac : — 


Silica  .... 

a 

32-52 

b 

32-29 

Titanic  acid  .  . 

43-21 

41-58 

Lime  .... 

24*18 

26-61 

Protox.  iron  . 

—  ■  . 

0*96 

Protox.  mang.  . 

— 

— 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

31*20 

30-63 

30-4 

29-8 

32-26 

40-92 

42-56 

42-0 

43*0 

38-57 

2225 

25-00 

243 

23-6 

27-65 

6*06 

3*93 

— 

— 

0*76 

— - 

— 

3-6 

2-9 

0-76 

#  fu  imbedded  and  attached  crystals,  massive ;  in  granite,  sye- 
nite,  gneiss,  crystalline  slate  rocks,  marble,  trachyte,  basalt, 
basaltic  lava,  in  rocks  ejected  by  volcanoes. 

.Is  found  crystallized  in  Dauphine,  Montblanc,  St.  Gotthardt, 
Dissentis  m  the  Grisons,  Val  Maggia  and  St.  Marcel  (greeno¬ 
vite)  m  Piedmont,  Pfunders  and  Pfitschthal  in  the  Tyrol, 
Salzburg,,  near  Bareges  in  the  Pyrenees,  Achmatowsk  near 
Slatoust  m  the  Ural.  Crystallized  and  massive  in  Norway  at 
Arendal  in  beds  of  iron  ore,  and  near  Laurvig  and  Friedrichs- 
warn,  in  Sweden  at  Trollhatta,  Taberg,  Borkut,  Soderfors, 
Gustavsberg  ;  in  small  quantities  in  syenite  near  Dresden  and 
Meissen,.  Moravia,  W einhem  on  the  Bergstrasse ;  in  granite 
and  gneiss  near  Aschaflenburg,  Passau,  Windisch-Kappel  in 
Carmthia ;  at  Aussig  and  Toplitz  in  Bohemia  in  phonolite  •  in 
basalt  at  Wessel  in  Bohemia;  on  the  lake  of  Laach  in  glassy 
felspar;  near  Nantes  and  the  Puy  de  Dome  in  France,  the 
Kaiserstuhl  in  the  Breisgau,  Vesuvius,  the  Sau  Alp  ;  in  Scot¬ 
land  m  the  Criffle  and  other  hills  in  Galloway,  on  the  south, 
side  of  Loch  Ness,  near  the  King’s  House,  Ben  Nevis  Aber¬ 
deenshire,  Mid  Lothian,  Loch  Triesta  in  Feltar,  one’ of  the 
Shetlands ;  m  gneiss  at  Altaness  in  the  island  of  Burray  •  in 
Ireiand  m  Camglmneen  in  mica  slate ;  Sarlut  in  Greenland, 
the  Brazils,  the  United  States,  the  Greek  islands. 


PTROSMALITE. 


397 


229.  SCHORLOMITE. — Eerrotitanite  ;  Whitney  (Journal 
of  the  Boston  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  Jan.  1849,  p.  42),  Schorlamit; 
Rammelsberg. 

Amorphous.  Eractnre  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous.  Black,  iridescent,  h  =  7"5.  G  —  3,783...3,807. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  on  the  edges  with  difficulty  into  a 
black  mass.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  yellow 
bead  which  becomes  colourless  on  cooling  ;  in  the  inner  flame 
with  the  addition  of  tin  yields  a  green  bead.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  on  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  with  tin  forms  a 
violet  bead.  Partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  forming 
a  yellow  solution,  which  on  the  addition  of  ammonia  yields  a 
yellow  precipitate. 

2RSi  +  R2Ti,  where  R  is  Ee,  Ca,  Mg. 

Analyses  a,  b  by  Whitney,  c,  d  by  Rammelsberg,  e,  f  by 


Crossley :  — 

a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  27’89 

25-66 

27-85 

26-09 

25-66 

26*36 

Titanic  acid 

.  20-43 

22-10 

15-32 

17-36 

22-10 

21-56 

Red  ox.  iron  . 

.  21-90 

21-58 

— 

— 

21-58 

22-00 

Protox.  iron 

.  • — 

— 

23-75 

22-83 

— 

— 

Lime . 

.  30-05 

29-78 

32-01 

31-12 

29-78 

30-72 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  — 

— 

1*52 

1"55 

— 

1-25 

In  analyses  a ,  c  the  silica  contained  some  titanic  acid.  In 
a,  b  the  oxide  of  iron  contained  a  little  manganese. 

Occurs  massive  with  brookite  at  Magnet  Cove,  Hot  Springs 
county,  Arkansas.  This  mineral  differs  much  in  external  cha¬ 
racters  and  in  chemical  composition  from  the  mineral  described 
by  Prof.  Shepard  as  schorlomite. 


230.  PTROSMALITE. — Pyrosmalite  ;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy. 
Axotomer  Perl- Glimmer ;  Mohs.  Pyrosmalith;  Hausmann, 


Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral. 
o  ill,  a  oil, 

ao 

ad 

xo 

zo 

xx 


100,111  =  46°  42'. 
X  120,  z  131. 

90°  O' 

60  0 
31  30 

60  47 

30  17 


PIG.  407. 


398 


SILICATES. 


Combinations,  oa ,  oax ,  oaxz.  Cleavage,  o,  perfect ;  a  less 
perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Translucent ...  opaque.  Lustre, 
pearly  on  o,  on  the  other  faces  resinous.  Liver-brown... olive- 
green.  Streak  lighter  than  the  colour.  Lather  brittle. 


H  —  4‘0. .  .4‘5.  &  =  3-0..  .3-2. 

In  the  matrass  yields  yellow  drops  of  chloride  of  iron,  the 
decomposed  varieties  give  off  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  yields  the  reactions  of  iron,  manganese  and  silica ;  with 
salt  of  phosphorus  and  oxide  of  copper  the  reaction  of  chlorine. 
Is  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  and  concen¬ 
trated  nitric  acid. 


Analyses  by  Hisinger : — 


Silica . 

.  .  35*40 

35*85 

Led  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  32*60 

35*48 

Peroxide  of  manganese 

.  .  23*10 

23*44 

Lime . 

Alumina . 

.  .  0*60 

1*21 

Hydrochloric  acid 

Water . 

’  *  |  6*50 

2*91 

It  is  supposed  that  the  iron  and  manganese  in  the  silicates 
must  have  been  in  the  state  of  protoxides. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals. 

The  undecomposed  varieties  are  found  at  Nya  Kopparberg 
in  Westmannland,  the  decomposed  varieties  at  Bjelke  Grruvan 
near  Philipstad  in  Wermeland  in  Sweden. 


231.  SODALITE. — Sodalite ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Dodekae- 
drischer  Amphigen-Spath  (in  part)  ;  Mohs.  Sodalith  ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


a  loo,  d  oil,  n  211. 


aa 

90° 

% 

o' 

da' 

45 

0 

dd' 

60 

0 

dd/ 

90 

0 

na 

35 

16 

nd 

54 

44 

Combinations. 

ad ,  adn .  Cleavage,  d. 

Fracture  conchoid al,  uneven.  Semi' 


eig.  408. 


HATJTNE. 


399 


transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  tlie  surface  ot 
fracture  inclining  to  resinous.  Colourless,  white  inclining  to 
yellow,  green,  grey,  blue.  Streak  white,  h  =  6‘0.  g  =  2-287 
...2-292. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  more  or  less  difficulty  into  a 
colourless  glass.  Is  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid  and  nitric  acid  forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 

NaCI  +  3NaSi  +  3AlSi,  silica  37*6,  alumina  31-4,  soda  19#1, 
sodium  4"7,  chlorine  7'2. 

Analyses  of  sodalite  a  from  Greenland  by  Ekeberg,  b  from 
Vesuvius  by  Arfvedson,  c  from  the  Ilmen  mountains  by 
E.  Hoffmann,  blue  sodalite  d,  e  from  Lichfield  in  the  State  of 
Maine  by  Whitney,  /’from  Lamo  by  Borck : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .  .  . 

36-00 

33-75 

38-40 

37-30 

37-63 

38-86 

Alumina  .... 

32-00 

35-50 

’  32-04  1 

32-88 

30-93 

30*82 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

0-15 

— 

-  J 

1-08 

— 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0-44 

Soda . 

25-00 

26-23 

24-47 

23-86 

25-48 

22-03 

Potash  .... 

— 

— 

— 

0-59 

— 

0'51 

Lime . 

— 

— 

0-32 

— 

— 

1-21 

Chlorine  .... 

6’75 

5*30 

7"30 

6-97 

— 

undet. 

In  crystals,  rounded  grains,  and  granular  masses. 

White  sodalite  is  found  in  the  older  masses  ejected  by 
Vesuvius,  and  in  the  modern  lavas,  in  drusy  cavities  at  Pala- 
gonia  in  the  Val  di  Noto  in  Sicily,  a  green  variety  massive  and 
crystallized,  with  eudialyte,  arfvedsonite,  felspar,  in  a  bed  in 
mica  slate,  at  Kangerdluarsuk  in  Greenland,  a  blue  variety 
(the  first  cancrinite)  with  felspar  and  elsBolite  m  the  Ilmen 
mountains  in  Siberia.  Sodalite  is  also  found  in  trachyte  at 
Biiden  near  Laach,  in  syenite  at  Erie drichs warn  in  Norway, 
Lichfield  in  the  State  of  Maine. 


232.  HATJYNE.  —  Hauyne;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Dodeka- 
edrischer  Amphigen-Spatli  (in  part)  ;  Mohs.  Hauyn  ;  Plaus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100,  o  111,  d  oil. 


400 


SILICATES. 


FIG.  409. 

aa  90°  o' 

00  70  32 

oa  54  44 

ddf  60  o 

ddt  90  o 

da  45  0 

do  35  16 

Combinations,  da,  dao.  Cleavage,  d  more  or  less  perfect. 
Fracture  conclioidal... uneven.  Transparent... opaque.  Lustre 
vitreous.  Black,  brown,  grey,  blue  of  various  shades.  Streak 
of  the  deep  blue  varieties,  light  blue,  h  =  5*5...  6*0.  g  =  2*25 
. . .2’50. 

Before  the  blowpipe  loses  its  colour  and  melts  into  a  white 
blebby  glass.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  leaving  a 
jelly  of  silica.  The  blue  varieties  (hauyne  and  lapis  lazuli) 
lose  their  colour  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  yield  hydrosulphuric 
acid  gas.  AVater  dissolves  sulphate  of  lime  out  of  lapis  lazuli. 


Analyses  of  the  brown  and  grey  varieties,  G  =  2*25... 2*28 
(nosean),  from  the  lake  of  Laach  a,  b  by  Bergmann,  c,  d  by 
Whitney,  e  by  Varrentrapp  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Silica . 

• 

38*50 

37*00 

36*52 

36*53 

35*99 

Alumina . 

# 

29*25 

27*50 

29*54 

29*42 

32*57 

Bed  ox.  iron 

(Fe 

1*50 

1*15) 

0*44 

0*44 

•  — 

Oxide  mangan. 

• 

1*00 

0*50 

— 

Fe 

0*04 

Lime . 

• 

1*14 

8*14 

1*09 

1*62 

1*11 

Soda . 

• 

16*56 

12*24 

23*12 

22*97 

17*84 

Sulphuric  acid  . 

• 

8*16 

11*56 

7*66 

7*13 

9*17 

Hydrosulphuric  acid  . 

• 

3*00 

1*50 

— 

— 

-  ■  - 

Chlorine  .... 

— 

— 

0*61 

0*61 

0*65 

Water . 

• 

— 

— 

1*37 

1*37 

1*85 

Analyses  of  the  light  blue  or  green  varieties,  g  =  2*40...  2*50 
(hauyne),  f  from  Marino  by  L.  Gmelin,  from  Niedermendig 
</,  li  by  Whitney,  i  by  Varrentrapp,  from  Albano  Jc  by  Whitney, 
of  the  deep  blue  variety,  g  =  2*38...  2*42,  (lapis  lazuli)  l  by 
V  arr  entr  app : — 


f  9 

Silica  ....  35-48  34*83 

Alumina  .  .  .  18*87  28*51 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  .  ne  o*3l 


h  i  Jc  l 

33*90  35*01  32*44  45*50 

28*07  27*42  27*75  31*76 

(S  0*24  —  0*95) 


ITTKERITE. 


401 


/ 

9 

h 

i 

Jc 

1 

Lime  .... 

12*00 

7-23 

7-50 

12-55 

9-96 

3-52 

Soda  .... 

— 

18‘57 

19-28 

9-12 

14-24 

9-09 

Potash  .... 

15*45 

— 

• — 

— 

2-40 

— 

Sulphuric  acid 

12*39 

12*13 

12-01 

12-60 

12-98 

6-89 

Hydros,  ac.  &  loss 

3*45 

— 

water 

0-62 

— 

0-12 

Iron . 

— 

— 

— 

0-17 

— 

0‘86 

Chlorine  .  .  . 

— 

— 

— 

0-58 

— 

0-42 

In  crystals,  crystalline  grains,  massive  and  disseminated. 

The  brown  and  grey  variety  (nosean)  is  fomid  in  volcanic 
rocks  around  the  lake  of  Laach  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  and  at 
Riiden  near  Laach.  The  light  blue  or  green  variety  (hauyne) 
is  found  in  isolated  blocks  consisting  chiefly  of  rhyacolite, 
around  the  lake  of  Laach,  in  vesicular  basalt  at  Niedermendig 
near  Andernach  on  the  Rhine,  in  phonolite  on  Mont  d’Or  in 
Prance,  in  peperino  at  Marino  and  Albano  near  Rome,  in  lava 
near  Capo  di  Bove,  around  Vesuvius  in  ejected  rocks,  in  the 
lava  of  the  Vultur  mountain  near  Melfi.  The  deep  blue  va¬ 
riety  (lapis  lazuli)  occurs  mixed  with  calcite,  mica  and  pyrite 
on  the  Sljudenka  not  far  from  the  Baikal  lake,  in  the  pro¬ 
vinces  of  Kiang-si  and  Canton  in  China,  Thibet,  Badakschan 
in  Tartary. 

233.  ITTNERITE. — Ittnerite  ;  Phillips.  Ittnerite ;  Beu- 
dant.  Dodekaedrisckes  Ampkigen-Spath  (in  part)  ;  Mohs. 
Ittnerit ;  Hausmann.  Hauyn  (in  part)  ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 
d  oil. 

dd'  60°  O'  (fig.  409.) 

dd/  90  0 

Cleavage,  d  distinct.  Practure,  flat  conchoidal.. .uneven. 
Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous  inclining  to  vitre¬ 
ous.  Dark  blueish-grey,  smoke-grey,  ash-grey.  ii  =  5*5. 
G-  =  2-373...  2-377. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
easily,  with  intumescence  and  evolution  of  sulphurous  acid, 
into  a  blebby  opaque  glass.  Is  decomposed  by  concentrated 
hydrochloric  acid  disengaging  hydrosulphuric  acid  and  forming 
a  jelly  of  silica.  Boiling  water  dissolves  out  sulphate  of  lime. 

Analyses  of  ittnerite  by  C.  Gmelin  and  "Whitney  : — 


Silica . 34"02  35*69 

Alumina . 28"40  29*14 


Red  oxide  of  iron  ...  0*62 


402 


SILICATES. 


Lime  .... 

.  .  .  7'27 

5‘64 

Soda  .... 

.  .  .  12'15 

12'57 

Potash  .  .  . 

.  .  .  1*57 

1‘20 

Sulphuric  acid  . 

.  .  .  2'86 

4'62 

Chlorine  . 

.  .  .  0’75 

1'25 

Water  and  loss 

.  .  .  10‘76 

-  9'83 

In  crystals,  cleavable,  columnar  and  granular  masses. 

Is  found  in  basalt  on  the  Eichberg  at  Ober-Bothweil  on  the 
Kaiserstuhl  in  Baden. 


234.  DAVYNE. — Cancrinite ;  Hausmann.  Davyn ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Ehombohedral.  100,111  —  59°  14'*6. 


o  ill,  a  oil,  b  211,  i  231, 
zone  oa. 


ao 

0 

0 

03 

O' 

ad 

60 

0 

bd 

30 

0 

io 

25 

53 

xo 

44 

8 

•  •/ 

11 

25 

13 

XX 

40 

46 

x  120.  The  face  x  is  in  the 
FIG.  410. 


Cleavage.  a:  perfect.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous . . .  pearly  on  the  cleavage  planes,  on  the-  other 
surfaces  fatty.  Colourless,  white,  rose-red.  H  =  5*5.  G  =  2*42 
. . .2*46. 

Before  the  blowpipe  easily  fusible  into  a  blebby  glass.  So¬ 
luble  with  effervescence  in  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly. 

Analyses  of  rose-red  davyne,  G  =  2 '453,  (cancrinite)  a ,  b 
from  the  Ilmen  mountains  by  Gr.  Bose,  of  green  davyne, 
g  —  2'46l,  c  from  Lichfield  in  the  State  of  Maine,  of  a  yellow 
variety,  g  =  2'448,  d ,  e,f  from  Lichfield  by  Whitney: — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

.  40‘59 

40*26 

37*20 

37*42 

37*89 

37*84 

Alumina  .  . 

.  28'29 

28*24 

27*59 

27*70 

27*39  1 

28*26 

Ox.  iron,  man. 

.  — 

— 

0*27 

0*86 

0*64  J 

Lime  .... 

7'06 

6*34 

5*26 

3*91 

3*88 

3*82 

Soda  .... 

.  17*38 

17*66 

20*46 

20*98  '1 

21*24 

20*94 

Potash 

0'57 

0*82 

0*50 

0*67  J 

Carbonic  acid  . 

6'38 

6*38 

5*92 

5*95 

6*95 

5*95 

Water 

,  — 

— 

3*28 

2*82 

2*82 

2*82 

DIOPTASE. 


403 


In  crystals,  cleavable  and  columnar  masses. 

Is  found  in  cavities  in  lava  at  Bosce  Beale  and  in  the  cavities 
of  ejected  rocks  on  Vesuvius,  and  at  Lichfield  in  the  State  of 
Maine,  the  red  davyne  (cancrinite)  in  the  miascite  of  the  Ilmen 
mountains  in  the  Ural.  In  the  variety  to  which  the  name 
cavolinite  has  been  given  the  faces  a  have  a  pearly  lustre. 

We  have  not  seen  the  reputed  davyne  from  Lichfield,  Maine, 
nor  from  the  Ilmen  mountains — the  transfer  of  the  name  can¬ 
crinite  to  which  latter  mineral  has  tended  to  increase  the  con¬ 
fusion  of  our  nomenclature. 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


235.  DIOPTASE. — Dioptase  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Bhombo- 
edrischer  Smaragd-Malachit  ;  Mohs.  Dioptas ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  50°  39'. 


a  oil,  Jc  514,  l  623,  g  725,  r  100,  i  122,  e  oil, 
x  031,  z  071,  u  110 1,  t  211,  v  745.  The  forms  ic,  l, 
g,  x,  z,  u,  v  are  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 


ad 

60° 

o' 

rd 

ha 

10 

54 

ee 

gd 

16 

6 

/ 

Id 

23 

25 

ir 

xa 

29 

0 

ta 

zd 

39 

44 

td 

ud 

42 

44 

EIG.  411. 


47° 

67' 

tr 

03 

00 

0 

36 

63 

36 

tr 

62 

43 

84 

6 

va 

29 

0 

45 

30 

va 

49 

1 

56 

24 

vr 

41 

22 

33 

24 

vr' 

62 

46 

EIG.  413. 


404 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Combinations,  ar ,  ari ,  art,  aru ,  arx'z’ ,  arz'u,  arid g',  arx'z'l', 
arx'zv.  Twins.  Twin-face  e.  Cleavage,  e,  perfect.  The 
faces  r  striated  parallel  to  the  alternate  intersections  of  r,  a  ; 
a  striated  parallel  to  the  intersections  with  r.  Fracture  con- 
choidal . . . uneven.  Transparent . . .  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous 
inclining  to  resinous,  g  =  1-667,  g'  =  1*723.  Emerald-green, 
sometimes  verdigris-green.  Streak  green.  Brittle.  H  =  5*0. 
G  =  3*27.  ..3*348. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  turns  black.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  becomes  black  in  the  outer  flame,  and  red 
in  the  inner  flame  without  melting  ;  imparts  a  green  colour  to 
the  flame.  AYith  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  yields  the  re¬ 
action  of  copper,  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica  in  the  latter.  With 
soda  on  charcoal  yields  a  bead  of  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  and 
hydrochloric  acids,  forming  a  jelly  of  silica.  Is  decomposed  by 
ammonia  leaving  a  residue  of  silica. 


CuSi  -{-  H,  oxide  of  copper  49*93,  silica  38*74,  water  11*33. 


Analyses  a ,  b  by  Hess,  c 

by  Damour : — 

a 

b 

C 

Silica . 

.  .  36*60 

36*85 

36*47 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  .  48*89 

45*10 

50*10 

Water  ..... 

.  .  12*29 

11*52 

11*40 

Alumina . 

,  .  - 

2*36 

■ - - 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  2*00 

fe 

0*42 

Lime . 

#  .  - 

3*39 

- 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  — 

0*22 

— 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

.  .  — 

— 

0*35 

Is  found  in  crystals  and 

massive,  in  narrow  veins 

and  cavi- 

ties  in  a  bed  of  compact  limestone,  in  the  Kirghese  steppes, 
about  100  wersts  to  the  N.  W.  of  the  Russian  settlement  of 
Kar-Karaly,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Altyn-Tubeh  hills, 
towards  a  stream  called  Altyn-Szu,  a  few  wersts  to  the  south 
of  its  confluence  with  the  Little  Nura. 

The  forms  and  angles  are  deduced  from  the  observations  of 
Kenngott,  communicated  to  the  editors  by  Mr.  Lettsom. 


236.  CHRYSOCOLLA. —  Chrysocolla;  Phillips.  Cuivre 
hydro-siliceux ;  Hauy.  Euchromatischer  Opalin-Allophan  ; 
Mohs.  Kieselmalachit ;  Hausmann.  Chrysokolla ;  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Semi-transparent... 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous.  Green,  sky-blue. 
Streak  greenish-white.  Slightly  brittle,  h  =  2*0... 3*0.  a  =  2*0 
...  2*2. 


CEEEEITE. 


405 


In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
black  in  the  outer  flame,  and  red  in  the  inner  flame,  without 
melting.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  yields  the  reaction  of  copper, 
and  a  skeleton  of  silica.  With  soda  yields  metallic  copper. 
With  borax  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  green  glass  which,  in 
the  inner  flame,  becomes  red  with  globules  of  reduced  copper. 
Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid  leaving  a  residue 
of  silica  in  powder. 

•  •  •  • 

CuSi  +  H2,  oxide  of  copper  44*85,  silica  34*80,  water  20*35. 

Analyses  of  chrysocolla  from  Bogoslowsk  a  by  v.  Kobell, 
b  from  New  Jersey  by  Bowen,  c  from  Stromsheien  in  Norway 
by  Scheerer,  d  from  Franklin  in  New  Jersey  by  Beck,  e  from 
Somerville, /from  Bogoslowsk,  both  by  Berthier: — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica 

.  .  .  36*54 

37*25 

35*14 

40*0 

35*4 

35*0 

Ox.  copper  . 

Eed  ox.  iron  . 

.  .  .  40*00 

45*17 

43*07 

42*6 

35*1 

39*9 

.  .  .  1*00 

— 

1*09 

1*4 

— 

3*0 

Water  . 

.  .  .  20*20 

17*00 

20*36 

16*0 

28*5 

21*0 

Gangue  .  .  . 

.  .  .  2*10 

— 

— 

— 

1*0 

1*1 

Is  found  accompanying  malachite  and  other  ores  of  copper  at 
Saska,  Moldawa  and  other  places  in  the  Banat,  Herrengrund 
in  Hungary,  Falkenstein  near  Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol,  Dreyhaken 
and  Kupferberg  in  Bohemia,  Saida  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony, 
Bogoslowsk  in  the  Ural,  Kolywan  in  the  Altai  (pseudomorphous 
after  cerussite),  Molina  and  Linares  in  Spain,  Stromsheien  in 
Satersdalen  in  Norway,  Somerville  in  New  Jersey,  Cornwall, 
pseudomorphous  after  tamarite,  Mexico,  Chile,  Burra  Burra  in 
Australia. 


237.  CEEEEITE. — Cerite ;  Phillips.  Cerium  oxide  silicieux 
rouge ;  Hauy.  Untheilbares  Cerer-Erz ;  Mohs.  Cererit  ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

In  short  six-sided  prisms.  Traces  of  cleavage.  Fracture 
uneven  and  splintery.  Translucent  on  the  edges.. .opaque. 
Lustre  adamantine . . . resinous.  Cove-brown . . .  cherry-red,  red¬ 
dish-grey.  Streak  greyish-white.  Brittle,  h  =  5*5.  G  =  4*9 
...5*0. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  infusible  ; 
turns  yellow.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame  is  slowly  soluble 
into  a  dark  yellow  glass,  which  grows  paler  on  cooling  ;  in  the 
inner  flame  shows  a  feeble  reaction  of  iron.  With  soda  melts 
into  a  dark  yellow  slag.  In  powder  is  easily  soluble  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 


406 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


RSi  +  H2,  where  R  denotes  the  protoxides  of  cerium,  lan- 
thanium,  and  didymium. 

Analyses  of  cererite  a  by  Yauquelin,  b  by  Hisinger,  c  by 


Hermann : — 

Carbonic  acid 
Silica  . 

Protox.  cerium 
Ox.  lanthanium 
Alumina  . 

Red  ox.  iron  . 
Lime  . 

Ox.  manganese 
Copper  .  . 

Water  .  . 


a 

b 

C 

— 

— 

4*62 

17 

18'00 

16-06 

67 

68-59 

26*55 

— 

— 

33-38 

— 

— 

1-68 

2 

2-00 

3*53 

2 

1*25 

3*56 

— 

— 

0-27 

— 

— 

trace 

12 

9'60 

9-io 

The  cererite  analyzed  by  Hermann  is  supposed  to  have  con¬ 
tained  a  mechanical  mixture  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

Was  found  in  crystals  and  granular  masses  in  St.  G-oran’s 
mine  at  Riddarhytta  in  Sweden. 

A  mineral  containing  cerium  (Hermann’s  ochroit)  was  found 
by  Klaproth  to  consist  of:  silica  34-50,  oxide  of  cerium  54"5, 
red  oxide  of  iron  3’50,  lime  U25,  water  5'00. 


238.  SMITHSONITE. — Siliceous  oxide  of  zinc;  Phillips. 
Zinc  oxide  silicifere ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Zink-Baryt ;  Mohs. 
Zinkglas  ;  Hausmann.  Gralmei ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  Oil, 010=58° 20';  101,001=25°46,'5;  110,100  =  51°56'-5. 

a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  e  oil,  u  021,  w  031,  li  102,  l  101, 

f  201,  v  301,  q  501,  r  701,  m  110,  g  310,  k  510,  s  211, 
t  231,  x  411,  z  121,  n  341.  The  forms  c,  e,  u,  w,  k,f  v ,  q,  r,  t,  z,  n 
appear  to  be  generally  hemihedral  with  symmetric  faces ;  l,  s 
are  also  frequently  hemihedral,  I  or  s  and  the  other  combina¬ 
tions  of  hemihedral  forms  being  on  opposite  sides  of  the  zone 
ab. 


be 

90° 

O' 

he 

0 

CO 
t — i 

Gi 

ma 

51° 

57' 

ca 

90 

0 

le 

25 

47 

mb 

38 

3 

ab 

90 

0 

fG 

44 

0 

ga 

23 

4 

ec 

31 

40 

VC 

55 

23 

ka 

14 

20 

uc 

50 

58 

qc 

67 

30 

x  a 

31 

19 

wc 

61 

37 

re 

73 

31 

xb 

74 

10 

SMITHSONITE. 


407 


XG 

63° 

45/ 

sa 

50 

35 

sb 

66 

5 

sc 

48 

64 

za 

73 

5 

EIG.  414. 


zb 

42° 

o' 

ZG 

52 

57 

ta 

65 

20 

tb 

36 

55 

tc 

64° 

24' 

na 

61 

27 

nb 

35 

30 

nc 

70 

42 

EIG.  416. 


Combinations.  wv, 


omcs'.w 


amw'els amw'Ts ' . .  e  ,v'.c\ 
abme'l'ewsff'.v  .Tern ,  abmsc'l' e'w  v'z'x' .  Twins.  Twin-face  e. 
The  faces  a  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  m. 
Cleavage,  e,  m,  both  easily  obtained,  the  latter  very  perfect,  c, 
traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous  inclining  to  adamantine,  on  a  pearly.  Colourless, 
white,  grey,  yellow,  brown,  green,  blue.  Streak  white.  Brittle. 
h  =  6‘0.  G  =  3’35 . ..3‘50.  Phosphoresces  when  rubbed.  The 
crystals  are  pyroelectric.  The  analogous  pole  being  at  the  end 
which  has  any  of  the  hemihedral  forms  c,  e,  v! ,  w,  h',f,  v,  q,  r’, 
z,  if,  n ',  and  the  antilogous  pole  at  the  end  which  has  the 
hemihedral  form  s . 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  turns  white.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  swells  and  shines  with  a  green  light, 
melts  with  difficulty  on  the  edges.  Alone  or  with  soda  it  de¬ 
posits  a  slight  sublimate.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes 
blue,  with  spots  of  green.  With  borax  melts  into  a  clear  glass 
which  becomes  opaque  on  cooling.  Is  soluble  in  acids,  forming 
a  jelly  of  silica.  On  adding  ammonia  to  the  solution  a  precipi¬ 
tate  falls  which  is  soluble  in  excess  of  ammonia.  Partially 
soluble  in  potash. 


408 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Zn2Si  +  H,  silica  25‘48,  oxide  of  zinc  67"07,  water  7*45. 

Analyses  of  smithsonite  a  from  Limburg  by  Berzelius,  b 
from  Limburg,  c  from  the  Breisgau,  both  by  Bertbier,  d  from 
Bezbanya  by  Smithson,  e  from  Leadhills,  o  =  3 ‘164,  by 
Thomson : — 


a 

b 

C  ' 

d 

e 

Silica . 

24-89 

25*0 

25-5 

25-0 

23-2 

Oxide  of  zinc  .  .  . 

66*84 

66-0 

64-5 

68-3 

66-8 

Oxides  of  lead  and  tin 

0*28 

— 

■ — 

— 

— 

"Water . 

7-46 

9*0 

io-o 

4-4 

10-8 

Carbonic  acid 

0-54 

— 

-  — 

— 

— 

Analyses  of  smithsonite  f  from  Nertschinsk,  o  —  3'87l,  g 
from  Nertschinsk,  o  =  3'435,  both  by  Hermann,  h  from  Tarno- 


wutz  by  Bammelsberg,  i,  k  from  Altenberg,  o 
l  from  Bezbanya,  all  by  Monheim : — 

=  3-43 

...3-49, 

/ 

g  h  i 

h 

l 

Silica  .... 

.  25-38 

25-96  24-99  25-40 

24*31 

25-34 

Oxide  of  zinc .  . 

.  62-85 

65"66  68-66  67’05 

65-74 

67-02 

Oxide  of  lead 

2-70 

(red  ox.  iron 

0-43 

0-68) 

Water  .... 

9'07 

8’38  7*75  7-47 

7-51 

7*58 

Carbonic  acid 

.  — 

—  —  0-31 

0-31 

0-35 

In  attached  crystals,  forming  radiating  groups,  and  in 
columnar  or  granular  masses,  usually  in  limestone. 

Is  found  at  Brilon, Iserlohn,  at  Altenberg  near  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
Moresnet  near  Liege,  Bleiberg,  Baibel  and  Bossegg  in  Ca- 
rinthia,  near  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia,  Olkucz  and  Miedziana-G-ora 
in  Poland,  Truskawize  in  Grallicia,  Hofsgrund,  Zahringen 
and  Badenweiler  in  Baden,  Matlock  in  Derbyshire,  Flint¬ 
shire  and  the  Mendip  Hills  in  Eugland,  Wanlock-head  and 
Lead  hills  in  Scotland,  Feigenstein  in  the  Tyrol,  Bezbanya 
in  Hungary,  Dognazka  and  Saska  in  the  Banat,  Alcarez  in 
Spain,  Nertschinsk  and  the  Sirianow  and  Tschagirsk  mines 
near  Koliwan  in  Siberia,  pseudomorphous  after  calcite  in  the 
Bammelsberg  mine  near  Groslar  in  the  Harz. 

239.  DATHOLITE. — Datholite  ;  Phillips.  Chaux  boratee- 
siliceuse  ;  Hauy.  Prismatischer  Dystom-Spath ;  Mohs.  Da- 
tolith  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=57°  43';  101,001=26°  34';  110,100=51°  38'. 

a  100,  b  010,  C  001,  0  021,  r  032,  d  Oil,  S  203,  (p  101, 
f  403,  X  201,  V  301,  U  401,  t  310,  g  210,  m  no,  n  111, 


DATHOLITE. 


409 


Z  221,  y  441,  6  212,  W  423,  G  211,  li  421,  l  411,  h  511, 
i  321,  q  121,  p  132,  £  122.  The  forms  (p,  f  x ,  A,  e,  »,  Z,  w,  0,  & 
are  frequently  hemikedral  with  parallel  faces. 


do 

c 

co 

17' 

^a 

00 

o 

4' 

6a 

63° 

10' 

TO 

43 

27 

qb 

41 

30 

wa 

58 

26 

OG 

61 

38 

nb 

60 

32 

wb 

70 

42 

Ic 

90 

0 

6b 

74 

47 

pb 

47 

25 

SC 

18 

26 

nc 

38 

51 

tb 

58 

30 

(be 

26 

34 

zc 

68 

10 

to 

34 

11 

fc 

33 

41 

yc 

72 

45 

qc 

53 

39 

X  G 

45 

0 

ha 

38 

51 

zb 

48 

14 

VC 

56 

19 

ia 

47 

2 

eb 

65 

66 

UG 

63 

26 

za 

58 

10 

pa 

79 

43 

ac 

90 

0 

qa 

72 

45 

pc 

44 

25 

ta 

22 

50 

yb 

41 

43 

Ic 

64 

33 

qa 

32 

17 

hb 

60 

32 

he 

68 

48 

t J 

ma 

51 

38 

lb 

74 

13 

hb 

76 

48 

ba 

90 

0 

6c 

30 

36 

ic 

63 

0 

ha 

25 

19 

wc 

38 

15 

ib 

54 

58 

la 

30 

36 

GG 

49 

"  47 

ya 

53 

39 

ea 

49 

47 

he 

67 

5 

na 

67 

5 

pig.  417. 


EIG.  418. 


Combinations,  cmg ,  criomgx a,  cnorngd ,  crtxde’mg , 

cnx'q'doe'i'mqb,  cujdot'fdh'ew'ff,  cnx'q'dr'oe'pi'l'h'k'mq.  The 
faces  #  are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  c  and  p  ; 
m,  g  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ; 


410 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


d,  n  rough.  Cleavage,  m  imperfect,  very  difficult  to  obtain ; 
a  rather  more  easily  obtained.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal 
. . . uneven.  Translucent . . .  transparent.  Lustre  vitreous,  resin¬ 
ous  on  surfaces  of  fracture.  White,  inclining  to  green,  yellow 
and  grey.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  5*5.  g  =  2*8... 3‘0. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  intu- 
mesces,  melts  readily  into  a  clear  glass,  and  imparts  a  green 
colour  to  the  flame.  Is  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus  leaving  a 
skeleton  of  silica.  In  powder  is  easily  and  completely  decom¬ 
posed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica.  Alcohol 
added  to  the  solution  evaporated  to  dryness,  burns  with  a  green 
flame. 


Ca2Si  +  BSi  +  H, 
water  5*57. 


silica  38-13,  lime  34*68,  boracic  acid  21*62, 


Analyses  of  datholite  from  Arendal  a  by  Vauquelin,  b,  c  by 
Bammelsberg,  from  Andreasberg,  d  by  Stromeyer,  e  by  Du 
Menil,  f  by  Bammelsberg : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

.  36*66 

37*65 

37*52 

37*36 

38*51 

38*48 

Lime  .... 

.  34*00 

35*41 

35*40 

35*67 

35*59 

35*64 

Boracic  acid  ,  . 

.  21*67 

21*24 

21*38 

21*26 

21*34 

20*31 

Water  .... 

5*50 

5*70 

5*70 

6*71 

4*60 

5*57 

In  attached  crystals ;  massive,  granular,  columnar ;  in  beds, 
veins,  and  in  the  cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks. 

By  exposure  to  the  weather  it  loses  its  transparency  and 
lustre,  becomes  friable  and  at  last  falls  to  pieces. 

Is  found  near  Arendal  in  Norway  in  a  bed  of  magnetite  in 
gneiss,  in  the  island  of  IJto,  near  Andreasberg  in  veins  in  dia¬ 
base  and  in  veins  of  silver  ores  in  slate,  on  the  Geisalp  near 
Sonthofen  in  Bavaria  in  veins  of  calcite  in  sandstone,  on  the 
Theiss  near  Klausen  in  the  Tyrol,  at  Niederkirchen  near 
Wolfstein  in  Bhenish  Bavaria,  in  veins  in  serpentine  near 
Toggiana  in  Modena,  Monte  Catini  in  Tuscany  and  Beggio  in 
Italy,  Middlefield  in  Connecticut,  Bergen  hill  in  New  Jersey 
in  greenstone,  the  Salisbury  Crags  near  Edinburgh,  Glen  Earg 
in  Perthshire. 

The  forms  z,  y  were  observed  by  Mr.  Brooke,  s,  v,  u ,  w ,  £ 
occurred  in  a  crystal  from  Andreasberg.  In  the  figure  of  a 
crystal  of  datholite,  given  in  the  third  edition  of  Phillips, 
p.  380,  under  the  name  of  humboldtite,  h ,  m,  e ,  c2,  a,  az,  a3,  y, 
y2,  y3  denote  respectively  the  forms  a,  g,  d,  o,  $,f  cc,  e,  w,  6. 

The  faces  c,  though  bright,  are  frequently  very  uneven,  and 
incapable  of  affording  good  measurements  with  the  reflective 


PICROSMINE. 


411 


goniometer.  This  circumstance  and  the  occurrence  of  hemi- 
liedral  forms  have  been  the  occasion  of  the  separation  of  datho- 
lite  into  two  species  and  the  placing  one  of  them  under  the 
oblique  system.  The  measurements  of  good  crystals,  however, 
reconcile  these  forms  and  show  that  they  are  both  prismatic. 
It  appears  also  from  Haidinger’s  observations  that  the  axes  of 
optical  elasticity  are  parallel  to  the  intersections  of  the  faces 
a ,  b,  c.  This  fact  is  consistent  with  the  supposition  that  the 
crystals  are  prismatic. 

Botryolite,  supposed  by  some  mineralogists  to  constitute  a 
distinct  species,  according  to  Breithaupt,  is  merely  an  amorphous 
variety  of  datholite.  It  occurs  in  fibrous  reniform  masses,  of  a 
white,  grey  or  red  colour,  with  calcite,  quartz,  tourmaline  and 
pyrite,  in  a  bed  of  magnetite  in  gneiss  in  the  Oestre-Kjenlie 
mine  near  Arendal.  h  —  5*0. ..5*5.  G  =  2*885. ..2*901.  Che¬ 
mical  characters  the  same  as  those  of  datholite.  Analyses  of 
botryolite,  not  quite  free  from  a  mechanical  admixture  of  cal¬ 
cite,  by  Bammelsberg,  who  considers  it  to  differ  essentially  from 
datholite,  and  to  contain  two  equivalents  of  water,  on  which 
supposition  however  the  water  ought  to  amount  to  10*5  per 
cent. 


Silica .  36*09  36*39 

Lime .  35*21  34*27 

Boracic  acid . 19*34  18*34 

-\\rater . 8*63  not  det. 

Alumina  and  red  oxide  of  iron  .  —  o*77 


240.  PXCEOSMINE. —  Picrosmine;  Dufrenoy.  Prisma- 
tischer  Pikrosmin-Steatit ;  Mohs.  Pikrosmin,  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=58°  54r  ;  101,001=16°  48? ;  110,100=63  26. 


ab  90°  O' 

ea  90  o 

a'  ® 

ma  63  26 

mm'  53  8 

eb  58  54 

eef  62  12 

Cleavage,  a ,  very  perfect ;  b,  less  perfect ;  e,  less  perfect ; 
m,  least  perfect.  Eracture  uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges 
. .!  opaque.  Lustre,  on  a  pearly,  on  the  other  faces  inclining  to 

t  2 


PIG.  420. 


412 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


vitreous.  Greenish-white. .  .blackish-green.  Streak  white.  Very 
sectile.  Yields  an  argillaceous  odour  when  moistened,  h  =  2'5 
.  ..3-0.  Q-  =  2*59.. .2'66. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  turns  black.  Before  the 
blowpipe  becomes  white  and  hard,  hut  does  not  melt.  With 
borax  fuses  into  a  transparent  head.  Is  soluble  in  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  leaving  a  skeleton  of  silica.  With  solution  of  cobalt 
becomes  red. 

2MgSi  +  H,  magnesia  36'94,  silica  55'02,  water  8'04. 

Analysis  of  picrosmine  from  Presnitz  by  Magnus : — 


Silica . 5-4 '89 

Magnesia . 33 '35 

Alumina . O' 79 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . 1’40 

Protoxide  of  manganese  .  .  .  0'42 

Water  and  some  ammonia  .  7 '30 


Is  found  in  crystalline  masses,  columnar  or  granular,  in  a 
bed  in  the  iron  mine  of  Engelsburg  near  Presnitz  in  Bohemia, 
on  the  Greiner  in  the  Tyrol  in  talcose  or  chloritic  slate,  near 
Waldheim  in  Saxony  in  veins  in  serpentine. 

241.  THOBITE. — Thorite ;  Beudant.  Thorit ;  Mohs,  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  conchoidal.  Lustre  vitreous.  Black.  Streak  dark 
brown.  Brittle,  h  —  4'5.  G  =  4'63. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Easily  soluble  in  borax,  form¬ 
ing  a  glass  coloured  by  iron  ;  on  the  addition  of  nitre  yields  the 
reaction  of  manganese.  Before  ignition  gelatinizes  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid  ;  after  ignition  is  but  slightly  acted  upon  by  it. 

Th2  Si  +  H2. 

Analysis  by  Berzelius  : — 


Silica . 

.  .  18-98 

Thorine . 

.  .  57'91 

Lime . 

.  .  2‘58 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  3 ‘40 

Oxide  of  manganese 

.  .  2’39 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  0'36 

Oxide  of  uranium 

.  .  1*61 

Oxide  of  lead  . 

.  .  0'80 

Oxide  of  tin  .  .  . 

.  .  0*01 

TEITOMITE. 


413 


Potash . °'14 

Soda . °’10 

Alumina . °’06 

Water . 9’50 

Insoluble  matter  .  .  .  .  1'70 

Is  found  with  brown  mesotype  (bergmannite)  on  the  island 

of  Lovo  near  Brevig  in  Norway. 


242.  TEITOMITE.— Tritomit ;  Weibye. 

Cubic. 

o  ill.  The  form  o  is  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


FIG.  421. 


00 


✓/ 


109°  28' 


Tlie  faces  dull.  Cleavage  not  observ¬ 
able.  Practure  conchoidal.  Opaque... 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous,  inclining  to  metallic  on  the  surface 
of  fracture.  Dark  brown.  Streak  yel¬ 
lowish-brown.  Yery  brittle.  H  =  6'5.  G  =  4-16... 4*66. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  traces  of  fluorine.  Becomes 
white  before  the  blowpipe  and  cracks.  With  borax  in  the 
outer  flame  forms  a  reddish-yellow  glass,  which  becomes  colour¬ 
less  on  cooling.  In  powder  is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 


Approximate  analysis  of  a  small  quantity  by  Berlin : 


.  20-13 

Oxide  of  cerium . 

.  40"36 

Oxide  of  lanthanium . 

.  15-11 

Lime . 

5-15 

Alumina . 

2-24 

Yttria . 

0-46 

Magnesia . 

0"22 

Soda . 

.  1  4b 

Protoxide  of  iron . 

1’83 

Manganese,  copper,  tin,  scheelium 

4-62 

Loss  by  ignition . 

7’86 

Is  found  in  single  imbedded  crystals  in  the  island  of  Lamo 
near  Brevig  in  Norway,  in  a  coarse-grained  syenite  with  leuco- 

phane,  mosandrite,  katapleiite,  &c. 

1  t  3 


414 


HYDEOUS  SILICATES. 


243.  KATAPLEIITE. — Katapleiit ;  Weibye. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction,  perfect.  Eracture  splintery. 
Opaque... translucent  on  tbe  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  feeble. 
Light  yellowish-brown.  Streak  yellow.  H  =  6*0.  G  =  2'8. 

Melts  easily  into  a  white  enamel  before  the  blowpipe.  Dis¬ 
solves  in  borax  into  a  transparent  colourless  glass.  With  solu¬ 
tion  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  In  powder  is  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid  without  forming  a  jelly. 

Analyses  by  Sjogren  : — 


Silica . 

46*62 

Zirconia  .... 

.  .  29*81 

29*33 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  0*45 

1*40 

Soda . 

.  .  10*83 

10*06 

Lime . 

.  .  3*61 

4*66 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  0*63 

0*49 

Water  .... 

.  .  8*86 

9*05 

Is  found  in  coarse-grained  syenite  with  mosandrite,  leuco- 
phane,  zircon,  segyrine,  tritomite,  &c.,  in  the  island  of  Lamo 
near  Brevig. 

The  earth  called  zirconia  agrees  perfectly  in  its  characters 
with  the  earth  in  the  zircons  from  Erie drichs warn. 

244.  ANTHOSIDEBITE. — Anthosiderit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Eibrous.  Opaque.  Lustre  silky.  Ochre-yellow. ..yellowish- 
brown.  Streak  the  same,  lighter.  Very  tough,  h  '=  6*5. 
G  =  3-0. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  difficulty  into  an  iron-black 
magnetic  slag.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Be  Si4  +  H. 

Analyses  by  Schnedermann : — 

Silica .  61*14  59*03 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  .  34*63  35*35 

Water .  3*59  3*59 

Is  found  with  magnetite  at  Antonio  Pereira,  in  Minas 
Geraes  in  the  Brazils. 

245.  KEOKYD OLITE. — Ivrokydolith ;  Mohs,  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

In  aggregations  of  delicate,  easily  separable,  parallel  fibres, 


PREHNITE. 


415 


like  asbestus.  The  fibres  are  very  tough,  elastic  and  flexible. 
In  thin  filaments  translucent.  Lustre  silky.  Indigo-blue. 
Streak  lavender-blue,  H  =  4'0...4'5.  0  =  3  2. ..3  3. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  becomes  red.  Before  the 
blowpipe  melts  easily  into  a  bright,  black,  magnetic  bead 
Thin  fibres  melt  in  the  flame  of  a  spirit  lamp.  W  ith 
borax  melts  easily  into  an  olive-green  glass  In  salt  ot  phos¬ 
phorus  leaves  a  skeleton  of  silica.  Not  sensibly  acted  upon  by 

acids. 

Analyses  by  Stromeyer  of  fibrous  and  eartby  varieties  from 
Oranje  River  :• 


Silica . 

.  .  .  50-81 

51-64 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  33-88 

34  38 

Oxide  of  manganese 

.  .  .  0-17 

0’02 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  .  2-32 

2  64 

Lime . 

.  .  0'02 

0"05 

Soda . 

.  .  .  7*03 

7-11 

W ater  . 

.  .  .  5-58 

4-01 

Is  found  with  magnetite  near  Oranje  River  in  South  Africa  ; 
at  Stavarn  in  Norway  in  zircon-syenite;  in  Greenland;  at 
Golfing  in  Salzburg  with  quartz  in  gypsum. 


246.  KARPHOLITE. — Karpholite  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Kar- 
pholith  ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

In  aggregations  of  acicular  and  capillary  crystals.  Feebly 
translucent... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly. 
Yellow.  Streak  white,  h  =  6*0... 6*6.  » —  2-935. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  a  trace  ot  fluorine.  Retore 
the  blowpipe  intumesces  and  melts  into  a  brown  slag.  With 
borax  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  purple  glass.  Is  scarcely  acted 
upon  by  hydrochloric  acid. 


Silica . 

Alumina . 

Oxide  of  manganese  Mn 
Red  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

Lime . 

Water  .  .  •  •  •  • 

Hydrofluoric  acid  .  . 

Is  found  with  fluor  in  granite  at  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia. 


37-53 

36*15 

26-47 

28-67 

18-33 

19-16 

6-27 

Ee  2"29 

— 

0-27 

11-36 

10-78 

,  ,  - 

1-47 

247  PREHNITE.— Prehnite ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Axotomer 
Triphan-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Prehnit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

T  4 


416 


HYDEOITS  SILICATES. 


Prismatic.  011,010  =  44°  63';  101,001  =40°  9' ;  110,100  =  49°  58'. 


a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  n  oil,  v  012,  0  401,  m  110, 
r  443,  s  441.  s  truncates  the  edge  me. 


be 

90° 

& 

ca 

90 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

nc 

45 

7 

VC 

26 

40 

oe 

73 

30 

ma 

49 

58 

mb 

40 

2 

mm 

80 

4 

rci 

56 

3 

rb 

48 

20 

re 

60 

15 

so 

79 

13 

EIGr.  422. 


Combinations,  cm. a,  cma.o ,  cnomab ,  crmvrib.  The  faces  c  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  n  and  o  ;  a,  m  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  c.  Cleavage,  c,  tolerably  per¬ 
fect  ;  m,  far  less  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Semi-transparent. . . 
translucent.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  c,  pearly.  Various  shades  of 
light  green.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  6*o...7*o.  g  = 
2*92 . .  .3'0l.  Pyroelectric,  the  analogous  poles  being  in  the 
middle  ot  the  faces  c,  and  the  antilogous  poles  at  the  ex¬ 
tremities  of  a  diagonal  parallel  to  the  edge  ac. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  without  becoming  opaque. 
Puses  before  the  blowpipe  with  intumescence  into  a  blebby 
glass.  In  powder  only  partially  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
After  ignition  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 


2CaSi  +  AlSi  +  H, 
water  4*32. 


silica  44'27,  alumina  24*57,  lime  26*84, 


Analyses  of  prehnite  a  from  Batsehinges,  b  from  Passa  by 
Grelilen,  c  from  JEdelfors,  d  from  Montblanc,  e  from  Dumbarton, 
all  by  Walmstedt,  /'from  Bourg  d’Oisans  by  Begnault,  g  from 
the  Badauthal  in  the  Harz  by  Amelung : — 


AGALMATOLITE. 

417 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

Silica 

43*00 

42*87 

43*03 

44*71 

44*10 

44*50 

44*74 

Alumina  .  . 

23*25 

21*50 

19*30 

23*99 

24*26 

23*44 

18*06 

Red  ox.  iron  . 

2*00 

3*00 

6*81 

1*25 

0*74 

4*61 

7*38 

Lime 

26*00 

26*50 

26*28 

25*41 

26*43 

23*47 

27*06 

Ox.  mang.  .  . 

0*25 

0*25 

0*15 

0*19 

— 

]Va 

1*03 

Water  .  .  . 

4*00 

4*62 

4*43 

4*45 

4*18 

4'44 

4*13 

In  attached  crystals,  frequently  united  by  the  faces  c  so  as 
to  form  fan-sbaped  groups  with  curved  faces ;  fibrous,  globular 
and  reuiform ;  massive ;  pseudomorphous  after  aualcime  and 
leonhardite.  In  granite,  greenstone,  crystalline  slate  rocks,  in 
the  cavities  of  trap  rocks. 

Is  found  at  Bourg  d’Oisans  in  Dauphine,  at  Ratschinges 
near  Sterzing,  the  Seisseralp,  and  IVIount  Monzoni  in  tlie  Eas- 
satbal  in  the  Tyrol,  Luz  and  Bareges  in  the  Pyrenees,  Mont 
Blanc,  St.  Gottkardt,  Scbwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  the  Saualp  and 
other  places  in  Carinthia,  Reichenbach  near  Oberstein  in  the 
Palatinate,  the  Harz,  Norway,  Sweden,  Massachusetts,  the 
country  of  the  Nam  aquas  in  South  Africa,  in  Scotland  in  trap 
near  Dumbarton,  Hartfield  Moss  near  Paisley,  Priskie  Hall 
near  Glasgow,  the  Castle  rock  and  Salisbury  Crags  near  Edin¬ 
burgh,  the  islands  of  Mull  and  Skye,  in  England  at  Woodford 
in  Gloucestershire,  Staffordshire,  Botallack  near  the  Land’s 
End. 

248.  AGALMATOLITE. — Agalmatolite  ;  Phillips.  Talc 
glaphique  ;  Hauy.  Untheilbarer  Glyphin-Steatit  ;  Mohs. 
Agalmatolith ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  splintery,  uneven.  White,  pale  grey,  green,  yellow, 
flesh-red.  Streak  white,  shining.  Slightly  brittle,  almost 
sectile.  Unctuous,  h  3*0.  G  =  2  75. ..2  85. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
white  and  melts  only  on  the  thinnest  edges.  With  borax 
melts  with  intumescence  into  a  colourless  globule.  Is  decom¬ 
posed  by  hot  sulphuric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  silica. 

Analyses  of  agalmatolite  a  from  China,  b  from  Nagyag,  both 
by  Klaproth,  c,  d  from  China  by  John,  e  of  onkosine  from 
Possegen  by  v.  Kobell : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

54*50 

55*0 

55*50 

65*50 

52*52 

34*00 

33*0 

30*00 

31*00 

30*88 

0*75 

0*5 

1*00 

1*25 

0*80 

t  5 


Silica 
Alumina 
Oxide  of  iron 


418  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 

abed  e 

Potash . 6'25  7-0  6-25  6*25  6-38 

Lime . —  —  1*75  2*oo  Mg  3*82 

Water . 4*00  3*00  5*50  5*00  4*60 


Is  found  in  China,  on  the  Ochsenkopf  near  Schwarzenberg 
in  Saxony,  at  Nagyag  in  Hungary.  Onkosine  is  found  in 
apple-green  round  masses  in  dolomite  at  Possegen  near  Jams- 
weg  in  Lungau  in  Salzburg. 


249.  SOAPSTONE. — Soapstone ;  Phillips.  Pierre  de  savon ; 
Peudant.  Pseudomorpher  Grlyphin-Steatit ;  Mohs.  Seifenstein ; 
Hausmann.  Steatit ;  Haidinger. 

Eracture  splintery. ..uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 
Dull.  Yellowish- white,  greyish-white,  blueish-grey.  Streak 
shining.  Unctuous.  Sectile.  h  =  1*6.  G  =  2*266. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into 
a  colourless  blebby  glass.  Is  completely  decomposed  by  sul¬ 
phuric  acid. 

Analyses  of  soapstone  from  Cornwall  by  Klaproth  and  Svan- 
berg : — 


Silica . 

46*8 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  9*25 

8*0 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  l'OO 

0*4 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  24*75 

33*3 

Lime . 

— 

0*7 

Potash  .... 

.  .  0*75 

— 

Water . 

.  .  18*00 

11*0 

Is  found  in  a  vein  of  serpentine  at  the  Lizard  and  near  the 
Cheesewring  at  St.  Clear  in  Cornwall. 


250.  OTTKELITE. — Ottrelit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

In  six-sided  prisms.  Cleavage ;  perpendicular  to  the  axes 
of  the  prism,  perfect.  Eracture  uneven.  In  thin  leaves 
translucent.  Lustre,  on  the  cleavage  planes,  vitreous  inclining 
to  waxy.  Grreyish-black,  inclining  to  green.  Streak  greyish- 
white.  Scratches  glass,  g  =  4*4. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
with  difficulty  into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  With  borax 
shows  the  colour  of  iron.  With  soda  the  colour  of  manganese. 
In  powder  is  acted  on  by  hot  sulphuric  acid. 

3BSi  +  Al2Si3  -f  H3,  where  B  is  Ee,  Mn. 


EASTITE. 


419 


Analyses  by  Damour : — 


Sdica  ••••••• 

43-62 

43*34 

Alumina . 

23*89 

24-63 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

16-81 

16-72 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

8-03 

8*18 

Water . 

6’63 

6-66 

Is  found  in  small  crystals  imbedded  in  clay  slate  at  Ottrez 
near  Stavelot  on  the  frontier  of  Luxemburg. 


251.  BASTITE.— Schiller  spar;  Phillips.  Diallage  metal- 
loide  ;  Hauy.  Diatomer  Schiller-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Schillerstein ; 
Hausmann.  Bastit ;  Haidinger. 

Cleavage,  very  perfect  in  one  direction ;  imperfect  in  a  second 
direction*-*  traces  in  other  directions.  Eracture  uneven  and 
splintery.  In  thin  leaves  translucent.  Lustre  pearly,  inclining 
to  adamantine  on  the  cleavage  planes.  Olive  and  pistacio- 
green,  passing  into  brown  and  yellow.  Streak  greenish-white. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
brown  and  magnetic,  but  melts  only  on  the  edges  of  the 
thinnest  splinters.  With  borax  forms  a  glass  which  while  hot 
shows  the  colour  of  iron,  and  when  cold  that  of  chrome.  Com¬ 
pletely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  ;  imperfectly  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid. 

4BSi  +  MglD,  where  B  is  Mg,  Ca,  Ee. 


Analyses  of  crystalline  bastite  from  the  Harz  a ,  b ,  of  a  com¬ 
pact  variety  c,  all  by  Kohler : 


Silica . 

Magnesia  . 

Lime . 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

Protoxide  of  mangan. 
Oxide  of  chrome  .  . 

Alumina  . 

Water 


a 

b 

C 

43-90 

43*07 

42-36 

26-86 

26-16 

28*90 

2-64 

2-75 

0*63 

13-02 

10-91 

13-27 

0-63 

0-57 

0*85 

— 

2*37 

— 

1-28 

1-73 

2-18 

12-43 

12'43 

12-07 

In  a  and  c  the  protoxide  of  iron  includes  some  oxide  of 

^iTcmtalline  plates  imbedded  in  the  massive  variety,  in  the 
euphotide  of  the  Baste  and  other  places  in  the  Hamburg 
Forest  in  the  Harz. 

T  6 


420 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


252.  SERPENTINE. — Serpentine ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Pris- 
matischer  Serpentin-Steatit ;  Mohs.  Serpentin  ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Eractnre  flat  conchoidal,  splintery,  uneven.  Translucent... 
opaque.  Eustre  resinous,  feeble.. .dull.  Green  of  various 
shades,  usually  dull,  passing  into  yellow  and  grey.  Streak 
white,  shining.  Sectile.  h  =  3*0.  g  =  2*47... 2*60. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  turns  black.  Before  the 
blowpipe  turns  white,  and  melts  with  difficulty  on  the  thinnest 
edges.  Dissolves  slowly  in  borax.  With  solution  of  cobalt 
becomes  pale  red.  In  powder  is  completely  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  yet  more  readily  by  sulphuric  acid. 


•  •  •  •  • 

2 Mg  Si  +  MgH2,  part  of  the  magnesia  being  replaced  by 
protoxide  of  iron. 


Analyses  of  serpentine  a  from  Eahlun,  b  fibrous  (picrolite) 
from  Taberg,  c  from  Swardsjo,  d  from  Sahla,  e  from  Massachu¬ 
setts, /from  Hoboken,  all  by  Lychnell: — 


Silica  .  . 

Alumina 
Protox.  iron 
Magnesia 
Water  . 
Bitumen  and  c 


a 

b 

c 

41*95 

40*98 

41*58 

0*37 

0*73 

— 

2*22 

8*72 

2*17 

40*64 

33*44 

42*41 

11*68 

12*86 

11*29 

3*42 

1*73 

2*38 

d 

e 

/ 

42*16 

43*20 

41*67 

red  ox. 

.  iron 

1*64 

1*98 

5*24 

— 

42*26 

40*09 

41*25 

12*33 

11*42 

13*80 

1*03 

— 

1*37 

Analyses  of  serpentine  g  from  Gornoschit  near  Katharinen- 
burg  by  Schaflgotsck,  h  from  Eahlun  by  Jordan,  i  byMarchand, 
k  from  Gullsjo  in  Wermland  by  Mosander,  l  fibrous  (picrolite) 
fiom  Philip stad  in  WLrmland  by  Stromeyer,  m  pseudomorphous 
in  the  form  of  olivine,  from  Snarum  by  Hartwall : — 


Silica  .  . 

Alumina  . 
Protox.  iron 
Magnesia 
Water 
Carbon,  ac. 


9 

h 

i 

43*73 

40*32 

40*52 

0*81 

— 

0*21 

6*11 

3*33 

3*01 

37*72 

41*76 

42*05 

11*63 

13*54 

13*85 

— 

— 

0*30 

k 

l 

m 

42*34 

41*66 

42*97 

(Ma 

2*25) 

0*87 

• — 

4*05 

¥e-  2*48 

44*20 

37*16 

41*66 

12*38 

0*89 

14*72  ' 

l  12*02 

Analyses  of  serpentine  n  from  Snarum  by  Scheerer  o  from 
the  Talov  copper  mine  in  the  TJral,  g  =  2*56,  by  Ivanoff,  p 
from  lexas  m  Lancaster  county  Pennsylvania,  g‘=  2*557  by 
Rammelsberg,  q  from  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  pseudo¬ 
morphous  in  the  form  of  garnet,  by  Kersten,  r  from  the  Ural 

a  =  2*57,  by  Hermann,  s  from  Villa  Rota  on  the  Po,  g  =  2*644 
by  Delesse  : —  ’ 


Silica  .  .  . 

Alumina 
Protox.  iron 
Protox.  mangan. 
Magnesia  .  . 

Lime  .... 
Water  . 


SERPENTINE. 


n 

0 

P 

40‘71 

40-80 

43-79 

2*39 

3-02 

— 

2-43 

2-20 

2-05 

— 

0-20 

— 

41*48 

40*50 

41-03 

— 

0-42 

(Na 

12-61 

12-02 

12-47 

421 


2 

r 

s 

41-50 

40-21 

41-34 

— 

1-82 

3-22 

4-10 

9-13 

5-54 

0-50 

— 

— 

40-34 

35-09 

37'61 

0-42) 

— 

— 

12-87 

13-75 

12-06 

Analyses  of  serpentine  t  from  Nanzenbach  near  Dillenburg 
by  Schnabel,  u  from  Richmond  in  New  York  by  Beck,  v  from 
Bare  Hills  by  Yanuxem,  w ,  x  (retinalite),  G  =  2-476. . .2-525, 
from  Greenville  in  Canada,  y  from  Grand  Calumet  island,  all 
by  T.  S.  Hunt : — 


t 

U 

V 

w 

X 

y 

Silica  . 

.  .  41-70 

41*00 

42-69 

39-34 

40-10 

41*20 

Alumina 

.  .  7-04 

C 

0-87 

— 

— 

— 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  26-95 

1'85 

1*16 

Ee  1’80 

1-90 

0-80 

Magnesia 

.  .  10-26 

41*26, 

40-00 

43*02 

41-65 

43-52 

Lime  . 

.  .  3-34 

2-39 

— 

soda 

0-90 

— 

Water  .  . 

.  .  11-58 

13-50 

16-11 

15-09 

15-00 

15-40 

Analyses  of  the  fibrous  varieties  z  from  Reichenstein  (chry- 
sotile)  by  v.  Kobell,  a  from  Reichenstein  (metaxite)  by  Helesse, 
/3  mean  of  two  analyses  of  metaxite  by  Kuhn,  y  from  the 
Yosges,  G  =  2’219,  by  Delesse,  S  from  Baltimore  (baltimorite) 
by  Thomson,  e  from  Zoblitz,  G  =  2'60...2'65,  by  C.  Schmidt: — 


Silica  .... 
Alumina  . 
Magnesia  .  . 

Protoxide  of  iron 
Soda  .... 
Water  .  .  . 


Z 

a 

/3 

y 

a 

£ 

43-50 

42*1 

43-98 

41-58 

40'95 

43-70 

0-40 

0-4 

— 

0-42 

1-50 

2-76 

40-00 

41*9 

40-80 

42-61 

34-70 

29-96 

2-08 

3*0 

2'27 

1-69 

10-05 

10-03 

— 

• — 

— 

— 

— 

1-98 

13-80 

13-6 

12-65 

13-70 

12-60 

12-27 

A  small  quantity  of  chrome  was  found  in  serpentine  from 
Zoblitz  by  Yalentine  Rose,  in  serpentine  from  Hoboken  by 
Nuttal,  and  in  serpentine  from  Yermont  by  Jackson. 

Occurs  in  compact  and  fibrous  masses  forming  rocks  and  in 
beds  in  slate,  in  veins,  pseudomorphous  in  the  form  of  olivine, 
garnet,  augite,  amphibole. 

Is  found  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Austria,  Stiria,  Salz¬ 
burg,  the  Tyrol,  Hungary,  Silesia,  Italy,  Corsica,  Norway, 
Sweden,  Siberia,  the  United  States,  England,  Scotland.  _  The 
cleavable  variety  (marmolite)  is  found  in  serpentine  veins  at 


422 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Hoboken  in  New  Jersey,  and  on  the  Bare  Hills  near  Baltimore 
in  the  United  States.  Fibrous  varieties  are  found  at  Beichen- 
stein  in  Silesia  in  compact  serpentine,  Taberg  in  Sweden,  Balti¬ 
more  in  the  United  States,  and  in  the  Harzburg  Forest  in  the 
Harz. 

253.  WOETHITE. — "Woerthite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Worthit  ; 
Hausmann. 

Cleavable  in  one  direction.  Feebly  translucent.  Lustre 
pearly.  White,  h  =  7*0... 7*5.  o  =  3‘0. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe. 
With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Not  soluble  in  acids. 

APSi5  +  H2. 

Analyses  by  Hess  :  — 


Silica  . 

. 40*58 

41*00 

Alumina  . 

. 53*50 

52*63 

Magnesia 

. 1*00 

0*76 

Water 

4*63 

In  pebbles  consisting  of  granular  and  columnar  aggregations, 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  St.  Petersburg. 


254.  ANTIGOBITE. — Antigorite ;  Dufrenoy.  Antigorit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction.  Transparent . . .  translucent.  Lustre 
feeble.  Has  two  optic  axes.  Green.  Streak  white,  shining 
feebly,  h  =  2*5.  a  =  2*62. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  on 
the  edges  of  very  thin  splinters  into  a  yellowish-brown  enamel. 
Is  decomposed  with  difficulty  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  the 
silica  in  flocks.  Is  more  readily  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

3BSi  +  MgH,  where  B  is  Mg  and  Fe. 

Analyses  by  Schweizer  : — 


Silica  •  •  »  •  • 

.  .  46*22 

46*18 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  .  34*39 

35*19 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  13*05 

12*68 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  2*08 

1*89 

Water  .... 

3*70 

Is  found  in  the  valley  of  Antigorio  near  Domo  d’Ossola  in 
Piedmont. 


CROFSTEDTITE. 


423 


255.  STILPHOMELANE. — Stilpnomelan  ;  Mohs,  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 

o  in  cleavage. 

Cleavage,  o,  perfect.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining 
to  pearly.  Black . .  .blackish-green.  Streak  olive-green . . . green¬ 
ish-grey.  Bather  brittle,  h  =  3*0. ..4*0.  G  =  3*o...3*4. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
into  a  black  magnetic  globule.  Completely  soluble  in  borax, 
imparting  to  it  the  colour  of  iron.  Imperfectly  decomposed  by 
acids. 


Analyses  by  Eammelsberg  :  — 


Silica . 

.  43*19 

46*50 

45*43 

46*17 

Alumina  .... 

8*16 

7*10 

5*88 

6*88 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  37*05 

33*89 

35*38 

35*82 

Magnesia  .... 

3*34 

1*89 

1*68 

2*67 

Lime . 

1*19 

0*20 

0*18 

Potash . 

.  — 

— 

— 

0*75 

Water . 

5*95 

7*90 

9*28 

8*72 

In  crystalline  and  granular  masses,  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  with  calcite,  quartz,  marcasite,  pyrite  in  clay  slate  at 
Obergrund  near  Zuckmantel  and  at  Spachendorl  near  Benisch 
in  Silesia. 


256.  CBONSTEDTITE. — Cronstedtite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Bhomboedrischer  Melan-Grhmmer ;  Mohs.  Cronstedtit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 

o  ill,  b  211,  r  100.  The  forms  o,  r  are  sometimes  hemi- 
hedral  with  inclined  faces. 

EIG.  424.  EIG.  425. 

bo  90°  o' 

bb "  60  0 

Combinations,  ob,  or 
Cleavage,  o,  perfect  b, 
imperfect.  o,  smooth  ; 
the  faces  b  striated  pa¬ 
rallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Translucent... 
opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  bright.  Black.  Streak  dark  leek- 
green.  Brittle.  In  very  thin  leaves  flexible  and  elastic. 
H  =  2'5.  G  =  3*348. 


424 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  traces  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 
Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces  and  melts  on  the  edges  into  a 
blackish-grey  slag.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives 
indications  of  iron,  silica  and  manganese.  The  presence  of 
manganese  is  shown  by  fusing  it  with  soda  on  platinum  foil. 
Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 

Be2  Si  4-  2Pe2Si  +  H5,  part  of  the  Be  being  replaced  by  Mg. 
Analysis  of  cronstedtite  from  Przibram  by  Steinmann,  cor¬ 


rected  by  v.  Kobell : — 

Silica . 22'45 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  35*35 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  .  27*11 

Oxide  of  manganese  .  .  2*88 

Magnesia . 5*08 

Water . 10*70 


In  crystals,  reniform,  columnar  or  fibrous  masses. 

Is  found  at  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  Wheal  Maudlin  in  Corn¬ 
wall,  and  the  variety  with  hemihedral  forms  (sideroschisolite) 
at  Conghonas  do  Campo  in  the  Brazils  writli  pyrrhotine  and 
chalybite,  and  in  Chile. 

257.  CLIjNTTOXITE. — XanthophyU.it ;  Hausmann.  Clin- 
tonit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 

o  ill  cleavage. 

Cleavage,  o,  perfect.  In  thin  leaves  more  or  less  trans¬ 
parent.  Lustre  on  the  cleavage  planes  vitreous,  inclining  to 
pearly,  bright.  Yellow. . .brown,  green,  h  =  4*5. ..6*5.  o  = 
3*01. ..3*10. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble  in  borax,  forming  a 
clear  glass.  Is  decomposed  by  strong  hydrochloric  acid,  leav¬ 
ing  a  residue  of  silica.  Brandisite  is  soluble  in  boiling  sul¬ 
phuric  acid,  but  not  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  of  clintonite  a  from  Amity  by  Clemson,  b  from 
Slatoust  (xanthophyllite)  mean  of  four  analyses  by  Meitzen- 
dorff,  c  by  Plattner,  d  from  Monzoni  (brandisite)  by  v. 
Kobell : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Silica . 17*0 

16*30 

21*4 

20*00 

Alumina . 37*6 

43*95 

46*7 

43*22 

Magnesia . 24*3 

19*31 

9*8 

25*01 

PYEOPHYLLITE. 


425 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Lime . 

.  .  10*7 

13*26 

12*5 

4*00 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  5*0 

2*53 

4*3 

Ee  3*60 

Soda . 

— 

0*61 

k 

0*57 

Water  .... 

co 

co 

4*33 

3*5 

3*6 

Occurs  in  six-sided  plates  and  granular  masses.  The  variety 
called  xanthophyllite  is  found  near  Slatoust  in  the  Ural. 
Clintonite  is  found  in  limestone  at  Amity  in  New  York. 
Bran  disite  at  Monzoni  in  the  Eassathal  in  the  Tyrol. 


258.  MASONITE. — Chloritspath  ;  Mohs.  Chloritoid ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger.  Masonite  ;  J ackson. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction,  very  perfect.  In  thin  leaves  trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  pearly.  Blackish-green.  Streak  greenish- 
white.  Brittle.  H  =  5*5...  6*0.  G  =  3*45... 3*55. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  loses  its  lustre  and  transpa¬ 
rency.  Before  the  blowpipe  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges 
into  a  black  glass.  In  borax  dissolves  slowly  into  a  clear  glass 
coloured  by  iron.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Analyses  of  masonite  a  from  Mramorskoi  (chloritoid)  by 
v.  Bonsdorff,  b  from  Natic  by  Whitney  : — 


a 

b 

Silica . 

.  .  27*48 

28*27 

Alumina  ..... 

.  .  35*57 

32*16 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  27*05 

33*72 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

.  .  0*30 

— 

Magnesia . 

.  .  4*29 

0*13 

Water . 

.  .  6*95 

5*00 

Is  found  in  crystalline,  granular,  curved  lamellar  aggrega¬ 
tions,  with  diaspore  in  a  vein  in  chlorite  slate  at  j\I  ramorskoi 
*  near  Katharinenburg  in  Siberia,  and  Natic  in  Bhode  Island. 

259.  PYEOPHYLLITE. — Pyrophyllite  ;  Beudant.  Pyro- 
phyllit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

In  prisms  having  a  single  distinct  cleavage  parallel  to  the 
axis  of  the  prism.  Translucent,  in  thin  leaves  semi-transparent. 
Lustre  pearly.  Apple-green... white.  Streak  white,  h  =  ro. 
G  =  2*785. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  exfoliates 
and  swells  out  into  many  times  its  original  volume.  Melts 


426 


HYDEOTTS  SILICATES. 


with  great  difficulty.  With  borax  forms  a  clear  glass.  With 
solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Is  partially  decomposed  by 
sulphuric  acid. 


Analyses  of  pyrophyllite  a  from  Beresowsk  by  Hermann, 
b  from  Spaa  by  Bammelsberg,  c,  d  from  Westana  in  Schonen 
by  Sjogren : — 


Silica . 

a 

.  .  69*79 

b 

66*14 

C 

67*77 

d 

65*61 

Alumina . 

.  .  29*46 

26*87 

25*17 

26*09 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  1*80 

— 

0*82 

0*70 

Protoxide  of  manganese  . 

•  • 

— 

0*50 

0*09 

Lime . 

.  .  — 

0*39 

0*66 

0*69 

Magnesia . 

.  .  4*00 

1*49 

0*26 

0*09 

Water . 

.  .  6*62 

6*59 

5*82 

7*08 

Is  found  in  broad  right 

-angled  prisms  and  globular  masses, 
in  granite,  at  Beresowsk  in  the  Ural, 

imbedded  in  quartz  veins 

Ottrez  and  near  Spaa  in  Belgium,  the  Brazils, 

in  quartz  with 

kyanite. 


260.  EIPIDOLITE.— Chlorite  (in part);  Phillips.  Chlorit; 
Gr.  Hose,  Bammelsberg.  Prismatischer  Talk-Glimmer  (in  part)  ; 
Mohs.  Bipidolith ;  v.  Kobell,  Naumann,  Breithaupt.  Bipi- 
dolith,  Kammererit,  Pennin  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  66°  2'. 


0  ill,  a  oil 

,  & 

211,  r 

100,  2 

122, 

S  111,  l 

411, 

k 

u  371. 

CIO 

O 

O 

05 

o' 

TO 

66° 

2' 

Jco 

75° 

45; 

bo 

90 

0 

zo 

66 

2 

uo 

60 

0 

bb" 

60 

0 

so 

77 

28 

zr 

54 

22 

aV 

30 

0 

lo 

79 

65 

EIGr. 

426. 

EIQ-.  427. 

EIG.  428. 

The  faces  0  smooth  but  not  even ;  the  other  faces  in  the 
zone  rz  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  0.  Cleavage. 


EIPIDOLITE. 


427 


o  very  perfect.  Semi-transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous,  on  o  pearly.  Green  of  various  shades,  violet  (kammere- 
rite).  In  a  direction  perpendicular  to  o  leek-green  approaching 
to  emerald-green,  in  a  direction  parallel  to  o  hyacinth-red  or 
yellowish-green.  In  the  latter  direction  more  transparent  than 
in  the  former.  Streak  white.  In  thin  leaves  flexible,  hut  not 
elastic,  h  =  20... 3*0.  G  =  2'615  ...2*774. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Exfoliates  before  the  blowpipe, 
becomes  white,  and  melts  on  the  edges  into  a  white  enamel. 
Is  completely  decomposed  by  hot  sulphuric  acid. 

Analyses  of  ripidolite  a  from  Schwarzenstein  by  Briiel,  b 
from  Achmatowsk  by  v.  Kobell,  c  from  Achmatowsk  by  Var- 
rentrapp,  all  corrected  by  Bammelsberg,  d  from  Mauleon  by 
Delesse,  e  from  Ala,  f  from  Slatoust,  both  by  Marignac  : — 


a 

b  G 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  31*47  31*14  30*38 

32*1 

30*01 

30*27 

Alumina  .... 

.  16*67  17*14  16*97 

18*5 

19*11 

19*89 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  . 

3*36 

—  — 

— 

4*81 

4*42 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

2*95 

4*65  4*55 

0*6 

— 

— 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  32*66  34*40  33*97 

36*7 

• 

33*15 

33*13 

Protox.  mang.  . 

0*01 

0*63  — 

— 

— 

— 

"Water  .  .  .  . 

.  12*43  12*12  12*63 

12*1 

12*52 

12*54 

Analyses  of  ripidolite  a  found 

near  the  river  Balschoi  Iremel 

in  the  Ural,  h  from  the  Schischminsk  mountains 

in  the  Ural, 

H  =  2-5,  G  =  2-71 

(leuchtenbergite),  both  by  Hermann, 

from 

the  serpentine  of  Snarum,  i  by  Hochstetter,  h  by  Giwartowsky, 

l  by  Bammelsberg  :• 

9 

Ji 

i 

k 

l 

Silica . 

.  .  30*80 

32*35 

32*03 

30*2 

34*88 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  .  17*27 

18*00 

12*52 

13*2 

12*48 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  1*37 

— 

4*48 

3*1 

6*81 

Protoxide  of  .iron 

.  .  — 

4*37 

— 

— 

— 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  37*08 

32*29 

37*52 

37*9 

34*02 

Water  .... 

.  .  12*30 

12*50 

16*19 

17*0 

13*68 

Analyses  of  the  variety  showing  the  combination  ol,  (pen- 
nine)  m ,  n  from  Zermatt  by  Schweitzer,  o,  p  from  Zermatt, 
q  from  Binnenthal,  all  by  Marignac,  r  of  the  violet  variety 
called  kammererite  by  Hartwall : — 


m 

n 

0 

p 

9 

r 

Silica 

.  .  33*82 

33*07 

33*36 

33*40 

33*95 

37*0 

Alumina 

.  .  9*32 

9*69 

13*24 

13*41 

13*46 

14*2 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

•  • 

— 

5*93 

5*73 

6*12 

Ca  1*5 

428 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


m 

n 

0 

P 

9 

r 

Oxide  of  chrome  .  . 

• — 

— 

0-20 

0-15 

0-24 

1*0 

Protox.  iron  .  .  . 

11-30 

11-36 

— 

— 

— 

1‘5 

Magnesia  .... 

33-04 

32-34 

34-21 

34'57 

33-71 

31-5 

"Water . 

11'50 

12-58 

12*80 

12-74 

12-52 

13-0 

In  o,  p,  q  part  of  the 

iron  is 

in  the 

state 

of  protoxide. 

In  crystals  and  granular  masses,  in  beds  and  veins  in  crys 
talline  rocks. 


Is  found  on  the  Schwarzenstein  Alp  in  the  Zillerthal  in  the 
Tyrol,  in  the  valley  of  Ala  in  Piedmont,  Achmatowsk  near 
Slatousk  in  the  Ural,  Reichenstein  in  Silesia,  Mauleon  in  the 
Pyrenees,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Arendal  in  Norway.  Pen¬ 
nine  is  found  in  the  Matterthal  and  Binnenthal  in  the  Valais. 
Kammererite  occurs  in  six-sided  prisms,  and  scaly  granular 
masses,  associated  with  chromite  at  Bissersk  in  Siberia.  The 
rhodochrome  from  the  island  of  Tino,  Kyschtimsk  in  the  Ural, 
Kraubat  in  Stiria,  Baltimore  in  the  United  States,  is  supposed 
by  Hausmann  to  be  kammererite. 

The  value  of  ro  is  obtained  from  the  measurement  of  crystals 
from  Achmatowsk  by  v.  Kokscharow.  He  observed  faces 
truncating  the  edge  ob  making  with  o  the  following  angles : 
60°  48'... 60°  55',  63°  10',  65°,  66°  2',  72°  30',  78°  42';  faces  trun¬ 
cating  the  edge  oV '  making  with  o  the  angles  61°  so',  62°  30', 
69°  30,...69°40/,  71°  50',  72°  5',  77°  25'...  77°  30',  77°  55';  and  faces 
in  the  intermediate  zone,  making  with  o  the  angles  54°  45',  55°, 
66°  5 o',  69°  50',  71°  10',  74°  5',  76°,  76°  5',  77°  50',  78°  55',  79°. 
In  kammererite  v.  Kokscharow  observed  faces  making  with  o 
angles  of  70°  52r... 71°  2',  84°  26'. ..84°  28',  84°  44',  86°.  Gr.  Rose 
observed  faces  making  with  o  an  angle  of  75°  40' . . .  75°  so'.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  Breithaupt  faces  occur  making  an  angle  of  43°  5l' 
with  o. 


261.  CHLORITE.  —  Chlorite  (in  part)  ;  Phillips.  Talc 
chlorite  (in  part)  ;  Hauy.  Ripidolith  ;  Gr.  Rose,  Rammelsberg. 
Prismatischer  Talk-Griimmer  (in  part)  ;  Mohs.  Chlorit ;  v.  Ko- 
bell,  Hausmann,  Haidinger,  Naumann,  Dana. 

Rhombohedral. 


o  ill. 


FIG.  429. 


ao 

90° 

o' 

ad 

60 

0 

xo 

53 

25 

xx' 

47 

20 

VO 

74 

35 

FIG.  430. 


LOGANITE. 


429 


Combinations,  oa,  ox,  or.  Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect.  In 
thin  plates  transparent . ..translucent.  Lustre  on  o  pearly. 
Green  of  various  shades,  blue ;  frequently  red  in  a  direction 
parallel  to  o.  Streak  green,  greenish-grey.  In  thin  leaves 
flexible,  not  elastic,  h  =  ro...l*6.  G  =  2*78.. ..2*96. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Fusible  with  difficulty  on  the 
thinnest  edges  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax  melts  into  a 
glass  coloured  by  iron  and  sometimes  by  chrome.  Is  decom¬ 
posed  completely  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 


Analyses  of  chlorite  a  from  the  Greiner,  b  from  the  Zillerthal, 
c  from  Kauris,  all  by  v.  Kobell,  d  from  St.  Gotthardt  by  Var- 
rentrapp,  e  from  St.  Christophe,  f  from  Mont  des  Sept-Lacs, 
both  by  Marignac : — 


Silica  .... 
Alumina  .  .  . 

Magnesia  .  . 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

Protox.  manganese 
Water  .... 
Not  decomposed  . 


a 

b 

c 

26*51 

27*32 

26*06 

21*81 

20*69 

18*47 

22*83 

24*89 

14*69 

15*00 

15*23 

26*87 

— 

0*47 

0*62 

12*00 

12*00 

10*45 

- 

— 

2*24 

d 

e 

/ 

25*37 

26*88 

27*14 

18*50 

17*52 

19*19 

17*09 

13*84 

16*78 

28*79 

29*76 

24*76 

8*96 

11*33 

11*50 

- 

— 

— 

Occurs  in  attached  crystals,  slaty,  granular  or  earthy  masses, 
pseudomorphous  in  the  form  of  amphibole ;  as  a  constituent  of 
some  granite,  gneiss,  diabase,  and  especially  of  various  slaty 
rocks* 

Is  found  in  the  Ural,  Norway,  Sweden,  Switzerland, .  the 
Zillerthal  and  the  Greiner  in  the  Tyrol,  Salzburg,  Berggiess- 
hubel  in  Saxony,  Cornwall,  Arran,  Bute. 

262.  LOGANITE.— Loganite ;  Hunt.  Philosophical  Ma¬ 
gazine,  July,  1851. 

Prismatic. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  m  no. 

Cleavage,  c,  m  distinct;  b,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
Subtranslucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  shining  on  the  cleavages; 
the  surfaces  of  the  crystals  generally  dull.  Clove-brown... 
chocolate-brown.  Streak  greyish- white,  h  =  3  o.  G  2  60 

. . .2*64.  .  .  , 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  having  an  empyreumatic  odour. 

Before  the  blowpipe  loses  colour  and  becomes  _  greyish-white, 
but  does  not  melt.  Is  partly  decomposed  by  acids. 


430 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Analyses  by  T.  S.  Hunt 

Silica  .... 
Alumina  .  .  . 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

Ked  oxide  of  iron 
"Water  and  c 
Lime  .... 


32'84 

3214 

33'17 

13'37 

13*00 

— 

35*12 

36'43 

— 

2'00 

2'28 

. — 

17*02 

16*83 

16*50 

0'96 

0’93 

— 

Is  found  in  short  thick  crystals  having  rounded  edges,  in 
white  crystalline  limestone  mixed  with  pale  green  serpentine, 
at  Calumet  Island  on  the  Ottawa  in  Canada. 


263.  HAMOIJEITE. — Hamourite ;  Hufrenoy,  Hausmann. 

Cleavable.  In  thin  plates  transparent.  Lustre  pearly. 
Colourless,  white,  in  thick  pieces  inclining  to  yellow.  H  =  2*0 
...3-0.  G  —  2*792. 

Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces,  becomes  white  and  opaque, 
shines  brightly  and  melts  with  difficulty  into  a  white  enamel. 
With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue  after  being  strongly 
ignited.  Soluble  in  borax,  imparting  to  it  the  colour  of  iron. 
Is  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid;  after  ignition  is  not  acted 
upon  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Mean  of  two  analyses  by  Delesse : — 


Silica . 45 ’22 

Alumina . 37 '85 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . trace 

Potash . 11‘20 

Water . 5'25 


Is  found  in  crystalline  plates  between  crystals  of  kyanite 
at  Pont  ivy  in  Bretagne. 


264.  EPHESITE.  —  Ephesite ;  J.  L.  Smith.  Silliman’s 
Journal,  Jan.  1851. 

Cleavage  difficult.  Lustre  pearly.  White.  Scratches  glass 
easily.  G  =  3'15...3*20. 

Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  milk-white,  but  does  not  fuse. 


Analysis  by  J.  L.  Smith  : — 

Silica . 30'04 

Alumina . 56'45 

Lime . 2*ll 

Protoxide  of  iron . l'OO 

Soda  with  a  little  potash  ....  4'4l 

Water . 3'06 


SCHROTTERITE. 


431 


Is  found  on  magnetite  with  the  emery  of  Gumuch-dagh, 
near  Ephesus. 


265.  ALLOPHANE. — Allophane;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Lam- 
prochromatischer  Opalin-Allophan ;  Mohs.  Allophan;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  flat  conchoidal.. .even... earthy.  Semi-transparent 
...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  waxy  inclining  to  vitreous. 
White,  yellow,  red,  brown,  blue,  green.  Brittle,  h  =  3*0. 
G-  =  1*852. ..1-889. 

Intumesces  before  the  blowpipe.  Infusible.  With  borax 
forms  a  colourless  glass.  Gelatinizes  with  acids. 


Analyses  of  allophane  a  from  Grafenthal  by  Stromeyer, 
b  from  Gernsbach  by  Walchner,  c  from  Eermi  by  Guillemin, 
d  from  Eriesdorf  by  Bunsen,  e,f  from  Beauvais  by  Berthier : — 


Sihca  .  .  .  .  . 

.  21*92 

Alumina  .... 

.  32*20 

Water  .... 

.  41*30 

Lime . 

0*73 

Carb.  ox.  copper  . 

3*06 

Hydrate  ox.  iron  . 

0*27 

Gypsum  .... 

0*52 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

24*11 

23*76 

21*05 

21*9 

26*3 

38*76 

39*68 

30*37 

29*2 

34*2 

35*75 

35*74 

40*23 

44*2 

38*0 

— 

Ca  C 

2*39 

— 

— 

Cu  2*33 

0*65 

clay 

4*7 

1*5 

— 

Ee 

2*74 

— 

— 

— 

m  o 

0*06 

— 

— 

Is  found  in  reniform  and  botryoidal  masses,  and  disseminated, 
near  Grafenthal  in  Saalfeld,  Gernsbach  in  the  Black  Eorest, 
Schapbach,  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  Petrow  in  Moravia,  Chottina 
in  Bohemia,  Miedziana-Gora,  Eriesdorf  near  Bonn. 


266.  SCHBOTTEBITE. — Schrotterit;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Amorphous. 

Eracture  flat  conchoidal.  Translucent... translucent  on  the 
edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  waxy.  Light  emerald- 
green,  ..greyish-green.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  —  3*0... 
3*5.  Or  —  1*985. .  .2*015. 

Infusible.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  by  Schrotter  : — 

Silica  '. . 11-95  11*93 

Alumina .  46*30  46*28 

Water .  36*20  35*50 


432 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

2*95 

2*66 

Oxide  of  copper  .... 

0*25 

0*25 

Lime . 

1*30 

1*03 

Sulphuric  acid . 

0*78 

0*48 

Is  found  in  nodules  between  granular  limestone  and  clay 
slate  on  the  Dollinger  mountain  near  Freienstein  in  Styria. 

267.  MILOSCHINE.— Miloschin  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Fracture  conchoidal . . .  earthy .  Translucent  on  the  edges . . . 
opaque.  Glimmering . . .  dull.  Blue . . .  green.  Soft,  meagre  to 
the  touch.  H  =  1*5... 2*0.  G  —  2*131. 

Falls  to  pieces  in  water.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe. 
Soluble  with  difficulty  in  borax,  yielding  indications  of  chrome. 
Partially  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

AlSi  +  H3. 

Analysis  by  Kersten  : — 


Silica  .... 

.  .  .  27*50 

Alumina 

.  .  .  45*01 

Oxide  of  chrome  . 

.  .  .  3*61 

Lime  .... 

.  .  .  0*30 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  .  0*20 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  23*30 

Is  found  massive  at  Budnjak  in  Servia. 

268.  WOLCHONSKOITE. — Wolchonskoit ;  Mohs,  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Fracture  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Dull.  Green.  Streak  green, 
lighter,  shining.  H  =  2*0... 2*5.  G  =  2*213... 2*303. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  fluxes  yields  the  re¬ 
action  of  chrome  and  silica.  Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 


Analyses  a  by  Berthier,  b  by  Kersten,  c  by  Ilimhoff 


a 

b 

c 

Silica . 

27*2 

37*01 

30*06 

Alumina . 

— 

6*47 

3*09 

Oxide  of  chrome  .  .  . 

34*0 

17*93 

31*24 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

7*2 

10*48 

9*39 

Oxide  of  manganese 

— 

1*66 

Ca  1*90 

Oxide  of  lead  .... 

— 

1*01 

0*16 

Magnesia . 

7*2 

1*91 

6*50 

Water . 

23*2 

21*84 

12*40 

Is  found  in  veins  and  nodules 

n  -ro  •  -w-v 

in  the 

circle 

of  Ocliansk  in 

the  government  of  Perm  in  Bussia. 


PALAGONITE. 


433 


269.  MEERSCHAUM.  —  Earthy  carbonate  of  magnesia; 
Phillips.  Magnesie  carbonatee  silicifere  spongieuse ;  Hany. 
Meerschaum  ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  earthy.  Opaque.  Dull.  White,  inclining  to  yel¬ 
low,  red  or  grey.  Streak  shining.  Adheres  to  the  tongue. 
H  =  2*5.  G  =  1*2.. .1*6. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  turns  black.  Before  the 
blowpipe  melts  on  the  edges.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes 
red.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  of  meerschaum  a  from  the  Levant  by  Lychnell, 
b  from  Cavanas,  c  from  Coulommiers,  both  by  Berthier, 
d  from  Langbanshytta,  mean  of  two,  by  Berlin,  e  from  Thebes 
in  Greece  by  v.  Kobell,  /from  Morocco  by  Damour  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d ' 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  60*87 

53*8 

54*0 

61*57 

48*00 

65*00 

Magnesia  .... 

.  27*80 

23*8 

24*0 

33*90 

20*06 

28*00 

Lime . 

.  — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1*01 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

0*09 

— 

— 

0*57 

12*40 

1*40 

Alumina  .... 

.  — 

1*2 

1*4 

0*16 

— 

1*20 

Protox.  mangan. 

.  — 

— - 

— 

1*56 

potash 

0*52 

Water . 

.  11*29 

20*0 

20*0 

11*83 

19*60 

10*35 

Sand . 

.  — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1*50 

Is  found  in  nodules  at  Kiltschiek  near  Konie  in  Natolia, 
near  Thebes  and  in  many  other  parts  of  Greece,  Vallecas  near 
Madrid  and  Cavanas  near  Toledo,  Pinheiro  in  Portugal, 
Hrubschitz  and  Oslowan  in  Moravia,  Sweden. 


270.  PALAGONITE. —  Palagonit;  Sartorius  v.  Walters- 
hausen,  Hausmann. 

Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal,  uneven,  splintery.  Trans¬ 
parent...  translucent.  Lustre  that  of  varnish,  waxy,  vitreous. 
Yellow,  brown ;  sometimes  brown  by  reflected,  yellow  by  trans¬ 
mitted  light.  Streak  ochre  yellow.  Brittle,  h  =  3*0... 4*5. 
G  =  2*40. ..2*43. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  cinnamon-brown, 
afterwards  blackisli-brown.  Melts  easily  before  the  blowpipe 
into  a  bright,  black,  magnetic  globule.  With  fluxes  yields  the 
reactions  of  iron  and  traces  of  those  of  manganese.  Is  readily 
decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  leaving  a  residue  of  silica. 

Analyses  of  palagonite  a  from  Trollkonugil  near  Hecla,  b  from 
Laugarvatnshellir,  c,  d  from  the  Galapagos,  all  by  Bunsen : — 

u 


434  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Silica  .... 

.  .  39-98 

40-38 

37-83 

36-15 

Alumina  . 

.  .  8'26 

10-79 

12-95 

11*31 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  17-65 

13-52 

9*93 

10*48 

Lime  .... 

.  .  8-48 

8-56 

7-49 

7-78 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  .  4-45 

6-35 

.  6*54 

6'14 

Potash  .... 

.  .  0-43 

0-64 

0-94 

0-76 

Soda  .... 

.  .  0-61 

0‘61 

0*70 

0-54 

Water  .... 

.  .  18-25 

16-98 

23*00 

24-69 

Insoluble  .  .  . 

.  .  1'89 

2-32 

0*96 

•  "i  • 

2-19 

Is  found  massive  and  disseminated  as  an  ingredient  of  the 
volcanic  tufa  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Palagonia  in  the  Val  di 
Noto  in  Sicily,  and  in  Iceland,  especially  at  Seljadlr  halt  way 
between  Reykiavik  and  Tkingvellir. 


271.  GROPPITE. — Groppit ;  Svanberg,  Hausmann. 

Has  one  distinct  cleavage,  and  two  cleavages  less  distinct. 
Practure  splintery.  In  thin  fragments  semi-transparent.  Rose- 
red. .  .brown-red.  Streak  light.  Brittle,  h  =  2*5.  g  =  2*73. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
white  and  melts  on  the  edges.  Easily  soluble  with  effervescence 
in  borax. 

Analyses  by  Svanberg  : — 


Silica  •  ••••• 

.  45*01 

Alumina . 

.  22-55 

Red  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

3-06 

Magnesia . 

.  12-28 

Lime . 

.  4-55 

Potash . 

5*23 

Soda . 

0*22 

W  ater . 

7'11 

Hndecomposed  mineral 

.  0'13 

Is  found  in  crystalline  cleavable  masses  in  the  limestone 
quarry  of  Gropptrop  in  the  parish  of  Wingaker  in  Soderman- 
land  in  Sweden. 

272.  CHLOROPAL. — Chloropal;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Eracture  conchoidal...  earthy.  Opaque ...  translucent  on  the 
edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  dull.  Brittle,  h  =  3'0...4‘0.  g  =  2"0. 

Becomes  black  and  magnetic  before  the  blowpipe,  but  does 
not  melt.  With  fluxes  yields  the  reaction  of  iron. 


PECTOLITE. 


435 


Analyses  a ,  b  by  Brandes,  c  by  Biewend : — 


a 

b 

C 

Silica  .... 

.  .  46-0 

45-00 

41-10 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  35-3 

32-00 

37-30 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  .  2-0 

2-00 

— 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  .  1*0 

0*75 

— 

Water  .... 

20-00 

21-56 

Is  found  massive  and  disseminated  at  Unghwar  in  Hungary, 
and  at  Andreasberg  in  tbe  Harz. 

-  273.  DILLNITE. — Dillnit ;  Hutzelmann. 

Eracture  flat  conchoidal,  even,  earthy.  Opaque.  Hull.  White. 
h  =  3'5.  G  =  2‘835,  of  the  earthy  variety  i'8...2*o. 

Analyses  of  dillnite  from  Schemnitz  a  compact,  by  Hutzel- 


mann,  b  earthy,  by  Karafiat 

a 

b 

Silica  ..... 

.  .  22*40 

23-53 

Alumina  .... 

.  /  56-40 

53*00 

Lime . 

.  .  trace 

0*88 

Magnesia 

.  .  0-44 

1*76 

Water  .... 

.  .  21-13 

20*05 

Is  found  in  irregular  veins  at  the  junction  of  the  diorite  and 
limestone  in  the  Dilln  mine  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary. 


274.  PECTOLITE.— Pectolite ;  Beudant.  Pektolith ;  Mohs, 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  pearly.  Greyish- white. 
Brittle.  H  =  4"0...5*0.  G  =  2-745...2-756. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
easily  into  a  white  bead.  In  powder  is  decomposed  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  leaving  a  flocky  residue  of  silica.  After  ignition 
forms  a  jelly  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  of  pectolite  a  from  Monte  Baldo  by  v.  H obeli,  b,  c 
from  the  Isle  Boyale  by  Whitney,  d  from  Bergen  Hill  (stellite) 
by  Kendall,  e  from  Bergen  Hill  by  Dickinson,  /  (osmelite)  by 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  51-30 

63-45 

65-66 

54-00 

55-00 

52-91 

Lime  .... 

.  33-77 

3121 

32-86 

32-10 

32-53 

32-96 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

• 

— 

— 

1-90 

1*10 

0-32 

Soda . 

8-26 

7-37 

7‘31 

8-89 

9-72 

6-10 

u  2 


436  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Potash . 

1-57 

trace 

— 

— 

— 

279 

Alumina  .... 

0’90 

4-94 

1-45 

— 

— 

0‘54 

Water . 

3-89 

2’72 

272 

2’96 

275 

4*01 

The  variety  from  Monzoni  contains  fluorine  ;  part  of  the 
silica  in  b,  c,  as  well  as  the  alumina  in  c,  appears  to  have  been 
in  the  state  of  a  mechanical  mixture. 

Is  found  in  spherical  masses,  consisting  of  delicate  silky 
fibres  radiating  from  a  centre,  with  mesotype  in  amygdaloid  on 
Monte  Baldo  in  Yerona,  in  felspar  on  the  Monzoni  mountain 
in  Eassathal  in  the  Tyrol,  Isle  Boyale  in  Lake  Superior.  The 
variety  called  stellite  is  found  on  Bergen  Hill  in  New  Jersey, 
and  near  Kilsyth  in  Scotland.  Osmelite  is  found  at  Wolfstein 
in  Bhenish  Bavaria. 


275.  GYROLITE.  —  Glurolite.  Anderson.  Philosophical 
Magazine,  Pebruary,  1851. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction,  easily  obtained.  Lustre  vitreous, 
passing  into  pearly  when  it  has  been  exposed  to  the  weather. 
In  thin  plates  perfectly  transparent.  "White.  Yery  tough. 
h  =  3"0...4*0. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  intumesces  and  separates  into 
thin  plates,  which  have  a  pearly  or  silvery  lustre.  On  charcoal 
before  the  blowpipe  swells  up,  splits  into  very  thin  laminae,  and 
fuses  with  difficulty  into  an  opaque  enamel.  With  borax 
yields  a  transparent  colourless  glass.  With  soda  fuses  with 


difficulty  into  an  opaque  mass. 

Ca2Si3  +  H3. 

Analysis  by  Dr.  T.  Anderson 

Silica . 

.  .  5070 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  1-48 

Lime . 

.  .  3374 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  0-18 

Water . 

.  .  14-18 

Occurs  in  small  spherical  concretions  composed  of  thin 
plates  radiating  from  a  centre,  in  the  drusy  cavities  of  an 
extremely  compact  basalt,  at  Storr  about  nine  miles  from 
Portree  in  Skye. 

276.  APOPITYLLITE.  —  Apophyllite  ;  Phillips,  Hauy. 
Pyramidaler  Kuphon-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Apophyllit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 


APOPHYLLITE. 


437 


Pyramidal.  101,001  =  51°  2l'. 

c  ooi,  a  loo,  m  110,  r  210,  s  102,  v  105,  p  ill, 
^  113,  d  115. 

ac  90°  o' 

ad  90  0 

ma  45  0 

ra  26  34 

SC  32  2 

sa  57  58 

VC  14  3 

va  75  57 

pc  60  32 

ZC  30  32 


Combinations,  pa ,  ac ,  cpa,  par ,  pma,  pear ,  pamr,  cvdzspar. 
The  faces  c  smooth,  bright  and  even,  sometimes  faintly  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  p;  p,  smooth,  sometimes 
curved  ;  a ,  w,  especially  a ,  striated  parallel  to  their  internee 
tions  with  each  other;  r,  usually  curved,  not  so  bright  as  a; 
d,  striated  parallel  to  their  intersection  with  c.  Cleavage,  c, 
very  perfect ;  a,  imperfect.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal  or 
uneven.  Transparent... faintly  translucent..  Lustre  vitreous, 
c  pearly,  it  ==  1’543.  Colourless,  white  inclining  to  grey, 
yellow,  blue,  red,  green.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  h  =  4’5...5‘0. 
G  =  2-35. ..2-39. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  In  the  open  tube  many 
varieties  afford  the  reaction  of  fluorine.  Exfoliates  before  the 
blowpipe,  and  melts  with  intumescence  into  a  white  blebby 
enamel.  In  powder  is  easily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
leaving  silica  in  powder.  After  ignition  it  is  decomposed  with 
difficulty  by  acids.  According  to  Wohler,  soluble  in  water  at 
180°...  190°  c,  under  a  pressure  of  from  10  to  12  atmospheres, 
and  crystallizes  on  cooling. 

Analyses  of  apophyllite  a  from  Faroe,  b  from  ITto,  both  by 

u  3 


PIG.  431. 


do 

pp 


19°  30'  pp" 

76  0  rr' 

PIG.  432. 


121°  4' 

36  52 


a 


438 


HYDKOUS  SILICATES. 


Berzelius,  c,  d  from  Andreasberg,  e  from  Badauthal  in  the 
Harz,  G  =  l’961,  all  by  Bammelsberg  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Silica  .  . 

.  .  52-38 

52-13 

51-33 

50-20 

52-44 

Lime  .  .  . 

.  .  24-70 

24‘43 

25*86 

24-52 

24-61 

Potash  .  . 

.  .  5-37 

577 

4*90  1 

not  det. 

4-75 

Water  .  . 

.  .  16-20 

16*20 

-  / 

16-73 

Fluorine  . 

.  .  1-20 

1'54 

1'28 

1*09 

— 

CaS  +  3CaEl  . 

•  • 

— 

— 

— 

1-43 

The  l‘43  parts  of  Cas  -f-  3CaFi  in  analysis  e  consist  of  calcium 
0*65,  silicon  0‘12,  fluorine  0’46,  oxygen  0*20.  In  100  parts  of 
apophyllite  from  IJt5,  Bammelsberg  found  silica  48 '94,  fluorine 
074,  in  one  instance,  and  silica  52"29,  fluorine  o-24  in  another. 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive,  usually  in  the  cavities  of 
amygdaloidal  rocks,  sometimes  in  veins  in  transition  slate  with 
ores  of  silver  and  lead,  and  in  beds  of  magnetite  and  copper 
pyrites  and  other  ores. 

Is  found  at  Cziklowa  in  the  Banat,  the  Seisser  Alp  and  some 
other  places  in  the  Tyrol,  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  islands,  An¬ 
dreasberg  and  Badauthal  in  the  Harz,  Poonah  in  Hindostan, 
Marienberg  near  Aussig,  Giintersdorf,  Daubitz  and  other  places 
in  Bohemia,  Uto  and  Hallesta  in  Sweden,  Disko,  Greenland, 
North  America,  in  Fife  shire,  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia. 


277.  HEIJLANDITE.  —  Heulandite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Hemiprismatischer  Kuphon-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Stilbit  ;  Haus- 
mann.  Heulandit ;  Haidinger. 


u 


Oblique.  101,100=43°  53' ;  111,010=73°  27'*5  ;  101,001=47°  32'. 


a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  x 
111. 


cb 

90° 

o' 

sb 

90 

0 

sc 

66 

0 

tc 

63 

40 

xb 

49 

20 

lib 

73 

28 

mb 

68 

2 

Oil,  S  201,  t  201,  m  110, 

EIG.  433. 


c 


Combinations,  cstb,  custmb ,  custmxb.  Cleavage,  b,  very 
perfect.  Fracture  uneven... imperfect  conchoidal.  Transparent 


STILBITE. 


439 


...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  5  pearly. 
Colourless,  white  passing  into  grey,  hrown,  red.  Streak  white. 
Brittle.  H  =  3'5...4'0.  U  —  2’18...2‘22. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Exfoliates  before  the  blowpipe, 
intnmesces  and  melts  into  a  white  enamel.  Is  easily  c  ecom 
posed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  silica  in  pow  der. 


CaS3  +  AlSi3  +  H5,  silica  69-79,  alumina  16-59,  lime  9*06, 
water  14*56. 


Analyses  of  heulandite  a  by  Walmstedt,  from  the  Earoe 
islands  b  by  Thomson,  from  Iceland  c  by  Bammelsberg,  d,  e 


by  D amour : — 

a 

Silica  .... 

.  .  60‘07 

Alumina 

.  .  17-08 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  0-20 

Lime . 

.  .  7-13 

Soda  .  .  •  «  • 

•  •  - 

Potash  .... 

#  — 

Water  .... 

.  .  15-10 

l 

c 

d 

e 

59-15 

58-2 

59-64 

60-07 

17-92 

17-6 

16-33 

15-96 

— 

— 

— 

7-65 

7-2 

7*44 

7-67 

— 

1*16 

1-15 

• — 

0-74 

0-60 

15-40 

16-0 

1433 

14-33 

In  attached  crystals,  laminar  or  granular  masses,  usually 
in  cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks  with  stilbite,  and  ot  er 
zeolites,  less  frequently  in  beds  of  magnetite  and  veins  of  silver 

ores,  in  slate  rocks. 

Is  found  at  Ostfiord  in  Iceland,  the  Earoe  islands,  the  Yen- 
dayah  mountains  in  Hindostan,  Cape  Blomidon  m  Nova  Scotia, 
Kossakow  near  Gabel  in  Bohemia,  Fassathal  m  the  Tyrol, 
near  Suppapiatre  in  Transylvania,  Arendal  and  Tellemarken  in 
Norway,  Andreasherg  in  the  Harz,  near  Zwickau  Dresden 
and  Griinstadel  in  Saxony,  at  Nertschmsk  and  Werchneyu- 
dinsk  on  the  Schilka  in  Siberia,  Campsie  near  Dumbarton  m 
Scotland,  the  island  of  Skye. 

According  to  Breithaupt,  heulandite  belongs  to  the  anorthic 
system. 


278  STILBITE. — Stilbite ;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Prismatoi- 
discher  Kuphon-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Desmin ;  Hausmann.  Stilbit ; 
Haidinger. 


Prismatic.  011,010—50°  52 


101,001=37°  4'; 


110,100=47°  7  ’5. 


ioo,  b  oio,  c  001,  e  oil  twin-face,  m  no,  r  ill 

u  4 


a 


440 


HYDROS  SILICATES. 


FIG.  434. 


be 

ca 

ah 

eh 

ma 

mm 


90 

90 

90 


0 

0 

0 


50  52 

47  8 

85  44 


ra 

rb 

re 

/ 

// 

rpfp 


Combinations.  rab,  crab,  ermab.  The  faces  c  sometimes 
curved  ;  a,  b  striated  parallel  to  tbeir  intersection  with  each  other; 
r,  rough.  Twins.  Twin-face  e.  Cleavage,  a,  very  perfect ; 
b,  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Semi-transparent... translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous  ;  on  a  pearly.  Colourless,  white,  yellow,  red, 
brown.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  3*5...  4*0.  g  =  2*1. ..2*2. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Phosphoresces  before  the 
blowpipe,  and  melts  into  a  blebby  glass.  Is  completely  decom¬ 
posed  by  acids,  leaving  the  silica  in  the  state  of  a  slimy  powder. 

•  ••  •••••  • 

CaSi3  -f  A1S3  +  H6,  silica  58*09,  alumina  16*12,  lime  8*81. 


Analyses  of  stilbite  a  from  Naalsoe  by  Betzius,  b  by  Meyer, 
from  Iceland  c  by  Hisinger,  d  by  Fuchs  and  Gehlen,  e ,  f  from 
the  Bienthal  in  IJri  by  G.  Leonhard : — 


a 

Silica . 56*08 

Alumina  ....  17*22 

Lime  6*95 

Soda . 2*17 

Water . 18*35 


b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

58*3 

58*0 

55*07 

56*50 

65*00 

17*5 

16*1 

16*58 

18*50 

18*50 

6*6 

9*2 

7*58 

8*18 

7*91 

— 

Na,R 

1*50 

Fe- 

0*02 

17*5 

16*4 

19*30 

17*00 

17*00 

Analyses  of  stilbite  g,  %  from  the  Faroe  islands  by  Moss,  i 
from  the  Pangelberg  near  Nimptsch  in  Silesia  by  Zellner,  lc 
from  the  Faroe  islands,  G  =  2*17,  by  Delesse,  l  from  the  Ilmen 
mountains,  G  =  2  19,  by  Hermann  : — 


Silica 
Alumina 
Lime 
Potash  , 
Soda  .  . 

Water  . 


9 

h 

• 

1 

h 

l 

56*93 

57*18 

60*27 

55*0 

56*31 

16*54 

16*44 

14*43 

16*7 

16*25 

7*55 

7*74 

6*40 

6*5 

7*66 

0*20 

0*32 

Mg  0*21 

Fe,Mn 

1*00 

1*54 

1*11 

(loss 

3*0) 

1*03 

17*79 

17*79 

18*50 

18*8 

17*75 

EPISTILBITE. 


441 


Analyses  of  stilbite  m,  n  from  Niederkirchen  in  Bhenish 
Bavaria  by  Biegel,  o  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Christiania, 
Gt  =  2’203,  by  Munster,  p  from  Gustavsberg  in  Jemtland,  q 
from  the  Barbro  mine  in  Norway,  both  by  Sjogren: — 


m 

n 

0 

p 

2 

Silica  . 

.  .  .  58’33 

58-40 

58-53 

57*41 

58-41 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  16-66 

17-15 

15*73 

16-14 

16-56 

Lime  .  . 

.  .  .  7'16 

6-80 

7‘02 

8-75 

7‘89 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  .  0-26 

0-20 

0-50 

0-25 

— 

Soda  . 

.  .  .  1-62 

1*62 

Ka,Mg  3-07 

Xa,Mg,Mn 

0*54 

"Water  .  . 

.  .  .  14-50 

14-50 

17*05 

16-60 

16*53 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive,  chiefly  in  the  cavities  ^  of 
amygdaloidal  rocks,  with  other  zeolites  and  calcite  ;  less  fre¬ 
quently  in  beds,  veins  and  cavities,  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica 
slate,  hornblende  slate,  clay  slate. 

Is  found  in  Iceland,  the  Earoe  islands,  the  islands  of  Skye  and 
Arran,  Indore  in  the  Vendayak  mountains  in  Hindostan,  in  the 
Eassathal  in  the  Tyrol,  Kongsberg  and  Arendal  in  Norway,  Gus- 
tavsberg  in  Jemthal  in  Sweden,  Pangelberg  near  Nimptsch  in 
Silesia,  the  valley  of  Gastein  in  Salzburg,  Cziklowa  in  the 
Banat,  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  St.  Gotthardt  and  many 
other  places  in  the  Alps,  St.  Christophe  in  Dauphine,  ^Kil¬ 
patrick  in  Dumbartonshire,  Kilmalcolm  in  Benfrewshire,  Nert- 
schinsk  in  Siberia,  Nova  Scotia,  Baltimore. 


279.  EPISTILBITE.— Epistilbite ;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Dip- 
logener  Kuphon-Spath.  Mohs.  Epistilbit;  Hausmann,  Hai- 


dinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  54°  53' 
a  loo,  t  oil,  s  101,  m 


tt' 

o 

o 

14' 

ss 

32 

20 

set, 

73 

50 

ma 

67 

35 

mm! 

44 

50 

st 

38 

13 

sm 

83 

54 

tm 

57 

51 

ua 

64 

37 

ut 

25 

23 

// 

uu 

62 

37 

/  // 
uu 

84 

42 

101,001— 16°  10';  110,100=67°  35'. 
110,  U  211. 

EIG.  435. 


442 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Combinations,  stm,  astm,  stmu.  The  faces  s,  dull ;  t,  a  even  ; 
m,  smooth  hut  uneven.  Twins.  Twin-face  m.  av  —  44°  60'. 
mm  =  90°  20'.  ss  =  22°  12'.  tg.  =  64°  18'.  Cleavage,  a,  very 
distinct.  Fracture  uneven.  Transparent  ...translucent  on  the 
edges.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  a,  pearly.  Colourless,  white.  Streak 
white.  Brittle.  H  =  3*5... 4*0.  G  =  2*24... 2*25. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
with  intumescence  into  a  blebby  enamel.  Is  decomposed  by 
concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  silica  in  powder.  After 
ignition  it  cannot  be  decomposed  by  acids. 

CaSi3  +  AlSi3  -f-  H5,  silica  59*79,  alumina  16*59,  lime  9*06, 
water  14*56,  a  small  portion  of  the  lime  being  replaced  by  soda. 

Analyses  a,  b  by  Gr.  Bose,  c  by  Beudant : — 


a 

b 

C 

Silica  .  .  . 

.  .  .  58*59 

60*28 

58*61 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  17*52 

17*36 

17*03 

Lime  . 

.  .  .  7*56 

8*32 

8*21 

Soda  .  .  . 

.  .  .  1*78 

1*52 

1*20 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  .  14*48 

12*52 

13*80 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive,  with  heulandite,  in  the 
cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks  in  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  islands. 
It  is  said  to  occur  also  in  the  basalt  of  the  Siebengebirge  on 
the  Bhine,  and  on  Bathlin  and  at  Portrush  in  Ireland. 


280.  BBEWSTEBITE.— Brewsterite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Megalogoner  Kuphon-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Brewsterit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Oblique. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  m  no,  t  120. 

cb  90°  0' 

ac  86  20 

ab  90  0 

mb  68  0 

tb  51  4 

mm'  136  0 

The  faces  m ,  t  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with 
each  other.  Cleavage,  b,  perfect ;  a,  traces.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle,  h  =  5*0...  5*5.  g  =  2*12... 2*20. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  opaque.  Intu- 


eig.  437. 


a 


MESOTYPE. 


443 


mesces  before  the  blowpipe,  and  fuses  with  difficulty.  Is 
decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  ot  silica. 


Analyses  by  Connel  and  Thomson 

: — 

Silica . 

53-67 

53*05 

Alumina . 

17-49 

16-54 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

0*29 

— 

Strontia . 

8-33 

9-01 

Barytes . 

6*75 

6-05 

Lime . 

1-35 

0-80 

Water . 

12-58 

14'74 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  in  veins  at  Strontian  in  Argyll¬ 
shire,  coating  the  cavities  in  amygdaloidal  rocks  at  the  (riant  s 
Causeway,  and  in  the  lead  mines  of  St.  Turpet  near  Freiburg 
in  the  Breisgau.  It  is  said  to  occur  also  in  the  department  of 
Isere  in  Prance  and  in  the  Pyrenees. 


281.  MESOTYPE.— Mesotype  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Prisma- 
tischer  Kuphon-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Zeolith ;  Hausmann.  Natro- 
lith ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=70°  17'*5;  101,001=19°  24';  no, 100=45°  30'. 


a  loo,  m  no, 

0  ill. 

met 

45° 

CO 

o 

mm ' 

89 

0 

oa 

71 

40 

00 

36 

40 

00 " 

37 

20 

/  r/ 
0  0 

53 

20 

om 

63 

20 

Combinations. 

om,  oma. 

a 


a,  striated  parallel  to  its  intersec¬ 
tion  with  m ;  o,  sometimes  curved.  Cleavage,  m,  perfect. 
Eracture  conchoidal, uneven.  Transparent . . . translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous.  Colourless,  grey,  yellow,  sometimes  red,  pale  green. 
Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  5*0...  5*5.  g  ==  2*24... 2*26. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Melts  quietly  and  without 
intumescence  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  clear  glass.  Is  decom¬ 
posed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  ot  silica.  Almost 
entirely  soluble  in  oxalic  acid,  forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 


NaSi  +  AlSi2  +  H,  silica  47'96,  alumina  26*62,  soda  16*08, 
water  9*34.  Sometimes  a  portion  of  the  soda  is  replaced  by 
lime. 

tj  6 


444 


HYDKOUS  SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  mesotype  a  from  Hogau  by  Klaproth,  b  from 
Hogan,  c,  d  from  Auvergne,  e  from  the  Tyrol,  massive,  all  by 
Fuchs, /Worn  Antrim  by  Thomson: — 


a 

Silica  .... 

.  48*00 

Alumina 

.  24*25 

Bed  ox.  iron 

1*75 

Lime . 

■ 

Soda . 

Water  .... 

9*00 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

47*21 

47*76 

48*17 

48*63 

47*56 

25*60 

25*88 

26*51 

24*82 

26*42 

1*35 

— 

— 

0*21 

0*58 

• — 

— 

0*17 

— 

1*40 

16*12 

16*21 

16*12 

15*69 

14*93 

8*88 

9*31 

9*17 

9*60 

10*44 

Analyses  of  mesotype  g  from  Greenland,  massive,  by  v.  Ko- 
bell,  h  trom  Iceland,  fibrous,  by  Sander,  i  red,  h  white  (berg- 
mannite)  from  the  zircon-syenite  of  the  south  of  Norway,  l 
(radiolite),  all  by  Scheerer,  m  from  the  Hogau  by  Biegel,  n 
from  Laurvig  by  C.  Gmelin : — 


9 

Silica  .  .  .  46*94 

Alumina  .  .  27*00 

Bed  ox.  iron  — 
Lime  ...  1*80 
Soda  .  .  .  14*70 

Potash  .  .  — 

Water  .  .  9*60 


h 

i 

h 

47*34 

47*97 

48*12 

27*21 

26*66 

26*96 

— 

0*73 

0*22 

1*34 

0*68 

0*69 

14*61 

14*07 

14*23 

— 

traces 

traces 

9*47 

9*77 

10*48 

l 

m 

n 

48*38 

48*05 

48*68 

26*42 

25*80 

26*37 

0*24 

2*10 

— 

0*44 

— 

— 

13*87 

15*75 

16*00 

1*54 

— 

0*23 

9*42 

9*00 

9*55 

In  attached  crystals  and  fibrous  masses,  in  cavities  in  basalt, 
phonolite,  &c. ;  sometimes  in  syenite,  and  in  beds  and  veins  in 
crystalline  slate  and  transition  rocks. 

Is  found  in  Auvergne,  Greenland,  Iceland,  in  the  basalt 
of  the  Alpstein  near  Sontra  in  Hessia,  at  Marienberg  and 
Wesseln  near  Ausig,  and  other  places  in  Bohemia,  Fassa- 
thal  in  the  Tyrol,  Hoentwiel  in  Hogau  in  WArtemberg,  IVIon- 
tecchio  Maggiore  in  the  Yicentine,  in  the  trap  rocks  of  the 
Giant’s  Causeway  and  the  Hebrides,  on  the  Bhine,  near  Got¬ 
tingen  and  Munden,  in  zircon- syenite  near  Laurvig,  Friedrichs- 

warn  and  Brevig,  and  in  beds  of  magnetite  near  Arendal  in 
Norway. 

It  appears  probable,  from  the  researches  of  G.  Bose,  that 
the  substances  which  have  been  called  mesolite,  from  Hauen- 

stein  and  Fassathal,  not  being  pyroelectric,  are  varieties  of 
mesotype. 

Analyses  of  mesolite  a  from  Hauenstein  by  Freismutli,  b  from 
Fassathal  by  Fuchs  and  Gehlen : — 


SCOLEZITE. 


445 


a 

b 

Silica  .  . 

.  .  .  44*56 

46*04 

Alumina  . 

.  ,  .  27*56 

27*00 

Lime  .  . 

.  .  .  7*09 

9*61 

Soda  .  . 

.  .  .  7*69 

5*20 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  14*13 

12*36 

282.  SCOLEZITE.  —  Needlestone  ;  Phillips.  Scolezite  ; 
Beudant.  Harmophaner  Kuphon-Spath ;  Mohs,  Skolezit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  69°  69' ;  111,010  =  72°  20' ;  101,001  =  19°  7'. 


100 

twin-face,  b 

oio,  m 

110, 

o  111,  e 

111. 

EIG.  439, 

ab 

90° 

o' 

om 

63° 

33' 

5^? 

mb 

45 

48 

em 

64 

36 

ob 

72 

20 

oa 

70 

58 

VI 

b 

m 

eb 

72 

10 

ea 

107 

30 

eo 

36 

32 

Combination,  oemb.  Twins.  Twin-face  a.  Cleavage,  m, 
perfect.  Eracture  conchoidal . . .uneven.  Transparent. . .trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly.  Colourless,  white, 
greyish,  reddish  and  yellowish  w*hite.  Brittle,  h  =  5*0... 5*5. 
G  =  2'2 . .  .2'3.  Pyroelectric,  the  antilogous  poles  being  at  the 
exposed  ends  of  the  attached  crystals. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  curls  up 
and  then  melts  into  a  blebby  glass.  Is  completely  decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica.  Is  partially 
soluble  in  oxalic  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  oxalate  of  lime. 

CaSi  +  AlSi2  +  H3,  silica  46*50,  alumina  25*81,  lime  14*10, 
water  13*59. 


Analyses  of  scolezite  a  from  Iceland,  b  from  Faroe,  c  from 
Staffa,  fibrous,  all  by  Fuchs  and  Grehlen,  d  from  Auvergne  by 
G-uillemin,  e  from  Iceland  by  v.  Giilich : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Silica 

. 48*94 

46*19 

46*75 

49*0 

46*76 

Alumina 

. 25*99 

25*88 

24*82 

26*5 

26*22 

Lime 

. 10*44 

13*86 

14*20 

15*3 

13*68 

Soda  . 

•  •  •  •  • 

0*48 

0*39 

— 

— 

Water  . 

. 13*90 

13*62 

13*64 

9*0 

13*94 

446 


HYDEOTJS  SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  scolezite  f  g  from  Niederkirchen  in  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  both  by  Riegel,  h  from  Iceland  by  Gibbs,  i  from  the 
porphyry  of  the  Cacbapual  valley  in  Chile  by  Domeyko  : — 


f  g  Ji  i 

Silica .  48*16  48-00  46'72  46'3 

Alumina .  23-50  24-36  25*90  26-9 

Lime .  14-50  13-95  13-71  13’4 

Soda . 0*30  o-35  —  — 

Water . 13-50  13'60  13’67  14-0 


In  twin  crystals,  and  masses,  composed  of  radiating  fibres,  in 
cavities  of  amygdaloid,  basalt,  &c. 

Is  found  in  Staffa,  the  Faroe  islands,  Iceland,  Greenland, 
the  Vendayah  mountains  in  Hindostan,  the  Tyrol,  Ireland. 

Mesolite  from  Iceland  and  from  the  Faroe  islands  is  pyro¬ 
electric,  and  is,  therefore,  probably  scolezite. 

Analyses  of  mesolite  a,  b  from  Iceland,  c  from  the  Faroe 
islands  by  Fuchs  and  Geblen,  d  from  the  Faroe  islands  by 


Berzelius  : — 

abed 

Silica .  46-78  47-46  47’00  46'80 

Alumina . 25‘66  25'35  26‘13  26-50 

Lime .  10*06  10-04  9*35  9-87 

Soda .  4-79  4*87  5-47  5‘40 

Water . 12‘31  12-41  12-25  12*30 


Poonahlite  is  probably  a  variety  either  of  scolezite  or  meso- 
type.  It  occurs  in  prisms  of  87°  40'.  The  other  characters  are 
the  same  as  those  of  scolezite.  According  to  C.  Gnielin,  it 
consists  of  silica  45*12,  alumina  30-45,  lime  10*20,  soda  with  a 
trace  of  potash  o*66,  water  13*99.  Is  found  with  apophyllite  at 
Poonab  in  the  East  Indies. 

283.  ANALCIME. — Analcime  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Hexae- 
drischer  Kuphon-Spath ;  Mobs.  Analcim ;  TIausmann.  Anal- 
zim ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  n  2ll. 

ad  90°  o' 

nn'  33  33 

nn/  48  n 

na  35  16 

flCt  65  54 


FIG.  440.  FIG.  441. 


a 


EUDKOPIIITE. 


447 


Porm  and  combination,  n ,  an.  Cleavage,  a ,  very  imper¬ 
fect.  Fracture  uneven,  imperfect  conchoidal.  Translucent... 
translucent  on  tbe  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  occasionally  pearly. 
Colourless,  white . . .  grey,  reddish- white . .  .llesh-red.  Streak  white. 
Brittle,  h  =  5*5.  G  =  2*22... 2’28. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  white.  Fuses 
before  the  blowpipe,  without  intumescence,  into  a  clear  glass. 
In  powder  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 

NaSi  -f-  AlSi3  +  H2,  silica  55*13,  alumina  22*95,  soda  13*86, 
water  8*06. 

Analyses  of  analcime  a  from  Catania,  b  from  Fassathal,  both 
by  H.  Bose,  c  from  Old  Kilpatrick  by  Connel,  d  from  the 
Giant’s  Causeway  by  Thomson,  e  from  Lon-Oen  near  Brevig 
by  Awdejew,  f  from  Blagodat,  g  =  2*24... 2*28,  (cuboit)  by 
Henry,  g  from  Niederkirchen,  mean  of  two  analyses,  by 
Biegel : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

Silica  .  .  . 

55*12 

56*47 

65*07 

65*60 

55*16 

57*34 

66*81 

Alumina  . 

22*99 

21*98 

22*23 

23*00 

23*55 

22*58 

23*58 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0*12 

Soda  .  .  . 

13*53 

13*78 

13*71 

14*65 

14*23 

11*86 

6*45 

Potash  .  . 

— 

• — 

— 

— 

traces 

0*55 

— 

Lime  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

traces 

0*35 

5*72 

Water  .  . 

8*27 

8*81 

8*22 

7*90 

8*26 

9*00 

8*00 

In  crystals,  and  massive,  usually  in  cavities  in  amygdaloidal 
rocks,  basalt,  &c. ;  less  frequently  in  zircon- syenite,  in  beds  of 
magnetite,  in  gneiss,  porphyry,  and  in  metallic  veins. 

Is  found  on  the  Seisser  Alp  and  Fassathal  in  the  Tyrol, 
Dumbarton,  Glen-Farg  and  other  places  in  Scotland,  the 
Giant’s  Causeway  in  Ireland,  the  neighbourhood  of  Almas 
and  Tokero  in  Transylvania,  near  Aussig  in  Bohemia,  the 
Yicentine,  Monte  Somma,  Blagodat  in  the  Ural,  the  Faroe 
islands,  Iceland,  several  of  the  Hebrides,  the  Cyclopean  islands  ; 
in  beds  of  iron  ore  at  Arendal  in  Norway,  and  in  veins  of  silver 
ores  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz. 

284.  EUDNOPHITE. — Eudnophit;  Weibye. 

Prismatic. 

a  loo,  b  oio  cleavage,  c  ooi  cleavage,  o  oil,  m  no. 


448 


IIYDEOUS  SILICATES. 


FIG.  442. 


mm 

ma 

om 


60 

60 

60 


a 


Cleavage,  c,  perfect ;  a,  b  less  perfect.  Frac¬ 
ture  even,  splintery.  Transparent... translucent 
on  the  edges.  Lustre  on  the  surfaces  of  cleavage 
pearly.  White... grey... brown.  Streak  white. 

H  =  6*5.  G  =  2-27. 

Melts  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  transparent,  colourless 
glass.  In  powder  is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  forming 
a  jelly  of  silica. 


Analyses  a  by  v.  Borck,  b  by  Berlin : — 


a 

b 

Silica  .... 

.  .  .  54'93 

55*06 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  25*69 

23*12 

Soda  .... 

.  .  .  14*06 

14*06 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  .  8*29 

8*16 

This  agrees  with  the  composition  of  analcime,  the  substance 
of  which  is  therefore  dimorphous. 

Is  found  in  a  coarse-grained  syenite,  with  leucophane,  mo- 
sandrite,  &c.,  in  the  island  of  Lamo  near  Brevig. 


285.  CHABASIE. — Chabasie  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Ehomboe- 
drischer  Kuphon-Spath ;  Mohs.  Chabacit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  60°  45'. 


o 


111 

twin 

-face, 

a  Oil, 

e  oil, 

r 

100,  S  111,  t 

021 

ao 

90° 

o' 

ee 

54° 

47' 

ae ' 

62° 

37' 

ad 

60 

0 

ss 

107 

8 

as" 

36 

26 

ra 

90 

0 

re 

83 

32 

te 

17 

52 

f 

85 

14 

sr 

119 

42 

trr 

24 

45 

ea 

90 

0 

ar' 

47 

23 

FIG. 

443. 

FIG.  444. 

FIG.  445. 

j 


CHABASIE. 


449 


Form  and  combinations,  r,  er,  ers,  ersa.  erst  a  (phacolite). 
The  faces  e,  r  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each 
other  ;  a,  striated  parallel  to  the  intersections  with  r.  Twins. 
Twin-face  o.  ed  =  64°  n',  tjl  —  102°  54',  ss  =  136°  32'.  The 
crystals  of  the  variety  called  phacolite  consist  of  four  individuals, 
of  the  combination  asret ,  two  of  which  compose  a  twin,  twin- 
face  o,  each  being  united  to  one  of  the  remaining  two  indi¬ 
viduals  according  to  the  same  law.  Cleavage,  r,  tolerably 
perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Semi- transparent... translucent. 
Colourless,  white,  sometimes  reddish,  yellowish.  Streak  white. 
H  =  4*0. ..4-5.  G-  =  2-08.. .2-16. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Melts  easily  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  into  a  spongy  white  enamel.  Is  completely  decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica. 


CaSi  +  AlSi3  +  H6, 
water  2ro6. 


silica  48’03,  alumina  19*99,  lime  10*92, 


Analyses  of  chabasie  from  Kilmalcolm  in  Renfrewshire  a,  b, 
Or  =  2*076 . .  .2‘088,  by  Thomson,  c  by  Connel,  from  Rubendor- 
fel  near  Aussig,  d  by  Hoffmann,  e,  f  (mean  of  two)  by  Ram- 
melsberg : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .  . 

.  .  .  48*76 

49*20 

50*14 

48*18 

48*36 

47*68 

Alumina 

.  .  .  17*44 

17*91 

17*48 

19*27 

18*62 

17*91 

Lime  .  . 

.  .  .  10*47 

9*64 

8*47 

9*65 

9*73 

9*51 

Soda  .  . 

.  .  .  — 

— 

— 

1*54 

0*25 

not 

det. 

Potash  .  . 

.  .  .  1*55 

1*92 

2*58 

0*21 

2*56 

"Water  .  . 

.  .  .  21*72 

20*41 

20*83 

21*10 

20*47 

Analyses  of  chabasie  g  from  Parsborough  in  Nova  Scotia,  li 
from  Fassathal,  both  by  Hoffmann,  i  from  Gustavsberg  in 
Jemtland  by  Berzelius,  k  from  Port  Rush,  G  =  2*472,  by 
Thomson,  from  the  basalt  of  Annerode  near  Giessen,  l  by 
Genth,  m  by  Engelhardt : — 


9 

h 

• 

l 

k 

l 

m 

Silica  .... 

.  51*46 

48*63 

50*65 

48*99 

47*00 

45*97 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  17*65 

19*52 

17*90 

19*77 

19*71 

18*52 

Red  ox.  iron  .  . 

0*85 

— 

— 

0*40 

0*15 

0*13 

Lime  .... 

8*91 

10*22 

9*37 

4*07 

10*63 

10*47 

Soda  .... 

1*09 

0*56 

— 

6*07 

0*65  Mg 

0*25 

Potash  .... 

0*17 

0*28 

1*70 

— 

0*33 

1*12 

Water  .... 

.  19*66 

20*70 

19*90 

20*70 

22*29 

23*54 

Analyses  of  chabasie  n  from  the  Faroe  islands,  by  Arfvedson, 
of  the  variety  called  phacolite  from  Leipa  in  Bohemia,  o  by 
Anderson,  p,  g  by  Rammelsberg : — 


450 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


n 

0 

V 

9. 

Silica . 

.  48*38 

45*63 

46*20 

46*46 

Alumina  .... 

.  19*28 

19*48 

22*30 

21*45 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  — 

0*43 

— 

— 

Lime . 

8*70 

13*30 

10*34 

10*45 

Magnesia  .... 

.  — 

0*14 

0*34 

— 

Soda . 

-  ■  ■ 

1*68  1 

1*77 

0*95 

Potasb  .... 

2*50 

1*31  } 

1*29 

"Water . 

17*98 

19*05 

19*40 

In  a  variety  of  cliabasie  from  Nova  Scotia,  Rammelsberg 
found  silica  55*99,  of  wbicb  8*04  was  insoluble  in  a  solution  of 
carbonate  of  soda,  and  must,  consequently,  be  considered  a 
mere  mechanical  mixture.  Tbe  remaining  constituents  were — 
alumina  with  a  little  red  oxide  of  iron  17*60,  lime  7*21,  soda  0*65, 
potasb  0*90,  water  (loss)  17*65.  A  variety  analyzed  by  Arfved- 
son  was  found  to  contain  soda  12*19,  and  no  lime. 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive,  in  cavities  and  veins  in 
amygdaloid,  basalt,  dolerite,  phonolite ;  sometimes  in  beds  and 
veins  of  metallic  ores  in  plutonic  rocks. 

Is  found  at  Rubendbrfel  near  Aussig,  Markersdorf  and  other 
places  in  Bohemia,  tbe  Westerwald,  tbe  Vogelsgebirge,  tbe 
Breisgau,  at  Oberstein  in  Zweibriicken  in  agate  balls,  in  Eassa- 
thal  in  tbe  Tyrol,  at  Rheinbreitenbach,  tbe  Faroe  islands,  at 
Husavic  in  Iceland  in  cavities  in  fossil  shells,  Greenland,  Gus- 
tafsberg  in  Sweden,  tbe  Giant’s  Causeway  in  Ireland,  Kilmal¬ 
colm  in  Renfrewshire,  Glen  Earg  in  Perthshire,  tbe  islands  of 
Skye,  Mull,  &c.,  Wisegrad  in  Hungary,  Chester  in  Massachu¬ 
setts,  Werchneyudinsk  on  tbe  Schilka  in  Siberia. 

286.  LEVYNE. — Makrotjqier  Kuphon-Spath  ;  Mobs.  Cha- 
bacit  (in  part)  ;  Hausmann.  Levyn  ;  Haidinger. 

Rhombobedral.  100,111  =  43°  59b 

o  111,  r  100,  s  Ill,  li  644. 

TO  43°  69' 

SO  62  37 

ho  70  57 

rr'  73  56 

SS  100  31 

hti  109  63 


EIG.  446. 


Combination,  ors.  The  faces  r,  s  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other ;  o ,  uneven  and  usually  rounded. 


GMELINITE. 


451 


Twin  crystals.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage,  s,  indistinct.  Frac¬ 
ture  imperfect  conckoidal.  Semi-transparent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
White,  sometimes  greyish.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  n  =  4*0. 
G  =  2'1 . . .  2"2. 

Chemical  characters  the  same  as  those  of  chahasie. 


Analyses  of  levyne  from  Faroe  a  by  Berzelius,  b  by  Arfved- 
son,  c  from  Skye  by  Connel,  d  from  Iceland  by  Damour  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Silica  .  . 

.  .  .  .  48-00 

48-38 

46-30 

44*48 

Alumina 

.  .  .  .  20-00 

19-28 

22'47 

23-77 

Lime  .  . 

.  .  .  .  8-35 

8-70 

9-72 

10‘71 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  .  .  0-40 

red  ox.  iron 

0-96 

— 

Soda  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  2-86 

— 

1'65 

1*38 

Potash  .  . 

.  .  .  .  0-41 

2-50 

1-26 

1*61 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  .  19-30 

21-14 

19-51 

17-41 

Is  found  in  cavities  in  trap  at  Grlenarm  in  Ireland,  Hartfield- 
moss  in  Renfrewshire,  Dalsnypen  in  the  Faroe  islands,  Godhavn 
in  Disco,  Skaggastrand  in  Iceland,  Skye. 


287.  GMELINITE. — Hydrolite;  Bendant.  Heteromorpher 
Kuphon-Spath ;  Mohs.  Chabacit  (in  part)  ;  Hansmann.  G-me- 
linit ;  Haidinger. 


Rhomb  ohedral. 


so 

CD 

o 

o 

o' 

9° 

o 

o 

4' 

uo 

90 

0 

VO 

36 

4 

uu 

60 

0 

9s' 

49 

66 

// 

ss 

60 

0 

vu 

53 

56 

us' 

30 

0 

vg 

18 

47 

eig.  447. 


Combinations,  osg,  osguv.  The  faces  g  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  v  ;  s  striated  parallel  to  their  intersec¬ 
tions  with  g  ;  o,  rough.  The  crystals  are  supposed  to  be  twins. 
Twin-face  o.  Fracture  uneven.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
White,  passing  into  flesh-red.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  4‘5. 
G  =  2’04 . .  .2‘12. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  falls  to  powder.  Fuses 
before  the  blowpipe  into  an  opaque  glass.  Is  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  perfect  jelly  of  silica. 

RSi  +  AlSi3  +  H6,  where  R  is  soda,  lime  and  potash. 


452 


HTDEOTJS  SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  gmelinite  a  from  Castel  by  Vauquelin,  b  from 
Glenarm  by  Connel,  c,  d  from  Glenarm  by  Bammelsberg,  e,  f 


from  Aci-Beale  (herschelite), 

Gt  =  2*06,  by 

D  amour 

:  — 

a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

60-00 

48*56 

46-40 

46*56 

47*39 

47'46 

Alumina . 

20-00 

18-05 

21*08 

20-19 

20*90 

20-18 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

— 

0*11 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Lime . 

4-25 

5-13 

3-67 

3-89 

0*38 

0-25 

Soda . 

4-25 

3*85 

7*29 

7-09 

8-33 

9-35 

Potash . 

— 

0-39 

1*60 

1-87 

4-39 

4*17 

Water . 

20-00 

21'66 

20-41 

20-41 

17-84 

17-65 

Gmelinite  is  found  coating  the  cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks 
at  Montecchio  Maggiore  and  Castel  in  the  Vicentine,  Glenarm 
and  the  island  Magee  near  Larne  in  Ireland.  Herschelite  is 
found  at  Aci  di  Castello  near  Aci-Beale  in  Sicily. 

Gmelinite  sometimes  occurs  imbedded  in  chabasie,  the  axis 
of  the  rhombohedron  of  chabasie  being  perpendicular  to  the 
face  o  of  gmelinite,  and  the  edges  gu  parallel  to  the  faces  r. 
According  to  Hausmann,  levyne,  gmelinite,  herschelite  are 
varieties  of  chabasie.  Tamnau  has  shown  that,  allowing  for 
errors  of  measurement,  such  a  relation  exists  between  the  forms 
of  these  substances,  that  they  may  be  considered  as  belonging 
to  one  and  the  same  crystalline  species,  vo  in  gmelinite  is 
very  nearly  equal  to  to  in  chabasie. 


288.  LALMONITE. — Laumonite  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Dia- 
tomer  Kuphon-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Laumontit ;  Hausmann.  Lau- 
monit ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  46°  37' ;  111,010  =  66°43' ;  101,001  =  52°  4l\ 


100, 

b 

010,  U 

Oil,  X  102 

,  e 

102 

ab 

90° 

0' 

urn 

74° 

11' 

xb 

90 

0 

mb 

43 

8 

eb 

90 

0 

mm 

86 

16 

ax 

68 

40 

rb 

66 

43 

xe 

57 

1 

rx 

31 

38 

ea 

64 

19 

XVI 

75 

40 

ub 

59 

43 

em 

66 

30 

ue 

39 

19 

111. 


EIG.  448. 


Combinations,  m,  emcib ,  exmb ,  exmbur .  The  faces  m,  b 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other. 


LAUMONITE. 


453 


Cleavage,  b,  perfect ;  a,  m,  e  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven. 
Translucent . .  .translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  some¬ 
times  inclining  to  pearly.  Yellowish  and  greyish  white,  rarely 
flesh-red.  Streak  white.  Very  brittle,  h  =  3*5.  g  =  2*33 
•  •  •  2  41  • 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Intmnesces  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  and  melts  into  a  white  glass  which  in  a  strong  heat 
becomes  transparent.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid  and 
nitric  acid,  forming  a  jelly  of  silica.  Exposed  to  the  air  it 
effloresces  and  becomes  opaque,  in  consequence  of  the  escape  of 
the  water  contained  in  it,  and  at  last  falls  into  a  white  powder. 

CaS  +  AlSi3  +  H4,  silica  51*8,  alumina  21*5,  lime  il*3, 
water  15*4. 

Analyses  of  laumonite  a  from  Huelgoet  by  L.  Gmelin,  b 
from  Philipsburg  in  Maine,  c  from  Courmayeur,  both  by  Dufre- 
noy,  d  from  the  parish  of  Snizort  in  the  island  of  Skye  by 
Connel,  e  in  opaque  crystals  by  v.  BabOjjfby  Delffs  : — 


a 

b 

G 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .  .  . 

.  .  .  48*3 

51-98 

50*38 

52*04 

52*3 

61*17 

Alumina  .  . 

.  .  .  22*7 

21*12 

21*43 

21*14 

22*3 

21*23 

Lime  .  .  . 

11*71 

11*14 

10*62 

12*0 

12*43 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  .  16-0 

15*05 

16*15 

14*92 

14*2 

15*17 

Analyses  of  laumonite  g  from  Huelgoet,  g  =  2*29,  by  Mala- 
guti  and  Durocher,  h,  pulverulent,  from  cavities  in  the  por¬ 
phyry  of  the  Cordillera  of  Peuco  in  Chile  by  Domeyko,  i  from 
Schemnitz  (leonhardite),  G  =  2 ’25,  by  Delffs,  h  (leonhardite) 
by  v.  Babo : — 


9 

fl 

i 

h 

Silica 

50*1 

54*92 

55*00 

Alumina 

. 22*56 

19*9 

22*49 

24*36 

Lime 

.  .  .  .  .  9*41 

14*1 

9*05 

10*50 

Water  . 

. 15*56 

16*0 

13*54 

12*30 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive,  as  a  constituent  of  some 
greenstones,  in  veins  in  slate  rocks,  porphyry  and  trap,  in  the 
cavities  of  amygdaloid. 

Is  found  in  veins  of  lead  ore  at  Huel  Goet  in  Bretagne,  at 
Eule  in  Bohemia,  the  Bothe-Kopf  in  the  Zillerthal  in  the  Tyrol, 
St.  Gotthardt,  the  valley  of  Chamouni,  Cormayeur,  at  Borsa 
and  Schemnitz  (leonhardite)  in  Hungary,  Eahlun  in  Swedeu, 
Bogoslowsk  in  the  Ural,  North  America,  in  trap  in  the  Faroe 
islands,  Iceland,  Loch  Enort  in  Skye,  and  Portrush  in  Ireland, 
in  the  Kilpatrick  hills  in  Dumbartonshire  and  Paisley  in  Scot¬ 
land. 


454 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


289.  EAUJASITE.  —  Eaujassite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Eaujasit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  52°  45'. 

e  101. 

ee'  105°  3 o' 

eer  68  30 

Twin.  Twin-face  e.  Fracture  uneven. 

Transparent . . .  translucent  on  the  edges.  Lus¬ 
tre  vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Colour¬ 
less,  white,  brown.  Brittle.  H  =  6*0.  G  =  1*923. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  intu- 
mesces  and  melts  into  a  white  enamel.  Is  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  by  Hamour,  the  mineral  in  the  latter  being  more 
free  from  impurity  than  in  the  former : — 


Silica .  49*36  46*12 

Alumina . 16*77  16*81 

Lime  . . 5*oo  4*79 

Soda .  4*34  5*09 

Water .  22*49  27*02 


Is  found  in  the  cavities  of  an  amygdaloidal  rock  at  Sassbach 
on  the  Kaiserstuhl  in  the  Breisgau. 

According  to  Blum,  the  crystals  of  faujasite  belong  to  the 
cubic  system.  Simple  form  o  ill. 


FIG.  449. 


290.  HARMOTOME. — Harmotome  ;  Phillips,  Hauy.  Pa- 
ratomer  Kuphon-Spath ;  Mohs.  Harmotom ;  Hausmann,  Hai¬ 
dinger. 


Prismatic.  011,010  ==54°  23';  101,001  =  34°  47';  110,100=45°  53'. 


a  100,  b  010,  S  101,  t  201,  ]p 
v  414.  v  truncates  the  edge  sp. 


ill,  m  no  twin-face, 
FIG.  450. 


ah 

90° 

0' 

V 

sa 

55 

13 

\ 

pi/ 

/ 

ss' 

69 

34 

ta 

35 

45  «, 

t 

s 

b 

a 

tt 

108 

30 

pa 

60 

33 

M 

PP 

58 

54 

/ 

V 

P 

\ 

HABMOTOME. 


455 


EIG.  451. 


n 

pp 

60° 

56' 

l 

/  // 
PP 

89 

52 

-A 

P 

p 

ps 

30 

28 

d 

\  S 

s  / 

d 

ma 

45 

63  q 

s  \ 

/  $ 

mb 

44 

7 

d 

s  / 

\  s 

cL 

vb 

81 

38 

/  s 

/ 

s  \ 

vs 

8 

22 

Lt 

p 

p 

\ _ 

b 


Combinations,  pba,  spba,  sptba.  The  faces  s,  p  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ;  b,  faintly 
striated  parallel  to  its  intersections  with  p.  Twins.  Twin- 
face  m.  Cleavage,  a,  distinct ;  b,  less  distinct.  Fracture 
uneven . . .  imperfect  conchoidal.  Transparent . . .  translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white ;  seldom  grey,  yellow, 
brown,  red.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  4"5.  o  —  2  39 . .  .2  50. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe, 
not  very  readily,  without  intumescence,  into  a  transparent 
white  glass.  In  powder  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  leaving  silica  in  powder. 

BaSi2  -f  AlSi3  +  H5,  silica  47-13,  alumina  15-70,  barytes  23*39, 
water  13*78. 


Analyses  of  harmotome  ci ,  b  from  Andreasberg,  c  from 
Oberstein,  all  by  Kohler,  d,  e  from  Andreasberg  by  Bammels- 
berg,  /'from  Schiffenberg  near  Giessen  by  Wernekink  : 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica . 

.  .  46-63 

45-50 

46*65 

48-74 

48-68 

44*79 

Alumina 

.  .  16-82 

16-42 

16*54 

17*65 

16-83 

19-28 

Barytes  . 

.  .  20-32 

20-09 

19-12 

19*22 

20*09 

17*59 

Lime  . 

.  .  0-26 

1-80 

1*10 

— 

‘ 

1*08 

Potash  . 

.  .  1-03 

1-12 

1-10 

— 

Ee,  Mn 

0-85 

Water 

.  .  15-03 

15-00 

15-25 

14-66 

14-68 

15-32 

Analyses 
Connel,  i, 

of  harmotome  from 

Strontian  g  by  Kohler,  li  by 

G  =  2’447, 

Jc  in  small  transparent  crystals,  G  — 

2-498,  both  by  Damour : 

Silica . 

9 

.  46'10 

l 

47-04 

i 

47*74 

h 

47-60 

Alumina 

•  •  •  • 

.  16-41 

15-24 

15*68 

16*39 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

0 

0-24 

0-51 

0-65 

Barytes 

•  •  •  • 

.  20-81 

20-85 

21-06 

20-86 

456  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 

g  h  i  h 

Lime . 0’63  o*io  —  — 

Potash . 0-90  o-88  0’78  0*81 

Soda . • —  0-84  0-80  0*74 

Water . 15*11  14*92  1319  14*16 


In  attached  crystals  in  metallic  veins  in  slate  and  transition 
rocks,  in  cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks  and  basalt. 

Is  found  at  Strontian  in  Scotland  in  veins,  at  Andreasberg 
in  the  Harz  and  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  Rudelstadt  in  Silesia, 
in  cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks  in  the  Schiffenberg  near 
Griessen,  at  Oberstein  on  the  Nahe,  the  Blaue  Kuppe  near 
Eschwege. 


291.  PHILLIPSITE. — Staurotyper  Kuphon-Spath ;  Mohs. 
Phillipsit ;  Hausmann,  Hai dinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=54°  27';  101,001=34°  69' ;  110,100=45°  36'. 

a  100,  b  oio,  s  loi,  m  no  twin-face,  p  ill.  s  trun¬ 
cates  the  edge  pp". 


ab 

90° 

o' 

sa 

55 

1 

ss 

69 

58 

mb 

44 

24 

PP'„ 

59 

18 

pp" 

60 

42 

/  // 
pp 

90 

0 

EIGL  452. 
V 


r’x 

pn  y~ 
/  d 

\ d 
p  \ 

b 


Combinations,  pah,  psab.  The  faces  p,  b  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  each  other  ;  sometimes  curved.  Twins. 
Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  a ,  distinct ;  b,  less  distinct.  Fracture 
conchoidal... uneven.  Translucent. ..translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white,  inclining  to  grey,  blue, 
yellow,  red.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  4*5.  g  =  2*14.  ..2*213. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe 
into  a  clear  glass.  Is  readily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
forming  a  jelly  of  silica. 

**  \ 

•••  •••••  •  • 

BSi  +  AlSi3  -f  H°,  where  B  denotes  lime,  potash  and 
soda. 


Analyses  of  phillipsite  a,  b  from  the  Stempel  near  Marburg 
by  L.  Ganelin,  c  from  the  Stempel,  d  from  Habichtswalde  near 


PHILLIPSITE.  457 

Cassel,  both  by  Kohler,  e,  f  from  Annerode  near  Giessen  by 
W ernekink : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .  . 

.  .  .  48-51 

48-02 

50-44 

48-22 

48-36 

53-07 

Alumina 

.  .  .  21-76 

22-61 

21*78 

23-33 

20-20 

21-31 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  .  0-99 

0-18 

— 

— 

0-41 

— 

Ox.  ir.  man. 

.  .  .  — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0’56 

Lime 

.  .  .  6*26 

6-56 

6-50 

7-22 

5-91 

6-67 

Potash  . 

.  .  .  6-33 

7’50 

3-95 

3-89 

6-41 

— 

Barytes  .  . 

.  .  .  — 

— 

— 

— 

0-46 

0-39 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  17-23 

16-75 

16-82 

17-56 

17-09 

17-09 

Analyses  of  phillipsite  g  from  the  Giant’s  Causeway,  n  =  2'17, 
by  Connel,  h  from  the  Stempel  near  Marburg  by  Genth,  i,  k 
from  Dyrefjord  on  the  west  coast  of  Iceland,  u  =  2- 201,  by 


D  amour : — 

9 

h 

i 

k 

Silica . 

.  47-35 

48-17 

48-41 

47*96 

Alumina  .... 

.  21-80 

21*11 

22-04 

22*37 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  — 

0-24 

— 

— 

Lime . 

4-85 

6*97 

8-49 

7-15 

Potash  .... 

5-55 

6-61 

6*19 

6-85 

Soda . 

3-70 

0-63 

— 

— 

Water . 

.  16-96 

16*62 

15-60 

15-67 

In  attached  crystals  and  globular  aggregations,  in  cavities  in 
amygdaloid,  basalt,  phonolite. 

Is  found  on  the  Habichtswalde  near  Cassel,  the  Stempel 
near  Marburg,  Annerode  near  Giessen,  the  Kaiserstuhl  in  the 
Breisgau,  Leipa,  Kamnitz  and  the  Eeuermauer  near  Toplitz  in 
Bohemia,  Sirknitz  near  Lowenberg  in  Silesia,  Oberstein,  Men- 
deburg  near  Bonn,  Vesuvius,  the  Giant’s  Causeway  in 
Ireland. 

It  has  been  supposed  that  gismondine,  or  zeagonite,  from 
Capo-di-Bove  near  Borne,  is  a  variety  of  phillipsite.  Three 
twin  crystals  of  this  substance,  having  the  form  of  phillipsite, 
sometimes  cross  nearly  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  Occa¬ 
sionally  a  number  of  such  crystals  are  united  so  that  the  faces 
p  lie  nearly  in  one  plane,  and  the  faces  a ,  b  disappear.  The 
group  then  assumes  the  form  of  a  double  four-sided  pyramid,  on 
the  faces  of  which  may  be  observed  the  lines  of  junction  of  the 
different  crystals  of  which  it  is  composed.  (Brooke,  Phil.  Mag. 
1837,  10.  170.) 


x 


458 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Analyses  of  a  mineral  called  phillipsite,  a,  b  transparent, 
c  opaque,  from  Vesuvius,  G  —  2*213,  all  by  Marignac,  d,  e  of 
zeagonite  by  v.  Kobell : — 

abode 


Silica  .  . 

.  .  .  .  43*64 

42*87 

43*95 

42*60 

42*84 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  .  24*39 

25*00 

24*34 

25*50 

26*04 

Lime 

.  .  .  .  6*92 

7*97 

5*31 

7*50 

7*70 

Potash  . 

.  .  .  .  10*35 

920 

11*09 

6*80 

5*76 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  .  15*05 

15*44 

15*31 

17*66 

17*66 

In  analysis  c  the  loss  11*09  is  assumed  to  be  potasb. 


A  light  blue  zircon  from  Vesuvius  has  sometimes  been  called 
zeagonite. 


292.  EDINGTONITE.  —  Pyramidaler  Brythyn-  Spath  ; 
Mohs.  Edingtonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  43°  39'*5. 

a  loo,  e  101,  n  012.  The  forms  to  which  e ,  n  belong  are 
hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 

EIG.  453. 


aa ' 

o 

o 

05 

o' 

ee 

87 

19 

na 

64 

34 

nri 

50 

52 

Combination.  aen\  Cleavage,  a ,  very  distinct.  Eracture 
imperfect  conchoidal . .  .uneven.  Semi-transparent . .  .translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous.  Greyish  -  white.  Streak  white.  Brittle. 
H  =  4*0..  .4*5.  G  =  2*71. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  becomes  white  and  opaque. 
Before  the  blowpipe  in  a  strong  heat  melts  into  a  colourless 
glass.  In  hydrochloric  acid  forms  a  jelly  without  being  com¬ 
pletely  decomposed. 

Analysis  of  a  small  quantity  by  Turner : — 


Silica . 35*09 

Alumina . 27*69 

Lime . 12*68 

"Water . 13*32 

Loss . 11*22 


The  loss  is  probably  potash  or  soda. 

Was  found  in  small  crystals  resting  upon  the  mineral  sub¬ 
stance  called  cluthalite  by  Thomson  in  the  amygdaloid  of  the 
Kilpatrick  hills  near  Dumbarton  in  Scotland. 


COMPTONITE. 


459 


293.  COMPTONITE. — Thomsonite,  Comptonite ;  Phillips, 
Beudant.  Orthotomer  Kuphon-Spath,  Peritomer  Kuphon- 
Spath  ;  Mohs.  Comptonit ;  Hausmann.  Thomsonit ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Prismatic. 


a  100,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  m  no. 


ac 

90° 

0' 

be 

90 

0 

ma 

45 

20 

mb 

44 

40 

ba 

90 

0 

mivl 

89 

20 

FIG.  454. 


b 


I  a 

/ 


The  faces  m  usually  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  a  and  b ;  c,  very  uneven,  Cleavage,  a,  perfect ;  b,  less 
perfect  ;  c,  traces.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Trans¬ 
parent  ...  translucent.  White,  inclining  to  grey,  yellow,  red. 
Streak  white.  Brittle,  n  =  5'0. ..5*5.  G  =  2*31. ..2*38. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Intumesces  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe,  becomes  opaque,  and  melts  with  difficnlty  into  a  white 
enamel.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly 
of  silica. 

3AlSi  -f  3CaSi  +  7H,  silica  38’2,  alumina  31*6,  lime  17*2, 
water  13.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  lime  is  sometimes 
replaced  by  soda. 

Analyses  of  comptonite  from  the  Kilpatrick  hills  a  by  Ber¬ 
zelius,  b ,  c  by  Thomson,  d,  e  from  Lochwinnock  in  Renfrew¬ 
shire  by  Thomson,  f  from  Dalsnypen  by  Retzius,  g  from 
Seeberg  near  Kaden  by  Zippe,  h  from  Seeberg  by  Rammels- 
berg,  i  from  Elbogen  by  Melly  : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Silica . 

.  38'30 

34-63 

37*08 

36-80 

37-66 

Alumina  .... 

.  30-70 

32-35 

33-02 

31-36 

31-96 

Lime  .  . 

.  13-54 

18-65 

10-75 

15*40 

15-10 

Soda . 

453 

1‘25 

3-70 

Mg  0'20 

1*08 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

0'60 

0*72 

Water  .... 

.  13-10 

14*00 

/ 

13-00 

9 

13-00 

h 

13‘20 

i 

Silica . 

•  •  • 

39-20 

38-25 

38-74 

37-00 

Alumina  .... 

•  •  • 

30-05 

32-00 

30-84 

31*07 

Lime . 

•  •  • 

10-58 
x  2 

11-96 

13-43 

12-60 

460 


HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Soda . 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 
"Water  .  .  .  . 


/  9  7l  * 

8-11  6-53  3*85  6’25 

0*50  —  K  0’54  — 

13-40  11-50  13*10  12*24 


Iii  attached  crystals,  globular,  and  reniform,  in  amygdaloidal 
cavities  of  basalt,  phonolite,  and  old  lavas,  with  calcite,  chabasie, 
stilbite,  phillipsite  and  apophyllite. 

Is  found  on  Vesuvius,  Seeberg  near  Kaden,  Schreckenstein 
on  the  Elbe,  the  Strizizowitz  mountain,  the  Kelchberg  near 
Triebsch,  the  Pfiasterkaute  near  Eisenach  in  Hessia,  Hauen- 
stein,  near  Bohmisch  Kamnitz  and  Bohmish  Leipa,  Daubitz 
and  other  places  in  Bohemia,  Greenland,  Iceland,  the  Faroe 
and  Cyclopean  islands,  the  Tyrol,  in  trap  with  analcime  and 
prehnite  on  the  Kilpatrick  hills  near  Dumbarton  in  Scotland. 

The  surface  of  c  is  frequently  uneven,  forming  apparently 
two  planes.  The  angle  between  these  surfaces  differs  consider¬ 
ably  in  different  crystals. 


294.  ALGERITE. — Algerite  ;  Hunt. 

Oblique. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  m  no. 

mmf  94°. 

Cleavage.  m,  imperfect.  Translucent  ...opaque.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the  cleavages.  Yellowish- 
white,  straw-yellow ;  becomes  a  deep  brownish-yellow  after  ex¬ 
posure.  Streak  light  brown,  h  =  3*0. . .3’5.  G-  =  2'697. ..2"948. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Intumesces  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  and  melts  at  a  high  temperature,  with  phosphorescence, 
into  a  porous  white  enamel.  Slightly  acted  upon  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid. 


Analyses  by  T.  S.  Plunt 

and  Crossley : — 

Silica  .... 

.  .  .  .  52-16 

62-00 

Alumina 

.  .  .  .  26-08 

25-42 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  .  1-94 

1*54 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  .  .  1-20 

5*39 

Potash  .... 

10-38 

Water  .... 

5-27 

Is  found  in  crystals  imbedded  in  white  crystalline  limestone 
at  Franklin,  Sussex  county,  New  Jersey. 


MENGITE, 


46  L 


TITANATES. 

295.  PEROWSKITE. — Perowskite;  Dufrenoy.  Perowskit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100,  o  ill,  d  oil,  g  320,  i  430,  l  540,  m  311, 
p  122,  2:  944. 

aa  90°  o' 
oo'  70  32 

oa  54  44 

ddf  60  o 

da  45  0 

ga  33  41 

gd"  11  19 

ia  36  52 

id"  8  8 

la  38  40 

Cleavage,  a,  tolerably  perfect.  Opaque.  Lustre  adaman¬ 
tine,  inclining  to  metallic,  bright.  Greyish-black...  iron-black, 
sometimes  dark  reddish-brown.  Streak  greyish-white,  h  = 
5-8.  G  =  3*99.. .4*017. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble  in  borax.  With  a 
very  small  quantity  of  the  mineral  the  bead  is  light  yellowish- 
green  while  hot,  and  colourless  when  cold  ;  with  a  larger 
quantity  of  the  mineral  the  bead  is  brown  when  cold.  In 
powder  is  but  slightly  acted  upon  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

CaTi,  titanic  acid  58*90,  lime  41*10. 


Analyses  by  Jacobson  and  Brooks 

•  - 

Titanic  acid . 

58*96 

59*00 

Lime . 

39*20 

36*76 

Magnesia . 

trace 

0*11 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

2*06 

4*79 

Is  found  in  crystals  in  micaceous  limestone  at  Yogsburg  on 
the  Kaiserstuhl,  and  in  chlorite  slate  at  Achmatowsk  near  Sla- 
toust  in  the  Ural. 

296.  MEN GITE. — Mengit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 
Prismatic.  011,010=48°  57  ;  101,001  =  19°  14  ;  110,100—68  10. 


Id" 

6° 

20' 

ma 

25 

14 

ma! 

72 

27 

mo 

29 

30 

pa 

70 

32 

pa' 

48 

11 

po 

15 

48 

za 

32 

9 

zo 

22 

35 

FIG.  455. 


462 


TITANATES. 


ma  68°  10' 
ia  39  46 

mm'  43  40 

il  100  28 

ee  28  33 

ee"  78  60 

em  46  50 

ee'  86  20 

Combination.  aime.  Surface  smooth  and  bright.  dSTo 
cleavage  observable.  Fracture  uneven... conchoidal.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic,  imperfect.  Iron-black.  Streak  brown,  h  = 
5*0.  ..5*5.  G  =  5*43. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe ;  becomes  magnetic.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  melts  into  a  clear  glass.  In  the 
outer  flame  imparts  a  greenish-yellow  colour  to  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  ;  in  the  inner  flame,  with  the  addition  of  tin,  a  yel¬ 
lowish-red  colour.  Imparts  a  green  colour  to  soda  on  platinum 
foil.  Is  completely  soluble  in  hot  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

It  is  supposed  to  contain  oxides  of  iron  and  manganese, 
titanic  acid  and  zirconia. 

In  small  crystals  imbedded  in  albite  in  the  Ilmen  mountains 
near  Miask  in  Siberia. 

This  mineral  was  given  by  Menge  to  Mr.  Brooke  as  the 
ilmenite  of  Fischer,  and  was  accordingly  described  by  him  under 
that  name.  But  as  the  titanic  iron-oxide  from  Miask  now 
passes  under  the  same  name,  wliich  it  may  be  convenient,  for 
the  present  at  least,  that  it  should  retain,  we  have  adopted  the 
suggestion  of  Professor  Gr.  Bose,  of  designating  this  species 
as  mengite. 


FIG.  456. 


297.  POLYMIGfNYTE. — Polymygnite  ;  Beudant.  Pris- 
matisches  Melan-Erz ;  Mohs.  Polymignyt ;  Hausmann.  Poly- 
mignit ;  Haidinger. 


Prismatic.  011,010 


■  100, 

b 

010, 

be 

90°  O' 

CCl 

90 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

ma 

54 

53 

mb 

35 

7 

mm 

70 

14 

sa 

35 

25 

sb 

54 

35 

ss' 

109 

10 

=  55°  24  *5;  101,001  =  31 
ooi,  m  no,  s  210, 


tt' 

140° 

5l' 

pa 

68 

14 

pb 

58 

11 

pc 

40 

8 

pm 

49 

52 

pp 

43 

32 

pp" 

63 

38 

/  // 
pp 

80 

16 

24';  110,100=54°  53'. 
t  410,  p  111. 


FIG.  457. 


o 


/ 


463 


POLYKRASE. 

Combinations,  pbmn ,  pbamst.  The  faces  a ,  b,  m,  s ,  t  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ;  the  other 
faces  smooth.  Cleavage,  b,  imperfect;  a,  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic,  imperfect.  Iron-black. 
Streak  dark  brown.  Brittle,  h  =  6‘5.  G  =  4*75... 4'81. 

Unchangeable  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax  yields  a 
glass  coloured  by  iron.  Imparts  a  reddish  colour  to  salt  of 
phosphorus  in  the  inner  flame.  With  soda  does  not  fuse,  but 
yields  the  reaction  of  manganese.  In  powder  is  decomposed 
by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 


Analysis  by  Berzelius : — 

Titanic  acid . 46-30 

Zirconia . 14’ 14 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . 12'20 

Lime . 4‘20 

Oxide  of  manganese  .  .  .  .  2 ‘70 

Oxide  of  cerium . 5'00 

Yttria . 11‘60 


"With  traces  of  potash,  magnesia,  silica  and  oxide  of  tin. 

Is  found  in  small  crystals,  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the 
edge  ab,  in  the  zircon-syenite  of  Friedrichswarn  in  Norway. 
It  is  said  to  occur  also  in  basalt  near  Porsgrund  in  Norway. 


298.  POLYKBASE.— Polykrase  ;  Dufrenoy.  Polykras  ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  46°  46' ;  101,001  =  18°  63' ;  110,100=70°  o'. 


100, 

b 

010, 

ah 

CD 

o 

o 

o 

ma 

70 

0 

mb 

20 

0 

mm 

40 

0 

xb 

28 

0 

XX 

124 

0 

SCI 

76 

0 

021,  m 

110, 

s 

sb 

If*. 

00 

o 

2  o' 

/  // 
ss 

90 

2 

sm 

44 

59 

ra 

53 

12 

rb 

56 

46 

/  // 

108 

37 

311. 


PIG.  458. 


No  cleavage  observable.  Fracture  conchoidal.  In  thin 
fragments  translucent.  Lustre  metallic,  imperfect.  .  Black,  by 
transmitted  light  yellowish- brown.  Streak  greyish -brown. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates.  Ignited  quickly  glows  like 

x  4 


464 


TANTALATES. 


gadolinite,  and  assumes  a  light  brown  colour,  but  without  any 
change  of  specific  gravity.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe. 
Soluble  in  borax,  imparting  to  the  bead  a  yellow  colour  in  the 
outer  flame,  and  a  yellowish-brown  colour  in  the  inner  flame. 
Imperfectly  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Is  completely 
decomposed  by  hot  sulphuric  acid. 

According  to  Scheerer  contains  titanic  acid,  tantalic  acid, 
zirconia,  yttria,  red  oxide  of  iron,  oxide  of  uranium  and  cerium, 
a  small  quantity  of  alumina,  magnesia  and  perhaps  some  alkali. 

Is  found  in  crystals  in  granite  veins  at  Hitteroe  in  Norway. 


TANTALATES,  NIOBATES,  SCHEELATES,  MOLYBDATES. 


299.  PYBOCHLOBE. —  Pyrochlore  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Oktaedrisches  Titan-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Pyrochlor ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Cubic. 


w-1 

o 

o 

cleavage,  o 

111, 

d  on, 

n  211, 

m  311. 

aa' 

90° 

o' 

do 

35° 

16' 

nd 

30* 

3  O' 

od 

70 

32 

da' 

45 

0 

mo 

29 

30 

oa 

54 

44 

no 

19 

28 

7n  d 

31 

29 

EIG. 

459. 

EIG.  460. 

EIG. 

461. 

Bonn  and  combinations,  o,  od ,  on,  odn ,  odin.  Cleavage. 
a,  o  scarcely  observable.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Translucent  on 
the  edges... opaque.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous. 
Dark  reddish-brown,  blackish-brown  on  a  freshly  fractured 
surface.  Streak  light  brown.  Bather  brittle,  h  =  5'0...5'5. 
G  =  4-19. ..4-33. 

t  Before  the  blowpipe  turns  yellow  and  melts  with  great 
difficulty  into  a  blackish-brown  slag.  With  borax  yields  a  glass 
which  is  reddish-yellow  in  the  outer  flame,  and  dark  red  in  the 
inner  flame.  The  varieties  from  Brevig  and  Eriedrichswarn 
yield  the  reaction  of  uranium.  In  powder  is  completely  decom¬ 
posed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 


EEEGTTSONITE. 


465 


Analyses  of  pyrochlore  a  from  Miask  by  'Wohler,  b  from 
Miask  by  Hermann,  c,  d  from  Brevig,  G  =  3*8,  by  Wohler: — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

Tantalic  acid  .  .  . 

.  67*38 

62*25 

67*02 

67*77 

Titanic  acid  .... 

.  — 

2*23 

— 

— 

Zirconia . 

— 

5*57 

— 

— 

Oxide  of  cerium  .  . 

Thorina . 

’  |  13*15 

3*32  | 

5*16 

not  det 

Oxide  of  lanthanium  . 

.  — 

2*00 

— 

— 

Lime . 

.  10*98 

13*54 

9*88 

10*13 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  . 

1*29 

(¥e  5*68) 

1*33 

— 

Protox.  mangan.  .  . 

0*15 

1*69 

— 

Yttria . 

0*81 

?  \J  4  \J 

— 

— 

Potash,  soda,  lithia 

.  — 

3*72 

— 

— 

Sodium . 

3*93 

ox.  uran. 

4*60 

5*71 

Fluorine . 

3*23 

not  det. 

— 

— 

Water . 

1*16 

0*50 

7*06 

7*42 

In  small  crystals  and  grains  in  syenite  near  Friedrichs  warn 
and  in  the  island  of  Lovo  near  Brevig  in  Norway,  in  granite  in 
the  Ilmen  mountains  near  Miask  in  the  Ural. 

In  pyrochlore  from  Miask  G.  Bose  found  G  =  4' 320  ;  in 
pyrochlore  from  Friedrichswarn  g  =  4*206... 4*216.  For  pyroch¬ 
lore  from  Friedrichswarn,  from  a  very  small  quantity,  Wohler 
found  G-  =  4  802. 


300.  FEEGUSONITE. — Fergusonite  ;  Beudant.  Pyra- 
midales  Melan-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Fergusonit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 


Pyramidal.  101,001  =  55°  40'. 

C  001,  S  111,  g  320,  Z  321. 
hedral  with  parallel  faces. 


9°, 

CO 

o 

o 

0' 

99 

90 

0 

sc 

64 

14 

ss ' 

79 

6 

zc 

79 

17 

zzf 

88 

1 

ges 

11 

19 

The  forms  g ,  z  are  hemi- 
EIG.  462. 


Combinations.  eg,  csg ,  cszg.  Surfaces  rather  uneven. 
Cleavage,  s,  traces.  Fracture  conclioidal.  Opaque ;  in  thin 

x  5 


466 


TANTALATES. 


splinters  translucent.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic,  inclining  to 
resinous ;  on  surface  of  fracture  vitreous,  bright.  Blackish- 
brown.  Streak  pale  brown.  Brittle.  H  —  5*5... 6'0.  G  = 
5*8. ..5-9. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  dissolves  with  difficulty  into  a  glass  which  is  yellow 
while  hot. 


B6Ta,  where  B  is  yttria,  protoxide  of  cerium,  zirconia. 
Analysis  by  Hartwall : — 


Tantalic  acid  . 

.  .  47’75 

Yttria . 

.  .  41‘91 

Protoxide  of  cerium  . 

.  .  4-68 

Zirconia  .... 

.  .  3-02 

Oxide  of  tin  .  .  . 

.  .  i-oo 

Oxide  of  uranium 

.  .  0*95 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  0-34 

Is  found  imbedded  in  quartz  at  Kikertaursak  near  Cape 
Earewell  in  Greenland. 


301.  ELXENITE. — Euxenite;  Dufrenoy.  Euxenit;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  In  thin  splinters  translucent. 
Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  metallic.  Brownish-black;  by 
transmitted  light  reddish-brown.  Streak  reddish-brown,  h  = 
6-5.  G  =  4*6. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  In  the  outer  flame  imparts  a 
brownish-yellow  colour  to  borax.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 


Analyses  a  of  a  small  quantity  from  Jolster,  b  of  a  very 
similar  mineral,  G  =  4-73...4*76,  from  near  Tvedestrand,  both 
by  Scheerer : — 

a  b 


Tantalic  acid  with  titanic  acid 
Titanic  acid  ..... 

Yttria . 

Protoxide  of  uranium  .  . 

Protoxide  of  cerium  .  .  . 

Oxide  of  lanthanium  .  .  . 

Lime . 

Magnesia . 

Water . 


49-66  \ 
7-94  J 

53*64 

25’09 

28*97 

6-34 

7-58 

2-18 

2-91 

0-96 

Ee  2-60 

2*47 

— 

0-29 

— 

3-97 

4-04 

TANTALITE. 


467 


Is  found  at  Jolster  in  Bergenhuus  and  Tvedestrand  in  Nor¬ 
way,  and  also  at  Arendal,  containing  niobic  acid,  but  no  tantalic 
acid. 


302.  YTTROTANTALITE.  —  Yttrotantalite  ;  Phillips. 
Yttrotantale  ;  Beudant.  Yttertantal  ;  Mohs,  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction,  more  or  less  distinct.  Fracture 
conchoidal. ..uneven,  granular.  Opaque.  Lustre  imperfect 
metallic,  inclining  sometimes  to  resinous.  Iron-black,  brown¬ 
ish-black,  yellowish-brown.  Streak  grey  or  white,  h  —  5*o... 
5’5.  G  =  5-39.. .5*88. 

Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  brown  or  yellow,  but  does  not 
melt.  Soluble  in  borax,  forming  a  clear  yellow  glass.  Is  not 
acted  upon  by  acids.  Is  completely  decomposed  by  fusion 
with  bisulphate  of  potash. 

R3Ta,  where  R  is  Y,  Ca,  Be,  TJ,  and  part  of  the  Ta  is  re¬ 
placed  by  w. 

Analyses  of  yttrotantalite  from  Ytterby  a ,  b,  c ,  d  by  Berze¬ 
lius,  from  the  Ilmen  mountains  e  by  Hermann,/1  from  Ytterby, 
after  ignition,  by  which  it  lost  3,9...5,44  per  cent.,  by  v.  Pe- 
retz  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Tantalic  acid 

.  57-00 

51-82 

60-12 

59-50 

61-33 

58-65 

Scheelic  acid 

8-25 

2-59 

1-04 

1'25 

(Mn 

i-oo) 

0*60 

Yttria  . 

.  20-25 

38’52 

29*78 

29-90 

19-74 

21-25 

Lime  . 

6-25 

3-26 

0‘50 

3-29 

2*08 

7-55 

Ox.  uranium 

0-50 

1*11 

6-62 

3-23 

(* 

5'64 

3-94) 

Bed  ox.  iron 

3-50 

055 

1*16 

2-72 

(re 

7-23 

6*29) 

Ox.  copper  . 

.  - 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0-40 

Zr,Ti,Ce,  La,W  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

— 

1*50 

— 

Magnesia 

.  — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1*40 

"Water  .  . 

574 

2-72 

4-85 

4*85 

1-66 

— 

Is  found  in  indistinctly  formed  crystals,  and  imbedded  grains, 
in  Sweden  in  a  quarry  at  Ytterby  near  Maxholm  in  felspar  with 
gadolinite  and  in  the  granite  veins  of  Pinbo  and  Kararfsberg 
near  Eahlun  ;  in  the  Ilmen  mountains  near  Miask  in  the  Ural. 

303.  TANTALITE. — Tantalite  ;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy.  Pris- 
matisches  Tantal-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Tantalit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=51°  24' ;  101,001  =  33°  e';  110,100=50°  46'. 

x  6 


468 


TANTALATES. 


a  100,  b  010,  c  001  cleavage,  q 


r  940,  p 

111, 

V  232, 

0  121 

• 

be 

90° 

O' 

f 

122° 

541 

qa 

27 

2 

00 

38 

12 

ua 

56 

54 

oo" 

106 

23 

7ia 

83 

49 

/  // 
oo 

119 

45 

ca 

90 

0 

vv 

45 

22 

qq' 

125 

56 

// 

vv 

90 

8 

uu' 

66 

12 

/  // 
vv 

107 

27 

nnr 

12 

22 

pp' 

54 

0 

ra 

28 

33 

pp" 

67 

30 

ba 

90 

0 

/  // 
pp 

91 

42 

301,  u  101,  n  106, 


FIG.  463. 


Cleavage,  a,  b,  c  all  very  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal . . . 
uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic,  passing  into 
resinous.  Iron-black.  Streak  brown,  h  =  6*0...  6*5.  G  = 
ro.,.8'0. 

Unchangeable  before  the  blowpipe.  In  fine  powder  slowly 
soluble  in  borax,  yielding  a  glass  coloured  by  iron.  With  soda 
yields  the  reaction  of  manganese,  and  traces  of  tin  in  the  inner 
flame.  Is  not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

FeTa,  part  of  the  Fe  being  replaced  by  Mn. 

Analyses  of  tantalite  a  from  Tammela,  g  =  7*264,  by  Nor- 
denskiold,  b  from  Kimito,  streak  coffee-brown,  G  =  7*03... 7*3, 
by  Berzelius,  c  from  Tammela,  streak  dark  reddish-brown, 
g  =  7*197,  bv  Jacobson,  d  the  same  by  Brooks,  e  from  Tam¬ 
mela,  crystallized,  g  =  7*187,  by  Wornum,  f  from  Chanteloupe, 
streak  greyish-black,  G  =  7*651,  by  Damour : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Tantalic  acid  .  . 

.  83*44 

83*2 

84*15 

84*70 

77*83 

82*98 

Oxide  of  tin 

.  — 

0*6 

0*32 

0*50 

6*81 

1*21 

Protox.  iron 

.  13*75 

7*2 

14*68 

14*29 

8*47 

14*62 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

1*12 

7*4 

0*90 

1*78 

4*89 

trace 

Lime  .... 

.  — 

— 

0*07 

— 

0*50 

— 

Ox.  copper  .  . 

.  — — 

— 

1*81 

0*04 

0*24 

Si  0#42 

In  analysis  f  the  nature  of  the  metallic  acids  w*as  not  particu¬ 
larly  inquired  into. 


A  variety  of  tantalite  from  Broddbo,  in  which  part  of  the 
tantalic  acid  is  replaced  by  scheelic  acid,  differs  in  some  of  its 
properties  from  the  tantalite  from  Tammela  and  Kimito.  Frac¬ 
ture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Iron-black.  Streak 
black,  h  =  5*0... 6*0.  G  =  6*2... 6*4.  Soluble  in  borax,  form¬ 
ing  a  transparent  yellowish  glass,  which  becomes  opaque  in  an 


SAMAKSKITE. 


469 


interrupted  blast.  Sometimes  it  imparts  a  red  colour  to  salt  of 
phosphorus  in  the  inner  flame.  With  soda  and  a  little  borax 
yields  tin  in  the  inner  flame. 

Analyses  of  tantalite  y,  Ji,  Jc  from  Broddbo  by  Berzelius  : — 


9 

h 

h 

Tantalic  acid  .... 

.  66*66 

68*22 

66*35 

Oxide  of  tin  .... 

8*02 

8*26 

8*40 

Tungstic  acid  .... 

5*78 

6*19 

6*12 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

9*55 

8*60 

10*50 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

9*17 

6*43 

5*90 

Lime . 

— 

1*19 

1*50 

In  crystals,  massive,  in  imbedded  angular  particles. 

Is  found  imbedded  in  granite  containing  albite  or  oligoclase, 
seldom  felspar,  in  Finland  at  Skogsbohle  in  the  parish  of  Ki- 
mito,  Katiala  in  the  parish  of  Kuortane,  Iviwiwuorenwehmais 
and  Harkasaari  near  Torro  in  the  parish  of  Tammela,  Kavitas- 
kallio,  on  Bjorskar  an  island  near  Ekenas,  and  at  Kaidasuo 
near  Penickoja  in  the  parish  of  Somero.  Mechanically  mixed 
with  a  very  variable  proportion  of  oxide  of  tin  at  Einbo  near 
Eahlun.  The  variety  containing  scheelic  acid  is  found  in  crys¬ 
talline  grains  imbedded  in  loose  blocks  of  granite  at  Broddbo 
near  Eahlun. 


304.  SAMAESKITE.  —  Uranotantal  ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Prismatic. 

Isomorphous  with  niobite.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Opaque. 
Lustre  on  surface  of  fracture  bright,  imperfect  metallic.  Velvet- 
black.  Streak  dark  reddish-brown.  H  =  5*5.  u  =  5*617... 
5-715.  By  ignition  u  is  reduced  from  5*715  to  5*3735. 

Slightly  heated  in  the  matrass  decrepitates,  yields  a  little 
moisture,  glows  like  gadolmite  and  assumes  a  blackish-brown 
colour.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  on  the  edges  into  a  black 
glass.  In  powder  is  dissolved  in  borax,  yielding  in  the  inner 
flame  a  yellow  glass,  and  in  the  outer  flame  a  yellowish-green 
glass,  which  inclines  to  red  on  the  addition  of  a  large  propor¬ 
tion  of  the  mineral.  Easily  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus  into 
a  clear  emerald-green  glass.  Soluble  with  difficulty  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  forming  a  green  solution. 

Analyses  of  samarskite  a,  b,  c  from  the  Ilmen  mountains, 
Gt  =  5-617... 5*68,  by  v.  Peretz,  d,  e  of  yttroilmenite  by  Her¬ 
mann  : — 


470 

NIOBATES. 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Metallic  acids  .... 

.  56-38 

56-00 

65-91 

61-33 

57*81 

Yttria . 

11-04 

8*36 

19*74 

18‘30 

Protox.  iron  .... 

.  15'43 

15-90 

15-94 

8'06 

13*61 

Protox.  mangan.  .  .  . 

'  |  0-92 

1-02 

1*88 

l’OO 

0*31 

Lime . 

2-08 

0*60 

Ox.  uranium  .... 

.  14-16 

16-70 

16*77 

ir  6*64 

1-87 

Magnesia . 

0-80 

0-75 

0-75 

Ti  1*50 

5-90 

Protox.  cer.  ox.  lanthan. 

.  — 

— 

— 

— 

2-27 

Loss  ign . 

.  — ■ 

— 

— 

1*66 

— 

The  metallic  acids  in  analyses  a,  b,  c  are  a  mixture  of  niobic 
and  scheelic  acids.  The  acid  in  analyses  d,  e  is  supposed  by 
Hermann  to  be  that  of  a  new  metal,  ilmeninm.  According  to 
H.  Rose,  it  is  a  mixture  of  niobic  and  scheelic  acids,  which 
possesses  all  the  properties  of  the  substance  called  ilmenic  acid. 

Is  found  in  imbedded  flattened  grains,  with  aeschynite,  im¬ 
bedded  in  felspar  in  the  Ilmen  mountains  near  Miask.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  H.  and  Gr.  Rose,  the  mineral  called  yttroilmenite  by 
Hermann  is  samarskite. 


305.  AESCHYNITE. — Aeschynite  ;  Beudant.  Dystomes 
Melan-Grlanz,  Mohs.  Aeschynit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  36°3l';  101, 001=33°  46'*4;  110,100=63°  39r,5. 


o 


a  loo,  b  oio  cleavage, 
ill. 


c  ooi,  v  201,  m  no,  r  210, 


FIG.  464. 


ca 

me 

va 

vc 

vvf 

mm 

r 


90 

90 

36 

53 

106 

52 

89 


0 

0 

47 

13 

26 

41 

26 


oa 

oc 

oo 

oo' 

do" 

om 


68 

56 

43 

96 

112 

33 


18 

26 

24 

56 

52 

34 


a 


Combinations,  carnv,  camo,  amrvo.  The  faces  m,  r,  a  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ;  the  other 
faces  uneven.  Cleavage,  b,  traces.  Eracture  imperfect  con- 
choidal...  uneven.  Eaintly  translucent  on  the  edges  ...opaque. 
Lustre  imperfect  metallic  ;  the  surfaces  of  fracture  resinous, 
bright.  Iron-black . . .  brown ;  hyacinth-red  by  transmitted  light. 
Streak  yellowish-brown.  Brittle,  h  =  5-5.  a  =  5*1. ..5-2. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  little  water  and  traces  of  hydrofluoric 
acid.  Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces  and  becomes  yellow  or 


NIOBITE. 


471 


brown,  but  is  nearly  infusible.  With  borax  melts  into  a  bead 
which  is  yellow  while  hot,  and  becomes  colourless  on  cooling, 
and  which,  with  the  addition  of  tin,  in  the  inner  flame  becomes 
red.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  soluble  with  more  difficulty  into 
a  clear  bead,  which,  with  tin,  in  the  inner  flame  becomes 
purple.  With  bisulphate  of  potash  dissolves  into  a  dark  yellow 
transparent  mass,  which  becomes  opaque  on  cooling.  Is  par¬ 
tially  decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Analyses  of  aescliynite  from  Miask  a  by  Hartwall,  a  =  5"08, 
b,  q  =  4*95,  c  both  by  Hermann : — 

a  b  c 


Niobic  acid  .  .  . 

•  •  •  • 

— 

33-39 

35-05 

Titanic  acid  .  .  . 

•  •  •  • 

66-0 

11-94 

10-66 

Zirconia  .... 

•  •  •  • 

20’0 

17-52 

17-58 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  (Es- 

2-6) 

17-65 

4-32 

Yttria . 

•  •  •  • 

— 

9-35 

4-62 

Oxide  of  lanthanium 

•  •  •  * 

• — 

4-76 

11-13 

Protoxide  of  cerium 

.  .  (Ce203 

15'0) 

2’48 

15*59 

Oxide  of  tin  .  .  . 

•  •  •  • 

0’5 

Ca  2‘40 

— 

Water  with  a  trace  of  fluorine  . 

— 

1-56 

1-66 

The  zirconia  is  perhaps  the  noria  of  Svanberg.  Hermann 
supposes  that  in  analysis  a  a  mixture  of  niobic  and  titanic  acids 
was  mistaken  for  pure  titanic  acid. 

Is  found  in  crystals  in  a  coarse-grained  rock,  consisting  of 
felspar,  albite  and  mica,  near  Miask  in  the  Ural. 

The  first  account  of  the  crystals  of  this  substance  was,  we 
believe,  published  by  Mr.  Brooke,  in  September,  1831.  He 
described  them  as  right  rhombic  prisms.  Mr.  Allan,  in  the 
fourth  edition  of  Phillips,  states  them  to  have  been  described  as 
oblique  rhombic  prisms,  a  mistake  which  has  been  copied  by 
Mr.  Alger  in  his  edition  of  the  same  work. 

306.  NIOBITE. — Tantalite  (in  part)  ;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy. 
Hemiprismatisches  Tantal-Erz  ;  Mohs.  Columbit;  Hausmann. 
Niobit;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=43°  22';  101,001=41°16'-6  ;  110,100:=  50°  20'. 


a  loo, 

b 

010, 

c 

001,  d 

013,  V 

023,  IJ 

016, 

h  201, 

310,  m 

110 

>  9 

120, 

0  111, 

U 

313, 

n  613. 

db 

o 

o 

34' 

vv 

o 

© 

25r 

ha 

29° 

40' 

lib 

80 

0 

dd' 

38 

52 

ca 

90 

0 

e/ 

cb 

90 

0 

yy 

20 

0 

hhf 

120 

40 

472 


KIOBATES. 


9* 

22* 

3  3T 

ob 

51° 

29' 

nn 

117° 

44' 

mb 

39 

40 

oc 

63 

58 

// 

nn 

19 

49 

lb 

68 

6 

00 ' 

62 

7 

/  // 
n  n 

121 

38 

ab 

90 

0 

00" 

77 

2 

uc 

43 

26 

IV 

136 

12 

00" 

107 

56 

uu' 

79 

11 

mm 

79 

20 

na 

31 

8 

// 

uu 

29 

43 

99 

45 

2 

nc 

60 

49 

f  // 

uu 

86 

62 

FIG.  465. 

FIG. 

466. 

Combinations,  clave,  cbame.h ,  cbwvdy,  cbamghlen.o.  The 
faces  b  deeply  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  a. 
Twins.  Twin-face  h.  co  =  59°  20',  an  =  120°  40',  Ju[  =  61°  20'. 
Cleavage,  a,  b  distinct,  especially  the  latter;  c ,  indistinct. 
Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal ...  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre 
imperfect  metallic,  passing  into  adamantine  on  the  faces  and 
cleavages,  and  into  resinous  on  the  surface  of  fracture.  Iron- 
black,  brownish,  greyish-black.  Streak  dark  reddish-brown  or 
brownish-black,  h  =  6*0.  g  =  5*32...  6*39.  Conducts  elec¬ 
tricity. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax  forms  a  blackish- 
green  glass  which  does  not  become  opaque  in  an  interrupted 
blast.  Soluble  in  bisulphate  of  potash.  Is  not  acted  upon  by 
acids. 

Analyses  of  niobite  a ,  b  from  Eabenstein,  streak  black, 
G  =  6'39,  c  streak  dark  reddish-brown,  g  =  6*7,  all  by  H. 
Eose,  streak  dark,  g  =  6*078,  d  by  Awdejew,  streak  dark 
reddish-brown,  g  =  5*976,  e  by  Jacobson,  /  from  North 
America  by  Marignac : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Niob.  pelop.  acids  . 

81*07 

81*34 

79*68 

80*64 

79*73 

77*30 

Protox.  iron 

14*30 

13*89 

15*10 

15*33 

14*77 

13*00 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

3*85 

3*77 

4*65 

4*65 

4*77 

9*50 

Oxide  of  tin  .  . 

0*45 

0*19 

0*12  1 

0*10 

0*10 

0*50 

Ox.  copper  .  .  . 

0*13 

0*10 

0*12  / 

1*51 

Lime . 

trace 

trace 

trace 

0*21 

- 

Analyses  of  niobite  from  Middletown  in  Connecticut,  streak 


WOLFRAM. 


473 


dark  reddish-brown,  g  =  5*32,  g  by  Grrewink,  g  =  5'469... 5*495, 
h  by  Scblieper,  i  from  North  America,  streak  dark  reddish- 
brown,  g  =  5*708,  by  H.  Rose,  k  from  the  Ilmen  mountains, 
G  =  5*43... 5*73,  by  Hermann,  g  =  5*461,  l  by  Bromeis,  m  from 
Middletown  in  Connecticut,  streak  dark  brown,  g  =  5*80,  by 


Hermann : — 

9 

h  i  k 

l 

m 

Niob.  pelop.  acids 

80*06 

78*83  79*62  80*47 

78*60 

78*22 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

12*59 

16*66  16*37  8*50 

12*76 

14*06 

Protox.  mang. 

5*97 

4*71  4*44  6*09 

|  4*48 

5*63 

Yttria  .... 

— 

—  —  2*00 

— 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

(Ni 

0*22)  — •  2*44 

3*01 

0*49 

Ox.  copper  .  . 

0*44 

0*07  0*06  — 

W 

0*26 

Lime  .... 

— 

0*45  —  — 

0*75 

— 

Ox.  tin  .  .  . 

— 

0*29  0*47  - 

— 

0*40 

Protox.  uran. 

0*96 

—  —  0*50 

0-56 

— 

Analyses  of  niobite 
Hamour : — 

from  Limoges,  G  =  5*60. ..5*727 

,  by 

Pelopic  and  niobic  acids 

.  .  78*44  78*88 

78*90 

78*74 

Protoxide  of  iron 

•  • 

.  .  14*96  14*04 

14*50 

14*50 

Protoxide  of  mangan. 

.  .  6*52  7*83 

7*15 

7*17 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  granular  masses  in  granite,  with 
beryl,  on  the  Rabenstein  near  Zwiesel  not  far  from  Bodenmais, 
with  yttroilmenite  in  a  granite  vein  on  the  east  side  of  lake 
Ilmen,  with  tourmaline,  beryl,  ckrysoberyl  at  Haddam  and  Mid¬ 
dletown  in  Connecticut,  Chesterfield  and  Beverley  in  Massachu¬ 
setts,  and  at  Ackwortb  in  New  Hampshire. 


307.  WOLPRAM. — Tungstate  of  iron;  Phillips.  Scheelin 
ferrugine ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Scheel-Erz ;  Mohs.  Wol¬ 
fram  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=43°  19';  101,001=40°  46'*7 ;  110,100  =  50°  52'*5. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  t  012,  u  101,  k  203  twin-face, 
r  210,  m  no,  l  120,  o  ill,  s  211,  0  113.  The  forms  t,  o, 
s,  z  are  usually  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 


be 

90° 

0' 

/ 

116° 

50' 

sb 

61° 

58J 

ca 

90 

0 

mm' 

78 

15 

SG 

63 

48 

ah 

90 

0 

IV 

44 

16 

ss 

99 

43 

tt' 

66 

3 

oc 

53 

55 

ss" 

56 

4 

uu' 

81 

33 

00 

61 

19 

/  ff 

s  s 

127 

36 

kc 

29 

54 

00" 

77 

39 

ZG 

24 

35 

ka 

60 

6 

o'o" 

107 

50 

474 


SCIIEELATES. 


EIG.  467. 


EIG.  470. 


EIG.  471. 


EIG.  469. 


Combinations,  mus,  bmut,  abes.m,  bulmos.t,  mtf.l ,  bultf,  mint', 
bulmto's.r,  bulmt'ds,  bculmt's.c.o,  abclmut'o'sz.  The  faces 
b,  l,  m,  r  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other. 
Twins.  1.  Twin-face  b.  2.  Twin-face  k.  The  axes  of  the 
zones  mb,  qm  make  with  each  other  an  angle  of  120°  12', 
un  =  —  38°  39'.  Cleavage,  a,  perfect ;  b,  imperfect.  Fracture 
uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic. 
Brownish-black.  Streak  reddish-brown... black.  h  =  5*5. 
G  =  7’0. . .7‘6.  Sometimes  slightly  magnetic.  Conducts  elec¬ 
tricity  feebly. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  in  a  strong  heat  melts  into 
a  magnetic  globule,  the  surface  of  which  is  covered  with 
crystals.  With  borax  yields  the  reaction  of  iron.  With  salt 
of  phosphorus  forms  a  bead  which  in  the  inner  flame  is  dark 
red,  and  with  the  addition  of  tin  becomes  green.  Imparts  a 
green  colour  to  soda.  Soluble  in  bisulpliate  of  potash.  In 
powder  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving 
a  yellow  residuum. 

EW,  where  B  is  protoxide  of  iron  and  protoxide  of  man¬ 
ganese. 

Analyses  of  wolfram  a  from  Harzgerode,  G  =  7'143,  by 
Bammelsberg,  b  from  Limoges,  mean  of  five,  c  from  Zinnwald, 
mean  of  two,  both  by  Ebelmen,  d,  e,  f  from  Zinnwald  by 
Kussin : — 


WOLFBAM. 

475 

a 

l 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Scheelic  acid  . 

.  75*56 

76*20 

75*99 

75*89 

75*92 

75*90 

Protox.  iron  . 

.  20*17 

19*19 

9*62 

9*43 

9*38 

9*40 

Protox.  mangan. 

3*54 

4*48 

13*96 

13*80 

14*04 

13*86 

Magnesia 

.  — 

0*80  Ca 

0*48 

— 

— 

— 

Analyses  of  wolfram  g  from  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  a  =  7*500, 
li  from  Nertschinsk,  g  =  7*496,  i  from  Monte  Video,  G  =  7*499, 
k  from  Chanteloupe,  G-  =  7*480,  l  from  Neudorf,  g  =  7*225,  m 
from  Godolphin’s  Ball,  g  =  7*21,  all  by  Kerndt : — 


9 

li 

i 

k 

l 

m 

Scheelic  acid  .  . 

.  75*85 

75*64 

76*02 

75*83 

75*90 

75*92 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

.  19*26 

19*55 

19*20 

19*33 

19*25 

19*35 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

4*89 

4*81 

4*75 

4*84 

4*80 

4*73 

Analyses  of  wolfram  n  from  Zinnwald,  g  =  7*2226,  o  from 
Lockfell  in  Cumberland,  G  =.  7*231,  p  from  Neubeschert  Gluck 
near  Ereiberg,  g  =  7*223,  q  from  Huntingdon  in  Connecticut, 
G  =  7‘4ll,  r  from  Trumbull  in  Connecticut,  g  =  7*218,  s  from 
Neudorf,  g  =  7*231,  all  by  Kerndt : — 

n  o  p  q  r  s 

Scbeelic  acid  .  .  .  75*62  75*96  75*84  75*47  75*76  75*80 

Protox.  iron  .  .  .  9*55  9*54  9*20  9*53  9*74  9*79 

Protox.  mangan.  .  .  14*85  14*50  14*56  14*26  14*50  14*41 

Analyses  of  wolfram  t  from  Schlackenwald,  G  =  7*482,  u  from 
Altenberg,  or  perhaps  Zinnwald,  g  =  7*198,  both  by  Kerndt, 
v  from  Zinnwald,  G  =  7*191,  w  from  Monte  Video,  G  =  7*544, 
x  from  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  y  from  Chanteloupe,  G  =  7*437,  all 
by  SchafFgotsch : — 


t 

U 

V  W 

X 

y 

Scheelic  acid  .  . 

.  75*68 

75*44 

not  estimated 

Protox.  iron 

9*56 

9*64 

9*52  19*24 

19*16 

17*95 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

.  14*30 

14*90 

14*98  4*97 

4*74 

6*05 

Analyses  z  of  wolfram  from  Zinnwald,  a  from  the  Glasebach 
mine  near  Strassberg  in  the  Harz,  ft  from  the  Pfaffenberg  mine 
near  Neudorf  in  the  Harz,  y,  B  from  the  Meiseberg  mine  near 


Neudorf  in  the  Harz, 

all  by  Schneider,  e  by 

Bichardson 

z 

a 

P 

y 

3 

£ 

Scheelic  acid  .  .  . 

76*01 

76  04 

76*21 

76*30 

76*27 

73*60 

Protox.  iron 

9*81 

19*61 

18*54 

20*12 

20*38 

11*20 

Protox.  mangan.  .  . 

13*90 

4*98 

5*23 

4*12 

3*80 

14*75 

476 


SCHEELATES. 


Z  a  (3  yds 

Lime . 1*19  0‘28  0'40  0'38  0‘20  — 

Magnesia  ....  —  trace  0'36  o*l6  0'07  — 

In  crystals  ;  massive  ;  pseudomorphous  after  sclieelite. 

Is  found  with  oxide  of  tin  in  Bohemia  at  Schlackenwald  and 
Zinnwald ;  in  Saxony  at  Schneeberg,  Greyer,  Ehrenfriedersdorf, 
Ereiberg  and  Altenberg ;  in  Erance,  in  veins  of  quartz  at 
Limoges  and  many  other  places  ;  in  the  Harz,  in  veins  containing 
galena,  at  Pfaffenberg,  Meiseberg  and  Strassberg ;  in  many 
mines  near  Redruth  in  Cornwall,  in  Cumberland,  in  granite 
veins  in  Rona,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  Ceylon,  Nertschinsk  in 
Siberia,  Connecticut,  Monte  Video  in  South  America.  The 
bomobedral  varieties  were  found  at  Nertschinsk  and  Scblack- 
enwald. 

The  form  of  Wolfram  approximates  closely  to  that  of  niobite. 


308.  SCHEELITE. — Tungstate  of  lime ;  Phillips.  Scheelin 
calcaire  ;  Ilauy.  Pyramidaler  Scheel-Baryt ;  Mobs.  Scbeelit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Pyramidal.  101,001  =:  56°  i\ 

c  ooi,  e  101,  u  102,  d  105,  n  ill,  v  112,  s  113, 
z  212,  x  311,  m  110  twin-face.  The  forms  z,  x  are  hemi- 
bedral  with  parallel  faces. 


mm 

CO 

0 

0 

O' 

uc 

36 

34 

ec 

56 

1 

dd' 

23 

12 

dd" 

33 

3 

uu 

49 

50 

ft 

uu 

73 

8 

ee 

71 

48 

ee" 

112 

2 

sc 

34 

58 

VC 

46 

22 

uc 

64 

31 

me 

90 

0 

ss 

47 

48 

.  tt 

ss 

69 

56 

vv' 

61 

34 

// 

vv 

92 

44 

nn' 

79 

20 

nn" 

129 

2 

VU 

30° 

47' 

xe 

68° 

6' 

ve 

35 

54 

zc 

68 

55 

z'e' 

22 

39 

xc 

77’ 

58 

ne 

39 

40 

xn 

28 

26 

fig.  472. 


SCHEELITE. 


477 


Forms  and  combinations,  e ,  n,  cd ,  e..c.d.n.cn ,  enzx,  usenx . 
The  faces  c  usually  rough.  The  faces  e  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  w  and  2,  sometimes  concave.  Twins. 
1.  Twin-face  m.  2.  Twin-face  e.  Cleavage,  e,  n.  n  more 
distinct  than  e;  c,  traces.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal. .. 
uneven.  Semi-transparent. ..translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine,  k  —  1*525.  White  passing 
into  grey,  yellow,  brown,  orange,  red,  green.  Streak  white. 
Brittle,  h  =  4*5.  g  =  5*9... 6*22. 

Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  transparent 
head.  With  borax  fuses  into  a  transparent  glass  which,  when 
perfectly  saturated,  becomes  white  and  crystalline  on  cooling. 
With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  outer  flame  fuses  into  a  clear 
colourless  glass ;  in  the  inner  flame  into  a  glass  which  appears 
green  while  hot,  and  blue  when  cold.  In  powder  is  decom¬ 
posed  by  hot  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  yellow 
residue  of  scheelic  acid,  which  is  soluble  in  ammonia.  It  is 
decomposed  by  potash,  leaving  a  residue  of  lime.  Scheelic 
acid  is  precipitated  from  the  solution  on  the  addition  of  an 
acid. 


CaW,  scheelic  acid  81*00,  lime  19*00. 

Analyses  of  scheelite  a  from  Westmanland  by  Berzelius,  b 
from  Schlackenwald  by  Brandes  and  Bucholz,  c  from  Con¬ 
necticut  by  Bowen,  d  from  Llamuco  by  Domeyko,  e  from  Katha- 
rinenburg,  g  =  6*071,  by  Choubine,  f  from  Harzgerode  by  Bam- 
melsberg : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

G 

/ 

Scheelic  acid 

.  .  80*42 

78*00 

76*05 

75*75 

78*41 

78*64 

Lime  . 

.  .  19*40 

19*06 

19*36 

18*05 

18*88 

21*56 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  — 

— 

1*03 

Cu  3*30 

— 

— 

Ox.  mang.  . 

.  .  — 

— 

0*31 

Mg 

0*65 

— 

Silica  .  .  . 

,  .  — 

2*00 

2*54 

0*75 

— 

— 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals ;  occasionally  massive. 

Is  found  in  the  tin  mines  of  Zinnwald  and  Schlackenwald  in 
Bohemia,  Ehrenfriedersdorf  and  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  at  St. 
Agnes  in  Cornwall,  Caldbeck  Fell  in  Cumberland,  Monroe  and 


478 


SCHEELATES. 


Huntingdon  in  Connecticut ;  in  the  gold  mines  of  Schellgaden 
in  Salzburg  and  Posing  in  Hungary,  Puy  les  Vignes  near  St. 
Leonard  in  La  Haute  Vienne  in  Prance,  on  the  Pfaffenberg  in 
the  Harz,  near  Katharinenburg  in  Siberia,  in  the  copper  mine 
of  Llamuco  near  Chuapa  in  the  province  of  Coquimbo  in  Chile. 


809.  STOLZITE. — Tungstate  of  lead ;  Phillips.  Plomb 
tungstate ;  Hufrenoy.  Hystomer  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Scheel- 
bleispatli ;  Hausmann.  Stolzit ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  —  57°  27'. 

c  ooi,  e  101,  m  no,  v  112,  n  ill,  o  221.  The  forms 
e,  n  are  sometimes  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


nic 

CD 

O 

o 

0' 

mm 

90 

0 

vv 

63 

19 

vv " 

95 

51 

ec 

57 

27 

eef 

73 

10 

ee" 

114 

54 

nri 

80 

15 

nn 

131 

25 

oc 

77 

17 

oo' 

87 

13 

oo" 

154 

34 

0711 

12 

43 

ve 

36 

35 

FIG.  476. 


FIG.  477. 


Porms  and  combinations,  o,  cm,  mo,  ne\  cmo,  nemo ,  cmnev. 
The  faces  o,  m  curved  ;  c,  rough.  Cleavage,  n,  indistinct ;  c , 
rather  more  distinct.  Practure  conchoidal.  Semi-transparent . . . 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous.  Grey,  brown,  yellow, 
green.  Streak  greyish-white.  Brittle.  h  =  3'0.  g  =  7-9...8-09. 

Melts  before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal,  deposits  a  sublimate 
of  oxide  of  lead  on  the  charcoal,  and  leaves  a  dark  crystalline 
bead.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame  fuses  into  a  colourless 
glass ;  in  the  inner  flame  into  a  yellowish  bead,  which  becomes 
grey  and  opaque  on  cooling.  When  by  prolonged  exposure  to 
the  blowpipe-flame  all  the  lead  is  driven  off,  the  bead  becomes 
transparent  and  of  a  deep  red  colour  on  cooling.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  colourless  glass  ;  in  the 


WULFENITE. 


479 


inner  flame  a  blue  glass.  With  soda  yields  globules  of  metallic 
lead.  Is  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  scheelic 
acid.  Soluble  in  potash. 

PbW,  oxide  of  lead  47’55,  scheelic  acid  52‘45. 

Analyses  of  stolzite  from  Zinnwald  a  by  Lampadius,  b,  c  by 
Kerndt : — 


a 

b 

C 

Scheelic  acid  ...... 

.  51-75 

61*44 

52*04 

Oxide  of  lead . 

.  48-25 

47*12 

44-86 

Lime . 

.  — 

1-26 

1-53 

Protoxides  of  iron  and  man.  . 

,  — 

0-31 

0-63 

Is  found  in  small  crystals  with  quartz  and  mica  in  the  tin 
mines  of  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia. 


310.  WULEENITE. — Molybdate  of  lead ;  Phillips.  Plomb 
molybdate  ;  Hauy.  Pyramidaler  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Bleigelb  ; 
Hausmann.  Wulfenit ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  57°  33'-5. 

C  001,  a  100,  m  110,  g  310,  /  320,  q  302,  G  101,  y  203, 
'll  102,  t  103,  r  332,  n  111,  S  113,  ll  229,  W  1  1  16. 
The  forms  f  n,  e  are  sometimes  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


ga 

o 

00 

rH 

26' 

llll" 

52° 

36' 

// 

nn 

131° 

35' 

fa 

33 

41 

SS 

49 

49 

f 

85 

16 

ma 

45 

0 

ss" 

73 

7 

// 

/y»/y* 

146 

38 

aa' 

90 

0 

nn' 

80 

20 

ne 

40 

10 

mm 

90 

0 

fm 

11 

19 

FIG. 

478. 

gm 

ac 

tt' 

tt" 

uu 

// 

UU 

yy’ 

yy' 

ee 

ee" 

qq 

ML 

iv  w' 

ww 

llll' 


jr 


26  34 

90  0 

38  21 

55  21 

51  51 

76  23 

61  34 

92  43 


73 

115 

81 

134 

11 

15 


16 

7 

14 

4 

12 

50 


36  31 


* 


480 


MOLYBDATES. 


EIG.  481. 


Form  and  combinations,  n,  cn.m.s,  cm.s.g ,  sy,  cs.u ,  cmgs,  nesy , 
ncmagswuq,  nf n  e  .  The  faces  c  striated  parallel  to  its  inter¬ 
sections  with  n  ;  e,  a  rough  ;  w, /smooth  but  curved.  Cleavage. 
n,  smooth,  but  frequently  interrupted  by  conchoidal  fracture ; 
c,  s  less  distinct,  not  always  observable.  Fracture  conchoidal... 
uneven.  Transparent... translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
resinous.  Colourless,  yellow,  green,  red,  grey,  brown.  Streak 
white.  Brittle,  h  =  3*o.  o  =  6'3...6'9. 

Decrepitates  violently  when  heated,  and  becomes  darker, 
recovering  its  colour  on  cooling.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe, 
on  charcoal,  and  sinks  into  the  charcoal,  leaving  globules  of 
metallic  lead  on  the  surface.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame 
forms  a  colourless  glass  ;  in  the  inner  flame  a  glass  which  takes 
a  dark  brown  colour  on  cooling.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
forms  a  green  glass,  which,  with  a  large  quantity  of  the  assay, 
becomes  black  and  opaque.  In  powder  is  soluble  in  hot  nitric 
acid,  leaving  a  yellowish  residue,  which,  spread  on  paper  with 
an  iron  spatula,  becomes  blue.  Is  partially  soluble  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  chloride  of  lead.  The  solution 
is  green.  Is  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  yielding  a  solution 
which  in  a  certain  state  of  concentration  is  blue. 

PbMo,  molybdic  acid  38*57,  oxide  of  lead  61*43. 


Analyses  of  wulfenite  from  Bleiberg  a  by  Hatchett,  b  by 
Gobel,  c  by  Melling,  d  from  Chile  by  Domeyko,  e  by  W. 
Parry,  /  from  Zacatecas  by  C.  Bergemann: — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Molybdic  acid 

.  .  .  38*0 

40*5 

40*29 

42*2 

39*30 

37*65 

Oxide  of  lead  . 

.  .  .  58*0 

59*0 

61*90 

43*0 

60*35 

62*35 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

.  .  .  3*0 

— 

— 

8*5 

— 

— 

Lime 

— 

— 

— 

6*3 

— 

— 

The  red  variety  from  Bezbanya  contains  a  small  quantity  of 
chrome. 

In  crystals  ;  massive ;  pseudomorphous  after  galena. 

Is  found  in  Carinthia,  at  Deutsch-Bleiberg,  Windisch-Blei- 


MIMETITE. 


481 


berg,  Schwarzenbach,  Windisch-Kappel  and  some  other  places, 
Annaberg  in  Austria,  Re  zb  any  a  in  Hungary,  Szaska  in  the 
Banat,  Badenweiler  in  Baden,  Mauknerotz  in  the  Tyrol,  Schnee- 
berg  and  Johann- Georgenstadt  in  Saxony,  Hollenthal  near 
Werdenfels  in  Bavaria,  in  the  lead  mines  of  Southampton  in 
Massachusetts,  and  of  Perkiomen  in  Pennsylvania,  Chile,  Zima- 
pan  in  Mexico,  at  a  place  five  wersts  south  of  the  source  of  the 
Aura  in  the  Kirghise  steppes. 


AKSEHIATES,  PHOSPHATES. 

311.  KITHAITE. — Chaux  arseniatee  anhydre ;  Dufrenoy. 
Berzeliit ;  Hansmann.  Berzeht ;  Haidinger. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction.  Eracture  uneven.  Lustre  waxy, 
yellowish-white,  honey-yellow.  Brittle,  n  =  5-0 . . .  6'0.  o  =  2,52. 

Becomes  grey  before  the  blowpipe.  Infusible.  With  soda 
yields  the  reaction  of  manganese.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

••••••  • 

R3As,  where  R  is  lime,  magnesia  and  protoxide  of  man¬ 
ganese. 

Analyses  by  Kuhn  :  — 


Arsenic  acid  .... 

.  .  58’51 

56'46 

Lime . 

.  .  23-22 

20-96 

Magnesia . 

.  .  15‘68 

15-61 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

.  .  2-13 

4-26 

Loss  by  ignition  .  .  . 

.  .  0-30 

2-95 

Insoluble . 

— 

0-23 

Is  found  in  cleavable  masses  at  Langbanshytta  in  Sweden. 


312.  MIMETITE. — Arseniate  of  lead  ;  Phillips.  Plomb 
arseniate ;  Hauy.  Brachy typer  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Mi- 
metesit ;  Hausmann.  Mimetit ;  Haidinger. 


Rhomb  ohedral. 

100,111  = 

56°  18'-5. 

0  ill, 
153. 

a 

Oil, 

b  2  II, 

r  loo,  rt 

122,  X 

120, 

Z 

ao 

90° 

O' 

xa 

49°  6' 

rr 

112° 

37' 

bo 

90 

0 

zo 

60  0 

/ 

93 

12 

ad 

60 

0 

za 

30  0 

/ 

/y* 

49 

10 

bb" 

60 

0 

VO 

73  54 

rd 

43 

24 

bd 

30 

0 

va 

16  6 

xxf 

38 

12 

xo 

40 

54 

ro 

56  19 

xd 

70 

Y 

54 

482 


ARSENIATES,  PHOSPHATES. 


// 

XX 

69° 

4' 

xV 

55 

28 

zr 

25 

40 

EIG. 

482. 

i 

zz' 

51° 

19' 

za 

64 

20 

xz' 

48 

35 

VV 

57° 

26' 

va' 

61 

17 

vz 

56 

19 

EIG.  484. 


Combinations.  oa,  ax,  ox,  oax,  oabxrrr.v.z.  Cleavage. 
x,  imperfect  and  interrupted.  Practure  imperfect  concboidal . . . 
uneven.  Translucent.  Lustre  resinous.  Si  skin-green...  wax- 
yellow  . . .  straw-yellow.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  3*5 . .  .4'0. 
G  =  7-18. ..7*28. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  fumes  of  arsenic,  and 
yields  a  globule  of  lead.  When  melted  in  the  forceps  it  crys¬ 
tallizes  in  cooling.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

PbCl  -f-  3Pb3As,  arsenic  acid  23'69,  oxide  of  lead  66'76, 
chlorine  2'44,  lead  7*11. 


Analysis  of  mimetite  from  J ohann-Greorgenstadt  by  W ohler : — 

Arseniate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  .  .  82 ‘74 

Phosphate  of  oxide  of  lead  ....  7 '50 

Chloride  of  lead . 9‘60 

Analysis  of  mimetite  from  Zacatecas  by  C.  Bergemann : — 

Arsenic  acid . 23 '07 

Chlorine . 2 '45 

Oxide  of  lead . 66'95 

Lead . 7*14 

In  attached  crystals ;  remform ;  compact ;  earthy, 
usually  in  veins  of  galena. 


Occurs 


PYROMORPHITE. 


483 


Is  found  at  Johann- Georgenstadt  in  Saxony,  Hausbaden 
near  Badenweiler  in  Baden,  in  the  mines  of  Huel  Gorland, 
Huel  Alfred  and  Huel  Unity  in  Cornwall,  Beeralston  in  Devon¬ 
shire,  Caldbeck  Bell  in  Cumberland,  St.  Prix  in  Prance  in 
yellow  silky  fibres,  and  has  been  called  arsenite,  Nertschinsk. 

Breithaupt’s  hedyphane  from  Langbanshytta  is  a  massive 
variety  of  mimetite  cleavable  parallel  to  o,  x.  Greyish-white, 
ii  r=  3*5... 40.  g  ==  5*460 ..  .5*493.  According  to  Kersten,  it 
consists  of — arseniate  of  oxide  of  lead  60*  10,  arseniate  of  lime 
12*98,  phosphate  of  lime  15*51,  chloride  of  lead  10*29. 


313.  PYBOMOBPHITE. — Phosphate  of  lead  ;  Phillips. 
Plomb  phosphate  ;  Hauy.  Bhomboedrischer  Blei-Baryt  ; 
Mohs.  Pyromorphit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  55°  49'. 


0  111, 

a 

Oil,  b 

211, 

r  loo,  r 

122,  X 

120, 

z  ] 

153. 

ao 

90° 

0' 

va 

16° 

23' 

xb' 

65° 

1  53' 

bo 

90 

0 

ro 

55 

49 

zr 

25 

32 

ad 

60 

0 

or/ 

55 

49 

ZZ', 

51 

4 

bb " 

60 

0 

111 

38 

za 

64 

28 

ba 

30 

0 

/ 

tyy 

91 

32 

xz 

48 

17 

xo 

40 

22 

f 

ry  ry 

48 

52 

vv 

57 

20 

xa 

49 

38 

ra 

44 

14 

va 

61 

20 

zo 

59 

32 

XX 

37 

48 

vz 

56 

11 

za 

30 

28 

xa 

71 

6 

VO 

73 

37 

// 

XX 

68 

14 

EIG. 

485. 

EIG. 

486. 

See  also  figs.  482,  483,  484. 

Combinations,  oa ,  ox ,  ax,  az,  oax,  oab,  oabx,  oaxrr The 
faces  a  usually  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  o ; 


484  AHSEHIATE S,  PHOSPHATES. 

o,  rough,  frequently  concave.  Cleavage.  %■,  imperfect  and 
interrupted  ;  a ,  hardly  perceptible.  Eracture  imperfect  con- 
choidal.  Semi-transparent. ..  translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
resinous,  in  the  brown  varieties  inclining  to  adamantine. 
Green,  brown,  yellow,  grey  of  various  shades.  Streak  white, 
sometimes  inclining  to  yellow.  Brittle.  H  =  3"5...4  0.  o 

6‘9 . . .  7*  3. .  , 

Melts  readily  before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal,  and  the  bead 
crystallizes  in  cooling.  With  boracic  acid  and  iron  wire  yields 
phosphide  of  iron  and  metallic  lead.  "With  soda  on  charcoal 
the  lead  is  reduced.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  The  solution 
yields  a  precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver. 

Pb  Cl  +  3Pb3P,  phosphoric  acid  15*77,  oxide  of  lead  73‘99, 
chlorine  2'62,  lead  7"62.  Part  of  the  phosphoric  acid  is  some¬ 
times  replaced  by  arsenic  acid.  Small  quantities  of  lead  and 
chlorine  are  also  replaced  by  calcium  and  fluorine. 


Analyses  of  pyromorphite  a  from  Mies,  b  from  Pleistadt,  c 
from  England,  d ,  e  from  Poullaouen,  all  by  Kersten,  f  from 


Eleiberg  by  Bergemann : — 

a 

Phosph.  ox.  lead  .  .  89*27 

Phosph.  lime  .  .  .  0’85 

Chlor.  lead  .  .  .  9 ’66 

Eluor.  calc.  .  .  .  0"22 


b 

G 

d 

e 

/ 

89-17 

89-11 

89*91 

89-93 

92-55 

0-77 

0-68 

— 

— 

— 

9-92 

10-07 

10-09 

10-07 

7-45 

0’14 

0-13 

— 

— 

— 

Analyses  of  pyromorphite  y,  li  from  Bleistadt  by  Lerch,  i,  h 
from  Zschopau,  Z  from  Leadhills,  all  by  W bhler,  m  from-  Ivraus- 
berg  by  Sandberger : — 


9 

Ji 

• 

l 

Tc 

Z 

m 

Phosph.  ox.  lead  . 

.  87’38 

88-42 

80-37 

89-94 

88-16 

89'43 

Ars.  ox.  lead  .  . 

.  — 

— 

9-01 

— 

— 

— 

Phosph.  lime  .  . 

0-86 

1-58 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Phosph.  Ee  . 

0‘77 

0-50 

— 

— 

— 

■ — - 

Chlor.  lead  . 

.  10-23 

9-57 

10-09 

10-05 

9-91 

10*24 

Eluor.  calc.  .  . 

0-07 

0-20 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Pyromorphite  from  Clausthal  and  from  Hofsgrund  in  the 
Breisgau  contains  a  small  quantity  of  silver.  Pyromorphite 
from  Beresowsk  contains  chrome. 

In  attached  crystals  ;  massive  ;  reniform  ;  pseudomorphous 
after  galena  and  cerussite.  Occurs  in  veins  containing  galena, 
to  the  decomposition  of  which  it  is  supposed  to  owe  its  origin. 

Is  found  at  Przibram,  Mies  and  Bleistadt  in  Bohemia, 


APATITE. 


485 


Zschopau,  Freiberg  and  Johann- Georgenstadt  in  Saxony,  Wol- 
fach  and  Hofsgrund  in  Baden,  Galgenberg  near  Clausthal,  and 
Bleifeld  near  Zellerfeld  in  the  Harz,  Poullaouen,  Huelgoet, 
Pontgibaud,  and  fibrous  at  St.  Prix  in  Prance,  Hodritsch  near 
Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  Beresowsk  and  Katharinenburg  in 
Siberia,  Cornwall,  Cumberland,  Durham,  Yorkshire,  Derby¬ 
shire  in  England,  W anlockhead  and  Leadhills  in  Scotland. 

Breithaupt’s  polysphserite  and  miesite  from  the  Sonnen- 
wirbel  mine  near  Freiberg,  and  Mies  in  Bohemia,  are  varieties 
of  pyromorphite,  in  which  part  of  the  oxide  of  lead  is  replaced 
by  lime.  They  occur  usually  in  reniform  and  botryoidal 
masses,  sometimes  in  crystals  showing  the  forms  o,  a.  H  = 


0...3’5.  Gt  —  5'89...6'45. 

Analyses  by  Kersten : — 

Phosphate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  . 

.  77-02 

81-65 

Phosphate  of  lime . 

.  11-05 

7*46 

Chloride  of  lead . 

.  10-84 

10-64 

Fluoride  of  calcium  .  .  .  -  . 

1-09 

025 

314.  APATITE. — Apatite  ;  Phillips.  Chaux  phosphate  ; 
Hauy.  Bhomboedrisches  Fluss-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Apatit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  65°  40r. 

o  111,  a  oil,  b  211,  li  312,  h  514,  r  100,  r/  122, 
e  oil,  et  411,  s  In,  s/  5 IT,  i  231,  x  120,  0  131,  u  041, 
u  232,  t  052,  t/  342,  d  161,  dt  352.  The  forms  h,  Jc,  u, 
ioy,  t,  t,9  d,  d/  are  hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 


ao 

90° 

o' 

za 

0 

0 

CO 

36' 

UO 

69° 

57' 

bo 

90 

0 

eo 

36 

13 

ou t 

69 

67 

ad 

60 

0 

ee, 

72 

25 

to 

75 

0 

bb" 

60 

0 

e\ 

34 

21 

0tj 

75 

0 

bd 

30 

0 

TO 

55 

40 

do 

56 

44 

lib 

10 

54 

y/y 

/ 

111 

20 

od t 

56 

44 

leb 

19 

6 

r 

ry/y 

91 

18 

•  •/ 

11 

22 

27 

io 

22 

55 

/ 

y  y 

48 

46 

XX 

37 

40 

ia 

67 

5 

ra 

44 

21 

zz 

50 

59 

x  0 

40 

13 

so 

71 

9 

ua 

30 

23 

x  a 

49 

47 

**, 

142 

18 

ta 

22 

44 

zo 

59 

24 

56 

Y  3 

29 

da 

35 

45 

486 


AESENIATES,  PHOSPHATES. 


FIG.  487. 


FIG.  488. 


FIG.  489. 


Combinations,  oa,  oab ,  ax,  abx,  airry,  oarr \,  fig.  490. 

oai,  oaxrr t ,  oabizrr 4,  oxizeerrsst,  oabixrr/ft ], 
oabxzee/rr/  h'u'u\  ,  oabxzieerr/  i£u]  ft],  oaxzee/  r- 
rt  it'Uj  li'k',  oabxiee,  rrt iCu]  d"  d  \  Cleavage,  o,  a, 
both  imperfect,  a  more  easily  obtained  than  o. 

[Fracture  conchoidal,  more  or  less  perfect,  un¬ 
even.  Transparent. ..translucent.  Lustre  vi¬ 
treous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Colourless,  white, 
grey,  blue,  green,  yellow,  red,  brown.  Dichro¬ 
matic.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  H  =  6'0.  g  ==  3*18.. [3*21. 


In  very  thin  splinters  is  fusible  with  difficulty  before  the 
blowpipe  into  a  colourless  transparent  glass.  With  borax  is 
dissolved  slowly  into  a  clear  glass,  which  may  be  rendered 
opaque  by  an  intermitting  flame.  Soluble  in  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus,  forming  a  clear  bead,  which,  when  saturated  with  the 
assay,  becomes  opaque  on  cooling,  and  shows  crystalline  facets. 
Soluble  with  difficulty  in  boracic  acid ;  with  iron  wire  yields  a 
phosphide  of  iron.  Moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  it  imparts 
a  green  colour  to  the  flame.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  and 
oxide  of  copper  yields  the  reaction  of  chlorine.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  in  the  open  tube,  or  with  sulphuric  acid,  gives  indi¬ 
cations  of  fluorine.  Soluble  without  effervescence  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  and  in  nitric  acid.  The  solution  in  nitric  acid  of 
the  varieties  containing  chlorine  gives  a  precipitate  with  nitrate 
of  silver.  Some  varieties  phosphoresce  when  heated ;  others 
when  rubbed. 


APA.TITE. 


487 


CaEl  +  3Ca*P,  phosphoric  acid  42-38,  lime  49*92,  fluorine 
3*74,  calcium  3*96.  Part  of  the  fluorine  is  frequently  replaced 
by  chlorine. 

Analyses  of  apatite  a  from  Spain,  l>  from  Arendal,  c  from  the 
Greiner,  d  from  Paltigl,  £  from  St.  Gotthard,  /  from  Snarum, 
all  by  G.  Pose : — 

a  b 

Phos.  ac.,  fl.,  loss  .  .  44‘27  43*72 

Hydrochloric  acid  .  0’43  0'39 

Lime .  55*30  55’89 

[Red  ox.  iron  ...  —  — 

Rammelsberg  obtained  from  crystallized  apatite  from  Schwar- 
zenstein  in  the  Zillerthal — lime  55*31,  chlorine  0*07,  and  in 
three  different  analyses— fluorine  0*64,  0*52,  0*93,  the  quantity  of 
fluorine  required  by  the  formula  being  3*63.  He  considers  it 
uncertain  whether  the  difference  is  attributable  to  a  delect  in 
the  method  of  determining  the  fluorine  (Wohler’s),  or  to  an 
error  in  the  formula.  G.  Bischof  found  small  quantities  ot 
magnesia  in  apatite  from  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Schlackenwald,  the 
lake  of  Laach,  Estremadura,  &c. 


Analyses  of  apatite  g,  h  from  Wheal  Eranco  near  Tavistock 
(francolite)  by  T.  H.  Henry,  i  from  Snarum,  mean  of  three 
analyses  by  R.  Weber: — 


9 

h 

i 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  .  41*34 

41*80 

41*54 

Lime  .... 

.  .  .  53*38 

52*81 

53*46 

Ox.  iron  and  man. 

.  .  .  2*96 

3*22 

&  Y  1*79 

Eluorine  and  loss  . 

.  .  .  2*32 

2*17 

not  det. 

Chlorine 

.  .  .  — 

— ■ 

2*66 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals ;  massive ;  earthy.  In 
granite,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  talk  slate,  hornblende  slate,  marble, 
dolerite,  basalt,  in  veins  of  tin  ore  and  in  beds  of  iron  ore. 

Is  found  at  Jumilla  in  Murcia  in  Spain,  St.  Gotthardt,  the 
valleys  of  Maggia  and  Tavetsch,  imbedded  in  chlorite  in  the 
Zillerthal  in  the  Tyrol,  in  the  tin  mines  of  Zinnwald  and 
Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia,  and  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony, 
St.  Michael’s  Mount,  St.  Agnes  and  the  cliffs  of  Botallack  near 
the  Land’s  End  in  Cornwall,  in  granite  at  Bovey  Tracy  in 
Devonshire,  at  Caldbeck  Eell  in  Cumberland,  in  beds  of  iron 
ore  at  Arendal,  and  in  mica  slate  at  Snarum  in  Norway,  in 
crystals  with  rounded  edges  in  granular  limestone  at  Pargas  in 

y  4 


c 

44*35 

0*07 

55*57 


d 

44*08 

0*05 

55*87 


e 

44*32 

0*02 

55*66 


/ 

42*90 

2*10 

54*75 

0*25 


488 


ARSENIATES,  PHOSPHATES. 


Finland,  at  Hammond  in  New  York,  Westmoreland  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  many  other  places  in  the  United  States.  A 
massive,  highly  phosphorescent  variety  (phosphorite)  is  found 
at  Logrosa  near  Truxillo  in  Estremadura,  consisting,  according 
to  the  analysis  by  Haubeny,  of  phosphate  of  lime  81 ‘15,  fluoride 
of  calcium  14-00,  red  oxide  of  iron  3‘15,  silica  l’70.  Massive 
apatite  is  also  found  at  Arendal,  containing  acicular  crystals  of 
cryptolite,  Greenland,  Amberg  in  Bavaria,  Schlackenwald  in 
Bohemia.  Earthy  varieties  are  found  at  Szigeth  in  Hun¬ 
gary,  Marienberg  in  Saxony,  Euchsmahl  in  Bavaria,  Yitteaux 
in  France.  A  variety  of  apatite,  having  the  forms  o,  a ,  from 
Kusiusk  in  the  district  of  Slatoust  in  the  Ural,  according  to 
the  analysis  of  Hermann,  contains  7"74  per  cent,  of  magnesia. 

G.  Bose  found  the  angle  xo  of  apatite  from  various  localities 
to  vary  as  follows  : — 


Lake  of  Laach. 

.  .  .  .  40° 

6' 

Spain  .... 

.  .  .  .  40 

14 

St.  Gotthardt  . 

17 

Ehrenfriedersdorf 

....  40 

18‘5 

315.  ZWISELITE. — Eisenapatit ;  Hausmann.  Zwiselit ; 
Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction  perfect ;  indistinct  in  several  direc¬ 
tions  perpendicular  to  the  former.  Fracture  imperfect  con- 
choidal... uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous. 
Clove-brown.  Streak  greyish- white.  H  =  5*0.  a  =  3‘97. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Melts  very  easily  before  the 
blowpipe  into  a  blackish-blue  magnetic  globule.  With  fluxes 
yields  the  reactions  of  iron  and  manganese.  Soluble  in  hot 
hydrochloric  acid.  With  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  yields 
hydrofluoric  acid. 

BF1  -f-  BP,  where  B  is  Fe  and  Mn. 

Analyses  a  by  Fuchs,  b,  c  by  Bammelsberg: — 


a 

b 

c 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  35-60 

not  det. 

30-33 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  35*44 

40-90 

41*42 

Protoxide  of  mangan. 

.  .  20-34 

24-33 

23-25 

Fluorine . 

.  .  3-18 

not  det. 

6-00 

Iron . 

- 

Silica  .... 

— ■■ . 

. 

WAGNEEITE. 


489 


Is  found  in  crystalline  masses  at  Zwisel  near  Boclenmais  in 
Bavaria. 


316.  WAGrNERITE. — "Wagnerite  ;  Beudant.  Hemipris- 
matischer  Dystom-Spath ;  Mohs.  "Wagnerit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  63°  25' ;  111,010  =  66°  3' ;  101,001  =  44°  42'. 


a  100, 

c 

001, 

W  101,  g 

120 

,  m 

110, 

h 

320, 

l  210 

021,  / 

032, 

r 

011,  t  012, 

Z 

111, 

i  122 

,  X 

212, 

n  112 

314,  S 

in 

>  v 

122,  O  221, 

i 

ca 

108° 

7' 

sa 

132° 

41' 

• 

XX 

142° 

1  48' 

ca 

71 

53 

va 

120 

37 

nri 

138 

54 

wa 

63 

25 

ra 

104 

39 

ii' 

106 

4 

wc 

44 

42 

ia 

86 

3 

dd’ 

159 

10 

3<J 

57 

35 

za 

68 

13 

vv 

119 

0 

<mmf 

95 

25 

ta 

107. 

2 

ss 

127 

32 

JiTi 

117 

32 

na 

94 

38 

00 

111 

42 

IV 

131 

4 

xa 

64 

54 

rz 

36 

27 

eer 

69 

54 

oa 

137 

39 

rz 

98 

53 

r 

85 

68 

ea 

100 

16 

tx 

42 

8 

/ 

ryy* 

108 

50 

zw 

33 

57 

tx 

121 

47 

tV 

140 

38 

zz 

112 

6 

wm 

70 

40 

dw 

14 

26 

xw 

18 

36 

log 

77 

33 

nw 

29 

30 

rw 

54 

41 

EIG. 

492. 

mw 

70 

40 

EIG.  491. 


Combinations,  wxnrziegmlia.ctsovld.  The  faces  a ,  Z,  Ji,  m 
are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other. 

y  5 


490 


AESENIATES,  PHOSPHATES. 


Cleavage,  y,  imperfect ;  a ,  c,  traces.  [Fracture  conchoidal. 
Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Wine-yellow... 
orange-yellow,  inclining  to  grey.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  H  = 
5‘0. ..5-5.  G  =  2'98. ..3‘13. 

In  thin  splinters  melts  with  great  difficulty  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  into  a  dark  greenish-grey  glass.  Moistened  with  sul¬ 
phuric  acid  it  imparts  a  faint  blueish-green  colour  to  the  flame. 
Is  soluble  in  powder  in  hot  nitric  or  sulphuric  acid  with  evolu¬ 
tion  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 

MgE  +  Mg3  P,  phosphoric  acid  43*32,  magnesia  37'57, 
fluorine  ll*45,  magnesium  7*66.  Part  of  the  magnesia  is  re¬ 
placed  by  lime  and  protoxide  of  iron. 


Analyses  of  wagnerite  a  by  Puchs  corrected  by  Eammels- 
berg,  b,  c,  d  by  Eammelsberg,  e  the  result  of  d ,  the  best  of  the 
analyses  b,  c,  d,  after  excluding  the  silica: — 


a 

b 

c 

A 

e 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

.  .  41*73 

41*89 

40*23 

39*66 

40*61 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  .  46*66 

42*04 

38*49 

45*07 

46*27 

Lime  .... 

.  .  — 

1*65 

4*40 

2*32 

2*38 

Protox.  iron  . 

.  .  4*50 

2*72 

3*31 

4*47 

4*59 

Oxide  of  mangan. 

.  .  0*50 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Alumina 

.  .  - 

0*55 

0*96 

— 

— 

Eluorine 

.  .  13*1 

not 

det. 

9*12 

9*36 

Silica  .... 

.  .  — 

— 

i — 

2*68 

— 

This  extremely  rare  mineral  was  found  in  crystals  with 
quartz,  in  the  crevices  of  a  clay  slate  rock,  in  the  valley  of 
Hollengraben  near  Werfen  in  Salzburg. 

A  crystal  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection  shows  all  the  faces 
enumerated  above,  of  which  Z,  d,  o,  f  appear  to  have  been 
hitherto  overlooked. 


317.  HEEDEEITE. — Herderite ;  Dufrenoy.  Prismatisches 
Eluss-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Herderit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=55°  5l' ;  101,001=23°  l';  110,100=57°  56'*5. 

a  loo,  b  oio  cleavage,  c  ooi,  t  302,  s  601,  m  no, 
p  ill,  n  331,  o  441.  The  faces  a ,  s  truncate  the  edge 
formed  by  t  and  the  face  parallel  to  t';  n,  o  truncate  the  edge 
pm ;  b  truncates  the  edge  mm'. 


be 

90° 

0' 

ca 

90 

0 

ah 

90 

0 

tt' 

65 

0 

sc 

68 

34 

sa 

21 

26 

mm 

64 

7 

PP 

38 

43 

PP 

63 

57 

AMBLYGONITE. 


pc 

o 

00 

CO 

41' 

pm 

51 

19 

mi 

58 

41 

nn 

102 

57 

nc 

67 

25 

00 

60 

53 

oo" 

110 

6 

oc 

72 

39 

491 


FIG.  493. 


Combinations,  mptc,  monptsac.  Cleavage,  m,  interrupted ; 
b,  imperfect ;  c,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Yellowish  and  greenish- 
white.  Streak  white.  Very  brittle,  h  =  5-o.  g  =  2*986... 
2-990. 

Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  white 
enamel.  Moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  imparts  a  green  colour 
to  the  flame.  With  boraeic  acid  and  iron  wire  on  charcoal 
yields  a  bead  of  phosphide  of  iron.  With  solution  of  cobalt 
becomes  blue.  In  very  fine  powder  is  perfectly  soluble  in  hot 
hydrochloric  acid. 

According  to  Plattner,  consists  of  anhydrous  phosphate  of 
alumina,  phosphate  ot  lime  and  hydrofluoric  acid. 

Herderite  occurs  in  crystals  which  resemble  very  closely  the 
variety  of  apatite  called  asparagus  stone.  It  is  very  rarely 
found  in  the  tin- mines  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony. 


318.  AMBLYGONITE.— Amblygonite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Prismatischer  Amblygon-Spath  ;  Mohs.  Amblygonit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

Cleavage  tolerably  perfect  in  two  directions,  making  with 
each  other  an  angle  of  106°  lo',  and  imperfectly  in  a  third  direc¬ 
tion  parallel  to  the  intersection  of  the  two  former,  and  making 
with  them  angles  of  53°  5'.  Fracture  uneven  and  splintery. 
Semi-transparent . . .  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  on  the  planes 
of  most  perfect  cleavage  pearly ;  on  surfaces  of  fractuie  lesin- 
ous.  Greyish  and  greenish-white,  mountain-green,  celadon- 
green.  Streak  white,  h  =  6-o.  G  =  3-045. . .3*110. 

In  the  matrass,  in  a  strong  heat,  yields  moisture  which  acts 
upon  the  glass.  Melts  very  easily  before  the  blowpipe  into  a 
clear  glass,  which  becomes  opaque  on  cooling.  Moistened  with 
sulphuric  acid  it  imparts  a  blueish-green  colour  to  the  flame. 

y  6 


492 


ARSENIATES,  PHOSPHATES. 


In  fine  powder  is  soluble  with  difficulty  in  hydrochloric  acid, 
more  easily  in  sulphuric  acid. 


Analyses  of  amblygonite  from  Arnsdorf  by  Rammelsberg : — 


Phosphoric  acid  .  . 

.  48*00 

47*15  —  — 

— 

Alumina  .... 

.  36*26 

38*43  36*62  36*89 

— 

Lithia . 

6*33 

7*03  —  — 

Soda . 

5*48 

3*29  —  — 

_ 

Potash . 

•  - 

0*43  —  — 

. 

Eluorine  .... 

• 

—  . —  — 

8*11 

Is  found  in  crystalline  masses,  with  tourmaline  and  topaz,  in 
granite  at  Chursdorf  and  Arnsdorf  near  Penig  in  Saxony,  and 
at  Arendal  in  Norway. 


319.  XENOTIME. — Phosphate  of  yttria;  Phillips.  Xeno- 
time  ;  Beudant.  Pyramidaler  Retin-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Ytter- 
spath  ;  Hausmann.  Xenotim  ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  41°  o'. 

a  ioo,  e  101. 


CM 

ea 


90°  o' 
49  0 


EIGL  494. 


ee 

tt 

ee 


55 

82 


°  17' 
0 


Combination,  ea.  Cleavage,  a.  Erac- 
ture  splintery . . .  uneven.  Translucent . . . 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous. 

Brown  and  red  of  various  shades.  Streak 
light  brown.  Brittle,  h  —  4*5... 5*0.  a  =  4*39... 4*557. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  "With  borax  melts  into  a 
colourless  bead,  which  becomes  milky  on  cooling.  Soluble  with 
difficulty  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  forming  a  colourless  glass. 
With  boracic  acid  and  iron  wire  yields  phosphide  of  iron. 
Insoluble  in  acids. 


Y3P,  phosphoric  acid  37*17,  yttria  62*83. 


Analysis  of  xenotime  from  Norway  by  Berzelius : — 

Phosphoric  acid  with  traces  of  hydrofluoric  acid 

Yttria . 

Basic  phosphate  of  protoxide  of  iron . 


33*49 

62*58 

3*93 


According  to  Scheerer,  xenotime  from  Norway  contains  : — 

Phosphoric  acid  and  silica . 32 

Yttria  and  red  oxide  of  iron . 68 


MONAZITE. 


493 


In  crystals  ;  massive  ;  disseminated. 

Is  found  in  granite  in  the  island  of  Hitteroe  near  Eleckefjord 
in  Norway,  and  at  Ytterby  in  Sweden. 


320.  MONAZITE.  —  Monazite  ;  Breithaupt,  Dufrenoy. 
Mengite  ;  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.  1831.  x.  139.  Edwardsite, 
Eremite ;  Shepard.  Sillim.  Journ.  xxxii.  162.  341.  Monazit ; 
Mohs,  Haidinger,  Hausmann. 

Oblique.  101,001  =  36°  54' ;  101,100  =  39°  20' ;  111,010=59°  4l'. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi  cleavage,  e  oil,  u  021,  iv  101, 
x  lol,  m  no,  n  120,  r  ill,  s  121,  v  Ill. 


no.  495. 


ab 

90° 

o' 

ee 

96° 

16' 

cb 

90 

0 

uu 

58 

18 

ac 

76 

14 

mm 

93 

10 

wa 

39 

20 

nn 

55 

42 

x  a 

53 

52 

rr 

119 

22 

WG 

36 

54 

ss 

81 

4 

xc 

49 

54 

vv 

106 

36 

Combinations.  obwxem..n.v ,  abwxeurv , 

abwxemnvrus.  Cleavage,  c,  more  or  less 
perfect;  a,  b,  imperfect.  Eracture uneven.  Semi-transparent... 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous.  Eeddish-brown... 
hyacinth-red.  Streak  reddish-yellow,  h  =  5*5.  G  =  4-8... 5*0. 

Eusible  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  before  the  blowpipe. 
When  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  imparts  a  green  colour  to 
the  flame.  With  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus  melts  into  a 
transparent  glass,  which  is  yellowish-red  while  hot,  but  becomes 
colourless  on  cooling.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 


Analyses  of  monazite  from  the  Ural  by  Kersten  and  Her¬ 
mann  : — 


Phosphoric  acid  .  .  . 

.  .  28‘50 

28-05 

Protoxide  of  cerium 

.  .  26-00 

37-36 

Oxide  of  lanthanium 

.  .  23-40 

27-41 

Thorine . 

.  .  17'95 

— 

Lime . 

.  .  1-68 

1-46 

Magnesia . 

— 

0-80 

Oxide  of  tin  .... 

.  .  2-10 

1*75 

Protoxide  of  mangan.  . 

.  .  1-86 

trace 

Potash  and  titanic  acid 

.  .  traces 

— 

494 


AHSEHIATES,  PHOSPHATES. 


The  presence  of  thorine  in  monazite  from  the  Ural  has  been 
confirmed  by  Wohler. 

Is  found  in  small  crystals  imbedded  in  a  mixture  of  felspar, 
albite  and  mica  in  the  Ilmen  mountains  near  Miask  in  Siberia ; 
in  the  United  States  at  Norwich,  Chester,  Watertown  in 
Connecticut,  and  Yorktown  in  New  York. 

When  Mr.  Brooke  described  and  gave  the  name  of  mengite 
to  this  mineral,  he  was  not  aware  of  its  having  been  previously 
described  by  M.  Breithaupt  as  monazite. 

321.  KRYPTOLITE. — Kryptolith;  Wohler,  Hausmann. 

In  transparent,  pale  wine-yellow  acicular  crystals  which, 
under  the  microscope,  appear  to  be  six-sided  prisms,  o  —  4'6. 

Unchanged  at  a  moderate  red  heat.  In  fine  powder  com¬ 
pletely  decomposed  by  warm  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analysis  by  Wohler: — 

Oxide  of  cerium . 73*70 

Protoxide  of  iron . l'5l 

Phosphoric  acid . 27*37 

The  excess  is  obviously  occasioned  by  the  higher  oxidation 
of  the  cerium,  which,  as  the  colour  of  the  mineral  shows,  must 
exist  in  it  in  the  state  of  protoxide.  It  is  probable  that  the 
supposed  oxide  of  cerium  may  contain  a  mixture  of  the  oxides 
of  didymium  and  lanthanium. 

Kryptolite  occurs  in  parallel,  acicular  crystals,  entirely  im¬ 
bedded  in  massive  apatite  at  Arendal  in  Norway.  They  are 
obtained  by  dissolving  lumps  of  the  apatite  in  dilute  nitric  acid, 
which  does  not  attack  the  kryptolite.  The  crystals  are  usually 
intermingled  with  particles  of  magnetite,  amphibole  and  a 
hyacinth-red  mineral  which  Wohler  supposes  to  be  monazite. 


322.  TB1PHYLINE. — Triphyllin;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Oblique. 

b  oio,  c  ooi,  e  101,  cl  loi,  m  no. 


be  90°  o'  mm  132°  o' 

mb  66  o  mbc  90  o  nearly 


Combination,  bcedm.  Cleavage,  m ,  b  imperfect ;  c,  very 
perfect.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Translucent  on  the 
edges.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the  surface  of 


TRIPLITE. 


495 


perfect  cleavage.  Greenish-grey,  spotted  with  blue.  Streak 
greyish-white,  h  =  5’0.  g  =  3’6. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Melts  very  easily  before  the 
blowpipe  into  a  dark  grey,  magnetic  head,  imparting  a  blueish- 
green,  and  sometimes  a  red  colour  to  the  flame.  With  soda 
on  platinum  foil  yields  the  reaction  of  manganese ;  with  borax, 
that  of  iron.  Is  easily  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid.  The 
solution,  evaporated  to  dryness  and  mixed  with  alcohol,  burns 
with  a  purple  flame. 

«•••••  • 

LiP  -f  6Ee3P,  phosphoric  acid  42*6,  protoxide  of  iron  53"9l, 
lithia  3 '45.  Part  of  the  protoxide  of  iron  is  Teplaced  by  pro¬ 
toxide  of  manganese. 


Analyses  by  Puchs  and  Baer : — 


Phosphoric  acid  .... 

.  41-47 

36-36 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

.  48'57 

44*52 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

4-70 

5-76 

Lime . 

.  — 

1-00 

Magnesia . 

.  — 

0-73 

Soda . 

.  — 

5-16 

Lithia . 

3*40 

5-09 

Potash . 

,  — 

1*19 

Silica . 

0-53 

1-78 

Water . '. 

0*68 

— 

It  decomposes  gradually,  combining  with 

water  and  parting 

with  the  lithia,  while  the  protoxides  of  iron  and  manganese  are 
converted  into  peroxides. 

Is  found  in  crystals,  the  surfaces  of  which  are  decomposed, 
and  cleavable  masses,  at  Babenstein  near  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria, 
in  granite,  accompanied  by  beryl,  crystals  of  which  appear  to 
be  imbedded  in  it. 

Tetraphyline  from  Keiti  in  the  parish  of  Tammela  in  Pinland 
is  perhaps  a  variety  of  triphylin.  A  newly  fractured  surface  is 
yellow,  but  on  exposure  becomes  black.  According  to  an  ap¬ 
proximate  analysis  by  Berzelius  and  Nordenskiold,  it  consists 
of  phosphoric  acid  42 '6,  protoxide  of  iron  38 '6,  protoxide  of 
manganese  12*1,  lithia  8'2,  magnesia  1*7. 

323.  TRIPLITE.  —  Phosphate  of  manganese  ;  Phillips. 
Triplite ;  Beudant.  Prismatischer  Retin-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Trip- 
lit  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

Cleavage  in  three  directions,  making  right  angles  with 


49G 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 


each  other  ;  one  distinct,  the  other  less  distinct,  and  the  third 
imperfect.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Translucent  on  the 
edges.. .opaque.  Lustre  resinous.  Brownish-black.  Streak 
yellowish-grey.  Brittle,  h  =  5'0...5’5.  o  —  3’6...3*8. 

In  the  matrass  yields  traces  of  hydrofluoric  acid.  Melts 
very  easily  before  the  blowpipe,  with  intumescence,  into  an 
iron-black  magnetic  globule.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame 
forms  a  purple  glass,  in  the  inner  flame  a  green  glass.  With 
soda  on  platinum  foil  yields  the  reaction  of  manganese.  With 
boracic  acid  and  iron  wire  yields  a  bead  of  phosphide  of  iron. 
Is  readily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Fe4P  -f  Mn4P,  phosphoric  acid  33-26,  protoxide  of  iron 
33‘58,  protoxide  of  manganese  33‘16. 

Analysis  of  triplite  from  Limoges  by  Berzelius : — 

Phosphoric  acid  ......  32'8 

Protoxide  of  iron . 31 '9 

Protoxide  of  manganese  .  .  .  32  6 

Phosphate  of  lime . 3‘2 

Is  found  in  crystalline  masses  at  Limoges  in  France,  Wash¬ 
ington,  and  Sterling  in  the  United  States. 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 

324.  ITUBEAULITE. — Hureaulite  ;  Beudant.  Huraulit ; 
Mohs.  Hureaulit ;  Hausmann.  Hureaulith ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  42°  43';  111,010  =  52°  60' ;  101,001  =  25°  14'. 

a  100,  e  oil,  m  no. 

ma  58°  45'  ea  74°  53' 

mm'  62  30  era  63  3 

ee'  88  0 

Combinations,  era,  ema.  The  faces  m  1 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  e 
other.  No  cleavage  observable.  Fracture  < 
choidal.  Transparent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
lowish-red,  reddish-brown,  h  =  5‘0.  o  =  2‘ 

In  the  matrass  yields  wTater.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe  into 
a  black  globule  having  a  metallic  lustre.  Soluble  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid. 


eig.  496. 


stri- 

3ach 

con- 

Yel- 

•‘>'70 


a 


DUFREmTE. 


497 


R5P  +  8ll,  where  R  is  Mn,Ee. 
Analysis  by  Dufrenoy  : — 


Phosphoric  acid  .  . 

Protoxide  of  manganese 
Protoxide  of  iron  . 

W  ater  .  .  .  .  , 


38-00 

32-85 

11-10 

18-00 


Is  found  in  crystals  and  granular  or  columnar  nodules, 
having  a  drusy  surface,  in  geodes  and  small  veins  in  the  granite 
of  Ilureault  not  far  from  Limoges  in  Prance. 

325.  HETEROSITE. — Heterozite ;  Mohs,  Beudant.  Ilete- 
rosit ;  Hausmann,  Ilaidinger. 

Oblique. 

Cleavage  in  two  directions,  making  with  each  other  an 
angle  of  between  79°  and  80°.  Eracture  uneven.  Translucent 
on  the  edges . . .  opaque.  Lustre  resinous  on  the  cleavages  ;  dull 
on  the  surfaces  of  fracture.  Greenish-grey,  inclining  to  blue ; 
after  exposure  to  the  air  changes  to  violet.  Streak  violet... red. 
H  =  4"5  . .  .6'5.  G  =  3-524. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe  into 
a  dark  brown,  bright  magnetic  globule.  With  boracic  acid  and 
iron  wire  yields  a  bead  of  phosphuret  of  iron.  Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid. 

•  •••»•  •  •  •  • 

R5P  +  2H,  where  R  denotes  Ee  and  Mn. 

Analysis  by  Dufrenoy  : — 


Phosphoric  acid 
Protoxide  of  iron 
Protoxide  of  manganese 

Water . 

Silica . 


41-77 

34-89 

17-57 

4-40 

0-22 


After  exposure  to  the  air  it  cleaves  more  readily,  and  acquires 
a  lustre  inclining  to  metallic,  ii  becomes  3"0  and  G  =  3 '39. 

Is  found  in  granular  masses  in  the  granite  of  Hureault  near 
Limoges  in  Erance. 

326.  DIJERENITE. — Phosphate  de  fer ;  Beudant.  Grii- 
neisenstein  ;  Mohs,  Hausmann.  Dufrenit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

Cleavage  in  one  direction.  Transparent... opaque.  Lustre 


I 


498  HYDEOUS  AESEHIATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 

vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Green.  Streak  liglit  green. 
Brittle.  H  —  4*0.  G  =  3'50...3‘55. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Melts  readily  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  into  a  black  porous  globule,  which  is  not  magnetic.  Is 
soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  of  dufrenite  a  from  Sayn  by  Karsten,  b  from  Haute 
Yienne  (alluaudite)  by  Vauquelin,  c  from  Hollerter  Zug  in 
Siegen  by  Schnabel : — 


a 

l 

c 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  27-72 

27’85 

28-39 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  63-45 

56-20 

53-66 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

•  • 

6-76 

— 

Protoxide  .... 

•  • 

— 

9-97 

Water . 

.  .  8*56 

9-29 

8-97 

Is  found  in  globular,  botryoidal,  reniform  and  fibrous  masses, 
at  Siegen,  Hirschberg  in  Beuss,  and  Limoges  in  France. 

Bammelsberg  supposes  it  to  result  from  2Fe4Ph  +  H5,  by  the 
conversion  of  part  of  the  protoxide  of  iron  into  red  oxide. 


827.  PHABMACOSIDEBITE. — Arseniate  of  iron  ;  Phil¬ 
lips.  Eer  arseniate  ;  Hauy.  Hexadrischer  Lirokon-Malachit ; 
Mohs.  Pharmakosiderit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100,  o  ill,  d  oil,  p  122.  The  forms  o,  p  are  hemi- 
hedral  with  inclined  faces. 

eig.  497. 


ad 

90° 

o' 

r>d 

27° 

16' 

^ ^ 

00, 

109 

28 

pa 

70 

32 

1 

oa 

64 

44 

pa 

48 

11 

a 

dd' 

60 

0 

po 

15 

48 

da 

do 

45 

35 

0 

16 

pd 

19 

28 

J 

FIG.  498. 


Form  and  combinations,  a ,  ao',  ap  ..o'. dp\ 

The  faces  a  sometimes  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  the  faces  of  o',  or 
curved ;  o,  p  frequently  curved.  Cleavage. 
a,  difficult  to  obtain,  and  imperfect.  Frac¬ 
ture  uneven . . .  conchoidal.  Semi-transparent 
. .  .translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous, 
inclining  to  adamantine.  Green  of  various 
shades,  yellowish-brown,  blackish-brown.  Streak  light  straw- 
yellow.  h  =  2’5.  G  =  2'9 . .  .3‘0.  Pyroelectric. 


SCOKODITE. 


499 


In  tlie  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  red.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  fumes  of  arsenic  and  melts  into  a 
magnetic  bead,  which  imparts  the  colour  of  iron  to  glass  of 
borax.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Is  decomposed  by  potash, 
leaving  a  residue  of  red  oxide  of  iron. 

Be3  As2  +  12H,  arsenic  acid  39 ‘78,  red  oxide  of  iron  41  *53, 
water  18*69. 

Analysis  by  Berzelius  : — 


Arsenic  acid  . 

.  .  .  .  40*20 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  .  .  2*53 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  .  .  37*82 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  .  .  .  0*65 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  .  18*61 

Earthy  matter  . 

.  .  .  .  1*76 

It  is  found  in  small  attached  crystals,  and  granular  masses, 
in  the  veins  of  copper  ores  in  the  mines  of  Huel  Gorland, 
Huel  Unity  and  Carharack  in  Cornwall,  St.  Leonard  near  Li¬ 
moges  in  Erance,  Ilorhausen  in  Nassau,  Langeborn  in  Spes- 
sart,  Lobenstein  in  Beuss,  Graul  near  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony, 
in  many  parts  of  the  United  States. 


328.  SCOBODITE. — Martial  Arseniate  of  copper  ;  Phillips. 
Scorodite ;  Beudant.  Peritomes  Pluss-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Sko- 
rodit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=42°  20';  101,001  =43°  38'*5  ;  110,100=49°  l'. 


a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  n  021,  m 
s  112.  n  truncates  the  edge  be. 


be 

90° 

o' 

ca 

90 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

nb 

24 

30 

ma 

49 

1 

mb 

40 

59 

mm 

81 

58 

dd 

120 

10 

65° 

26' 

// 

76 

55 

t  H 

110 

58 

rm 

34 

31 

ssf 

45 

22 

ss" 

52 

42 

s's" 

72 

2 

sm 

53 

59 

110,  d  210,  r  ill, 

FIG-.  499. 


Combinations,  cr,  ernda,  erndab ,  rndab.  Cleavage,  d,  im¬ 
perfect ;  a,  b,  traces.  Practure  uneven.  Semi-transparent... 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  ada¬ 
mantine  on  the  faces  ;  surface  of  fracture  inclining  to  resinous. 
Green  and  blue  of  various  shades,  liver-brown.  Dichromatic. 
Streak  white.  Bather  brittle.  11  =  3*5 . .  .4*0.  G  =  3*18 . .  .3*30. 


500 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AHD  PHOSPHATES. 


In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  yellow.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  fumes  of  arsenic,  and  melts  into  a 
bright,  grey,  magnetic  slag.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
The  solution  is  brown,  and  yields  no  precipitate  with  chloride 
of  gold.  Is  decomposed  by  potash,  leaving  a  residue  of  red 
oxide  of  iron. 

Be  As  +  4ll,  arsenic  acid  4978,  red  oxide  of  iron  34' 64, 
water  15’58. 

Analyses  of  scorodite  a  from  the  Brazils  by  Berzelius,  b  from 
Vaulry,  g  =  3*11,  c  from  Cornwall,  d  from  Schwarzenberg,  e 
from  the  Brazils,  g  =  3*18,  all  by  Damour,  f  amorphous,  from 
Marmato  in  New  Granada  by  Boussingault,  g ,  amorphous,  from 
Nertschinsk  by  Hermann : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

Arsen,  acid  . 

.  6078 

50*95 

5106 

52*16 

50-96 

49-6 

48-05 

Phosph.  acid 

0*67 

— 

— 

oxide  of  lead 

0*4 

— 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  34-85 

31-89 

32-74 

33*00 

33-20 

34*3 

36-41 

Water 

.  15-55 

15-64 

15-68 

15-58 

15-70 

169 

15*54 

In  small  attached  crystals  ;  botryoidal  and  reniform  masses  ; 
compact.  It  is  probably  a  product  of  the  decomposition  of 
lolingite  and  mispickel,  with  which  it  is  frequently  associated. 

Is  found  at  Schwarzenberg  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  in  the 
tin  mines  of  Schlackenwald  and  Schonfeld  in  Bohemia,  Hor- 
hausen  in  Siegen,  Loling  near  Hiittenberg  in  Carinthia,  Vaulry 
near  Limoges  in  Trance ;  St.  Austle  in  Cornwall  in  veins  of  tin 
ore,  Antonio  Pereira  near  Villa  Bica  in  the  Brazils,  Loaysa 
near  Marmato  in  Columbia,  near  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia. 

329.  VIVIANITE. — Phosphate  of  iron  ;  Phillips.  Eer- 
phosphate ;  Hauy.  Dichromatisches  Euklas-Haloid ;  Mohs. 
Eisenblau;  Hausmann.  Vivianit;  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  54°  13' ;  111,010  =  69°  35' ;  101,001  =  54°  22'. 


a  100, 

b 

010, 

c  ooi,  e 

Oil 

,  w 

ioi,  o  103  cleavage, 

101,  t 

201 

,  ill 

no,  y  3io 

,  V 

m, 

r  112,  x 

111, 

2:  112. 

cb 

90° 

o' 

eb 

65° 

** 

CO 

CO 

vb 

59° 

35' 

ab 

90 

0 

ec 

34 

27 

vw 

30 

25 

ca 

108 

35 

mo 

34 

24 

rb 

70 

26 

wa 

54 

13 

mb 

55 

36 

zb 

74 

41 

ivc 

54 

22 

mm 

111 

12 

xb 

67 

7 

oa 

89 

6 

ya 

12 

53 

xn 

22 

53 

no! 

35 

40 

yb 

77 

7 

rba 

79 

7 

na 

144 

20 

yy 

154 

14 

zba 

130 

52 

YIYLANTTE. 


501 


a 


Combinations,  abw,  obcme ,  abwm..v.y ,  abwymvz ,  abwmxzvr.n. 
The  faces  «,  y,  w  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  5. 
Cleavage.  very  perfect ;  traces  parallel  to  «  and  c.  Fracture 
not  observable.  Transparent.. .translucent.  Least  transparent 
in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  &.  Lustre,  b  pearly,  almost  me¬ 
tallic,  the  other  faces  vitreous.  Pale  blackish-green... indigo- 
blue.  Pleochromatic.  Streak  blueish-white,  changing  soon 
into  indigo-blue.  The  powder  rubbed  in  a  dry  state  liver- 
brown.  Sectile.  In  thin  plates  flexible.  n  =  1*5... 2*0. 
G  =  2'6 . . .  2*7. 

In  the  matrass  intumesces  and  becomes  covered  with  grey 
and  red  spots.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  becomes  red, 
and  then  melts  into  a  bright  grey  magnetic  bead.  Imparts 
the  colour  of  iron  to  the  fluxes.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid 
and  in  nitric  acid. 

Fe3P  +  8H,  phosphoric  acid  28*38,  protoxide  of  iron  42  97, 
water  28*65. 

Analyses  of  crystallized  vivianite  a  from  St.  Agnes  in  Corn¬ 
wall  by  Stromeyer,  b  from  Bodenmais  by  Vogel,  c  from  the  Isle 
of  France  by  Dufrenoy,  d,  e  from  Mullica  Hills  in  Hew  Jersey, 
fftom  Bodenmais,  all  by  Bammelsberg: — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

.  31*18 

26*4 

26*90 

28*40  notdet. 

29*01 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

.  41*23 

41*0 

42*10 

33*91 

33*98 

35*65 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

12*06 

12*06 

11*60 

Mater  .... 

.  27*48 

31*0 

28*50 

not  det. 

27*49  notdet 

Analyses  of  vivianite  from  Mullica  Hills  in  Hew  Jersey  g  by 
Thomson,  Ji  by  Vanuxem,  of  earthy  vivianite  i  from  Hillentrup 


FIG.  501. 


FIG.  500. 

n 


502 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AKD  PHOSPHATES. 


in  Lippe  by  Brandes,  k  from  Alleyras  by  Berthier,  l  from 
Kertsch  in  the  Crimea  by  Segeth,  m,  in  colourless  transparent 
crystals,  from  Cantwell’s  Bridge  in  tlie  United  States  by  AY. 
Eisher : — 


9 

Phosph.  acid 

.  .  .  26-06 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  .  46*31 

Alumina  .  . 

— 

Ox.  mangan. 

.  .  .  — 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  27-14 

h 

i 

h 

l 

m 

25-85 

30-33 

23-1 

24-95 

27*17 

44*54 

43-79 

43*0 

48*79 

44-10 

0-40 

0*70 

0-6 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0-3 

Si 

0*10 

28*26 

25-00 

32*4 

26-26 

27-17 

By  exposure  to  tbe  atmosphere  tbe  colour  of  vivianite  changes 
from  white  to  blue,  and  part  of  the  protoxide  of  iron  contained 
in  it  is  converted  into  the  red  oxide. 

In  attached  crystals  ;  fibrous  ;  earthy. 

Crystals  of  vivianite  are  found  in  the  gold  veins  of  Yoros- 
patak  in  Transylvania,  in  the  veins  of  tinstone  and  copper  ore 
of  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall,  with  copper  and  iron  pyrites  at  Bo- 
denmais,  and  in  brown  iron  ore  at  Amberg  in  Bavaria,  Imley- 
town  and  Haarlem  in  New  Jersey.  The  fibrous  varieties  are 
found  in  basaltic  lava  in  the  Isle  of  Trance,  near  Kertsch  in 
the  Crimea,  Allentown  and  Mullica  in  New  Jersey.  The 
earthy  varieties  are  commonly  found  in  peat  bogs. 


330.  EKYTHBINE.— Cobalt  bloom  ;  Phillips.  Cobalt  ar- 
seniate ;  Hauy.  Diatomes  Euklas-Haloid  ;  IMohs.  Kobalt 
bliithe;  Ilausmann.  Erythrin;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  55°  ;  111,010—59°  11  "5  ;  101,001—53  57  . 


a  100,  b  010,  0  103,  W  101,  q  302,  S 

v  111.  o,  q  truncate  the  edge  wa' . 


340,  k  320, 


ab 

90° 

0r 

sa 

42° 

54' 

wb 

90 

0 

ss' 

94 

12 

wa 

65 

9 

kb 

65 

5 

oa 

89 

52 

ka 

24 

65 

ow 

34 

43 

kk’ 

130 

10 

qa 

27 

29 

vb 

59 

12 

qw 

82 

38 

vw 

30 

48 

sb 

47 

6 

vv' 

118 

23 

The  faces  b,  s,  k,  a  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other.  Combinations. 
ivab ,  ivosb,  wqsab,  wvskab.  Cleavage,  b,  very 
perfect;  a,  o  traces.  Transparent... translucent. 


fig.  502. 


Least  trans- 


ANNABEEGITE. 


503 


parent  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  b.  Lustre  on  b  pearly ; 
the  other  faces  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Led  of 
various  shades,  grey,  green.  The  red  varieties  incline  to  blue 
when  viewed  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  b.  Streak  peach- 
blossom-red.  Sectile.  In  thin  plates  flexible,  h  =  1*6... 2'0. 
The  lowest  degree  of  hardness  on  b.  g  =  2*9. ..3*1. 

In  the  matrass  gives  off  water  and  turns  blue,  hut  yields  no 
sublimate.  The  red  varieties  from  Schneeberg  become  green. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  arsenical  vapours,  and 
melts  in  the  inner  flame  into  a  blackish- grey  globule  of 
arsenide  of  cobalt.  Imparts  a  smalt  blue  colour  to  glass  of 
borax.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  rose-red  solu¬ 
tion.  Becomes  black  when  digested  in  potash. 

Ca3As  -f  sH,  oxide  of  cobalt  37*56,  arsenious  acid  38*39, 
water  24*05. 

Analyses  of  erythrine  from  Schneeberg  by  Kersten : — 


Arsenic  acid 

.  .  .  38*43 

38*30 

38*10 

Oxide  of  cobalt 

.  .  .  .36*52 

33*42 

29*19 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  1*01 

4*01 

— 

Lime  .... 

— 

— 

8*00 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  24*10 

24*08 

23*90 

In  attached  acicular  crystals,  elongated  in  the  direction  of 
the  edge  a,  b ;  botryoidal ;  coating  other  minerals  in  the  state 
of  a  red  powder.  Occurs  usually  in  beds  and  veins  with  other 
ores  of  cobalt. 

Is  found  at  Schneeberg  and  Annaberg  in  Saxony,  Joachims- 
thal  in  Bohemia,  Saalfeld  and  Gluck  sbrunn  in  Thuringia, 
Biechelsdorf  and  Bieber  in  Hessia,  Wolfach  and  Wittichen  in 
Baden,  Allemont  in  Dauphine,  St.  Jean  in  the  valley  of  Gistain 
in  the  Pyrenees,  Modum  in  Norway. 


331.  ANNABERGITE.  —  Arseniate  of  nickel ;  Phillips. 
Nickel  arseniate ;  Hauy.  Nickelbliitke ;  Hausmann.  Nickel- 
ocher;  Plaidinger. 

Oblique.  Apparently  isomorphous  with  erythrine  and  vi- 
vianite. 

b  010. 

Cleavage,  b ,  very  perfect.  Green  of  various  shades.  Streak 
greenish-white,  h  =  2*5... 3*0.  g  =  3*078...  3*131.^ 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  emits  fumes  of  arsenic,  and  melts  into  a  bead  of  arsenide 
of  nickel.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 


504 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 


Hi3  As  +  8 H,  arsenic  acid  38*37,  oxide  of  nickel  37*59, 

water  24*04. 


Analyses  of  annabergite  a  from  Biechelsdorf  by  Stromeyer, 
b  from  Allemont  by  Bertbier,  c,  d ,  e  from  Schneeberg  by 
Kersten : — 


• 

a 

b 

C  ' 

d 

e 

Arsenic  acid 

.  .  36'97 

36'8 

38'30 

38*90 

37*21 

Sulphuric  acid  . 

.  .  0*23 

arsenious 

acid 

0*62 

Oxide  of  nickel 

.  .  37*35 

36'2 

36*20 

35*00 

36*10 

Oxide  of  cobalt 

.  .  — 

2*5 

1*53 

— 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  113 

— 

— 

2*21 

1*10 

Water . 

.  .  24‘32 

25'5 

23*91 

24*02 

23*92 

In  capillary  crystals ;  compact ;  eartby.  It  is  a  product  of 
tbe  decomposition  of  various  ores  containing  nickel  and 
arsenic. 

Is  found  at  Andreasberg  in  tbe  Harz,  Biechelsdorf  and 
Bieber  in  Hessia,  Gliicksbrum  and  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia,  An- 
naberg,  Scbneeberg  and  some  other  places  in  Saxony,  Joachim  s- 
tbal  in  Bohemia,  Allemont  in  Dauphine,  Texas. 


332.  KOTTIGTTE. — Kottigite  ;  Dana. 

Oblique.  Apparently  isomorphous  with  erythrine  and  vi- 
vianite. 

Cleavage,  b,  very  perfect.  Translucent.  Lustre  of  surface 
of  fracture  silky.  Light  carmine-red. ..peach-blossom-red. 
Streak  reddish- white.  H  =  2*5...  3*0.  G  =  3*1. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  assumes  a  pale  smalt  blue 
colour.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  in  the  outer  flame 
fuses,  emits  fumes  of  arsenic,  and  leaves  a  slag  of  oxide  of  zinc. 
Yields  the  reactions  of  cobalt  and  nickel.  Is  soluble  in  acids. 

ZnAs  +  sH,  part  of  the  oxide  of  zinc  being  replaced  by 
oxides  of  cobalt  and  nickel. 


Analysis  by  Kotting  : — 

Arsenic  acid  (loss)  .  .  .  .  37‘17 

Oxide  of  zinc . 30'  52 

Oxide  of  cobalt . 6*9 1 

Oxide  of  nickel . 2'00 

Lime . trace 

Water . 23'40 


Is  found  in  fibrous  crystalline  crusts  and  massive,  with 
smaltine  in  the  Daniel  mine  near  Schneeberg. 


EOSELITE. 


505 


333.  SYMPLESITE. —  Symplesit;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Oblique. 
b  010. 

Cleavage,  b,  perfect.  Eracture  even.  Transparent... trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  the  faces  of  cleavage  pearly.  Pale 
indigo-blue... celadon-green.  Streak  blueish- white.  Tolerably 
sectile.  h  =  2*5.  u  =  2*957. 

In  the  matrass  becomes  brown  and  yields  25  per  cent,  of 
water.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe  ;  on  charcoal  emits  a 
strong  arsenical  smell,  becoming  black  and  magnetic.  With 
fluxes  exhibits  the  reaction  of  iron  and  traces  of  manganese. 

According  to  Plattner,  contains  arseniate  of  protoxide  of 
iron,  water,  and  a  little  sulphuric  acid  and  manganese. 

Is  found  in  very  delicate  crystals  resembling  erythrine, 
and  in  small  nodular  masses  at  Klein  Eriesa  near  Loben- 
stein. 


334.  EOSELITE. — Koselite  ;  Beudant.  Boselit ;  Mohs, 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  35°  7' ;  101,001=31°  6l' ;  110,100=66°  24'. 


C  001, 

a 

loo,  e  203,  m 

110,  S  111. 

EI a.  503. 

CIC 

90c 

3  o'  sa 

70°  21 

ec 

22 

30  sc 

57  12 

ea 

67 

30  sm 

32  48 

o'  e- 

c 

e 

a 

ee 

45 

0  ss" 

100  45 

ma 

66 

24  SS 

39  18 

5 

mm 

47 

12  SS" 

114  24 

W'' 

Combination.  acmes. 

Cleavage,  a, 

perfect. 

Eracture 

conchoidal.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Deep  rose-red. 
Streak  white,  h  =  3*0. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  becomes  black.  Before  the 
blowpipe  in  the  outer  flame  imparts  a  deep  blue  colour  to 
borax.  Is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Contains  arsenic  acid,  lime,  magnesia,  oxide  of  cobalt,  and 
water. 

Is  found  in  small  attached  crystals  at  Schneeberg. 

According  to  Haidinger,  the  crystals  are  twins  of  the 
oblique  system,  a  being  the  twin-face. 

z 


506 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 


335.  HAIHINGrERITE. — Haidingerite ;  Dufrenoy.  Pris- 
matisches  Euklas-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Haidingerit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  59°  16' ;  101,001=26°  3l';  110,100  =  50°  o'. 


a  loo,  b  oio,  g 
S  241,  n  452. 


012,  Jc  021,  i  041,  t  ioi,  m  no, 


m 

134° 

23' 

~kkf 

99 

52 

99 

33 

7 

ta 

63 

29 

tt' 

53 

2 

ma 

50 

0 

ba 

90 

0 

mm 

0 

0 

CO 

O' 

ss 

42 

19 

ss" 

118 

33 

/  // 
s  s 

137 

35 

nn' 

53 

14 

// 

nn 

120 

28 

/  // 
nn 

121 

37 

PIG.  504. 


Combinations,  gthmab ,  gtknismab.  The  faces  g,  k ,  i  rough  ; 
s ,  n  rounded.  Cleavage,  a,  very  perfect  and  easily  obtained. 
Transparent.  ..semi-transparent.  Lustre  vitreous.  "White. 
Streak  white.  Sectile.  In  thin  plates  flexible.  h=2’0...2'5. 
G-  =  2*848 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe 
into  a  white  enamel.  Upon  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  emits 
a  smell  of  arsenic.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Ca2As  +  4H,  arsenic  acid  55*54,  lime  27*06,  water  17*40. 

Analysis  by  Turner  : — 

Arseniate  of  lime  .  .  .  85*68 

Water . 14*32 

In  attached  crystals  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  edge 
ab ,  and  crystalline  crusts,  associated  with  pharmacolite. 

This  very  rare  mineral  is  supposed  to  have  been  found  at 
Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia. 


336.  PHABMACOLITE. — Pharmacolite  ;  Phillips.  Chaux 
arseniate ;  Hauy.  Hemiprismatisches  Euklas-Haloid  ;  Mohs. 
Pharmakolith ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  54°  58' ;  111,010  =  73°  50' ;  101,001  =  28°  16'. 
b  oio,  c  ooi,  n  on,  m  no,  5  310,  x  321. 


LIBETIIENITE. 


507 


cb 

90° 

0' 

rib 

70 

34 

nri 

141 

8 

mb 

58 

42 

mm 

117 

24 

sb 

0 

00 

33' 

xb 

69 

38 

me 

84 

13 

mbc 

83 

14 

xbc 

65 

17 

FIG.  505. 


Combinations,  cnrnb ,  xcnmsb.  The  faces  m ,  s  striated  pa¬ 
rallel  to  their  intersection  with  each  other ;  <?,  n  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage. 
b,  very  perfect  and  easily  obtained.  Transparent... translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous  ;  b,  pearly.  White,  inclining  to  yellow.  Streak 
white.  Sectile.  Flexible  in  thin  plates,  h  ~  2*0... 2*5.  g  — 
2*64 . . .2*73. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  In  the  outer  flame  melts  into 
a  white  enamel.  On  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  emits  fumes 
of  arsenic,  and  melts  into  a  semi-transparent  globule.  Soluble 
without  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 


Ca2As  +  6H,  arsenic  acid  5ro9,  lime  24*90,  water  24*oi. 


Analyses  of  pharmacolite  a  from  Wittichen  by  Klaproth, 
from  Andreasberg  b  by  John,  c  by  Turner,  d  from  Kiechelsdorf 
by  Stromeyer,  e  from  Grliicksbrunn  by  Kammelsberg : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Arsenic  acid 

.  .  .  50*54 

45*68  1 

79*01 

46*97 

51*58 

Lime  .  .  . 

.  .  .  25*00 

27*28  J 

24*65 

23*59 

Magnesia 

.  .  .  — 

— 

— 

3*22 

— 

Oxide  of  cobalt 

•  •  • 

— 

— 

1*00 

1*43 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  .  24*46 

23*86 

20*99 

23*98 

23*40 

Is  found  in  minute  fibrous  crystals,  botryoidal  masses,  and 
earthy,  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  Wittichen  in  Baden,  An¬ 
dreasberg  in  the  Harz,  Kiechelsdorf  and  Bieber  in  Hessia, 
Grliicksbrunn  in  Thuringia,  Markirchen  in  Alsace. 


337.  LIBETHENITE.  —  Phosphate  of  copper  ;  Phillips. 
Cuivre  phosphate ;  Dufrenoy.  Diprismatischer  Oliven-Malachit ; 
Mohs.  Libethenit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  53°  50' ;  101,001=35°  4' ;  110,100=46°  10'. 

a  100,  b  010  cleavage,  e  101,  m  110,  t  120,  s  ill.  b 
truncates  the  edge  mm  ;  t  truncates  the  edge  bm. 

z  2 


508  HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AHD  PHOSPHATES. 


EIG.  506. 


ab 

90° 

o' 

se 

CO 

o 

o 

54' 

ea 

54 

56 

// 

ss 

61 

48 

ee' 

70 

8 

sm 

44 

37 

ma 

46 

10 

r  'f 
SS 

90 

46 

mm 

87 

40 

ta 

64 

22 

ss' 

59 

4 

tt' 

51 

16 

Combinations. 

em,  ems, 

emas. 

Cleavage. 

feet.  Eracture  conclioidal... uneven.  Iranslucent. ..trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous.  Olive-green,  usually 
dark.  Streak  olive-green.  Brittle,  h  =  4*0.  G  =  3*6... 3*8. 

Decrepitates  when  heated  suddenly.  Melts  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  into  a  black  bead  containing  a  globule  of  copper.  .  On 
charcoal  is  easily  reduced  to  metallic  copper.  With  lead  yields 
copper  and  phosphate  of  oxide  of  lead.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid 
and  in  ammonia. 


Cu3P  +  CuH,  phosphoric  acid  29*84,  oxide  of  copper  66*40, 
water  3*76. 

Analyses  of  libethenite  a  from  Libethen  by  Berthier,  b  by 
Kuhn,  c  from  Nischne-Tagilsk  by  Hermann,  d  from  Ehl, 


G  =  4*27,  by  Bhodius  : — 

a 

b 

C 

d 

Phosphoric  acid  .... 

.  .  28*7 

29*44 

28*61 

28*9 

Oxide  of  copper  .... 

.  .  63*9 

66*94 

65*89 

63*1 

"Water . 

.  .  7*4 

4*05 

5*50 

7*3 

According  to  Berzelius,  part  of  the  phosphoric  acid  is 
replaced  by  arsenic  acid. 

In  crystals  ;  globular,  reniform  and  compact  masses. 

Is  found  in  cavities  in  mica  slate  at  Libethen  in  Hungary, 
Ehl  near  Linz  on  the  Bhine,  at  Grunnis  Lake  in  Cornwall,  with 
malachite  at  Nischne-Tagilsk  in  the  Ural. 

Libethenite  and  obvenite  are  isomorpbous.  The  formula  for 
libethenite  differs  from  that  of  olivenite  only  in  the  substitu¬ 
tion  of  p  for  As. 


838.  OLIVENITE. — Bight  prismatic  arseniate  of  copper ; 
Phillips.  Olivenite  ;  Beudant.  Prismatischer  Oliven-Malachit ; 
Mohs.  Pharmacochalcit ;  Hausmann.  Olivenit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=54°  14' ;  101,001=34°  35' ;  110,100=46°  15'. 

a  loo,  b  010,  v  Oil,  e  101,  m  no.  a  truncates  the 
edge  mil'll' ;  v  truncates  the  angle  bed. 


OLIYENITE. 


509 


ab 

90° 

o' 

vb 

54 

14 

vv 

71 

32 

va 

90 

0 

ea 

65 

25 

ee ' 

69° 

10' 

ma 

46 

15 

mb 

43 

45 

mm! 

87 

30 

EIG.  507. 


Combinations,  em,  enib ,  ema,  emba.  The  faces  e,  a  generally 
concave ;  m,  convex  and  uneven.  Cleavage.  e ,  m,  traces. 
Practure  conchoidal,  uneven.  Semi-transparent...  opaque. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine  or  resinous.  Olive- 
green  passing  into  blackish-green  and  brown.  Streak  olive- 
green.  Brittle,  h  =  3'0.  g  =  4'1...4'38. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  In  the  forceps  melts  easily 
before  the  blowpipe  into  a  globule  studded  with  prismatic 
crystals.  On  charcoal  emits  fumes  of  arsenic  and  melts  into  a 
brittle  globule  of  arsenide  of  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and 
in  ammonia.  Is  decomposed  by  potash,  leaving  a  residue  of 
oxide  of  copper. 

Cu3As  +  CuH,  arsenic  acid  40*66,  oxide  of  copper  56*16, 
water  3*18.  Part  of  the  arsenic  acid  is  sometimes  replaced  by 
phosphoric  acid. 


Analyses  of  olivenite  from  Cornwall  a  by  v.  Kobell,  b,  c  by 
Eichardson,  d,  G  =  4*135,  e,  g  =  3*913,  both  by  Hermann,  /by 
Thomson,  y,  G  =  4*378,  by  Damour : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

Arsen,  ac.  . 

.  36*71 

39*9 

39*80 

33*50 

40*50 

40-61 

3487 

Pliosph.  ac.  . 

3*36 

— 

— 

6*96 

1*00 

— 

3*43 

Ox.  copper  . 

.  56*43 

56*2 

56*65 

56*38 

51*03 

54*98 

56*86 

Protox.  iron 

.  — 

— 

— • 

— 

3*64 

— 

— 

Water  .  . 

3*50 

3*9 

3*55 

4*16 

3*83 

4*41 

3*72 

In  attached  crystals,  frequently  acicular  and  capillary;  in 
fibrous,  botryoidal  and  reniform  masses  having  a  drusy  surface 
and  a  fibrous  fracture  ;  earthy.  It  is  probably  produced  by 
the  decomposition  of  fahlerz  containing  arsenic,  which  is  some¬ 
times  found  in  the  interior  of  the  massive  and  earthy  varieties 
of  olivenite. 

Is  found  in  Cornwall  in  the  veins  of  copper  ore  in  the  mines 
of  Tluel  Horland  and  Huel  Unity  near  St.  Day,  and  Tin  Croft 
near  Eedruth,  at  Tyne  head  mine  near  Alston  Moor  in  Cum¬ 
berland.  The  massive  and  earthy  varieties  are  found  at  Kams- 
dorf  and  Saalfeld  in  the  Thuringer  Wald,  Schwatz  and  Kogel 
in  the  Tyrol,  the  Banat,  Siberia,  the  Asturias,  Chile. 

z  3 


510 


HYDEOUS  AESEKLATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 


339.  EITCHROITE. — Euchroite;  Dufrenoy.  Prismatischer 
Smaragd-Malachit ;  Mohs.  Euchroit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  30°  24' ;  101,001=46°  4' ;  110,100=58°  40'. 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  n  101,  m 

ac  90°  o'  ma 

me  90  0  mm' 

nc  46  4  sa 

na  43  56  ss' 

nri  92  8  IV 

Combinations,  cnml ,  cnmsla.  The  faces  m,  s,  l  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ;  c,  frequently 
convex.  Cleavage,  n,  m,  traces.  Eracture  uneven.. .conchoidal. 
Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Emerald- green. 
Streak  apple-green.  Lather  brittle.  h=3,5...4,o.  g=3‘35...3'45. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  assumes  a  yellowish-green 
colour,  and  becomes  friable.  Ignited  with  charcoal  powder  in 
the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  arsenic  and  arsenious  acid. 
When  heated  to  a  certain  point  before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  it  emits  an  arsenical  smell,  and  is  reduced  in  an  instant 
with  a  kind  of  detonation.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Cu4As  +  7H,  arsenic  acid  34"14,  oxide  of  copper  47‘15, 
water  18’71. 

Analyses  a  by  Turner,  b,  c  by  Kuhn,  d  by  Wohler 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Arsenic  acid  . 

.  33-02 

34-42 

32*42 

33-22 

Oxide  of  copper  .  . 

.  47’85 

46-97 

46-99 

48-09 

Lime . 

_ 

1*12 

— 

Water . 

.  18-80 

19'31 

19-31 

18-39 

Is  found  in  attached 

crystals,  in  mica  slate,  at  Libethen  near 

Neusolil  in  Hungary. 

340.  ERUNTITE.  —  Monotomer  Dystom-Malachit  ;  Mohs. 
Erinit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Traces  of  cleavage  in  one  direction.  Eracture  imperfect 
conchoidal. ..uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
slightly  resinous,  dull.  Emerald -green,  inclining  to  grass- 
green.  Streak  the  same,  approaching  to  apple-green.  Brittle. 
H  =  4-5. ..5-0  Gt  =  4’043. 


110, 

s 

58° 

40' 

62 

40 

47 

36 

84 

48 

101 

13 

EIG.  508. 


IvLINOCLASE. 


511 


Before  the  blowpipe  emits  fumes  of  arsenic  and  melts. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Cu5As  +  2H,  arsenic  acid  34*68,  oxide  of  copper  59*89, 
water  5*43. 

Analysis  by  Turner : — 

Arsenic  acid . 33 ‘78 

Oxide  of  copper . 59*44 

Alumina . 1*77 

Water . 5*01 

In  mammillary  and  reniform  masses,  having  a  drusy  surface, 
and  consisting  of  concentric  layers. 

Is  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  county  of  Limerick. 


341.  CORNWALLITE. — Cornwallit ;  Zippe. 

Amorphous.  Eracture  concboidal,  passing  into  verdigris- 
green  and  blackish-green.  H  =  4’5.  G  =  4*166. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water-.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  emits  fumes  of  arsenic,  and  yields  a  bead  of  copper  sur¬ 
rounded  by  a  brittle  crust. 

Cu5As  +  5H,  arsenic  acid  32*07,  oxide  of  copper  55*37, 
water  12*56.  Bart  of  the  arsenic  acid  is  replaced  by  phosphoric 

acid. 

Analyses  by  Lerch  : — 


Arsenic  acid  . 

.  .  .  .  29*78 

30*65 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

....  2*54 

1*77 

Oxide  of  copper  . 

....  55*00 

64  22 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  .  12*68 

13*36 

Is  found  in  botryoidal,  reniform  and  compact  masses,  with 
olivenite  in  Cornwall. 


342.  KLINOCLASE. — Oblique  prismatic  arseniate  of  cop¬ 
per  •  Phillips.  Aphanese ;  Beudant.  Diatomer  Habronein- 
Malachit ;  Mohs.  Klinoklas ;  Hausmann.  Abichit;  Hai- 

dinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  24°  18' ;  111,010  =  32°  15' ;  101,001  =56°  12'. 

ioo,  c  ooi,  s  302,  r  ioi,  m  lio. 

z  4 


a 


512 


HYDKOUS  AKSENIATES  AjStD  PHOSPHATES. 


FIG.  509. 


ac 

CD 

O 

O 

V 

0 

CO 

SC 

99° 

30' 

ra 

24 

18 

ma 

62 

0 

rc 

66 

12 

mm' 

56 

0 

sa 

19 

0 

Combinations,  cm,  cmrs,  cmrsa.  Cleavage. 
c,  very  perfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Trans¬ 
lucent.,  .opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining 
to  resinous  ;  on  c  inclining  to  pearly.  Blackish- 
green  or  black  externally ;  in  the  interior  ver¬ 
digris-green  . . .  sky-blue.  Streak  blueish-green . 
H  =:  2-5.  ..3-0.  G  =  4*19. ..4-36. 


c 


& 


Bather  brittle. 


Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces,  emits  arsenical  vapours,  and 
melts  easily.  On  continuing  the  blast,  it  ignites  suddenly  and 
yields  a  globule  of  copper.  Is  soluble  in  acids  and  in  ammonia. 


Cu  As  +  3CuH,  arsenic  acid  30*24,  oxide  of  copper  62*65 
water  7*11.  ’ 


Analyses  a  by  Bammelsberg,  b  by  Damour : — 


a 

b 

Arsenic  acid . 

.  29*71 

27*08 

Phosphoric  acid  .... 

0*64 

1*50 

Oxide  of  copper  .... 

.  60*00 

62*80 

Oxide  of  iron . 

0*39 

0*49 

Lime . 

0*50 

Water . 

7*64 

7*57 

Silica . 

1*12 

In  crystals  and  hemispherical  and  reniform  masses,  having  a 
columnar  structure  and  drusy  surface. 

Is  found  with  liroconite  in  the  veins  of  Huel  Muttrell,  Huel 
Gorland  and  Huel  Unity  in  Cornwall,  Altvater  and  Esching  in 
Mordelgrund  near  Saida  in  the  Erzgebirge. 


343.  TAMABITE. — Bhomboidal  arseniate  of  copper  ;  Phil¬ 
lips.  Cuivre  arseniate  hexagonal  lamelliforme  ;  Hauy.  Bhom- 
boedrischer  Euchlor-Malachit ;  Mohs.  Chalkophyllit ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  7i°  i6\ 

o  111,  b  211,  r  100,  e  oil,  v  411.  v  truncates  the 
edge  ro. 


LIEOCCTNTTE. 


513 


FIG.  510. 


bo 

CD 

O 

o 

o' 

VO 

-  ~o 
5o 

5l' 

bb " 

60 

0 

110 

12 

ro 

71 

16 

ee 

91 

14 

eo 

55 

51 

Combinations,  or,  orb,  ore,  orev.  Cleav¬ 
age.  o,  very  perfect ;  r,  traces.  Fracture 
conchoidal,  hardly  observable.  Transparent . . . 
translucent.  Lustre,  o,  pearly ;  r,  vitreous,  inclining  to  ada¬ 
mantine.  Emerald-green,  grass-green,  verdigris-green.  Streak 
the  same,  lighter.  Sectile.  H  =  2’0.  G  =  2*435 .. .2"659. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates  violently,  becomes  black  and 
yields  much  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits 
fumes  of  arsenic  and  melts  into  a  grey  metallic  globule,  which 
with  soda  affords  metallic  copper.  Is  soluble  in  acids  and  in 
ammonia. 


Analyses  a  by  Hermann,  b, 

c  by  I)  amour 

• 

-  a 

b 

C 

Arsenic  acid  .  '. 

.  17’51 

19-35 

21-27 

Phosphoric  acid  .  .  . 

*  |  3-93 

1-29 

1-56 

Alumina . 

1’80 

2*13 

Oxide  of  copper  .  .  . 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 

.  44-45 

52-92 

52-30 

2-92 

— 

— 

"Water . 

.  31-19 

23-94 

22-58 

In  crystals  very  thin  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  o, 
massive  and  disseminated. 

Is  found  with  other  ores  of  copper  in  veins  in  several  mines 
near  Eedruth  in  Cornwall.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found  also 
at  Altvater  and  Esching  in  the  Mordelgrund  near  Saida  in  the 
Erzgebirge,  and  at  Moldawa  in  the  Banat. 


344.  LIEOCONITE.  —  Octahedral  arseniate  of  copper  ; 
Phillips.  Cuivre  arseniate  octaedre  obtus  ;  Hauy.  Prisma- 
tischer  Lirokon-Malachit ;  Mohs.  Chalkophacit ;  Hausmann. 
Lirokonit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=36°  iff;  101,001=38°  20f ;  110,100=69°  40  . 

FIG.  511. 

OO  107°  38' 

mm  60  40 


Combination,  om.  o,  m  faintly  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with 

z  5 


514 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  A^D  PHOSPHATES. 


each  other.  Cleavage,  o,  m,  imperfect ;  o  more  distinct  than 
m.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Transparent... translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Sky-blue... verdigris- 
green.  Streak  the  same,  but  paler.  Almost  sectile.  h  =  2*o... 
2'5.  O  =  2-83.  ..2'99. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  becomes  green,  hut  does 
not  decrepitate.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits  the 
smell  of  arsenic  and  melts  into  a  brittle  slag  containing  white 
metallic  grains.  With  soda  yields  a  bead  of  arsenide  of  copper. 
Is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  nitric  acid,  and  in  ammonia. 


Analyses  a  by  Count  Trolle-Wachtmeister,  b  by  Hermann, 
c,  d  by  Damour  : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

Arsenic  acid  .  .  . 

.  22*29 

23*05 

22*22 

22*40 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

3*87 

3*73 

3*49 

3*24 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  37*73 

36*38 

37*18 

37*40 

Alumina  .... 

8*61 

10*85 

9*68 

10*09 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 

3*66 

0*98 

— 

— 

AYater . 

.  23*84 

25*01 

25*49 

25*44 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals, 

rarely 

massive,  in 

veins 

the  mines  of  Huel  Muttrell,  Huel  Gorland  and  Huel  Unity 
in  Cornwall.  In  very  small  crystals  at  Herrngrund  in  Hun¬ 
gary,  and  Ullersreuth  in  Yoigtland. 

345.  TYROLITE.  —  Kupferschaum  ;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy. 
Prismatischer  Euchlor  -  Malachit  ;  Mohs.  Kuperschaum  ; 
Hausmann.  Tirolit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  m  no. 

Combinations,  cm ,  cam.  The  faces  m  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  c.  Cleavage,  c,  perfect.  Translucent 
...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre,  on  c  pearly  ;  on  the  other 
faces  vitreous.  Apple-green,  verdigris-green,  inclining  to  sky- 
blue.  Streak  the  same.  Very  sectile.  In  thin  leaves  flexible. 
H  =  1*0... 2-0*  G-  =  3-020...  3*098. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Decrepitates  violently  when 
heated.  Before  the  blowpipe,  in  the  forceps,  it  becomes  black, 
and  melts  into  a  grey  globule.  On  charcoal  melts,  emitting 
arsenical  fumes.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  hot  nitric  acid. 
Is  decomposed  by  ammonia,  leaving  a  residue  of  carbonate  of 
lime. 

•  •••  • 

Cu5As  -f-  CaC  +  loH,  arsenic  acid  25*35,  oxide  of  copper 
43*77,  water  19*85,  carbonate  of  lime  ll*03. 


EHLITE. 


515 


Analysis  of  tyrolite  from  Falkenstein  by  v.  Kobell : — 


Arsenic  acid  .  . 

.  .  .  .  25*01 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  .  .  .  43*88 

Water . 

.  .  .  .  17*46 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

.  .  .  .  13*65 

In  attached  crystals,  reniform  and  botryoidal  masses,  baying 
a  drnsy  surface  and  columnar  structure. 

Is  found  with  other  ores  of  copper,  at  Falkenstein  near 
Schwatz,  and  other  places  in  the  Tyrol,  Libethen  in  Hungary, 
the  copper  mines  in  the  Banat,  and  near  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia. 

From  a  comparison  of  several  specimens  of  tirolite  and 
orichalchite,  it  appears  that  the  colour,  which  is  blueish-green 
in  tirolite  and  yellowish-green  in  orichalchite,  is  a  character  by 
which  the  two  minerals  may  be  distinguished. 

346.  KONICHALCITE.— Konichalcite  ;  Breithaupt. 

Fracture  splintery... granular.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  vitreous,  feeble.  Intermediate  between  pistachio  and 
emerald-green.  Streak  the  same.  Brittle,  h  =  4*25... 4*75. 
G  =  4‘123. 

•  •••••  i  •  •  •  ***** 

2BAs  +  3H,  where  It  is  Cu  and  Ca,  and  part  of  the  As  is 

replaced  by  ip. 


Analysis  by  Fritzsche  : — 

Arsenic  acid . 31 ‘55 

Phosphoric  acid . 8*96 

Yanadic  acid . 1’78 

Oxide  of  copper . 31*68 

Lime . 21*76 

Water  . 6*49 


In  reniform  masses,  supposed  to  have  been  found  at  Hinojosa 
de  Cordova  in  Andalusia. 

347.  EHLITE. — Ehlit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cleavable  in  one  direction.  Lustre  on  the  cleavage  faces 
pearly.  Yerdigris-green.  Streak  the  same,  paler,  h  l  5... 2  o. 
G  =  3*8. 

Decrepitates  when  heated. 

Cu5P  +  3H,  phosphoric  acid  24*1,  oxide  of  copper  66*8, 
water  9*1. 

Analyses  of  ehlite  a,  b,  c  from  Ehl  by  Bergemann,  d  from 

Nischne-Tagilsk  by  Hermann : — 

z  6 


516 


HYDEOTJS  AESEHIATES  AHD  PHOSPHATES. 


a 


b 


d 


Phosphoric  acid  .  .  .  24*93  —  — 

Oxide  of  copper  .  .  65*99  65*74  64*85 

Water .  9*06  8*56  8*93 


23*14 

66*86 

10*00 


Is  found  in  reniform  and  botryoidal  masses,  at  Ehl  on  the 
[Rhine,  and  at  Nischne-Tagilsk  in  the  Ural. 

Kupferdiaspore,  a  fibrous  mineral  from  Libethen,  is  supposed 
by  Hermann  to  be  the  same  as  ehlite.  When  heated  it  falls  to 
powder,  and  is  dispersed,  without  decrepitating.  According  to 
Kuhn,  its  formula  is  cu5p  +  2H.  His  analysis  gave,  phosphoric 
acid  24*13,  oxide  of  copper  69*61,  water  6*26. 


348.  LUKKITE. — Hydrous  phosphate  of  copper ;  Phillips. 
Cuivre  hydrophosphate ;  Dufrenoy.  Hemiprismatischer  Dys- 
tom-Malachit ;  Mohs.  Pseudomalachit ;  Hausmann.  Lunnit ; 
Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  64°  28' ;  111,010  =  68°  54' ;  101,001  =  25°  32'. 


a  100, 
(l  122. 

c 

001 

,  O  Oil, 

V  102,  W 

va 

76° 

34' 

r 

38° 

56' 

vc 

13 

26 

pa 

68 

20 

wc 

13 

26 

po 

PP 

21 

40 

wa 

76 

34 

117 

49 

00 

112 

37 

da! 

78 

46 

fa 

70 

32 

do 

11 

14 

Combinations. 

cpof.va.w.d. 

Cleavage. 

EIG.  512. 


a ,  imperfect.  Erac- 
ture  small  conchoidal... uneven.  Semi-transparent... translu¬ 
cent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine. 
Green  of  various  shades.  Streak  verdigris-green.  Brittle. 
H  =  4*5. ..5*0.  G  =  4*0. ..4*4. 

Decrepitates  when  heated  quickly.  Before  the  blowpipe, 
when  heated  slowly,  turns  black  and  melts  into  a  black  bead 
containing  a  globule  of  copper.  When  melted  with  an  equal 
volume  of  lead,  the  globule  of  copper  is  coated  by  a  crystalline 
shell  of  phosphate  of  oxide  of  lead.  Moistened  with  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  it  imparts  a  blue  colour  to  the  flame.  Soluble 
in  nitric  acid  and  in  ammonia. 


•  •••••  •  • 

Cu3P  +  3CuH,  phosphoric  acid  21*2,  oxide  of  copper  70*8, 
water  8*o. 

Analyses  of  lunnite  from  Kheinbreitenbach  a  by  Arfvedson, 


TOBBEEITE. 


517 


b  mean  of  three  analyses  by  Kuhn 

,  e  (a 

=  4-4) 

by  Hermann, 

d  (g  =  4'2 . .  .4-4)  by  Bhodius  : — 

a 

b 

c 

d 

Phosphoric  acid . 

2470 

21-52 

24*55 

20-4 

Oxide  of  copper . 

6870 

68-74 

67-25 

70*8 

Water . 

5-97 

8-64 

8-20 

8-4 

Analyses  of  lunnite  from  Nisclme-Tagilsk  g  fibrous  (g  =  475), 
li  compact  (g  =  4-oo),  i  crystalline  (g  =  4'4),  all  by  Hermann, 
7c  from  Hirscbberg  by  Kilim  : — 


9  Jl 

i 

h 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  .  23-75  23*47 

25-30 

20-87 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  .  .  68-75  67-73 

68-21 

71-73 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  7-50  8-80 

6‘49 

7’40 

In  small  crystals, 

fibrous,  reniform,  botryoidal  and  compact 

masses,  disseminated. 

Is  found  at  Virneberg  near  Kheinbreitenbach  on  tbe  Ehine, 
Siebenhitze  not  far  from  Hof  in  Bavaria,  Hirschberg  in  Beuss, 
Nischne-Tagilsk  in  tbe  Ural. 


349.  THROMBOLITE. — Tbrombolite  ;  Hufrenoy.  Throm- 
bolitb ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  concboidal.  Opaque. . .translucent  on  tbe  edges. 
Lnstre  vitreous.  Hark  leek-green.. .emerald-green.  Streak 
emerald-green.  Brittle,  h  =  3*o... 4*0.  g  =  3‘38i...3‘40i. 

In  tbe  matrass  yields  water  and  blackens.  Before  tbe 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  easily  into  a  black  globule,  and  is 
reduced.  With  borax  and  iron  wire  yields  tbe  reaction  of 
pbospborus. 

Cu3P2  +  6H,  phosphoric  acid  457,  oxide  of  copper  377, 
water  17*1. 

Analysis  by  Plattner : — 

Phosphoric  acid . 41*0 

Oxide  of  copper . 397 

Water . 16‘S 

Occurs  massive,  with  malachite,  at  Bezbanya  in  Hungary. 

350.  TOBBEEITE. — Uranite  (in  part)  ;  Phillips.  Chalco¬ 
lite  ;  Beudant.  Pyramidaler  Euchlor-Malachit ;  Mohs.  Chal- 
kolith  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  51°  25\ 


518 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 


■  100, 

c 

ooi,  m 

110,  r 

201, 

G  101, 

ac 

90°  o' 

sa 

50° 

7' 

ad 

90 

0 

ea 

38 

35 

ma 

45 

0 

ra 

21 

45 

xc 

32 

4 

XX 

44 

6 

sc 

39 

53 

ss 

53 

56 

ec 

51 

25 

ee 

67 

7 

re 

68 

15 

82 

6 

xa 

67 

56 

S  203,  X  102. 


PIO.  513. 


a' 


Combinations,  cr,  cx,  ce,  cs,  csa,  crs,  crsm,  crsam.  Cleavage. 
c,  very  perfect.  Eracture  not  observable.  Transparent... 
translucent.  Lustre,  pearly  on  c ,  the  other  faces  vitreous, 
inclining  to  adamantine.  Emerald-green,  grass-green,  some¬ 
times  leek-green,  apple-green,  siskin-green.  Streak  green. 
Lather  brittle,  h  =  2"0...2‘5.  o  =  3"5...3*6. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  copper.  With  borax  in  the 
outer  flame  fuses  into  a  green  glass,  which  in  the  inner  flame 
becomes  opaque  and  of  a  reddish-brown  colour.  Moistened  with 
hydrochloric  acid  imparts  a  blue  colour  to  the  flame.  Soluble 
in  nitric  acid  and  in  ammonia.  The  nitric  solution  is  green. 
The  solution  in  ammonia  blue. 


CuP  +  LPP  +  8H,  phosphoric  acid  15 ’2,  oxide 
61*1,  oxide  of  copper  8"4>,  water  i5-3. 


oi  uranmir 


Analyses  of  torberite  from  Cornwall  a  by  L.  Phillips,  b  by 
Berzelius,  c  from  Gunnislake  by  Werther : — 


a 

b 

c 

Phosphoric  apid 

.  .  .  16-0 

15-57 

14-34 

Oxide  of  uranium  . 

.  .  .  60-0 

61*39 

69*03 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  .  .  9’0 

8-44 

8-27 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  14’5 

15*05 

15-39 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  massive,  and  investing  other 
minerals,  in  veins  in  slate  and  in  granite,  at  Johann- Georgen- 
stadt,  Eibenstock  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  Joachimsthal  and 
Zinnwald  in  Bohemia,  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  Beinerzau  in 
Wirtemberg ;  in  Cornwall  in  the  mines  of  Carharack,  Tin 
Croft  and  Huel  Buller  near  Bedruth,  Tolcarn  near  St.  Bay, 
Huel  Gorland,  Huel  Unity,  Huel  Edward  in  St.  Just,  St. 
Agnes,  Stenna  Gwyn  near  St.  Austle,  Gunnislake  near  Calling- 
ton  ;  in  several  places  in  the  United  States. 


CHILDREKLTE. 


519 


Werther  obtained  crystalline  grains  having  the  form  and 
composition  of  torberite  by  boiling  hp  +  #2p  +  sh  with  a  solu¬ 
tion  of  basic  acetate  of  copper. 


351.  AUTUNITE.— Uranite  (in  part)  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Pyramidaler  Euchlor-Malachit ;  Mohs,  Uranit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Pyramidal. 

The  forms  and  angles  are  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  those 
of  torberite. 

Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect.  Eracture  not  observable.  Trans¬ 
parent...  translucent.  Lustre,  pearly  on  c,  vitreous  inclining  to 
adamantine  on  the  other  faces.  Lemon-yellow,  sulphur-yellow, 
siskin-green.  Streak  sulphur-yellow.  Sectile.  h  =  ro...2*o. 
G  =  3*0 . .  .3'2. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  char¬ 
coal  melts  into  a  black  globule/  With  borax  in  the  outer 
flame  forms  a  yellow  glass,  in  the  inner  flame  a  green  glass. 
The  solution  in  nitric  acid  is  yellow,  in  ammonia  colourless. 

CaP  +  -H2P  +  sH,  phosphoric  acid  15*5,  oxide  of  uranium 
62*6,  lime  6*2,  water  15*7. 


Analyses  of  autunite  from  Autun  a  by  Berzelius,  b  by  Laugier, 
c  by  Werther : — 


a 

b 

c 

Phosphoric  acid . 

.  15*20 

14*5 

14*00 

Oxide  of  uranium  .  .  .  . 

.  61*73 

55*0 

63*28 

Lime . 

5*88 

4*6 

5*86 

Magnesia  and  protox.  mangan. 

0*20 

— 

— 

Silica  and  red  ox.  iron  .  .  . 

• 

3*0 

— 

Barytes . 

1*57 

— 

1*03 

Oxide  of  tin . 

0*06 

— 

— 

Water . 

21*0 

14*30 

Is  found  in  crystals,  massive, 

and  investing 

other  minerals, 

in  granite  at  St.  Symphorien  near  Autun,  and  at  St.  Yrieux  not 
far  from  Limoges  in  Prance. 

352.  CHILEREYITE.  —  Childrenite  ;  Beudant,  Mohs, 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=46°  26' ;  101,001 =32°  44' ;  110,100=55°  57'. 


520 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  AND  PHOSPHATES. 


a  100, 

n 

201, 

s  in,  r 

223. 

na 

CO 

-<r 

O 

53' 

39° 

66' 

nri 

104 

14 

ft 

spry* 

60 

28 

sa 

65 

2 

/  // 
y*  y* 

74 

50 

ss 

49 

56 

rs 

11 

31 

ss" 

77 

19 

sn 

42 

34 

/  // 
ss 

97 

52 

rn 

40 

62 

ra 

70 

7 

Combinations. 

nrs ,  nrsa. 

Cleavage. 

EIG.  514. 


ture  uneven.  Transparent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to 
resinous.  Yellowish-white,  yellow,  yellowish-brown.  Streak 
white,  h  =  4'5 . . .  5'0. 

Consists,  according  to  Wollaston,  of  alumina,  red  oxide  of 
iron,  phosphoric  acid,  and  water. 

Is  found  in  single  attached  crystals,  and  as  a  crystalline  coat¬ 
ing,  on  chalvbite,  pyrite,  quartz,  and  sometimes  with  apatite, 
and  in  small  distinct  crystals  on  slate  at  Crinnis  in  Cornwall. 

The  angles  given  above  were  deduced  from  the  measurements 
of  some  very  good  crystals  in  Mr.  Brooke’s  collection. 


353.  KAKOXEXE.  —  Kakoxene  ;  Beudant.  Kakoxen  ; 
Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Translucent... opaque.  Lustre  pearly,  inclining  to  metallic. 
Yellow.  Streak  yellow,  g  =  2*336... 3*38. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
brown,  and  melts  into  a  black  magnetic  slag.  With  borax 
forms  an  olive-green  glass.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Analyses  of  kakoxene  from  ILrbek  by  Steinmann  and  Bichard- 


son  : — 

Phosphoric  acid . 17*86  20*5 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . 36*32  43*1 

Alumina . 10*01  — 

Silica .  8*90  2*1 

Lime . 0*15  ri 

Magnesia . —  0*9 

Water  and  hydrofluoric  acid  .  .  .  25*95  30*2 


In  capillary  crystals  ;  globular  and  reniform  masses  ;  earthy. 
Is  found  in  the  Hrbek  mine  near  St.  Benigna,  and  at  Mauth 
in  Bohemia.  It  is  said  to  occur  also  at  Amberg  in  Bavaria, 
and  in  several  parts  of  the  United  States. 


WAYE  ELITE. 


521 


354.  WAVELLITE. — Wavellite;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy.  Pris- 
matisches  Wavellin-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Wavellit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=53°23';  101,001 =20°  34/;  110,100=63°  12'-5. 

a  100,  p  oil,  m  110,  n  430,  s  ill,  o  211. 

pa  90°  o' 

PP  73  14 

mm  53  35 

na  56  3 

nnf  67  54 

sa  73  14 

ss  33  32 

The  faces  m  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  a. 
Cleavage,  m,  a,  tolerably  perfect.  Eracture  imperfect  con- 
choidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  m 
and  a  inclining  to  pearly.  Colourless,  grey,  green,  yellow, 
brown,  blue  of  various  shades.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  = 
3  "5 . .  .4**0.  a  =  23. ..24. 

In  the  matrass  yields  wrater,  which  sometimes  contains 
hydrofluoric  acid,  and  corrodes  the  glass.  Infusible  before  the 
blowpipe.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Soluble  in 
acids  and  in  potash  or  soda.  With  sulphuric  acid  evolves 
hydrofluoric  acid. 

A13P2  -j-  12H,  phosphoric  acid  35*3,  alumina  38’0,  water  267. 


Analyses  of  wavellite  a  from  Amberg,  b  from  Barnstaple  by 
Euchs,  c  from  Barnstaple  by  Berzelius,  d,  e  from  Ereiberg  by 
Erdmann,  f  from  Beraun  by  Hermann  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Phosph.  ac.  .  . 

.  3472 

35-12 

33-40 

34-06 

33-28 

34-29 

Alumina  . 

.  3676 

37‘20 

35-35 

36-60 

36-39 

36‘39 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  — 

— 

1-25 

1-00 

2-69 

1-20 

Lime  .... 

.  — 

— 

0-50 

— 

— 

— 

Hydrofl.  ac.  . 

.  — 

— 

2'06 

traces 

traces 

1-69 

Water  .... 

.  28-00 

28-00 

26*80 

27-40 

27-10 

26-34 

In  acicular  radiating  crystals,  forming  hemispheres,  botry- 
oidal  and  reniform  masses,  having  a  drusy  surface. 

Is  found  in  crevices  in  slate  near  Barnstaple  in  Devonshire, 
in  granite  at  Stennagvvyn  near  St.  Austle  in  Cornwall,  near 
Newcastle,  at  Clonmel  and  near  Cork  in  Ireland,  in  the  Shaint 


// 

SS 

69° 

40' 

f  // 

s  s 

79 

34 

sm 

50 

13 

00 

62 

7 

00" 

61 

27 

'  rr 

0  0 

93 

7 

EIG.  515. 


522 


HYDROUS  ARSENIATES  A"ND  PHOSPHATES. 


islands  on  the  coast  of  Scotland,  Crehowitz,  Ivina,  Holubkau  in 
Bohemia,  Frankenberg  and  Langenstriegis  in  Saxony,  near 
Giessen,  Darmstadt,  Amberg,  Kauniok  in  Greenland,  Villa  Rica 
in  the  Brazils,  Roxborough  in  Pennsylvania. 


355.  FISCHERITE. — Fischerite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Fischerit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Transparent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Light  grass-green,  passing 
into  olive-green  and  verdigris-green,  h  =  5'0.  G  —  2'46. 

When  heated  yields  water  and  becomes  opaque.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  forms  glasses  which  show  the 
colour  of  iron  while  they  are  hot,  and  that  of  copper  after 
cooling.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  But  slightly 
acted  upon  by  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids.  Completely  soluble 
in  sulphuric  acid. 

A12P  +  8H,  phosphoric  acid  29*0,  alumina  4l‘7,  water  29'3. 

Analysis  by  Hermann : — 

Phosphoric  acid . 29'03 

Alumina . 38-47 

Oxide  of  copper . O' 80 

Protoxides  of  iron  and  manganese  ...  1*20 

Phosphate  of  lime  and  gangue  ....  3‘00 

Water . 27'50 

Is  found  in  small  six-sided  prisms,  and  in  crystalline  crusts, 
near  Nischne-Tagilsk  in  the  Ural. 

356.  TURQUOISE. — Calaite  ;  Phillips.  Turquoise;  Beu- 
dant.  Untheilbarer  Lasur-Spath ;  Mohs.  Kallait ;  Hausmann. 
Turkis ;  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Not  cleavable.  Fracture  conchoidal... uneven. 
Faintly  translucent  on  the  edges... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous, 
feeble.  Azure-blue... verdigris-green,  sometimes  pistachio  or 
apple-green.  Streak  greenish- white.  Not  very  brittle.  H  = 
6’0.  G  —  2-62. ..3-0. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  decrepitates  and  growrs  black. 
Infusible  before  the  blowpipe ;  the  point  of  the  flame  is  coloured 
green.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  forms  a  trans¬ 
parent  glass  which  shows  the  colour  of  iron  while  hot,  and  that 
of  copper  when  cold.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  of  turquoise  a  from  Jordansmiihle  by  John,  b  by 
Zellner,  from  Persia  (blue)  c,  (green)  d  by  Hermann : — 


KLAPEOTHUSTE. 


523 


a 

b 

c 

d 

Phosphoric  acid  .  .  . 

.  .  30-90 

38-90 

27-34 

5*64 

Alumina . 

.  .  44-50 

54*50 

47-45 

50-75 

Oxide  of  copper  .  .  , 

.  .  3'75 

1-50 

2-02 

1-42 

Oxide  of  iron  .... 

.  .  1-80 

2-80 

1*10 

1*10 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

.  .  — 

— 

0-50 

0-60 

Phosphate  of  lime  (ca3p) 

.  .  — 

• — 

3'41 

18*10 

Water . 

.  .  19-00 

l-oo 

18-18 

18-13 

Silica . 

.  .  - 

— 

— 

4*26 

Is  found  in  reniform  and  botryoidal  masses,  disseminated,  and 
in  pebbles,  at  Nischabur  in  Persia,  Tibet,  Jordansmiikle  and 
Domsdorf  in  Silesia,  Nieski  in  Lusatia,  Oelsnitz,  Plauen  and 
Reichenbach  in  Saxony. 


357.  KLAPRO  THINE. — Laznlit ;  Hauy,  Phillips.  Pris- 
matischer  Lasur-Spath ;  Mohs.  Lazulith ;  Ilausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  29°25' ;  111,010  =  50°  10' ;  101,001  =  58°  50'. 


a  loo  twin-face,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  d  on,  u  012,  t  loi, 
y  103,  s  loi,  m  no,  p  mJ  s  112,  #  H3,  e  ill,  v  Ii3, 
y  212. 


cb 

90° 

0' 

xcd 

128° 

O' 

ab 

90 

0 

St' 

59 

40 

ac 

88 

15 

eef 

99 

40 

tc 

58 

50 

vv 

127 

5 

ta 

29 

25 

n 

134 

44 

yc 

29 

45 

xc 

39 

40 

sc 

61 

30 

ZG 

50 

50 

sa 

30 

15 

pc 

67 

2 

uu 

99 

30 

me 

89 

37 

dd' 

61 

25 

ec 

68 

23 

mm! 

91 

30 

VC 

38 

57 

pp 

100 

20 

pe 

82 

30 

zz 

115 

30 

vx 

54 

45 

tx 

o 

00 

CO 

22' 

tz 

37 

32 

EIG.  516. 


Combinations.  bpets,  petzc,  stycbdimxzpevq.  Eracture 
uneven.  Transparent... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Blue  of 
various  shades.  Pleochromatic.  Streak  white.  Very  brittle. 
H  =  5'0  . .  .5‘5.  G  =  3*0. ..3-121. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  loses  its  colour.  Before 
the  blowpipe  intumesces  but  does  not  melt.  The  flame  is 


524  HYDROUS  ARSENI  ATE  S  AND  PHOSPHATES. 

coloured  slightly  green.  With  solution  of  cohalt  becomes  blue. 
Is  not  acted  upon  by  acids  previous  to  ignition.  After  ignition 
is  almost  entirely  dissolved. 

2E.jp  -f  A1P3  -j-  6H,  where  E  is  Mg,  Ee,  Ca. 


Analyses  of  klaprothine  a  from  Eadelgraben  by  Euchs,  b, 
c,  d,  e,  f  of  a  dark  blue  variety  from  the  Eishbach  Alp, 
g  =  3*ii,  by  Eammelsberg  : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Phosph.  ac. 

.  .  .  42-74 

42‘41 

43*84 

46*99 

41*33 

47*04 

Alumina 

.  .  .  36*51 

29*58 

33*09 

27*62 

32*68 

26*92 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  .  9‘54 

10*67 

9*00 

11*19 

9*54 

10*67 

Lime 

,  .  .  * — 

1*12 

1*44 

2*12 

0*77 

1*21 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  .  2*70 

10*60 

6*69 

6*47 

9*54 

7*84 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  6-19 

5*62 

6*94 

5*61 

6*14 

6*32 

Analyses  of  light-coloured  klaprothine  from  Ereschnitz 
graben,  G  =  3*02,  by  Eammelsberg:  — 


Phosphoric  acid  .  . 

.  40*95 

47*36 

47*73 

Alumina  .... 

.  36*22 

30*05 

27*48 

Magnesia  .... 

.  12*85 

12*20 

12*16 

Lime . 

1*42 

1*65 

4*32 

Protoxide  of  iron 

1*64 

1*89 

1*91 

Water . 

6*92 

6*85 

6*40 

In  the  analyses  which  exhibit  a  larger  proportion  of  alumina, 
the  alumina  contains  some  phosphoric  acid.  A  variable  mecha¬ 
nical  admixture  of  silica,  0*53...  12*56  per  cent,  is  not  included 
in  the  analyses. 

Is  found  in  crystals,  but  more  frequently  massive,  at  Eadel¬ 
graben  not  far  from  Werfen,  and  Eathhausberg  in  Salzburg, 
on  the  Eischbach  Alp,  and  in  Ereschnitzgraben  not  far  from 
Krieglach  in  Stiria,  at  the  foot  of  the  Wechsel  near  Theren- 
berg  in  Lower  Austria,  Tijuco  in  Minas  Greraes  in  the 
Brazils. 


358.  STEITVITE. —  Struvite;  Dufrenoy.  Struvit;  Haus- 
mann. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  41°  35';  101,001  =31°  34';  110,100=61°  25. 

a  ioo,  b  oio,  oil,  s  101,  m  110,  n  120,  t  ill.  The 
forms  «,  s,  t  are  usually,  the  forms  m,  n  are  always  hemihedral 
with  inclined  faces.  The  faces  a ,  m  occur  on  one  side  of  a 
plane  parallel  to  a,  and  the  faces  s,  n  on  the  other  side. 


PLOMBGOMME. 


525 


pb 

41° 

35' 

ta 

67° 

5  o' 

FIG.  517. 

pp 

96 

50 

tp 

22 

10 

b' 

sa 

68 

26 

tb 

46 

9  /  / 

P 

— ~.ml 

X 

ss ' 

63 

8 

ts 

43 

61  / 

mb 

28 

35 

tm 

22 

10  \ 

s 

a 

rib 

47 

28 

mm' 

122 

50  A 

p 

ab 

90 

0 

nn" 

85 

4 

0 

— ^rn 

Combinations. 

bs,  ba's ', 

basri,  bpm’ri, 

bpo'mri , 

bpsa 

'ri, 

bpamris.  Twins.  Twin-face  a.  Cleavage,  b,  perfect.  Frac¬ 
ture  conchoidal.  Transparent . . .  semi-transparent.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous.  e  =  1-52.  The  optic  axes  are  in  a  plane  parallel  to  a, 
and,  when  seen  in  air  through  the  faces  bb',  make  angles  of 
29°  45r  with  a  normal  to  b.  Colourless,  yellow,  browm.  Streak 
white.  h  —  1*5 . . .2'0.  G  =  1-66. ..1*76.  Pyroelectric,  the 
analogous  pole  being  at  the  end  on  which  the  hemihedral  face 
a  occurs ;  the  antilogous  pole  at  the  opposite  end  of  the 
crystal. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  ammonia.  Before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  melts  into  a  colourless  glass  which  becomes  opaque  on 
cooling.  Very  slightly  soluble  in  water.  Soluble  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid. 

••••••  • 

Mg2P  +  NH3  +  13H,  phosphoric  acid  28  9,  magnesia  16% 
ammonia  6‘9,  water  47‘5.  Part  of  the  magnesia  is  sometimes 
replaced  by  protoxide  of  iron. 

Struvite  was  found  in  crystals  in  1845,  in  digging  the  foun¬ 
dations  of  the  new  church  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Hamburgh,  where 
it  had  evidently  been  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  animal 
matter;  also  in  guano  from  the  coast  of  Africa  (guanite).  It 
is  deposited  as  a  granular  precipitate  from  neutral  or  alkaline 
solutions  containing  phosphoric  acid,  ammonia  and  magnesia. 

359.  PLOMBGOMME.  —  Plombgomme;  Phillips.  Plomb 
hydro-alumineux  ;  Hauy.  Bleigummi ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Beniform,  botryoidal.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent. 
Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Yellow,  brown.  Streak 
white.  H  =  6.  G  —  4'88...6‘421. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates  and  yields  water.  Before  the 
blowpipe  or  charcoal  melts  with  intumescence.  "With  soda 
yields  lead.  With  nitrate  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Soluble  in 
concentrated  nitric  acid. 

Analyses  of  plombgomme  a  from  Huelgoet  by  Damour,  b 
from  Beaujeu  by  Hufrenoy: — 


526 


SULPHATES. 


a 

b 

Phosphate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  . 

.  .  — 

7*79 

Phosphoric  acid . 

.  .  8*06 

— 

Oxide  of  lead . 

.  .  35*10 

37*51 

Alumina . 

.  .  34*32 

34*23 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . 

.  .  0*20 

— 

Lime . 

.  .  0*80 

— 

Chloride  of  lead . 

.  .  2*27 

— 

Sulphuric  acid . 

.  .  0*30 

Si  2*11 

W ater  . 

.  .  18*70 

16*13 

So  found  in  the  lead  mines  of  Huelgoet  near  Poullaouen  in 
Bretagne  and  at  la  Nussiere  near  Beaujeu  in  Prance. 

SULPHATES. 

360.  ANGLESITE.— Sulphate  of  lead ;  Phillips.  Plomb 
sulphate ;  Hau)r.  Prismatischer  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Bleivit- 
riol ;  Hausmann.  Anglesit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=31°  2]/ ;  101,001  =  52°  16r ;  110,100  =  51°  49'. 


a  100, 

b 

010, 

C  001,  d 

012 

,  l 

014,  O 

101,  m  no, 

h 

430,  n 

210 

,  * 

111,  r  112 

,  o 

116, 

t  211,  y 

212, 

p  234, 

z 

412. 

be 

90° 

o' 

hh' 

92° 

43' 

Ob 

74° 

53' 

ca 

90 

0 

zz' 

67 

47 

Oc 

19 

22 

ab 

90 

0 

zz" 

90 

19 

ypa 

67 

51 

dd' 

78 

45 

f  // 
22 

128 

64 

pb 

41 

1 

U 

44 

40 

ra 

63 

28 

pc 

54  • 

18 

00 

104 

31 

rb 

55 

24 

ya 

45 

3 

mm 

76 

22 

re 

46 

16 

yb 

63 

19 

nri 

115 

6 

da 

78 

10 

yc 

66 

51 

ta 

36 

40 

EIG.  518. 

tb 

59 

20 

tc  71  55 

(a  23  1 

lb  73  29 

Ho  73  7 


EIG.  519. 


b 


CELESTIKE. 


527 


Combinations.  md..a.z.o.c.b ,  zodc.m.l ,  zpdc,  noyJizc.Q.b,  £omzd, 
toymzdc ,  zoyrdcb.  Cleavage,  m,  c,  both  imperfect ;  a,  traces. 
Fracture  conchoi dal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  ada¬ 
mantine,  inclining  to  resinous  or  vitreous,  n  =  1-925.  Colour¬ 
less,  yellowish,  grey,  brown,  blue,  green.  Streak  white.  Brittle. 
H  =  3'0.  G-  =  6*20...  6*30. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
in  the  outer  flame  melts  into  a  clear  bead,  which  becomes  milk- 
white  on  cooling  ;  in  the  inner  flame  is  reduced.  With  soda 
and  silica  yields  the  reaction  of  sulphur.  Slightly  soluble  in 
nitric  acid.  In  powder  is  completely  soluble  in  potash. 

•  •  •  • 

PbS,  sulphuric  acid  26’39,  oxide  of  lead  73'61. 

Analyses  of  anglesite  a  from  Anglesea,  b  from  Wanlockhead 
by  Klaproth,  c  from  Zellerfeld  by  Strom eyer : — 


a 

b 

C 

Sulphuric  acid  .... 

.  24/8 

25'75 

26-09 

Oxide  of  lead  .... 

.  '  71-0 

70-50 

72-47 

Bed  ox.  iron  .... 

1*0 

— 

. 

Hydrate  of  ox.  iron 

.  — 

— 

0-09 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

.  — 

— 

0-07 

Silica . 

• 

- - 

0-51 

Water . 

2'0 

2-25 

0-12 

It  sometimes  contains  a  small  quantity  of  silver. 

In  attached  crystals  and  massive,  pseudomorphous  after 
galena ;  in  veins  of  lead  and  silver  ores  with  galena,  copper 
pyrites,  brown  iron  ore.  It  is  evidently  produced  by  the 
decomposition  of  galena. 

Is  found  at  Wolfach,  Schapbach  and  Baden weiler  in  Baden, 
Mtisen  and  Littfeld  in  Siegen,  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia,  Clausthal 
and  Zellerfeld  in  the  Harz,  Bukowina,  Linares  in  Spain,  Bere- 
sowsk  in  Siberia,  Southampton  in  Massachusetts,  the  lead  mines 
of  Missouri,  Paris  mine  in  Anglesea,  Yelenoweth  near  St.  Ives 
in  Cornwall,  Wanlockhead  and  Lead  Hills  in  Scotland. 


361.  CELESTINE. — Celestine  ;  Phillips.  Strontiane  sul- 
fatee  ;  Hauy.  Prismatoidischer  Hal-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Colestin ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  31°  19' ;  101,001  =  52°  4'  ;  110,100  =  52°  l\ 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  e  034,  d  012,  g  013,  l  014, 
0  101,  i  103,  l  1  0  12,  m  110,  n  210,  z  111,  f  113, 

q  114,  y  212,  'p  313,  x  414j  x  315j  s  313j  *  413- 


528 


SULPHATES. 


be 

ca 

ab 

ec 

ee 

dd' 

9C 

99 

Ic 

IV 

oc 

00 

ic 

ii' 


90 

90 

90 


0' 

0 

0 


50  57 

101  54 

78  49 

28  43 

57  26 

22  22 
44  44 

52  4 


lc 

ma 

mm! 

na 

nri 


104 

23 

46 


8 

9 

18 


zz 

/f 

zz 
/  // 
zz 

fa 

fi 

fi 

qa 

qb 

qc 


PIG.  520. 


6' 

52 


6 

1 


75  58 

32  38 

114  44 

67  25 

90  34 

128  44 

69  27 

63  .  17 
34  47 

73  29 

68  39 

27  31 


ya 

yb 

yc 

yo 

sa 

sb 

sc 

\La 

■ipb 

\pc 

Xa 

xh 

XG 

TTd 

7 rb 

7 TC 

cca 

xb 

xc 


45°  15' 

63  12 

56  43 

26  48 

33  55 

64  28 

69  15 

41  38 

71  24 

54  22 

40  7 

75  50 

53  25 

33  41 

50  0 

69  23 

53  49 

75  24 

39  56 


EIG.  521. 
b' 


Combinations,  om.c.d.z,  ox.d.c,  odb,  oed.m ,  ocmzd..f.i.g.b.x.l , 
oymzdlc.  The  faces  a  usually  rough ;  o  sometimes  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  z  and  m  ;  the  faces  b  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  m.  Cleavage,  c,  very 
perfect ;  m,  less  easily  obtained,  often  interrupted  by  fracture ; 
a,  yet  less  distinct ;  b,  traces.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal. 
Transparent. .  .translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly 
on  the  surfaces  of  perfect  cleavage.  Colourless,  white,  grey, 
.  blue,  flesh-red.  Brittle,  h  —  3*0... 3*5.  G  =  3*85... 4*00. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
melts  without  difficulty  in  the  outer  flame  into  a  white  alcaline 
bead,  which,  in  the  inner  flame,  spreads  upon  the  charcoal  and 
forms  a  hepar.  When  this  hepar  is  dissolved  in  hydrochloric 
acid,  evaporated  to  dryness  and  placed  on  a  strip  of  paper 


BARYTE. 


529 


moistened  with  alcohol,  when  ignited  it  burns  with  a  red 
flame.  With  borax  fuses  with  effervescence  into  a  clear  glass, 
which  becomes  yellow  or  brown  on  cooling.  With  soda  sinks 
into  the  charcoal  and  forms  a  hepar.  Insoluble  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid.  Phosphoresces  when  thrown  in  powder  on  a  hot 
iron. 

•  •  •  • 

SrS,  sulphuric  acid  43*65,  strontian  56*35. 

Analyses  of  celestine  a  from  Girgenti,  b  from  Siintel  near 
Miinder,  c  (fibrous)  from  Dornburg,  all  by  Stromeyer,  d  from 
Dornburg  by  Madrell,  e  from  near  Brunswick  by  Leonhardt, 
f  from  Fassathal  by  Brandes : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Sulphuric  acid 

43*08 

42*74 

42*95 

43*76 

41*23  1 

An  1 1 

Strontian  . 

56*35 

55*18 

56*27 

54*73 

53*90  j 

92  15 

Barytes  .  .  . 

— 

0*86 

— 

sulph.  bar. 

1*87 

Lime  .... 

— 

0*31 

— 

1-42 

1*12 

— 

Alumina  . 

— 

— 

0*05 

— 

— 

— 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

0*03 

0*04 

0*.03 

— 

1*88 

0*50 

Carbon,  lime  . 

0*09 

0*02 

0*10 

— 

— 

1*83 

Silica  .... 

— 

— 

— 

(not  decomp.  o*94) 

1*00 

Water  .... 

0*18 

0*05 

0*11 

— 

0*49 

— 

Is  found  in  crystals,  and  in  fibrous  and  compact  masses,  in 
the  sulphur  mines  at  Girgenti,  Mazzara  and  Cataldo  in  Sicily, 
in  sulphur  at  St.  Beat  in  France ;  in  limestone  at  Herrengrund 
in  Hungary,  Strontian  Island  in  Lake  Erie,  Dornburg  near 
J ena,  near  Bristol ;  in  metallic  veins  at  Scharfenberg  near 
Meissen,  and  at  Leogang  in  Salzburg  ;  at  Montecchio  Maggiore 
in  amygdaloid ;  at  Bex  in  Switzerland,  Conil  in  Spain,  Calton 
Hill  near  Edinburgh  ;  in  the  interior  of  fossil  bivalves  in  the 
oolitic  formation  of  the  Weser. 


362.  B  ABATE. -—Barytes  ;  Phillips.  Baryte  sulfatee  ;  Hauy. 
Prismatischer  Hal-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Baryt ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=31°  49'*4  ;  101,001  =  52°42';  1 10,100  =  50°  50'. 


a  loo, 

b 

010. 

,  C  001, 

u  Oil,  d 

012,  g 

013, 

l  014, 

c 

015, 

w 

'  016, 

0  101,  <p 

102,  m 

no,  n 

210, 

V  230, 

X 

120, 

z 

m, 

r 

112,  /  113 

,  q  114,  v 

115,  k 

118, 

y  212, 

s 

312, 

V 

214, 

7 

132. 

be 

90° 

0 ' 

uu 

116°  21' 

99 

56° 

28' 

ca 

90 

0 

dd' 

77  43 

IV 

43 

53 

ab 

90 

0 

9G 

28  14 

r 

(J  (T 

35 

44 

a  a 


530 


SULPHATES. 


ww 

CO 

o 

o 

4 ! 

ra 

62 

00 

105 

24 

rb 

56 

n' 

66 

34 

re 

46 

ma 

50 

50 

fa 

68 

mm! 

78 

20 

/*> 

63 

nri 

116 

65 

fG 

34 

W 

57 

0 

qa 

73 

AX' 

44 

20 

qb 

69 

za 

55 

19 

qc 

27 

zb 

45 

41 

va 

75 

zc 

64 

18 

vb 

72 

EIG,  522. 


56' 

VC 

22° 

34' 

2 

lea 

80 

52 

6 

kb 

78 

45 

55 

kc 

14 

34 

48 

sa 

33 

7 

43 

sb 

69 

57 

4 

sc 

64 

49 

3 

ya 

44 

23 

27 

yb 

63 

58 

58 

yc 

57 

0 

41 

fia 

58 

40 

Pb 

71 

23 

fxC 

37 

36 

ya 

75 

55 

yb 

26 

20 

yc 

68 

14 

EIG. 

523. 

V 


b 


a 


Combinations.  mc..a.n.r).b.o.y.z ,  md..c.o.y,  od..a.z.m.y.c.b , 
mcd..a.o.s.y.z.u,  ocd..m.z,  boud..z.m.c,  oadc..u.f.v.g.cr ,  omdc..a.y.z.- 
f.b.y.  Cleavage,  m,  c,  perfect,  c  usually  more  readily  obtained 
than  m ;  a,  less  perfect ;  b,  still  less  perfect ;  z,  d,  traces. 
Fracture  conchoidal,  seldom  observable.  Transparent... trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous,  it  =  1*6468, 
1*6352.  Colourless,  white,  grey,  blue,  yellow,  red.  Streak 
white.  Brittle,  h  =  3*0...  3*5.  g  =  4*35...  4*59. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  in  the  inner 
flame  is  reduced  to  sulphuret  of  baryum,  and  becomes  alkaline, 
imparting  a  yellowish-green  colour  to  the  flame.  With  borax 
melts  into  a  clear  glass  which  becomes  yellow  or  brown  on 
cooling.  With  soda  forms  a  hepar,  and  sinks  into  the  charcoal. 
With  soda  and  silica  yields  a  yellow  or  brown  bead.  Insoluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid. 

BaS,  sulphuric  acid  34*37,  barytes  65*63.  Part  of  the  ba¬ 
rytes  is  sometimes  replaced  by  strontian. 

Analyses  of  baryte  a  from  Freiberg  by  Klaproth,  b  from 


KAKSTEKLTE. 


531 


Nutfield  by  Stromeyer,  c  a  colourless  crystal,  g  =  4-4864,  from 
Silbach,  d  in  brownisb-yellow  crystals,  G  =  4-488,  from  Glorzing, 
both  by  Bammelsberg,  e  granular  from  Wiesbaden  by  Eresenius, 
/“compact  from  Claustbal  by  Jordan: — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Sulphate  barytes  . 

.  97"50 

99-38 

99-4 

83-48 

89*47 

86-00 

Sulphate  strontian 

0-85 

— 

0-6 

15-12 

1-85 

6-75 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  . 

.  — 

0-05 

— 

— 

0-29 

— 

Sulph.  lime  .  .  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

0-89 

— 

— 

Silica . 

0-80 

— 

— 

0'25 

8-15 

5-75 

Water  .... 

0-70 

0-07 

— 

— 

0-08 

0-38 

In  crystals,  fibrous,  compact  and  earthy  masses ;  pseudo- 
morphous  after  witherite  and  barytocalcite ;  forming  the  sub¬ 
stance  of  ammonites,  belemnites,  fossil  wood ;  in  beds  and  veins 
in  various  formations. 

Is  found  at  Silbach  in  Westphalia,  at  Clausthal,  Zellerfeld 
and  other  places  in  the  Harz,  Ereiberg,  Marienberg  in  Saxony, 
Przibram,  Mies,  Toplitz,  Teschen  and  the  Griffberg  in  Bohemia, 
Kremnitz  and  Eelsobanya  in  Hungary,  Kapnik  in  Transyl¬ 
vania,  Champeix  and  Puy  de  la  Courtade  in  Auvergne,  and 
near  Nantes  in  Erance,  Wiesloch  and  Wittichen  in  Baden, 
Bieber  in  Hessia,  Dufton  in  Cumberland,  Nutfield  in  Surrey, 
in  Staffordshire  and  Derbyshire,  the  Tyrol,  Stiria,  Carinthia, 
Bologna.  Hepatite  is  a  variety  of  baryte  from  Kongsberg  in 
Norway,  and  Andrarum  in  Schonen,  containing  a  small  quantity 
of  carbonaceous  matter. 


363.  KABSTENITE. — Anhydrite;  Phillips.  Chaux  an- 
hydro  sulfatee ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Enklas-Haloid  ;  Mohs. 
Xarstenit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=42°  17' ;  101,001=44°  26/  110,100=48°  18'. 


a  100, 

b 

010 

/ 

113. 

• 

be 

90° 

0' 

ca 

90 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

sc 

44 

25 

ss 

91 

10 

mo 

48 

18 

mm 

83 

24 

oa 

66 

36 

ob 

61 

61 

c  ooi,  s  loi,  m 


OC 

55° 

50' 

OS 

38 

9 

no 

66 

45 

nb 

63 

43 

nc 

36 

23 

fa 

72 

56 

fb 

70 

47 

ft 

26 

10 

A  a  2 

110,  0  111,  n  112, 


EIG.  624. 


532 


SULPHATES. 


Combinations,  abc ,  abcwi ,  abconf,  abcmonf.  b,  rough ;  the 
other  faces  smooth.  Cleavage.  |  a,  c,  very  perfect ;  b,  less  per¬ 
fect,  yet  easily  obtained.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal. 
Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  the- most  per¬ 
fect  cleavages  pearly.  The  optic  axes  are  in  a  plane  parallel  to 
the  face  c,  and  make  angles  of  21°  46'  with  a  normal  to  b.  The 
indices  of  refraction  of  light  in  planes  parallel  to  a,  c,  b,  and 
polarized  in  those  planes  respectively,  are  1*671,  1*576,  1*614. 
Colourless,  white,  inclining  to  grey,  yellow,  red,  blue.  Streak 
greyish-white.  Brittle,  h  =  3*0... 3*5.  G  =  2*85... 3*05. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  difficulty  into  a  white 
enamel ;  on  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  yields  a  hepar.  With 
borax  dissolves  into  a  clear  glass  which  is  yellow  when  cold. 
With  fluor  melts  easily  into  a  clear  bead.  With  soda  forms  a 
hepar.  Is  very  slightly  soluble  in  water  and  in  hydrochloric 
acid. 


CaS, 


sulphuric  acid  58*82,  lime  41*18. 


Analyses  of  karstenite  a  from  Sulz  by  Klaproth,  b  from 
Ihlefeld,  c,  d  from  Vulpino  by  Stromeyer,  e  from  Eisleben  by 


V.  Bose: — 

a 

Sulphuric  acid  .  .  .  .  59*78 

Lime . 43*06 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  o*io 

Silica . o*25 

Water . — 

Carbon,  acid  and  bitumen  — 


b 

C 

d 

e 

55*80 

66*78 

58*01 

56*28 

40*67 

41*51 

41*70 

41*48 

0*25 

0*03 

— 

— 

0*23 

0*26 

0*09 

— 

2*91 

0*94 

0*07 

0*75 

0*13 

— 

—  • 

— 

In  attached  crystals ;  fibrous  and  contorted  masses ;  in  beds 
and  veins  with  metallic  sulphides,  and  in  the  clay  which 
accompanies  rock  salt  and  gypsum. 

Is  found  at  Aussee  in  Styria,  Hall  in  the  Tyrol,  Hallein  in 
Salzburg,  Berchtesgaden,  Ischel,  at  Bex  and  Yal  Canaria  in 
Switzerland,  Vic  in  Lorraine,  Pesey  in  Savoy,  Yulpino  in 
Italy,  Osterode  and  Eisleben,  Segeberg,  Llineberg,  Tiede,  Sulz, 
in  the  salt  mines  of  Wieliczka  and  Bochnia,  Lockport  in  New 
York.  In  veins  with  metallic  sulphides  at  Biechelsdorf,  Lau- 
terberg  in  the  Harz,  Kapnik,  Bleiberg,  Eahlun. 


364.  GLAUBEBITE. —  Glauberite;  Phillips,  Hauy.  He- 
miprismatisches  Brithyn-Salz ;  Mohs.  Brongniartin ;  Haus- 
mann.  Glauberit ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  37°  23' ;  111,010  =  58°  10' ;  101,001  =  30°  63'. 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  t  201,  z  302,  m  no,  s  in,  n  ill, 


THENAItDITE. 


533 


e  311,  v  113,  x  33l.  z  truncates  the  edge  tc  ;  v,  x  truncate 


the  edge  me'. 


ca 

o 

CO 

CO 

16' 

ta 

35 

21 

za 

46 

14 

mm! 

83 

20 

ma 

48 

20 

ss 

116 

20 

nn' 

95 

22 

ee 

136 

8 

xx' 

79 

10 

vv 

142 

44 

sc 

43 

11 

me 

75° 

45' 

xc 

91 

3 

nc 

119 

8 

VC 

155 

31 

EIG.  525. 


Combinations,  cs,  esm,  esma,  cstnema.  The  faces  c,  s  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage. 
c,  perfect;  m ,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.. .uneven.  Semi¬ 
transparent ..  .translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  the  cleavages 
inclining  to  pearly,  on  the  surface  of  fracture  inclining  to 
resinous.  At  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  the 
optic  axes  for  violet  light  coincide,  the  axes  for  the  other  rays 
being  double.  Colourless,  greyish-white,  yellowish-white,  red. 
Streak  white.  Brittle.  h  =  2‘5...3'0.  g  =  2*7. .,2*8.  Taste 
slightly  saline  and  astringent. 

Decrepitates  when  heated,  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal, 
in  the  inner  flame,  melts  into  an  alkaline  hepatic  bead.  Par¬ 
tially  soluble  in  water,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphate  of  lime. 
When  exposed  to  moist  air  becomes  covered  with  an  opaque 
white  crust. 


NaS  +  CaS,  sulphuric  acid  57'56,  soda  22-29,  lime  20’15. 

Analyses  of  glauberite  from  Villarubia  a  by  Brongniart,  b  from 
Yic  by  Dufrenoy,  c  from  Berchtesgaden  by  v.  Kobell: — 


a 

b 

c 

Sulphate  of  soda  .  . 

.  .  51 

48-50 

48-6 

Sulphate  of  lime  . 

.  .  49 

46‘60 

51-0 

Chloride  of  sodium  . 

•  •  " 

1-20 

— 

• 

• 

r— 1 

o 

.  .  — 

2-7 

— 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  reniform  masses,  imbedded  in  rock 
salt,  at  Villarubia  near  Ocana  in  Spain,  Vic  in  Lorraine,  Berch¬ 
tesgaden  in  Bavaria,  Atacama,  Chile.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
found  also  at  Miillingen  in  Switzerland. 


365.  THEJNABDITE. —  Thenardite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Thenardit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

a  a  3 


534 


SULPHATES. 


Prismatic.  011,010=40°  4l';  101,001=28°  60';  110,100=64°  40'*5. 

a  loo,  c  ooi  cleavage,  m  no,  r  ill,  s  113. 

ac  90°  o' 

me  90  o 

mm  60  39 

rr  44  19 

rr"  105  42 

r'r"  123  43 

sm  68  4 

Combinations,  re,  rm ,  rem,  amrs.  Cleavage,  c,  perfect; 
m,  imperfect.  Practure  conchoidal.  Transparent . . .  translu¬ 
cent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white,  h  =  2*5.  G  = 
2-67. ..2-73. 

Imparts  a  bright  yellow  colour  to  the  blowpipe  flame.  On 
charcoal  melts  into  an  alkaline  hepar.  Soluble  in  water. 
Attracts  moisture  from  the  air  and  becomes  covered  with  a 
white  powder. 

•  •  •  • 

ISTaS,  sulphuric  acid  56*36,  soda  43*64. 

Analysis  by  Casaseca : — 

Sulphate  of  soda . 99*78 

Carbonate  of  soda . 0*22 

Is  found  in  crystals  in  the  brine  springs  at  Salinas  (d’Espar- 
tinas  not  far  from  Madrid.  A  concentrated  solution  of  sulphate 
of  soda  affords  crystals  of  thenardite  at  33°  c. 

Seleniate  of  soda  and  sulphate  and  seleniate  of  oxide  of 
silver  are  isomorphous  with  thenardite.  In  seleniate  of  soda, 
HaSe,  selenic  acid  67*26,  soda  32*74,  r/  =  45°38',  rV"  =  123°43/. 
In  sulphate  of  oxide  of  silver,  AgS,  sulphuric  acid  25*65,  oxide 
of  silver  74*35,  rr  =  43°  4o',  r'r "  =  125°  li'.  In  seleniate  of 
oxide  of  silver,  AgSe,  selenic  acid  35*44,  oxide  of  silver  64*56, 
rr'  =  44°  18',  r'r"  =  123°  30'. 


PIG.  626. 


366.  GLASEEITE. —  Sulphate  of  potash ;  Phillips.  Potasse 
sulfatee ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Pikrochylin-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Grla- 
serit ;  Hausmann.  Arcanit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  37°  30' ;  101,001  =  36° 44' ;  110,100  =  60°12'. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  e  012,  u  101,  v  201,  m  no, 
f  310,  o  ill,  s  112.  e  truncates  the  edge  ss'. 


MASCAGNINE. 


535 


EIG.  527. 


be 

90° 

0' 

ca 

90 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

ee' 

66 

10 

uu 

73 

29 

vv' 

112 

22 

mm 

59 

36 

F 

119° 

36' 

00 

48 

62 

oo" 

92 

29 

/  // 

O  0 

112 

41 

ss 

34 

44 

ss" 

62 

48 

s's" 

73 

48 

Combinations.  cam,  oamv,  ocaumsv,  ocaumfsv.  Twins. 
Twin-face  m.  Cleavage .  c,  imperfect ;  a,  m,  still  more  im¬ 
perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal...  uneven.  Transparent  ...trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white,  yellowish  or 
greyish.  Streak  white.  Father  brittle,  h  =  2*5...  3*o.  g  = 
2*689.. .2-709. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
in  powder  fuses  readily  into  an  alkaline  hepar.  Soluble  in 
10  parts  of  water  at  12°  c,  and  in  3*95  parts  at  100°  c. 


KS, 


sulphuric  acid  45*90,  potash  54*10. 


Is  found  on  Yesuvian  lavas  and  in  solution  in  some  springs. 


Sulphate  of  potash  is  dimorphous.  It  has  eig.  528. 
been  observed  by  Mitscherlich  in  crystals 
belonging  to  the  rhombohedral  system. 
o  111,  r  100.  ro  —  56°  o',  rr  —  91°  46'. 

Sulphate  of  potash,  seleniate  of  potash, 
chromate  of  potash,  manganate  of  potash, 
and  mascagnine,  are  isomorphous.  In  chrom¬ 
ate  of  potash,  kcr,  chromic  acid  52*46,  potash 
47*54,  vv'  —  lll°  lo',  mm'  =  59°  56'.  In  seleniate  of  potash,  kse, 
selenic  acid  57*46,  potash  42*54,  vv'  —  lll°  48'*5,  mm!  —  59°  35'. 
Twin  crystals  of  chromate  and  seleniate  of  potash  occur  similar 
to  those  of  sulphate  of  potash.  In  manganate  of  potash,  kivih, 
manganic  acid  52*24,  potash  47*76.  vv'  =  113°  o',  mm!  =  58°  49'*5. 


367.  MASCADNINE.  —  Sulphate  of  ammonia;  Phillips. 
Ammoniaque  sufatee  ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Ammoniak-Salz  ; 
Mohs.  Mascagnin ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  37°  4o';  101,001  =  36°  lo';  110,100  =  60°  34'. 

loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  u  101,  v  201,  m  no,  f  310,  o  ill. 

a  a  4 


a 


536 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


be 

90° 

o' 

ca 

90 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

uu 

72 

20 

vv' 

111 

15 

ma 

60 

34 

mb 

29 

26 

mm! 

58 

52 

fa 

o 

o 

CO 

34' 

ff 

118 

62 

oci 

65 

67 

ob 

43 

43 

oc 

56 

5 

od 

48 

6 

od' 

92 

34 

dd' 

112 

10 

EIG.  529. 


Combinations,  amu ,  bamu ,  omua ,  omuvfa.  Cleavage.  a ,  per¬ 
fect  ;  b,  imperfect ;  c,  traces.  Fracture  imperfect  concboidal. 
Transparent . . . translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white, 
grey,  yellow.  Streak  white.  Sectile.  h  =  2-o...2‘5.  G  = 
1*68...  1*78.  Taste  pungent  and  bitter. 

NLLOS,  sulphuric  acid  60‘59,  oxide  of  ammonium  39’4l. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  with  potash  emits  a  smell  of 
ammonia.  Is  completely  volatilized  before  the  blowpipe.  Is 
soluble  in  two  parts  of  cold,  and  in  one  of  boiling  water. 

It  is  a  volcanic  product,  and  occurs  in  crystals,  stalactites, 
and  investing  other  minerals,  on  Vesuvius,  iEtna,  the  Solfatara 
of  Pozzuolo,  in  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  water  of  the  Lagunes 
of  Tuscany.  It  is  formed  in  coal  mines  at  Aubin  in  Aveyron, 
and  Bradley  in  Staffordshire. 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 

368.  GYPSUM. — Gypsum ;  Phillips.  Chaux  sulfatee  ; 
Hauy.  Prismatoidisches  Euklas-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Gyps ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  62°  16';  111,010  =  71°  6l';  101,001  =  28°  16'. 


a  loo, 

b 

010, 

V  011, 

t  101, 

d 

101 

twin-face, 

e  103 

m  no,  h 
U  133,  w 

120,  Jc 

113. 

130,  l 

in,  y 

131, 

n 

111,  X 

121, 

S  131 

ab 

o 

o 

CT> 

0' 

IV 

143° 

42' 

nb 

69° 

14' 

tb 

90 

0 

yb 

45 

39 

nn! 

138 

28 

da 

52 

16 

vb 

67 

47 

xb 

52 

60 

ea 

92 

2 

vv' 

135 

34 

sb 

41 

19 

ta 

113 

46 

wb 

82 

8 

ma 

34 

19 

td 

66 

14 

ub 

67 

30 

mb 

55 

41 

lb 

71 

51 

uu 

135 

0 

mm! 

111 

42 

GYPSUM. 


lib 

36° 

12' 

nu 

20° 

15' 

kb 

26 

1 

uv' 

10 

38 

la 

54 

25 

vl 

26 

49 

nl 

57 

43 

Im 

49 

0 

na! 

67 

52 

nm! 

69 

16 

PIG.  530. 

e 


537 

PIG.  531. 


PIG.  532. 


An  increase  of  temperature  of  ioo°  c,  in¬ 
creases  mb  5'*4,  Im  4,-2,  and  diminishes  da  7'*4. 

Combinations,  fonb.n,  elmhb.n ,  elnsrnb,  elurnb , 
elnuxsmhkb.  The  faces  m,  b  striated  parallel 
to  their  intersections  with  each  other ;  n  fre¬ 
quently  rough.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  a  (fig. 

532).  2.  Twin-face  d  (fig.  633).  The  faces  l,  e 
in  this  twin  are  frequently  convex,  producing 
lenticular  forms.  Cleavage,  b,  very  perfect 
and  easily  obtained ;  n,  imperfect,  fibrous ;  a, 
imperfect,  conchoidal.  Fracture  seldom  observable,  flat  con- 
choidal.  Transparent. .  .translucent.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  b,  pearly. 
r  =:  1*525 ...  1*536.  The  rings  surrounding  the  optic  axes  are  dis¬ 
similar.  At  9*4°  c  the  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel  to  b. 
One  of  them,  the  rings  of  which  have  dull  colours,  makes  an 
angle  of  6°46'  with  a  normal  to  a ,  and  of  55°  3o'  with  a  normal 
to  d.  The  other,  with  brighter  coloured  rings,  makes  an  angle 
of  68°  10'  with  a  normal  to  a ,  and  of  23°  52'  with  a  normal  to  e. 
At  about  80°  c  the  optic  axes  coincide  in  a  line  making  an  angle 
of  37°  28'  with  a  normal  to  a ,  and,  on  a  further  increase  of 
temperature  they  again  separate  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  b. 
Colourless,  red,  yellow,  blue,  grey.  Streak  white.  Sectile. 
Flexible  in  thin  plates  round  a  line  parallel  to  the  edge  tb. 
H  =  1*5... 2*0.  Least  on  b ,  greatest  on  e.  G  =  2*28... 2*33. 

a  a  5 


538 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
opaque  and  white,  and  melts  into  a  white  alkaline  enamel ;  on 
charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  yields  a  hepar.  With  fluor  melts 
into  a  clear  bead  which  becomes  opaque  when  cold.  One  part 
is  soluble  in  460  parts  of  water.  Is  hardly  more  soluble  in 
acids.  Is  completely  decomposed  in  a  boiling  solution  of  car¬ 
bonate  of  potash.  When  exposed  to  a  temperature  of  between 
132°  c  and  150°  c,  the  water  escapes  and  it  becomes  friable. 
Mixed  with  water  in  this  state  it  combines  with  the  water, 
becomes  hot,  and  grows  hard.  Exposed  to  a  higher  tempera¬ 
ture  it  becomes  incapable  of  combining  with  water. 

CaS  +  2 it,  sulphuric  acid  46-51,  lime  32*56,  water  20-93. 

Analyses  of  gypsum  a  by  Bucholz,  b,  c  by  V.  Bose  : — 

a  b  c 

Sulphuric  acid .  46  44*16  44’25 


Lime .  33  33‘88  33'75 

Water . 21  2i*oo  2roo 


In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals  ;  globular,  granular,  fibrous 
and  compact  masses ;  pulverulent.  In  beds  in  the  new  red  sand¬ 
stone,  and  occasionally  in  older  rocks  ;  in  imbedded  masses 
and  groups  of  crystals  in  clay;  in  sulphur  with  celestine;  in 
salt  mines  ;  in  the  rubbish  of  deserted  mines  ;  in  the  clay  beds 
of  the  brown  coal  of  some  districts ;  pseudomorphous  after 
karstenite  and  salt ;  in  fossil  shells ;  in  peat  bogs.  Some 
varieties  appear  to  have  been  recently  crystallized. 

Is  found  in  crystals  at  Kleinschleppenstedt  and  Tiede  near 
Brunswick,  Girossalmerode  in  Hessia,  Waltershausen  in  Thu¬ 
ringia,  in  the  salt  mines  in  the  Tyrol,  Salzburg,  the  Salzkam- 
mergut,  Bex  in  Switzerland,  Montmartre  near  Paris,  Shotover 
Hill  near  Oxford,  in  the  sulphur  mine  of  Grirgenti  in  Sicily, 
on  the  Irtisch  in  Siberia,  near  0£ana  in  Spain ;  in  veins  of 
ore  at  Wolfach,  Leogang,  Schemnitz.  Eibrous  and  compact 
varieties  are  found  at  Jena,  near  Mansfeld,  Wernigerode, 
ILeilbronn,  Stuttgard,  between  Nordhausen  and  the  Harz, 
Liineburg,  Segeberg,  near  Yolterra  in  Tuscany,  in  the  new 
red  sandstone  formation  in  Yorkshire,  Cheshire,  Derbyshire, 
Nottinghamshire,  Devonshire,  &c.,  near  Moffat  and  at  Whit- 
tader  in  Scotland,  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Seleniate  of  lime.  Case  +  2H,  and  sulphate  of  protoxide  of 
iron  with  two  equivalents  of  water,  Ee§  +  2H,  are  isomor- 
phous  with  gypsum. 

369.  POLYHALITE.  —  Polyhalite  ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Prismatisches  Brithyn-Salz ;  Mohs.  Polyhalit,  Han  smarm 
Haidinger. 


ALTJNITE. 


539 


Prismatic. 


a  100,  c  001,  m  110. 


FIG.  534. 


etc 

me 

ma 

mm! 


90°  o' 
90  o 
67  30 

65  0 


Combinations,  acm.  Cleavage,  m ,  imper¬ 
fect.  Practnre  uneven.  Translucent.  Lustre 
waxy,  in  the  fibrous  varieties  silky.  Bed  of 
various  shades.  Streak  white.  Bather  brittle.  H  =  3‘5. 
G  =  2*73... 2*78.  Taste  bitter  and  saline,  feeble. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  melts  readily  into  an  opaque  reddish  bead,  which,  on 
cooling,  becomes  white  and  alkaline.  Partially  soluble  in  water 
leaving  a  residue  of  sulphate  of  lime. 

KS  +  MgS  +  2CaS  -f-  2H,  sulphate  of  lime  45'2,  sulphate 
of  magnesia  20*1,  sulphate  of  potash  28*8,  water  5*9. 


Analyses  of  polyhalite  from  Ischel  a  by  Stromeyer,  from 
Aussee  b  by  Bammelsberg : — 


a 

b 

Sulphate  of  lime  . 

.  44*74 

45*43 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 

.  20*03 

20*59 

Sulphate  of  potash  .  . 

.  27*70 

28*10 

Chloride  of  sodium  .  . 

0*19 

0*11 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

0*01 

— 

Water . . 

5*95 

5*24 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

0*34 

0*33 

Sdica  . 

.  — 

0*20 

Is  found  with  rock  salt,  in  crystals,  fibrous  and  compact 
masses,  and  pseudomorphous  after  rock  salt,  at  Aussee  in  Stiria, 
Ischel  in  Austria,  and  Berchtesgaden  in  Bavaria. 


370.  ALUNITE.  — Alum-stone;  Phillips.  Ahmite ;  Beu- 
dant.  Bhomboedrisches  Alaun- Haloid ;  Mohs.  Alaunstein ; 
Hausmann.  Alunit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  62°  45'. 


o  ill,  r  loo. 


a  a  6 


540 


ro 

/ 

/y*/p 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


EIGr.  535. 


52°  45' 
87  10 


Combination,  or.  The  faces  r  sometimes 
striated  parallel  to  tbeir  intersections  with  o  ; 
frequently  curved.  Cleavage,  o,  tolerably 
perfect ;  r,  traces.  Fracture  uneven.  Trans¬ 
parent...  semi -transparent.  Lustre  vitreous, 
on  o  inclining  to  pearly.  Colourless,  white 
inclining  to  yellow,  red,  grey.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  = 


3’5... 4*0. 


G 


2’69.. .2’80. 


In  the  matrass  yields  water.  The  crystals  decrepitate 
violently  when  heated.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With 
soda  forms  a  hepar.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue. 
Soluble  in  hot  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  in  a  hot  solu¬ 
tion  of  potash.  Insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Water  extracts 
alum  from  it  after  ignition. 


KS  -f  3A1S  +  eH,  sulphuric  acid  38-56,  alumina  37‘07, 
potash  11‘36,  water  13'01. 

Analyses  of  alunite  a  from  Montione  by  Descotils,  b  from 
Tolfa  by  Cordier,  c  from  Bereghszasz  by  Berthier : — 


Sulphuric  acid 

a 

.  .  .  35*6 

b 

V 

35-50 

C 

39*42 

Alumina 

.  .  .  40'0 

39-65 

37-95 

Potash  . 

.  .  .  13'8 

10-02 

10*66 

Water  . 

.  .  .  10-6 

14-83 

11-97 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  and  massive,  at  Tolfa  near 
Civita  Vecchia,  Montione  in  Tuscany,  Bereghszasz  and  Musay 
in  Hungary,  Puy  de  Sancy  in  France,  and  in  the  islands  of 
Milo,  Argentiera  and  Nevis. 


371.  ALUM. — Alum;  Phillips.  Alun;  Beudant.  Oktae- 
drisches  Alaun-Salz ;  Mohs.  Kalialaun ;  Hausmann.  Alaun  • 


Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100, 

0 

111, 

aa! 

90' 

3  Ql 

00' 

70 

32 

oa 

54 

44 

dd! 

60 

0 

dal 

45 

0 

do 

35 

16 

EIG.  536. 


0 


!  \ 

at 


AMMONIA-ALUM. 


541 


Forms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  ao ,  od,  aod.  Twins.  Twin- 
face  o.  Cleavage,  o,  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal ...  un¬ 
even.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  /j.  =  1’458. 
White.  Streak  white.  Father  brittle,  h  =  2'0...2’5.  a  = 
l‘9...2'0.  Taste  sweetish,  astringent. 

In  the  matrass  melts,  intumesces  and  yields  a  large  quantity 
of  water.  When  heated  to  redness,  sulphurous  acid  is  dis- 
engaged.  The  remainder  moistened  with  nitrate  of  cobalt  and 
ignited  becomes  blue.  Soluble  in  18'4  parts  of  cold  water,  and 
in  0‘75  of  boiling  water.  The  solution  yields  a  precipitate 
with  ammonia  and  tartaric  acid,  and  a  yellow  precipitate  with 
chloride  of  platinum. 

KS  +  A1S3  +  24H,  sulphuric  acid  33’8,  alumina  lO’S, 
potash  9*9,  water  45’5. 

In  crystals ;  more  frequently  as  an  efflorescence  on  alumi¬ 
nous  rocks,  lavas  and  burning  coal  mines. 

Is  found  in  the  Lipari  islands,  Sicily,  St.  Michael  in  the 
Azores,  the  alum-slate  rocks  in  Thuringia,  Christiania  in  Nor- 
way,  the  burning  mine  at  Duttweiler,  Whitby  in  Yorkshire. 

372.  SOD  A- ALUM. — Alun  sodifere;  Dufrenoy.  Natron 
alaun ;  Hausmann. 

External  characters  the  same  as  those  of  potash  alum,  except 
that  a  =  1'88. 

Is  more  soluble  in  water  than  potash  alum.  The  solution 
yields  no  precipitate  with  chloride  of  platinum,  and  after  the 
precipitation  of  the  alumina  by  ammonia,  is  not  rendered  turbid 
by  the  addition  of  phosphate  of  soda. 

••••  ••••••  • 

NaS  +  A1S3  +  2411,  sulphuric  acid  34*9,  alumina  ir2, 
soda  6*8,  water  47'1. 

Is  found  in  the  Neapolitan  Solfatara,  the  island  of  Milo, 
north  of  Mendoza  in  the  province  of  St.  Juan  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Andes. 


373.  AMMONIA- ALUM. — Alun  ammoniacal ;  Dufrenoy. 
Ammoniakalaun ;  Hausmann. 

Cubic. 


oo  70°  32' 


o  in. 


(%•  536.) 


542 


nYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


Cleavage,  o,  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  greyish-white,  h  =  2*0... 2  5. 

G  =  1*753.  . 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  sublimate  of  sulphate  of  ammonia. 

Mixed  with  soda  and  heated  yields  an  ammoniacal  smell. 


NH3HS  +  A1S3  +  24H,  sulphuric  acid  35*3,  alumina  11*3, 
ammonia  3*8,  water  49*6. 

Analysis  of  ammonia-alum  from  Tschermig  by  Stromeyer  : 


Sulphuric  acid  .  .  .  .  ^  .  36*06 

Alumina . 11*60 

Ammonia . 3*72 

Magnesia . 0‘13 

Water  . 48*39 


Is  found  in  crystals  in  clay  at  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia,  massive 
in  a  bed  of  brown  coal  at  Tschermig  near  Saatz  in  Bohemia. 

Ammonia  with  one  equivalent  of  water,  xh3h,  is  in  other 
cases  also  found  to  he  isomorphous  with  potash.  The  following 
salts,  all  of  which  crystallize  in  forms  of  the  cubic  system, 
resemble  either  potash-alum  or  ammonia-alum  in  their  composi¬ 
tion,  red  oxide  of  iron  or  oxide  of  chrome  being  substituted  for 
alumina: — is  -f-  f^s3  +  24H,  is  4-  -€rs3  +  24H,  ne3hs  + 
#e-s3  +  24H,  NH3lis  -f  -G*  S3  +  24H. 


374.  YOLTAITE. — Voltaite;  Dufrenoy. 
mann,  Haidinger. 


Y oltait ;  Haus- 


100, 

o  111, 

act' 

90° 

0' 

00 

70 

32 

oa 

54 

44 

dd' 

60 

0 

do 

35 

16 

da 

45 

0 

EIGk  538. 


Fracture  uneven.  Lustre  resinous. 

Black,  inclining  to  brown  and  green. 

Streak  greyish-green.  Partially  soluble  in  water. 


Analyses  by  Abicli  and  Dufrenoy :  — 

Sulphuric  acid .  48*32  45*67 

Alumina .  2*20  3*27 

Bed  oxide  of  iron . 17*65  • — 

Protoxide  of  iron .  11*60  28*69 


HALOTRICHITE. 


543 


Potash . 

5*47 

Soda . 

— ... 

Water . 

15*77 

Bemainder  .... 

.  ,  .  — 

0'46 

Is  found  in  the  Solfatara  of  Pozzuolo  near  Naples. 


375.  HALOTEICHITE. — Alumine  sulfatee  ;  Hauy.  Halo- 
trichit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Hull,  glim¬ 
mering.  White,  passing  into  grey  and  yellow,  h  =  2.  Taste 
sweetish,  astringent. 

In  the  matrass  intumesces  and  yields  water,  having  an  acid 
reaction.  The  residue  is  infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With 
solution  of  cobalt  becomes  blue.  Soluble  in  water. 


•«••••  • 

A1S  +  isH,  sulphuric  acid  36'0,  alumina  15*4,  water  48'6. 

Analyses  of  halotrichite  a  from  Pyromeni  by  Hartwall,  b 
from  Coquimbo  by  H.  Pose,  c  from  Kolosoruk,  d  from  Eries- 
dorf,  e  from  Potschappel,  f  from  Ereienwald,  by  Bammels- 
berg : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Sulphuric  acid  .  . 

.  40-31 

36-97 

35-82 

37-38 

35-71 

35*64 

Alumina 

.  14-98 

14-63 

15-57 

14-87 

12-78 

11-23 

Protox.  iron 

2-68) 

— 

2-46 

0*67 

0-72 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

— 

1‘02 

0-31 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

0-85 

0-14 

— 

— 

0-27 

1-91 

Soda . 

1*13 

— 

lime 

0-15 

0-64 

0-45 

Potash  .... 

0*26 

— 

— 

0-21 

0-32 

0-47 

Water  .... 

.  40*94 

44’64 

48-61 

45*16 

47'02 

48-85 

Hydrochloric  acid 

0-40 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Silica  .... 

113 

1-37 

— 

— 

— 

0*43 

Analyses  of  halotrichite  g  from  Bogota  by  Mill,  h  from  Pasto 
by  Boussingault,  i  from  Adelaide  in  New  South  Wales  by 
Herapath,  %  from  Saldana  by  Boussingault,  l  from  Konigsberg 
in  Hungary,  in  oblique  crystals,  by  J urasky  : — 


9 

Sulphuric  acid  . 

Alumina 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Oxide  of  copper 
Water  .  .  . 

Earthy  matter 


h 

i 

Jc 

1 

35-68 

35*63 

36-40 

36-75 

14-98 

17-09 

16-00 

14-30 

protox.  ir. 

2-15 

— 

0-04 

— 

— 

49-34 

46-70 

46’60 

44*60 

— 

0-50 

— 

2-01 

29-0 
15-0 
1*2 

61*8 
3‘0 

Is  found  in  botrvoidal,  fibrous  and  compact  masses,  in 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


511 

quarries  of  alum  shale  at  Freienwald  in  Brandenburg  and  near 
Saalfeld  in  Thuringia  ;  in  the  coal  mines  of  Potschappel  and 
Burgk  not  far  from  Dresden ;  in  the  beds  of  brown  coal  at 
IColosoruk  near  Bilin,  and  of  Friesdorf  near  Bonn  ;  at  Saldanha 
and  Socorro  in  Columbia,  Chivachy  near  Bogota,  Araya  near 
Cumana,  in  the  crater  of  the  volcano  of  Pasto  in  Quito,  Co- 
quimbo  in  Chile,  Pyromeni  in  Milo,  the  Solfatara  of  Naples. 


376.  WEBSTEBITE. — Subsulphate  of  alumina  ;  Phillips  ; 
Alumine  sous-sulfatee  ;  Hauy.  Aluminit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Opaque.  Dull.  White.  Streak  white.  Sectile.  h  =  ro. 
G  =  1-6.. .1*7. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  which  has  an  acid  reaction. 
Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  solution  of  cobalt  becomes 
blue.  Easily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

A1S  +  9 II,  sulphuric  acid  23*2,  alumina  29*8,  water  47*0. 


Analyses  of  websterite  a  from  Halle,  b  from  Mori  near  Halle, 
c  from  Newhaven,  all  by  Stromeyer,  from  Halle  d  by  Schmidt, 
e  by  Marchand,/from  Lunel-Vieil  by  Dufrenoy : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Sulphuric  acid  . 
Alumina  . 

.  .  23*37 

23*68 

23*37 

23*25 

22*3 

23*45 

.  .  30*26 

30*98 

29*87 

29*23 

30*7 

29*72 

Lime  .... 

•  • 

— 

— 

1*18 

— 

— 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  46*37 

45*34 

46*76 

46*34 

47*0 

46*80 

Is  found  in  reniform  masses  at  Halle,  Mori,  Sclilettau  and 
Langenbogen  near  Halle,  Auteuil  near  Paris,  Lunel-Vieil  in  the 
department  du  Gard,  Newhaven  in  Sussex.  Combinations  of 
ais  +  9H  with  hydrate  of  alumina  in  various  proportions  have 
been  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Halle. 


377.  GrABNSDOPFITE. — Pissophane;  Dufrenoy.  Pisso- 
phan ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent...  trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Green,  brown.  Streak  greyish- 
white,  pale  yellow.  Brittle.  H  =  l’5...2-0.  G  =  1‘922...  1*981. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Analyses  by  Erdmann : — 

Sulphuric  acid .  12*70  12*49  11*90 

Alumina . .  35*15  35*30  6*80 


MIRABILITE. 


545 


Red  oxide  of  iron  .  .  .  974  9'80  4(ro6 

Water .  41-69  4170  40-13 

G-angue  and  loss  ....  072  071  i  ll 

It  is  found  in  soft  drops,  which  are  gradually  dried  into 
horn-like  masses,  in  the  alum  shale  works  at  Garnsdorf  near 
Saalfeld  in  Thuringia,  and  at  Reichenbach  in  Saxony. 


378.  MIRABILITE. — Sulphate  of  soda ;  Phillips.  Soude 
sulfatee ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Glauber-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Glau- 
bersalz  ;  Hausmann.  Mirabilit ;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  57°  55' ;  111,010  =46°  36';  101,001  =49°  50'. 

Oil,  r  101,  l  201,  W  201, 

FIG.  539. 


a  loo, 

b 

010, 

C  001, 

e 

on,  r 

110,  V 

12C 

»,  n 

ill,  d 

In, 

V  211 

be 

CD 

O 

o 

o' 

mb 

40* 

3  19' 

ab 

90 

0 

min 

80 

38 

ca 

107 

45 

vv 

45 

.59 

Ic 

75 

19 

V1 

30 

54 

la 

32 

26 

y/ 

118 

12 

re 

49 

50 

nr 

43 

24 

ra 

67 

55 

nn 

93 

12 

we 

47 

56 

ee ' 

86 

31 

wa 

24 

19 

dd ' 

no 

42 

ma 

49 

41 

Combinations. 

amec,  nameeb , 

nmrae 

wecb.  Twins.  Twin-face  c.  Cleavage,  c ,  very  perfect  and 
easily  obtained  ;  a,  b,  faint  traces.  Practure  conchoidal.  Trans¬ 
parent.  Lustre  vitreous,  n  =  1*44.  The  optic  axes  lie  in 
a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  face  b,  making  an  angle  of  12°  24' 
with  a  normal  to  a,  and  an  angle  of  ll°  55'  with  a  normal  to  w'. 
The  optic  axes  make  angles  of  40°  13'  with  a  normal  to  b. 


Colourless, 
G  =  1*481. 


white.  Streak  white. 
Taste  cooling,  bitter. 


Sectile. 


H  =  1-5. ..2-0. 


JNaS  +  loll,  sulphuric  acid  24‘85,  soda  19"24,  water  55"9l. 

Melts  in  the  matrass.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
melts  and  is  converted  into  an  alkaline  hepar.  Effloresces 
when  exposed  to  dry  air.  At  o°  c  is  soluble  in  10  parts  of 
water ;  at  33°  c  in  0*33  parts  of  water. 

In  crystals  formed  in  the  winter  in  salt  springs ;  as  an  efflo¬ 
rescence  on  the  soil,  and  on  the  shores  of  salt  lakes  ;  dissolved 
in  mineral  waters. 

Is  found  at  Aussee,  Ischel  and  Hallstadt  in  Austria,  Hallein 
near  Salzburg,  Eger  in  Bohemia,  Hall  in  the  Tyrol,  in  several 


546 


HYDEOTJS  SULPHATES. 


places  in  Hungary  and  Spain,  Hildesheim  in  the  Harz,  Muhling 
and  Monchenstein  in  Switzerland,  Sulz  in  Wirt  emb  erg ;  on 
lavas  ;  as  an  efflorescence  on  tbe  Siberian  and  Caspian  steppes  ; 
in  tbe  mineral  springs  of  Carlsbad,  Sedlitz,  Saidschiitz  and 
Piillna  ;  in  tbe  salt  lakes  of  Egypt. 

Cbromate  of  soda,  HaCr+lOH,  is  isomorphous  with  mirabilite. 


879.  ASTRAKHANITE— Astrachanit ;  Hausmann.  As- 
trakanit ;  Haidinger. 

Transparent.  Colourless.  Taste  coobng  and  bitter. 
Efflorescent.  Easily  soluble  in  water. 

NaS  +  MgS  +  4H. 


Analysis  by  G.  Rose  : — 

Sulphate  of  soda . 41 '00 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  .  .  .  .  35’  1 8 
Chloride  of  magnesium  .  .  .  0‘33 

Water . 2l‘56 

Gypsum  mixed  with  sand  .  .  l‘75 


Is  found  in  prismatic  crystals  below  a  crust  of  salt  at  the 
bottom  of  the  salt  lakes  of  Astrakhan. 


880.  EPSOMITE. — Sulphate  of  magnesia  ;  Phillips.  Mag- 
nesie  sulfatee  ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Bitter-Salz ;  Mohs.  Bit- 
tersalz  ;  Hausmann.  Epsomit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=60°  2r;  101,001=29° 43r,5;  110,100=45°  17  . 


a  loo,  b  oio,  n  oil,  x  021,  v  101,  r  201,  m  110, 
f  210,  z  111,  s  121,  t  211.  /truncates  the  edge  ma.  The 
forms  z,  s,  t  are  frequently  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


ah 

90° 

o' 

nn 

69 

56 

XX 

97 

35 

vv' 

59 

27 

r 

98 

8 

onm’ 

89 

26 

r 

126 

22 

zzr 

52 

38 

zz 

53° 

12' 

zz 

78 

7 

tt' 

89 

42 

tt" 

61 

56 

ft" 

103 

58 

ss' 

41 

1 

ss" 

90 

5 

s' s" 

104 

18 

EIG.  540. 


Combinations,  mz,  mz',  onaz,  nvzma,  vzmfa ,  nvzxrs't '.  Cleav¬ 
age.  «,  very  perfect ;  v,  less  perfect ;  on,  traces.  Eracture 
conchoidal.  Transparent...  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Eor 


GOSLABITE. 


547 


light  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  faces  a ,  b,  and  polarized 
in  that  plane  /j.  =  r48l7.  The  optic  axes  are  in  a  plane  per¬ 
pendicular  to  the  faces  a,  b,  and  make  angles  of  25°  26'  with  a 
normal  to  b.  Colourless,  white,  pale  red.  Streak  white. 
h  =  2*0 . ..2*5.  g  =  1*7...  1*8.  Taste  bitter  and  saline. 

In  the  matrass  yields  much  water.  Before  the  blowpipe 
melts  at  first,  and  is  then  changed  into  an  alkaline,  infusible 
mass,  which,  with  solution  of  cobalt,  becomes  red.  With  soda 
yields  a  hepar.  Is  soluble  in  3‘9  parts  of  water  at  0°  c.  Efflo¬ 
resces  in  dry  air. 

•  •  •  •  • 

MgS  +  7H,  sulphuric  acid  32*36,  magnesia  16*68,  water  50*96. 

Analyses  of  epsomite  a  from  the  Bosjesman’s  river  in  South 
Africa,  b  from  Idria,  c  from  Calatayud  in  Aragon,  d  from 
Neusohl  in  Hungary,  all  by  Stromeyer,  e  from  Eitou  in  Erance 
by  Boms,/* from  the  Caucasus  by  Osersky: — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Sulphuric  acid 

.  32*26 

32*30 

31*90 

31*37 

34*37 

32*46 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  14*58 

16*39 

16*50 

15*31 

17*31 

15*97 

Soda . 

- 

— 

_ 

_ 

0*47 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

.  - 

0*23 

_ 

0*09 

- - 

_ 

Oxide  of  mang. 

3*62 

— — 

— 

0*34 

. — 

_ 

Oxide  of  cobalt 

.  — 

—— 

— 

0*69 

— 

— 

Oxide  of  copper  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

0*38 

— 

— 

Water  .... 

.  49*24 

50*93 

51*20 

51*70 

48*32 

50*60 

Is  found  as  an  efflorescence,  or  in  capillary  crystals,  in  Hun¬ 
gary,  Idria,  near  Sedlitz  and  Saidschutz  in  Bohemia,  in  the  salt 
mines  of  the  Tyrol  and  Berchtesgaden,  Calatayud  in  Aragon  and 
in  many  other  parts  of  Spain,  in  a  cave  on  the  Bosjesman’s 
river  in  South  Africa  beneath  a  crust  of  pickeringite,  in  the 
Bussian  steppes,  in  the  island  of  Milo,  in  the  mineral  springs 
of  Seidschutz,  Sedlitz,  Pullna  and  Epsom.  Epsomite  may  be 
obtained  by  evaporating  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  at  a 
temperature  below  15°  c. 


381.  GOSLABITE. — Sulphate  of  zinc  ;  Phillips.  Zinc  sul¬ 
fate  ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Vitriol-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Zinkvitriol ; 
Hausmann.  Goslarit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  Oil, 010=60°  10';  101,001=29°68'*6  ;  110,100=45°21/. 

a  loo,  b  oio,  n  on,  v  101,  m  no,  /  210,  z  ill, 
t  211. 


548 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


ah 

co 

o 

o 

0' 

nb 

60 

10 

nn' 

59 

40 

vv 

59 

57 

met 

45 

21 

mb 

44 

39 

mm 

89° 

18' 

r 

126 

35 

zz' 

62 

33 

// 

ZZ 

53 

15 

r  // 

z  z 

78 

5 

PIG.  641 

b' 


b 


Combinations,  mz,  maz,  vzma,  mabznv,  nvztmfa.  Cleavage. 
a ,  very  perfect ;  v,  less  perfect ;  m,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  r  =  i*517.  Colour¬ 
less,  white,  pale  red,  blue.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  h  =  2*0... 2*5. 
g  =  1'9 . . .  2*1.  Taste  astringent  and  metallic. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water ;  when  heated  to  redness  with 
charcoal  powder  sulphurous  acid  is  disengaged.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  intumesces  and  leaves  an  infusible  crust, 
which,  with  solution  of  cobalt,  becomes  green.  Is  soluble  in 
2*3  parts  of  cold  water. 

•  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

ZnS  -f-  7H,  sulphuric  acid  27*87,  oxide  of  zinc  28*24,  water 
43*89. 


Analyses  of  goslarite  a  from  Cornwall  by  Schaub,  b  from 


Schemnitz  by  Beudant,  c 
Goslar  by  Hausmann : — 

from  Groslar  by  Klaproth,  d  from 

a 

b 

c  d 

Sulphuric  acid  .  .  . 

.  .  21*60 

29*8 

60-0  }  71M 

Water . 

.  .  46*50 

40*8 

Oxide  of  zinc 

.  .  25*66 

28*5 

27*5  21*74 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

.  .  4*33 

0*7 

0*5  6*52 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  .  1*00 

— 

—  — 

Oxide  of  iron 

.  .  0*17 

0*4 

—  - 

Quartz . 

.  .  0*67 

— 

—  - 

It  occurs  principally  in  the  deserted  galleries  of  old  mines, 
and  is  supposed  to  arise  from  the  decomposition  of  blende,  with 
which  it  is  frequently  associated. 

Is  found  in  the  liammelsberg  mine  near  Groslar,  Holzappel 
in  Nassau,  Schemnitz,  Miedzianagora,  Fahlun,  Holywell,  Corn¬ 
wall,  France,  Spain.  Crystals  of  goslarite  are  obtained  by 
evaporating  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  oxide  of  zinc  at  the 
ordinary  temperature  of  the  atmosphere. 

A  neutral  solution  of  sulphate  of  oxide  of  nickel  in  water 
affords  crystals  of  NkS  +  7ii,  which  are  isomorphous  with 
epsomite  and  goslarite.  In  nks  +  7h,  mm'  —  88°  so',  zm  —  51°  2'. 
nb  =  60°  o',  vci  =  60°  37'.  Cleavage,  m. 


EIEBEEITE. 


549 


An  acid  solution  of  sulphate  of  oxide  of  nickel  yields  crystals 
of  Nks  +  7h  belonging  to  the  pyramidal  system,  and  iso- 
morphous  with  iMe  +  7h,  and  znSe  +  7h.  The  symbols  of  the 
forms  in  crystals  of  this  isomorphous  group  are  : — a  100,  c  001, 
e  101,  u  203,  r  ill,  s  112.  Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect. 


•  .  •  •  • 

In  NkSe  -f  7H,  selenic  acid  38'4,  oxide 
of  nickel  22'9,  water  387,  ad  =  90°  o',  ac  = 
90°  o',  ee  —  124°  lT,  uu  =  103°  3',  re  = 
69°  28',  SC  —  53°  10'. 

In  INTkS  +  7H,  sulphuric  acid  28‘5,  ox¬ 
ide  of  nickel  26‘7,  water  44‘8,  rc  —  69°  39'. 

In  ZnSe  +  7H,  selenic  acid  38’1,  oxide 
of  zinc  24’ 1,  water  37'8,  rc  —  69°  26'*5. 


EIG.  542. 


382.  EIEBEEITE—  Sulphate  of  cobalt;  Phillips.  Cohalt 
sulfate;  Dufrenoy.  Ivobalt  vitriol;  Mohs,  Hausmann.  Bie- 
berit ;  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  31°  o' ;  111,010  =  50°  32' ;  101,001  =  44°  6'. 


1  001, 

0 

on,  e 

012,  V 

101, 

t  101 

oc 

57* 

3  5' 

tc 

63° 

25' 

00 

65 

50 

Vt' 

72 

29 

ec 

27 

15 

mm 

82 

20 

ee 

125 

30 

me 

80 

15 

VC 

44 

6 

FIG.  543. 


Combinations,  me,  mevtoe.  Eracture 
uneven.  Translucent . . .  opaque.  Lustre 
vitreous.  Elesh-red,  rose-red.  Streak  reddish-white.  Taste 
astringent. 

When  heated  strongly  before  the  blowpipe  emits  sulphurous 
acid.  Imparts  a  blue  colour  to  borax.  Soluble  in  water. 

•  •  •  •  • 

CoS  +  7H,  sulphuric  acid  2877,  oxide  of  cobalt  25‘90, 
water  45 ’33. 


Analyses  of  bieberite  a  from  Bieber  by  Winkelblech,  b  from 
Muderbach  near  Siegen  by  Schnabel : — 

a  b 

Sulphuric  acid . 29’05  28‘8l 

Oxide  of  cobalt . I9’9l  23-30 

Oxide  of  copper . —  0’30 


550 


IIYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


Lime  .  .  . 

a 

b 

0-43 

Magnesia  . 

. 3-86 

0'88 

Chlorine  .  . 

•  •  •  •  • 

0-04 

Water  .  .  . 

. 46'83 

45'22 

Earthy  matter 

•  •  •  •  • 

1‘14 

Is  found  in  botryoidal  and  compact  masses,  in  old  mines  at 
Bieber  and  Siegen,  with  various  ores  of  cobalt. 


383.  MELANTEBITE. — Sulphate  of  iron;  Phillips.  Eer 
sulfate  ;  TIauy.  Hemiprismatisches  Vitriol -Salz  ;  Mohs. 
Eisenvitriol ;  Hausmann.  Melanterit;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  31°  53' ;  111,010  =  50°  46';  101,001  =43°  47', 

a  loo,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  o  on,  e  013,  v  101,  w  103,  t  101, 
m  no,  r  ill.  e  truncates  the  edge  oc  ;  a  truncates  the  edge 
formed  by  m  and  the  face  parallel  to  m. 

eig.  544. 


be 

90° 

o' 

ec 

26° 

32' 

ca 

75 

40 

ee 

126 

56 

ah 

90 

0 

ob 

33 

44 

VC 

43 

47 

oc 

56 

16 

va 

31 

53 

00 

67 

28 

wc 

20 

54 

mm 

82 

21 

iva 

54 

46 

rb 

50 

46 

tc 

61 

68 

TV 

39 

14 

ta 

42 

22 

101 

32 

eb 

63 

28 

me 

80 

37 

Combinations. 

cm ,  ctm 

,  comb, 

CWVTOimU.  VyltJthYctgcL  VO.LJ  j  //c/?  icoo  jjciiuui;  ,  c/?  itunu 

traces.  Eracture conchoidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous.  R  =  r494.  The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel  to 
b,  making  with  each  other  an  angle  of  81°  30',  and  with  a  normal 
to  c  angles  not  very  unequal.  Green  of  various  shades,  white. 
Streak  white.  Bather  brittle,  h  =  2*0.  g  =  1*8...  1’9.  Taste 
very  astringent. 

Before  the  blowpipe  emits  sulphurous  acid  and  becomes  red. 
The  residue,  on  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame,  becomes  black  and 
magnetic,  and  imparts  a  green  colour  to  glass  of  borax.  Soluble 
in  i*43  parts  of  water  at  15°  c,  and  in  0’3  parts  at  ioo°  c. 

•  •  •  •  • 

EeS  +  7H,  sulphuric  acid  28’47,  protoxide  of  iron  26-68, 
water  44’85. 

In  crystals,  botryoidal,  reniform,  pseudomorphous  after  py- 
rite.  It  is  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  sulphides  of  iron. 


BOTRYOGEN. 


551 


Is  found  in  the  mines  near  Groslar,  F ahlun,  Herrengrund, 

Schemnitz,  Kremnitz,  Schmolnitz,  Haring  and  Sterzing. 

•  •••  •  •  •••  • 

FeS  +  7H  and  CoS  +  7H  are  isomorphous  with  crystals  of 
Mns  +  7h  obtained  from  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  protoxide  of 
manganese  below  6°  c.  A  mixture  of  nearly  equal  parts  of  sul¬ 
phate  of  protoxide  of  iron  and  sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper,  or  of 
sulphate  of  oxide  of  nickel  and  sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper, 
crystallizes  with  seven  proportionals  of  water,  in  forms  iso¬ 
morphous  with  melanterite. 


384.  BOTRYOGrEY. — Fer  sulfate  rouge;  Dufrenoy.  He- 
miprismatisches  Botryogen-Salz ;  Mohs.  Botryogen  ;  Haus- 
mann,  Haidinger. 


Oblique. 

101,100  =  63°  5'; 

111,010  = 

b  010, 

c 

001, 

V  023,  X 

101, 

m  : 

be 

90c 

3  o' 

.r 

81° 

44' 

xb 

90 

0 

nb 

62 

41 

vb 

70 

30 

nx 

27 

19 

VC 

19 

30 

nri 

125 

22 

vv 

141 

0 

me 

113 

37 

xo 

54 

29 

cm 

66 

23 

mb 

69 

58 

no 

58 

56 

mm' 

119 

56 

mbc 

117 

34 

fb 

40 

62 

Combinations. 

cvmf,  cvnxmfb. 

c 

EIG.  545. 


V 

m 1 

f 

b 

/ 

m 

-'f 

& 


perfect ;  f  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous.  Hyacinth-red... ochre-yellow.  Streak  ochre-yellow. 
Sectile.  h  =  2"0...2'5.  g  =  2'039.  Taste  slightly  astringent. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes 
red  in  the  outer  flame,  and  black  in  the  inner  flame.  Imparts 
the  colour  of  iron  to  fluxes.  Partially  soluble  in  boiling  water, 
leaving  a  yellow  residue. 


Analyses  by  Berzelius : — 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron  . 
Sulphate  of  oxide  of  iron  (r  s  s) 
Sulphate  of  magnesia  .  .  . 

Sulphate  of  lime . 

Water  and  loss . 


6-77 

6-85  1 

48-3 

35‘85 

39-92  J 

26-88 

17-10 

20-8 

2-22 

6-71 

— 

28-28 

31-42 

30‘9 

In  crystals  and  massive.  It  appears  to  be  a  product  of  the 
decomposition  of  pyrite,  along  with  which  it  is  found  at  Fahlun 
in  Sweden.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found  also  on  Vesuvius. 


OOJj 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


385.  COQUIMBITE.— Coquimbit ;  Dufrenoy,  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  43°  50'. 

0  ill,  a  Oil,  b  2ll,  x  120. 

ao  90°  o' 

baf  30  0 

lb "  60  0 

aa'  60  0 

XO  29  0 

XX  51  52 

Cleavage,  a,  x,  imperfect.  Eracture  con- 
choidal...  uneven.  Translucent.  White  passing  into  blue  and 
green,  h  =  2*0. ..2*5.  Q  —  2*0. ..2*1.  Taste  vitriolic. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  sulphurous  acid.  Is  per¬ 
fectly  soluble  in  cold  water.  On  heating  the  solution  red 
oxide  of  iron  is  precipitated. 

SeS3  +  9JT,  sulphuric  acid  43*0,  red  oxide  of  iron  28*0, 
water  29*0. 

Analyses  by  TI.  Bose : — ■ 


Sulphuric  acid 

.  .  .  43*55 

43*55 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  24*11 

25*21 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  .  0*92 

0*78 

Lime . 

.  .  .  0*73 

0*14 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  .  0*32 

0*21 

Silica . 

.  .  .  0*31 

0*37 

Water . 

.  .  .  30*10 

29*98 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  massive,  in  a  thick  bed  in  green 
felspar,  in  the  district  of  Copiapo  in  Coquimbo. 

Blakeite  (Dana)  is  the  same  substance  in  octahedrons,  and 
capable  of  recrystallizing  in  octahedrons.  Analysis  by  Blake  :  — 
sulphuric  acid  41*37,  red  oxide  of  iron  26*79,  magnesia  0*30, 
silica  o*82,  water  29*40. 


EIG.  546. 


386.  COPIAPITE. — Copiapit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

In  short  six-sided  prisms.  Cleavage  parallel  to  the  base, 
perfect.  Translucent.  Lustre  pearly.  Yellow. 


BROCHANTITE. 


553 


Analyses  by  H.  Bose : — 


Sulphuric  acid 

.  .  .  .  39-60 

not  det. 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  .  26-11 

24-56 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  1-95 

0-26 

Lime  .... 

•  •  •  •  _ 

0-12 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  2-64 

3-34 

Silica  .... 

.  .  .  .  1-37 

2-62 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  .  29-67 

29-30 

Is  found  incrusting  coqnimbite  in  the  district  of  Copiapo  in 
the  province  of  Coquimbo  in  Chile. 

387.  J OHANNITE. — TJrane  sous-sulfate ;  Dufrenoy.  Ile- 
miprismatisches  Euchlor-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Johannit :  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  34°  l' ;  111,010  =  41°  13' ;  101,001  =51°  28'. 

b  oio  cleavage,  c  ooi,  e  101,  m  no,  u ,  v  are  faces  trun¬ 
cating  the  edges  ec,  ec' . 

fig.  547. 

be  90°  o'  mmf  69°  o' 

eb  90  0  me  87  28 

ec  51  28  me  62  o 

mb  34  30 

Combinations,  cem ,  cemuv.  Cleavage. 
m,  b,  traces.  Fracture  imperfect  con- 
choidal.  .  Semi-transparent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Grass-green. 
Streak  siskin-green.  Sectile.  h  =  2*o...2’6.  g  =  3‘191.  &Taste 
slightly  bitter. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  brown.  Before 
the  blowpipe  with  borax  forms  a  green  glass.  With  soda  in 
the  inner  flame  yields  a  bead  of  copper.  Partially  soluble  in 
water.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Consists  of  sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper,  sulphate  of  oxide  of 
uranium,  and  water,  in  unknown  proportions. 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  reniform  masses  at  Joachimsthal  and 
Johann- Georgenstadt  in  Bohemia. 

388.  BBO CILANTITE. — Prismatischer  Dystom-Malachit ; 
Mohs.  Brochantit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  72°  10' ;  101,001  =  14°  4' ;  110,100  =  52°  5'. 

a  loo,  v  021,  e  101,  m  no,  r  210.  v  truncates  the 
solid  angle  eemm ' . 

B  b 


554 


HYDROUS  SULPHATES. 


E1G.  548. 


vvf 

65° 

V. 

t-H 

CO 

ma 

62° 

5' 

ea 

75 

56 

r 

114 

36 

ee 

28 

8 

mm 

75 

50 

ra 

32 

42 

va 

90 

0 

a' 


r ' 


'm 


Combinations,  aemr ,  aerv.  The  faces  a ,  r,  m 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each 
other ;  e,  v  curved.  Cleavage,  a,  very  perfect ; 
m,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal,  scarcely  observ¬ 
able.  Transparent . . . translucent.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous.  Emerald-green... blackish-green.  Streak  green,  H  =  3’5 
...4*0.  G  =  3'87. ..3-9069. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  sulphurous  acid.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal,  in  a  strong  heat,  melts  and  is  suddenly 
reduced  to  a  globule  of  malleable  copper  covered  with  a  black 
crust.  Imparts  the  colour  of  copper  to  the  duxes.  Soluble  in 
acids,  but  not  in  water. 

CuS  -j-  3CuH,  sulphuric  acid  17‘7,  oxide  of  copper  70*3, 
water  l2-o. 


Analyses  of  brochantite  a ,  b  from  Bezbanya  by  Magnus,  c 
from  Iceland  (krisuvigite)  by  Eorchammer : — 


a 

b 

C 

Sulphuric  acid  .  .  . 

.  .  17-13 

17'43 

18’88 

Oxide  of  copper  .  . 

.  .  62-63 

66-94 

67*75 

Oxide  of  tin 

.  .  8-18 

3*14 

— 

Oxide  of  lead  .  .  . 

.  .  0-03 

1-05 

- — 

Water . 

11-92 

12*81 

Is  found  in  crystals,  reniform  and  compact  masses,  in  the 
Grumschewsk  mine  near  Katharinenburg  in  Siberia,  Bezbanya 
in  Hungary,  Saintbel  near  Lyons  in  France,  Krisuvig  in  Iceland. 

EIG.  549. 

Levy’s  konigine,  from  Werchoturi  in  Siberia, 
is  probably  brochantite.  Prismatic,  xa  —  x' 

90°  o',  xx '  =  105°  o'.  The  faces  a  striated  pa-  ; _ 

rallel  to  a  line  bisecting  the  angle  between  x 

and  cd ;  x,  very  uneven.  Cleavage,  a.  The  * 

faces  x  would  be  those  of  a  form  041  in  _ 

brochantite.  Translucent.  Emerald-green... 

blackish-green.  Consists  of  sulphuric  acid,  oxide  of  copper  and 

water. 


EIG.  549. 


x' 


X 


389.  LINABITE. — Cupreous  sulphate  of  lead ;  Phillips. 


LETTSOMITE. 


555 


Sulfate  de  plomb  cuivreux ;  Beudant.  Biplogener  Lasur-Ma- 
lachit ;  Mohs.  Bleilasur;  Hausmann.  Linarit ;  Haidinger. 


Oblique.  101,100  =  74°  25' ;  111,010  =  60°  26' ;  101,001  =  28°  20'. 
a  100,  b  010,  C  001,  d  108,  0  203,  t  606,  U  201, 

m  no. 

Eld.  550. 


ab 

90° 

o' 

ta 

0 

CO 

69' 

ob 

90 

0 

sa 

74 

25 

ca 

102 

45 

ua 

51 

54 

da 

99 

16 

ma 

59 

30 

oa 

83 

42 

mm 

61 

0 

Combinations,  ocsmctb ,  odtcsumcib.  Twins.  Twin-face  a. 
Cleavage,  a ,  very  perfect ;  c,  less  perfect.  Fracture  con- 
choidal.  Feebly  translucent.  Lustre  adamantine.  Deep  azure- 
blue.  Streak  pale  blue.  Slightly  brittle.  H  =  2*5...  3*0. 
G  =  5*30. .  .5*43. 

Before  the  blowpipe  affords  the  reactions  of  lead  and  copper. 

PbS  +  CuH,  sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  75’74,  oxide  of  copper 
19*78,  water  4*48. 

Analyses  of  linarite  from  Leadhills  a  by  Brooke,  b  by  Thom¬ 
son  : — 

a  b 

Sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  75*4  74*8 

Oxide  of  copper . 18*0  19*7 

Water . 4*7  6*5 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  massive,  at  Leadhills  in  Scotland, 
Linares  in  Spain,  and  in  Cumberland. 


390.  LETTSOMITE.— Velvet  copper  ore.  Cuivre  veloute  ; 
Dufrenoy.  Kupfersammterz  ;  Haidinger. 

In  short  capillary  crystals.  Translucent.  Lustre  pearly. 
Smalt  blue. 

aS  +  6Cu  +  A1  +  12H,  sulphuric  acid  16*78,  oxide  of 
copper  49*85,  alumina  10*76,  water  22*59. 

Analyses  of  a  very  small  quantity  by  Hr.  Percy  : 

Sulphuric  acid . 15*38  14*12 

Oxide  of  copper . 48*16  46*59 

b  b  2 


55G 


IIYDKOUS  SULPHATES. 


Alumina  .... 

:  :  :}n'7° 

11-06 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

1-18 

Water . 

.  .  .  23-06 

23*06 

Insoluble  in  dilute  isf 

2-35 

Is  found  with  malachite  and  chessylite  coating  the  cavities  of 
a  hydrous  iron  oxide  at  Moldawa  in  the  Banat. 


391.  BLUE  VITBIOL. — Sulphate  of  copper  ;  Phillips. 
Cuivre  sulfate  ;  Hauy.  Tetartoprismatisches  Yitriol-Salz  ; 
Mohs.  Kupfervitriol ;  Hausmann.  Vitriol ;  Haidinger. 

Anorthic.  110,010  =  31°  13'-3  ;  110,100  =  69°  27f,5  ;  011,010  = 
59°  9'-6  ;  011,001  =  50°  28;,5  ;  001,100  =  65°  3'*7. 

r  100,  n  010,  k  001, _  p  oil,  w  301,  q  201,  0  101, 
v  101,  m  110,  t  110,  d  120,  k  210,  2!  311,  s  Ill,  x  211. 


pn 

<S\ 

CO 

0 

10' 

ok 

29 

kp 

50 

28 

mr 

53 

kn 

70 

22 

mn 

26 

wr 

40 

16 

nt 

31 

qr 

57 

40 

tr 

69 

or 

85 

14 

dm 

42 

kr 

114 

56 

km 

80 

vr 

135 

23 

zm 

40 

vk 

20 

27 

zr 

40 

Fid.  551. 
m' 


r  42 

pz 

62° 

40 

}  3 

sp 

21 

45 

5  16 

Xp 

35 

4 

13 

oz 

62 

35 

28 

pt 

52 

19 

15 

pr f 

76 

33 

6 

op 

55 

5 

39 

vp 

54 

22 

47 

km 

62 

25 

ion 

87 

34 

wn 

92 

26 

on 

74' 

27 

vri 

70 

38 

wz 

33 

20 

zn 

59 

6 

pw 

78 

6 

mp 

71 

48 

\h' 

mn 

53 

50 

Fid.  552. 


pivztmrn.s.o.q.k.v ,  pvtmr- 
The  faces  r,  t ,  m  striated  parallel 


Combinations,  ptmn.s.v ,  opmrn , 
n.o.oqk,  ptmrn..z.iv.q.o.k.v.s.x. 


LEHMAKN1TE. 


557 


to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleavage,  m,  imper¬ 
fect  ;  t,  very  imperfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Semi-trans¬ 
parent.  ..translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Blue.  Streak  white. 
Bather  brittle,  h  =  2'5.  G  =  2*19. ..2’30.  Taste  astringent 
and  metallic. 

Before  the  blowpipe  imparts  a  green  colour  to  the  flame, 
melts  and  is  reduced  to  metallic  copper.  Soluble  in  water. 
The  solution  deposits  metallic  copper  on  bright  iron. 

CuS  Jr  sH,  sulphuric  acid  32‘08,  oxide  of  copper  31'83, 
water  36' 09. 

It  owes  its  existence  principally  to  the  decomposition  of  sul¬ 
phides  of  copper,  and  occurs  dissolved  in  water  issuing  from 
mines.  It  is  found  in  the  Kammelsberg  mine  near  Goslar, 
Fahlun,  Neusohl  in  Hungary,  Anglesea,  Cornwall,  Wicklow, 
Bio  Tinto  near  Seville,  Tamassus  and  Chrusocco  in  Cyprus, 
Turinsk  and  Nischne-Tagilsk  in  Siberia. 

Blue  vitriol  is  isomorphous  with  sulphate  of  protoxide  of 
manganese  crystallized  at  a  temperature  between  7°  c  and  20°  o, 
MnS  -h  5H,  and  with  seleniate  of  oxide  of  copper,  CuSe  +  5ii. 


CnEOMATES. 


392.  LEHMANNITE. — Chromate  of  lead ;  Phillips.  Plomb 
chromate ;  Hauy.  Hemiprismatischer  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Kal- 
lochrom ;  Hausmann.  Krokoit ;  ILaidinger. 


Oblique. 

101,100  = 

39°  2' ; 

111,010  =  59° 

29' 

;  101 

II 

rH 

O 

38°  59' 

a  100, 

b 

010,  C 

001, 

y  021,  Z 

011 

,  W 

012, 

li  101 

loi,  e 

201, 

X  301 

,  n  401,  l 

401,  d 

210,  cj 

320, 

m  HO; 

120,  t 

111, 

V  Ill; 

,  S  441,  U 

211. 

na 

13° 

6' 

di 

64° 

54' 

sn 

40c 

5  56' 

ea 

23 

55 

3h 

58 

1 

sb 

49 

4 

ha 

39 

2 

mb 

46 

62 

ub 

65 

49 

ca 

78 

1 

28 

5 

ta 

47 

59 

la' 

14 

29 

dd' 

129 

48 

za 

81 

11 

xa 

19 

19 

99 ' 

116 

2 

va 

120 

35 

Tea 

51 

2 

mm! 

93 

44 

ua 

143 

12 

cb 

90 

0 

r 

56 

10 

to 

48 

15 

wb 

65 

24 

th 

30 

31 

sc 

71 

19 

zb 

47 

31 

tb 

59 

29 

one 

81 

17 

i/b 

28 

38 

vie 

36 

3 

VC 

59 

38 

ab 

90 

0 

vb 

63 

57 

B  b  3 

558 


CHEOMATES. 


EIG.  553. 


EIG.  554. 


Combinations.  bx,  mtd.u.s.a, 

mtc..v.z.y.b,  tkmf..n.b.d,  ntvmdb ,  tzykvumfba, 
mtf..x.e.c.d.s,  mtfxb.x.a.s,  mtxfck..v.d.z.s,  mt- 
xf.sak.yz,  mtxfyzsalcvu,  mtxfcdglyzw.  The 
faces  a,  b,  m,  f  y,  d  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  each  other ;  l,  usually- 
curved.  Cleavage,  m,  tolerably  distinct ; 
a,  c,  less  distinct.  All  imperfect.  Practure 
small  conchoidal,  uneven.  Translucent... translucent  on  the 

edges.  Lustre  adamantine,  e  =  2*974,  2*500.  Hyacinth-red 
of  various  shades.  Streak  orange.  Sectile.  h  =  2'5...3-o. 
a  =  5*9. ..6-1. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
grows  darker  and  melts,  a  portion  of  the  lead  being  reduced. 
With  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus  fuses  easily  in  the  outer 
flame  into  a  green  glass,  and  in  the  inner  flame  into  a  grey 
glass.  With  soda  the  lead  is  easily  reduced.  Is  decomposed 
by  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  crystalline  powder  of 
chloride  ^of  lead.  The  solution  is  green.  Nitric  acid  affords, 
with  difficulty,  a  reddish-yellow  solution.  In  potash  becomes 
brown  and  dissolves,  forming  a  yellow  solution. 

PbCr,  chromic  acid  32-50,  oxide  of  lead  67'50. 


Analyses  by  Pfaff  and  Berzelius : — 

Chromic  acid . 31*72 

Oxide  of  lead . 67*91 


31*50 

68*50 


Is  found  in  crystals,  massive  and  disseminated,  in  veins  of 
quartz  in  granite,  in  the  gold  mines  of  Beresowsk  in  Siberia ;  in 


YATJQTJELINITE. 


559 


tlie  Ural,  in  veins  of  quartz  in  granite,  at  Totschilnaja  Croranear 
Mursinsk,  and  at  Bertewaja  Gora  near  Nischne-Tagilsk  ;  with 
quartz  in  a  vein  in  talcose  slate  at  Congonhas  do  Campo  m  the 
province  of  Minas  Geraes  in  the  Brazils. 

393.  PHCENICITE. — Melanochroite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Melano- 
chroit;  Mohs.  Phonikochroit ;  Hausmann.  Phonicit ;  Hai- 


dinger. 


Cleavage  in  one  direction  perfect.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  resinous,  adamantine  on  the  cleavage.  Bed.  Streak 
brick-red.  Slightly  brittle,  h  =  3*0... 3*5.  0  =  5-75. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  melts  into  a  dark  mass 
which  crvstallizes  on  cooling.  In  the  inner  flame  the  lead  is 
reduced.  Imparts  a  green  colour  to  borax  and  salt  ot .  phos¬ 
phorus. '  Partially  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a 
residue  of  chloride  of  lead.  After  prolonged  exposure  to  heat 
the  solution  becomes  green. 

Pb3  Cr2,  chromic  acid  23*70,  oxide  of  lead  76*30. 

Analysis  by  Hermann  : — 

Chromic  acid . 23’31 

Oxide  of  lead . 76’69 

Is  found  in  small,  nearly  right-angled,  tabular  crystals  and 
massive,  in  veins  of  quartz  with  galena  and  lehmannite,  at  Beie- 
sowsk  in  the  Ural. 


394  VAUQUELINITE.— Vauquelinite ;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Hemiprismatischer  Melanochlor-Malachit ;  Mohs.  auque 


linit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique. 

c  ooi,  a  loo  twin-face,  e  101,  v  ill 


EIG.  656. 


olive-green,  blacldsh-green,  brown.  Streak  siskin-green,  fre 
quently  inclining  to  brown.  H  =  2'5...3'°.  G  _  5'5 .. .5  8. 


b  b  4 


560 


VANAEIATES. 


Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  intumesces  and  melts 
into  a  dark  grey  metallic  bead,  surrounded  by  globules  of 
reduced  lead.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  outer 
flame  forms  a  green  glass ;  in  the  inner  flame,  especially  after 
ac  g  tm  a  led  glass.  With  soda  on  platinum  wire  forms  a 
glass  which  is  green  while  hot,  and  yellow;  when  cold  and 
colours  water  yellow  with  chromate  of  soda.  Is  soluble  in 

residue^’  f°rming  a  green  solution>  and  leaving  a  yellow 

Cm  Ci  +  2Pb  Cr  ,  oxide  of  lead  60'8,  oxide  of  copper  10'8 
chromic  acid  28 '4.  11  ’ 


Analysis  by  Berzelius  : — 

Chromic  acid 
Oxide  of  lead 
Oxide  of  copper 


28-33 

60-87 

10-80 


Is  found  m  twin  crystals,  botryoidal  and  compact  masses, 
with  lehmannite,  in  veins  of  quartz,  at  Beresowsk  in  the  Ural 

M  America  mP°  “  ^  P°ntgibaud  *  Auvergne; 


V  AJN  AUiATES. 


p9  m  ^AAADIWITE.— Plomb  vanadiate  ;  Dufrenoy.  Ya- 
nadmbleierz ;  Mohs.  Yanadinit;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral. 


o  in,  a  on. 


ao 

ad 


90°  o' 

60  0 


riG.  557. 


Combination,  oa.  Practure  conchoidal. 

1  eebly  translucent . . .  opaque.  Lustre  vitre¬ 
ous.  Yellow,  brown,  green,  white.  Streak 
White. ..yellow.  H  =  3*0.  Q-  =  6-83...6‘89. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
melts  into  a  globule  and  is  reduced  to  metallic  lead,  depositing 
a  yeflow  subhmate  on  the  charcoal.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
,n]  f  °|lter  flame  forms  a  glass  which  is  of  a  reddish-yellow 
oui  while  hot  and  of  a  yellowish-green  colour  when  cold  •  in 
he  inner  flame  forms  a  chrome-green  glass.  Dissolves  in  nitric 
acid,  forming  a  green  solution.  With  hydrochloric  acid  forms 
a  green  solution,  leaving  a  residue  of  chloride  of  lead. 


CALEDONITE. 


561 


Pb  Cl  +  2Pb  +  Pb3Y3. 

Analysis  of  vanadinite  from  Zimapan  by  Berzelius : — 

Basic  vanadiate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  74 '00 

Basic  chloride  of  lead . 25 "33 

Hydrate  of  oxide  of  iron  ....  0‘67 

In  vanadinite  from  Zimapan,  Del  Bio  found  oxide  of  lead 
80-72,  a  metallic  (vanadic)  acid  14'8. 

Is  found  in  globular  aggregations  at  Zimapan  in  Mexico,  in 
crystals  with  pyromorphite  at  Beresowsk  in  the  Ural,  Wanlock- 
head  in  Dumfriesshire. 


396.  DECHENITE. 

Lustre  greasy.  Dull  red.. .yellowish- red.  Streak  yellowish. 
H  =  4'0.  G  =  5‘81. 

Alone  before  the  blowpipe  fuses  into  a  yellowish  glass.  On 
charcoal  fuses  into  a  yellowish-green  bead  containing  some 
grains  of  lead.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  the 
reaction  of  vanadic  acid.  With  soda  forms  a  white  enamel 
containing  grains  ot  lead. 

PbY,  vanadic  acid  45‘33,  oxide  of  lead  54-67. 

Analyses  by  C.  Bergemann : — 

Yanadic  acid . 62'92  53‘72  50  57 

Oxide  of  lead .  47-16  46-10  49‘27 

Is  found  in  small  botryoidal  masses,  with  galena,  cerussite 
and  pyromorphite,  near  Nieder  Schlettenbach  in  the  Lauterthal 
in  Bhenish  Bavaria. 


SULPHATES  WITH  CAEBOHATES. 


397.  CALEDONITE. — Cupreous  sulphato-carbonate  of  lead  ; 
Phillips.  Caledonite  ;  Beudant.  Paratomer  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs. 
Caledonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=33°  9  ;  101,001  —  54  31*5;  110,100=47  30. 


a  loo,  c  ooi,  x 


ca 

90° 

o' 

me 

90 

0 

ee 

109 

3 

xx' 

143 

50 

ma 

47 

30 

mm 

85 

0 

021,  e  ioi,  m  no 


t 

spy* 

75° 

o' 

// 

83 

15 

/  // 

128 

35 

ss 

66 

25 

// 

ss 

73 

26 

/  ff 

ss 

108 

20 

b  b  5 


r  in,  s  223. 
EIG.  558. 


562 


SULPHATES  WITH  CAEBOHATES. 


Cleavage,  m,  c,  a,  imperfect.  Fracture  uneven.  Trans¬ 
parent.,  .translucent.  Lustre  resinous.  Blue,  greenish-blue. 
Streak  blueish  or  greenish- white.  Bather  brittle,  h  =  2'5... 
3-0.  o-  =  6'4. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  is  reduced.  Partially  soluble 
with  a  slight  elfervescence  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of 
sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead. 

Analysis  by  Brooke : — 

Sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  ....  55*8 

Carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead  ....  32 ‘8 

Carbonate  of  oxide  of  copper  .  .  .  n*4 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  with  other  compounds  of  sul¬ 
phate  and  carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead,  at  Leadhills  in  Scotland. 


398.  LANABKITE. — Sulphato-carbonate  of  lead  ;  Phillips. 
Lanarkite ;  Beudant.  Prismatoidischer  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs. 
Lanarkit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Cleavage,  a,  very  perfect ;  u,  v,  less  perfect,  a,  u,  v  are  in 
one  zone : — 

m  59°  15' 

ua  88  45 

VU  29  30 

Transparent.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  resinous  and, 
on  the  perfect  cleavage,  to  pearly.  Greenish  or  yellowish- 
white.  Streak  white.  Sectile.  In  thin  plates  flexible,  h  =: 

2-0. ..2-5.  G-  =  6-8. ..7-0. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  is  easily  reduced.  Partially 
soluble  in  nitric  acid,  with  effervescence,  leaving  a  residue  of 
sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead. 

•  • .  •  •  •  • 

PbS  -f-  PbC,  sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  53'16,  carbonate  of 
oxide  of  lead  46'84. 

Analyses  a  by  Brooke,  b  by  Thomson 

a  b 

Sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  53-1  53-96 

Carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  46’9  46-04 

Has  been  found  in  long,  slender  crystals,  either  single  or 
forming  fibrous  aggregations,  at  Leadhills  in  Scotland. 

399.  SUSANNITE. — Suzannit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  68°  38'. 


LEADIIILLITE. 


563 


o  ill,  b  211,  r  100,  z  I22,  s  Ill,  v  622.  The  faces 
z,  s  truncate  the  edge  formed  by  o  and  the  face  parallel  to  b ; 
v  truncates  the  edge  rb, 

VO  86°  48' 

ZO  68  38 

SO  78  66 

rr  107  30 

Cleavage,  o,  distinct  and  easily  ob¬ 
tained.  Transparent  ...translucent.  Lus¬ 
tre  resinous . . . adamantine.  White,  green, 
yellow,  brownish-black.  Streak  white,  h  =  2*6.  G  =  6*55. 

Chemical  characters  the  same  as  those  of  leadhillite. 

PbS  -f-  3PbC,  sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  27*44,  carbonate  ot 
oxide  of  lead  72*56. 

Analysis  by  Brooke : — 

Sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  ....  27*5 

Carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  .  .  72*5 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals  at  Leadliills  in  Scotland,  and 
Moldawa  in  the  Banat. 

The  substance  pt>s  -f  3PbC  is  dimorphous,  being  prismatic  in 
leadhillite  and  rhombohedral  in  susannite. 


bo  90°  o' 

bb"  60  o 

bb'  120  0 

ro  68  38 


EIG.  559. 


400.  LEADHILLITE.— Sulphato-tricarbonate  of  lead;  Phil¬ 
lips.  Leadhillite;  Beudant.  Axotomer  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs. 
Leadhillit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010—24°  25/*4  ;  101, 001=51°  37  ‘5  ;  110,100=60  10  . 

a  100,  c  001,  l  014,  w  012,  n  034,  i  102,  /  101, 
e  201,  in  110,  h  310,  cl  410,  X  111,  V  112,  Z  212,  S  414, 
0  214.  The  forms  e,  f  i,  and  perhaps  0 ,  s,  z,  are  frequently 
hemihedral  with  parallel  faces. 


Ic 

to 

GO 

O 

50' 

WG 

47 

45 

nc 

74 

24 

ic 

32 

16 

fi 

61 

38 

ec 

68 

24 

ac 

90 

0 

da 

23 

33 

ha 

30 

10 

ma 

60° 

10' 

xa 

62 

26 

xf 

53 

49 

XG 

68 

30 

va 

67 

0 

vi 

42 

57 

VG 

61 

46 

za 

49 

40 

Zf 

34 

21 

b  b  6 

ZG 

cn 

CD 

O 

10' 

sa 

42 

6 

sf 

18 

52 

SG 

54 

2 

oa 

24 

19 

oe 

11 

27 

OG 

68 

51 

mm 

59 

40 

564 


SULPHATES  WITH  CARBONATES. 


EIG.  560. 


EIG.  561. 


EIG.  562. 


Combinations.  cex,  cexma ,  cifevszxolwnmda.  Twins.  1. 
Twin-face  h  ? ,  m  ?  2.  Twin-face  f.  Cleayage.  c,  very  perfect ; 
m,  a,  traces.  Fracture  conchoiclal.  Transparent. . .translucent. 
Lustre  resinous. . .adamantine.  Yellowish- white,  grey,  green, 
yellow,  brown.  Streak  white.  Father  brittle,  h  =  2’5. 
G  =  6-266.  ..6‘435. 

Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces  and  becomes  yellow,  but 
becomes  white  on  cooling.  On  charcoal  is  completely  reduced. 
Partially  soluble  with  effervescence,  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a 
residue  of  sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead. 

PbS  -)-  3PbC,  sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  27‘44,  carbonate  of 
oxide  of  lead  72-56. 

Analyses  a  by  Irving,  b  by  Berzelius,  c  by  Stromeyer,  d  by 
Thomson : — 


Sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead 
Carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead 


abed 

.  .  29-0  28‘7  27‘3  27'43 

68*0  71-0  72"7  72*57 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals  at  Leadhills  in  Scotland  with 
other  ores  ol  lead.  It  is  said  to  occur  also  in  Spain,  and  in  the 
island  of  Serpho. 

Two  mistakes  have  been  committed  in  former  descriptions  of 
the  crystals  of  leadhillite.  One  by  Mr.  Brooke,  in  regarding 
susannite  and  leadhillite  as  having  the  same  rhombohedral 
form  and  angles,  an  error  into  which  he  was  led  by  the  very 
near  agreement  of  the  angles  ro  of  susannite  and  ec  of  lead¬ 
hillite,  and  by  the  occurrence  of  e  alternately  on  the  opposite 
sides  ol  most  of  the  twin-crystals  of  leadhillite ;  the  alterna¬ 
tion  ol  the  faces  e  being  due  to  the  hemihedral  character  of  the 


CEEUSSITE. 


565 


form  to  which  they  belong.  Mr.  Haidinger  was  also  deceived 
by  the  hemihedral  form  of  these  crystals  ;  and,  not  having 
sufficiently  perfect  ones  for  measurement,  was  led  to  suppose 
the  form  of  leadhillite  to  he  oblique,  and  to  be  the  only  form 
belonging  to  this  chemical  compound.  The  opportunity,  how¬ 
ever,  which  we  have  had  lately  of  measuring  some  very  perfect 
crystals  of  leadhillite  has  removed  all  doubt  of  their  being 
prismatic. 

CARBONATES. 

401.  CEEUSSITE. — Carbonate  of  lead;  Phillips.  Plomb 
carbonate  ;  Hauy.  Diprismatiseher  Blei-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Blei- 
spath  ;  Hausmann.  Cerussit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  40°  9r'5  ;  101,001=35°  52r ;  110,100=58°  36r’5. 


a  100,  b 

010, 

C 

001,  y 

012 

,  d 

013,  X 

102,  Jc 

101, 

201,  V  301. 

,  z 

401, 

f  350, 

m 

110, 

r  310,  p 

111,  O  112, 

113,  . 

S  211 

,  w 

121. 

be 

90° 

o' 

r , 

40° 

49' 

ss" 

67° 

58' 

ca 

90 

0 

mm 

62 

47 

s's" 

123 

44 

ab 

90 

0 

122 

43 

ww 

42 

12 

yy 

del' 

61 

43 

18 

6 

jpp' 

// 

JPP 

50 

87 

0 

41 

ww" 

f  /> 

ww 

125 
'  148 

0 

36 

/ 

/Y»/Y» 

tviv 

39 

45 

/  H 
PP 

108 

28 

yy„ 

25 

16 

w 

71 

44 

oo' 

34 

33 

99  „ 

42 

1 

ii' 

110 

40 

// 

00 

58 

15 

99 

49 

40 

vv' 

130 

30 

r  rr 

0  0 

69 

32 

zz' 

141 

51 

ss' 

86 

0 

EIG. 

563. 

FIG.  564, 

V 


566 


CAKEONATES. 


Combinations.  pi..on.a.r ,  mi.a.y ,  onpia.x.v.z,  ponia.z.x.r.by, 
bwmpsryokixac.  The  faces  p  sometimes  striated  parallel  to 
their  intersections  with  i  or  on ;  the  faces  a  almost  always 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  i,  and  also  slightly 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  on ;  x,  h,  i,  v,  z  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other ;  c,  usually  rough. 
Twins.  Twin-face  on.  Cleavage,  on,  i,  tolerably  perfect ; 
a,  x,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent... translucent. 
Lustre  adamantine.. .resinous,  n  =  1*813... 2*084.  For  rays  in 
a  plane  parallel  to  a  and  polarized  in  that  plane  y  =  2*067. 
The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel  to  a,  and  make  angles  of 
4°  s'  with  a  normal  to  c.  When  seen  in  air  through  the  faces 
c,  they  appear  to  make  angles  of  about  8°  34'  with  a  normal 
to  c.  *  Colourless,  white,  greyish,  yellowish-white,  lead-grey ; 
sometimes  green  or  blue  from  an  admixture  of  carbonate  of 
oxide  of  copper.  Streak  white.  Father  brittle.  h  =  3*5.  g  = 
6*4.  ..6*6. 

Decrepitates  violently  when  heated.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  becomes  yellow,  and  is  reduced.  Soluble  with  effer¬ 
vescence  in  nitric  acid.  The  solution  yields  a  precipitate  with 
sulphuric  acid.  With  hydrochloric  acid  a  crystalline  chloride 
of  lead  is  produced. 

PbC,  carbonic  acid  16*47,  oxide  of  lead  83*53. 

Analyses  of  cerussite  a  from  Leadhills  by  Klaproth,  b  from 
Kertschinsk  by  J ohn,  c  irom  Griesberg  by  Bergemann,  d  from 
Benkhausen  near  Allendorf  by  Schnabel :  — 

a  b  c  '  d 

Carbonic  acid . 16  15*5  16*49  16*07 

Oxide  of  lead .  82  81*4  83*51  83*93 

Some  varieties  contain  a  very  small  quantity  of  carbonate  of 
oxide  of  silver.  A  variety  from  Monte  Poni  in  Sardinia, 

G  =  5*9,  contains  7*02  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  oxide  of  zinc. 

In  crystals  ;  reniform,  compact  and  earthy  masses  ;  pseudo- 
morphous  after  galena,  anglesite,  leadhillite,  baryte,  fluor. 

Is  found  at  Przibram,  Mies  and  Bleistadt  in  Bohemia,  Blei- 
berg  in  Carinthia,  Bezbanya  in  Hungary,  Zschopau  and  Johann- 
G-eorgenstadt  in  Saxony,  Zellerfeld  and  Clausthal  in  the  Harz, 
G-riesberg  in  the  Eifel,  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia,  Badenweiler  in 
Baden,  Miisen  and  Siegen  in  Westphalia,  La  Croix,  Markirch, 
Huelgoet  and  P oullaouen  in  France,  Biddensk  in  the  Altai 
Ildekansk,  Taininsk,  Nertschinsk  and  Kolywan  in  Siberia’ 
Beeralston  in  Devonshire,  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall,  Alston  Moor 
and  Keswick  in  Cumberland,  in  Derbyshire,  at  Leadhills  and 
VV  anlockhead  in  Scotland. 


ARAGONITE. 


567 


402.  ARAGONITE. — Arragonite;  Phillips,  Hauy.  'Pris- 
matisches  Kalk-Haloid  ;  Mohs.  Arragonit ;  Ilausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 


Prismatic.  011,010=40°  so' ;  101,001=35°  47' ;  110,100=58°  5'. 


a  loo, 

b 

010, 

C  001, 

U  Oil 

,  X 

102, 

k 

101,  l  302, 

• 

l 

201,  V 

301,  e 

501,  q 

601, 

m 

110, 

p 

ill,  n  212, 

s 

211. 

be 

90° 

o' 

ss' 

86° 

36' 

nri 

63°  55' 

ca 

90 

0 

ss" 

66 

49 

// 

nn 

50  18 

ab 

90 

0 

s's" 

123 

10 

nn"  85  30 

uu 

xx 

kc 

ka 

kk' 

IV 

ii 

vv 

ee 

n 

ma 

mm 

pp 

// 

PP 

/  // 

pp 


98  20 

39  38 


35 

54 

71 


153 

68 


47 

13 

34 


94  28 

110  30 

130  22 

148  59 


58 

5 


63  60 

50  28 

86  23 

107  29 


PIG.  566. 


r  a 


PIG.  567. 


PIG.  568. 


PIG.  569. 


An  increase  of  temperature  of  100°  c  diminishes  mm  by  2r,8, 
and  increases  kid  by  5f’5.  Combinations,  cm,  im ,  cim,  kma, 
xksma,  xkma.mp.s.i.v.e.u.  Twins.  Twin-face  m.  mw  =  5 2°  2o', 
av  —  62°  50'.  Sometimes  a  crystal  is  united  to  each  of 
two  others.  Cleavage,  a,  distinct ;  k,  m,  less  perfect.  Erac- 
:  ture  conchoidal... uneven.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous  on  the  surface  of  fracture.  At 


508 


CARBONATES. 


18°  c  the  indices  of  refraction,  for  Fraunhofer’s  lines,  of  rays  in 
planes  parallel  to  a,  b ,  c,  and  polarized  in  those  planes  respec¬ 
tively,  are  : — 


B 

.  1*68061 

1*67631 

1*52749 

C 

.  1*68203 

1*67779 

1*52820 

H 

.  1*68589 

1*68157  ' 

1*53013 

E 

.  1*69084 

1*68634 

1*53264 

F 

.  1*69515 

1*69053 

1*53479 

Gr 

.  1*70318 

1*69836 

1*53882 

H 

. 1*71011 

1*70509 

1*54226 

At  82°  c  the  three  indices  for  the  line  F  are  1-69421,  1*68967, 
1-63416.  The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel  to  b.  When 
seen  in  air,  through  the  faces  c,  they  appear  to  make  angles  of 
15°  27  with  a  normal  to  c.  Colourless,  white  passing  into  grey, 
wine-yellow,  honey-yellow,  green,  blue.  Streak  greyish- white. 
Brittle,  h  =  3-5...4-0.  o  =  2-93...  3*01. 

In  the  matrass,  a  little  below  a  red  heat,  swells,  intumesces 
and  falls  into  a  coarse  powder,  and  a  trace  of  water  escapes. 
Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  caustic.  The  varieties  containing 
strontian  impart  a  red  colour  to  the  flame.  Soluble  with 
effervescence  in  nitric  acid,  and  in  hydrochloric  acid.  The 
solution  in  hydrochloric  acid  evaporated  to  dryness,  and  mixed 
with  alcohol,  burns  with  a  red  flame  when  strontian  is  present. 
Phosphoresces  when  heated. 


CaC,  carbonic  acid  44'00,  lime  56-00. 


Many  varieties  of  aragonite  contain  a  small  quantity  of  car¬ 
bonate  of  strontian,  others  carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead  or  car¬ 
bonate  of  protoxide  of  manganese. 


Analyses  of  aragonite  a  from  the  Kaiserstuhl,  b  from  Nerts- 
chinsk,  c  from  the  Blaue  Kuppe,  d  fibrous,  from  Tschopau,  e  from 
Waltsch,/  crystals  from  Molina  in  Aragon,  all  by  Stromeyer : _ 

a  b  c  d  e  f 
Carbonate  of  lime  .  97*10  97*98  96*18  98*00  98*95  95*68 

Carbon,  strontian  .  2*46  1*09  2*24  roi  o*5l  4*oi 

Hydrate  red  ox.  iron  —  —  0*22  0*14  0*14  _ 

Water .  0*41  0*26  0*31  0*21  0*20  0*30 

Analyses  of  aragonite  g  columnar,  from  Bastenes,  li  from 
Leogang  by  Stromeyer,  i  from  Herrengrund,  a  =  2*93,  h  from 
Bezbanva,  o  =  2*86,  by  Nentwich,  from  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia 
(tarnowicite),  o-  =  2*98... 3*01,  l  by  Bottger,  m  by  Kersten 


Carbon,  lime 
Carbon,  stron. 


9  ^  i  Tc  l  <im 

95*30  99*13  98*62  99*31  95*94  97*81 

4*10  0*72  0*99  0*06  _  _ 


STRONTIANITE. 


569 


Carbon,  ox.  lead  . 
Carbon,  ox.  copper 
Red  ox.  iron 
Water  .  .  .  . 


9 


0'60 


h 


0-15 


l 


o-ii 

0’17 


h 

0'19 

0-33 


l 

3-86 

0-16 


ftl 

2’19 


A  fibrous  variety  from  Dufton  in  Cumberland  (satin  spar) 
contains  4’25  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  protoxide  of  manganese. 

The  aragonite  deposited  by  the  hot  springs  at  Carlsbad 
(sprudelstein)  consists,  according  to  Berzelius,  of — carbonate 
of  lime  97'00,  carbonate  of  strontian  0‘32,  fluoride  of  calcium  o*69, 
phosphates  of  lime,  alumina  and  oxide  of  iron  0’59,  water  l-40. 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  fibrous  and  compact 
masses,  in  globular  and  coralloid  shapes  having  a  drusy  surface. 

Is  found  in  gypsum  at  Molina  in  Aragon  and  Mingranilla  in 
Valencia,  at  Bastenes  near  Dax  in  the  Landes,  in  basaltic  rocks 
on  the  mountain  of  Cziczow  near  Ilorschnetz,  near  Tschopau, 
Toplitz,  Kolosoruk  and  Waltsch  in  Bohemia,  the  Eifel,  the  Kai- 
serstuhl  in  Baden,  Hofgeismar  in  Hessia,  on  the  Blaue  Kuppe 
near  Eschwege,  in  many  places  in  Auvergne,  Leogang  in  Salz¬ 
burg,  Ealkenstein  near  Schwatz,  and  other  places  in  the  Tyrol, 
Herrengrund  in  Hungary,  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia,  Greenland; 
in  beds  of  brown  iron  ore  at  Saalfeld  and  Kamsdorf  in  Thu¬ 
ringia,  the  Harz,  Stiria ;  in  Serpentine  in  the  valley  of  St. 
Nicholas  in  Piedmont;  in  the  lavas  of  Vesuvius  and  Iceland; 
in  the  matter  deposited  by  the  hot  springs  of  Carlsbad ;  fibrous 
and  massive  at  Dufton  in  Cumberland.  The  coralloid  varieties 
are  found  at  Eisenerz  in  Stiria,  Huttenberg  in  Carinthia, 
Hungary,  Transylvania,  Devonshire,  Buckinghamshire,  at  Lead- 
hills,  and  on  the  coast  of  Galloway  in  Scotland. 

When  carbonate  of  lime  crystallizes  from  its  solution  in 
water  containing  carbonic  acid,  at  the  temperature  of  boiling 
water,  or  is  precipitated  by  pouring  a  boiling  hot  solution  of 
chloride  of  calcium  into  a  solution  of  carbonate  of  ammonia, 
also  boiling  hot,  it  takes  the  form  of  aragonite.  The  specific 
gravity  of  the  precipitate  =  2 ‘949.  When  it  crystallizes  from 
a  solution  at  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  or 
from  fusion,  it  takes  the  form  of  calcite.  The  specific  gravity 
of  a  crystal  of  aragonite  is  reduced  by  ignition  to  that  of  calcite. 


403.  STRONTIANITE. — Strontianite  ;  Phillips.  Stron- 
tiane  carbonatee ;  Hauy.  Peritomer  Hal-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Stron- 
tianit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=40°  5' ;  101,001=35°  54';  110,100=58°  39'. 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  t  012,  h  101,  l  302,  i  201,  z  401, 


570 


CARBONATES. 


q  601,  £  801,  x  32  0  h  m  33°,  0  112?  j*  HI,  6  332, 

h  221,  (f>  331,  A  441,  £  881,  p  445. 


ca 

90° 

o' 

mm' 

62° 

4l' 

hh' 

58° 

CO 

tf 

61 

26 

00 

34 

33 

hh" 

107 

2 

he 

35 

54 

oo" 

58 

23 

h'h" 

140 

28 

ha 

54 

6 

o'o" 

69 

39 

w' 

60 

46 

hh' 

71 

48 

PP 

45 

31 

n" 

112 

18 

IV 

94 

44 

PP 

78 

53 

<pY 

153 

3 

ic 

55 

22 

pp" 

96 

7 

AX' 

61 

35 

ia 

34 

38 

PP 

49 

59 

XX" 

114 

24 

ii' 

110 

44 

// 

PP 

87 

49 

A'A" 

159 

38 

zz 

141 

54 

/  // 
PP 

108 

35 

62 

34 

n 

154 

4 

66' 

55 

67 

ir 

116 

34 

160 

24 

66" 

110 

46 

Wf 
s  ^ 

169 

44 

XX 

166 

52 

6'6" 

128 

48 

FIG.  670. 


FIG.  571. 


FIG.  572. 


Combinations.  £q,  ££,  cam,  pami,  pcamo,  cahmQ,  campd, 
caJcmzQ,  pcamhiz,  comply.  The  faces  c  often  rough,  or  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  i.  m,  1,  q,  £,  x  striated 
deeply  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  c ,  and  consequently 
often  curved.  Twins.  Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  m,  tolerably 
perfect ;  i,  less  distinct ;  a,  very  faint  traces.  Fracture  uneven. 
Transparent.,  .translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resin¬ 
ous  on  the  surface  of  fracture.  Colourless,  white  passing  into 
Sre7,  yellow,  green;  pale  wine-yellow,  pale  asparagus  and 
apple-green.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  h  =  3‘5.  g  =  3'59...3-65. 

Intumesces  before  the  blowpipe,  shines  brightly,  imparts 
a  red  colour  to  the  flame,  and  in  a  strong  heat  melts  on  the 


WITHEETTE. 


571 


thinnest  edges.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  hydrochloric 
and  nitric  acids.  Paper  moistened  with  the  hydrochloric  solu¬ 
tion,  and  afterwards  dried,  burns  with  a  red  flame.  The  solu¬ 
tion,  even  when  very  dilute,  yields  a  precipitate  with  sulphuric 
acid. 

•  •  • 

SrC,  strontian  70'13,  carbonic  acid  29'87. 

Analyses  of  strontianite  a  from  Strontian,  b  from  Brauns- 
dorf,  both  by  Stromeyer : — 


a 

b 

Carbonic  acid . 

30*31 

29'95 

Strontian . 

65’60 

67-52 

Lime . 

3-47 

1-28 

Oxides  of  iron  and  mangan.  . 

0-07 

0-09 

Water . 

0-08 

0'07 

Analyses  of  strontianite  from  Clausthal  c  white,  d  yellow, 
both  by  Jordan,  e ,  f  from  Strontian,  both  by  Thomson,  from 
Hamm  g  by  Becks,  li  by  Schnabel : — 


c 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

7i 

Carbon,  stron.  .  . 

92-87 

92-75 

93-43 

91-08 

94-70 

91-71 

Carbon,  lime  .  .  . 

6-50 

6-50 

6-28 

8-64 

5-22 

7-89 

Carbon,  protox.  iron  . 

— 

0-36 

O'Ol 

0-08 

— 

— 

Carbon,  protox.  man. 

— 

— 

— 

0-10 

— 

— 

Water  .  .  . 

0-25 

0-25 

— 

— 

0-08 

— 

Silica  and  loss  .  .  . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0*40 

In  attached  crystals,  which  are  often  acicular  and  united  in 
groups  ;  columnar,  fibrous  and  granular  masses. 

Occurs  in  veins  in  the  older  rocks,  limestone,  clay,  iron-stone, 
basalt.  Is  found  at  Strontian  and  Leadhills  in  Scotland,  in 
Yorkshire,  at  Braunsdorf  near  Preiberg,  the  Bergwerkswohl- 
fahrt  mine  near  Clausthal  in  very  perfect  crystals,  Leogang  near 
Salzburg,  Hamm  in  Westphalia,  Gaveradi  in  the  Grisons,  the 
Giant’s  Causeway,  Starachowice  in  Poland,  Schoharie  and  Mar- 
cellus  in  New  York,  Popayan  in  Peru. 


404.  WITHERITE. — Witherite  ;  Phillips.  Baryte  car- 
bonatee  ;  Hauy.  Hiprismatischer  Hal-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Wi- 
therit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  38°  45';  101,001  =  36°  33' ;  110,100  =  59°  15'. 

a  100,  c  ooi,  a?  102,  7c  101,  i  201,  m  110,  p  ill,  0  112. 


572 


CARBONATES. 


ac 

90° 

0' 

ia 

o 

CO 

o' 

pp '' 

90° 

3' 

xa 

69 

39 

ii 

112 

0 

p'p" 

110 

49 

XX 

40 

42 

ma 

69 

15 

00 

34 

56 

ka 

63 

27 

mm 

61 

30 

oo" 

60 

35 

W 

73 

6 

pp 

49 

47 

/  // 

0  0 

71 

63 

FIG.  573. 


FIG.  574. 


a 


'  *  JL  ' 

m  striated  parallel  to  tlieir  intersections  with  the  faces 
p  ;  i  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  p.  Twins. 
Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  m,  distinct ;  a ,  i,  imperfect.  Fracture 
uneven.  Semi-transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  on 
surfaces  of  fracture  resinous.  White  passing  into  yellowish  or 
greyish-white,  sometimes  inclining  to  green  or  red.  Brittle. 
H  =  3*0. ..3'5.  G  =  4-2.. .4-4. 

Before  the  blowpipe  imparts  a  yellowish-green  colour  to  the 
flame,  and  melts  into  an  alkaline  enamel.  On  charcoal  intu- 
mesces,  becomes  caustic  and  sinks  into  the  charcoal.  Soluble  with 
effervescence  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.  The  solution,  after 
being  largely  diluted  with  water,  yields  a  copious  precipitate  on 
the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid. 


BaC,  barytes  77-64,  carbonic  acid  22'36. 

Analyses  a  by  Withering,  b  by  Bucholz,  c  by  Beudant : — 


a  b  c 

Carbonic  acid  ....  20’8  20-00  22'5 

Barytes . 78'6  79’66  77’1 

Lime . —  —  o-4 

Water . ro  0‘33  — 


In  attached  crystals  ;  more  frequently  in  globular,  reniform 
and  columnar  masses. 


ALSTOISTITE. 


573 


Occurs  usually  iu  veius  of  galena,  in  transition  and  carboni¬ 
ferous  rocks,  also  in  veins  in  granite  and  porphyry.  Is  found 
in  lead  mines  at  Anglesark  in  Lancashire,  Alston  Moor  in 
Cumberland,  Fallowfield  and  Dufton  Fell  in  Durham,  in  West¬ 
moreland,  Shropshire,  Flintshire  ;  in  beds  near  Peggau  and 
Neuberg  in  Stiria ;  at  Leogang  near  Salzburg,  Tarnowitz  in  Si¬ 
lesia,  Szlana  in  Hungary,  Schlangenberg  in  Siberia,  Sicily, 
Chile. 


405.  ALSTONTTE. — Baryto-calcite  en  prisme  droit ;  Du- 
frenoy.  Alstonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=38°  39';  101,001=36°  27'*6  ;  110,100=59°  25'-5. 


a  loo 

cleavage,  Jc 

101,  i 

201, 

m  110,  p 

111,  h  221 

ii 

lll° 

V 

o 

IQ 

/  // 
pp 

110° 

54' 

Tck' 

72 

55 

hh' 

67 

30 

mm 

61 

9 

ir 

109 

0 

(fig.  574.) 

pp 

49 

33 

h!r 

142. 

0 

// 

pp 

90 

20 

Combinations,  pi,  prni.  Twins.  Twin-face  m.  Cleavage. 
m,  a,  tolerably  distinct.  Fracture  conchoidal. .  .uneven.  Trans¬ 
parent.  ..translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  the  surfaces  of  frac¬ 
ture  resinous.  Colourless,  greyish-white.  Streak  white,  h  = 
4’0...4’5.  Or  =  3*65 . .  .3"70. 

Decrepitates  and  phosphoresces  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble 
in  acids  with  effervescence. 

BaC  +  CaC,  with  a  variable  quantity  of  SrC. 

Analyses  of  alstonite  a  from  Bromley- Hill  by  Johnston,  b 
from  Fallowfield  by  Delesse : — 


a 

b 

Carbonate  of  barytes  .  . 

.  .  .  62U6 

65-31 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

.  .  .  30-29 

32-90 

Carbonate  of  strontian 

.  .  .  6"64 

1-10 

Silica . 

— 

0*20 

Oxide  of  manganese  .  . 

.  .  .  ■ — 

0'16 

Is  found  in  veins  with  galena  at  Bromley-Hill  near  Alston 
Moor,  and  at  Fallowfield  near  Hexham. 

The  substance  BaC  +  CaC  appears  to  be  dimorphous.  In 
alstonite  its  crystals,  isomorphous  with  aragonite,  cerussite, 
strontianite  and  witherite,  belong  to  the  prismatic  system ;  in 
barytocalcite  they  belong  to  the  oblique  system. 


574 


CAEBOFATES. 


406.  BABYTOCALCITE. — Hemiprismatischer  Hal-Baryt ; 
Mohs.  Barytocalcit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

i 

Oblique.  101,100  =  61°  o'  ;  111,010  =  53°  27' ;  101,001  =  41°  26'. 


c  001, 

Jl 

101,  p 

101,  m 

110, 

r 

Tic 

41c 

’  26' 

VV 

0 

OO 

CO 

0' 

pc 

32 

26 

vh 

56 

0 

mm 

84 

52 

sh 

36 

33 

/ 

/p/p 

33 

54 

sp 

77 

6 

ss 

106 

54 

EIG.  675. 

c 


Combinations,  sm,  csphmr.  The  faces  h 
striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  s  ; 
m ,  r  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  each  other.  Cleavage.  s,  perfect ; 
p ,  less  perfect.  Fracture  imperfect  con- 
choidal . . . uneven.  Transparent . . . translucent.  Lustre  vitreous, 
inclining  a  little  to  resinous.  Greyish,  yellowish  or  greenish- 
white.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  11  =  4*0.  g  —  3*6... 3*7. 

Before  the  blowpipe  imparts  a  yellowish-green  colour  to  the 
flame  and  becomes  alkaline,  but  does  not  melt.  With  borax 
fuses  with  effervescence  into  a  clear  glass,  to  which  a  hyacinth- 
red  colour  is  imparted  by  the  hepar  formed.  With  soda  is 
decomposed ;  the  barytes  sinks  with  the  soda  into  the  charcoal, 
leaving  the  lime  behind.  Is  soluble  with  effervescence  in 
hydrochloric  and  in  nitric  acid.  The  solution  when  very  dilute 
yields  a  precipitate  on  the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid. 

BaC  +  CaC,  carbonate  of  barytes  66*31,  carbonate  of  lime 
33’69. 


Analyses  of  barytocalcite  a  by  Children,  b  by  Delesse : — 


a  b 

Carbonate  of  barytes .  65*9  66*20 

Carbonate  of  lime .  33*6  31*89 

Silica . —  0*27 


In  attached  crystals,  and  massive,  in  veins  in  mountain  lime¬ 
stone,  at  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland. 

407.  CALCITE. —  Carbonate  of  lime  ;  Phillips.  Chaux  car- 
bonatee  ;  Hauy.  Bhomboedrisches  Balk-Haloid  ;  Mohs. 
Kalk  ;  Hausmann.  Calcit ;  Haidinger. 

Ehombohedral.  100,111  =  44°  36'*6. 


CALCITE. 


575 


O  111, 

a 

on, 

b 

211,  < 

Y 

725, 

m 

311, 

r  ioo,  n 

711, 

u 

211,  K 

255 

,  e 

Oil, 

l  133,  « 

■  122 

7  11 

n,  <b 

233, 

h  455, 

f 

ill,  9 

877 

,  + 

544,  433, 

V  ' 

7 55, 

S  322,  d 

533, 

7 r  210, 

a 

513, 

l  715, 

r 

320, 

? 

730, 

t 

310, 

w 

410, 

9. 

610, 

c 

710,  v 

’  601 

,  <r 

601,  n 

401 

,  D 

11 

0  3, 

\  301, 

V 

602, 

V 

201, 

B  704, 

<y> 

603, 

y 

302, 

Q 

403, 

9 

504, 

605, 

-A, 

13  0 

11, 

$ 

522, 

5 

733 

,  t 

211, 

955,  ( 

535, 

X 

212,  , 

(3  313, 

O 

534, 

9 

423, 

JP 

735, 

b 

312, 

7 

623, 

e 

624,  Z  15 

1  9. 

bo 

90° 

o' 

eo 

26° 

15' 

go 

67' 

0 

56' 

bb" 

60 

0 

ee' 

45 

3 

99' 

106 

46 

ba' 

30 

0 

lo 

38 

17 

xpo 

71 

20 

Kb 

13 

54 

IV 

64 

54 

w 

110 

16 

mo 

75 

47 

EO 

44 

37 

X° 

73 

51 

mm 

114 

10 

/ 

EE 

74 

65 

XX 

112 

34 

ro 

44 

37 

to 

49 

49 

T)0 

75 

47 

rr 

74 

55 

ii 

82 

50 

w 

114 

10 

• 

n  o 

33 

20 

<po 

50 

58 

so 

78 

32 

II  Ll 

56 

60 

n' 

84 

33 

ss 

116 

9 

uo 

13 

62 

ho 

55  ' 

57 

do 

82 

47 

uu 

23 

66 

hJi 

91 

42 

ddf 

118 

27 

KO 

13 

52 

f° 

63 

7 

/ 

KK 

23 

66 

r 

101 

9 

Tbe  three  columns  exhibit  the  angles  between  pairs  of  faces 
on  opposite  sides  of  ob,  ob",  bb"  respectively : — 


rr 

35° 

15' 

M 

O 

25' 

125° 

44' 

7T7T 

28 

39 

28 

39 

120 

40 

?? 

25 

23 

34 

4 

118 

18 

tt 

20 

36 

41 

65 

115 

5 

ww 

15 

59 

49 

23 

112 

19 

qq 

10 

55 

57 

23 

110 

15 

cc 

9 

32 

69 

46 

108 

56 

vv 

11 

59 

77 

49 

85 

59 

OCT 

14 

27 

77 

64 

82 

3 

nn 

18 

7 

78 

5 

76 

8 

DD 

19 

47 

78 

4 

73 

26 

XX 

24 

10 

77 

49 

66 

15 

nn 

28 

53 

77 

8 

58 

26 

vv 

35 

36 

75 

22 

47 

2 

BB 

40 

5 

73 

40 

39 

11 

TT 

41 

46 

72 

64 

36 

8 

yy 

45 

32 

70 

69 

29 

16 

49 

50 

68 

21 

21 

7 

gg 

62 

12 

66 

42 

16 

30 

63 

34 

65 

36 

13 

32 

X7 


CAEBONATES. 


576 


— - 

54° 

13' 

65° 

10' 

12° 

2o' 

55 

61 

54 

38 

19 

80 

4 

55 

55 

4 

35 

54 

79 

14 

-7  t 

62 

37 

30 

7 

77 

35 

68 

6 

25 

53 

76 

66 

SS 

91 

42 

20 

40 

52 

30 

XX 

87 

51 

26 

44 

•  44 

42 

A3 

80 

2 

37 

30 

30 

39 

OO 

83 

9 

21 

52 

62 

52 

PP 

77 

8 

28 

53 

60 

47 

jxp 

72 

26 

34 

20 

55 

20 

8  8 

64 

26 

41 

37 

51 

30 

a  a 

54 

30 

54 

30 

47 

24 

yy 

64 

43 

37 

28 

62 

10 

66 

75 

22 

35 

36 

47 

2 

ti 

67 

21 

57 

21 

32 

38 

zz 

37 

7 

79 

5 

34 

32 

EIG.  676. 


CALCITE. 


FIG.  583. 


FIG.  584. 


V' 


b" 


FIG.  585. 


An  increase  of  temperature  of  100°  c  alters  by  s'*6  the  angle 
between  the  principal  cleavages,  making  them  assume  a  position 
more  nearly  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  Forms  and  com¬ 
binations.  r,  e,  e,  u,  f  m,  Ji,  o.e.rfm.h.v.y.b,  e.o.r.^f.y.X.y.b.a, 
r.efm.<j>.L'±.b.a.o,  r.ew.ir.$b ,  f.e.r.m.v.x.b.a ,  m.o.r.v ,  h.o.y, 
<p-e.r.h ,  v.o.rf.m.L(j).t.b.a,  v.rl.of.rty,  yfx-m,  ij.eb.xa.fr ,  /x.o.e, 
b.o.y.r.h.(j).f r.t.X.v,  a.fr.yr ,  or.f.b ,  ob.ah.v.Q.y.X.Q.mg,  ef.o.vb.m - 
v.mvbo ,  fa.r.y.reb.vy ,  /6.0,  fm.orv.rv  «  a,  mo.r.a.rvga ,  me.va.vs , 
mv.efb.eb.efb. If ra.gb.tr  a. of  erm  #  vb,  sm.r.rl,  se.o.vb ,  vb.e.f- 
p.rv.erlfm ,  vtb.e.ef.ertyb,  vzm.d.b ,  vym.d.r.rb.rzb,  of.  n  . r.v.ve.vr , 
fim.v.h ,  bo.ef.ty.h.re.ef.ew.ms ,  befl.1i.vfv.rfv.vms ,  bv.r.efp.e^.tTre , 
br.f.t.e ,  oba.e.m.fm ,  oop  Slfpa,  etrfxmyfid,  rfm^vaa,  by , 

CVS  we,  cu,  emf  ret ,  7/0,  mcy ,  o.l.e.s.y, 

obf.u.y ,  obeli.w.m^z.  $  ,  abf.O.mv,  bm.v.ey.ryv,  be.n.Q,  ab.et.^6, 
om€±.r),  mfxy^x,  obrmvg ,  oaifpSl,  a.v.d.mf A.  The  faces  o 
are  usually  rough ;  c  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections 
with  r ;  r  rather  curved ;  7,  striated  parallel  to  their  inter- 

c  c 


578 


CARBONATES. 


sections  with  e  ;  tt,  a  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with 
r.  Twins.  1.  Twin-plane  o.  The  axes  of  the  rhombohedrons 
are  parallel.  2.  Twin-plane  e.  The  axes  of  the  rhombohedrons 
make  with  each  other  an  angle  of  127°  30/.  This  composition  is 
sometimes  frequently  repeated,  producing  striae  on  the  faces  ot 
cleavage.  The  planes  of  union  parallel  to  a  face  e  have  been 
mistaken  for  cleavages.  3.  Twin-plane  r.  The  axes  of  the 
rhombohedrons  make  with  each  other  an  angle  of  90°  46'. 
4.  Twin-plane  f.  The  axes  of  the  rhombohedrons  make  with 
each  other  an  angle  of  53°  46'.  Cleavage,  r,  very  easily  ob¬ 
tained,  even  and  often  very  perfect ;  o ,  b,  a,  v,  traces  more  or 
less  faint.  Fracture  conchoidal,  perfect  hut  not  easily  obtained. 
Transparent. ..translucent.  Lustre  vitreous;  o  inclining  to 
pearly.  Most  of  the  forms  bright,  e,  l ,  h  less  bright... dull. 
The  spheroidal  wave  surface  is  oblate.  At  17°*75  c  the  indices 
of  refraction  corresponding  to  Fraunhofer’s  lines  are — 


H- 

P 

H  .  . 

.  .  1-68330 

1-49780 

a  .  . 

.  .  1-67617 

1-49453 

F  .  . 

.  .  1-66802 

1-49075 

E  .  . 

.  .  1-66360 

1*48868 

D  .  . 

.  .  1-65850 

1-48635 

C  .  . 

.  .  1-65452 

1-48455 

B  .  . 

.  .  1-65308 

1-48391 

An  increase  of  temperature  of  64°  c  increases  the  index  of 
the  extraordinary  ray  F  from  1-49075  to  1-49118.  The  index  of 
the  ordinary  ray  is  not  altered.  Colourless,  white,  only  acci¬ 
dentally  grey,  blue,  green,  yellow,  red,  brown,  black. '  Streak 
white.  Brittle,  h  =  3"0.  a  =  2*69... 2*75.  Acquires  vitreous 
electricity  by  pressure. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe;  becomes  caustic  and  shines 
with  peculiar  brightness  as  soon  as  all  the  carbonic  acid  is 
expelled.  Soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  forming  a 
transparent  bead.  Easily  and  perfectly  soluble,  with  effer-  i 
vescence,  in  hydrochloric  and  in  nitric  acid.  Exposed  to  a  high 
temperature  under  pressure,  or  surrounded  by  an  atmosphere 
of  carbonic  acid,  it  fuses  without  being  decomposed,  and  is  con¬ 
verted  into  a  crystalline  mass. 

•  •  • 

CaC,  carbonic  acid  44*00,  lime  56m 

Analyses  of  calcite  a  from  Iceland  by  Phillips,  b  from  Iceland, 
c  from  Andreasberg,  both  by  Stromeyer,  d  from  Brilon  by 
Schnabel,  e  from  the  calamine  mines  of  Olkucz  by  Gribbs,  f 
from  Andreasberg  by  Hochstetter : — 


i 


CALCITE. 

a  b 

c 

d 

e 

579 

/ 

Carbonic  acid  .  .  .  44*0 

43*70 

43*56 

43*52 

43*81 

42*20 

Lime . 55*5 

66*15 

55*98 

55*30 

60*76 

54*40 

Magnesia . — 

— 

— 

0*13 

0*85 

- 

Protox.  iron  .  .  .  (and  Mn 

0*15 

0*36] 

— 

0*51 

1*55 

Ox.  zinc . — 

— 

- - 

.  ■ 

4*07 

-  . 

W  ater . — 

_ 

0*10 

1*07 

Silica . — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1*85 

Analyses  of  calcite  y,  7i  from  cavities 
Altenberg  by  Monheim,  i  from  Miinden 

in  the 

calamine  of 

by  Ahrend,  k  from 

Moutiers  by  Berthier : — 

Carbonate  of  lime  .... 

y 

.  89*27 

h 

89*56 

i 

95*86 

h 

96*0 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

— 

— 

0*37 

-- 

Carbonate  of  protox.  iron 

9*31 

8*23 

3*53 

3*0 

Carbonate  of  protox.  man. 

— 

0*69 

0*82 

1*0 

Carbonate  of  ox.  zinc  .  .  . 

1*64 

1*01 

, 

. 

Silica . 

- - 

0*18 

— ■  . 

- 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  massive,  and  pseudo- 
morphous  after  aragonite,  gypsum,  gaylussite,  felspar,  augite. 

The  crystals  are  found  in  drusy  cavities  and  veins,  less  fre¬ 
quently  in  beds,  in  limestone  and  almost  every  other  kind  of 
rock,  and  accompanying  a  great  variety  of  minerals  ;  and  in  the 
cavities  of  amygdaloidal  rocks.  The  forms  o,  b ,  r,  e ,  e,  h,  v,  y ,  x 
and  their  combinations  are  frequently  found  in  veins  at  An- 
dreasberg  in  the  Harz  ;  the  forms  r,  e,  y,  b  in  the  veins  of  the 
western  Harz  ;  the  forms  e,  b  on  the  Pfaffenberg  and  Meise- 
berg;  v,  y ,  e,  b  in  veins  of  hematite  near  Andreasberg  and 
Zorge  ;  v  in  the  manganese  veins  of  Ihlefeld;  nodules 

of  iron  and  manganese  ores  at  Iberg.  The  form  v  occurs  fre¬ 
quently  in  Derbyshire,  and  e  in  Cumberland,  in  veins  contain¬ 
ing  galena.  The  combinations  r.ew.n.  S  b  are  found  near 
Prague  ;  the  combinations  ef.o.vb.mv.mvbo  and  fa.r.y.reb.vy  in 
Carinthia  and  Bohemia.  The  forms  e ,  on,  b  prevail  in  the  min¬ 
ing  districts  of  Saxony  and  Bohemia.  At  Pontainbleau  in 
Prance  crystals  of  the  form  f  occur  containing  a  mechanical 
mixture  of  from  58  to  95  per  cent,  of  fine  quartz  sand.  Very 
large  transparent  crystals  are  found  in  a  cavity  in  trap,  with 
stilbite,  on  the  north  shore  of  Eskifiord  on  the  east  coast  of 
Iceland.  Bemarkable  crystals  are  also  found  in  Baden  at 
Wiesloch  and  Donaneschingen  ;  in  Prance,  Poictiers,  Chalances 
and  Paris  ;  in  the  United  States,  &c.  Calcite  has  been  found 
in  pseudomorphous  crystals  after  gaylussite  at  Obersdorf  near 
Sangerhausen  in  Thuringia,  at  Kating  not  far  from  Tonningen, 
Eiderstedt  in  Schleswig,  and  in  some  of  the  neighbouring 


580 


CARBONATES. 


islands,  and  in  the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  skull  of  the  nrsus 
spelaeus  in  a  cavern  in  the  Tufna  near  Hermanecz  not  far  from 
Neusohl  in  Hungary.  Lamellar  varieties,  in  very  thin  parallel 
layers  bounded  by  the  faces  o,  (schieferspath)  occur  in  beds  of 
granular  limestone  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Norway,  Cornwall,  in 
Glen  Tilt  and  Assynt  in  Scotland,  and  in  the  county  of  Wick¬ 
low.  Granular  limestone,  or  statuary  marble,  consists  of 
minute  crystals,  and  sometimes  forms  entire  mountains,  but 
more  frequently  occurs  in  beds  in  gneiss,  porphyry  and  mica 
slate.  Statuary  marble  is  found  in  the  islands  of  Paros,  Naxos 
and  Tenos,  Pentelicus  and  Hymettus  near  Athens,  Carrara  on 
the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  Schlanders  in  the  Tyrol.  The  compact 
varieties  (marble  or  limestone)  variously  coloured  by  an  admix¬ 
ture  of  silica,  alumina,  oxide  of  iron,  carbon,  form  the  greater 
part  of  the  transition  and  newer  formations.  Some  of  these, 
the  oolites,  consist  of  an  aggregation  of  minute  globules.  Sta¬ 
lactites  and  tufa  are  continually  forming,  being  deposited  from 
water  containing  carbonate  of  lime  dissolved  in  an  excess  of 
carbonic  acid.  Stalactites  form  mamillated  or  long  fibrous 
masses  in  fissures  and  caverns  of  limestone  rocks.  Tufa,  an 
alluvial  deposit  from  calcareous  springs,  is  formed  in  immense 
quantities  near  Terni,  Tivoli  and  other  places  in  Italy.  Chalk 
appears  to  consist,  in  a  great  measure,  of  an  aggregation  of 
fossils,  chiefly  infusorial. 


408.  ANKEBITE. — Paratomes  Balk-Haloid;  Mohs.  An- 
kerit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Ehombohedral.  100,111  =  43°  54'. 

0  ill,  e  oil,  r  100. 


43°  54' 
73  48 

25  42 

44  6 


ro 

i 


(figs.  686,  580.) 


60 

ee 


Combinations,  or,  er.  Twins.  1.  Twin-face  0.  2.  Twin- 

face  e.  A  frequent  repetition  of  this  composition  produces  the 
striae  sometimes  observed  on  the  cleavages  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  o.  The  faces  0  rough ;  e,  deeply  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  r.  Cleavage,  r,  perfect. 
Eracture  uneven.  Translucent ...  slightly  translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to  pearly.  Yellowish-white. .. 
yellowish -grey ;  becomes  brown  by  exposure  to  the  air.  Streak 
white.  Brittle,  h  =:  3‘5...4’0.  G-  =  3-040...3‘085. 

Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  black  and  magnetic.  With 


DOLOMITE. 


581 


soda  gives  indications  of  manganese.  Imparts  the  colour  of 
iron  to  glass  of  borax.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 


Analyses  of  ankerite  a  by  John,  b  communicated  by  Hai- 
dinger,  c  by  Schrotter,  d  from  Grolrath  in  Stiria  by  Berthier, 
e  from  Tinzen  in  the  Gfrisons  by  Schweizer : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Carb.  lime . 

.  .  50-0 

48*03 

50*11 

51*1 

46*40 

Carb.  magnesia  .  .  . 

00 

16*46 

11*85 

25*7 

26*95 

Carb.  protox.  iron 

.  .  35-0 

32*06 

35*31 

20*0 

25*40 

Carb.  protox.  mangan.  . 

.  .  5-0 

2*97 

3*08 

3*0 

— 

Insoluble . 

. — 

— 

— 

— 

0*75 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  granular  and  compact  masses, 
on  the  Rathhausberg  near  Grastein  in  beds  in  mica  slate,  in 
Stiria  at  Eisenerz,  on  the  Gfolrath,  at  Raiding  near  Vordern- 
berg,  Neuburg,  on  the  Rothsol,  on  the  Yeitschalp. 

409.  DOLOMITE. — Bitter  Spar  ;  Phillips.  Chaux  car- 
bonatee  magnesifere  ;  Hauy.  Makrotypes  Kalk-Haloid ;  Mohs. 
Bitterkalk ;  Hausmann.  Dolomit ;  Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral.  111,100  —  43°  5 l'*6. 

o  ill,  a  oil, 
vt\  4I2,  X  514. 
parallel  faces. 

ao  90°  o' 

ad  60  0 

eo  25  40 

ee  44  3 

TO  43  52 

rr  73  45 

fo  62  31 

ff'  100  24 

mo  75  25 

mm  113  53 

An  increase  of  temperature  of  100°  c  alters  the  angle  between 
the  cleavage  planes  4',  making  them  assume  a  position  more 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  Eorms  and  combinations. 
r,  m,  er,  ro,  rm,  om,  orm,  arm,  armf,  oarfv,  aorfmv,  aormV(\_  X  '• 
The  faces  o  sometimes  convex,  producing  lenticular  shapes  ;  e 
deeply  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  r ;  r  some¬ 
times  convex ;  v  sometimes  drusy.  Twins.  Twin-face  o. 
Cleavage.  r,  perfect ;  the  surfaces  of  cleavage  sometimes 


e  oil,  r  100,  f  ill,  m  311,  v  201, 
The  forms  Hi,  X  are  hemihedral  with 


vd 

75° 

4' 

vv 

35 

28 

vd 

23 

68 

vr 

29 

10 

HI  0 

79 

25 

rri  d 

23 

27 

trir 

36 

21 

Ho 

74 

58 

Xd 

15 

28 

Hr 

41 

56 

Eia.  586. 


See  also  figs.  578,  580,  681. 


582 


CARBONATES. 


curved;  e,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Semi-transparent... 
translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  more  or  less  inclining  to  pearly 
in  different  varieties.  Colourless,  white,  pale  green,  yellow, 
grey,  black,  sometimes  red,  blue,  sometimes  brown  in  conse¬ 
quence  of  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  Streak  greyish- white. 
Brittle,  h  =  3*5...  4*5.  g  —  2*80... 2*95. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Some  varieties  turn  brown  or 
black  when  heated,  others  exfoliate.  With  fluxes  it  usuallv 
gives  indications  of  iron  and  not  unfrequently  manganese.  In 
lumps  it  does  not  effervesce  in  hydrochloric  acid.  In  powder 
it  is  soluble  with  eflervescence,  but  not  entirely  unless  heated. 

♦  •  •  •  •  • 

CaC,  MgC.  Many  varieties  contain  also  carbonate  of  pro¬ 
toxide  of  iron  or  of  manganese,  or  both  together. 

Analyses  of  dolomite  a  in  colourless  crystals  from  Jena  by 
Sukow,  b  granular,  from  Vaage  in  Gulbrandsdalen  by  Scheerer, 
c  from  Tharand  (tharandite)  by  Kuhn,  d  compact,  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Ihlefeld  by  Bammelsberg,  e  from  Traversella, 
g  =:  2 ‘629  by  Pelletier,  f  granular,  from  the  south  coast  of 
Capri  by  Abich : — 

a  b  c  d  e  f 

Carb.  lime  ....  55*2  65*88  54*76  55*62  61*00  52*30 

Carb.  magnesia  .  .  .  44*7  40*47  42*10  42*40  44*32  46*97 

Carb.  protox.  iron  .  .  —  2*81  4*19  0*56  4*68  — 

Analyses  of  dolomite  g  granular,  from  the  valley  of  Sambuco 
by  Abich,  h  from  the  Zillerthal  by  Meitzendorf,  i  from  Spezzia 
by  Laugier,  h  compact,  from  Altenberg  by  Monheim:-— 


g  li  i  h 

Carb.  lime  . .  56*57  56*66  55*36  54*31 

Carb.  magnesia .  43*43  38*60  41*30  43*26 

Carb.  protox.  iron . —  3*30  2*00  o*99 

Carb.  protox.  mang . —  1-70  _  o*56 

Carb.  ox.  zinc . —  _  _  -,.00 

Silica 

OLUCa . —  —  0*50  0*48 


Analyses  of  dolomite  7,  w,  red,  g  =  2*921,  from  Przibram  bv 
Gibbs,  n  compact,  from  the  Thiiringerwald  by  Gerned,  0  from 
Dohraburg  in  the  Tyrol,  p  from  Schneeberg,  both  by  Kuhn, 
g  from  the  bchamserthal  in  the  Grisons  by  Berthier  : — 


7  m  n  o  p  q 
Carbonic  acid  .  .  .  45*12  45*37  42*45  46*91  44*42  41*4 

^me  *. .  31*72  31*86  28*93  30*65  29*48  27*0 

Magnesia  ....  16*63  17*37  23*46  21*46  17*31  14*0 

Protox.  iron  .  .  .  i*36  x*16  3*4g  2*25  7*70  8*4 

Ox.  cobalt  ....  5*17  4*24  —  Mn  0*21  0*2 


MAGNESITE. 


583 


Analyses  of  dolomite  r  from  Kolosoruk  near  Bilin  by  Ram- 
melsberg,  s  compact,  from  Liebenstein  by  "Wackenroder,  t  com¬ 
pact,  from  the  coast  between  Vico  and  Sorento  by  Abicb,  u 
granular,  from  Rappenau  in  Silesia  by  Rammelsberg,  v  from 
Kolosoruk  by  Kuhn : — 

r  s  t  u  v 


Carb.  lime  ....  6roo 
Carb.  magnesia  .  .  .  36*53 

Carb.  protox.  iron  .  .  2*74 

Carb.  protox.  mang.  .  — 

Organic  matter  ...  — 


63*87 

65*21 

75*87 

85*84 

33*24 

34*79 

24*52 

10*39 

0*91 

— 

— 

5*53 

0*07 

— 

— 

— 

1*05 

— 

— 

— 

In  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  granular  and  columnar 
masses,  disseminated,  pseudomorphous  after  calcite. 

The  variety  in  white  granular  masses  (dolomite)  forms  rocks 
by  itself  and"  beds  in  other  rocks.  A  greenish  variety  (rauten- 
spath)  in  imbedded  crystals,  and  cleavable  masses,  frequently 
in  talc,  sometimes  in  gypsum.  The  red  and  brown  varieties  of 
lustre  inclining  to  pearly  (brown  spar)  is  usually  found  in 
veins  with  various  sulphides,  and  in  clefts  in  basalt.  Is  found 
on  St.  Gotthardt,  the  Brenner  and  Greiner,  Carinthia,  Baden 
near  Vienna,  the  Apennines  ;  the  imbedded  varieties  (rauten- 
spath)  in  Salzburg,  the  Tyrol,  Switzerland ;  in  rhombohedrons 
(r)  at  Traversella  in  Piedmont ;  a  green  variety  (miemit)  at 
Miemo  in  Tuscany,  Gliicksbrunn  in  Thuringia,  near  Tharand 
in  Saxony.  Rhombohedrons  with  convex  faces  occui  m  basalt 
at  Kolosoruk  in  Bohemia,  The  variety  called  brown  spar  occurs 
at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  Kapnik  in  Transylvania,  Przibram 
in  Bohemia,  Preiberg  and  other  places  in  Saxony,  Clausthal  in 
the  Harz,  Norway,  Sweden,  Scotland,  England. 


410.  MAGNESITE.  —  Magnesie  carbonatee  cristallisee  ; 
Bufrenoy.  Magnesit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  43°  4 . 
r  loo. 

rr'  72°  31'.  (fig-  578.) 

Cleavage.  very  perfect.  Transparent... translucent  on  the 
edo-es.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  yellowish-white,  yellow, 
brown,  black,  h  =  4*5... 5*o.  g  =  2*88... 3*02. 

Assumes  a  pale  red  colour  when  moistened  with  nitrate  ot 
cobalt  and  heated  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble  in  dilute  sul¬ 
phuric  acid. 

MgC,  carbonic  acid  61*62,  magnesia  48*38. 

c  c  4 


584 


CARBONATES. 


Analyses  of  cleavable  magnesite  a  from  Snarum  by  Scheerer, 
b  from  Salzburg  by  Dufrenoy,  from  Arendal  c  by  Munster,  d 
by  lonsager : — 


Carbonic  acid 
Magnesia 
Protox.  iron  , 
Water  . 


a 

b 

G 

d 

51-45 

60*6 

52*57 

62*66 

47*30 

43-1  , 

46*43 

46*22 

0-79 

5*2 

0*87 

1*12 

0-47 

— 

1 

1 

Analyses  of  compact  magnesite  e  from  Baumgarten,  f  from 
Salem,  both  by  Stromeyer,  g  from  Hrubschitz  by  Lampadius, 
i  irom  Salem  by  Henry,  i  from  Greece  by  Brunner  : — 


Carbonic  acid  .  .  . 

Magnesia  .... 
Lime  . 

Oxide  of  mangan.  . 

e 

/ 

g 

h 

i 

.  50*22 

.  47*36 

0*21 

51*83 

47*89 

0*28 

51*0 

47*0 

silica 

51*0 

46*0 

1*5 

49*49 

51*03 

Water . 

1*39 

— 

1*6 

0*5 

- 

Hi  crystals,  globular,  reniform,  compact  and  earthy  masses. 
Occurs  usually  in  serpentine.  The  crystallized  varieties  are 
tound  at  Snarum  and  Arendal.  Compact  magnesite  is  found  at 
Baumgarten  in  Silesia,  Hrubschitz  in  Moravia,  Kraubat  in 
Stiria,  Hall  m  the  Tyrol,  Salem  in  the  East  Indies. 


411.  BBEHNHERITE.— Brachytypes  Kalk-Haloid;  Mohs, 
-breunnent ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral.  100,111  —  430  s'. 

r  100,  e  oil. 


/pry* 

ee ' 


72°  37' 
43  6 


(figs.  578,  580.) 


Form  and  combination,  r,  re.  The  faces  r  even  but  rou^h 
Cleavage,  r,  very  perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent  .! 
translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the  sur¬ 
faces  of  cleavage  Colourless,  yellowish-white,  yellow,  brown. 
Streak  greyish-white.  Brittle,  h  —  4*0. ..4'5.  g  =  3*0. ..3-2. 

Infusible  before .  the  blowpipe,  becoming  grey  or  black,  and 
frequently  magnetic.  Imparts  the  colour  of  iron  to  glass  of 
borax.  With  soda  sometimes  yields  indications  of  manganese. 

When  reduced  to  powder  is  soluble  in  acids  with  the  aid  of  heat. 

•  .  • 

MgC,  with  a  variable  quantity  of  FeC. 


Analyses  of  breunnerite  a  from  the  Zillerthal,  l  from  Fassa- 


MESITINE. 


585 


thal,  c  from  St.  Gotthardt,  d  black,  from  Hall  in  the  Tyrol,  all 
by  Stromeyer,  e  from  the  Tyrol  by  Brooke,  /Trom  the  Pfitsch- 
thal  in  the  Tyrol  by  Magnus  : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Carb.  magnesia  .  . 

87-79 

82*89 

87-78 

89-70 

86-05 

82-91 

Carb.  protox.  iron 

13-82 

16-97 

10-54 

8-02 

13-15 

15-59 

Carb.  protox.  man.  . 

0-69 

0-78 

0-90 

2-44 

— 

1-19 

Carbon . 

— 

— 

— 

Oil 

— 

— 

Is  found  in  single  crystals,  crystalline,  columnar  and  granular 
masses,  -usually  imbedded  in  chlorite,  talc  and  sometimes  in  ser¬ 
pentine,  more  rarely  in  gypsum,  in  the  Tyrol  in  the  Zillerthal, 
Piitsch thal,  Passathal,  TJltenthal  and  Hall,  St.  Gotthardt,  Nor¬ 
way,  Unst,  the  United  States. 


412.  MESITXNE. — Mesetinspath ;  Dufrenoy.  Bhomboe- 
drischer  Parachros-Baryt ;  Mohs.  Mesitin  ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  43°  14'. 


o 


Ill, 

b 

211,  r 

ioo,  e 

oil. 

bo 

90‘ 

0  o' 

<r 

to 

o 

46' 

W 

120 

0 

eo 

25 

11 

ro 

43 

14 

ee 

43 

14 

EIG.  587. 


Combinations,  rob ,  roe.  The  faces  r 
smooth ;  o,  e  rounded,  producing  lenticular 
shapes.  Cleavage,  r,  perfect ;  e,  traces. 
Practure  not  observable.  Transparent... 


translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Greyish  and  yellowish-white .. . 
yellowish-green.  Becomes  brown  by  exposure.  Streak  white. 
Brittle.  H  =  3*5... 4’0.  G  =  3’35.  ..3-417. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Grows  black  and  magnetic 
before  the  blowpipe.  Imparts  the  colour  of  iron  to  glass  of 
borax.  Soluble  with  feeble  effervescence  in  hydrochloric  acid 
and  in  nitric  acid. 


Analyses  of  mesitine  from  Traversella,  G  =  3 -35,  a  by 
Pritzsche,  b  by  Gibbs,  c  from  Thurnberg  (pistomesit),  g  =  3 ’41, 


by  Pritzsche : — 

a 

b 

C 

Carbonic  acid  .... 

.  45-76 

46-05 

43-62 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

.  24-18 

26-61 

33*92 

Magnesia . 

.  28-12 

27-12 

21-72 

Lime  . 

1*30 

0-22 

— 

i 


c  c  5 


586 


CARBONATES. 


Is  found  in  crystals  with  quartz  at  Traversella  in  Piedmont, 
and  with  hematite  at  Thurnberg  near  Elachau  in  Salzburg. 


413.  CHALYBITE. — Spathose  iron  ;  Phillips.  Per  oxide 
carbonate  ;  Hauy.  Brachy typer  Parachros-Baryt  ;  Mohs. 
Spharosiderit ;  Hausmann.  Siderit  ;  Haidinger.  Chalybit  ; 
Grlocker. 


Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  43°  23'. 


0  111, 

a 

Oil, 

b  211, 

e  oil,  r 

100,  / 

Ill,  m  311, 

322,  V 

201, 

A KM 

orrf 

311. 

ao 

90° 

O' 

o 

eo 

o' 

VO 

00 

o 

35' 

bo 

90 

0 

f° 

62 

7 

vd 

24 

15 

ad 

60 

0 

r 

99 

54 

vr 

29 

15 

bd 

30 

0 

mo 

75 

11 

ZZO 

47 

30 

eo 

25 

17 

mm 

113 

42 

XI  a 

68 

24 

ee 

43 

26 

so 

78 

3 

/ 

21 

36 

TO 

43 

23 

ss ' 

115 

50 

EIG. 

588. 

EIG.  589. 

EIG.  590. 

See  also  figs.  557,  586,  580,  582,  587. 

Forms  and  combinations,  r,  f,  m,  s ,  es ,  os,  ems ,  rva,  oa.re , 
r.o.e.f.s.b.a.z; ,  or.e.m.s.b.  The  faces  e  striated  parallel  to  their 
intersections  with  r.  e ,  r  frequently  curved  ;  b  smooth,  m 
uneven  ;  s  frequently  uneven  and  curved.  Twins.  Twin-face  e. 
Cleavage,  r,  perfect ;  e,  traces.  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal. 
More  or  less  translucent.  Eustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly. 
Yellowish-brown  of  various  shades  passing  into  grev,  yel¬ 
lowish-white  and  red.  Brown  or  black  when  decomposed. 
Streak  yellowish-white.  Brittle.  h  =  3-5...4-6.  g  =  3‘70...3-92. 

Before  the  blowpipe  blackens  and  becomes  magnetic.  Im¬ 
parts  the  colour  of  iron  to  glass  of  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus. 
With  soda  usually  affords  indications  of  manganese.  In  pow¬ 
der  is  soluble  with  effervescence  in  warm  nitric  acid. 

•  •  • 

le  C,  carbonic  acid  37‘93,  protoxide  of  iron  62'07.  It  usuallv 
contains  also  variable  quantities  of  Mnb  and  Mgd. 


CIIALYBITE. 


587 


Analyses  of  cbalybite  a  fibrous,  from  Steinbeim  near  Hanau 
by  Stromeyer,  b  from  Kancie  near  Yicdessos  by  Bertbier,  c 
from  Bieber,  in  white  crystals,  by  Grlasson,  d  from  Siegen,  in 
yellow  crystals,  e  from  the  Hohegrethe  mine  in  Haclienburg, 
f  from  the  Kirschbaum  mine  in  Siegen,  all  by  Karsten  : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Carb.  acid  .  . 

.  .  38*04 

39*2 

38*41 

38*90 

38*64 

38*85 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  69*63 

63*5 

63*06 

60*72 

50*41 

47*20 

Protox.  mangan. 

.  .  1*89 

6*5 

4*20 

7*64 

7*51 

8*34 

Magnesia  .  . 

.  .  — 

0*7 

2*26 

1*48 

2*35 

3*75 

Lime  .... 

.  .  0*20 

— 

1*12 

0*40 

— 

0*63 

Insoluble  .  . 

•  .  - 

— 

0*48 

0*48 

0*32 

0*95 

Analyses  of  cbalybite  g  from  the  Stablberg  near  Miisen 
by  Karsten,  h  from  the  Stablberg,  i  from  Hamm,  both 
by  Schnabel,  Jc  from  Neudorf  near  Harzgerode,  in  yellow 
crystals,  by  Herter,  l  fibrous,  from  the  Alte  Birke  mine  near 


Siegen  by  Schnabel, 

m  from  Ebrenfriedersdorf  by 

Magnus 

: — 

9 

h  ■ 

i 

Jc 

l 

m 

Carb.  acid  .  .  . 

.  39*19 

38*50 

39*19 

36*92 

38*22 

38*35 

Protox.  iron 

.  47*96 

47*16 

46*68 

48*21 

43*59 

36*81 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

9*50 

10*61 

9*87 

12*71 

17*87 

25*31 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

3*12 

3*23 

3*91 

1*79 

0*24 

— 

Lime  .... 

.  — 

0*50 

0*35 

0*37 

0*08 

— 

Analyses  of  cbalybite  n  from  Allevard,  o  from  Autun,  p  from 
Yizille,  all  by  Bertbier,  q  from  Erzberg  by  Sander : — 


Carbonic  acid  .  .  . 

Protoxide  of  iron  . 
Protoxide  of  manganese 
Magnesia  .... 
Lime . 


n 

0 

P 

9 

41*8 

40*4 

42*6 

38*44 

42*8 

45*2 

43*6 

49*61 

— 

0*6 

1*0 

0*10 

15*4 

12*2 

12*8 

5*18 

— 

— 

— 

6*67 

Analyses  of  cbalybite  r  crystallized,  from  Neudorf  by  Piescbel, 
5  from  Altenberg,  in  green  crystals,  o  =  3*60,  by  Monheim,  t 
compact,  from  Burgbrohl  on  the  lake  of  Laacb  by  Biscliof : 

r  s  t 

Carb.  protox.  iron . 79*34  64*04  96*72 

Carb.  protox.  mangan . 8*69  16*56 

Carb.  magnesia . 7*60 

Carb.  lime . 6'43  20*22  3*28 

Silica . —  rl°  — 

In  attached  crystals,  granular,  fibrous^  or  compact  masses, 
globular,  reniform,  and  pseudomorphous  after  calcite. 

c  c  6 


588 


CARBONATES. 


Occurs  in  beds  in  gneiss,  mica  slate,  clay  slate,  transition 
limestone  and  newer  rocks ;  in  veins  with  metals  and  tbeir 
sulphides  ;  less  frequently  in  cavities  in  trap  rocks.  The  most 
remarkable  crystals  of  chalybite  are  found  in  the  mines  of 
PfafFenberg  and  Meiseberg  at  ISTeudorf  near  Harzgerode,  in  the 
Louisa  and  Silberne  Nagel  mines  near  Stolberg  in  the  Harz, 
Holzappel  in  Nassau,  the  Stahlberg  near  Schmalkalden,  the 
Stahlhauschen  mine  near  Lobenstein,  Niederalpel  in  Stiria, 
Devonshire,  Pacho  in  Bogota.  Chalybite  occurs  in  large  quan¬ 
tities  in  beds  at  Erzberg  near  Eisenerz  in  Stiria,  Hiittenberg  in 
Carinthia,  the  Stahlberg  and  Mommel  near  Schmalkalden,  the 
Stahlberg  near  Musen  in  Westphalia,  the  Pyrenees,  Somo- 
rostro  near  Bilbao,  Pacho  in  Bogota.  It  occurs  also  in  veins  at 
Przibram,  Joachimsthal  and  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia  ;  at 
Ereiberg  and  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony,  Beeralstone  in  De¬ 
vonshire,  Wheal  Maudlin,  St.  Just  and  many  other  places  in 
Cornwall.  In  trap  rocks  at  Steinheim  near  Hanau,  and  near 
Zittau ;  in  beds  in  hematite  on  the  Griftberg  near  Horzowitz  in 
Bohemia.  Clay  ironstone  (massive  chalybite  containing  an  ad¬ 
mixture  of  clay)  occurs  abundantly  in  the  coal  formations  of 
Staflordshire  and  South  Wales,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Silesia,  Saar- 
briick,  Schaumburg,  Osnabriick,  Poland,  the  United  States. 

414.  DIALLOGrITE. — Carbonate  of  manganese ;  Phillips. 
Manganese  carbonate ;  Hauy.  Makrotyper  Parachros-Baryt ; 
Mohs.  Bhodochrosite ;  Hausmann.  Diallogit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  43°  28'*5. 

0  111,  a  oil,  r  100,  e  oil. 

cio  90°  o'  rr  730  9' 

aa'  60  0  eo  25  23  (figs.  657,  578,  686,  580.) 

TO  43  29  ee  43  35 

Eorm  and  combinations,  r,  ro,  re,  oa.  The  faces  r  smooth 
but  curved ;  e,  striated  parallel  to  the  intersections  with  r  •  0 
convex,  drusy.  Cleavage,  r,  perfect;  e,  faint  traces.  Frac¬ 
ture  uneven,  imperfect  conchoidah  Translucent  in  a  slight 
degree.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly.  Pale  rose-red... 
flesh-red.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  11  =  3-5.. .4-5.  &=  3-43...  3-63.* 

■I  1  *  .  ^  ..  1  1  e  the  blowpipe  grows  black, 

but  is  infusible.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  violet- 
blue  glass.  Soluble  slowly  in  cold  hydrochloric  acid,  quickly 
and  with  a  brisk  effervescence  when  heated.  J 

MnC,  carbonic  acid  38*22,  protoxide  of  manganese  61'78. 


CALAMINE. 


589 


Analyses  of  diallogite  a  from  Kapnik,  b  from  Freiberg,  both 
by  Berthier,  c  from  Nagyag,  d  from  Kapnik,  e  from  Freiberg 
by  Stromeyer,  /  from  Yoigtsberg  in  Saxony  by  Kersten  : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Carb.  protox.  mang. 

.  90-5 

82-2 

86-64 

89-91 

73*70 

81-42 

Carb.  lime 

9*5 

8‘9 

10-58 

6-05 

13-08 

10-31 

Carb.  magnesia  .  . 

•  — 

1*6 

2-43 

3-30 

7’26 

4-28 

Carb.  protox.  iron  . 

• 

7*3 

— 

— 

6-76 

3*10 

Water . 

• 

— 

0*31 

0'44 

0*05 

0-33 

In  attacked  crystals,  globular,  reniform,  crystalline  or  radiat¬ 
ing,  columnar  and  compact  masses. 

Is  found  in  veins  in  gneiss  and  porphyry  at  Freiberg  in 
Saxony,  Schemnitz,  Kapnik  in  Hungary,  Nagyag  in  Transyl¬ 
vania,  Ihlefeld  in  the  Harz  ;  in  beds  of  hematite  at  Gonzen  near 
Sargans  in  Switzerland,  and  Schebenholz  not  far  from  Elbinge- 
rode  in  the  Harz,  Grlandree  in  the  county  of  Clare  in  Ireland. 


415.  CALAMINE. — Carbonate  of  zinc ;  Phillips.  Zinc 
carbonate  ;  Hauy.  Khomboedrischer  Zink-Baryt  ;  Mohs. 
Gialmei  ;  Hausmann.  Smithsonit ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  42°  57,"3. 


m, 

a  oil,  r 

loo,  e 

oil,  / 

ill,  m 

31L  X 

433, 

S  322. 

ao 

90° 

0' 

72° 

20' 

72c 

5  56' 

aa 

60 

*0 

61 

46 

xx' 

111 

46 

eo 

24 

58 

r 

99 

27 

so 

77 

53 

ee 

42 

53 

mo 

74 

58 

ss 

115 

43 

ro 

42 

57 

mm  113 

32 

EIG. 

591. 

EIG.  592. 

EIG. 

593. 

Forms  and  combinations,  r,  m,  ra ,  re,  rx,  rs,  ef,  orm,  ram, 
raf.  The  faces  r  usually  curved,  frequently  rough.  Cleavage. 
r  perfect.  Fracture  uneven,  imperfect  conchoidal.  Semi-trans¬ 
parent...  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  peaily. 


I 


590 


CARBONATES. 


Colourless,  white,  grey,  green,  brown.  Streak  white.  Brittle. 
H  =  5-0.  G-  =  4-34...  4'45. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  On  charcoal  deposits  a  sub¬ 
limate  which  is  yellow  wThile  hot,  but  becomes  white  on  cooling. 
The  varieties  containing  cadmium  in  the  inner  flame  deposit  a 
sublimate  surrounded  by  a  red  ring.  With  solution  of  cobalt 
becomes  green.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  hydrochloric 
acid.  Soluble  in  caustic  potash. 

ZnC,  carbonic  acid  35-18,  oxide  of  zinc  64’82. 


Analyses  of  calamine  a  from  Somersetshire,  b  from  Derby¬ 
shire,  both  by  Smithson,  c  from  Nertschinsk,  d  from  Alten- 
berg,  e  from  Brilon,  all  by  Karsten,  f  from  Taina  in  Siberia 


by  Berthier : — 

a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Carb.  acid  .  .  . 

.  .  35‘2 

34*8 

35-61 

35*35 

35-12 

35‘0 

Ox.  zinc 

.  .  64-8 

65-2 

67-76 

64-53 

64-36 

60-7 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

.  .  — 

— 

6-62 

— 

- - 

—  . 

Ox.  lead  .  .  . 

.  .  • — 

— 

■  ~  ■ 

. 

0*50 

- 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  — 

— 

— 

— 

4‘3 

Analyses  of  calamine  g  from  Altenberg  in  yellowish-white 
crystals,  u  =  4’20,  from  Nirm,  h  light  green  crystals,  a  =  4'03, 
i  dark  green  crystals,  g-  =  3*98,  by  Monheim,  Mrom  Nertschinsk 


by  v.  Kobefl  : — 

9 

h 

i 

k 

Carb.  ox.  zinc  .  .  . 

.  .  84-92 

85-78 

74-42 

96-00 

Carb.  protox.  iron 

.  .  1-58 

2'24 

*  3-20 

2*03 

Carb.  protox.  mangan. 

.  .  6-80 

7‘62 

14-98 

-- 

Carb.  ox.  lead  .  .  . 

•  .  ~ 

_ 

- 

1*12 

Carb.  lime  .... 

.  .  1*58 

0*98 

1-68 

Carb.  magnesia 

.  .  2*84 

4’44 

3-88 

- 

Silicate  zinc  .... 

_ _ 

- 

Silica . 

— 

0-09 

0*20 

_ 

Volatile . 

.  .  — 

— 

0-56 

- 

In  small  attached  crystals  with  obtuse  rounded  edges;  in 
reniform,  botryoidal,  fibrous  and  granular  masses ;  pseudo- 
morphous  after  calcite. 

Calamine  occurs  in  beds  and  veins  with  smithsonite,  galena, 
blende,  in  the  crystalline  slates,  transition  rocks,  the  coal 
formation,  the  Muschelkalk  and  oolite  formations.  It  is  found 
at  Altenberg  and  Nirm  near  Aix  la  Chapelle,  at  Iserlohn  and 
Brilon  in  Westphalia,  near  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia,  at  Baibel  and 
Bleiberg  in  Carinthia,  in  the  Banat,  at  Miedziana  Gora  in 
Boland,  Dognazka,  Bezbanya  and  Saska  in  Hungary,  ICucsaina 
in  Servia,  Tschairski  in  the  Altai,  Nertschinsk  and  Nischne- 


AG2TESITE. 


591 


Tagilsk  in  Siberia,  Chessy  in  Prance,  in  Belgium,  Jefferson 
County  and  many  other  places  in  the  United  States,  Wanlock- 
head  and  Leadhills  in  Scotland,  the  Mendip  Hills  in  Somerset¬ 
shire,  Matlock  in  Derbyshire,  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland. 


416.  SELBITE. — Carbonate  of  silver ;  Phillips.  Argent 
carbonate  ;  Hauy.  Grausilber  ;  Hausmann.  Selbite  ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Amorphous.  Eracture  uneven... earthy.  Opaque.  Dull. 
Grey  of  various  shades.  Streak  grey,  shining.  Soft.  Sectile. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  easily  reducible  to  silver. 
Soluble  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 

Analysis  of  selbite  from  Altwolfach  by  Selb  : — 


Carbonic  acid . 12*0 

Silver . 72’  5 

Carbonate  of  oxide  of  antimony  with  some  cu  .  .  15*5 


Was  found  in  small  quantity  in  St.  Wenzel’s  mine  near  Alt¬ 
wolfach  in  the  Black  Eorest ;  occurs  more  abundantly  at  Beal 
de  Catorce  in  Mexico,  accompanied  by  linarite. 


417.  AGNESITE. — Bismuth  carbonate  ;  Dufrenoy.  Bis- 
mutit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal... uneven,  earthy.  Opaque 
...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous ...  dull.  Green 
and  yellow  of  various  shades.  Streak  greenish-grey  or  white. 
H  =  4-0. ..4-5.  G  =  6-909. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  little  water,  decrepitates  and  becomes 
grey.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  very  easily  and  is  reduced 
with  effervescence  to  a  metallic  bead,  which  on  continuing  the 
blast  deposits  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  bismuth  on  the  charcoal. 
Soluble  with  effervescence  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Consists,  according  to  Plattner,  principally  of  carbonate  of 
oxide  of  bismuth,  mixed  with  oxide  of  copper,  iron  and  sulphuric 
acid. 

Occurs  massive,  disseminated,  investing  other  minerals,  and 
in  acicular  pseudomorphous  crystals. 

Is  found  in  the  Arme  Hiilfe  mine  at  Ullersreuth,  Sclmeeberg 
and  Johann- Georgenstadt,  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall. 


592 


HYDROUS  CARBONATES. 

418.  PABISITE. — Parisit ;  Hausmann. 
Rhombohedral.  100,111  =  81°  20'. 
o  in,  x  13l. 


FIG.  594. 


XO 

XX 


82°  29' 
59  26 


Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect ;  r,  very  imper¬ 
fect.  Practure  small  conchoidal.  Lustre 
vitreous,  o  pearly.  Brownish-yellow,  inclin¬ 
ing  to  red.  Streak  yellowish- white,  h  = 

4-5.  G  =  4‘350. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  carbonic  acid,  becomes  cin¬ 
namon-brown,  and  friable.  Before  the  blowpipe  phosphoresces, 
but  is  infusible.  With  borax  forms  a  yellow  bead,  which 
becomes  colourless  on  cooling.  Difficultly  soluble,  with  effer¬ 
vescence,  in  hydrochloric  acid. 


Analysis  by  Bunsen  : — 

Carbonic  acid . 

Cerium,  lanthanium,  didymium 

Calcium . 

Fluorine . 

Oxygen . 

Water . 


23-51 

50-78 

8-29 

5-49 

9*55 

2-38 


Is  found  in  crystals  in  the  emerald  mines  of  Muzo  in  New 
Grenada. 


419.  LANTHANITE.  —  Carbonate  of  cerium  ;  Phillips. 
Cerium  carbonate ;  Dufrenoy.  Lanthanit ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Pyramidal. 

a  loo,  c  ooi. 

FIG.  595. 

act  90°  o' 

ac  90  o 


Cleavage,  c ,  perfect.  Lustre  pearly.  White 
passing  into  grey,  yellow.  Streak  white,  h  = 

2  5 • . .3. 

Before  the  blowpipe  takes  a  brownish-yel¬ 
low  colour.  Soluble  in  acids  with  effervescence. 


MALACHITE. 


593 


La3C  +  3H,  carbonic  acid  10*13,  oxide  of  lantlianiimi  77*42, 
water  12*45. 

According  to  Hisinger  and  Mosander,  consists  of : — 


Carbonic  acid . 10*8 

Oxide  of  lantbanium  with  traces  of  Ce  .  .  75*7 

Water . 13*5 


Is  found  in  small  square  tabular  crystals,  in  granular  masses, 
and  investing  other  minerals,  with  cererite,  at  Eiddarhytta  in 
Sweden. 


420.  MALACHITE. — Green  carbonate  of  copper ;  Phillips. 
Malachite  ;  Beudant.  Hemiprismatischer  Habronem-Malachit ; 
Mohs.  Malachit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique. 


100, 

b 

010,  C 

001,  m 

110. 

cb 

90c 

3  O' 

ma 

36° 

to 

0 

ab 

90 

0 

mb 

63 

-40 

ca 

61 

45 

cm 

67 

35 

eig.  596. 


iu 


The  faces  c  rough ;  a  sometimes  striated 
parallel  to  its  intersection  with  m.  Twins. 

Twin-face  a.  co  =  56°  30',  mm  =  107°  20'. 

Cleavage,  c,  b ,  very  perfect,  the  former  more 
easily  obtained.  Fracture  conchoidal... un¬ 
even.  Translucent . .  .translucent  on  the  edges. 

Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Emerald-green,  ver¬ 
digris-green.  Streak  verdigris-green.  Brittle,  h  —  3*5... 4*0. 
G-  =  3*71... 4*01. 


In  the  matrass  decrepitates,  yields  water,  and  turns  black. 
Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  a  bead  of  pure 
copper.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  green  glass,  in 
the  inner  flame  a  colourless  glass,  which  on  cooling  becomes 
red  and  opaque.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid,  also 
in  ammonia. 


•  •  •  •  • 

CuC  +  CuH,  carbonic  acid  19*93,  oxide  of  copper  71*91, 
water  8*16. 

Analyses  of  crystallized  malachite  from  Chessy  a  by  Vau- 
quelin,  b  by  Phillips,  c  of  compact  malachite  from  Turjinsk  by 


Klaproth : — 

a 

b 

c 

Carbonic  acid  . 

.  .  21*25 

18*5 

18*0 

Oxide  of  copper  . 

.  .  70*10 

72*2 

70*5 

Water  .  .  .  . 

CO 

01 

9*3 

11*5 

594 


HYDROUS  CARBONATES. 


In  twin  crystals,  globular,  reniform  and  stalactitic  masses, 
exhibiting  a  fibrous  composition,  earthy,  pseudomorphous  after 
calcite,  cuprite,  chessylite.  It  appears  to  be  produced  by  the 
decomposition  of  other  ores  of  copper. 

Is  found  in  the  copper  mines  of  Chessy  near  Lyons,  Linares 
in  Spain,  Siegen  and  Itheinbreitenbach  in  Prussia,  Saalfeld  in 
Thuringia,  Palkenstein  near  Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol,  Szaska  and 
Moldawa  in  the  Banat,  Miedziana  Gora  in  Poland,  in  the  mines 
of  Werchoturi,  Gumeschewkoi,  Turjinsk  and  Nischne-Tagilsk 
in  Siberia,  in  Cornwall,  Wales,  Ireland,  Shetland. 


421.  CHESSYLITE. — Blue  carbonate  of  copper ;  Phillips. 
Azurite ;  Beudant.  Hemiprismatischer  Lazur-Malachit ;  Mohs. 
Kupferlasur;  Hausmann.  Lasur;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  45°  4' ;  111,010  =  68°  3'*5  ;  101,001  =47°  17'. 

a  100,  b  010,  C  001,  p  021,  f  Oil,  l  023,  q  025, 
r  108,  fJL  105,  n  012,  0  101,  r\  302,  V  201,  yp  301,  (j)  201, 

G  I01,  £  102,  w  120,  m  110,  i  320,  g  210,  X  111,  S  111, 

y  211,  z  411,  U  223,  h  221,  h  221,  t  125,  G  245,  d  243, 

y  121,  S  243,  0  241,  p  134. 


db 

90° 

o' 

yy 

o 

.t- 

CO 

I— 1 

39' 

UC 

o 

CO 

2' 

be 

90 

0 

00 

65 

40 

xc 

54 

62 

\ha 

i 

18 

1 

zst 

156 

33 

he 

71 

25 

va 

26 

9 

uu 

127 

39 

me 

91 

48 

rja 

33 

24 

dd' 

90 

59 

he 

68' 

14 

Oa 

45 

4 

ee' 

113 

11 

sc 

52 

32 

na 

64 

25 

tt' 

143 

31 

ye 

67 

66 

yet 

80 

32 

93 

12 

zc 

78 

57 

ra 

84 

55 

ss' 

118 

16 

tc 

28 

58 

ca 

92 

21 

hh' 

106 

14 

ec 

39 

41 

Ka 

119 

16 

yy' 

79 

51 

dc 

54 

27 

ca 

137 

13 

pp 

114 

24 

oc 

77 

23 

eba 

t 

154 

44 

za 

17 

54 

we 

91 

12 

n 

141 

16 

ya 

33 

9 

ye 

117 

3 

u 

119 

15 

xa 

53 

8 

Vc 

127 

5 

r 

97 

22 

fa 

91 

46 

XV 

36 

38 

pp 

59 

14 

sa 

129 

4 

dv 

52 

21 

lew 

61 

10 

ha 

44 

47 

pv 

78 

30 

mm' 

99 

32 

pa 

91 

10 

mv 

46 

45 

ii 

121 

10 

y  a 

118 

7 

uv 

36 

49 

99 

134 

8 

ha 

136 

45 

ev 

49 

64 

xx' 

116 

7 

ta 

70 

32 

69 

38 

hh' 

104 

26 

qa 

92 

13 

94 

45 

CHESSTLITE. 


595 


hv 

gv 


117°  7' 

34  14 


X<p  106°  37' 
S<p  35  3 


EIG.  697. 


50° 

18' 

p<t> 

78 

30 

0$ 

122 

50 

m<\> 

133 

15 

P6 

44 

55 

fa 

59 

22 

mQ 

57 

11 

EIGL  598. 


d 


Combinations.  acd..in.d.c.7i.(pp ,  mc.Ji.x.u.B.f.q ,  cehc..m.B.fq , 
amc..x.h.(pB.r.p.q ,  amch.Bc.dfq.ocy.v.lQ ,  aocmBchdq.gefp,  aBccgm- 
xuhodepfg,  avBrczmpbJcxhsdopq,  amclilpty.f,  amchlpfy  o  cgBrj\p, 
amchlpfd^o.Jccpsrjv.  The  faces  c  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  f ;  a  sometimes  striated  parallel  to  their  inter¬ 
sections  with  c;  v,  u,  rough;  b,  sometimes  concave.  Twins. 
Twin-face  0.  Cleavage,  p,  perfect,  but  interrupted;  a,  less 
distinct ;  m,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Transparent . .  .trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine. 
Blue.  Streak  smalt-blue.  Brittle,  h  —  3*5... 4'0.  G-  =  3'766 
. .  .3*831. 

In  the  matrass  becomes  black  and  yields  water.  Before  the 
blowpipe  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  a  bead  of  copper.  "With 
borax  forms  a  blue  glass.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  nitric 
acid  and  in  sulphuric  acid.  Soluble  also  in  ammonia. 

2CuC  +  CuH,  carbonic  acid  25*58,  oxide  of  copper  69*19, 
water  5*23. 

Analyses  of  chessylite  from  the  Ural  a  by  Klaproth,  from 
Chessy’i  by  Phillips,  c  by  Vauquelin: — 

a  b  c 

Carbonic  acid  .  ...  24  25‘46  25 '0 

Oxide  of  copper  .  .  .  .  70  69*08  68*5 

Water  .  .  6  6*46  6*5 

In  attached  crystals,  in  botryoidal,  stalactitic  and  compact 
masses,  earthy.  It  probably  is  the  result  of  the  decomposition 
of  other  ores  of  copper. 


596 


ITYDEOUS  CARBONATES. 


Is  found  at  Chessy  near  Lyons,  Solotuschensk,  Nikola- 
jewsk,  Schlangenberg  and  Sewersk  in  the  Altai,  Moldawa, 
Saska  and  Dognazka  in  the  Banat,  Maidanpek  in  Servia,  Mied- 
ziana  Gora  in  Poland,  Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol,  Zinnwald  in 
Bohemia,  Linares  in  Spain,  Wheal  Buller  near  Bedruth  in 
Cornwall,  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland,  Wanlockhead  in  Scot¬ 
land,  Thuringia,  Hessia,  Wirtemberg,  Silesia,  Chile. 

422.  BTJBATITE. — Aurichalcit ;  Dufrenoy,  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Translucent.  Lustre  pearly.  Verdigris-green,  h  =  2*0. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  grows  black.  Before  the 
blowpipe,  in  the  inner  flame,  deposits  a  sublimate  of  zinc  on  the 
charcoal.  With  soda  and  borax  yields  a  globule  of  copper. 
Easily  soluble  with  effervescence  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Zn3C  +  Cu2C  -f  H3,  carbonic  acid  16*19,  oxide  of  copper 
29*17,  oxide  of  zinc  44*71,  water  9*93. 

Analyses  of  buratite  (orichalcite)  from  Loktefsk  a,  b  by 
Bbttger,  c  from  Loktefsk,  d  from  Chessy,  a  =  3*32,  both  by 
Delesse,  e  of  a  very  small  quantity  from  Matlock  by  Connell : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Carb.  acid  . 

.  .  .  16*06 

16*08 

21*45 

20*03  1 

27*5 

Water 

.  .  .  9*95 

9*93 

8*45 

7*62  J 

Ox.  copper  . 

.  .  .  28*19 

28*36 

29*46 

29*00 

32*5 

Ox.  zinc  . 

.  .  .  45*84 

45*62 

32*02 

41*19 

'  42*7 

Lime  . 

.  .  .  — 

— 

8*62 

2*16 

trace 

Is  found  in  acicular  crystals  and  columnar  masses,  at  Lok- 
tewsk  and  some  other  places  in  the  Ural,  Chessy  in  Erance. 
Substances  resembling  buratite  are  found  in  the  maremma  of 
V olterra  in  Tuscany,  in  Eramont,  in  the  Tyrol,  and  in  Siberia. 


423.  HYDROMAGNESITE. — Hydromagnesit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Eaintly  translucent.  Dull,  h  —  2*5. 

Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Easily  soluble,  with  effer¬ 
vescence,  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

•  •  •  »  • 

3MgC  +  MgH4,  carbonic  acid  35*86,  magnesia  44*68, 
water  19*46. 

Analyses  of  hydromagnesite  a  from  Hoboken  by  Trolle- 
W achtmeister,  b  from  Kumi  by  v.  Kobell : — 


GAYLUSS1TE. 


597 


a 

b 

Carbonic  acid 

.  .  .  .  36*82 

36*00 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  42*41 

43*96 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  .  18*53 

19*68 

Silica  .... 

.  .  .  .  0*57 

0*36 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  .  0*27 

— 

Stony  matter  . 

.  .  .  .  1*39 

— 

Is  found  in  earthy  masses  in  serpentine  at  Kumi  in  Negro- 
ponte,  Hoboken  in  New  Jersey,  and  several  places  in  New 
York,  in  the  island  of  Unst,  and,  it  is  said,  in  the  East  Indies. 

424.  GAYLIJSSITE. — Gaylussite  ;  Beudant.  Ilemipris- 
matisches  Kuphon-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Gaylussit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  73°  50'j  111,010  =  55°  15' ;  101,001  =  27°  43'. 

a  100,  c  ooi,  e  021,  s  201,  m  lio,  r  111.  a  is  common 
to  the  zones  sc,  mm. 

sc 

sa 

ac 

ec 

ee 

ma 

mm' 

/ 

rc 
me 

Combinations.  cvem,  cvca,  evsem.  The  faces  c  striated 
parallel  to  their  intersections  with  r.  Cleavage,  m,  distinct ; 
c,  less  distinct.  Eracture  conchoidal. ..uneven.  Transparent... 
translucent.  Eustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white,  grey,  yellow. 
Streak  wrhite.  Brittle,  ii  =  2*5.  g  =  1*928...  1*950. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates,  yields  water,  and  becomes 
opaque.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  into  an  opaque 
alkaline  bead.  When  reduced  to  powder  slightly  soluble  in 
water.  After  ignition  water  dissolves  the  carbonate  of  soda 
entirely,  leaving  the  carbonate  of  lime  undissolved.  Easily 
soluble,  with  effervescence,  in  nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid. 

NaC  _j_  CaC  q-  sH,  carbonate  of  soda  35*9,  carbonate  of 
lime  33*8,  water  30*3. 


49° 

39' 

rs 

40°  39' 

51 

54 

es 

68  59 

78 

27 

ms 

70  33 

64 

45 

EIG.  599. 

55  35 

68  50 

110  30 

43  21 

96  30 


593 


HYDROUS  CARBONATES. 


Analysis  by  Boussingault : — 

Carbonate  of  soda . 34*5 

Carbonate  of  lime . 33 •  6 

Water . 30*4 

Clay . 1*5 


In  isolated  crystals  imbedded  in  a  stratum  of  clay,  covering 
a  bed  of  carbonate  of  soda,  at  Lagunilla  near  Merida  in  Columbia. 

425.  TEONA. — Trona  ;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy.  Prismatoi- 
disches  Trona-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Trona ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique. 


rt 

103° 

15' 

tr 

76 

45 

nri 

47 

30 

tn 

76 

15 

rn 

74 

49 

The  faces  t  are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  r. 
Cleavage,  r,  perfect;  n  and  t,  traces.  Eraeture  uneven... 
conchoidal.  Transparent ...  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Co¬ 
lourless,  white,  w'hen  impure  yellowish-grey.  Streak  white. 
Brittle,  h  =  2*5.  o  =  2,ll2.  Taste  alkaline. 

Does  not  effloresce  when  exposed  to  the  air.  Before  the 
blowpipe  melts  very  readily,  imparting  a  yellow  colour  to  the 
llame.  Easily  soluble  in  water. 


Na2C3  -f-  4H,  carbonic  acid  40*26,  soda  37*78,  w*ater  21*96. 


Analyses  of  trona  from  Eezzan  a 
c  from  Lagunilla  by  Boussingault 

by  Klaproth,  b  by  Beudant, 

a  b  c 

Carbonic  acid . 

38*0 

40*13 

39*00 

Soda . 

37*0 

38*62 

41*22 

Water . 

22*5 

21*24 

18*80 

Sulphate  of  soda  .... 

2*5 

— 

— 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  granular  masses  on  the  banks  of  the 
natron  lakes  in  Egypt,  in  Suckena  in  Eezzan,  at  Lagunilla 
not  far  from  Merida  in  Columbia  under  a  stratum  of  clay. 


426.  NATEON. — Carbonate  of  soda  ;  Phillips.  Soude  car- 
bonatee  ;  Dufrenoy.  Hemiprismatisches  Natron-Salz  ;  Mohs. 
Soda  ;  Hausmann.  Natron  ;  Haidinger. 


THERMO^ATRITE. 


599 


Oblique.  101,100  =  58°  52' ;  111,010  =  54°  19' ; 


101,001  =  28°  8'. 


a  100, 

b 

010,  u 

Oil, 

p 

101, 

s 

s  is  common 

to  the 

zones 

ap 

,  me  ; 

u 

me,  pm . 

ab 

90° 

0' 

uu 

110° 

5' 

pb 

90 

0 

mm 

t 

76 

28 

pa 

58 

52 

ee' 

79 

41 

sp 

57 

40 

pm 

71 

25 

sa! 

63 

28 

ea 

72 

49 

101,  m  110,  e  121. 
is  common  to  the  zones 

EIGr.  601. 


Combinations,  em,  emb ,  eusmb ,  pemab. 

Twins.  Twin-face  p.  Cleavage,  p ,  dis¬ 
tinct  ;  b ,  imperfect ;  m,  traces.  Eracture 
concboidal.  Transparent . . .  semi-transparent. 

Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white  ;  yellow  or  grey  when  im¬ 
pure.  Streak  white.  Sectile.  h  =  ro...r6.  G  =  1'423. 
Taste  alkaline,  pungent. 

Effloresces  when  exposed  to  the  air.  In  the  matrass  melts 
at  a  low  heat.  Before  the  blowpipe  with  silica  fuses  with  effer¬ 
vescence,  imparting  a  yellow  colour  to  the  flame.  Readily 
soluble  in  water.  The  solution  reddens  turmeric  paper,  and 
turns  reddened  litmus  blue.  Effervesces  with  acids. 


NaC  +  10H,  carbonic  acid  15’39,  soda  2E66,  water  62‘95. 

Is  found  abundantly  as  an  efflorescence  in  the  plain  of  De- 
breczin  in  Hungary,  in  the  Asiatic  steppes,  on  rocks  at  Bilin  in 
Bohemia;  among  volcanic  products  on  Vesuvius,  iEtna,  Pico  de 
Teyde  in  Teneriffe,  Gruadaloupe,  on  lavas  ;  dissolved  in  the  soda 
lakes  of  Egypt,  in  the  springs  of  Carlsbad  and  Rykum. 


427.  THERMONATRITE.— Soude  carbonatee  prismatique ; 
Dufrenoy.  Prismatisches  Natron-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Thermonitrit ; 


Hausmann.  Thermonatrit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  18°  7r ;  101,001  =  48°  5r ;  110,100  =  69°  59  . 
a  100,  c  001,  0  101,  r  102,  d  210,  p  ill. 

EIG.  602. 

ac  90°  o'  pp  38°  12' 


00 


rr 

ddf 


96  10 

58  14 

72  10 


// 

pp 
>  // 

pp 


127  51 

145  52 


Combinations,  cda,  oda ,  opda ,  cropda.  The 
faces  a  very  bright.  Cleavage.  «,  traces.  Erac- 
ture  conchoidal.  Transparent... translucent. 


o' 


r 


a 


600 


NITRATES. 


Lustre  vitreous.  Colourless,  white... yello wish.  Streak  white. 
Sectile.  h  =  1*5.  g  =  1*5... 1*6.  Taste  pungent,  alkaline. 

It  does  not  melt  in  the  matrass  at  a  very  low  heat ;  in  other 
respects  its  reactions  are  the  same  as  those  of  natron.  It  does 
not  effloresce  so  readily  as  natron. 

NaC  +  H,  carbonic  acid  35*50,  soda  49*98,  water  14*52. 

Analyses  of  thermonatrite  from  Debreczin  and  Vesuvius  by 
Beudant : — 


Carbonic  acid  .  . 

.  .  .  .  35*1 

33*9 

Soda . 

.  .  .  .  50*2 

49*2 

"Water . 

.  .  .  .  14*7 

14*7 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•  •  •  • 

2*7 

Is  found  associated  with  natron,  which,  in  efflorescing,  be¬ 
comes  thermonatrite.  A  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda,  saturated 
at  from  25°  c  to  37°  c,  and  permitted  to  cool  slowly,  deposits 
crystals  of  thermonatrite,  while  a  less  saturated  solution  at  a 
lower  temperature  yields  crystals  of  natron.  In  the  carbonate 
of  soda  of  commerce  both  species  are  mingled  together.  The 
crystals  of  thermonatrite  occur  in  drusy  cavities  in  the  natron, 
and  remain  bright  while  the  natron  effloresces. 


NITRATES. 

428.  NITBATINE. — Nitrate  of  soda ;  Phillips.  Nitrate  de 
soude  ;  Beudant.  Bhomboedrisches  Nitrum-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Na- 
tronsalpeter ;  Hausmann.  Nitratin  ;  Haidinger. 

Bhombohedral.  100,111  =  43°  4o\ 

r  ioo. 

rr'  73°  27'  (fig.  578.) 

An  increase  of  temperature  of  ioo  c  causes  rr  to  increase 
about  27'.  Cleavage,  r,  very  perfect.  Eracture  conchoidal, 
seldom  perceptible.  Transparent . .  .translucent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
Colourless,  white,  grey,  brown.  Streak  white.  Moderately 
sectile.  h  =  1*5... 2*0..  g  =  2*0964.  Taste  bitter  and  cooling. 

Deflagrates  on  burning  charcoal.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
platinum  wire  melts  easily  and  imparts  a  yellow  colour  to  the 
flame.  Is  soluble  in  thrice  its  weight  of  water  at  15°  c. 

NaN,  nitric  acid  63*56,  soda  36'44. 


NITRE. 


601 


Analyses  of  nitratine  from  the  desert  of  Atacama  by  Le 
Canu,  from  Tarapaca  by  Hofstetter : — 


Nitrate  of  soda . 

96*70 

94*29 

Chloride  of  sodium  .... 

1*30 

1*99 

Nitrate  of  potash  .... 

— 

0*43 

Sulphate  of  potash  .... 

— 

0*24 

Nitrate  of  magnesia 

— 

0*86 

Water . 

2*00 

1*99 

Remainder . 

— 

0*20 

found  in  crystals  and  crystalline 

masses, 

in  the  district  of 

several  feet  thick,  with  clay  and  sand. 

429.  NITRE. — Nitrate  of  potash ;  Phillips.  Potasse  ni- 
tratee ;  Hauy.  Prismatisches  Nitrum-Salz  ;  Mohs.  Kalisal- 
peter  ;  Hausmann.  Salpeter  ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=40°  8' ;  101,001=35°  l'*7 ;  110,100=59C 

101,  x  102,  m 


25 


P 


a  loo, 
111. 

b 

010, 

C  001, 

i  201,.  k 

be 

90° 

o' 

•  •/ 
ll 

109° 

0' 

ca 

90 

0 

mm! 

61 

10 

ab 

90 

0 

PP 

48 

38 

XX 

38 

38 

pp" 

/  // 

88 

20 

kk' 

70 

3 

108 

3 

110, 


FIGr.  603. 


These  angles  were  determined  at  a  tem¬ 
perature  of  19°  c.  An  increase  of  tempe¬ 
rature  of  ioo°  c  increases  kk'  by  about  44'. 
mm  does  not  appear  to  change.  Combinations,  hna,  ckma, 
pxkma ,  xkma ,  xkima.  Twins.  Twin-face  m.  Cleavage,  k,  per¬ 
fect  ;  a,  less  perfect ;  in ,  imperfect.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Trans¬ 
parent.  ..translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  The  indices  of  refrac¬ 
tion,  for  the  brightest  rays  of  the  spectrum,  of  light  in  planes 
parallel  to  a ,  b,  c  respectively,  and  polarized  in  those  planes, 
are  1*5052,  1*5046,  1*333.  The  optic  axes  lie  in  a  plane  parallel 
to  b.  When  seen  in  air  through  the  faces  c ,  they  appear  to 
make  angles  of  4°  20'  with  a  normal  to  c.  Colourless,  white, 
greyish,  yellowish.  Streak  white.  Sectile.  h  =  2*0.  o  — 
1*933.  Taste  saline  and  cooling. 

Melts  at  350°  c.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  platinum  wire 
imparts  a  violet  colour  to  the  flame.  It  deflagrates  when 
throwm  on  red-hot  charcoal.  One  part  is  soluble  in  7*5  of 
water  at  o°  c ;  in  3*45  parts  at  18°;  in  1*34  parts  at  45°  c.  It 
is  permanent  in  the  air. 

i)  d 


G02 


BOKATES. 


KN,  nitric  acid  53*41,  potasli  46*59. 

Nitre  appears  as  an  efflorescence  on  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
on  limestone,  marl,  chalk,  also  in  caverns  in  limestone.  It  is 
easily  produced  under  favourable  circumstances,  especially  by 
the  action  of  atmospheric  air  on  decaying  animal  and  vegetable 
matter  mingled  with  calcareous  soil  or  wood  ashes.  It  is  found 
in  large  quantities  in  Hungary,  Podolia,  the  Ukraine,  in  bpain, 
especially  in  Aragon,  Italy,  Evreux  in  Prance,  Arabia,  the  East 
Indies,  Calabria,  Ceylon,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  near  Tejuco  in 
the  Brazils. 


BOBATES. 


430.  BOBACITE.— Boracite ;  Phillips.  Magnesie  boratee ; 
Hauy.  Tetraedrischer  Boracit ;  Mohs.  Boracit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100,  o  ill,  d  oil,  n  211,  v  531.  The  forms  o,  n,  v 
are  hemihedral  with  inclined  faces. 


ad 

90° 

0' 

no 

19° 

28' 

FIG.  604. 

00 

70 

32 

nd" 

30 

0 

— ^>1 

00„ 

109 

28 

nd 

54 

44  | 

“ - 

oa 

54 

44 

vd 

32 

19 

dd' 

60 

0 

VO 

28 

35 

d 

a 

da' 

45 

0 

vd 

17 

1 

do 

35 

16 

vv 

27 

40 

na 

35 

16 

• 

EIG.  605. 

H 

? 

606. 

FIG.  607. 

n 

a 


Porm  and  combinations,  a ,  ad ,  ad,  do', 
oad,  ado',  ado'n,  aodv,  ado'on',  ado'n'v.  When 
the  two  half  forms  o',  o'  occur  together,  the 
faces  of  one  are  usually  smaller  than  those  of 
the  other ;  also,  the  faces  of  one  half  form 
are  bright,  and  those  of  the  other  uneven  and 
dull.  Cleavage,  o,  very  imperfect ;  o,  fre- 


FIG.  608. 


BHODIZITE. 


C03 


quently  more  distinct  than  o' ;  a ,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal 
...uneven.  Transparent.. .translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  fi  —  1*701.  Colourless, 
white,  inclining  to  grey,  yellow,  green,  brown.  Streak  white. 
H  =  7*0.  g  =  2*83 . . .  2'98.  Pyroelectric.  The  angles  of  a , 
which  are  truncated  by  the  bright  faces  of  o ,  are  the  antilogous 
poles ;  the  angles  truncated  by  the  rough  faces  of  o,  the 
analogous  poles. 

Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces  and  melts  with  difficulty 
into  a  bead,  which  on  cooling  becomes  a  white,  opaque  aggrega¬ 
tion  of  acicular  crystals.  With  fluor  and  bisulphate  of  potash 
imparts  a  green  colour  to  the  flame.  With  borax  and  salt  of 
phosphorus  forms  a  transparent  glass.  In  powder  perfectly 
soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

Mg3B4,  boracic  acid  69*30,  magnesia  30*70. 

Analyses  of  boracite  from  Liineburg  a  by  Arfvedson,  b,  c  by 
Bammelsberg : — 

a  b  c 

Boracic  acid  ....  69*7  69‘25  68*88 

Magnesia .  30*3  30*75  31*12 

Is  found  in  small  crystals  imbedded  in  gypsum  near  Liine- 
burg  in  Brunswick,  and  at  Segeberg  in  Holstein.  A  fibrous 
variety  was  found  in  gypsum  near  Luneville  in  France.  A 
compact  variety,  H  =  4*5,  was  found  in  boring  for  rock  salt 
near  Stassfurth.  According  to  Karsten  it  consists  of : — boracic 
acid  69*49,  magnesia  29*48,  carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron  1*03. 


431.  BHODIZITE.  —  Bhodizite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Bhodicit  ; 
Hausmann.  Bhodizit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


O  111, 

d  Oil. 

The 

form  o  is 

faces. 

oo  u 

109° 

00 

dd' 

60 

0 

do 

35 

16 

The  faces  o  bright  and  even ;  d  some¬ 
times  curved.  Cleavage  not  observable. 
More  or  less  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous, 
inclining  to  adamantine.  WBite,  inclin¬ 
ing  to  yellow  or  grey.  h  above  8. 

D  d  2 


FIG.  609. 


604 


HYDEOUS  BOEATES. 


a  =  3 '41 6.  Pyroelectric,  the  faces  o  being  the  antilogous 
poles,  and  the  opposite  angles  the  analogous  poles. 

Pusible  with  great  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe.  At  first  it 
imparts  a  green,  and  afterwards  a  red  colour  to  the  flame.  A 
thin  fragment  on  platinum  wire  melts  into  a  white  enamel, 
which  intumesces  and  shines  with  a  yellowish-red  light.  With 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  forms  a  clear  glass. 

Ca3B4  ? 

Is  found,  in  small  attached  and  imbedded  crystals,  at  Sara- 
pulsk,  and  Schaitansk  near  Mursinsk  in  the  IJral,  with  red 
tourmaline  and  quartz. 

HYDEOUS  BOEATES. 

432.  HYDROBORACITE. —  Hydroboracite  ;  Dufrenoy. 
Hydroboracit ;  Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

In  thin  leaves  translucent.  White,  sometimes  coloured  red 
by  red  oxide  of  iron,  h  =  2*0.  o  =  1*9. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
easily  into  a  colourless  clear  glass,  imparting  a  green  colour  to 
the  flame.  Soluble  in  heated  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Ca3B4  +  Mg3B4  +  isH,  boracic  acid  47*43,  magnesia  10*53, 
lime  14*52,  water  27*52. 

Analyses  by  Hess : — 


Boracic  acid  .... 

.  .  49*22 

49*92 

Magnesia . 

.  .  10*71 

10*43 

Lime . 

.  .  13*74 

13*30 

Water . 

.  .  26*33 

26*33 

Was  found  in  fibrous  masses  in  the  Caucasus. 

433.  TINCAL. — Borate  of  soda;  Phillips.  Soude  boratee  ; 
Ilauy.  Prismatisches  Borax-Salz ;  Mohs.  Tinkal ;  Hausmann. 
Borax ;  Haidinger. 


)blique. 

101,100  = 

~CO 

CO 

o 

c* 

10 

11 

;  111,010  =  48° 

1  20' ;  101,001  = 

54°  2’. 

:  100, 

b 

010,  C 

001,  S 

021,  m  no, 

z  111, 

O  112. 

be 

90* 

o  0, 

mm' 

V 

o 

o 

GO 

oc 

o 

o 

Tfl 

© 

CO 

ah 

90 

0 

zz 

96  40 

zc 

64 

7 

ca 

106 

35 

00 

122  34. 

me 

101 

20 

ss' 

49 

43 

CRYOLITE. 


605 


Combinations.  cma ,  cmcib,  coab,  cozmab, 
cozmsab.  The  faces  o,  z,  m  are  striated  parallel 
to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Cleav¬ 
age.  a,  perfect ;  m,  less  perfect ;  b,  traces. 

[Fracture  conch oidal.  Transparent.. .trans¬ 

lucent.  Lustre  resinous,  r  =  1*47.  The 
optic  axes  for  different  colours  do  not  lie  in 
the  same  plane.  The  mean  directions  of  the 
optic  axes,  seen  in  air  through  the  faces  b, 
make  angles  of  about  29°  30/  with  a  normal 
to  b.  A  perpendicular  to  the  plane  in  which  they  lie  makes 
angles  of  nearly  55°  and  18°  25r  with  normals  to  a ',  c  respectively. 
Colourless,  white,  inclining  to  grey,  yellow,  green.  Streak 
white.  [Rather  brittle.  H  =  2*0... 2*5.  G  —  1*716.  Taste 
alkaline,  sweetish. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  intu- 
mesces  and  melts  into  a  clear  colourless  bead,  which  when 
moistened  with  sulphuric  acid,  or  mixed  with  fhior  and  bisul¬ 
phate  of  potash,  imparts  a  green  colour  to  the  flame.  Soluble 
in  2  parts  of  boiling  water,  and  in- 12  of  cold  water. 

•  •  •  •  • 

NaB2  -f-  loH,  boracic  acid  36*6,  soda  16*4,  water  47*1. 

Is  found  on  the  shores  of  some  lakes  in  Thibet,  [Nepaul, 
China,  Ceylon,  Escapa  near  Potosi  in  South  America. 


EIG.  610. 


ELUORIDES,  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES. 

434.  CRYOLITE. — Cryolite  ;  Phillips,  Dufrenoy.  Pris- 
matisches  Kry on-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Kryolith  ;  Ilausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 

Prismatic. 

a  100,  b  010,  c  001. 

EIG.  611. 

be  90°  o'  - 

ca  90  o 


Cleavage,  c,  tolerably  perfect ;  a ,  b  less  _ 

distinct.  Eracture  uneven . . .  imperfect  con-  f> 

choidal.  Semi-transparent. .  .translucent. 

Becomes  more  transparent  after  immersion  in  water.  Lustre 
vitreous,  on  c  pearly.  R  =  1*668...  1*685.  White,  sometimes 
inclinino*  to  yellow,  red  or  brown.  Streak  white.  Brittle. 
H  =  2*5  ...3*0.  G  —  2  953.  ..2  963. 

d  d  3 


606 


FLUORIDES,  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES. 


In  the  open  tube  yields  vapours  which  corrode  glass.  Melts 
in  the  flame  of  a  candle.  Before  the  blowpipe  fuses  readily 
into  a  white  enamel.  Easily  soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus.  Completely  soluble  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid 
with  disengagement  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 

3NaE  +  A1E3,  fluorine  54*05,  sodium  32*92,  aluminium  13*03. 

Erom  loo  parts  of  cryolite  Berzelius  and  Chodnew  obtained 


respectively : — 

Alumina .  24*40  24*83 

Soda .  44*25  43*89 

Magnesia  and  protoxide  of  manganese  .  —  0*83 


Composition  of  cryolite  from  Greenland  a  deduced  from  the 
analysis  by  Berzelius,  b  of  cryolite  from  Miask  according  to 


Durnew : — 

a  b 

Eluorine .  54*07  53*48 

Sodium .  32*93  32*31 

Aluminium . 13*00  13*41 

Calcium . —  0*25 

Oxides  of  iron  and  manganese  .  .  —  0*55 


Is  found  in  crystalline  masses  on  the  shore  at  Ivikaet,  on  the 
south  side  of  Arksud-Eiord  in  West  Greenland,  in  two  thin 
beds  in  gneiss,  in  one  of  which  the  white  variety  occurs  alone  ; 
in  the  other  the  coloured  variety  with  galena,  pyrite,  quartz, 
felspar  and  chalybite,  and  with  chiolite  and  chodnewite,  in 
granite,  at  Miask  in  Siberia. 

435.  CHIOLITE. — Chiolite ;  Hermann. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  47°  8;. 

o  ill. 

00  72°  28' 

oo"  113  26 

Cleavage,  o  ?  Transparent... trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  resinous.  Colourless, 
white.  h  =  4*0.  G  =  2*84... 2*90,  in 
powder. 

Melts  in  a  crucible  over  a  spirit-lamp. 

In  the  open  tube  yields  the  vapour  of 
hydrofluoric  acid.  Melts  very  easily  before  the  blowpipe  into  a 
globule  which  becomes  white  on  cooling.  Imparts  a  yellow 


FLUELLITE. 


607 


colour  to  tlie  flame.  Melted  with,  borax  yields  a  mass  in  which 
cubic  crystals  form  as  it  cools.  Is  decomposed  with  eAei\es- 
cence  by  sulphuric  acid. 

3NaP  +  2AIF3,  fluorine  57*48,  sodium  23-83,  aluminium  18*69. 

Analyses  of  chiolite  from  Miask  a  by  Hermann,  b,  c,  d  by 
Bammelsberg : — 

abed 

Fluorine . 67*53 

Sodium .  23*78  24*69  24*56  22*91 

Aluminium  ....  18*69  18*02  17*72  19  o9 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  granular  masses,  with  topaz,  fluor, 
phenakite,  quartz  and  green  felspar,  in  granite,  at  Miask. 


436.  CIIODNEWITE. 

G  =  3*o... 3*08.  The  other  characters  the  same  as  those  ot 
chiolite. 

2NaF  +  A1F3,  fluorine  55*85,  sodium  27*80,  aluminium  16*35. 

Analyses  of  chodnewite  from  Miask,  a,  b  by  Cliodnew,  c,  d ,  e 
by  Bammelsberg : — 

J  abode 

Fluorine  .  . 

Sodium 
Potassium  .  . 

Aluminium 
Magnesium 
Yttrium  .  . 

Loss  by  ignition 

Is  found  with  chiolite  at  Miask  111  Siberia. 


26*54 

26*85 

27*53 

28*29 

27*22 

0*59 

— 

— 

— 

— 

16*43 

16*54 

— 

15*40 

16*11 

0*93 

— 

— 

- - * 

- 

1*04 

— 

— 

— 

— 

0*86 

— 

— 

— 

1  - 

437.  FLUELLITE. — Fluelite ;  Beudant.  Fluellit;  Mohs, 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010  =  22°  17';  101,001=61°  58';  110,100=52°  25  . 
c  001,  r  ill. 


EIGh  613. 


rc 

/ 

spy* 


72°  0' 

70  54 


•"  97°  48' 

0»V"  144  0 


/  rr 


Combination,  cr.  Translucent.  MThite. 

According  to  ”W ollaston,  contains  fluor 
ine  and  alumina. 

Was  found  in  crystals,  with  wavellite 
and  torberite,  on  quartz  at  Stenna  G-wyn  m  Cornwall. 

d  d  4 


608 


ELUORIDES,  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES. 


438.  FLUOCEEITE. — Neutral  fluate  of  cerium;  Phillips. 
Flucerine  ;  Beudant.  Neutrales  Elusssaures  Cerer ;  Mohs. 
Eluocerit;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Rhombohedral. 

o  ill,  a  oil.  fig.  614< 


Fracture  uneven,  splintery.  Opaque, 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  feeble.  J 

Pale  red,  yellowish.  Streak  yellowish- 
white,  h  =  4’0 . . .  5‘0.  g  —  4*7. 

In  the  matrass  yields  hydrofluoric  acid  and  some  water,  and 
becomes  white.  In  the  open  tube  becomes  dark  yellow,  and 
the  hydrofluoric  acid  evolved  corrodes  the  glass.  Infusible 
before  the  blowpipe.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  dissolves  com¬ 
pletely  into  a  glass  which  is  red  while  hot,  but  colourless  and 
transparent  when  cold. 

CeF  +  Ce2F3. 

From  100  parts  of  fluocerite  Berzelius  obtained  :  — 

Oxide  of  cerium  .  .  .  .  82 -64 

Yttria . . 

Is  found  in  imbedded  crystals  and  massive,  at  Broddbo  near 
lahlun,  m  albite  and  sometimes  in  quartz,  with  yttrocerite 
mica,  garnet  and  yttrotantalite. 


439.  YTTBOCEBITE.  — Yttrocerite;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Pyramidaler  Cerer-Baryt  ;  Mohs.  Yttrocerit  ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

.  Fracture  uneven . . .  conchoidal.  Translucent . . .  opaque.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  waxy,  feeble.  Hark  violet-blue,  purple 
greyish-red,  grey,  white.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =  4*o  4-5’ 

G  =  3*447. 

Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  white,  or  reddish-white,  but 
does  not  fuse.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  melts  into 
a  clear  glass.  In  fine  powder  is  easily  and  completely  soluble 
111  boiling  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  yellow  solution.  Is 
decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  with  evolution  of  hydrofluoric  acid 
CaF,  YF,  CeF. 


According  to  the  analyses  of  Gahn  and  Berzelius,  100  parts 
ol  yttrocerite  from  Finbo  yielded : — 

Oxide  of  cerium  ....  18*22  16*45 


FLUOR. 


609 


Tttria . 9'H  8*io 

Lime . 47‘63  50'00 

The  quantity  of  fluorine  is  equal  to  the  loss  together  with 
the  oxygen  contained  in  the  bases.  .  , 

Is  found  in  crystalline  masses,  imbedded  in  quartz  at  Finbo 
and  Broddbo  near  Fahlun,  with  other  fluorides  and  topaz,  and 
in  Massachusetts. 


440.  FLU  OB. — Fluor  ;  Phillips.  Chaux  fluatee  ;  Hauy. 
Oktaedrisches  Fluss-Haloid ;  Mohs.  Fluss ;  Hausmann,  Hai- 
dinger. 


Cubic. 


a  loo, 

d 

Oil, 

0 

ill,  e 

120,  /  130,  k  250,  p 

122, 

q  133,  n 

211 

,  m 

311, 

t  421 

,  IV 

731,  X  11  5  3. 

ad 

90° 

o' 

kJd 

46° 

24' 

ta 

29° 

12' 

dd! 

60 

0 

pa 

70 

32 

to 

28 

8 

da' 

45 

0 

po 

15 

48 

U 

35 

57 

oo' 

70 

32 

pp 

27 

16 

tt" 

17 

45 

oa 

54 

44 

qa 

76 

44 

wa 

24 

18 

ed 

26 

34 

q° 

22 

0 

wo 

34 

14 

ed 

18 

26 

nf 

37 

52 

wiv 

43 

13 

ed 

36 

52  • 

na 

35 

16 

ww" 

12 

13 

fd 

18 

26 

no 

19 

28 

xa 

27 

56 

fd 

26 

34 

nn 

33 

33 

xo 

f 

28 

13 

kd 

53 

21 

8 

48 

ona 

mo 

25 

29 

14 

30 

XX 

xx" 

39 

13 

51 

'  3 

kd 

23 

12 

mm' 

60 

29 

FIG. 

615. 

FIG. 

616. 

FIG. 

.  617. 

G10 


FLUORIDES,  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES. 


Forms  and  combinations.  a,  o,  d,  f  m,  t,  ao ,  ad,  af,  am,  at, 
ap,  oe,  oq,  op,  of,  aof  aot ,  aod,  adm,  adf  afm,  aft ,  amt ,  ode ,  aodt, 
aodk,  aodm,  aomf  adef  admt.x.  The  faces  a  usually  smooth, 
sometimes  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  e  or  t ; 
o  frequently  rough ;  e,  f  k  striated  parallel  to  their  intersec¬ 
tions  with  a.  Twins.  Twin-face  o.  Cleavage,  o,  very  perfect ; 
d,  sometimes  tolerably  distinct ;  a,  traces.  Fracture  conchoidal, 
more  or  less  perfect.  Transparent.. .translucent.  Lustre  vi¬ 
treous.  p  =  1-436.  Colourless,  white,  grey,  yellow,  red,  blue, 
green,  black.  Sometimes  different  colours  appear  disposed  in 
layers  parallel  to  the  faces  of  some  of  the  simple  forms,  and  a 
crystal  of  one  colour  occurs  imbedded  in  the  interior  of  a 
crystal  of  a  different  colour.  The  colours  of  fluor  are  some¬ 
times  different  according  as  they  are  seen  by  reflected  or  by 
transmitted  light.  Some  varieties  are  green  by  transmitted  light, 
and  blue  by  reflected  light.  Streak  white.  Brittle,  h  =r  4*o. 
u  =  .3-017... 3'188.  Phosphoresces  when  heated  or  broken,  but 
loses  this  property  when  the  temperature  surpasses  a  certain 
limit. 

Before  the  blowpipe,  in  thin  splinters,  intumesces  and  melts 
into  an  opaque  enamel,  which  in  a  strong  heat  becomes  infusible 
and  alkaline,  and  imparts  a  red  colour  to  the  flame.  Beadily 
soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus.  With  gypsum,  baryte 
or  celestine  melts  into  a  clear  bead,  which  becomes  opaque  on 
cooling.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids.  Is  com¬ 
pletely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  with  evolution  of  hydro¬ 
fluoric  acid. 


CaFl,  fluorine  48*53,  calcium  5l-47. 

Berzelius  obtained  72*14  and  71*77  parts  of  lime  from  loo  parts 
of  fluor  from  Alston  Moor  and  from  Norberg  respectively.  In 
fluor  from  Derbyshire  he  found  0*5  per  cent,  of  phosphate  of 
lime.  According  to  Kersten,  many  blue  varieties  of  fluor  from 
Freiberg  and  Marienberg  contain  small  quantities  of  chlorine. 

In  attached  crystals,  granular  or  fibrous  masses,  compact, 
disseminated,  earthy,  as  the  substance  of  petrified  cyathoc- 
rinites.  The  crystals  sometimes  contain  grains  of  quartz,  me¬ 
tallic  sulphides,  clay,  and  sometimes  drops  of  water. 


SALT. 


611 


Is  found  in  veins  in  Saxony  at  Freiberg,  Marienberg,  Gers- 
dorf,  Braunsdorf,  Altenberg,  Annaberg,  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Jo- 
hann-Georgenstadt ;  in  Bohemia  at  Schlackenwald,  Zmnwald 
and  Joachim  sthal ;  in  Baden  in  Miinsterthal ;  m  England  at 
St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall,  Beeralstone  in  Devonshire,  m  the  lead 
mines  of  Derbyshire,  Cumberland  and  Northumberland;  m  the 
Harz,  Moldawa  in  the  Banat ;  in  veins  of  silver  ore  at  Ivongs- 
berg  in  Norway.  On  St.  Gotthardt  and  near  Mont  Blanc  m 
rose-red  octahedrons  ;  in  tertiary  limestone  near  Paris  ;  in  por¬ 
phyry  near  Halle ;  in  porphyritic  greenstone  near  Gourock  in 
Benfrewshire.  It  is  also  found  at  Nertschmsk  and  many  ot  er 
places  in  Siberia,  in  the  United  States,  Mexico,  in  the  masses 
elected  by  Vesuvius.  Compact  fluor  is  found  at  Stolberg, 
Yxio  in  Sweden,  Kongsberg,  Cornwall ;  earthy  fluor  at  Manen- 
berg  in  Saxony,  Welsendorf  in  the  Palatinate,  Batofka  m 
Bussia,  in  Durham,  and  at  Beeralstone. 


441  SALT. — Muriate  of  soda ;  Phillips.  Soude  muriatee ; 
Hauy.  Hexaedrisches  Stein-Salz-;  Mohs.  Steinsalz ;  Haus- 
mann.  Salz ;  Haidinger. 


Cubic. 

a  100,  o  ill,  d  Oil,  e  210. 


ad 

o 

o 

Ci 

o' 

00 

70 

32 

oa 

54 

44 

dd' 

60 

0 

dd 

45 

0 

da 

90 

0 

ed 

26 

34 

ed 

18 

26 

no.  624. 


no.  625. 


Forms  and  combinations.  0,  »,  «,  “V^Vra^tme^com 

sometimes  rough.  Cleavage.  0,  very  perfect.  Fracture  con 

choidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inch  - 

to  resinous.  For  red  rays  /a  =  1'4929 ;  for  green  rays 

„  A  yvm.  When  transparent  transmits  heat  from  sources  of 

diferent  temperatures  with  equal  facility.  Colourless  white, 

grey,  yellow,  bed,  green,  blue.  Streak  white.  Bather  brittle. 

„  _L  o-o  a  =  2-22.  Taste  saline. 

In  the  matrass  decrepitates  and  yields  a  little  water.  Before 
the  blowpipe  on  platinum  wire  melts  into  a  translucent  bead 
with  a  crystalline  surface.  Imparts  a  yellow  colour  to  the 
flame.  On  charcoal  part  is  volatile,  and  part ^sinbs  mto  the 
charcoal.  When  added  to  a  bead  of  salt  of  phosphorus  and 

d  d  6 


612 


ELEOEIDES,  CHLOEIDES,  EEOMIDES,  IODIDES. 


oxide  of  copper,  colours  the  flame  blue.  Soluble  in  3'7  parts 
of  water  either  hot  or  cold. 

NaCl,  chlorine  60-68,  sodium  39 '32. 


Analysis  of  salt  from  Cheshire  by  Henry 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  lime  .... 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium  ... 
Insoluble  matter 


98-32 

0-65 

0‘02 

o-oi 

1-00 


The  salt  of  Berchtesgaden  and  Hallein  contains  a  small 
quantity  of  chloride  of  potassium.  The  salt  springs  of  Hall  and 
other  places  contain  some  chloride  of  ammonium. 

It  occurs  in  crystals,  crystalline,  fibrous,  granular  and  com¬ 
pact  masses,  and  pseudomorpbous  after  bitter  spar,  in  beds, 
occasionally  of  considerable  thickness,  especially  in  the  muschel- 
lalk,  and  between  that  and  the  coal  formation,  with  sandstone, 
c  karstenite  and  calcite  ;  in  the  lias,  jura  limestone, 

chalk  and  the  tertiary  formations,  and  in  some  lavas.  It  occurs 
also  m  great  abundance  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  at  the 
bottom  and  on  the  shores  of  lakes,  and  dissolved  in  their  waters 
in  sea  water  and  in  mineral  springs. 


442.  SYLVINE.  Sylvine ;  Beudant.  Sylvin;  Hausmann, 
Haidmger. 

Cubic. 


a  loo,  o  in. 

aa  90°  o' 

oa  54  44  (figs.  615,  619.) 

Bonn  and  combination,  a,  ao.  Cleavage,  a,  perfect.  Trans¬ 
parent  . . .  translucent  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  waxy  Co- 
iourless,  white,  a  =  ro-.a-o.  Taste  salt,  rather  bitter. 

Melts  before  the  blowpipe  at  a  red  heat  and  is  volatilized. 

itather  less  soluble  m  water  than  salt,  and  more  soluble  in  hot 
than  m  cold  water. 

KC1,  chlorine  47"55,  potassium  52’45. 

Is  found  in  crystals  and  as  an  efflorescence  on  Vesuvius  and 
occasionally  in  crystals  and  massive  in  blown-out  iron  furnaces. 


443.  SAL-AMMONIAC. — Sal  ammoniac  ; 
moniaque  muriatee  ;  Hauy.  Oktaedrisches  ’ 
Mohs.  Salmiak;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 
Cubic. 


Phillips.  Am- 
Ammoniak-Salz ; 


KERATE. 


613 


100, 

o  ill,  d 

on,  n 

211. 

aar 

CO 

o 

o 

o' 

ddr 

60° 

0' 

no 

19° 

to 

00 

00 

70 

32 

da 

45 

0 

nn 

33 

33 

oa 

54 

44 

na 

35 

16 

fig. 

626. 

EIG.  627. 

FIG. 

628. 

Forms  and  combinations,  a ,  o,  n,  ao ,  dn.  Cleavage,  o,  im¬ 
perfect.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colour¬ 
less,  white,  grey,  yellow,  brown,  black.  Streak  white.  Very 
sectile.  h  =  1*6... 2*0.  G  =  1*528. 

Is  volatilized  at  a  heat  a  little  below  redness  without  melting. 
Soluble  in  2*7  parts  of  cold  water  and  in  one  of  boiling  water. 
Mixed  with  moistened  quick  lime  or  caustic  potash  emits  the 
smell  of  ammonia. 

N  II4  Cl,  chlorine  66*30,  ammonium  33*70. 

Analyses  of  sal-ammoniac  from  Vesuvius,  and  from  Tartary 
by  Klaproth : — 

Chloride  of  ammonium  .  .  .  99*5  97*5 

Chloride  of  sodium  ....  0*5  — 

Sulphate  of  ammonia  ....  —  2*5 

In  sal-ammoniac  from  Lanzerote  Brandes  found  traces  of 
magnesia,  arsenious  acid,  and  of  seleniates  and  hydriodates. 

It  has  been  found  in  crystals,  fibrous  and  earthy  masses,  on 
Vesuvius,  the  Solfatara  of  Pozzuolo,  on  iEtna,  Lipari,  Volcano, 
Lanzerote,  Bourbon,  Iceland,  Bucharian  Tartary,  the  Himalaya 
mountains.  It  has  also  been  found  in  burning  coal  mines  at 
St.  Etienne  near  Lyons,  Gian  in  the  Upper  Palatinate,  near 
Duttweiler  in  Saarbriick,  Ober-Erlenbach  near  Erankfort-on- 
the-Maine,  in  England  near  Newcastle,  in  Scotland. 


444.  KEBATE. — Muriate  of  silver;  Phillips.  Argent  mu¬ 
riate  ;  Hauy.  Hexaedrisches  Perl-Kerat ;  Mohs.  Hornsilber ; 
Hausmann.  Kerat ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 


614 


FLUORIDES,  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES. 


60°  O' 

45  0  (figs-  619,  620.) 

a ,  0,  d,  ao,  ad.  The  faces  a  some¬ 
times  faintly  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  d. 
No  cleavage  observable.  Fracture  conchoidal... uneven,  earthy. 
Transparent ...  translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  waxy,  inclin¬ 
ing  to  adamantine.  Pearl-grey,  passing  into  various  shades  of 
blue  and  green,  yellowish-white.  Grows  brown  when  exposed 
to  light.  Streak  shining.  Malleable  and  sectile.  H  =  1*0...  1‘5. 
G  —  5-55. ..5-60. 

Before  the  blowpipe  melts  very  easily  with  ebullition,  and  is 
gradually  reduced  into  a  globule  of  silver  in  the  inner  flame. 
Is  reduced  when  rubbed  with  water  on  iron  or  zinc.  Soluble 
in  ammonia,  and  crystallizes  from  the  solution  in  octahedrons. 

AgCl,  chlorine  24*74,  silver  75*26. 

Analyses  of  kerate  by  Klaproth,  corrected  by  Bammelsberg, 
a  from  Saxony,  b  from  Guantahajo  in  Peru,  c  from  Schlangen- 


berg  in  Siberia : — 

a 

-  b 

c 

Silver . 

.  67*75 

76 

68 

Chlorine  .... 

.  27*50 

24 

loss  32 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  .  . 

6*00 

— 

— 

Alumina  .... 

1*75 

— 

— 

Sulphuric  acid 

0*25 

— 

— 

In  crystals,  reniform,  investing  other  substances  and  massive, 
in  veins  in  the  older  rocks  with  some  of  the  other  ores  of  silver. 

Is  found  in  considerable  quantities  at  Catorce  and  Zacatecas 
in  Mexico,  Potosi  in  Peru,  los  Lodrillos  near  Copiapo  in  Chile ; 
also  at  Schlangenberg  near  Kolywan  in  Siberia ;  in  smaller 
quantities  at  Allemont  in  Eauphine,  St.  Marie  Aux  mines  in 
Alsace,  Huelgoet  in  Bretagne,  Spain,  at  Kongsberg  in  Norway, 
Huel  Mexico  and  Huel  St.  Vincent  near  Calstock  in  Cornwall. 
It  was  formerly  abundant  in  the  Saxon  mining  districts  and  in 
the  Harz,  but  is  now  very  scarce.  When  metallic  silver  is 
immersed  for  a  considerable  time  in  salt  water,  the  surface  is 
converted  into  chloride  of  silver. 

445.  EMBOLITE. — Embolit;  Breithaupt. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  o  ill. 


100, 

0 

ill,  d 

Oil. 

aa 

90c 

’  o' 

ddf 

oo' 

70 

32 

da' 

oa 

54 

44 

Forms  and  combinations. 


IODITE. 


615 


ad  90°  o' 

oa  54  44  (fig.  619.) 

Combination,  oa.  The  faces  a  rough.  Cleavage,  a ,  traces. 
Fracture  hackly.  Lustre  adamantine.  Sulphur-yellow ...  sis¬ 
kin-green  on  a  freshly  fractured  surface  ;  olive-green . . .  aspa¬ 
ragus-green  on  the  exterior.  Perfectly  malleable,  h  =  2*0. 
G  =  6-789.  ..6-806. 

2AgBr  -f-  3AgCl. 

Analysis  by  Plattner  : — 


Bromine . 20-09 

Chlorine . 13*05 

Silver . 66*86 


Is  found  in  crystals  and  cleavable  masses,  and  disseminated, 
in  limestone,  in  the  Colorado  mine  at  Copiapo  in  Chile. 


446.  BBOMITE. — Bromure  d’ Argent ;  Dufrenoy.  Brom- 
silber;  Hausmann.  Bromit ;  Haidinger. 

Cubic. 

a  100,  o  ill. 

ad  90°  o' 

00  70  32  (figs..  615,  616.) 

Forms,  a ,  o.  Bright.  Olive-green,  passing  into  yellow ; 
acquires  a  grey  tarnish.  Streak  siskin-green,  h  =  ro...2*0. 

G  =  6*8. ..6-0. 

Melts  very  easily  before  the  blowrpipe.  Is  but  feebly  acted 
upon  by  acids.  Soluble  in  warm  concentrated  ammonia. 

AgBr,  bromine  42*56,  silver  57*44. 

Analysis  of  bromite  from  Mexico  by  Berthier : — 

Bromine . 42*5 

Silver . 57*5 

Is  found  rather  abundantly,  in  very  small  crystals  and  crys¬ 
talline  grains,  with  kerate  and  cerussite,  in  the  mine  of  San 
Onofre  in  the  district  of  Plateros  in  Mexico,  with  kerate  in  the 
silver  mines  of  Copiapo  in  Chile,  and  sparingly  among  the  ores 
of  Huelgoet  in  Bretagne. 

447.  IODITE. — Iodic  silver  ;  Phillips.  Iodure  d’ Argent ; 
Beudant.  Iodinsilber ;  Mohs.  Iodsilber  j  Hausmann.  Iodit ; 
Haidinger. 

Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  resinous,  approaching  to 


G16 


FLUORIDES,  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES. 


adamantine.  Yellowish-grey . . .  greenish-yellow.  Streak  shining. 
H  =  l-o.  G  =  5-504. 

Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  becomes  red,  melts  very 
easily  and  imparts  a  purple  colour  to  the  flame ;  in  the  inner 
flame  yields  a  globule  of  silver.  Soluble  in  concentrated  nitric 
and  hydrochloric  acids  with  evolution  of  vapour  of  iodine. 

Agl,  iodine  54-03,  silver  45'97. 

Analysis  of  earthy  iodite  from  Chile  by  Domeyko : — 

Iodine . 36'88 

Silver . 64*25 

In  iodite  from  Zacatecas  Vauquelin  found  only  18*5  per  cent, 
of  iodine. 

Is  found  in  crystalline  masses,  and  earthy,  in  serpentine,  at 
Albarradon  near  Mazapil  in  Zacatecas  in  Mexico,  in  a  vein  in 
the  porphyry  formation  of  the  mountain  of  los  Algodones  to  the 
south  of  Arqueros  in  Chile,  Hiendelencina  in  Spain. 

The  only  specimens  that  we  have  seen  of  this  mineral  were 
received  by  Mr.  Brooke  some  years  since  from  Del  Bio  of 
Mexico,  and  stated  by  him  to  be  from  Albarradon. 


448.  COTLNNITE. — Cotunnite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Cotunnit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=59°  14';  101,001=26°  38' ;  110,100=49°  63'. 


100, 

b 

101,  c 

ooi,  e 

010, 

m 

db 

90°  O' 

ra 

o 

o 

CO 

4l' 

ac 

90 

0 

f 

118 

38 

be 

90 

0 

ss' 

46 

38 

ee 

53 

16 

ss" 

56 

2 

mm 

80 

14 

f  // 

ss 

75 

48 

Transparent.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclin¬ 
ing  to  pearly  and  silky.  Por  rays  refracted 
in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  faces  a ,  b , 
and  polarized  in  that  plane,  fj.  =  1*741.  Colourless,  white. 
Streak  white,  g  =  5'238. 

Sublimes  in  the  matrass.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily, 
imparting  a  blue  colour  to  the  flame,  and  depositing  a  white 
sublimate  on  the  charcoal.  With  soda  yields  globules  of  lead. 
Soluble  in  135  parts  of  cold  water. 

PbCl,  chlorine  25*51,  lead  74-49. 

Was  found  in  acicular  and  capillary  crystals,  crystalline 
plates  and  small  rounded  masses,  with  chloride  of  sodium,  remo- 


COCCINITE. 


617 


linite  and  sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper  in  the  crater  of  Vesuvius 
after  the  eruption  of  1822. 


449.  CALOMEL. — Muriate  of  mercury  ;  Phillips.  Mer- 
cure  muriate  ;  Hauy.  Pyramidales  Perl-Kerat ;  Mohs.  Horn- 
quecksilber  ;  Hausmann.  Kalomel ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  60°  9'. 


a  100,  c  001,  e  101,  z  103,  m  no,  r  ill,  s  113. 
z  truncates  the  edge  ec  ;  m  truncates  the  edge  ad  ;  s  is  common 
to  the  zones  rc,  zo! . 


ac 

90° 

o' 

zz" 

60° 

18' 

ad 

90 

0 

rc 

67 

55 

ma 

45 

0 

/ 

81 

52 

ec 

60 

9 

// 

135 

50 

ee 

75 

40 

sz 

26 

40 

ee" 

120 

18 

sc 

39 

24 

zc 

30 

9 

ss 

53 

20 

zz' 

41 

37 

ss" 

78 

48 

Combinations. 

ra ,  rma, 

rea , 

crea, 

EIG.  630. 


/pi  / 

ef> 

c 

e 

r' 

d 

r 

szma.  Cleavage,  a. 
Practure  conchoidal... uneven.  Translucent... translucent  on 
the  edges.  Lustre  adamantine,  n  —  l‘970.  Greyish-white, 
greenish-grey,  yellowish-grey,  brown.  Streak  white.  Sectile. 
H  =  1-5.  a  =  64. ..6-5. 

Sublimes  in  the  matrass  without  melting.  "With  soda  yields 
globules  of  mercury.  Before  the  blowpipe  is  wholly  volatilized. 
On  copper  with  water  is  reduced.  Soluble  in  nitro-muriatic 
acid,  but  not  in  nitric  acid.  Is  partially  soluble  in  wrarm  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  leaving  a  grey  residue.  In  caustic  potash  or  soda 
becomes  black. 


Hg2Cl,  chlorine  15*05,  mercury  84'95. 

Is  found  in  attached  crystals,  disseminated,  and  investing 
other  minerals,  with  mercury  and  cinnabar,  at  Moschellands- 
berg  in  the  Palatinate,  Giftberg  near  Horzowitz  in  Bohemia, 
Idria  in  Carniola,  and  Almaden  in  Spain. 


450.  COCCINITE. — Mercure  iodure ;  Dufrenoy.  Iodqueck- 
silber ;  Hausmann.  Coccinit ;  Haidinger. 

Lustre  adamantine.  Bed. 

Melts  and  sublimes  easily. 

Is  found  at  Casas  Yiejas  in  Mexico. 

This  mineral  is  probably  identical  with  the  red  crystals  of 
iodide  of  mercury  Ilgl,  iodine  55'9,  mercury  44*1,  obtained  by 


618 


HYDROUS  CHLORIDES. 


cooling  a  warm  saturated  solution  of  iodide  of  mercury  in  an 
aqueous  solution  of  iodide  of  mercury  and  potassium.  These 
crystals  are  pyramidal;  101,001  —  66°  37'. 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  x  ill. 

cic  90°  o' 

xa  48  12 

XC  70  30 

xxf  83  36 

Heated  to  a  ceri 
point,  they  become 

yellow ;  at  a  higher  temperature  they  melt  and  sublime,  form¬ 
ing  yellow  crystals  belonging  to  the  prismatic  system  (me  =  90°, 
mm'  —  66°,  fig.  632),  which  on  cooling  again  become  red. 


eig.  631. 


EIG.  632. 


a 


HYDROUS  CHLORIDES. 


451.  EEMOLINITE. — Muriate  of  copper ;  Phillips.  Cuivre 
muriate  ;  Hauy.  Prismatoidischer  Habronem-Malachit ;  Mohs. 
Smaragdochalcit ;  Hausmann.  Atacamit ;  Haidinger. 

Prismatic.  011,010=41°  29' ;  101,001=37°  10' ;  110,100  =  56°  10'. 


a  loo,  b  oio,  u  oil,  e  loi,  m 
r  ill.  u  truncates  the  edge  rr  . 


no,  s  210,  X  410, 
EIG.  633. 


ab 

90° 

0' 

xa 

o 

o 

<M 

28' 

uu' 

97 

2 

xx' 

139 

4 

ea 

52 

50 

ra 

63 

20 

/ 

/ 

\ 

r 

ee 

74 

20 

rm 

36 

18 

ma 

56 

10 

/ 

53 

20 

a' 

e!’ 

e 

a 

mm 

67 

40 

// 

84 

4 

X* 

J 

X 

sa 

36 

43 

/  // 

107 

24 

.X 

~/s 

ss' 

106 

34 

V/ 
y/ HI 

Combinations. 

em,  earn,  ubm ,  rbauem , 

raemsx,  rbaeums.  The 

faces  m,  a  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each 
other.  Cleavage,  a ,  perfect;  u ,  less  perfect.  Eracture  con- 
choidal.  Semi-transparent... translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Green  of  various  shades.  Streak 
apple-green.  Path er  brittle,  h  =  3*0. ..3'5.  G  =  3-69...3’7l. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  hydrochloric  acid.  Before 
the  blowpipe  imparts  a  green  colour  to  the  flame,  and  melts 


PERCTLITE. 


619 


into  a  globule  of  copper.  Readily  soluble  in  acids.  Completely 
soluble  in  ammonia. 

CuCl  -f  3 Cull,  chlorine  16*63,  copper  14*86,  oxide  of  copper 
65*84,  water  12*67. 


Analyses  of  remolinite  a  from  Chile  by  Klaproth,  b  from 
Chile,  c  from  Peru,  both  by  Proust,  d  from  Chile  by  J.  Davy, 
e  from  Cobija  by  Berthier,/’by  TJlex: — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Hydroch.  acid  . 

.  .  .  16*3 

10*5 

11*5 

16*2 

— 

— 

Chlorine  . 

.  .  .  — 

— 

— , 

— 

14*92 

16*12 

Copper  .  .  . 

.  .  .  — 

— 

— 

— 

13*32 

14*56 

Ox.  copper  . 

.  .  .  72*0 

76*5 

70*5 

73*0 

50*00 

56*23 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  .  11*7 

12*5 

18*0 

10*8 

21*75 

11*99 

Silica  .... 

•  *  • 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1*10 

In  attached  crystals,  reniform,  stalactitic,  fibrous  or  granular 
masses,  disseminated.  Occurs  as  a  volcanic  product.  Is  some¬ 
times  formed  by  the  action  of  sea  water  on  copper. 

Is  found  in  veins  with  cuprite,  malachite,  brown  iron  ore, 
quartz,  at  Los  Remolinos,  Gfuasko,  Soledad  in  Chile,  in  veins 
of  silver  ores  in  the  district  of  Tarapaca  in  Peru,  Schwarzenberg 
in  Saxony,  on  the  lavas  of  Vesuvius  and  ./Etna. 

452.  PERCYLITE. — Percy lite  ;  Brooke. 

1850. 

Cubic. 

a  loo,  d  on,  e  210,  o  ill. 

aa!  90°  o'  ea  26°  34' 

dd'  60  0  oa  64  44 

da!  45  0  od  35  36 

;  Combination.  adoe.  Lustre  vitreous. 

Sky-blue.  Streak  the  same,  h  =  2*5. 

When  slightly  heated  the  blue  colour  changes  to  emerald- 
green,  and  re-appears  on  cooling.  In  the  matrass  decrepitates 
and  yields  water,  which  does  not  redden  litmus  paper.  It  readily 
melts  into  a  brown  liquid  which  diffuses  itself  in  drops  over  the 
contiguous  surface  of  the  tube,  and  on  cooling  becomes  a  pale 
brown  fissured  mass.  Heated  in  the  open  tube,  a  white,  not 
sensibly  odorous,  vapour  is  evolved.  Heated  in  the  outer 
flame  of  the  blowpipe,  the  flame  is  green  within  and  deep  blue 
at  the  edges.  On  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame,  metallic  globules 
are  obtained,  some  having  the  appearance  of  lead,  others  that  of 


Phil.  Mag.  Eeb. 


EIG.  634. 


620 


CHLORIDES  WITH  OXIDES  AX'D  CARBONATES. 


copper,  or  a  mixture  of  copper  and  lead.  On  charcoal  in  the 
inner  flame  with  soda  yields  metallic  globules,  which  dissolve 
without  residue  in  dilute  nitric  acid.  With  borax  in  the  outer 
flame  melts  into  a  transparent  blueish-green  bead,  which  in  the 
inner  flame  becomes  turbid  and  brownish-red.  By  boiling  in 
nitric  acid  becomes  white  and  then  dissolves.. 

The  analysis  by  Dr.  Percy  of  a  very  small  unknown  quantity, 
separated  from  the  matrix  by  boiling  in  nitric  acid,  gave  : — 
chlorine  o*84,  lead  2*66,  copper  o-77  :  whence  Dr.  Percy  con¬ 
cludes  the  composition  of  the  mineral  to  be  represented  by  the 
formula  Pbci  +  Pb  +  CuCi  -f  Cu  +  xh. 

In  minute  crystals,  accompanied  by  gold,  on  a  matrix  of 
quartz  and  earthy  hematite,  said  to  have  come  from  La  Sonora 
in  Mexico. 


CHLORIDE  WITH  SULPHATE. 


453.  CONNELLITE. — Sulphato-chloride  of  copper;  Con¬ 
nell.  Connellite ;  Dana. 


Bhomboliedral. 


EIGr.  635. 


a  Oil,  b  211. 

act!  60°  o' 

ab  30  0 

Lustre  vitreous.  Translucent.  Blue. 

In  the  matrass  yields  a  little  water.  Decrepitates  when 
heated,  imparts  a  fine  greenish-blue  to  the  flame,  and  melts 
before  the  blowpipe  into  a  dark  reddish  globule.  Completely 
soluble  in  nitric  and  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Insoluble  in  water. 

Consists,  according  to  Connell,  of  chloride  of  copper,  sulphate 
of  oxide  of  copper,  and  a  little  water. 

Was  found  in  small  fibrous  crystals,  with  an  arseniate  of 
oxide  of  copper,  in  Cornwall. 


CHLORIDES  WITH  OXIDES  AND  CARBONATES. 

454.  MATLOCKITE.-— Matlockite ;  B.  P.  Greg.  Philoso¬ 
phical  Magazine.  August,  1851. 

Pyramidal.  ioi,oo.l  =  60°  26'. 

c  ooi,  e  101,  m  no,  r  ill. 


MEKDIPITE. 


621 


FIG.  636. 


ee 

60° 

26' 

mm 

90° 

O' 

ee 

75 

54 

82 

2 

ee" 

120 

52 

tr 

136 

19 

one 

90 

0 

er 

41 

1 

Cleavage,  c,  not  very  easily  obtained. 

Fracture  uneven  and  slightly  conclioidal. 

Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  ada¬ 

mantine,  occasionally  pearly.  Yellowish, 
with  sometimes  a  greenish  tinge,  h  =  2*5...  3*0.  g  =  7*21. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Fusible  before  the  blowpipe  into 
a  greyish-yellow  globule. 


PbCl  +  Pb,  chloride  of  lead  55*46,  oxide  of  lead  44/53. 

Analysis  by  Dr.  B.  A.  Smith  : — 

Chloride  of  lead  ....  55*18 

Oxide  of  lead . 44*30 

Water . .  .  0*07 


Was  found  in  tabular  crystals,  generally  thin  and  superim¬ 
posed  on  each  other,  and  occasionally  slightly  curved,  in  old 
heaps  from  the  Cromford  level  near  Matlock. 


455.  MENDIPITE. — Kerasine  ;  Beudant.  Peritomer  Blei- 
Baryt ;  Mohs.  Mendipit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Prismatic. 


;  100, 

b 

010,  C 

ooi,  m 

110. 

ac 

90° 

o' 

on  a 

51° 

V 

00 

t-H 

be 

90 

0 

mb 

38 

42 

ab 

90 

0 

mm 

77 

24 

FIG.  637. 


Cleavage,  m ,  very  perfect ;  b,  less 
perfect.  Fracture  conchoidal... uneven. 

Translucent.  Lustre,  adamantine  inclin¬ 
ing  to  pearly  on  the  cleavages.  Yellowish-white,  straw-yellow, 
pale  red,  pale  blue.  Streak  white.  h  =  2*5.. .3*0.  g  =  7*0.  ..7'l. 

Decrepitates  when  heated.  Melts  readily  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  into  a  yellow  globule.  On  charcoal  is  easily  reduced, 
emitting  acid  fumes.  Fused  with  salt  of  phosphorus  and  oxide 
of  copper,  imparts  a  blue  colour  to  the  flame.  Is  readily 
soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

PbCl  +  2Pb,  chloride  of  lead  38*39,  oxide  of  lead  61*61. 


622 


CHLORIDES  WITH  OXIDES  AND  CARBONATES. 


Analyses  of  mendipite  a  from  the  Kunibert  mine  near  Brilon 
by  Schnabel,  b  from  Brilon,  g-  =  7*0,  by  Bhodius,  c  from 
Churchill  by  Berzelius  : — 

a  b  c 

Oxide  of  lead . 61-26  60*10  60-18 

Chloride  of  lead  ....  38'74  39'07  39‘82 

Is  found  in  columnar  crystalline  masses,  with  other  ores  of 
lead,  calcite  and  earthy  black  manganese,  at  Churchill  in  the 
Mendip  Hills  in  Somersetshire,  and  at  Brilon  in  Westphalia. 

456.  PHOSGrENITE. — Murio-carbonate  of  lead  ;  Phillips. 
Plomb  carbonate  inuriatifere  ;  Hauy.  Orthotomer  Blei-Baryt ; 
Mohs.  Hornblei ;  Hausmann.  Phosgenit ;  Haidinger. 

Pyramidal.  101,001  =  47 

a  loo,  c  ooi,  e  101, 
e'  truncates  the  edge  xx . 

ac  90°  o'  x  m 

ad  90  o  xx 7 

ma  45  o  xxf 

ua  26  34  sa 

urn  18  26  sc 

ee  94  39  sm 

XC  56  54  ss" 

Combinations,  cmax,  cmau,  crnaex ,  cmaux ,  cmauxs.  Cleav-  i 
age.  a;  m;  c.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Transparent... trans-  ; 
lucent.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  waxy.  Colourless,  ' 
white,  passing  into  grey,  yellow,  green,  brown.  Streak  white. 
Brittle,  h  =  3’0.  g  =  6‘0...6*2. 

Before  the  blowpipe  in  the  outer  flame  melts  readily  into  an 
opaque  yellow  bead,  which  becomes  white  and  crystalline  on 
cooling.  On  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  yields  acid  vapours 
and  is  reduced  to  metallic  lead.  Is  soluble  with  slight  effer¬ 
vescence  in  nitric  acid. 

PbCl  +  PbC,  chloride  of  lead  51-00,  carbonate  of  oxide  of 
lead  49’00. 

Analysis  by  Dr.  B.  A.  Smith  : — 

Chloride  of  lead . 51*78 

Carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  48‘22 

Phosgenite  has  been  found,  in  crystals  and  globular  masses,  in 
Cromford  level  near  Matlock  in  Derbyshire,  Cornwall,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  found  on  Vesuvius,  Badenweiler  in  Baden, 
and  Southampton  in  Massachusetts. 


3  l9'-6. 


m  no,  u  210,  x  ill,  s  211. 

EIG.  638. 


33  6 

113  48 

72  39 

34  13 

67  36 

28  34 

48  50 


WHEWELLITE. 


C23 


HYDROUS  OXALATES. 

457.  HUMBOLETINE.— Oxalate  of  iron;  Phillips.  Per 
oxalate  ;  Hauy.  Humboldtin  ;  Mohs,  Haidinger.  Oxalit  ; 
Hausmann. 

Practnre  uneven... earthy.  Opaque.  Lustre  waxy,  glim¬ 
mering  or  dull.  Yellow.  Streak  yellow.  Slightly  sectile. 
H  =  2'0.  G  =  2"15  . .  ,2‘25. 

Before  the  blowpipe  blackens  and  then  turns  red.  Imparts 
the  colour  of  iron  to  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus.  Insoluble  in 
water  and  alcohol.  Beadily  soluble  in  acids.  With  alkalies 
yields  a  precipitate  of  protoxide  of  iron. 

•  •  •  •  • 

2Pe£-  +  3H,  oxalic  acid  42-11,  protoxide  of  iron  42,ll,  water 
15-78. 

Analyses  of  humboldtine  by  Bammelsberg  : — 

Oxalic  acid  ....  42-40  not  determined 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  41*13  40‘24  40*8 

Water  .  .  .  .  .  .  16 ’47  not  determined 

Is  found  in  capillary  crystals,  and  botryoidal,  granular  or 
fibrous  masses,  with  gypsum  in  a  bed  of  brown  coal  at  Koloso- 
ruk  near  Bilin  in  Bohemia.  It  is  said  to  occur  also  in  brown 
coal  at  Gross  Almerode  in  Ilessia. 


458.  WHEWELLITE. — Oxalate  of  lime  ;  Brooke.  Phil. 
Mag.  June,  1840.  Oxalsaurer  Kalk;  Haidinger. 

Oblique.  101,100  =  36°  47' ;  111,010  =  50°  39' ;  101,001  =  70°  32'. 


b  010,  c  001,  x  oil,  e  101,  on 
S  132. 


cb 

90° 

o' 

cf 

o 

00 

CO 

54' 

eb 

90 

0 

cm 

103 

14 

ec 

70 

32 

fe 

100 

48 

xc 

52 

35 

ex 

78 

19 

xb 

37 

25 

eon 

51 

58 

xa/ 

74 

60 

sc 

69 

58 

mb 

50 

18 

se 

64 

28 

mmi 

100 

36 

son 

43 

13 

uu 

62 

7 

xm 

68 

24 

f*> 

65 

39 

fm 

105 

15 

ff' 

121 

18 

uc 

98 

50 

sb 

28 

41 

ue 

65 

36 

ss' 

57 

22 

110,  U  120,  f  112, 


EIG.  639. 


G24 


HYDROUS  MELLATE. 


The  faces  m  are  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  u  ; 
f  striated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  each  other.  Twins. 
Twin-face  e.  co  —  38°  56',  xx  —  230  22',  ss  —  51°  4',  mm  =  76°  4', 
un  =  48°  48',  ff  =  —  21°  36'.  Cleavage,  c,  m,  b.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Transparent ...  opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining 
to  adamantine.  Colourless.  Streak  white.  Very  brittle. 
H  =  2*5..  .2-75.  a  =  1-833. 

C&&  +  H,  oxalic  acid  49*31,  lime  38*36,  water  12*33,  accord¬ 
ing  to  an  analysis  by  Sandall. 

In  small  attached  crystals,  mostly  twins,  with  calcite.  Is 
supposed  to  have  been  found  in  Hungary. 


HYDROUS  MELLATE. 


459.  MELLITE. — Mellite  Phillips,  Hauy.  Pyramidales 
Melichron-Harz  ;  Mohs,  Mellit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Pyramidal. 

101,001  =  36° 

44'. 

a  100, 

c 

001,  e 

101,  r 

111. 

ac 

90c 

)  o' 

ra 

59° 

7' 

ad 

90 

0 

rc 

46 

33 

ea 

53 

16 

ey*/yS 

61 

46 

ec 

36 

44 

re 

30 

53 

ee 

50 

2 

93 

6 

Combinations,  cr, 

ra,  era 

,  cera, 

no.  640. 


/ 

\ 

e" 

c 

/ 

1  a 


The 


Of 


age.  r,  very  difficult.  Fracture  con¬ 
choidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  resinous,  inclin¬ 
ing  to  vitreous,  r  =  1*538. ..1-556.  Honey-yellow,  inclining 
to  red  or  brown.  Streak  white.  Sectile.  h  =  2*0... 2*5. 
o  =  1*5.  ..1*6. 

In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  carbonizes  without  emitting 
any  perceptible  smell.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  burns 
white,  leaving  nothing  but  alumina.  Completely  soluble  in 
nitric  acid,  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  in  caustic  potash. 

A1C403  +  18H,  mellitic  acid  40*31,  alumina  14*35,  water  45*34. 


Analysis  of  mellite  from  Artern  by  Wohler: — 

Mellitic  acid . 41-4 

Alumina . . 

Water . . 


FICHTELITE. 


625 


Is  found  in  imbedded  crystals,  in  beds  of  brown  coal  at 
Artern  in  Thuringia,  Lauscliitz  near  Bilin  in  Bohemia,  and 
sparingly,  massive,  at  Walchow  in  Moravia. 

EE  SINS. 

460.  SCHEEBEBITE. — Scheererite ;  Beudant.  Scheererit ; 
Mohs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Oblique. 

Eracture  conchoidal.  Transparent... translucent.  Lustre  re¬ 
sinous...  adamantine.  White,  inclining  to  grey,  yellow,  green. 
Streak  white.  Brittle.  Unctuous  to  the  touch.  Soft. 
G-  =  1*0. .  .1*2.  Tasteless. 

When  heated  emits  a  faint  aromatic  smell.  At  44°  c  melts 
into  a  colourless  oily  liquid,  and  crystallizes  on  cooling.  At 
92°  c  distils  unchanged.  Burns  with  a  smoky  flame,  and  a 
faint  aromatic  odour,  leaving  no  residue.  Insoluble  in  water. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  aether,  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids. 

CH2,  carbon  75,  hydrogen  25. 

Analysis  of  scheererite  from  Uznach  by  Macaire-Prinsep  : — 

Carbon . 73 

Hydrogen . 24 

Is  found  in  crystals  filling  crevices  in  brown  coal,  at  Uznach 
near  St.  Gallen,  and  at  Bach  in  the  Westerwald. 

461.  KONLEINITE. —  Konlite;  Dufrenoy.  Konleinit ; 
Hausmann.  Konlit ;  Haidinger. 

White.  G  ==  0*88. 

Melts  at  107*5 ..  .114°  c.  Burns  with  a  smoky  flame  and  an 
empyreumatic  smell,  without  leaving  any  ash.  Crystallizes  from 
its  solution  in  boiling  alcohol  in  thin  plates. 

C2H,  carbon  92*31,  hydrogen  7*69, 

Analyses  of  konleinite  from  Uznach  by  Kraus  and  from  Bed- 
witz  by  Trommsdorf : — 

Carbon  ....  92*49  92*43 

Hydrogen  .  .  .  7*42  7*57 

Is  found  in  crystalline  plates  and  grains,  in  brown  coal  at 
Uznach  near  St.  Gallen  in  Switzerland,  with  sheererite,  and  at 
Bedwitz  in  Bavaria,  in  bituminous  wood  in  a  peat  bog. 

462.  EICHTELITE. — Eichtelite  ;  Dufrenoy.  Eichtelit  ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


626 


RESINS. 


Transparent.  Lustre  pearly.  Colourless.  Unctuous  to  the 
touch.  Without  taste  or  smell.  Melts  at  46°  c,  and  on  cooling 
forms  a  crystalline  mass.  Sparingly  soluble  in  anhydrous 
alcohol.  Easily  soluble  in  aether. 

Analysis  of  fichtelite  from  Eedwitz  by  Bromeis  : — 

Carbon . 89*3 

Hydrogen . 10*7 

Is  found  in  flat  acicular  crystals,  between  the  yearly  rings  of 
pine  stems,  in  abed  of  turf  at  Eedwitz  near  the  Eichtelgebirge. 

463.  HAETITE. — Hartite ;  Dufrenoy.  Hartit ;  Hausmann, 
Haidinger. 

Traces  of  cleavage.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Translucent. 

Lustre  fatty,  feeble.  White.  h  =  ro.  G  =  l'046.  Not 

flexible.  Sectile.  At  74°  c  melts  into  a  clear  fluid.  When 
heated  emits  a  smell  like  that  of  amber.  Burns  with  a  smoky 
flame.  Eeadily  soluble  in  aether,  much  less  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Analyses  of  hartite  from  Oberhart  by  Schrotter  :  — 

Carbon . 87*47  87*50 

Hydrogen . 12*05  12,10 

Is  found  in  clefts  in  brown  coal  and  fossil  wood  at  Oberhart 
near  Gloggnitz  in  Austria. 

464.  OZOKEEITE.  —  Ozokerite;  Dufrenoy.  Ozokerit ; 
Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Eracture  in  one  direction  flat  conchoidal,  in  other  direc¬ 
tions  splintery.  Lustre  waxy,  more  or  less  bright  on  the  con¬ 
choidal  fracture,  glimmering  on  the  splintery  fracture.  In  thin 
fragments  transparent...  translucent  on  the  edges.  By  reflected 
light  dark  leek-green  inclining  to  brown,  by  transmitted  light 
yellowish-brown,  honey-yellow  and  hyacinth-red.  Streak  yel¬ 
lowish-white.  h  =  i*o.  G  =  0-94... 0-97.  Sectile,  tough  and 
flexible  ;  can  be  cut  like  wax ;  when  warmed  may  be  kneaded 
between  the  fingers.  Smell  aromatic  and  bituminous.  Acquires 
resinous  electricity  by  friction. 

At  62°  c  melts  into  a  clear  oily  liquid,  which  becomes  solid 
on  cooling.  Burns  with  a  bright  slightly  smoky  flame.  Easily 
soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine,  with  difficulty  in  aether  and  alcohol. 

CH,  carbon  85*72,  hydrogen  14*28. 

Analyses  of  ozokerite  from  Slanik  a  by  Magnus,  b  by  Schrotter, 
c,  d,  e  by  Malagutti,/  from  Urpeth  by  Johnston  : — 


PSATHYEITE. 


627 


a  b  c  d  e  f 

Carbon .  86*75  86*20  86*21  86*20  85*80  86*80 

Hydrogen  ....  15*15  13*79  13*71  14*16  13*98  14*06 

Is  found  at  Slanik  and  Zietrisika  in  Moldavia,  Gresten  in 
Austria,  and  in  the  coal  mines  of  Urpeth  near  Newcastle  in 
England. 

465.  HATCHETTINE. —  Hatchetine;  Phillips,  Beudant. 
Hatchetin  ;  Mobs,  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Translucent... nearly  opaque.  Lustre  slightly  pearly.  Yel¬ 
lowish-white,  wax-yellow,  greenish-yellow,  h  —  l*o.  g  =  0*6078 
(after  fusion  G  =  0*983). 

Melts  (from  Loch-Eyne  at  47°  c,  from  Merthyr-Tydvil  at 
76*6°  c)  into  a  transparent  colourless  liquid,  which  becomes 
opaque  and  white  on  cooling.  Emits  a  bituminous  smell  when 
heated.  Partially  soluble  in  aether,  leaving  a  viscous,  inodorous 
residue. 

CH,  carbon  85*72,  hydrogen  14*28. 

Analysis  of  hatchettine  from  Glamorganshire  by  J ohnston : — 

Carbon . 85*91 

Hydrogen . 14*62 

Is  found  in  masses  resembling  wax  or  train  oil,  in  several 
places  in  the  coal  formation  in  England,  at  Loch-Eyne  and 
Inverary  in  Scotland. 

466.  MLDHLETONITE. — Middletonite  ;  Johnston.  Phil. 
Mag.  12. 261,  Dufrenoy.  Middletonit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

In  thin  fragments  transparent.  Lustre  resinous.  By  re¬ 
flected  light  reddish-brown,  by  transmitted  light  deep  red. 
Streak  light  browrn.  g  —  1*6.  Brittle.  Melts  at  a  tempera¬ 
ture  above  222°  c.  Burns  with  much  smoke.  Very  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol,  aether  and  oil  of  turpentine.  Soluble  in  con¬ 
centrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Analyses  by  Johnston :  — 

Carbon .  86*44  85*44  87*74 

Hydrogen  ....  8*oi  8*03  8*05 

Oxygen . 6*56  6*53  5  22 

Is  found  in  small  rounded  masses,  or  thin  seams  between 
layers  of  coal  at  Middleton  near  Leeds,  and  at  Newcastle. 

467.  PSATHYEITE.  —  Hartin  ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 
Psathyrit;  Glocker. 

e  e  2 


628 


EE  SINS. 


White.  G  =  1*115.  Without  taste  or  smell. 

Melts  at  2io°  c.  Distils  at  260°  c,  yielding  a  yellow  oil  having 
an  empyreumatic  smell,  and  which  forms  a  brownish-yellow 
crystalline  mass  on  cooling.  Burns  with  a  bright  flame.  Soluble 
in  petroleum,  and  crystallizes  from  the  solution  in  long  needles. 

Analysis  of  psathyrite  from  Oberhart  by  Schrotter : — 

Carbon . 78*26 

Hydrogen . 10*92 

Oxygen . 10*82 

Is  found  in  masses  resembling  train  oil,  with  hartite  in  brown 
coal,  at  Oberhart  near  Gloggnitz  in  Austria. 

468.  ODYAQUILLITE. — Guyaquillite  ;  Johnston.  Phil. 
Mag.  13.  329,  Dufrenoy.  Guyaquillit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Opaque.  Bright  yellow.  Soft,  g  =  i*092. 

,  69 *5  c  melts,  at  ioo°  c  is  perfectly  liquid ;  after  cooling  is 
viscous,  translucent,  and  has  a  resinous  lustre  and  fracture. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  forming  a  yellow  intensely  bitter  solution. 
In  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  forms  a  reddish-brown  solution. 

Analyses  by  Johnston : — 

Carbon .  76*67  77*35 

Hydrogen . 8*17  8.20 

0xygen . 15*16  14*45 

Is  found  at  Guyaquil  in  South  America. 

A  substance  found  in  the  Irish  bogs,  and  known  by  the 

name  of  ‘  bog-butter,’  appears  to  be  allied  to  guyaquillite.  It 
melts  at  60°  c,  is  readily  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  consists,  accord¬ 
ing  to  Williamson’s  analyses,  of — 

Carbon .  73*78  73*89 

Hydrogen . 12*50  12*37 

Oxygen .  1372  1374 

i  o4ooh  ^EENGELITE.— Berengelite ;  J ohnston.  Phil.  Mag. 
Id.  329,  Dufrenoy.  Berengelit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Practure  conchoidal.  Lustre  resinous.  Dark 
brown  inclining  to  green.  Streak  yellow.  Taste  bitter. 

•  r!°!  1i)0°  and  remains  soft  and  unctuous.  Soluble 

m  cold  alcohol,  forming  a  bitter  solution,  and  in  aether. 

Analyses  by  Johnston : — 

Carbon . 72-47  73-34 

Hydrogen .  9-20  9-36 

Oxygen . .  18.30 


WALCHOWITE. 


629 


Is  found  in  large  masses  in  the  province  of  St.  Juan  de 
Berengela  in  South  America. 


470.  BETIN  ASPHALT.—  Betinasphalt ;  Phillips,  Beudant, 
Mohs.  Betinit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Semi-transparent... 
opaque.  Yellow,  brown,  grey.  Streak  yellowish-brown.  Brittle. 
H  =  l-o... 2’0.  Gr  =  1*05 . . .1*20.  Acquires  resinous  electricity 
by  friction. 

Burns  with  a  flame,  and  emits  a  bituminous  aromatic  smell. 

Analyses  of  retinasphalt  a  from  Bovey  by  Hatchett,  b  from 
Halle  by  Bucholz,  c  from  Cape  Sable  by  Troost,  d  from  Bovey 
bv  Johnston : — 

a  b  c  cl 


Be  sin  soluble  in  alcohol  . 
Substance  insoluble  in  alcohol  . 
Earthy  matter . 


65  91  65-5  59-32 

41  9  42'5  27-45 

3  —  1-5  13-23 


It  is  probable  that  different  substances  are  united  under  the 

name  retinasphalt.  .  , 

Is  found  in  brown  coal  near  Halle,  at  Laubach  m  the 
Vogelsgebirge,  Bovey  in  Devonshire,  Cape  Sable  in  IVIaryland, 
at  Badnitz  in  Bohemia  in  stone  coal,  near  Osnabriick  in  peat. 


471.  COPALINE.— Eossil  copal ;  Phillips.  Copale  fossile  ; 
Dufrenoy.  Copalin  ;  Hausmann.  Betinit ;  Haidinger. 

Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Semi-transpai  ent . . .  trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  waxy.  Yellow,  yellowish-brown,  h  =  2*5. 
g  =  1-046.  Brittle.  When  heated  emits  a  resinous,  aromatic 
smell.  Melts  into  a  clear  fluid.  Burns  with  a  bright  yellow 
flame  and  much  smoke,  leaving  little  or  no  residue.  Very 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  aether. 

Analyses  of  copaline  a,  b  from  Highgate  by  Johnstone,  c 
from  the  East  Indies  by  Duflos : 

a  b  c 

Carbon .  85*41  85*68  85*73 

Hydrogen  ....  1V79  11*48  li  so 

Oxygen . 2‘G7  2  84  2  ^ 

Ash . °'13 

Is  found  in  blue  clay  at  Highgate  near  London  and  in  the 
East  Indies. 

472.  WALCHOWITE.  —  Walchowit  ;  Hausmann,  Hai¬ 
dinger. 


e  e  3 


630 


RESINS. 


Amorphous.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent... trans¬ 
lucent.  on  the  edges.  Lustre  fatty.  Yellow,  brown.  Streak 
yellowish-white.  Brittle,  h  =  i*5...2*o,  a  =  ro35...ro69. 
At  140°  c  becomes  translucent  and  elastic ;  at  250°  c  melts  into 
a  yellow  oil.  Burns  with  a  smoky  flame  and  aromatic  smell. 

Soluble  in  67  parts  of  alcohol,  and  in  13  parts  of  aether. 
Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid,  forming  a  dark  brown  solution. 

Analyses  by  Schrotter : — 


Carbon  .  . 

.  .  .  80*30 

80*19 

80*70 

Hydrogen 

.  .  .  10*68 

10*74 

10*62 

Oxygen  .  . 

.  .  .  9*02 

9*08 

8*68 

Nitrogen  .  . 

.  .  .  0*18 

0*18 

0*18 

Is  found  in  brown  coal,  at  Walchow  in  Moravia. 

473.  AMBEB. — Amber;  Phillips.  Succin ;  Hauy.  Gelbes 
Erd-Harz  ;  Mohs.  Bernstein  ;  Hausmann.  Succinit ;  Hai- 
dinger. 

Amorphous.  Transparent ...  translucent.  Lustre  waxy. 
fj.  ~  1*5.  Yellow  of  various  shades,  hyacinth-red,  brown, 
white.  Streak  yellowish-white.  Slightly  brittle.  H  —  2*0. . .2*5. 
G  =  1*0...  1*1.  Acquires  resinous  electricity  by  friction. 

At  287  c  melts  and  is  decomposed,  yielding  water,  an  empy- 
reumatic  oil  and  succinic  acid.  Burns  with  a  bright  flame  and 
a  peculiar  smell,  leaving  a  carbonaceous  residue. 

C10H8O,  carbon  78*96,  hydrogen  10*57,  oxygen  10*67. 


Analysis  by  Schrotter  : — 

Carbon . 78-82 

Hydrogen . io*23 

Oxygen . 20-95 


.  ^  rounded  masses  and  disseminated,  frequently  containing 
air .  bubbles,  insects  and  parts  of  plants.  Is  supposed  to  be 
derived  from  the  resins  of  extinct  conifer*. 

It  occurs  principally  in  the  tertiary  brown  coal  formations. 
Is  found  in  Sicily  between  Catania  and  Semito,  in  Prussia  prin¬ 
cipally  between  Palmnicken  and  Gross-Hubenicken,  Pomerania 
Holstein,  Courland,  Livonia,  Greenland,  China,  Prance,  Italy! 
Spam,  England,  Ireland.  J 

474.  NAPHTHA^-Naphtha;  Phillips,  Beudant.  Schwarzes 
Erd-Harz ;  Mohs.  Erdol ;  Hausmann.  Bitumen ;  Haidinger. 

Liquid.  Transparent. ..translucent.  Colourless...  yellow... 

brown,  g  _  o*7...o*8.  Unctuous  to  the  touch.  Smell  aro- 


NAPHTHA. 


6B1 


matic  and  bituminous.  Boils  at  a  temperature  below  100°  c 
Burns  with  a  bituminous  smell.  Soluble  in  absolute  alcohol. 


Analyses  by  Dumas : — 

Carbon . 84*65  88'02  85‘40  87'70  86'40 

Hydrogen . 13*31  11*98  14*23  13*00  1270 

Oozes  either  alone  or  with  water  out  of  clefts  in  rocks,  or 
out  of  the  ground  at  Haring  and  Tegernsee  in  the  Alps, 
Amiano  near  Parma  and  many  other  places  m  Italy,  Saiies  m 
the  Pyrenees,  several  places  in  the  United  States,  Persia,  the 

East  Indies,  China,  Baku  on  the  Caspian. 

By  exposure  to  the  air  naphtha  becomes  thick  and  at  last 
solid.  Petroleum,  elaterite  and  asplialtum  are  supposed  to  be 
naphtha  more  or  less  altered  by  exposure.. 

Petroleum,  at  the  usual  temperature,  is  rather  thicker  than 
common  tar,  has  a  bituminous  odour,  and  is  of  a  blackish  or 
reddish-brown  colour,  burns  with  a  thick  black  smoke,  is 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  very  soluble  m  aether  and  m 
volatile  and  fat  oils.  G  =  0*8...  1  2. 


Analyses  of  petroleum  from  Beebelbrunn  and  from  Hatten 
in  Alsace  by  Boussingault : — 

Carbon . 88’3  88  ? 

Hydrogen . irl  12  6 


Is  found  in  Hanover,  Brunswick,  Pont  du  Chateau  and 
many  other  places  in  Auvergne,  Beebelbrunn  Hatten  and 
Lobsann  in  Alsace,  Zante,  Barbados,  forming  a  lake  m  Trmidac , 
in  England  at  Ormskirk  in  Lancashire,  and  at  Coal  Port  near 
Coalbrookdale,  at  St.  Catharine’s  Well  near  Edinburgh,  m  the 

isle  of  Pomona,  Bangoon  in  Ava.  .  -  , 

Elaterite  is  soft,  yields  easily  to  pressure,  is  flexible  and 

elastic  like  caoutchouc,  brown  or  black,  g  _  o  8...1  23. 


Analyses 

Carbon  .  . 

Hydrogen  . 


of  elaterite  from  Derbyshire  by  Johnston 

85-47  84*39  83*67  85*96 
13*28  12*58  12*54  12*34 


86*18 

12*42 


Is  found  in  the  Odin  mine  at  Castleton  m  Derbyshire,  Mon- 
trelais  not  far  from  Nantes  in  France,  W oodbury  m  Connecticut. 

Asphallum  is  solid  with  a  conchoidal  fracture,  opaque  with  a 
shining  waxy  lustre,  black,  inclining  to  brown,  and  has  a  biown 
streak  h  =  *-0.  a  =  11-V2.  Acquires  resinous  electricity 

by  friction.  Melts  at  a  little  above  100  c.  Burns  with  a 
smoky  flame,  leaving  a  small  quantity  ot  ashes. 

J  Eel 


632 


EE  SINS. 


Analyses  of  asphaltum  from  Auvergne  by  Ebelmen,  and  from 
Peru  by  Boussmgault 

76*13  88*63 

9*41  9*69 


Carbon  . 
Hydrogen 
Oxygen  . 
Nitrogen 
Ash  .  . 


10*34 

2*32 

1*80 


} 


1*68 


Is  found  at  Lirnmer  in  Hanover  and  near  Munster,  at  Soult 
Lobsann,  Bechelbrunn,  on  the  Ehone  from  Seyssel  to  the  Perte 
du  Ehone,  in  Yal  Travers  in  Neufchatel,  the  Dead  Sea,  Avlona 
m  Albania,  m  a  vein  m  Carharack  mine  in  Cornwall,  in  veins  in 
Haughmond  hill  in  Shropshire,  in  East  Lothian. 

ttY5-  -TOEIALINE  -Idrialine ;  Dufrenoy.  Braunes  Erd- 
Harz  ;  Mohs.  Idnaht ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 

Fracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Lustre  resinous.  Greyish- 
black,  brownish-b  ack... reddish-brown.  Streak  brown,  shining 
Unctuous.  Sectile.  H  =  i  o...r5.  G  =  r4  re  ’  g' 

Melts  at  between  250°  c  and  300°  c.  In  the  matrass  sublimes 
and  is  deposited  in  bngbt  iridescent  scales.  Inflammable 
Soluble  in  hot  oil  of  turpentine,  olive  oil,  alcohol,  mther,  acetic 
ac  d,  kreosote.  The  solution,  on  cooling,  deposits  it  in  greenish- 

sulphmicTcid.’  CryStaUlne  scales'  ImParts  a  yellow  colour  to 

Analyses  a  by  Dumas,  i,  c  by  Schrotter,  d  by  Bodeker 

a  b  c  d 

Carbon  ....  94-9  94-50  94.80  ; 

Hydrogen  ...  6'1  6-19  6.49  3 

Oxygen  .  .  .  .  _  _  _  2.8? 

Is  found  mechanically  mixed  with  a  large  and  variable  ouan 

t  ty  of  cinnabar  and  other  substances,  in  thin  layers  in  slate  in 
the  quicksdver  mines  of  Idria.  '  slate’ m 

476.  IXOLYTE.— Ixolyt ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 
Amorphous.  Fracture  conehoidal ...  earthy.  Lustre  resinous 

brown6  fife' *  'ST  ^ ■ 

Softens  at  76  c  and  can  be  drawn  into  threads  at  ioo°  r 
Is  found  with  hartite,  filling  up  cracks  in  wood  converted  into 
brown  coal,  at  Oberhart  near  Grloggnitz  in  Austria.  * 

477.  PIAUZITE. — Piauzit ;  Hausmann,  Haidinger. 


COAL. 


G33 


Fracture  imperfect  conclioidal.  Translucent  on  tlie  thinnest 
edges.  Blackish-brown.  Streak  yellowish-brown.  Sectile. 
H  =  1*5.  Gt  =  1'220. 

Melts  at  315°  c.  Burns  with  an  aromatic  smell,  and  bright 
flame.  Completely  soluble  in  sether  and  caustic  potash. 

Is  found  in  a  bed  of  brown  coal  near  Piauze  in  Carniola. 

COAL. 

478.  COAL. — Harzige  Stein-Kohle,  Harzlose  Stein-Kohle ; 
Mohs.  Anthracit,  Scliwarzkohle,  Braunkohle  ;  Hausmann. 
Anthrazit,  Harzige  Steinkohle  ;  Haidinger. 

Of  this  substance  there  are  three  varieties:  1.  anthracite; 
2.  black  coal;  3.  brown  coal;  all  of  vegetable  origin. 

l.  Anthracite. — Fracture  conchoidal.  Lustre  vitreous  or 
waxy.  Black.  Streak  black.  Brittle.  H  =  2"0...2*5.  G-  = 
r3...1‘75.  Conducts  electricity  perfectly. 

Burns  with  a  weak  flame.  ‘Deflagrates  with  nitre.  Imparts 
no  colour  to  caustic  potash. 

Analyses  of  anthracite  a  from  Pennsylvania,  b  from  Herzogen- 
rath  near  Aix  la  Chapelle,  both  by  Kegnault,  c  from  Coalbrook- 
dale  by  Jacquelin,  d  from  Pembrokeshire  by  Schafhautl 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Carbon  .  . 

.  .  90-45 

91'45 

90-68 

94-10 

Hydrogen  . 

.  .  2-43 

4-18 

3-60 

2-39 

Oxygen  .  . 

*  *  l  2-45 

2-12 

3*81 

1'34 

Nitrogen 

•  •/ 

0-29 

0*87 

Ash  .  .  . 

.  .  4-67 

2-25 

1-72 

1*30 

Is  found  in  several  parts  of  the  Alps,  the  Pyrenees,  in  many 
parts  of  France,  Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts,  Bohemia,  Silesia, 
Saxonv,  the  Meissner  in  Hessia,  near  Walsall  in  Staffordshire, 
Brecknockshire,  Carmarthenshire,  Pembrokeshire,  Cumnock  and 
Kilmarnock  in  Scotland,  Kilkenny  in  Ireland. 

2.  Black  coal.  Fracture  conchoidal...  uneven.  Lustre  waxy. 
Black.  Streak  black.  Slightly  sectile . . .brittle,  h  =  2*0. . .2*5. 

Burns  with  a  smoky  flame  and  bituminous  smell.  Imparts 
sometimes  a  yellow  or  brown  colour  to  caustic  potash. 

Analyses  of  black  coal  a  from  Lancashire,  b  from  Blanzy,  c 
from  Epinac,  all  by  Kegnault,  d  from  Newcastle  by  Kichardson, 
6  from  Monte  Mhssi  near  Pisa  by  Bunsen . 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Carbon . 

83-75 

76-48 

81-12 

87-95 

73*63 

Hydrogen  .... 

Oxygen  and  nitrogen  . 
Earthy  matter 

6-66 

8*04 

2-55 

E  e 

5-23 

16-01 

2-28 

5 

5-10 

11-25 

2-53 

5-24 

5-41 

1-40 

5*28 

17-89 

3-20 

634 


COAL. 


This  is  the  common  coal  of  the  British  collieries.  It  is  found 
also  in  Germany,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Belgium,  Trance,  Asturias, 
North  America,  China,  Japan,  Australia. 

3.  Brown  coal. — Fracture  conchoidal . . .  earthy.  Lustre  waxy. 
Brown... black.  Streak  brown.  H  =  ro...2,5.  g  =  0*5.. .1*6. 

Burns  with  a  smoky  flame  and  unpleasant  smell.  Imparts  a 
dark  brown  colour  to  caustic  potash. 

Analyses  of  brown  coal  a  from  Elbogen,  b  from  Bax,  c  from 
the  Meissner,  d  from  Uznach,  all  by  Begnault 


Carbon  .... 
Hydrogen  .  .  . 

Oxygen  and  nitrogen 
Ash  .... 


a 

b 

C 

d 

.  .  73-79 

70-49 

71-71 

56-04 

.  .  7*46 

5-59 

4*85 

5-70 

.  .  13-79 

18-93 

21*67 

36-07 

4-99 

1-77 

2*19 

Brown  coal  exhibits  the  structure  of  wood  much  more  dis¬ 
tinctly  than  the  other  varieties  of  coal. 

It  occurs  principally  in  the  tertiary  formations  and  in 
alluvium.  It  is  found  in  various  parts  of  Germany,  Switzerland, 
Aix  m  Provence,  Hungary,  Italy,  Greece,  Iceland,  Greenland’ 
near  Boy ey  Tracey  in  Devonshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ouse  in 
Sussex,  in  Scotland  in  Fife  and  Mid  Lothian,  and  in  the  isles 
oi  Sky  and  Canna,  in  the  Faroe  isles,  particularly  in  Suderoe,  in 
Antrim  in  Ireland  imbedded  in  trap. 


APPENDIX. 


CONTAINING 

MINERALS  THE  COMPOSITION  OE  WHICH  IS  UNKNOWN 
OR  DOUBTEUL,  AND  WHICH  ARE  OTHERWISE 
IMPEREECTLY  DESCRIBED. 


GOLD  AMALGAM. —  In  small  white  globules,  in  the 
platinum  stream-works  of  Columbia.  Analysis  by  Schneider : 
mercury  57*40,  gold  38*39,  silver  6*00. 


KANEITE.  —  In  granular  masses.  Lustre  metallic. 
Greyish-white.  G  =  6*5.  Mn^ As.  Analysis  by  Kane man¬ 
ganese  45*6,  iron  a  trace,  arsenic  51*8.  Saxony. 

APHTHONITE. —  Steel-grey,  compact.  G  =  4*87.  Melts 
easily  before  the  blowpipe.  Analysis  by  Svanberg -.-sulphur 
30*05,  antimony  24*77,  copper  32*91,  silver  3*09,  lead  0*04,  zinc 
6*40,  iron  1*31,  cobalt  0*49,  stony  matter  1*29,  arsenic  traces.  Is 
found  in  Wermskog  in  Wermland  in  Sweden. 


BBONGNIAKDITE. — (Damour.  Annales  de  Mines,  t. 
xvi  1819  227.)  Fracture  uneven.  No  cleavage  observed. 
Lustre  metallic.  Streak  blackish-grey,  h  above  3  g  =  5*950. 
In  the  matrass  decrepitates,  fuses  and  yields  a  slight  orange 
sublimate  in  the  lower  part,  and  a  white  sublimate  above,  in 
the  open  tube  emits  fumes  of  sulphur,  and  deposits  a  white  sub¬ 
limate  of  oxide  of  antimony.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
melts  below  redness,  emits  the  odour  of  sulphur  and  white 
fumes,  and  leaves  a  globule  of  silver  surrounded  by  a  yellow 
areola  of  oxide  of  lead.  Partially  decomposed  by  nitric  acid. 
Soluble  in  a  large  quantity  of  boiling  hydrochloric  acid  Pb  + 
U  4-  Sb,  sulphur  19*08,  antimony  30*66,  silver  25  65,  lead  ^4  61. 
Mein  of  three  analyses  by  Damour : -sulphur  19*24,  antimony 
29*77,  silver  24*77,  lead  24*91,  copper  0*62,  iron  0*26,  zinc  0  36. 
Was  found  associated  with  pynte  in  Mexico. 

e  e  6 


636 


APPENDIX. 


CUPREOUS  BISMUTH.  —  Kupferwismutherz.  In  long 
prismatic  crystals  cleavable  very  distinctly  in  one  direction 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  prism.  Eracture  uneven.  Opaque. 
Lustre  metallic.  Steel-grey,  lead-grey,  tin-white.  Streak 
black.  Sectile.  h  =  3*5.  G  =  5*0.  Analysis  by  Klaproth  : — 
copper  34*66,  bismuth  47*24,  sulphur  12*68.  Was  found  at  Gal- 
lenbach  and  Neugliick  near  Wittichen  in  Baden. 


CUPROPLUMBITE.  —  Has  a  distinct  cleavage  parallel 
to  the  faces  of  a  cube.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Blackish 
lead-grey.  Streak  black.  Rather  sectile.  h  =  2*5.  g  =  6*408... 
6  428.  According  to  a  quantitative  blowpipe  analysis  by  Platt- 
ner,  it  consists  ot : — sulphide  of  lead  74*98,  sulphide  of  copper 
(cu  s)  24*45,  sulphide  of  silver  o*57.  Occurs  in  Chile. 

ENARG-ITE. — Prismatic,  a  100,  b  oio,  c  ooi,  m  no.  be  = 
90°  o ,  ca  =  90°  o',  ab  =  90°  o',  mm  =  81°  49'.  Cleavage. 
on,  perfect;  a,  b,  distinct;  c,  indistinct.  Eracture  uneven. 
Lustre  metallic.  Black.  Streak  black.  Brittle,  h  =  3. 
G  ==  4  430... 4*445.  When  heated  in  the  matrass  decrepitates 
and  yields  a  sublimate  of  sulphur,  fuses  into  a  globule  below 
a  red  heat,  and  yields  a  sublimate  of  sulphurous  acid  and  sul¬ 
phide  of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube  gives  oif  sulphurous  acid 
and  oxide  of  antimony.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  emits 
iuines  of  sulphide  of  arsenic,  and  deposits  a  sublimate  of  ar- 
semous  acid,  oxide  ot  antimony,  and  oxide  of  zinc.  After  being 
roasted,  it  gives  with  borax  the  reactions  of  copper  and  iron 
Analysis  by  Plattner: — sulphur  32*22,  arsenic  17*60,  antimony 
1*61,  copper  47*21,  iron  o*57,  zinc  o*23,  silver  0*02.  Is  found 
abundantly  in  compact  masses,  containing  sometimes  crystalline 
druses  forming  a  vein  in  crystalline  limestone,  at  Morococha, 
district  of  J ouli,  m  the  Cordilleras  of  Peru. 

BISMUTHIC  SILVER. — Wismuthbleierz.  Eracture  un¬ 
even,  fine-grained.  Opaque.  Lustre  metallic.  Light  lead- 
grey  Acquires  a  dark  tarnish  by  exposure.  Soft.  Sectile. 
Analysis  by  Klaproth silver,  15*0,  lead  33*0,  bismuth  27*0 
iron  4*3,  copper  o*9,  sulphur  16*3.  In  delicate  acicular  and 
capillary  crystals  ;  massive;  disseminated.  Was  found  in  gneiss 
m  the  E  nednch  Christians  mine  at  Schapbach  in  Baden. 

BISMUTHIC  COBALT  is  probably  a  mechanical  mixture 
of  bismuthme  and  smaltine.  Analysis  by  Kersten: — cobalt 

9*89,  iron  4*77,  bismuth  3*89,  copper  1*30,  nickel  rn,  arsenic 
77*96,  sulphur  1*02. 


BOG  IRON  OEE. 


G37 


LONCHIDITE,  G  =  4'925 . .  .5*001,  from  Ereiberg,  Schnee- 
berg  and  Cornwall,  contains,  according  to  Plattner: — iron  44*23, 
cobalt  o*35,  copper  075,  lead  0*20,  sulphur  49*61,  arsenic  4*40. 

SHEPARDITE. — In  small  prisms.  Opaque.  Lustre  me¬ 
tallic,  imperfect.  Brownish-black.  Streak  the  same,  h  =  4*0. 
According  to  Shepard  contains  sulphur  and  chrome.  Was 
found  in  small  grains  in  the  Bishop  ville  meteorite. 

ZUNDERERZ,  from  Andreasberg,  Clausthal  and  Stolberg, 
consists  of  cherry-red  or  blackish-red  capillary  crystals  interlaced 
so  as  to  present  flakes  resembling  tinder.  Analysis  by  Born- 
trager : — silver  2*56,  lead  43*06,  iron  4*52,  antimony  16*88,  arsenic 
12*60,  sulphur  19*57. 

YELLOW  TELLURIUM. — The  description  by  Phillips 
does  not  relate  to  the  mineral  of  which  he  gives  the  figure,  but 
probably  represents  some  impure  specimen  of  sylvanite.  Erom 
an  examination  of  some  simple  crystals  taken  from  the  specimen 
from  which  that  figured  by  Phillips  was  obtained,  we  have  ascer¬ 
tained  that  the  angles  approach  so  nearly  to  those  of  bournonite, 
as  to  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  the  crystals  are  that  substance. 
The  crystal  figured  by  Phillips  was  probably  a  deceptive  twin,  of 
which  the  faces  M,  f  a  belong  to  one  individual,  and  the  faces 
c,  e  to  the  other.  The  forms  and  angles  of  the  crystals  examined 
are : — a  loo,  c  ooi,  o  Oil,  m  no,  e  120,  y  111,  t  112.  t  trun¬ 
cates  the  edge  yc.  Twins.  Twin-face  m. 

FIG.  641. 

ac 
oc 
00 
ma 
mm 
ea 

TENORITE. —  In  thin  hexagonal  or  triangular  scales. 
Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  metallic.  Steel-grey. .  .black. 
Brown  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  black.  Cuo.  Copper  79*82, 
i  oxygen  20*18.  Is  found  in  crevices  in  the  lava  of  Vesuvius. 

BOGr  IRON  ORE.  —  Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal. 
Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Yellowish-brown... blackish-brown. 
g  =  3*3... 3*5.  Analyses  of  bog  iron  ore  a  from  Artana  in 
Valencia  by  Proust,  b  from  La  Raquinerie  by  Berthier,  c  from 
Kempnow  by  Klaproth,  d  from  New  York  by  Kersten,  e  from 


90° 

0' 

ee 

43 

23 

yo 

86 

46 

yy 

46 

52 

yy 

86 

16 

yc 

64 

64 

tc 

638 


APPENDIX. 


Leipzig  by  Erdmann,  f  from 

Amungen  in 

Halarne  by  Svan- 

berg : — 

a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  .  . 

.  78*57 

43-4 

66-0 

66*33 

51-00 

70'05 

Protox.  iron  .  .  . 

• 

— 

— 

3-60 

— 

— 

Lime,  magn.  . 

.  — 

— 

— 

- — 

— 

2*43 

Ox.  mang. 

.  — 

15-0 

1*6 

0-75 

— 

1*78 

Phosph.  acid  .  .  . 

— 

— 

8*0 

0-12 

10*99 

0*34 

Water,  organ,  acids 

.  21*43 

15*0 

23-0 

26-40 

28*80 

15*87 

Silica . 

.  — 

23-0 

— 

2-80 

9*20 

8*03 

Alumina  .... 

.  — 

3*2 

— 

— 

0*41 

1*60 

Bog  iron  ore  is  of  recent  formation,  arising  from  the  decom¬ 
position  of  certain  rocks  over  which  water  passes,  and  is  de¬ 
posited  in  low  and  marshy  situations.  The  variety  called 
bohnerz  or  pea  iron  ore,  occurs  in  small  globular  concretions. 
It  is  found  in  sandy  plains,  hogs  and  lakes  in  Lusatia,  Lower 
Silesia,  Brandenburg,  Mecklenburg,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  Poland, 
Lithuania,  Bussia,  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  the  Hebrides, 
Orkney  and  Shetland  islands.  A  hydrous  oxide  of  iron  from 
the  government  of  Nischnei-Nowgorod  in  Bussia  (quellerz) 
consists  essentially  of  Ee  h3  according  to  Hermann. 

EBDKOBALT.  —  Massive,  disseminated,  investing  other 
minerals.  Practure  earthy... flat  conchoidal.  Yellow,  brown. 
Streak  the  same,  paler,  shining.  Opaque.  Sectile.  H  =  ro... 
2'5.  G  =  2'0 . .  .2'67.  A  mixture  of  hydrous  arseniates  of  oxides 
of  iron,  cobalt  and  lime.  Is  found  at  Kamsdorf  and  Saalfeld  in 
Thuringia,  Biechelsdorf  in  Hessia,  Allemont  in  Dauphine. 

GTJMMIEBZ.  —  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven.  Feebly 
translucent . . .  opaque.  Lustre  resinous.  Beddish-yellow . . . red. 
Streak  yellow.  .  Brittle,  h  — 2*5. ..3*0.  g  —  3*9. ..4*2.  Before 
the  blowpipe  with  borax  fuses  into  a  brownish-red  bead  which 
.  becomes  yellow  on  cooling.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  forms  a  yellow  glass  in  the  outer  flame,  and  a  green 
glass  in  the  inner  flame.  Analysis  by  Kersten yellow  oxide 
of  uranium  72*00,  lime  6-00,  oxide  of  manganese  0*05,  phosphoric 
acid  2  30,  silica  4*26,  water  14'75,  vanadic,  arsenic  and  hydro¬ 
fluoric  acid  traces.  Is  found  at  Johann- Greorgenstadt  in 
Saxony.  Mr.  Brooke  has  a  specimen  of  which  some  small 
patches  are  black,  resembling  Uran  pitch  ore,  and  other  parts, 
concentrically  round  the  black  in  indistinct  layers,  are  of  a 
deep  orange  to  pale  yellow.  These  are  probably  an  altered 
state  of  the  black  mineral,  and  may  possibly  be  the  substance 
here  described. 

KLPFEBBLAF. — Amorphous.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal. 


CHROMOCHRE. 


639 


Sky-blue.  Streak  shining,  h  =  4... 5.  a  =  2*56.  Yields 
water  in  the  matrass.  According  to  Plattner,  it  contains  45-5 
per  cent,  of  oxide  of  copper.  Is  found  in  the  valley  of  Schap- 
bach  in  Baden. 


KUPEERM  AN  GAN  S  CHW  ARZE.  —  Amorphous.  Erac- 
ture  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre  resinous.  Blueish-black. 
Streak  the  same.  Slightly  brittle,  h  =  3*5.  G-  —  3*1... 3’2. 
Analyses  of  compact  kupfermanganschwarze  a  from  Kams- 
dorf  by  Rammelsberg,  b  from  Kamsdorf  by  Bottger,  c  from 
Schlackenwald  by  Karsten,  d  of  an  earthy  variety  from  Lauter- 
berg  by  du  Menil :  — 


Protox.  mangan.  .  .  . 

Oxygen . 

Black  oxide  of  copper 
Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

Barytes . 

Lime . 

Magnesia . 

Oxides  of  cobalt  and  nickel 

Potash . 

Silica . 

Water . 


a 

b 

C 

d 

49-99 

53-22 

66-61 

27-01 

8-91 

9-14 

7-49 

3-04 

14-67 

16-85 

4-80 

11*51 

4-70 

1-88 

0-12 

28-99 

1-64 

1-70 

— 

— 

2-25. 

2-85 

— 

— 

0-69 

gypsum 

1-05 

— 

0-49 

0-14 

— 

— 

0'62 

0'65 

— 

— 

2-74 

— 

0-30 

— 

14-46 

16*94 

20-10 

29-45 

Is  found  at  Kamsdorf,  Schlackenwald,  Lauterberg,  Zellerfeld, 
Bheinbreitenbach,  Kupferberg,  Budolstadt,  Cornwall,  the  Ba- 
nat,  Schlangenberg  in  Siberia. 


CHROMOCHBE.  —  Eracture  earthy,  uneven.  Opaque  or 
faintly  translucent.  Dull,  sometimes  feebly  glistening.  Green. 
It  is  usually  so  intimately  mingled  with  other  mineral  substances, 
that  it  can  only  be  separated  from  them  by  chemical  operations. 
Analyses  of  substances  coloured  by  oxide  of  chrome  a  from 
Creuzot  by  Drappiez,  b  from  Waldenburg  in  Silesia  by  Zellner, 
c  from  Marlenberg  in  Dalarne  in  Sweden  by  Hisinger,  d  from 
Halle  by  Wolf: — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Oxide  of  chrome 

.  .  .  .  13*0 

20 

10 

4-28 

Oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  .  2'0 

3-0 

3 

3-15 

Silica  .... 

.  .  .  .  52-0 

58*5 

39 

46-11 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  .  27*0 

30-0 

36 

30-53 

Lime  .... 

.  .  .  .  45 

soda 

0-46 

Potash  .  . 

.  .  .  .  — 

— 

— 

3-44 

— 

6-25 

8 

12-62 

Beniform,  massive,  investing  other  minerals.  Is  found  in  a 
conglomerate  at  Creuzot  in  Erance,  in  the  porphyry  ol  Elldal 


G40 


APPENDIX. 


in  Sweden,  Waldenburg  in  Silesia,  Halle  in  porphyry  by  the 
decomposition  of  which  it  is  produced. 

PITCHY  COPPER  ORE  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  lim- 
nite  with  a  hydrous  silicate  of  oxide  of  copper.  According  to 
v.  Kobell,  a  variety  from  Turinsk  consists  of: — red  oxide  of 
iron  59*00,  black  oxide  of  copper  13*00,  silica  9‘66,  water  18*00. 

UMBER  appears  to  be  a  mechanical  mixture  of  limnite 
and  hydrate  of  oxide  of  manganese  and  clay.  Ferruginous  red 
oxide  of  copper  is  a  mixture  of  limnite  with  about  22  per  cent, 
of  red  oxide  of  copper. 

URANOCHRE. — Amorphous.  Fracture  earthy  ...imperfect 
conchoidal.  Opaque.  Hull ...  glimmering.  Lemon-yellow... 
sulphur-yellow,  brown.  Soft,  friable.  In  the  matrass  yields 
water  and  becomes  red.  Before  the  blowpipe  in  the  inner 
flame  becomes  green  without  melting.  With  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  yellow  glass,  in  the  inner 
flame  a  green  glass.  Easily  soluble  in  acids.  Probably  oxide 
of  uranium  and  water  in  unknown  proportions.  Occurs  massive, 
disseminated,  investing  other  minerals.  Is  found  with  pechuran, 
of  the  decomposition  of  wThich  it  is  a  product,  with  torberite, 
antunite,  at  Joachimsthal  and  Johann- Georgenstadt,  and  in 
metallic  veins  in  granite  at  St.  Symphorien  in  France. 

VARVICITE. — Supposed  to  be  decomposed  manganife.  In 
columnar  and  fibrous  masses.  Lustre  metallic,  imperfect. 
Iron-black . . .  steel-grey.  Streak  black,  h  =  2  5 . . .  3.  g  =  4*5 . . . 
4-6.  Analysis,  from  Warwickshire,  by  Phillips: — manganese 
63-3,  oxygen  317,  water  5  ;  from  Ihlefeld  by  Duflos  :— -protoxide 
of  manganese  81*41,  oxygen  13*47,  water  5*13. 

AHINOLE  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  albite  and  quartz 
found  at  Sahla  and  in  the  Harz,  h  =  6*5.  g  =  2*617... 2*640. 
Analyses  of  adinole  from  Lerbach  in  the  Harz  by  Schneder- 
mann  : — silica  71*60,  alumina  14*75,  soda  10*06,  potash  o*32,  lime 
1*06,  red  oxide  of  iron  with  traces  of  protoxide  of  manga¬ 
nese  1*41. 

iEGYRINE.  —  Probably  isomorphous  with  augite.  a  loo, 
b  oio,  m  no.  ma  —  46°  34',  mb  =  43°  26',  mm'  =  86°  52'. 
Cleavage,  a ,  b ,  m.  Greenish-black... blackish-green.  Streak 
greenish-grey,  ii  =  5*5... 5*75.  g  =  3*432... 3*504.  Is  found 
with  leucophane  in  the  island  of  Skaadon  near  Brevig. 


BAULITE. 


641 


ANDESINE  is  a  mineral  greatly  resembling  albite.  "With 
ampbibole  it  constitutes  a  rock  which  occurs  in  the  Andes, 
to  which  the  name  andesite  has  been  given.  The  crystals 
of  andesine  resemble  albite.  The  cleavage  of  andesine  is 
not  so  distinct  as  that  of  albite.  a  —  2*7328.  Andesine 
fuses  as  readily  as  oligoclase.  Saccharite  is  probably  a  par¬ 
tially  decomposed  andesine.  Cleavable  distinctly  in  one  direc¬ 
tion.  Eracture  splintery,  uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly.  White,  greenish-white, 
apple-green.  Very  brittle,  n  =  5*0... 6*0.  u  =  2*66... 2*69. 
Euses  before  the  blowpipe  on  the  sharpest  edges  only.  Imper¬ 
fectly  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids.  Is 
found  in  veins  in  serpentine  on  the  Glasendorf  near  Franken¬ 
stein  in  Silesia.  Analyses  a  of  andesine  from  the  Andes  by 
Abich,  b  wax-coloured,  from  the  syenite  of  the  Eallon  de  Ser- 
vance  in  the  Yosges,  c  coral-red,  from  Coravillers  in  the  Yosges, 
both  by  Delesse,  d  of  saccharite  by  C.  Schmidt,  e  of  a  mineral 
resembling  albite  from  Pisoje  near  Popayan  by  Erancis : — 


a 

-  b 

C 

d 

e 

G . 

2*683 

2*651 

— 

2*64 

Silica  .... 

.  .  59*66 

68*92 

58*91 

58*93 

56*72 

Alumina 

.  .  24*28 

25*05 

24*59 

23*60 

26*52 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  1*58 

trace 

0*99 

— 

0*70 

Oxide  of  nickel  . 

.  .  — 

— 

— 

0*39 

— 

Lime  .... 

.  .  5*77 

4*64 

4*01 

5*67 

9*38 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

..  .  1*08 

0*41 

0*40 

0*56 

— 

Soda  .... 

.  .  5*63 

7*20 

7*59 

7*42 

6*19 

Potash  .... 

.  .  1*08 

2*06 

2*53 

0*05 

0*80 

Water  .... 

— 

1*27 

0*98 

2*21 

— 

AIJBALITE. — In  prisms.  Black.  Is  found  at  Abo. 

BABALITE. — Black  slate  with  cavities  filled  with  a  black 
powder.  A  silico-aluminate  of  iron.  Is  found  at  Baralon, 
Cote  du  Nord,  France. 

BAULITE. — Oblique.  Transparent.  White.  G  =  2*656.  In 
very  thin  splinters  melts  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  clear 
glass.  Analysis  by  Grenth silica  80*23,  alumina  11*71,  lime 
1*20,  soda  2*26,  potash  4*92.  Is  found  in  the  matter  ejected  by 
Krabla  in  Iceland.  The  name  baulite  was  first  given  by  Eor- 
chammer  to  a  greyish-white  porous  mineral  from  the  Baula 
mountain  in  Iceland,  having  nearly  the  same  composition  as  the 
crystals  analyzed  by  Grenth,  but  sometimes  containing  also  2... 3 
per  cent,  of  water. 


642 


APPENDIX. 


BUST  AMITE  is  a  cleavable  variety  of  rhodonite  from  Real 
de  Minas  de  Eetela  in  Mexico,  containing  a  large  quantity  of 
lime.  Columnar,  radiating.  Greenish-grey,  reddish-grey,  h  = 
5'5.  g  =  3*12 ..  .3*23.  According  to  Bumas  contains: — silica 
48‘90,  protoxide  of  manganese  36'06,  lime  14*57,  protoxide  of  iron 
0*81.  Photizite,  hydropite,  hornmangan,  diaphorite,  allagite  are 
mechanical  mixtures  of  rhodonite,  with  quartz  and  diallogite. 

BOLTOYITE.  —  (Shepard.)  Granular.  Cleavage  in  one 
direction  distinct ;  in  two  other  directions  less  distinct.  Frac¬ 
ture  uneven... small  conchoidal.  Lustre  vitreous.  Blueish- 
grey,  yellowish-grey,  yellow,  white.  h  =  5*5.  G  =  3*008. 
Analysis  by  B.  Silliman  : — silica  46*06,  alumina  5*67,  magnesia 
38  15,  protoxide  of  iron  8*63,  lime  1*62.  Is  found  massive  in  a 
limestone  quarry  at  Bolton  in  Massachusetts. 

BREISLAKITE  occurs  in  delicate  capillary  crystals. 
Translucent.  Lustre  imperfect  metallic.  Yellowish,  reddish, 
chesnut-brown.  Fusible  before  the  blowpipe  into  an  iron-black, 
magnetic  slag.  Is  found  in  felt-like  aggregations  of  crystals,  in 
cavities  of  lava  at  Viterbo  on  Capo  di  Bove  near  Rome,  and  in 
some  other  parts  of  Italy. 

BYTOWYITE,  from  Bytown  in  Canada,  according  to  the 
analysis  by  T.  S.  Hunt,  is  christianite.  Greenish- white,  h  — 
6*5.  G  =  2*732.. . 2*733.  Silica  47*40,  alumina  30*45,  lime  14*24, 
magnesia  o*87,  protoxide  of  iron  o*80,  soda  2*82,  potash  o*38, 
water  2*oo.  The  amount  of  water  renders  it  probable  that  the 
mineral  was  partially  decomposed. 

CORUJNTBELLITE.  —  (B.  Silliman.  Silliman’s  Journal. 
1849.  8.  380.)  In  broad  foliated  masses  of  a  yellowish- white 
colour,  easily  cleavable,  and  apparently  hexagonal.  Inelastic, 
brittle.  u  =  3*5.  g  =:  3*0.  Analysis  by  I.  J.  Crooke: — - 
silica  35*71,  alujnina  53*13,  lime  7*27,  potash  1*22,  soda  o*4l,  water 
and  fluorine  2*30.  Is  found  in  foliated  masses  and  scales  dis¬ 
seminated  through  corundum  at  Unionville  in  Pennsylvania. 

COUZERANTTE. — This  mineral,  as  noticed  by  Mr.  Brooke 
in  the  Phil.  Mag.  for  August,  1831,  is  described  in  Leonhard’s 
Handbuch  on  the  authority  of  Charpentier  as  a  right  rectan¬ 
gular  prism,  and  by  M.  Bufresnoy  in  the  Ann.  de  Chim.  v.  38, 
P*  ySO,  as  an  oblique  rhombic  prism.  Is  found  in  the  valleys  of 
beix  and  Salaix,  the  Col  de  la  Trappe  and  the  Picou  de  Gen, 
m  Les  Couzerans  in  the  Pyrenees. 


AMPHODEDITE,  LEPOLITE,  INDIAHITE. 


643 


DANBUEITE. — -pm  —  70°,  mb  —  64°,  ep  —  45°,  et  —  42°. 
t,  e,  p  are  in  one  zone.  Cleavage,  m,  p,  distinct ;  t,  less  dis¬ 
tinct.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Pale  yellow.  Analysis 
by  H.  Erni: — silica  4974,  lime  22*80,  magnesia  1*98,  soda  9  82, 
potash  4*31,  alumina  and  red  oxide  of  iron  2*11,  boracic  and 
loss  9*24.  Is  found  at  Danbury  in  Connecticut. 

DIP  Y  EE  occurs  in  regular  hexagonal  prisms,  imbedded  in  a 
grey  soft  matrix.  Is  found  at  Mauleon  in  the  Pyrenees. 

EUKOLITE. —  Like  wohlerite.  Eeniform.  Erown.  o  — 
3*01.  Melts  easily  with  ebullition  into  a  green  glass.  Is 
decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis  by  Scheerer : — 
silica  47*85,  tantalic  acid  and  zirconia  14*05,  red  oxide  of  iron 
8*24,  protoxide  of  manganese  1*94,  lime  12*06,  protoxide  of  cerium 
2*98,  soda  12*31,  water  0*94.  Is  found  in  the  zircon- syenite  near 
Erevig. 

GLAUCOLITE. — Cleavage,  not  very  perfect,  in  two  direc¬ 
tions  making  with  each  other  an  angle  of  nearly  36°  30'. 
Eracture  splintery,  uneven.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  on  the  cleavage  faces.  Lavender- 
blue,  green.  Streak  light  grey.  h  =  5*0. ..6*0.  o  =  2*65.. .2*9. 
Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  white  and  fuses  only  on  the  edges. 
Soluble  with  difficulty  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus.  Is 
found  near  lake  Baikal  in  Siberia  in  veins  in  granite,  and  also,^ 
it  is  said,  with  elseolite  near  Laurvig  in  Norway.  Analyses  of 
glaucolite  from  the  Baikal  a  by  Bergemann,  b  by  Giwartowski, 
c  of  a  mineral  from  Pargas,  supposed  by  Erankenheim  to  be 
labradorite,  by  Nordenskiold,  d  of  silicite  from  Antrim  by 


a 

b 

C 

d 

Silica . 

.  .  50*58 

50*49 

54*13 

54*8 

Alumina . 

.  .  27*60 

28*13 

29*13 

28*4 

Eed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  0*10 

0*40 

(l*e 

4*0) 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

.  .  0*87 

0*59 

— 

12*4 

Lime . 

.  .  10*27 

11*31 

15*46 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  3*73 

2*68 

— 

— 

Soda . 

.  .  2*97 

3*10 

— 

■  ~~ 

Potash . 

.  .  1*27 

1*01 

— 

— 

Water . 

,  .  — 

1*79 

1*07 

0*6 

AMPHODEDITE,  LEPOLITE,  and  Bournon’s  INDIA- 
NITE  are  probably  christianite.  The  crystals  of  amphodelite 
greatly  resemble  those  of  christianite,  and  appear  to  consist  oi 
numerous  crystalline  lamina)  arranged  as  twins.  The  angles 


G44 


APPENDIX. 


which  have  been  observed  are  :—pm  =  94°  2 o',  pa  =  64°  o',  py  = 
81°  nearly,  ya  —  145°  nearly,  y,  c,  a  are  in  the  same  zone. 
Cleavage,  c,  b,  perfect ;  the  cleavage  c  is  interrupted  by  striae 
where  it  intersects  the  junctions  of  the  twin  crystals.  ‘Trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous.  Beddish-grev...  peach- 
blossom  red.  h  =  6*5...6*o.  g=2*763.  Melts  before  the  blowpipe 
into  a  colourless  blebby  glass.  With  borax  fuses  slowly  into  a 
transparent  bead.  Is  found  in  granular  limestone  at  Lojo  in 
Finland,  Tunaberg  in  Sweden  and  Bytown  in  Upper  Canada. 
The  crystals  of  lepolite  are  said  to  resemble  those  of  oligoclase. 
G  =  2*75... 2*77.  Melts  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into 
a  transparent  glass.  In  very  fine  powder  is  soluble  in  mineral 
acids.  Indianite  has  two  cleavages  making  with  each  other  an 
angle  of  94°  is'.  More  or  less  translucent.  White,  grey,  red. 
u  =  7*0...  7*25.  g  =  2*668 . . .2’742.  Said  to  be  infusible  before 
the  blowpipe.  G-elatinizes  with  acids.  Indianite  is  the  matrix 
of  corundum  in  India.  Analyses  of  amphodelite  a  from  Lojo 
by  Nordenskiold,  b  from  Tunaberg  by  Svanberg,  of  lepolite  c 
from  Lojo,  d  from  Oriiorfvi.  hntli  lw  TTpi-monn  z>  -P ^1*  u, u*^^u~ 
by  Laugier,  g 
Brush : — 


Silica  .  .  . 

Alumina 
Bed  ox.  iron 
Lime 

Magnesia  . 
Soda  .  .  . 

Water  .  . 


of  indianite, 

H  = 

7*0.. .7*25,  G 

=  2*668,  by 

a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

9 

45*80 

44*55 

42*80 

42*50 

42*00 

43*0 

42*09 

35*45 

35*19 

35*12 

33*11 

34*00 

34*5 

38*89 

1*70 

0*07 

1*50 

4*00 

3*20 

1*0 

- - 

10*15 

15*02 

14*94 

10*87 

15*00 

15*6 

15*78 

5*05 

4*08 

2*27 

5*87 

— 

— 

—  ■ 

— 

— 

1*50 

1*69 

3*35 

2*6 

4*08 

1*85 

0*59 

1*56 

1*50 

1*00 

1*0 

— 

.  —  Oblique. 

Has 

the 

faces 

a  cleavage, 

oca  =  65°  37',  yc  =  80°  15 

a . 


\b  —  90  O',  cb  =  90°  O',  ac  =  63°  38', 
_  .  Cleavage,  c,  very  perfect ;  b,  very  dis¬ 

tinct  ;  a,  indistinct.  Fracture  uneven... conchoidalx. splintery. 
Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous  ;  on  c  pearly. 
ii  nearly  6..  g  =  2*609... 2-620.  Analysis  by  Plattner: — silica 
63  50,  alumina  20*29,  red  oxide  of  iron  0*67,  potash  3*03,  soda  8*76, 
lime  3-22,  magnesia  trace,  water  and  fluosilicic  acid  T23.  Loxo- 
clase  appears  to  have  the  chemical  constitution  of  oligoclase 
with  the  form  of  felspar.  Is  found  with  graphite,  calcite  and 
diopside  at  Hammond  in  JSTew  York. 


compact  felspab,  pitchstoye,  peaklstone, 

OBSIDIAN,  PUMICE. — The  first  of  these  amorphous  sub¬ 
stances  appears  to  be  a  mechanical  mixture  of  felspar  and 
quaitz ;  the  others  probably  result  from  their  fusion  with 


COMPACT  EELSPAE,  PITCHSTOKE,  &C. 


645 


each  other,  and,  possibly,  with  other  substances.  1.  Compact 
felspar. — Fracture  splintery . . .  conchoidal.  Translucent . . .  trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Dull.  "White,  grey,  red.  h  =  6  or  more. 
&  =  2*69 . . .  3'0.  Fusible  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into 
a  white  enamel.  Is  found  in  the  gneiss  of  Sweden  where  it  is 
called  halleflinta,  in  Saxony  and  Bavaria  (weissstein),  the  Harz, 
the  neighbourhood  of  Halle,  the  Thuringer  Wald,  the  mining 
districts  of  Saxony,  Silesia,  Bohemia,  the  Tyrol.  2.  Pitch- 
stone. — Fracture  conchoidal,  splintery,  uneven.  Feebly  trans¬ 
lucent...  opaque.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Grey, 
green,  yellow,  red,  brown,  black,  h  =  5‘6 . . . 6*0.  o  =  2*2 . . .  2*3. 
Melts  with  intumescence  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  blebby  glass. 
Is  found  near  Meissen,  Zwickau  and  other  places  in  Saxony, 
Auvergne,  Newry  in  Ireland,  Siberia,  Iceland,  Mexico,  Peru, 
the  Scottish  islands.  3.  Pearlstone. — Fracture  small  con¬ 
choidal.  Translucent  on  the  edges. . .opaque.  Lustre  pearly, 
inclining  to  waxy.  Grey,  yellow,  red,  brown,  h  —  6*0.  o  = 
2*25... 2'38.  Intumesces  violently  before  the  blowpipe,  forming 
a  white,  spongy  slag.  Is  found  in  globules  and  grains  at 
Schemnitz,  Tokay  and  Telkebanya  in  Hungary,  Cabo  de  Gata  in 
Spain,  Ochotzk  in  Siberia,  Mexico.  4.  Obsidian  and  pumice 
appear  to  differ  only  in  their  state  of  aggregation.  Obsidian 
has  a  perfect  conchoidal  fracture;  is  semi- transparent... trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges ;  has  a  vitreous  lustre ;  is  black,  grey, 
green  or  brown,  h  —  6*0... 7*0.  Pumice  is  porous  or  fibrous; 
has  a  small  conchoidal  fracture;  is  translucent... translucent  on 
the  edges  ;  has  a  vitreous  lustre,  inclining  to  resinous  ;  is  white, 
grey,  brown,  black,  h  =  5*o.  Obsidian  and  pumice  melt 
before  the  blowpipe,  with  intumescence,  into  a  glass  full  of 
bubbles.  Obsidian  is  found  in  Iceland,  Mexico,  the  Azores, 
Teneriffe,  Ascension,  the  Lipari  islands,  Milo,  Santorin,  in 
Hungary  at  Schemnitz,  Glashutte,  Tokay,  Eperies,  in  small 
balls  and  grains  at  the  mouth  of  the  Marekanka.  Pumice 
occurs  alone,  or  containing  crystals  of  glassy  felspar,  above 
obsidian  in  streams  of  lava  and  in  volcanic  conglomerates.  It 
is  found  at  Neuwied  on  the  Rhine,  in  the  Lipari  islands,  form¬ 
ing  the  mass  which  covers  Pompeii,  Milo,  Santorin,  Teneriffe, 
the  Azores,  Iceland,  Mexico,  Columbia,  Hungary,  Auvergne. 
Analyses  of  petrosilex  a  from  Nantes  by  Berthier,  b  of  weissstein 
from  the  Pacheralp  by  Klaproth,  c  of  pitchstone  from  Meissen 
by  Erdmann,  d  from  Newry  by  Knox,  e  of  pearlstone  from  Tokay 
by  Klaproth,  f  from  Hlinick  in  Hungary  by  Erdmann : — 


Silica  . 
Alumina  . 
Potash 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

75*20 

79*00 

75*60 

72*80 

72*25 

72*87 

15*00 

11*50 

11*60 

11*50 

12*00 

12*05 

3*40 

6*00 

— 

— 

4*50 

6*13 

646 


APPENDIX. 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Soda . 

— 

— 

2*77 

2*87 

- 

Lime . 

•  1*20 

— 

1*35 

1*12 

0*50 

1*30 

Magnesia  .  . 

2*40 

— 

6*69 

■ — 

— — 

1*10 

Oxide  of  iron 

— 

1*25 

1*20  (fie 

3*03) 

1*60 

1*75 

Water  &  vol.  mat. 

1*50 

1*00 

4*73 

8*50 

4*50 

3*00 

Analyses  of  obsidian  g  from  Telkebanya  by  Erdmann,  h  of  a 
nodule  which,  when  cut  into  by  a  lapidary’s  wheel,  burst  with  a 
loud  explosion,  by  Damour,  i  from  the  Bay  of  Islands  in  New 
Zealand,  g  =  2*386,  h  from  Ascension,  both  by  Murdoch,  l  from 
Moldautliein  in  Bohemia  by  Erdmann,  m  from  Java  by  van  der 
Boon  Mesch  : — 


Silica  .  .  .  . 

Alumina  . 

Bed  ox.  iron 
Protox.  mangan. 
Lime  .... 
Magnesia  .  . 

Soda  .... 
Potash  .  .  . 


9 

h 

i 

74*80 

70*34 

75*20 

12*40 

8*63 

6*86 

2*03 

(Ee  10*52) 

6*54 

1*31 

0*32 

— 

1*96 

4*56  1 

3*83 

0*90 

1*67  J 

— 

3*34  1 

7*57 

6*40 

h 

l 

m 

70*97 

82*70 

79*40 

6*77 

9*40 

11*25 

6*24 

2*61 

4*30 

— 

1*30 

— 

2*84 

1*21 

1*75 

1*77 

1*21 

— 

11*41 

2*45 

3*03 

.  Analyses  of  obsidian  n  from  Teneriffe,  o  of  pumice  from  Tene- 
riffe,  p  of  pumice  from  the  island  of  Eerdinandea,  q  pumice  from 
the  volcano  of  Arequipa,  r  pumice  from  Ischia,  s  obsidian  from 
Procida,  t  pumice  from  the  Phlegrean  fields,  u  pumice  from 
Pantellaria,  v  pumice  from  Santorin,  w  pumice  from  Llacta- 
cunga  at  the  foot  of  Cotopaxi,  x  pumice  from  Lipari,  y  obsidian 
from  Lipari,  all  by  Abich  : — 


n 

0 

P 

9 

r 

S 

G . 

2*528 

2*477 

1*983 

2*571 

2*417 

2*489 

Silica  .  .  . 

60*52 

60*79 

61*08 

62*42 

62*29 

62*70 

Silica  and  titan. 

ac.  . 

0*66 

1*46 

1*45 

0*74 

- 

Alumina 

19*05 

16*43 

17*37 

14*72 

16*89 

18*98 

Bed  ox.  iron 

4*22 

4*26 

7*77 

6*84 

4*15 

4*98 

Oxide  of  mang. 

0*33 

0*23 

0*62 

0*18 

trace 

0  39 

Lime 

0*59 

0*62 

1*46 

3*25 

1*24 

1*77 

Magnesia 

0*19 

0*79 

4*02 

3*28 

0*50 

0*82 

Soda  .  .  .  . 

10*63 

11*25 

2*85 

4*74 

6*21 

6*09 

Potash  .  . 

3*50 

2*95 

1*82 

1*55 

3*98 

4*35 

Chlorine 

0*30  ] 

I 

Water  .  .  . 

•  • 

0*04 

>  0*53 

1*63 

2*41 

3*89 

U  /  0 

0*52 

t 

u 

V 

tv 

X 

y 

G . 

2*411 

2*53 

2*354 

2*224 

2*377 

2370 

ISOPYEE.  647 


t 

U 

V 

W 

X 

y 

Silica . 

62-04 

68-11 

69-79 

73-77 

73-70 

70*05 

Silica  &  titan,  acid  . 

— 

1-23 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Alumina  .... 

16-55 

8-21 

12-31 

10-83 

12-27 

12-97 

Red  ox.  iron  .  .  . 

4*43 

8-23 

4-66 

1-80 

2-31 

2'73 

Lime . 

1*31 

0-14 

1-68 

1*21 

0-65 

0-12 

Magnesia  .... 

0-72 

0-37 

0-68 

1-30 

0-29 

0’28 

Soda  . 

6-39 

8-32 

6*69 

4*29 

4‘52 

4-15 

Potash . 

3-66 

1*60 

2-02 

3-90 

4-73 

5*11 

Chlorine  .  . 

j>  3*84 

0-70  ' 

\  2-93 

io 

GO 

O) 

0-31 

0-31 

Water . 

1-73  j 

1-22 

0-22 

Carburetted  hydrog. 

— 

0-66 

— 

— 

— 

— 

HETEROKLIYE. — Oblique.  =  5i°44'.  Lustre  metal¬ 

lic,  imperfect.  Iron-black.  Streak  black,  inclining  to  brown. 
H  =  5.  G  =  4‘652.  Analysis  by  Ewreinoff: — silica  10-30,  oxide 
of  manganese  85'86,  red  oxide  of  iron  372,  lime  0*62,  potash  0’44. 
Is  found  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont. 

HYALOMELAN. — Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal... un¬ 
even.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  incliniug  to  resinous.  Black, 
Streak  dark  grey.  Brittle,  h  =  6"5.  g  =  27144.  Before  the 
blowpipe  melts  very  readily  into  an  opaque  glass.  "With  borax 
fuses  into  a  transparent  glass.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  fuses 
into  a  bead  which  becomes  faintly  violet  in  the  inner  flame.  Is 
completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis  by  C. 
Gmelin: — silica  50’22,  alumina  17*84,  lime  8*25,  magnesia  3'37, 
protoxide  of  iron  io*27,  protoxide  of  manganese  0*40,  soda  6*18, 
potash  3*87,  titanic  acid  1*41,  annnoniacal  water  0’50.  Is  found  in 
nodules  in  a  volcanic  rock  at  Babenhausen  in  the  Yogelsgebirge. 

HYPOCHLORITE.  —  Eracture  even...  flat  conchoidal. 
Translucent... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  feeble.  Green.  Streak 
light  green.  Brittle,  h  =  6*0.  G  =  2*9... 3*0.  Grows  dark 
before  the  blowpipe,  but  does  not  melt ;  deposits  a  yellow  sub¬ 
limate  upon  the  charcoal.  Insoluble  in  acids.  Analysis  by 
Schuler -.  —  silica  50-24,  alumina  14'65,  oxide  of  bismuth  13*03, 
protoxide  of  iron  lo-54,  phosphoric  acid  9*62,  manganese  traces. 
Is  found  in  indistinct  microscopic  crystals,  massive,  dissemi¬ 
nated  and  earthy,  at  Schneeberg,  Johann- Georgenstadt  and 
Braunsdorf  in  Saxony. 

ISOPYRE.  —  Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Opaque 
...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous.  Black.  Streak 
greenish- grey.  Brittle,  n  =  5'6...6"0.  G  =:  2"912.  Eeebly 
magnetic.  Analysis  by  Turner: — silica  47-09,  alumina  13*91, 


G48 


APPENDIX. 


red  oxide  of  iron  20*07,  lime  15*43,  oxide  of  copper  1*94.  Is 
found  in  granite  at  St.  Just  near  Penzance  in  Cornwall,  and 
Calton  Hill  near  Edinburgh. 

JEFFEBSONITE. — An  augite  containing  some  oxide  of 
zinc,  g-  =  3*31... 3*5.  Melts  on  the  edges  into  a  black  slag. 
Analysis  by  Hermann  : — silica  49*91,  alumina  1*93,  protoxide  of 
iron  10*53,  protoxide  of  manganese  7*oo,  lime  15*48,  magnesia 
8' 18,  oxide  of  zinc  4*39,  loss  by  ignition  1*20.  Is  found  at  Frank¬ 
lin  in  New  Jersey. 

KEILHATJITE. — Cleavage  in  one  direction,  distinct ;  traces 
in  two  other  directions.  Fracture  small  conchoidal... uneven. 
Translucent.  Eustre,  on  the  plane  of  perfect  cleavage  vitreous, 
on  the  surfaces  of  fracture  resinous.  Brownish-black ;  by 
transmitted  light  brownish-red.  Streak  light  greyish-brown. 
h  —  6*5.  G-  =  3*69.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  with 
ebullition  into  a  bright  black  slag.  Soluble  in  borax,  to  which 
it  imparts  the  colour  of  iron.  In  the  inner  flame  the  bead 
becomes  blood-red.  With  soda  shows  the  presence  of  man¬ 
ganese.  In  fine  powder  is  completely  decomposed  by  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid.  Analyses  by  Erdmann : — 


biiica . 

24*45 

Titanic  acid  .... 

.  29*01 

28*14 

Alumina . 

6*09 

5*90 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

6*35 

6*48 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

0*67 

0*86 

Oxide  of  cerium 

0*32 

0*63 

Yttria . 

9*62 

9*74 

Lime . 

.  18*92 

18*68 

Is  found  massive  in  Buon  not  far  from  Arendal  in  Norway. 

KNEBELITE. — Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal.  Opaque. 
Glimmering... dull.  Grey,  green,  brown.  g  =  3*714.  In¬ 
fusible.  With  borax  melts  into  a  dark  olive-green  glass.  Is 
readily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Compact.  pe2si  + 
Mn2  si.  Analysis  by  Dobereiner : — silica  32*5,  protoxide  of  man¬ 
ganese  35*o,  protoxide  of  iron  32*o. 

LEPIHOMELANE.  —  In  six-sided  prisms.  Cleavage, 
parallel  to  the  base  of  the  prism,  perfect.  Opaque.  Lustre 
vitreous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Black,  in  very  thin  scales 
green  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  mountain-green.  Bather 
brittle,  h  =  3*0.  g-  =  3*0.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into 
a  black  magnetic  enamel.  Easily  soluble  in  borax  forming  a 


MALACONE  AND  OERSTEDITE. 


649 


bottle-green  glass.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  and  nitric 
acids,  leaving  the  silica  in  pearly  scales.  Analysis  by  Soltmann: 
— silica  37*40,  alumina  11*60,  red  oxide  of  iron  27*66,  protoxide  of 
iron  12'43,  magnesia  and  lime  0*60,  potash  9*20,  water  0*60.  Is 
said  to  have  been  found  at  Persberg  in  Wermland. 


MARGABODITE. — A  mineral  resembling  mica,  from  the 
Greiner,  g  =  2*87.  Analysis  by  Schafhautl:  —  silica  47'05, 
alumina  34*90,  red  oxide  of  iron  1*50,  magnesia  r95,  potash  7*96, 
soda  4*07,  water  1*45. 


MUROMONTITE. — Lustre  vitreous.  Slightly  translucent. 
Black.  Streak  grey,  h  =  7.  G  =  4*265.  Glows  before  the 
blowpipe.  Slightly  fusible  on  the  edges.  Is  decomposed  by 
acids,  leaving  a  jelly  of  silica.  Analysis  by  Kerndt: — silica 
31*09,  alumina  2*24,  glucine  5*52,  yttria  37*14,  protoxide  of  iron 
11*23,  protoxide  of  manganese  0*91,  protoxide  of  cerium  5*54, 
oxide  of  lanthanium  3*54,  magnesia  0*42,  lime  0*71,  soda  0*65, 
potash  0*17,  wrater  and  loss  0*85.  Is  found  in  small  grains  with 
bodenite  in  oligoklas  at  Boden  near  Marienberg  in  Saxony. 


MALACONE  and  OERSTEDITE  are  names  given  to  two 
minerals  having  the  form  of  zircon.  No  cleavage  has  been 
observed  in  either  of  them.  Perhaps  they  are  zircon  in  dif¬ 
ferent  stages  of  decomposition,  or  of  metasomatie  change. 
These  substances  have  been  described  as  follows  : — Malacoue. — 
Eracture  conchoidal.  Lustre  vitreous.  Internally  milk-white, 
inclining  to  grey,  h  ==  6*0.  g  =  3*903 . .  .3*913.  Heated  quickly 
to  redness  phosphoresces  slightly,  after  which  g  =  4*22.  In¬ 
fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  In  fine  powder  slightly  soluble  in 
borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus.  In  fine  powder  decomposed  by 
digestion  in  heated  sulphuric  acid.  Analysis  by  Scheerer : — 
silica  31*31,  zirconia  63*40,  red  oxide  of  iron  0*41,  yttria  0*34, 
lime  0*39,  magnesia  0*11,  water  3*03.  Is  found  at  Hitteroe  in 
Norway.  Oerstedite. — Translucent.  Lustre  adamantine,  in¬ 
clining  to  vitreous.  YellowTish-brown.  h  =  5*5.  g  =  3*629. 
In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe. 
With  borax  melts  with  difficulty  into  a  colourless  glass.  Ana¬ 
lysis  by  Eorchammer :  —  silica  19*71,  titanic  acid  and  zirconia  68*96, 
magnesia  2*05,  lime  2*61,  protoxide  of  iron  1*14,  water  5*53.  Is 
found  at  Arendal  in  Norway  with  uralite  and  sphene.  There  are 
some  pale  yellowish-brown  pyramidal  crystals  from  Brazil  in  Mr. 
Brooke’s  cabinet,  having  the  form  and  measurement  of  zircon,  and 
the  appearance  of  being  either  partially  decomposed  or  pseudo- 
morphous.  They  formed  part  of  the  collection  sent  by  Captain 
Lyon  to  this  country,  and  have  not,  that  we  are  aware  of,  been 
analyzed. 

r  f 


£50 


APPENDIX. 


NEPHEITE,  according  to  Damour,  is  compact  augite. 
Fracture  splintery.  Translucent. . .translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  resinous,  glimmering...dull.  Leek -green...  greenish  - 
white,  greenish-grey.  Streak  white,  shining.  Tough,  h  = 
5'5---6'0-  q  =  2'65 . . .3*0.  Slightly  unctuous  to  the  touch. 
Before  the  blowpipe  whitens  and  melts  with  difficulty  into  a 
grey  mass.  Analysis  a  by  Eammelsberg,  b,  c  by  Schafhautl, 
d,  e  by  Damour  : — 


a 

Silica . 54-68 

Magnesia . 26*01 

Lime . 16*06 

Protox.  iron  ....  2*15 

Eed  ox.  iron  ....  — 

Protox.  mangan.  .  .  1-39 

Alumina . — 

Potash . . 

Water . 0*68 


b 

C 

d 

e 

58*91 

68*88 

58*46 

68*02 

22*42 

22*39 

27*09 

27*19 

12*28 

12*15 

12*06 

11*82 

— 

— 

1*15 

1*12 

2*70 

2*81 

— 

— 

0*91 

0*82 

— 

— 

1*32 

1*56 

- — 

— 

0*80 

0*80 

— 

— 

0*25 

0*27 

— 

_ 

Is  found  massive,  in  solitary  blocks,  in  the  alum  earth  at 
Schwemmsal  near  Leipsig,  Turkey,  Little  Thibet,  the  Himalaya 
Mountains,  Ellora,  China,  Egypt,  the  river  Amazon. 


NOBDENSKIOLDITE. — Eesembles  wollastonite  or  tremo- 
lite.  .  Is  found  in  granular  limestone  at  Euskula  on  the  Onega 
lake  in  Eussia. 


OBANGITE.— (Orangit,  Krantz.  Poggendorff’s  Annalen. 
April,  1851.)  Cleavable  in  one  direction.  Fracture  conchoi- 
dal...  splintery.  Translucent...  transparent.  Orange.  Streak 
yellowish-white,  h  =  4*5.  g  =  6*34... 5*397.  In  the  matrass 
yields  water  and  becomes  dark  brown,  but  on  cooling  regains 
the  orange  colour.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  By  fusion 
with  soda  the  silica  is  dissolved,  leaving  insoluble  yellow  frag¬ 
ments  in  the  bead.  With  borax  forms  a  glass  which  is  yellow 
while  hot,  but  colourless  when  cold.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
m  the  outer  flame  yields  a  reddish  glass,  in  the  inner  flame  a 
yellowish  glass.  The  glass  in  either  case  is  colourless  when 
co  d.  With  hydrochloric  acid  forms  a  perfectly  clear,  deep 
yellow  jelly  After  exposure  to  a  strong  red  heat  is  not  acted 
upon  by  acids.  The  quantities  of  oxygen  in  the  silica,  oxide  of 
donarium  and  water  are  as  the  numbers  3,  3,  2.  Analysis  by 
C.  Bergemann:  silica  17*70,  oxide  of  donarium  71*25,  carbonate 
ol  lime  4*04,  red  oxide  of  iron  o*3l,  magnesia  and  oxide  of  man¬ 
ganese  0  21,  potash  with  a  little  soda  0*30,  water  6*90.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  Damour,  the  substance  called  oxide  of  donarium  is  im- 


SESQGISLICATE  OE  MANGANESE. 


651 


pure  thorine.  Is  found  in  cleavable  and  compact  masses,  im¬ 
bedded  in  felspar,  in  Langesimdfjord  near  Brevig  in  Norway. 

PIHLITE,  from  Brattstadt  near  Sahla,  according  to  Svan- 
berg,  consists  of: — silica  63*68,  alumina  25*12,  red  oxide  of  iron 
3*01,  magnesia  1*52,  potash  3*76,  water  2*39,  fluorine  0*84,  mag¬ 
nesium  1*24. 

POLYLITE.  —  In  plates.  Structure  lamellar.  Cleavage 
single.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Black,  h  —  6*0... 6*5. 
G  =  3*231.  Analysis  by  Thomson: — silica  40*04,  protoxide  of 
iron  34*08,  protoxide  of  manganese  6*60,  alumina  9*43,  lime 
11*54,  water  0*40.  Is  found  in  magnetite  at  Hoboken  in  New 
Jersey. 

SAUSSITBITE  is  supposed  to  be  impure  labradorite.  Some¬ 
times  cleavable  in  two  directions,  making  with  each  other 
an  angle  of  124°.  Eracture  splintery... uneven.  More  or  less 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Hull,  sometimes  glimmering.  Grey¬ 
ish-white,  green,  grey.  Extremely  tough,  h  =  6*0.  G  = 
2*69... 3*4.  Before  the  blowpipe  fuses  with  difficulty  into  a 
greenish  or  greyish-white  enamel.  Analyses  of  saussurite  a 
from  the  lake  of  Geneva  by  Saussure,  b  from  the  lake  of  Geneva, 
c  from  Siebenlehn  near  Freiberg,  both  by  Klaproth,  d  from 
Mount  Genevre,  e  from  the  valley  of  Orezza  in  Corsica,  both 


by  Boulanger : — 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Silica  ••••*• 

.  44*00 

49*00 

51*00 

44*6 

43*6 

Alumina . 

.  30*00 

24*00 

30*50 

30*4 

32*0 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  12*50 

6*50 

1*75 

- - 

— 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

0*05 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Lime . 

4*00 

10*60 

11*25 

15*5 

21*0 

Magnesia  .... 

.  — 

3*75 

4*00 

2*5 

2*4 

Soda . 

6*00 

5*50 

7*5 

— 

Potash . 

0*25 

(water 

1*25) 

— 

1*6 

With  augite  and  amphibole  it  constitutes  the  rocks  called 
gabbro  and  euphotide.  It  is  found  on  Mont  Bosa,  the  Bacher 
Mountain  in  Stiria,  Wurlitz  in  Baireuth,  Corsica,  Greenland, 
Madras,  the  Harz,  and  in  boulders  on  the  shores  of  the  lake  of 

Geneva. 

SESQHISLICATE  of  MANGANESE  appears  to  be  a  man- 
ganesian  amphibole.  Cleavage  in  two  directions,  making  with 
each  other  angles  of  56°  so'  and  123°  30'.  Lustre  vitreous. 

F  f  2 


652 


APPENDIX. 


Brown,  h  =  6*0.  g-  =  3*58.  Analysis  by  Thomson : — silica 
42*40,  protoxide  of  manganese  50*72,  protoxide  of  iron  6*76.  A 
granular  mineral,  called  in  America  bisilicate  of  manganese,  is 
also  supposed  to  be  a  manganesian  ampbibole.  Translucent  on 
the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous.  Bose-red.  h  =  6*0.  g-  ==  3*42. 
~N ot  decomposed  by  acids.  Analysis  by  Hermann  : — silica 
48*91,  protoxide  of  manganese  with  traces  of  protoxide  of  iron 
46*74,  lime  2*00,  magnesia  2*35. 

SKOLOPSITE. — A  compact  grey,  white  or  reddish  mineral 
found  on  the  Kaiserstuhl  in  Baden,  h  =  5.  g  =  2*53.  Melts 
before  the  blowpipe  with  iutumescence  into  a  bright,  greenish- 
white  globule.  Is  readily  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
forming  a  jelly.  Analysis  by  v.  Kobell: — silica  44*06,  alumina 
17*86,  red  oxide  of  iron  with  some  protoxide  of  iron  2*49,  pro¬ 
toxide  of  manganese  0*86,  lime  15*48,  magnesia  2*23,  soda  11*54, 
potash  1*30,  sulphuric  acid  4*09,  chloride  of  sodium  0*93,  sulphur 
a  trace. 

STBO  GAJST O  WITE. —  Cleavage  in  two  directions,  making 
with  each  other  an  angle  of  nearly  90°.  Eracture  uneven. 
Semi- -transparent... translucent.  Lustre,  on  the  cleavages  vitre¬ 
ous,  inclining  to  resinous,  bright ;  on  the  surface  of  fracture 
glimmering.  Light  green.  h  =  5.  a  =  2*79.  In  powder 
soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  evolution  of  carbonic  acid, 
leaving  silica  in  powder.  Analysis  by  Hermann  : — silica  40*58, 
alumina  28*57,  lime  20*20,  soda  3*50,  protoxides  of  iron  and  man¬ 
ganese  0*89,  carbonic  acid  6*40.  Is  found  in  crystalline'  masses 
in  loose  blocks  on  the  river  Sljudenka  in  Dauria. 

TACHTLITE. — Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal  ...uneven. 
Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to  resinous. 
Black.  Streak  dark  ash-grey.  Brittle  and  very  fragile,  h  — 

6  5.  G  —  2*565 .. .2*593.  In  powder  and  in  small  fragments 
attractable  by  the  magnet.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily 
into  an  opaque  brownish-green  magnetic  glass.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  melts  into  a  glass  which  is  yellow  and  transparent 
while  hot,  but  becomes  opaque  on  cooling,  and  in  the  inner 
flame  assumes  a  pale  violet  colour.  Is  completely  decomposed 
by  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis  of  tachylite  from  Sasebiihl  by 
Schnedermann :  silica  55*74,  alumina  12*40,  black  oxide  of  iron 
13*06,  lime  7*28,  magnesia  5*92,  soda  3*88,  potash  0*60,  protoxide 
of  manganese  0*19,  water  2*73.  Was  found  coating  the  surface 
of  basalt  on  the  Sasebiihl  near  Dransfeld  between  Gfottino-en 
and  Miinden,  and  coating  the  cavities  in  the  basalt  of  Hollen- 
grund  near  Miinden. 


YOSGITE. 


653 


TTTRNERITE.—  Oblique,  a  100  cleavage,  b  010,  c  001,  e  oil, 
v  012,  o  021,  u  ioi,  x  ioi,  m  no,  i  210,  l  120, ,  z  ill, 
r  111,  s  113,  w  121.  a  is  common  to  the  zones  ux ,  mb ;  z 
is  common  to  the  zones  me,  ub  ;  0  is  common  to  the  zones 
be,  lx.  The  angles,  according  to  the  observations  of  Phillips 


and  Levy, 

are 

: — 

uc 

0 

CO 

3l' 

sc 

26° 

XG 

52 

25 

rc 

60 

ob 

27 

48 

wb 

33 

eb 

47 

22 

zb 

59 

vb 

65 

17 

rb 

53 

cb 

90 

0 

xb 

90 

lb 

29 

5 

ICC 

69 

mb 

48 

5 

mm 

96 

ib 

65 

55 

rrn! 

39 

zc 

46 

10 

sm 

73 

me 

80 

20 

wmr 

35 

Cleavage. 

<z,  b. 

Translucent. 

brown.  Hardness  4*0 

...5-0. 

Accc 

8' 

30 

50 

38 

30 

0 

49 

10 

10 

32 

9 


TIG.  642. 


Yellowish- 


alumina,  lime,  magnesia  and  very  little  silex  and  iron.  Has 
been  found  only  on  Mont  Sorel  in  Dauphine  with  quartz, 
felspar,  crichtonite  and  anatase. 


CHLORITOIDE.— Analyses  a, 


rathewohl : — 


a 


b 


by  Erdmann,  c  by  Ge- 
b  c 


Silica .  24-90  24-96  24'40 

Alumina .  46*20  43  83  45  17 

Protoxide  of  iron  .  .  28*89  31‘20  30*29 

According  to  Gf.  Rose,  the  substance  analyzed  by  v.  Bonsdorff 
is  the  true  chloritoide  or  masonite. 


VOSGfITE. — (Delesse.)  A  green  felspathic  mineral  from 
the  porphyry  of  Ternuay  in  the  Vosges,  subject  to  decomposi- 
tion  when  exposed  to  the  weather.  Analyses  a  of  vosgite  from 
Ternuay  b  of  a  felspathic  mineral  from  the  globular  diorite  of 
Corsica,  also  called  yosgite  by  Delesse,  but  which  Bammelsberg 
supposes  to  be  labradorite,  of  a  decomposing  labradorite,  c  from 
the  porphyry  of  Belfahy  in  the  Vosges,  d  from  the  porphyry  of 
the  south  of  the  Morea,  all  by  Delesse  . 

bed 
2-737  2-719  2‘8823 


48-62  52'89  63'20 

34*66  27'39  27*31 


G 

Silica  . 
Alumina 


a 

2-771 

49*32 
30-07 
F  f  3 


654 


APPENDIX. 


a 

b 

Red  oxide  of  iron  .  .  . 

0*70 

0*73 

Protoxide  of  manganese 

0*60 

Magnesia . 

1*96 

0*33 

Lime  .... 

4*25 

12*02 

Soda . 

4*85 

2*55 

Potash  .... 

4*45 

1*05 

Water . 

3*15 

0*50 

C 

d 

1*24 

1*03 

0*30 

— 

— 

1*01 

5*89 

8*02 

5*29 

3*52 

4*58 

3*40 

2*28 

2*51 

WEHRLITE  is  probably  ilvaite.  Lustre  on  surface  of 
fracture  imperfect  metallic.  Iron-black,  inclining  to  green. 
Streak  greenish-grey,  h  =  6*2.  G  =  3*90.  Slightly  magnetic. 
Eusible  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe.  Imparts  the  colour 
of  iron  to  borax.  Imperfectly  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 
Analysis  by  Wehrle  : — silica  34*60,  red  oxide  of  iron  42*38,  pro¬ 
toxide  ot  iron  15*78,  oxide  of  manganese  0*28,  lime  5*84,  alumina 
0-12,  water  roo.  Is  found  in  granular  masses  on  the  Kecskefar 
mountain  near  Szutrasko  in  the  county  of  Zemesch  in  Hungary. 


XEJS  OLITH.  Is  found  in  pebbles  with  worthite  at  Peter- 

hod  in  Russia.  Analysis  by  Eomonen : — silica  47*44,  alumina 
52*54. 


ZYGADITE.  Oblique?  In  thin  tabular  twin  crystals. 
m,  smooth ;  t ,  rough.  Cleavage,  c,  very  distinct.  Eracture 
uneven.  Eeebly  translucent.  Lustre 
vitreous,  on  c  inclining  to  pearly.  eig.  643. 

Reddish-white,  yellowish-white,  h  not 
quite  6.  G  —  2*5ll .. .2*512.  According 
to  Plattner,  contains  silica,  alumina  and 
lithia.  Was  found  in  very  small  crystals 
with  quartz  and  chabasie  in  the  Catha- 
rina  Heufang  mine  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz. 


APHRODITE.— A  mineral  from  Langbanshytta  greatly  re¬ 
sembling  meerschaum,  a  =  2*21.  Analysis  by  Berlin  silica 
l  58,  magnesia  34  07,  protoxide  of  manganese  1*49,  protoxide  of 
iron  0*55,  alumina  0*13,  water  n*34. 


*  A™EEn4STITE  is  probably  an  altered  scapolite  show- 
mg  the  faces  a,  m  r.  The  edges  and  angles  are  rounded. 
Cleavage,  m,  perfect.  Eracture  uneven,  splintery,  dull  or 
natysis  by  Berlin : — silica  38*00,  alumina  24*10, 
me  22  64,  magnesia  2*80,  protoxide  of  iron  4*82,  protoxide  of 


BOWEKITE. 


655 


manganese  0"78,  water  6'95.  Is  found  in  the  Nas  mine  near 
Arendal  in  a  granitic  rock  with  garnet  and  keilhauite. 


BLACK  CHALK. — Fracture  slaty,  earthy.  Black.  Streak 
black,  shining.  Opaque.  Sectile.  Soils.  ii==ro...T5.  a  = 
2*1... 2*19.  Analysis  by  Fuchs  -.—silica  57'59,  alumina  12-92,  red 
oxide  of  iron  0-87,  magnesia  o*57,  potash  and  soda  4*02,  carbon 
17-52,  water  6-30.  Is  found  in  Italy,  France,  Spain,  Portugal, 

England. 


BOHEKITE.  — -  In  long  crystals.  Fracture  conclioidal . . . 
uneven.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Brown... 
black.  Streak  greyish-white.  Analysis  by  Kerndt silica 
26-12,  alumina  10*34,  protoxide  of  iron  12-05,  yttna  17  43,  oxide 
of  lanthanium  7'57,  lime  6'32,  magnesia  2-34,  protoxide  of  man¬ 
ganese  1-62,  potash  1-21,  soda  0'84,  water  3'82.  Is  found  at 
Boden  near  Marienberg. 

BOLE _ In  nodules.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent  on 

the  edges... opaque.  Brown  of  various  shades.  Streak  re- 
sinous.  Sectile.  h  =  1-5...2-6.  a  =  re.. .2-0  Analyses  of 
bole  a  from  Sasebiihl  by  Wackenroder,  b  from  Ettmgshausen, 
e  from  the  Cape  of  Prudelles,  both  by  Ldwig,  d  from  Stnegau 
by  Zellner,  e  of  ‘fettbol’  from  Halsbriicke  near  Freiberg,  a  — 

2  "249,  by  Karst en  : — 

Silica  .... 

Alumina  .  .  • 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 
Magnesia  .  .  • 

Lime  .... 

Potash 

W ater  .... 

Is  found  at  Sasebiihl  and  Ochsenburg  near  Dransfeld,  Stein- 
here*  near  Miinden,  Habichtswald  near  Cassel,  Stnegau  m 
Silesia  the  Kausaw  mountains  in  Bohemia,  the  Scheibenberg 
in  Saxony,  Cap  de  Prudelles  in  Auvergne,  Wildenstem  near 
Biidingen  Ettingshausen  in  the  Yogelsgebirge,  the  Hebrides. 

BOWENITE.— (Dana.)  In  granular  masses.  Fracture 
splintery.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Bright  apple-green. 
TWh  H  =  6.  (1  =  2-594..  .2-787.  Analysis  by  Bowen 

silica  44-69  magnesia  34'63,  lime  4-25,  protoxide  of  uon  1  7  , 
alumina  0  56,  wmter  13-42.  Is  found  at  Smithfield  m  Ehode 

Island  in  nodules  imbedded  in  granular  limestone. 

P  f  4 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

41-26 

42-00 

41*05 

42*00 

46-40 

21‘08 

24-04 

25-03 

20*12 

3-01 

12-08 

10-03 

8-09 

8-53 

23-50 

1-39 

0-43 

0-50 

2-01 

■  — 

0-38 

0-52 

0*45 

2*81 

- - 

0-13 

— 

— 

0-50 

— 

.  24*57 

24*03 

24*02 

24*00 

24*60 

656 


APPENDIX. 


CAPORCIANITE. — In  curved  fibres.  Greyish-red.  Ana¬ 
lysis  by  Anderson : — silica  52*8,  alumina  21*7,  red  oxide  of  iron 
0*1,  lime  11*3,  magnesia  0*4,  potash  1*1,  soda  0*2,  water  13*1. 

CHALILITE. — h  =  4*5.  G  =  2*252.  Analysis  by  Thom¬ 
son: — silica  36*56,  alumina  26*20,  lime  10*28,  red  oxide  of  iron 
9*28,  soda  2*72,  water  16*66.  Is  found  at  Sandy  Brae  in  Antrim. 

CLUTALITE  appears  to  be  pseudomorphous  after  some 
crystal  belonging  to  the  oblique  system.  Eibrous.  Opaque... 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous.  Elesh-red.  Brittle. 
h  =  3*5.  g  =  2*166.  Analysis  by  Thomson : — silica  61*27, 
alumina  23*56,  red  oxide  of  iron  7*31,  soda  5*13,  magnesia  1*23, 
water  io*55.  Is  found  in  amygdaloid  near  Dumbarton  in  Scot¬ 
land. 

COLLYRITE.  —  Eracture  earthy,  even,  flat  conchoidal. 
Dull.  Streak  shining.  Opaque.  White,  reddish,  greenish. 
h  =  l*o... 2*0.  d  =  2*06... 2*11.  Unctuous  to  the  touch.  In¬ 
fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Analysis  of  collyrite  from  Weis- 
senfels  by  Kersten  : — silica  23*3,  alumina  42*8,  water  34*7.  Is 
found  in  reniform  masses  at  Weissenfiels,  Schemnitz,  Laubach, 
and  in  the  Pyrenees. 

DERMATINE. — Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous,  feeble.  Dark  green, 
brown.  Streak  yellowish-white,  shining.  Brittle,  h  =  2*5. 
G  =  2*136.  Unctuous  to  the  touch.  Analysis  by  Eicinus :  — 
silica  35*80,  magnesia  23*70,  protoxide  of  iron  11*33,  oxide 
of  manganese  2*25,  alumina  0*42,  soda  0*50,  water  and  carbonic 
acid  25*20.  Is  found  in  stalactitic  and  reniform  masses  with 
serpentine  and  calcite  at  Waldheim  in  Saxony. 

DESMINE. — Nose.  Jour  des  Mines,  t.  25,  p.  318.  Small 
silky  tufts  accompanying  Spinellane  in  the  lavas  of  the  extinct 
volcanoes  of  the  Rhine. 

CHLORASTROLITE. — Lustre  pearly.  Light  blueish-green. 
h  —  5*5 ...  6.  g  =  3*180.  Eusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis  by  Whitney : — silica  36*99, 
alumina  25*49,  red  oxide  of  iron  with  a  little  protoxide  6*48, 
lime  19*90,  soda  3*70,  potash  0*40,  water  7*22.  Is  found  in 
rounded  pebbles,  consisting  of  diverging  fibres,  on  the  shores  of 
Isle  Royale  in  Lake  Superior. 


CHLOROPLLEITE. — (Macculloch.)  Very  soft,  and  dull 


EMERYLITE. 


657 


green  when  first  broken  from  the  rock,  hut  hardens  afterwards 
and  becomes  black,  a  =  2*02.  Infusible.  Is  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid.  Contains  silica,  iron  and  a  little  alumina. 
Is  found  imbedded  in  the  amygdaloidal  rock  of  the  cliff  of 
Scuirmore  in  the  island  of  Rum,  and  in  Fife.  The  chlorophseite 
of  Forchammer  is  probably  a  different  substance. 


CHONIKBITE. — Fracture  uneven,  and  imperfect  con- 
choidal.  Translucent. ..translucent  on  the  edges.  Dull  or 
slightly  glimmering.  WFite,  yellowish- white,  greyish-white. 
Sectile.  h  =  3*0.  a  =  2‘9l.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
easily  with  ebullition  into  a  greyish  glass.  With  borax  fuses 
slowly  into  a  globule  coloured  by  iron.  Is  completely  decom¬ 
posed  by  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid.  Analysis  by  v.  Ko- 
bell : — silica  35-69,  alumina  17-12,  magnesia  22-50,  lime  12*00, 
protoxide  of  iron  1*46,  water  9*00.  Is  found  with  pyrosklerite 
near  Porto  Ferrajo  in  Elba. 


CIMOLITE.— Earthy,  slaty.  White,  grey.  G  =  2’277. 
Analysis  by  Khretschatitzki  -.—silica  63*63,  alumina  23*70,  water 
12*42.  Is  found  in  Russia  and  in  the  island  of  Argentiera. 


DIPHANITE. —  In  hexagonal  prisms  having  a  very  per¬ 
fect  cleavage  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  prism.  Tians- 
parent... translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Blueish  when  viewed 
in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  cleavage,  white  in  a  direction  per¬ 
pendicular  to  the  cleavage,  h  =  5.  G  ==  3-05.  Analysis  by 
v.  Jewreinoff silica  34-02,  alumina  43-33,  lime  13-11,  protoxide 
of  iron  3"02,  protoxide  of  manganese  ros,  water  5"34.  Is  found 
with  phenakite  and  chrysoberyl  in  the  emerald  mines  of  the 

Ural. 

EMEU YLITE . — (Smith .  Silliman’s  Journ.  1849.  7.  285.) 
Cleavage  in  one  direction  very  perfect.  White... grey,  with  a 
tin of  lilac.  Brittle  and  inelastic,  h  =  3’5.  g  =  2-995. 
In  the  matrass  yields  water  and  traces  of  fluorine.  Before  the 
blowpipe  exfoliates,  emits  a  strong  light  and  fuses  on  the  edges 
of  thin  laminae.  Dissolves  in  borax  forming  a  clear  glass. 
Leaves  a  skeleton  of  silica  in  salt  of  phosphorus.  Is  not  acted 
upon  by  acids.  Analysis  of  emerylite  from  Aston  by  Crawe 
silica  32-31,  alumina  49'24,  lime  10-66,  magnesia  0*30,  potash  and 
soda  2-22  water  5*27.  Is  found  in  brilliant  micaceous  scales 
associated  with  the  emery  from  Asia  Minor,  and  with  corundum 
at  Aston,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania. 

r  f  5 


658 


APPENDIX. 


EUPHYLLITE. —  (B.  Silliman.  Silliman’s  Jour.  1849.  8. 
381.)  In  six-sided  prisms  having  a  perfect  cleavage  parallel 
to  the  base.  Lustre  pearly.  "White ...pale  green.  Laminae 
brittle,  inelastic,  h  =  3*0.  G  =3  2*963.  Chemical  characters 
nearly  the  same  as  those  of  emery lite.  Analysis  by  I.  J. 
Crooke: — silica  39*04,  alumina  51*38,  lime  3*19,  magnesia  1*09, 
soda  0*87,  water  4*59. 

FULLER’ S  EARTH. — Fracture  uneven,  earthy.  Opaque. 
Dull.  Green,  inclining  to  white,  yellow,  brown.  Streak 
shining.  Sectile.  G  =  1*7... 2*4.  In  water  falls  into  powder. 
Analysis  of  fuller’s  earth  from  Reigate  by  Klaproth : — silica 
53*00,  alumina  io*oo,  oxide  of  iron  9*75,  magnesia  1*25,  lime 
o  50,  chloride  of  sodium  o*lo,  water  24*oo.  Is  found  massive  at 
Nuffield  near  Reigate  in  Surrey,  near  Maidstone,  Wob urn,  near 
Aix  la  Chapelle,  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Silesia,  Stiria. 


GrLOTTALITE.  —  Cubic.  Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous. 
White.  Brittle,  h  —  3*5.  G  =  2*181.  Analysis  by  Thom¬ 
son: — silica  37*01,  alumina  16*31,  red  oxide  of  iron  0*60,  lime 
23*93,  water  21*25.  Is  supposed  to  have  been  found  at  Port 
Glasgow  in  Scotland. 

GREEN  EARTH.  —  In  small  masses  in  the  cavities  of 
amygdaloidal  rocks;  pseudomorphous  after  augite.  Fracture 
earthy.  Glimmering . . .  dull.  Green  of  various  shades.  •  Streak 
the  same,  shining.  Opaque.  Slightly  sectile.  Soft... friable. 
G  =  2*79... 2*83.  Analysis  of  green  earth  from  Pozza  in  the 
shape  of  augite  by  Rammelsberg: — silica  45*87,  alumina  11*18, 
protoxide  of  iron  24*63,  magnesia  0*28,  lime  1*50,  potash  6*72^ 
water  9*82.  Is  found  at  Monte  Baldo  near  Verona,  Oberstein 
Bohemia,  the  Faroe  islands,  Fassathal  in  the  Tyrol  in  the  shaue 
of  augite.  l 

GRENGESITE. —  In  hemispherical  masses  having  a  ra¬ 
diated  structure.  Dark  green.  Streak  greyish-green,  h  ~  2*o. 
g  ==  3*1.  Analysis  by  Hisinger: — silica  27*oi,  alumina  14*31, 
oxide  of  manganese  2*18,  protoxide  of  iron  25*63,  magnesia  14*31, 
water  12*53.  Is  found  in  the  G-rengesberg  in  Dalecarlia. 

GYMNITE.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resin  - 

i°USmi.  Ye^ow*  -^.ot  so  kard  as  felspar,  g  =  2*216.  Analysis 
by  Ihomson :  silica  40*16,  magnesia  36*oo,  alumina  1*16  lime 
0*80,  water  21*60.  Is  found  on  the  Bare  Hills  near  Baltimore. 


IIURONITE. 


659 


HALLO YSITE.  —  Fracture  conclioidal . . .  earthy.  Translu¬ 
cent  on  the  edges. ..opaque.  Lustre  waxy... earthy.  White, 
blue,  green,  yellow,  h  =  l'5...2’5.  G  =  1'92...2'12.  Infus¬ 
ible  before  the  blowpipe.  Gelatinizes  with  sulphuric  acid.  Ana¬ 
lyses  of  halloysite  a  from  Angleure,  b  from  Housscha  near 
Bayonne,  both  by  Berthier,  c  from  Guateque  in  New  Grenada 
by  Boussingault,  d  from  Le  Youth,  e  from  Thivieres,  both  by 
Dufrenoy,  f  from  Miechowitz  in  Upper  Silesia  by  Oswald : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica 

.  .  .  .  44’94 

46-7 

46-0 

40-66 

43-10 

40-25 

Alumina  . 

.  .  .  .  39-06 

36-9 

40-2 

33-66 

32*45 

35-00 

Magnesia 

•  •  •  • 

— 

— 

— 

1-70 

0-25 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  .  16*00 

16-0 

14-8 

24-83 

22*30 

24-25 

Is  found  in  reniform  masses  at  Angleure  near  Liege,  Miecho¬ 
witz  near  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia,  France,  New  Grenada. 


HISIN GEBITE.  —  Fracture  conchoidal . . . uneven,  earthy . 
Opaque.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Black. 
Streak  yellowish-brown.  Brittle,  n  =  3"0.  G  —  2’79...3'05. 
In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  a 
grey,  magnetic  bead.  Imparts  the  colour  ot  iron  to  borax. 
Partially  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  silica. 
Analyses  of  hisingerite  a  from  Biddarhytta,  b  from  Bodenmais, 
both  by  Hisinger,  c  from  Bodenmais  (thraulite)  by  v.  Kobell, 
d  from  Biddarhytta,  e  from  Gillinge,  both  by  Bammelsberg, 
/from  Orijerfvi,  G  =  2*791,  by  Hermann:— 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica 

.  .  .  36-30 

31-78 

31-28 

33-07 

32-18 

29-51 

Bed  ox.  iron 
Protox.  iron 

*  *  *  j>  44-39 

49'87 

49-12 

34-78 

17-59 

30-10 

8-63 

10-74  ■ 
37‘49 

Lime 

— 

— 

— 

2*56 

6-50 

7-78 

Magnesia 

— 

— 

— 

0'46 

4-22 

Water  .  . 

.  .  .  20-70 

20‘00 

19-12 

11-54 

19‘39 

13'00 

Is  found  in  reniform  masses  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  Bid¬ 
darhytta,  Orijerfvi,  and  in  the  iron  mine  of  Gillinge  in 

Sweden. 


HUBONITE. — In  globular  masses.  Imperfectly  cleav- 
able  granular.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  waxy,,  on 
the  cleavages  pearly.  Light  yellowish-green.  Streak  greyish- 
white.  h  =  3-25.  G  =  2-8625.  .  Analysis  by  Thomson  :— 
silica  45*80,  alumina  33-92,  protoxide  of  iron  4*32,  lime  8  04, 
magnesia  l'72,  water  4*16.  Is  found  in  blocks  near  Lake  Huron 

in  North  America. 


660 


APPENDIX. 


HYDRO PHITE. — Fracture  uneven,  fibrous.  Green.  H  = 
3*5.  g  =  2*65.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Analysis  by 
Svanberg: — silica  36*19,  protoxide  of  iron  22*73,  magnesia  21*08, 
alumina  2*89,  vanadic  acid  o*ll,  water  16*08.  Is  found  massive 
at  Taberg  in  Sweden. 

KIRWANITE. —  Fibrous.  Opaque.  Dark  olive-green. 
H  =  2.  g  =  2*941.  Analysis  by  Thomson  : — silica  40*50, 
alumina  ll*4l,  protoxide  of  iron  23*91,  lime  19*78,  wrater  4*35.  Is 
found  in  cavities  in  a  basaltic  rock  on  the  north-east  coast  of 
Ireland. 


KEROLITE. —  Fracture  flat  conchoidal.  Translucent... 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous,  feeble . . .  dull.  White 
passing  into  grey,  yellow,  green.  Streak  white,  shining.  Brittle. 
Unctuous  to  the  touch.  Does  not  adhere  to  the  tongue,  h  = 
2*0... 3*0.  g  —  2*33... 2*41.  Analyses  of  kerolite  a  from  Zob- 
litz  by  Melling,  b  by  Delesse,  c  from  Silesia  by  Kuhn : — 


a 

b 

G 

Silica  .... 

.  .  47*13 

63*5 

46*96 

Alumina 

.  .  2*57 

0*9 

— 

Magnesia  .  .  . 

.  .  36*13 

— 

31*26 

Lime  .... 

#  .  — 

28*6 

— 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  2*92 

— 

■ 

Water  .... 

.  .  11*50 

16*4 

21*22 

Is  found  in  reniform  masses  in  serpentine  at  Kosemiitz  and 
Frankenstein  in  Silesia,  Zoblitz  and  Hartmaunsdorf  in  Saxony. 


LEDERERITE  and  ACADIOLITE  are  supposed  to  be 
chabasie.  Ledererite  is  found  at  Cape  Blomidon  in  Nova 
Scotia,  in  bright,  transparent,  six-sided  prisms,  having  the  ter¬ 
minal  edges  truncated.  Acadiolite  is  yellow,  in  other  respects 
resembles  chabasie.  Analyses  a  of  ledererite  by  Hayes,  b  of 
acadiolite  by  Thomson : — 


a 

b 

Silica  . 

.  .  .  49*47 

52*4 

Alumina  .... 

.  .  .  21*48 

12*4 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  .  . 

.  .  .  0*14 

2*4 

Lime . 

.  .  .  11*48 

11*6 

Soda . 

.  .  .  3*94 

- 

Water . 

.  .  .  8*58 

21*6 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  .  3*48 

— 

LIEBNERITE. — In  six-sided  prisms.  Lustre  fatty.  Green¬ 
ish-grey.  h  =  3*5.  g  =  2*814.  Intumesces  but  does  not  fuse 


MESOLE,  BEEYICITE,  IIAEEITfGTOMTE,  &C.  661 

before  tbe  blowpipe.  Analysis  by  Marignac : — silica  44*66, 
alumina  36*51,  protoxide  of  iron  1*75,  magnesia  1*40,  potash  9*90, 
soda  0*92,  water  and  carbonic  acid  4*49.  Is  found  in  porphyry 
in  the  Fassathal. 

LINUSEYITE. —  g  =  2*796... 2*83.  In  the  matrass  yields 
water.  Melts  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  before  the  blowpipe. 
Is  not  completely  decomposed  by  strong  acids.  Analyses  by 
Komonen  and  Hermann  : — 


Silica  .... 

.  .  .  .  47*50 

42*22 

Alumina 

27*55 

Eed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  .  — 

6*98 

Protoxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  .  703 

2*00 

Magnesia  . 

.  .  .  .  3*56 

8*85 

Potash  .... 

.  .  .  .  — 

3*00 

Soda  .... 

.  .  .  .  — 

2*53 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  .  6*65 

7*00 

Is  supposed  to  be  pseudomorphous  after  anorthite  or  lepolite. 
Is  found  in  the  copper  mine  of  Orijerfvi  in  Finland. 

LITHOMAEGrE. —  Fracture  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Hull. 
Blue  passing  into  red  and  grey.  Streak  shining.  Sectile.  Ad¬ 
heres  to  the  tongue,  h  =  2*5.  g  =  2*496.  Infusible  before 
the  blowpipe.  Imparts  the  colour  of  iron  to  glass  of  borax. 
Analysis  by  Schuler: — silica  41*66,  alumina  22*85,  red  oxide  ot 
iron  12*98,  lime  3*04,  magnesia  2*55,  oxide  of  manganese  1*68, 
potash  o*93,  water  14*20.  Is  found  in  beds  at  Planitz  near 
Zwickau  in  Saxony. 

MALTH ACITE.  —  Massive.  Fracture  uneven . . . conchoi¬ 
dal.  Lustre  resinous,  feeble.  White,  inclining  to  yellow. 
Translucent.  Sectile.  g  =  1*95. ..2*0.  Unctuous  to  the  touch. 
Analysis  by  Meissner :  —  silica  50*2,  alumina  10*7,  lime  0*2, 
oxide  of  iron  3*1,  water  35*8.  Is  found  at  Steindorfel  in  Upper 
Lusatia  amongst  blocks  of  decomposed  basalt ;  and  in  clefts  in 
greenstone  near  Litten  in  Bohemia. 

MESOLE,  BEEYICITE,  H AEEIN GrTONITE,  ANTEI- 
MOLITE,  LEHUNTITE  are  probably  varieties  either  of 
scolezite  or  mesotype.  Mesole. — Fibrous.  Translucent.  Pearly. 
White,  yellowish,  greyish,  h  =  3*5.  G  =  2*35... 2*4.  Silica 
42*60,  alumina  28*oo,  lime  11*43,  soda  5*63,  water  12*70. .  Ber¬ 
zelius.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  and  quietly  into  a 
whitish  glass.  Is  found  in  the  Faroe  islands,  Annaklef  in 
Schonen,  Bombay.  Brevicite. — In  prisms  and  white  cleavable 


662 


APPENDIX. 


masses.  Silica  43*88,  alumina  28*39,  soda  10*32,  lime  6*88,  mag¬ 
nesia  0*21,  water  9*63.  Sonden.  Is  found  near  Brevig  in  Nor¬ 
way.  Harringtonite. — Massive,  earthy.  Opaque.  White. 
H  ==  5*25.  g  =  2*217.  Silica  44*84,  alumina  28*48,  lime  io*68, 
soda  5*56,  water  with  a  trace  of  hydrochloric  acid  10*28.  Thom¬ 
son.  Is  found  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  Antrimolite. — Fibrous. 
Opaque.  White.  H  =  3*75.  G-  =  2*096.  Silica  43*47,  alumina 
30*26,  lime  7*50,  potash  4*10,  protoxide  of  iron  0*19,  chlorine  0*10, 
water  16*32.  Thomson.  In  cavities  of  amygdaloid  on  the  north 
coast  of  Antrim.  Lehuntite. —  Scaly.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 
Flesh-red.  h  =  3*75.  G  =  1*963.  Silica  47*33,  alumina  24*00, 
soda  13*20,  lime  1*62,  water  13*60.  B.  D.  Thomson.  Is  found  in 
amygdaloid  near  Grlenarm  in  Ireland.  Analyses  a  of  hypostil- 
bite  from  the  Faroe  islands,  globular,  fibrous  or  compact,  white, 
G  =  2*14,  does  not  scratch  glass,  intumesces  slightly  before  the 
blowpipe,  and  melts  with  difficulty,  soluble  in  acids  without 
gelatinizing,  by  Beudant ;  b  of  sphserostilbite  from  the  Faroe 
islands,  globular,  fibrous,  lustre  pearly,  harder  than  caicite, 
G-  =  2*31,  melts  with  intumescence,  soluble  in  acids,  forming  a 
jelly,  by  Beudant ;  c  of  the  red  zeolite  from  iEdelforss,  by 
Betzius ;  d  of  prehnite-like  stilbite  from  the  Faroe  islands,  by 
Betzius,  6  of  a  red  zeolite  from  Mora  Stenar  by  Sjogren,  who 
supposes  this  mineral,  red  zeolite,  mehlzeolith,  aedelforsite,  to 
be  laumontite  more  or  less  impure  : — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Silica  .  .  . 

.  .  62*43 

65*91 

60*28 

56*76 

51*61 

Alumina  .  . 

.  .  18*32 

16*61 

15*42 

17*73 

19*06 

Bed  ox.  iron 

•  • 

— 

4*16 

— 

2*96 

Lime  .  .  . 

.  .  8*10 

9*03 

8*18 

4*50 

12*53 

Soda  .  .  . 

.  .  2*41 

00 

CD 

© 

Mg,  Mn  0*42 

2*53 

— 

Water  .  . 

.  .  18*70 

17*84 

11*07 

18*33 

14*02 

MONBADITE. — Cleavage  in  two  directions,  making  with 
each  other  an  angle  of  60°,  one  distinct,  the  other  indistinct. 
Translucent.  Lustre,  on  the  planes  of  distinct  cleavage  vitre¬ 
ous  ;  on  the  fracture  dull.  Honey-yellow.  Streak  white. 
h  =  6*0. ..6*5.  g-  =  3*2673.  Analysis  by  A.  Erdmann silica 
66*17,  magnesia  31*63,  protoxide  of  iron  8*66,  water  4*04.  Is 
found  in  the  parish  of  Bergen  in  Norway. 

MONBOLITE. — (B.  Silliman.  Silliman’s  Journ.  1S49.  8. 
385.)  In  cleavage  and  form  resembles  sillimanite.  Green... 
greenish-grey,  h  =  7*26  on  an  angle,  6  on  cleavage  face. 
g  =  3*046... 3*096.  In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Infusible 
before  the  blowpipe.  Analyses  by  B.  Silliman  : — 

Silica . 40*92 


40*39 


40*39 


5sT0NTR0NITE. 


663 


Alumina . 66*61  65*73  56*62 

Magnesia . o*28  o*28  o*28 

Water . 3*09  1*84  2*79 

Is  found  at  Monroe,  Orange  County,  New  York. 

MOSANDRITE. — Cleavage  in  one  direction  distinct,  traces 
in  several  other  directions.  In  thin  fragments  translucent. 
Lustre  resinous,  on  the  plane  of  distinct  cleavage,  inclining  to 
vitreous.  Dark  reddish-brown ;  by  transmitted  light  bright 
red.  Streak  greyish-brown.  h  =  4.  a  =  2*93.  In  the 
matrass  yields  much  water.  Becomes  brownish-yellow  by  igni¬ 
tion.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  easily  with  ebullition  into  a 
brownish-green,  dull  bead.  Easily  soluble  in  borax,  forming  a 
violet  bead  which  becomes  yellow,  or  nearly  colourless,  in  the 
inner  flame.  With  soda  yields  the  reaction  of  manganese.  Is 
completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Contains  silica, 
titanic  acid,  oxides  of  cerium,  lanthanium,  manganese,  lime, 
magnesia,  potash,  water.  In  tabular  and  prismatic  crystals, 
and  massive.  Is  found  in  syenite  on  Lamansskaret,  a  small 
island  not  far  from  Brevig  in  Norway. 

MOUNTAIN  SOAP.  —  Massive.  Eracture  conchoidal, 
earthy.  Opaque.  Black,  dull.  Streak  shining.  h  =  1*0... 2*0. 
Analysis  by  Bucholz  : — silica  44*0,  alumina  26*5,  red  oxide  of 
iron  8*o,  lime  o*5,  water  20*5.  Is  found  at  Olkucz  in  Poland, 
Bilin  in  Bohemia,  the  island  of  Skye. 

MOUNTAIN  WOOD. — Opaque.  Lustre  silky,  inclining 
to  waxy.  Wood-brown.  Streak  the  same,  shining.  In  thin 
splinters  elastic.  Adheres  to  the  tongue,  h  —  2*5.  a  =  1*5. 
Analysis  of  mountain  wood  from  Sterzing  by  Thaulow  : — silica 
55*51,  alumina  0*04,  red  oxide  of  iron  19*56,  magnesia  14*41, 
lime  0*12,  water  10*36.  Is  found  in  fibrous  masses  closely  re¬ 
sembling  rotten  wood,  at  Sterzing  in  the  Tyrol,  and  in  a 
bed  of  iron  ore  on  the  Biichenberg  near  Elbingerode  in  the 
Harz. 

NEUROLITE. — Eibrous.  Eracture  uneven.  Opaque... 
translucent  on  the  edges.  Greenish -yellow.  h  =  4*25.  a  = 
2*476.  Analysis  by  Thomson  : — silica  73*oo,  alumina  17*35,  lime 
3*25,  magnesia  1*50,  protoxide  of  iron  0*40,  water  4*30.  Is  found 
at  Stamstead  in  Lower  Canada. 

NONTEONITE. — Eracture  uneven.  Opaque.  Dull.  Lustre 
of  the  streak  resinous.  Straw-yellow,  yellowish- white,  greenish. 


664 


APPENDIX. 


Unctuous  to  the  touch.  Very  soft.  G  =  2*08.  Before  the 
blowpipe  becomes  red.  Is  decomposed  by  hot  hydrochloric 
acid,  forming  a  jelly  of  silica.  Analysis  by  Dufrenoy : — silica 
40*68,  alumina  3*96,  red  oxide  of  iron  30*19,  magnesia  2*37,  water 
23*00.  Is  found  in  small  reniform  masses  in  a  bed  of  manga¬ 
nese  ore  near  Saint-Pardoux,  Villefranche,  and  Montmort  in 
France. 

O  CHRAN. — Fracture  conchoidal.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining 
to  resinous.  Yellow.  Streak  pale  yellow.  Slightly  brittle. 
g  =  2*483.  Before  the  blowpipe  imparts  a  green  colour  to  the 
flame.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  forming  a  jelly  of 
silica.  Analysis  by  Kersten: — silica  31*3,  alumina  43*0,  red 
oxide  of  iron  1*2,  water  21*0,  boracic  acid  a  trace.  Is  found  at 
Orawitza  in  the  Banat. 

OKEJNTITE. — Prismatic.  a  100,  m  HO.  ma  =  61°  io', 

mm  —  57°40/.  Translucent.  Lustre  pearly. 

Yellowish- white,  blueish-wrhite  h  =  4*5...  fig.  644. 

5*o.  g  =  2*28... 2*36.  In  the  matrass  ^ 

yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
with  intumescence  into  an  enamel.  With  J  | 

borax  forms  a  colourless  glass.  Is  easily  a  I  J 

decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  forming 
a  jelly  of  silica.  CaSi2H2,  silica  57*24,  lime 
26*03,  water  16*73.  Analyses  of  okenite 
a  from  Disco  by  v.  Kobell,  b  from  the  Faroe  islands  by  Conn  el, 
c  from  Iceland  by  Wurth  : — 


a 

b 

c 

Silica . 

.  55*64 

57*69 

54*88 

Lime . 

.  26*59 

26*83 

26*15 

Alumina  .... 

.  1 

0*46 

Red  oxide  of  iron  . 

>  0*53 

0*32 

Oxide  of  mangan.  . 

.  — 

0*22 

— 

Potash  .... 

.  — 

0*23 

— 

Soda . 

.  — 

0*44 

1*02 

Water  .... 

.  17*00 

14*71 

17*94 

Is  found  in  acicular  crystals  and  massive,  in  amygdaloidal 
rock  in  the  island  of  Disco,  at  Tupaursak  in  Greenland,  in  the 
Faroe  islands,  in  Iceland. 

OSMELITE. — Analysis  of  osmelite  from  Niederkirchen  by 
Riegel: — silica  58*33,  alumina  13*85,  lime  10*42,  red  oxide  of  iron 
1*15,  water  16*10. 


PIIOLERITE. — Scaly,  fibrous.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 


PITTITE,  GIESECKITE,  OOSITE,  &C. 


665 


Lustre  pearly.  White,  greyish,  greenish.  Friable.  Adheres 
to  the  tongue,  g-  =  2*35... 2*57.  ii2s'i3  -f  4H.  Analyses  by 
Gruillemin : — 

Silica .  40-75  42*93  41-65 

Alumina .  43-89  42-07  43*35 

Water  . 15'36  15*00  15"00 

Is  found  at  Freiberg,  Ehrenfriedersdorf  and  Zwickau  in 
Saxony,  in  the  mines  of  Pins  and  Lives  de  Griers  in  the  depart¬ 
ment  of  Allier  in  Prance. 

PIKEOPHYLL. — Dark  green,  h  —  2-5.  G  =  2-73.  Ana¬ 
lysis  by  Svanberg : — silica  49"80,  magnesia  30*10,  protoxide  of 
iron  6-86,  lime  o*78,  alumina  i  ll,  water  9*83.  Is  found  at  Sahla 
in  Sweden. 

PIMELITE. — Practure  flat  conchoidal.  Translucent . . .  trans¬ 
lucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  waxy.  Apple-green.  Streak 
greenish-white,  h  =  2*5.  g  =  1-458... 2*289.  Infusible.  With 
soda  in  the  inner  flame  yields  nickel.  Analysis  by  Schmidt : — 
silica  54*63,  oxide  of  nickel  32*66,  magnesia  5-89,  lime  0*16,  pro¬ 
toxide  of  iron  1*13,  alumina  0*30,  water  5*23.  Is  found  massive 
and  investing  other  minerals  at  Thomnitz,  Kosemutz  and  Grlas- 
endorf  near  Pranken  stein  in  Silesia. 

PINGUITE. — Massive.  Practure  conchoidal,  uneven,  splin¬ 
tery.  Lustre  resinous,  feeble.  Siskin-green,  oil-green.  Streak 
the  same,  paler,  shining.  Sectile.  Unctuous,  h  =  1*0.  G  == 
2*315.  In  the  matrass  yields  water.  With  borax  forms  a  glass 
coloured  by  iron.  Is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  leaving 
silica  in  powder.  Analysis  by  Kersten : — silica  36*90,  alumina 
1*80,  red  oxide  of  iron  29*50,  protoxide  of  iron  6*io,  oxide  of  man¬ 
ganese  0*15,  magnesia  0*45,  water  25*10.  Is  found  in  veins  of 
barytes  in  gneiss  at  Wolkenstein  in  Saxony,  in  a  bed  of  red 
oxide  of  iron  at  Kothehtitte  not  far  from  Elbingerode  in  the 
Harz,  in  basalt  at  the  Pflasterkaute,  near  Suhl  in  Thuringia. 

PINITE,  GIESECKITE,  OOSITE,  KILLINITE,  PAH- 
LUNITE,  BONSDOEFFITE,  ESMAEKITE,  ASPASIO- 
LITE,  PYEAEGrILLITE,  CHLOEOPHYLLITE,  GIGAN- 
TOLITE,  PEASEOLITE,  IBEEITE,  WEISSITE.— These 
substances  are  supposed  to  be  cordierite  more  or  less  changed. 
Pinite  shows  the  faces  a,  b,  c,  m,  r,  s  of  cordierite.  Paces  of 
union  parallel  to  c.  Practure  uneven.. .splintery.  Faintly 
translucent  on  the  edges... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous,  feeble. 
Grey,  brown,  green.  Streak  white.  Sectile.  h  =  2*o...2*5. 
G  =  2*78... 2*83.  Fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Occurs  im- 


G6G 


APPENDIX. 


bedded  in  granite,  porphyry,  gneiss  and  mica  slate.  Is  found 
in  several  places  in  Auvergne,  near  Elbingerode  and  Stolberg  in 
the  Harz,  at  Schneeberg  and  Penig  in  Saxony,  near  Rastadt  in 
Baden,  Iglau  in  Moravia,  Arendal  in  Xorway,  Haddam  in  Con¬ 
necticut,  St.  Michael’s  Mount  in  Cornwall,  in  Aberdeenshire. 
The  variety  called  gieseckite  is  found  at  Akulliarasiarsuk  in 
Greenland.  Oosite,  from  the  valley  of  Oos  in  Baden,  resembles 
pinite.  Killinite. — Fracture  uneven.  Faintly  translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly.  Greenish-grey,  passing 
into  yellow.  Streak  yellowish-white.  Sectile.  H  =  4"0.  G  = 
2*65.  Fusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Is  found  in  granite  veins  at 
Killiney  near  Dublin. 


Analyses  of  pinite  a  from  Penig,  b  from  Aue  near  Schnee¬ 
berg,  c  from  St.  Pardoux,  all  by  Rammelsberg,  d  from  St.  Par- 
doux,  e  from  Saxony,  jffrom  Mont  Breven,  all  by  Marignac  :  — 


a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

Silica  .... 

.  47‘00 

46-83 

48*92 

47"50 

46-10 

44-70 

Alumina 

.  28-36 

27-65 

32-29 

31-80 

32-46 

31-64 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  . 

.  — 

— 

3*49 

3-92 

4-27 

6-57 

Protox.  iron 

7*08 

7-84 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Lime . 

0*79 

0-49 

0-51 

0-92 

— 

— 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

.  — 

— 

o-ii 

— 

— 

— 

Magnesia  . 

2-48 

1*02 

1'30 

— 

2-26 

2-86 

Potash  .... 

.  10-74 

6-52 

914 

9*05 

9-00 

7-89 

Soda . 

ro7 

0-40 

— 

1*78 

0-46 

0-95 

Water  .... 

3-83 

7-80 

4-27 

6-03 

5"45 

5-39 

Analyses  of  pinite  g  from  Auvergne  by  C.  Gmelin,  h  from 
Heustadt  in  Saxony  by  Ficinus,  i  from  Penig  by  Scott,  k  from 
Greenland  (gieseckite)  by  PfafF,  of  killinite  l  by  Lehunt,  m 
by  Blyth : — 


9 

li 

i 

k 

l 

m 

Silica  .... 

54-6 

48-00 

48-0 

49*08 

47-93 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  .  25-48 

23-6 

28-00 

32-5 

30-60 

31-04 

Bed  ox.  iron 

.  .  5*51 

— 

— 

4-0 

■ — 

— 

Protox.  iron 

.  .  — 

7-8 

9‘66 

— 

2*27 

2'33 

Ox.  mangan. 

*  ’  |  3*76 

1*6 

— 

— 

— 

1*25 

Magnesia  .  . 

0-8 

— 

1-5 

1-08 

0*46 

Potash  .  .  . 

.  .  7‘89 

11*2 

11-35 

6-5 

6*72 

6-06 

Soda  .... 

.  .  0-39 

Ca 

0-75 

— 

0-68 

0'72 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  1-41 

1*2 

3'00 

5-5 

10-00 

10-00 

Fahlunite. — Fracture  splintery,  uneven,  conchoidal.  Opaque 
...translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  vitreous,  waxy.  Green, 
black,  brown.  Streak  white,  h  =  2-5... 3*0.  a  =  2‘62...3’79. 
Melts  on  the  edges  before  the  blowpipe.  Is  found  in  im- 


PINITE,  GIESECKITE,  OOSITE,  &C. 


667 


bedded  crystals  having  rounded  edges,  and  massive,  at 
Fahlun  in  Sweden  in  chlorite  slate.  Bonsdorffite. — Cleavage 
parallel  to  the  faces  c  of  cordierite.  Fracture  conchoidal.  In 
thin  leaves  translucent.  Lustre  waxy.  Greenish-brown... 
olive-green,  11  =  3*5.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Is 
found  in  six-sided  prisms  with  cordierite  in  granite  near  Abo  in 
Finland.  Esmarkite. — Cleavage  parallel  to  the  faces  c  of  cor¬ 
dierite.  Fracture  uneven,  splintery.  Translucent  on  the  edges. 
Lustre  pearly  on  the  cleavage,  on  the  surfaces  of  fracture  vitre¬ 
ous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Green.  h  =  35.  G  =  2’709. 
Fusible  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  before  the  blowpipe.  In 
imbedded  crystals  having  rounded  edges,  an  uneven  surface  and 
imperfect  terminations.  Is  found  with  chlorite  imbedded  in 
quartz  near  Brevig  in  Norway.  Aspasiolite  occurs  in  crystals 
having  the  form  of  cordierite.  Green  of  various  shades,  some¬ 
times  inclining  to  brown.  H  =  3‘0.  g  =  2-764.  Infusible 
before  the  blowpipe.  Is  decomposed  by  boiling  hydrochloric 
acid.  Is  found  in  gneiss  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kragero  in 
Norway  containing  portions  of  colourless  or  pale  violet  cordie¬ 
rite.  Pyrargillite. — Fracture  uneven.  Translucent  on  the 
edges... opaque.  Lustre  resinous,  feeble.  Greyish-blue,  brown, 
red.  h  —  3'5.  g  =  2*5.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Is 
completely  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid.  Is  found  in 
indistinct  imbedded  crystals,  and  massive,  in  granite  at  Hel¬ 
singfors  in  Finland.  Analyses  of  fahlunite  n,  o  by  Trolle 
"Wachtmeister,  p  of  bonsdorffite  by  v.  Bonsdorff,  q  of  esmarkite 
by  Erdmann,  r  of  aspasiolite  by  Scheerer,  s  of  pyrargillite  by 
Nordenskiold : — 


n 

0 

P 

2 

r 

S 

Silica  .... 

.  44-60 

44-95 

4o"05 

45-97 

50-90 

43-93 

Alumina 

.  36*10 

30-70 

30'05 

32*08 

32'38 

28-93 

Protox.  iron 

3-86 

7*22 

5-30 

3*83 

234 

5-30 

Protox.  mangan.  . 

2*24 

1-90 

— 

0-41 

— 

— 

Lime  .... 

1*35 

0*95 

— 

— 

Na 

1'85 

Magnesia 

6-75 

6-04 

9*00 

10*32 

8-01 

2-90 

Potash  .... 

1-98 

1*38 

— 

— 

— • 

1*05 

Water  .... 

9-35 

8*65 

10-60 

5-49 

6-73 

15-47 

Chlorophyllite  occurs  in  six-sided  prisms,  with  a  cleavage 
perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  prism.  Green... brownish. 
Brittle.  h  =  T5...2-0  on  the  ends,  h  =  5  on  the  edges. 
G  =  2*7.  Is  found  at  Haddam.  Gigantolite  occurs  in  twelve¬ 
sided  prisms  having  either  a  cleavage  or  faces  of  union  sepa¬ 
rated  by  films  of  chlorite  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  prism. 
Lustre  on  the  faces  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  prism  im¬ 
perfect  metallic.  Greenish-grey.  Streak  white,  h  =  3'5. 


668 


APPENDIX. 


G  =  2-86... 2‘88.  Melts  into  a  green  slag  before  the  blowpipe. 
Is  found  in  large  crystals  in  granite  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Tammela  in  Finland.  Praseolite  occurs  in  imbedded  four,  six, 
eight  and  twelve-sided  prisms,  having  their  edges  and  angles 
rounded,  and  cleavable  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  the  axis 
of  the  prism.  Fracture  splintery . . . flat  conchoidal.  Translucent 
on  the  edges.  Green  of  various  shades.  Streak  greenish-white. 
Sectile.  n  =  3‘5.  G  =  2‘754.  Before  the  blowpipe  fuses 
with  difficulty  on  the  edges  into  a  blueish-green  glass.  Is 
found  in  a  vein  of  quartz  in  gneiss  at  Brakke  near  Brevig  in 
Norway.  The  interior  of  a  crystal  in  the  Museum  at  Vienna 
consists  of  unaltered  cordierite.  Iberite  occurs  in  large  six- 
sided  prisms  cleavable  parallel  to  the  lateral  and  terminal  faces 
of  the  prism.  Fracture  splintery.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous, 
inclining  to  pearly.  Light  green ...  grey,  h  =  2*5.  G  ==  2"5. 
Fusible  with  difficulty  before  the  blowpipe  into  a  dark  glass. 
Is  found  at  Montalvan  in  the  province  of  Toledo.  Weissite 
resembles  fahlunite.  Grey... brown.  G  =  2"8.  Is  found  at 
Fahlun.  Analyses  t  of  chlorophyllite  by  Bammelsberg,  u  of 
gigantolite  by  Trolle  Wachtmeister,  v  of  gigantolite  by  Komo- 
nen,  w  of  praseolite  by  Erdmann,  x  of  iberite  by  Norlin,  y  of 
weissite  by  Trolle  Wachtmeister  : — 


t 

U 

V 

w 

X 

y 

Silica  .  .  . 

.  .  46-31 

46-27 

45-6 

40-94 

40-90 

53-69 

Alumina 

.  .  25-17 

25*10 

26-7 

28-79 

30-74 

21-70 

Bed  ox.  iron  . 

.  .  10*99 

15-60 

— 

7*73 

—  Zn  0‘30 

Protox.  iron 

•  • 

— 

12-4 

— 

15-47 

1-43 

Protox.  mangan. 

.  .  — 

0-89 

0-9 

0*32 

1-33 

0-63 

Lime  .... 

.  .  0-58 

-  (Ti,  &C. 

0‘50) 

0-40  • 

— 

Magnesia  .  . 

.  .  10'91 

3-80 

2-4 

13-43 

0-81 

8-99 

Patash  .  .  / . 

•  • 

2-70 

5*8 

— 

4-57 

4*10 

Soda  .  .  .  . 

— 

1-20 

— 

— 

0-04 

0-68 

Water  .  .  . 

.  .  6-70 

6-00 

6*2 

7-38 

5*57 

3-20 

PIPESTONE.- 

— Fracture 

earthy. 

Opaque. 

Dull. 

Light 

greyish-blue,  h 

=  1-5.  G 

=  2-606 

Sectile. 

Analy 

sis  by 

Thomson: — silica  56’H,  alumina  17'31,  red  oxide  of  iron  6*96, 
magnesia  0-20,  lime  2*17,  soda  12‘48,  water  4*58.  Is  found 
between  Nootka  Sound  and  the  Columbia  Biver. 

PYBALLOLITE. — Im  =  39°  li',  rm  =  35°  57',  rt  —  49°  27', 
mt  —  85°  24'.  I ,  m ,  r  are  in  the  same  zone.  Fracture  uneven, 
earthy.  Translucent  on  the  edges... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous, 
on  the  cleavage  faces  pearly.  White,  inclining  to  green,  light 
greenish  and  yellowish-grey.  Slightly  brittle.  II  =  3*5... 4*0. 
g  =  2*55 . .  .2’60.  In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the 


ROSELLAKE. 


669 


blowpipe  blackens,  then  grows  white,  intumesces,  and  in  a 
strong  heat  melts  on  the  edges.  With  soda  fuses  into  a  trans¬ 
parent  globule.  Analysis  by  Nordenskiold  : — silica  56*62,  mag¬ 
nesia  23*38,  lime  5*58,  protoxide  of  manganese  0*99,  red  oxide  of 
iron  0-09,  alumina  3*38,  water  3*58,  bituminous  matter  and  loss 
6'38.  Is  found  in  crystals,  columnar  or  granular  masses,  at 
Storgard  in  the  parish  of  Pargas  in  Finland,  with  augite,  fel¬ 
spar,  scapolite,  apatite  and  sphene,  in  a  bed  of  granular  lime¬ 
stone.  According  to  Gr.  Bischof,  pyrallolite  is  decomposed 
augite. 

PYEOSKLEEITE. — Prismatic.  Cleavage  in  two  directions, 
making  right  angles  with  each  other,  one  perfect,  the  other  im¬ 
perfect.  Fracture  uneven  and  splintery.  Translucent.  Lustre 
pearly  on  the  surface  of  perfect  cleavage,  feeble.  The  surface 
of  fracture  dull.  Apple-green... emerald-green,  greyish-green. 
Streak  white.  Sectile.  h  =  3*o.  a  =  2*74.  In  the  matrass 
yields  water.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  with  difficulty  into  a 
greyish  glass.  With  borax  fuses  into  a  chrome-green  globule. 
In  powder  is  completely  decomposed  by  concentrated  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid,  leaving  the  silica  in  powder.  Analysis  by  v.  Ko- 
bell: — silica  37*03,  alumina  13*50,  oxide  of  chrome  1*43,  magnesia 
31*62,  protoxide  of  iron  3*52,  water  iroo.  Is  found  in  crystal¬ 
line  masses  with  chonikrite,  with  which  it  is  sometimes  inti¬ 
mately  mingled,  in  veins  in  serpentine,  near  Porto  Ferrajo  in 
Elba. 

EAZOIJMOFFSKIN. — Analysis  by  Zellner  silica  54*50, 
alumina  27*25,  lime  2*00,  magnesia  0*37,  protoxide  of  iron  0*25, 
water  14*25.  Is  found  at  Kosemiitz  in  Silesia. 

EOSELLANE. — Cleavage  in  one  direction  perfect.  Frac¬ 
ture  splintery.  Translucent.  ..Semi-transparent.  Lustre  on 
cleavage  planes  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous ;  on  surfaces  of 
fracture  dull.  Eose-red,  inclining  to  ’violet  and  brownish-red. 
jStreak  white.  n  =  2*5... 4*0.  o  —  2*72.  In  the  matrass 
yields  water  and  loses  its  colour.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts 
with  difficulty  into  a  white  slag.  With  soda  fuses  readily. 
Analyses  a  of  rosellane,  h  —  2*5,  from  Aker,  b  from  Tunaberg, 
h  =  4  (polyargit),  both  by  Svanberg: — 


a 

b 

Silica . 

.  .  44*90 

44*13 

Alumina  .  .  . 

.  .  34*51 

35*12 

Eed  ox.  iron 

.  .  0*69 

0*96 

Oxide  of  mangan. 

.  .  0*19 

trace 

Lime . 

.  .  3*59 

5*55 

670 


APPENDIX. 


a 

l 

Magnesia . 

2*45 

1*43 

Potash . 

6*63 

6*73 

Water . 

6*53 

5*29 

Bosellane  is  found  in  small  grains  imbedded  in  limestone  at 
Aken  and  at  Baldurstadt  in  Sodermanland  in  Sweden.  Poly- 
argit  is  found  at  ICarrgrufva  in  the  parish  of  Tunaberg  in 
Sweden. 

SAMOINE. — (Dana  )  In  stalactites  having  a  lamellar  con¬ 
centric  structure.  White,  greyish  or  brownish.  H  =  4*0... 4*5. 
n  —  1*689...  1*894.  Gelatinizes  in  nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid. 
Analysis  by  Silliman,  jun. : — silica  35*14,  alumina  31*95,  magnesia 
1*05,  carbonate  of  lime  1*21,  water  31*95.  Is  found  covering  the 
roof  of  a  lava  cavern  in  the  island  of  Upolu. 

SISMONDINE. — Easily  cleavable  in  one  direction.  Bright. 
Dark  green.  Streak  light  greyish-green.  G  =  3*565.  Ana¬ 
lysis  by  Delesse silica  24*1,  alumina  43*2,  protoxide  of  iron 
23*8,  water  7*6.  Is  found  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont. 

SMECTITE. — An  amorphous  mineral  from  Cilly  in  Stiria. 
Analysis  by  E.  A.  Jordan: — silica  51*21,  alumina  12*25,  red 
oxide  of  iron  2*07,  magnesia  4*89,  lime  2*13,  water  27'89. 

SOBDAWALITE. — Eracture  conchoidal.  Opaque.  Lustre 
resinous  or  vitreous.  Brownish-black. ..blackish-green.  Streak 
liver-brown.  Brittle,  h  =  4*0. ..4*5.  G  =  2*65 ..  .2*62.  Melts 
before  the  blowpipe  into  a  black  globule.  Is  imperfectly  de¬ 
composed  by  acids.  Analysis  by  Nordenskiold : — silica  49*40, 
alumina  13*80,  protoxide  of  iron  18*17,  magnesia  10*67,  phosphoric 
acid  2*68,  water  4*38.  Is  found  at  Sordawala  in  Einland. 

SPADAITE.  —  Eracture  imperfect  conchoidal,  splintery. 
Translucent.  Lustre  resinous,  feeble.  Light  red.  Streak 
white.  Sectile.  h  =  2*5.  In  the  matrass  yields  water  and 
turns  grey.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  an  enamel.  Is 
decomposed  by  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid.  3MgSi  +  2MgH2, 
silica  57,  magnesia  32,  water  ll.  Analysis  by  v.  Kobell : — 
silica  56*oo,  magnesia  30*67,  protoxide  of  iron  0*66,  alumina  0*66, 
water  11*34.  Occurs  massive,  with  wollastonite,  at  Capo  di 
Bove  near  Borne. 

TITUBINGITE. — Massive.  Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direc¬ 
tion.  Lustre  pearly.  Olive-green.  Streak  siskin-green,  n  = 


ZEAGONITE. 


671 


2*0.. .2*5.  G  =  3*151. ..3*157.  Analysis  by  Rammelsberg : — 
silica  22*41,  red  oxide  of  iron  21*94,  protoxide  of  iron  42*60,  mag¬ 
nesia  1*16,  water  n*89.  Is  found  near  Saalfeld. 

TRIPOLI. — Practure  earthy.  Opaque.  Dull.  Grey.  Soft, 
friable,  g  =  i*86...2*2.  Analysis  by  Bucliolz  : — silica  8l*oo, 
alumina  1*50,  red  oxide  of  iron  8*00,  water  4*55,  sulphuric  acid 
3*45.  Is  found  near  Prague,  in  Saxony,  Prance,  England,  Tri¬ 
poli,  Corfu. 

UNIONITE. — (B.  Silliman.  Silliman’s  Journal.  1849.  8.  384.) 
Cleavage  in  one  direction  distinct ;  in  two  other  directions  less 
distinct.  Lustre  vitreous.  White... yellowish-white.  Brittle, 
H  =  6*0... 6*5.  G  =  3*2984.  In  the  matrass  yields  water  and 
fluorine.  Before  the  blowpipe  intumesces  and  melts  into  a 
white  enamel,  emitting  a  brilliant  light.  Analysis  by  B.  Silli¬ 
man  : — silica  44*15,  alumina  42*26,  magnesia  7*36,  soda  1*73,  water 
and  fluorine  3*53. 


40°  15' 


djb  =  39°  23',  dd'  —  101°  14', 


EIG.  645. 


VILLARSITE.— Prismatic. 

eb  =  43°  28',  ee"  =  93°  4',  ee 
ee"  —  106°  52'.  Practure  granular. 

Translucent.  Yellowish-green.  Soft. 

G  =  2*978.  Infusible  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe.  With  borax  yields  a  green 
enamel.  Is  decomposed  by  strong 
acids.  Analysis  by  Dufrenoy  : — silica 
39*40,  magnesia  45*33,  protoxide  of  iron 
4*30,  protoxide  of  manganese  2*86,  lime  o*54,  potash  o*46,  water 
5*80.  Is  found  in  a  bed  of  magnetite  at  Traversella  in  Pied¬ 
mont.  It  is  supposed  to  be  an  altered  olivine. 


d‘ 

d 

e 

WARWICKITE.  —  Oblique.  Cleavage  in  one  direction 
very  perfect.  Practure  uneven.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  cleavage 
pearly.  Hair-brown... iron-grey.  Streak  blueish-black.  Brit¬ 
tle.  H  =  3*0... 4*0.  G  =  3*188... 3*29.  In  the  matrass  yields 
water.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  salt  of  phos¬ 
phorus  yields  a  bead  which  is  orange  while  hot,  and  purplish- 
grey  and  opaque  when  cold.  Analysis  by  T.  S.  Hunt : — titanic 
acid  28*20,  silica  18*50,  alumina  13*84,  protoxide  of  iron  io*59, 
magnesia  22*20,  lime  1*30,  water  7*35.  Is  found  in  crystals  near 
Edenville  in  New  York. 


ZEAGONITE. — Analysis  of  a  mineral  from  Vesuvius  called 
zeagonite,  distinguishable  from  Phillipsite  by  losing  one-third  of 


672 


APPENDIX. 


the  water  contained  in  it  at  100°  c,  and  becoming  opaque,  by 
Marignac : — silica  35*88,  alumina  27*23,  lime  13‘12,  potash  2*85, 
water  2rio. 

XEUXITE. — In  small,  flat,  right-angled  prisms,  and  fibrous 
masses.  Opaque.  Lustre  vitreous.  Brown,  inclining  to  green. 
h  =  4'25.  G-  =  3'05l.  Analysis  by  Thomson: — silica  33*48, 
alumina  31 ’85,  protoxide  of  iron  26’0l,  lime  2*46,  water  5*28.  "Was 

found  near  Bedruth  in  Cornwall. 

* 

XYLITE. — Eibrous.  Opaque.  Glimmering.  Brown... 
yellow.  Fusible  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe.  Soluble  in  borax,  imparting  to  it  the  colour  of  iron. 
Partially  decomposed  by  acids,  h  —  3*0.  G  —  2*935.  Ana¬ 
lysis  by  Hermann : — silica  44*97,  red  oxide  of  iron  38*61,  lime 
6*71,  magnesia  6*53,  water  4*18.  Is  supposed  to  have  been  found 
in  one  of  the  copper  mines  in  the  Ural. 

ALLUAUDITE. — Analysis  by  Vauquelin : — phosphoric  acid 
27*85,  red  oxide  of  iron  56*20,  oxide  of  manganese  6*76,  water  9*29. 
Is  found  in  Haute  Vienne. 

ANTIMONPIIYLLITE. — Oblique,  b  oio,  m  no.  Cleav¬ 
age.  b ,  very  perfect.  Semi-transparent.  Lustre  pearly,  inclin¬ 
ing  to  adamantine.  Greyish-white.  In  thin  leaves  flexible. 
h  =  i*o...  1*5.  g  =  4*025.  Its  reactions  before  the  blowpipe 
are  the  same  as  those  of  valentinite. 

ABiEOXENE. — Is  found  in  crystalline  and  columnar  masses 
at  Dahn  in  the  Palatinate  with  galena.  Deep  red.  Streak 
pale  yellow.  h  =  3.  On  charcoal  melts  easily  with  intu¬ 
mescence  before  the  blowpipe,  and  yields  an  arsenical  odour 
and  a  globule  of  lead.  With  borax  in  the  inner  flame  melts 
into  a  bright  green  glass,  which  becomes  light  olive-green  and 
then  yellow  in  the  outer  flame,  and  takes  a  pale  green  colour 
when  cold.  Is  decomposed  by  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 
In  loo  parts  of  the  mineral  v.  Kobell  found  Pbo  48*7,  zno  16*32. 

ABSENOCBOCITE  Arseniosiderite. — In  globular  aggrega¬ 
tions  composed  of  easily  separable  fibres.  Lustre  silky. 
Brownish-yellow,  h  =  1...2.  G  =  3*52... 3*9.  Analysis  by 
Bammelsberg: — arsenic  acid  39*16,  red  oxide  of  iron  40*00,  lime 
12*18,  water  8*66.  Is  found  at  Bomaneche  near  Macon. 

AZOBITE.  —  Pyramidal,  a  loo,  e  101.  aa'  =  90°  o', 
ea  —  46°  20r,  ee  —  56°  45'.  No  cleavage  observable.  Trans- 


BLODITE. 


673 


lucent... opaque.  Lustre  vitreous  on  the  surface  of  fracture. 
Colourless,  white  inclining  to  greenish-yellow,  h  =  4*0...  4*5. 
Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  With  borax,  on  platinum  wire, 
dissolves  with  great  difficulty  into  a  transparent  globule.  Dis¬ 
solves  slowly  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  forming  a  pale  green  bead. 
According  to  A.  A.  Hayes,  consists  of  niobate  of  lime.  Is 
found  in  the  Azores,  in  an  albitic  rock,  with  black  tourmaline 
and  pyrrhite. 


BEHDAjSTTITE. — According  to  Levy  rhomboliedral.  rr  — 
87°  30'.  It  was  supposed  by  Descloizeaux  and  Damour  to  agree 
with  pharmacosiderite  both  in  form  and  composition.  We  have 
examined  crystals  of  this  mineral  taken  from  the  particular 
specimen  from  Horhausen  described  by  M.  Levy,  and  Dr.  Percy 
has  analyzed  a  minute  portion  of  the  same  specimen.  The 
crystals  which  are  opaque  and  black,  if  not  rhombohedral,  are 
remarkably  deceptive,  having  only  one  of  the  triangular  faces 
which  occur  on  the  alternate  solid  angles  of  the  cubes,  and  that 
face,  instead  of  being  uneven  and  bright,  as  in  the  cubic  ar- 
seniate,  is  very  flat,  but  so  dull  as  scarcely  to  reflect  a  ray  of 
light,  and  is  disproportionally  large  when  compared  with  those 
on  the  cubic  crystals.  The  other  faces  also  of  Levy’s  specimen 
are  brighter  than  those  of  the  cubes,  but  are  so  much  curved 
and  otherwise  irregular  as  not  to  afford  any  measurements  that 


to  those  of  pharmacosiderite 

as  given  by  Phillips. 

Two  analyses 

of  a  very  small  quantity  of  Levy’s  specimen  gave 

the  following 

results : — 

Arsenic  acid  .  . 

.  .  .  9*68 

13*60 

Phosphoric  acid  . 

.  .  .  1*46 

not  det. 

Sulphuric  acid 

.  .  .  12*31 

12*35 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  42*46 

37*65 

Oxide  of  lead  . 

.  .  .  24*47 

29*52 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  8*49 

8*49 

Erom  which  it  appears  that  if  Levy’s  specimen  is  to  be 
regarded  as  pharmacosiderite,  it  contains  an  unusually  large 
proportion  of  foreign  matter. 


BLEINIEEE. — This  name  has  been  given  to  the  results  of 
the  decomposition  of  various  sulphides  of  lead  and  antimony, 
somo  of  which  are  sulphate  of  oxide  of  lead  without  any  admixture 
of  antimony  ;  another  from  Nertschinsk,  analyzed  by  Hermann, 
consisted  of  antimonic  acid  31*71,  oxide  of  lead  61*38,  water  6*46. 


BLODITE.— Analysis  by  John sulphate  of  magnesia  36*66, 

u  g 


674 


APPENDIX. 


sulphate  of  soda  33*34,  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  manganese  0*33, 
chloride  of  sodium  0*33,  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron  0*34,  water 
22’00.  Was  found  at  Ischel. 

CABPHOSIDEBITE. — Botryoidal  and  reniform.  Lustre 
fatty.  Straw-yellow,  h  =  4*0... 4*5.  G  =  2*49... 2*51.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  Harkort,  is  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  iron  oxide  with 
some  zinc  oxide.  Labrador. 

CHLOBIDE  OE  IBON. — Earthy.  Lull.  Brownish-red. 
Deliquesces  when  exposed  to  the  air.  Sublimes  before  the 
blowpipe.  Easily  soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol.  Pe2ci3, 
chlorine  65*02,  iron  34*98.  Is  found  as  a  sublimate  investing 
other  minerals  on  Vesuvius  and  in  Iceland. 

CHLOEIDE  OE  VANADIUM. — The  only  notice  we 
have  of  this  mineral  is  in  a  letter  from  Del  Bio,  of  April, 
1837,  in  which  he  states  that  he  had  named  it  zimapanio, 
and  that  when  he  first  saw  it  he  supposed  it  to  be  a  reddish- 
brown  ferruginous  clay,  which  it  much  resembles.  Whether  it 
is  chloride  of  vanadium  or  not,  the  editors  cannot  say.  It 
occurs  as  a  thin  earthy  coating  on  crystals  of  vanadiate  of  lead, 
and  is  disseminated  in  small  quantities  through  the  matrix 
which  accompanies  the  vanadiate. 

DELVAUXINE.  —  Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal. 
Opaque... translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  waxy... dull. 
Brownish-black. ..brownish-yellow.  Streak  light  brownish-yel¬ 
low.  h  =  2*5.  g  =  1*85.  Analyses  #,  b  by  Dumont,  c  by 
Delvaux : — 


a 

b 

C 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  .  16*04 

16*57 

18*20 

Bed  oxide  of  iron 

.  .  .  34*20 

36*62 

40*44 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  49*76 

46*81 

41*13 

Was  found  near  Vise  in  Belgium. 

DIADOCHITE. — Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Trans¬ 
lucent...  opaque.  Lustre  waxy... vitreous.  Yellow... yellowish- 
brown.  Streak  white,  h  =  3*o.  g  =  2*035... 2*037.  Analysis 
by  Plattner : — phosphoric  acid  14*05,  sulphuric  acid  14*37,  red 
oxide  of  iron  37*65,  water  33*30.  Is  found  in  reniform  masses 
in  the  alum-shale  works  at  Arnsbach  near  Grrafenthal  and  at 
Garnsdorf  near  Saalfeld  in  the  Thuringer  Wald. 

DBEELITE.  —  Bhombohedral.  r  loo.  rvf  =  86°...87°. 
Cleavage,  r.  Lustre  pearly,  dull.  White.  H  =  3*5.  G  = 


HEKREKITE. 


G  75 


3*2 . . .3*4.  Analysis  by  Dufrenoy: — sulphate  of  barytes  61*73, 
sulphate  of  lime  14*27,  carbonate  of  lime  8*05,  lime  1*52,  silica 
9*71,  alumina  2*40,  water  2*31.  Wa3  found  at  la  Nussiere  near 
Beaujeu  in  Prance. 

EMEBALD  NICKEL. — In  stalactitic  and  compact  masses. 
Transparent ...  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Emerald-green. 
Streak  paler,  h  =  3.. ,3*25.  G  =:  2*57. ..2*693.  Analysis  by 
B.  Silliman,  jun. : — carbonic  acid  11*69,  oxide  of  nickel  68*81, 
water  29*49.  Is  found  on  chromite  at  Texas  in  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

ELU 0 CEBINE. — Traces  of  cleavage  in  various  directions. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Opaque,  translucent  on  the  thinnest 
edges.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Yellow,  red, 
brown.  Streak  brownish-yellow,  h  —  4*6.  In  the  matrass 
yields  water  and  becomes  darker.  Infusible  before  the  blow¬ 
pipe.  Is  black  while  hot,  in  cooling  becomes  dark  brown,  then 
red,  and  lastly  bright  yellow.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  melts 
into  a  glass  which  is  red  while  hot,  but  becomes  transparent 
and  colourless  on  cooling.  Soluble  in  hot  sulphuric  or  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid.  ce2E3  +  3Ce2o  -f  h.  From  loo  parts  of  fluocerine 
Berzelius  obtained : — oxide  of  cerium  84*20,  water  4*95.  Is 
found  very  sparingly  in  crystalline  masses  imbedded  in  albite 
and  red  felspar  in  a  granite  vein  at  Finbo  near  Fahlun  in 
Sweden. 

HAYESINE. — Hydroborocalcite.  White.  In  warm  water 
swells  to  eight  times  its  original  volume.  CaB2  -f-  6H.  Analysis 
by  Hayes : — boracic  acid  46*11,  lime  18*89,  water  36*oo.  Occurs 
in  fibrous  masses  very  abundantly,  with  pickeringite  and  glau- 
berite,  on  the  dry  plains  near  Iquique  in  Peru.  A  substance 
called  tiza,  in  nodules,  consisting  in  the  interior  of  silky  crystal¬ 
line  fibres,  occurs  with  glauberite  in  the  beds  of  nitre  in  the 
south  of  Peru.  It  is  considered  by  Dana  to  be  probably  the 
same  mineral  as  Hayesine.  G  =  1*8.  Scarcely  soluble  in  cold 
water  ;  soluble  with  difficulty  in  boiling  water.  Keadily  soluble 
in  acids.  Analysis  by  IJlex  : — boracic  acid  49*5,  lime  15*7,  soda 
8*8,  water  26*o. 

HEBBEBITE  is  a  rhombohedral  mineral,  cleavable  parallel 
to  the  faces  r  100.  Lustre  vitreous.  Green  of  various  shades. 
h  =  4*0... 6*o.  g  =  4*3.  It  consists,  according  to  Del  Bio,  of 
carbonate  of  oxide  of  zinc  coloured  by  nickel.  It  is  found  with 
ores  of  lead  and  silver  in  veins  in  transition  limestone  at  Albar- 
radon  in  Mexico. 

g  g  2 


67G 


APPENDIX. 


HOPEITE. — Prismatic.  011,010  =  50°  30' ;  101,001  =  25°  is' ; 
110,100  =  60°  13'.  a  100,  b  010,  c  001,  e  oil,  u  013, 
m  110,  s  210,  x  230,  r  111. 


EIG.  646. 


ss'  97°  40' 

XX  41  44 

ra  70  0 

rr  40  0 

rr"  73  24 

r'r"  87  3 


be  90°  oy 

ca  90  0 

ab  90  0 

ee  79  0 

uu  30  44 

mm  69  34 


Combinations,  abmre ,  cersab,  abmxsrceu.  The  faces  a  stri¬ 
ated  parallel  to  their  intersections  with  s.  Cleavage,  b ,  perfect ; 
a,  less  perfect.  Eracture  uneven.  Transparent... translucent. 
Lustre  vitreous  ;  on  b  pearly.  Greyish-white.  Streak  white.  H  = 
2'5 . . .  3'0.  g  =  2*85.  In  the  matrass  yields  water.  Before  the  blow¬ 
pipe  imparts  a  green  colour  to  the  flame,  and  melts  easily  into 
a  transparent  bead.  With  soda  on  charcoal  deposits  a  copious 
sublimate  of  oxide  of  zinc,  and  some  oxide  of  cadmium.  Per¬ 
fectly  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric 
and  nitric  acids,  more  difficultly  in  sulphuric  acid.  Consists, 
according  to  Nordenskiold,  of  oxide  of  zinc,  some  oxide  of 
cadmium,  and  an  earth  in  combination  with  a  mineral  acid, 
either  boracic  or  phosphoric  acid,  and  a  large  proportion  of 
water.  Is  found  in  crystals  in  small  drusy  cavities  with  smith- 
sonite  at  Altenberg  near  Aix  la  Chapelle. 

HYDEOMAGNOCALCITE.— In  yellowish-white  globular 
masses  from  Vesuvius.  Analysis  by  v.  Kobell: — carbonic  acid 
33*10,  lime  25'22,  magnesia  24*28,  water  17*40.  A  rose-red 
mineral,  found  with  emerald  nickel  in  Lancaster  county  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  grains  and  crusts,  G-  =  2*86,  was  found  by 
Hermann  to  consist  of  carbonic  acid  44*54,  lime  20*10,  magnesia 
27*02,  oxide  of  nickel  1*25,  protoxide  of  iron  0*70,  protoxide  of 
manganese  0*40,  alumina  0*15,  water  6*84. 

HYDEOTALCITE. — Lamellar,  flexible.  On  the  steatite  of 
Snarum.  Analysis  by  Hochstetter  : — carbonic  acid  10*54,  mag¬ 
nesia  36*30,  alumina  12*0,  red  oxide  of  iron  6*9,  water  32*66. 

KAPNITE  is  a  variety  of  calamine  from  Altenberg,  in  green 
crystals,  G  =  4*0... 4*2,  in  which,  according  to  Breithaupt,  rr  = 
72u  53'.  Analyses  of  kapnite  by  Monheim : — 

Garb.  OX.  zinc  .  .  .  60*35  55*89  71*08  68*52  40*43 

Carb.  protox.  iron  .  .  32*21  36*46  23*98  35*41  53*24 


MANCLNTTE. 

677 

Carb.  protox.  mangan.  . 

4*02 

3-47 

2-58 

3-24 

2-18 

Carb.  lime  .... 

1*90 

2'27 

2-54 

3-67 

5-09 

Carb.  magnesia  . 

0-41 

— 

• — 

— 

— 

Hydrous  zns  ... 

2*49 

0-41 

— 

0-48 

— 

KUPFEBBL ATJ. — Amorphous.  Fracture  even . . . conch oidal. 
Lustre  feeble.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Light  azure-blue. 
Streak  blueish- white.  Contains  silica,  carbonic  acid,  oxide  of 
copper  and  water.  Is  found  mixed  with  ochre  and  coated  with 
malachite  in  the  Turjinsk  copper  mines  in  the  Ural. 

LANCASTEBITE. — Oblique.  Cleavage,  b  010.  Trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  pearly.  White.  H  =  2'5.  g  =  2*33.. .2-36. 
Mgc  +  MgH2.  Analysis  by  FI.  Erni : — carbonic  acid  27'07,  mag¬ 
nesia  50*01,  protoxide  of  iron  roi,  h  2l"60.  Is  found  on  serpen¬ 
tine  in  Lancaster  county  in  Pennsylvania. 

LAVENDULAN.  —  Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent. 
Lustre  waxy,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Lavender-blue.  Streak 
the  same,  paler.  H  =  2-5... 3-0."  G  =  3-014.  In  the  matrass 
yields  water,  becomes  blueish-grey  and  friable.  Before  the 
blowpipe  fusible.  The  melted  bead  crystallizes  on  cooling. 
On  charcoal  in  the  inner  flame  emits  a  strong  arsenical  smell. 
Soluble  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  forming  a  glass  which 
is  blueish-green  while  hot,  and  smalt-blue  when  cold.  With  a 
mixture  of  soda  and  borax  on  charcoal  arsenical  fumes  are 
evolved,  and  a  metallic  bead  obtained,  consisting  of  arsenic, 
cobalt,  nickel  and  copper.  Beniform  ;  investing  other  minerals. 
Is  found  in  a  vein  at  Annaberg  in  Saxony. 

LIEBIGITE. — (L.  Smith.)  Green.  In  the  matrass  yields 
water  and  becomes  greenish-grey,  and.  after  cooling  orange. 
After  ignition  before  the  blowpipe  remains  black.  With  borax 
in  the  outer  flame  forms  a  yellow  glass,  in  the  inner  flame  a 
o-reen  glass.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  hydrochloric  acid, 
forming  a  yellow  solution.  Mean  of  two  analyses  by  Smith : — 
carbonic  acid  l0-2,  oxide  of  uranium  38*0,  lime  8-o,  water  45'2. 
Is  found  with  pechuran  at  Adrianople. 

LOWEITE.— A  yellowish-white  or  yellow  crystalline  salt 
found  at  Ischel  with  karstenite.  G  =  2 -376.  Analysis  by 
Karafiat : — sulphuric  acid  5235,  magnesia  12-78,  soda  18"97,  red 
oxide  of  iron  and  alumina  0*66,  water  14"45. 

MAN CINITE. — Fibrous.  Two  cleavages,  one  more  dis- 

Gg  3 


678 


APPENDIX. 


tinct  than  the  other,  make  with  each  other  an  angle  of  88°. 
Zn2s'i.  Is  found  at  Mancino  near  Leghorn. 

MAN  GANKALK  is  perhaps  merely  a  mechanical  mixture 
of  calcite  and  diallogite.  Analyses  of  mangankalk  a  from  Lang- 
banshytta  by  Hisinger,  b  by  Berthier : — 

a  b 

Carbonic  acid .  44-27  41-43 

Lime .  42-16  3577 

Protoxide  of  mangan.  .  .  .  1177  22-80 

Magnesia . 1*80  — 

MANG-ANOCALCITE. — Prismatic.  Supposed  to  he  iso- 
morphous  with  aragonite,  a  loo,  m  no.  Cleavage,  a ,  m. 
Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous.  Plesh-red . . .  dark  reddish-white. 
Streak  white.  h  =  4*0... 5-0.  g  =  3*037.  Infusible.  Imparts 
the  colour  of  manganese  to  the  fluxes.  Analysis  by  Bammels- 
herg : — carbonate  of  protoxide  of  manganese  67 '48,  carbonate  of 
lime  18-81,  carbonate  of  magnesia  9-97,  carbonate  of  protoxide  of 
iron  3 -22.  Is  found  in  reniform  masses  at  Schemnitz  in 
Hungary. 


MELANCHLOBE  is  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  oxides  of  iron. 
One  hundred  parts  contain  red  oxide  of  iron  38 ‘9,  protoxide  of 
iron  3-9,  some  protoxide  of  manganese,  and  9...10  water.  Is 
found  with  triphyline  at  Babenstein  in  Bavaria. 

MISY. — Translucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly. 
Yellow.  Before  the  blowpipe  becomes  red,  and  affords  the 
reaction  of  iron.  Analysis  by  Du  Menil sulphate  of  red 
oxide  ol  iron  42*53,  sulphate  of  protoxide  of  manganese  3*42, 
sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper  3*11,  sulphate  of  oxide  of  zinc  5*98, 
alumina  5*41,  water  39*55.  Is  found  massive  and  disseminated, 
in  the  Bammelsberg  mine  near  Gloslar  in  the  Harz. 

MOLYBDATE  OE  OXIDE  OE  LEAD  (basic)  from  Pa- 
ramo-Bico  near  Pamplona  in  South  America,  in  small  yellowish- 
green  concretions,  a  =  6‘0,  according  to  the  analysis  of  Bous- 
singaulk  consists  of : — molybdic  acid  10*0,  carbonic  acid  2*9,  hy¬ 
drochloric  acid  1*3,  chromic  acid  1*2,  oxide  of  lead  73*8,  red  oxide 
of  iron  17,  alumina  2*2,  quartz  3*7. 

MONAZITOIDE  is  probably  an  altered  monazite.  Eorm 
the  same  as  that  of  monazite.  Brown,  g  =  5*281.  When 


PICKERINGITE. 


G79 


heated  before  the  blowpipe  glows  without  melting.  Analysis 
by  Hermann : — phosphoric  acid  17*94,  protoxide  of  cerium  49'35, 
oxide  of  lanthanium  21*30,  lime  1*60,  substance  like  tantalic  acid 
6*27,  water  1*36,  traces  of  magnesia  and  red  oxide  of  iron. 

MYSOBINE. —  Amorphous.  Fracture  small  conchoidal. 
Opaque.  Blackish-brown.  Streak  reddish-brown.  h  =  4*0... 
4-5.  &  =  2'62.  Analysis  by  Thomson: — carbonic  acid  16*70, 

oxide  of  copper  60'75,  protoxide  of  iron  19*50,  silica  2*00.  Was 
found  at  Mysore  in  the  East  Indies. 

NITBO  CAL  CITE. — More  or  less  translucent.  White,  grey. 
Taste  bitter  and  sharp.  Deliquesces  when  exposed  to  the  air. 
Is  decomposed  by  ignition.  Very  soluble  in  water.  CaFH, 
nitric  acid  69*35,  lime  30*76,  water  9*89.  Analysis  of  nitrocalcite 
from  Kentucky  by  Shepard  : — nitric  acid  57*44,  lime  32*00,  water 
10*56.  Is  found  with  nitre  in  acicular  crystals  and  as  an  efflo¬ 
rescence. 

NITBOMaGNESITE. — White.  Taste  bitter.  Deliquesces 
when  exposed  to  the  air.  Decomposed  by  ignition.  Very 
soluble  in  water.  Mgif,  h.  Occurs  as  an  efflorescence  with 
nitre  and  nitrocalcite. 

NIJSSIEBITE  appears  to  be  an  impure  variety  of  pyro- 
morphite.  H  =  4*0... 4*5.  G  =  5*0415.  Analysis  by  Barruel: — 
phosphoric  acid  19*80,  arsenic  acid  4*06,  oxide  of  lead  46*50,  lime 
12*30,  protoxide  of  iron  2*44,  chloride  of  lead  7*65,  silica  7*20.  Is 
found  at  La  Nussiere  near  Beaujeu  in  France. 

PEGANITE  appears  to  be  wavellite.  It  is  found  in  crystals 
and  massive,  with  wavellite,  at  Frankenberg  in  Saxony,  ca  = 
90°  o',  me  —  90°  o',  ma  =  63°  30',  mm  —  53°  o'.  Cleavage,  a ,  c, 
both ’indistinct,  h  =  3*0... 4*0.  g  =  2*492.. .2*501.  Analysis 
py  Hermann : — phosphoric  acid  30*49,  alumina  44*49,  oxides  of 
copper,  iron,  &c.  2*20,  water  22*82. 


PICKEBIN GITE. — Translucent.  Lustre  silky.  White, 
yellowish,  reddish,  greenish.  Streak  white,  es  +  ais°  -f-  24H. 
Analyses  of  pickeringite  a  from  Iquique  in  South  America  by 
Haves,  b  in  long  fibres  from  Algoa  Bay  by  Apjohn,  c  a  similar 
variety  from  Bosjesman’s  river  in  South  Africa  by  Stromeyer, 
d  feather  alum  from  Hurlet  by  Thomson,  e  feather  alum  from 
Morsfeld  in  Deux  Ponts  by  Bammelsberg,  /  hversalz  from  Ice¬ 
land  by  Forchammer:  — 

Gg  4 


680 


APPENDIX. 


Sulphuric  acid  .  .  •  .  36*32 

Alumina  ....  12*13 

Magnesia  ....  4*  68 

Lime . 0*13 

Ox.  mangan.  .  .  .  ] 

-Q  i  P  ^  0’43 

Frotox.  iron  .  .  .  J 

Hydroch.  acid  .  .  0*60 

Water . 45*45 


b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

36  77 

35*60 

32*79 

36*02 

35*16 

11*62 

7*13 

10*65 

10*91 

11*22 

3*69 

(MgS 

1*08) 

0*23 

2*19 

— 

— 

potash 

0*43 

— 

2*17 

— 

7*33 

fe 

1*23 

— 

13*16 

• — 

9*37 

4*57 

45*74 

43*71 

48*15 

43*03 

45*63 

In  long  fibres  and  capillary  crystals.  The  variety  containing 
manganese  is  found  in  a  cave  on  the  Bosjesman’s  river  in  lat. 
30°  30r  S.  Ion.  26°  4o'  E.  of  Greenwich,  AJgoa  Bay,  Iquique  in 
South  America.  Leather  alum  is  found  at  Hurlet  near  Glasgow, 
Artern  in  Thuringia,  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  Morsfeld  in  Zwei- 
briicken.  The  hversalt  is  found  at  Krisuvig  in  Iceland  on  the 
surface  of  volcanic  rocks. 


PITTIZITE. — Amorphous.  Eracture  conchoidal.  Semi¬ 
transparent...  translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre  resinous.  Brown 
of  various  shades.  Streak  light  ochre-yellow.  Brittle.  H  = 
2*0.  „  3*0.  a  =  2*3...  2*5.  Analyses  of  pittizite  a  from  Freiberg 
by  Stromeyer,  b  from  Freiberg  by  Laugier,  c  from  Freiberg  by 
Kersten,  d,  e  from  the  Bathhausberg  by  Bammelsberg : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Arsenic  acid . 

26*06 

20 

30*25 

24*67 

28*45 

Sulphuric  acid  .... 

10*04 

14 

— 

5*20 

4*36 

Bed  ox.  iron . 

33*10 

35 

40*45 

64*66 

58*00 

Oxide  of  mangan.  . 

0*64 

— ■■■ 

—  .  . 

- 

Water  . 

29*26 

30 

28*50 

15*47 

12*59 

It  is  found  in  old  mines 

in  Saxony,  Bohemia 

and  Silesia. 

PLITMBO  CAL  CITE  is  calcite  containing  a  variable  admix¬ 
ture  of  carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead.  Analyses  of  plumbocalcite 
from  Wanlockhead  by  Johnston,  and  from  Leadhills  by  Delesse, 
gave : — 

Carbonate  of  lime  ....  92*2  97*61 

Carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead  .  .  7*8  2*34 

Water . — -  0*05 


PBEDAZZITE. — Analysis  by  J.  Both : — carbonic  acid  33*98, 
lime  42*63,  magnesia  14*05,  water  7*00,  alumina,  red  oxide  of 
iron,  &c.  o*49,  silica  0*29.  Is  found  at  Predazzo  in  the  Tyrol. 

PYBBHITE. — Cubic.  Simple  form.  o  ill.  Cleavage 

not  observed.  Lustre  vitreous.  Feebly  translucent.  Orange- 


STTPTICITE. 


681 


yellow.  H  =  6.  Infusible.  Imparts  a  deep  yellow  colour  to 
the  blowpipe  flame.  In  powder  dissolves  easily  in  borax  and 
salt  of  phosphorus,  forming  a  transparent  yellowish-green  glass. 
Is  found  in  drusy  cavities  in  felspar  at  Alabaschka  near  Mur- 
sinsk.  Also,  according  to  Teschemacher,  with  albite  in  the 
Azores.  The  crystals  from  the  Azores,  according  to  A.  A.  Hayes, 
consist  principally  of  niobate  of  zirconia. 

BEUSSINE. — Analyses  by  Beuss  : — sulphate  of  soda  66*04, 
sulphate  of  magnesia  31*35,  chloride  of  calcium  2*19,  sulphate  of 
lime  0*42.  Was  found  near  Sedlitz  in  Bohemia. 


ee  =  no°  60'. 


fig.  647. 


BOMEIYE. — Pyramidal.  101,001  =  55°  25'. 
ee'  =  73°  14'.  ISTo  cleavage  observable.  Yellow 
H  =  5'0.  Before  the  blowpipe  melts  into  a 
black  slag.  Slowly  soluble  in  borax  and  salt 
of  phosphorus.  The  glass  in  the  inner  flame 
is  colourless,  in  the  outer  flame  violet.  On 
charcoal  with  soda  yields  globules  of  antimony. 

Insoluble  in  acids.  4Ca  +  3Sbd4.  Analysis 
by  Damour: — antimonious  acid  79*31,  lime 
16’ 67,  protoxide  of  manganese  2!60,  protoxide 
of  iron  1*20,  silica  0*64.  Is  found  in  the  manganese  mines  of  St. 
Marcel  in  Piedmont. 


SELENBLEISPATH. — Cleavage  in  one  direction.  Frac- 
ture  uneven.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Sulphur- 
yellow.  Streak  white.  Brittle.  In  the  matrass  decrepitates. 
At  a  red  heat  melts  into  black  drops,  and  a  small  quantity  of 
selenium  sublimes ;  at  a  higher  temperature  forms  a  white  ring 
of  selenious  acid  above  the  assay.  Before  the  blowpipe  on 
charcoal  melts  very  easily  into  a  black  slag,  emits  a  strong  smell 
of  selenium,  and  the  lead  is  reduced  to  a  metallic  state,  deposit¬ 
ing  a  sublimate  of  oxide  of  lead,  surrounded  by  a  sublimate  of 
selenium.  With  fluxes  indicates  the  presence  of  some  copper 
and  iron.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  forming  a  pale  green  solution. 
According  to  Kersten,  consists  principally  of  selenite  of  oxide 
of  lead.  Is  found  in  small  globes  and  botryoidal  masses  in  the 
Friedrichsgliick  mine  in  Grlasbachgrund  in  the  Thilringer  Wald. 

STBOMNITE  from  Stromness,  and  EMMOYITE  from 
Massachusetts,  appear  to  be  merely  mechanical  mixtures  of 
strontianite  with  the  carbonates  of  barytes  or  lime. 

STYPTICITE. — Fibrous.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Lustre 

Gg  5 


682 


APPENDIX. 


silky.  Yellowish-green,  greenish-grey.  Brittle.  Single  fibres 
slightly  flexible,  h  =  2*5.  g  =  2*6.  Taste  sour  and  astringent. 
Analyses  of  stypticite  a  from  Copiapo  by  H.  Bose,  b  fibroferrite 
from  Chile  by  Prideaux : — 


a 

b 

Sulphuric  acid  .  .  . 

.  31*73 

28*9 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  28*11 

'  34*4 

Lime . 

1*91 

— 

Magnesia . 

0*59 

— 

Water . 

.  36*56 

36*7 

Is  found  with  coquimbite  in  the  district  of  Copiapo  in  the 
province  of  Coquimbo  in  Chile. 

TALKAPATIT. — a  =  2*70... 2*75.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 
Analysis  by  Hermann : — phosphoric  acid  39*02,  lime  37*50,  mag¬ 
nesia  7*74,  chlorine  0*91,  sulphuric  acid  2*10,  oxide  of  iron  1*00, 
fluorine  and  loss  2*23,  insoluble  9*50.  Is  found  near  Kusiusk  in 
the  Ural. 

% 

TECTICITE. — Prismatic.  Cleavage  single,  imperfect.  Erac- 
ture  conchoidal.  Transparent . . .  translucent.  Lustre  vitreous . . . 
resinous.  Clove-brown.  Streak  white,  h  =  1*5... 2D.  g  =  2*0. 
Taste  vitriolic.  Deliquescent.  In  small  prismatic  crystals  and 
massive.  Is  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  pyrites.  Is 
found  at  Stamm  Asser  at  Graul  near  Schwarzenberg,  Neue 
Hoffnung  Gottes  at  Braunsdorf  in  the  Erzgebirge. 

VANADIATES  OE  LEAD. — Analyses  of  minerals  con¬ 
sisting  principally  of  vanadiate  of  oxide  of  lead.  Erom  an  un¬ 
known  locality  by  Darnour: — vanadic  acid  15*86,  chlorine  2*26, 
oxide  of  lead  63*73,  lead  6*62,  oxide  of  zinc  6*35,  oxide  of  copper 
2-96,  water  3*80.  Supposed  to  be  from  Wicklow  by  B.  D. 
Thomson : — vanadic  acid  23*44,  chlorine  2*45,  oxide  of  lead  66*33, 
lead  7’06,  oxide  of  iron  and  silica  0*16.  Erom  Mina  Grande  in 
Chile  by  Domeyko : — vanadic  acid  15-21,  arsenic  acid  5-26,  phos¬ 
phoric  acid  o-72,  oxide  of  lead  60*56,  oxide  of  copper  17*88,  chlo¬ 
ride  of  lead  0*37. 

VANADIATE  OE  LEAD  AND  COPPEB  OXIDES  from 
Chile.  Analyses  by  Domeyko  : — 


Vanadic  acid 

.  .  .  13*5 

13*33 

Arsenic  acid  .  . 

.  .  .  4*6 

4*68 

Phosphoric  acid 

.  .  .  0*6 

0*68 

Oxide  of  lead 

.  .  .  54*9 

61*97 

Oxide  of  copper 

.  .  .  14*6 

16*97 

Chloride  of  lead 

.  .  .  0*3 

0*37 

EA.LKV  OLB  OETHITE . 


G83 


YITEIOLGfELB. — Opaque.  Oclir e-yellow,  h  =  3‘0.  G  = 
2'729 . .  ,2’880.  Analyses  a  from  Kolosoruk  in  Bohemia  by  Bam- 
melsberg,  b,  c  from  Modum  in  Norway  by  Scheerer: — 


a 

b 

C 

Sulphuric  acid  . 

.  32*11 

32-42 

32-47 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  46-74 

49-37 

49-89 

Potash  .... 

7-88 

— 

— 

Soda . 

.  — 

6*03 

6-37 

Lime  ..... 

0-64 

— 

— 

Water  .... 

.  13*56 

13-13 

13-09 

Is  found  reniform  and  massive  in  beds  of  brown  coal  at 
Luschitz  between  Bilin  and  Kolosoruk,  Tschermig  and  Lieb- 
schwitz  not  far  from  Saatz  in  Bohemia,  at  Modum  in  Norway. 


YITEIOLOCHEB. — Amorphous.  Fracture  earthy.  Opaque. 
Dull.  Bust-brown,  ochre-yellow.  Streak  ochre-yellow.  In¬ 
soluble  in  water.  ¥e2s  +  6H,  sulphuric  acid  l6-o,  red  oxide  of 
iron  62*5,  water  2l"6.  Is  found  in  stalactites  and  massive  at 
Eahlun  in  Sweden. 

VOLBOBTHITE. — In  thin  fragments  transparent... trans¬ 
lucent.  Lustre  vitreous,  pearly.  Olive-green,  citron-yellow. 
Streak  yellow,  inclining  to  green,  h  =  3.  g  =  3"55.  In  the 
matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  black.  Before  the  blowpipe 
on  charcoal  melts  easily  into  a  bright  black  bead,  which  in  the 
inner  flame  becomes  blackish-grey  and  encloses  a  globule  of 
copper.  With  soda  yields  a  globule  of  copper.  With  borax, 
or  still  better  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  in  the  outer  flame 
forms  a  green  transparent  glass,  which  in  the  inner  flame 
becomes  deep  green,  and  remains  green  after  the  addition  oi 
tin.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  ;  the  solution  diluted  after  some 
time  deposits  a  brick-red  precipitate  of  vanadic  acid.  Cu,  v,  h. 
In  small  hexagonal  tabular  crystals,  sometimes  aggregated  in 
globules,  fibrous,  scaly,  investing  other  minerals.  Is  found  in 
the  Ural  in  the  copper  mines  of  Turtschininow  with  earthy 
malachite,  in  those  of  Nischne-Tagilsk,  in  several  copper  mines 
in  the  government  of  Perm. 

KALKVOLB OETHITE  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  vol- 
borthite  containing  a  large  quantity  of  lime.  It  is  found  with 
psilomelane  at  Eriedrichsrode.  Analyses  a  of  a  siskin-green 
variety,  G  =  3"495,  b  greenish-grey,  G  —  3'860,  c  light  siskin- 
green,  by  Credner: — 


Yanadic  acid  .  . 

Oxide  of  copper  . 


a 

36-58 

44*15 


b  C 

39-02  loss  36'91 
38.27  38-90 


Gg  G 


684 


APPENDIX. 


Lime . 

Magnesia  .... 
Protoxide  of  mangan. 

Water . 

Remainder  .  .  . 


12'28 

16-65 

17*40 

0-50 

0-92 

0-87 

0*40 

0-52 

0-53 

4*62 

5-05 

4'62 

O'lO 

0-76 

0*77 

WISMUTHSPATH. — g  =  7’67.  Analysis  by  Rammels- 
berg : — oxide  of  bismuth  82-63,  red  oxide  of  iron  o-52,  alumina 
0‘16,  lime  o*28,  magnesia  o-07,  carbonic  acid  6'02,  water  3*16, 
remainder  6'98.  The  remainder  consisted  of: — silica  2*97, 
alumina  r53,  red  oxide  of  iron  2*03,  magnesia  0*45.  Is  found  in 
the  gold  mines  of  Chesterfield  county  in  South  Carolina. 


ZINKBLUTHE. — Amorphous.  Practure  earthy.  Opaque. 
Dull.  Streak  shining.  White,  pale  yellow,  h  =  2‘5.  g  = 
3'59.  Infusible  before  the  blowpipe.  Deposits  a  sublimate  on 
charcoal,  which  while  hot  is  yellow,  but  on  cooling  becomes 
white.  In  the  inner  flame  may  be  volatilized  with  the  excep¬ 
tion  of  a  small  quantity  of  slag  containing  iron.  With  solution 
of  cobalt  becomes  green.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid.  Analyses  of  zinkbliithe  a,  b  from  Bleiberg  by 
Smithson,  c  from  Raibel,  d  from  Bleiberg,  both  by  Karsten,  e 
from  Bleiberg  by  Berthier : — 


a 

b 

C 

d 

e 

Carbonic  acid  .  . 

.  .  .  15-0 

13-5 

14-74 

14*79 

13 

Oxide  of  zinc  . 

.  .  .  72*8 

71*4 

7284 

72-75 

67 

Water  .... 

.  .  .  12-2 

15*1 

12-30 

12-25 

20 

Is  found  in  botryoidal,  reniform  and  earthy  masses,  with 
calamine,  at  Raibel  and  Bleiberg  in  Carinthia. 


Gold,  p.  121. — Analyses  of  gold  from  California  #,  b,  c,  d 


by  Rivot,  e  by  Levol : — 

abode 

G  . .  15-70  16-65  17-55  16*236  — 

Gold .  90*9  91-4  89-1  93-0  92'7 

Silver . 8*7  8*5  10-5  6*7  6*9 

Iron . o-2  traces  o-2  traces  0-4 

Analyses  of  gold  from  California^  g  by  T.  H.  Henry,  A,  i  by 
Teschemacher,  k,  l  by  Oswald,  m  by  A.  W.  Hoffmann : — 

f  g  li  i  k  l  7)i 

G .  15-96  —  16-33  —  17‘40  —  _ 

Gold  ....  88-75  90-12  90-33  93*00  87*6  90’96  89*61 


TELLURWISMUTH. 

685 

/ 

9 

h  i 

k 

l 

711 

Silver  . 

8-88 

9-01 

6'80  7'00 

87 

9‘04 

10-05 

Copper  .  .  . 

0-85 

0-87 

-  - 

- 

- 

Bed  ox.  iron 

— 

— 

roo  — 

_ 

_ 

Sand  .... 

1*40 

— 

0‘66  — 

3*7 

—  , 

- 

Iron,  p.  130. — The  editors  are  informed  by  Dr.  Andrews, 
of  Belfast,  that  he  has  recently  made  the  unexpected  observa¬ 
tion,  that  iron  is  a  common  constituent  of  many  igneous,  and 
even  of  some  metamorphic  rocks,  being  diffused  through  their 
mass  in  exceedingly  minute  quantity,  but  not  difficult  to  recog¬ 
nise  by  the  employment  of  chemical  tests  in  the  field  of  a  mi¬ 
croscope.  The  rock  broken  into  small  fragments,  without  the 
use  of  a  metallic  hammer,  is  reduced  to  powder  in  a  porcelain 
mortar,  and  the  magnetic  portions  are  extracted  and  placed 
under  the  field  of  the  microscope.  They  are  moistened  with  a 
solution  of  sulphate  of  oxide  of  copper  acidulated  with  sulphuric 
acid,  when  metallic  iron,  if  present,  is  immediately  indicated  by 
the  formation  of  a  deposit  of  metallic  copper  easily  recognised 
by  its  colour,  its  lustre,  its  crystalline  texture,  and  solubility 
with  the  disengagement  of  gas  in  weak  nitric  acid.  The  rock 
from  which  Dr.  Andrews  has  obtained  by  this  process  the 
largest  indications  of  iron  in  the  native  state,  is  a  glassy  basalt 
of  a  greenish  hue,  which  forms  the  entire  mass  of  Slieve  Mish 
in  Antrim,  and  occurs  also  at  the  Maiden  Bocks  and  other 
localities.  Even  in  this  rock  the  amount  of  metallic  iron  is 
very  small ;  the  deposits  of  metallic  copper  from  100  grains  of 
the  pulverized  rock  rarely  exceeding  three  or  four  in  number, 
and  varying  in  linear  dimensions  from  0‘0l  to  o-ooi  inch.  It  is, 
however,  present  in  the  entire  mass  of  the  rock.  Metallic  iron 
occurs  also  diffused  through  the  other  basaltic  rocks  of  the 
north  of  Ireland,  and  in  the  indurated  lias  of  Port  Bush ;  also 
in  a  specimen  of  trachyte  from  Auvergne. 

Petzite,  p.  136. — On  breaking  off  one  of  the  apparently 
cubic  crystals  from  the  specimen  of  petzite,  it  was  found  to  be 
altaite,  which  may  also  be  observed  intermingled  with  the 
petzite. 

Tetradymite,  p.  138. — Analysis  of  tetradymite  from  Vir¬ 
ginia  by  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson : — tellurium  35'05,  bismuth  58‘80, 
sulphur  3’ 65,  gold,  red  oxide  of  iron  and  silica  2*70. 

Tellurwismuth,  p.  139. — The  editors  are  indebted  to  a 
private  communication  from  Professor  Bammelsberg  for  the 
following  analysis  by  him  of  a  small  quantity  of  tellurwis¬ 
muth  from  Cumberland : — bismuth  83-30,  tellurium  6*65,  sulphur 


686 


APPENDIX. 


6*35,  quartz  1*22,  loss  2*48.  The  loss  is  supposed  to  cousist  of 
tellurium.  In  that  case  the  quantity  of  tellurium  would  be  9*13. 


Butile,  p.  224. — Analyses  of  rutile  by  A.  Demoly : — 


Titanic  acid 

.  .  96*41 

96*45 

96*43 

Bed  oxide  of  iron  . 

.  .  1*63 

1*62 

1*62 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

.  .  0*13 

0*14 

0*11 

Silica  . 

.  .  1*83 

1*79 

1*84 

Periclase,  p.  245. — Analyses  of  periclase,  G  =  3*674,  by 
Damour : — 

Magnesia .  93*86  93*38 

Protoxide  of  iron  ...  5*97  6*01 

Magnetite,  p.  259. — Analyses  communicated  to  the  editors 
by  Dr.  Andrews.  In  octahedrons  a  from  the  Mourne  Moun¬ 
tains,  b  from  Penzance,  massive  c  from  Greenland  : — 


a 

b 

c 

Bed  ox.  iron  .  .  . 

.  .  71*41 

66*91 

69*22 

Protox.  iron  .  . 

.  .  21*59 

31*49 

29*30 

Magnesia  .... 

.  .  6*45 

0*09 

0*71 

Oxide  of  manganese  . 

.  trace 

— 

trace 

In  large  octahedral  crystals  of  magnetite  in  the  basalt  of  the 
island  of  Much,  off  the  coast  of  Antrim,  Dr.  Andrews  found 
2*oo  per  cent,  of  magnesia  and  0*23  of  oxide  of  manganese. 

Willemite,  p.  320. — Analysis  of  willemite  from  New  Jersey 
(troostite)  by  H.  Wurtz  : — silica  27*91,  oxide  of  zinc  59*93, 
protoxide  of  manganese  3*73,  protoxide  of  iron  5*35,  magnesia 
1*66,  lime  1*60. 

Pseudomorphous  quartz  from  Haytor  in  Devonshire  (hay- 
torite),  according  to  the  observations  of  W.  Phillips,  Phil. 
Mag.  1827,  vol.  xxix.,  p.  40,  has  the  faces  a ,  c ,  t ,  y,  m ,  d ,  o,  n,  e , 
A,  w,  A,  x,  and  the  angles,  of  datholite.  We  have  examined  a 
specimen  which  has  the  form  of  a  twin  crystal,  twin-face  a , 
the  individuals  of  which  exhibit  the  combination  acge'oc'tf^ty'. 
This  twin,  and  the  form  126  (\{^a  =  85°  20',  \Lb  =  78°  9', 
ipc  —  12°  46')  do  not  appear  to  have  been  hitherto  observed  in 
datholite. 


INDEX 


Abichit,  511. 

Acadiolite,  660. 

Acerdese,  275. 

Achmit,  305. 

Acide  boracique,  281. 

Acide  molybdique,  222. 

Acmite,  305. 

Actinote,  301. 

Adinole,  640. 

Adularia,  366. 

Aegyrine,  640. 

Aeschynite,  470. 

Agalmatolite,  417. 

Agate,  251. 

Agnesite,  591. 

Alabandine,  167. 

Alaun,  540. 

Alaunstein,  539. 

Albite,  370. 

Algerite,  460. 

Allanite,  312. 

Allophane,  431. 

Alloy  of  iridium  and  osmium,  118. 
Alluaudite,  672. 

Almandine,  332. 

Alstonite,  573. 

Altaite,  137. 

Alum,  540. 

Alumine  magnesiee,  263. 

Alumine  sous- sulfatee,  544. 
Alumine  sulfatee,  543. 

Aluminit,  544. 

Alum-stone,  539. 

Alun,  540. 

Alun  ammoniacal,  541. 

Alunite,  539. 

Alun  sodifere,  541. 

Amalgam,  125. 

Amazonstone,  367. 

Amber,  630. 

Amblygonite,  491. 


Amethyst,  249. 

Amianthus,  301. 

Ammonia  alum,  541. 

Ammoniaque  muriatee,  612. 
Ammoniaque  sulfatee,  535. 
Amoibite,  192. 

Amphibole,  297- 
Amphigene,  360. 

Amphodelite,  643. 

Analcime,  446. 

Analzim,  446. 

Anatase,  229. 

Andalousite,  284. 

Andalusite,  284. 

Andesine,  641. 

Anglesite,  526. 

Anhydrite,  531. 

Ankerite,  580. 

Annabergite,  503. 

Anorthite,  376. 

Anthophyllite,  301. 

Anthosiderite,  414. 

Anthracit,  633. 

Antigorite,  422. 

Antimoine  natif,  115. 

Antimoine  oxide,  253.  268. 
Antimoine  oxide  sulphure,  217* 
Antimoine  sulfure,  174. 

Antimoine  sulfure  capillaire,  196. 
Antimoine  sulfure  plumbo-cuprifere, 
201. 

Antimon,  115. 

Antimonblende,  217* 

Antimonbliithe,  253. 

Antimonial  ochre,  268. 

Antimonial  silver,  140. 

Antimonite,  174. 
Antimonkupferglanz,  203. 

Antimon  nickel,  142. 
Antimonnickelglanz,  193. 
Antimonocher,  268. 


688  INDEX. 


Antimonphyllite,  672. 
Antimonsilber,  140. 

Antimony,  115. 

Antriinolite,  661. 

Apatite,  485. 

Aphanese,  511. 

Aphrodite,  654. 

Aphthonite,  635. 

Aplome,  333. 

Apophyllite,  436. 

Arseoxene,  672. 

Aragonite,  567. 

Arcanit,  534. 

Arfvedsonite,  303. 

Argent  antimonial,  140. 

Argent  antimonie  sulfure  noir,  210. 
Argent  antimonie  sulfure,  211. 
Argent  carbonate',  591. 

Argent  muriate,  613. 

Argent  natif,  124. 

Argent  sele'niure,  151. 

Argent  sulphur e,  157. 

Argent  tellure,  136. 

Argentite,  157. 

Arkansite,  228. 

Arquerite,  126. 

Arragonite,  567. 

Arseniate  of  iron,  498. 

Arseniate  of  lead,  481. 

Arseniate  of  nickel,  503. 

Arsenic,  117. 

Arsenical  iron,  188. 

Arsenical  pyrites,  148. 

Arsenical  silver,  142. 

Arsenic  natif,  117* 

Arsenic  oxide,  255. 

Arsenic  sulfure  jaune,  176. 

Arsenic  sulfure  rouge,  177* 
Arsenikalkies,  148. 

Arsenikbliithe,  255. 

Arseniosi  derite,  672. 

Arsenite,  255.  483. 

Arseniure  de  Cuivre,  150. 
Arsenocrocite,  672. 

Asbestus,  301 . 

Asbolane,  279. 

Asparagus  stone,  491. 

Aspasiolite,  327*  665. 

Asphaltum,  631. 

Astrakhanite,  546. 

Atacamit,  618- 
Atheriastite,  654. 

Augite,  290. 

Auralite,  641. 

Aurichalcit,  596. 

Automalite,  265. 

Autunite,  519. 

Avanturine,  250. 


Axinite,  348. 
Azorite,  672. 
Azurite,  594. 


Babingtonite,  304. 

Baltimorite,  421. 

Bamlite,  288. 

Baralite,  641. 

Barsowite,  379. 

Baryte,  529. 

Baryte  carbonatee,  571. 

Baryte  sulfatee,  529. 

Bai'ytes,  529. 

Barytocalcite,  574. 

Baryto-calcite  en  prisme  droit,  573. 
Basaltic  hornblende,  301. 

Bastite,  419. 

Batrachite,  318. 

Baulite,  641. 

Berengelite,  628. 

Bergmannite,  444. 

Bernstein,  630. 

Berthierite,  200. 

Beryl,  336. 

Berzelin,  263. 

Berzeline,  150. 

Berzelit,  481. 

Beudantite,  673. 

Bieberite,  549. 

Biotite,  387. 

Bismuth,  114. 

Bismuth  blende,  350. 

Bismuth  carbonate,  591. 

Bismuthic  cobalt,  636. 

Bismuthine,  173. 

Bismuth  natif,  114. 

Bismuth  ochre,  222. 

Bismuth  oxide,  222. 

Bismuth  silicate,  350. 

Bismuthic  silver,  636. 

Bismuth  sulfure,  173. 

Bismuth  sulfure  plombo-cuprifere, 
184. 

Bismutit,  591. 

Bitterkalk,  581. 

Bittei’salz,  546. 

Bitter  spar,  581. 

Bitumen,  630. 

Black  chalk,  655. 

Black  tellurium,  137. 

Blattertellur,  137. 

Blei,  127. 

Bleigelb,  479. 

Bleiglanz,  155. 

Bleigummi,  525. 

Bleilasur,  555. 

Bleiniere,  674. 


INDEX. 


089 


Bleischimmer,  195. 

Bleispath,  565. 

Bleivitriol,  526. 

Blende,  165. 

Blodite,  673. 

Blue  carbonate  of  copper,  594. 
Blue  vitriol,  556. 

Bodenite,  655. 

Bog-butter,  628. 

Bog  iron  ore,  637. 

Bole,  655. 

Boltonite,  642. 

Bonsdorffite,  327.  665. 

Boracic  acid,  281. 

Boracite,  602. 

Borate  of  soda,  604. 

Borax,  604. 

Bornine,  138. 

Bornite,  180. 

Botryogen,  551. 

Botryolite,  411. 

Boulangerite,  198. 

Bournonite,  201. 

Bowenite,  655. 

Bragationite,  311. 

Brandisite,  424. 

Braunbleioxyd,  220. 
Brauneisenstein,  277* 

Braunes  erd-liarz,  632. 
Braunite,  232. 

Braunkolile,  633. 

Breislakite,  642. 

Breitbauptite,  142. 

Breunnerite,  584. 

Brevicite,  66 1. 

Brewsterite,  442. 

Bright  white  cobalt,  190. 

Brittle  sulphuret  of  silver,  210. 
Brochantite,  553. 

Bromite,  615. 

Bromsilber,  615. 

Bromure  d’argent,  615. 
Brongniardite,  635. 
Brongniartin,  532. 

Bronzite,  294. 

Brookite,  226. 

Brown  hematite,  277. 

Brown  spar,  583. 

Brucite,  269. 

Bucholzite,  287. 

Bucklandite,  311. 
Buntkupfererz,  180. 

Buratite,  596. 

Bustamite,  642. 

Bytownite,  642. 

Cadmium  sulfure,  164. 

Calaite,  522. 


Calamine,  589. 

Calcite,  574. 

Caledonite,  561. 

Calomel,  617- 
Cancrinite,  399.  402. 

Caporcianite,  656. 

Carbonate  of  cerium,  592. 
Carbonate  of  lead,  565. 

Carbonate  of  lime,  574. 

Carbonate  of  manganese,  588. 
Carbonate  of  silver,  591. 
Carbonate  of  soda,  598. 

Carbonate  of  zinc,  589. 

Carinthine,  300. 

Carnelian,  250. 

Carphosiderite,  674. 

Cascholong,  252. 

Cassiterite,  230. 

Castor,  364. 

Catseye,  250. 

Celestine,  527. 

Cererite,  405. 

Cerin,  312. 

Cerite,  405. 

Cerium  carbonate,  592 
Cerium  oxide  siliceux  noir,  312. 
Cerium  oxide-silicieux  rouge,  405. 
Cerussite,  565. 

Chabasie,  448. 

Chalcedony,  250. 

Chalcolite,  517. 

Chalilite,  656. 

Chalkophacit,  513. 

Chalkophyllit,  512. 

Chalkopyrit,  182. 

Chalybite,  586. 

Chaux  anhydro  sulfatee,  531. 
Chaux  arseniate,  506. 

Chaux  arseniatee  anhydre,  481. 
Chaux  boratee  siliceuse,  408. 

Chaux  carbonatee,  574. 

Chaux  carbonate  magnesifere,  581. 
Chaux  fluatee,  609. 

Chaux  phosphatee,  485. 

Chaux  sulfatee,  536. 

Chessylite,  594. 

Chiastolite,  285. 

Childrenite,  519. 

Chileite,  275. 

Chiolite,  606. 

Chloanthite,  145. 

Chlorastrolite,  656. 

Chloride  of  iron,  674. 

Chloride  of  vanadium,  674. 

Chlorit,  426.  428. 

Chlorite,  428. 

Chloritoid,  425. 

Chloritoide,  653. 


INDEX. 


690 


Chloritspath,  425. 

Chloropal,  434. 

Chlorophseite,  656. 

Chlorophyllite,  327.  665. 
Chlorospinelle,  263. 

Chodnewite,  607. 

Chondrodite,  351. 

Chonikrite,  657. 

Christianite,  376. 

Chromate  of  iron,  262. 

Chromate  of  lead,  557. 
Chromeisenstein,  262. 

Chrome  mica,  390. 

Chromite,  262. 

Chromochre,  639. 

Chrysoberyl,  267. 

Chrysocolla,  404. 

Chrysolite,  316. 

Chrysoprase,  250. 

Chrysotile,  421. 

Cimolite,  657. 

Cinnabar,  178. 

Cinnamonstone,  331. 

Clausthalite,  152. 

Cleiophane,  166. 

Clintonite,  424. 

Clutalite,  656. 

Coal,  633. 

Cobalt  arseniate,  502. 

Cobalt  arsenical,  145. 

Cobalt  arsenical  gris-noiratre,  146. 
Cobalt  gris,  190. 

Cobaltine,  190. 

Cobalt  bloom,  502. 

Cobalt  oxide  noir,  279. 

Cobalt  sulfate,  549. 

Coccinite,  617. 

Colestin,  527. 

Collyrite,  656. 

Colophonite,  332. 

Columbit,  471. 

Compact  felspar,  644. 

Comptonite,  459. 

Connellite,  620. 

Copale  fossile,  629. 

Copaline,  629. 

Copiapite,  552. 

Copper,  128. 

Copper  nickel,  142. 

Copper  pyrites,  182. 

Coquimbite,  552. 

Coracite,  221. 

Cordierite,  325. 

Corindon,  242. 

Cornwallite,  511. 

Corundellite,  642. 

Corundum,  242. 

Cotunnite,  616. 


Couzeranite,  642. 

Covelline,  160. 

Crednerite,  235. 

Crichtonite,  241. 

Cronstedtite,  423. 

Cryolite,  605. 

Cubane,  182. 

Cuboit,  447. 

Cuivi’e  arseniate  hexagonal  lamelli- 
forme,  512. 

Cuivre  arseniatd  octa&dre  obtus,  513. 
Cuivre  gris,  204,  205. 

Cuivre  hydrophosphate,  516. 

Cuivre  hydro-silicieux,  404. 

Cuivre  muriate,  618. 

Cuivre  natif,  128. 

Cuivre  oxidule,  223. 

Cuivre  phosphate,  507. 

Cuivre  pyriteux,  182. 

Cuivre  pyriteux  hepatique,  180. 
Cuivre  sulfate,  556. 

Cuivre  sulfure',  159. 

Cuivre  veloute,  555. 

Cupreous  bismuth,  636. 

Cupreous  sulphate  of  lead,  554. 
Cupreous  sulphato-carbonate  of  lead, 
561. 

Cuprite,  223. 

Cuproplumbite,  636. 

Cymophane,  267« 

Cyprine,  330. 

Damourite,  430. 

Danaite,  189. 

Danburite,  643. 

Datholite,  408. 

Davyne,  402. 

Dechenite,  561. 

Delvauxine,  674. 

Deman t,  111. 

Dermatine,  656. 

Desmin,  439. 

Desmine,  656. 

Diaclasite,  296. 

Diadochite,  674. 

Diallage,  294,  295. 

Diallage  metalloide,  419. 

Diallogite,  588. 

Diamant,  111. 

Diamond,  Ill. 

Diaspore,  272. 

Dichroit,  325. 

Digenite,  160. 

Dillnite,  435. 

Diopside,  291. 

Dioptase,  403. 

Diphanite,  657. 

!  Dipyre,  643. 


INDEX. 


691 


Disluite,  266 
Disomose,  192. 

Disthene,  286. 

Dolomite,  581. 

Domeykite,  150. 

Drdelite,  674. 

Dufrenite,  497. 

Dufrenoysite,  197. 

Earthy  carbonate  of  magnesia,  433. 
Earthy  cobalt,  279. 

Edingtonite,  458. 

Edwardsite,  493. 

Ehlite,  515. 

Eis,  256. 

Eisen,  130. 

Eisenapatit,  488. 

Eisenblau,  500. 

Eisenkobalterz,  146. 
Eisenkobaltkies,  146. 
Eisennickelkies,  164. 

Eisenvitriol,  550. 

Ekebergite,  383. 

Eloeolite,  360. 

Elaterite,  631. 

Embolite,  614. 

Emerald,  336. 

Emerald  nickel,  675. 

Emeraude,  336. 

Emery,  244. 

Emerylite,  657. 

Enargite,  636. 

Ephesite,  430. 

Epidote,  307. 

Epistilbite,  441. 

Epsomite,  546. 

Erdkobalt,  638. 

Erdol,  630. 

Eremite,  493. 

Erinite,  510. 

Erythrine,  502. 

Esmarkite,  327.  665. 

Essonite,  331. 

Etain  oxide,  230. 

Etain  sulfure,  187. 

Euchroite,  510. 

Euclase,  335. 

Eudnophite,  447. 

Eudyalite,  357- 
Eukairite,  151. 

Euklas,  335. 

Eukolite,  643. 

Eulytine,  350. 

Euphyllite,  658. 

Euxenite,  466. 

Fahlerz,  205. 

Fahlunite,  327.  665. 


Fanjasite,  454. 

Faujassite,  454. 

Fayalite,  319. 

Federerz,  196. 

Feldspath,  364. 

Feldspath  opalin,  374. 
Felspar,  364. 

Fer  arse'niate,  498. 

Fer  arsenical,  188. 

Fer  arsenical  axotome,  148. 
Fer  calcareo-silicieux,  324. 
Fer  chromate,  262. 

Ferguson ite,  465. 

Fer  natif,  130. 

Fer  oligiste,  236. 

Fer  oxalate,  623. 

Fer  oxide  carbonate,  586. 
Fer  oxidule,  259. 

Fer  oxide  hydrate,  273.  277- 
Fer  oxidule  titand,  239. 

Fer  oxidule  titanifere,  261. 
Fer  phosphate,  500. 
Ferrotitanite,  397. 

Fer  sulfate',  550. 

Fer  sulfate  rouge,  551. 

Fer  sulfure,  169. 

Fer  sulfure'  blanc,  170. 

Fer  sulfure  magnetique,  161. 
Feuerblende,  216. 

Fibrolite,  287. 

Fichtelite,  625. 

Fire-opal,  252. 

Fischerite,  522. 

Flexible  silver,  179. 

Flint,  251. 

Flinty  slate,  251. 

Flucerine,  608. 

Fluelite,  607. 

Fluocerine,  675. 

Fluocerite,  608. 

Fluor,  609. 

Fluss,  609. 

Fliissiges  mercur,  127. 
Forsterite,  318. 

Fossil  copal,  629. 

Francolite,  487- 
Franklinite,  258. 
Freieslebenite,  208. 

Fuchsite,  390. 

Fuller’s  earth,  658. 

Gadolinite,  322. 

Gahnite,  265. 

Galena,  155. 

Galmei,  406.  589. 

Garnet,  330. 

Garnsdorfite,  544. 

Gaylussite,  597. 


G92 


INDEX. 


Gehlenite,  379. 

Geokronite,  198. 

Gersdorffite,  192. 

Gibbsite,  271. 

Gieseckite,  327.  665. 

Gigantolite,  327.  665. 
Gismondine,  457* 

Glanz,  155. 

Glanzbraunstein,  257. 

Glaserite,  534. 

Glaskopf,  278. 

Glassy  felspar,  366. 

Glauberite,  532. 

Glaubersalz,  545. 

Glaucodote,  190. 

Glaucolite,  643. 

Glaucophane,  385. 

Glimmer,  389. 

Glottalite,  658. 

Gmelinite,  451. 

Gold,  121. 

Gold  amalgam,  635. 

Goslarite,  547. 

Gothite,  273. 

Grammatite,  300. 

Granat,  330. 

Graphic  tellurium,  134. 
Graphite,  1 14. 

Graubraunstein,  275. 
Graukobalterz,  187. 

Grausilber,  591. 

Green  carbonate  of  copper,  593. 
Green  earth,  658. 

Greenockite,  164. 

Greenovite,  396. 

Grenat,  330. 

Grengesite,  658. 

Grey  copper,  205. 

Grey  oxide  of  manganese,  275. 
Groppite,  434. 

Grossular,  331. 

Griinauite,  185.- 
Griineisenstein,  497. 

Guanite,  525. 

Gummierz,  638. 

Gurolite,  436. 

Guyaquillite,  628. 

Gymnite,  658. 

Gyps,  536. 

Gypsum,  536. 

Gyrolite,  436. 

Haarkies,  162. 

Hafnefiordite,  374. 
Haidingerite,  506. 

Halloysite,  659. 

Halotrichite,  543. 

Hamatit,  236. 


Hard  fahlunite,  326. 

Harmotome,  454. 

Harringtonite,  661. 

Hartbraunstein,  232. 

Hartite,  626. 

Hartkobalterz,  147- 
Harzige  steinkohle,  633. 

Harzlose  stein-kohle,  633. 
Hatchettine,  627* 

Hauerite,  168. 

Hausmannite,  257- 
Hauyne,  399.  401. 

Hayesine,  675. 

Hedenbergite,  292. 

Hedyphane,  483. 

Heliotrope,  250. 

Helvin,  350. 

Hematite,  236. 

Hercynite,  265. 

Herderite,  490. 

Herrerite,  675. 

Herschelite,  452. 

Heterokline,  647. 

Heterozite,  497- 
Heulandite,  438. 

Hisingerite,  659. 

Hopeite,  676. 

Hornblei,  622. 

Hornblende,  297-  302. 
Hornquecksilber,  617- 
Hornsilber,  613. 

Hornstone,  251 . 

Humboldtilith,  380. 

Humboldtine,  623. 

Humboldtite,  410. 

Humite,  351. 

Hureaulite,  496. 

Huronite,  659. 

Hyalite,  252. 

Hyalomelan,  647. 

Hyalosiderite,  318. 

Hydrargiliite,  271. 

Hydroboracite,  604. 

Hydrolite,  451. 

Hydromagnesite,  596. 
Hydromagnocalcite,  676. 
Hydrophane,  252. 

Hydrous  oxide  of  iron,  273. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  copper,  516. 
Hydrophite,  660. 

Hydrotalcite,  270. 

Hypersthene,  293. 

Hypochlorite,  647. 

Hypostilbite,  662. 

Iberite,  327,  665. 

Ice,  256. 

Idocrase,  327- 


INDEX. 


693 


Idrialine,  632. 
Idrialit,  632. 
llmenite,  239. 

Ilvaite,  324. 
Indianite,  643. 

Iodic  silver,  615. 
Iodinsilber,  615. 
Iodite,  615. 
Iodquecksilber,  617. 
Iodure  d’argent,  615. 
Iolite,  325. 

Iridium,  119. 
Iridosmine,  118. 
Iridosmium,  118. 
Iron,  130. 

Iron  pyrites,  169. 

I  rite,  257. 

Iserine,  261. 

Isopyre,  647. 
Ittnerite,  401. 
Ixolyte,  632. 

Jamesonite,  195. 
Jasper,  251. 
Jeffersonite,  648. 

J ohannite,  553. 

Kakoxene,  520. 
Kalialaun,  540. 
Kalisalpeter,  601. 
Kalkvolborthite,  683. 
Kallait,  522. 
Kalochrom,  557. 
Kalomel,  617. 
Kammererit,  426. 
Kaneite,  635. 

Kapnite,  6/6. 
Karpholite,  415. 
Karstenite,  531. 
Kassiterit,  230. 
Katapleiite,  414. 
Keilhauite,  648. 
Kerasine,  621. 

Kerate,  613. 

Kermes,  217- 
Kibdelophan,  239. 
Kieselwismuth,  350. 
Kieselmalachit,  404. 
Kilbrickenite,  199. 
Killinite,  327.  665. 
Kirwanite,  660. 
Klaprothine,  523. 
Klinoclase,  511. 
Knebelite,  648. 
Kobaldine,  186. 

Kobalt  blUthe,  502. 
Kobalt  glanz,  190. 
Kobaltin,  190. 


I  Kobaltkies,  186. 
Kobaltscliwarze,  279. 

Kobalt  vitriol,  549. 

Kobellite,  204. 

Ivonichalcite,  515. 

Konigine,  554. 

Konleinite,  625. 

Konlit,  625. 

Korund,  242. 

Kottigite,  504. 

Krokoit,  557. 

Krokydolite,  414. 

Kryolith,  605. 

Kryptolite,  494. 

Ktihnite,  481. 

Kupfer,  128. 

Kupferantimonglanz,  201. 
Ivupferblau,  638.  677* 
Kupferblende,  205. 
Kupfer-glanz,  159. 
Kupferindig,  160. 

Kupferkies,  182. 

Kupferlasur,  594. 
Kupfernianganschwarze,  639. 
Kupfernickel,  142. 
Kupfer-roth,  223. 
Kupfersammterz,  555. 
Kupferschaum,  514. 
Kupfervitriol,  556. 

Kyanite,  286. 

Labrador  felspar,  374. 
Labradorite,  374. 

Lanarkite,  562. 

Lancasterite,  677* 

Lanthanite,  592. 

Lasur,  594. 

Latrobite,  378. 

Laumonite,  452. 

Lavendulan,  677- 
Lazulith,  523. 

Lead,  127. 

Leadhillite,  563. 

Lebererz,  179. 

Ledererite,  660. 

Lehmannite,  557. 

Lehuntite,  661. 

Leonhardite,  453. 
Lepidokrokite,  275. 

Lepidolite,  391. 

Lepidomelane,  394. 

Lepolite,  643. 

Lerbachite,  153. 

Lettsomite,  555. 
Leuchtenbergite,  427- 
Leucite,  360. 

Leucophane,  356. 

Levyne,  450. 


INDEX. 


694 

Libethenite,  507* 

Liebigite,  677* 

Liebnerite,  660. 

Lievrite,  324. 

Limnite,  277* 

Limonit,  277* 

Linai-ite,  554. 

Lindseyite,  661. 

Linneite,  186. 

Liroconite,  513. 

Lithomarge,  661. 

Loganite,  429. 

Lolingite,  148. 

Lonchidite,  637* 

Loweite,  677- 
Loxoclase,  644. 

Lunnite,  516. 

Magnesie  boratee,  602. 

Magnesie  carbonatee  ci'istallisde,583. 
Magnesie  carbonatee  silicifere  spon- 
gieuse,  433. 

Magnesite,  583. 

Magnet-eisenstein,  259. 

Magnetic  iron  ore,  259. 

Magnetic  iron  pyrites,  161. 
Magnetite,  259. 

Magnetkies,  161. 

Malachite,  593. 

Malacolite,  292. 

Malacone,  649. 

Malthacite,  661. 

Mancinite,  677- 

Manganese  oxide  hydrate,  278. 
Manganese  oxide  silicifere,  206. 
Magnesie  sulfatee,  546. 
Manganblende,  167* 

Manganese  carbonatd,  588. 
Manganese  sulfure,  167. 

Manganite,  275. 

Mangankalk,  678. 
Mangankupferoxyd,  235. 
Manganocalcite,  678. 
Manganschaum,  278. 

Marcasite,  170. 

Mai'garite,  393. 

Margarodite,  649. 

Maraiatite,  167- 
Marmolite,  42 1 . 

Martial  arseniate  of  copper,  499. 
Mascagnine,  535. 

Masonite,  425. 

Matlockite,  620. 

Meei-schaum,  433. 

Meionite,  382. 

Melanclxlore,  678. 

Melanite,  333. 

Melanocliroite,  559. 


Melantei'ite,  550. 

Melilite,  380. 

Mellite,  624. 

Mendipite,  621. 

Mengite,  461.  493. 

Menilite,  252. 

Mennige,  219. 

Mercui’e  argental,  125. 

Mercure  iodure,  617- 
Mercui’e  muriate,  617* 

Mercure  natif,  127- 
Mercui'e  sulfure,  178. 

Mercury,  127- 
Merkui’,  127* 

Mei’oxen,  387* 

Mesitine,  585. 

Mesitinspath,  585. 

Mesole,  661. 

Mesolite,  444.  446. 

Mesotype,  443. 

Metaxite,  42 1 . 

Miargyrite,  214. 

Mica,  387,  389. 

Middletonite,  627. 

Miemit,  583. 

Miesite,  485. 

Mikroklin,  366. 

Millerite,  162. 

Miloschine,  432. 

Mimetisit,  481. 

Mimetite,  481. 

Mine  d’argent  grise  antimoniale,  208. 
Minium,  219. 

Mirabilite,  545. 

Mispickel,  188. 

Misy,  678. 

Mohsite,  241. 

Molybdanglanz,  172. 

Molybdanit,  172. 

Molybdanochex-,  222. 
Molybdansilber,  139. 

Molybdate  of  lead,  479. 

Molybdate  of  oxide  of  lead,  678. 
Molybdenite,  172. 

Monazite,  493. 

Monazitoide,  678. 

Moni'adite,  662. 

Monx'olite,  662. 

Monticellite,  315. 

Moonstone,  367. 

Mosandrite,  663. 

Mountain  cork,  301. 

Mountain  soap,  663. 

Mountain  wood,  301.  663. 
Murchisonite,  366. 

Muriate  of  copper,  618. 

Muriate  of  mercury,  617- 
Muriate  of  silver,  613. 


INDEX. 


695 


Muriate  of  soda,  611. 
Murio-carbonate  of  lead,  622. 
Muromontite,  649. 

Mysorine,  679. 

Nadelerz,  184. 

Nagyagite,  137. 

Naphtha,  630. 

Native  amalgam,  125. 

Native  antimony,  1 15. 

Native  arsenic,  117- 
Native  bismuth,  114. 

Native  boracic  acid,  281. 

Native  copper,  128. 

Native  gold,  121. 

Native  iron,  130. 

Native  minium,  219. 

Native  nickel,  162. 

Native  palladium,  121. 

Native  platina,  120. 

Native  quicksilver,  127. 

Native  silver,  124. 

Native  tellurium,  116. 

Native  tin,  127. 

Natrolith,  443. 

Natron,  598. 

Natron  alaun,  541. 
Natronsalpeter,  600. 
Naumannite,  151. 

Needlestone,  445. 

Nemalite,  270. 

Nepheline,  359. 

Nephrite,  650. 

Neujanskit,  119. 

Neurol ite,  663. 

Neutral  fluate  of  cerium,  608. 
Nickel  antimonial,  142. 

Nickel  antimonie  sulfure,  193. 
Nickel  arseniate,  503. 

Nickel  arsenical,  142. 

Nickel  arsenical  blanc,  144. 
NickelblUthe,  503. 

Niekelglanz,  192. 

Nickelin,  142. 

Nickelkies,  162. 

Nickel  natif,  162. 

Nickelocher,  503. 

Nickel  sulfurd  bismuthifere,  185. 
Nickel  wismuthglauz,  185. 
Niobite,  471. 

Nitrate  de  soude,  600. 

Nitrate  of  potash,  601. 

Nitrate  of  soda,  COO. 

Nitratine,  COO. 

Nitre,  601. 

Nitrocalcite,  C79. 

Nitromagnesite,  679. 

Noble  opal,  252. 


Nontronite,  6C3. 

Nordenskioldite,  650. 

Nussierite,  C79. 

Nuttallite,  384. 

Oblique  prismatic  arseniate  of  cop¬ 
per,  511. 

Obsidian,  644. 

Ochran,  664. 

Ochroit,  406. 

Octahedral  arseniate  of  copper,  513. 
Oerstedite,  649. 

Okenite,  664. 

Oligoclase,  372. 

Olivenite,  508. 

Olivine,  316. 

Onofrite,  154. 

Onyx,  251. 

Oosite,  327.  665. 

Opal,  251. 

Operment,  176. 

Orangite,  650. 

Orichalcite,  596. 

Or  natif,  121. 

Orpiment,  176. 

Orthite,  312. 

Osmelite,  436.  664. 

Osmiridium,  118. 

Ottrelite,  418. 

Oxalate  of  iron,  623. 

Oxalate  of  lime,  623. 

Oxalit,  623. 

Oxalsaurer  kalk,  623. 

Oxide  of  antimony,  253. 

Oxide  of  arsenic,  255. 

Oxide  of  molybdenum,  222. 

Oxide  of  tin,  230. 

Oxide  of  tungsten,  222. 

Ozokerite,  626. 

Palagonite,  433. 

Palladium,  121. 

Paranthine,  382. 

Pargasite,  302. 

Tarisite,  592. 

Patrinite,  184. 

Pearlstone,  644. 

Pechuran,  220. 

Pectolite,  435. 

Peganite,  679. 

Pennine,  427. 

Percy lite,  619. 

Periclase,  245. 

Pericline,  371. 

Peridot,  316. 

Peristerite,  371. 

Perowskite,  461. 

Perthite,  367. 


696  index. 


Petalite,  363. 

Petroleum,  631. 

Petzite,  136. 

Phacolite,  449. 

Pharmacochalcit,  508. 
Phai’macolite,  506. 
Pharmacosiderite,  498. 

Phenakite,  338. 

Phillipsite,  456. 

Phoenicite,  559. 

Plionikochroit,  559. 

Pholerite,  664. 

Phosgenite,  622. 

Phosphate  of  copper,  507- 
Phosphate  de  fer,  497* 

Phosphate  of  iron,  500. 

Phosphate  of  lead,  483. 

Phosphate  of  manganese,  495. 
Phosphate  of  yttria,  492. 
Phosphorite,  488. 

Piauzite,  632. 

Pickeringite,  679. 

Picrolite,  420. 

Picrosmine,  411. 

Pierre  de  savon,  418. 

Pihlite,  651. 

Pikrophyll,  665. 

Pikrosmin,  411. 

Pimelite,  665. 

Pinguite,  665. 

Pinite,  327.  665. 

Pipestone,  668. 

•  Pissophane,  544. 

Pitch-blende,  220. 

Pitchy  copper  ore,  640. 

Pitchy  iron  ore,  278. 

Pitchstone,  644. 

Pittizite,  680. 

Placodine,  149. 

Plagionite,  196. 

Plasma,  250. 

Platine  natif  ferrifere,  120. 
Platiniridium,  119. 

Platinum,  120. 

Plattnerite,  220. 

Pleonaste,  264. 

Plomb  arseniate,  481. 

Plomb  carbonate,  565. 

Plomb  carbonate  muriatifere,  622. 
Plomb  chromate,  557. 
Plombgomme,  525. 

Plomb  hydro-alumineux,  525. 
Plomb  molybdate,  479. 

Plomb  natif  volcanique,  127- 
Plomb  oxide  rouge,  219. 

Plomb  phosphate,  483. 

Plomb  sulfure,  155. 

Plomb  sulphate,  526. 


Plomb  tellure,  137- 
Plomb  tungstate,  478. 

Plomb  vanadiate',  560. 
Plumbocalcite,  680. 
Plumbo-eupriferous  sulphuret  of  bis¬ 
muth,  184. 

Plumosite,  196. 

Polianite,  234. 

Polybasite,  209. 

Polyhalite,  538. 

Polykrase,  463. 

Polylite,  651. 

Polymignyte,  462. 

Polysphserite,  485. 

Polyxen,  120. 

Poonahlite,  446. 

Porpezite,  123. 

Porzellanspath,  361. 

Potasse  nitratee,  601. 

Potasse  sulfatee,  534. 

Psathyrite,  627* 

Psilomelane,  280. 

Pumice,  644. 

Purple  copper,  180. 

Prasem,  250. 

Praseolite,  327.  665. 

Pi*edazzite,  680. 

Pi’ehnite,  415. 

Px*oustite,  213. 

Pseudomalachit,  516. 

Puschkinite,  310. 

Pycnite,  356. 

Pyrallolite,  668. 

Pyrargillite,  327.  665. 

Pyrai'gyrite,  211. 

Pyrite,  169. 

Pyi’ochlore,  464. 

Pyrolusite,  233. 

Pyromorphite,  483. 

Pyrope,  333. 

Pyrophyllite,  425. 

Pyrophysalite,  356. 

Pyrorthite,  315. 

Pyrosklerite,  669. 

Pyrosmalite,  397* 

Pyx'oxene,  290. 

Pyrrhite,  680. 

Pyrrliosiderit,  273. 

Pyrrhotine,  161. 

Quartz,  245. 

Quarz,  245. 

Quarz  resinite,  251. 

Quecksilber,  127. 

Radiolite,  444. 

Rammelsbergite,  144. 

Raphilite,  302. 


INDEX. 


697 


Rautenspath,  583. 

Razoumoffskin,  069. 

Realgar,  177- 
Red  antimony,  217- 
Red  oxide  of  copper,  223. 

Red  oxide  of  zinc,  218. 

Redruthite,  159. 

Red  silver,  211.  213. 

Remolinite,  018. 

Retinalite,  421. 

Retinasphalt,  629. 

Retinit,  629. 

Reussine,  680. 

Rhodicit,  603. 

Rhodium  gold,  123, 

Rhodizite,  603. 

Rhodochrosite,  588. 

Rhodonite,  296. 

Rhomhoidal  arseniate  of  copper,  512. 
Rhyacolite,  369. 

Right  prismatic  arseniate  of  copper, 
508. 

Riolite,  154. 

Ripidolite,  426. 

Ripidolith,  426.  428. 

Romeine,  681. 

Roselite,  505. 

Rosellane,  669. 

Rubinblende,  213. 

Ruby,  244. 

Rutile,  224. 

Ryacoiith,  369. 

Safflorite,  146. 

Sahlite,  292. 

Sal-ammoniac,  612. 

Salmiak,  612. 

Sal  peter,  601 . 

Salt,  611. 

Salz,  611. 

Samarskite,  469. 

Samoine,  670. 

Sanidine,  366. 

Sapphire,  244. 

Sarcolite,  381. 

Sassoline,  281. 

Saussurite,  651. 

Scapolite,  382. 

Scheelbleispath,  478. 

Scheelin  calcaire,  476. 

Scheelin  ferrugine,  473. 

Scheelite,  476. 

Scheererite,  625. 

Schieferspath,  580. 

Schilfglaserz,  208. 

Schiller  spar,  419. 

Schillerstein,  419. 

Schorlomite,  397- 


Schrift- tellur,  134. 

Schrotterite,  431. 

Schulzite,  198. 

Schwarzbraunstein,  280. 
Schwarzkohle,  633. 

Schwefel,  109. 

Schwefelkies,  169. 

Schwerbleierz,  220. 

Scolezite,  445. 

Scorodite,  499. 

Seifenstein,  418. 

Selbite,  591. 

Selen,  111. 

Selenblei,  152. 

Selenbleispath,  68. 

Selenium,  111. 

Seleniure  de  plomb  et  de  cuivre, 
153. 

Seleniure  de  plomb  et  de  mercure, 
153. 

Seleniuret  of  copper,  150. 

Seleniuret  of  lead,  152. 

Seleniuret  of  silver,  151. 

Seleniuret  of  silver  and  copper,  151. 
Selenkupfer,  150. 

Selenkupferblei,  153. 
Selenquecksilberblei,  153. 

Selensch  wefelquecksilber,  1 54 . 
Selensilber,  151. 

Semiopal,  252. 

Senarmontite,  255. 

Serpentine,  420. 

Sesquisilicate  of  manganese,  651. 
Shepardite,  637. 

Siderit,  586. 

Silber,  124. 

Silber-glanz,  157. 

Silberkupferglanz,  158. 

Siliceous  oxide  of  zinc,  406. 

Siliceous  sinter,  252. 

Siliciferous  oxide  of  manganese,  296. 
Sillimanite,  287. 

Silver,  124. 

Sismondine,  670. 

Sisserskit,  118. 

Skolezit,  445. 

Skolopsite,  652. 

Skorodit,  499. 

Skutterudite,  147. 

Smaltine,  145. 

Smaragd,  336. 

Smaragdite,  292. 

Smaragdochalcit,  618, 

Smectite,  670. 

Smithsonite,  406. 

Soapstone,  418. 

Soda  alum,  54 1 . 

Sodalite,  398. 

H  h 


698 


INDEX. 


Somervillite,  380. 

Sordawalite,  670. 

Soude  boratee,  604. 

Soude  carbonatee,  598. 

Soude  carbonatee  prismatique,  599. 
Soude  muriatee,  611. 

Soude  sulfatee,  545. 

Soufi*e,  109. 

Spadaite,  670. 

Spartalite,  218. 

Spathose  iron,  586. 

Specular  iron,  236. 

Speisglanzocker,  268. 

Speiskobalt,  145. 

Spharosiderit,  586. 

Sphene,  394. 

Spinelle,  263. 

Spinelle  zincifere,  265. 

Spodumene,  362. 

Sprodglaserz,  210. 

S  tannine,  187. 

Staurolite,  282. 

Staurotide,  282. 

Steatit,  418. 

Steinheilite,  326. 

Steinmannite,  199. 

Steinsalz,  611. 

Stellite,  436. 

Stephanite,  210 
Sternbergite,  179. 

Stilbite,  439. 

Stilpnoraelane,  423. 

Stolzite,  478. 

Stroganowite,  652. 

Stromeyerite,  158. 

Stromnite,  681. 

Strontiane  carbonatee,  569. 
Strontiane  sulfatee,  527. 
Strontianite,  569. 

Struvite,  524. 

Stypticite,  681. 

Subsulphate  of  alumina,  544. 
Succin,  630. 

Succinit,  630. 

Sulfate  de  plomb  cuivreux,  555. 
Sulphate  of  ammonia,  535. 
Sulphate  of  cobalt,  549. 

Sulphate  of  copper,  556. 

Sulphate  of  iron,  550. 

Sulphate  of  lead,  526. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia,  546. 
Sulphate  of  potash,  534. 

Sulphate  of  soda,  545. 

Sulphate  of  zinc,  547- 
Sulphato-carbonate  of  lead,  562. 
Sulphato-chloride  of  copper,  620. 
Sulphato-tricarbonate  of  lead,  563. 
Sulphur,  109. 


Sulphuret  of  antimony,  174. 
Sulphuret  of  bismuth,  173. 

Sulphuret  of  cobalt,  186. 

Sulphuret  of  manganese,  167. 
Sulphuret  of  molybdena,  172. 
Sulphuret  of  silver,  157. 

Sulphuret  of  silver  and  antimony, 
208. 

Sulphuret  of  silver  and  copper,  158. 
Sulphuret  of  tin,  187. 

Susannite,  562. 

Suzannit,  562. 

Syepoorite,  187. 

Sylvanite,  134. 

Sylvine,  612. 

Symplesite,  505. 

Tabular  spar.  288. 

Tachylite,  652. 

Talc,  386. 

Talc  chlorite,  428. 

Talc  glaphique,  417* 

Talkeisenerz,  262. 

Tamarite,  512. 

Tantalite,  467.  471. 

Tecticite,  682. 

Tellur,  116. 

Tellurblei,  137- 

|  Tellure  natif  auro-plombifere,  137. 
Tellurium,  116. 

Tellur  natif,  116. 

Tellur  natif  auro-argentifere,  134. 
Tellur  silber,  136 
Tellurwismutli,  139. 

Tennantite.  204. 

Tenorite,  637. 

Tephroit,  320. 

Tetradymite,  138. 

Tetraedrit,  205. 

Tetraphyline,  495. 

Tharandite,  582. 

Thenardite,  533. 

Thermonatrite,  599. 

Thermonitrit,  599. 

Thomsonite,  459. 

Thonerde,  242. 

Thorite,  412. 

Thorit,  412. 

Thraulite,  659. 

Thrombolite,  517. 

Thrombolith,  517. 

Thulite,  310. 

Thuringite,  670. 

Tin,  127. 

Tincal,  604. 

Tinkal,  604. 

Tin-white  cobalt,  145. 

Tirolit,  514. 


INDEX. 


999 


Titane  anatase,  229. 

Titane  calcar^o-siliceux,  394. 
Titaneisenstein.  261. 

Titane  oxide,  224. 

Topaz,  353. 

Topazolite,  333. 

Torberite,  517- 
Tourmaline,  341. 

Towanite,  182. 

Tremolite,  298. 

Triphane,  362. 

Triphyline,  494. 

Triplite,  495. 

Tripoli,  671. 

Tritomite,  413. 

Trona,  598. 

Troostite,  321. 

Tscheffkinite,  323. 
Tschewkinit,  323. 

Tungstate  of  iron,  473. 
Tungstate  of  lead,  478. 
Tungstate  of  lime,  476. 
Turgite,  277. 

Tiirkis,  522. 

Turmalin,  341. 

Turnerite,  653. 

Turquoise,  522. 

Tyrolite,  514. 

Ullmannite,  193. 

Umber,  640. 

Unionite.  671. 

Uralite,  301. 

Ural  orthite,  313. 

Urane  sous-sulfate,  553. 
Uranine,  220. 

Uranite,  517-  519. 
Uranochre,  640. 
Uranotantal,  469. 
Uwarowite,  334. 


683. 

Vanadinbleierz,  560. 
Vanadinite,  560. 
Varvicite,  640. 
Vauquelinite,  559. 
Velvet  copper  ore,  555. 
Villarsite,  671. 

Vitreous  copper,  159. 
Vitriol,  556. 

Vitriolgelb,  683. 
Vitriolocher,  683. 
Vivianite,  500. 
Volborthite,  683. 


Volknerite,  270. 

Voltaite,  542. 

Voltzine,  218. 

Vosgite,  653. 

Wad,  278. 

Wagnerite,  489. 
Walchowite,  629. 
Warwickite,  671. 
Wasserkies,  170. 
Wavellite,  521. 
Websterite,  544. 
Wehrlite,  654. 
Weichbraunstein,  233. 
Weissgultigerz,  208. 
Weissite,  327.  665. 
Weisskupfer,  150. 
Weissnickelerz,  144,  145. 
Weissnickelkies,  145. 
Wernerite,  382. 
Whewellite,  623. 

White  iron  pyrites,  170. 
Wichtisite,  385. 

Wichtyn,  385. 

Willemine,  320. 
Willemite,  320. 

Wismuth,  114. 
Wismuthglanz,  173. 
Wismuthocher,  222. 
Wismuthspath,  684. 
Witherite,  571. 
Woerthite,  422. 
Wohlerite,  358. 
Wolchite,  203. 
Wolchonskoite,  432. 
Wolfram,  473. 
Wolframoclier,  222. 
Wolfsbergite,  201. 
Wollastonite,  288. 

Wood  opal,  252. 
Worthite,  422. 

Wulfenite,  479. 

Xanthocone,  216. 
Xanthophyllite,  424. 
Xenolith,  654. 

Xenotime,  492. 

Xeuxite,  672. 

Xylite,  672. 

Yellow  tellurium,  637. 
Ytter-spath,  492. 
Yttertantal,  467. 
Yttrocerite,  608. 
Yttroilmenite,  469. 

Y ttrotantalite,  467- 

Zeagonite,  457.  67 1. 


Valencianite,  366. 

Valentinite,  253. 

Vanadiates  of  lead,  682. 

Vanadiate  of  lead  and  copper  oxide, 


700 


INDEX. 


Zeolith,  443. 

Zinc  carbonate,  589. 
Zinckenite,  194. 

Zinc  oxide  femfere,  218. 
Zinc  oxide  silicifere,  408. 
Zinc  sulfatee,  547. 

Zinc  sulfure,  165. 
Zinkblende,  165. 
Zinkbliithe,  684. 
Zinkglas,  406. 

Zinkit,  218. 

Zink  oxyd,  218. 


Zinkvitriol,  547. 
Zinn,  127- 
Zinnkies,  187. 
Zinnober,  178. 
Zinnstein,  230. 
Zircon,  340. 
Zoisite,  306. 
Zorgite,  153. 
Zundererz,  637- 
Zwiselite,  488. 
Zygadite,  654. 


THE  END. 


n. 


Gilbert  &  Rivington,  Printers,  St.  John’s  Square,  London. 


JUNDtm  SECT.  JUN  22  1979 


PLEASE  DO  NOT  REMOVE 
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UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO  LIBRARY 


QE  Phillips,  William 

372  An  elementary  introduction 

P5  to  mineralogy.  New  Ed.  1852 

1852 


P&ASci 


