F. 


+ 


A 


. 


t 


DOCUMENTS 


Of  TUX 


w 


TATE  OF  If  YORK 


ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTH  SESSION, 


1885. 


VOLUME  TV. — Nos,  33  to  42,  inclusive. 


ALBANY: 

WEED,  PARSONS  AND  COMPANY,  LEGISLATIVE  PRINTERS- 

1885. 


THIRD  ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL 


OF  THE 


For  the  Year  1884r, 


WITH  THE  REPORTS  OF  THE  DIRECTOR  AND  OFFICERS. 


A 


TRANSMITTED  TO  THE  LEGISLATURE  JANUARY  21,  1885: 


ALBANY,  N.  Y. : 

WEED.  PARSONS  AND  COMPANY. 

LEGISLATIVE  PRINTERS. 


1885. 


1884. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  STATION. 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 

GOVERNOR  CLEVELAND,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

ROBERT  J.  SWAN,  President,  Geneva,  Ontario  Co.,  N.  Y. 
GEN.  N.  M.  CURTIS,  Sec.,  Ogdensb’g,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y. 
PATRICK  BARRY,  Rochester,  Monroe  Co.,  N.  Y. 

W.  A.  ARMSTRONG,  Elmira,  Chemung  Co.,  N.  Y. 

JAMES  McCANN,  Elmira,  Chemung  Co.,  N.  Y. 

JOHN  O’DONNELL,  Jamaica,  Queens  Co.,  N.  Y. 

DANIEL  BATCHELOR,  Utica,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y. 

J.  S.  WOODWARD,  Lockport,  Niagara  Co.,  N.  Y. 

A.  V.  ME  KEEL,  North  Hector,  Schuyler  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Director. 

E.  Lewis  Sturtevant,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 

Assistant. 

C.  S.  Plumb,  B.  S. 

Horticulturist. 

Emmett  S.  Goff. 

Assistant. 

O.  E.  Liess. 

Botanist. 

J.  C.  Arthur,  M.  S. 

Chemist. 

S.  Moulton  Babcock,  A.  M.  Ph.  D. 

Assistant. 

E.  F.  Ladd,  B.  S 

Stenographer. 

F.  E.  Newton 


Farmer. 

G.  W.  Churchill. 


NEW  YORK  STATE  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


An  Act  establishing  an  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  passed 

June  26,  1880,  as  amended  by  the  Act  passed  August  15,  1881. 

Section  1.  For  the  purpose  of  promoting  agriculture  in  its  vari¬ 
ous  branches  by  scientific  investigation  and  experiment,  an  institu¬ 
tion  is  hereby  established  to  be  called  and  known  as  the  New  York 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

§  2.  The  management  of  this  institution  shall  be  committed  to  a 
board  of  trustees,  to  be  known  as  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Experiment  Station.  Robert  J.  Swan,  William  A.  Armstrong,  N. 
Martin  Curtis,  Stephen  W.  Clark,  Patrick  Barry,  Robert  J.  Dodge, 
Jabez  S.  Woodward,  Daniel  Batchelor  and  James  McCann  shall  be 
the  first  trustees  of  the  institution,  of  whom  the  three  first  named 
shall  hold  office  as  such  trustees  for  three  years,  the  three  next  named 
for  two  years,  and  the  three  last  named  for  one  year  from  the  first 
day  of  January,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-one.  Whenever  a 
vacancy  shall  occur  in  such  board  by  expiration  of  the  term  of  office 
of  any  member  thereof,  or  otherwise,  the  same  shall  be  filled  by  the 
governor,  and  all  trustees  so  appointed  by  the  governor  shall  hold 
office  for  the  term  of  three  years,  and  until  others  be  appointed  in 
their  stead.  The  governor  shall  be  a  member  of  the  board  by  virtue 
of  his  office. 

§  3.  The  said  board  of  control  shall  annually  elect  a  president 
from  their  own  number,  and  shall  appoint  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer 
to  hold  such  offices  during  the  pleasure  of  the  board.  Six  members 
of  the  board  shall  be  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

[Sections  4  and  5  of  the  original  act  are  repealed .] 

§  6.  Said  board  of  control  shall  locate  and  have  the  general  man¬ 
agement  of  the  station  and  shall  appoint  a  director  to  have  the  gen¬ 
eral  oversight  and  management  of  the  experiments  and  investigations 
which  shall  be  necessary  to  accomplish  the  objects  of  said  institution, 
and  may  employ  competent  and  suitable  chemists  and  other  persons 
necessary  to  the  carrying  on  of  the  work  of  the  station.  Said  board 
may  acquire,  by  lease  or  otherwise,  such  real  estate  as  may  in  their 
judgment  be  necessary  for  carrying  on  the  work,  and  shall  have  the 
direction  of  the  expenditure  of  all  money  appropriated  to  the  insti¬ 
tution  for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  or  otherwise  received  therefor,  and 
shall  annually  make  a  full  report  to  the  legislature  of  their  proceed¬ 
ings,  receipts  and  expenditures.  All  property  acquired  by  the  said 
board  shall  belong  to  the  state  and  shall  be  disposed  of  and  used  only 
as  authorized  by  law. 


6 


[Assembly,  No.  33.] 

§  7.  The  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  annually  is  hereby  ap¬ 
propriated  to  said  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for 
two  years,  out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropri¬ 
ated,  which  shall  be  paid  to  the  treasurer  of  said  board  of  control,  at 
such  time  and  in  such  sums  as  said  board  may  require,  upon  the  order 
of  the  comptroller  of  the  state,  who  is  hereby  directed  to  draw  his 
order  for  the  same  on  the  treasurer  of  the  state.  And  the  treasurer 
of  said  board  of  control  shall  be  required,  before  entering  upon  the 
duties  of  his  office,  to  give  bond  with  surety  to  the  treasurer  of  the 
state  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  for  the  faithful  discharge 
of  his  duties  as  such  treasurer. 

§  8.  Every  member  of  said  board  may,  by  a  vote  thereof,  be  paid 
his  necessary  traveling  expenses,  as  well  as  those  incurred  by  him 
while  in  actual  attendance  upon  the  meetings  of  the  said  board ;  but 
no  member  shall  receive  as  such  any  other  remuneration  for  his  ser¬ 
vices  in  attendance  on  the  meetings  of  the  board. 

§  9.  Said  Board  of  Control  shall  make  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  may  from  time  to  time  become  necessary  to  carry  out  the  objects 
of  the  station. 

$  10.  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  33. 


I  NT  ASSEMBLY, 

January  21,  1885. 


REPORT 

OF  THE  BOARD  OF  CONTROL  THE  NEW  YORK 
AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York  : 

The  work  of  the  station  in  the  past  year  has  exceeded  in  tangible 
results  that  of  any  like  period  in  the  past.  Experiments  instituted 
at  the  beginning  have  been  pursued  with  greater  advantage,  because 
difficulties  that  appeared  at  the  outset  have  been  eliminated,  in  part 
at  least,  and  facilities  for  attaining  specific  objects  have  been  in¬ 
creased. 

It  is  well  understood  by  those  who  have  practical  acquaintance 
with  agricultural  experiments  that  the  value  of  the  work  depends 
in  large  measure  upon  its  exactness,  and  it  is,  therefore,  necessary, 
in  conducting  these  experiments  to  successful  issue  that  observers 
should  be  trained  to  habits  of  precise  observation,  uninfluenced  by 
any  purpose  except  the  one  object,  to  arrive  at  the  truth.  Hence 
the  greater  value  of  work  performed  in  the  last  year  by  the  corps  of 
trained  assistants  under  the  management  of  a  director  who  has  him¬ 
self  developed  increased  capacity  for  the  special  labors  assigned. 

That  investigations  pursued  with  minute  care  in  the  various 
branches  of  labor  at  the  station  may  be  duly  appreciated  by  farmers 
generally,  it  is  necessary  that  they  have  understanding  regarding  the 
character  of  the  work,  and  particularly  that  they  take  account  of 
time  required  to  reach  safe  conclusions.  They  must  recognize  the 
fact  that  results  of  a  single  experiment  in  any  line  of  investigation 
cannot  be  accepted  as  conclusive,  because  there  are  many  varying  con¬ 
ditions  liable  in  any  repetition  of  the  work  to  change  results 
materially  ;  hence,  the  necessity  of  repeating  from  year  to  year  until 
these  conditions  have  been  duly  measured  and  their  effects  noted. 
It  is  only  after  such  repetition  of  experiments  conducted  with  exact 
nicety  of  management  and  observation  that  the  results  for  which 
the  whole  work  of  the  station  is  planned  can  approach  that  definiteness 


8 


[Assembly,  No.  33.] 

of  conclusion  necessary  to  bring  the  full  measure  of  usefulness  con¬ 
templated  by  the  director  and  confidently  expected  by  intelligent 
observers  who  have  noted  the  progress  of  work  during  the  last  three 
years. 

In  the  report  of  the  director,  herewith  submitted,  embracing  re¬ 
ports  of  his  assistants,  may  be  found  complete  records  of  work  for 
the  year,  together  with  statements  of  results  so  far  as  attained. 
Examination  will  show  that  a  great  amount  of  labor  has  been  ex¬ 
pended,  and  it  may  be  assumed  that  practical  gains  already  made 
are  of  such  value  that  they  will  be  regarded  by  all  who  are  inte¬ 
rested  in  the  work  as  at  least  partial  justification  for  outlays  of 
money  required  by  the  work  which  cannot  be  fully  productive  until 
carried  to  completion.  Thus,  there  are  numerous  experiments  in¬ 
tended  to  test  the  value  of  seeds — their  vitality  and  fruitfulness. 
Other  experiments  in  various  methods  of  cultivation,  and  still  others 
in  feeding  milch  cows,  already  beginning  to  have  practical  value. 
We  believe  that  in  farther  progress  of  work  there  will  be  important 
truths  developed  applicable  to  ordinary  farming  in  the  various 
branches  in  which  experiments  are  pursued  ;  and  we  deem  it,  there¬ 
fore,  a  matter  of  great  importance  that  the  principal  labors  of  the 
Station  be  conducted  in  accordance  with  the  plans  outlined  in  pre¬ 
vious  reports  and  observed  during  the  past  year. 

With  the  purpose  of  conveying  practical  lessons  in  field  culture 
to  farmers  who  visit  the  Station,  portions  of  the  farm  in  the  past 
year  have  been  devoted  to  ordinary  crops,  the  system  of  tillage  in¬ 
tended  to  be  applicable  in  general  farming.  W  hile  the  work  of  the 
year  has  been  but  a  beginning,  it  is  the  design  of  the  board  of  con¬ 
trol,  fully  accepted  by  the  director,  that  increasing  attention  to  this 
kind  of  work  shall  be  given,  not  on  greater  areas  of  land,  but 
rather  on  portions  of  the  farm  not  immediately  required  for  the 
more  definite  and  special  experimental  work. 

As  the  result  of  labors  in  the  past  year  in  general  farming,  excel¬ 
lent  crops  were  gathered,  particularly  of  wheat  and  corn,  which  will 
bring  in  their  sale  some  offset  to  the  money  expended  in  experi¬ 
mental  work.  It  is  not  expected,  however,  that  returns  from  this 
source  will  be  more* than  enough  to  provide  for  conducting  general 
farm  labors  successfully,  together  with  some  little  surplus  for 
branches  of  experimental  work  that  may  be  added  with  special  ref¬ 
erence  to  the  instruction  of  farmers  who  visit  the  Station. 

During  the  year  a  farm  cottage  lias  been  erected,  a  provision  very 
much  needed  in  the  past.  Other  improvements  on  various  portions 
of  the  farm  have  been  made,  including  provision  for  cranberry  cul¬ 
ture  on  a  small  scale  to  test  the  capabilities  of  production  on  farms 
where  the  conditions  are  similar. 

W e  append  the  report  of  the  director,  to  which  reference  is  made 
for  more  complete  information  regarding  the  character  and  extent 
of  the  work  conducted  during  the  year. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

ROBERT  J.  SWAN, 

N.  M.  Curtis,  Secretary .  President. 


TREASURER’S  REPORT. 


Geneva,  N.  Y.,  January  20,  1885. 
To  the  Honorable  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York : 

m 

As  treasurer  of  the  board  of  control  of  the  New  York  Agricultu¬ 
ral  Experiment  Station,  I  have  received  for  the  eleven  months  end¬ 
ing  with  September  30,  1884,  checks  from  the  Treasurer  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  amounting  to  $19,592.  I  have  expended  dur¬ 
ing  the  eleven  months  ending  with  September  30,  1884,  $17,214.79, 
vouchers  for  which,  duly  audited  by  the  special  auditing  committee 
of  the  board  of  control,  have  been  furnished  the  Comptroller  of 
the  State  of  New  York. 

Properly  classified,  the  expenditures  have  been  as  follows : 


Permanent  improvements .  $1,330  25 

Labor . 4,361  77 

Salaries .  6,991  50 

Live  stock . 400  00 

Punning  expenses,  including  seeds,  stable  supplies, 
coal,  oil,  postage,  express,  freight,  printing,  station¬ 
ery,  stakes,  labels,  etc .  4,131  27 


There  has  also  been  expended  by  the  Comptroller,  for 
traveling  expenses  of  the  board  of  control,  to  Sep¬ 
tember  30,  1884 .  408  00 


Making  total  expenses  for  the  eleven  months  .  .  .  $17,622  79 

To  meet  the  requirements  of  the  Comptroller,  the 
fiscal  year  has  been  calculated  to  September  30,  and 
our  accounts,  therefore,  show  only  the  expenditures 
during  the  eleven  months  preceding.  The  expendi¬ 
ture  for  the  year  ending  October  31,  the  date  used 

in  the  previous  reports,  was .  $18,689  76 

408  00 


$19,097  76 


ROBERT  J.  SWAN, 

Treasurer. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


2 


REPORT  OF  THE  DIRECTOR. 


_  # 

To  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experi¬ 
ment  Station  : 

Gentlemen  —  I  herewith  present  my  third  annual  report,  embrac¬ 
ing  the  period  included  in  the  year  1884. 

An  examination  of  the  various  subjects  reported  upon  will  indi¬ 
cate  the  variety  and  direction  of  our  investigations.  The  reports  of 
the  assistants  are  deserving  of  attention,  as  embracing  much  that  is 
of  more  than  permanent  interest.  The  horticulturist’s  report  offers 
data  which,  in  connection  with  last  year’s  report,  will  serve  to  indi¬ 
cate  the  necessity  of  continuous  work  in  order  to  eliminate  the  effect 
of  season  upon  earliness,  and  the  experiments  therein  given  will 
tend  to  throw  light  upon  certain  obscure  causes  of  variation  which 
appear  in  practice.  The  botanist’s  report  deals  principally  with 
fungus  troubles,  and  some  of  the  results  gained  are  of  importance 
as  clearing  the  way  for  future  investigation.  The  chemist’s  report 
embraces  not  only  records  of  analyses  made,  but  much  careful  work 
upon  the  churning  of  milk,  a  subject  of  great  importance  to  our 
dairymen  and  which  will  receive  in  the  future  a  greater  attention, 
as  we  have  at  last  succeeded  in  obtaining  duplicate  results  in  churn¬ 
ing,  which  will  enable  us,  hereafter,  to  advance  future  experiments 
by  having  a  check  ever  present  upon  our  work.  The  work  in  the 
laboratory  has  increased  so  much  as  to  require  additional  assistance, 
which  we  have  now  had  for  three  months,  and  yet  we  are  much  be¬ 
hind  in  analyses  which  have  been  requested  by  the  public.  The  re 
port  from  the  laboratory  will  be  found  to  contain  much  material 
for  future  use,  and  which  it  would  be  unwise  to  discuss  until  our 
work  has  extended  over  a  longer  period.  The  report  of  the  assist¬ 
ant  deals  with  cereals,  a  most  difficult  subject,  and  one  in  which  full 
success  can  scarcely  be  expected  until  after  several  seasons’  observa¬ 
tions  and  study.  In  an  appendix,  complete  daily  data  are  given  of 
our  thermometer  readings,  both  for  1883  and  1884,  for  the  air  and 
soil,  and  these  in  the  future  will  be  found  of  great  assistance  in  our 
efforts  to  interpret  the  separate  provinces  and  values  of  the  various 
factors  which  united  control  our  agriculture. 

I  must  repeat  in  this  report  what  I  gave  in  my  last,  concerning 
the  staff.  Each  member  has  given  willing  and  industrious  service, 
and  the  spirit  of  helpfulness,  even  in  matters  without  their  province, 


[Assembly,  No.  33.] 


11 


has  been  active  and  most  commendable.  This  spirit  of  harmony 
and  interest  is  deserving  of  record,  as  adding  so  much  to  the  effici¬ 
ency  of  our  work.  Some  changes  have  occurred  during  the  year 
Mr.  Wing  resigned  his  position,  as  first  assistant,  in  June,  and  C.  S. 
Plumb,  a  graduate  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  was 
secured  as  his  successor;  Mr.  Watson,  our  stenographer,  left  Janu¬ 
ary  1  and  his  place  has  been  filled  by  F.  E.  Newton;  Mr.  Lovett 
resigned  in  September ;  O.  E.  Liess  came  in  the  spring  as  a  student, 
and  has  been  given  the  duties  of  an  assistant,  which  he  has  faith¬ 
fully  f ullfilled ;  E.  F.  Ladd,  a  graduate  of  the  Maine  Agricultural 
College,  came  as  a  student  October  1,  and  on  December  1  was  ap¬ 
pointed  assistant  chemist.  Mr.  G.  W.  Churchill  was  engaged  as  a 
farmer  last  winter,  and  has  performed  his  duties  faithfully  and  in¬ 
telligently,  relieving  the  director  of  all  cares  as  to  the  detail  work  of 
his  department. 

The  duties  of  an  agricultural  experiment  station,  as  your  director 
interprets  them,  combines  science  with  practice.  The  most  careful 
scientific  work  is  required  for  the  establishing  of  principles  and  the 
interpretation  of  laws,  and  accurate  practical  work  for  verifying  the 
conclusions  gained  and  for  suggesting  applications.  The  great 
want  of  the  agriculture  of  to-day  is  the  establishment  of  principles 
which  shall  serve  as  a  safe  guide  for  reasoning,  and  it  is  only  as 
one’s  views  offered  as  prophecy  is  submitted  to  the  test  of  close  ob¬ 
servation  by  the  aid  of  the  scales,  the  foot-rule  and  the  measure, 
that  the  deficiency  of  our  present  knowledge  in  the  very  essentials 
of  our  work  becomes  manifest.  It  is  with  the  intention  of  exhibit¬ 
ing  the  fallacy  of  some  very  universal  beliefs,  that  I  have  devoted 
some  space  to  the  examination  of  “duplicates,”  for  it  is  evident  that 
when  true  duplicates  cannot  be  obtained,  it  is  unwise  to  expend  our 
energy  in  attempting  work  over  which  we  can  have  no  check.  To 
attempt  plat-work,  until  we  have  means  of  determining  whether 
our  results  are  in  accord  with  our  reasoning,  or  until  we  can  pur¬ 
posely  secure  duplicates,  is  very  apt  to  lead  to  the  establishment  of 
erroneous  belief,  and  to  thus  work  an  injury  not  only  in  the  present, 
but  as  preventive  to  progress.  Until  we  can  obtain  closer  duplicates 
than  we  have  yet  secured,  we  can  do  no  better  than  to  confine  our¬ 
selves  to  interpretation  in  terms  of  greater  or  less,  rather  than  in 
terms  of  exact  bushels  or  pounds.  Indeed,  until  agricultural  science, 
so  called,  can  be  subjected  to  the  tests  that  are  recognized  as  essen¬ 
tial  to  correctness  in  other  sciences,  we  cannot  hope  for  that  progress 
which  we  desire.  Fortunately,  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  a 
more  careful  study  into  agricultural  problems  will  lead  us  toward 
the  period  when  we  can  give  value  to  the  various  factors  which  in¬ 
fluence  crop  production,  and  thus  be  able  to  secure  duplicate  condi¬ 
tions  and  duplicate  results,  through  the  reducing  of  apparent  varia¬ 
bility  to  uniformity,  through  the  logical  application  of  corrections 
which  shall  be  justified  by  a  more  exact  knowledge  than  we  now 
possess.  These  results,  however,  cannot  be  expected  of  the  plat 


12 


[Assembly 


system,  so  called,  unless  this  plat  system  be  interpreted  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  scientifically  settled  principles,  which  must  first  be  ascer¬ 
tained  and  valued. 

The  trial  of  germinations,  as  published,  must  be  considered  as  a 
portion  of  the  study  into  the  value  of  figures  obtained  in  their  rela¬ 
tion  to  duplicates.  We  have  in  this  trial  exact  conditions  of  expos¬ 
ure  of  seeds  counted  from  the  same  package.  It  is  evident  that  we 
cannot  at  present  interpret  the  result  of  an  ordinary  germination  per¬ 
centage  any  more  closely  than  these  results  indicate,  as  variability 
occurs  in  nearly  every  case,  and  the  limits  are  not  as  yet  exactly  de¬ 
fined.  It  will  be  noticed  that,  as  in  lettuce  seed  the  variation  between 
duplicates  averages  about  four  per  cent, and  the  possible  variation  may 
be  even  much  more,  between  any  two  samples  which  differ  in  the 
germination  but  four  per  cent,  we  cannot  justly  say  that  one  sample 
is  better  than  the  other.  This  figure  varies  also  with  different  species 
of  vegetables,  and  hence  each  must  be  studied  by  itself.  A  variation, 
which  may  be  called  mathematical,  also  occurs,  and  must  be  con¬ 
sidered.  If  we  have  but  ten  seeds  under  trial,  the  germination  result 
can  only  be  expressed  as  0,  10,  20,  30,  40,  50,  60,  70,  80,  90  and  100 
per  cent,  or  not  within  the  ten  units ;  if  twenty -five  seeds  be  used, 
we  can  express  our  results  only  by  differences  of  4  ;  if  fifty  seeds  be 
used,  only  by  differences  of  two  ;  if  100  seeds,  by  differences  of  one. 
Thus  to  compare  two  samples  —  ten  seeds  of  one  and  100  seeds  of 
the  other  —  we  have  not  real  duplicates,  for  this  factor  of  number 
constitutes  a  difference.  It  is  probable  that  for  each  series  of  dupli¬ 
cate  germinations  there  is  a  certain  number  which  should  be  used  as 
a  unit,  as  in  general  the  differences  between  duplicates  diminish  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  seed  used,  but  the  determination  of  this 
number  must  be  the  subject  of  experiment,  and  must  be  discussed  in 
part  under  the  law  of  probability  before  we  can  obtain  a  constant  for 
use.  In  such  a  simple  matter,  apparently,  as  germination  trials,  we 
have  evidence  of  the  need  of  careful  and  exact  knowledge.  We  are 
required,  for  perfectness  of  results,  to  know  the  value  of  changing  as 
compared  to  even  temperature,  of  the  influence  of  the  stage  of  ripe¬ 
ness  of  the  seed,  of  methods  of  gathering  and  keeping,  of  the  place 
of  growth,  etc.,  etc.  These  points  are,  however,  only  referred  to  here 
for  the  sake  of  illustration. 

The  subject  of  nomenclature  is  a  very  important  one,  and  it  is  sur¬ 
prising  that  so  much  has  been  already  accomplished  by  the  public 
without  the  advantages  which  an  exact  nomenclature  offers.  There 
is  scarcely  any  work  we  can  do  toward  furthering  progress  that  is  of 
greater  promise  than  this.  So  long  as  two  distant  investigators  can¬ 
not  be  sure  that  they  are  experimenting  upon  the  same  kind  of  plant, 
their  results  cannot  be  strictly  comparable.  Even  professional 
botanists  have  not  recognized  the  importance  of  variety  as  a  factor 
in  their  experiments.  It  is  unquestionable  but  that  there  is  a  variety 
difference  between  vegetables  of  the  same  species,  that  results  calcu¬ 
lated  for  the  Dwarf  Golden  Pop  Corn,  for  instance,  which  grows 


No.  33.] 


13 


normally  but  eighteen  inches  tall,  and  ripens  its  two-inch  ears  in 
August,  may  not  apply  to  the  Caragua  corn,  which  grows  normally 
fourteen  feet  tall  and  ripens  its  nine-inch  ears  in  October,  and 
yet  Sachs  and  other  German  physiological  botanists  offer  the  results 
of  their  trials  with  Zea  Mays ,  not  mentioning  variety,  a  species 
which  varies  within  extreme  limits,  and  which  offers  at  least  300 
varieties,  and  probably  more,  which  can  be  recognized  and  described. 
The  nomenclature  of  our  field  cereals  is  in  great  confusion.  Some 
years  ago  I  collected,  samples  of  King  Philip  Corn,  one  of  the  most 
easily  recognized  varieties,  from  nine  different  sources,  and  received 
under  the  name  King  Philip  what  might  have  been  described  as 
seven  distinct  kinds.  We  have  attempted  the  nomenclature  of  maize 
in  this  report,  and  the  whole  value  of  the  attempt,  if  successful,  must 
be  ascribed  to  the  detail  experiments  which  precede,  and  which 
furnish  the  principles  which  must  be  used  in  order  to  separate  and 
define.  J  ust  so  fast  as  we  obtain  diagnostic  points  in  our  vegetables, 
may  we  hope  to  succeed  in  our  attempts  at  close  identification. 

Our  attempt  at  classification  has  been  extended  to  all  our  varieties 
of  vegetables,  of  which  some  1,200  have  been  grown,  but  the  work 
is  a  difficult  one  and  requires  much  careful  study.  We  must  await 
the  results  of  another  year,  and  perhaps  longer,  before  we  attain  even 
approximate  completeness.  The  system  outlined  in  part  in  last  year’s 
report  receives  additional  confirmation  as  to  its  value  in  our  this  year’s 
work.  There  is  no  theoretical  reason  why  our  garden  and  field 
products  should  not  be  capable  of  being  identified  by  description, 
and  that  agricultural  botany  should  not  vie  in  its  power  for  identi¬ 
fication  with  natural  botany.  If  we  once  recognize  that  man’s 
wants  are  reasonably  stable,  and  that  there  consequently  exists  in 
the  vegetables  formed  through  his  selective  art  a  great  fixity  of  form, 
we  are  encouraged  to  classificatory  work. 

We  would  call  especial  attention  to  our  observations  upon  the  root¬ 
ing  habits  of  plants  as  found  in  the  horticulturist’s  report.  It  is  only 
as  we  ascertain  the  position  in  the  soil  of  the  plant  roots  that  we  have 
a  rational  interpretation  offered  to  explain  the  action  of  fertilizers. 
The  fertilizing  deeply  for  shallow-rooting  plants,  or  shallow  for  deep¬ 
rooting  plants,  may  explain  cases  where  fertilizer  appears  to  have 
none  or  but  little  efficacy,  as  it  is  certainly  plausible  to  believe  that 
good  crops  respond  to  good  soil  within  the  area  where  the  roots 
feed. 

Allied  to  this  question  of  fertilizer  is  that  of  nitrogen  supply.  It 
is  now  proven  beyond  reasonable  doubt  that  nitrification  is  the  result 
of  the  action  of  an  organized  ferment,  which  occurs  abundantly  in 
soils  and  in  most  impure  waters.  This  nitrification  is  strictly  limited 
to  the  range  of  temperature  within  which  the  vital  activity  of  the 
organisms  is  confined,  proceeding  with  extreme  slowness  near  the 
freezing  point  and  increasing  in  activity  with  a  rise  in  temperature  till 
98°  F.  is  reached,  and  then  diminishing  and  ceasing  altogether  at  131° 
F.  Recent  experiments  at  Rothamstead  show  that  in  the  absence  oi 
phosphates  no  nitrification  will  occur.  Nitrification  seems  to  occui 


14 


[Assembly 


in  darkness  and  near  the  surface  of  the  soil,  according  to  Koch,  the 
process  ceasing  at  about  three  feet  depth.  While  we  have  carried 
out  no  examinations  devoted  particularly  to  this  theory,  yet  our  ex¬ 
amination  of  lysimeter  water  are  in  the  direction  of  showing  the 
changes  in  soil  nitrogen  in  the  form  of  ammonia  or  nitrates  which 
occur  from  month  to  month  and  year  to  year.  The  nitrogen  of  the 
lower  layers  of  the  soil,  as  carried  down  by  drainage,  for  it  seems  not 
to  be  found  there,  is  recovered  to  the  farm  by  deep-rooted  plants,  of 
which  clover.is  the  chief,  and  hence  the  growing  of  clover  serves  the 
double  purpose  of  furnishing  crop,  and  as  well  as  an  agency  which 
works  to  save  for  us  this  nitrogen  on  the  way  toward  waste. 

The  lysimeter  records  afford  matters  of  extreme  interest,  but  it  is 
preferable  to  await  a  longer  record  before  discussing  our  results. 
The  amount  of  rainfall  and  percolation,  and  the  analysis  of  the 
monthly  collections  are  put  upon  record  in  the  chemist’s  report. 
The  amount  of  nitrogen  is  given  in  parts  per  million,  thus  avoiding 
the  use  of  long  decimals  and  as  “  parts  per  million  ”  are  identical 
with  “milligrams  per  litre,”  our  results  are  at  once  comparable  with 
records  made  on  the  continent  of  Europe  where  the  French  system 
of  measures  is  in  vogue.  We  may  state  here  that  one  inch  of 
water  per  acre  weighs  225,965  lbs.,  and  consequently  ten  parts  per 
million  of  nitrogen  or  any  other  constituent  of  rain  or  drainage 
water  corresponds  to  2.26  lbs.  per  acre  for  each  inch  of  rain  or  drain¬ 
age  water. 

In  our  feeding  experiments  we  have  endeavored  to  secure  the 
utmost  accuracy  compatible  with  the  circumstances.  While  is  is 
impossible  to  work  in  this  class  of  experiments  without  a  quite  large 
margin  for  error,  a  margin  which  does  not  admit  of  too  slight  differ¬ 
ences  to  count  for  much  by  themselves,  yet  we  have  preferred  to 
offer  the  figures  as  recorded.  The  hygroscopic  properties  of  fodder 
are  such  that  analyses  would  show  a  certain  variation  in  the  water 
content  not  only  in  different  days,  but  also  in  different  periods  of  the 
same  day,  and  the  slight  errors  in  the  weighings  of  the  food  eaten 
are  also  a  factor  to  be  considered.  In  the  long  run  these  errors  prob¬ 
ably  balance  each  other,  but  as  between  any  two  results  the  differ¬ 
ences  can  only  be  used*  within  a  limit  which  is  as  yet  undefined  for 
the  most  part,  but  in  live  weight  of  cows  may  be  accepted  as  from 
three  to  five  per  cent,  as  between  two  adjoining  weighings.  It  is  from 
this  point  of  view  that  the  study  of  averages  assumes  importance, 
as  by  massing  our  results  and  averaging,  these  variations  which  we 
must  call  accidental  tend  to  become  divided  and  distributed  in  such 
a  way  as  to  counterbalance  the  plus  and  the  minus  changes. 

In  our  experiments  with  milk  we  have  acquired  results  of  true 
value.  There  is  but  one  method  which  is  safe  to  use  for  the  deter¬ 
mining  of  the  manufacturing  properties  of  milk,  and  this  is  the 
manufacture.  The  churning  of  aliquot  parts  of  milk  under  exactly 
duplicate  conditions  gives  answer  to  the  question  of  the  value  for 
butter  making.  Chemical  analysis  gives  the  food  value  of  the  milk, 
but  does  not  determine  the  proportion  of  butter  that  can  be  made 


No.  33.] 


15 


from  a  given  sample.  Cream  percentage  waries  under  so  many  dif¬ 
ferent  conditions  as  to  afford  no  indication  of  the  richness  in  fat,  or 
of  the  butter  quality  of  any  one  sample  of  milk,  as  compared  with 
another,  as  this  percentage  is  affected  not  only  by  temperatures  and 
time  of  setting,  but  as  well  by  the  character  of  the  milk  used,  and 
has  no  constant  relation  to  the  fat  content  as  determined  by  analysis. 
It  is  possible  that  the  raising  of  cream  by  centrifugal  force  may 
show  some  constant  relation,  at  least  as  between  milks  of  the  same 
class,  between  the  cream  and  butter  percentage,  but  the  trials  to 
prove  this  point  have  not  been  made  by  us,  nor  do  we  find  any  upon 
record. 

The  variability  of  the  fat  content  of  our  milk  should  excite  atten¬ 
tion.  Our  results  show  the  uncertainty  which  must  attend  the  inter¬ 
pretation  of  the  effect  of  food  upon  composition  of  milk  unless  very 
frequent  analyses  accompany  each  stage  of  the  trial,  and  that  some¬ 
thing  more  must  be  done  than  simply  analyzing  the  milk  at  the  be¬ 
ginning  and  end  of  an  experiment,  especially  when  cows  of  high 
quality  are  the  subjects  of  our  trials. 

The  Station  is  now  better  equipped  for  its  work  than  at  any 
previous  period,  as  we  not  only  have  provided  the  necessary  appara¬ 
tus  for  scientific  and  practical  work,  but  we  have  and  are  acquiring 
information  regarding  the  condition  of  our  soil  and  climate.  The 
work  at  a  station  like  this  is  necessarily  cumulative  in  its  character, 
and  each  year  must  mark  improvement  in  conditions  whereby  pre¬ 
vious  work  may  become  more  available.  In  the  separate  titles 
which  follow  will  be  found  record  of  work  accomplished,  with  such 
reflections  as  the  character  of  the  subjects  suggest,  but  we  must  warn 
that  in  the  present  condition  of  agricultural  experiment  much  of  our 
work  must  be  tentative  in  its  character,  must  be  at  present  a  subject 
for  record  only,  and  that  to  draw  conclusions  in  every  case  as  to  the 
final  result  or  teachings  would  be  as  unwise  as  unnecessary.  To  se¬ 
cure  necessary  accuracy,  every  experiment  should  be  repeated  and 
verified  either  in  whole  or  in  some  one  or  more  of  its  parts,  before 
accepted  as  conclusive. 


Donors  and  Gifts. 

During  the  year  we  have  received  the  following  gifts : 

Jan.  2.  -From  S.  H.  Verplanck,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  two  samples  of 
'  wheat  from  India. 

Jan.  7.  From  Hon.  J.  W.  Wadsworth,  M.  C.,  Yol.  II,  U.  S.  Census 
Report,  1880. 

Jan.  10.  From  American  Dairy  Salt  Company,  Syracuse,  N.  YT., 
five  barrels  of  agricultural  salt. 

Jan.  11.  From  Prof.  Spencer  F.  Baird,  Washington,  D.  C.,  the 
Smithsonian  Report  for  1881. 

Jan.  16.  From  Prof.  C.  W.  Dabney,  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  a  collection 
of  ear  corn. 

Jan.  31.  From  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D. 
C.,  various  pamphlet  publications  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 


16 


[Assembly 


Jan.  31.  From  J.  M.  Thorbnrn  &  Co.,  seedsmen,  N.  Y.,  the 
privilege  of  selection  from  their  stock  of  seeds,  as  desired,  free  of 
cost. 

Feb.  18.  From  Hiram  Sibley  &  Co.,  seedsmen,  Rochester,  H.  Y., . 
samples  of  ear  corn  and  other  seeds. 

Feb.  20.  From  George  S.  Lewis,  Springfield,  Mass.,  a  collection 
of  ear  corn. 

March  1.  From  I.  F.  Tillinghast,  seedsman,  La  Plume,  Pa.,  sam¬ 
ples  of  cabbage  seed  of  Puget  Sound  growth. 

March  1.  From  D.  Landreth  &  Sons,  seedsmen,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  fifty  packets  of  various  vegetable  seeds. 

March  1.  From  Messrs.  Vilmorin,  Andrieux  &  Cie,  Paris,  France, 
489  large  packets  of  as  many  varieties  of  seeds,  and  the  privilege  of 
free  selection  from  their  catalogued  stock. 

March  1.  From  Messrs.  Viknorin,  Andrieux  &  Cie,  Paris,  France, 
one  copy  of  Album  de  Cliches. 

March  4.  From  D.  M.  Ferry  &  Co.,  seedsmen,  Detroit,  Mich.,  a 
fine  collection  of  ear  corn. 

March  5.  From  J.  J.  H.  Gregory,  seedsman,  Marblehead,  Mass., 
a  collection  of  ear  corn. 

March  7.  From  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  "Washington, 
D.  C.,  copy  of  Report  of  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1883. 

March  10.  From  Mrs.  H.  M.  Lewis,  secretary,  Transactions  of  the 
Wisconsin  Horticultural  Society  for  1883. 

March  14.  From  J.  C.  Vaughan,  seedsman,  Chicago,  Ill.,  a  fine 
collection  of  ear  corn. 

March  24.  From  Messrs.  Vilmorin,  Andrieux  &  Cie,  Paris,  France, 
one  copy  of  Bon  Jardinier,  1884. 

March  26.  From  R.  Nott,  Charlotte,  Vt.,  one  new  seedling  potato. 

March  27.  From  J.  Gallup,  Ledyard,  Ct.,  samples  of  ear  corn  and 
oats. 

April  5.  From  Hon.  E.  G.  Lapham,  U.  S.  S.,  five  packets  of 
tobacco  seed. 

April  6.  From  F.  H.  Cushing,  Zuni,  six  samples  of  the  corn  grown 
by  the  Zuni  Indians,  and  six  samples  of  beans. 

April  14.  From  C.  W.  Garfield,  secretary,  Report  of  Michigan 
Horticultural  Society  for  1883. 

April  15.  From  D.  Batchelor,  Utica,  N.  Y.,  a  package  of  Festuca 

riii wit  qs>i/1  n.  cppfl 

April  31.  From  Hon.  J.  W.  Wadsworth,  M.  C.,  Vol.  Ill,  U.  S. 
Census,  1880. 

April  31.  From  O.  II.  Alexander,  Charlotte,  Vt.,  a  number  of 
packets  of  seed  of  new  vegetables  of  his  origination. 

April  23.  From  Peter  Holloway,  Monclover,  O.,  some  living 
specimens  of  wild  plants. 

April  25.  From  B.  Kr  Bliss  &  Sons,  seedsmen,  Hew  York,  H.  Y., 
nine  varieties  of  peas  for  trial. 

April  26.  From  D.  Landreth  &  Sons,  seedsmen,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  four  samples  of  maize  from  Africa. 


No.  33.] 


17 


April  26.  From  J.  M.  Thorburn  &  Co.,  seedsmen,  New  York,  N. 
Y.,  sixteen  quart  samples  of  varieties  of  corn  for  planting. 

May  1.  From  Hiram  Sibley  &  Co.,  seedsmen,  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
one  quart  of  Soja  beans. 

May  7.  From  I.  F.  Tillinghast,  seedsman,  La  Plume,  Pa.,  two 
packages  of  Lee’s  Favorite  potato. 

May  15.  From  E.  L.  jpoy,  West  Hebron,  N.  Y.,  a  seedling  potato. 

May  15.  From  Hiram  Sibley  &  Co.,  seedsmen,  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
a  superb  assortment  of  Pansy  plants. 

May  19.  From  Hon.  J.  W.  Wadsworth,  M.  C.,  Yol.  IY,  U.  S. 
Census,  1880. 

May  27.  From  D.  Landreth  &  Sons,  seedsmen,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
three  samples  of  corn  from  Senegal. 

May  27.  From  J.  T.  Henderson,  commissioner,  one  volume  of 
Publications  of  the  Georgia  State  Department  of  Agriculture  for  the 
year  1883  ;  Yol.  IX. 

May  27.  From  Morris  Little  &  Son,  Williamsburg,  Brooklyn,  N. 
Y.,  one  gallon  Little’s  Soluble  Phenyle. 

June  16.  From  J.  E.  Condon,  49  Cedar  street,  New  York,  N.  Y., 
three  pounds  of  Buhacli.  i 

June  23.  From  Prof.  W.  R.  Lazenby,  director,  Second  Annual 
Report  of  the  Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1883. 

July  26.  From  Buhach  Producing  and  Manufacturing  Company, 
Stockton,  Cal.,  several  pounds  of  Buhach  and  one  cyclone  nozzle. 

Aug.  18.  From  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Smith¬ 
sonian  Report  for  1882. 

Aug.  18.  From  Gen.  Hazen,  Chief  Signal  Officer,  Reports  of  the 
Signal  Service  for  1871,  1872,  1877,  1879,  1880,  1881,  in  all  six 
volumes. 

Aug.  25.  From  Hon.  J.  W.  Wadsworth,  M.  C.,  one  copy  each  of 
Land  Laws  of  the  United  States,  1882,  vols.  1  and  2  ;  Existing  Land 
Laws,  1880 ;  The  Public  Domain,  1883. 

Aug.  27.  From  John  Bradley,  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  one  package  of  Fin¬ 
lay  wheat. 

Sept.  1.  From  Patterson  Bros.,  Windfall,  Ind.,  five  kinds  of 
wheat. 

Sept.  1.  From  Thomas  Woodason,  Chicago,  Ill.,  one  set  Wooda- 
son  bellows,  for  insect  powder  and  insecticide  solution. 

Sept.  9.  From  John  Bradley,  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  samples  of  Surprise, 
Finlay  and  Fultz-Clawson  wheat. 

Sept.  12.  From  Prof.  W.  R.  Lazenby,  director  of  the  Ohio  Agri¬ 
cultural  Experiment  Station,  two  quarts  each  of  fortv  varieties  of 
wheat. 

Sept.  12.  From  W.  L.  Eastman,  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  one  package  each 
of  Landreth  and  Mediterranean  Hybrid  wheats. 

Sept.  30.  From  John  J.  Thompson,  Secretary  Seed  Drill  Regu¬ 
lator  Company,  Lemont,  Pa.,  one  set  of  their  Seed  Drill  Regulators. 

Oct.  1.  From  Silas  S.  Mitchell,  Bath,  Me.,  one  paper  of  Mexican 
Mammoth  Tomato  seed. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


3 


18 


[Assembly 


Oct.  9.  From  Messrs.  Ellwanger  &  Barry,  nurserymen,  Roches¬ 
ter  N.  Y.,  eighteen  varieties  of  plum  trees,  twelve  varieties  of  peach 
trees,  one  pear  tree,  and  eight  varieties  of  cherry  trees. 

Oct.  11.  From  F.  Probst,  Mendon,  N.  Y.,  English  walnuts  for 
seed. 

Oct.  29.  From  Hon.  J.  W.  Wadsworth,  M.  C.,  vol.  VII,  and  vol. 
VIII,  U.  S.  Census,  1880. 

Nov.  19.  From  State  Board  of  Health,  N.  Y.,  one  copy  each  of 
1st,  2d,  3d,  and  4th  Annual  Report. 

Nov.  22.  From  A.  Dawson,  Mohawk,  P.  O.,  Canada,  a  sample  of 
a  new  wheat. 

Nov.  22.  From  Duryea  Starch  Co.,  Glen  Cove,  Long  Island,  fif¬ 
teen  barrels  of  corn  feed  or  slump. 

Dec.  4.  From  Jos.  Harris,  seedsman,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  pop-corn 

seed. 

Dec.  10.  From  J.  C.  Vaughan,  seedsman,  Chicago,  Ill.,  samples  of 
ear  corn. 

Dec.  IT.  From  T.  L.  Harison,  Secretary  N.  Y.  State  Agr.  Society, 
Transactions  of  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society,  1877- 
18S2. 

Bulletins. 

During  the  year  we  have  observed  the  use  of  our  bulletins,  No. 
LXXVI  to  No.  CVI,  in  the  following  papers  :  Those  marked  with 
a  *  publish  the  bulletins  quite  regularly. 

American  Farmer,  Baltimore,  Md. 

American  Garden,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

American  Grange  Bulletin,  Cincinnati,  O. 

*  American  Rural  Home,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Buffalo  Express,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Canadian  Horticulturist,  St.  Catherines,  P.  O.  Canada 
Cultivator  and  Country  Gentleman,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Dunkirk  Journal,  Dunkirk,  N.  Y. 

Farmer,  Malone,  N.  Y. 

Farmer  and  Dairyman,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Farmer’s  Advocate,  London,  P.  O.,  Canada, 

Farmer’s  Review,  Chicago,  Ill. 

Gardener’s  Chronicle,  London,  England. 

Gardener’s  Monthly,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

^Geneva  Advertiser,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

*  Geneva  Courier,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

^Geneva  Gazette,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

^Geneva  Miscellany,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

Hearthstone,  Farm  and  Nation,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Home  Farm,  Augusta,  Me. 

'^Husbandman,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

Jamaica  Standard,  Jamaica,  N.  Y. 

Jamestown  Evening  Journal,  Jamestown,  N.  Y. 


No.  33.] 


19 


Lebanon  Gazette,  Lebanon,  0. 

Maryland  Farmer,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Massachusetts  Ploughman,  Boston,  Mass. 

New  England  Farmer,  Boston,  Mass. 

New  England  Homestead,  Springfield,  Mass. 

News  and  Courier,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

New  York  Weekly  News,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Weekly  Times,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Weekly  Tribune,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Weekly  World,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Ontario  County  Times,  Canandaigua,  N.  Y. 

Orange  County  Farmer,  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y. 

Our  Country  Home,  Greenfield,  Mass. 

Pacific  Rural  Press,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Phelps  Citizen,  Phelps,  N.  Y. 

Phelps  Semi- Weekly  Advertiser,  Phelps,  N.  Y. 

*Practical  Farmer,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Prairie  Farmer,  Chicago,  Ill. 

Rural  New  Yorker,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Texas  Farmer,  Eort  Worth,  Tex. 

The  Budget,  Babylon,  N.  Y. 

Issue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Tick’s  Illustrated  Monthly,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Weekly  Press,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Western  Farmer,  Madison,  Wis. 

Western  Rural,  Chicago,  Ill. 

We  have  been  informed  of  the  appearance  of  the  bulletins  in 
many  other  papers,  but  we  only  catalogue  those  which  we  have  seen 
ourselves. 


Fertilizer  Analysis. 

The  difficulty  of  obtaining  correct  samples  of  fertilizer  for  analysis 
has  prevented  much  laboratory  work  of  this  character.  To  every 
applicant  for  gratuitous  fertilizer  analysis,  blanks  have  been  fur¬ 
nished,  giving  directions  for  drawing  the  sample,  and  for  packing 
the  sam$.  These  directions  have  in  but  few  cases  been  fulfilled,  and 
the  samples  received  have,  in  most  cases,  been  valueless  for  our  pur¬ 
pose.  When  the  station  undertakes  the  expensive  work  of  fertilizer 
analysis,  it  seems  proper  that  such  analysis  should  be  of  public, 
rather  than  of  private  benefit ;  in  other  words,  that  we  should  be  en¬ 
abled  to  bear  testimony  as  to  the  good  quality,  or  the  opposite,  of 
the  brand  of  fertilizer,  and  of  the  reliability  of  the  manafacturer, 
from  information  gained  from  the  samples.  The  following  notes  of 
samples  received  will  illustrate  the  difficulties  we  have  had  to  con¬ 
tend  with  in  the  matter  of  sampling  : 

One  package  of  fertilizer  was  received  with  the  blank  form  for 
description  of  sample  not  filled  out,  except  with  the  name  of  the 
manufacturer,  and  the  price  per  ton. 


20 


[Assembly 


Three  packages  in  paper  sacks,  inclosed  in  a  common  package, 
each  package  broken  upon  receipt,  and  the  contents  of  the  three  more 
or  less  mixed. 

One  package  with  no  name  attached,  or  any  other  information. 

Six  packages,  all  accompanied  with  blanks  filled  out  in  the  proper 
manner.  Three  packages  were  broken,  two  were  in  doubtful  con¬ 
dition,  and  one  only  was  satisfactory  for  the  purposes  of  analysis. 

•One  package  in  proper  condition.  #  , 

Two  samples  in  a  cloth  sack,  separated  by  tying  the  sack  between 
the  samples  with  a  string ;  no  descriptions  and  no  identification. 

Such  analyses  as  have  been  made  will  be  found  in  the  report  of 
the  chemist. 


Sample  Orchard. 


In  accordance  with  the  desire  of  the  Board  of  Control,  as  well  as 
from  a  sense  of  the  fitness  of  an  experimental  orchard,  single 
trees,  each  of  various  varieties,  were  planted  out,  including  in  the 
selection  many  of  the  older  varieties,  and  such  of  the  new  as  were 
recommended  by  Messrs.  Ellwanger  and  Barry  as  worthy  of  trial  for 
the  information  of  nurserymen  and  the  public. 

Our  list  includes : 


Russian  Apples. 


Belborodooske, 

Berkoff, 


Ananarnoe, 

Antonooskoe, 

Astravaskoe  (Ostrowskoe  ?) 


Count  Orloff, 

Grand  Duke  Constantine, 
Grand  Sultan, 


Groskoe  Selenka  Gruner, 

Kalkidouskoe, 

Karabowka, 

Bed  Transparent, 

Bepka, 

W  orkaroe, 

Zarskischip. 


Pears. 


Andre  Desportes. 

Anna  JSTelis, 

Ansault, 

Belle  de  Beaufort, 
Beurre  de  l’Assomption, 
De  Lamartine, 

Doyenne  du  Comice, 
Duhamel  du  Monceau, 
Eugene  Appert, 
Fondante  de  Bihorel, 
Frederick  Clapp, 

Henri  Desnortes, 

Hoosic, 


Jacques  Molet, 

Jones’  Seedling, 

Jules  Bivort, 

Madame  Andre  Lero}r, 
Madame  Appert, 
Madame  Treyve, 

Marie  Benoist, 

Maurice  Desportes, 
President  Mas, 
Baymond  de  Montlaur, 
St.  Crispin, 

Sarah, 

Therese  Appert. 


No.  33.] 

21 

Black  Eagle, 

Cherries. 

Yellow  Spanish,  v 

Black  Tartarian, 

Coe’s  Transparent, 
Downer’s  Late  Red, 

Belle  Magnifique, 

Early  Richmond, 

Early  Purple  Guigne, 

Empress  Eugenie, 

Elton, 

Late  Duke, 

Gov.  Wood, 

Morello  English, 

Knight’s  Early  Black. 
Sparliawk’s  Honey, 

Montmorency  Large  Fruited, 

Montmorency  Ordinaire, 

Cleveland  Bigarreau, 

May  Duke, 

Royal  Duke, 

Kirtland’s  Mary, 

Reine  Hortense, 

Monstrueuse  de  Mezel, 
Napoleon  Bigarreau, 

Lieb, 

Rockport  Bigarreau, 
Tradescant’s  Black  Heart, 

Olivet, 

Windsor. 

Bradshaw, 

Plums. 

McLaughlin, 

Bryan  stone  Gage, 

Ontario, 

Coe’s  Golden  Drop, 

Orange, 

Duane’s  Purple, 

Orleans  Smith’s, 

Peter’s  Yellow  Gage, 

Fellemberg, 

General  Hand, 

Pond’s  Seedling, 

German  Prune, 

Prince  Englebert, 

Goliath, 

Prune  d’Agen, 

Reine  Claude  de  Bavay, 

Green  Gage, 

Imperial  Gage, 

Shropshire  Damson, 

Jefferson, 

St.  Lawrence, 

Lombard, 

Victoria, 

Lueombe’s  Nonesuch, 

Wangenlieim, 

Magnum  Bonum  Yellow, 

Yellow  Gage, 

DeCaradeuc, 

Weaver, 

Newman, 

W  ashington. 

Alberge  Yellow, 

Peaches. 

Early  Louise, 

Alexander’s  Early, 

Early  Rivers, 

Alexandra  Noblesse, 

Early  Silver, 

Amsden’s  June, 

Early  York, 

Bower’s  Early, 

Foster, 

Conkling, 

George  IV, 

Cool  edge’s  Favorite, 

Goshawk, 

Crawford’s  Early, 

Plaine’s  Early, 

Crawford’s  Late, 

Hale’s  Early, 

Downing, 

Hill’s  Chilli, 

Early  Beatrice, 

Large  Early  York, 

Early  Canada, 

Lord  Palmerston, 

22 


[Assembly 


Magdala, 

Morris  White, 
Mountain  Rose, 

Mrs.  Brett, 

Nectarine, 

Old  Mixon  Cling, 

Old  Mixon  Free, 
Princess  of  Wales, 
Red  Cheek  Melocoton 
River’s  Early  York, 
Saunders, 


Shanghai, 

Snow  Peach, 

Stump  the  World, 
Surpasse  Melocoton, 
Susquehanna, 

Ward’s  Late  Free, 
Walburton  Admirable, 
W  aterloo, 

Wheatstone, 

Wilder. 


Apricots. 


Alberge  de  Montgament 
Blenheim, 

Breda, 

Canino  Grosso, 
DeCoulange, 

Early  Golden, 

Early  Moorpark^ 
Hemskerk, 

Kaisha, 

Large  Early, 

Malcolm’s  Breda, 
Moorpark, 

Orange, 

Peach, 

Purple, 

Red  Masculine, 
Royal, 

Sardinian, 

St.  Ambroise, 
Turkey. 

Nectarines . 

Boston, 

Down  ton, 

Early  Newington, 

Early  Violet, 

Elruge, 

Hardwicke’s  Seedling, 

Late  Melting, 

Lord  Napier, 

Milton, 

Newton, 

Pitmaston  Orange, 
Red  Roman, 
River’s  Orange, 
Spenser, 

Stanwick, 

Victoria. 

. 

Quinces. 

Apple, 

Champion, 

D’  Alger, 

De  Bourgeaut, 

De  Constantinople, 
Rea’s  Mammoth. 

Currants. 

6  Cherry, 

6  Gloire  des  Sablons, 

6  La  Versailles, 

6  London  Red, 

6  Prince  Albert, 

6  Red  Dutch, 

6  Victoria, 

6  White  Dutch, 

6  White  Grape. 

6  Industry. 


Gooseberry. 


Colossal, 

Early  Crimson, 
Early  Scarlet, 
Gen.  Taylor, 
Giant, 

Magnum  Eonum, 
Marshall’s  Royal, 


Rhubarb. 

Myatt’s  Linn  sens, 

Prince  Albert, 

Scarlet  Nonpareil, 
Scofield’s  Prince  Albert, 
Tobolsk, 

Victoria. 


Meteorology. 

The  influence  of  temperature  upon  vegetation  is  an  important 
one,  but  the  influence  of  the  actinism  of  the  sun’s  rays  has  perhaps 
a  superior  influence  to  the  temperature.  Complete  records  in  re¬ 
lation  to  plant  development  require  the  temperature,  cloudiness, 
and  intensity  of  action  of  the  sun’s  rays  to  be  noted,  and  the  effects 
of  each  as  a  factor  in  excess  to  be  studied  upon  the  plant.  We  have 
been  unable  to  make  such  observations  in  completeness,  but  have 
maintained  a  series  of  soil  thermometers  ranging  in  depth  from  one 
inch  to  two  feet,  and  the  readings  made  thrice  daily. 

The  soil  thermometers  were  made  by  Green,  of  New  York,  for 
this  special  purpose,  the  stem  being  lengthened  and  so  arranged  as 
to  bring  the  graduation  above  the  ground.  Each  thermometer  was 
inclosed  in  a  pine  casing,  for  the  purposes  of  protection,  and  inserted 
at  the  proper  depth  in  spring,  to  remain  untouched  during  the  sea¬ 
son.  We  give  in  another  place  in  detail  the  result  of  the  daily 

readings  for  the  season  of  1883  and  1884.  As  the  soil  receives  its 

temperature  from  the  sun,  we  have  upon  the  average  perhaps  a 
better  record  of  the  seasonal  temperature  in  the  soil  temperature 
than  can  be  obtained  through  three  readings  only  of  an  air  ther¬ 
mometer. 

In  order  to  compare  the  seasons  of  1883  and  1884,  we  can  tabu¬ 
late  the  soil  temperatures  to  six  inches  deep,  for  the  growing 
months,  June,  July  and  August,  as  follows: 

Soil  temperatures,  1883,  1884 ;  mean  of  readings  1,  3  and  6 
inches  in  depth : 

A.  M.  Noon.  P.  M.  Gen’l  av’ge. 

1883.  1884.  1883.  1884.  1883.  1884.  1883.  1884. 

Deg.  Deg.  Deg.  Deg.  Deg.  Deg.  Deg.  Deg. 


June  1st  third .  60.9  62.5  70.3  74.9  70.3  74.5  67.2  70.6 

June  2d  “  .  62.5  62.0  69.4  73.9  69.9  74.8  67.3  70.2 

June  3d  “  64.7  66.7  72.5  80.0  72.4  77.9  69.8  74.9 

July  1st  “  .  66  2  65.3  76.0  74.8  74  4  74  3  72.2  71.5 

July  2d  “  65.3  62.1  73.8  71.0  70.3  71.3  69.8  68.1 

July  3d  “  .  64.3  65.6  72.7  73.7  73.3  74.1  70.1  71.1 

August  1st  third . .  61.9  63.5  71.6  73  0  72.4  74.2  68.6  70.2 

August  2d  “  .  64.8  68.8  73.3  80.2  74.9  83.0  71.0  77.3 

August  3d  “  . * .  61.2  64.2  70.1  73.5  71.7  73  5  67.7  70.4 


Mean .  63.5  64.5  72.2  75.0  72.2  75.3  69.3  71.6 


24 

[Assembly 

Number  of  observations  80° 

or  above : 

1  inch. 

3  inches. 

6  inches. 

1833. 

1884. 

1833. 

1884. 

1883. 

1834. 

June  1st  third . 

4 

11 

1 

2 

0 

0 

June  2d  44  . 

0 

9 

0 

7 

0 

0 

J  nne  3d  “  . 

4 

12 

1 

11 

0 

3 

July  1st  44  . 

10 

9 

6 

8 

0 

1 

July  2d  44  . 

6 

3 

1 

1 

0 

0 

July  3d  44  . 

3 

7 

0 

2 

0 

0 

August  1st  third . 

0 

6 

0 

2 

0 

0 

August  2d  44  . 

6 

21 

2 

16 

0 

i 

August  3d  44  . 

4 

6 

1 

0 

0 

0 

Total . 

37 

84 

12 

49 

0 

. 

11 

The  number  of  observations  of  the  maximum  air  thermometer, 
over  eighty  degrees,  and  of  the  soil  thermometers  as  above,  over 
eighty  degrees  for  the  several  months,  is  as  below  : 


1883.  1884. 

Air.  Soil,  1  inch.  Air.  Soil,  1  inch. 

June  . . . *  . . . .  9  8  19  32 

July .  13  19  11  19 

August .  10  10  17  33 


32  37  47  84 


We  thus  see  that  the  growing  season  of  1884  was  much  warmer 
than  that  of  1883. 

The  rainfall  for  several  seasons  has  been  as  follows : 


1882. 


1883. 


1884.  . 


No.  days’ 

No.  days’ 

No  days 

rainfall 

Rain, 

rainfall 

Rain, 

rainfall 

Rain, 

recorded. 

inches. 

recorded. 

inches. 

recorded 

inches. 

January . 

13 

0.482 

11 

1.830 

February . 

13 

1.441 

14 

2.010 

March . 

12 

0.880 

16 

2.540 

April . 

11 

1.580 

11 

0.830 

May . 

16 

4.451 

15 

2.490 

June . 

12 

4.120 

10 

2.011 

July . 

•  *  •  • 

13 

2.980 

12 

2.330 

August . 

.  10 

2.371 

9 

3.470 

6 

1.440 

September . 

. '  6 

1.251 

10 

2.120 

7 

3 . 1 70 

October . 

.  7 

0.621 

10 

2.100 

13 

1.670 

N  ovember . 

.  7 

1.220 

5 

1 . 540 

8 

1.010 

December . 

.  4 

0.550 

11 

0.730 

10 

0.970 

Total . 

135 

25.894 

• 

-  133 

22.301 

Notwithstanding  that  the  season  of  1884  was  decidedly  warmer 
than  that  of  1883,  yet  in  the  maize  crop,  the  difference  in  blooming 


No.  33.] 


25 


was  not  especialty  marked.  Taking  samples  of  early  and  late  sweet 
and  Flint  corns,  the  seed  from  the  same  source  for  comparison,  we 
have : 

Sweet  Corn. 

Planted.  Vegetated.  First  bloom. 


- 

1883. 

May 

1884. 

May 

1883. 

May 

1884. 

May 

1883. 

July 

1884. 

July 

Tom  Thumb . 

16 

19 

28- 

27 

17 

17 

Aug. 

Aug. 

Stowell’s  Evergreen. . . 

16 

19 

28 

27 

4 

3 

Flint  Cor 

ns. 

May 

May 

May 

May 

July 

July 

Forty  Da  vs . 

16 

19 

28 

26 

14 

10 

Waushakum . 

16 

19 

28 

26 

23 

21 

We  note  a  difference  in  the  period  from  planting  to  .vegetation, 
for  the  two  years,  twelve  days  in  1883,  seven  or  eight  days  in  1881, 
the  sum  of  the  mean  soil  temperatures  at  one  inch  from  May  16-27, 
inclusive,  in  1883,  being  747°  or  about  62°  a  day;  from  May  19-26, 
inclusive,  in  1884,  being  53 5°  or  about  67°  a  day. 

According  to  Sachs,  in  maize,  the  lowest  temperature  at  which 
growth  takes  place  at  the  expense  of  the  reserve  material  of  the  seed 
is  9°.4  C.  or  about  49°  F.  The  lowest  temperature  at  which  chlo¬ 
rophyll  granules  turn  green  is  above  43°  F.  and  probably  below  59°  „ 
F.  If  we  assume  that  the  temperature  practically  required  for  ger¬ 
mination  is  half  way  between  these  figures,  or  54  F.,  we  can  make 
from  our  data  the  following  calculation  : 

The  temperature  below  54°  but  slightly  promotes  germination. 
The  sum  of  the  temperatures  below  54°  for  the  twelve  days  is  648° 
and  the  mean  observed  temperature  for  1883  was  747°,  subtracting 
we  have  99°  for  the  available  temperature.  In  1884,  in  like  manner, 
we  multiply  54°  by  eight  days,  and  subtract  the  sum  from  the  535° 
of  temperature  noted,  leaving  103°  of  available  temperature.  We 
may  hence  conclude,  from  the  likeness  of  these  figures,  that  twelve 
days  at  54°  -j-  8°  excess  per  day  is  the  equivalent  of  eight  days  at 
54°  -f-  13°  excess  per  day  for  the  purposes  of  germination,  or  that  a 
sum  of  daily  mean  temperature  about  100°  above  a  mean  tempera¬ 
ture  of  54°  is  required  for  the  vegetation  of  maize,  under  the  prac¬ 
tical  conditions  of  planting  in  this  region. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that,  although  the  temperatures  during  the 
two  seasons  varied,  the  variation  in  the  blooming  period  was  but 
slight. 

Days  from  vegeta¬ 
tion  to  bloom. 

1883.  1884. 


Tom  Thumb  Sweet .  50  51 

Stowell’s  Evergreen  Sweet .  68  68 

Forty  Days  Flint .  47  45 

Waushakum  Flint .  56  56 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


4 


26 


[Assembly 


As  growth  depends  upon  actinism  as  well  as  temperature,  it  will 
be  of  little  service  to  calculate  from  these  varieties  the  sum  of  the 
temperatures  during  their  maturing  periods. 

The  season  of  1884  between  killing  frosts  was  from  May  14  to 
October  15,  or  154  days ;  the  season  of  1883  was  from  May  16  to 
September  30,  or  137  days. 


Feeding  Experiment. 

Digestion  of  food. 

The  experiments  upon  feeding  commenced  January  11,  two  cows 
being  taken  for  the  purpose.  The  cow-barn  is  a  structure  twenty- 
five  by  twenty-nine  feet  area  and  eight  feet  high,  with  a  tight  floor 
and  sheathed  ceiling,  generally  remaining  above  freezing  tempera¬ 
ture,  but  during  the  coldest  nights  w^ater  freezing  therein.  The 
food,  excrement  and  milk  were  weighed  upon  a  Fairbanks  silk  scale, 
graduated  to  one-quarter  ounce  ;  the  cows  daily,  in  the  morning  be¬ 
fore  being  fed  or  watered,  upon  a  Jones  platform  scale,  graduated 
to  one-half  a  pound.  Milking  commenced  at  7  a.  m.,  and  4:30  p.  m. 

During  four  days  of  each  period  samples  were  collected  for  analy¬ 
sis,  the  dung  and  the  urine  being  separated.  This  latter,  a  point  of 
some  difficulty,  was  accomplished  by  frequent  visits  to  the  stable, 
day  and  night,  during  the  four  days,  the  dung  being  gathered  care¬ 
fully  from  the  smooth  floor,  and  the  urine  caught  in  sawdust, 
previously  weighed.  After  each  feeding  whatever  food  was  left  was 
collected  for  analysis,  and  weighed. 

¥e  append  In  the  following  tables  the  data  from  January  11  to 
March  13,  inclusive,  in  tabular  form. 


PERIOD  I. 


No.  33.] 


27 


03 

£2 


O 

+2 

£2 

bfi 

'3 

£ 


03 

£2 


a 

© 

a 

© 

© 

© 

<t-c 

o 

40 

2= 

_5£ 

’© 

£ 


CO 

.O 

1-3 


u 

© 

S3 

£ 


,C 

bC 

*© 


"2  03 

°X3 
X3  I 

“i 

©  fe 

&£C 


be 

H 

051-H^C0005COC0051010^C040 
rHCCOiOxOCOOOCOT— <Oi(MO500t- 

ir-t*C0Ol040i0t0i0Ot040C0C0 

0) 

s 

S 

COO^OOOiHCOCOC5H^^iQ 

Oi0C5Oi0C000i0^0*-1C0'^0505 

rH^05lOCOCOCOcdcdcbt^COo6c5 

rH  rH 

a 

W 

rt<COC5Q  ^cO^t-h^iOCOCO 

©5iO*-iO0505G0rHC0C0H«C<!C0© 

05  O  O  O  05  CO  GO  05  05  CO  GO  GO  05  05 

rH  ^H  rH 

© 

05Q^»OOOOHCOQOCDOCO 

COO^WOOOCCCOOOOOiO 

s 

WCICOCOCO^COHHNthhtHt- t 
rr  r— (  rH  rH  i—  rH  rH  rH  rH  — •  rH  n  rH  rH 

o 

H 


OO 


Soooocooonatnooi 

OOOOOOOOfflOOOH 

Noocsacu^ioiNciiOira-Hcon-** 

®03t'®oocooooo3oaoo 


bi 

© 


2 

C 


co 

'C 

o 

C£ 


S 

© 

►o 


cr 

3 


•  to  -h  oo 

•t-05»00 


^HCOO 


oscorHco 

CO  CO  cc  00 


kOiOOiC 
CO  CO  CO  CO 


•  05  00  rH 

•  H<  COCO  00 


OCO  05 


C/3 

•  r^ 

o 

C£ 


•  40  00  COO 

•  t-COOlO 

•  ci  O  rH  CO 

•  CO  ^iO^ 


be 

<13 

s 


© 

>"0 


» 


^ioocoaoioocgcooocp^cp 

CO  <M  H  CO  CO  t'-  O  CO  O  40  40  O  05  40 

OCO^COt^oi^CCt^rHOOi-Hi^O 
rH  C<1  CNi  rH  rH  ririrlHH 


rH  r- I05COH<05  40C0005C005-H05 
COOOCOiH^HWQOOrHCOrHQH 

co*  05  o  05 o  oi  od  ©  ©  *h  cd  \6 

COrl^COCI^COCOtOCOCOCOCOCO 


CO 

CO 


C— <MW>^«5«D»-aOOsp— <  £3  CO  — < 

►o 


e4 

rH  CO  CO  05  05  rH  rH  CO  O  CO  05 

COCOtQ  COCOCOCO  tOtOOCO 

ccHcdoooidcoot^Hicoo 

rH  CO  rH  rH  rH  C<1  rH 

rH  40  *H  05  rH  CO  40  tO  CO  tO  rH 

C0'H<MC0»HC0iO<Mt-G00505cO 

a 

OQOCON®H50COOHiOt'WP3 

i-lf-lrlC^COOiTO(M(MCOeOCOCO 

pfl 

03 

C3 

a 

a 

a 

£2 

+3 

O 

xj 

s« 

be 

a 

•M 

a 

© 

> 

© 

© 

-a 


be 

□ 

•r- 

a 

t- 

o 

a 


0) 

X 

H 

1 

bis 

H 

oicioeooDsO'^cooMoous'^oQ 

wju-ricoiooioinfflmc'iojrt 

©io6eeo»nt-o6t^«b»£3eciffic6 

© 

C 1 3 

© 

s 

S 

eo  co  os  os  t»«  o  t-  -f  os  os  o 

rHcoo©lOCOC003000'9<T-l-*f  —  o 

oorH-<i<Trcocb<0'*co«eo 

o 

,c 

a’ 

tq 

cp  --  OS  lO  ©  00 

5»fflt*«WOOOOOOOO 

r—  t-4  CC  Ol 

b|> 

"© 

£ 

© 

i-s 

M. 

'H  co  CO  COCO 

H'COOuOOtHOOOOOOOO 

rH  fc'-OO  rH 

of 

Lbs. 

•jsppoj 

UJOQ 

H^OOOOOOOQOOOOO 

H»C040C0CCOC0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0 

-H 

•?  1 

•UBjq 

oooocococoaocccoooooacoooooo 

.be  1 
11 

MB9ta 

COCOCOH<-HH<QOCOCCCOCOCOCOCO 

ujoo 

ait’H<t-^o©-j»P'^ocpco© 

OCOCOCDCO>OC01ft»rtCO-«tllOCOl?5 

CO  t- 1-  t-  t—  t-  t-  l—  t-  t-  t—  L—  L—  t- 

*IU9f 

rH  0*1  rH  lO  -H  «-H  i-H  -H  O  O  O  rH  05 

O^^rHC^OOOOOOOrHO 
l-  t-  L-  t-  L-  l-  i  -  L-  l-  l-  CC  L-  L-  L- 

©  . 
xs  be 
a 

c  a 
-■"  8 
be:  o 

£  mS 

a  ®  t* 

©-  bfl 

©  O  2 

_1_3  *f— < 

.a  a 
+*  a  © 
a  £  > 

r£® 
|flf»  - 

s  | 

^  ^ 

©  o>  ©•£ 

aaa^ 

gaa© 

oSo-S 

o  ©  ©  j* 

o  o  o  ® 

*  -H-Q03 


PERIOD  II. 


28 


[Assembly 


\ 


No.  33.] 


29 


► 


» 


£ 

•  r-4 

£ 

o 

•a 

‘33 

£ 


*3 

a 

<r> 

a 

ID 

O 

X 

<D 

<t-l 

O 

+3 

23 

St> 

<D 

* 


Meg. 

m 

00  1C  05H<H<co 

CO  fc—  ri  05  TO 

00  L-  00 

S 

CO  rf  r-  05  rH  05 

O  H*  00  rH 1  00  rH 

0  0  00^0**0 

rH  rH 

Jem. 

H 

CO  lO  CO  r-H  00  rH 

CO  t- *H  CO  CO  CO 

OCCOiOOO 

rH 

M. 

CO  CO  SC  CO  05  rH 
lOriOOHCO 

oioiosoioioj 

HHnrirlH 

Total. 

OCOOOCO 

O  OOOOCO 

CO»C»OOOn 

CO  05  05  00  CO  CO 

Meg. 

Liquid. 

. o 

•  •  •  •  • lO 

•  •  *  •  rH 

•  •  •  rH 

Solid. 

....  05 

. CO 

. 05 

. ©i 

Jem. 

Liquid. 

OS  01 

Solid. 

. -Hi 

. 05 

•  •  •  .  05 

•  •  •  •  <M 

A 

O 

i— i 

Ph 

w 

A 


H 

•OIOH050 

in  oi  05  co  o 

•  hccooh 

•  0*  03  03  03  03 

c 

Meg. 

a> 

+3 

•CO  CO  CO  00  05 

cd 

• 

•  CO  iC  CO  CO  rH 

£ 

s 

•  iC  H  O  H  C3 

<4H 

•CO^WCON 

HJ 

•HQ^-OQ 
•  050CQ  ICO 

2= 

H 

tc 

•  e^coojoci 

•  ©a  «  ri  ei  cn 

"d 

a* 

£ 

<D 

•  COH  COCOiH 

• 

•005  OO  00  CO 

s 

•OCOCOH^iO 
•  H«  iOH«COCC 

CO  rH  CO  CO  CO 

W 

GO  CO  CO  COO 

6 

r/2 

Meg. 

©icOCOTHr-1 

d 

.  CO  iO  CO  ICO 
•Ht—t-O 

<D 

HH 

Eh 

•  H  CO  C3  H  H 

o 

49 

J3 

W 

:  ;  :  :  .$ 

tt 

• 

s 

....  rH 

(0 

k 

•  ■  05lCH<  CO 

g 

•  coo*05»o 

•  •  rt'WH 

*d 

o 

aSB[isug 

o . 

L- . 

«4H 

O 

_  » 

•imaq  ^Cog 

OHCOCC  O 

+3 

2S 

W) 

•uejq 

cjeeqM 

00  00  00  CO  00  00 

"© 

£ 

•l^aui 

ujoq 

00  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

Weight  of 
cows. 

•3ej^ 

O  CO  03  05  CO  CO 

CO  CC  CO  ’H  rH  iO 

•map 

05  iO  H  rH  CO  OC 

O  CO  05  05  05 

lr  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

1884. 

Feb. 

■9r-!MM-HlinCO 

J+J  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH 

t 


/ 


30 


> 

t— i 

A 

O 

t— I 

Ph 


JX 

S 

I 

o 

-u 

A 

tm 

CD 

£ 


4-a 

a 

a) 

a 

0J 

s~ 

© 

M 

© 


•4J 

a 

be 

”© 

£ 


t- 

© 

© 

£ 


J3 

_b# 

"® 

£ 


© 

« 

3 

«w 

© 

Um 

<u 

O 

•u 

-3 

_6p 

£ 


«M 

o 

S'g 

*§ 

©<tH 

£ 


«(-( 

o 

■u  w 
A  ter 

*0 
©  O 

£ 


00 


O 

E-t 


be 

© 

s 


3 

O* 


o 

02 


2 

3 

o’ 


a 

© 

►~5 


O 

02 


be 

© 

£ 


a 

© 


H 


be 

© 


H 


^O^COCO^COrHQOOCOCO 

C5lO  CO  r- lO^OXiCCOCOH 

be 

© 

w 

CO  t-  CO  00  L—  L-  CO  CO  L—  CO 

2 

C0*'-C0*-HCO05«-HrH.~ 'C5rHCOCO 
COCOOCO»OCOCOCOCOr-«COCOCO 

S 

005050C0^05C000505COc6 

r-i  rH  t— i 

Oi  -.*<  CO  OS I— 1  ^-OS't’OClIOSO 
rH*#lO®WCO«ffl'^Or^HO 

a 

w 

coooojojoocot-Qooooiaoooco 

<v 

*7> 

. 

C5005'.0  0510«HIC^00505 
CO»OOnOClO  CO  O*  ^  O  CO  CO 

§ 

HNNNHHHOrlO^O  O* 
HHHnri  rH  rH  rH  r— i  rH  rH  rH 

GO  g5  »C  CO  ^  ’ 


oot-c 


>  o  O  O  r—l  r— 


»-H  rH  *rt< 

05  COCOTj< 


O  05  CO 

HOiOH 


.  rH  CO  05  CO 
•  0O  COrH  40 

^  codec 


)  05 


•  CD^C 

•  o 


•  CO  ^  CO  05 

•  Tf  ^  ^  ^ 


•C0005H 

OiOHCO 


•  CO  0500 


.  CO 

■  ao^co 


.  t-  lO  CO 


H 

00«0«0— HrH«Oi— 1  CO  CO  *—!  CO  CO  «0 
OOlOlOOOOOiOOOeO-^CCOr-jO 

a 

88£S38;3§38£S33  ■ 

OC005C0C0^OOCCOC0C0^n 
OIOHOO^»0‘‘ 


__  .  .  JoHC 


8ooa>corH's<-g«ic<0'3;Q!2CO 

CO®MMO)dli'iOO)OiO® 

^Di-JcboiwooioojoOTr-jcg 


8 


CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  00  CO  O  CO  »-* 
OCOOWrHHCOriOOOCOCO 

iO  rHOif-Hr-If-HCoddrHr-Id 


^  CO  CD  CO  05  rH  ^  CO 
4«Or-OOCO^COOOOO 

HWHH  rH 


si 

05  CO  CO  O  05  CO  O  CO  05  CO  rH 

r-»OOCOC5lO— ^COlOCOrHCOCO 

a 

co  co  d  r-i  co  d  d  d  ih i 

© 

•“5 

a 

CO  CO  lO 

oScoonoooooooo 
©i  ci 

•^H 


SSgSooooooooo 


•u^jq 

^aqAi 


aoQOooooQOaooooooooooooooo 


'I'Baua 

ujoo 


aOOOOOCOOOQOQOOOOOOOOOCOOO 


•Sspi 


'oci'ocois>r-<o>iQ-**o>eO’-<co 
■^•^e o-*j>icc®ioioeoc®''£tfb-«*« 


•map 


•^'OJ'^SCfCOTtlOOi-HCO'^t-^OS 

0000»t*«050)05000® 

t-t-t-t-<050CDC0«0®CD®50 


A 

© 


■T  t-*©©Or- ISjeO-»i'if5«Ot-COC5 


[Assembly 


No.  33.] 


31 


J> 

P 

O 

h-t 

P 

w 

p 


• 

ooowsoo>QXionocooo> 

eOiONOHSXt-r-iOMiO© 

H 

t-t-cjoaot-t— cococot-cococo 

si 

© 

. 

IOXHXOHX- ■  CQ  U©  CO  lO  05 
(M«500C0ira00»000C0©lOlL—  i— 1 

B 

a 

00  05  ©  05  05  C50500t-05  0500  00 

O 

+3 

cocoooco  oosoo-^oseooooos 

lOr teOr-UOCOeOOSCCr-lOeOi— 1 

J3 

• 

ba 

, 

H 

00  05  05  05  05  00  05  it- 1-  CO  t-  00 

© 

a 

© 

•“5 

a 

1 

rHOSiCCOOJJOHQCD^XCOO) 

03  CO  <0  r- itr-COtOiC^OOCOrH 

ddcoHOHHddoiQOOsaj 

HHHr^rlrirlriri 

3 

C©  03*00 

C©  rH  £—  O 

4-3 

© 

COOCOOi— ICOC505C®iDCOj'-t~- 
coconcohisoonh'j'Nh 

H 

rH  rH  r“i  rH  rH  f-—t  rH  rH  rH  rH  r^ 

4-3 

'd 

. . ct  CO  ^ 

□ 

© 

a 

a 

c 

•  «••••••>  T-H  t"»  iO  03 

•  •••••••••*  *  * 

•  •  •  •  •  •  •  O  O  - 

•  •••••••-  CO  rH  CQ 

© 

bi 

© 

g 

. 

X 

T3 

. . 

© 

•  •  •  •  •  •  •  0^  03  OQ 

«4H 

O 

•  •••  •••••  CO 

o 

m 

4-> 

J3 

bfl 

'O 
•«— « 

..  * . CO  C3  rH  r* 

.  •  •  •  •  •  •  *iO  HCOH 

© 

a 

& 

•  •  •••••*  ^H  03  03  CO 

a 

♦m 

© 

►o 

T3 

. . 

•  •  •  •  •  •  •  Tf*  T— 1  o 

•M 

. . 

C 

03 

H 

cocoqoco^cococdhh^h 

CDCOOiOHaHCCiCOiOCOH 

Or^CO^OHHFHOHOWW  , 

• 

bu 

© 

© 

-U 

cd 

£ 

. 

05i— t  ^  co  co-<*i->i< 

HMOOlOOOOWOOHiO> 

S 

CON  00  05  OO^CC 

«<-H 

-*1 1—1  1— (  -H  MHH 

o 

■u 

co  eo  co  ao  oo  co  05 
cocooaoooiracoot-cocooTTi 

,£5 

• 

bfl 

w 

i-iodejeo’t-o  co  ao  u©  o> 

NMNi-ih55  Hrtn  ii 

© 

a 

£ 

© 

. 

<000  COCO  CCCOHQOCO  H 

OCOOhh  O  C©  lO  03  *0  rH  O  C?3 

a 

03 oi  o  cdoc3  03  03iocd 

CO  rH  OilH  w  WHHHHH 

H  CO  t* 

, 

H 

OOOOOCOOOOOOOOCO 

© 

© 

Meg. 

cdoci  ©j 

3 

%4 

© 

a 

Q  iflQOH^Q  CO  rH 

OOiCOOt-COOOOOOOOO 

<M 

UO  lO  rH  CO  rH  rH 

o 

4^ 

rC 

W 

oooooooo  ooooo 

ex 

a 

£ 

© 

•“5 

a 

©c8c3'“>©©oo8©aj©cS2? 

coin  rH  CO  ldrH 

T3 

‘  SdO^tS^OrT 

8888888888888 

O 

HHriHrHrHHnrHririrlH 

o 

O 

OOQOOOQOOOOOO 

WWNr»HHClHrH|HHHH 

4-3 

J3 

•irejq 

ooc©cocococ©c©<ococococooo 

bo 

* 

© 

t> 

[B9UI 

aoaooooocooooocooooooooooo 

P- 

UJOQ 

* 

«W 

o 

Saj2 

©HCOCCOSHiOOHt-HCQ'f 
-O  03  00  »0  *C  <o  <o  i—  <o  <o *.o »o  »a 

t-  l-  H  l*  l-  l'  L*  1-*  L-  t-  L«  t- 

•h>  cri 

rC  fe 

5*0 
•  ©  o 

£ 

•uiaf 

OOiOOQCOHCQ^COCOWH 

OJ'MOooaoiccooccoot* 

CDh-L-L’*t-COOXOOL-OCO 

jg 

IJ0.1BW 

i-H©!e0'e<»0C0t-00  05O^<MC0 

co 

*— a  r- *  r— < 

* 


32 


[Assembly 


PERIOD  I. 


Total,  Weights.  Lbs. 


1884. 

Cows. 

Food 

furnish’d 

Food 

refused. 

Food 

consumed. 

Water 

drunk. 

Excrement 

passed. 

Milk 

yielded. 

Jan. 

11 

1510 

60 

2.13 

57 . 87 

75.44 

82.00 

40.88 

12 

1499 

76 

4.94 

71.06 

90.00 

98.00 

41.38 

13 

1495 

64 

13.44 

50.56 

63.88 

79.00 

37.50 

14 

1482 

70 

28.00 

42.00 

78  .‘25 

88.00 

33.31 

15 

1482 

72 

17.81 

54.19 

80.31 

87.00 

36.94 

16 

1451 

72 

11.75 

60.25 

90.81 

85.00 

37.31 

17 

1461 

76 

12.88 

63.12 

83.14 

102.00 

36.50 

18 

1456 

76 

14.06 

61.94 

89.13 

109.00 

34.63 

19 

1455 

76 

14.31 

61.69 

77.31 

105.00 

35.44 

20 

1434 

76 

13.06 

62.94 

81 .00 

95.00 

33.75 

21 

1430 

76 

9.56 

66.44 

113.25 

101.63 

32.56 

22 

1463 

76 

5.69 

70.31 

101.25 

98.88 

33.69 

23 

1474 

76 

5.13 

70.87 

92.81 

104.25 

36.44 

24 

1459 

76 

6.38 

69.62 

79.06 

104.19 

36.63 

PERIOD  II. 


25 

1434 

96 

4.75 

91.25 

103.81 

98.00 

33.50 

26 

1478 

126 

1.00 

125.00 

47.56 

114.00 

35.50 

27 

1475 

136 

0 

136.00 

0 

93.00 

34.50 

28 

1464 

146 

0 

146 . 00 

19.19 

102.00 

37.44 

29 

1480 

156 

0 

156.00 

0 

92.00 

36.94 

30 

1474 

156 

0 

156.00 

19.13 

104.00 

38.69 

31 

1489 

156 

0 

156.00 

13.00 

100.00 

41.13 

Feb. 

1 

1480 

156 

0 

156.00 

15.00 

98.00 

40.69 

2 

1488 

156 

0 

156.00 

0 

96.00 

41.00 

3 

1510 

156 

0 

156.00 

15.31 

101.00 

39.50 

4 

1485 

156 

0 

155.00 

1.31 

86.56 

40.31 

5 

1485 

156 

0 

156.00 

27.50 

104.13 

37.13 

6 

1511 

156 

0 

156.00 

1.81 

97.19 

40.00 

7 

1495 

156 

Q 

156.00 

0 

89.00' 

38.88 

8 

1506 

156 

0 

156.00 

8.00 

88.00 

38.38 

9 

1479 

156 

0 

156.00 

6.00 

90.00 

40.75 

10 

1474 

156 

0 

1 

156.00 

17.19 

101.00 

38.00 

No.  33.] 


33 


PERIOD  III. 


Total  Weights.  Lbs. 


1884. 

Cows. 

Food 

furnish’d 

Food 

refused. 

Food 

consumed. 

Water 

drunk. 

Excrement 

passed. 

Milk 

yielded. 

Feb. 

11 

1478 

106 

0 

106.00 

0 

86.00 

40.63 

12 

1398 

60 

3. 

57.00 

120.13 

95.00 

38.06 

13 

1403 

64 

8.25 

55.75 

149.75 

95.00 

38.19 

14 

1440 

56 

10.25 

45.75 

105 . 00 

80.00 

39.00 

15 

1444 

56 

6.56 

49 . 44 

110.94 

80.00 

40.31 

16 

1451 

56 

5.25 

50.75 

100.50 

81.63 

40.44 

PERIOD  IV. 


17 

1450 

56 

9.63 

46.37 

99.88 

87 . 00 

37.19 

18 

1451 

56 

4.94 

51.06 

95.19 

78.00 

38.25 

19 

1410 

46 

3.88 

42.12 

133.19 

99.00 

39.06 

20 

1448 

56 

6.81 

49.19 

128.06 

105.00 

40.75 

21 

1453 

56 

6.56 

49.44 

108.00 

107.00 

37.25 

22 

1435 

56 

3.31 

52.69 

130.94 

108.00 

36.69 

23 

1447 

56 

4.63 

51.37 

128.38 

107.00 

36.38 

24 

1446 

56 

8.19 

47.81 

110.13 

111.00 

35.13 

25 

1430 

56 

5.25 

50.75 

128.75 

111.00 

36.31 

26 

1433 

56 

4.88 

51.12 

121.13 

110.94 

36.13 

27 

1430 

56 

3.06 

52.94 

124.38 

99.31 

39.00 

28 

1442 

56  ' 

1.94 

54.06 

126.56 

108.81 

33.06 

29 

1437 

56 

3.13 

52.87 

128.15 

114.44 

34.75 

PERIOD  V. 

Mar. 

% 

1 

1457 

86 

0 

86.00 

124.00 

133.00 

35.13 

2 

1517 

136 

9.19 

126.81 

69.94 

130.00 

36.88 

3 

1488 

136 

13.13 

122.87 

45.06 

123.00 

41.69 

4 

1458 

126 

6.81 

119.19 

76 . 44 

130.00 

38 '.44 

5 

1459 

126 

2.38 

123.62 

48.13 

111.00 

36.44 

6 

1454 

126 

1.75 

124.25 

42 . 50 

93 . 00 

37.75 

7 

1456 

186 

5.19 

130.81 

62.69 

109.00 

37.63 

8 

1458 

122 

4.81 

117.19 

42.19 

109.00 

35.00 

9 

1443 

126 

0 

126.00 

77 . 81 

123.00 

32.00 

10 

1455 

126 

1.94 

124.06 

60.13 

115.94 

32.81 

11 

1457 

126 

*  0 

126.00 

73.50 

146.19 

30.50 

12 

1445 

126 

6.50 

119.50 

52.38 

127.75 

32.00 

13 

1425 

126 

2.38 

123.62 

74.75 

117.00 

32.25 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  5 


34 


[Assembly 


Analyses  of  Foods  used. 


Water. 

Ash. 

Alb. 

Crude 

fiber. 

Nit.— free 
extract. 

Fat. 

Corn  meal,  period  I  to  III. .  . 

24.54 

1.18 

8.20 

1.52 

60.60 

3.96 

Corn  meal,  period  IV.  . .  ... 

20.30 

1.17 

9.06 

1.41 

65.83 

2.23 

Corn  meal,  period  V . 

21.00 

1.29 

8.02 

1.74 

64.62 

2.33 

Wheat  bran,  period  I  to  V. . 

13.72 

6.12 

13.69 

10.52 

53.09 

2.86 

Fodder  corn . 

56.49 

2.71 

3.40 

15.46 

20.64 

1.30 

Ensilage . 

.  84.58 

.91 

1.13 

5.01 

7.22 

1.15 

Soia  bean  fodder . 

21.23 

8.37 

8.42 

22.34 

38.29 

1.35 

Hav 

15.22 

4.94 

5.14 

31.28 

41.36 

2.06 

Potatoes,  small . 

78.88 

.89 

2.28 

.61 

17.27 

.07 

Analys 

is  of  waste  or  rejected  food. 

Water. 

Ash. 

Alb. 

Crude 

fiber. 

Nit.— free 
extract. 

Fat. 

Period  I . . . 

75.26 

1.25 

1.25 

8.89 

12.54 

.81 

Period  II . 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

Period  III . 

34.07 

6.36 

6.34 

21.40 

30.85 

.98 

Period  IV . 

29.36 

5.48 

3.93 

25.04 

34.59 

1.60 

Period  V . 

34.21 

6.07 

7.86 

5.83 

44.04 

1.99 

Analysis 

of  Duny. 

Water. 

Ash. 

Alb. 

Crude 

fiber. 

Nit.— free 
extract. 

Fat. 

f  Jan.  21.  Jem . 

. . .  83.06 

3.62 

1.97 

4.85 

8.09 

.41 

Meg . 

...  83.56 

1.77 

2.02 

4.22 

8.00 

.43 

Jan.  22.  Jem . 

. .  83.32 

1.63 

1.91 

4.80 

7.89 

.45 

I.s 

Meg . 

. .  84.24 

1.62 

1.95 

4.11 

7.65 

.43 

Jan.  23.  Jem . 

. .  84.90 

1.55 

1.66 

4.28 

7.25 

.36 

Meg..  .  .  . 

. .  83.32 

1.60 

1.89 

4.38 

8.36 

.45 

Jan.  24.  Jem . 

. .  86.46 

1.38 

1.59 

3.86 

6.40 

.31 

Meg . 

. ..  83.41 

1.61 

1.96 

4.48 

8.12 

.42 

f  Feb.  4.  Jem . 

. .  84.56 

1.72 

1.95 

.  4.23 

7.08 

.46 

Meg . 

. .  83.94 

1.78 

2.07 

4.15 

7.56 

.50 

Feb.  5!  Jem . 

. .  85.71 

1.53 

1.75 

3.95 

6.69 

.37 

II- 

Meg . 

. .  84.99 

1.55 

1.82 

4.04 

7.18 

.42 

Feb.  6.  Jem . 

...  84.72 

1.62 

1.84 

4.17 

7.19 

.46 

Meg . 

. ..  84.77 

1.60 

1.87 

4.18 

7.11 

.47 

Feb.  7.  Jem . 

. ..  84.36 

1.69 

1.94 

4.40 

7.19 

.42 

Meg . 

. ..  84.56 

1.80 

1.80 

4.20 

7.20 

.44 

III- 

\  Feb.  16.  Jem . 

...  80.80 

3.68 

2.16 

6.24 

6.57 

.55 

\  Meg . 

..  79.05 

4.28 

2.43 

6.80 

6.83 

.61 

rFeb.  26.  Jem . 

. .  80.76 

1.74 

2.01 

6.52 

8.33 

.64 

Meg . 

. .  79.94 

1.69 

1.73 

7.19 

8.86 

.59 

Feb.  27.  Jem . 

. .  80.00 

1.70 

1.89 

6.91 

8.92 

.58 

IV- 

Meg  . 

. .  80.05 

1.64 

1.69 

7.56 

8.56 

.50 

Feb.  28.  Jem . 

. .  79.25 

1.74 

1.97 

7.37 

9.04 

.63 

Meg . 

. .  79.85 

1.63 

1.74 

7.81 

8.42 

.55 

Feb.  29.  Jem . 

. . .  %  79.42 

1.62 

1.84 

7.44 

9.20 

.48 

1  •  Meg . 

. .  79.43 

1.64 

1.80 

7.46 

9.11 

.56 

’ 

fMar.  10.  Jem . 

. .  82.87 

2.19 

2.74 

3.57 

8.02 

.61 

Meg . 

81.02 

3.30 

2.37 

3.67 

8.92 

.72 

Mar.  11.  Jem . 

. .  84.97 

1.92 

2.02 

3.44 

7.  IS 

.47 

Meg . 

...  82.80 

2.21 

2.11 

3.89 

8.52 

.47 

Mar.  12.  Jem . 

. ..  79.16 

2.76 

2.81 

4.14 

10.60 

.53 

Meg . 

. .  81.38 

2.67 

2.11 

3.83 

9.49 

.52 

Mar.  13.  Jem. ...  .... 

. .  80.92 

2.61 

2.60 

3.74 

9.61 

.53 

Meg . 

..  81.96 

2.85 

1.94 

3.49 

9.18 

.59 

]STo.  33.] 


35 


Milk  Analysis.  —  Jem. 


DATE. 

Water. 

Fat. 

Caseine. 

Sugar. 

Asli. 

Jan.  21.  P.  M .  . 

84.71 

6.11 

3.61 

4.97 

.60 

22.  A.  M . 

85.59 

4.63 

•  •  • 

.69 

22.  p.  m . 

84.93 

5.50 

3.61 

5.21 

.75 

23.  A.  M . 

86.29 

4.03 

3.61 

5.34 

.73 

23.  p.  m . 

84.38 

6.33 

3.55 

5.00 

.74 

24.  A.  M . 

85.60 

4.85 

3.61 

5.23 

.71 

24.  p.  m . 

84.48 

6.16 

3.55 

5.06 

.75 

25.  A.  M . 

85.40 

4.91 

•  •  •  • 

.70 

26.  A.  M . 

85.05 

5.25 

•  •  •  • 

,72 

26.  p.  m . . . 

83.90 

6.41 

•  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

27.  A.  M . . . 

85.13 

5.36 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

27.  p.  m . 

84.76 

5.64 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

rv  S  •  A.  •  A I  •••••»••••••  >••••*•••••• 

85.16 

5.17 

t  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

28.  p.  m . . 

84.08 

6.52 

•  •  •  ■ 

•  •  •  • 

29.  A.  M . 

85.49 

4.99 

■  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

29.  p.  m . 

84.98 

5.60 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

30.  A.  M .  . 

86.36 

4.26 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

30.  p.  m . 

85.08 

5.53 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  «  • 

31.  A.  M . 

85.91 

4.57 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

31.  P.  M . 

85.58 

5.20 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

86.63 

3.97 

•  •  • 

1.  P.  M . 

85.33 

5.36 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

2.  A.  M . 

86.10 

4.53 

%  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

2.  P.  M . 

84.73 

5.57 

•  •  •  • 

3.  A.  M . 

85.71 

4.63 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

3.  p.  M .  . 

85.23 

5.35 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

4.  A.  M . 

86.88 

3.81 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

4.  P.  M . 

84.96 

5.52 

2.85 

5.91 

.76 

5.  A.  M . 

85.72 

4.77 

3.23 

5.56 

,72 

5.  p.  M . 

85.59 

5.16 

3.23 

5.27 

.75 

6.  A.  M . 

86.20 

4.46 

3.48 

5.17 

.69 

6.  P.  M . 

85.09 

5.60 

3.29 

5.27 

.75 

7.  A.  M . 

87.11 

3.44 

3.42 

5.34 

.69 

7.  P.  M . . . 

84.69 

6.11 

3.29 

5.19 

.72 

8-  A.  M . 

85.80 

4.92 

3.42 

5.21 

.65 

1 1 •  P  •  M •••••••••••••••••••••••••«•«• 

84.72 

6.16 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

12.  A.  M . 

86.04 

4.23 

•  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

12.  P.  M . e  .  .  . 

84.79 

5.51 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

13.  A.  M . 

85.64 

4.43 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

13.  P.  M . . 

84.74 

5.76 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

14.  A.  M . . . 

86.15 

4.27 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

14.  P.  M . i.... 

85.31 

5.36 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

15.  A.  M . 

86.01 

4.44 

3.48 

•  •  •  • 

15.  P.  M . 

84.20 

6.57 

3.42 

•  •  •  • 

16.  A.  M . 

85.53 

5.08 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

16.  P.  M . 

84.30 

6.56 

3.67 

•  •  •  • 

17*  A •  M • 

85.68 

4.98 

3.42 

•  •  •  • 

19.  A.  M . 

85.77 

4.98 

•  •  •  • 

19.  P.  M . 

84.37 

6.80 

.... 

•  •  •  • 

20.  A.  M . . 

85.87 

4.36 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

20.  p.  m . 

84.19 

6.63 

t  •  •  • 

21.  A.  M . 

85.96 

4.73 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

21.  P.  M . 

84.51 

6.37 

22.  A.  M . 

84.70 

5.52 

•  •  •  • 

22.  p.  m . 

84.46 

6.38 

•  •  •  • 

*  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

23.  A.  M .  . 

85.26 

5.09 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

36 


[Assembly 


i 


Milk  Analysis.  —  Jem .  —  ( Continued .) 


DATE. 

Water. 

Fat. 

Caseine. 

Sugar. 

r 

r-H 

GO 

<5 

Feb.  23.  p.  m . 

84,41 

6.13 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  # 

20.  A.  M . 

85.99 

4.50 

•  •  •  e 

26.  p.  m . 

85.53 

5.14 

.70 

27.  A.  M . 

84.26 

6.39 

.67 

27.  p.  m . 

84.67 

5.94 

.71 

28.  A.  M . . . 

86.04 

4.30 

.72 

28.  p.  m . 

85.14 

5.15 

t  #  f 

.77 

29.  A.  M . 

85.99 

4.44 

3.61 

29.  p.  m .  . 

85.01 

5.53 

3.48 

Mar.  1.  a.  m . 

85.30 

4.65 

3.54 

5.  P.  M . 

85.19 

4.91 

•  •  •  • 

6.  A.  M . 

84.80 

5.67 

•  •  •  • 

10.  P.  M.  .  .  . . 

84.44 

5.50 

•  •  •  • 

11.  A.  M . 

84.10 

6.08 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

11.  P.  M . 

84.83 

5.65 

12.  A.  M . 

85.22 

5.01 

•  •  •  • 

12.  P.  M . 

84.67 

5.86 

•  •  •  • 

13.  A.  M . 

85.20 

5.08 

3.48 

13.  P.  M . 

84.86 

5.32 

3.60 

.... 

14.  A.  M.  .  .  .  . . 

85.39 

• 

4.91 

3.73 

•  •  •  • 

Meg. 

Jan.  21.  P.  M.  . . . . 

84.61 

6.11 

3.86 

4.82 

.60 

22.  A.  M . . . 

84.86 

5.21 

3,92 

5.27 

.74 

22.  p.  m . 

84.87 

5.58 

3.86 

4.94 

.61 

23.  A.  M . 

85.51 

4.71 

4.05 

4.96 

.77 

23.  p.  m . 

84.55 

5.96 

3.92 

4.80 

.77 

24.  A.  M . . 

85,61 

4.72 

•  •  «  • 

•  •  •  • 

.73 

24.  p.  m . 

84.20 

6.31 

•  «  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.76 

25.  A.  M . .  .  «  . . . 

84.77 

4.94 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

.61 

Feb.  4.  a.  m . 

84.10 

6.34 

3.67 

5.16 

.73 

5.  A.  M . .  . . 

86.15 

4.11 

3.67 

5.44 

.63 

5.  P.  M . 

85.98 

4. 61. 

3.48 

5.20 

.73 

6.  A.  M . 

86.10 

4.39 

3.54 

5.28 

.69 

6.  P.  M . 

5.45 

3,54 

•  •  •  » 

.72 

7.  A.  M . 

87.01 

3.49 

3,67 

5.18 

.65 

7.  P.  M . 

86.13 

4.46 

3.54 

5.15 

.72 

8.  A  M . 

86.31 

4.29 

3.61 

5.08 

.71 

14.  A.  M . 

86.57 

3.69 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

14.  P.  M . . . 

85.50 

4.90 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

15.  A.  M . . . 

86.50 

3.81 

3.73 

•  •  •  • 

15.  P.  M . 

85.57 

5.05 

3.61 

•  •  •  • 

16.  A.  M . 

86.03 

4.32 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

16.  P.  M . .* . 

85.11 

5.49 

3.48 

•  •  •  • 

17.  A.  M . 

85.68 

4.74 

3.67 

•  •  •  „ 

26.  A.  M. . . 

86.00 

4.20 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

26.  p.  m . 

85.40 

4.81 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.69 

27.  A.  M . 

85.36 

4.86 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.70 

27.  p.  m . 

85.20 

5.30 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.74 

28.  A.  M . . . 

86.58 

3.78 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.72 

28.  p.  m . . 

85.35 

4.77 

•  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.77 

29.  A.  M . 

86.60 

3.50 

3.80 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

29.  p.  m . 

86.08 

4.30 

3.61 

.... 

•  •  •  • 

No.  33.] 


37 


Milk  Analysis.  —  Meg.  —  ( Continued .) 


DATE. 

Water. 

Fat. 

Caseine. 

Sugar. 

Asli. 

Mar.  1.  A.  M . 

86.11 

4.02 

3.80 

•  •  •  • 

10.  P.  M . 

83.73 

6.43 

•  •  •  • 

■*  •  •  • 

11.  A.  M . 

85.35 

5.02 

•  *  •  t 

i  •  •  • 

11.  P.  M . 

85.53 

4.83 

•  •  •  • 

12.  A.  M . 

86.37 

3.93 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

12.  P.  M . 

86.06 

4.20 

•r  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

13.  A.  M .  ... 

86.41 

3.69 

4.05 

•  •  •  • 

13.  P.  M . 

86.05 

4.07 

4.11 

•  •  •  • 

14.  A.  M . 

86.07 

4.32 

3.80 

•  •  •  • 

We  were  unable  to  obtain  full  data  for  the  whole  period,  on  ac¬ 
count  of  the  labor  involved,  so  we  were  forced  to  select  a  few  days 
from  each  period  for  a  more  complete  record,  and  these  days  were 
taken  toward  the  close  of  each  period  so  as  to  embrace  a  time  wThen 
the  cows  might  be  expected  to  have  come  under  the  full  influence 
of  the  food  consumed  by  them.  Period  III  was  necessarily  short, 
as  we  had  but  a  limited  supply  of  the  Soja  bean  forage;  the  other 
periods  were,  in  our  judgment,  sufficiently  long  for  our  purpose. 

The  scheme  of  our  trial  was  to  feed  the  same  quantity  of  grain 
each  day,  so  as  to  be  certain  to  maintain  the  animals  in  condition, 
and  to  this  fixed  quantity  to  add  the  various  materials  whose  feed¬ 
ing  value  we  were  desirous  of  obtaining. 

The  fixed  ration  in  all  the  periods  was  four  pounds  of  corn  meal 
and  four  pounds  of  wrheat  bran  daily  per  cow.  During  Period  I, 
air-dried  fodder  corn  was  added  in  such  quantity  as  the  cows  would 
consume ;  in  Period  II,  the  same  fodder-corn  ensilaged  ;  in  Period 
III,  the  Soja  bean  plant  in  a  dry  condition  ;  in  Period  IV,  the  ordi¬ 
nary  hay  of  the  farm,  largely  timothy  ;  in  Period  V,  potatoes  and  a 
small  quantity  of  hay. 

The  first  question  that  meets  us  is  the  change  of  live  weights  in 
the  cows  under  trial,  and  for  this  purpose  we  present  a  table  which, 
by  various  calculations,  seems  to  show  that  the  weights  remained 
tolerably  constant,  although  when  examined  in  detail  we  observe 
slight  falling  off  in  some  of  the  periods,  and  a  gain  in  others. 

Average  daily  weight  of  the  two  cows  in  pounds  per  cow : 


For  whole  period. 
For  first  four  days 
For  last  four  days 
For  first  half 
For  second  half.  . . 


Periods. 


I. 

734 

748 

728 

742 

726 


II. 

741 

731 

744 

736 

746 


hi. 

718 

713 

722 

713 

722 


IV. 

721 

724 

718 
723 

719 


v. 

730 

740 

715 

736 

724 


38 


[Assembly 


This  table  indicates  that,  so  far  as  the  maintenance  of  live  weight 
was  concerned,  the  ensilage  was  superior  to  the  same  raw  material 
air-dried  ;  that  the  fodder  corn  in  the  quantities  fed  was  the  superior 
to  hay ;  that  the  Soja  bean  was  a  nutritious  food,  and  that  potatoes 
were  of  inferior  value.  The  quantities  fed  were  not,  however, 
true  equivalents,  and  the  results  gained  must  be  interpreted  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  conditions  of  the  experiment. 

We  will  next  call  attention  to  the  apparent  result  of  the  rations 
used  upon  the  milk  yield,  calculated  in  like  manner  in  order  to 
bring  into  view  the  fluctuations  which  are  seemingly  dependent 
upon  the  food. 

Average  daily  milk  yield  in  pounds  per  cow : 


Periods. 


I.  II.  III.  IV,  V. 

For  whole  period .  18.11  19.19  19.72  18.46  17.63 

For  first  four  days .  19.14  17.62  19.49  19.41  19.02 

For  last  four  days .  17.42  19.52  19.74  17.87  15.95 

For  first  half .  18.84  18.75  19.48  19.03  18.86 

For  second  half .  17.37  19.61  19.96  17.89  16.41 


This  table  clearly  shows  that  under  the  fodder- corn  feeding, 
Period  I,  there  was  a  gradual  falling  off  in  milk,  as  also  under  the 
hay  feeding,  Period  IY,  and  the  hay  and  potatoes,  Period  Y.  On 
the  contrary,  under  the  ensilage  feeding,  Period  II,  the  milk  in¬ 
creased,  as  it  did  also  while  the  Soja  bean  was  being  fed,  Period  III. 

In  order  to  interpret  these  results  it  is  necessary  for  us  to  inquire 
as  to  the  correspondences  between  the  rations ;  this  we  may  at  pres¬ 
ent  do  with  the  weights  alone,  leaving  the  chemical  analysis  for 
after  consideration. 

Average  daily  weight  of  food  per  cow  in  pounds  : 


Periods. 

t - 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

30.82 

74.30 

30.39 

25.07 

60.38 

18.68 

16.97 

20.71 

21.36 

21.20 

42.70 

8.67 

48.86 

60.10 

32.67 

60.52 

66.17 

58.65 

63.81 

73.71 

This  table  enables,  us  to  show  that  the  less  dry  weight  of  ensi¬ 
lage,  Period  II,  was  connected  with  a  greater  maintenance  of  live 
weight,  and  a  larger  yield  of  milk  than  the  larger  dry  weight  of 
fodder-corn,  Period  I.  It  also  shows  that  the  18.68  pounds  of  dry 
matter  of  the  fodder-corn  ration,  Period  I,  was  equal,  if  not  su¬ 
perior,  to  the  21.36  pounds  of  dry  matter  of  the  hay  ration,  Period 
IY.  The  nearly  equivalent  dry  weights  of  food  in  the  Periods  IY 


and  Y,  indicate  a  low  value  for  potatoes  wlien  fed  in  the  quantities 
indicated.  The  potatoes,  indeed,  seem  to  have  a  diuretic  effect,  as 
is  indicated  by  the  following  table,  calculated  for  each  full  period 
and  which  will  be  more  accurately  given  in  succeeding  tables  founded 
upon  observations  of  the  four  days  while  under  the  full  influence  of 
the  food  used. 

Excrement  passed,  pounds  per  cow : 


f 

Periods. 

_  x  . 

r 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

A 

V. 

Duno;  and  urine . «• 

47.82 

48.65 

43.13 

51.78 

60.30 

Dry  excrement . 

5.94 

5.35 

6.33 

8.76 

7.33 

Water  in  excrement.  . . . 

41.88 

43.30 

36.80 

43.02 

52.97 

* 

The  influence  of  fliese  rations  upon  the  milk  can  be  shown  in 
tabular  form,  based  on  fourteen  analyses  during  Period  I,  thirty-six 
during  Period  II,  seventeen  during  Period  III,  twenty-eight  during 
Period  IY,  and  nineteen  during  Period  Y. 

Average  daily  milk  yield  per  cow  in  jmunds : 


t —  —  " 

I. 

Dry  matter  of  milk.  . . .  2.71 

Water  of  milk .  *15.40 


Total  milk .  18.11 


Periods. 


II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

2.77 

2.86 

2.70 

2.59 

16.42 

16.86 

15.76 

15.04 

19.19 

19.72 

18.46 

17.63 

We  thus  note  that  all  the  apparent  teaching  of  the  experiment  is 
that  ensilage  has  a  food  value  beyond  that  of  the  raw  material  of 
which  it  is  composed ;  that  with  grain  feeding,  fodder-corn  has  a 
value  beyond  that  which  common  experience  gives  it ;  that  potatoes 
are  not  of  especial  value  for  feeding  in  quantity.  We  would  cau¬ 
tion  that  our  cows  were  Jerseys,  and  it  is  possible  that  with  other 
breeds  a  different  result  might  be  gained,  or  possibly  there  is  a  dif¬ 
ference  between  individual  cows.  We  hesitate,  therefore,  to  gen¬ 
eralize,  but  will  be  understood  as  discussing  only  the  facts  of  our 
experiment. 

Before  proceeding  further,  we  will  mass  the  data  which  the  more 
complete  weighings  of  four  days  of  each  period  (except  Period  III, 
which  includes  but  one  day)  furnishes,  and  which  will  serve  for  a 
further  discussion,  to  be  based  upon  figures,  which  must  serve  as 
premises,  and  which  we  believe  are  as  accurate  as  can  be  obtained 
with  our  facilities,  which  include  all  that  forethought  and  opportu¬ 
nity  could  supply 


40 


[Assembly 


For  four  days  of  each  period,  (except  period  III,  one  day) : 

Periods. 

Daily  in  lbs.  , - * - 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

Average  weight  per  cow . 

728 

747 

725 

718 

715 

Average  weight  of  food  consumed.. 

34.65 

78.00 

25.37 

26.37 

61.43 

Average  weight  of  water  drunk  .... 

48.30 

3.82 

50.25 

62.62 

32.60 

Average  weight  of  dung . 

39.74 

33.83 

29.81 

45.49 

42.48 

Average  weight  of  urine . 

11.37 

13.27 

11.00 

8.70 

20.87 

Average  weight  of  mil-  . 

17.41 

19.55 

20.22 

17.87 

15.95 

Average  weight  consumed  : 

of  dry  matter . 

18.70 

17.22 

20.17 

19.00 

17.31 

of  water . . 

63.95 

60.78 

56.75 

65.02 

72.01 

Average  weight  passed ; 

of  dry  dung . 

6.35 

5.18 

5.98 

9.17 

7.70 

of  water  in  dung  and  urine . 

44.77 

41.93 

34.83 

45.01 

55.65 

Average  weight  yielded  : 

of  dry  milk . 

2*60 

2.76 

2.98 

2.57 

2.32 

of  water  in  milk . 

14.81 

17.29  • 

17.24 

15.30 

13.63 

Total  dry  matter: 

consumed . 

18.70 

17.22 

20.17 

19.00 

17.31 

collected,  in  dung  and  milk . 

8.95 

7.94 

8.96 

11.74 

10.02 

Total  water : 

consumed . 

63.95 

60.78 

56.75 

65.02 

72.01 

collected  in  excrement  and  milk.  . 

59.58 

59.22 

52.07 

60.31 

69.28 

Total  dry  matter  retained,  lbs . 

9.75 

9.28 

11.21 

7.26 

6.29 

Total  water  retained,  lbs . .  . 

4.37 

1.56 

4.68 

4.71 

2.73 

When  we  have  the  weights  of  the  food  fed,  and  of  the  dung  ex¬ 
creted,  we  can  analyize  both  in  the  same  way,  and  thus  determine 
the  quantity  of  each  nutrient  which  enters  and  leaves  the  body,  the 
difference  between  the  total  amount  of  the  dry  matters  in  fodders 
and  dungs  giving  very  approximately  the  amount  that  has  been 
digested.  Let  us  then  observe  whether  this  process  will  give  us  in¬ 
dications  of  the  feeding  values  of  our  rations,  leaving  to  another 
place  the  consideration  of  the  component  parts. 


Periods. 

-A 

Dry  matter  consumed,  lbs . 

Drv  dung  collected,  lbs . 

f  ' 

I. 

....  18.70 

....  6.35 

II. 

17.22 

5.18 

III. 
20.17 
.  5.98 

IV. 

19.00 

9.17 

a 

V. 

17.31 

7.70 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs. . 

Per  cent . 

. . . .  12.35 

12.04 

70. 

14.19 

70. 

9.83 

52. 

9.61 

55. 

Before  passing  to  the  consideration  of  the  digestion  of  the  com¬ 
ponent  parts  of  the  foods,  it  may  be  desirable  to  call  attention  to  the 
reliability  of  some  of  our  piethods.  Excluding  period  III  from 
our  consideration,  as  of  being  continued  for  too  short  a  period  to 
secure  proper  results,  we  may  call  attention  to  the  uniformity  or  lack 
of  it  which  exists  between  the  averages  of  two  adjoining  periods 
within  each  trial,  as  it  will  thus  appear  whether  the  preceding  food 
has  been  eliminated  from  the  intestines  of  the  animal. 


No.  33.] 


41 


Daily  ranges  during  portions  of  periods. 


I.  II. 


Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan.  31  to 

Feb. 

17-20. 

21-24. 

Feb.  3. 

4-7. 

Av.  weight  of  cow . 

726. 

728. 

745. 

747. 

“  weight  of  food  consumed 

31.2 

34.6 

78.0 

78.0 

“  weight  of  water  drunk. . . 

41.4 

48.3 

5.4 

3.8 

“  weight  of  excrement  .... 

51.3 

51.1 

49.4 

47.1 

“  weight  of  milk . 

17.5 

17.4 

20.3 

19.5 

IV. 

v. 

A  . 

rr  .  .  A 

'  Feb. 

Feb.  ' 

1*  J 

Mar. 

V 

Mar. 

22— 2o . 

26-29. 

6-9. 

10-13. 

Av.  weight  of  cow . 

719. 

718. 

726. 

715. 

“  weight  of  food  consumed 

25.3 

26.3 

62.2 

61.4 

“  weight  of  water  drunk. . . 

62.3 

62.6 

28.1 

32.6 

a  weight  of  excrement  .... 

54.6 

54.2 

54.2 

63.3 

“  weight  of  milk . 

18.0 

17.8 

17.8 

15.9 

The  correspondences  between  the  second  and  third  four  days  of 
each  period  seem  as  close  as  could  be  expected,  and  seem  to  indi¬ 
cate  that  our  method  of  taking  four  day  periods  is  a  reliable  one. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  note  the  individual  variations  between  the 
cows,  and  we,  therefore,  present  some  data  which  cover  the  four 
days  of  the  periods  (except  Period  3,  one  day)  during  which  the  ex¬ 
crement  was  collected  separately. 

N  -  I 

t.  II.  III.  IV.  V. 


Daily  average  Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg. 

Weight  of  cow,  lbs .  704  752  715  778  698  753  690  745  689  757 

Food  consumed,  lbs .  38.0  31.3  78.0  78.0  24.8  25.9  26  7  26.0  61.0  61.8 

Water  drunk,  lbs .  51.2  45.4  4.3  3.3  57.3  43.2  62.9  62.4  31.5  33.6 

Dung,  lbs .  45.0  34.4  34.0  33.7  29.9  29.7  45.4  45.5  41.5  43.4 

Urine,  lbs .  10.2  12.5  12.4  14.1  10.5  11.5  9.1  8.2  19.1  22.6 

Milk,  lbs .  20.0  14.8  21.6  17.5  22.6  17.8  19.5  16.2  16.4  15.4 


Calculating  these  tables  upon  the  dry  matter  received  and  passed, 
we  have : 


Daily  dry 

Food  consumed,  lbs.........  19.5  17.9  17.3  17.3  20.1  20.8  20.3  18.3  16.0  18.0 

Dung  passed,  lbs .  7.0  5.6  5.5  5.2  5.7  6.2  9.1  9.2  7.5  7.8 

Milk  yielded,  lbs .  3.1  2.3  2.8  2.5  3.4  2.5  2.9  2.3  2.5  2.2 

Per  cent  of  dry  dung  to  dry 

food .  35.9  31.7  31.8  30.0  28.3  29.8  44.8  50.2  46.9  43.3 

Per  cent  of  dry  food  to 

weight  of  cow .  2.63  2.24  2.42  2.22  2.88  2.76  2.94  2.45  2.32  2.37 


These  figures  justify  the  belief  that  the  two  cows  were  well  se¬ 
lected  for  the  experiment,  and  a  study  of  the  differences  must  give 
additional  confidence  to  our  results  based  upon  the  averages  of  the 
two. 

We  may  now  inquire  as  to  the  digestibility  of  these  various  ra¬ 
tions,  the  amount  of  grain  fed  being  uniform  during  each  period, 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  6 


42 


[Assembly 


namely,  four  lbs.  corn  meal  and  four  lbs.  wheat  bran  per  cow,  and 
the  rations  being  in  materials  as  below. 

Period  I.  Grain  and  fodder  corn. 

“  II.  Grain  and  same  fodder  corn  ensilaged. 

u  III.  Grain  and  Soja  bean  fodder. 

“  IY.  Grain  and  hay. 

“  Y.  Grain,  hay  and  potatoes. 


Digestion  of  component  parts  of  food  : 

Period  I. 

Grain  and  Fodder  Corn. 


Daily  food  and  water,  lbs. 
Daily  dung,  lbs . 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs 
Difference  per  cent . 


Daily  food  and  water,  lbs. . 
Daily  dung,  lbs . 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs 
Difference  per  cent . 


Jem. 


Alb. 

. . .  1.90 

.80 

Crude  fiber. 

5.12 

2.00 

Nit.  free 
extract. 

10.73 

3.33 

Fat. 

.67 

.17 

. .  .  1.10 

3.12 

7.40 

.50 

.,  .  58. 

61. 

69. 

75. 

Meg. 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 
extract. 

Fat. 

. ..  1.82 

4.52 

9.89 

.62 

.67 

1.48 

2.76 

.15 

. . .  1.15 

3.04 

7.13 

.47 

. ..  63. 

67. 

72. 

76. 

Period  II 

Grain  and  Ensilage. 
Jem. 


Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat. 

extract. 

.  1.67 

3.99  ' 

-9.59 

1.08 

.63 

1.43 

2.40 

.14 

.  1.04 

2.56 

7.19 

.94 

.  62. 

64. 

75. 

87. 

'g- 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 
extract. 

Fat 

.  1.67 

3.99 

9.59 

1.08 

.  .64 

1.39 

2.46 

.15 

.  1.03 

2.60 

7.13 

.93 

.  62. 

65. 

74. 

86. 

No.  33.] 


43 


Period  III. 

Grain  and  Soja  Bean. 


Jem. 


Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat. 

Daily  food  and  water,  lbs. . 

.  2.36 

4.28 

extract. 

11.23 

.52 

Daily  dung,  lbs . 

. 64 

1.87 

1.96 

.16 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs, 

.  1.72 

2.41 

9.27  • 

.36 

Difference  per  cent ...... 

.  73. 

56. 

82. 

69. 

Meg. 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat. 

Daily  food  and  water,  lbs. . 

.  2.43 

4.51 

extract. 

11.57 

.58 

Daily  dung,  lbs . 

. 72 

2.02 

2.02 

.18 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs. 

.  1.71 

2.49 

9.55 

.35 

Difference  per  cent . 

.  70. 

55. 

82. 

66. 

Period  IV. 

Grain  and  Hay. 
Jem. 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat, 

Daily  food  and  water,  lbs . . 

.  1.86 

6.42 

extract. 

12.38 

.67 

Daily  dung,  lbs . 

. 87 

3.20 

4.03 

.26 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs . 

. 99 

3.22 

8.35 

.41 

Difference  per  cent . 

.  53. 

50. 

67. 

60. 

Meg. 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat. 

• 

Daily  food  and  water,  lbs. . 

.  1.84 

6.23 

extract. 

12.12 

.66 

Daily  dung,  lbs . 

.  .79 

3.41 

3.98 

.25 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs. 

. . .  1.05 

2.82 

8.14 

.41 

Difference  per  cent . 

.  57. 

45. 

67. 

62. 

Period  V. 

Grain ,  Hay  and  Potatoes. 

Jem. 

Alb.  Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat. 

Daily  food  and  water,  lbs.  . 

.  2.12 

2.23 

extract. 

14.39 

.38 

Daily  dung,  lbs . . 

.  1.05 

1.54 

3.67 

.22 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs . 

.  1.07 

.69 

10.72 

.16 

Difference  per  cent . 

.  51. 

31. 

74. 

42. 

44  •  [Assembly 


Meg. 


Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 
extract. 

Fat. 

Daily  food  and  water,  lbs . 

. . .  2.18 

2.27 

14.71- 

.40 

Daily  dung,  lbs . 

.92 

1.61 

3.92 

.24 

Difference,  or  digested,  lbs. . . . 

. . .  1.26 

.66 

10.79 

.16 

Difference  per  cent . 

...  58. 

29. 

73. 

40. 

We  may  now  group  our  results  in  order  to  bring  into  view  the  cor¬ 
respondences  between  the  results  from  the  two  cows. 


Digestion  percentages  of  the  rations. 

I.  II.  III.  IV.  V. 


Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg.  Jem.  Meg 

Albuminoid .  58  63  62  62  73  70  53  57  51  58 

Crude  fiber .  61  67  64  65  56  55  50  45  31  29 

Nit.  free  extract .  69  72  75  74  82  82  67  67  74  73 

Fat .  75  76  87  86  69  66  60  62  42  40 

Digestion  percentages  of  the  ration.  Average  of  the  two  cows. 

I.  II.  III.  IV.  V. 

Albuminoid .  60  62  71  55  54 

Crude  fiber . . .  64  64  55  47  30 

Nit.  free  extract .  70  74  82  67  73 

Fat .  75  86  67  61  41 

Total  dry  matter .  66  70  70  52  55 


In  order  to  determine  the  digestibility  of  any  component  of  the 
ration,  we  must  know  the  digestibility  of  one  of  the  foods,  and  by 
subtraction  obtain  the  digestion  value  of  the  other.  Using  the 
German  figures  for  the  digestibility  of  the  grain  fed,*  we  can  form 
the  following  provisional  table : 


*It  is  probable  that  by  using  the  German  results,  we  are  reducing  the  apparent 
percentages  of  digestion  in  our  trials,  as  there  is  indication  that  the  figures 
taken  for  the  digestion  of  the  grain  are  in  excess  of  the  real  digestion  in  our  case. 


45 


No.  33.] 


Period.  I 


Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 
extract. 

Fat. 

Fed,  in  fodder  corn,  lbs . 

.99 

4.34 

5.77 

.37 

Eight  lbs.  grain,  lbs . 

.88 

.49 

4.54 

.28 

Fed  total . 

1.87 

4.83 

10.31 

.65 

Dung  excreted,  lbs . 

.73 

1.74 

3.04 

.16 

Total  digested,  lbs . 

Digested  from  grain,  as  per  German 

1.14 

3.09 

7.27 

.49 

tables,  lbs . 

.65 

.18 

3.77 

.22 

Digested  from  fodder  corn,  lbs. . . 

.49 

2.91 

3.50 

.27 

Per  cent  digested . 

49. 

67. 

61. 

73. 

Period 

II. 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat. 

• 

extract. 

Fed  in  ensilage,  lbs . 

.79 

3.50 

5.05 

.80 

Eight  lbs.  grain,  lbs . 

.88 

.49 

4.54 

.28 

Fed  total . 

1.67 

3.99 

9.59 

1.08 

Dung  excreted . .  . . . . 

.63 

1.41 

2.43 

.14 

Total  digested,  lbs . 

Digested  from  grain,  as  per  German 

1.04 

2.58 

7.16 

.94 

tables,  lbs . 

.65 

.18 

3.77 

.22 

Digested  from  ensilage,  lbs . 

.39 

2.40 

3.39 

.72 

Per  cent  digested . 

49. 

69. 

67. 

90. 

Period  III. 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 

Fat. 

extract 

Fed  in  Soja  bean  fodder,  lbs . 

1.50 

3.90 

6.86 

.24 

Eight  lbs.  grain,  lbs . 

.88 

.49 

4.54 

.28 

Fed  total,  lbs . 

2.38 

4.39 

11.40 

.52 

Dung  excreted,  lbs . 

.68 

1.94 

1.99 

.17 

Total  digested,  lbs . 

Digested  from  grain,  as  per  German 

1.70 

2.45 

9.41 

.35 

fables,  lbs . 

.65 

.18 

3.77 

.22 

Digested  from  Soja  fodder . 

1.05 

2.27 

5.64 

.13 

•  Per  cent  digested . 

70. 

58. 

82. 

54. 

46 

[Assembly 

Period. 

IY. 

Alb. 

Crude  fiber. 

Nit.  free 
extract. 

Fat. 

Fed  in  hay,  lbs . 

.97 

5.83 

7.71 

.38 

Eight  lbs.  grain,  lbs . 

.88 

.49 

4.54 

.28 

Fed  total,  lbs . 

1.85 

6.32 

12.25 

.66 

Dung  excreted,  lbs . 

‘  .83 

3.30 

4.00 

.25 

Total  digested,  lbs . . . 
Digested  from  grain,  as  per 

German 

1.02 

3.02 

8.25 

.41 

tables,  lbs . 

.65 

.18 

3.77 

.22 

Digested  from  hay . 

.37 

2.84 

4.48 

.19 

Per  cent . 

40. 

49. 

58. 

50. 

Period  Y. 

On  account  of  the  amount  of  waste,  or  unconsumed  ration,  we  find 
ourselves  unable  to  distribute  .the  amount  of  albuminoid,  etc.,  con¬ 
sumed  among  the  component  parts,  and  hence  we  cannot  even  ap¬ 
proximately  figure  the  percentage  of  digestibility  of  the  potatoes. 

. 

Taking  the  average  weight  of  the  two  cows  for  the  four  days  pre¬ 
ceding  the  digestion  trial,  and  during  the  trial,  we  note  a  close  ap¬ 
proximation  to  maintenance  as  follows : 


Periods. 

-A 

Average  weight  per  cow  for. 

r 

I. 

II. 

III* 

IV. 

1 

V. 

Four  days  preceding,  lbs.... 

726 

745 

722 

719 

726 

Four  days  of  trial,  lbs . 

728 

747 

725  . 

718 

715 

We  may  hence  assume  with  considerable  probability,  that  upon 
the  whole  a  maintenance  weight  was  retained,  and  the  various  quan¬ 
tities  of  foods  were  near  equivalents.  Under  this  assumption,  we 
can  form  the  following  table : 

Periods. 

/ - 4 - > 

I.  II.  III.  IV.  V. 

A  v.  weight  of  food  consumed,  lbs.  34.65  78.00  25.37  26.37  61.43 
Subtract  weight  of  grain  fed ....  8.00  8.00  8.00  8.00  8.00 

Balance . . ...  26.65  70.00  17.37  18.37  53.43 

This  interprets  that  about  twenty-six  pounds  of  fodder  corn  was 
the  equivalent  of  seventy  pounds  of  ensilage,  or  seventeen  pounds 
of  Soja  bean,  or  eighteen  pounds  of  hay,  or  about  four  pounds  of 
hay  and  fifty  pounds  of  potatoes,  etc.  Expressing  these  results  in 
tabular  form. 


*  One  day  only. 


No.  33.] 


47 


100  lbs.  hay  was  the  equivalent  to  145  lbs.  fodder  corn. 

100  lbs.  hay  was  the  equivalent  to  381  lbs.  ensilage. 

100  lbs.  hay  was  the  equivalent  to  94  lbs.  Soja  bean  fodder. 

•  100  lbs.  fodder  corn  was  the  equivalent  to  262  lbs.  ensilage. 

100  lbs.  fodder  corn  was  the  equivalent  to  69  lbs.  hay. 

100  lbs.  fodder  corn  was  the  equivalent  to  65  lbs.  Soja  bean  fodder. 

100  lbs.  ensilage  was  the  equivalent  to  38  lbs.  fodder  corn. 

100  lbs.  ensilage  was  the  equivalent  to  26  lbs.  hay. 

100  lbs.  ensilage  was  the  equivalent  to  25  lbs.  Soja  bean  fodder. 

In  using  the  results  of  this  trial,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
fodder  corn,  although  a  well  known  food,  is  yet  of  very  indetermin¬ 
ate  composition  on  account  of  the  various  stages  in  which  it  mav  be 
harvested,  as  also  from  its  hygroscopic  properties.  In  some  experi¬ 
ments  by  Professors  S.  W.  Johnson  and  E.  H.  Jenkins  in  1874  and 
1875,  attention  was  called  to  this  hygroscopic  property  of  maize 
fodder,  the  field  cured  fodder,  November  11,  containing"  27.59  and 
26.92  per  cent  water  in  two  samples,  and  in  barn,  February  8,  con¬ 
taining  53.76  and  54.  95  percent  water.  As  these  examples  were 
from  a  similar  variety  of  corn  to  that  used  by  us,  stored  in  like 
manner,  and  harvested  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained  in  nearly  the 
same  condition  of  ripeness,  it  may  be  well  to  compare  the  analyses. 


Water. 

Ash. 

Albu¬ 

minoid. 

Crude 

fiber 

Nit. — free 
extract. 

Fat. 

In  barn,  Feb.  8,  1875.  Johnson. .  53.76 

3.04 

3.18 

18.51 

23.22 

0.99 

Another  sample . 54.95 

2.24 

2.34 

15.52 

24.29 

0.66 

In  barn,  Jan.  21,  1884.  N.  Y.  Sta.  56.49 

2.71 

3.40 

15.46 

20.64 

1.30 

The  same  calculated  dry  : 


Ash. 

Alb. 

Crude 

Nit. — free 

Fat. 

fiber. 

extract. 

Johnson.  1875, 

No.  1 . . . . 

. .  6.57 

6.87 

34.19 

50.23 

2.14 

Johnson.  1875, 

No.  2. . . . 

:  .  4.95 

5.19 

34.45 

53.95 

1.46 

N.  Y.  Station, 

1884 . 

.  .  6.23 

7.81 

35.54 

47.44 

2.98 

The  same  remarks  as  to  the  inequality  of  fodder  corn  analyses 
apply  to  ensilage  in  so  far  as  the  difference  in  samplings  :  thus  in 
1882  silo,  the  New  York  station  analyses  of  samples  taken  February  , 
15,  1883,  and  March  29,  1883,  were  : 


Water. 

Ash. 

Albu-  Crude 

Nit. — free 

Fat. 

minoid.  fiber: 

extract. 

Ensilage: 

February  15 .  78.61 

1.50 

1.60  7.10 

10.22 

.97 

Ensilage- 

March  29 .  82.35 

1.05 

.87  5.87 

8.72 

1.14 

The  same  calculated  dry  : 

Ash. 

Albu- 

Crude  Nit. — free 

Fat. 

minoid.  fiber. 

extract. 

Ensilage 

:  February  15....  6.99 

7.50 

33.20 

47.78 

4.53 

Ensilage 

:  March  29 .  5.95 

4.94 

33.27 

49.38 

6.46 

• 

Water. 

Ash. 

Alb.  Crude 

Nit. — free 

Fat. 

fiber. 

extract. 

Ensilage : 

January  25,  1884. . .  84.58 

.91 

1.13  5.01 

7.22 

1.15 

48 


[Assembly 


The  same  calculated  dry  : 

Ash.  Alb.  Crude  Nit. — free  Fat. 

fiber  extract 

Ensilage,  January  25,  1884. .  5.92  7.31  32.48  46.84  7.45 

The  variation  that  may  occur  between  various  analyses  of  ensilage 
are  given  by  Professor  Johnson,  from  seventeen  analyses,  as  follows  : 

Water.  Ash.  Alb.  Crude  Nit. — free  Fat. 


fiber.  extract. 

Minimum  in  1?  cases .  74.2  0.8  0.9  4.7  7.0  0.3 

Maximum  in  17  cases .  84.9  1.8  1.9  7.9  13.0  0.9 


The  difficulty  of  sampling  such  a  material  as  fodder  corn  or  ensil¬ 
age  so  as  to  study  the  chemical  changes  which  take  place  in  the  silo 
seems  insuperable  with  our  present  methods,  for  Professor  Johnson 
finding  a  difference  of  3.39  per  cent  in  the  albuminoid  of  two  dupli¬ 
cate  samples  of  the  dry  material  of  fresh  fodder  corn,  wisely  comes 
to  the  conclusion  that  “  these  analyses  demonstrate  that  this  method 
of  working  is  incompetent  to  give  any  clear  notions  as  to  the 
quantity  or  even  as  to  the  kind  of  changes  that  go  on  in  the  silo.” 

Our  own  analyses  of  ensilage  of  1882,  gives,  as  is  noted  in  the 
preceding  table,  a  difference  of  2.56  per  cent  between  the  albuminoid 
of  two  samples  of  ensilage  from  the  same  silo,  and  corroborates  Pro¬ 
fessor  Johnson’s  conclusion.  We,  however,  give  the  result  of  analy¬ 
ses  of  the  fodder  corn  and  the  same  ensilaged,  and  Professor 
Johnson’s  results  for  comparison,  as  indicating  changes  without 
proving  the  same  for  the  reasons  given. 

Calculated  dry : 

Ash.  Albu-  Crude  Nit. — free  Fat. 


minoid. 

fiber. 

extract. 

(Ether  extract.) 

Fodder  corn,  N.  Y.  Station.  1883.  6.23 

7.81 

35.54 

47.44 

2.98 

Same  ensilaged,  N.  Y.  Sta.,  1883.  5.92 

7.31 

32.48 

46.84 

7.45 

Fodder  corn,  Prof.  Johnson,  1881.  6.77 

11.95 

32.62 

47.20 

1.46 

Same  ensilaged, Prof.  J’hns’n.1881 .  7.42 

11.25 

32.83 

45.50 

3.00 

The  hay  used  in  our  experiments  was  of  mixed  grasses,  some 
weeds,  Timothy  grass  rather  predominating,  cut  early.  Our  analysis 
indicates  poor  quality,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  following  compari¬ 
sons  : 


Water  Free. 

*  -  Albu-  Crude  Nit. — free 

xYsh.  minoid.  fiber,  extract.  Fat. 

N.  Y.  station  bay .  5.83  G.06  36.89  48.79  2.43 

Average  nine  analyses  timothy  hay  (Conn. 

Rep’t) . . .  4.47  7.11  33.45  53.03  1.94 

The  potatoes  used  in  our  trials  were  small  jiotatoes,  White  Star 
variety,  the  refuse  of  our  crops,  and  just  such  as  would  naturally  be 
fed  ;  the  analysis  differs  somewhat  from  what  would  be  yielded  by 
merchantable  potatoes  on  account  of  the  greater  quantity  of  sjdn  in 
proportion  to  interior. 


No.  33.] 


4  9 


ft 

Water. 

Ash. 

Albu¬ 

minoid. 

Crude 

fiber. 

Nit.  free 
extract. 

Fat. 

N.  Y.  station,  1883,  small 
potatoes,  White  Star .... 

78.88 

.89 

2.28 

.61 

17.27 

.07 

Washington  market,  C. 
Bichardson,  Norfolk  .  . . 

77.61 

.96 

1.32 

.28 

19.69 

.14 

Washington  market,  C. 
Bichardson,  Early  Bose . 

79 . 69 

.82 

1.14 

.48 

17.75 

.12 

In  Bulletin  No.  3  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Wisconsin,  are  the  results  of  digestion  experiments  with 
sheep.  With  the  exception  of  our  digestion  experiment  with  fodder 
corn  and  ensilage,  these  are,  so  far  as  we  know,  the  first  trials  pub¬ 
lished  in  this  country,  and  hence  we  incorporate  the  results,  along 
with  our  own,  in  tabular  form,  as  below : 


American  Digestion  Experiments. 

Per  Cent  Digested. 


1.  Corn  fodder,  milch  cows,  N.  Y.  station. 

2.  Ensilage,  milch  cows,  N.  Y.  station . . 

3.  Soja  bean  fodder,  milch  cows,  N.  Y. 

station . 

4.  Meadow  hay,  milch  cows,  N. 


#/  /  l  j 

6.  Malt  sprouts,  sheep,  Wis.  station 

7.  Cotton  seed  meal,  sheep,  Wis.  station. 


Albu¬ 

Crude 

Nit.  free 

minoid. 

fiber. 

extract. 

Fat. 

49 

67 

61 

73 

49 

69 

67 

90 

70 

58 

82 

54 

• 

49 

49 

58 

50 

49 

47 

57 

42 

80 

34 

69 

100 

89 

0 

69 

100 

_  • 

•  Feeding  Experiment. 

Influence  of  acid  and  putrefactive  food — Brewers'  grains. 

At  the  request  of  Hon.  J.  K.  Brown,  Dairy  Commissioner  of  the 
State,  we  undertook  a  series  of  experiments  upon  the  effect  of  feed¬ 
ing  brewers’  grains  to  milch  cows,  with  special  reference  to  the 
effect  upon  the  milk  when  fed  in  an  acid  and  putrefactive  condition. 

For  this  purpose,  two  Jersey  cows,  Jem  and  Meg,  wTere  removed 
from  the  pasture  to  the  experimental  barn  on  September  16,  and 
after  being  fed  awhile  upon  hay,  were  subjected  to  the  feeding  of 
brewers’  grains  in  as  large  quantities  as  they  could  be  induced  to  eat, 
with  the  expectation  by  injudicious  feeding  to  magnify  any  ill  effect 
of  the  food,  and  thus  producing  recognizable  irregularities  in*  the 
milk  yield,  milk  composition  and  properties. 

The  feeding  of  the  grains  commenced  on  Sept.  26,  and  the  record 
of  the  condition  of  the  food  at  variable  dates  herewith  given  :  — 

Sept.  26.  Sweet  in  general,  but  mouldy  at  the  surface  where  ex¬ 
posed  to  the  air. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


7 


50  .  [Assembly 

Sept.  29.  The  grains  very  mouldy  and  give  off  a  disagreeable 
odor. 

Sept.  30.  The  grains  alive  with  maggots  in  the  upper  portion  ; 
apparently  too  hot  below  for  the  maggots  to  exist. 

Oct.  2.  The  grains  sour  and  maggoty. 

Oct.  3  The  grains  more  offensive  and  sour  in  odor  than  ever. 

Oct.  6.  The  grains  fed  to-day  were  in  somewhat  sweeter  condition 
than  those  fed  for  the  past  two  days,  owing  1 6  their  being  dug  from 
down  into  the  box,  below  the  maggots  and  dry  state.  They  were 
spmewhat  acid,  rather  than  sour  or  mouldy. 

Oct.  8.  The  grains  are  sour  a  short  distance  below  the  exposed 
portion,  but  are  otherwise  clean  and  much  relished  by  the  cows. 
That  portion  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  is  blackish,  dry  and  mag¬ 
goty. 

Oct.  11.  Started  in  upon  a  new  lot  of  grains.  The  grains  on  the 
surface  very  rotten,  black  and  disagreeable,  but  three  inches  down 
were  in  white  condition.  The  black  and  the  white  were  fed  mixed. 
Meg  does  not  relish  them  :  Jem  does. 

Oct.  15.  The  grains  very  offensive  in  odor,  caused  by  a  decayed 
maggoty  portion  from  the  surface,  that  was  as  usual  mixed  with  the 
.rest. 

Oct.  16.  The  grains  very  offensive  to-day. 

■Oct.  20.  The  grains  have  an  odor  resembling  sauerkraut,  very 
strong. 

Oct.  26.  The  grains  no  worse  in  quality  than  heretofore. 

Nov.  1.  The  grains  are  offensive  in  odor  when  long  exposed,  as 
on  top  of  barrel. 

*  Nov.  2.  The  grains  more  offensive  to-day  than  at  any  time  since 
feeding,  being  putrid  in  places. 

.Nov.  3.  Grains  as  yesterday. 

NVT  were  unable,  as  it  seems,  to  keep  up  a  continuous  grains  feed¬ 
ing,  without  the  addition  of  hay.  The  idea,  however,  was  kept 
predominant,  of  feeding  as  little  hay  as  possible.  Hence  the  grains 
were  fed  in  such  quantities  as  the  cows  would  consume,  and  after 
the  grains  were  eaten  hay  was  fed  in  like  manner.  The  first  effect 
of  this  system  was  to  produce  a  satiety  in  the  animals,  from  which 
they  finaily  recovered,  and  at  last  became  habituated  to  _  quite  a 
regularity  in  the  quantity  both  of  the  grains  and  hay  which  were 
consumed.  Nine  days  of  hay  feeding,  as  will  be  observed,  preceded 
and  followed  the  experiment  proper,  that  of  the  grains,  whereby  we 
have  opportunity  for  measuring  changes  which  intervened. 

The  cows  selected  had  been  at  pasture  during  the  summer,  with¬ 
out  grain,  and  were  removed  from  the  pasture  at  once  to  the  experi¬ 
mental  barn. 

Jem  is  about  four  years  old,  and  had  a  calf  October  24,  1882,  and 
December  20, 1883,  was  bred  March  31  and  May  8,  and  is  hence  due 
to  calve  January  5  or  February  11, 1885.  She  arrived  at  the  station 
November  30,  1882,  and  went  dry  November  24,  after  yielding  4460 
pounds  of  milk.  With  her  next  calf,  December  20, 1883,  she  gave  up 


No.  33.] 


51 


to  September  16,  the  beginning  of  the  experiment,  5,472  p  Hinds  of 
milk,  upon  September  16  yielding  seven  pounds  fifteen  ounces.  She 
weighed  569  pounds  on  arrival  November  30,  1882,  and  620  pounds 
April  19,  1882;  701  pounds  on  January  11,  1884,  and  716  pounds 
September  1, 1884. 

Meg  is  about  six  years  old,  and  had  a  calf  December  4,  1883,  and 
again  January  7,  1884.  She  was  bred  April  5,  1884,  and  is  hence 
due  to  calve  January  9, 1885.  She  arrived  at  the  station  November 
30,  1882.  From  her  calving  December  4  to  her  drying  off  Novem¬ 
ber  24,1883,  she  yielded  5552  pounds  of  milk.  Calving  again  Jan¬ 
uary  7, 1884,  she  has  yielded  up  to  September  16,  the  date  of  this  ex¬ 
periment  4385  pounds,  yielding  on  September  16,  nine  pounds  six 
ounces.  She  weighed  792  pounds  on  her  arrival  at  the  station  Nov¬ 
ember  1882,  and  676  pounds  April  19,  1882  ;  809  pounds  January 
11, 1884,  and  786  pounds  September  1,  1884. 

The  data  obtained  are  given  in  the  following  tables  :  — 

TABLE. 


DATE. 

Weight  of  Cows. 
Lbs. 

Weight  of  Food  Consumed 
Lbs. 

Dry  Matter. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Consumed. 

Lbs. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Average. 

c3 

w 

Grains. 

>> 

hrt 

H-i 

Grains. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Sept.  17 . 

716 

786 

751 

31  81 

33.91 

27.2 

29.0 

18  . 

713 

777 

745 

18.96 

•  •  •  • 

16.96 

16.2 

14.5 

19  . 

726 

801 

763 

25.72 

•  •  •  • 

25.12 

•  •  •  • 

22.0 

21.5 

20  . 

713 

787 

750 

23.50 

•  •  •  • 

23.53 

•  •  •  • 

20.1 

20.1 

21  . 

736 

830 

783 

25.75 

•  •  •  • 

24.93 

•  •  •  • 

22.0 

21.3 

22 . 

750 

820 

785 

21.31 

•  •  •  • 

20.53 

•  •  •  • 

18.3 

17.6 

23 . 

746 

819 

782 

28.06 

•  •  •  • 

27.87 

•  •  •  • 

24.0 

23.8 

24 . 

739 

807 

772 

28.31 

•  •  •  • 

27.15 

•  •  •  • 

24.2 

23.2 

25 . 

743 

821 

782 

28.93 

•  •  •  • 

28.56 

•  •  •  • 

24.8 

24.4 

26  . 

752 

834 

793 

15.37 

26.12 

15.37 

26.12 

19.2 

19.2 

27 . 

736 

827 

781 

9.81 

40.16 

9.68 

40.0 

17.7 

17.5 

28 . 

754 

830 

792 

6.12 

67.0 

6.93 

67.0 

20.8 

21.5 

29 . 

736 

818 

777 

•  •  •  • 

92.9 

•  •  •  » 

56.31 

21.4 

13.1 

30 . 

725 

801 

763' 

•  •  •  • 

7.43 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

2.0 

•  •  •  • 

Oct.  1  . 

680 

769 

724 

9.72 

•  i  •  • 

1.10 

•  •  • 

8.3 

9.4 

2 . 

678 

775 

726 

»  •  •  • 

21.0 

•  •  •  • 

20.0 

4.9 

4.7 

3  ..: . 

690 

772 

731 

•  •  •  • 

26.0 

•  •  •  • 

23.0 

6.0 

5.4 

4  . 

667 

766 

716 

•  •  •  • 

25.0 

•  •  •  • 

11.60 

5.8 

2.7 

5 . . 

651 

728 

689 

•  •  • 

35.0 

2.0 

1.41 

8.2 

2.0 

6  . 

650 

726 

688 

•  • 

25.0 

7.25 

12.0  . 

5.8 

9.0 

7 . 

635 

750 

692 

6.0 

25.0 

6.0 

27.0 

11.0 

11.5 

8  . 

649 

771 

710 

3.0 

30.0 

3.0 

30,0 

9.6 

9.6 

9  . 

646 

765 

705 

7.0 

30,0 

6.0 

40.0 

13.0 

14.5 

10  . 

649 

760 

704 

4.0 

25.0 

4.0 

25.0 

9.2 

9.2 

52 


[Assembly 


TABLE.  —  Continued. 


DATE. 

Weight  of  Cows. 
Lbs. 

a 

t 

Weight  of  Food  Consumed. 
Lbs. 

Dry  Matter. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Consumed. 

Lbs. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Average. 

Hay. 

Grains. 

Hay. 

Grains. 

Jem. 

bb 

© 

<i 

Oct.  11  . 

650 

755 

702 

4.0 

25.0 

4.0 

25.0 

9.2 

9.2 

12 . . 

640 

748 

694 

5.0 

20.0 

5.0 

20.0 

9.0 

9.0 

13 . 

649 

747 

698 

5.0 

35.0 

5.0 

35,0 

12.5 

12.5 

14  . 

620 

722 

671 

6.0 

35.0 

6.0 

35.0 

13.4 

13.4 

15  . 

657 

759 

708 

6.0 

40.0 

6.0 

40.0 

14.5 

14.5 

16 . 

662 

768 

715 

5.0 

40.0 

5.0 

40.0 

13.6 

13.6 

17 . 

666 

757 

711 

6.0 

40.0 

6.0 

40.0 

14.5 

14.5 

18  . 

670 

768 

719 

6.0 

45.0 

6.0 

45.0 

15.7 

15.7 

19  . 

679 

755 

717 

6,0 

40.0 

6.0 

40.0 

14,5 

14.5 

20 . 

668 

748 

708 

6.0 

45.0 

6.0 

45.0 

15.7 

15.7 

21 . 

692 

765 

728- 

6.0 

50.0 

6.0 

50.0 

16.8 

16.8 

22 . 

698 

771 

734 

6.0 

55.0 

6.0 

55.0 

18.0 

18.0 

23 . 

701 

770 

735 

6.0 

52.62 

6.0 

55.0 

17.4 

18.0 

24 . 

700 

775 

737 

6.0 

3o .  0 

6.0 

55.0 

13.4 

18.0 

25 . 

699 

782 

740 

6.0 

55.0 

6.0 

55.0 

18.0 

18.0 

26  . 

709 

793 

751 

6.0 

35.0 

6.0 

35.0 

13.4 

13.4 

27  . 

697 

775 

736 

6.0 

35.0 

6.0 

35.0 

13.4 

13.4 

28 . 

699 

784 

741 

4  0 

40.0 

4.0 

40.0 

12.7 

12.7 

29  ........ 

689 

765 

727 

6.0 

50.0 

6.0 

50.0 

16.8 

16.8 

30' . 

697 

777 

737 

6.0 

50.0 

6.0 

50.0 

16.8 

16.8 

31  . 

693 

775 

734 

4.0 

50.30 

4.0 

50.0 

15.0 

15.0 

Nov.*  1  . 

703 

775 

739 

6.0 

18.7 

6.0 

34  6 

9.4 

13.2 

2  . 

696 

770 

733 

6.0 

35.0 

6.0 

50 . 60 

13.4 

16.8 

3  . 

700 

777 

738 

6.0 

37.43 

6.0 

31.43 

13.9 

12.5 

4  . 

702 

771 

736 

17.0 

«  •  t  • 

17.0 

•  •  • 

14.6 

14.6 

5 . 

727 

788 

757 

20.0 

»  •  •  • 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

17.1 

17.1 

6  . 

737 

808 

773 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

17.1 

17.1 

7 

736 

813 

774 

22.0 

22.0 

18.8 

18.8 

8  . 

753 

811 

782 

20.0 

.... 

20.0 

•  •  • 

17.1 

17.1 

9 . 

750 

821 

785 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

17.1 

17.1 

10 . 

750 

824 

787 

20.0 

.  •  •  • 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

17.1 

17.1 

11  . 

753 

829 

791 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

20.0 

•  •  •  • 

17.1 

17.1 

12  . 

750 

827 

788 

25.0 

•  •  •  • 

25.0 

•  •  •  • 

21.4 

21.4 

Wo.  33.] 


53 


1 


DATE. 

Jem. 

Wat 

er. 

Meg. 

Milk  Yield. 

Total. 

Drank. 

In  food. 

1 

Drank. 

In  food. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

« 

h 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

lbs. 

oz. 

Sept. 

17  . 

85 

8 

4 

61 

65 

0 

4 

9 

6 

12 

9 

12 

16 

8 

18  . 

88 

6 

2 

74 

60 

7 

2 

4 

7 

15 

8 

8 

16 

7 

19  . 

72 

6 

3 

72 

74 

0 

3 

6 

7 

11 

10 

11 

18 

6 

20 . 

98 

7 

3 

40 

120 

0 

3 

4 

7 

6 

10 

0 

17 

6 

21  .  .  .. 

89 

7 

3 

73 

74 

0 

3 

6 

7 

5 

10 

12 

18 

1 

22  . 

85 

7 

3 

0 

81 

5 

2 

9 

8 

4 

11 

5 

19 

9 

23  . 

62 

6 

4 

0 

63 

3 

4 

0 

7 

11 

11 

14 

19 

9 

24  . .-... 

109 

0 

4 

1 

104 

7 

V 

a 

9 

7 

7 

11 

12 

19 

3 

25  . 

106 

8 

4 

2 

91 

4 

4 

1 

8 

0 

12 

6 

20 

6 

26  . 

57 

0 

22 

3 

66 

6 

22 

3 

9 

1 

12 

11 

21 

12 

27 . 

77 

7 

32 

1 

45 

8 

32 

1 

9 

0 

13 

7 

22 

7 

28  . 

40 

8 

52 

3 

34 

7 

52 

4 

10 

12 

14 

13 

25 

9 

29  . 

52 

5 

70 

6 

25 

1 

43 

2 

12 

7 

15 

14 

28 

5 

30  . 

‘27 

8 

5 

4 

28 

4 

0 

0 

12 

4 

14 

0 

26 

4 

Oct. 

1 . 

81 

0 

1 

4 

39 

3 

1 

6 

7 

7 

6 

10 

14 

1 

2  . 

77 

9 

16 

1 

37 

5 

15 

3 

5 

10 

8 

4 

13- 

14 

3 . 

24 

5 

20 

0 

11 

1 

17 

6 

9 

0 

8 

15 

17 

15 

4  . 

40 

9 

19 

2 

12 

6 

8 

9 

6 

13 

7 

8 

14 

5 

5 . 

26 

9 

26 

8 

23 

0 

1 

4 

5 

12 

4 

8 

10 

4 

6  . 

18 

2 

19 

2 

33 

2 

10 

2 

5 

11 

3 

5 

9 

0 

7  . 

31 

4 

20 

0 

26 

6 

21 

5 

4 

7 

6 

1 

10 

8 

8  . 

28 

3 

23 

4 

10 

6 

23 

4 

5 

11 

8 

7 

14 

2 

9  . 

26 

3 

24 

0 

12 

2 

31 

5 

5 

7 

10 

13 

16 

4 

10  . 

28 

5 

19 

8 

16 

1 

19 

8 

6 

8 

11 

14 

18 

6 

11  . 

40 

1 

19 

8 

17 

5 

19 

8 

6 

7 

10 

12 

17 

3 

12  .  .. 

42 

2 

16 

0 

21 

8 

16 

0 

6 

6 

10 

13 

17 

3 

13  . 

43 

3 

27 

5 

26 

2 

27 

5 

5 

5 

10 

3 

15 

8 

14  . 

32 

3 

27 

6 

17 

3 

27 

6 

5 

13 

11 

8 

17 

5 

15  . . 

32 

2 

31 

5 

17 

6 

31 

5 

5 

7 

10 

10 

16 

1 

16 . . 

42 

7 

31 

4 

12 

9 

31 

4 

6 

8 

11 

1 

17 

9 

17  . 

39 

2 

31 

5 

22 

9 

31 

5 

6 

13 

11 

1 

17 

14 

18  . 

35 

0 

35 

3 

5 

7 

35 

3 

6 

7 

11 

6 

17 

13 

19  . . 

9 

8 

31 

5 

0 

0 

31 

5 

5 

14 

10 

10 

16 

.8 

20  . . 

45 

9 

35 

3 

42 

6 

35 

3 

4 

4 

9 

13 

14 

1 

12  . . 

52 

3 

39 

2 

26 

3 

39 

2 

6 

6 

11 

5 

17 

11 

22 . 

41 

7 

43 

0 

29 

4 

43 

0 

7 

3 

11 

9 

18 

12 

23  . 

24 

2 

41 

2 

19 

8 

43 

0 

7 

3 

11 

7 

18 

10 

24  .  ... 

51 

2 

27 

6 

23 

5 

43 

0 

6 

10 

11 

2 

17 

12 

25  . 

40 

0 

43 

0 

19 

2 

43 

0 

6 

8 

10 

8 

17 

0 

26  . 

34 

6 

27 

6 

25 

8 

27 

6 

6 

2 

10 

7 

16 

9 

27 . 

58 

1 

27 

6 

21 

1 

27 

6 

5 

15 

9 

9 

15 

8 

28  . 

41 

0 

31 

3 

29 

1 

31 

3 

0 

4 

9 

9 

15 

13 

29  . 

49 

8 

39 

2 

26 

7 

39 

2 

5 

3 

9 

2 

14 

5 

30  .  .... 

35 

4 

39 

2 

26 

8 

39 

2 

6 

0 

9 

0 

15 

0 

31  . 

18 

2 

39 

0 

22 

7 

39 

0 

4 

13 

9 

5 

14 

2 

Nov. 

1 . . 

33 

4 

14 

9 

26 

5 

27 

4 

4 

7 

8 

12 

13 

3 

2  . 

41 

7 

27 

6 

36 

6 

39 

2 

4 

2 

8 

2 

12 

4 

3 . 

39 

5 

29 

5 

28 

3 

24 

9 

5 

1 

7 

15 

13 

0 

4  . 

65 

6 

2 

4 

53 

0 

2 

4 

4 

7 

6 

10 

11 

1 

• 

5  . 

59 

5 

2 

9 

75 

4 

2 

9 

4 

14 

7 

0 

11 

14 

6 . 

59 

2 

2 

9 

31 

8 

2 

9 

4 

n 

• 

6 

13 

11 

4 

7  . 

62 

8 

3 

2 

48 

ja 

3 

2 

4 

5 

6 

12 

11 

1 

8  . 

66 

0 

2 

9 

72 

9 

2 

9 

4 

6 

6 

14 

11 

4 

9  . 

57 

6 

2 

9 

56 

5 

2 

9 

4 

4 

6 

12 

11 

0 

10 . 

69 

5 

2 

9 

63 

3 

2 

9 

4 

2 

6 

10 

10 

12 

11  . 

62 

0 

2 

9 

59 

1 

2 

9 

4 

9 

6 

14 

11 

7 

12  . 

64 

9 

3 

6 

55 

0 

3 

6 

4 

13 

7 

0 

11 

13 

54 


[Assembly 


DATE. 

« 

Morning’s  Milk. 

Evening’s  Milk. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Per  cent  Fat  by 
Analysis. 

Per  cent  Air-dry 
Butter  by  Clmrn. 

Per  cent  Fat  by 
Analysis. 

Per  cent  Air-dry 

Butter  by  Churn. 

Per  cent  Fat  by 

Analysis. 

Per  cent  Air-dry 

Butter  by  Churn. 

Per  cent  Fat  by 

Analysis. 

Percent  Air-dry 

Butter  by  Churn. 

Sept.  17  . 

6.72 

-  •  •  • 

5.45 

8.52 

6.37 

24  . 

7.42 

5.60 

.... 

•  •  •  i 

... 

.  •  •  . 

.... 

25 

6.41 

5.50 

4.78 

2.18 

26 . 

4.75 

4.80 

6.64 

1.92 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

29 . 

5.37 

5.50 

4.52 

3.90 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.... 

30 . 

6.44 

4.95 

4.38 

1.98 

Oct.  1  . 

5.00 

4.43 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

2  . 

6.24 

7.92 

6.77 

7.00 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

3  . 

7.17 

7.13 

5.53 

3.63 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

4  . 

5.96 

6.28 

6.32 

5.73 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

6  . 

6.02 

7.78 

10.95 

8.36 

7.87 

7.90 

12.53 

7.97 

7  . . 

6.88 

7.14 

6.03 

7.74 

8 . 

5.90 

5.85 

5.92 

3.75 

8.58 

14.45 

9  . . 

7.50 

8.00 

4.19 

2.25 

•  •  •  • 

10  . 

8.00 

9.37 

3.79 

2.92 

•  •  •  • 

ii  . : 

7.19 

»  •  •  • 

3.46 

0.0 

.... 

13  . 

7.22 

6.80 

5.23 

4.15 

•  .  •  • 

14  . 

6.87 

7.87 

3.96 

2.97 

•  •  •  • 

15  . 

6.06 

4.90 

2.74 

1.30 

.... 

16 . 

6.87 

4.78 

2.82 

17  . 

6.86 

5.27 

3.75 

2.12 

.... 

18  .  ... 

5.76 

6.70 

4.69 

3.57 

•  •  •  • 

20  . 

9.03 

10.02 

4 .  oo 

3.53 

7.64 

7.50 

21  . 

6,45 

6.78 

4.41 

3.37 

22 . 

6.60 

6.60 

4.54 

3.37 

•  •  •  • 

23  . 

6.26 

6.30 

4.44 

3.57 

•  •  • 

24  . 

7.15 

5.83 

4.08 

1.55 

•  •  •  • 

25  . 

6.22 

6.02 

3.98 

2.63 

8.11 

7.42 

4.49 

2.65 

27  . . 

8.22 

8.37 

4.91 

3.42 

8.14 

8.13 

28  . 

6.66 

6.85 

4.42 

3.75 

•  •  •  • 

29  . 

7.69 

7.17 

4.36 

3.37 

•  •  •  • 

30  . 

7.30 

7.25 

'  4.49 

3.82 

•  •  •  • 

31  . 

8.18 

6.50 

4.21 

2.60 

«  •  •  • 

Nov.  1  . 

8.25 

8.10 

4.79 

4.00 

4.65 

3 . 

8.12 

8.77 

5.54 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

4  . 

6.75 

7.92 

4.88 

•  •  •  • 

»  •  •  • 

5 

8.44 

9.32 

5.84 

5.90 

.... 

6 . 

8.84 

9.27 

5.07 

5.30 

8.43 

8.60 

7  . 

8.87 

5.33 

5.15 

8.28 

8.52 

8  . 

9.64 

8.65 

4.98 

4.62 

6.41 

8.25 

.8-54 

9.87 

5  14 

5.40 

8.42 

8.42 

11  . 

7.42 

7.98 

5.06 

4.80 

6.92 

•  •  •  • 

12 . 

7.10 

8.20 

5.20 

5.32 

6.90 

•  •  •  • 

55 


No.  33.] 

The  analytical  data  upon  which  the  food  is  figured  is : 


* 

Hay. 

Brewers  Grains.. 

- 

Calculated 

Calculated 

, 

As  fed. 

dry. 

As  fed. 

dry. 

W a  tor  . 

14.53 

74.98 

Ash . 

6.30 

7.37 

.87 

3.4G 

Albuminoid . 

11.80 

13.81 

5.18 

20.69 

Crude  fiber . 

28.22 

33.02 

3.53 

14.11 

Nitrogen,  free  ex . 

35.84 

41.93 

14.13 

56.51 

Fat . 

3.31 

3.87 

1.31 

5.23 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

The  hay  was  aftermath,  with  much  clover,  and  was  fine  and  m 
-  excellent  condition.  The  grains  as  previously  noted. 

We  have  two  periods  of  nine  days  each  in  which  the  food  was  hay 
ad  libitum ,  and  these  shall  serve  us  for  comparison.  The  figures  of 


these  periods  are  herewith  given 


Weight  of  cow,  lbs . . 

Weight  of  hay  consumed,  lbs. 
W eight  ot  water  drunk,  lbs. . . 

Weight  of  dry  food,  lbs . 

Weight  of  milk,  lbs.  . . . 


Sept. 

17-25. 

Nov.  4- 

-12. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

731 

805 

739 

810 

25.8 

25.4 

20.4 

20.4 

88.8 

81  6 

63.0 

57.2 

22.1 

21.7 

17.5 

17.5 

7.60 

10.78 

4.46 

6.81 

If  we  divide  the  period  of  trial  into  nine  days  intervals,  we  have 
two  periods  under  hay  feed  exclusively,  and  four  periods  under 
mostly  brewers’  grains  feeding,  one  of  which,  the  earliest,  can  be  ex¬ 
cluded  on  account  of  its  transition  nature.  The  figures,  however, 
show  as  below  : 


Daily  av’g  for  the  two  cows  ;  lbs.  wt. 

Weight 
Weight  of  water 

Weight  of  dry  in  food  Weight 
of  cows.  food.  and  drink,  of  milk. 


Sept.  17-25,  Hay .  768  21.9  88.9  9.19 

Sept.  29-Oct.  7 .  723  7.3  52.3  8.03 

Oct.  8-16 . '.  701  11.1  ■  51.0  8.31 

Oct.  17-25 .  726  16.3  66.7  8.67 

Oct.  26-No v.  3 . ’. . .  737  14.2  64.8  7.21 

Nov.  4-12,  Hay .  774  17.5  63.0  5.63 


We  have  thus  our  answer  very  plainly  outlined:  the  feeding  of 
the  brewers'  grains  vias  conducive  to  the  flow  of  milk. 


56 


[Assembly 


We  observe  in  our  nine  days’  summary, ‘and  still  more  from  the 
daily  figures,  that  the  appetite  of  the  cows  varied  within  large  limits, 
and  that  there  was  a  difficulty  in  getting  sufficient  dry  food  within 
them  for  the  purpose  of  full  maintenance  or  gaining  weight ;  for  we 
observe  that  the  live  weight  was  greater  under  the  hay  feeding. 
It  will,  therefore,  be  well  to  reinvestigate  the  question  of  live  weight 
in  averages  of  shorter  periods,  in  order  to  reduce  the  daily  variations 
into  an  average  which  shall  give  us  by  inspection  an  idea  of  gain 
or  loss.  We  will  give  the  figures  on  live  weight  for  three  days’ 
averages : 


Average  live 

weight 

in  3-day  periods. 

Jem. 

Meg. 

The  two. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Sept. 

17-19  . 

718 

788 

753 

a 

20-22  . 

733 

812 

772 

u 

23-25  . 

742 

816. 

779 

u 

26-28  . 

747 

830 

788 

u 

29-Oct.  1 . 

714 

796 

755 

Oct. 

2-4 . 

678 

771 

724 

u 

5-7 . 

645 

735 

690 

u 

8-10 . 

648 

765 

706 

u 

11-13 . 

646 

750 

698 

a 

14-16 . 

646 

750 

69S 

u 

17-19 . 

672 

760 

716 

u 

20-22 . 

686 

761 

723 

a 

23-25 . 

700 

776 

738 

a 

26-28 . 

702 

784 

743 

a 

29-31 . 

693 

772 

732 

Nov. 

1-3 . 

700 

774 

737 

a 

4—6  . 

722 

789 

755 

a 

7-9 . 

746 

815 

780 

a 

10-12 . 

751 

827 

789 

An  inspection  of  this  table  shows  us  several  periods,  which  may 
be  separated  as  follows  : 


Period. 

I.  Gaining,  Sept.  17-28 . 

II.  Losing,  Sept.  29-Oct.  7 . 

III.  Even,  Oct.  8-16  . . 

IV.  Gaining,  Oct.  17-Nov.  3 . 

V.  Greater  gaining,  Nov.  4-12. . . 


Daily 

Average 

Average 

dry 

weight 

milk  per 

food. 

per  cow. 

cow. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs- 

21.2 

*  773 

9.80 

7.3 

723 

8.03 

11.6 

701 

8.31 

15.2 

731 

7.94 

17.5 

775 

5.64 

We  see  at  once  that  period  II  was  starvation  diet,  the  natural 
falling  off  in  milk  between  the  periods  considered  as  even,  is  about 
one  lb.,  and  yet  the  milk  yield  nearly  keeps  up,  while  in  the  other 


No.  33.] 


57 


periods  it  is  more  than  maintained,  showing  the  effect  of  the  grains 
towards  increasing  the  milk  flow. 

Before  using  these  figures  it  is  necessary  to  offer  some  corrections, 
which  an  inspection  of  our  daily  data  will  show  at  once  to  be  justi¬ 
fiable.  We  note  that  the  first  influence  of  removal  from  pasture 
and  a  new  food  was  to  increase  abnormally  the  amount  eaten  the 
first  day,  while  using  three  days’  averages  it  happens  that  Sept.  29,  a 
day  of  large  grains  consumption,  is  included  in  the  next  period, 
thus  increasing  the  amount  of  food  eaten  in  Period  II,  or  the  starvation 
period.  That  practically,  notwithstanding  the  slight  changes  in  the 
weights  in  groups  III  ond  IY  separately,  yet  practically  the  two  can 
be  merged.  We,  hence,  have  for  the  purpose  of  our  study,  four 
periods,  I  and  IY  under  hay  feeding,  II  under  starvation  diet,  and 
III,  from  Oct.  8,  to  Nov.  3,  27  days,  as  representing  the  effect  of  the 
brewers  grains’. 

During  the  first  four  days  of  the  brewers’  grain  feeding,  or  Sept. 
20  to  29,  we  had  a  period  in  which  a  full  feed  of  grains  was  con¬ 
sumed,  and  for  the  purpose  of  verifying  our  general  conclusions,  we 
can  compare  this  period  with  the  four  preceding  days  on  hay ;  thus  : 

A  verage  daily  per  cow  : 


Consumed.  Dry  Weight  Weight 
Hay.  Grains.  Matter.  of  cows.  of  milk 

Date.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs. 

Sept.  22-25  .  26.3  ....  22.4  780  9.83  * 

Sept.  26-29  .  ’7.8  51.8  18.6  778  .  12.96 


We  see  then,  that  when  the  cows  ate  a  proper  quantity  of  the 
grains  that  the  effect  on  the  live  weight  and  on  the  milk  yield  was 
excellent,  and  that  the  falling  from  live  weight  afterwards  may  and 
probably  did,  arise  from  the  unsavory  character  of  the  food  which 
acted  upon  the  appetite  of  the  cows  to  prevent  a  full  feeding. 

We  will  now  present  the  averages  for  the  four  corrected  periods, 
which  we  shall  designate  hereafter  as  A,  B,  C  and  D. 


m 

Period  A. 

Period  B. 
Sept.  30- 

Period  C. 
Oct-  8-Nov, 

Period  D. 
Nov.  4-12. 

Daily  average. 

Sept.  17-29 
ull  feeding 

Oct.  7  Star¬ 
vation  diet. 

3.  Brewers 
grains. 

Full  feed¬ 
ing. 

Dry  matter  fed . 

Lbs. 

20.9 

Lbs. 

6.0 

Lbs. 

14.0 

Lbs. 

17.5 

W  eight  of  cows ...  . . 

774 

716 

722 

775 

Weight  of  the  cows 
four  days . 

first- 

752 

736 

706 

760 

W  eight  of  the  cows 
four  days . 

last- 

786 

697 

73G 

788 

W  eight  of  milk . 

10.13 

7.26 

8.10 

5.64 

Weight  of  albuminoid  fed  . 

3.13 

1.09 

2.56 

2.41 

Weight  of  Carbo-hydrates 
and  fat . 

10.15 

3.34 

7.88 

8.01 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


58 


[Assembly 


Examining  this  table,  we  note  that  there  is  a  constant  difference 
between  the  average  weight  of  the  cows  the  first  and  last  four  days 
of  each  period,  in  all  but  Period  B  which  was  starvation,  showing 
about  an  equal  gain ;  we  note  also  that  the  average  total  weight  is 
larger  in  Periods  A  and  B  under  full  feeding.  These  records  in¬ 
dicate  then,  that  under  Period  C  a  maintenance  ration  was  being 
fed,  while  in  the  Periods  A  and  D  a  gaining  ration. 

We  must  hence  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  grains  are  a 
valuable  feeding  material  for  maintenance ,  when  fed  with  a  small 
quantity  of  hay. 

For  further  confirmation  we  may  refer  to  the  first  four  days,  on 
grains,  as  compared  with  the  four  preceding  days  on  hay,  where  we 
find  constant  weight,  with  increased  milk  for  the  grains,  the  feed¬ 
ing  ration  being  nearly  equivalent ;  thus  : 


Sept.  22-25.  Hay . 

Sept.  26-29.  Grains  mostly.  . . 


Fed  daily  in  pounds. 

Albu¬ 

Nitrogen, 

minoid 

free  extract. 

Fat. 

3.10 

9.43 

.86 

3.40 

9.57 

.88 

Average  wt.  Average  daily 
of  cows.  milk  yield. 


Lbs.  Lbs. 

Sept.  22-25  . .  .  780  9.83 

Sept.  26-29  . .  778  12.26 


The  first  ration  26.3  lbs.  of  hay,  the  second  rations  7.8  lbs.  of  hay, 
and  51.8  lbs.  of  brewers’  grains. 

During  Period  A  7  partial  analyses  of  the  milk  were  made,  the 
average  being  5.70  per  cent  of  fat.  During  Period  B,  16  partial 
analyses  were  made,  the  average  being  6.91  per  cent  of  fat,  two  of 
which  analyses  were  of  phenomenal  richness,  viz.,  10.95  and  12.53 
per  cent,  for  the  morning  and  night’s  milk  from  Meg.  During 
Period  C,  50  partial  analyses,  and  5.91  the  average  fat.  During 
Period  D,  21  partial  analyses,  and  6.84  the  average  fat. 

These  results  can  best  be  shown  in  tabular  form  : 


Fat  by  analysis. 

Butter  by  churn. 

Per  cent 

No  of 

Per  cent 

No  of 

air  dry 

analyses 

fat. 

churnings. 

butter. 

Period  A.  . . 

.  7 

5.70 

7 

4.20 

Period  B.  .  . 

16 

6.91 

14 

6.39 

Period  C.  . . 

50 

5.91 

48 

5.44 

Period  D  . .  . 

.  21 

6.84 

19 

7.39 

These  average  results  do  not  indicate  that  the  feeding  of  the 
brewers ’  grains  was  detrimental  to  the  qucdity  of  the  milk.  It  may 
be  well  to  supplement  this  table,  however,  with  another,  which  shall 


No.  33.] 


59 


expi  ess  the  actual  amount  of  fat  yielded  per  day,  and  butter  churned 
per  day  from  the  milk  during  these  periods,  assuming  that  the  aver¬ 
ages  of  the  analyses  represent  the  true  character  of  the  total  milk 
yields : 


Period  A. . 

Period  B . 

Period  C . 

Period  D . 

Or 

A  and  D,  Hay  ration. .  . . 
C  Brewers’  grains 


Average 

Average 

daily 

amount 

Average 
daily  butter 

daily 

of  fat  by 

recovered 

milk  yield. 

analysis. 

by  churn. 

Lbs. 

oz’s. 

oz’s. 

10.13 

9.23 

6.80 

7.26 

8.02 

7.42 

8.10 

7.66 

7.05 

5.64 

6.17 

6.66 

7.88 

7.70 

6.73 

8.10 

7.66 

7.05 

If,  however,  the  tables  of  daily  analyses  be  studied,  it  will  be  seen 
that  there  was  a  greater  variability  in  the  product  and  yield  of  the 
cows  during  the  grains  feeding,  than  during  the  hay  feeding,  and 
this  effect  of  the  feed  may  be  as  rationally  attributed  to  the  putridity 
as. to  the  specific  action  ot  the  food.  We  may  recall  here  that  the 
injudicious  feeding  of  the  grains  in  the  beginning  exerted  an  ill  effect 
on  the  appetite  of  the  cows,  but  under  continued  and  more  careful 
feeding,  the  cows  recovered,  and  the  tendency  was  toward  continued 
improvement  during  the  whole  of  Period  *C,  twenty-seven  days. 

We  are  not  justified  then  in  assuming  that  this  experimental  trial 
shows  definitely  against  the  grains  or  the  putridity  even,  in  respect 
to  the  greater  variability  noted. 

In  churning  the  milk  of  the  various  periods,  it  wras  very  notice¬ 
able  that  under  the  hay  feeding,  or  Periods  A  and  D,  the  milk 
churned  more  quickly,  a  lower  temperature  was  required,  and  the 
butter  was  in  general  of  a  better  grain.  Our  observations,  therefore, 
so  far  as  they  go,  are  in  respect  to  ease  of  churning  unfavorable  to 
the  use  of  grains  as  a  feed  for  cows  whose  milk  is  used  for  butter 
production. 

In  respect  to  the  taste,  flavor,  and  appearance  of  the  milk,  and  also 
as  regards  keeping  quality,.  no  difference  between  the  hay  feed  or 
the  brewers’  grains  fed  milk  was  noticeable,  nor  as  between  the  milk 
from  the  experimental  cows  and  that  yielded  by  the  remaining  cows 
of  the  herd,  except  during  the  starvation  davs  of  Period  B. 

The  conclusion  must,  therefore,  be  that  so  far  as  this  trial  indicates, 
brewers’  grains  are  a  healthy  and  valuable  food  for  milch  cows,  but  * 
that  allowing  them  to  become  putrid  is  a  mistake,  as  preventing  the 
full  feeding  of  the  animal,  and  thus  being  counter  to  economy. 
The  trial  also  indicates  very  strongly  that  the  putridity  of  the  feed 
was  neither  injurious  to  the  cow^s,  otherwise  than  as  stated,  nor  in¬ 
jurious  to  the  quality  of  the  milk  for  human  consumption. 


60 


[Assembly 


Phenomenal  Milk. 

The  study  of  our  milk  experiments  will  be  found  in  the  report  of 
the  chemist.  We  would,  however,  call  attention  to  a  few  abnormal 
results  which  have  been  observed. 

We  have  had  three  periods  since  station-wrork  commenced,  during 
’  which  numerous  analyses  were  made.  The  first  included  the  mixed 
milk  of  four  cows,  two  of  which  were  Jem  and  Meg,  whose  milk 
was  afterward  kept  separate.  The  average  and  extreme  fat  de¬ 
terminations  are  shown  in  tabular  form. 

No.  of  Average  fat  Extremes, 
analyses,  per  cent. 

January  2 —  February  18,  1883,  Four  cows. .  47  5.09  4.47 —  6.02 

January  21  —  March  14,  1884.  Jem . 76  /  11P  5.27  /  ~  3.81 —  6.57 

Meg . 40  f  110  4.72  f  °'uo  3.49—6.43 

September  21  —  November  13,  1884.  Jem...  54/  ino  7.42  /  P  4.75 —  9.64 

Meg  ...  48  f  1U"  5.20fD,<w  2.74—12.53 

Total  and  average .  265  5.57 

We  note  that  the  average  fat  content  of  the  milk  of  Jem  and  Meg 
during  the  winter  months  of  1884  was  the  same  as  the  average  for 

the  herd  for  the  winter  months  of  1883.  and  that  the  autumn  milk 

/ 

of  1884  was  richer  than  the  winter  milk.  This  is  in  accord  with  the 
general  observation  in  practice,  that  the  milk  of  cows  increase  in  per 
cent  of  richness  as  the  period  from  calving  increases,  and  hence  can 
have  but  little  significance  as  respects  the  character  of  the  food  fed. 

We  note,  in  addition,  extreme  variations  between  the  fats  of  the 
various  milkings  analyzed.  In  1883  this  was  1.55  per  cent,  in  the 
winter  of  1884  2.76  and  2.94  per  cent,  and  in  the  autumn  4.89  and 
9.79  per  cent.  This  leads  us  to  the  recognition  of  what  we  may  call 
phenomenal  milk,  and,  for  the  purposes  of  examination  into  causes, 
we  will  take  the  analyses  of  Meg’s  milk,  morning  and  evening,  of 
October  6,  1884 : 


Sp.  gravity. 

Total  fat. 

Total  solids. 

Morning’ s  milk .... 

1.0275 

10.45 

20.01 

Evening’s  milk.  .  . . 

1.0253 

12.53 

• 

21.43 

The  feeding,  live- 

weight  of  cow, 

and  the  daily  milk  yield  for  the 

week  preceding  was 

as  below : 

Dry  wt.  of  food  Wt.  of  water  Morning  wt. 

Daily  milk 

consumed. 

drunk  and 

of  cows. 

yield. 

fed. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs.  oz. 

September  30 . 

0 

2S.4 

801 

14  0 

October  1 . 

9.4 

40.9 

769 

6  10 

2 . 

4.7 

52.7 

775 

8  4 

•  3 . 

5.4 

28.7 

772 

8  15 

4 . 

2.7 

21.6 

766 

7  8 

5 . 

0.4 

24.0 

72S 

4  8 

6 . 

2.8 

40.5 

726 

3  5 

4 


No.  33.]  61 

The  food  was  brewers’  grains,  kept  predominant,  and,  after  being 
sated  with  the  grains,  which  were  in  a  stale  and  putrefactive  condi¬ 
tion,  hay  was  fed  in  such  quantities  as  would  be  eaten.  During  the 
seven  days  20.2  pounds  of  hay  and  sixty-eight  pounds  of  brewers’ 
grains  were  consumed,  and  236.8  pounds  of  water  drunk,  an  average 
per  day  2.9  pounds  hay,  9.7  pounds  of  grains,  and  33.8  pounds  of 
water,  the  average  daily  product  in  milk  7.5  pounds,  the  loss  in  live- 
weight  seventy -five  pounds. 

But  few  analyses  of  the  milk  were  made  previously  to  this  starva¬ 
tion  period.  On  September  26th  the  morning’s  milk  yielded  6.64 
per  cent  of  fat,  and  on  September  29th  4.52  per  cent.  The  next 
analyses  of  morning’s  milk  commenced  October  1st  with  4.43  per 
cent  and  continued  6.77,  5.53,  6.32,  no  analyses  and  10.95  per  cent. 
The  average  of  forty-eight  analyses,  under  various  circumstances, 
September  17th-November  13th,  morning’s  and  evening’s  milk 
5.20  per  cent.  But  one  analyses  of  the  evening’s  milk  made  prior  to 
the  starvation  period  —  this  one,  September  25th,  giving  4.78  per 
cent.  During  the  starvation  period  but  two  analysis  were  made,  one 
on  September  30th  of  4.38  per  cent,  the  other  the  phenomenal  milk 
of  October  6th,  12.53  per  cent  of  fat.  But  on  three  days  outside 
October  6th  was  the  fat  determined  in  both  morning’s  and  evening’s 
milk,  and  in  each  case  the  evening’s  milk  was  the  richest  in  fat,  the 
average  for  the  morning’s  milk  being  5.30  per  cent,  and  for  the  eve¬ 
ning’s  milk  5.63  per  cent. 

We  have  thirty-four  fat  analyses  of  Meg’s  morning  milk  from 
September  26th  to  November  12th,  exclusive  of  the  starvation  period, 
September  30th  to  October  6th.  Arranging  the  figures  of  the  star¬ 
vation  period  in  order  of  magnitude,  we  can  average  the  thirty-four 
analyses  in  numbers  of  greater  or  less,  as  below : 

Fat  in  morning’s  milk.  Of  thirty-four  other  analyses. 

Starvation  period. 


4.43 

Eleven  under  4.43 

5.53 

Twenty-eight  under  5.53 

6.32 

Thirty-two  under  6.32 

6.77 

Thirty-three  under  6.77 

10.95 

Thirty-four  under  10.95 
«/ 

The  conclusion  is  hence  undeniable  that  the  milk  was  richer  dur¬ 
ing  the  starvation  period  than  at  other  times. 

Under  these  circumstances  it  may  be  suggested  plausibly  that  the 
fat  in  the  milk  was  being  formed  from  the  stored  fat  of  the  body, 
rather  than  from  the  food,  and,  indeed,  this  becomes  certain  when 
we  examine  other  evidence  and  find  a  greater  excretion  of  fat  in  the 
milk  than  the  consumed  food  was  capable  of  supplying. 

In  our  first  report  we  gave  an  analysis  of  the  mixed  milk  of  three 
cows  just  lauded  from  a  railroad  journey  of  two  days,  in  which  the 
fat  was  10.50  per  cent,  and  which  we  classed  as  phenomenal  milk 
from  fatigued  and  harassed  cows.  In  view  of  this  year’s  results, 
with  Meg  under  starvation  diet,  we  may  believe  that  it  was  rather 


i 


62 


[Assembly 


starvation  as  a  primary  factor  than  fatigue  which  produced  the  re¬ 
sult  noted. 

We  may  infer  from  this  trial  that  the  fat  of  the  body  is  easier 
carried  into  the  milk  than  the  fat  from  the  food-supply,  and  this  leads 
to  the  practical  conclusion  that  for  butter-cows  high  condition  at  the 
time  of  calving  is  advantageous,  and  this  idea  seems  to  receive  sub¬ 
stantiation  from  the  general  sentiment  current  with  dairymen. 


Duplicates. 

In  plat  work,  the  first  thing  to  consider  is  the  equivalency  of  du¬ 
plicates.  It  is  evident  that  if  a  greater  difference  in  yield  exists  be¬ 
tween  duplicates  than  occurs  between  two  plats  differently  treated 
that  the  difference  in  yield  cannot,  in  logic,  be  a  measure  of  the 
efficacy  of  the  treatment  applied.  It  is  also  equally  true  that  if  two 
plats  differently  treated  yield  alike,  this  fact  cannot  be  considered 
as  measuring  equivalency  when  two  duplicate  plats  afford  great 
variation  in  yield.  If  this  be  correct  reasoning,  it  seems  essential 
that  we  shall  have  some  method  whereby  we  can  be  assured  of  the 
equality  of  the  land  as  respects  its  evenness  of  fertility,  and  for  this 
purpose  the  first  thought  that  suggests  is  that  the  amount  of  the 
preceding  crop  may  serve  as  a  guide.  For  the  purposes  of  testing 
the  question,  certain  plats  of  a  likeness  in  preceding  crop  were  taken 
for  a  study,  and  planted  with  the  same  variety  of  potato,  the  cut¬ 
ting  of  the  seed,  distances  of  planting,  time  of  planting,  and  treat¬ 
ment  during  growth  carefully  planned  to  be  alike. 


D.  18. 

1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

Early  Amber  Cane. 

1131  lbs.  forage. 

1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

White  Star  Potato. 

Single  eyes. 

573  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

Lbs.  oz. 

546  8  merchantable. 

23  12  unmerchantable. 

570  4  Total. 


K  17. 

1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

Early  Amber  Cane. 

1131  lbs.  forage. 


1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 
White  Star  Potato. 

Single  eyes. 

434  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

Lbs.  oz. 

294  4  merchantable. 

38  8  unmerchantable. 

332  12  Total. 


It  may  be  at  first  suggested  that  the  number  of  hills  are  not  alike. 
Ke-calculating,  so  as  to  include  the  missing  hills,  we  have : 


Merch.  Unmerch.  Total. 

Lbs.  oz.  Lbs.  oz.  Lbs.  oz. 

D.  18  .  546  8  23  12  570  4 

E.  17  .  388  3  50  13  43S  0 


Difference .  158  5  132  4 


JSTo.  33.] 


63 


Multiplying  by  twenty,  to  get  the  rate  per  acre,  we  note  the  dif¬ 
ference  between  these  supposed  duplicate  plats  to  be  52.7  bushels  of 
merchantable,  or  44.1  bushels  of  total  crop  of  potatoes. 

In  E.  4  and  E.  7  we  have  a  still  better  test : 

E  K  7. 

1882.  Sod.  1882.  Sod. 


1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

Ear  corn,  235  3-4  lbs. 


1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

White  Star  Potatoes. 

1-4  potatoes  as  seed. 

590  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

Lbs.  oz. 

678  5  1-2  merchantable. 

50  0  1-4  unmerchantable. 

728  5  3-4  Total. 


1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

Ear  corn,  233  3-4  lbs. 


1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 
White  Star  Potatoes. 

1-4  potatoes  as  seed. 

591  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

Lbs.  oz. 

784  12  1-2  merchantable. 

42  3  unmerchantable. 

826'  15  1-2  Total. 


Multiplying  by  twenty  as  before,  to  get  the  rate  per  acre,  and  we 
note  a  difference  of  35.5  bushels  of  merchantable,  and  32.8  bushels 
of  total  yield  between  the  plats. 

In  D.  10  and  E.  12,  we  have  another  instance  of  apparant  dupli¬ 
cates  : 


I).  10. 

1882.  Sod. 


1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

Ear  corn,  258  lbs. 


1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre 
White  Star  Potatoes. 

Single  eyes. 

573  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

Lbs.  oz. 

567  0  merchantable. 

30  12  unmerchantable. 

597  12  Total. 


K  12. 

1882.  Sod. 


1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 
Ear  corn,  258  lbs. 


1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

White  Star  Potatoes. 

Single  eyes. 

574  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

Lbs.  oz. 

610  0  merchantable. 

24  4  unmerchantable. 

634  4  Total. 


twenty,  as  before,  to  obtain  the  rate  per  acre,  and 
we  find  the  difference  of  yield  between  the  plats  14.3  bushels  of 
merchantable,  or  twelve  bushels  in  total  yields. 


64  [Assembly 

In  these  carefully  arranged  duplicate  plats  we  note  no  duplicate 
yields  ;  thus,  per  acre  : 

Difference. 


Merch . 

Total. 

Merch. 

Total. 

Merch. 

Total. 

bush. 

bush. 

bush. 

bush. 

bush. 

bush. 

D.  18 . 

.  182.1 

190.1 

E.  17 . 

.  98.1 

110.9 

84.0 

79.2 

E.  4..  .. 

.  226.1 

242.8 

E.  7 . 

.  261.6 

275  6 

35.5 

32.8 

E.  10 . 

.  189.0 

190.2 

E.  12 . 

.  203.3 

211.2 

14.3 

12  0 

It  is  quite  evident,  therefore,  that  for  potatoes,  the  equivalency  of 
the  preceding  crops  as  given  by  our  tables  is  no  indication  of  equiva¬ 
lency  in  the  crops  harvested  the  present  year. 

In  D.  13  and  D.  14  we  might  be  supposed  to  have  duplicates  in 
1S84,  as  in  1882  the  crop  was  mixed  cow-peas  broadcasted  and 
plowed  under,  in  1883  the  same,  with  the  addition  of  400  pounds 
phosphate  per  acre.  In  1884  single  eyes  were  planted,  cut  from 
the  seed  half  and  the  stem  half  of  the  potato,  400  pounds  of  phos¬ 
phate  per  acre  applied,  and  treatment  in  other  respects  alike.  As 
we  have  shown  elsewhere,  potatoes  cut  in  this  manner  may  be  con¬ 
sidered  as  equivalents.  The  yield  was,  in  pounds  : 


Merch.  Unmercli.  Total. 
No.  hills.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs. 

D.  13  .  539  515.25  18.25  533.5 

D.  11 .  556  585.0  28.25  613.25 


Difference .  17  69.75  10.0  79.75 

Bush.  Bush.  Bush. 

Per  acre . .  . .  23.2  3.3  26.5 

Correcting  to  even  number  of  hills,  we  have : 

Merch.  Unmercli.  Total. 

Hills.  Lbs'.  Lbs.  Lbs. 

D.  13  .  556  530.8  19.4  550.2 

D.  14 . .‘ .  556  585.0  28.25  613.25 


Difference .  54.2  8.85  63.05 

Bush.  Bush.  Bush. 

Per  acre .  1S.0  2.9  21.0 


We  have  here,  per  acre,  the  difference  between  the  actual  and 
calculated  differences,  or  five  bushels  of  merchantable,  or  five  and 
one-half  bushels  total,  which  may  be  ascribed  to  difference  in  num¬ 
ber  of  plants,  while  there  remains  a  difference  of  eighteen  or  twenty- 
one  bushels  to  destroy  the  appearance  of  equal  fertility  of  the  land. 

In  D.  2  and  D.  4  we  have  duplicates,  apparently,  in  1883;  let  us 
examine  the  records : 

1882.  No  fertilizer.  Corn,  in  hills,  five  by  five  feet.  Product 
not  weighed. 

1883.  Four  hundred  pounds  phosphate  per  acre;  198  pounds 
sound  corn  on  each  plat. 


No.  33.] 


65 


1884.  Four  hundred  pounds  phosphate  per  acre.  White  Star 
potatoes,  single  eyes,  two  together  in  a  hill ;  hills  twelve  inches  by 
forty-four  inches ;  602  hills  vegetated  in  both  plats,  or — 

0 

I).  4. 

1882.  Corn.  No  fertilizer. 


1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

Ear  born,  198  lbs. 


1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

White  Star  Potatoes. 

Single  eyes,  2  to  a  hill. 

Hills  12  x  44  inches. 

602  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

•  Lbs.  oz. 

584  8  merchantable. 

42  0  unmerchantable. 

626  8  Total. 


The  difference  here,  253.3  pounds  merchantable,  or  210.5  pounds 
total,  or  calculated  to  the  acre,  84.4  bushels  and  70.1  bushels. 

This  presentation  must  convince  the  most  skeptical  that  the  in¬ 
terpretation  of  plat  work  in  the  ordinary  manner  is  subject  to  errors, 
errors  which,  in  the  system  of  comparisons  in  use,  scarcely  admit  of 
detection,  and  yet  which,  if  we  attempt  to  generalize  from  our  con¬ 
clusions,  must  certainly  lead  us  astray,  or  leave  our  conclusions  open 
to  doubt. 

It  may  well  be  asked,  if  the  present  system  tends  to  lead  astray, 
what  system  should  be  substituted?  We  candidly  admit  that  we 
are  not  yet  prepared  to  speak  authoritatively  to  meet  the  views  of 
those  to  whom  the  specious  conclusions  of  the  present  system  are  so 
attractive.  We  believe  there  is  a  gain  in  recognizing  an  error,  even 
if  we  cannot  remove  it,  just  as  it  is  a  gain  to  locate  a  rock  upon  a 
chart,  even  if  the  rock  cannot  be  removed. 

Let  us,  however,  examine  our  cases  under  the  supposition  that  in¬ 
creased  length  and  decreased  breadth  of  our  plats  will  tend  to  elimi¬ 
nate  some  differences.  In  certain  plats  of  the  D  and  E  series  we 
have  duplicate  plantings  of  White  Star  potatoes  under  duplicate 
numbers,  and  we  may  compare  the  twentieth  acres  as  all  P  and  all 
E,  or  as  two  halves  of  D  and  E  numbers  combined,  in  the  one  case 
our  plats  being  2x4  rods,  in  the  other  1x8  rods. 

[Assern.  Doc.  No.  33.]  9 


D.  2. 

•  1882.  Corn.  No  fertilizer. 


1883.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 

Ear  corn,  198  lbs. 


1884.  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre. 
White  Star  Potatoes. 

Single  eyes,  2  to  a  hill. 

Hills  12  x  44  inches. 

602  hills  grew. 

Yield: 

Lbs.  oz. 

331  3  merchantable. 

84  13  unmerchantable 

416  0  Total. 


66 


[Assembly 


2x4  Rods.  1x8  Rods. 


D.  12 . 

e.  is . : . 

Merch. 

.  632.5 

.  610.0 

Total. 

659.7 

634.2 

Mercli. 

630.9 

611.6 

Total. 

654.7 

638.7 

Difference . 

22.5 

25.5 

19.3 

16.0, 

D.  13 . 

E.  13 . 

.  515.2 

.  542.2 

533.5 

565.7 

535.5 

522.0 

556.2 
•  543.0 

Difference . 

27.0 

32.2 

13.5 

13.2 

D.  14 . 

E.  14 . 

.  585.0 

.  572.4 

613.2 

601.8 

579.2 

578.0 

609.6 

605.6 

Difference . 

12.6 

11.4 

1.2 

4.0 

D.  IT . 

E.  17 . 

.  343.5 

.  294.2 

392.7 

332.7 

300.7 

337.0 

346.4 

379.1 

Difference . 

.  49.3 

60.0 

36.3 

32.7 

D.  18 . 

E.  18 . 

.  546.5 

.  539.2 

570.2 

575.5 

581.9 

503.9 

612.2 

533.5 

Difference . 

7.3 

5.3 

78.0 

<  78.7 

D.  19 . 

e.  19 . : . 

.  373.2 

.  307.0 

414.0 

349.2 

381.5 

298.7 

422.5 

340.7 

Difference . 

66.2 

64.8 

82.8 

81.8 

The  average  difference : 

2x4  plats . 

1x8  plats . 

Merch. 

Total. 

33.2  lbs. 
37.7  lbs. 

The  1x8  plats  a  less  difference  than  the  2x4  plats  in  four  cases 
out  of  the  six. 

In  two  of  the  Waushakum  corn  series,  I.  A.  and  II.  A.,  we  have 
ten  full  plats  of  one-tenth  acre  of  corn,  which  can  in  like  manner 
be  calculated  as  twentieth  plats  2x4  and  1x8  rods  sides,  each 
tenth  being  under  equivalent  conditions. 


Calculated 

Calculated 

2x4  rods 

1x8  rods 

sound  corn. 

sound  corn. 

A.  1 . 

223.9  lbs. 

204.6  lbs. 

206.5  lbs. 

225.9  lbs. 

Difference . 

17.4  lbs. 

21.3  lbs. 

No.  33.] 


67 


I.  A.  2 . 

Calculated 

•  2x4  rods 

sound  corn. 

.  225.1  lbs. 

202.3  lbs. 

Calculated 
1x8  rods 
sound  corn. 

214.4  lbs. 
213.0  lbs. 

Difference.  . 

1.4  lbs. 

I.  A.  3 . 

.  201.9  lbs. 

218.0  lbs. 

207.4  lbs. 

212.4  lbs. 

Difference . . 

5.0  lbs. 

I.  A.  4 . 

247.0  lbs. 

236.6  lbs. 
235.2  lbs. 

Difference.  . 

1.4  lbs. 

I.  A.  5 . 

238.6  lbs. 

222.5  lbs. 
233.3  lbs. 

Difference.  . 

10.8  lbs. 

II.  A.  1 . 

.  211.9  lbs. 

196.5  lbs. 

193.1  lbs. 
205.3  lbs. 

Difference . . 

.  15.4  lbs. 

12.2  lbs. 

II.  A.  2 . 

.  211.6  lbs. 

234.7  lbs. 

224.4  lbs. 
221.8  lbs. 

Difference.  . 

2.6  lbs. 

II.  A.  3 . 

.  231.6  lbs. 

234.1  lbs. 

230.8  lbs. 

234.9  lbs. 

Difference.  . 

4.1  lbs. 

II.  A.  4 . 

230.1  lbs. 

215.5  lbs. 
236.1  lbs. 

Difference  . 

.  8.7  lbs. 

20.6  lbs. 

II.  A.  5 . 

.  215.6  lbs. 

229.1  lbs. 

241.0  lbs. 

227.4  lbs. 

Difference. . 

1.7  lbs. 

V 


08 


[Assembly 


In  these  ten  series  the  difference  is  less  in  1  x  8  rods  calculation  in 
seven  cases  out  of  the  ten,  while  the  average  difference  is  — 

For  the  2x4  calculations .  17.4  lbs.  per  plat. 

“  1x8  calculation  . . .  8. 1  “  “ 

As  in  the  two  cases  of  the  potatoes  and  corn,  we  have  less  differ¬ 
ence  in  the  long-row  calculation  in  eleven  cases  out  of  sixteen,  we 
are  justified  in  thinking  that  plats  should  be  laid  out  long  and  nar¬ 
row  in  preference  to  a  square  area,  but  our  data  is  scarcely  sufficient 
for  us  to  foresee  how  long  the  plats  should  be  in  order  that  two  ad¬ 
joining  plats  shall  attain  to  be  duplicates  of  each  other,  under  du¬ 
plicated  conditions. 

In  all  our  calculations  upon  the  efficiency  of  methods  in  our  plat 
series  we  are  subjected  to  the  liability  of  error  through  not  having 
any  standard  for  the  purposes  of  estimating  the  value  of  the  varia¬ 
tions  in  crop  noted.  Yet  the  discussing  of  our  results  may  afford 
some  clew  to  practice,  if  interpreted  in  terms  of  greater  or  less,  but 
we  must  guard  against  using  the  figures  as  representing  absolute 
quantities,  either  by  themselves  or  relatively  to  others  with  which 
they  may  stand  in  seeming  comparison. 

Potatoes. 


The  first  question  to  be  asked  with  potatoes  is  that  of  the  influ¬ 
ence  of  the  seed  used,  and  we  put  it  into  the  form  of  a  query : 

What  is  the  influence  of  'position  of  the  eye  of  the  potato  as  re¬ 
gards  crop?  This  question  derives  an  importance  from  the  quite 
general  habit  among  farmers  of  rejecting  the  seed  end  of  the  potato 
for  planting.  For  the  purposes  of  the  trial,  Plats  D.  7  and  D.  10, 
each  of  one-twentieth  of  an  acre,  were  taken,  fertilized  at  the  rate 
of  400  pounds  superphosphates  per  acre,  and  planted  with  the  single 
eyes  in  order  as  cut  from  the  tuber.  The  same  trial  in  1883,  with 
Plat  C.  5,  was  as  nearly  as  possible  under  identical  conditions  of 
method  and  treatment,  and  hence  its  results  may  be  again  presented 
here.  The  data  obtained  was  : 


No.  of 

No.  of 

No.  of 

Yield 

No.  of 

eyes 

eyes 

eyes 

merchant- 

Total 

Plat. 

potatoes. 

planted. 

grew. 

failed. 

able. 

yield. 

c. 

5,  1883.. .  . 

, . . .  30 

581 

557 

25 

388 . 7  lbs. 

667.6 

D. 

7,  1884.. .  . 

. . . .  28 

583 

549 

34 

524. 1  lbs. 

568.5 

D.  10,  1884  . . 

. . . .  28 

5S1 

573 

8 

316.1  lbs. 

379.1 

Yield  per  100  eyes  or  hills,  in  pounds: 

C.  5, 1883.  D.  7.  1884.  D.  10,  1884. 


.a 

o 

0) 


Stem  eyes .  62,18 

Central  eyes . 72.88 

Terminal  eyes. . . .  73.73 
Tlie  four  terminal.  82.55 


,3 

o 

u 

o» 

3 

a 

0 

15.48 

15.23 

15.72 

20.33 


a> 

4-3 

o 

PH 


26.81 

43.05 

33.41 

40.32 


c3 

O 

H 

104.47 

131.16 

142.86 

143.20 


o 

fH 

© 


84.50 

111.20 

88.67 

85.92 


r3 

y 

© 

a 

W 

a 

0 

7.75 

8.71 

7.88 

9.41 


a 

o 

E-1 


r=i 

y 

i-i 

© 


92.25 

119.91 

96.55 

95.33 


55.11 

65.61 

43.96 

37.09 


■g 

Fh 

<D 

3 

a 

0 

10.79 

11.94 

9.88 

9.63 


S3 

o 

Eh 

65.90 

77.55 

53.84 

46.72 


69 


No.  33.] 


We  said  in  last  year’s  report,  in  discussiong  the  figures  of  C.  5, 
“  The  lesson  taught  from  these  tables  is  that  there  is  certainly  no 
inferiority  of  the  seed  end  when  used  for  seed,  etc.  Interpreting 
in  like  manner  the  figures  for  this  year,  as  obtained  fiom  D.  7  and 
D.  10,  we  may  say  “  The  lesson  taught  from  these  tables  is  that 
there  is  certainly  an  inferiority  of  the  seed  end  when  used  foi  seed. 
Whence,  then,  this  apparent  contradiction  ?  We  believe  it  proper 
to  confess  that  we  have  a  greater  confidence  in  our  facts  than  in  our 
interpretation,  and  in  view  of  the  apparent  contradiction  we  can  but 
surmise  that  our  facts  last  year  were  discussed  in  an  erroneous  man¬ 
ner.  We  will,  therefore,  re-in vestigate  our  figures  of  last  year ;  as, 
however,  the  number  of  eyes  in  each  potato  are  not  equally  divisi¬ 
ble  by  three  we  must  interpolate  in  order  to  secure  uniformity,  and 
hence  our  figures  are  not  exactly  the  same  as  those  given  in  last 
year’s  report the  figures  are  also  changed  relatively  by  counting  the 
zeros  of  the  missing  hills  in  calculating  the  crop. 

Our  calculations,  therefore,  founded  upon  the  data  of  the  two 
years,  take  this  form  for  the  total  crop  — 

Total  yield  for  the  butt,  central  and  terminal  eyes,  in  pounds,  cal¬ 
culated  to  the  100  eyes  — 


Plat. 

No.  of  eyes. 

Butt. 

Central. 

Tip. 

Butt. 

Central. 

Tip. 

576.  C. 

5 . 

.  167.6 

300.4 

272.7 

87.3 

156.4 

142 . 0 

528,  D.  7 . 

.  162.5 

211.0 

169.9 

92.2 

119.9 

96.5 

549;  D.  10 . 

.  119.9 

141.7 

98.0  65.9 

C.  5, 
per  cent. 

77.5 

D.  7, 
per  cent. 

53.8 

D.  10, 
per  cent. 

The  butt  eyes  yielded  in  per  cent  of  total  yield 
The  central  eyes  yielded  in  per  cent  of  total  yield. . 
The  tip  eyes  yielded  in  per  cent  of  total  yield . 


23 

30 

33 

40 

39 

39 

36 

31 

28 

We  may  again  figure  out  the  actual  results  in  another  form  — 


C.  5.  D.  7. 

The  butts  were  ahead  of  the  centers .  2  times.  2  times. 

The  tips  were  ahead  of  the  centers .  9  “  4 

The  centers  were  ahead  of  the  butts . 28  “  20 

The  centers  were  ahead  of  the  tips .  21  “  24  “ 

The  tips  were  ahead  of  the  butts .  22  ‘  15 

The  butts  were  ahead  of  the  tips .  8  “  13  “ 


D.  10.  Total. 

6  times.  10  times. 


4 

4  < 

17 

<  c 

22 

<  % 

76 

i  i 

24 

4  < 

69 

4  ( 

7 

4  ( 

44 

<  ( 

21 

<  c 

42 

i  < 

We  must,  therefore,  reverse  our  statement  of  last  year,  and  say 
that  the  two  years’  data  go  to  show  that  the  central  eyes  of  the 
potato  are  superior  in  yield  to  the  stem  or  butt  eyes. 

When  a  potato  is  cut  into  halves,  and  the  butt  end  and  tip  end 
are  used  as  seed,  we  should  scarcely  expect  to  find  much  difference, 
as  the  errors  incident  to  the  plat  system  may  more  than  counterbal¬ 
ance  such  differences  as  exist.  In  some  plat  trials  we  obtained  on 
twentieths  of  an  acre  — 

Stem  or  butt  half. 
Merch.  Unmercli.  Total, 
lbs.  ozs.  lbs.  ozs.  lbs.  ozs 

.  632  8  26  12  659  4 

.  585  0  28  4  613  4 


D.  12 
D.  14 


70 


[Assembly 


D.  11 
D.  13 


Seed  or  tip  half. 

Mercli.  Unmercli.  Total, 
lbs.  ozs.  lbs.  ozs.  lbs.  ozs. 


537  12  17  0  554  12 
515  4  18  4  553  8 


The  average  of  the  two  plats  of  each  calculated  to  the  acre  of  full 
hills  reads  — 


Mercli.  Unmercb.  Total. 


Stem  or  butt  half .  217.1  bush.  9.9  bush.  227.0  bush. 

Seed  or  tip. half .  185.1  “  6.2  “  191.3  “ 


Difference 


32  bush.  3.7  bush.  35.7  bush. 


Yet  this  difference  is  no  more  than  is  often  found  between  dupli¬ 
cate  plats,  and  jet  it  is  about  double  what  occurs  between  plats  D. 
12  and  D.  14,  and  still  more  than  exists  between  plats  D.  11  and 
D.  13. 

In  the  three  plats  in  which  the  ejes  were  planted  in  order  the 
yield,  separating  the  seed  into  butt  half  and  tip  half,  was  for  the 
total : 

Total  yield  per  acre : 


Stem  or  Seed  or 

butt  half.  tip  half. 

0.  5 .  218.4  bush.  290.8  bush. 

D.  7 .  200.9  “  207.6  “ 

D.  10 .  137.5  «  121.8  “ 


Massing  these  with  our  other  results  and  we  have  five  trials,  of 
which  three  are  in  favor  of  the  stem  end,  and  two  of  the  butt  end, 
or  in  total  yield  of  the  five  trials  the  seed  end  is  slightly  in  advance. 
We  may  hence  conclude  that  the  trial  does  not  decide  a  difference 
between  the  values  of  the  two  ends  of  the  potato  as  used  for  seed, 
but  simply  determines  in  terms  of  greater  or  less  that  the  central 
portion  of  the  potato  yielded  the  best  results  when  used  for  seed. 

The  next  problem  we  shall  seek  to  elucidate  is  that  of  the  influ¬ 
ence  of  the  character  of  the  seed  used ,  understanding  by  this,  single 
eyes,  small,  cuttings  or  whole  potatoes.  As  we  have  already  observed, 
we  have  no  means  of  determining  duplicates,  and  lienee  we  must 
devise  other  methods  for  obtaining  our  results  than  that  of  the  com¬ 
parison  of  adjoining  crops,  which  vary  from  each  other  no  more  than 
do  those  plats  which  were  intended  as  duplicates. 

For  the  purposes  of  our  study  we  have  twenty  plats  where  single 
eyes  were  used  for  seed,  eight  plats  with  quarter  potatoes,  five  with 
half  potatoes  and  three  with  whole  potatoes.  In  every  case  the  fer¬ 
tilization  of  the  preceding  year  was  the  same,  viz.,  400  pounds  super¬ 
phosphate  per  acre.  In  all  but  a  few  cases  the  method  of  treatment 
during  growth  was  the  same,  and  the  variety  in  all  cases  the  White 
Star.  In  a  few  cases  three  kinds  of  seed  were  grown  in  alternate 


71 


No.  33.] 


rows,  and  the  product  multiplied  by  three  in  order  to  obtain  the 
yield  per  twentieth  of  an  acre. 

The  yields  were  as  below  per  twentieth  of  an  acre  plat,  in  pounds : 
Single  eyes  used  as  seed  : 


D. 

D. 

D. 


D.  17 


E. 

E. 

E. 


E. 


E. 

E. 

E. 

E. 

E. 


1, 

4, 


Average . 

Half  potatoes  used  as  seed : 

E.  2 . 

E.  5 . 

E.  7 . 

E.  8 . 

E.  9 . 


Corrected 

to  594 

hills  per 

plant. 

Mercli. 

Total. 

Mercli.  • 

Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

294.9 

330.7 

301.7 

338.5 

436.0 

468.7 

443.5 

475.8 

537.7 

.554.7 

559  A 

576.1 

632.5 

659.2 

659.0 

687.0 

515.2 

533.5 

567.8 

587.8 

585.0 

613.2 

624.9 

655.1 

343.5 

392.7 

379.9 

433.1 

546.5 

570.2 

566 . 0 

591.0 

373.2 

414.0 

388.0 

430.6 

528.7 

611.1 

534.0 

556,5 

450 . 7 

491.9 

459.7 

502.0 

495.7 

529.4 

508.4 

542 . 9 

567.0 

597.7 

558.0 

619.5 

639.2 

670.2 

665 . 0 

696.7 

610.0 

634.2 

631.2 

656.4 

542.2 

565.7 

'554.3 

577.3 

572.2 

601.5 

594.5 

625.4 

294.2 

332.7 

402.7 

455.3 

539.2 

575.5 

564.9 

602.9 

307.0 

349.2 

346.6 

394.4 

490.5 

524.8 

515.4 

# 

550.2 

• 

566.5 

632.5 

568.4 

634.6 

456.3 

551.6 

507.5 

613.6 

678.3 

728.5 

682.8 

733 . 5 

784.7 

827.0 

788.3 

831.2 

657.0 

705.0 

663.7 

712.1 

690.7 

744.0 

694.3 

747.7 

806.7 

853.5 

812.2 

859.2 

782.7 

823.2 

785.3 

826.0 

677.8 

• 

733.1 

687.8 

744.7 

617.7 

688.0 

620.8 

691.5 

785.1 

854.7 

790.5 

860.5 

982.4 

1064.6 

982.4 

1064.6 

846.0 

920.2 

846.0 

920.2 

961.5 

1047 . 7 

961.5 

1047.7 

838.5 

915.0 

840.2 

916.9 

72 

[Assembly 

Whole  potatoes  used 

as  seed : 

Corrected  to  594 

hills  per  plat. 

Merch. 

Total. 

Merch.  Total. 

• 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.  Lbs. 

E.  3 . 

.  777.0 

817.7 

780.9  880.0 

E.  6.. . 

.  910.3 

1051.8 

911.8  1053.5 

E.  10 . 

.  1187.2 

1338.0 

1193.2  1344.8 

Average . . 

.  958.1 

1089.1 

961.9  1092.8 

W e  have  then  for  the  averages  of  the  plats : 

T 

As  harvested.  Calculated  to  594  hills. 

Merch. 

Total. 

Merch.  Total. 

Seed  used. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.  Lbs. 

Single  eyes . . . 

.  490.5 

524.8 

515.4  550.2 

Quarter  potatoes . 

.  677.8 

733.1 

687.8  744.7 

Half  potatoes . 

.  838.5 

915.0 

840.2  916.9 

Whole  potatoes . 

.  958.1 

1089.1 

961  9  1092.8 
• 

• 

As  there  was  no  rot 

this  year,  the  difference 

between  the  iner- 

chantable  and  total  represents  the  small  potatoes.  These  on  the 

average  were : 

As  harvested. 

Calculated  to  594  hills 

Lbs.  per  ct. 

Lbs.  per  ct. 

In  single  eyes . 

.  34. 

3  or  6.5 

34.8  or  6.7 

In  quarter  potatoes.  . . 

.  55. 

3  or  7.5 

56.9  or  7.6 

In  half  potatoes . 

.  76.5  or  8.3 

76.7  or  8.3 

In  whole  potatoes  .... 

.  131 . 

0  or  12.0 

130.9  or  12.0 

That  the  single  eyes  were  inferior  in  yield  is  best  shown  by 
arranging  the  various  plats  in  order  of  yield,  and  placing  the  vari¬ 
ous  seedings  in  adjoining  columns.  This  we  do,  and  the  answer 
given  by  inspection  of  the  table  is  conclusive  as  to  results  in  the 
station  plats  this  year.  Our  figures  are  calculated  to  the  acre  of 
11,880  hills. 

Merchantable  crop :  bushel  per  acre ;  arranged  in  order  of 
amount  of  yield : 


Seed. 

Seed. 

Seed. 

Seed. 

■le  eyes. 

Quarter  potatoes. 

Half  potatoes.  * 

Whole  potatoes. 

100 

169 

206 

260 

115 

189 

263 

303 

126 

221 

282 

397 

129 

227 

321 

134 

147 

231 

261 

327 

153 

169 

178 

184 

186 

186 

188 

188 

262 

270  . 

• 

• 

189 

198 

208 

210 

219 

221 

V 

We  have  a  few  studies  in  relation  to  distance  for  planting ,  but 
unfortunately  too  few  for  a  full  discussion.  We  heard  last  year  a 
theory  advanced,  and  indeed  saw  it  put  into  practice,  that  in'  close 
planting  shading  produced  the  injury  often  noticed,  and  that  when 
shading  was  prevented  by  pulling  off  the  shoots  so  as  to  have  but 
one  in  a  hill,  a  certain  crowding  did  not  show  ill  effects ;  and  that 
to  secure  the  full  benefits  from  single  eye  planting,  close  planting 
and  a  thinning  to  one  stalk,  when  the  plant  was  a  few  inches  high, 
was  requisite. 

In  D.  5  we  have  a  twentieth  acre,  White  Star  potato,  single  eyes, 
used,  as  seed,  12x22  inches  spaces  and  thinned  to  one  stalk  to  the  eye, 
and  in  D.  8  another  plat  where  the  spacing  was  the  same,  but  the 
stalks  not  thinned.  Each  plat  had  received  at  the  rate  of  400  lbs. 
fertilizer  per  acre : 


• 

Merch. 

Total. 

Calculated  to 
full  plat. 
Merch.  Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

D.  5  thinned . 

920.7 

859.4 

953.1 

D.  8  not  thinned . 

676.5 

593.4 

695.8 

Difference . 

....  253.5 

244.2 

266.0 

257.3 

Bushel  per  acre  . . 

84.5 

81.4 

88.6 

85.9 

In  the  twenty  plats  of  single  eyes,  twelve  by  forty-four  inch 
spaces,  same  fertilizer  employed  : 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33,]  10 


4 


74 


[Assembly 


Calculated  to  full 


Actual.  plats. 


Mercli. 

Total 

Merch. 

Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Average  yield .  . 

.  490.5 

524.8 

515.4 

550.2 

Least  yield . 

.  294.8 

330.7 

301.7 

338.5 

Greatest  yield . 

.  639.2 

670.2 

665.0 

696.7 

We  note  that  the  yield  of  D  8  is  above  the  average  for  the  plats, 
and  not  equal  to*  the  best  plat,  we  may,  therefore,  surmise  that  the 
lessened  distance  of  planting  was  an  advantage.  As  the  yield  of  D 
5  was  decidedly  larger  than  that  of  D  8,  and  was  far  superior  in  yield 
to  the  best  of  the  twenty  single  eye  plats,  we  must  consider  the  ex¬ 
periment  as  indicating  an  ad  vantage. from  this  method  of  treatment. 

In  D  6  we  had  similar  seed,  and  similar  conditions  to  the  above 
named  throughout,  with  the  exception  of  two  single  eyes  in  a  hill, 
and  thinned ;  while  D  9,  its  intended  duplicate,  was  treated  the 
same  in  all  but  the  thinning. 

Two  eyes  in  a  hill : 

Actual  yield.  Corrected  yield. 

Mercli.  Total.  Mercli.  Total. 

Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs. 


D  6  thinned,  12  x  22  in.  spaces. .  . .  967.2  1082.6  967.2  1082.6 
D  9  not  thinned,  12  x  22  in.  spaces.  322.4  5,70.6  326.4  577.4 


Difference.... .  644.8  512.0  640.8  505.2 

Bushels  per  acre .  214.9  170.6  213.6  168.4 


In  this  experiment  we  see  the  ill  effect  of  crowding  in  D  9,  by 
the  increase  of  the  unmerchantable  potatoes,  these  being  over  forty- 
three  per  cent  of  the  total  crop,  instead  of  the  usual  six  to  seven  per 
cent  of  the  single  eyes.  In  D  6  the  small  potatoes  are  but  ten  per 
cent,  and  the  crop  greatly  increased. 

We  are  thus  justified  in  giving  some  countenance  to  the  idea  that 
we  may  expect,  through  thinning  our  plants  to  a  single  stalk,  to  gain 
increase  of  crop  from  single  eyes  by  close  planting. 

MuLcnED  Potatoes. 


In  1882,  through  a  series  of  experiments  on  a  quite  small  scale, 
the  hypothesis  was  suggested  that  the  potato,  for  its  best  crop,  re¬ 
quires  the  tubers  to  occupy  a  dry  and  warm  position,  and  the  roots 
a  cool  and  moist  position.  A  small  area  was  covered  with  six  inches 
of  sand,  another  with  four  inches,  the  potato  seed  being  laid  on  the 
ground  previous  to  the  covering.  Under  these  circumstances  the 
tubers  were  formed  in  the  dry  and  hot  sand  bed  while  the  roots  occm 
pied  the  moist,  because  mulched,  soil  below.  The  yield  was, 


12  hills,  6  inch  sand  cover 
12  hills,  4  inch  sand  cover 
12  hills,  ridge  culture 
12  hills,  level  culture 


Mercli.  tubers.  Small  tubers. 
2 2J  lbs.  i  OZS. 

22  lbs.  lOf  ozs. 

9J  lbs.  f  ozs. 

5|  lbs.  1  lb.  11  ozs. 


No.  33] 


75 


This  method  of  sand  covering  is  not  a  practicable  one  for  the 
farmers,  but  we  can  secure  the  same  conditions  to  a  certain  degree 
by  planting  our  potatoes  upon  ridges,  and  mulching  the  intervals 
with  straw.  In  order  not  to  favor  the  mulched  plats,  one  plan 
since  1882  has  been  to  allow  the  straw  to  replace  all  cultivation,  and 
such  weeds  as  have  appeared  have  been  allowed  to  grow  in  every 
case.  In  a  trial  in  1882  the  mulched  potatoes  yielded  per  100  hills 
lbs.  merchantable,  and  22£  lbs.  unmerchantable  tubers.  Ordi¬ 
nary  ridge  culture  yielded  per  100  hills  83£  lbs.  merchantable  and 
7-J  lbs.  unmerchantable.  The  soil  of  this  year’s  trial  was  in  poor 
condition. 

In  1883,  we  had  seven  trials  of  this  method,  upon  areas  of  one- 
twentieth  of  an  acre.  In  no  one  case  did  the  mulched  plats  yield 
the  larger  crop,  and  in  some  cases  very  manifestly  inferior  crop. 
The  average  figures  obtained  were : 


Merchantable 

tubers. 


Seven  mulched  plats,  average  yield .  363  lbs. 

Seven  unmulched  plats,  average  yield .  520  lbs. 


This  trial  we  deem  inconclusive,  as  on  account  of  the  moistness  of 
the  season  we  did  not  secure  the  theoretical  conditions  designed, 
viz. :  dry  and  warm  soil  for  the  tubers ;  cool  and  moist  soil  for  the 
roots. 

In  1884  we  had  five  trials  upon  ten  plats  of  one-twentieth  acre 
each.  The  resulting  figures  were  from  the  single  eyes  used  as  seed, 
and  400  lbs.  phosphate  per  acre,  as  below : 


Single  eyes. 

Mercli. 

Total. 

IY.  B.  mulched  intervals . 

. .  524.4  lbs. 

547.4  lbs. 

unmulched . 

. .  458.7  lbs. 

477.5  lbs. 

Y.  B.  mulched  intervals . 

. .  490 . 6  lbs. 

509.2  lbs. 

unmulched . 

. .  529.5  lbs. 

546.7  lbs. 

YII.  B.  mulched  intervals . 

. .  321.5  lbs. 

361 . 5  lbs. 

un  mulched . 

. .  405.0  lbs. 

429 . 2  lbs. 

• 

Quarter  potatoes. 

D  15  mulched . 

.  833 . 2  lbs. 

883.2  lbs. 

D  16  unmulched . . . 

566 . 5  lbs. 

632.5  lbs. 

E  16  mulched  . . 

.  782.7  lbs. 

823.2  lbs. 

E  15  unmulched . 

.  806.7  lbs. 

853.5  lbs. 

Average  of  the  5  mulched  plats . 

590.5  lbs. 

024.9  lbs. 

5  unmulched  plats . 

..  553.3  lbs. 

587.9  lbs. 

The  variation  between  the  extreme  yields  for  the  mulched  is  quite 
large.  This  may  be  allowed  for  by  considering  that  the  plats  form 
two  groups,  occupying  different  portions  of  the  field,  the  B  series 
forming  one  and  the  D  and  E  series  forming  the  other,  and  the 
seed  used  single  eyes  in  the  one  case  and  quarter  potatoes  in  the 


76  [Assembly 

other.  Let  us  arrange  our  results  in  order  of  crop  in  the  two  sets 
of  trials : 

Single  eyes  as  seed  : 

Mulched.  Unmulched. 


Merck. 

Total. 

Mercb. 

Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

VII. 

B . 

..  321.5 

361.5 

VII. 

B..., 

.  405.0 

.429 . 2 

V. 

B . 

. .  490.6 

509.2 

IV. 

B... 

.  458.7 

477 . 5 

IV. 

B . 

. .  524.4 

547.4 

V. 

B..., 

....*.  529.5 

546.7 

As  the  variation  between  the  extremes  of  these  figures  are  no 
greater  than  occurred  in  our  designed  duplicates  D  18  and  E  17,  as 
heretofore  discussed,  these  series  may  be  considered  as  duplicates 
and  we  note  that  the  mulched  plats  were  superior  in  crop  two  out  of 
the  three  times,  but  the  average  yield  of  the  mulched  was  445.5  lbs. 
of  the  unmulched  464.4  lbs.,  or  as  near  a  duplicate  yield  as  could  be 
expected,  the  figures,  however,  slightly  against  the  mulching. 

In  JD  and  E  series  we  have  duplicates  again.  The  yield  in  order 
of  size  was, 

Quarter  potatoes  used  as  seed  : 


a 

Mulched. 

LTnmulcbed. 

Mercb. 

Total. 

Mercb. 

Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

E  16 . 

. ...  7S2.7 

823.2 

D  16 . 

....  566.5 

632.5 

D  15 . 

....  833.2 

E  15....  • 

. ...  806.7 

853.5 

We  have  in  this  series  the  mulched  plats  the  better  both  trials,  as 
also  better  results  upon  the  average,  there  being  an  average  yield  of 
807.9  pounds  merchantable  from  the  mulched  plats,  and  686.6  pounds 
merchantable  from  the  unmulched.  Yet  the  difference  is  no  greater 
than  between  designed  duplicates,  and  hence  cannot  be  considered 
as  decisive. 

As  all  the  seed  did  not  furnish  plants  we  append  a  corrected  table, 
calculated  to  an  even  plant  of  594  hills  per  plat,  whereby  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  correction  does  not  change  our  conclusions. 

Yield  corrected  to  594  hills  per  plat,  single  eye  series: 


Mulched. 


Merck. 

Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

VII.  B . 

316.1 

360.3 

V.B . 

521.3 

541.0 

IV.  B . . 

573.3 

599.4 

Quarter  potato 

series : 

E  16 . 

785.3 

825.9 

D  16 . 

843.1 

893.7 

Unmulched. 
Merck.  Total. 


Lbs.  Lbs. 

VII.  B .  430.2  455.7 

IV.  B .  465.7  484.8 

V.B .  576.0  594.7 


D  16 .  568.4  634.6 

E  15 .  S12.1  859.2 


The  correct  and  actual  average  for  the  two  series  is, 


No.  33.] 


77 


For  the  single  eye  plats,  corrected. . . . 

For  the  single  eye  plats,  actual . 

For  the  quarter  potato  plats,  corrected 
For  the  quarter  potato  plats,  actual. . . 


Mulched. 
Merch.  Total. 
Lbs.  Lbs. 

470.2  500.2 

445.5  472.7. 

814.2  859.8 
807.9  853.2 


Unmulched. 
Merch.  Total. 
Lbs.  Lbs. 

490.6  511.7 
464.4  484.4 

690.2  746.9 

686.6  743.0 


It  may  be  well  to  add  in  explanation  that  in  order  to  make  our 
trials  as  little  favorable  as  possible  to  the  mulching,  the  straw  was 
applied  to  the  intervals,  as  soon  as  the  potatoes  were  sufficiently 
grown  to  distinguish  the  rows,  or  when  all  of  the  hills  were  supposed 
to  have  vegetated.  From  this  time  out  the  plats  were  uninterfered 
with,  and  not  only  many  weeds  grew  upon  the  ridges,  but  there  was 
in  many  places  an  abundance  of  weeds  growing  out  of  the  straw, 
these  latter  coming  from  the  wheat  and  oat  grains  which  had  escaped 
the  thresher.  The  un mulched  plats  were  hoed  and  cultivated  suffi¬ 
ciently  often  to  keep  in  good  condition  and  free  from  weeds. 

It  is  desirable  that  this  hypothesis  regarding  the  potato  be  further 
experimented  upon,  for,  if  further  trial  shall  satisfy  of  the  correct¬ 
ness  of  the  idea,  we  have  a  reason  offered  for  explaining  the  bene¬ 
fits  derived  from  stirring  the  soil  about  the  crop  during  growth,  the 
pulverized  soil  acting  as  a  mulch,  and  answering  the  same  purpose 
as  the  straw  so  far  as  concerns  the  lower  layers  of  the  soil  which  are 
occupied  by  the  feeding  roots. 

In  E  20  we  have  a  plat  planted  with  quarter  potatoes,  and  de¬ 
signed  as  duplicate  with  D  and  E  15  and  Id  plats,  with  the  excep¬ 
tion  that  the  seed  was  laid  upon  the  ground  and  the  whole  plat 
covered  six  inches,  more  or  less,  with  straw.  The  yield  of  E  20,  in 
comparison  with  D  and  E.  15  and  16,  is  given  below : 


Merch.  Total. 
Lbs.  Lbs. 

E  20.  Mulched  with  straw .  372.8  438.0 

D  15,  E  16.  Intervals  mulched .  807.9  853.2 

E  15,  D  16.  Unmulched .  686.6  743.0 


These  figures,  as  far  as  they  go,  tend  to  conform  to  the  hypothesis 
as  is  readily  seen  by  inspection.  It  is  hence  safe  to  recommend  what 
experiment  shows  and  what  experience  confirms,  that  the  farmer 
should  cultivate  his  crop,  either  with  hoe  or  horse  implement,  shallow 
but  frequently  during  the  season,  as  thus  not  only  are  weeds  removed, 
which  in  themselves  are  detrimental  to  crop,  but  the  conditions 
which  seem  to  be  required  for  a  full  crop  are  more  nearly  secured. 
For  be  it  remembered  that  our  Lysimeter  results,  given  elsewhere, 
show  that  a  pulverized  upper  surface  retards  evaporation  and  main¬ 
tains  a  greater  moisture  in  the  soil  underneath  than  occurs  when 
the  surface  is  allowed  to  remain  hard  and  firm. 


Influence  of  Shade  on  the  Potato  Plant. 

In  order  to  study  the  effect  of  shade  upon  the  potato  plant  we 
have  two  plats,  C  17  and  C  18,  planted  in  alternate  rows  with  VVausha- 


78 


[Assembly 


kum  corn  and  White  Star  potatoes,  the  corn  in  hills  42x31  inches, 
the. potatoes  in  hills  12x31  inches,  and  the  treatment  of  both  plats 
alike,  400  lbs.  of  superphosphate  per  acre  being  used  on  either. 
The  yields  were : 


C  17  .. 
C  18  .. 


No.  rows. 
Corn.  Potatoes. 


6  7 

7  6 


Corn. 

Sound.  Unsound. 
Lbs.  Lbs. 


107.0  13.9 

143.2  18.0 


Yield. 

Potatoes. 

Merch.  Unmerch. 
Lbs.  Lbs. 


109.2  25. 7 
47.5  11.7 


Total. 

Lbs. 


135.0 

59.2 


The  full  stand  of  corn  should  have  been  seventy-six  plants  to  the 
row,  of  potatoes  sixty-six  hills  to  the  row.  Correcting  for  the  defi¬ 
ciencies  and  calculating  to  the  plat  of  nine  rows,  -we  have 


C  17 . 

€  18 . 


Corrected  yield. 

Corn.  Potatoes. 


Sound. 

Unsound. 

Merch. 

Unmerch. 

Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.- 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

181.2 

23.4 

320.7 

76.0 

396.7 

248.6 

25.4 

190.6 

47.0 

237.6 

*  The  eight  corn  plats,  which  may  be  considered  duplicates,  yielded 
per  plat  200.7  lbs.  sound  and  6.6  lbs.  unsound  corn,  the  extremes  for 
sound  corn  being  161.1  lbs.  and  237.0  lbs. 

The  twenty  potato  plants,  which  may  be  considered  as  duplicates, 
yielded  in  the  average  490.5  lbs.  merch.  and  524.8  lbs.  total  per 
plat.  The  extreme  yields  of  the  plats  were  294.9  lbs.  and  639.2  lbs. 
for  merchantable,  330.7  and  670.2  lbs.  for  total  crop. 

W e  may  now  compare  our  figures  arranged  in  tabular  form  : 


Corn  and  potatoes,  2  plats,  average 

Corn,  average  of  8  plats . 

Potatoes,  average  of  20  plats ...... 


Yield. 

Sound 

Potatoes. 

corn. 

Merch. 

Unmerch.  Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.  Lbs. 

214.9 

200.7 

255.6 

61.5  317.1 

490.5 

34.3  524.8 

The  extreme  yields : 


Corn  and  potatoes,  per  plat 

Corn,  8  plats,  per  plat . 

Potatoes,  20  plats,  per  plat. 


Sound  corn. 
Lbs. 


Potatoes. 

Merch.  Unmerch. 
Lbs.  Lbs. 


Total . 
Lbs. 


181  and  248  190  and  320  47  and  76  237  and  396 

161  and  237  . 

.  295  and  839  31  and  36  330  and  670 


We  thus  see  that  in  the  mixed  plats  the  corn  yielded  more  than 
the  duplicate  plats,  the  potatoes  less.  Even  if  we  make  ample  al¬ 
lowance  in  our  mind  for  the  increased  spacing,  we  can  see  no  evi¬ 
dence  that  the  potatoes  were  injurious  to  the  yield  of  the  corn. 
On  the  contrary  the  potatoes  seem  to  be  injured  greatly  by  the  corn, 
and  this  is  shown  by  the  great  increase  in  the  percentage  of  unmer¬ 
chantable  potatoes  to  the  merchantable  crop.  As  the  corn  plant  and 


79 


No.  33.] 

the  potato  plant  feed  principally  from  different  areas  of  the  soil  we 
(  scaicely  believe  that  the  two  crops  interfered  much  with  each 
othei  so  far  as  robbing  each  the  other  of  fertility  is  concerned  and 
as  the  corn  plants  bore  normal  yield  and  were  not  shaded  so  the 
potato  plants  bore  small  crop  and  were  shaded.  Hence  we ’suspect 

tL  poteato  seed?nr8  PrinC’'Pal  W°rk  ‘°  the  d°Mment  of 

Corroborative  evidence  toward  this  conclusion"  is  offered  by  plats 
D  068  and  9,  when  the  effect  of  thinning  the  young  plants  to 
one  stalk  to  an  eye  is  discussed.  J  8  p  t  t0 


Htgkoscopic  Properties  of  Grais. 

Clawson  Wheat. 

In  the  following  experiment  the  grain  was  put  into  netting  bao-s 

harvested  J  dt  f1'fi01"  the1ce’hng  \n  *e  laboratory.  Clawson  wheal, 
nai vested  July  16,  threshed  out  July  18,  four  bao-s  containing  1000 

grammes  and  two  bags  containing  500  grammes  each  :  & 


Total  weight  July  18 

July  27  . . .  . 
August  3 . . . 
August  10. . . 
August  17. . . 
August  24. . . 
August  31 . . . 
September  14 
September  21 
September  28 
October  5  .  . 
October  12  .  . 
November  22 


Per  cent  of  loss 


Grammes 

by  drying. 

5000 . 0 
4310.4 

13.80 

4133.5 

17.33 

4070 . 7 

18.59 

4021.3 

19.58 

3969.2 

20.62 

4001.5 

19.97 

3983.8 

20.33 

3980.8 

20.39 

4023 . 2 

19.54 

4051.8 

18.97 

4026.3 

19.48 

3796.9 

24.06 

SeptemS;  weighed :  ^  ^  8—68  each’  taIran  from  bin 

Total  weight  September  4  .  4000  0 

September  14 . .*  * .*  *  3888 ‘ 9 

September  21 .  3875  q 

September  28  .  3913  *9 

October  5 .  3937  1 

October  12 .  3912  7 

November  22 .  3675  0 

Between  October  12  and  November  22,  the  laboratory  in  which 

bncr  rmP  eSi  WGf  kepit  WaS  warmed  in  the  usual  manner  of  a  dwel¬ 
ling  room,  by  steam  heat. 


2.77 

3.12 
2.15 
1.57 
2.18 

8.12 


80 


[Assembly 


The  wheat  in  the  first  table,  harvested  July  16,  and  hand  threshed 
July  18,  contained  27.02  per  cent  of  water  by  analysis,  and  hence 
we  have  for  the  water  content  of  the  wheat  at  the  various  weighings 
the  difference  between  the  per  cent  of  loss  and  27.02  per  cent, 
whereby  we  see  that  the  lowest  water  contents  exposed  to  the  nat¬ 
ural  air  of  the  room  was  August  24,  when  it  dried  to  about  6.40  per 
cent ;  and  on  November  22,  in  a  steam-heated  room,  it  was  about 
2.96  per  cent. 

On  September  22,  and  at  various  dates  thereafter,  samples  -were 
taken  from  a  bin  containing  several  hundred  bushels,  from  the  inte¬ 
rior  of  the  mass,  and  subjected  to  analysis  for  the  purpose  of  obtain¬ 
ing  the  moisture  at  date.  The  results  were, 


September  22 .  11.96  per  cent  moisture. 

October  13 .  16.57  “  “ 

23 .  14.62  “  “ 

November  1 .  14.17  “  “ 

12 .  14.84  “  “ 


Oats. 

On  September  5  three  1000  gramme  samples  were  taken  from  the 
oat  bin,  and  suspended  in  netted  bags  from  the  ceiling  of  the  labora¬ 
tory  alongside  of  the  wheats.  The  weighings  at  different  dates  were, 


September  5  . 
“  14  . 

“  21  . 
“  28  . 
October  5  . 
“  12  . 
November  22  . 


Per  cent 

Grammes,  loss  or  gain. 

3000  .... 

2971.7  0.94 

2964.4  1.18 

3006.0  0.20 

3024.1  -  0.80 

3005.0  0.16 

2833.3  5.56 


The  last  weighing,  as  before,  was  of  the  grain  exposed  to  the 
heated  air  of  the  room. 

The  samples  taken  from  the  grain  bin,  at  various  dates,  contained 
the  following  per  cents  of  moisture : 


October  13 .  11.25  per  cent  moisture. 

“  23 .  12.67  “  “ 

November  1 .  11.67  “  “ 

“  12 .  11.51  “  “ 


In  comparing  the  extremes  of  weights  in  the  wheats  and  oats  we 
note  a  change  between  the  lowest  water  content  in  the  natural  air 
and  that  of  the  heated  air,  of  3.44  per  cent  for  the  wheat,  and  4.62 
per  cent  for  the  oats.  According  to  experiments  made  at  the  Uni- 


!No.  33.] 


81 


versity  of  California,  perfectly  dried  grain  exposed  in  shallow  layers 
to  a  saturated  atmosphere  of  64.4  F.  for  eighteen  days  will  increase 
in  weight,  wheat  25  per  cent,  barley  28.2  per  cent  aiid  oats  29.1  per 
cent.  According  to  Professor  Brewer,  grain  weighed  February 
1881,  and  September  1881,  under  conditions  similar  to  ours,  gained 
in  weight  8.1  per  cent  for  wheat,  7.2  per  cent  for  oats. 

In  the  water  determinations  of  the  American  analyses  collated  by 
Professor  Brewer,  in  the  Tenth  Census  volume  on  Agriculture,  in 
71  analyses  the  variation  was  from  7.49  to  13.77  per  cent  for  wheat, 
the  average  being  11.07  per  cent ;  in  20  samples  of  oats  the  varia¬ 
tion  was  from  8.91  to  12.36  per  cent,  the  average  being  10.56. 

These  analyses  were,  however,  probably  of  samples  that  had  been 
kept  under  different  conditions  before  analysis  than  exist  in  the  bin, 
and  hence  cannot  afford  data  of  the  same  character  as  that  presented 
by  our  determinations.  From  our  results  we  may  calculate  that 
merchantable  wheat  and  oats,  in  bulk,  as  sold  in  the  late  autumn 
months  contain  about  fourteen  per  cent  and  eleven  per  cent  of  water, 
respectively. 


Hybrid  Barley. 

We  have  had  an  interesting  experience  this  year  with  the  changes 
that  may  arise  through  the  use  of  hybridized' seed.  In  April  last, 
Mr.  Horsford,  a  hybridizer  and  seed-grower  of  Vermont,  sent  us  one 
head  of  a  cross  bred  awnless  barley,  which  shelled  out  twenty- 
eight  seed.  On  May  1,  these  seed  were  planted  in  order  as  taken 
from  the  head,  single  kernels  six  inches  apart  in  the  row,  and  two 
feet  from  other  rows.  Of  these,  twenty-six  seed  vegetated  and  gave 
crop.  August  30  the  crop  was  harvested,  and  was  found  to  consist 
of  just  four  distinct  kinds  of  grain.  The  original  head,  sent  as  a 
cross  bred  for  trial,  be  it  understood,  answered  "to  the  description  of 
Hordeum  trifurcatum  Ser.,  “remarkable  for  its  beardless  ear;  in 
the  place  of  beards  the  glumes  carry  on  their  summit  a  short  tongue 
with  three  teeth.  The  leaves  are  large,  the  stalks  thick,  and  the 
grain  naked.  ”  *  *  *  “It  appears  to  have  come  originally  from 

jNepaul,  at  least  it  was  first  introduced  under  the  name  of  Nepaul 
Barley.”  •  Bon  Jardinier ,  1882.  The  seed  black.  The  statistics 
of  our  crop  is  as  below. 

Seed  1  bore  21  heads:  black,  not  bearded,  f 

Seed  2  bore  14  heads:  black,  bearded. 

Seed  3  bore  16  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  4  bore  10  heads  :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  5  bore  15  heads :  white,  bearded. 

Seed  6  bore  14  heads:  white,  not  bearded. 

Seed  7  bore  15  heads:  black,  bearded. 

Seed  Shore  10  heads:  black,  bearded. 

Seed  9  bore  14  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

fThe  not  bearded  means  the  Hordeum  trifurcatum  form  in  every  case. 

[Assem.  Doe.  "No.  33.]  11 


[Assembly 


82 

Seed  10  bore  22  heads :  black,  bearded. 

Seed  11  bore  2  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  12  bore  15  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  13*bore  32  beads  :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  14  did  not  vegetate. 

Seed  15  bore  15  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  16  bore  20  heads:  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  17  bore  15  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  18  bore  18  heads:  white, not  bearded. 

Seed  19  bore  14  heads:  white,  bearded. 

Seed  20  bore  14  heads:  black,  bearded. 

Seed  21  bore  10  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  22  bore  24  heads:  white,  not  bearded. 

Seed  23  bore  13  heads :  black,  not  bearded. 

Seed  24  bore  5  heads  :  white,  not  bearded. 

Seed  25  bore  42  heads  :  black,  white,  not  bearded. 

« 

Summarizing  these  results,  and  giving  the  yield  in  dry  grain  we 
have  : 


Seeds. 


Not  bearded,  black .  13 

Bearded,  black .  6 

Not  bearded,  white .  5 

Bearded  white .  2 

Total  . .  26 


Heads. 

Average 
heads  to 
seeds. 

Yield  in 
ounces. 

Yield  per 
plant  in 
grains. 

189 

14.5 

7.43 

250 

90 

15.0 

4.63 

337 

82 

16.4 

3.25 

285 

29 

14.5 

1.66 

364 

390 

15.0 

16.97 

286 

1.06  lbs. 


The  first  reflection  we  have  to  make  is  upon  the  ease  with  which 
a  good  variety  can  be  increased  even  where  we  have  but  a  single 
head  to  work  from.  The  yield  in  the  case  above  is  at  the  rate  of  a 
bushel  of  grain  per  45  \  heads,  or  from  1176  kernels  planted  :  or 
placing  it  in  another  form,  three  seed  planted  furnished  enough  seed 
for  a  bushel  of  succeeding  crop. 

We  must  note  also  the  effect  of  the  hybridization  from  which  the 
original  head  planted  was  the  outcome.  We  have  as  a  crop  four 
distinct  varieties  of  grain,  between  which  there  are  no  intermediate 
forms  or  colors.  W  e  have  as  a  total  eighteen  beardless  and  eight 
bearded  plants,  or  271  beardless  and  119  bearded  heads.  We  thus 
see  that  a  cross  does  not  necessarily  mean  evenness  of  potency  upon 
the  part  of  the  parents,  and  when  we  consider  that  there  were  pro¬ 
duced  four  distinct  varieties,  we  must  consider  that  either  more  than 
one  cross  was  included  in  the  seed,  or  else  that  the  effect  of  the  cross¬ 
ing  was  to  bring  atavism  into  play,  and  to  discover  several  crossings 
of  the  past. 

*Seed  13  and  seed  25  bad  really  two  seed  planted  :  as  in  either  case  one  seed 
seemed  shrivelled  and  poor,  and  it  was  not  expected  to  grow. 


No.  33.] 


83 


This  seed  gained,  will  be  carefully  kept  separate,  and  planted  next 
year,  each  variety  by  itself,  in  order  to  follow  the  outcome  still 
further  in  a  statistical  manner. 


Wheat  Improvement. 


September  21,  .883,  single  kernels  of  wheat  in  order  as  taken 
from  the  heads  were  planted  two  by  one  foot  apart. 


No.  of  plants  living. 

Station 

No. 

Oct.  19, 

April  19, 

No. 

Variety. 

kernels. 

1883. 

1884. 

A  113?  badly  shrivelled  ] 

a  .  •  • 

36 

20 

8 

114 

a 

"1  'o  .  . 

02  O 

40 

35 

9 

115 

“  y 

rO  -2 
d  02  .  . 

36 

31 

11 

116 

a 

<5J 

~S3  .  . 

49 

46 

18 

117 

“  1 

to 

33 

12 

B  118  Lancaster 

119  “ 

120  “ 

110 

111 


35  34  5 

33  30  1 

35  35  4 

43  42  2 

36  35  3 


C  125?  badly  shrivelled  1 
120 

127  “  g 

128 
129 


u 


o  . 

72  £ 

^  s 

m 

si  ^ 
S3 
CO  ~ 
CO 


38  35  18 

42  30  4 

35  30  4 

33  25  5 

32  31  12 


D  133?  beardless 

134  “ 

135  •  “ 

136  “ 

137  “ 


43  41  6 

37  35  3 

45  40  9 

37  35  3 

53  51  0 


E  141  Mediterranean  hybrid 

142 

143  “ 

144  “ 

146  “ 


46  43  16 

50  46  3 

49  46  2 

48  45  2 

48  46  1 


97 

Mediterranean 

98 

99 

u 

102 

u 

109 

u 

32  30  7 

46  45  4 

48  45  5 

40  38  9 

38  38  6 


84 


[Assembly 


No.  of  plants  living. 

Station 

No. 

Oct.  19, 

April  19, 

No. 

Variety, 

kernels. 

1883. 

1884. 

G 

121  Sandomirka . 

66 

63 

8 

130 

u 

63 

61 

7 

131 

u 

68 

65 

11 

138 

a 

60 

57 

6 

148 

a 

49 

49 

13 

H 

150  Bice . 

47 

43 

10 

151  “ 

44 

40 

4 

154  “ 

40 

36 

7 

155  u 

•  42 

39 

18 

I 

87  Washington  Glass . 

60 

52 

0 

88 

a 

53 

51 

1 

93 

a 

54 

44 

0 

94 

a 

59 

37 

0 

95 

u 

54 

45 

2 

J 

104  Clawson . 

47 

42 

33 

105 

a 

30 

25 

5 

106 

a 

38 

37 

19 

107 

a 

31 

27 

15 

108 

a 

38 

38 

13 

K 

Seed  from  Germany  (Sept.  27). 

84 

76 

0 

Totals. 

A 

5  heads  Station  selection, 

badly 

shrivelled . 

198 

165 

58 

B 

5  “ 

Lancaster . 

185 

176 

15 

C 

5  “ 

Station  selection, 

badly 

shrivelled . 

180 

151 

43 

D 

5  “ 

Station  selection, 

beard- 

less  sport . 

215 

202 

21 

E 

5  “ 

Mediterranean  hybrid... 

241 

226 

24 

F 

5  “ 

Mediterranean .... 

204 

196 

31 

Gr 

5  “ 

Sandomirka . 

306 

295 

45 

H  4  “ 

Bice . 

173 

158 

39 

I 

5  “ 

Washington  glass. 

280 

229 

3 

J 

5  “ 

Clawson . 

184 

169 

85 

K 

1  “ 

from  Germany .  .  . , 

84 

76 

0 

In  these 

different  lots  we  find  for  the  average 

per  cent  of  each 

selection. 


No.  33.] 


85 


Seed. 

Per  cent 
grew. 

Per  cent 
survived 
winter. 

Per  cent  of  those 
that  grew  that 
survived 
winter. 

A  . 

.  83 

29 

35 

B . 

.  95 

8 

8  1-2 

C . 

.  84 

24 

28 

D . 

.  94 

10 

10 

E . 

.  93 

10 

10  1-2 

F . 

.  .  96 

15 

15 

G . 

.  96 

15 

15 

H . 

. . .  91 

23 

24 

I . 

.  82 

1 

1 

J . 

.  92 

46 

50 

K . 

. .  90 

0 

0 

The  variation  in  the  hardiness  of  the  varieties  will  be  at  once  seen 
and  it  will  be  further  noted  that  the  Clawson  stands  pre-eminent, 
and  yet  why  so  many  should  perish  under  the  favorable  conditions 
of  location  it  is  difficult  to  say.  It  is  quite  possible  that  in  the  field, 
plants  mutually  protect  each  other  to  a  certain  extent.  It  will  be 
further  observed  that  in  no  one  case  did  all  the  seeds  of  a  planting 
grow,  and  yet  in  single  heads  all  the  seed  formed  plants  in  No.  F. 
109,  G.  148  and  J.  108.  Although  badly  shrivelled  seeds  in  a 
number  of  germination  trials  showed  a  greater  power  of  germination 
than  did  plump  seeds,  yet  as  will  be  observed,  such  shrivelled  seeds 
show  a  deficient  power  to  vegetate,  as  compared  with  the  plumper 
kernels. 

The  stooling  of  these  plants  varied  considerably.  Thus  the  series 
averaged  in  crop. 


A .  8.4  heads  to  a  seed. 

B .  7.6  “ 

C .  10.6 

D .  8.9  “ 

E .  9.1  “ 

F .  9.4  “ 

G .  8.0  “ 

H .  14.0  “ 

1 .  0.0  “ 

J . ....  11.0 


The  series  A  and  C  represent  the  same  varietv,  the  heads  alike, 
but  A.  from  a  stool  of  five  heads,  C  from  a  stool  of  thirty- three  heads, 
the  five  heads  of  each  series  taken  from  the  one  stool.  Let  us  com¬ 
pare  the  heads  at  harvest,  and  see  whether  the  influence  of  the  selec¬ 
tion  is  apparent : 

Each  figure  in  numerals  represents  the  position  of  the  seed  in  the 
head. 


86 


[Assembly 


Number  of  Heads  to 

Series  A. 

a  Plant. 

Series  C. 

Station  Nos.  113,  114, 
Plant.  Hds.  Hds 

115,  116, 

117.  125, 

126,  127,  128, 

129. ' 

Hds.  Hds. 

Hds.  Hds. 

Hds.  Hds.  Hds 

.  Hds. 

I*  •••#•*•••••••  ••  •• 

12 

•  •  •  • 

IV 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

6 

v 

*•»••••«••«••••  «  •  •• 

5 

15 

VI . 

7 

•  •  •  ■  • 

VII 

”  A  A.  ••••*•••••••«  •  t  •  • 

4 

•  •  •  •  • 

VIII .  2 

•  *•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  4 

TY 

J-AJL*  •«••••  ,«•••••  •  •  •• 

•  •  •  •  • 

24 

id 

X . 

•  •  •  • 

7 

14 

XI .  3 

•  •  •  •  • 

16 

2 

XTT 

V  A  A  »  •<•••••«•••«•  •  •  •« 

•  •  •  •  • 

10  6 

11 

XIV .  4  . . 

11  3 

8 

XV .  6  . . 

•  •  •  •  • 

XVII.  ••  •• 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  i  •  • 

2 

XVIII .  17  10 

17 

•  •  •  •  • 

5  . .  .. 

10 

XIX.  •»••«••••••••  •• 

10  15 

13  7 

VY 

iliXi •»••##•••••*•  ••  •  « 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

.  18  14 

XXI . 

»  *  •  •  • 

1  14 

.  8  .. 

XXII .  14 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  *  •  • 

XXIV . 

11 

10 

YYV 

Ail  ?■•••••••••••••  ••  •  • 

5 

8  ... 

XXVI.  •••••••••••••  ••  •• 

2  11 

10 

XXVII.  •««  /  •(•••••«•  •  •  •• 

•  •  •  •  • 

12 

XXVIII . 

7 

XXX.  ••••••«•«••••  ••  •• 

6 

XXXI.  •*•»•••«•••••  ••  • » 

16 

XXXII..... . 

5  7 

XXXIII . .  ..  .. 

5 

XXXV .  13 

•  •  •  •  • 

a'  • 

XXXVII . 

5 

XXXIX . 

13 

XT  jVII  .  ••  •• 

5 

«  «  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  • 

—  — 

-  - 

-  - 

—  -  - 

— 

Total  from  head. . .  27  42 

45  137 

42  125 

5  26  14 

52 

Average  per  seed. .  9  8.4 

6.4  9.1 

8.4  11.4 

5  13  14 

8.7 

We  may  summarize  the 

statistics  of 

the  plants 

living  at  three 

dates,  as  below ;  for  series  A  and  C 

Station  Kernels 

No.  of  plants  living. 

Oct.  19,  Apr.  19,  Julv8, 

No. 

planted. 

1883. 

1884. 

1884. 

A  113 . 

..  36 

20 

8 

3 

114 . 

.  40 

35 

9 

5 

115 . 

..  36 

31 

11 

7 

116 . 

49 

46 

18 

15 

m . 

.  37 

33 

12 

5 

198 

165 

58 

35 

C  125 . 

.  38 

35 

18 

11 

126 . 

.  42 

30 

4 

1 

127 . 

.  35 

30 

4 

2 

128 . 

.  33 

25 

5 

1 

129 . 

*.  32 

31 

12 

6 

180 

151 

43 

21 

No.  33.] 


8T 


We  thus  are  funished  with  the  following  conclusions,  derived 
from  the  comparison  of  Series  A  and  C.  There  is  a  difference  in 
the  amount  of  seed  which  vegetates ;  in  the  number  that  winter  kills ; 
in  the  number  of  the  survivors  in  the  spring  that  furnish  crop  ; 
in  the  number  of  heads  born  from  one  seed  ;  that  one  head  is  dis¬ 
tinctly  better  than  other  heads,  and  that  one  seed  of  a  head  is  dis¬ 
tinctly  better  than  the  other  kernels  of  the  head. 

It  follows  therefore  that  a  series  of  selections  directed  towards  se¬ 
curing  for  seed  use  the  yield  of  the  best  individual  seed,  as  deter¬ 
mined  by  cropping,  offers  promise  of  gain  in  the  improvement  of 
seed  wheat.  In  further  support  of  this  view,  we  may  note  that  in 
the  various  series,  B  I)  to  J,  the  selection  being  from  the  heads 
alone,  no  gain  was  secured  in  the  number  of  breasts  upon  the  heads 
harvested  :  in  Series  A  and  C,  the  selection  from  the  best  heads  from 
the  best  plant,  the  original  eighteen  breasts  were  changed  to  twenty- 
two. 

From  Series  A  and  C ,  two  plants  were  selected  from  which  seed 
was  to  be  saved  for  next  year’s  crop.  The  statistics  of  the  plants 
are  as  below  : 

A  113,  the  head  was  from  a  stool  of  seventeen  heads,  the  product  of 
the  eighteenth  seed  from  the  base  of  the  head  which  furnished  the  stool . 

A  116,  the  head  was  from  a  stool  of  sixteen  heads,  the  product  of 
the  thirty-first  seed  from  the  base  of  the  head  which  furnished  the 
stool. 

C  125,  the  head  was  from  a  stool  of  twenty-four  heads,  the  product 
of  the  ninth  seed  from  the  base  of  the  head  which  furnished  the  stool. 

Character  of  the  Selected  Heads. 


Planted  Sept. 
22,  1884 
No  plants 
No.  of  growing 

No  of 

seed  in 

Oct,  20, 

Station  No. 

breasts. 

the  head. 

1884. 

113.  18.1 . 

.  22 

63 

29 

18.2 . 

.  22 

65 

22 

.  18.3 . 

.  22 

60 

26 

18.4 . . . 

.  18 

50 

26 

18.5 . 

.  21 

50 

36 

18.6 . 

.  22 

51 

25 

116.  31.1 . 

.  25 

61 

23 

31.2 . 

.  22 

66 

45 

31.3 . 

.  21 

50 

25 

31.4 . 

.  21 

65 

46 

31.5 . 

.  23 

62 

22 

31.6 . 

.  20 

55 

29 

125.  9.1 . 

.  23 

33 

23 

9.2*. . . 

.  21 

31 

11 

9.3 . 

.  20 

18 

IT 

9.4 . 

.  19 

24 

17 

9.5 . 

.  18 

34 

30 

9.6 . 

.  14 

33 

22 

88 


[_  Assembly 


The  number  of  seeds  that  failed  to  vegetate  is  very  noticeable. 
In  125,  the  sparrows  removed  some  kernels  from  the  heads  and  also 
there  were  some  kernels  which  did  not  fertilize. 


Corn  vs.  Fertilizfr. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  presentation  we  have  the  records  of  the 
same  plats  for  three  years,  and  the  figures  which  are  to  be  given  are 
as  below  for  each  half  plat  of  one-twentieth  of  an  acre,  in  sod  in 
1881.  The  yields  in  ear  corn  : 

1882.  1883.  1884.  Total,  3  years. 


• 

Phos¬ 

Yield. 

Phos- 

Yield. 

Phos¬ 

Yield. 

Phos. 

Yield. 

phate. 

lbs.  phate. 

lbs. 

phate. 

lbs. 

phate. 

lbs. 

PLAT. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

I. 

A 

1. 

upper 

0 

219 

0 

261 

10 

224 

10 

704 

lower 

0 

199  1-4 

0 

222 

10 

206  1-2 

10 

628 

I. 

A 

2. 

upper 

10 

215 

0 

269 

10 

225 

20 

709 

lower 

10 

180 

0 

219  1-2 

10 

202 

20 

601  1-2 

I. 

A 

3. 

upper 

20 

222 

0 

256 

10 

202 

30 

680 

lower 

20 

499 

0 

237 

10 

218 

30 

654 

I. 

A 

4. 

upper 

40 

234 

0 

283  3-4 

10 

224  3-4 

50 

742  1-2 

lower 

40 

227  1-2 

0 

254  1-2 

10 

247 

50 

729 

I. 

A 

5. 

upper 

80 

231 

0 

262  1-4 

10 

218  1-2 

90 

711  3-4 

lower 

80 

227 

0 

268  1-4 

10 

238  1-2 

90 

733  3-4 

II. 

A 

1. 

upper 

10 

189  1-4 

0 

233 

10 

211  3-4 

20 

634 

lower 

10 

135  1-2 

0 

65 

10 

196  1-2 

20 

397 

II. 

A 

2. 

upper 

20 

195 

0 

233  1-2 

10 

211  1-2 

30 

640 

lower 

20 

211 

0 

162  1-2 

10 

234  1-2 

30 

608 

II. 

A 

3. 

upper 

40 

195 

0 

232  1-4 

10 

231  1-2 

50 

658  3-4 

lower 

40 

191  1-2 

0 

142  3-4 

10 

234 

50 

568  1-4 

II. 

A 

4. 

upper 

80 

203 

0 

222  1-2 

10 

231  1-2 

90 

647 

lower 

80 

190 

0 

102 

10 

230 

90 

522 

II. 

A 

5. 

upper 

0 

154  1-2 

0 

218 

10 

215  1-2 

10 

588 

lower 

0 

194  1-2 

0 

102  1-4 

10 

241 

10 

537  3-4 

In  series  I.  A  Waushakum  corn  was  used,  in  series  II.  A,  a  yel¬ 
low  flint  corn  without  name  in  1882,  and  Waushakum  in  1883  and 
1884.  In  series  TI.  A  lower,  in  1883  the  plats  were  root-pruned 
to  the  injury  of  the  plants.  We  must  therefore  observe  that  the 
conditions  are  not  precise  duplicates  between  the  two  series,  yet  are 
such  as  to  admit  of  averaging  the  results,  which  we  proceed  to  do, 
as  follows : 

Average  for  the  three  years. 

Phosphate  Yield,  Phos.  per  acre.  Yield  per  acre. 


Areas.  used,  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  bushels. 

1-5  Acre .  40  819  200  51.2 

1-5  Acre .  80  780  400  48.7 

1-5  Acre .  120  860  600  53.7 

1-5  Acre .  200  899  1000  65.2 

1-5  Acre .  360  871  1800  54.4 


The  average  yield  on  the  face  of  the  figures  is  therefore  52.8 
bushels  per  acre,  the  greatest  variation  from  this  average  4.1 
bushels,  or  seven  per  cent. 

We  have  now  given  the  actual  figures  as  obtained,  but  these  fig¬ 
ures  are  really  not  comparable  for  this  purpose  until  we  have  cor¬ 
rected  them  through  allowance  for  missing  hills.  By  planting  six 


Ho.  33.] 


89 


kernels  of  carefully  selected  seed  in  a  hill,  we  hoped  to  be  able  to 
secure  a  full  stand  of  four  plants  to  a  hill,  by  thinning.  In  1882 
and  1883  this  result  was  practically  secured,  the  plats  scarcely 
showing  a  missing  plant ;  in  1884  the  vegetation  was  very  uneven, 
and  many  hills  were  deficient  in  plants.  Hence  for  a  true  compari¬ 
son,  and  for  services  in  discussing  into  causes  of  crop,  we  must  use 
figures  corrected  to  meet  this  circumstance  of  poor  vegetation.  The 
yield  of  soft  corn  in  a  measure  is  an  indication  of  a  favorable  or 
otherwise  season.  Taking  for  a  measure  the  yield  of  series  I.  A 
plats,  we  have  for  actual  yields  : 


1882.  1883.  1884. 

Sound  corn .  2154  lbs.  2532  lbs.  2206  lbs. 

Unsound  corn. ...  62  lbs.  273  lbs.  98  lbs. 

Per  cent  unsound..  3  per  cent.  11  per  cent.  4  per  cent. 


And  we  must  at  once  see  that  the  season  of  1883  was  probably 
the  least  favorable  of  the  series  for  this  crop,  and  that  the  increased 
yield  may  have  been  the  result  of  accidental  conditions.  If,  how¬ 
ever,  we  correct  the  1884  plats  to  allow  for  the  missing  plants,  we 
have  for  series  I.  A  plats  almost  precise  equivalency  of  yield  with 
1883.  The  table,  as  corrected,  reads  for  I.  A  series  : 


Corrected  yields. 

1884. 

Ear  corn. 

1882. 

1883. 

Total. 

I. 

A 

1 . 

. .  41 8  4 

483 

471 

13724 

I. 

A 

2 . 

.  385 

488 

480 

1363 

I. 

A 

3 . 

.  421 

493 

486 

1400 

I. 

A 

4 . 

.  4614 

538 

544 

15434 

I. 

A 

5 . 

.  458 

530 

553 

1541 

2154 

2532 

2534 

7220 

In  plats  of  series  II.  A.  for  1883  we  have  half  of  each  plat  root- 
pruned  so  severely  as  to  seriously  affect  the  yield.  Under  the  sup¬ 
position  that  the  average  yield  of  the  lower  portion  would  stand  in 
the  same  relation  to  the  upper  portion  as  do  the  duplicate  in  other 
respect  plats,  w^e  may  correct  the  figures  for  1883  in  this  respect, 
and  those  of  1884  for  the  missing  hills,  and  have  for  series  II.  A  : 


Corrected  yields. 

Ear  corn. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

Total. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

II.  A  1 . . . . 

.  324f 

443 

463 

1230f 

II.  A  2.... 

.  406 

413 

523 

1372 

II.  A  3.... 

. . ; .  3864 

441 

546 

13734 

II.  A  4.... 

.  393 

422 

511 

1326 

II.  A  5  - .  - . 

. .  349 

405 

526 

1280 

1859i 

2154 

2569 

65824 

[Assem. 

Doc.  Ho.  33.] 

12 

* 

\  t 

90  [Assembly 

Massing  our  corrected  figures,  therefore,  according  to  the  fertilizer 
applied,  we  have : 


1882.  1883. 


1884. 


Phos.  used, 
lbs. 

Yield, 

bush. 

Phos. 

Yield, 

bush 

Phos.  used, 
lbs. 

Yield, 

bush. 

per  acre. 

per  acre. 

used. 

per  acre. 

per  acre,  per  acre. 

I.  A  1  and  IT.  A  5 

0 

48.0 

0 

55.5 

200 

62.3 

I.  A  2  and  II.  A  1 . . 

.  200 

45.0 

0 

58.2 

200 

58.9 

I.  A3  and  II.  A  2. . 

.  400 

51.7 

0 

58.5 

200 

63.0 

I.  A  4  and  II.  A  3. . 

.  800 

53.0 

0 

61.2 

200 

68.1 

I.  A  5  and  II.  A  4  . 

.  1600 

53.2 

0 

59.5 

200 

66.5 

Average . 

50.2 

58.6 

63.8 

The  summary  of  the  above  table  is: 


Total  plios. 
used  per  plat 
during  3  years. 


I.A1  and  II.  A  5 . . . .  40 

I.  A  2  and  II.  A  1 .  80 

I.  A  3  and  II.  A  2 .  120 

I.  A  4  and  II.  A  3 . . . .  200 

I.  A  5  and  II.  A  4 .  360 


Yield,  average 
of  3  years, 
bush,  per  acre. 

55.3 

54.0 

57.7 

60.8 
59.7 


Average 


57. 


o 


In  these  figures  we  are  certainly  not  able  to  recognize  any  great 
influence  from  the  fertilizer  applied,  either  during  any  one  year  or 
during  the  three  years  of  cropping. 


Tip  Kernels  of  Corn  (Maize)  for  Seed. 

In  our  1883  trials  designed  for  testing  tbe  influence  of  the  position 
of  the  corn  kernel  upon  the  cob,  with  reference  to  the  crop  yielded 
therefrom,  we  were  able  to  verify  the  observation  of  1882,  that  the 
tip  kernels  yielded  larger  crop.  In  our  1884  trials  the  same  result 
occurred.  The  seed  used  was  the  five-but,  five-central  and  five-tip 
seed  taken  from  the  same  ears  of  Waushakum  corn  and  planted 
under  equivalent  circumstances.  In  1883  we  had  under  trial  ten 
plats  of  one-twentieth  of  an  acre  each,  and  in  1884  two  series  of  ten 
plats  of  the  same  area,  the  one  corresponding  to  the  1883  plats 
designated  as  1884  in  the  following  table  : 

Yield  of  but,  central  and  tip  corn  kernels,  in 


bushels  per  acre. 

1883.  1884.  1884. 

But  seed .  62.9  bush.  53.8  bush.  54.7  bush. 

Central  seed .  62.5  “  54.5  “  56.1  “ 

'Tip  seed..’.... .  64.7  “  57.1  “  56.3  “ 


No.  33.] 


91 


We  thus  seem  justified  in  our  previous  conclusion  that  the  tip 
kernels  are  in  no  wise  inferior  in  yield  to  the  central  kernels  so  far 
as  this  variety  of  flint  corn  is  concerned. 

The  yield  of  the  thirty  plats,  1883  and  1884,  from  the  three  rows 
of  each  kind  of  planting,  is  given  in  the  following  tables  in  pounds. 
To  reduce  to  twentieths  of  an  acre  it  is  necessary  to  multiply  by 
three,  as  each  kind  of  seed  occupies  one-third  of  the  twentieth  of  an 
acre  plats. 


1883. 


1884. 


1884. 


Plat  I.  Plat  II. 


Plat  III.  Plat  TV.  Plat  V. 


Sh 

u 

• 

u 

u 

• 

Ih 

u 

u 

Sh 

u 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

& 

> 

Ot 

is 

a 

£ 

a 

£ 

a 

£ 

a 

o 

a 

o 

a 

o 

a 

o 

a 

O 

P 

A 

p 

P 

i-3 

P 

P 

P 

I.  A  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs. 

Buts .  85.4  70.6  92.0  76.1  79.8  80.2  93.5  79.2  88.0  94.6 

Centers .  86.0  73.7  88.6  71.7  82.2  77.5  95.5  85.3  86.0  86.4 

Tips .  89.4  76.7  87.4  71.7  94.2  79.3  94.6  89.7  88.2  87.0 

I.  A 

Buts .  72.4  69.9  78.7  64.0  66.1  67.6  76.4  77.6  71.6  73.1 

Centers .  76.5  65.3  68.1  67.3  66.8  72.3  80.6  83.0  66.7  80.1 

Tips .  74.9  71.1  78.2  70.9  68.8  78.0  67.6  86.4  80.0  85.3 

II.  A 

Buts .  71.2  65.2  73.0  71.6  76.5  77.9  71.5  76.3  69.1  77.6 

Centers .  68.0  64.5  72.0  78.5  79.6  78.7  74.6  76.3  74.1  81.7 

Tips .  72.6  66.7  66.6  84.5  75.4  77.4  75.2  77.6  72.4  81.6. 


Arranging  these  figures  in  order  of  size,  we  have  : 


Buts. 

Centers. 

Tips. 

94.6 

95.5 

94.6 

93.5 

88.6 

94.2 

92.0 

• 

86.4 

89.7 

88.0 

86.0 

89.4 

85.4 

86.0 

88.2 

80.2 

85.3 

87.4 

79.8 

83.0 

87.0 

79.2 

82.2 

86.4 

78.7 

81.7 

85.3 

77.9 

/ 

80.6 

84.5 

77.6 

80.1 

81.6 

77.6 

79.6 

80.0 

76.5 

78.7 

79.3 

76.4 

78.5 

78.2 

76.3 

77.5 

78.0 

76.1 

76.5 

77.6 

73.1 

76.3 

77.4 

73.0 

74.6 

76.7 

72.4 

74.1 

75.4 

71.6 

73.7 

75.2 

71.6 

72.3 

74.9 

71.5 

72.0 

72.6 

92 

[Ass 

Buts. 

Centers. 

Tips. 

71.2 

71.7 

72.4 

70.6 

68.1 

71.7 

69.9 

68.0 

71.1 

69.1 

67.3 

70.9 

67.6 

66.8 

68.8 

66.1 

66.7 

67.6 

65.2 

65.3 

66.7 

64.0 

64.5 

66.6 

2286.7  lbs. 


2307.6  lbs. 


2369.4  lbs. 


Buts  28 . 5  bushels  or  57 . 1  bushels  per  acre. 

Centers  28.8  “  57.7  “  “ 

Tips  29.6  “  59.2  “  “ 

In  the  three  years  trials  the  tips  were  superior  in  yield  to  a  slight 
degree  in  twenty-eight  times  out  of  the  thirty  ;  the  same  superiority 
is  noted  in  each  trial  of  the  three  years,  and  hence  we  may  consider 
it  as  proven  that  the  tip  kernels  of  corn  are  by  no  means  inferior 
for  use  as  seed  to  the  central  kernels. 

It  may  be  suggested  that  the  differences  in  yield  are  but  accidental 
and  came  into  their  present  form  through  coincidences,  the  one 
series  vegetating  more  seed  than  the  other.  In  1884  we  had  a 
count  of  the  number  of  plants  which  grew  to  crop  upon  the  full 
plats,  and  hence  we  can  correct  our  plats  to  a  full  seeding  in  each 
case : 


Corrected  yield  to  uniform 
No.  of  plants.  number  of  plants,  lbs. 


1884. 

Buts. 

Centers. 

Tips. 

Buts. 

Centers. 

Tips. 

I.  A  1 . 

....  418 

416 

415 

155.3 

155.5 

160.5 

I.  A  2 . 

....  409 

403 

406 

158.9 

153.3 

167.6 

I.  A  3 . 

....  389 

388 

404 

156.9 

163.6 

165.7 

I.  A  4 . 

....  393 

395 

395 

178.8 

188.9 

177.8 

1.  A  5 . 

....  371 

374 

385 

177.9 

194.4 

195.9 

II.  A  1 . 

....  405 

388 

413 

153.9 

155.8 

153.6 

II.  A  2 . 

....  373 

393 

371 

176.6 

174.6 

171.8 

II.  A  3 . 

....  393 

388 

385 

179.0 

186.1 

185.7 

II.  A  4 . 

....  402 

401 

404 

167.8 

171.8 

171.6 

II.  A  5 . 

....  390 

403 

393 

171.3 

176.1 

178.8 

Total . 

....  3943 

3949 

3971 

1576.4 

1620.1 

1629.0 

Dividing  the  total  wreight  of  the  ears  by  the  average  number  of  ears 
and  the  number  of  ears  by  the  number  of  plants,  in  1848,  we  have: 


No.  of 

No.  ears 

Average 

sound 

to  a 

weight 

Plants. 

ears. 

plant. 

per  ear. 

But  seed  furnished . 

3943 

4242 

1.075 

5.45  ozs. 

Central  seed  furnished. . . . 

3949 

4317 

1.093 

5 . 46  ozs. 

Tip  seed  furnished . 

3971 

4463 

1.123 

5.41  ozs. 

No.  33.J 


93 


If  we  test  these  results  again  by  the  figures  for  the  two  series 


separately,  we  have : 
Series  I.  A  : 

Plants. 

No.  of 
sound 
ears. 

No.  ears 
to  a 
plant. 

i 

Average 
weight 
per  ear. 

But  seed  yielded . 

. .  1980 

2113 

1.067 

5.43  ozs. 

Central  seed  yielded .... 

. .  1976 

2142 

1.084 

5.43  ozs. 

Tip  seed  yielded . 

. .  2005 

2255 

1.124 

5.40  ozs. 

Series  II.  A : 

But  seed  yielded . 

. .  1963 

2229 

1.135 

5.24  ozs. 

Central  seed  yielded .... 

. .  1973 

2175 

1.102 

5.50  ozs. 

Tip  seed  yielded . 

. .  1966 

2208 

1.123 

5.43  ozs. 

The  weight  of  a  fine  ear  nine  inches  long  was  7.81  ozs.,  and  this 
will  serve  as  a  measure  of  the  evenness  of  the  sorting.  The  yield 
of  unsound  corn  was  very  light  —  everything,  however,  was  har¬ 
vested  which  had  a  husk  enclosing,  and  hence  we  have  the  follow¬ 
ing  figures  for  the  two  series,  I.  A  and  II.  A  : 

No.  Weight 

sound  No.  un-  sound  Weight 

ears,  sound.  ears.  unsound. 

But  seed  furnished  ...  4242  689  16  per  cent.  1447.3  lbs.  59.6  4  per  cent. 

Central  seed  furnished.  4317  650  15  per  cent.  1474.7  lbs.  59.0  4  per  cent. 

Tip  seed  furnished  ... .  4463  665  15  per  cent.  1511.2  lbs.  59.6  4  per  cent. 

These  trials  now  continued  over  three  years  show  that  there  is  cer¬ 
tainly  no  inferiority  in  quantity  of  yield  in  the  tip  corn,  nor  in  the 
quality,  however  considered,  and  taken  as  verifications  of  our  1882 
results,  seem  to  give  conclusive  answer  in  favor  of  the  tip  seed. 
There  is  hence  no  object  in  the  farmer  rejecting  any  portion  of  his 
ear  corn,  of  the  Flint  variety,  while  shelling  for  planting,  while 
theoretical  reasons  as  regarding  maintaining  his  corn  true  to  type 
suggest  an  advantage  arising  from  the  planting  the  seed  of  the 
whole  ear. 

Corn,  Variety  Tests. 

For  the  purpose  of  testing  the  prolificacy  of  varieties  we  planted 
in  twentieth-acre  areas,  under  duplicate  conditions  for  this  year,  the 
maize  advertised  in  the  catalogue  of  Messrs.  J.  M.  Thorburn  A 
Company. 

It  is  extremely  difficult  to  effect  comparisons  of  this  kind,  as  varie¬ 
ties  which  ripen  late  contain  more  moisture  at  harvest  than  those 
which  ripen  earlier,  and  hence  shrink  more  in  the  bin ;  and  even  in 
varieties  that  ripen  at  about  the  same  time  the  larger  cobbed  contain 
more  water  than  the  smaller  cobbed  sorts,  and  shrink  more  in  the 
crib.  The  influence  of  irregular  vegetation  can,  to  a  certain  extent, 
be  equalized  by  calculating  the  yields  to  a  full  seeding  per  plat.  It 
was  our  intention  to  secure  an  even  planting  of  four  kernels  to  a  hill, 
the  hills  being  forty-two  by  forty-four  inches  apart,  by  planting  six 


[Assembly 


94 


kernels  and  thinning  to  four,  a  quantity  that  previous  experience 
seemed  to  justify,  hut  on  account  of  the  poor  condition  of  the  seed 
(which  did  not  appear  to  the  sight),  or  some  unfavorable  influence 
of  the  season,  vegetation  was  oftentimes  poor,  and  some  hills  even 
without  thinning  did  not  contain  the  four  plants  intended.  Super¬ 
phosphate  was  used  at  the  rate  of  400  pounds  per  acre. 

The  yield  of  the  various  plats  in  ear  corn,  as  weighed  at  harvest, 
is  expressed  in  the  following  tables  : 


Plat. 

I.  B  1. 
II.  B  5. 
I.  B  1. 
I.  B  2. 
I.  B  2. 
I.  B  3. 
II.  B  3. 
B  4. 
B  5. 
B  5. 
B  1. 


I. 

I. 

I. 

II. 


Flint  Corns. 

Upper,  Early  Canada . 

Lower,  Early  Canada . 

Lower,  Rural  Thoroughbred 
Upper,  Golden  Dew  Drop. . 
Lower,  Eight-rowed  White  . 
Upper,  Eight-rowed  Yellow 
Upper,  Eight-rowed  Yellow  , 

Upper,  Orange . . 

Upper,  Flesh  Color . 

Lower,  Compton’s  Surprise. 
Upper,  Compton’s  Surprise  . 

Dent  Corns. 


I.  B  3. 
II.  B  3. 
I.  B  4. 
II.  B  2. 
II.  B  1. 
II.  B  4. 
II.  B  4. 
II.  B  5. 
II.  B  2. 


Upper, 


do 


Lower,  Chester  Co.  Mammoth 


No  of 

Actual  yield. 
Lbs.  No  of 

Lbs. 

good 

sound 

poor 

unsound 

ears. 

ear-corn. 

.  ears. 

corn. 

625 

201 . 6 

22 

1.7 

490 

154.5 

95 

12.0 

340 

172.7 

195 

40.4 

728 

243.5 

50 

3.0 

417 

158.0 

111 

19.7 

645 

259'.  5 

46 

5.0 

350 

245.9 

67 

8.1 

454 

204.7 

82 

K 

O  .  O 

500 

243.0 

37 

7.4 

635 

281.2 

47 

2.0 

518 

233 . 2 

49 

7.2 

530 

90.1 

53 

2.1 

650 

151.0 

22 

1.4 

950 

299.2 

92 

13.0 

685 

237 . 6 

175 

37.4 

540 

243.1 

34 

4.8 

337 

227.8 

60 

15.5 

295 

218.4 

112 

43.4 

540 

245.1 

29 

5.8 

507 

262.4 

16 

2.5 

The  corrected  yield  to  684  plants  per  plat  makes  the  following 
table,  and  expresses  bushels  (of  80  pounds)  to  the  acre. 


Corrected 

Corrected 

Actual 

yield  per 

yield  per 

yield  per 

Flint  Corns. 

plat,  lbs. 

ere,  bush. 

acre,  bush. 

Earlv  Canada . 

.  205.8 

51.4 

50.3 

Early  Canada . : .  . . 

.  175.7 

43.9 

38.6 

Rural  Thoroughbred  . 

.  179.3 

44.8 

43.2 

Golden  Dew  Drop . .  . 

.  246.4 

61.6 

60.9 

Eight-rowed  White . 

.  162.0 

40.5 

39  5 

Eight-rowed  Yellow . 

.  269.4 

67.3 

64.9 

Eight-rowed  Yellow . 

89.0 

61.5 

Orange . 

.  211.2 

52.8 

51.2 

Flesh  Color . 

.  253.7 

63.4 

60.7 

Compton’s  Surprise . 

.  294.8 

73.7 

70.3 

Compton’s  Surprise . 

.....  263.1 

65.7 

58.3 

"No.  33.] 


95 


Dent  Corns. 

Extra  Early  Adams . 

Extra  Early  Adams . 

Improved  Blount’s  Prolific, 
Improved  Blount’s  Prolific 

Sixty  Day . 

Golden . 

Chester  Co.  Mammoth 

Qneen  of  the  Prairie . 

Long  Island  White . 


Corrected 

Corrected 

Actual 

yield  per 

yield  per 

yield  per 

plat,  lbs. 

acre,  bush. 

acre,  bush. 

94.1 

23.5 

22.5 

159.0 

39.7 

37.7 

308.2 

77.0 

74.8 

290.7 

72.6 

59.4 

252.3 

63.0 

60.7 

436.3 

109.0 

56.9 

253.0 

63  2 

54.6 

258.5 

64.6 

61.3 

298.9 

74.7 

65.6 

The  number  of  sound  ears  per  plant  for  the  various  plats  is  ex 
pressed  m  the  following  table. 


No. 

A  „  sound 

*  lint  Corns.  ears. 

Early  Canada . . .  025 

do .  490 

Rural  Thoroughbred .  340 

Golden  Dew  Drop . 728 

.Eight-rowed  White .  417 

Eiglit-rowed  Yellow .  645 

do .  550 

Omuge .  454 

Flesh  Color .  500 

Compton’s  Surprise .  635 

do.  . .  518 

Dent  Corns. 

Extra  Early  A  dams .  530 

do .  650 

Improved  Blount’s  Prolific .  950 

do.  685 

Sixty  Day .  540 

Golden .  337 

Chester  Co.,  Mammoth .  295 

Queen  of  the  Prairie .  540 

Long  Island  White .  507 


Sound 

Weight  of 

ears  per 

sound  ears 

plant. 

per  ear,  oz’s 

.93 

5.16 

.81 

5.04 

.51 

8.13 

1.08 

5.35 

.62 

6.06 

.98 

6.44 

1.16 

7.15 

.68 

4.94 

.76 

7.77 

.97 

7.09 

:86 

7.20 

.81 

2.72 

1.00 

3.71 

1.43 

5.04 

1.22 

5.53 

.81 

7.20 

.94 

10.81 

.50 

11 .84 

.83 

7.26 

.84 

8.28 

These  weights  give  the  average,  at  least,  for  all  the  ear  corn  which 
would  be  sorted  as  merchantable,  for  each  crop. 

The  corns  catalogued  under  the  names  as  received  can  be  de 
scribed  as  follows : 

Flint  Corns. 

Compton’s  Surprise,  Thorburn.  Synonyms,  Compton's  Early,  Ferry.  * 
Ears  seven  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long ;  ear  stalk  large ;  ear 


96 


[Assembly 


tapering,  twelve-rowed,  or  usually  more  at  butt  portion ;  kernels 
rounding  slightly  if  at  all  at  butt,  tilling  fairly  well  at  tip,  rather 
thick,  rather  shallow  ;  color  golden  yellow ;  cob  white,  large.  Ears 
borne  about  two  feet  from  the  ground,  the  plant  about  seven  feet 
high  and  with  eleven  or  twelve  leaves. 

*A11  the  crop  true  to  type. 

Early  Canada,  Thorburn.  Synonyms,  Canada  of  many  seedsmen : 

Canada  Yellow  of  others :  Peirce’s  Columbia ,  V aughan  :  Pearce’s 

Prolific ,  Farmers’  Advocate. 

This  type  of  corn  is  quite  common  in  northern  localities,  and  has 
•  many  sub-varieties  distinguished  by  greater  length,  slenderness  or 
thickness  of  ear,  or  by  color.  The  true  type  is  as  described  below. 

Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long ;  ear  stalk  smallish ;  ear  cylindrical, 
scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  bluntly  at  tip,  which  is  often  well  filled, 
eight- rowed,  rows  straight ;  kernels  rounded  at  summit  and  sides  ; 
color  golden  yellow  or  yellow  orange  ;  cob  small,  white.  There  is 
a  tendency  to  taper  slightly  in  lower  third  of  ear.  Ears  about  two 
feet  from  the  ground,  the  plant  six  to  seven  feet  tall  and  twelve  or 
thirteen  leaved. 

*Our  crop  true  to  this  type,  and  that  of  what  I  call  New  England 
Eight-rowed,  is  described  below.  The  two  sorts  in  nearly  equal  4 
proportion,  but  the  named  variety  rather  predominating. 

N ew  England  Eight-Rowed.  Synonyms,  Canada  of  many ;  Early 

Canada  of  Gregory,  Sibley,  etc.,  Canada  Yellow ,  Early  Canada 

of  Burr. 

Ears  eight  to  nine  inches  long ;  ear  stalk  medium  to  largish  ;  ear 
cylindrical  in  most  of  its  length,  but  swollen  at  butt  through  added 
rows,  tapering  a  little  at  lower  third  to  the  often  pointed  tip,  some¬ 
times  well  filled.  Its  type  commonly  grown,  but  the  seed  usually 
mixed  with  Early  Canada,  through  non-recognition  of  its  distinct¬ 
ness.  Color  orange  yellow  ;  cob  white,  small. 

Eight-Rowed  White  Flint,  Thorburn.  Synonyms,  Silver  White 

Flint ,  Vaughan. 

Ears  nine  to  eleven  inches  long  ;  ear  stalk  smallish  ;  ear  cylindri¬ 
cal,  tapering  slightly  at  lower  third,  not  filling  at  tip,  and  with  a 
tendency  to  openness  between  the  pairs  of  rows  ;  kernels  thick, 
rounded  at  summit  and  sides',  eight-rowed  ;  color  silvery  white;  cob 
white,  medium  size.  Ears  borne  about  two  and  one-quarter  feet 
from  the  ground;  plant  six  to  seven  feet  high. 

Resembles  Waushakum  very  closely  in  all  but  color.  Silver 
White  Flint  differs  only  in  the  color  being  a  little  dingy. 

*A  few,  very  few,  orange  yellow  kernels  in  our  crop. 

Eight- Rowed  Yellow  Flint,  Thorburn. 

Differs  in  no  respect  from  the  preceding,  except  in  color,  which  is 
orange  yellow.  Differs  from  Waushakum  in  the  kernels  being  less 


No.  33.] 


97 


henwbetteTdefined1  ding  ^  ^  "pWards  at  the  butt>  ancl  tlle  stalk 
’"In  onr  crop  some  ears  showing  white  ears  of  the  preceding  type. 
Flesh  Color  Flint. 


Ears  nine  to  ten  inches  long;  ear  stalk  medium  to  large:  ear  of 
cylindrical  type,  but  often  tapering  through  openness  between  the 
pmrs  of  rows  towards  the  butt,  tapering  a  little  at  lower  third  and 
not  filling  well  at  tip  ;  kernels  rounding  at  summit  and  sides  *  color 

a  i  /ell?W ;  c°b  white>  medium  "large.  Ears  about  two  and 
one-halt  feet  from  the  ground,  plant  about  seven  feet  high. 

*Our  crop,  principally  brown  yellow,  but  some  ears, Vernon  yel¬ 
low,  others  golden  yellow.  Some  ears  of  eight-rowed  white  type 
others  of  the  New  England  eight-rowed  type.  A  few  white  kernels’ 
and  some  purple  striped.  ’ 

Golden  Dew-Drop,  Thorburn. 

Ears  nine  to  ten  inches  long ;  ear  stalk,  smallish ;  ear  tapering  at 
lower  third,  otherwise  cylindrical.  Resembles  Waushakum  very 
closely,  but  in  general  the  ears  slightly  longer,  of  greater  diameter 
and  larger  kernel;  the  same  habit  of  growth;  same  golden  orange 
color ;  cob  white  ;  eight  rowed. 

Orange  Flint,  Thorburn. 

Ears  eight  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long ;  ear  stalk  variable 
from  small  to  medium  large;  ear  cylindrical,  tapering  in  lower 
fourth ;  slightly  swollen  at  upper  ;  often  open  at  butt  between  rows ; 
often  not  filling  well  at  tip  ;  kernel  large,  broad,  rather  straight  on 
sides ;  color  golden  orange  ;  cob  white ;  eight  rowed  ;  ears  about 
two  feet  from  the  ground;  plant  about  seven  and  one-half  feet 
high  ;  ten  to  twelve  leaved. 

*In  our  cr°P  some  ears  of  Golden  Dew-drop  type,  but  not  many  • T 
some  ears  with  copperish  yellow  kernels,  purple  striped  ;  a  few 
white  ears  identical  with  the  eight-rowed  white. 

Rural  Thoroughbred. 

Ears  ten  to  twelve  inches  long  ;  ear  stalk  medium  ;  ears  of  cylin¬ 
drical  type,  but  always  tapering  through  the  openings  between  the 
pairs  of  rows,  which  is  oftentimes  excessive;  never  filling  at  tip  * 
eight-rowed,  but  often  ten-rowed  at  butt  portion ;  kernel  lar<>e’ 
broader  than  deep,  rounded  ;  color  dingy  white  ;  cob  white  lari?e  • 
ears  three  feet  from  the  ground,  plant  about  eight  feet  high’  twelve 
to  14  leaves  ;  suckers  much  ;  very  late  for  a  flint,  being  at  edible 
maturity  August  25. 

*In  our  crop  some  yellow  kernels.  A  very  coarse  looking  and 
uncouth  variety,  thoroughbred  only  in  its  undesirable  properties. 


Dent  Corns. 

Chester  Cqunty  Mammoth,  Thorburn. 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  13 


98 


[Assembly 


Ears  seven  to  eight  inches  long ;  ear  stalk  small ;  ear  slightly 
tapering,  rounded  strongly  at  butt,  and  at  tip,  diameter  large  ;  kernels 
deep,  closely  set ;  color,  yellow  on  top  of  kernels,  orange  below ; 
cob  red,  large ;  eighteen  to  twenty  four  or  more  rowed  ;  ears  four 
feet  from  ground  ;  plant  about  eight  to  nine  feet  tall. 

Our  crop  with  several  forms  of  ears.  The  true  type  as  described 
with  loose  open  kernels,  the  consequence  of  the  season  being  too 
short  for  ripening.  Some  ears  nine  inches  long,  nearly  cylindrical 
but  tapering  toward  the  tip;  small  diameter;  largish*  ear  stalks; 
kernels  scarcelj7  rounding  at  butt,  a  broad  and  deep  sulcus  between 
rows,  kernels  polygonal,  small  tipped  and  dimpled,  the  color  yellow 
above,  orange  below  ;  other  ears  of  the  Learning  type,  but  longer, 
to  twelve  inches  long,  and  cobs  very  slightly  red  tinged.  In  all 
some  white  dent  and  copper  orange  kernels. 

Extra  Early  Adams,  Thorburn.  , 

Ears  four  to  five  inches  long ;  ear  stalk  small ;  ear  tapering 
strongly  toward  tip;  the  kernels  often  irregular;  usually  ten  to 
fou rteen-ro wed ;  kernels  flat,  no  sulcus  between  the  rows;  color 
white  ;  cob  white.  Ears  about  two  feet  from  ground,  plant  three  to 
four  feet  high,  eleven  to  twelve  leaved. 

*In  our  crop  some  ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  which  may  be 
referred  to  Early  Adams,  twelve  to  sixteen-rowed,  the  plant  taller, 
otherwise  the  description  the  same.  Some  yellow  kernels. 

Goldln  Dent,  Thorburn. 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long ;  ear  stalk  medium  to  large ;  ears 
tapering,  rounding  a  little  at  butt,  long  rounding  at  tip,  with  large 
diameter,  eighteen  to  twenty-rowed.  Resembles  the  Learning  in 
many  respects,  but  a  “  fatter  ”  ear,  thinner  kernel,  and  deeper  color. 
Color  golden  orange  ;  cob  red  ;  ears  about  three  feet  from  ground, 
plant  about  eight  feet  high. 

*In  our  crop  some  white  kernels. 

Improved  Blount’s  Prolific,  Thorburn. 

Ears  five  to  eight  inches  long,  mostly  ten  to  twelve-rowed ;  ear 
stalk  small  ;  ear  cylindrical,  tapering  toward  the  tip.  A  broad  and 
deep  sulcus  between  the  rows  in  the  eight-rowed,  narrower  in  the 
ten  and  twelve-rowed,  with  a  tendency  toward  disappearance.  Color 
dead  white  on  surface  of  kernel,  horny  white  below  ;  cob  white. 
Ears  four  and  one-half  feet  from  ground,  plant  seven  to  eight  feet 
tall,  fifteen  to  seventeen  leaved.  Very  late,  scarcely  fit  to  harvest 
October  14. 

*In  our  crop  some  yellow  and  purple  striped  kernels.  Some  yel¬ 
low  ears.  The  variety  not  as  yet  fixed  to  uniform  appearance  of 
ear. 

Lono  Island  White  Dent,  Thorburn. 

Ears  nine  to  ten  inches  long  ;  ear  stalk  large  ;  ears  cylindrical  in 
the  eight-rowed  samples,  tapering  in  the  twelve-rowed,  rounding  but 


No.  33.] 


99 


slightly  at  butt,  rather  blunt  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  uncovered  ; 
kernels  broad,  a  sulcus  between  rows  varying  greatly  in  width  on 
different  ears,  in  some  scarcely  discernible,  in  others  changing  the 
whole  aspect  of  the  ear.  Kernels  dead  white  on  top,  horny  white 
below ;  cob  red. 

“  Our  crop  varies  greatly  in  the  appearance  of  the  ears,  which  how- 
e\oi,  on  close  examination,  conform  to  the  description.  The  kernels 
are  all  white  on  the  surface,  but  in  some  ears  flesh  colored,  and  in 
others  white  below.  1  ellow  and  purple  striped  dent  kernels  a  few. 
Not  pure  as  a  variety. 

Queen  of  the  Prairie,  Thorburn. 

Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long;  ear-stalk  small;  ear  a  little  too 
strongly  tapering  through  suppression  of  rows  in  lower  part,  round¬ 
ing  strongly  at  butt,  rather  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  not  usually  filled; 
kernel  deep,  no  sulcus  between  rows,  flat  and  square-cornered’,  orange 
yellow  above,  deep  orange  below;  cob  red;  ears  three  and  one- 
half  feet  above  ground ;  plant  nine  feet  high,  twelve  to  fifteen 
leaved. 

“Our  crop  shows  two  types  of  ears  —  one,  the  true  one,  answering 
to  description,  the  other  with  sulci  between  the  rows  and  resembling 
Wisconsin  yellow.  Some  few  white  and  a  few  purple-striped  dent- 
kernels. 

Sixty-day  Dent,  Thorburn. 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long ;  ear-stalk  small  to  medium ;  ear 
slightly  tapering,  rather  bluntly  rounded  at  butt  and  tip,  the  latter 
well  filled,  twelve  to  eighteen-rowed ;  the  kernel  golden  yellow  on 
summit,  orange  below  ;  cob  red ;  a  sulcus,  narrow  or  broad,  but 
deep,  between  the  rows,  thus  causing  a  very  variable  appearance  to 
the  ears. 

“In  our  crop  some  ears  of  the  Chester  county  Mammoth  type,  and 
other  ears,  an  eighteen-rowed  flint,  with  red  cob,  and  which  can  be 
referred  to  a  North  Carolina  variety  called  Franklin’s  Yellow.  A 
few  ears  are  sixteen-rowed,  the  kernels  arranged  in  pairs,  with  broad 
and  deep  sulci,  the  kernels  so  rounded  as  to  remind  of  rice  pop,  a 
dimple  on  summit,  the  ears  tapering  strongly,  rounding  strongly  and 
pointing  to  the  strongty-covered  tip,  almost  cone  form,  the  color 
golden  yellow  in  the  dimple,  orange  as  to  the  rest  of  the  kernel. 
Other  ears,  yet,  resemble  the  flint  ears  in  shape,  color  of  ear  and 
kernel,  but  the  kernels  distinctly  dented  with  a  long  crease,  and  all 
the  kernels  toward  the  tip,  flint;  one  of  the  very  few  cases  of  flint 

and  dent  kernels  on  the  same  ear  that  have  come  under  our  obser¬ 
vation. 


Cultivation  of  Corn. 

For  the  purpose  of  measuring  the  effect  of  cultivation  on  corn 
Senes  I  A  plats  one  to  five,  and  Series  If  A  plats  one  to  five  were 
selected,  the  plats  one-tenth  of  an  acre  each ;  the  hills  forty-two  by 


100 


[Assembly 


forty-four  inches  apart,  and  200  pounds  of  superphosphate  applied 
per  acre.  Series  1  A  was  cultivated  both  ways,  and  Series  II  A 
had  the  weeds  removed  by  light  hoeing.  The  figures  of  the  plats 
are  as  below,  one  column  expressing  correction  to  an  equal  number 
of  hills : 


Cultivated  plats. 

Not  cultivated  plats. 

Actual 

Corrected 

Actual 

Corrected 

yield, 

yield, 

yield, 

yield, 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

I  A  1 . 

430.5 

471.4 

II  A  1 ... . 

408.4 

463.2 

2 . 

427.4 

480.0 

2.... 

446.3 

523.1 

3 . 

419.9 

486.3 

3.... 

465.8 

546.3 

4 . . 

471.8 

544.7 

4.... 

451.5 

511.6 

o . 

457.1 

553.5 

o. . . . 

456.6 

526.6 

Total  for  \  acre. 

2206.7 

2535.9 

2228.6 

2570.8 

These  plats  have  been  in  corn  for  now  three  years.  The  com¬ 
parison  of  the  yields  for  the  three  years,  the  figures  being  corrected 
for  uniformity,  read : 

Corrected  yield  for  the  various  years:  half  acres. 

1882.  1883.  1884.  1882.  1883.  1884. 

Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs. 

Series  I  A..  2154  2532  2535  Series  II  A. .  1859  2154  2570 

These  figures,  however  we  can  study  them,  do  not  indicate  any 
advantage  of  cultivation  upon  these  plats,  as  is  more  plainly  seen  by 
the  recapitulation  below : 

Yield  in  bushels  per  acre. 

Previous  yields. 

1884.  1882.  1883. 

Cultivated  plats . .  63.3  53.8  63.3 

Not  cultivated  plats .  64.2  46.4  53.8 

Curiously  enough,  during  three  years’  trial  we  have  found  no  evi¬ 
dence  strongly  in  favor  of  cultivation. 

Weeding  of  Corn. 

In  order  to  determine  whether  weeds  injured  corn  by  shading  the 
ground,  two  series  of  plats  were  mulched  with  straw,  the  III  A 
series  having  one  plat  hoed,  another  plat  mulched  with  straw  on 
June  14  after  a  thorough  hoeing.  In  series  IY  A  one  plat  had  let¬ 
tuce  seed  broad-casted  over  the  surface  on  July  1,  while  another 
plat  was  mulched  with  straw.  Both  series  had  the  hills  42x44 
inches  apart  and  received  superphosphate  at  the  rate  of  400  lbs.  per 
acre.  The  variety,  Waushakum  Flint.  The  actual  yields  in  ear 
corn  and  the  calculated  yields  in  bushels  per  acre  are  expressed  in 
the  table  following : 


No.  33.] 


101 


Plat. 

III.  A  upper,  kept  lioed . 

lower,  mulched  June  14 . 

IV.  A  upper,  lettuce  as  weed,  July  1 . . . 

lower,  mulched  July  1 . 


Yield  per  plat. 

Sound  corn.  Unsound  corn 

Yield  per 
acre. 

No.  of 
ears. 

lbs. 

No. 

ears. 

lbs. 

Sound  corn, 
bush. 

686 

221.5 

70 

4.8 

55.4 

636 

234.6 

101 

8.3 

58.6 

567 

161.2 

73 

5.0 

40.3 

517 

175.8 

89 

6.5 

43.9 

This  trial  may  be  of  interest  as  a  curious  attempt,  but  we  fail  to 
make  any  deductions  from  it.  Perhaps  future  trials  may  throw 
more  light.  One  thing  seems  evident.  The  mulching  delayed 
ripening,  and  probably  the  extra  amount  of  water  at  harvest  makes 
the  crop  from  the  mulched  portions  seem  slightly  larger  than  they 
should  be  in  the  comparison.  As  the  plants  that  vegetated  and 
were  left  to  form  crop  were  not  counted,  through  mistake,  we  have 
no  means  of  correcting  these  figures  to  uniformly  seeded  plats. 


Corn-,  Thickness  of  Planting. 

The  trial  was  made  with  Waushakum  corn,  the  hills  42x44  inches 
apart,  400  lbs.  superphosphate  used  per  acre.  The  actual  yields, 
and  the  yields  corrected  to  a  full  stand  per  plat,  read  as  follows : 


Plat. 

V.  A  upper,  1  plant  to  a  hill 
VI.  A  upper,  2  plants  to  a  hill 
V.  A  lower,  3  plants  to  a  hill 
VI.  A  lower  4  plants  to  a  hill 


Per  plat.  Per  plat.  Bush,  per  acre. 

Actual  yield.  Corrected  yield.  Corrected 
Bbs.  Lbs.  yield. 

179.6  181.7  45.4 

190.4  193.8  48.4 

237.0  243.1  60.7 

205.1  237.7  59.4 


We  thus  have  indicated  that  three  stalks  to  the  hill  gives  the  best 
results.  We  however  can  express  additional  facts  from  our  data,  as 
below  for  ear  corn  : 


V.  A  upper,  1  plant  per  hill  . 
VI.  A  upper,  2  plants  per  hill. 

V.  A  lower,  3  plants  perhill . 
VI.  A  lower,  4  plants  per  hill. 


No. 

of  ears. 

No.  of  ears 

Wt.  per  Wt.  per 
ear  sound,  hill 

Sound 

Uns’nd 

per  plant 

corn. 

s.  corn. 

corn. 

corn. 

sound  corn. 

ozs. 

lbs. 

..  500 

151 

2.99 

5.747 

1.06 

..  540 

57 

1.60 

5.641 

1.11 

..  &59 

83 

1.32 

5.754 

1.38 

. .  609 

69 

1.03 

5.388 

1.20 

wt.  per 
plant 
30und  co 
lbs. 

1.06 

.56 

.47 

.35 


The  influence  of  the  thin  planting  upon  the  product  per  plant  is 
very  manifest,  while  the  influence  upon  the  weight  of  the  ear  is  not 
very  plainly  shown ;  thinning  the  planting  does  not  seem  to  reduce 
the  number  of  unsound  ears,  but  it  does  increase  the  number  of 
ears  borne  to  the  plant,  probably  to  a  certain  extent  through  the 
increase  of  suckers. 


Forage  Crops. 

The  trials  of  forage  crops  were  with  Early  Amber  cane,  Maize 
and  Soja  bean. 

The  Soja  bean  gave  very  unsatisfactory  results,  furnishing  neither 
sufficient  forage  for  cutting  nor  seed.  The  cool  season  of  last  year 


102 


[Assembly 


prevented  our  Soja  bean  plants  from  ripening  their  seed,  and  hence 
the  variety  upon  which  we  founded  quite  favorable  reports  became 
lost  to  us.  The  variety  this  year,  although  the  dry  seed  looked  the 
same  as  last  years  seed,  yet  gave  us  a  low,  little  leafy  and  late  plant. 
It  seems  useless  to  speak  well  or  ill  of  this  plant  until  the  various 
forms  which  are  sold  under  this  general  name  of  Soja  bean  shall 
receive  more  specific  nomenclature. 

Corn,  as  a  Forage  Plant. 

In  our  trials  we  desired  to  ascertain  the  forage  weights  of  different 
kinds  of  corn,  and  to  make  a  comparison  between  maize  and  sor¬ 
ghum.  The  fertilizer  used  was  the  same  quantity  for  all,  400  pounds 
superphosphate  per  acre.  The  plats  one- twentieth  of  an  acre  : 

Yield,  green 
forage,  lbs. 


C  2.  Waushakum  flint  corn,  in  hills .  1620 

C  4.  Waushakum  flint  corn,  in  hills .  1639 j- 

C  7.  New  England  Pop,  in  drills* .  1106 

C  8.  Evergreen  Sweet,  in  drills . .  795 

C  9.  Waushakum  Flint,  in  drills .  1001 

C  10.  Minnesota  Dent,  in  drills .  1057 


C  2  and  C  4  had  been  heavily  fertilized  in  1882,  C  2  received  l-J^- 
cords  farm-yard  manure  and  fifty  pounds  fertilizer  per  plat,  and  0 
4  forty  pounds  fertilizer  per  plat,  C  7,  8,  9  and  10  received  twenty 
pounds  fertilizer  each  in  1S82  and  1883,  the  crop  of  1882  being  vari¬ 
eties  of  corn,  that  of  1883  potatoes.  These  four  plats  only  are,  there¬ 
fore,  fit  subjects  for  comparison.  The  larger  growing  corns  were  in 
drills  forty-four  inches  apart,  about  twelve  kernels  to  a  foot;  the 
pop  corn  in  drills  twenty-two  inches  apart,  and  about  twelve  kernels 

to  a  foot.  The  yields  per  acre,  for  the  three  years,  were, 

\ 

1882.  1883.  1884. 

Sound  corn;  Potatoes,  bush,  per  acre,  Green  forage  Aug.  19; 
bush,  per  acre,  mercli.  and  unmerch.  tons  per  acre. 


C  7 .  49.0'  323. 95  11.06 

C  8 .  27. 82  191.7"  7.95 

C  9 .  35.2s  191.8’  10.01 

CIO .  44. 34  132.3s  10.57 


1.  Early  Dent;  scarcely  merchantable  on  account  of  unripeness. 

2.  Sibley’s  Pride  of  the  North;  ripe  and  in  good  condition. 

3.  Chester  Co.  Mammoth;  quite  ripe  and  in  fair  condition. 

4.  Improved  King  Philip;  ripe  and  in  good  condition. 

5.  White  Star  Potatoes,  162.3  bush,  merchantable.  Whole  potatoes  as  seed. 

6.  White  Star  Potatoes,  152.1  bush,  merchantable.  Single  eyes,  cut  deep. 

7.  White  Star  Potatoes,  159.5  bush,  merchantable.  Single  eyes,  cut  half  deep. 

8.  White  Star  Potatoes,  110.5  bush,  merchantable.  Single  eyes,  cut  shallow. 


*Rows  half  distance,  or  twenty-two  inches. 


No.  33.] 


103 


It  seems  possible  that  pop  corn,  New  England  or  common  pop 
variety,  may  be  the  best  variety  of  corn  for  planting  for  forage  pur¬ 
poses,  on  account  of  its  admitting  of  close  planting,  and  on  account 
of  the  small  size  of  its  stalks.  It  certainly  seems  to  afford  more 
available  feed  to  the  ton  green  weight  than  any  variety  with  which 
we  are  acquainted,  and  its  supremacy  in  absolute  magnitude  of  yield 
in  our  trial  is  well  wTorthy  of  attention. 

Sorghum  as  a  Forage  Plant. 

The  plat  devoted  to  cane  for  forage  was  planted  at  the  same  time 
as  the  corn,  in  the  same  distance  of  drill,  but  rather  more  seed  to  the 
foot.  The  same  quantity  of  fertilizer  was  used.  The  yields  of 
green  forage,  as  cut  August  20,  a  little  before  its  height  growth  had 
ceased,  in  order  to  compare  with  corn  forage  of  the  same  age  was,  as 
below,  together  with  the  cropping  of  the  plats  the  preceding  years. 

1882.  1883. 


Sound  1883.  Sorglium 

ear  corn.  Potatoes.  forage. 

C  5  .  249  lbs.  667.6  lbs.  2254  lbs. 

Per  acre .  62.2  bush.  222 . 5  bush.  22 . 54  tons. 


In  1882,  Waushakum  corn,  eighty  pounds  phosphate  per  plat. 
In  1883,  White  Star  potatoes,  single  eyes,  twenty  pounds  phosphate 
per  plat,  129.6  bushels  merchantable.  In  1884,  Early  Amber  cane, 
in  drills  forty-four  inches  apart,  twenty  pounds  phosphate  per  plat. 

In  plats  C  11  and  C  12,  Early  Amber  cane  in  hills  42x44  inches 
for  C  11,  and  22x21  for  C  12  twenty  pounds  phosphate  per  plat. 
The  cropping  in  1882  corn,  in  1883  potatoes.  The  yield  for  the 
three  years  was,  as  below,  the  same  amount  of  fertilizer,  viz.,  twenty 
pounds  per  plat  being  applied  each  year. 


1882.  1883.  1883. 

•  Sound  ear  corn.  Potatoes.  Sorglium  forage. 

C.  11 .  337  1-2  lbs.  unripe.  903  1-4  lbs.  1208  lbs. 

C.  12 .  209  lbs.  good.  698  1-2  lbs.  1297  lbs. 


These  trials  all  show  that  the  Early  Amber  cane  gave  superior 
weight  of  green  forage  per  acre  to  corn. 

Early  Amber  cane  grows  very  slowly  during  the  early  part  of  the 
season,  scarcely  showing  any  vigor  until  August,  but  then  its  growth 
is  exceedingly  rapid. 

Corn  and  Cane  Forage  mixed. 

In  two  plats  we  had  Waushakum  corn  and  Early  Amber  cane 
planted  in  alternate  rows,  twenty  pounds  superphosphate  being  used 
per  plat.  The  drills  were  forty-four  inches  apart,  the  corn  seeded 
about  twelve  kernels  per  foot,  the  cane  somewhat  thicker.  C  1  re- 


104 


[Assembly 


ceived  in  1881,  1  11-64  cords  of  farm-yard  manure  and  fifty  pounds 
of  phosphate  per  plat.  C  3,  forty  pounds  phosphate  per  plat,  and 
the  yield  163  1-4  and  156  1-2  pounds  of  sound  ear  corn,  respectively. 
In  1883  C  1,  no  fertilizer  used,  yielded  100  pounds  of  barley,  with 
its  straw.  C  3,  817.6  pounds  of  potatoes,  twenty  pounds  fertilizer 
being  used  per  plat.  The  1884  crop  was  harvested  and  weighed 
green  August  18.  The  yield  : 


C  1. 

Per  row. 

5  rows  sorghum .  636  1-2  lbs:  127.3  lbs. 

4  rows  corn .  680  1-2  “  170.0  “ 


Total .  1317  146.3 

C  3. 

4  rows  sorghum .  802  1-2  lbs.  200. 6  lbs. 

5  rows  corn .  1002  1-2  “  200.5  “ 


Total.... .  1805  200.5 


In  this  case  the  corn  yielded  more  weight  ]ier  row  than  the 
sorghum  in  C  1,  and  the  same  in  C  3.  The  corn,  however,  was  cut 
when  just  in  proper  condition  ;  the  sorghum  was  cut  much  too  early, 
as  it  would  doubtless  have  gained  in  weight  for  two  weeks  longer 
at  least.  The  yield  of  the  mixed  crop  was  at  the  rate  of  15.61  tons 
per  acre,  of  the  corn  portion  16.83  tons,  of  the  sorghum  14.39  tons. 

It  may  be  well  to  summarize  the  actual  yields  of  the  forage  plats, 
irrespective  of  treatment. 


Yield  per  acre  green  forage  :  Tons. 

Six  plats  corn,  in  drills,  average .  12.03 

greatest .  16.39 

least . •  7.95 

Three  plats  cane,  in  drills,  average .  17.96 

greatest . 22.54 

least .  12.08 

Two  plats  corn  and  cane,  in  drills,  average .  15.61 

greatest .  IS. 05 

least .  13.17 


We  cannot  but  perceive  here  that  in  our  trials  Early  Amber  cane 
furnished  more  forage  than  did  corn,  but  this  comparison  is  not  be¬ 
tween  plant  and  plant,  but  between  areas  which  were  intended  to 
be  fully  occupied,  but  not  crowded  in  each  case. 


No.  33.] 


105 


Germinations  of  Commercial  Seed. 


The  apparatus  used  in  our  germinations  was  the  same  as  described 
in  oui  second  annual  report,  page  67,  wherein  fifty  separate 
samples  are  kept  under  precisely  similar  conditions  during  the  period 
of  trial.  As  previous  experiments  all  tend  to  indicate  that  a  chang¬ 
ing  temperature  is  more  potent  than  a  uniform  temperature,  we 
paid  but  little  attention  to  the  temperature  readings,  the  germinat¬ 
ing  boxes  being  placed  in  a  cupboard  where  the  temperatures  ranged 
from  seventy  to  eighty-four0  F.  Except  in  the  case  of  the  larger 
seeds,  of  which  the  pockets  of  the  apparatus  would  not  contain  the 
number,  one  hundred  seeds  were  used,  and  those  that  sprouted  were 
daily  removed  and  the  number  recorded.  In  every  case  a  duplicate 
trial  was  made,  the  two  trials  of  a  kind  occupying  adjoining  pockets 
in  the  same  box.  As  will  be  noted,  a  variation  appeared  in  nearly 
every  case  between  the  duplicates.  The  seeds  used  for  the  trial 
were  from  one  of  our  leading  seedsmen,  and  the  apparently  perfect 
seed  were  counted  from  the  packets  in  which  they  came.  The  ger¬ 
mination  trials  were  continued  in  general  until  the  seeds  had  either 
all  sprouted  or  become  rotten,  and  when  any  remained  sound  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  trials,  such  are  recorded  by  number  in  their  ap¬ 
propriate  column.  In  the  case  of  the  beet  family  each  seed  case  was 
counted  as  a  seed. 

It  is  probable  that  each  species  of  seed,  perhaps  also  some  of  the 
varieties,  have  one  temperature  at  which  the  best  results  for  ger¬ 
mination  occur,  and  unless  these  temperatures  are  quite  nearly  main¬ 
tained  we  should  not  expect  duplicate  results  as  between  ger¬ 
minations  made  at  different  times  and  under  different  circumstances 
of  temperatures.  We  made,  as  will  be  seen,  some  duplicate  trials, 
the  germination  boxes  being  dispersed  in  different  rooms.  In  peas, 
for  instance,  eleven  varieties,  of  which  nine  were  two  years  old  and 
two  three  years  old,  gave  the  following  figures. 

Largest 
germ 

9  var.  2  yrs.«old  percent. 

Germ.  temp.  70°— 84°.  'One  series .  88 

Duplicate .  96 

Germ.  temp.  65°-75°.  One  series .  100 

Duplicate .  100 

2  var.  3  yrs.  old. 

Germ.  temp.  70°-84°.  One  series .  98 

Duplicate .  100 

Germ.  temp.  65°-75°.  One  series .  100 

Duplicate .  92 


Least  Average 
germ  germ 


per  cent  percent 

20 

60 

22 

64 

48 

83 

56 

88 

72 

85 

64 

82 

92 

96 

SS 

94 

This  table  makes  it  appear  as  if  before  germination  tests  can  be 
made  of  seedsmen’s  seeds,  we  must  know  the  temperatures  for  best 
growth  of  each  species,  and  our  trials  must  be  made  within  some  as¬ 
certained  limit  of  temperature  before  we  can  assume  to  sit  in  judg¬ 
ment  over  germi native  qualities. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  II 


r 


106 


[Assembly 


Table  of  Duplicate  Germinations. 


VEGETABLE. 

VARIETY. 

|  Year  of  growth. 

1 

Date  tested. 

I  Age  of  seed. 

Number  of  seed  used. 

First  seed  sprouted;  d’s. 

Half  sprouted;  days. 

Last  sprouted;  days. 

|  Total  days  under  trial. 

|  Seed  remaining  sound.  I 

i  Per  cent  germinated 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 

tween  duplicates. 

Artichoke . 

Green  Globe  . 

1883 

Oct.  31 ,  1884 

4  4 

1 

50 

2 

4 

9A 

30 

0 

70 

Duplicate . 

<  t 

1 

50 

2 

6 

23  30 

o 

62 

8 

Aspai'agus .  ... 

Conover’s  Colossal . . 

<  1 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

5 

18  23 

0 

94 

Duplicate . 

k  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

5 

n  21 

0  97 

3 

Bean . 

Green  Nonpareil . 

<  < 

Nov.  4,  1884 

4  4 

1 

20 

*; 

3 

4 

4 

0 

100 

Duplicate.  .*. . 

<  ( 

1 

20 

2 

3 

5 

5 

0 

100 

0 

Osborn’s  Forcing . 

1882 

Oct.  31,  1884 

2 

20 

2 

2 

2 

9 

0 

5 

Duplicate . 

4  i 

4  4 

2 

20 

1 

1 

2 

7 

0 

35 

30 

French  Yard  Long . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

25 

1 

2 

4 

4 

0 

100 

Duplicate  . 

4  i 

4  4 

3 

25 

1 

2 

19 

19 

0 

100 

0 

Beet  (Fruits). 

New  Dark  Egyptian  Turnip . . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

11 U9 

67 

Duplicate . 

t  i 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

919 

65 

2 

New  Dark  Egyptian  Turnip. . 

<  < 

4  4 

2 

100 

7 

JL 

2 

ll!i9 

.  . 

TO 

Duplicate . 

(  i 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

5  19 

.  . 

o 

New  Dark  Egyptian  Turnip.. 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

7 

19 

*  * 

42 

Duplicate . 

t  4 

1 

100 

o 

2 

1219 

.  , 

43 

1 

New  Dark  Egyptian  Turnip. . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

1019 

.  . 

72 

Duplicate . 

<  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

7 

19 

69 

3 

Dewing’s  Extra  Early  Turnip 

i  i 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

6119 

.  . 

60 

Duplicate  . . 

l  < 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

4  19 

.. 

62 

2 

Dewing’s  Extra  Early  Turnip 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

2 

10  19 

35 

Duplicate . 

l  i 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

2 

10 

19 

34 

1 

Dewing’s  Extra  Early  Turnip 

1874 

4  4 

10 

100 

1 

3 

4 

19 

.  . 

9 

Duplicate  . .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

10 

100 

1 

3 

9 

19 

.  . 

18 

9 

Early  Bassano . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

9 

5 

19 

.  . 

81 

Duplicate . 

i  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

.1 

9 

10 

19 

73 

8 

Early  Bassano . 

1871 

4  4 

13 

100 

3 

4 

Pt 

1 

19 

.  . 

36 

Duplicate . . 

(  4 

4  4 

,  . 

100 

1 

4 

14 

19 

. 

18 

18 

Early  Blood  Turnip . 

1882 
(  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

14 

19 

.  . 

58 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

9 

5 

19 

60 

2 

Early  Blood  Turnip . 

1869 

4  4 

15 

100 

4 

5 

10 

19 

.. 

24 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

15 

100 

1 

4 

9 

19 

•  • 

17 

7 

Early  Blood  Turnip . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

17 

19 

.. 

80 

Duplicate . ;. 

4  4 

4  < 

2 

100 

2 

2 

13 

19 

86 

6 

Long  Smooth  Blood . 

i  % 

4  < 

2 

100 

2 

3 

6 

19 

65 

Duplicate . 

t  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

4 

18 

19 

*  * 

62 

3 

Long  Smooth  Blood . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

4 

13 

19 

44 

Duplicate . . . 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

19 

19 

.  . 

38 

6 

Long  Smooth  Blood .  .  .. 

1880 

4  « 

4 

100 

1 

2 

9 

19 

•  • 

82 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

2 

4 

19 

•  . 

74 

8 

Long  Smooth  Blood . 

I860 

4  4 

15 

100 

2 

5 

15 

19 

.  . 

20 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

15 

100 

3 

4 

7 

19 

•  • 

11 

9 

Half  Long  Blood . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

5 

19 

.  . 

63 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

3 

7 

19 

•  . 

56 

7 

Ne  Plus  Ultra . 

1878 

4  < 

6 

100 

2 

3 

18 

19 

69 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

6 

100 

2 

4 

15 

19 

58 

ii 

Scarlet  Ribbed . 

1879 

4  4 

5 

100 

2 

4 

7 

19 

37 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

5 

100 

2 

4 

14 

19 

•  . 

39 

•> 

Golden  Veined . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

3 

3 

4 

19 

62 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

6 

19 

.  . 

44 

18 

Scarlet  Veined . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

2 

9 

19 

.  . 

61 

Dunlicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

9 

w 

4 

19 

.  . 

49 

12 

Mangel-wurzel 

Beet . 

Long  Y  ellow . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

9 

17 

19 

56 

Duplicate .  . 

4  < 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

5 

19 

.  . 

48 

8 

Long  Red . 

4  ‘ 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

7 

19 

77 

Duplicate . . 

»  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

6 

19 

.  . 

70 

7 

Long  Red . 

1881 

«  4 

3 

100 

1 

2 

7 

19 

.  . 

81 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

n 

o 

10(1 

1 

2 

15 

19 

. 

82 

1 

Y’ellow  Ovoid . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

109 

1 

9 

7 

19 

.  . 

76 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

8 

19 

.  . 

78 

2 

YTellow  Ovoid . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

5 

19 

.  . 

72 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

6 

19 

.  . 

61 

11 

Yellow  Ovoid . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

9 

10 

19 

.  . 

40 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

4| 

100 

1 

9 

11 

19 

42 

2 

No.  33. J 


10? 


Table  of  Germinations  —  (Continued). 


VEGETABLE. 

\ 

VARIETY. 

■ 

Year  of  growth. 

Date  tested. 

I  Age  of  seed. 

1 

!  Number  of  seed  used. 

1  First  seed  sprouted ;  d’s. 

1  Half  sprouted;  days. 

j  Last  sprouted;  days 

I  Total  days  under  trial. 

|  Seed  remaining  sound- 

1 

!  Per  cent  germinated. 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 

tween  duplicates. 

Mangel-wuizel 

Beet . 

Mammoth  Red . 

1883 

Oct.  31,1884 

1 

100 

1 

2 

9 

19 

•  • 

80 

Duplicate  . 

i  t 

1 

100 

1 

2 

3 

19 

.  . 

68 

12 

Mammoth  Red . 

1876 

4  < 

8 

100 

2 

2 

7 

19 

. 

25 

Duplicate  . 

«  t 

4  4 

8 

100 

2 

2 

6 

19 

.  . 

27 

2 

Vilmorin’s  Imp.  Sugar . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

6 

19 

.  . 

58 

•  r 

Duplicate  . 

<  i 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

9 

e* 

8 

19 

• 

72 

14 

Lane’s  Imp.  Sugar. . .  . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

5 

19 

16 

Duplicate! . 7 . 

l  ( 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

2 

4 

19 

.  . 

13 

3 

Hatch’s  Blood  . 

1875 

4  4 

9 

100 

2 

3 

6 

19 

.  . 

22 

Duplicate  . 

i  fc 

4  4 

9 

100 

2 

3 

8 

19 

.  . 

19 

3 

Orange  Globe  Mangel . 

1876 

(  i 

4  4 

8 

100 

3 

4 

4 

19 

.  . 

3 

Duplicate  . — 

4  4 

8 

100 

2 

2 

9 

19 

.  . 

2 

1 

Yellow  Intermediate  Mangel 

1878 

4  4 

6 

100 

2 

2 

10 

19 

.  . 

17 

Duplicate  . 

i  i 

4  4 

6 

100 

2 

2 

11 

19 

•  . 

13 

4 

Borage . 

Borage . 

1582 

2 

100 

1 

2 

3 

19 

0 

29 

Duplicate  . 

i  * 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

4 

19 

0 

26 

3 

* 

Borage . 

1878 

4  4 

6 

100 

2 

t  1 

A/ 

4 

19 

0 

29 

Duplicate  .  . 

t  < 

4  4 

6 

100 

1 

2 

3 

19 

0 

46 

17 

Brocoli  . 

Early  White  . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

4 

25 

30 

0 

30 

Duplicate  . 

(  l 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

3 

19 

30 

0 

32 

2 

Early  Purple . . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

4 

7 

21 

30 

0 

34 

Duplicate  . 

(  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

5 

{! 

25 

30 

0 

51 

17 

' 

Early  Purple  Cape . . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

i 

19 

0 

98 

• 

Duplicate  . 

i  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

7 

19 

0 

91 

1 

White  Sprouting. . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

6 

19 

0 

79 

Duplicate . 

<  < 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

8 

19 

0 

76 

3 

White  Sprouting . 

1873 

4  4 

11 

100 

3 

7 

n 

19 

0 

3 

Duplicate  . 

i  4 

4  4 

11 

100 

2 

2 

12 

19 

0 

4 

1 

Sulphur  Color . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

2 

19 

0 

88 

Duplicate  . 

t  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

4 

19 

0 

98 

0 

Sulphur  Color . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

8 

28 

35 

0 

38 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

6 

28 

35 

0 

39 

1 

Chappel  Cream . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

23 

32 

0 

68 

^  4 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

27 

32 

0 

i  i 

9 

Chappel  Cream . 

1877 

4  4 

7 

100 

1 

2 

8 

19 

0 

49 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

“  4 

7 

100 

1 

2 

14 

19 

0 

38 

11 

Purple  Sprouting . 

1879 

Nov.  1,  188 

5 

100 

4 

8 

25 

32 

0 

31 

Duplicate .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

5 

100 

3 

8 

23 

32 

0 

31 

0 

Brussels 

sprouts . 

Brussel’s  Sprouts .  . 

1883 
(  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

10 

20 

0 

68 

Duplicate  .  . . . 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

3 

13 

20 

0 

62 

6 

Brussel’s  Sprouts  ..  .  . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

13 

19 

0 

90 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

19 

19 

0 

77 

13 

Brussel’s  Sprouts . 

1875 

4  4 

9 

100 

0 

0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

Duplicate.  . 

4  4 

4  4 

9 

100 

0 

0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

0 

Improved  Dwarf . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

4 

27 

!J5 

0 

52 

Duplicate  . 

4  « 

4  * 

1 

100 

2 

5 

28 

35 

0 

66 

14 

Burnett . 

Burnett  — . 

1879 

4  4 

5 

100 

3 

4 

9 

20 

0 

13 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

5 

100 

3 

4 

10 

20 

0 

22 

9 

Cabbage . 

F, tamper,  very  fine  .  . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

19 

0 

97 

Duplicate  . .  7 . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

18 

18 

0 

99 

2 

Little  Pixie .  . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

5 

13 

20 

0 

40 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

10 

20 

0 

35 

5 

Little  Pixie . 

1877 

4  4 

7 

100 

7 

7 

7 

20 

0 

1 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

7 

100 

0 

0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

1 

Early  Jersey  Wakefield . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

4 

20 

0 

93 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

4 

20 

0 

95 

2 

Early  Jersey  Wakefield . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

9 

3 

17 

0 

75 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

17 

0 

76 

l 

Early  Jersey  Wakefield  ..  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

5 

17 

0 

87 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

17 

0 

91 

4 

Early  Jersey  Wakefield . 

1884 

4  4 

0 

100 

2 

2 

2 

17 

0 

97 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

0 

100 

2 

2 

2 

17 

0 

99 

2 

Early  Jersey  Wakefield . 

1881 

4  4 

3  100 

2 

3 

25 

32 

0 

56 

Duplicate  . 

I  4 

4  4 

31100 

9 

** 

3 

25 

32 

0 

59 

3 

108 


[Assembly 


Table  of  Germinations — (Continued).. 


VEGETABLE. 

. 

VARIETY. 

Year  of  growth. 

Date  tested. 

I  Age  of  seed 

V 

(fj 

3 

TZ 

o> 

0) 

cn 

C 

u 

o 

JD 

r- ■ 
** 

3 

£ 

\ji 

■3 

<x> 

4_> 

mJ 

o 

2. 

TZ 

V 

V 
c r< 

4-9 

fl 

Sh 

fe 

Half  sprouted;  days.  1 

Last  sprouted  ;  days. 

Total  days  under  trial. 

1  Seed  remaining  sound,  i 

|  Per  cent  germinated. 

1  Per  cent  difference  be-  1 
|  tween  duplicates. 

Cabbage  . 

Early  Winningstadt . 

1883 

Oct.  31,  1884 

1 

100 

2 

2 

19 

19 

0 

95 

Duplicate  .  . 

<  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

8 

17 

0 

97 

2 

Early  Winningstadt _ _ , 

1882 

Nov.  1,  1884 

o 

rJ 

100 

2 

2 

8 

17 

0 

85 

Duplicate  . 

<  t 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

7 

17 

0 

75 

10 

Early  Winningstadt . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

15 

17 

0 

74 

Duplicate  . 

(  i 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

9 

17 

0 

73 

1 

Savoy,  Early  Dwarf . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

17 

0 

96 

Duplicate . . 

<  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

17 

0 

92 

Savoy,  Early  Dwarf . 

1876 

4  4 

8 

100 

4 

5 

14 

19 

0 

6 

Duplicate  . . 

t  < 

4  4 

8 

100 

3 

4 

10 

19 

0 

6 

0 

Savoy,  Early  Ulm . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

17 

0 

92 

• 

Duplicate . . 

l  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

17 

0 

91 

1 

Savoy,  Early  Ulm .  . 

1873 

4  4 

11 

100 

0 

0 

0 

19 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

<  « 

4  4 

11 

100 

0 

0 

0 

19 

0 

0 

0 

Early  Oxheart . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

15 

19 

0 

20 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

17 

19 

0 

23 

3 

Large  Early  York . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

9 

19 

0 

66 

Duplicate  . 

<  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

O 

17 

19 

0 

77 

11 

Improved  Early  Summer  ... 

i  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

17 

19 

0 

96 

Duplicate . 

t  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

19 

0 

96 

0 

Early  Flat  Dutch . 

<  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

4 

17 

0 

79 

Duplicate  ...  . 

<  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

5 

17 

0 

72 

7 

Early  Flat  Dutch . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

5 

17 

0 

86 

Duplicate  . 

<  < 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

r* 

4 

17 

0 

81 

5 

Early  Flat  Dutch . 

1881 
<  ( 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

5 

19 

0 

64 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

♦ 

3 

100 

2 

2 

6 

18 

0 

68 

4 

Early  Flat  Dutch . 

1883 

i  i 

4  i 

1 

100 

2 

3 

14 

19 

0 

70 

Duplicate  . 

4  i 

1 

100 

2 

‘3 

13 

19 

0 

65 

5 

Large  Late  Bergen . 

1874 

4  4 

10 

100 

3 

o3 

34 

40 

0 

36 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  < 

10 

100 

2 

2o 

35 

39 

0 

22 

14 

Large  Late  Drumhead . 

1877 

.  » 

7 

100 

2 

6 

28 

32 

0 

30 

Duplicate.  . 

4  i 

4  4 

7 

100 

2 

5 

28 

32 

0 

20 

10 

Large  Late  Drumhead . 

1882 

4  4 

O 

100 

2 

2 

7 

20 

0 

66 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

18 

20 

0 

70 

4 

Large  Late  Drumhead . 

1873 

4  4 

11 

100 

0 

o 

0 

20 

0 

0 

Duplicate . .  . 

4  < 

4  4 

11 

100 

0 

0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

0 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

6 

17 

0 

70 

Duplicate  . . 

^  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

8 

17 

0 

77 

7 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

1883 

4  4 

l 

100 

o 

2 

3 

17 

0 

91 

Duplicate . 

i  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

4 

17 

0 

88 

3 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

i  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

6 

17 

0 

91 

Duplicate  .  . 

4  4 

«  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

17 

0 

92 

1 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

6 

17 

0 

95 

Duplicate  . . 

4  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

2 

17 

0 

94 

1 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

20 

30 

0 

36 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

25 

30 

0 

41 

5 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

1881 

1  & 

3 

100 

2 

2 

7 

19 

0 

14 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

5 

19 

0 

16 

2 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

1878 

4  4 

4  4 

6 

100 

2 

8 

25 

30 

0 

20 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

6 

100 

2 

4 

24 

30 

0 

14 

6 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

1882 
t  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

28 

31 

0 

61 

Duplicate  . 

4  < 

2 

100 

2 

4 

22 

31 

0 

68 

7 

Fine  Large  Flat  Dutch . 

1867 

4  4 

17 

100 

8 

8 

8 

20 

0 

1 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

44 

17 

100 

0 

0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

i 

Fottler’slmp.  Brunswick  — 

1882 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

7 

17 

0 

87 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

2 

8 

17 

0 

93 

6 

Fottler’s  Imp.  Brunswick  ... 

1881 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

4 

2S 

32 

0 

33 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

4 

23 

32 

0 

30 

3 

White  Brunswick . 

1867 

4  4 

17 

100 

8 

8 

8 

19 

0 

1 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

17 

100 

4 

4 

4 

19 

0 

1 

3 

Filderkraut . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

31 

35 

0 

59 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

3 

31 

35 

0 

63 

4 

Late  Drumhead  Savoy . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

8 

17 

0  97 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

o 

o 

6 

17 

°l 

95 

2 

Late  Drumhead  Savoy . 

1881 

t  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

4 

17 

0 

89 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

31100 

2 

2 

17 

19 

o:  93 

4 

No.  33.] 


109 


VEGETABLE. 


Cabbage 


Cardoon 
Carrot. . . 


Cauliflower. . . . 


Table  of  Germinations  —  (Continued). 


VARIETY. 

j  Year  of  growth. 

Datetested. 

I  Age  of  seed. 

!  Number  of  seed  used. 

|  First  seed  sprouted;  d’s, 

1  Half  sprouted;  days. 

Last  sprouted;  days. 

I  Total  days  under  trial. 

I  Seed  remaining  sound. 

Per  cent  germinated. 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 
tween  duplicates. 

Late  Drumhead  Savoy. .  .  . 

1881 

Nov.  1,  1884 

3 

100 

2 

2 

19 

19 

0 

82 

Duplicate  . 

t  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

10 

19 

0 

79 

3 

Late  Drumhead  Savoy . 

1877 

4  4 

7 

100 

5 

23 

33 

37 

0 

19 

Duplicate  . 

(  ( 

4  4 

7 

100 

2 

11 

35 

41 

0 

17 

2 

Red  Pickling . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

3 

25 

26 

0 

7) 

Duplicate  .  ~ . .  . 

<  t 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

4 

19 

26 

0 

77 

6 

Early  Rainhara . 

1880 

Nov.  20, 1884 

4 

100 

1 

2 

14 

21 

0 

52 

Duplicate  . 

<  i 

4 

100 

1 

2 

12 

22 

0 

55 

3 

St.  John’s  Day  Early  Drumh’d 

1883 

4  ( 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

22 

0 

92 

Duplicate  . 

(  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

22 

22 

0 

97 

5 

St.John’s  Day  Early  Drumh'd 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

21 

21 

0 

81 

Duplicate  . 

<  ( 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

3 

23 

25 

0 

70 

11 

Late  St.  John’s  Day  Drumh’d 

1873 

4  4 

U 

100 

17 

17 

17 

22 

0 

1 

Duplicate . 

t  4 

4  4 

ll 

100 

0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

1 

London  Market  . 

1867 

i  ( 

4  4 

17 

100 

0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

17 

100 

0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

0 

Large  Solid . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

26 

50 

0 

70 

Duplicate . 

4  C 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

4 

10 

50 

2 

70 

0 

Extra  Early  Forcing . 

1883 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

4 

17 

50 

1 

53 

Duplicate  —  . 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

4 

17 

50 

0 

44 

9 

Extra  Early  Forcing . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

6 

8 

50 

10 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  i 

2 

100 

4 

7 

17 

50 

1 

11 

1 

Early  Horn . 

1883 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

3 

40 

48 

0 

61 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

3 

18 

48 

0 

59 

2 

Early  Horn . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

4 

6 

16 

50 

0 

18 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

4 

6 

10 

50 

1 

17 

1 

Half  Long  Red-Pointed . 

1883 

<  4 

1 

100 

2 

3 

21 

50 

3 

73 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

3 

40 

50 

2 

80 

7 

Half  Long  Red-Pointed . 

1882 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

18 

50 

0 

56 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

3 

45 

50 

0 

58 

2 

Half  Long  Red-Pointed . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

4 

24 

50 

0 

37 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

3 

6 

50 

0 

37 

0 

Hall'  Long  Stump  Rooted... 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

5 

35 

50 

0 

24 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

4 

8 

48 

0 

16 

8 

Half  Long  Carenton . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

3 

8 

50 

0 

74 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

4 

18 

50 

0 

60 

14 

Half  Long  Carenton . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

5 

17 

50 

0 

19 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

5 

14 

50 

0 

20 

1 

New  Half  Long  Luc.  short, 

Thick . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

4 

11 

40 

5 

19 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

4 

8 

40 

3 

29 

10 

Danvers .  . 

4  « 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

4 

36 

50 

1 

80 

Duplicate  ...  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

3 

10 

50 

0 

80 

0 

Danvers. .  . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

4 

13 

48 

0 

64 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

4 

14 

50 

0 

70 

6 

Danvers . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

5 

15 

50 

0 

14 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

5 

10 

50 

0 

15 

1 

Long  Orange . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

3 

9 

50 

0 

80 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

s 

17 

50 

0 

76 

4 

Long  Orange  ...  . — 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

3 

36 

50 

0 

41 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

3 

41 

50 

1 

35 

6 

Long  Orange . 

1881 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

6 

34 

50 

2 

6 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

3 

lot) 

4 

4 

5 

50 

1 

5 

1 

Long  Orange . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

3 

4 

12 

50 

2 

7 

Duplicate  .  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

4 

8 

50 

1 

14 

7 

Altingham . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

0 

0 

0 

40 

2 

0 

Duplicate . 

1  4 

4  4 

o 

100 

r> 

1 

7 

7140 

2 

1 

1 

Long  White .  . 

1883 

4  4 

i 

100 

2 

4 

7:40 

4 

66 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

i 

100 

2 

4 

1540 

3 

57 

9 

Long  White . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

4 

27 

40 

4 

44 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

ICO 

3 

4 

38 

40 

2 

53 

0 

Extra  Early  Dwarf  Erfurt. . . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

8 

0 

84 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

11 

0 

86 

2 

Early  Dwarf  Erfurt . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

11 

0 

91 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

5 

0 

90 

1 

Early  Dwarf  Erfurt . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

11 

0 

89 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

ll  1 

5 

11 

0 

88 

l 

110 


[Assembly 


Table  of  Germinations — (Continued). 


VEGETABLE. 

VARIETY. 

Year  of  growth. 

Date  tested. 

w 

0) 

X 

c 

£> 

tl 

< 

i  v 

a> 

Tj 

Z3 

rz 

& 

o 

(A 

o 

u 

? 

Sj 

r* 

5 

1  First  seed  sprouted :  d’s. 

|  Half  sprouted;  days. 

Last  sprouted;  days. 

1  Total  days  under  trial 

•a 

** 

c 

03 

tl 

3 

© 

3 

V 

© 

c 

Per  cent  germinated. 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 
tween  duplicates. 

Cauliflower  ... 

Early  Snowball . 

1883 

Nov.  20, 1884 

1 

100 

“1 

L 

1 

5 

l) 

1° 

'  80 

Duplicate  .  . 

<  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

I  1 

5 

11 

0 

77 

3 

Early  Paris  . . 

<  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

4 

0 

89 

Duplicate . .  . 

t  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

!  1 

4 

11  0 

87 

2 

Imperial . 

»  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

4 

11 

0 

88 

Duplicate . 

i  1 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

11 

0 

83 

5 

Imperial . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

3 

26 

36 

0 

40 

Duplicate . 

«  ( 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

4 

31 

35 

0 

40 

0 

Large  Algiers . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

11 

11 

0 

97 

Duplicate . . 

<  t 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

7 

8 

0 

82 

15 

Large  Early  London . 

<  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

9 

9 

0 

66 

Duplicate . . 

t  1 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

11 

11 

0 

77 

11 

Large  Early  London . 

1881 

4  4 

o 

O 

100 

1 

O 

fV 

28 

36 

0 

56 

Duplicate . 

l  t 

4  4 

3 

100 

l 

9 

26 

35 

0 

69 

13 

Thorburn’s  Nonpareil . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

10 

22 

0 

87 

Duplicate . 

l  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

22 

0 

78 

9 

Thorburn’s  Nonpariel  . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100;  1 

1 

7 

22 

0 

97 

Duplicate . . 

i  1 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

3 

22 

0 

91 

6 

Thorburn's  Nonpareil . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

2 

15 

19 

0 

95 

Duplicate . . 

(  t 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

2 

6 

21 

0 

94 

1 

Half  Long  Dwarf  French  .. 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

.1 

1 

8 

12 

0 

93 

Duplicate  . 

4  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

1 

5 

5 

0 

97 

4 

Stadtholder . 

t  4 

4  4 

• 

1 

100 

i 

1 

10 

22 

0 

90 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100  1 

1 

11 

22 

0 

88 

O 

Early  Walcheren . 

4  4 

4  4 

11)00 

i 

1 

8 

22 

0 

94 

Duplicate . 

«  4 

4  4 

1  100 

i 

1 

8 

22 

0 

91 

3 

Early  Walcheren . 

1881 

4  4 

3  100 

i 

1 

11 

22 

0 

77 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3  100 

i 

11 

20 

0 

83 

6 

Lenormand’s  Short  Stem  ... 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

i 

4 

8 

0 

83 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

i 

1 

4 

11 

0 

79 

4 

Lenormand’s  Short  Stem .... 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

i 

1 

17 

22 

0 

47 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

l 

1 

8 

21 

0 

50 

3 

Autumn  Giant . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

l 

2 

9 

21 

0 

70 

Duplicate  .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

l 

2 

9 

21 

0 

71, 

1 

Wonderful . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

l 

3 

9 

17 

0  36 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

luO 

i 

3 

8 

22 

0 

30 

6 

Celery . 

White  Walnut.  . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

6 

7 

8 

22 

0 

6 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

•  4 

2 

100 

10 

10 

10 

22 

Oj 

2 

4 

Incomparable  Dw’f.  Crimson 

1883 

“ 

1 

100 

0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

l  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

0 

Incompara’le  Dwarf  Crimson 

1882 

Nov.  21,1884 

2 

100 

8 

11 

37 

50 

°i 

22 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

“ 

2 

100 

9 

11 

35 

50 

0 

15 

rr 

i 

Celeriac . 

Celeriac  or  Turnip  Rooted.. 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

8 

15 

39 

50 

°i 

27 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

7 

14 

40 

50 

0! 

26 

l 

Celeriac  or  Turnip  Rooted.. 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

°l 

Of 

022 

°; 

0 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

o 

0 

0  22 

0 

0 

0 

New  Apple  . 

1879 

4  4 

5 

100 

o! 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

4  * 

4  4 

5 

100 

°! 

0| 

0 

22 

0 

0 

0 

Chervil  . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

4! 

6! 

13 

50 

9: 

71 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

4; 

6: 

11 

50 

U! 

58 

13 

Chervil  . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

4 

7 

1350' 

7 

58 

Dunlicate . 

4  4 

“# 

3 

100 

4 

6 

lll50; 

4 

69, 

11 

Corn  Salad  .... 

Corn  Salad  or  Fetticus . 

1883 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

3 

8  12 

0 

72j 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

1 

LOO 

3 

3 

rr\ 

i 

19 

0 

74 

O 

Small  Seeded  . 

1875 

L  4 

9 

100 

0! 

0! 

0 

22 

0 

0 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  k 

9 

1001  O' 

0! 

0 

22 

0 

0 

0 

Green  Cabbaging  . 

1877 

4  4 

4  4 

7 

ioo|  o| 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

Duplicate  .  .  . 

4  4 

7 

100 

9 

12 

17 

22 

0 

5 

5 

Lettuce  Leaved . 

1876 

4  4 

8 

100 

0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

8 

100  0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

0 

0 

Cress . 

Curled  (pepper  grass) . 

1877 

4  4 

r* 

100 

3 

4 

10 

12 

0 

52 

Duplicate*....  ~ . 

4  4 

4  4 

7 

100 

3 

4 

9 

12 

0 

49 

3 

Broad  Leaved  . 

1878 

4  4 

6  100  3 

4 

14 

19 

0 

45 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

6100  3 

5 

10 

21 

0 

52 

r* 

4 

Cucumber  . 

Swan's  Neck  . . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

25 

3 

3 

5 

21 

0 

88 

Duplicate  .  . 1 

“  1 

4  4 

4 

25* 

3 

3 

8| 

17 

0 

72 

16 

No.  33.] 


Ill 


VEGETABLE 


Cucumber . 

Dandelion  .  . . 

Egg  Plant . 

Endive . 

/ 

Kohl-Rabi-  ■  •  • 


Leek 


Lettuce 


Table  of  Germinations  —  (Continued).  ' 


VARIETY. 

Year  of  growth. 

Date  tested. 

I  Age  of  seed. 

Number  of  seed  used. 

First  seed  sprouted;  d’s 

Half  sprouied  ;  days. 

Last  sprouted ;  days. 

Total  days  under  trial. 

Seed  remaining  sound. 

Per  cent  germinated. 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 

tween  duplicates. 

General  Grant . 

1879 

Nov.  21, 1884 

5 

25 

3 

3 

•  4 

18 

0 

40 

Duplicate . 

i  < 

4  4 

5 

25 

3 

3 

8 

17 

0 

80 

40 

Dandelion . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

5 

18 

21 

0 

27 

Duplicate  . 

i  ( 

4  ‘ 

1 

100 

o 

O 

4 

17 

18 

0 

8 

19 

Long  Purple . 

1875 

4  4 

9 

100 

11 

19 

37 

50 

1 

19 

Duplicate  . .  . 

<  < 

4  4 

9 

100 

11 

23 

44 

50 

2 

10 

9 

Green  Curled . 

1865 

t  < 

4  4 

19 

100 

0 

0 

0 

18 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

19 

100 

0 

0 

0 

18 

0 

0 

0 

White  Curled . 

1882 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

3 

5 

18 

0 

26 

Duplicate  . 

l  fc 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

3 

13 

18 

0 

33 

7 

Moss  Curled . . 

fc  < 

4  4 

o 

100 

3 

3 

8 

18 

0 

17 

Duplicate  . 

<  < 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

3 

5 

21 

0 

13 

4 

Moss  Curled  .  .  ... 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

3 

8 

21 

0 

34 

Duplicate  . . 

<  t 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

3 

10 

22 

0 

50 

16 

Early  White  Vienna,  above 
ground . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

7 

10 

0 

66 

Duplicate . 

i  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

*  8 

10 

0 

68 

2 

Early  Purple  Vienna,  above 
ground . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

7 

11 

0 

62 

Duplicate . 

t  < 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

7 

11 

0 

55 

7 

Large  White  or  Green . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

4 

10 

0 

80 

Duplicate . 

(  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

4 

11 

0 

90 

10 

Large  W hite  or  Green . 

1867 

4  « 

17 

ICO 

0 

0 

0 

21 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  * 

17 

100 

0 

0 

0 

22 

0 

o 

0 

Large  White  or  Green . 

1864 

4  4 

20 

100 

0 

0 

0 

21 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

4  • 

4  4 

20 

100 

0 

0 

0 

21 

0 

0 

0 

Fine  Large  Flag . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

4 

10 

15 

0 

58 

Duplicate  . 

<  4 

4  ‘ 

1  100 

2 

5 

15 

15 

0 

57 

1 

Fine  Large  Flag . 

1877 

4  ‘ 

7  100 

4 

4 

19 

50 

0 

8 

Duplicate  . 

<  4 

4  « 

7  100 

4 

13 

17 

50 

0 

7 

1 

Large  Rouen  .  . . 

1883 

*  < 

1  J00 

2 

5 

36 

38 

2 

66 

Duplicate . 

i  4 

4  4 

1  100 

O 

w 

5 

32 

38 

1 

57 

9 

Large  Rouen . 

1880 
t  < 

4  < 

4  100 

2 

5 

8 

38 

0 

7 

Duplicate  . 

« < 

4  100 

4 

5 

14 

36 

0 

9 

2 

New  Large  Carenton . 

1883 

4  « 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

5 

31 

38 

0 

42 

uplicate . 

4  4 

1 

:oo 

3 

5 

31 

36 

0 

45 

3 

New  Large  Carenton . 

1877 

(  4 

4  ‘ 

7 

100 

0 

0 

0 

15 

0 

0 

Duplicate . . 

4  ‘ 

7 

100 

2 

2 

2 

15 

0 

1 

1 

Early  Curled  Simpson  . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

91 

Duplicate  .  . 

4  ‘ 

2 

100 

2 

3 

5 

5 

0 

97 

6 

Rlack  Seeded  Simpson . 

4  4 

4  < 

2 

100 

2 

2 

3 

5 

0 

98 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  * 

2 

100 

9 

2 

3 

5 

0 

99 

1 

Black  Seeded  Simpson . 

1880 

4  4 

4  < 

4 

100 

2 

2 

6 

6 

0 

96 

Duplicate .  . 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

2 

6 

6 

0 

90 

6 

Black  Seeded  Simpson . 

1881 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

6 

6 

0 

95 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

4 

6 

0 

93 

2 

American  Gathering . 

1883 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

2 

4 

0 

98 

Duplicate  . 

<  < 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

3 

0 

100 

2 

American  Gathering . 

1880 

4  4 

4  * 

4 

100 

2 

3 

6 

C 

0 

81 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

74 

7 

Early  Tennis  Ball  or  Boston. 

1883 

4  4 

4  * 

1 

100 

2 

2 

2 

6 

0 

96 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

3 

4 

0 

96 

0 

Early  Tennis  Ball  or  Boston. 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

2 

8 

4 

0 

99 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  * 

3 

100 

2 

2 

5 

6 

0 

98 

1 

Early  Tennis  Ball  or  Boston. 

1880 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

4 

4 

0 

100 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

96 

4 

Early  Tennis  Ball  or  Boston. 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

4 

5 

6 

0 

16 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

4 

6 

6 

0 

23 

7 

Hanson . 

1883 

4  4 

t  4 

1 

100 

2 

2 

5 

5 

0 

96 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

1 

100 

9 

2 

7 

7 

0 

94 

o 

Hanson . 

1880 

4  < 

4 

1(H) 

3 

3 

6 

6 

0 

85 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

3 

3 

6 

6 

0 

77 

8 

Victoria  Cabbage . 

4  4 

4  * 

4 

100 

2 

3 

0 

6 

0 

05, 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

60 

5 

Shotwell’s  Brown  Head . 

1881 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

3 

6 

0 

t3 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

92 

9 

112 


[Assembly 


Table  of  Germinations — (Continued). 


VEGETABLE. 

VARIETY. 

j=, 

*3 

o 

s- 

u 

c 

(h 

b5 

<X> 

!* 

Date  tested. 

Age  of  seed. 

Number  of  seed  used,  j 

First  seed  sprouted;  d’s. 

Half  sprouted;  days. 

Last  sprouted;  days,  j 

Total  days  under  trial. 

Seed  remaining  sound. 

Percent  germinated. 

Percent  difference  be¬ 
tween  duplicates. 

Lettuce . 

Large W hite  Summer  Cabba’e 

1882 

Nov.  21, 1884 

2 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

85 

Duplicate  . 

i  < 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

78 

7 

Golden  Stone  Head . 

<  4 

l  | 

2 

100 

3 

3 

5 

6 

0 

92 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  l 

2 

100 

3 

3 

6 

6 

0 

94 

2 

Golden  Stone  Head . 

1880 

4  • 

4 

100 

3 

5 

8 

7 

0 

37 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  < 

4 

100 

3 

7 

7 

7 

0 

34 

3 

India  Head  . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

4 

6 

0 

0 

81 

Duplicate.  . 

4  l 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

6 

6 

0 

59 

22 

India  Head  . 

1879 

4  4 

4  4 

5 

100 

3 

5 

6 

6 

0 

23 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

5 

100 

4 

5 

6 

6 

0 

16 

>v 

I 

Brown  Dutch . 

4  4 

Nov-  28, 1884 

5 

100 

] 

1 

2 

3 

0 

4 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

5 

100 

1 

2 

2 

3 

0 

4 

0 

Cabbage  New  Orleans . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

2 

2 

0 

91 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  1 

3 

100 

1 

1 

1 

2 

0 

96 

5 

Ice  Drumhead  . . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

13 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

3 

3 

4 

0 

15 

2 

Large  Yellow  Butter . 

1881 

4  < 

3 

100 

1 

1 

3 

4 

0 

79 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

4 

4 

0 

78 

1 

Grey  Seeded  Butter . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

4 

4 

0 

94 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

3 

3 

0 

96 

2 

White  Cos . 

4  « 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

2 

2 

0 

96 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

1 

2 

0 

96 

0 

White  Cos . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

2 

2 

0 

93 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

2 

3 

0 

88 

5 

Red  Winter  Cabbage . 

1883 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

3 

0 

52 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

5 

0 

50 

2 

Red  Winter  Cabbage. . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

6 

7 

0 

8 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

2 

5 

7 

0 

r 

4 

1 

Melon  Musk. . . 

Fine  Valparaiso . 

1876 

4  < 

8 

50 

4 

6 

10 

11 

0 

92 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

8 

50 

5 

6 

11 

14 

0 

84 

8 

Sill’s  Hybrid . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

50 

2 

2 

7 

14 

0 

86 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

50 

2 

2 

7 

14 

0 

90 

4 

Allen's  Superb  . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

50 

2 

2 

IV 

t 

13 

0 

96 

Duplicate  : . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

50 

2 

2 

11 

14 

0 

94 

2 

Large  Yellow  Cantaloupe. . . . 

4  4 

»  4 

4 

50 

2 

2 

10 

14 

0 

90 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

50 

2 

2 

6 

14 

0 

94 

4 

Large  Yellow  Cantaloupe. ... 

1877 

•  4 

7 

50 

2 

3 

13 

13 

0 

96 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

7 

50 

2 

2 

11 

14 

0 

92 

4 

Large  Y ellow  Cantaloupe. . . 

1876 

4  4 

8 

50 

2 

4 

12 

14 

0 

96 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

8 

50 

2 

4 

15 

30 

0 

96 

0 

Large  Yellow  Cantaloupe... 

1877 

4  4 

7 

50 

2 

4 

17 

30 

1 

86 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

7 

50 

2 

4 

16 

30 

0 

88 

2 

Melon-Water. . 

Sculptured  Seeded  Japan  .. 

1873 

4  4 

11 

25 

7 

r 

i 

9 

30 

0 

16 

Duplicate  . . . 

4  4 

4  4 

11 

25 

9 

9 

10 

30 

2 

12 

4 

% 

Early  Mountain  Sprout  . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

25 

2 

41 

6 

14 

0 

88 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

25 

2 

2 

7 

14 

0 

96 

S 

__ ' 

Goodwin’s  Imperial . 

4  * 

4  4 

3 

25 

2 

6 

8 

30 

0 

88 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

25 

3 

4 

7 

30 

2 

72 

16 

Apple  Seeded . 

1872 

4  4 

12 

25 

3 

7 

19 

30 

2 

20 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

12 

25 

2 

7 

18 

30 

1 

16 

4 

Apple  Seeded . 

1875 

4  4 

9 

50 

2 

3 

14 

30, 

3 

22 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

9 

50 

2 

3 

15 

30 

3 

18 

4 

Black  Italian . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

25 

6 

6 

11 

30 

1 

52 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

25 

5 

6 

8 

30 

1 

48 

4 

Nasturtium .... 

Tall . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

20 

4 

4 

6 

6 

0 

100 

Duplicate  .  . 

4  4 

4  ( 

2 

20 

3 

4 

6 

6 

0 

100 

0 

Onion . 

The  Queen . 

1884 

Dec.  6,  1881 

4  4 

0 

100 

2 

3 

21 

41 

0 

41 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

0 

100 

2 

3 

14 

41 

0 

38 

3 

The  Queen  . . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

23 

30 

0 

70 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

13 

36 

0 

77 

r* 

i 

The  Queen  ....  . 

4  4 

! 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

19 

24 

1 

65 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

4 

24 

1 

64 

1 

White  Tripoli .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

9 

5 

33 

0 

62 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

30 

34 

0 

59 

3 

White  Portugal . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

8 

10 

0 

90 

Duplicate  . 

4  ‘ 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

2 

7 

19 

0 

90 

0 

No.  33. j 


113 


Table  of  Germinations  —  (Continued). 


VEGETABLE. 


VARIETY. 


Onion. 


White  Portugal 

Duplicate . 

White  Portugal 

Duplicate . 

White  Portugal. 
Duplicate  ...  . 
White  Portugal 

Duplicate  . 

White  Portugal 
Duplicate  .. 
White  Globe 
Duplicate 
White  Globe 
Duplicate 
White  Globe 
Duplicate 
White  Globe 
Duplicate 
White  Globe 
Duplicate 
White  Globe 
Duplicate 
White  Globe 
Duplicate 
Early  Red  Flat 
Duplicate. 

Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red  Globe 
Duplicate 
Large  Red 
Duplicate 
Large  Red 
Duplicate 
Large  Red 
Duplicate 
Large  Red 
Duplicate 
Large  Red 
Duplicate 
Large  Red 
Duplicate 
Yellow  Danvers 
Duplicate. 

Yellow  Danvers 
Duplicate 
Yellow  Danvers 
Duplicate  ... 
Yellow  Danvers 
Duplicate  . ..  .. 
Yellow  Danvers 
Duplicate 


« 


114 


[Assembly 


VEGETABLE. 


Onions 


Shallot  Seed.. 
Parsley . 


Parsnip 

Pea  . . . 


Table  of  Germinations  —  (Continued). 


& 

? 

Sc 


Yellow  Globe  Danvers _ 

Duplicate . 

Yellow  Danvers . 

Duplicate . 

Yellow  Globe  Danvers.... 

Duplicate  . 

Yellow  Globe  Danvers . 

Duplicate  . 

Yellow  Globe .  1883 

Duplicate  . 

Yellow  Globe . 

Duplicate  . 

Yellow  Globe . 

Duplicate  .  . 

Giant  Kocco . 1883 

Duplicate . . 

Giant  Rocco . 

Duplicate . 

Pale  Red  Bermuda . 

Duplicate  . 

Globe  Madeira  . 

Duplicate  . 

Globe  Madeira . 

Duplicate  . 

Golden  Queen . 

Duplicate  . . . 

Flat  Madeira . 

Duplicate . 

Flat  Madeira .  . 

Duplicate  . 

Flat  Madeira . 

Duplicate  . 

Brown  Teneriffe... . 

Duplicate . 

Brown  Teneriffe . 

Duplicate  . 

Welsh . — 

Duplicate . . 

White  Silver  Skin  . 

Duplicate . 

Shallot  Seed .  ... 

Duplicate  . 

Fern  Leaved . 

Duplicate  . -. . 

Fern  Leaved . 

Duplicate  . 

Champion  Curled .  — 

Duplicate . 

Champion  Curied . 

Duplicate  . 

Hamburg .  . 

Duplicate  . . 

Sutton’s  Student . 

Duplicate . . 

Hollow  Crown . 

Duplicate . ■ . 

Alpha . 

Duplicate . 

1  ^Duplicate . . . 

l  do  .  .....  ...... . 

Kentish  Invicta . 

Duplicate . 

j  ^Duplicate . 

1  do 

Philadelphia  Extra  Early... 
Duplicate . 


Dec. 


1881 

<  t 

1883 
«  < 

i  i 

<  < 

1881 
«  < 

1883 

fc  4 


1882 
<  < 

1881 
4  i 

1883 

i  « 

1882 
i  < 

1881 
l  4 

1880 
(  4 

1882 
(  4 

1883 

4  4 

1880 
“  I 

1883 

4  4 

1881 
4  4 

1883 

4  4 

1881 
4  4 

1883 

4  4 

1882 


Dec. 


4  4 
f  4 


•  | 

m  I 

.  | 

rz 

'a 

"3 

• 

cS 

z.  : 

co 

— * 

"3 

© 

— 

dayi 

days 

■p  • 

£ 

©  1 
i 

© 

<*• 

•  • 

•  *» 

© 

rz 

•51 

© 

•a 

tested. 

•a 

CD 

© 

cr. 

CO 

c 

ft 

CO 

© 

O 

« i 

S?| 

~ 

S 

u 

u 

© 

Sh 

c 

t-H 

Z 

+3 

© 

•Q 

© 

CO 

ft 

CO 

ft 

CO 

©  1 

© 

© 

il 

*3 

5 

-3  | 

5 

© 

© 

© 

< 

£ 

*V  | 

Pi 

6,  1884 

4  4 

1  1001 

i 

3 

6 

34 

1 

18 

1  100 

l 

3 

4 

34 

4i 

19 

4  4 

2,100 

l 

4 

15 

34 

0 

56 

i  4 

2  100 

i 

4 

8 

34 

0 

72 

4  4 

2 

100 

l 

3 

9 

34 

2 

50 

4  4 

2 

100 

i 

3 

21 

34 

o, 

53 

4  4 

2 

100 

i 

3 

15 

34 

5 

25 

4  4 

2 

100 

l 

4 

15 

34 

4I 

33 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

4 

16 

32 

0 

81 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

4 

13 

34 

0 

86 

4  4 

1 

100 

l 

4 

15 

34 

2 

84 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

4 

14 

34 

2 

85 

4  4 

2 

100 

l 

4 

rr 

i 

34 

5 

43 

4  4 

2 

100 

l 

3 

rr 

i 

34 

5 

54 

4  4  ^ 

1 

100 

i 

6 

17 

34 

0 

50 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

6 

15 

34 

1 

53 

4  4 

3 

100 

6 

13 

6 

34 

4 

1 

4  4 

3 

100 

i 

7 

r* 

i 

34 

5 

1 

4  4 

l 

100 

1 

4 

1* 

32 

0 

86 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

4 

15 

34 

0 

83 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

6 

22 

34 

0 

9 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

6 

8 

34 

0 

8 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

4 

17 

34 

2 

6 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

5 

6 

34 

3 

4  t 

1 

100 

1 

3 

15 

34 

0 

31 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

3 

22 

34 

0 

27 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

5 

15 

34 

0 

17 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

6 

16 

c 

17 

13,  1S84 

2 

100 

2 

3 

11 

17 

V 

64 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

3 

11 

11 

2 

49 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

8 

17 

*> 

*• 

6 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

Tf 

1 

12 

17 

i 

rr 

i 

4  4 

1 

100 

0 

0 

0 

24 

0 

0 

4  4 

1 

100 

7 

11 

11 

13 

0 

8 

»  4 

2 

100 

1 

3 

8 

17 

1 

9 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

2 

9 

17 

2 

3 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

3 

24 

0 

3 

4  • 

3 

100 

4 

D 

4 

24 

0 

5 

4  4 

4 

100 

2 

2 

2 

27 

0 

1 

4  4 

4 

100 

0 

0 

0  27 

0 

0 

4  4 

2 

100 

0 

0 

o 

17 

0 

0 

4  4 

2 

100 

0 

0 

0 

17 

1 

0 

4  4 

1 

100 

8 

11 

16 

>5 

0 

35 

4  4 

1 

100 

8 

10 

14 

2<> 

0 

29 

4  4 

4 

100 

0 

0 

0 

27 

0 

0 

4  4 

4 

100 

0 

0 

0 

19 

0 

0 

4  < 

1 

100 

8 

9 

24 

27 

0 

64 

4  4 

1 

100 

8 

9 

13 

27 

0 

48 

4  4 

3 

100 

9 

11 

13 

27 

0 

rr 

i 

4  4 

3 

100 

9 

10 

16 

27 

0 

6 

4  4 

1 

100 

5 

8 

14 

27 

!  3 

28- 

4  4 

1 

100 

4 

9 

13 

27 

0 

24; 

4  4 

3 

100 

17 

18 

27 

2< 

4 

3 

<  4 

3 

100 

8 

10 

15 

27 

6 

4 

4  4 

1 

100 

10 

12 

21 

27 

4 

*t 

6 

4  4 

1  1 

100 

10 

12 

24 

27 

3 

6 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

2 

3 

5 

0 

84 

44 

2 

50 

1 

2 

3 

ir 

0 

64 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

6 

6 

0 

96 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

5 

5 

0 

100 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

1  £ 

.  8 

0 

88 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

8 

(1 

90 

4  4 

O 

rV 

25 

1 

o 

2 

2 

0 

100 

4  4 

o 

ht 

25 

1 

l  ^ 

2 

4 

0 

96 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

i 

4 

8 

0 

88, 

4  4 

2 

1  50 

1.1 

1 1 

2 

1  3 

0 

!  96 

,  J  m 

!  ©  © 

'  ,  © 


© 


16 


11 


15 


16 


20 


2 

4 


No.  33. j 


115 


VEGETABLE. 


Pea 


Pepper 


Radish  . 


Table  of  Germinations  —  (Continued). 


• 

VARIETY. 

^  Y  ear  of  growth. 

Date  tested. 

T3 

<v 

<v 

« 3 

o 

a> 

ta 

C 

Number  of  seed  used. 

First  seed  sprouted :  d's. 

Half  sprouted;  days. 

Last  sprouted  ;  days. 

Total  days  under  trial. 

Seed  remaining  sound. 

Per  cent  germinated. 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 

tween  duplicates. 

j  ^Duplicate . 

1882 

Dec.  13, 1  84 

2 

25 

1 

2 

2 

O 

0 

100 

1  A 

1  do  . 

<  l 

2 

25 

1 

2 

2 

2 

0 

96 

f  4 

Harbinger . 

l  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

2 

3 

8 

0 

34 

Duplicate . 

<  < 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

2 

5 

8 

0 

22 

12 

1  *  Duplicate . 

i  l 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

7 

0 

48 

I  s 

1  do  . 

C  i 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

6 

0 

56 

f  8 

Advancer  . . 

4  < 

4  4 

2 

50 

2 

2 

6 

8 

0 

20 

Duplicate . 

i  ( 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

3 

6 

8 

0 

28 

8 

j  *  Duplicate . . 

i  i 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

3 

5 

6 

0 

80 

1  n 

1  do  .  .  .. 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

3 

3 

7 

0 

80 

I  0 

Laxton’s  Prolific  Long  Pod. 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

84 

Duplicate  . . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

94 

10 

j  *Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

4 

0 

100 

1  ft 

1  do  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

6 

0 

92 

j  8 

Laxton’s  Prolific  Long  Pod.. 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

38 

Duplicate  .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

62 

24 

j  ^Duplicate . 

<  4 

( < 

2 

25 

2 

2 

2 

7 

0 

72 

1  do  . 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

7 

0 

92 

>-20 

Laxton’s  Marvel  . 

«  4 

<  i 

2 

50 

1 

2 

4 

8 

0 

78 

Duplicate  . 

(  < 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

3 

5 

8 

0 

82 

4 

f  ^Duplicate . 

i  ( 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

6 

0 

92 

\  n 

1  do  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

3 

4 

7 

0 

92 

Telegraph . 

“ 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

2 

3 

8 

0 

30 

Duplicate  .  . 

“ 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

2 

7 

8 

0 

34 

4 

j  ^Duplicate . 

i  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

4 

4 

r 

4 

0 

56 

1  do  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

4 

6 

7 

0 

84 

>  28 

Dwarf  Grey  Sugar . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

50 

1 

1 

2 

2 

0 

98 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

(  4 

3 

50 

1 

1 

3 

3 

0 

100 

2 

j  *  Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

25 

1 

2 

4 

4 

0 

100 

I  n 

1  do 

<  4 

‘  ‘ 

3 

25 

1 

2 

2 

2 

0 

100 

r 0 

Tom  Thumb  . . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

4 

8 

0 

72 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

4 

8 

0 

64 

8 

j  ^Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

6 

0 

92 

1  4 

|  do  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

2 

2 

4 

6 

0 

88 

f 4 

Large  Squash . 

1875 

4  4 

9 

100 

1 

1 

1 

17 

2 

1 

Duplicate  . 

4  b 

4  4 

9 

100 

2 

2 

2 

17 

0 

1 

0 

Large  Squash . 

1874 

4  4 

1° 

100 

5 

5 

12 

17 

0 

2 

Duplicate .  ... 

4  4 

10 

100 

0 

0 

0 

17 

0 

0 

2 

Large  Squash . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

4 

15 

17 

1 

58 

Duplicate  . . . 

1 

100 

3 

5 

15 

18 

2 

57 

1 

Long  Yellow  Cayenne  . 

1879 

5 

100 

6 

9 

23 

27 

0 

28 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

5 

100 

8 

11 

24 

27 

0 

42 

14 

Long  Yeliow  Cayenne . 

1874 

4  4 

10 

100 

0 

0 

0 

19 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

‘  < 

4  4 

10 

100 

5 

5 

5 

24 

0 

1 

1 

New  Cranberry . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

6 

10 

23 

24 

0 

73 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

2 

100 

4 

9 

14 

24 

0 

66 

7 

New  Cranberry . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

4 

10 

23 

24 

0 

62 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

4 

10 

22 

24 

0 

72 

10 

New  Cranberry . 

1880 

1  4 

4 

100 

8 

12 

19 

24 

0 

60 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

8 

12 

17 

24 

0 

63 

3 

New  Cranberry . 

1879 

4  4 

5 

100 

9 

15 

22 

24 

0 

22 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  ( 

5 

100 

10 

14 

19 

24 

0 

19 

3 

Cherry .  . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

8 

14 

17 

1 

59 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

6 

16 

17 

0 

52 

7 

Cherry . 

1879 

«  4 

5 

100 

0 

0 

0 

17 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

<  4 

4  4 

5 

100 

0 

0 

0 

17 

3 

0 

0 

Cherry . 

1871 

4  « 

13 

100 

10 

16 

16 

17 

0 

1 

Duplicate . 

“ 

“ 

13 

100 

0 

0 

0 

17 

0 

0 

1 

Sweet  Spanish . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

2 

5 

17 

17 

3 

cx> 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

2 

100 

3 

r» 

4 

16 

17 

1 

61 

1 

Monstrous  .  . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

6 

16 

24 

0 

72 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

2 

5 

15 

24 

0 

77 

5 

French  Breakfast . 

4  4 

4  1 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

3 

0 

95 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

i  °3 

2 

French  Breakfast . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

50 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1  1 

3 

4 

0 

1  48 

2 

116 


[Assembly 


VEGETABLE. 


Radish 


Roquette 


Table  of  Terminations-—  (Continued). 


VARIETY. 

Y ear  of  growth . 

Date  tested. 

Age  of  seed. 

Number  of  seed  used. 

|  First  seed  sprouted;  d's. 

|  Half  sprouted;  days. 

j  Last  sprouted ;  days. 

|  Total  days  under  trial. 

■a 

— 

3 

o 

03 

if 

c 

• 

c3 

a 

S 

u 

w 

13 

13 

Percent  germinated. 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 

tween  duplicates. 

French  Breakfast . 

1881 

Dec.  13,  1884 

3 

100 

1 

1 

3 

5 

0 

24 

Duplicate . 

<  i 

1 1  ’ 

3 

100 

1 

2 

5 

3 

0 

27 

3 

Wood’s  Early  Frame . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

66 

Duplicate . 

(  ( 

4  l 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

8 

0 

68 

2 

Early  Scarlet  Turnip,  French 

i  i 

i  i 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

8 

0 

55 

Duplicate  . 

i  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

57 

2 

Early  Scarlet  Turnip . 

(  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

4 

8 

0 

94 

6 

Duplicate  . 

{  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

8 

0 

88 

Early  Scarlet  Turnip . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

ICO 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

84 

Duplicate . 

<  t 

4  i 

2 

100 

1 

«1 

2 

8 

0 

85 

1 

Earlv  Scar't  Tur’p,  White  Tail 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

5 

8 

0 

30 

Duplicate .  —  . .. 

4  ( 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

4 

8 

0 

37 

7 

Early  Scar't  Turp, White  Tail 

1878 

4  ( 

6 

100 

1 

1 

5 

8 

0 

9 

Duplicate . 

<  i 

4  4 

6 

100 

1 

2 

4 

8 

0 

14 

5 

Early  White  Turnip . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

10 

24 

0 

6:: 

Duplicate  . 

(  ( 

4  4 

2 

100 

1 

1 

22 

24 

0 

69 

6 

Half  Long  Deep  Scarlet.  .. 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

4 

8 

0 

40 

Duplicate  . 

i  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

9 

0 

43 

3 

White  Olive  Shaped  . 

i  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

7 

17 

2 

66 

Duplicate .  . 

l  l 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

17 

1 

62 

4 

White  Olive  Shaped  . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

4 

17 

3 

53! 

Duplicate  . 

4  < 

«  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

13 

17 

0 

60 

* 

Long  Scarlet  Short  Top . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

8 

8 

0 

66 

Duplicate . 

l 

4  4 

|  1 

ioa 

,1 

1 

6 

8 

0 

67 

1 

Long  Scarlet  Short  Top . 

1881 

4  4 

1  ° 
O 

locr 

*1 

1 

4 

17 

1 

39 

Duplicate . 

( 

4  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

4 

8 

0 

41 

2 

Long  Scarlet  Short  Top . 

1872 

4  4 

12 

100 

0 

0 

0 

8 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

(  » 

4  4 

12 

100 

0 

0 

0 

8 

0 

0 

0 

Long  Salmon . 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

0 

1 

3 

8 

0 

73 

Duplicate  . 

i  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

4 

8 

13 

0 

73 

0 

Long  Purple  . 

1879 

4  4 

r> 

100 

1 

2 

7 

0 

5™ 

Duplicate . 

<  t 

4  4 

5 

100 

1 

2 

6 

17 

1 

51 

1 

Long  White  Naples .  .. 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

17 

2 

87 

Duplicate.  . 

•  t 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

7 

17 

1 

89 

2 

Long  White  Naples . 

<  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

7 

8 

0 

84 

Duplicate . 

Yellow  Turnip . 

t  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

9 

0 

82 

2 

1876 

4  4 

8 

100 

1 

2 

13 

13 

0 

17 

Duplicate..  .  . 

4  < 

*  4 

8 

100 

1 

2 

4 

17 

0 

11 

6 

White  Salisbury  Summer.... 

1883 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

r» 

1 

20 

1 

24 

Duplicate . 

4  t 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

25 

0 

16 

8 

Yellow  Summer  Turnip . 

4  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

5 

17 

2 

82 

Duplicate . . 

<  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

10 

17 

3 

88 

6 

Golden  Summer  Turnip . 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

7 

17 

1 

89 

Duplicate  ...  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

2 

17 

2 

90 

1 

Purple  Turnip  — . :.... 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

8 

23 

0 

71 

1 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

i 

23 

0 

72 

Grey  Summer  Turnip . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

16 

17 

4 

41 

21 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

13 

13 

0 

62: 

Giant  Stuttgart  Summer . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

8 

0 

96 

Duplicate  —  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

17 

1 

98 

2 

Black  Spanish,  Long . 

4  ( 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

8 

0 

100 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

3 

17 

0 

97 

3 

Black  Spanish,  Round . 

4  4 

4  « 

1 

100 

1 

1 

11 

11 

0 

63 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

8 

17 

2 

64 

1 

White  Spanish  . 

4  4 

k  4 

1 

100 

l! 

1 

8 

17 

1 

8? 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

l 

1 

15 

17 

2 

78 

9 

Scarlet  Chinese  Winter . 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

1 

7 

8 

0 

49 

13 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1, 

100 

i 

1 

7 

8 

0 

36 

Scarlet  Chinese  Winter  . 

1  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

l 

1 

4 

4 

0 

96 

10 

Duplicate .  .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

l 

1 

3 

8 

0 

86 

California  Large  White  Win’r 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

1 

7 

17 

3 

54 

Duplicate . — 

4  4 

4  ( 

1 

100 

i 

1 

8 

17 

2 

55 

1 

Long  Grey  Winter . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

i 

1 

4 

17 

1 

91 

Duplicate . . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

l 

1 

3 

17 

0 

0 

90 

1 

Roquette . . 

1S82 

4  4 

2 

100 

i 

1 

2 

15 

96 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

100 

l 

1 

1 

2 

0 

99 

3 

No.  33.] 


117 


Table  of  Germinations — (Concluded). 


VEGETABLE. 

VARIETY. 

Year  of  growth. 

Date  tested. 

|  Age  of  seed. 

II 

Number  of  seed  used.  | 

|  First  seed  sprouted;  d’s. || 

|  Half  sprouted  ;  days.  || 

Last  sprouted;  days. 

|  Total  days  under  trial. || 

|  Seed  remaining  sound. 

!  Per  cent  germinated. 

Per  cent  difference  be¬ 
tween  duplicates. 

Roquette . 

Roquet, t, ft . 

1881 

Dec.  13, 1884 

3 

100 

1 

1 

1 

3 

0 

96 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

«  4 

3 

100 

1 

1 

2 

9 

0 

95 

1 

Salsify . . 

Salsify  or  Vegetable  Oyster. . 

1883 

Dec.  18, 1884 

1 

100 

3 

4 

21 

22 

0 

86 

Duplicate .  .. 

t  i 

4  4 

1 

100 

3 

4 

21 

2-: 

1 

83 

.  3 

Salsify  or  Vegetable  Oyster.. 

1882 

(  4 

2 

25 

2 

4 

9 

12 

1 

76 

Duplicate  . 

<  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

3 

3 

12 

12 

4 

72 

4 

Salsify  or  Vegetable  Oyster.. 

1881 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

5 

6 

12 

1 

4 

Duplicate  .  . 

l  ( 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

5 

6 

12 

1 

7 

3 

Salsify  or  Vegetable  Oyster.. 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

5 

12 

0 

31 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

2 

3 

6 

12 

0 

38 

7 

Scorzonera.. .. 

Scorzonera  . . 

(  < 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

4 

8 

12 

1 

14 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

100 

3 

3 

4 

12 

0 

12 

2 

Scorzonera  . 

1865 

4  4 

19 

100 

0 

0 

0 

12 

0 

0 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

19 

100 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1 

0 

0 

Skirret . 

Skirret.  . 

1881 

4  ( 

3 

100 

0 

0 

0 

19 

0 

0 

Duplicate . 

«  4 

3 

100 

0 

0 

0 

19 

0 

0 

0 

Sorrel . 

Sorrel . 

1865 

4  4 

19 

100 

5 

5 

5 

11 

0 

1 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

19 

100 

0 

0 

0 

11 

0 

0 

1 

Spinach . 

American  Savoy  . 

1884 

4  4 

0 

100 

1 

4 

4 

22 

5 

8 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

0 

100 

3 

4 

4 

22 

6 

5 

3 

Swiss  Chard... 

Swiss  Chard  . . 

1883 

4  < 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

3 

20 

23 

0 

74 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

3 

23 

23 

0 

73 

1 

Swiss  Chard . 

<  4 

<  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

10 

23 

0 

83 

Duplicate . 

4  4 

4  4 

1 

100 

1 

1 

21 

23 

0 

80 

3 

Spring  Sprouts 

Spring  Sprouts . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

4 

13 

22 

2 

22 

Duplicate  .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

100 

1 

4 

13 

22 

3 

31 

9 

Squash  . 

Perfent  Gem . 

1882 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

3 

8 

12 

1 

94 

Duplicate  . 

4  < 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

3 

9 

12 

0 

96 

2 

Early  Golden  Bush . 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

5 

11 

0 

82 

Duplicate . .  .. 

4  4 

4  4 

2 

50 

1 

1 

6 

11 

0 

96 

14 

Green  Striped  Bergen . 

1881 

4  4 

3 

50 

1 

2 

6 

11 

0 

86 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

50 

1 

2 

4 

8 

0 

98 

12 

Little  Cocoanut  . . 

1880 

4  4 

4 

50 

2 

4 

20 

22 

1 

58 

Duplicate . — 

4  4 

4  4 

4 

50 

2 

4 

10 

22 

3 

68 

10 

Ohio  . . 

1881 

4  4 

4  4 

3 

25 

1 

2 

7 

11 

0 

92 

Duplicate  . 

4  4 

3 

25 

1 

2 

3 

11 

0 

100 

8 

New  Marblehead . 

1882 

4  4  » 

2 

25 

1 

1 

7 

12 

0 

80 

Duplicate  . 

«  4 

4  4 

2 

25 

1 

1 

5 

12 

0 

72 

8 

New  Marblehead . 

1874 

4  4 

10 

25 

0 

0 

0 

12 

4 

0 

Duplicate .  . 

4  4 

4  4 

10 

25 

0 

0 

0 

12 

o 

bJ 

0 

0 

*  At  a  lower  temperature— 65°-75.° 


118 


[Assembly 


Germination  of  Matze. 

Some  careful  experiments  were  made  in  order  to  determine  the 
lowest  temperature  at  which  maize  would  germinate. 

The  apparatus  used  was  a  tight  box  about  12x16  inches  square 
and  five  inches  deep,  lined  on  sides  and  bottom  with  a  small  lead 
pipe  through  which  spring  water  was  caused  to  flow.  This  box  re¬ 
ceived  about  two  inches  depth  of  water  in  order  to  equalize  temper¬ 
atures  by  its  mass,  and  in  this  water  was  floated  the  germination 
box,  9x14  inches  square  by  three  inches  deep,  and  in  which  were  the 
pockets  or  folds  which  contained  the  seed,  and  also  about  half  inch 
depth  of  water.  Through  the  tight  cover  of  the  outer  box,  a 
thermometer,  which  had  been  previously  corrected  by  one  of  Green’s 
Standards,  was  passed,  its  bulb  entering  the  folds  which  contained 
the  seed.  Twenty  kernels  of  corn  of  two  varieties  of  each  agricul¬ 
tural  species,  dents,  flints,  softfe  and  sweets,  and  three  varieties  of 
pops  were  counted  into  the  germinating  pockets  at  3  p.  m.  of 
December  2. 

On  December  13  and  14,  our  water  supply  failed  and  the  temper¬ 
ature  rose,  thus  concluding  the  trial. 

The  seed  was  taken  from  ears  which  were  thoroughly  air  dried 
from  hanging  up  since  harvest  in  the  station  office,  which  is  warmed 
by  steam  heat. 

The  figures  obtained  are  given  in  the  following  table : 


Date. 

No.  of 

observations. 

Average 

temperature. 

Extreme 

temperature  noted. 

Dec.  2 . 

.  4 

53.° 

52.5-54.5 

3 . 

.  11 

51.6 

48.5-54.5 

4 . 

.  9 

51.9 

51.5-52.5 

5 . 

.  9 

51.9 

49.5-52.5 

6 . 

.  4 

52.4 

50 . 0-54 . 5 

7 _ 

. . . .  5 

52.5 

51.5-53.5 

8 . 

.  9 

51.7 

51.5-52.5 

9 . 

.  10 

52.2 

49.5-54.5 

10 . 

.  10 

51.8 

49 . 5-55 . 5 

11 . 

.  11 

52.8 

55.5-54.5 

12 . 

.  8 

51.2 

50.5-55.5 

13 . 

.  5 

66.9 

66.5-67.5 

14 . 

.  1 

70.5 

70 . 5-70 . 5 

Strangely  enough  all  the  kernels  germinated,  the  earliest  in  141 
hours,  the  latest  in  281  hours,  but  we  noted  quite  a  variation  which 
may  be  ascribed  to  race  or  variety.  The  following  table  makes  this 
clear : 


No.  33. 


119 


m 

fi 

3 

O 

r3 


m 

in 

3 

O 

.-3 


tc 

pH 

3 

O 

r3 


Flint  Corns. 

Wausliakum . 

Duplicate . 

Eight-rowed  white.. 
Duplicate . 


t-h  O  t-i 
-<^10  0 
T— I  i— <  rH 

0  4  6 

3  6  9 

0  0  4 

0  18 


CD 

t-i 


lO 

CO 


1 

4 


Dent  Corns. 


Duplicate . 17  18  20* 


Sweet  Corns. 

Narragansett . 

Duplicate . 

Stowell’s  evergreen. 
Duplicate . 


0  0  0 
0  0  0 
0  0  0 
0  0  0 


Soft  Corns. 

Tuscarora .  0  0  2 

Duplicate .  0  0  2 

Zuni  blue .  0  0  0 

Duplicate .  0  0  0 

Pop  Corns. 


0 

0 

0 

0 


2 

2 

0 

0 


Duplicate .  16  18  20* 

Pearl .  9  10  11 


Egyptian... . 
Duplicate. 


CD 

orJ 

CD 

CD  CD 

CD 

CD 

CD 

CD 

CD* 

CD 

• 

CD 

3 

O 

t—i 

3 

O 

33 

3 

O 

r*. 

r— « 

P  P 

o  o 

r— <  r— 1 

3 

O 

A 

3 

O 

3 

C 

r - 

O 

3 

O 

r— * 

3 

O 

r+ 

r— ■ 

3 

O 

.3 

H 

ic 

o 

GO 

T- 1 

lO  05 

CO 

C3 

03 

CO 

CO 

C3 

CO 

C3 

CO 

io 

IO 

03 

T“ i 

*> 

t-H 

GO 

1-H 

o  o 

t-h  CQ 

03 

03 

03 

14 

20* 

•  • 

13 

20* 

«  * 

5 

13 

16  17  20* 

11 

15 

17  18  20* 

17 

20* 

18 

20* 

19 

20* 

•  • 

0 

0 

0 

0  1 

1 

3 

5 

5 

7 

18 

20* 

0 

0 

0 

0  0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

4 

16 

20* 

0 

0 

0 

4  6 

7 

10 

10 

11 

13  20* 

•  • 

0 

0 

0 

2  6 

8 

10 

10 

10  11 

20* 

•  • 

6 

12 

12 

13  17 

17 

17 

20* 

•  • 

3 

6 

6 

7  13 

14 

16 

17 

17 

17  20* 

•  • 

0 

3 

3 

4  9 

12 

17 

20* 

0 

3 

3 

4  11 

11 

• 

12 

17 

17  19  20* 

•  • 

20* 

• 

•  • 

15 

16 

18 

20*.. 

9 

•  • 

15 

17 

18  20*. . 

16 

18 

18 

13  19 

•  • 

17 

18*  .. 

•  • 

From  this  table  we  can  form  the  succeeding: 


First  germination :  hours 
Half  germinated :  hours. 
All  germinated  :  hours. . 


Dents. 

Pops. 

Flints. 

Softs. 

Sweets. 

140 

140 

141 

161  ‘ 

195 

140 

150 

171 

209 

255 

185 

209 

209 

255 

281 

From  the  141st  to  the  161st  hour  the  highest  temperature  was 
51°. 5,  the  extremes  being  49°.5  and  51°.5,f  and  yet  eighty  seeds 
germinated  within  thes<?  hours,  thus  proving  that  the  germination 
temperature  is  below  this  point. 

We  also  notexthat  when  all  the  dent  corns  had  completed  their 
germination,  the  185th  hour,  but  85  per  cent  of  the  flints,  none  of 
the  sweets,  30  per  cent  of  the  softs,  and  93  per  cent  of  the  pops  had 
germinated. 

Interpolating  the  temperatures  for  the  hours  when  the  tempera¬ 
tures  were  not  taken,  and  thus  obtaining  the  average  temperature 


*  100  per  cent. 


120 


[Assembly 


for  the  day,  we  can  add  together  these  daily  averages  to  obtain  the 
following : 


Sums  of  temperatures  306°  349°  400°  *  453°  505°  556°  630° 

No.  of  days  involved.  5.875  6.708  7.708  8.708  9.708  10.625  11.708 

Per  cent  of  germination  at  the  various  sums  of  temperatures  for: 

306°  349°  400°  453°  505°  5-56°  630° 

Dents .  57  86  100 

Pops .  50  74  93  100 

Flints .  4  34  85  100 

Softs .  0  5  30  62  92  100 

Sweets .  0  0  0  16  32  92  100 


On  December  19  at  9  a.  m.,  another  trial  was  commenced  with 
the  same  seed,  additional  precautions  having  been  taken  to  secure  a 
lower  temperature,  and  twenty -five  seed  each  of  the  varieties  being 
used.  A  standard  Centigrade  thermometer,  graduated  to  fifths  was 
used,  and  the  degrees  reduced  by  calculation  to  the  Fahrenheit  scale. 
Temperature  readings  were  taken,  with  but  few  exceptions,  on  the 
even  hour,  from  7  a.  m.  to  Up.  m. 


No.  of 

Average 

Extreme 

Range  of 

DATE. 

observations.  temp. 

temperatures. 

temp. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

December  19. . . . 

....  *  14 

49.6 

48.5-50.5 

2.0 

December  20. . . . 

16 

47.6 

46.0-48.5 

2.5 

December  21 ... . 

11 

47.5 

45.3-49.2 

3.9 

December  22.  . . . 

16 

48.7 

46.7-50.7 

4.0 

December  23 ... . 

48.8 

48.5-49.6 

1.1 

December  24. . . . 

17 

48.7 

47.8-50.0 

2.2 

December  25.  . . . 

16 

47.4 

46.2-48.5 

2.3 

December  26. . . . 

17 

47.2 

46.2-47.6 

1.4 

December  27.  . .  . 

17 

47.7 

46.0-49.4 

3.4 

December  28  .  .  . 

16 

47.2 

46.0-50.0 

4.0 

December  29.  . . . 

17 

47.8 

47.1-48.9 

1.8 

December  30. . . . 

17 

47.6 

46.4-49.4 

3.0 

December  31.  . .  . 

17 

48.8 

47.8-50.7 

2.9 

January  1 . 

16 

47.2 

46.7-49.1 

2.4 

January  2 . 

16 

47.3. 

44.7-49.2 

4.5 

January  3 . 

17 

47.6 

45.3-50.0 

4.7 

January  4 . 

16 

48.8 

46.4-50.0 

3.6 

January  5 . 

3 

48.6 

48.2-49.6 

1.4 

Interpolating  the  observations  for  the  missing  hours, 

we  can  esti- 

mate  the  temperature  for 

each  twenty-four  hours  of 

the  trial,  as 

below  : 

Average 

Extreme 

Variation 

temp. 

temperatures 

in  temp. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

1st  24  hours. . . 

.  48.8 

46.0-50.5 

4.5 

2d  24  hours. . . 

.  47.2 

45.3-48.8 

3.2 

3d.  24  hours. . . 

.  47.8 

45.3-49.2 

3  9 

No.  33.] 


121 


Average 

Extreme 

Variation 

temp. 

temperatures. 

of  temp. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

4tli  24  hours. . . . 

...  49.4 

47.1-50.7 

3.6 

5th  24  hours. . . . 

....  48.6 

48.3-49.1 

0.8 

6th  24  hours. . . . 

. . .  48.2 

46.0-50.0 

4.0  Dents  germinated. 

7th  24  hours. . .  . 

....  47.4 

46.0-48.5 

2.5 

8th  24  hours.  . . . 

....  46.9 

46.0-47.6 

'  1.6 

9th  24  hours.  .  .  . 

. . . .  47,7 

46.0-49.4 

3.4  Flints,  Softs  and  Pops 

lOtli  24  hours.  .  . . 

47.7 

'46.5-50.0 

3.5  germinated. 

11th  24  hours. . . . 

.  .  .  .  47.5 

46.4-48.9 

2.5 

12tli  24  hours. .  .  . 

....  48.1 

47.3-49.4 

2.1  Sweets  germinated. 

13th  24  hours.  .  . . 

....  48.7 

47.4-50.7 

3.3 

14th  24  hours  .  . . 

_  46.5 

44.7-49.1 

4.4 

15th  24  hours.  .  .  . 

. . . .  47.3 

45.3-49.2 

3  9 

16th  24  hours  . .  . 

.  .  .  .  47.7 

46.0-50.0 

4.0 

17th  24  hours  .  .  . 

...  49.1 

47.8-50.0 

2.2 

The  first  germination  noted  was  on  the  168th  hour,  the  average 
temperature  being  48.2  deg.,  the  extremes  45.3  deg.,  and  50.7  deg., 
•  and  the  variety  the  Chester  County  Mammoth  Dent,  the  same  that 

ferminated  among,  if  not  the  first,  in  the  preceding  trial.  In  the 
rst  trial  the  average  temperature  was  52.2  deg.,  and  the  time  141 
hours,  or  expressing  in  tabular  form  : 


Germinated.  Av.  temp.  Extremes. 

Deg.  Deg.  Deg. 

1st  trial .  141  hours.  52  2  48.5-54.5 

2d  trial  .  168  hours.  48.2  45.3-50.7 


According  to  Thome  *  the  lowest  temperature  at  which  maize 
will  germinate  is  59°  F.,  or  according  to  Sachs  $  48.9°  F. 

Between  the  168th  and  180th  hour,  the  Chester  county  Mam¬ 
moth  germinated  twenty-three  kernels,  or  forty-six  per  cent,  and 
during  this  interval  the  highest  temperature  was  47.6°,  the  lowest 
temperature  46.5°,  the  average  temperature  47.4°,  the  range  being 
but  1.1°.  This  goes  to  show  that  some  varieties  of  maize  can  carry 
on  changes  involved  in  germination  at  a  temperature  of  47.6°  F.,  or 
lower  than  the  limits  set  by  Sachs.  During  this  last  period  of  twelve 
hours,  the  thermometer  was  carefully  read  each  hour,  and  the  bulb 
happened  to  be  placed  within  one  of  the  pockets  which  contained 
this  variety  which  showed  first  germination.  From  the  252d  to  the 
264th  hour,  the  average  temperature  47.1°,  the  extremes  46.4°  and 
48.9°,  no  kernels  germinated,  but  the  dent  corn  had  all  been  re¬ 
moved  as  germinated  before  this. 

We  will  now  offer  the  results  of  this  germination  trial  in  tabular 
form  : 


*Text  Book  of  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany,  New  York,  1878,  p.  193. 
^TextBook  of  Botany,  by  Julius  Sachs,  Oxford,  1882,  p.  729. 

[A  ssem.  Doc.  No.  33. ]  16 


122 


[Assembly 


168th  180th  192rl  204 1 h  21Cth  228th  240th  252(1  264th  276th  288th 

Flint  Corns.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour.  hour. 


Waushakum . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

9  9  10 

12 

duplicate . 

.  -0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

7  7  "9 

13 

Eight-rowed  White.  . . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

2 

14  14  18' 

19 

duplicate . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

6 

9 

15  15  20 

20 

Dent  Corns. 

Adams’  Early  .  .  .  ... 

.  0 

5 

10 

17 

20 

23 

23 

25*  . .  . . 

•  • 

duplicate  . . 

.  0 

3 

8 

12 

21 

24 

24 

25*  . .  . . 

•  • 

Chester  Co.  Mammoth 

.  1 

11 

14 

17 

19 

22 

22 

25*  . . 

duplicate . 

.  2 

15 

18 

20 

23 

24 

24 

25*  . .  . . 

•  • 

Sweet  Corns. 
Narragansett . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  0 

0 

duplicate  . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  0 

0 

Stowell’s  Evergreen  . . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  0 

4 

duplicate . 

,  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  0 

4 

Soft  Corns. 

Tuscarora  . . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3  3  3 

* 

6 

duplicate . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

3  3  5 

8 

Zuni  Blue . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  0 

4 

duplicate . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  0 

5 

Pop  Corns. 

Dwarf  Golden . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

•.  1 

2 

6  6  8 

11 

duplicate . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

8 

13  13  14 

17 

Pearl . 

.  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

5 

9  9  12 

16 

duplicate . . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

6 

7  7  9 

14 

Egyptian . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

10 

15  15  16 

18 

duplicate . 

0  - 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

12 

15  15  17 

19 

300th 

312th 

324th 

336th 

348th 

360th 

372d  384th  396th 

408th 

Flint  Corns. 

hour.  hour. 

hour. 

hour.  hour. 

hour. 

hour.  hour.  hour. 

hour. 

Waushakum . 

.  23 

25* 

•  • 

m  # 

•  •  •  •  • 

duplicate . . .  . . 

.  22 

25* 

• 

• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

Eight-rowed  White  . . . 

.  23 

23 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0  25* 

•  » 

duplicate . 

.  23 

24 

0 

0 

25* 

•  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  • 

Dent  Corns. 

Adams’  Early . 

•  • 

• 

• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

duplicate  . 

•  •  • 

•  # 

• 

• 

.  # 

Chester  Co  Mammoth . 

•  •  • 

•  • 

• 

• 

•  • 

duplicate . 

•  • 

• 

• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  • 

Sweet  Corns. 

Narragansett . 

.  1 

3 

0 

0 

11 

17 

21  0  23 

25* 

duplicate . 

.  3 

4 

0 

0 

10 

18 

22  0  24 

25* 

Stowell’s  Evergreen. . . 

.  11 

17 

0 

0 

18 

21 

23  0  25* 

•  « 

duplicate . 

.  10 

18 

0 

0 

20 

25* 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  • 

Soft  Corns. 

Tuscarora . 

.  9 

i 

16 

0 

0 

22 

25* 

•  •  «  •  •  • 

duplicate . 

.  14 

19 

0 

0 

20 

24 

0  0  25* 

Zuni  Blue . 

.  9 

14 

0 

0 

15 

17 

21  0  24 

25* 

duplicate . 

.  12 

18 

0 

0 

19 

20 

23  0  25* 

•  • 

Pop  Corns. 

Dwarf  Golden . 

.  12 

19 

0 

0 

22 

25* 

•  •  •  •  • 

duplicate . 

.  20 

23 

0 

0 

25* 

•  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

Pearl . 

.  17 

21 

0 

0 

23 

24 

0  0  25* 

duplicate . 

.  15 

20 

0 

0 

23 

24 

25*  . 

Egvptian . 

.  18 

23 

0 

0 

23 

25* 

•  •  •  •  • 

duplicate . 

.  19 

22 

0 

0 

22 

22 

23  0  25* 

*100  per  cent. 


No.  33.] 


123 


From  the  data  obtained  we  can  form  the  following  table  of  ger¬ 
minations,  the  temperature  noted  being  for  the  twelve  hours  preced¬ 
ing  each  count,  and  the  numbers  referring  to  the  number  of  kernels 
removed  at  each  examination.  Curiously  enough  100  per  cent  ger¬ 
minated  in  the  total  for  each  sort : 


Dent 

Flint 

Pop 

Soft 

Sweet 

Temperature. 

Hours. 

corn. 

corn. 

corn. 

corn. 

corn. 

Average. 

Extremes. 

16S 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

47.3 

46.2-48.5 

180 

31 

6 

0 

0 

0 

47.4 

46.5-47.6 

192 

16 

0 

0 

0 

0 

46.5 

46 . 0-47 . 6 

204 

16 

0 

0 

0 

0 

47.9 

47.1-48.9 

216 

17- 

2 

0 

0 

0 

47.7 

46.0-49.4 

228 

10 

8 

22 

1 

0 

47.1 

46.5-47.8 

240 

0 

6 

21 

2 

0 

48.3 

47 . 6-50 . 0 

252 

7 

29 

22 

3 

0 

47.7 

47.1-48.9 

264 

0 

0 

0 

0 

47.1 

46.4  48.9 

276 

12 

11 

2 

0 

47.6 

47  3-48.0 

288 

7 

19 

15 

8 

48.5 

47.8-49.4 

300 

27 

6 

21 

17 

48.7 

48 . 0-50 . 7 

312  - 

6 

27 

23 

17 

48.6 

47 . 4-50 . 7 

324 

0 

0 

0 

0 

47.1 

46 . 7-49 . 1 

336 

0 

0 

0 

0 

45.8 

44.7-47.4 

348 

1 

10 

9 

17 

47.9 

46.4-49.2 

360 

0 

7 

10 

22 

46.7 

45 . 3-48 . 5 

372 

0 

2 

7 

10 

47.9 

46 . 0-50 . 0 

384 

0 

0 

0 

0 

47.6 

46.4-49.1 

396 

2 

3 

6 

6 

49.2 

47.8-50.0 

408 

•  • 

•  • 

1 

3 

49.1 

48 . 2-50 . 0 

100 

100 

150 

100 

100 

The  Dent  corns  germinated  at  a  temperature  whose  average  was 
47°,  and  extreme  47.6°  ;  the  Flints,  Pops  and  Softs  at  a  temperature 
whose  average  was  47.1°,  and  extreme  47.8  ;  the  Sweets  at  a  tem¬ 
perature  whose  average  was  47.0°  and  extreme  48.5°. 

Under  similar  circumstances  the  Dents  commenced  germination 
the  168th  hour  of  the  trial;  the  Flints  the  216th  hour;  the  Pops 
and  Softs  the  228th.  hour,  and  the  Sweets  the  228th  hour. 

The  temperatures  maintained  for  the  408  hours  average  47.9°, the 
extremes  being  44.7°  and  50.7°. 

The  number  of  hourly  observations  recorded  was  276.  Interpo¬ 
lating  the  figures  for  the  unobserved  hours,  we  can  form  the  follow¬ 
ing  table,  for  the  hours  after  the  first  twenty -four,  which  in  all 
probability  had  but  little  part  in  the  germination,  but  only  in  the 
soaking  of  the  seed  : 

Number  of  hours  at  observed  and  interpolated  temperature  to 
first  germination,  after  the  first  twenty-four  hours  : 


Degrees. 

Dent  corns. 

124 

Flint  corns. 

Pop  and  S<jft 
corns. 

[Assembly 

Sweet  corns. 

45  to  454-  . . . 

3 

3 

3 

3 

454  to  46  .... 

2 

2 

2 

2 

46  to  464 .... 

13 

19 

19 

22  . 

464  to  47  .... 

10 

17 

24 

26 

47  to  474.... 

14 

26 

28 

44 

474  to  48  .... 

16 

27 

30 

43 

48  to  484  •  •  •  • 

23 

29 

29 

41 

484  to  49  .... 

34 

37 

37 

47 

49  to  494. . . . 

7 

10 

10 

13 

494  to  50  .... 

10 

10 

10 

10 

50  to  50| .... 

8 

8 

8 

9 

504  to  50|. . . . 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Oar  experiments,  in  concluding,  show  that:  1st,  all  the  kernels 
of  an  ear  do  not  germinate  with  equal  ease  or  with  the  same  incre¬ 
ment  of  temperature ;  2d,  that  there  is  a  difference  in  the  time 
and  temperature  required  between  some  of  the  agricultural  species 
of  maize ;  3d,  that  the  Dent  corns  germinated  at  a  temperature  of 
47.6°  or  slightly  below;  Flints  at  a  temperature  of  47.8°  or  slightly 
below ;  Pops  and  Softs  ditto ;  while  Sweets  required  48.5°  or 
slightly  below;  4tl),  that  the  increment  of  temperature  required  in 
our  trials  was  far  greater  for  the  Sweets  than  for  the  other  agricul¬ 
tural  species. 

A  Study  of  Maize. 

In  presenting  our  experiments  with  maize  varieties,  we  will  com¬ 
mence  with  tables  representing  such  facts  as  admit  of  tabular  form. 
Four  hills  of  a  kind  were  planted,  in  single  rows,  in  order  as 
numbered  and  catalogued.  The  blooming  and  silking  records  are 
those  of  the  first  plant  to  bloom  or  silk  in  each  hill.  The  number 
of  ears  include  only  those  that  were  sound.  It  may  be  remarked 
that  rarely  are  so  good  ears  produced '  in  these  small  plantings,  as 
when  the  planting  is  on  a  larger  scale,  as  there  is  apt  to  be  a  defi¬ 
ciency  in  the  variety  pollen,  and  hence  omission  of  kernels  on  the 
ears.  In  most  cases,  however,  some  good  ears  were  produced,  often 
many,  and  in  a  general  view  corresponded  with  the  type  of  the 
variety  planted.  Attention  is  especially  called  to  the  variation  in 
the  periods  of  first  bloom  in  the  different  hills  of  a  variety.  It 
seemed  impossible  to  note  the  last  bloom,  but  often  as  much  varia¬ 
tion  was  noticed  between  the  blooming  of  the  plants  in  a  hill  as 
existed  between  different  hills,  and  thus  the  period  of  pollen  flow 
was  extended  over  a  Jong  interval.  The  same  remark  applies  to  the 
silking,  and  thus  we  can  accouut  for  hybridization  in  crop  between 
varieties  whose  bloom  are  not  shown  to  be  synchronous  by  the 
record. 

The  names  used  are  those  which  came  with  the  seed,  except  as  to 
hybrids  of  station  growth.  We  have  given  dates  of  edible  matu¬ 
rity  even  in  field  corns,  as  offering  a  stage  for  comparison  of  growth. 
The  planting  was  May  19. 


TABLE. 


No.  33.] 


125 


w 

as 


4^ 

CO 

S_ 

E 


a 

o 

o 

3 


« 


COCOr-< 
04  ~  r-> 

—  T; 

3  s; 
•-3  St 
3 
<3 


CO  Cl  i— i  05  94  04  i-i  CO  04  04  Ol  04  i-t  i— I  CO  04  n  i— I 

_  +e  >»  +*  >. 

—  -  C/3  —  »  C/3  ^--.■.■.'*>.c/3-^''C/3  . —  7/  —  c/3  — 

3'  3  -  3  *  3-  5'  *  '  '  -  3  3*  3  -  -  -  -  3  3  3  3-  -  3 

•-3  St  f-s  St  1-5  6t>-a  St  l-a  Sf-a  t£*  ”  t-j 

3  3  3  3  3  3 

<3  <3  <3  <3  •<  <3 


04 

>>*5 

. — i  c/3 
3  3- 
l“3  St 
3 

<3 


t-'4/cocot-co-^-^'4>coojoa;o5CO»o«o«3CO'*i-^^Ht-co-+<coiocoira 

0404  041-ICO  041—104  041—11—1  04  t-H  04  CO  04  04  r- 


£*-  tn  £- 


>» 

C/3  —  -  -  - 


3  -  3-  3'  -  3  3-  -  -  -■ 

t-3  M  *-s  St^ 

3  3 

<3  *< 


C»  —  -  -  C/3 


>>-  >* 
3  3-  -  3-  -  3-  3  3  3*  *  3 

&*-3  St  ’  *"5  tt>-5  St*  '  Ho 

3  3  3  3 

•<  •<  <3  ""*5 


4^ 

CO 

S-i 

E 


i—  CO  r-l 
i-l  5* 

* 
3-  3 

>~5  06 

3 

<3 


OOOOOiiOCCOr (f—  t^05CO-^00'4<CCCOO»Oi— 100  —  O  04  CO  fc-  lO  00  i— I 
CO  i-H  04  04  i— ICO  04 1— 1 1— 1 04  04  04r-(04  COCO  04  — < 


ir.  to  >•- 

3 ' 

1*0 


to  .2?  to 


•u  >.  ■£  >>  +? 

#  co  —  -  c /?-—<*  -  co 

33-  •  •  33*  •  -  -  •  33-  -  3-w  3-*  D  -  3  * 

till— s  t£l-3  Sfl-o  SC*  "■  1-5  &I1-5  St* 

3  3  3  3  3  3 

<3  <3  <3  <3  •<  **3 


3 

hO 


4^ 

CO 

s 


O 

o 


43 

co 


rr4  — ^ 

'C  43 

pq  ^ 

a 


CO  ICO  *—i 
1-1  9*  CO 


3' 

*■0 


OOMiOHMOH  Or- It-COt-COCOOOCOOCiCOi— IU0  04CCQ1C0C0C0O 
04  04  04  04  041-H04C004  —  r-t  1-1  rH  04  1— I  r-  04  04  04  04  0404  04  rH 


+j>  >, 

CO  , — .  c/3 


3  3-* 
S£l— 5 
3 

<3 


3:  :  3 

St  1-5 
3 

<3 


0^0 

1-104 


-U 

m 

3- 

Stf* 


OC004OC0CCOOC0fc-C00030t-OCg>0^-C0t--jt<CCt-C5C0C00494  04 
04  04  04  1— I  04  04  — 1  04  04  04  i— I  i— 1  04  t— i  04  i— I  r-l  i—t  04  04  04 


>■% 

3  3*  •  3  3: 
h-j  St  >"o  St 
3  3 

<3  <3 


•  M.9JS 

JB9  do1;  qoiqM 
%v  do;  raojj  epojst 

Ol-b*  •  Ol-CO(4  co^>t--cccoi^-<o^ 

III  •  l  1  1  i  1  1  1  1  1  |  1  |  |  |  1  1  1  C*~  |  1  1  |  1  1 

*ui  ‘punojS  tno.ij 
si^a  jo  ;qS{9H 

•;j  ‘jtnqd  jo  ;q§i9H 

mcoco  •  1/0 kci—  co ico coi45'^,'^^iC'^|iio<oi©cot— cot-c©io«ococococO'>* 

•sjb9  pooS  jo  -o^ 

icosco  •ot-t-t-coooos— ^ (eocOTfcot-cO'4<-'4<!-<aoe4ioeoaicca5cffi3<cc  —  co 

HHH  •  04  iH  i— 1 1— 1 1— 1  04  04  i-l  i— IrHi— (i— Ir-I0404  04i— i  i— I  t— I  •—  HO!- 1  04 

•sju^id  jo  *o^i 

oojco  •HON®©  t--rco-^'#o4o  •oscoo50'j<o5«;oot-ioico4^ino5 
„333h  •  04  04  04  i—l  •rH04i-li-l'J  04  •  H  r-l  ih  rH  C4 -H  04  ri  - 1  rl  rH  04  05  i-l  rH 

....  .  .#-•  ••  .  *  *  * 

. . . 

.  .  . .  ••  .  * . 

. . . . .  ,  .  1  •  •  • 

c n 

C 

t-, 

O 

o 

CD 

© 

CO 


*3 

© 

33  s*J  >i  H 
3  ©  £*  >,  © 

'i-i  “  O  © 

.<3  sr  >  u 


: 


£“5 

o  « 


£  >,  :  £  .  ©  ccq  ©  g  3 
§  ®  •  £  °*oa 


■e 

3 

ci 


o  >,  :  £'  © 

O  >,o  ^ 
S.  J;  tit  >. 
.  ©  fcfi  2«  5 

-  ,cD*r 


23fl©S®BS>»2  2l!.ri  r  ■ 

<*-c2  -  -Crh  §  °  co  *© 

©-a  o°jd  rs5»i 

©  j r3:  o  c  >  o  >,  o  ®j3  o  3 
!S  CD’S  3 


+3 
3  © 
re  co 


© 


>» 
.  U I 

bs 

©O 


>.>* 

c  o 
St  sc 
©  © 
2.  t- 

C50 


CD 

^3 


>. 

*  •  n  >> 

^  ;st® 

,25 

B  . .  .SS°®  o 

Sl_2  ,2- 
;<»S^^*£co  ©  g 


®  E  o  - 
§Jqo 


S3 


s—  C_  3  u  T-  I  C«  _« 

O  Q/3  rV  5^  ©^  C 

cao*|&|c§^|^  Sg 

3  4-  a^  oS1^  « ®^^’<'2:;^®,i3o©©C 

555  -g 10  -gi-C  -a  -g  >• ss *  >*  &*§  ■ ^  ^ -§  i 

®B3?I  *r^Sp*sSS?S!5?3fe  ^  cii 

<3<3<3« 


3  Eh  « 


O  V  C*  w  -a 

2  ©  <5  2?  S 

i  in  ~z,  ©  Ef 

«  /-i  r  w 


m  st  Co  ^ 

®2S 

stofe^*®^ 

S'  S  **  r-t 


■  id  c  5  j  23*“  ^ 

=  §•252°“ 

rr'SlSS^i  § 

tn 

O 


3 .3  C,  ©  cO  3  S3  cO  d  "cd 

BPJoofiHWSway 


•Ofl  noi^is 


TABLE  —  Continued. 


120 


[Assembly 


c n 

+2 

n 

t-. 


CO  r-iCtt  ©* 


>.+1  >» 
^  C/3 
333 
•-3  W-3 
3 


—  03 

3  S'* 
•*3  St' 


™0033—!0r-l3 
Hr-l3JriWW  C-l 

>>*£  >.  >. 
03  —  03—  -  CO  — 

3"  333-  33 

St  >-i  St»-a  611-3 

3  3  3 


<M<NP5CO©5Mi-1  03  10  Mil 


•*3  >»  *3  >.43 

03  —  -  03—  03 

3:  3-  3  3  3* 

St  1-3  6t*-3  ISt 

3  3  3 


£ 

4-3 

w 

a 

i 

CO  <M  OS  O  —  co 
ai  C-l  eooi 

co  00 

coicooa^ 
c3  «-■  C^l  w  w 

5— 1  —  Nosaitioi-  cor-  — <co 
Csl  M  —  C-l  31  31  ai  c®>  fl  co  ©S 

O 

>» 

+2 

<n 

S-.43  >, 

-  3  >> 

3 

4-2 

m 

u 

s 

3  3: 

•-5  St 

3 

<1 

3*  - 
hs 

s  - 

St' 

3 

<4 

3  3  3-  -  - 
t-s  Sjjt-S 

3 

< 

3  3- 
ty-i 

3 

◄ 

03 

s— 

s 


— 


-13 

03 


s 

o 

o 


43 

03 

Sh 

Pi 


0) 


3-. 

<3 


2  b 

—  3 
'O  43 

ia  3 

p 


MOCSCOHl- 
at  co  <m  ai 


3  3  3  3 
S3  P 
<1 


rl  Cl  <M  Ol  (M 


HHMH1>«N05CSH303®CIOQ 
CM  OJ  M  CO  01  51  rl  Ol  <M  OlCM  03  Cl  —  CO  CO 


3- 

►"S 


*?  >4+5  43  >, 

03  —  03  —  *  TO  — 

Si'  1-3  St-o  St>"5 
3^3 
<1  <4  <3 


i-=: 

5.-3 

J3 


L  -  QC  CO  t-  O  CO 
rH  Oi  HNW 

•— i  C/3  —  -  ~ 

r-  3  3-- 


CDiOrHCO-^OiCOO 

03 


42 

C/3 

3 

◄ 


3  3  3- 
k“ 3  SXr-j 
3 

<5 


*0  lO  O  1-H  CO  ^  o  »o  01  CO  t-  05  CO-^  ^  CO 
»— 1 1— l  03  Ol  rH  r—  Ol  £3  r—  r-  C^t  03  03  C* 

• . 

-  -  * . -  33* 

St*M 

3 

c 


COOiOt-NO 
niMC!  (M  <M 


43 

03 


iCi!3C0  3li 

<MSl  — <M 


(coin  co 

— INH 


co  l-  :o  io  co  co  ai  co  t-  c&  t-  x>  oa  io  33  co 

—  1-3  —  —  —  —  —  _!  —  — |  —  —  ai  —  r-t 


6C 

3 

<1 


■M9J^ 
XB9  dOJ  ipiqM. 
rfJOJ  UlOJJ  opo^j 


•ui  ‘puno.iS  UIO.IJ 
’  S.I89  JO  ^qSl9H 


•qj  ‘juiqd  jo  jq§i9H 


•SJK9  POOS  JO  ‘O^ 


•sjmqd  jo  -o^ 


CDCOCO^OCOCO 
I  I  I  I 

10  CO  iO  iO 


t-t-kCCOOCDt-iO 
ll  I  I  I  I  I  I 
COCO^CO^^CO^ 


1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  »  1  t  t  1 

ic ^ o  1  o  4  *o  ^  »o  c  »c  cio  o 


N^O»CO©  Ot-^IOXOOCOO 
t— 1  03  CC  r— 1  CO  rH  CO  CO  03  Hn  W 


ooot-^»  ^o^4<xc^xocx 

uNlMN^'NilNJlTiNNiiMeiH 


£  ^  ^  ^ 

40  30  t-  lO  SO  CO  CO  CO  CO  OS  40  10  CO  t- 


l—  CC  10  t- 10  CO  rf>  t- 1- 1- 1-  L- 1-  CO  L  -  C£3 


40  Ol  lO  50  —  10  t-  O  CO  —  Ol  02  —•  c©  CO  t-O  M  t-  03  CO  -4*4  O.  -h  40  *0  -4*0  ao  t- 

r-i  CJ  n  Ci  Cl  CO  H  Cl  «-i  m  H  H  r-i  rt  H  Cl  m  r-  -1  fi  r-i  r-i  n  C  *  Cl  ■■  H 


CO  »0  i— 03  ^  *rH  O  H  CO  CO  i-O  X  O 
t— <  03  r— 1  03  03  03  r— iHClr^nClnH 


^ r. o ic 01  o . 

IM  —  r-!M<MC}:v'r1OlC^-ir-i0J0iOl'-l 


CO 

3 

t- 

O 

cs 

43 

0) 

as 

& 

x 


sc 

ffl 

il 

o 


■3 

O 

Pi 


s-  u 

d  M 

H  © 

CPiQ 

>»® 

,Q^a 

O  3 

s-4  3 

2s 

M  O 
as  Sh 
„  “1 
as 


a. 

3 


•jz  as 

^  'r  OSiJ  rp 

>iC  us  »  3  Q4- 

as  sc  t-  £  j3  r  -r 

s  £  a®  g  2  * 

SO®i--£„’g 


-  -a  ©  sc 

f-  G  3  .  ©  3 

®  3  ®  3  h 


3  -  —  < —  3  . 
43  =  r;  coo 
3  ast-<  g 


o 

OS 

r\ 

(5 


- 

;  a;  • 

© 

■  >»  • 

; 

4-2  .  . 

^  7^ 

,ro^  : 

05  ^ 

.  Z  c3  . 

•  ^  • 

O  5 

0. 9 

2  c 

c/5 

— «  Vh 

oa.® 

c 

St3 
5?  5 

■3  ^  «  : 

3  >  3  — 

42 

0 

V 

^  (/i  ^  ^ 

CD  <-<  ^  rH 

i’gSU 

^3  G 

c  c 

o 


?ig  3  "  J 

co  sc  3  3  3 

^  £  g|  as 

2 

(-13S 

ctf  —G  ^ 


o 

as 

J3  ;  :  :£ 

as  ...  g 

O' 

3 

o  : 

c3  C 

—  — —  3  = 

Pi  hO  03  ?t  C .  •  © 


c 

St 

as 

u 

rl 


as 


•  cJ 
:»p 


3 

'.'2=5 


~  «  Sffli-s  >>>.P  5 


^  ^  “TT  ^ 


O 

.  Er© 


a) 


ir  u  a,  -j  g 

rd  ^  c  ^  Q,P  -4 

©  2*  ^ 

M  i  (/J3  3 
Ci 


St^ 


Ci 

13  as  43  P 


o.  T3  as  43  x 

3  ^  *^3J  ©  =< 

gSlil^-g 

as  t- 


^  a'l  i«  ^ 

3  V  c- 5  S  P 

5  >  J  ^ 
a  —  —  P3  © 

^  as  a  43 

3  *rV*~ 

^  43 


S-, 

OS 

St 


o 

Pi 


"  -I  —-k?  '— 

“S:-2=ij 


-g  2  &  3  3  e  g 

9  5*2  o'EiS  ^ 

CPxxHE-,35x 


©p;  ^^4= 
f-4  >o,  © 

sc" 


b=;:'3 

3 1.  •  © 

52^5  >J 

C.-3  O.J 
O  .3  if  St  . 
_  43  5  £  ^ 

cF-t:  2^u 

— I— 1  —  r*  —  © 

©  as  >  r-i  i  > 

^  vl  ^  ^  O 

-13  • 

-  3—  4.  2  Q| 

Ci  .3;jO 

—  O  —  PiXH 


•O]^;  uoijtJJs 


CO  ^  iO  CO  CO  O* 
CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 
CO  CO  GO  00  ao  00  00 


OHNCO^OO 

^  ^  *r*  -T* 

00  oc  00  00  00  CO  CO 


XaOHNCO'tuOONXOiOHN 
-Tf  ^  lO  »C  ‘O  1.0  iO  ».o  >C  1.0  10  uO  CO  CC  CO 
cooooooocococoooooopoooocpapapco 


July  31 


N o.  33.] 


m 


rH—* -4*0 


+3 

c r. 

3-  :  3 

be  *“5 

3 

◄ 


CO  c-t 

>» 


Oi-OO 
CO  01  CO  CO 


4-5 

CO 

3 

be 

3 

<3 


lO  fc-»  lib  t-»  >C5  t-* 


moo  oo  -h 

l-H  CO 


3 

1-5 


■CO 

i—l 

4-5 

CO 

3 

bC 

3 

<3 


rr  rH  CO  rH  CO  Of  Qf  Of 


w 

> -4-5 

X'  co 

3?^ 

3- 

3  3“ 

3  3  ■ 

bjj- 

rj  be' 

>-a  be 

3 

3 

3 

<3 

<3 

<3 

CO  »h  r- (  CO  00 
Cf  CO  CO  Cf  rH 


CO  I-  iO  ^ 

Cf  Cf  Cf  <0f  Cf 


HCOOX^COQO 

CO  1— I  rH  rH  rH 

-o 

-  03 

%•  *3  *  »*  *•  .*  * 

WP  "  "  **  " 

3 

< 


th  oj  co  t- 

— I  W 


3 

’“5 


05 

4-5 

C/3 

3 

tfi 

3 

<3 


CO  coco 


CO  * 


^OlOlN-^UOi-HOl-^OlOSCOCS 
1  CO  »— I  r— I  i—l 


3?-  ts  >*$  >•- 

3"  3“  -  -  -  3  2-  -  3- 

t-5  bf  "  ”  ”  l-j  fee*  *  i-j 


t-b-h-Ci 

NMNCJ 


£■•  fc-»  *-H  CO 

rH  Cf  Cf  Of  Cf  Cf 


CO  rH  lO  t- CO  O  CO 

Cf  rH  rH  rH  I—l 


03 


-  3 - -  -  - 

u . 

3 

< 


I  CO 
•CJ 


i-5 


L-  C5 

COCO 

CiC!iO-^XWb-0»r40  00:iO 

Of 

rH 

Cf 

con 

CO-^tHih 

4^> 

b»+J 

>1 

>>*? 

>> 

-i  >, 

c/3 

•— <  c/3 

C/3 

. —  C/3 

>/.  —  *  J 

3  ' 

3  2 

s 

s: 

3  3: 

<-•  •« 

^  - 

be  " 

*-3  be 

be 

*-a  be 

bt-o 

3 

3 

3 

•< 

<3 

<=3 

<3 

<3 

rH  rH  rH  CO  CO 
Cf  Cf  Cl  Cf  r-i 


Cf 

Cf 


tC  CC  ”3*  CO 
Cf  >? - 


Z.  fc-  Cf  •  Cf  Cf  CO 
— '  •  rn  Of 


-  c to 

3f 

3 

<3 


3 

*■: 


i->  CO 


4J 

m 


be 

3 

<3 


COO  Ob-CJiOiOO-f  OOXOCOOffl'l' 

n  co  r-i  oi 03 a  co  o* oi ci  ?i  —  r- 

3*  -C>;::33c-:;:c 

•-a  W-o 


cccococc  co  cococcco 


CO  05 


-  «*•  © 
GO 


NHOCl 

coot 


be” 

3 

<3 


I  —I  O  co 

NNrt 

•  '  ~5 

^  §*3:  ; 

aiS® 

< 


CO 

Of 


Of  Of 


ir*  rH  rH  — H  — <»-HrHCOO5rHt>-COff0C0 
rHOfOfOfOfOfrHrHOfrr^-'rHrH 


CO  CO  O  CO  lO  cocococo 


io  io  1 


_ JO 

L'i  jo  ii  o  ^ 


COt-t-t-COCOCOr-iCOt-t-CO 
f  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I 
iO  co  CO  CO  t-  L-  05  CO  O  JO 


t- 

I 

CO 


CO 

I 

ir- 


t-L- 

o;o 


jp»p  C^^-COi^-L-l--iO  t-CO  »P  J-P 


r  i 


i  i  •  i  r  i  i  r  i 

>  JO  CO  CO  CO  ^S-  CO  *0  rt< 


OOt-O 
Of  Cl  rH  CO 


t-  r*  O  OCO 
rH  Ol  CO  Of  rH 


O 

Of 


-^O-HCOOfCOCCOCOOfiO-H 

OfCOiO^H#^^^CO^Tji^(M 


Of 

Tj- 


CO 


coo  OfOf'^'H^COCOCOOfJOCO'^sOCOCO 

COCO  01  Of  rr  rH  rH  rH  rr  rH  Of 


*3  ^  *3 

cot-t-t-  CO  CO  CO  t-  CO  CO 


^  *3$*  3s£g 

C0^b*O»OCiOC5OXO 


05 


^  *  ***  38 

t- »—  KMSOOOOaiSiCl'iCiSO 


hhhh 

Cf 

Cf 

hOH<CO 

OlMOlOi 

o 

(M 

iOH<OlOliCb»^QOrO^H^ 

rr  rH  H  *—  rH  rr  •  rH  r-H 

— H 

O 

rH 

COir- 

rH  rH 

co  co  05  05 1— <  co  co  -—I  i$i  *  o  o  n  o 

H  PH  H  44  N  nNHClNNCifl 

rH  rH  C^l  — i 

frf 

<>f 

01-^1*105 

emnn 

rH 

Ol 

t-OH^COCOCOlOCOO 

H  Oi  H  H  rHrHrHrHrH^fi—j 

C5 

rH 

^H 

1—1 

o  a 

rH  rH 

C'l  ^  H<  H  h  >J5  Ol  O  C5  CO  X  O  H» 
rH  ^H  Pf  C'l  C^l  rH  *f  C'l  —  C'l  C'l  i— i  C'l  C'l 

u 

o 

CD 

4-3 

c 

CC 


3 

3 

’be 

*14 

o 

3 

,3 

O 

.•e  -i 


rt  £ 


© 

®  " 
C  e'O'O 
0  =  =  £ 
o  l*  ^ 

siEJ 

•4-5  w 

CO  u  3 
-  o>  ■- 
c  >  o 

ec— '  (h  O 

,2-h  2-3 

CQ  -4  o 

3-3  X 
u3  <?  = 


•4-5 

CO 

oT 

35  3 

®i 

^3  4J 

UM 

•—  2. 
33  2j 


■  A  bl  -  3-  »  3  ^  35 

=  5  C-3.S  355  •:- 

3-3  *  ®  C.  ^ —  - 
45H  «i  3  £  -  -  .—  .3 
3JJ5  =o-c 
-^O  Utl  •> 

•m52®I-os 

CD  "3  £. _ ._  _Z  3-  "2 


•  «  i  n 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

0  «  • 

*  •  •  • 

•  %  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  « 

• 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

«  •  •  • 

•  a  •  '• 

•  •  •  • 

•  $p 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  r  * 

•  •  •  • 

.  *3 

•Is  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

:5  ; 

•  ->  . 

,r3 

.  03  * 

■  be  • 

;  »> 

^13  . 

*  *3  *  • 

•  q) 

■  h( 

.  •  c-  ti 

CO  ^  iO  CO  b-  CO 
c$  CO  IO  CO  CO  CO 

coaocooo  >d  co 


t-i  l-i  J--  b-  t-  i  -  CO  CO  -f>  cO  CO  CO  S 
CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


eo  ira  co  b-  co  p  o  r-4  oi  c?  ^  o 


C50-4C!^-"IOOI'XOC.  — Ci 
OQ05  05  05  C505C505C50505003? 
CO»X:CO'JO^OOCOCCCOCX  5*5 


Mad  an,  red  flint  kernels.  Station 


TAP) PE  -  Continued. 


128 


’Assemble 


to 

to 

s* 

K 


JtH 

ci  n 
>. 


44 

to 

3 

ai 

3 

<5 


rote 


oi  oi 

>>+5  >j« 

, — .  co .  to 


cot-o 

i— i  cc  co 


;  tl-j  t 1 

<  < 


socoo 

010- 


l-l 

01 


44  >. 

-  CO 

s 

c 


■  — oo 


OI  •  — 

•  *3 

CO 

•  3- 

■  at* 

•  3 
:<? 


1-4 

to 

3 


O 

c 


44 

to 


•— 1 

Cl  — 


3- 

•"3 


CD 

— 

*3 

CO 

3 

an 

3 

<5 


CD  co 


Cl  t-  C-  O  —  t  -  D.  C4  <-  •'fisi04 

Otoe;  co  i-i  oi  ci  oi  oio* 


>> 

-  to  —  - 

3 

< 


—  CD 

—  — 

44 

CO 

at* 

3 

< 


DC 

’35 


in 


iCrH 
▼H  rH 

X 


wt- 

rH  rH 

co 

3- 

t£) 

3 

<1 


cc  co  cc  — 

71  —  C*  C*  CO 


^rcoo 

«—  CC  CO 


cc  rH  t-cc 

01  ^  71 

:  -■=: 
tt»-s 
3 

<3 


oc  — 


■  •« 
CO 


at* 

< 


O 

O 


44 

co 


—  o 


3  * 
►o 


r*  ID 

—  — I 

44 

CO 

3: 

aii 

3 

-*3 


to  OI 


4<QOCDt' 
Ol  —  01  —  01 


3' 

-o 


■  1—  SO 

•01  01 


—  O  01  Ci  DO 
01  CO  01  —  •  CO 


•  3  3 
:  at— 

•  3 
:« 


01  IQ 

iO  o 

O  CC  O  O  CO 

NXOOCOK- 

CCCC 

—  co 

71  r—  7*71 

r-  r— 

01  — 

Edible 

maturit; 

44 

© 

3' 

ac 

3 

c*-.  CV. 

jv. 

44 

C-- 

© 

cc 

+3 

2 

3f  "  "  " 

31 

z  :  =3  2=: 

^  a®  ? 

-  - 

r  * 

<J 

< 

H  < 

•M9JS 

DD 

l^H  L—  •  CC 

lC  iC 

•  cc  cc 

ivd  doa  qoiqAi 
■jB  doi  uiojj:  epo^j 

T  1 

CO  Tt* 

1  1 
o  o 

CO 

O  lO 

ii  ^1 

lO  rf  O 

•  rH 

rH  CO 

•  »io 

•ui  ‘punoaS  niojj 

SOSO 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO  JO 

—  cso-<*i  — 

»C  O  rH  o  •  CC 

O  CO 

:SS 

sjb8  jo  jqSiajj 

^  TT 

"'H 

01  CC010-1 

H.-D  C<  •  r-1  • 

Ci  *-r 

•jj  ljuB[d  jo  jqSi9H 

* 

4ft 

cc 

CO 

CC  CO 

O  rH  CO  O  O 

*!«£  : 
CO  rH  1—  t-  rH  1C  • 

O  iC 

•  ccic 

•SJB9  pOO§  JO  *0^ 

cc  ^ 

rH 

05  05 
rH 

CC 

JrW 

HW 

CC  CO  rH  CO  r*l 

rr  r-i  rH 

rH  i—  C5  CC  rH  O  1C  iC  O 

•05-^ 

•  03  01 

•SJUBld  JO  -0£[ 

oco 

NH 

CC  rH 
rH  rH 

to 

21 

16 

NNHNO 

nHNH 

CO  C5  00  CO  W  CC 

rrrririnn 

CO  CO 
CCCi 

•  t-co 

•  jj 

caS 

©  o— 

3  —  4» 

c-e  3 

.3  3  44 

-u  -*-=>  ezi 
3  02  t 
o  -CO 
°i£a 

I  £F 

3  — i 
3  0> 

S 

©44  c 
44  3  ■ 


tH 

o 

© 

-3 

O 


053 
®  ® 


a 


>3  © 
E»  >i 

C  3 
3  3 
*3  T3 

s  a 

3  3 


03 

o 

P. 

43 

a 

© 

Q 

is 

o 

”© 

K-l 

3 


3 

© 

T3 

© 

CO 

3 

g 

o 


T3 
'  O 


t- 

3 

© 


:  © 

:Q 

I’d 

© 

*3 

34 

03 

© 

CO 

3 


3_ 
-  O 

44  1=  •  fctS*3 

+Z  £  ©  .  _  +2.ZZ 

m  UJ  r\  “  rH 


#* 

a 

© 

•a 

g 

^3 

6 


© 

'3 

til 

3 


CO  ■ 


—  H  ^  4s  —  5 
-•3  ©  ©  ©.tf 

©  ®’3’C'3'“ 
—  3  3  3'' 
_  —  3  3  3  s 

"©j  ,  „  ,  - 

©  —  OICO  -> 

^-fVCtVifVI  *— . 

!_!  <3  —  —  —  — 
*5  . 


u 

c  >> 

©  ~ 

_  w 

c^; 


3 

c— 

ai 
3 
co  3 
u> 
u 

_P  s-Z 

r-i  — 

,  O 

-Sfin  u. - 
£  j  o  cP 


© 

— 

<1 

3 


a^, 
®  M 

Q  © 

4J 


»*  .2  ©  —  ^ 

2, 

"©^"© 

^ 


c 

3d 
3 

Q 

0  0  3 
u’O’C’d  o 
<—  u 

©  ^ 

N  C 


&  z 

o£'5 

3 

© 


©  t3 
33  '  © 
^  —  u 

-  -  —  ^  n  ^ 

..x-^ 

03  ©O  C  *?  — 


3 

•  44 

•  3 

•  44 

:w 

•ro 

•  © 

;  £ 

.  © 

:  © 
.  © 

*  u 


“■3^5 

“  © 


3 

S 


O 

O 


y:  „  —  _ 

,44  02  g 

«  ^  ..  ^  *-  ©  ®  _r  5 

039^*2® 

2  ®-g  33- -3  31 


•OaSI  UOHB3S 


CO  ^ 
OO 
C5  O 


»C  ro  t-  co 

OO  o  o 

C5CJC5  O 


o 

o 


o*—  : 

o  o  Ci ; 


OjO-SoO*3 
0^S5X<00-- 


icot*  CCDCCD  —  O»C0'icDCD 

—  —  —  —  —  oi  oi  oi  oi  oi  oi  oi 

05DiDCDC02DCDCC50534C5Di 


sh  Pe 


m  33.] 


129 


CO  rH  rH  lO 


ri  CO 
>> 

:  :  ^ 


>*$ 
**  33 

■"»  SP 


iCTf  C5CS 


-4J 

CO 

SI 

til 

S 

<1 


3- 

•-5 


15 


CO  00  1—1 
65  r-1 


X  O  lO  o 
i  t  I 
iC  IC  iO 


^  ^  o 
ojo*  co  65 


*0  io  *o 


oo  ^  co 

CO  ^  03  03 


1QCD3C^ 
03  0103  03 


TJ 

0> 

0> 

72 

"S 

«3 


3 

M 

,3 

CO 

•m 

-3 

-3 

© 

3 

o 

- 

«w 

TS 

53 

© 

pu, 

© 

+a 


53 
•u 
VX 

'3 
©  - 

n  O*  ,3 
33  +o 


TO  *2 
© 


© : 


.-  ©  Ur* 

Sf’3D  ±’&*J 

a  'O  a  © 
33  c£=  <s± 

■*£^1 
p 


£ 


.  H  -J3  o  „ 

©—•Sts’0 

s3s  - 
.2^  0’S 

•U  ,—  Sh  b£l 
53  © 

^  o  1/1  a 

GQ  S-  — ;  0) 

j.'w  ©{/J 

Sg-gSoo 

c  ©.2,2  0-3-3 

0^33 


*q  <D  O  0 

'S^-p-p-.S 

rwzi 


n  e5  05  05  c5 

05  05  05  05  05  05  05 


a 

© 

a 

"E 

o 

+3 

•3 

© 

■H 

53 

En 

*■ 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


17 


130 


[Assembly 

We  offer  some  notes  relating  to  each  planting,  with  such  descrip¬ 
tions  as  will  serve  to  identify,  paying  heed  in  general  to  diagnostic 
characters  alone,  in  order  that  others,  to  whom  our  conclusions  in 
regard  to  cross-fertilization  may  be  found  interesting,  shall  have  the 
material  for  an  independent  judgment.  Information  of  the  charac¬ 
ter  here  attempted  is  especially  desirable  to  those  who  would  origin¬ 
ate  new  and  improved  varieties,  as  well  as  to  those  who  would  grow 
varieties  which  shall  be  uniform  in  type,  and  deserving  of  the  name 
of  thoroughbred.  So  long  as  the  universal  belief  exists  that  maize 
cross-fertilizes  with  every  thing  of  the  maize  species  so  readily  and 
certainly  as  to  forbid  separation  and  intensifying  of  good  qualities, 
by  a  single  grower,  just  so  long  the  possibility  and  desirability  of 
growing  and  improving  our  varieties  will  not  receive  judicious 
recognition  on  the  part  of  the  great  mass  of  those  who  should  be 
interested : 


SWEETS. 

1800.  Alexander’s  Sweet  (new;  seed  from  Mr.  Alexander): 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  to  medium;  ear  cylindrical,  or 
slightly  tapering,  in  the  many-rowed;  kernels  crimped,  a  little  pointed  at  tip. 
Two  ears  8-rowed,  eight  ears  10-rowed,  four  ears  12-rowed,  one  ear  14-rowed. 
Color,  white;  cob,  white. 

*  Some  black  sweet  kernels ;  yellow,  white  and  slate-colored  flint. 

1801.  Amber  Cream  (Sibley): 

Ears  four  to  eight  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  to  medium;  ear 
slightly  tapering,  rounded  a^  little  at  butt  and  a  little  pointedly  at  tip.  Color, 
flesli-red;  cob,  white.  Four  ears  8-rowed,  five  ears  10-rowed,  and  ten  ears  12- 
rowed. 

"  Some  few  reddish,  flint  kernels.  x\ll  the  ears  on  type,  except  the  8-rowed, 
which  may  be  considered  slightly  off,  and  which  resemble  the  picture  of  Briggs’ 
Early  somewhat. 

1802.  Asylum  (Tliorburn): 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  small;  ear  slightly  tapering, 
nearly  cylindrical,  rounding  at  butt  and  at  tip.  Color,  white;  white  cob.  Three 
ears  10-rowed,  ten  ears  12-rowed,  three  ears  14-rowed. 

*  Some  few  black  sweet  and  white  flint  kernels. 

1803.  Black  Mexican  (Ferry): 

Seed  failed  to  vegetate. 

1804.  Improved  Black  Mexican  (Alexander)- 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalks  small;  ear  cylindrical,  rounding 
slightly  at  butt,  a  little  pointed  at  tip  which  does  not  fill  well.  Color,  slate-black; 
cob,  white.  Sixteen  ears  8-rowed,  four  ears  10-rowed. 

*  Some  slate-black  flint  kernels  —  on  some  ears  very  numerous. 

1805.  Brighton  Orange  (Gregory): 

Ears  four  to  six  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalks  small;  ear  cylindrical,  or 
very  slightly  tapering,  rounding  a  little  at  butt,  tip  not  covered.  Color,  white, 
with  no  tinge  of  orange;  cob,  white.  Three  ears  8-rowed,  seven  ears  10-rowed, 
seven  ears  12-rowed. 

*  Some  black  sweet,  white  and  yellow  flint  kernels;  some  ears  half  black. 

Not  the  Orange  Early,  Fig.  350,  Rural  New  Yorker ,  September  6,  1884. 


A  *  signifies  hybridization  observed. 


No.  33.] 


131 


1806.  Barr’s  Improved  (Hovey): 

Ears  three  to  eight  inches  long.  Ear-stalks  very  small;  ear  tapering-  rounded 

wh^7^^to1^ed“ded  M  UP  WhiCl‘  iS  WeU  fll,ed' 

But  one  perfect  ear;  very  late;  in  edible  condition  October  6 
-  No  indication  of  hybridization. 

1807.  Clark’s  Old  Colony  (Breck): 

.  Ears  thf°  t(J  fe™n  t»$e*long.  Ear-stalk  medium  small;  ears  strongly  taper 
mg,  rounded  at  butt  well  filled  at  rather  pointed  tip.  Color,  white-  cob  wlfite" 
Fourteen  to  20-rovved.  or  more.  1  u  COD'  ulllte- 

*  A  very  few  yellow,  deut  kernels;  a  very  few  light  purnle 
This  is  Fig.  357,  Rural  New  Yorker ,  September  13,  1884. 

1808.  Crosby’s  Early  (Gregory): 

Ears  four  to  seven  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  to  large-  ear 
nearly  cylindrical  rounded  very  slightly  at  butt,  tips  not  well  filled  One  eaj 

roired  ’  °De  6ar  10-rowed'  s,x  ears  IS-rowed,  three  ears  14-rowed,  five  ears  10- 

*  8°me  Iew  black  sweet,  and  a  very  few  yellow  flint  kernels. 

1809-  Dolly  Dutton  (Landretli): 

Ears  three  to  five  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium;  ear  cylindrical  or  slightlv 
tapermg  through  crowding  scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  a  little  pointed’  toward  tip7 

12-iowed!  ;  COb>  Wlllt6‘  Seventeeu  ears  8-rowed,  four  ears  10-rowed,  one  eir 
A  few  black  sweet  kernels,  and  white  flint  kernels. 

1810.  Early  Dwarf  (Thorburn): 

Ears  four  to  five  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium-  ear  cylindrical 

"“^dfoVe “e,lt0-»widWeI1: 81164  attiP-  C°lOT-Whi‘e;  «“>.  wW.  toll's 

, kernels,6 purple-stri^d^6*'  yell°W  fliUt  “d  WhHe  few  sweet 

1811.  Eight-Rowed  Early  (Station?). 

Ears  five  to  ten  inches  long.  Ear-stalks  small  •  onr  rvlinrir^oi-  „„„  n 

A  very  few  black  sweet  kernels;  many  yellow  and  white  flint  kernels. 

1812.  Early  Genesee  (Benson,  Maule  &  Co.): 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium-  ,  ,,  , 

little  at  butt,  a  little  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  not  well  filled  Color  101jll3.ded  bat 
white.  Five  ears  8-rowed,  four  £n  10-rowed  fourlrs  12-rowed  ’ 

Some  ears  nearly  all  flint-kernelled  ;  some  few  purple  and  slate,  sweet  kernels. 

1813.  Early  Marblehead  (Gregory): 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  to  small  •  ears  rather  rvlind™ 
cal  rounding  a  little  at  butt  and  tip,  which  fills  well.  Some  ears  white-kemelled 
y^te-cobbed,  and  other  ears  red-kernelled  and  red-cobheA  Ten  ears  8- 


,  ----- — &  “  cvu  uuil  tuui  up,  wnicn  nils  well.  Some  ear<*  vi 
and  white-cobbed,  and  other  ears  red-kernelled  and  red-cobbed 
rowed;  three  ears  10-rowed  coppea. 

flintlTwMte  elrt  °“  b°tb  red  “d  white  ears  i  »■»  white  and  yellow 

1814.  Early  Minnesota  (Gregory): 

drichT  roundfnf  Tinl»ndt  t!'r«f'<luaner  lo»£T-  Ear-stalk  small ;  ear  cyliu- 

r  ’  1  finding  little  at  butt,  rather  pointed  toward  tip  which  is  well  fill  pH 

:  J?\  Wllite*  Thirtee11  ears  8-rowed,  one  earlO  wwed 

and  v  acki  SW?®\  kernel.s  5  very  many  white  and  yellow  flint  kernels 

ew  ernels  which  are  flint  on  the  chit  face,  and  sweet  on  the  opposite.* 

1815.  Early  Narragansett  (Gregory): 

Ears  three  to  six  and  three-quarter  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium ,  ear  cylin- 


3  32 


[Assembly 


drical,  scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  pointed  toward  tip,  which  is  covered.  Some  ears 
very  red,  others  pale  red,  but  colors  not  mixed  on  same  ear;  cob,  red.  Twelve 
ears  8-rowed,  three  ears  10-rowed,  one  ear  12-rowed. 

*  Some  few  black,  sweet  kernels  on  pale  red  ears;  few  to  many  red  flint  ker¬ 
nels  on  all  the  ears,  of  same  color  as  the  sweet. 

1816.  Early  Narragansett  (Landreth): 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long.  Description  same  as  in  1815.  Eleven  ears 
8-rowed,  four  ears  10-rowed,  two  ears  12-rowed. 

*  Red  flint  kernels  in  small  numbers. 

1817.  Early  Orange  (Sibley): 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small;  ears  cylindrical,  rather  open 
at  butt,  scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  rounded  at  tip,  which  is  well  filled.  Some  ears 
white,  with  white  cobs;  other  ears  slightly  red,  tinged  with  reddish  cobs. 

*  Many  white  flint  kernels  on  the  white  ears  ;  white  and  white  and  red-striped 
on  the  red-tinged  ears,  and  some  kernels  flint  on  the  chit  side  and  sweet  on  the 
reverse. 

This  does  not  seem  to  be  Fig.  350  of  Rural  New  Yorker ,  September  6,  1884. 

1818.  Egyptian  Sweet  (Gregory): 

Ears  three  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalks  medium;  ear  tapering,  rounding 
evenly  at  butt,  rather  abruptly  at  tip,  which  is  not  well  filled.  Color,  white;  cob, 
white.  Twelve-rowed  mostly. 

*  Very  many  white  and  yellow  kernels, not  indented,  but  dent  in  structure;  a 
few  dented  kernels. 

1819.  Egyptian  Sweet  (Ferry): 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  small;  ear  cylindrical, 
rounding  very  slightly  at  butt,  well  filled  at  tip.  Color,  white;  cob,  white. 
Twenty-one  ears  8-rowed,  three  ears  10-rowed. 

*  Yellow  and  white  flint  kernels  very  numerous  ;  a  few  black  sweet  kernels. 
This  is  identical  with  Eight-rowed  Early,  No.  1811. 

1820.  Ford’s  Early  (Gregory): 

Ears  three  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small;  ear  cylindrical,  or  but  slightly 
tapering,  rounded  a  little  at  butt,  rather  abruptly  at  tip.  Color,  white,  with 
white  cob  in  most  ears  ;  just  a  suspicion  of  red  tinge  on  other  ears,  and  a  reddish 
cob.  Seventeen  ears  8-rowed,  four  ears  10-rowed. 

*  Some  few  black  sweet  kernels;  quite  a  number  of  white  and  yellow  flint 
kernels. 

1821.  Golden  Sweet  (Gregory): 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  smallish ;  ears  quite  variable,  the 
8-rowed  cylindrical,  the  10  and  12-rowed  slightly  to  much  tapering.  Color, 
golden-yeilow;  cob,  white.  Niue  ears  8-rowed;  five  ears  10-rowed,  4  ears  12- 
rowed. 

*  Yellow  and  white  flint  kernels  numerous;  the  corneous  matter  very  thin  on 
the  top  of  the  flint  kernels  in  the  12-rowed. 

3822.  Hickox  (Thorburn): 

Ears  three  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  ;  ear  tapering,  rounded  at 
butt,  ratlmr  abruptly  at  tip.  Color,  white  ;  cob,  white.  Mostly  12-rowed. 

*  A  few  yellow  sweet  kernels  ;  some  white  flint  kernels. 

1823.  Landretli’s  Sugar  (Landreth): 

Ears  three  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  medium  ;  ear  tapering, 
rounding  strongly  at  butt;  in  section  often  oval.  Color,  white,  cob,  white. 
Many-rowed. 

*  Some  yellow  and  white  dent  kernels. 

1824.  Mammoth  (Sibley): 

Ears  seven  inches  long,  but  one  ripening.  Ear-stalk  medium ;  ear  tapering, 
rounded  at  butt ;  tip  not  covered.  Color,  white  ;  cob,  white.  Sixteen-rowed. 

*  Some  few  white  flint  kernels. 


No.  33.] 


133 


1825.  Marblehead  Mammoth  (Gregory): 

Ears  five  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  large  ;  ear  slightly  tapering,  round¬ 
ing  little  at  butt;  kernels  loose.'  Color,  white;  cob,  white.  One  ear  10-rowed, 
one  ear  14-rowed,  three  ears  16-rowed,  three  ears  18-rowed,  one  ear  22-rowed. 

*  Many  white  and  yellow  flint  kernels  ;  some  few  yellow  sweet  kernels. 

Earlier  then  No.  1824.  The  ear  much  larger  diameter. 

1826.  Moore’s  Early.  Concord  (Gregory): 

Ears  five  to  six  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium;  ear  slightly  ta¬ 
pering,  rather  rounded  at  butt,  rather  pointed  at  tip.  Color,  white;  cob,  white. 
One  ear  10-rowed,  four  ears  12-rowed,  two  ears  14-rowed,  one  ear  16-rowed. 

*  Some  white  and  yellow  flint  kernels,  and  a  few  yellow  sweet  kernels. 

1827.  Ne  Plus  Ultra  (Station): 

Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear  stalk  small;  ear  strongly  tapering,  rounded 
strongly  at  base,  pointed  toward  tip.  Color,  white;  cob,  white.  Many-rowed, 
but  the  rows  irregular  and  confused. 

*  White  and  yellow  dent  kernels  quite  numerous. 

1828.  Old  Colony  Sweet,  Clark’s  (Parker  &  Gannett): 

Ears  three  and  one-half  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  ;  ear  slightly 
tapering.  Two  types  of  ears,  one  clearly  the  Early  Narragansett,  the  other  re¬ 
sembling  Orange  Sweet,  No  1829.  Cob,  red  on  the  reddish  ears,  white  on  the 
white  ears.  Five  ears  8-rowed,  seven  ears  10-rowed,  four  ears  12-rowed. 

*  White  and  yellow  flint  kernels  on  white  ears,  flesli-colored  flint  kernels  on 
reddish  ears. 

Not  Clark’s  Old  Colony  Sweet,  No.  1807,  but  Orange  Sweet  of  Rural  New 
Yorker,  September  6,  1884. 

1829.  Orange  Sweet  (Parker  &  Gannett). 

Ears  four  to  six  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  ;  ear  tapering, 
rows  not  very  regular,  rounded  a  little  at  butt,  evenly  pointed  at  tip,  which  is 
well  filled.  Color,  white;  cob,  white.  Three  ears  12-rowed,  seven  ears  14-rowed, 
two  ears  16-rowed,  two  ears  18-rowed. 

*  White  and  yellow  flint  kernels* 

This  is  identical  with  Clark’s  Old  Colony  Svteet,  No.  1807. 

It  is  possible  that  1828  and  1829  were  wrongly  labelled,  the  correct  labels  being 
reversed.  I  can  scarcely  imagine  a  mistake  in  planting  on  our  part. 

1830.  Potter’s  Excelsior  (Gregory): 

Ears  four  to  five  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  small  ;  ear 
slightly  tapering,  a  little  rounded  at  butt,  rather  irregularly  rowed  ;  kernels  not 
loose.  Color,  white  ;  cob,  white.  Ten  to  12-rowed. 

*  A  few  purple  sweet  kernels  ;  a  number  of  yellow  and  white  flint  kernels  ;  a 
very  few  soft  kernels. 

1831.  Potter’s  Excelsior  (Sibley): 

Ears  three  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  and  ears  similar  to  1830,  but  some  ears 
with  a  reddish  cob  and  a  different  style  of  kernel.  Color,  white;  cob,  white,  with 
exceptions  as  noted.  Ten  to  12-rowed. 

1832.  Pratt’s  Early  (Gregory): 

Ears  three  and  one-half  to  five  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small,  or 
medium;  ear  cylindrical,  or  tapering  in  the  lower  third,  scarcely  rounded  at  butt, 
where  it  is  usually  irregularly  kernelled,  top  well  filled.  Kernels  crinkled,  dis¬ 
tinctly  rounded  on  summit  and  on  sides.  Color,  white ;  cob,  reddish.  Twenty- 
six  ears ‘8-rowed,  two  ears  10-rowed. 

*  A  few  black  sweet  kernels,  a  number  of  yellow  and  white  flint;  a  few  ker¬ 
nels,  both  flint  and  sweet,  that  were  not  striped. 

1833.  Rochester  (Sibley): 

Ears  four  to  six  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  to  medium  ;  ear 
cylindrical  and  scarcely  rounded  at  tip;  well  filled  at  tip.  Color,  white;  cob, 
white.  Twelve  ears  8-rowed,  two  ears  10-rowed,  one  ear  12-rowed.  Same  as 
Early  Eight-rowed,  No.  1811. 

*  A  few  yellow  and  white  flint  kernels. 


134 


[Assembly 


1834.  Squantum  (Gregory): 

Ears  three  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  to  medium  ;  ear  tapering 
strongly,  a  little  rounding  at  butt.  Color,  white,  but  more  amber  than  most ;  cob, 
white.  Fourteen  to  10-rowed. 

*  Yellow  and  white  dent  kernels  quite  abundant. 

1835.  Sto well’s  Evergreen  (Gregory); 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ear  tapering  ;  rounded  at 
butt,  well  filled  at  tip.  Kernels  loose.  Color,  white  ;  cob,  white. 

*  Some  few  yellow  sweet  kernels;  quite  a  number  of  yellow  and  white  dent 
kernels. 

1836.  Tom  Thumb  (Sibley): 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  or  largish  ;  ear  cylindrical,  not 
rounding  at  butt  ;  abruptly  rounding  at  tip.  Color,  white  ;  cob,  white.  Sixteen 
ears  8-rowed  ;  six  ears  10-rowed  ;  one  ear  12-rowed. 

*  Quite  a  number  of  black  and  slate  colored  sweet  kernels,  some  light  purple, 
white  and  yellow  soft  kernels,  a  very  few  white  flint  kernels. 

1837.  Triumph  (Thorburn) : 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ear  cylindrical,  but  often  taper¬ 
ing  through  added  rows  toward  butt  ;  a  little  rounded  at  butt ;  rather  pointed  at 
tip,  which  is  not  well  filled  Color,  white  ;  cob,  wliite.  Thirteen  ears  8-rowed  ; 
seven  ears  10-rowed  ;  one  ear  12-rowed. 

*  Black  and  slate  colored  sweet  kernels  ;  white  and  yellow  flint  kernels. 

1838.  Black  kernels  from  ear  of  Crosby’s  Early  (Station)  : 

Ears  five  to  eight  inches  long.  The  majority  of  the  ears  of  the  Black  Mexican 
type,  other  ears  of  Crosby’s  Early  type.  Kernels  black  and  white  about  equally 
mixed  on  the  ears.  Quality  and  form  of  ears  very  firm.  Eighteen  ears  8-rowed  ; 
nine  ears  10-rowed  ;  eight  ears  12-rowed. 

*  Black  sweet,  white  sweet,  blackish  flint  and  slate  colored  flint  kernels,  also 
white  flint  and  yellow  flint  kernels,  but  unfortunately  the  occurrence  or  absence 
on  the  different  types  not  noted  at  harvest. 

1839.  Sweet  kernels  from  red-tinged  sweet  ear  grown  from  pod  seed  (Station)  : 
Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long.  All  ears  of  one  type.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ear 

tapering  strongly  at  the  tip,  which  is  pointed ;  rounding  at  the  butt  ;  rows 
straight,  kernels  loose,  crimped  almost  and  quite  wrinkled.  Color  almost  orange 
tinged  white  ;  cob,  red.  Fourteen  to  16-rowed. 

*  A  few  white  dent  kernels. 

1840.  Sweet  kernels  from  Red  Dent,  unliusked  ear  of  pod  corn  (Station)  • 

Ears  three  to  five  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small.  Ear  tapering, 
rounding  strongly  at  butt ;  a  little  pointed  toward  tip  ;  kernels  crinkled  and 
wrinkled  very  deeply,  rather  square  ;  a  sulcus  between  rows.  Seven  red,  with  red 
cob,  and  three  white  ears,  with  red  cob.  Sixteen  to  22-rowed. 

*  Red  ears  all  uniformly  kernelled  ;  white  ears  with  a  few  purple  sweet  and 
yellow  sweet  kernels,  and  yellow  dent  kernels. 

1841.  Red  Sweet  Pop,  taken  from  a  red  rice  pop  ear  (Station): 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small.  Ears  tapering  ;  rounded 
strongly  at  butt ;  rather  pointed  toward  tip.  Ten  ears  were  red  sweet  pop,  with 
red  cobs ;  nine  ears  white  sweet  ears,  with  white  cob  ;  and  nine  ears  were  white 
rice  pop  with  white  cob.  The  kernels  all  of  the  rice  type. 

*  The  red  sweet  pop  ears  had  a  few  red  rice  pop  kernels. 

The  white  sweet  pop  had  some  purple  and  slate  and  blackish  sweet  kernels,  and 
purple,  yellow,  white  and  blackish  rice  pop  kernels. 

The  white  rice  pop  had  blackish  and  slate-colored  sweet  and  yellow,  purple  and 
blackish  rice  pop  kernels. 

1842.  Sweet  kernels  from  a  White  dent  ear,  raised  from  a  red  unhusked  ear 
of  pod  corn.  Same  crop  as  1840,  but  a  different  selection  (Station). 


No.  33.] 


135 


Ears  five  to  six  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  One  podded  ear,  five  red  sweet  ears, 
five  white  sweet  ears.  The  podded  ear  apparently  a  sweet  corn.  Unpodded  ears 
very  attractive,  ear  stalk  small,  ear  tapering,  rounding  strongly  at  butt,  a  little 
pointed  toward  tip.  The  red  ears  had  red  cob,  the  white  ears  white  cob.  18  to 
20-rowed.  Kernels  long,  narrow,  squarish,  deep,  a  sulcus  between  the  rows. 

*Some  red  dent  kernels  on  the  red  ears,  and  white  dent  kernels  on  the  white 
ears  :  some  white  sweet  kernels,  striped  slightly  with  purple. 

1843.  Narragansett,  very  dark  red  (Station). 

Ears  five  to  seven  inches  long,  of  Narragansett  type 

*Red  flint  kernels,  some  white  shaded,  others  much  deeper  red  than  the  sweet 
reds,  may  be  called  brownish  red. 

1844.  Sweet  pop  from  amber  ear  of  New  England  pop  type,  but  nearly  a  flint 
variety  (Staten). 

Ears  five  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear  stalk  medium  to  small ;  ears  cylindrical, 
scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  a  little  pointed  toward  the  tip.  Kernels  crimped,  a 
little  oval.  Color,  white ;  cob,  white.  Six  ears  8-rowed,  thirteen  ears  10-rowed. 

*  Some  white,  yellow  and  purple  flint  kernels,  and  a  few  black  sweet  kernels. 

1845.  White  sweet  kernels  from  ear  of  Black  Mexican  (Station). 

Ears  three  to  seven  inches  long.  Some  ears  a  reddish  sweet,  resembling  very 
closely  the  Amber  Cream,  and  12-rowed.  The  balance  of  the  ears  white  kernelled, 
but  slightly  tapering,  scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  well  filled  at  tip,  and  apparently 
of  the  8  and  10-rowed  Black  Mexican  types,  but  white.  Three  ears  8  rowed,  six 
ears  10-rowed,  two  ears  12-rowed. 

*  Black,  purple,  spotted  yellow  and  white  flint  kernels,  and  a  few  black  sweet 
kernels  on  both  types. 

1846.  White  Sweet  Pop,  grown  from  dark  red,  sweet  kernels,  taken  from  a  red 
pearl  pop  ear  (Station). 

Ears  five  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear  stalk  small  ;  ear  tapering  ;  rounded  at 
butt.  Of  two  sorts,  one  resembling  the  rice  pop,  the  other  the  pearl  pop,  but  the 
kernels  sweet  in  both  ;  the  kernels  of  different  sizes  Color,  white  ;  cob, white. 
Eight  ears  12-rowed,  seven  ears  14-rowed,  one  ear  16-rowed. 

*  The  large  kernelled  ears  have  yellow,  slate  and  white  flint  kernels  ;  the 
small  kernelled  ears  white,  yellow  and  slate  pearl  pop,  and  white,  yellow  and 
slate  pearl  pop  kernels,  and  both  sorts  have  some  purple  and  blackish,  sweet 
kernels. 

0 

Flints. 

1847.  Blue  corn  (Hanover,  N.  H.). 

Seed  sent  as  a  survival  of  the  apparently  obsolete  Blue  corn,  formerly  grown 
in  New  England,  but  mixed. 

Ears  five  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear  cylindrical  in  the  8-rowed,  and 
tapering  in  the  12-rowed,  thus  presenting  the  not  uncommon  circumstance  of  two 
kinds  of  corn  grown  customarily  as  one  variety  in  the  same  field.  The  8-rowed 
is  of  the  type  of  No.  1852  ;  the  12-rowed  of  the  type  of  Early  Dutton.  Color, 
copper-yellow  ;  cob  white.  Eight  ears  8-rowed,  seven  ears  10-rowed,  three  ears 
12-rowed. 

*Some  blue  and  slate  flint  kernels,  and  very  many  flint  kernels  striued  with 
red. 

1848.  Canada  (from  P.  Q.)  : 

Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  to  largish  ;  ear  tapering, 
scarcely  rounded  at  tip,  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  thoroughly  filled.  Color,  golden 
yellow  ;  cob,  white.  Two  ears  8-rowed,  six  ears  10-rowed,  nine  ears  12-rowed, 
but  the  8-rowed  are  of  the  Early  Canada,  cylindrical  type. 

*  Some  slate-colored  flint  kernels. 

Identical  with  No.  1856. 

1849.  Chinese  Golden  (Gregory)  : 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small,  ear  very  strongly  and  evenly 
tapering,  rounding  completely  to  stalk  and  butt,  and  rather  pointed  toward 
tip;  kernels  very  roundish.  Color,  golden  yellow;  cob,  white.  Four  ears  12- 
rowed,  six  ears  14-rowed,  nine  ears  16-rowed,  one  ear  18-rowed. 


136 


[Assembly 


*Some  slate-colored  flint  kernels;  one  kernel  appears  to  be  a  Dent  in  structure, 
but  not  dented.  A  line  of  corneous  matter  at  side  barely  discriminates  from  a 
Soft. 

Resembles  No.  1910  very  closely,  and  probably  identical. 

1850.  Compton’s  Early  (Ferry) : 

Ears  seven  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  large;  ear  tapering,  round¬ 
ing  but  slightly  at  butt,  but  swollen  toward  butt  and  rounded  at  tip;  kernels 
small.  Color,  golden  yellow;  cob,  white,  large.  One  ear  10-rowed,  eight  ears 
12-rowed,  three  ears  14-rowed. 

*  Many  slate-colored  flint  kernels. 

1851.  Connecticut  White  (J.  Gallup,  Ct.): 

Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  to  small;  ear  cylindrical,  ta¬ 
pering  at  lower  fourth,  a  little  rounded  at  tip;  tip  bluntly  rounded,  well  capped; 
kernels  large,  shallow.  One  white  ear,  sixteen  ears  mostly  yellow;  cob,  white. 
Sixteen  ears  8-rowed,  one  ear  12-rowed. 

*  Some  slate-flint  kernels;  very  many  yellow  kernels. 

1852.  Choice  Eight-rowed  Yellow  (Tliorburn): 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small ;  ear  cylindrical,  but  tapering  at 
the  lower  third,  and  swollen  at  butt  by  the  addition  of  irregular  kernels;  slen¬ 
der.  Color,  bright  golden  yellow;  white  cob.  Seventeen  ears  8-rowed,  two  ears 
10-rowed. 

*  No  hybridization  observable. 

1853.  Forty  Days  Early  (Gregory)  : 

Ears  four  to  six  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small ;  ear  cylindrical, 
but  liable  to  taper  through  openness  between  pairs  of  rows  toward  butt.  Color, 
white  ;  cob,  white.  Sixteen  ears  8-rowed,  one  ear  10-rowed,  one  ear  12-rowed. 
*Many  yellow  flint,  a  few  slate,  blackish  and  pink-striped  flint  kernels. 

1854.  Improved  Early  Canada  (Gregory): 

Ears  six  to  eight  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  to  medium;  ear 
cylindrical,  rounded,  compressed  at  butt,  bluntly  rounded  at  tip,  a  little  pointed 
at  lower  fourth.  Golden  yellow;  cob,  small,  white.  Thirteen  ears  8-rowed,  one 
ear  10-rowed. 

,  *  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

Answers  exactly  to  the  Waushakum,  No.  1865. 

1855.  King  Phillip  (Vaughfin): 

Ears  six  and  one-half  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long.  Color,  copper  yellow, 
and  ears  answering  in  every  other  respect  to  1854.  Sixteen  ears  8-rowed,  one  ear 
10-rowed,  two  ears  12-rowed. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1856.  Landreth’s  Earliest  Yellow  (Landreth) : 

Ears  seven  to  ten  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Identical  with  No.  1848.  Eight 
ears  8-rowed,  four  ears  10-rowed,  two  ears  12-rowed.  ' 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1857.  Longfellow  (Gregory): 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  small ;  ear  rather  open  at 
butt,  which  gives  a  slight  tapering,  otherwise  the  description  the  same  as  of  the 
Waushakum,  No.  1865,  except  a  slightly  larger  ear.  Fifteen  ears,  all  8-rowed. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1858.  Orange  Flint  (Thorburn): 

Ears  four  to  nine  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Except  a  slightly  larger  kernel, 
similar  to  Waushakum,  No.  1865,  and  seems  to  be  the  same  as  Golden  Dew-drop 
(Thorb.),  as  grown  on  station  plats.  Fifteen  ears  8-rowed. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1859.  Rhode  Island  White  Cap  (J.  Gallup,  Ct.) 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small ;  ear  cylindrical ;  rounded 


137 


No.  33.] 

slightly  at  butt,  abruptly  capped  at  tip  ;  ear  apt  to  be  slightly  curved.  Color, 
white ;  cob,  white.  Twenty-three  ears  8-rowed  ;  one  ear  10-rowed. 

*  Some  few  yellow  flint  kernels,  and  occasionally  a  purplish  flint  kernel. 

1860.  Rural  Thoroughbred  (Gregory):  -  * 

Ears  six  to  twelve  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  to  largish  ;  ear  cylindrical 
type  but  tapering  always  through  the  great  openness  always  found  between  the 
pairs  of  rows,  which  give  a  coarse  appearance  to  the  ear.  Scarcely  rounded  at 
butt,  not  filling  at  tip.  Color,  white  ;  cob,  white.  Twenty  ears  8-rowed,  but  of 

these  but  seven  had  kernels. 

*  Very  many  yellow  flint  kernels. 

1861.  Sanford  (Gregory): 

Ears  four  to  ten  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  smallish  ;  ear  cylindrical  in  type  but 
usually  tapering  through  added  kernels  toward  butt,  where  it  rounds  slightly  ; 
abruptly  rounded  at  tip,  which  does  not  fill.  Kernels  white  on  summit  ;  horny 
white  below  ;  cob,  white.  Seventeen  ears  8-rowed  ;  one  ear  10-rowed. 

*  Some  yellow  flint  kernels. 

1862.  Topover  (from  Nantucket): 

Ears  six  and  one-half  to  eight  and  one-half  inches  long  Ear-stalk  very  small ; 
not  as  large  as  a  pipe-stem,  and  set  in  a  hollow,  caused  by  the  rounding  of  the 
kernels  at  butt  ;  butt  and  tip  rounded  alike,  so  as  to  be  difficult  to  discriminate 
at  first  sight  when  the  stalk  is  broken  off  ;  ear  cylindrical  ;  kernels  rounded  at 
summitt,  closely  compressed  at  sides  ;  golden  yellow,  with  a  scarcely  lig 
shade  at  summit ;  cob,  white.  Fifteen  ears  8-rowed  ;  two  ears  10-rowed.  A 
wonderfully  distinct  and  remarkable  variety. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1863.  Wausliakum  (Gregory): 

Ears  seven  to  eight  and  one-lialf  inches  long,  r  ourteen  ears  8-rowed. 


Sixteen  ears  8-rowed. 


1864.  Wausliakum  (Home  seed): 

Ears  seven  to  ten  inches  long. 

1865.  Wausliakum.  Harvested  at  edible  maturity  (Station) : 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Nineteen  ears  8-rowed. 

The  same  description  to  Nos.  1863,  1866  and  1865.  Ear-stalk  small  to  medium  ;  • 
ear  cylindrical  ;  rather  compressed  toward  butt,  tapering  slightly  in  lowei  fourth, 
well  capped  at  tip.  Color,  golden  yellow  ;  cob,  white. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1866.  Dark  red  seed  from  Eight-rowed  purple  (Station): 

Ears  seven  to  nine  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  small  ,  ear 
slender  ;  cylindrical  but  swollen  at  butt;  well  covered  at  tip  Eight  dark  purp  e 
red  ears  with  red  cob,  eight  orange  yellow  ears  with  white  cob  Five  ears  8-rowed 
and  three  ears  10-rowed  of  the  red,  and  nine  ears  8-rowed  of  the  yellow. 

*  No  hybridization  apparent  on  red  ears.  White  and  slate-colored  flint  kern  s 

in  the  yellow  ears. 

1867.  Slate-colored  flint  from  ears  of  Golden  Sweet  (Station) : 

Ears  four  and  one-lialf  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small,  ears  tapering  , 
scarcely  rounded  at  butt ;  rather  pointed  toward  tip.  Color  exceedingly  mixed. 
Cob,  white.  Nineteen  ears  8-rowed  ;  two  ears  10-rowed  ;  one  ear  1^-rowed. 

*  Yellow,  white,  yellow  red  striped,  white  red  striped,  slate,  purple,  olive, 
greenish  and  blackish  flint  kernels  white,  red,  yellow  and  black  sweet  kerne  s  , 
all  the  colors  occurring  in  several  shades. 

1868.  Flinty  kernels  from  Sibley’s  Pride  of  the  North  dent  (Station)  . 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Sixteen  flint  ears,  of  which  ten  ears  are  8 
rowed  :  six  ears  10-rowed  ;  five  dent  ears,  of  which  one  ear  is  8-rowed  ;  two  ears 
10-rowed  ;  two  ears  12-rowed  The  flint  ears  correspond  to  Wausliakum  4  lint  , 

the  dent  ears  to  Sibley’s  Pride  of  the  North.  , 

*  A  very  few  purplish  dent  kernels  on  dent  ears;  a  very  few  slate-colored  flint 
.  kernels  on  flint  ears.  One  flint  ear  has  indented  kernels,  but  the  structure  is  that 

of  a  flint. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  IS 


138 


[Assembly 


I860  Waushakum.  (Station  seed  grown  in  rows  with  other  kinds  in  1883): 

Ears  sis  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long.  Twenty  ears  8-rowed.  The  de¬ 
scription  same  as  for  No.  1865. 

*  Some  very  few  slate-colored  flint  kernels.  One  ear  red  orange,  of  the  color 
of  King  Philip,  but  a  lighter  shade. 

1870.  Waushakum  (Station,  grown  with  other  varieties  for  two  years): 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Twenty-four  ears  8-rowed.  Description  same  as 
for  No.  1865. 

*  Some  few  white  kernels  on  some  ears.  Otherwise  no  marks  of  hybridization. 

1871.  Yellow  flint  from  early  8-rowed  sweet  ear  (Station): 

Three  dent  ears  five  and  one-half  to  six  inches  long  ;  one  rice  pop  ear  three 
inches  long;  three  pearl  pop  ears  six  to  six  and  a  half  inches  long;  sixteen  flint 
ears  four  to  nine  inches  long.  The  dent  ears  are  all  Adams  Early  except  the  color 
is  yellow.  The  Rice  pop  is  yellow,  many-rowed  and  on  type,  or  cone  formed.  The 
pearl  pop  ears  are  yellowish,  many-rowed  and  on  type.  The  Flint  ears  are  all  of 
the  type  of  the  White  Flint  No.  7,  page  46  of  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  except  in  being  yellow. 

*  Quite  a  number  of  yellow  sweet  kernels  on  the  dent  ears.  Some  white  sweet 
kernels  of  rice  type  on  the  Rice  pop  ear.  Some  few  slate-colored  pearl  pop  and 
quite  a  few  sweet  pearl  pop  kernels,  and  orange  flint  of  the  Pearl  pop  ears.  A 
few  orange,  white,  slate  and  black  flint  kernels  on  the  flint  ears;  some  ears  nearly 
free  from  a  mixture. 

1872.  Yellow  flint  from  a  sweet  Amber  Rice  pop  ear  (Station): 

Fifteen  flint  ears  five  to  eight  inches  long,  and  eight  to  12-rowed;  five  rice  pop 
ears  four  to  six  inches  long  and  many-rowed.  The  flint  ears  of  Early  Dutton 
type,  even  the  8-rowed,  which  became  12-rowed  towards  butt.  Color,  orange  yel¬ 
low.  The  Rice  pop  ears  all  on  type. 

*  One  flint  ear  with  slate  and  white  flint,  and  white  and  black  sweet  kernels, 
all  in  small  numbers.  The  fourteen  remaining  flint  ears  show  no  indication  of 
hybridization.  The  pop  ears  have  a  few  purplish  and  slate  rice  pop  kernels. 


DENT  CORNS. 

1873.  Adams’  Early  (Gregory): 

Ears  three  to  six  inches  long.  Ear  stalk  small;  ear  very  slightly  tapering  in 
upper  part,  but  strongly  below,  rounding  at  butt.  Color,  white;  cob,  white.  One 
ear  10-rowed,  thirteen  ears  12-rowed,  one  ear  16  rowed. 

*  Some  very  few  purple  dent  kernels. 

1874.  Renton  Dent  (Station): 

Ears  five  to  nine  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium;  ear  cylindrical 
in  upper  part,  pointing  a  little  in  the  lower  fourth.  A  strong  tendency  to  open¬ 
ness  between  the  pairs  of  rows,  and  the  section  of  the  ear  squarish.  Kernels 
very  broad.  Color,  light  yellow;  cob,  white.  Fourteen  ears  8-rowed. 

*  But  one  ear  off  type,  this  one  with  small  ear-stalk,  rounding  at  butt,  and 
mostly  flint,  there  being  some  few  indented  kernels,  barely  of  the  structure  of  a 
dent.  Otherwise,  than  this  no  hybridization  to  be  detected. 

1875.  Blount’s  Prolific  (Gregory) : 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  smallish;  ear  cylindrical;  a  deep 
more  or  less  broad  sulcus  between  the  rows  which  show  a  tendency  towards  ar¬ 
rangement  in  pairs.  Color  of  kernels,  white  pn  summit,  horny  white  below;  cob, 
white.  Nine  ears  10-rowed,  three  ears  12-rowed. 

*  Some  few  yellow  dent  kernels. 

1876.  Chester  County  Mammoth  (Gregory): 

Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small;  ear  slightly  tapering,  rcunded 
strongly  at  butt ;  a  rather  deep  but  narrow  sulcus  between  the  rows.  Kernels 
yellow  on  summit,  orange  below;  cob,  reddish.  Sixteen  to  18-rowed. 

*  No  hybridization  apparent. 

1877.  Chester  County  Mammoth  (Ferry): 


139 


No.  33. J 


Ears  five  to  eight  inches  long.  One  ear  14-rowed,  three  ears  lG-rowed,  one  ear 
18-rowed.  Description  identical  with  No.  1876. 

*  No  hybridization  apparent. 

1878.  Cloud’s  Early  Mammoth  Chester  (Landreth). 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long..  Eighteen  to  20-rowed.  No  difference  percept¬ 
ible  between  this  and  Nos.  1876  and  1877. 

*No  hybridization  apparent. 

1879.  Hundred  Day  (Gregory)  : 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long.  Some  ears  are  the  Wisconsin  Yellow  of 
Vaughan,  other  ears  are  larger,  with  a  broader  sulcus  between  the  rows,  and 
larger  ear  stalk.  Color,  yellow-orange  ;  cob,  red.  Four  ears  12-rowed,  three  ears 
14-rowed,  three  ears  16-rowed,  three  ears  18-rowed,  one  ear  20-rowed. 

*  Some  white  dent  kernels. 

1880.  Little  Red  Cob  (Sibley)  : 

October  14  ;  too  unripe  for  preservation  or  description. 

1881.  Maryland  White  Gourd  Seed  (Landreth). 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ear  slightly  tapering,  round¬ 
ing  strongly  at  butt,  evenly  at  tip,  which  is  not  filled.  Color,  white,  on  summit, 
horny- white  on  lower  part  of  kernel.  Sixteen  to  18-rowed. 

*  Some  few  kernels  yellowish-white  dent  on  tip,  yellowish-orange  below ; 
occasionally  a  few  purple  stripes  on  the  white  kernels. 

1882.  Queen  of  the  Prairie  (Gregory)  :  - 

Ears  four.tr  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small;  ear  slightly  tapering,  well 
rounded  at  butt,  a  little  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  uncovered.  Color,  yellowish- 
orange  ;  cob,  reddish.  Two  forms  of  ear,  the  one  with  deep,  thin  kernels,  flat  on 
top,  the  true  type  ;  the  other  with  thick  rounded  kernels,  with  a  dimple,  the 
sulci  between  rows  quite  prominent.  Fourteen  to  18-rowed. 

*  Some  few  white  dent  kernels. 

1883.  Rural  Union  (Rural  New  Yorker)  : 

Ears  three  to  eight  inches  long.  Cob,  red  ;  otherwise  the  same  description  ap¬ 
plies  as  for  Benton  Dent,  No.  1874.  Twelve  ears  8-rowed,two  ears  10-rowed. 

*  The  ears  vary  considerably  in  color,  some  being  orange-yellow  on  summit  of 
kernel,  and  deep,  horny-orange  below  ;  others  yellowish-white  on  summit,  and 
horny-orange  below  ;  some  reddisli-white  on  top,  and  horny-buff  below,  etc.,  etc. 
Otherwise  no  hybridization  apparent. 

1884.  Sibley’s  Pride  of  the  North  (Gregory). 

Ears  four  to  seven  and  one-half  inches  long.  Two  forms  of  ears,  the  one  like 
Queen  of  the  Prairie,  true  type,  No.  1882,  the  other  with  a  pronounced  sulcus, 
The  two  numbers  1882  and  1884  produced  the  same  kind  of  ears  as  if  mixed  seed 
of  the  two  had  been  used  in  each  case. 

*  Some  few  white  dent  kernels. 

1885.  White  dent  kernels  from  unhusked  ear  of  pod  corn  ;  the  ear  had  white, 
sweet  kernels,  and  was  grown  from  a  red  ear  of  pod  corn. 

Ears  five  to  nine  inches  long.  Five  red  dent,  unhusked  ears,  with  red  cob  ;  five 
white  dent  unlmsked  ears,  with  red  cob,  and  one  yellow  flint  ear,  with  white  cob. 
The  dent  ears  like  those  grown  in  1882  and  1883  from  pod  corn.  The  flint  ears, 
Early  Dutton. 

*  Red,  sweet,  kernels,  on  red  ears;  white,  sweet,  and  yellow  dent  on  the 
white  ears,  white  sweet  and. white  flint  on  the  flint  ear. 

1886.  White  dent  kernels  from  a  white,  sweet  ear,  from  unhusked  ear  of  pod 
corn  (Station)  : 

Nine  white,  dent  ears,  five  to  eight  inches  long,  one  husked  ear,  four  inches 
lopg.  Eight  ears  tapering,  resembling  the  dent  ears  of  No.  1885  ;  one  ear  resem¬ 
bles  Blount’s  Prolific  10-rowed  ;  the  husked  ear  cone  form,  long  husks.  Cob,  red, 
on  eight  of  the  nine  dent  ears,  white  on  the  Blount’s  Prolific. 

*  White  sweet  kernels  on  all  the  ears,  and  red-striped  and  golden  sweet,  and 
red-striped  dent  on  the  one  Blount’s  Prolific  ear. 


140 


[Assembly 


1887.  Dent-like  kernels  from  Wausliakum.  Those  kernels  that  were  cut  were 
flint  in  structure,  but  the  corneous  matter  so  thin  at  top  of  kernel  as  to  admit  of 
indentation  (Station)  : 

Eleven  dent  ears,  four  to  six  inches  long.  One  ear  10-rowed,  five  ears  12- 
rowed,  three  ears  14-rowed,  two  ears  16-rowed.  Five  flint  ears,  six  to  eight 
inches  long.  One  ear  8-rowed,  three  ears  10-rowed,  one  ear  12-rowed.  The  dent 
ears  all  of  Adams’  Early  form,  but  yellow.  The  flint  dars  all  Waushakum. 

*  On  the  dent  ears  an  occasional  purple  dent  kernel  ;  no  other  mark  of  hybrid¬ 
ization.  On  the  flint  ears  a  few  kernels  with  summit  of  a  different  and  lighter 
shade  of  orange,  and  slightly  indented,  true  dents  in  structure. 

1888.  Dent,  seed  from  Stowell’s  Evergreen  Sweet  (Station) : 

(Stowell’s  Evergreen  had  last  year  a  few  yellow  and  white  indented  kernels. 
A  later  examination  shows  that  some  of  these  supposed  dents  were  of  the  Soft 
corn  structure.) 

Nine  Dent  and  Soft  ears  four  to  nine  inches  long.  Five  ears  12-rowed,  three 
ears  14-rowed,  one  ear  16-rowed.  Six  flint  ears  four  to  seven  inches  long,  one 
ear  10-rowed,  2  ears  12-rowed,  one  ear  14-rowed,  one  ear  16-rowed,  one  ear  18- 
rowed.  One  ear  Soft  Pearl  Pop  four  inches  long,  16-rowed.  One  ear  Rice  Pop 
four  inches  long,  16-rowed. 

Of  the  eight  ears  reserved  for  a  more  thorough  examination,  two  so-called 
dents  proved  to  be  12-rowed  Tuscarora;  one  ear  was  white  dent  of  the  Pod  corn 
type  ;  one  Reddish  Dent,  same  type;  one  ear  soft  corn  of  the  12-rowed  Mandan 
type;  one  ear  White  Pearl  Pop;  one  ear  Rice  Pop;  one  ear  Soft  White  Pearl 
Pop. 

*  On  the  Tuscarora  ears,  sweet  kernels  and  some  few  purple-striped  soft  and  a 
few  yellow  soft  kernels.  On  the  White  Dent  a  few  white  swreet  and-  yellow  soft 
kernels,  and  more  white  soft  kernels.  On  the  Reddish  Dent  ear  some  orange 
sweet  kernels.  On  the  Mandan  ear  some  white  sweet  and  yellow  soft  kernels. 
On  the  Pearl  Pop  ear  some  white  sweet  and  yellow  pop  kernels.  On  the  Rice 
Pop  ear  some  white  sweet  kernels.  On  the  Soft  Pearl  Pop  ear  some  yellow, 
rice-like  soft  pop  and  yellow  sweet  kernels. 

SOFT  CORNS. 

1889.  Mandan  or  Squaw  (Station)  : 

Ears  three  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  ;  ear  nearly  cylindrical, 
or  tapering  through  added  rows  at  butt;  some  ears  all  flint,  others  all  soft. 
Color,  mixed;  cob,  white.  Ears  10  to  12-rowed,  but  mostly  too  irregular  for  ac¬ 
curate  count. 

*No  appearance  of  flint  kernels  on  the  soft,  or  soft  kernels  on  the  flint  ears, 
but  careful  cutting  of  many  kernels  develops  some  flint  kernels  on  the  soft  ears; 
blue,  slate  and  purplish  kernels  common,  white  predominating,  and  many"  yellow. 

1890.  Red  River  (seed  from  Manitoba  in  1882,  Ontario  in  1883) : 

Ears  four  to  five  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small;  ear  cylindrical, 
not  rounded  at  butt,  rather  blunt  at  tip  ;  kernels  not  compressed,  almost  spaced, 
yet  not  loose  on  the  cob.  Color,  white;  cob,  white. 

*On  some  ears,  purple,  blue,  yellow,  mottled  and  red-splashed  white  soft  ker¬ 
nels.  No  flint  or  sweet. 

1891.  Tuscarora  (Henderson)  :m 

Ears  four  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  rather  large;  ear  cylindrical  in  type, 
but  tapering,  in  fact,  through  openness  between  pairs  of  rows  at  butt ;  kernel 
broad,  often  slightly  indented,  not  filling  well  at  tip.  Color,  white;  cob,  red. 
Nineteen  ears  8-rowed. 

*  Some  few  yellow  and  white  purple-lined,  and  a  very  few  purple  soft  kernels. 

1892.  Tuscarora  (Landreth) : 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Seventeen  ears  8-rowed,  two  ears  10-rowed. 
Same  description  as  No.  1891. 

*Some  few  yellow,  blue,  blue  purple-lined  and  white  purple-lined  soft  kernels. 

1893.  Tuscarora  (Station) : 

Ears  four  to  nine  inches  long.  Fourteen  ears  8-rowed,  two  ears  10-rowed,  five 
ears  12-rowed;  the  8  and  10-rowed  all  Tuscarora  type,  mostly  white  kernelled  •, 
the  12-rowed,  reddisli-kerneled  flint  of  the  Early  Dutton  type,  but  shorter. 


ISTo.  33.] 


141 


*  The  Tuscarora  type  ears  have  yellow,  blue  and  purple  soft  kernels.  The 
flint  ears  have  pink  and  reddish  and  brownish  kernels  intermixed  so  as  give  a  uni¬ 
form  color  to  the  ear  through  their  blending,  and  sweet  and  soft  kernels  of  the 
same  color. 


1894.  Znni  Blue  (F.  H.  Cushing,  Zuni  Indians): 

Ears  seven  to  twelve  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  smallish;  ear  slightly  tapering, 
rounding  at  summit,  not  well  filled  at  tip.  Color,  blue;  cob,  white.  Four  ears 
14-rowed,  three  ears  16-rowed,  one  ear  18-rowed.  Some  kernels  indented. 

*  Some  light  purplish,  yellow  and  white  soft  kernels.  Some  of  the  kernels 
have  a  sensible  yet  small  quantity  of  corneous  matter  on  the  sides,  and  yet  the 
seed  was  all  soft. 

1895.  Zuni  Black  (Cushing): 

Ears  five  to  ten  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small;  ear  tapering,  rounding  at  butt, 
tapering  cleanly  to  well-filled  tip.  Fourteen  black-purple  ears,  with  fine  purple 
cobs,  tvvo  blue  ears,  with  white  cob.  In  the  purple-black  ears  the  kernels  poly¬ 
gonal  through  pressure,  the  sides  not  parallel  in  the  same  plane,  the  chit  very 
large.  The  blue  ears  correspond  with  No.  1894.  Three  ears  12-rowed,  six  ears 
14  rowed,  five  ears  16-rowed,  two  ears  18-rowed. 

*  No  hybridization  apparent  in  the  black  ears.  In  the  blue  ears,  white,  yellow, 
purple  and  variously  striped  soft  kernels. 

1896.  Zuni  Purple  (Cushing) : 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small;  two  forms  of  ears.  The  one 
like  No.  1895,  the  other  fusiform,  that  is  tapering  from  a  point  at  the  upper  third 
towards  the  butt,  and  towards  the  tip.  Kernels  rounded  at  butt.  The  ears  show 
several  forms  of  coloring.  Some  ears  glossy  lemon  yellow,  with  a  few  purple 
and  slate  kernels,  some  red  kernelled  throughout,  some  blackish  purple.  Cob, 
purple  on  the  purple  ears,  white  on  the  others. 

*  Colors  very  mixed  in  all  but  the  red  and  purple  ears,  all  soft  kernelled. 

1897.  Zuni  White  (Cushing): 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small.  Two  forms  of  ears;  the  one 
fusiform  as  in  No.  1896,  the  other  tapering  as  in  1895.  Three  ears  12-rowed, 
three  ears  14-rowed,  six  ears  16-rowed,  one  ear  18-rowed,  one  ear  20- rowed. 

*  The  pink  purple  ears,  seven  in  number,  have  cobs  faintly  tinged  with  pur¬ 
ple,  and  show  no  mixture  save  an  occasional  darker  purple  kernel.  The  white 
ears  are  also  seven  in  number ;  some  are  purple  tinged,  with  white  and  slate- 
colored  soft  kennels,  others  are  white,  and  have  purple,  slate,  yellow  and  speckled 
kernels  of  soft  corn. 

1898.  Zuni  White,  purple  speckled  (Cushing): 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long.  Two  forms  of  ears  ;  the  one  nearly  cylindrical 
scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  12-rowed.  with  medium  ear-stalk;  the  other  tapering 
towards  butt  and  tip  as  in  No.  1896,  and  rounded  at  butt,  the  ear-stalk  small. 
Color  variable,  white  predominating  in  some  ears,  blue  and  deep  purple  in  others; 
cob,  white.  Twelve  to  16-rowed. 

*  Kernels  all  soft,  speckled  kernels  very  abundant,  usually  purple  on  white 
ground,  but  various  shades  of  purple,  blue,  yellow,  and  pink  are  to  be  found,  as 
well  as  pure  white. 

1899.  Zuni  Yellow  (Cushing)  : 

Ears  four  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  smallish.  Two  types  of  ears,  the  one 
tapering  towards  butt  and  towards  tip,  the  other  tapering  from  butt,  the  first 
rounded  at  butt,  the  latter  not  rounding,  or  but  very  slightly.  Color,  yellow; 
cob,  white.  Two  ears  12-rowed,  six  ears  14-rowed,  ten  years  16-rowed,  one  ear 
18-rowed,  one  ear  20-rowed. 

*  A  few  slate,  white  and  purple  soft  kernels. 


1900.  Mandan  or  Squaw;  reddish  brown  flint  kernels  (Station): 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  smallish  ;  ears  cylindrical,  scarcely 
rounded  at  tip,  all  on  type.  Colors,  various,  .some  red-brown  ears,  other  ears 
mostly  blue. 

*  The  red  ears  apparently  all  flint,  and  no  mixture  of  colors  of  kernels. 


The 


142 


[Assemble 


blue  ears  have  soft,  flint  and  sweet  kernels,  the  colors  yellow,  white,  and  blue 
flint,  blue  and  white  soft,  and  white  and  black  sweet. 

1901.  Mandan  or  Squaw.  Pink  flint  kernels  (Station): 

Ears  four  to  eight  inches  long,  same  style  as  No.  1900,  but  apparently  all  flint. 
Chocolate  pink  the  most  abundant  color,  but  ears  covered  with  kernels  of  var¬ 
ious  colors,  except  the  bright  red,  which  are  of  uniform  color  throughout. 

*  No  hybridization  other  than  the  colors  to  be  observed. 

1902.  Mandan  or  Squaw.  Red  flint  kernels  (Station): 

Ears  three  to  seven  inches  long.  Eleven  8-rowed  ears,  mostly  yellow,  all  flint 
and  of  the  type  of  Early  Canada;  uine  ears  10-rowed,  and  of  the  Mandan  type, 
but  all  flint. 

*  One  red  ear  has  one  deep  red  kernel  with  a  distinct  white  cap,  which  extends 
about  one-third  of  the  way  down,  sharply  defined.  One  ear  has  kernels  white  on 
the  chit  side,  red  on  the  reverse,  the  tip  showing  the  red  and  white  in  halves ; 
some  sweet  kernels  also  of  the  same  description.  The  remaining  ears  have  slate, 
white,  purple  and  yellow  kernels,  mostly  flint,  but  some  soft. 

1903.  Mandan  or  Squaw.  White  flint  kernels  (Station): 

Ears  five  to  seven  inches  long.  Some  ears  copper  yellow,  others  yellow  and 
white,  all  flint  and  of  King  Philip  or  Early  Canada  type  ;  cob,  white.  Thirteen 
ears  8-rowed,  five  ears  10-rowed. 

*  Some  white,  purple  and  black  sweet  kernels,  some  purple  slate,  white  and 
yellow  flint  kernels. 

1904.  Mandan  or  Squaw.  Yellow  flint  kernels  (Station): 

Ears  five  to  nine  inches  long,  and  all  of  the  Canada  and  Early  Canada  type, 
mostly  yellow.  Cob,  white.  Eleven  ears  8-rowed  ;  three  ears  10-rowed. 

*  White,  slate,  copper-stained,  purple  and  mottled  flint  kernels,  white  and  yel¬ 
low  sweet  kernels,  and  variously  colored  kernels  of  soft  on  some  ears,  but  not  on 
others. 

POD-CORN 

1905.  Flat  Dent  (J.  W.  N.,  Camden,  N.  J.) 

Ten-podded  ears,  four  of  which  were  8-rowed  and  six  were  10-rowed.  Nine 
unpodded  ears,  four  of  which  were  8-rowed,  and  five  were  10-rowed.  Ear-stalk 
medium  for  a  pod  ;  ear  tapering  a  little  ;  heavily  husked.  The  unpodded  ears  of 
Blount’s  Prolific  type. 

*  No  hybridization  observed. 

1906.  White  Dent  (J.  W.  N.,  Camden,  N.  J.) 

Ten  ears  podded,  nine  ears  unpodded.  Three  of  the  podded  ears  slender, 
cylindrical  in  upper  portion,  tapering  in  lower  ;  five  to  six  inches  long  ;  closely 
and  thinly  podded  ;  quite  ripe  ;  seven-podded  ears,  strongly  tapering  or  cone 
form;  four  to  six  inches  long ;  long  husks  ;  very  unripe.  The  nine  unpodded 
ears  resembled  Blount’s  Prolific. 

*  No  hybridization  apparent. 

Nos.  1905  and  1906  came  from  J.  W.  N.,  Camden,  N.  J.,  and  said  to  have  ap¬ 
peared  spontaneously  in  a  crop  of  Blount’s  Prolific. 

1907.  Yellow  dent  from  husked  ear  of  a  yellow  dent  pod  (Station): 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small ;  ears  cone-shaped,  with  long 
husks.  Very  unripe. 

*  Not  examined  for  hybridization  on  account  of  the  husks. 

1908.  Red  dent  from  uuliusked  red  dent  ear  of  pod  corn  (Station) : 

Sixteen  unhusked  red  ears,  five  to  seven  inches  long  -  one  red  husked  ear  two 
and  one-half  inches  long.  All  the  ears  of  the  type  of  the  seed. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1909.  White  flinty  dent  (J.  W.  N.,  Camden,  N.  J.) 

Ears  three  to  eight  inches  long.  Four-podded  ears,  very  unripe.  Nine  un¬ 
podded,  but  will  answer  to  keep  ;  nine  unpodded,  but  below  edible  condition. 


No.  33.] 


143 


Eight  to  10-rowed.  The  unpodded  ears  are  Blount’s  Prolific  in  appearance  ;  the 
podded  ears  are  very  white  husked ;  irregularly  rowed  ;  lightly  but  closely 
husked  kernels,  resembling  Blount’s  Prolific  as  closely  as  could  be  expected  from 
a  podded  ear  ;  same  origin  as  Nos.  1905  and  1906. 

*  No  hybridization  detected. 


AFRICAN  CORN. 

1910.  Maize  from  Africa.  A.  Flint  seed.  (Landreth.) 

Ears  five  to  seven  inches  long.  Small  to  medium  ear-stalk  ;  ear  strongly  taper¬ 
ing  ;  rounded  at  butt  ;  rather  pointed  at  tip.  Color,  golden  orange;  cob,  white. 
Appears  identical  with  Chinese  Golden,  No.  1849.  Many-rowed. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1911.  Maize  from  Africa.  E.  I.  Flint  seed  (Landreth): 

Ears  three  to  six  inches  long.  Resembles  Chinese  Golden,  No".  1849,  in  general 
shape,  but  the  color  is  a  duller  orange.  Two  forms  of  ear,  one  to  which  the  de¬ 
scription  of  No.  1910  applies  ;  the  other  wi.tli  a  stronger  rounding  at  butt  ;  a  sulcus 
between  the  rows  and  a  minute  sharp,  stiff  spine  at  the  point  of  insertion  of  the 
silk,  like  rice  pop,  but  the  kernel  full  on  top  ;  light  orange  on  top  ;  deep  orange 
below,  and  a  dent  by  structure.  Six  ears  12-rowed  ;  four  ears  14-rowed  ;  two  ears 
16-rowed  ;  one  ear  18-rowed  ;  cob,  white. 

*  A  very  few  white  and  slate  black  flint  kernels. 

1912.  Maize  from  Africa.  E.  2.  Flint  kernels  (Landreth)  : 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long  ;  many-rowed  ;  cob,  white.  Corresponds  in 
description  to  No.  1910,  but  the  ears  white  instead  of  orange  yellow. 

*  Some  yellow  flint  kernels. 

191$.  Maize  from  Africa.  E.  3.  Flint  seed  (Landreth)  : 

Ears  three  to  seven  inches  long.  Three  forms  of  ears.  One  flint,  resembling 
No.  1910  ;  another  dent  of  similar  form  ;  the  third  a  dent,  slightly  tapering” 
rounded  at  butt  to  small  ear-stalk  ;  a  pronounced  sulcus  between  the  rows,  and  a 
very  small,  sharp  stiff  spine  to  each  flat  kernel  ;  cob,  white. 

*  No  hybridization  apparent  ;  the  ears  all  being  of  one  form  and  color  of  kernel. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1914.  Dent  corn  from  Dakota  (a  visitor). 

Ears  six  to  seven  and  one-half  inches  long.  Description  same  as  Benton  Dent, 
No.  1874,  except  cob  light-yellow  above,  dark-orange  below,  or  whitish  on  sum¬ 
mit,  and  orange  below. 

*No  appearance  of  hybridization,  except  in  color,  as  noted. 


Por  Corns. 

1915.  Dwarf  Golden  (Gregory) : 

Ears  two  to  four  and  one-lialf  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ear  slightly  taper¬ 
ing,  rounding  evenly  and  strongly  at  butt  and  tip.  Beautiful  bright  golden  orange 
color  ;  cob,  white  ;  twelve  or  more  rowed,  often  irregular. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1916.  Egyptian  pop  (Gregory) : 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ears  strongly  tapering,  round¬ 
ing  strongly  at  butt.  Kernels  sharp-pointed,  rice  shape,  all  corneous  matter  and 
chit.  Color,  pure  translucent  white  ;  cob.  white.  Many-rowed. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

1917.  Golden  Pop  (Gold) : 

Ears  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  two  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small.  The  short 
ears  oval,  the  larger  ones  evenly  rounded  at  butt  and  tip.  Color  bright  golden- 
orange  ;  cob,  white;  kernels  roundish.  Ten  to  14-rowed. 

*No  appearance  of  hybridization. 


144 


[Assembly 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1918.  Golden  Dew  Drop  Flint  (Ferry) : 

Ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  medium  ;  ears  cylindrical,  but  swollen 
slightly  at  butt,  and  pointed  towards  tip  third,  slender.  Color,  golden  orange  ; 
cob,  white.  Eighteen  ears  8-rowed. 

*One  slate  flint  kernel. 

1919.  Japanese  Striped  (Vaughan)  : 

Ears  three  to  three  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ear  somewhat 
fusiform,  rounding  from  the  center  toward  butt  and  tip.  Kernels  orange-white 
on  top,  orange  below,  roundish.  A  very  light  flint  by  structure,  and  can  be 
classed  as  intermediate  between  flint  and  dent,  but  kernels  not  dented.  Very 
late.  Cob,  white.  Twelve  to  16-rowed. 

*  No  appearance  of  hybridization. 

Pop  Corns. 


1920.  Nonpareil  pop  (Gregory)  : 

Ears  four  and  one-lialf  to  seven  and  one-half  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  to 
medium  ;  ears  cylindrical,  but  often  swollen  toward  butt,  and  pointed  toward  tip, 
very  slender,  evenly  kernelled.  Color,  white  ;  cob,  white.  The  kernels  usually 
show  a  narrow  band  of  visible  starch  upon  section.  Twenty-five  ears  8-rowed, 
four  ears  10-rowed. 

*  Some  golden-yellow  kernels. 

1921.  Siver-laced  Pop  (Gregory) : 

Ears  four  to  six  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small ;  ear  slightly  tapering,  rounded 
a  little,  but  distinctly  at  butt  ;  rows  straight,  usually  not  filling  well  at  tip. 
Color,  silvery- white  ;  cob,  white.  Twelve  to  16-rowed. 

*  Some  few  yellow  kernels. 

1922.  Amber  Rice  Pop  (Station)  : 

Eleven  flint  or  common  pop  ears,  four  to  seven  inches  long ;  seven  Rice  pop 
ears,  four  to  seven  inches  long  ;  seven  Pearl  pop  ears,  three  to  five  and  one-half 
inches  long.  The  flint  ears  12  or  more-rowed;  tapering,  swollen  at  butt,  the  type 
of  Early  Dutton,  but  smaller.  Kernels  the  size  of  No.  1920  or  slightly  larger,  of 
flint  structure,  but  the  corneous  matter  strongly  developed.  Color,  light-yellow. 
The  Rice  pop  ears  are  many-rowed,  amber  color,  tapering  toward  cone  form, 
rounded  strongly  at  butt,  and  of  a  light-yellow  color  ;  cob,  white. 

*  Some  white  kernels  of  the  type  on  all  the  ears. 

1923.  Common  White  Pop  (Station)  ;  Nonpareil  (of  Gregory)  : 

Ears  four  to  seven  inches  long.  Four  red  ears,  the  rest  amber  and  yellow. 
Ears  cylindrical ;  the  8  and  10-rowed  of  Nonpareil  type,  tbe  12  and  14-rowed  of 
Pearl  pop  or  silver-laced  type  ;  cob,  white.  Ear-stalk  medium  to  small ;  five  ears 
8-rowed,  seven  ears  10-rowed,  twelve  ears  12-rowed,  two  ears  14-rowed. 

*  Some  sweet,  and  white  and  yellow  pop,  about  evenly  mixed,  in  all  but  the 
red  ears. 

1924.  Golden  Pop  (Gold)  : 

Same  as  1917.  But  one  plant  vegetated,  and  no  records  kept  at  harvest. 

1925.  Pale-red  Pearl  Pop  (Station) : 

Ears  four  to  five  and  one-half  inches  long.  Seventeen  red  pearl  pop  ears,  and 
sixteen  white  pearl  pop  ears  ;  the  cobs  red  tinted  on  the  red,  white  on  the 
white  ears.  Ears  very  slightly  tapering,  rounded  at  butt,  and  at  tip,  ear- 
stalk  small.  Kernels  very  deep,  small  surfaced  and  closely  set,  extremely  corne¬ 
ous  and  hard.  Color,  pearly. 

*  No  hybridization  on  the  red  ears  ;  some  yellow  kernels  on  the  white  ears,  and 
some  kernels  with  dead,  white  tops,  all  of  type. 

1926.  Purple  Rice  from  buff-red  Rice  (Station)  : 

Ears  two  to  six  inches  long.  Six  red  rice  pop  ears,  many-rowed,  and  red-tinted 
cobs  ;  five  red  common  pop  ears,  8-rowed,  and  with  red-tinted  cobs ;  thirteen 
Amber  rice  pop  ears,  many-rowed,  and  with  white  cob.  The  rice  pop  ears  all  on 


No.  33.] 


145 


type,  small-stalked,  strongly  tapering,  strongly  rounding  at  butt,  and  rice- 
kernelled.  Color,  pearly.  The  red  common  pop  have  all  cylindrical  ears,  swol¬ 
len  at  butt,  through  irregular  addition  of  kernels.  Amber  rice  all  of  the  same 
pattern  as  the  Red  rice  pop. 

*No  hybridization  to  be  noted  on  most  of  the  ears.  On  one  poor,  red  ear,  not 
counted  in  the  crop,  a  few  red,  sweet  kernels  ;  on  another  a  few  dar’k-yellow  ker- 
nels  of  the  type  of  the  rest  of  the  kernels  on  the  ear. 

1927.  Small  White  Pearl  from  Reddish-blush  Pearl  (Station)  : 

Ears  three  to  five  inches  long.  Ear-stalk  small  ;  ears  cylindrical  or  but  very 
slightly  tapering,  rounding  at  butt,  a  little  pointed  at  tip,  which  does  not  fill  well. 
Kernels  very  deep,  mosaic  like,  and  handsome.  Two  ears  red  pearl,  four  blush 
pearl,  and  thirty-two  white  pearl.  Cob,  red-tinged  to  the  reddish  ears  ;  many- 
rowed. 

*  An  occasional  yellow  yearl  kernel  in  the  white  and  blush  ears. 

1928.  White  Pearl  Pop  (Station)  : 

Ears  three  to  five  inches  long.  Ear- stalk  small,  ears  cylindrical,  compressed 
and  rounded  at  butt,  rounded  at  tip.  Kernels  deep.  Color,  pearl-white  ;  cob, 
white  ;  many-rowed. 

*  An  occasional  lemon-yellow  kernel. 

1929.  White  Rice  Pop  from  Amber  red-tinged  seed  (Station) : 

Eighteen  ears  rice  pop,  three  ears  pearl  pop.  Some  of  the  rice  ears  are  buff, 
others  red,  others  amber.  The  pearl  pop  ears  amber-pearl,  approaching  common 
pop.  All  on  type. 

*  One  slate  pop  kernel  on  a  pearl  pop  ear.  A  few  dented  rice  pop  kernels,  soft 
in  structure,  on  an  amber  rice  pop  ear.  A  few  red,  sweet  rice  kernels  on  a  red 
rice  pop  ear. 

1930.  Yellow  kernels  from  New  England  Pop  (Station)  : 

Ears  three  to  nine  inches  long.  One  ear  red  pearl,  tweny-two  ears  New  Eng¬ 
land  pop.  The  red  pearl  on  type,  as  also  the  New  England,  whose  color  is  yel¬ 
low  ;  cob,  white. 

*Some  white  kernels  on  New  England  pop. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1991.  White  maize  from  Senegal  (Landreth)  : 

1992.  Yellow  maize  from  Senegal  (Landreth) : 

1993.  Red  maize  from  Senegal  (Landreth)  : 

*  Did  not  ripen  sufficiently  to  harvest. 


Before  discussing  the  cross-fertilization  of  maize,  we  must  define 
our  agricultural  species,  and  note  other  circumstances,  which  neces¬ 
sarily  affect  our  conclusions. 

Flint  Corn,  that  agricultural  species  in  which  the  split  kernel 
shows  three  structures,  the  chit,  visible  starch,  and  corneous  matter 
surrounding. 

Dent  Corn,  that  agricultural  species  in  which  the  split  kernel 
shows  the  chit,  visible  starch,  extending  to  the  summit,  and  corneous 
matter  upon  the  sides. 

Soft  Corn,  that  agricultural  species  in  which  the  split  kernel  shows 
only  the  chit  and  visible  starch,  the  corneous  matter  being  absent. 

Bop  Corn,  that  agricultural  species  in  which  the  split  kernel  shows 
only  the  chit  and  corneous  matter,  or  a  very  fine  line  of  visible 
starch  enclosing  the  chit. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


19 


[Assembly 


146 

Sweet  Corn,  that  agricultural  species  in  which  a  section  shows 
only  the  chit  and  the  corneous  matter,  this  latter  translucent  and 
horny  appearing. 

Flint  kernels  cannot  always  be  recognized  by  their  external  ap¬ 
pearance.  They  may,  through  the  thinness  of  the  corneous  matter 
at  the  summit,  become  dimpled  through  the  shrinkage  of  the  in¬ 
terior  in  ripening,  and  the  bending  in  of  the  thin,  corneous  summit. 
They  may  also  readily  be  confounded  with  the  Softs,  especially  when 
both  occur  on  the  same  ear.  A  cross-section,  however,  will  always 
discriminate. 

Dent  kernels  often  appear  flinty,  but  in  these  cases  the  corneous 
matter  at  the  sides  curves  forward  so  as  to  nearly  include  the  starchy 
interior,  especially  in  the  strongly  arched  terminal  kernels  of  a  cob, 
but  in  these  cases  a  section  will  usually  indicate  a  point  at  which 
the  starchy  interior  approaches  the  surface.  Dent  kernels  may  be 
of  several  kinds :  in  one  the  corneous  matter  at  the  face  and  back 
approach  the  summit  so  that  the  dent  becomes  a  crease,  the  softer 
starchy  interior  shrinking  within  its  hard  boundary  ;  in  the  second 
kind  the  corneous  matter  is  thinned  on  the  front  and  back,  and  the 
dent  becomes  broadened  ;  in  yet  another  the  corneous  matter  may 
end  at  some  distance  from  the  summit,  and  thus  produce  a  different 
sort  of  dent. 

Soft  corn  kernels  are  of  several  types.  In  the  eight-rowed  type  a 
dent  often  appears,  usually  a  crease,  but  sometimes  a  dimple.  It  is 
only  by  cross-section  that  the  true  type  can  be  ascertained  with  cer¬ 
tainty.  Another  type  of  soft  corn  is  the  many-rowed,  deep-kernelled, 
cone-formed.  The  only  samples  of  ears  that  I  know  of  this  type  is 
the  Mummy  corn  ;  the  kernels  of  this  resemble  a  dent,  but  are  true 
softs.  Other  examples  of  this  type  may  be  found  on  ears  of  the 
Evergreen  Sweet  t}'pe  as  produced  by  cross-fertilization. 

Pop  corns  can  only  be  certainly  distinguished  when  they  are  of 
their  true  corneous  type.  'At  other  times  we  must  presume  their 
recognition  from  the  excess  of  corneous  matter,  and  from  their 
size. 

Sweet  corn  kernels  admit  of  determination  at  sight. 

Of  these  types  sweet  and  flint  may  appear  occasionally  in  the 
same  kernel,  the  division  being  distinctly  marked  as  the  front  sweet, 
the  back  of  the  kernel  flint.  One  instance  of  a  soft  on  a  flint  ker¬ 
nel,  the  base  of  the  kernel  red  flint,  the  tip  capped  with  a  white 
soft,  the  division  line  distinct ;  and  one  case  of  a  dent  with  the  face 
sweet,  the  back  dent,  has  been  noted. 

It  is  often  difficult  to  avoid  error  in  describing  kernels  of  current 
hybridization,  as,  not  wishing  to  destroy  the  ears  at  once,  we  must 
judge  of  the  character  of  the  kernels  by  the  eye,  verifying  by  the 
use  of  the  knife  in  a  number  of  kernels,  and  if  the  verification  is 
absolute  in  the  tried  instances,  to  assume  that  our  judgment  is  cor¬ 
rect  in  the  rest.  With  the  best  of  care,  however,  some  errors  must 
occasionally  occur  from  this  source. 

A  more  frequent  error  is  in  comparing  names  rather  than  samples. 


No.  33.] 


147 


Thus  Old  Colony  Sweet,  obtained  from  Parker  and  Gannett  in 
18S4  was  entirely  different  from  the  Old  Colony  Sweet  of  Breck  •  so 
also  Egyptian  Sweet  of  Ferry  from  Egyptian  Sweet  of  Gregory,  and 
Egyptian  of  1883  and  Squantum  of  1883  were  also  different  from 
the  varieties  grown  under  the  like  name  in  1884.  In  our  later 
studies  we  described  and  arranged  the  sweet  corn  in  a  series  of 
articles,  which  appeared  in  1884,  and,  accepting  these  descriptions 
as  accurate,  our  1883  growing  of  sweet  corn  was  defective  in  nam- 
mg ;  thus  Squantum  was  not  this  variety  at  all ;  Egyptian  was  the 
Eight-rowed  Early,  of  a  late  type,  and  Ne  Pins  Ultra  was  grown 
from  seed  of  Station  growth,  and  undoubtedly  hybridized.  It  is 
very  probable  that  other  discrepancies  of  like  character  occurred 
but  which  our  knowledge  of  varieties  did  not  enable  us  to  recognize’ 
and  this  may  account  in  part  for  difference  in  results  in  the  com- 
parison  of  the  two  years’  trials. 

ioJllG  ^  we  P°ssess  our  present  study  is  that  furnished  by 
1.  vaneties  growing  together  in  one  plat  in  18S3,  and  134  varie¬ 
ties  grown  in  like  manner  in  1884,  the  yields  carefully  studied  ear 
by  ear,  and  the  observations  noted  at  the  time,  and  afterward  veri- 

ned  by  sample  ears  selected  for  the  purpose,  and  retained  for  further 
examination. 

Under  our  circumstances  of  planting,  does  the  pollen  freely  circu¬ 
late  throughout  the  plat?  Tins  is  an  important  question  for  decision 
as  upon  it  depends  the  value  of  negative  observations.  The  flow 
o±  pollen  is  very  uneven,  both  in  commencement  and  continuance 
one  plant  frequently  blooming  even  eleven  or  twelve  days  before 
another  plant  of  the  same  row,  or  even  hill,  and  the  duration  of  the 
bloom  often  extended,  in  some  cases,  far  more  than  in  others.  It  is 
pi  obable,  therefore,  that  with  the  few  exceptions  of  the  very  earlv 
and  very  late  sorts  there  might  have  been  a  free  commingling  of 
the  pollen.  That  this  was  actually  the  case  was  evidenced  by  the 
effects  produced  by  the  test  or  “  witness  ”  varieties  planted  for  this 
purpose.  The  Black  Mexican  Sweet,  and  the  Blue  Man  dan  or 
Squaw  varieties  furnish  a  color  of  kernel  so  distinct  that  its  presence 
mixed  with  kernels  of  other  corns  can  be  safely  recognized  ;  and 
this  color  and  this  kernel  were  found  generally  in  the  crops  irre¬ 
spective  of  distance  from  the  “  witness”  plants.  We  must  there¬ 
fore  believe  that  some  plant  of  almost  every  variety  had  the  oppor- 
tumty  to  cross  with  each  other  variety,  if  there  was  no  resistance. 

there  are  two  kinds  of  hybridization  to  be  considered  in  the  study 
of  maize.  One,  the  current  fertilization,  whereby  the  influence  is 
shown  by  change  of  kernel,  either  in  color  or  structure,  the  same 
vear.  The. second  is  the  hybridization  which  only  shows  itself  in 
the  crop  grown  from  the  crossed  kernels,  and  which  does  not  appear 
ratdv  CU' Tent  croP'  These  two  kinds  must  receive  attention  sepa- 

\\  e  will  divide  our  material  into  two  divisions  ;  the  one  the  ears 
grown  from  seed  obtained  from  seedsmen,  or  presumably  a  named 
variety;  the  other,  the  seed  obtained  from  hybridized  samples,  or 


148 


[Assembly 


from  a  source  which  infers  hybridization.  First,  we  will  offer  the 
results  of  our  study  with  named  seed,  or  presumably  little  hybridized 
seed,  which  justifies  the  following  statements  in  regard  to  current 
hybridization. 

Proposition  1.  Under  the  conditions  of  ordinary  seed,  maize 
does  not  in  general  show  the  effects  of  current  cross  fertilization, 
the  exception  being  the  sweet  corns,  which  exhibit  the  influence  of 
current  foreign  pollen  very  readily. 

Flint  Corn. — Ten  varieties  in  1883  ;  no  kernels  of  other  agricul¬ 
tural  species ;  i.  e.  all  flint.  Nineteen  varieties  in  1884;  all  flint 
kernels,  with  a  possible  exception  of  an  obscure  dent  by  structure 
in  Chinese  Golden,  Greg. 

Dent  Corn.  —  Twelve  varieties  in  1883,  all  kernels  dent;  eleven 
varieties  in  1884  ;  all  dent. 

Soft  Corn.  —  One  variety  in  1883,  and  some  flint  kernels ;  nine 
varieties  in  1884,  and  all  soft  kernels. 

Pop  Corn.  —  One  variety  in  1883,  all  pop  kernels  ;  five  varieties 
in  1884,  and  all  pop  kernels. 

Sweet  Corn.  —  Twenty-seven  varieties  in  1883,  of  these  twenty- 
four  had  flint  kernels,  and  three  were  all  sweet ;  in  1884,  thirty- 
five  varieties,  of  these  one  all  sweet ;  five  had  dent  kernels,  and 
twenty-nine  had  flint  kernels. 

We  are  therefore  justified  in  the  conclusion. 

The  next  question  is  as  to  what  is  the  effect  of  hybridization  upon 
the  crop  of  the  succeeding  year. 

Proposition  2.  The  agricultural  species  of  corn  have  a  strong 
tendency  to  resist  cross  fertilization  with  each  other,  the  average 
resistance  in  our  trials  being  66  per  cent  success  ;  34 per  cent  fail¬ 
ure.  The  full  significance  of  this  can  only  be  seen  by  examining 
our  evidence  in  detail. 

We  note  here  at  the  beginning  that  certain  varieties  appear  to 
resist  hybridization  very  strongly.  In  1882,  seed  of  Waushakum 
corn  was  planted  alongside  many  other  varieties,  and  exposed  to 
hybridization  from  many  sorts.  No  influence  of  the  foreign  pollen 
was  observed  in  the  crop.  The  next  year,  or  1883,  seed  from  this 
plant  was  used  on  a  half  acre,  which  in  turn,  was  greatly  exposed  to 
hybridization  from  over  one  hundred  sorts.  No  influence  of  the 
foreign  pollen,  either  of  1882  or  1S83  was  observed.  In  1884,  the 
same  condition  of  things,  the  seed  from  last  year’s  crop  being  used. 
The  1884  crop  was  as  purely  on  type  as  the  home  bred  seed,  which 
has  been  carefully  bred  in  Massachusetts  for  a  number  of  years. 
Per  contra,  one  plat  of  Waushakum  corn  was  alongside  the  Minne¬ 
sota  Dentin  1882.  In  1883,  seeds  from  both  plats  yielded  a  crop 
of  corn,  partly  Minnesota  Dent,  and  partly  Waushakum  Flint,  there 
being  no  intermediates. 


No.  33.] 


149 


The  result  gained  from  the  use  of  seed  grown  under  conditions 
that  almost  compelled  hybridization,  some  being  currently  hybrid¬ 
ized  kernels  taken  from  ears  of  other  agricultural  species,  is  shown 
below : 

Flint  Corn.  - —  In  1883,  nine  varieties  of  these  three  yielded  flint 
and  dent  ears ;  one  flint  dent  and  soft  eais  ;  and  five  were  flint 
ears  ;  in  1884,  seventeen  varieties,  of  which  three  produced  flint 
and  dent  ears;  one  flint  and  pop  ;  one  flint,  dent  and  pop ;  one 
flint  and  soft,  and  eleven  all  flint  ears. 

Dent  Corn.  — In  1883,  thirteen  varieties  ;  of  these,  four  produced 
flint  and  dent  ears ;  one  sweet  and  flint  ears;  and  six  gave  all 
dent  ears  ;  in  1884,  ten  varieties,  three  yielding  dent  and  flint  ears  ; 
one  dent  flint  soft  and  pop  ears,  and  six  producing  dent  ears  only. 

Soft  Corn.  — In  1883,  six  varieties,  all  yielding  soft  ears  ;  in  1884, 
two  varieties,  both  yielding  flint  and  soft  ears. 

Pop  Corn.  —  In  1883,  nineteen  varieties,  of  these,  seven  produced 
pop  and  flint  ears  ;  twelve  yielded  all  pop  ;  in  1884,  eight  varie¬ 
ties,  one  of  which  yielded  pop  and  flint,  and  seven  all  pop  ears. 

Sweet  Corn.  —  In  1883,  five  varieties,  two  of  which  yielded  pop 
and  flint  ears  ;  one  the  pop  ear,  and  two  sweet  ears  ;  in  1884  ten 
varieties,  all  produced  sweet  ears. 

The  summary  of  these  observations  are  : 

26  Flint  cross-bred s  produced  16  times  their  own  species. 

23  Dent  cross-breds  produced  12  times  their  own  species. 

8  Soft  cross-breds  produced  6  times  their  own  species. 

27  Pop  cross-breds  produced  19  times  their  own  species. 

15  Sweet  cross-breds  produced  12  times  their  own  species. 

Proposition  3.  Cross-bred  corn  has  a  greater  tendency  to  cur¬ 
rent  cross-fertilization  than  purely  bred  corn,  on  the  face  of  our 
evidence. 

There  is  one  peculiarity  of  this  cross-bred  seed  which  is  worthy 
of  mention,  and  this  is  that  the  progeny  of  these  cross-bred  seed 
show  a  stronger  tendency  toward  receiving  current  cross-fertilization 
than  pure  seed,  thus  : 

Flint  Corn.  —  In  1883,  nine  varieties,  one  of  which  had  flint  and 
dent  kernels,  and  eight  all  flint;  in  1884,  fourteen,  varieties,  of 
these  three  had  sweet  and  flint  kernels  ;  two  had  flint  and  dent 
kernels,  two  had  soft,  flint  and  sweet  kernels,  two  had  flint,  sweet 
and  pop  kernels,  and  five  all  flint  kernels. 

Dent  Corn.  —  In  1883,  thirteen  varieties,  one  of  which  produced 
sweet,  dent  and  flint  kernels,  and  twelve  all  dent  kernels  ;  in  18S4, 
six  varieties,  of  which  one  had  flint  and  dent ;  one  had  sweet  and 
dent :  one  had  sweet,  soft  and  pop  kernels  ;  one  had  sweet,  flint 
and  dent ;  and  two  had  all  dent  kernels. 


150 


[Assembly 


Soft  Corn.  —  In  1883,  six  varieties,  of  which  six  produced  soft 
and  flint  kernels;  in  1884,  two  varieties,  of  which  one  had  soft 
and  flint  kernels,  and  one  had  soft,  flint  and  sweet. 

Pop  Corn.  —  In  1883,  nineteen  varieties,  of  which  seven  had  pop 
and  sweet  kernels  ;  one  sweet,  pop  and  flint,  and  eleven  all  pop 
kernels  ;  in  1884,  eight  varieties,  of  which  two  had  sweet  and  pop 
kernels;  one  had  sweet,  soft  and  pop,  and  five  had  all  pop  kernels. 

Sweet  Corn.  —  In  1883,  five  varieties,  of  which  one  had  sweet  and 
flint  kernels  ;  three  sweet  and  pop,  and  one  had  sweet,  flint  and 
pop;  in  1884,  ten  varieties,  of  which  four  produced  sweet  and 
dent  kernels ;  four  produced  sweet  and  flint ;  one  sweet  and  pop, 
and  one  sweet,  flint  and  pop  kernels. 

Summarizing  the  number  of  varieties  of  presumed  pure  seed  and 
presumed  hybridized  seed,  and  expressing  the  number  of  yields  in 
which  there  was  no  mixture  of  kernels  of  different  agricultural 


species,  we 


have 


Presumed 
pure  seed 
yielded. 

29  Flint  corns  20  times  pure. 
23  Dent  corns  23  times  pure. 
10  Soft  corns  9  times  pure. 

6  Pop  corns  6  times  pure. 
62  Sweet  corns  4  times  pure. 
Per  cent  pure  54. 


Presumed 
hybridized  seed 
yielded. 

23  Flint  corns  13  times  pure. 
19  Dent  corns  14  times  pure. 
8  Soft  corns  0  times  pure. 
27  Pop  corns  16  times  pure. 
15  Sweet  corns  0  times  pure. 


Per  cent  pure  46. 

In  the  two  kinds  of  seed  that  we  used,  we  noted  a  difference  in 
the  character  of  the  hybridizations.  With  presumed  pure  seed,  the 
sweet  corns  received  current  cross-fertilization  from  the  flints  and 
dents  and  the  other  agricultural  species  resisted  current  cross¬ 
fertilization,  with  the  possible  exception  of  one  case  of  flint  receiv¬ 
ing  a  doubtful  dent,  and  soft  receiving  flint.  In  the  case  of  the 
seeds  of  presumed  hybrid  character,  we  have  a  number  of  instances 
of  flint  corns  bearing  sweets,  doubtful  dents  and  soft  kernels  of  dent 
corns  bearing  sweets  and  doubtful  flint  kernels ;  of  soft  corns  bear¬ 
ing  flint  kernels;  of  pop  corn  bearing  sweet  and  flint 
kernels ;  and  of  sweet  corns  bearing  flint,  dent  and  pop 
kernels.  In  many  of  these  cases  of  opposite  results  occur¬ 
ring  with  the  hybridized  seed  than  with  the  pure  seed  we  have  a 
probable  explanation  in  the  incorrect  classification  of  the  ears  ob¬ 
served.  Thus  a  sweet  corn  grown  in  the  midst  of  flint  pollen  will 
lose  through  current  hybridization  nearly  all  its'  sweet  kernels,  and 
will  present  an  ear  mostly  flint,  but  with  a  few  sweet  kernels  inter¬ 
spersed.  A  soft  corn  grown  in  the  midst  of  flint  varieties  may  have 
most  of  its  kernels  changed  to  flint  or  dent,  and  will  be  classed  with 
flint  or  dent  ears.  It  is  quite  probable  that  with  pure  seed  of 
the  agricultural  species,  the  sweet  and  the  soft  corns  are  the  only 
species  that  ordinarily  change  kernels  under  current  hybridization, 
and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the  exceptions  observed  in  out 
showing  came  through  the  seed  not  being  purely  bred,  and  thus 
throwing  ears  of  a  type  that  received  the  kernels  which  gave  us  our 
naming,  while  the  true  kernels  became  considered  as  interlopers  on 
account  of  their  infrequency. 


No.  33.J 


151 


Proposition  4.  There  is  a  resistance  to  current  hybridization 
between  the  races  of  a  species. 

Observations  of  a  similar  character  have  also  been  made  within 
the  agricultural  species  upon  the  effects  of  current  cross-fertilization 
between  the  races,  and  of  cross-fertilization  upon  the  succeeding 
crop.  This  study,  however,  is  more  uncertain  on  account  of  the 
difficulty  of  recognizing  the  crossed  types.  Had  we  varieties  so  dis¬ 
tinct  in  color  and  kernel  as  to  be  at  once  recognized,  such  varieties 
would  serve  us  a  touch- stone,  and  enable  us  readily  to  classify.  The 
nearest  approach  to  such  a  variety  that  we  have  is  the  Black  Mexi¬ 
can,  among  sweet  corns.  Yet,  as  I  wrote  in  my  classification  of 
sweet  corns,  published  in  the  Rural  New  Yorker  in  1884:  “  Prob¬ 
ably  there  are  two  distinct  varieties,  which  are  always  sold  in  a 
mixed  crop,  through  not  being  recognized,  the  one  earlier  than  the 
other,”  and  hence  if  two  races  of  the  Black  Mexican  are  present  in 
our  seed,  we  must  expect  some  confusion  in  interpreting  its  occur¬ 
rence  upon  ears  of  other  corn  through  the  current  influence  of  its 
pollen.  We,  however^,  will  undertake  the  illustration,  using  the 
notes  of  1883  and  1884,  with  the  exception  of  the  1883  notes  which 
were  made  upon  incorrectly  named  samples. 

In  studying  examples  of  ears  from  many  sources,  and  representing 
hundreds  of  local  names  and  collections,  I  think  I  can  recognize 
three  races  of  corn  within  each  agricultural  species,  and  each 
race  holding  a  parallel  relation  in  the  different  species.  These  races 
I  designate  at  present  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  A,  B,  C.  The . 
diagnostic  characters  seem  to  be  quite  distinct.  Race  A  can  be 
called  the  8-rowed  type;  race  B  the  12-rowed  type;  race  C  the 
many-rowed  type,  although  the  number  of  rows  need  not,  in  any 
one  variety  be  of  constant  count.  In  season  relations  race  A  is 
early,  race  B  medium,  race  C  late,  and  yet  the  relation  is  but  a  gen¬ 
eral  one.  Race  A  has  rounded  kernels,  race  B  kernels  with  straight 
sides  and  shallow,  race  C  kernels  with  straight  sides  and  deep,  yet 
these  relations  are  not  absolute  in  themselves.  Race  A  has  small  to 
medium  ear-stalks,  race  B  medium  to  large  ear-stalks,  race  C  me¬ 
dium  to  small  ear-stalks,  and  yet  the  relations  not  always  constant. 
Race  A  has  kernels  which  never  round  over  the  butt ;  race  B  ker¬ 
nels  which  scarcely,  if  ever,  round  over  butt  of  ear ;  race  C  kernels 
which  round  strongly  over  the  butt  of  the  ear.  Race  A  ears  which 
are  of  cylindrical  type ;  race  B  ears  which  tend  to  taper ;  race  C 
which  tend  to  taper  strongiy.  The  union  of  these  characters  seems 
available  to  separate  the  races  with  distinctness  when  the  ears  are 
examined  in  numbers,  although  when  single  ears  are  examined  some 
of  the  characters  given  may  be  absent  or  divergent. 

These  races  do  not  seem  to  .cross  with  each  other  through  current 
hybridization.  A  and  B  seem  usually  to  be  resistant,  if  not  always, 
while  C  never  crosses  with  A  or  B,  so  far  as  I  have  observed. 
Using  now  these  conclusions,  we  will  attempt  to  class  our  sweet 
corns  through  the  character  of  the  current  hybridization,  placing  in 
race  C  those  which  receive  race  C  dent  kernels,  and  in  race  A  those 


152 


[Assembly 


which  receive  the  race  A  Black  Mexican  kernels,  and  in  race  B 
those  which  receive  flint  kernels,  but  which  have  not  received  the 
Black  Mexican  kernels. 


Received  current  hybridiza¬ 
tion  from  Black  Mexican. 

*Asylum. 

Black  Mexican. 

*  Brighton  Orange. 

*  Crosby’s  Early. 

Dolly  Dutton. 

Dwarf  Early. 

Ei glit-rowed  Early. 
Ford’s  Early. 

Marblehead  Early. 
Minnesota  Early. 
Narragansett  Early. 
Pratt’s  Early. 

Tom  Thumb. 

Triumph. 


Did  not  receive  kernels  of 
Black  Mexican. 

Amber  Cream. 

Genesee  Early. 

*  Golden. 

Hickox. 

Mammoth. 

Moore’s  Early. 

Orange  Early. 

Orange  Sweet. 

*  Potter’s  Excelsior  (Sibley). 

*  Rochester. 


*  See  description  and  discussion  of  these  varieties  below. 


Received  dent  kernels. 
Clark’s  Old  Colony. 
Egyptian. 

Landreth. 

Ne  Plus  Ultra. 

*  Squantum. 

Stowell’s  Evergreen. 


In  my  classification  of  sweet  corn,  already  referred  to,  I  had 
arranged  my  varieties  substantially  as  in  the  above  table  but  with 
the  following  exceptions : 

Asylum  in.  Race  B. 

Brighton  Orange  in  Race  B. 

Crosby’s  Early  in  Race  B. 

Golden  Sweet  in  Race  A. 

Potter’s  Excelsior  in  Race  C. 

Rochester  in  Race  A. 

Squantum  in  Race  B. 


It  will  be  well  to  investigate  these  discrepancies,  and  in  so  doing, 

we  note : 

Asyltjm.  —  Belongs  by  description  to  race  B,  and  we  can  suggest 
that  this  was  carried  to  race  A  in  our  hybridization  classification 
by  receiving  pollen  from  a  stray  plant  of  class  B,  Black  Mexican , 
whereby  we  were  deceived.  This  is  a  probable  explanation. 

Brighton  Orange.  —  This  is  a  synonym  of  Orange  Early  and 
Orange.  It  is  said  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  Narragansett , 
race  A,  and  Moords  Early ,  race  B,  and  hence  is  liable  to  throw 
both  forms  of  ears.  As  grown  in0  1884,  Brighton  Orange 
(Gregory),  and  Orange  Early  (Sibley)  belong  by  description  to 
race  A,  while  Orange  Sweet  (Parker  &  Gannett)  belongs  to  race 
B,  and  answers  the  description  of  fig.  350,  Rural  New  Yorker , 
1884.  It  is  probable  that  we  hav£,  in  this  variety,  two  forms, 
which  are  distinct,  and  yet  which  are  grown  together,  and  that 
our  classification  is  correct  in  both  instances  for  the  varieties 
studied. 

Crosby’s  Early.  —  This  corn  appears  to  have  two  types,  but  the 


No,  33.] 


153 


large  majority  of  ears  belong  to  race  B,  to  which  it  was  assigned 
in  the  Rural  New  Yorker  description.  Some  few  ears,  however, 
were  of  race  A.  It  is  possible  that  the  race  B  varieties  of  the 
Black  Mexican  furnished  the  pollen  which  produced  the  black 
ears  as  in  No.  1838,  we  had  unwittingly  this  type.  In  1883  Cros¬ 
by’s  Early  did  not  receive  the  Black  Mexican  kernels,  and  hence 
would  have  been  placed  in  race  B,  where  it  belongs  by  de¬ 
scription. 

Golden  Sweet.  —  In  the  Rural  New  Yorker  classification,  I  say, 
“  this  variety  is  about  equally  eight-rowed  and  ten-rowed  and 
varies  in  sample  ears  from  section  A  towards  section  B.  It  is 
probable  that  selection  would  readily  produce  an  eight-rowed  and 
twelve-rowed  sort.’’  Neither  in  1883,  nor  in  1884,  did  this 
variety  receive  Black  Mexican  kernels.  With  my  present  knowl¬ 
edge  I  must  call  this  variety  an  anomalous  type,  and  must  await 
further  study. 

Potter’s  Excelsior.  —  This  is  a  variety  which  varies  considerably. 
In  1883  it  did  not  receive  the  Black  Mexican  kernels,  as  was  like¬ 
wise  the  case  with  the  sample  in  1884,  but  did  receive  a  few  soft 
kernels  in  one  sample  of  1884.  It  propably  belongs  to  race  C,  as 
grown  by  its  originator,  and  as  described  in  Rural  New  Yorker, 
while  the  Station  samples  as  unquestionably  belong  to  race  B, 
both  by  description  and  by  the  test  of  hybridization. 

Bochester.  —  This  is  the  same  as  Eight-rowed  Early,  as  is  not 
alone  recognized  by  its  appearance,  but  also  as  acknowledged  by 
its  distributer.  It  is  negative  evidence  only  that  puts  it  in  race  B, 
and  it  undoubtedly  belongs  to  race  A. 

Squantum  — Unquestionably  of  Pace  C  type,  both  by  description 
and  the  hybridization  test,  in  samples  grown  in  1883  and  1884, 
and  was  placed  in  race  B,  in  the  Rural  New  Yorker  classification 

by  error. 

Amber  Cream.  — -  In  1883  some  black,  sweet  kernels  noted,  which 
would  place  it  in  race  A.  It  is  said  to  be  a  cross  between  Moore's 
Early  and  Briggs ’  Early  corns  of  race  A  and  race  B  type.  We 
can  only  account  for  the  discrepancy  by  the  presence  of  Black 
Mexican,  race  B,  pollen,  for  the  description  of  both  years  would 
place  it  in  race  B. 

In  the  Golden  Siveet  we  have  a  yellow,  sweet  kernel.  This  yellow 
kernel  appeared  on  the  Ilickox,  Marblehead,  Moore's  Early  and 
Stowell's  only  of  the  sweets,  all  of  the  same  race. 

Proposition.  —  Current  cross -fertilization  is  facile  between 

varieties  of  the  same  race. 

If  we  examine  the  records  of  our  trials  we  will  find  that  wher¬ 
ever  we  have  a  test  or  witness  variety  present,  there  seems  to  be  fa- 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  20 


154 


ASS  EMBLY 


cile  current  hybridization  between  varieties  of  a  race,  at  least  in 
most  instances.  The  red  color,  however,  is  very  resistant,  and  sel¬ 
dom  shows  change.  This  conclusion  is  too  evident  to  require  tabu¬ 
lation. 

Proposition  6.  Where  cross-fertilization  has  taken  place  in 
maize ,  the  tendency  is  to  produce  both  parental  types ,  and  not 
toward  intermediates. 

A  slight  examination  of  our  records  shows  as  well  what  experience 
confirms,  that  cross-fertilization  is  quite  general  between  varieties  of 
a  race,  and  that  if  selection  does  not  interfere,  two  distinct  varieties 
can  be  continued  for  an  unknown  period  within  the  same  nomencla¬ 
ture  unless  they  are  such  that  climate  can  differentiate  an  exclusion 
of  the  one  in  favor  of  another.  Thus  the  flint  corn,  which  mav  be 
described  as  Early  Canada  and  Canada,  quite  distinct  forms,  can  be 
grown  together,  and  are  grown  together,  without  being  noticed. 
The  same  is  true  of  the  Canada  and  the  Dutton,  as  also  of  many 
other  kiijds.  We  have  already  incidentally  called  attention  to  this 
duplication  within  a  variety  in  the  case  of  some  sweet  corns.  Fur¬ 
ther  illustration  in  flints  is  seen  in  Nos.  1847,  1868,  1871  and  1872  ; 
in  dents  in  Nos.  1874,  1879,  1882,  1884,  1885  and  1887 ;  in  soft 
corns  in  Nos.  1889,  1893,  etc. 

Proposition  7.  Color  can  pass,  through  current  hybridization , 
very  freely  from  one  agricultural  species  to  another. 

The  proof  of  this  proposition  is  at  once  obtained  by  the  reading 
of  the  descriptions  of  the  current  hybridization  of  the  two  years 
records. 

Proposition  8.  Red  color  is  the  strongest  of  the  colors  in  resist¬ 
ing  the  action  of  current  hybridization ,  yet  it  is  by  no  means  in¬ 
sensible  to  the  action  of  proper  pollen. 

For  support  of  this  proposition  see  especially  Nos.  1841,  1866, 
1902,  1926  and  others. 

Proposition  9.  Kernels  can  be  partially  fertilized  by  several 
kinds  of  pollen. 

Deference  to  Nos.  1814,  1817  and  1902.  It  is  probable  also  that 
the  many  purple  striped  kernels  are  also  in  evidence. 

Proposition  10.  Sports  in  a  crop  from  hybridized  seed  are  not 
common. 

The  proof  of  this  proposition  is  the  readiness  in  which,  in  most 
cases,  the  various  kinds  of  corn  grown  from  Station-grown  seed  can 
be  referred  to  varieties  with  which  crossing  could  have  taken  place, 
and  the  closeness  with  which  the  ears  came  to  described  types. 


No.  33.] 


155 


Some  of  the  exceptions  were  in  the  cases  of  seed  of  whose  past  his¬ 
tory  wc  were  unacquainted,  and  in  which  presumption  of  hybridiza¬ 
tion  was  quite  strong. 

One  of  the  greatest  obstacles  that  exist  at  present  to  the  improve¬ 
ment  of  our  farm  vegetables  is  the  entire  lack  of  a  nomenclature 
whereby  the  distributor  shall  know  what  he  distributes,  and  that  the 
receiver  shall  know  that  he  has  received  what  he  has  desired. 
There  are  many  varieties  of  corn  sold  under  the  same  name,  as  in 
one  collection  from  nine  different  sources  of  one  of  the  most  easily 
identified  of  our  varieties,  the  King  Philip,  five  or  seven  distinct 
sorts  were  obtained.  In  wheat,  oats,  barley,  etc.,  the  same  condition 
>  of  things  seem  to  exist,  and  this  receives  forcible  illustration  in  the 
great  quarto  work  on  the  wheats  of  France,  by  those  eminent  seeds¬ 
men  and  botanists  Vilmorin  et  Cie.,  in  which  no  description  of 
varieties  is  attempted  beyond  the  figures  which  are  given.  Before 
then  much  progress  can  be  expected  in  our  efforts  to  study  into  the 
adaptation  of  varieties  through  the  gaining  of  knowledge  concern¬ 
ing  the  effects  of  climate,  culture,  crossing  and  selection,  wre  must 
have  a  nomenclature  whereby  different  observers  can  report  their 
observation,  not  upon  names  of  varieties  only,  but  upon  varieties 
themselves,  such  as  can  obtain  sure  recognition  as  being  of  the  same 
sort. 

Had  agricultural  science  received  the  same  aid  from  museum  col¬ 
lections  as  has  natural  science,  such  a  condition  of  affairs  would  have 
ceased  to  exist,  as  the  study  of  collections  would  have  given  recog¬ 
nition  to  descriptive  features,  which  would  have  found  service  in 
establishing  a  nomenclature  for  the  benefit  of  the  public.  To  do 
this  now,  without  the  assistance  of  accumulated  specimens  from 
different  regions,  and  from  all  possible  sources,  is  a  work  of  magni¬ 
tude,  as  types  are  not  recognized  as  yet  by  the  collector,  and  varia¬ 
bilities  are  more  apt  to  be  sought  than  the  typical  productions  of  a 
crop. 

In  any  crop,  as  at  present  grown,  divergencies  are  numerous,  and 
this  fact  is  so  well  known,  that  it  is  useless  to  occupy  our  space  with 
illustrations,  but  one  will  suffice.  Sinclair  mentions  a  collection  of 
sixty  varieties  of  Bay  grass  in  England  in  1823.  What  constitutes 
a  divergence  is  left  to  the  fancy  of  the  reporter.  If,  however,  these 
divergencies  were  subjected  to  systematic  study  and  comparison,  it 
would  be  found,  we  opine,  that  many  had  no  meaning  whatsoever, 
while  others  had  a  true  significance  ;  that  one  set  were  accidental,  so 
to  speak,  the  other  diagnostic. 

In  the  case  of  maize  we  have  given  much  study,  not  only  to 
sample  ears  collected  by  hundreds  from  over  a  wide  area,  but  to 
over  two  hundred  growing  varieties  or  samples  of  different  origin, 
and  we  have  studied  carefully  whole  crops  grown  from  single  varie¬ 
ties,  so  called,  of  seed,  and,  we  think,  we  have  recognized  two  sets 
of  variations. 

The  first  accidental,  that  is,  those  which  have  little  meaning*  as 


156 


[Assembly 


those  of  size,  imperfect  filling  of  the  grains,  suppression  of  parts,  etc. 
The  second  diagnostic,  as  not  only  resisting  change  of  climate  and 
culture,  but  which  also  resist  change  produced  by  hybridization. 
Great  variability  in  appearance  coming  from  the  first  of  our  causes 
have  little  true  significance,  and  can  be  ignored  in  classification,  as 
being  of  general  occurrence  in  all  types.  A  very  slight  variability 
in  the  second  set  may  have  the  utmost  meaning  as  indicating  a  sep¬ 
aration  of  types.  Color,  although  so  prominent,  cannot  be  considered 
typical,  but  rather  of  variety  significance  only. 

The  diagnostic  points  about  maize  are  the  size  of  the  ear  stalk, 
medium  small,  large,  and  small  :  the  shape  of  the  ear,  whether 
cylindrical  or  tapering,  or  swollen  at  but  :  the  position  of  the  ker¬ 
nel,  rounding  over  the  cob  at  but,  or  not  rounding  :  the  character  of 
the  ear  towards  tip,  whether  pointed  or  otherwise ;  the  shape  of  the 
kernel. 

The  variety  characteristics  are  the  color;  size  of  ear,  of  cob,  of 
kernel ;  the  filling  at  tips,  the  openness  between  pairs  of  rows ;  date 
of  growth  ;  usual  number  of  rows. 

The  accidental  points  are  the  number  of  rows  within  certain  limits, 
irregularity  of  row,  suppression  of  rows  and  kernels,  changes  in  ker¬ 
nel  through  current  hybridization,  changes  of  ear  through  previous 
hybridization,  changes  which  occur  from  harvesting  before  maturity, 
or  from  unfavorable  season. 

Whether  we  consider  the  sweets,  flints,  dents,  softs  or  pop  corns 
we  find  a  parallelism  occurring  throughout  in  the  diagnostic  points  : 
i.  e.,  the  same  or  quite  similar  types  appearing  in  all,  and  as  we  have 
before  stated,  resistance  to  cross-fertilization  between  the  types,  in 
whatever  contrasts  they  be  grouped.  With  our  present  knowledge, 
this  unwillingness  to  cross,  is  but  a  resistance,  not  a  refusal,  for  it  is 
probable  that  when  the  cross  is  forced  through  withholding  of  the 
type  pollen,  and  furnishing  the  pollen  of  another  type  that  seed  will 
be  often  produced  which  shall  yield  in  its  planting  the  effects  of  the 
cross,  and  also  that,  as  we  have  heretofore  stated,  the  ovules  on  hy¬ 
brid  plants  have  less  resistance  to  cross-fertilization  with  other  types 
than  have  ovules  on  plants  of  strict  variety  characteristics. 

We  propose  to  offer  a  classification  of  maize,  and  a  description  of 
varieties,  so  far  as  we  have  had  material  in  our  collections. 

The  first  class  we  shall  take  is  the  sweet  corns,  which  we  call  an 
agricultural  species,  indicating  the  agricultural  relationship  by  a  * 
placed  between  the  generic  and  specific  name. 

Zea  *  Saccharata,  the  Sweet  Corns. 

An  agricultural  species  of  Zea  mays  L.,  characterized  by  the 
cartilaginous  translucency  of  its  kernels  which  when  ripe  and  dry  are 
crinkled  and  crimped,  wrinkled,  or  wrinkled  and  shrivelled  ;  by  the 
absence  of  visible  starch  in  a  cross  section  of  the  kernel ;  and  by  the 
tenderness  and  sweetness  of  the  kernels  in  a  green  state :  while  unripe 
usually  white  and  plump  kernelled :  when  ripe,  of  a  peculiar  amber 
color,  but  in  varieties  flesh  colored  to  red,  slate  colored  to  nearly  or 


quite  black,  or  yellow.  Plant  various ;  ear  various  ;  maturity  various 
as  in  other  agricultural  species. 

Pace  A.  Ear  stalk  medium  small,  ear  cylindrical,  kernels  not 
rounded  over  butt  of  ear,  ear  usually  pointed  towards  tip,  kernel  more 
or  less  rounded,  broader  than  deep,  usually  8-rowed.  Color  various. 
Plant  small  to  medium ;  season  early  to  medium  late. 

f  Red  cob  and  whitish  kernels. 

1.  Pratt’s  Early.  Ears  about  5  inches  long,  about  one  and  one 
quarter  in  diameter,  usually  tapering  somewhat  through  irregularly 
added  kernels  toward  butt ;  almost  entirely  8-rowed,  but  occasionally 
10-rowed  ears.  Kernels  crinkled,  strongly  rounded.  Plant  about 
four  and  one-half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  9  inches  from  the 
ground. 

Introduced  by  Gregory  and  in  his  catalogue  of  1881. 

ft  Red  cob  and  reddish  kernels. 

2.  Marblehead.  Synonyms  —  Early  Marblehead;  Extra  Early 
Marblehead .  Ears  six  to  six  and  one-half  inches  long,  usually  larger 
toward  but ;  about  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter ;  almost 
always  8-rowed  in  the  larger  part  of  the  length,  yet  often  10-rowed 
toward  but;  kernels  broadly  rounded,  crinkled  to  crimped,  red- 
tinged  to  reddish  flesh  colored.  Plant  about  four  and  one-half  feet 
tall”  bearing  ears  eight  to  nine  inches  from  the  ground.  Suckers 
considerably.  The  kernels,  when  fit  for  use,  often  tinged  with 
mrmle 

Introduced  about  1878,  and  gained  by  selection  from  the  Narra- 
gansett.  Distributed  from,  but  not  originated  in,  Marblehead,  Mass. 
&  3.  Narragansett.  Synonym  —  Early  Narragansett.  Ears  six 
to  seven  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three-eight  inches  in  diam¬ 
eter,  strictly  cylindrical,  but  tapering  strongly  in  the  tip  fourth,  and 
a  stroii0*  tendency  to  openness  between  the  pans  of  toys,  8-iowed  m 
general”  kernels  rather  flatly  rounded,  closely  set,  crimped,  the  color 
varying^ from  a  light  flesh  tinge  to  a  quite  dark  red,  as  distributed 
by  seedsmen.  Plant  about  five  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  eight 
to  fourteen  inches  from  the  ground,  according  as  the  seed  is  light 
or  dark  colored.  When  a  little  too  old,  the  boiling  corn  shows 


its  color.  . 

This  variety  was  exhibited  in  1878,  perhaps  introduced  some  years 

earlier,  or  between  1863  and  1866,  as  Burr  describes  a  Narragansett 
without  stating  the  color  of  the  kernels,  but  which  corresponds  with 
this  in  other  respects. 

4.  Red  River.  Ears  about  four  inches  long,  by  one  and  one-quar¬ 
ter  to  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  strictly  cylindrical,  bluntly 
rounded  at  apex ;  8-rowed  in  general ;  kernel  large,  flatly  rounded, 
rather  deep,  crinkled,  closely  set,  of  a  reddish  flesh  coloi.  Ad’sei- 
tised  by  the  North  Star  Seed  Farms  as  “  the  earliest  good  sweet 

corn  known.”  . 

A  sub-variety  of  the  Narragansett,  which  originated  in  Minnesota, 

and  was  known  as  early  as  1878. 

fit  White  cob  and  whitish  kernels. 


158 


[Assembly 


5.  Minnesota.  Synonyms  —  Early  Minnesota  ‘  Ford’s  Early , 
Gregory.  Ears,  five  to  six  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter,  rather  blunt  at  tip ;  8-rowed  ;  kernels  large,  a 
little  pointed  rounded,  crinkled  and  scarcely  crimped,  closely  set. 
Plant  about  four  and  one-half  feet  high,  and  bearing  its  ears  about 
ten  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1874,  and  exhibited  as  new  in  1878.  It  is 
thought  to  have  been  obtained  through  selection  from  the  Narra- 
gansett. 

6.  Tom  Thumb.  Ears  five  to  six  inches  long,  and  one  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter,  a  little  pointed  toward  tip ;  eight  and  10-rowed, 
not  usually  filling  well  at  tip ;  kernels  large,  broadly  rounded,  a 
tendency  to  openness  between  pairs  of  rows,  crinkled  and  crimped. 
Plant  four  to  five  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  fifteen  inches 
from  the  ground;  of  scant  foliage. 

Introduced  prior  to  or  about  1865. 

7.  Dolly  Dutton.  Ears  four  to  six  inches  long,  and  about  one 
and  three-eight  inches  in  diameter,  often  tapering  through  spaces 
occurring  between  the  rows,  blunt  at  tip ;  8-rowed  ;  kernels  broadly 
rounded,  large,  crinkled ;  cob  small,  and  often  red  stained  in  the 
center ;  plant  about  four  and  a  half  to  five  and  a  half  feet  tall,  and 
bearing  its  ears  eight  to  ten  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  in  1878. 

8.  Wyoming.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and  about  one  and 
five-eight  inches  in  diameter,  usually  slightly  tapering  through  open¬ 
ness  between  the  pairs  of  rowrs,  rather  pointed  toward  the  tip,  which 
is  rarely  well  filled ;  eight  to  10-rowed ;  kernels  large,  quite  flatly 
rounded,  crinkled  to  crimped ;  plant  about  five  and  a  half  feet  tall, 
and  bearing  its  ears  low. 

Introduced  prior  to  1883  ;  very  near  to  the  Eight-rowed  Early, 
but  somewhat  earlier. 

9.  Darling’s  Early.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long,  and  about 
one  and  three-eight  inches  in  diameter ;  8-rowed,  quite  blunt  at  tip ; 
kernels  shallow,  not  large,  broadly  rounded,  crinkled  and  crimped, 
with  a  tendency  toward  openness  between  the  rows ;  plant  about 
five  and  a  half  feet  tall,  of  slender  habit,  and  bear  its  ears  medium 
low  on  the  stalk. 

It  was  exhibited  as  early  as  185x 

10.  Dwarf  Early.  Synonym  —  Extra  Early  Dwarf.  Ears 
five  to  six  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  di¬ 
ameter,  nearly  cylindrical,  but  tapering  in  the  lower  third  or  half, 
often  curved  ;  8-rowed;  kernels  a  little  pointed,  but  broadly  rounded 
otherwise,  nearly  large,  crinkled  and  crimped  ;  plant  four  to  five 
feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  twelve  inches  from  the  ground. 

Probably  gained  through  selection  from  the  Eight-rowed  Early, 
and  seems  to  be  the  Small  Early  Sweet  of  Salisbury,  1848, 

11.  Eight-Rowted  Early.  Synonyms — Early  Svjeet ,  Ferry  :  Roch¬ 
ester,  Sibley.  Ears  seven  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long,  one  and  one- 
quarter  to  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  strongly  tapering 


No.  33.] 


159 


from  the  lower  half,  quite  variable  in  size,  8-rowed.  Kernels  large, 
often  separated  by  openness  between  the  pairs  of  rows,  broadly 
rounded,  crinkled.  Plant  six  to  seven  feet  high  or  more,  and  bear¬ 
ing  its  ears  from  twelve  to  thirty  inches  from  the  ground. 

Yery  likely  the  Sweet  or  Sugar  of  Bridgeman,  1832,  and  the  Eight- 
rowed  Sugar  of  Schenck,  1854.  The  plant  is  quite  variable  in  height 
leafiness  and  maturity.  In  1884,  at  edible  maturity  August  20,  and 
yet  at  harvest  October  16,  some  ears  were  ripe,  others  just  past 
edible  condition,  and  yet  others  not  at  the  edible  stage. 

12  Triumph.  Synonym  —  New  Triumph ,  Ferry.  Ears  about 
eight  to  nine  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  di¬ 
ameter,  slender,  tapering  evenly  and  strongly  in  lower  half;  about 
equally  eight  and  10-rowed,  the  tip  not  well  filled.  Kernels  large 
broadly  rounded,  almost  flat,  very  frequently  openness  between  the 
pairs  of  rows,  crinkled  and  crimped.  Plant  about  six  to  seven  feet 
tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  thirty  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  in  1874,  “  the  result  of  ten  years’  careful  cultivation 
and  selection.  ”  The  variety  is  as  yet  scarcely  fixed. 

f  f  t  t  White  cob  and  yellow  kernels. 

13.  Golden.  We  have  in  this  variety  an  instance  in  all  probability 
of  the  color  being  so  characteristic  as  to  admit  of  two  different  forms 
being  grown  and  perpetuated  under  the  same  name,  and  in  the 
same  crop.  The  variety  which  belongs  to  this  section  maybe  called 
Golden  Eight-rowed,  and  bears  out  the  following  description : 
Ears  about  five  inches  long  and  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diame¬ 
ter  ;  strictly  cylindrical  and  8-rowed,  not  filling  well  at  tip.  Kernel 
not  deep,  medium,  crinkled,  of  a  golden  yellow  color.  Plant  about 
five  and  one-half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  low. 

Probably  referred  to  by  Salisbury,  1848,  who  says  “  there  is  an¬ 
other  variety  of  sweet  corn  made  by  crossing  the  Sweet  and  the 
Early  Canada  corn.”  This  idea  of  its  origin  is  recognized  by  Burr, 
1863,  who  says  ‘‘apparently  a  hybrid  between  Common  Yellow  or 
Canada  Flint  and  Darling’s  Early.”  There  is  no  evidence  of  this 
.  hybridity,  however.  See  Golden,  No.  24. 

t  t  t  t  t  White  cob  and  black  kernels. 

14.  Black  Mexican.  Synonyms  —  Black  Sugar;  Slate  Sweet , 
Burr.  We  have  here  another  instance  of  two  types  being  grown 
together  under  one  name.  The  second  form  we  will  describe  under 
the  name  Black  Sugar,  in  another  section.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches 
long,  and  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  cylindrical  even 
to  tip  which  is  rarely  well  filled.  Kernels  broader  than  deep, 
rounded,  crinkled,  compactly,  set,  of  a  slate  black  color.  Plant 
about  five  to  six  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  six  to  eight  inches  from 
the  ground. 

This  is  the  variety  described  by  Burr  in  1866,  under  the  name  of 
Black  Sweet. 

Pace  B.  Ear  stalk  large,  ear  tapering  slightly,  kernels  rounded, 
as  deep  or  slightly  deeper  than  broad  ;  usually  12-rowed.  Color 
various.  Plant  medium  to  large.  Season  medium  to  late. 


160 


[Assembly 


f  Red  cob  and  whitish  kernel. 

15.  Red  Cob.  Ears  six  and  one-half  to  seven  and  one-half 
inches  long,  and  one  and  five-eighths  to  one  and  three-quarter  inches 
in  diameter,  rounded  at  tip ;  12-rowed.  Kernels  nearly  flat  on 
top,  crimped. 

Described  from  ears  received  from  Bliss  &  Sons. 

f  t  Red  cob  and  reddish  kernel. 

16.  Orange.  Synonyms  —  Early  Orange;  Brighton  Orange. 
Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three-quarter  inches 
in  diameter,  well  rounded  at  tip twelve  to  ld-rowed.  Kernels 
flatly  rounded,  as  broad  as  deep,  crinkled  and  crimped,  light  flesh  red 
with  a  scarcely  perceptible  orange  tint.  Plant  about  six  feet  high, 
bearing  its  ears  about  thirty  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1883,  and  said  to  be  a  hybrid  between  theRarra- 
gansett  and  Moore’s  Early,  and  improved  by  selection  for  five  years. 
It  is  yet  scarcely  fixed. 

f  f  f  White  cob  and  whitish  kernel. 

17.  Genesee.  Synonym  —  Early  Genessee.  Ears  six  to  seven 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  a  little 
pointed  at  tip ;  12-rowed.  Kernels  flatly  rounded,  crimped,  com¬ 
pressed  at  but.  Plant  five  to  six  feet  tall,  bearing  ears  about  ten 
inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  in  1883  and  said  to  be  a  cross  between  Minnesota 
Early  and  Amber  Cream.  Scarcely  yet  fixed  as  it  bears  some  8- 
rowed  ears  resembling  Minnesota  Early. 

18.  Crosby’s  Early.  Synonyms — Extra  Early  Crosby;  Crosby's 
Early  Tivelve-rowed.  Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  and  about  one 
and  one-lialf  to  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  a  little  pointed 
towards  tip ;  12-rowed.  Kernels  flatly  rounded,  crimped.  Plant 
about  five  and  one-half  to  six  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  sixteen 
inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1860. 

19 .  Moore’s  Early  .  Synonyms  —  Moore's  Early  Concord ; 
Moore's  Concord ;  Early  Concord.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long, 
and  about  one  seven-eighths  to  two  inches  in  diameter,  rather  pointed 
toward  tip  ;  12-rowed  ;  kernels  not  closely  set  upon  the  dry  ear, 
very  flatly  rounded,  crimped ;  plant  six  to  seven  and  a  half  feet 
high,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  twelve  inches  from  the  ground. 

Originated  by  J.  B.  Moore,  Concord,  Mass.,  its  claimed  parentage 
being  Crosbjr’s  Early  and  Burr’s  Improved.  It  was  first  crossed  in 
1865,  and  again  in  1867,  and  in  1869  exhibited,  but  its  character 
was  not  then  permanently  fixed.  The  depth  and  looseness  of  ker¬ 
nel  suggests  the  cross  that  is  claimed  for  it. 

20.  Amber  Cream.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and  one  and 
one-half  to  one  and  one  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  rather  pointed 
at  the  tip,  and  inclined  to  be  compressed  at  the  but;  12-rowed ;  ker¬ 
nels  very  flatly  rounded,  closely  in  contact,  not  large,  crinkled  ;  plant 
about  six  to  seven  feet  tall ;  the  ears  borne  about  eighteen  inches 
from  the  ground. 


No.  33.] 


161 


Said  to  be  a  cross  between  Moore’s  Early  and  Brio’s  Early  the 
latter  a  discarded  variety  with  often  pink-tinged  kernels, & and  8-rowed. 
Its  color  is  scarcely  as  yet  fixed,  as  some  ears  have  a  red  tin<*e. 

21.  Asylum.  Eais  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and  about  two 
inches  in  diameter,  often  tapering  rather  strongly  at  lower  third  • 
12-rowed,  with  a  tendency  to  a  slight  opening  between  the  pairs  of 
rows ;  kernels  scarcely  rounded,  crinkled  and  crimped  ;  plant  about 

six  to  seven  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  thirtv  to  thirty-five  inches 
from  the  ground. 

An  eight  to  10-rowed  variety  was  introduced  between  1863  and 
1866,  under  the  name  of  Rhode  Island  Asylum  (Burr),  and  a  Rhode 
Island  Sweet  is  described  by  Salisbury  in  1848  as  8-rowed. 

•  ?ICK0X'  Synonym  —  Hickox  Improved.  Ears  eight  to  ten 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three-quarters  to  one  and  seven- 
eighths  inches  in  diameter  ;  12-rowed,  kernels  slightly  rounded  large 
crimped ;  piant  about  six  to  seven  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears 
about  thirty  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1883. 

23.  Mammoth.  Synonym  —  Marblehead  Mammoth.  Ears  eight  to 
ten  inches  long,  regularly  tapering  to  a  rounded,  unfilled  tip ;  twelve 
to  16-rowed  ;  kernel  not  large,  rather  flat  rounded,  crimped,  close  be¬ 
tween  rows,  loose  between  kernels  ;  plant  six  to  seven  feet  tall  and 
bearing’ its  ears  from  twenty-four  to  thirty-six  inches  above  the  ground. 

ole  head  Hammoth  Gregory  seems  to  be  an  earlier  form,  bear¬ 
ing  its  ears  twenty-four  inches  above  the  ground,  and  a  tendency  to 
more  rows.  I  can  see,  however,  no  difference  otherwise. 

Introduced  before  1881,  and  said  to  have  originated  from  a  large 
ear  accidentally  observed  in  a  seed  store. 

tttt  White  cob  and  yellow  kernel. 

.  Golden.  Ears  about  seven  inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half 
inches  m  diameter,  inclined  to  taper  at  upper  portion  quite  strongly, 
laieh  filling  at  tip  ;  ten  to  12-rowed  ;  kernel  medium  large,  rather 
flatly  rounded,  crimped,  with  a  tendency  to  openness  between  the 
pairs  of  rows ;  golden  amber  color  even  while  unripe ;  plant  five 
and  a  half  to  six  and  a  half  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about 
twenty  inches  from  the  ground. 

This  variety  nas  two  forms,  one  of  which  is  described  as  Golden 
Eight-rowed,  No.  13. 

ttttt  White  cob  and  black  kernel. 

Sugar.  Ears  about  six  to  seven  inches  long,  scarcely 
e\ei  filled  at  tip;  ten  and  12-rowed  ;  kernels  nearly  flat  on  top  or 
flat  on  top  with  rounded  edges,  large,  crinkled  and  crimped  :  plant 
six  to  seven  feet  tall.  1 

The  Black  Sugar,  No.  25,  and  the  Black  Mexican,  No.  14,  have 
no  distinction  in  the  catalogues  of  seedsmen,  and  are  usually  grown 
together,  the  seeds  from  the  same  source  yielding  both  varieties, 
which  can  be  readily  separated. 

Race  C.  Ear-stalk  small,  ear  tapering,  often  strongly,  kernels 
flattened,  sometimes  rounded,  deeper  than  broad,  usually 'l6-ro wed  ; 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.J  21 


162 


[Assembly 


kernels  usually  crinkled,  never  in  contact,  rounding  over  cob  at 
but ;  ears  remain  long  in  edible  condition  •  plant  rather  large  ;  sea¬ 
son  late. 

f  White  cob  and  whitish  kernel. 

26.  Squantom.  Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  about  two  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  but,  strongly  tapering  to  a  seldom  well-tilled  tip  ; 
twelve  to  14-rowed ;  kernels  large,  crimped,  not  closely  in  contact ; 
plant  six  to  six  and  a  half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  twenty- 
four  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1883,  and  perhaps  gained  by  selection  from  Pot¬ 
ter's  Excelsior ,  or  the  Rhode  Island  Asylum. 

27.  Potter’s  Excelsior.  Synonyms  —  Excelsior  /  Early  Excel¬ 
sior.  Ears  five  to  seven  inches  long,  and  one  and  three-quarters 
inches  in  diameter,  slightly  tapering,  blunt  at  tip  ;  12-rowed.  Kernel 
rather  large,  crimped  and  wrinkled,  closely  in  contact.  Plant  five 
and  a  half  to  six  and  a  half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  thirty 
inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1878,  and  quite  variable  even  now  in  the  size 
of  ear  and  in  the  regularity  of  the  rows,  which  in  crops  from  Mr. 
Potter’s  seed  are  often  too  irregular  to  be  counted.  As  grown  by 
seedmen  the  tendency  is  to  a  plumper  and  more  regularly  rowed 
ear,  and  a  kernel  less  wrinkled  and  more  compactly  set.  Mr.  S.  M. 
Tracy  says  the  parents  were  Early  Minnesota  and  “  Old  Asylum .” 
Mr.  Potter  says  he  exercised  a  careful  selection,  saving  for  seed  both 
good  and  poor  ears  in  order  to  hold  to  the  type,  in  which  the  kernels 
are  almost  too  sugary.  In  Mr.  Potter’s  strain  the  ear  is  often  oval 
in  section,  from  the  tenderness  of  the  kernels  yielding  to  the  press¬ 
ure  of  its  weight. 

28.  Clark’s  Old  Colony.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and 
about  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter,  strongly  tapering 
and  often  rounded  toward  butt  in  upper  third,  fourteen  to  16-rowed. 
Kernels  flattish  on  summit,  small,  crimped  and  somewhat  wrinkled, 
not  in  contact  on  flat  side.  Plant  about  six  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears 
about  twenty  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1883  or  1884,  and  not  yet  fixed,  throwing  very 
many  ears  off  of  type  eight,  ten  and  12-rowed.  The  description  is 
from  ears  sent  from  the  originator,  and  supplemented  by  the  data  ob¬ 
tained  from  growing  it  in  the  station  garden.  It  is  entirely  distinct, 
apparently,  from  the  Old  Colony  of  Burr,  1863. 

29.  Egyptian.  Synonym  —  Washington  Market.  Ears  six  to 
seven  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  in  diameter, 
slightly  tapering,  rounding  strongly  toward  butt  in  the  upper  fifth ; 
twelve  to  16  rowed.  Kernels  large,  crimped  and  wrinkled,  shrunken 
so  as  not  to  be  in  contact.  Plant  about  six  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its 
ears  about  twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground. 

Introduced  about  1878. 

30.  Landreth.  Synonym  —  Landreth's  Sugar.  Ears  six  and 
a  half  to  seven  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three-quarters  inches 


No.  33.  J 


163 


in  diameter,  16- rowed,  rather  pointed  at  tip.  Kernels  crimped  and 
wrinkled,  not  large.  Plant  about  six  feet  tall. 

Introduced  in  1884. 

31.  Burr’s  Improved.  Ears  eight  to  ten  inches  long,  and  about 
two  to  two  and  one-eiglith  inches  in  diameter,  rounded  at  tip, 
evenly  and  strongly  rounded  in  the  upper  portion  to  the  ear  stalk ; 
16-rowed.  Kernels  crinkled  and  wrinkled,  large,  very  loose.  Plant 
about  seven  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  thirty  to  thirty-six 
inches  from  the  ground. 

A  variety  of  this  name  was  mentioned  in  the  United  States 
Patent  Office  Report  for  1855,  and  it  is  named  as  receiving  pre¬ 
miums  in  1860.  Burr  says  in  1863  “an  improved  form  of  the  12- 
rowed  sweet.” 

32.  Stowell’s  Evergreen.  Synonym — Evergreen.  Ears  seven 
to  eight  inches  long,  and  about  two  and  one-fourth  inches  in  diameter, 
often  sharply  tapering,  and  then  again  nearly  cylindrical,  rarely  fill¬ 
ing  at  tip,  16-rowed.  Kernels  very  narrow  and  deep,  very  loose, 
shedding  readily  from  the  dry  ear,  wrinkled.  Plant  about  seven 
and  one-half  to  eight  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  thirty  inches 
from  the  ground  ;  foliage  abundant.  Remarkable  for  the  long  time 
its  ears  remain  in  edible  condition. 

Introduced  in  1884. 

33.  Ne  Plus  Ultra..  Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  and  about 

one  and  three-fourths  inches  in  diameter  towards  butt,  where  it  is 
strongly  rounding,  and  from  near  which  it  strongly  tapers  to  a  point 
at  the  tip  ;  very  irregular-rowed,  often  twelve  to  14-rowed,  or  more. 
Kernel  very  narrow  at  base,  crimped  and  wrinkled,  very  thin  and 
translucent,  separating  readily  from  the  cob.  Plant  about  five  to  six 
feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  from  the  ground  • 
foliage  scanty.  & 

Introduced  about  1882. 

The  Sweet  Corns  form  a  group  that  is  extremely  well  defined,  and 
offering  no  transition  stages  with  any  other  group. 

The  maturing  of  the  varieties  : 


Race  A. 

1.  Pratt’s  Early . 

2.  Marblehead....... 

3.  Narragansett . 

4.  Red  River . 

5.  Minnesota . 

6.  Tom  Thumb . 

7.  Dolly  Dutton . 

8.  Wyoming . 

9.  Darling’s  Early .. . 

10.  Dwarf  Early . 

11.  Eight-rowed  Early 

12.  Triumph . 

13.  Golden . 

14.  Black  Mexican. . .  . 


1882. 


First  Boiling 

bloom.  ears. 


July  29  Aug.  11 

“  29  “  8 


1883. 

1884. 

_ K- 

First 

First 

Boiling 

bloom. 

bloom. 

ears. 

J  uly  16 

July  10 

Aug.  2 

“  12 

“  11 

July  27 

“  16 

“  19 

Aug.  8 

July  29  Aug.  11 
“  29  . 


Aug.  3  Aug.  24 


Aug.  3  Aug.  24 
July  31  “  21 


July  16 

July  17 

Aug.  6 

“  16 

“  18 

“  7 

"  16 

“  18 

“  8 

“  23 

"  23 

•  ••••••• 

“  23 

July  31 

Aug.  20 

“  30 

“  31 

20 

Aug.  2 

"  30 

“  22 

July  31  July  21  Aug.  20 


164 


[Assembly 


1882.  1883.  1884. 

— - s  . - _ _ -A, _ 


•> 

Race  B. 

15.  Red  Cob . 

f 

First 

bloom. 

'X 

Boiling 

ears. 

First 

bloom. 

t - 

First 

bloom. 

1 

Boiling 

ears. 

16.  Orange . 

July  20 

Aug.  8 

17.  Genesee . 

“  20 

“  13 

18.  Crosby’s  Early . 

July  29 

Aug.  11 

July  21 

“  25 

J.  O 

“  13 

19.  Moore’s  Early . 

Aug.  3 

Aug.  24 

"  23 

“  25 

“  17 

20.  Amber  Cream . 

_ 

“  28 

“  25 

“  14 

21.  Asylum . 

“  30 

“  31 

“  20 

22.  JEickox . 

“  31 

“  29 

“  23 

23.  Mammoth . 

Aug.  6 

Aug.  31 

Aug.  6 

Aug.  1 

“  24 

24.  Golden . 

July  23 

July  20 

“  11 

25.  Black  Sugar . 

Aug.  5 

Aug.  31 

Race  C. 

26.  Squantum . 

July  27 

July  28 

Aug.  20 

27.  Potter’s  Excelsior . 

“  26 

Aug.  3 

“  22 

28.  Clark’s  Old  Colony . 

•  ••••••• 

July  20 

“  13 

29.  Egyptian . 

Aug.  14 

Sept.  11 

Aug.  6 

“  28 

“  20 

30.  Landretli . 

“  28 

“  17 

31.  Burr’s  Improved . 

“  28 

“  22 

32.  Stowell’s  Evergreen . 

Aug.  3 

Aug.  24 

Aug.  2 

Aug.  3 

“  25 

33.  Ne  Plus  Ultra . 

Sept.  27 

“  7 

July  28 

“  19 

Zea  *  Indurata,  the  Flint  Corns. 

In  this  agricultural  species  also,  we  have  three  races,  which  we 
shall  designate  as  A,  B,  and  C.  These  are  all  characterized  by  the 
structure  of  the  kernel,  which  in  section  shows  the  corneous  matter 
extending  completely  about  the  visible  starch,  and  which  is  unlike 
the  structure  found  in  the  kernels  of  the  other  races,  except  in  the 
case  ®f  certain  pop  corns,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  size  of 
ear  and  kernel.  In  some  extreme  cases  this  corneous  matter  becomes 
extremely  thin  at  the  summit,  and  allows  the  shrinkage  of  the  inte¬ 
rior  in  drying  to  break  in  or  indent,  and  thus  except  as  taken  in 
connection  with  other  characters,  the  kernel  would  occasionally 
answer  to  the  description  of  a  dent.  Color,  various  but  glossy. 

Face  A.  —  Ear  stalk  small  to  medium;  ear  cylindrical  in  whole 
or  in  larger  part  of  its  length.  Kernels  not  rounded  over  butt, 
rounded,  broader  than  deep,  usually  8-rowed  ;  color  various. 

f  Ear  strictly  cylindrical,  or  tapering  only  slightly  at  lower 
third  ;  cob  white. 

*  Colored  kernels. 

1.  Blue  Flint.  —  Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long,  about  one  and 
one-fourth  inches  in  diameter;  resembles  the  Canada  in  every  respect, 
save  color,  which  is  yellow  red  striped,  with  blue  kernels  intermixed. 

This  seems  a  very  ancient  corn,  now  almost  out  of  cultivation.  In 
1848,  Salisbury  mentions  it  as  then  not  much  cultivated,  and  in  1850, 
a  correspondent  from  Bloomfield,  Me.,  to  the  United  States  Patent 
Office  Commissioner,  says  :  “The  old  Indian  corn  remains  nearest  to 
its  pristine  state,  tall  and  straight,  two  ears  to  the  stock,  half  bluish 
and  half  yellow.”  Josselyn  in  his  “Rarieties,”  1638-63,  says  “  In¬ 
dian  wheat,  of  which  there  are  three  sorts,  yellow,  red  and  blew. 


No.  33.] 


165 


The  blew  is  commonly  ripe  before  the  others  a  month.”  In  1629, 
Hev.  Higginson  says  of  the  corn  of  Massachusetts,  “  varieties  of 
colors,  as  red,  blew  and  yellow,”  and  in  1620,  when  the  explorers  of 
the  Pilgrims  unearthed  a  deposit  of  Indian  grain  they  found  “  some 
six  and  thirty  goodly  ears  of  corn,  some  yellow,  and  some  red,  and 
others  mixt  with  blue.” 

2.  Canada.  Synonym — Early  Canada,  Vaughan,  Ferry,  Hender¬ 
son.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one  quarter 
inches  in  diameter,  bluntly  rounded  at  tip ;  mostly  8-rowed  ;  kernels 
rather  large,  of  a  deep  golden  orange  color  ;  cob  small  ;  plant  five 
and  one-half  to  six  and  one-half  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  from 
eighteen  to  twenty  inches  above  the  ground.  A  northern  form,  to 
which  many  local  varieties  can  be  referred. 

3.  Chadwick,  Vaughan.  Answers  to  the  Canada  in  all  respects, 
except  color,  which  is  a  duller  orange  yellow. 

4.  Large  Yellow  Canada,  Henderson.  Synonyms  —  Pierce's 
Columbia,  Breck  ;  Pierces  Improved  Canada,  Vaughan.  Differs 
from  the  Canada  only  in  its  slightly  larger  kernel,  and  in  the  greater 
frequency  of  the  taper  in  the  lower  third  of  ear. 

5.  Waushakum.  Ears  eight  and  one-half  to  nine  inches  long,  and 
about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  filling  completely  and 
roundly  at  tip.  Kernel  rather  large,  rather  flatly  rounded,  very 
close  set,  of  a  deep  golden  orange  color  ;  mostly  8-rowed  ;  cob  small. 
Plant  seven  to  nine  feet  tall,  leafy,  and  bears  its  ears  about  twenty 
inches  from  the  ground  ;  crop  very  uniformly  on  type. 

Originated  with  Sturtevant  Bros.,  Waushakum  farm,  Framingham, 
Mass.  The  originals  two  quite  stable  varieties  of  a  mixed  Canada 
and  New  England  8-rowed  type,  which  were  allowed  to  hybridize 
in  1875,  and  the  ears  resulting  selected  to  the  desired  type.  In  1877 
and  1878,  at  the  period  of  bloom,  all  the  tassels  from  stalks  not 
showing  one  large  ear,  and  from  all  imperfect  or  off-type  plants  were 
removed,  thus  insuring  the  fertilization  of  the  ears  from^prolific  and 
typal  plants. 

6.  Orange  Flint,  Thorburn.  Ears  eight  to  nine  and  one-half 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  seven-eighths  inches  in  diameter, 
usually  tapering  slightly  in  lower  third,  and  filling  bluntly  and  well 
at  tip ;  mostly  8-rowed  ;  kernels  larger  than  Waushakum,  which 
variety  it  closely  resembles;  color  golden  orange  ;  plant  about  seven 
and  one-half  feet  tall,  and  bears  its  ears  about  twenty-four  inches 
from  the  ground. 

7.  Golden  Dew  Drop,  Thorburn,  Henderson.  Ears  nine  to  ten 
inches  long,  and  one  and  one-half  to  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in 
diameter,  tapering  at  lower  third  very  distinctly,  filling  well  at  tip  ; 
mostly  8-rowed  ;  kernels  large,  well  rounded,  rich  golden  orange; 
cob  medium  small ;  plant  about  seven  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about 
twenty  inches  from  the  ground;  resembles  Waushakum  quite 
closely,  but  the  larger  cob,  and  slightly  larger  average  ear  and  ker¬ 
nel  distinguish  it. 


166 


[Assembly 


8.  Longfelow,  Gregory,  Ferry,  Sibley,  C.  O.  Films.  Synonym  — 
Ellin's  Early  Yellow  Field ,  Parker  &  Gannett.  Ears  nine  to  ten 
and  one-half  inches  long,  with  a  tendency  towards  expansion  at  butt, 
and  a  decided  taper  at  the  lower  third,  and  a  rather  pointed,  but 
filled  tip ;  mostly  6-rowed.  Kernel  rather  large,  well  rounded, 
deep-yellow  orange.  Plant  about  seven  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears 
about  twenty  inches  from  the  ground.  Crop  rarely  uniform  ;  other 
types  of  ears  appearing  in  the  crop  usually  of  the  New  England 
Eight-rowed  type. 

9.  Eight-rowed  Yellow,  Thornburn.  Synonym  —  Long  Yellow 
Ferry.  Ears  ten  to  eleven  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter  ;  slender,  slightly  tapering  in  lower  third  ;  mostly 
8-rowed.  Kernel  not  large,  deep  golden  orange.  Resembles  Wau- 
sliakum  somewhat,  but  the  kernels  less  deep,  and  a  tendency  to  in¬ 
serted  kernels  ;  at  butt  quite  strong.  Not  well  bred. 

10.  Flesh-colored,  Thorburn.  Ears  nine  to  ten  inches  long, 
about  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter.  Subject  to  openness  ‘  be¬ 
tween  pairs  of  rows  toward  butt,  and  tapering  also  in  lower  third, 
towards  the  not  well  filled  tip ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Kernel  rather 
large,  of  a  brownish-yellow.  Cob,  medium  to  large.  Plant  about 
seven  fet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  thirty  inches  from  the 
ground. 

11.  King  Philip,  Yauglian.  Synonyms  —  Improved  King  Philip, 
Sibley  ;  Eight-rowed  Brown,  Gold  ;  Eight-rowed  Copper-colored  of 
various  regions.  (Described  ears  from  twelve  different  sources,  in- 
sluding  Henderson,  Vaughan,  Sibley,  Professor  Beale  and  Secretary 
Gold.)  Ears  eight  to  ten  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter,  resembling  Canada  in  all  other  respects  except 
color,  which  is  a  characteristic  copper  red.  As  originally  sent  out, 
1852,  the  plant  was  short ;  it  is  now  from  five  and  one-half  to  eight  feet 
tall,  and  bears  its  ears  eighteen  to  twenty  inches  from  the  ground. 

Originated  by  John  Brown,  Long  Island,  Lake  Winnipigseogee,  N. 
H.,  and  extensively  distributed  from  the  United  States  patent  office 
in  1852  and  afterward.  It  is  probably  an  old  Indian  form  as  it  occas- 
sionally  appears  as  a  sport  in  the  crop  from  the  purest  obtainable 
seed  of  Canada. 

12.  Eight-rowed  Brown.  Resembles  the  Canada  in  every  re¬ 
spect  but  color,  which  is  a  dark  purple  brown.  It  furnishes  the 
red  ear  connected  with  husking  customs,  both  by  the  Indians  and 
by  Americans  in  the  regions  where  the  Canada  corn  is  grown.  It 
is  occasionally  grown  by  itself  by  a  few  folks,  from  fancy,  and  soon 
comes  to  be  remarkably  true  in  type  and  color. 

** Kernels,  white;  some  tinged. 

13.  Eight-rowed  Red-glazed,  Siblev.  Ears  ten  to  eleven  inches 
long,  and  about  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  a  decided  taper 
toward  lower  third  ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Resembles  Lackawaxen  in 
all  but  color,  which  is  white  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  ear,  and 
white  more  or  less  purple  tinged  in  the  lower  portion.  Kernels 
rather  large.  Cob,  small.  Plant  about  six  to  seven  feet  tall. 

***  Kernels  white. 


No.  33.] 


167 


14.  Forty  Days,  Gregory.  Ears  about  six  inches  long,  and  one 
and  a  quarter  to,  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  often 
tapering  throughout  through  openness  or  added  kernels  toward  butt; 
mostly  8-rowed.  Cob,  not  small.  Plant  about  four  and  one-half 
feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  ten  inches  from  the  ground. 
In  1884,  planted  May  19,  vegetated  May  26,  and  edible  maturity 
August  2,  and  ripe  August  26. 

15.  Rhode  Island  White  Cai\  Ears  five  to  five  and  one-half 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  strongly 
rounded  and  prominently  capped  at  tip  ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Cob, 
small,  often  red-tinged  in  the  interior.  Kernels  very  large  and  hard. 
Plant  about  seven  feet  high,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  eighteen 
inches  from  the  ground. 

16.  Connecticut  White.  Ears  six  to  seven  and  one-half  inches 
long,  and  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter  ;  the  tip  com¬ 
pactly  filled  and  rounded  ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Cob,  medium  small. 
Kernels  very  large.  Plant  five  and  one-sixth  to  six  feet  tall.  A  very 
distinct  variety,  and  a  larger  form  of  the  preceding. 

17.  Silver  White,  Yauglian.  Synonyms — Eight-rowed  White , 
Thorburn  ;  White  Australian ,  Professor  Beal.  Earnine  to  eleven 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter;  tip  seE 
dom  well  filled,  and  a  tendency  toward  openness  between  the  pairs 
of  row's  at  butt  ;  mostly  8-row'ed.  Kernels  silvery  white.  Plant 
about  six  to  seven  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  ,  twenty -four  to 
thirty  inches  from  the  ground. 

18.  Lackawaxen,  Ferry.  Synonym  —  White  Flint  of  many 
farmers.  Ears  ten  to  eleven  inches  long,  and  one  and  three-eighths 
to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  tendency  toward  open¬ 
ness  without  loss  of  cylindrical  shape  between  the  pairs  of  rows 
towards  butt;  mostly  8-rowed.  Cob,  small.  Kernel,  dingy  white. 
Plant  said  by  Ferry  to  be  about  eight  feet  tall.  The  same  in  all 
but  coloring  as  Eight-rowed  Red-glaced. 

19.  Sanford,  Gregory,  Sibley.  Ears  eight  to  ten  inches  long 
and  about  one  and  three-fourths  inches  in  diameter,  usually  tapering 
through  spreading  caused  by  openness  between  pairs  of  rows  at  butt, 
rounded  and  well  filled  at  tip ;  mostly  8-rowred.  Cob  rather  large. 
Kernels  large,  dingy  white.  Plant  about  seven  feet  tails  bearing 
its  ears  about  twenty-six  inches  from  the  ground. 

20.  Rural  Thoroughbred,  Gregory.  Ears  eleven  to  twelve 
inches  long,  and  one  and  seven-eighths  to  two  inches  in  diameter, 
always  tapering  through  the  constant  openness  between  the  pairs  of 
rows  toward  butt,  the  tip  rarely  well  filled  ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Cob 
large.  Kernels  grouped  in  lateral  pairs,  large,  dingy  white.  Plant 
about  seven  to  eight  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  thirty-six 
inches  from  the  ground. 

ft  Ear  cylindrical  in  general,  but  swollen  very  noticeably 
towrard  butt,  and  tapering  in  lowrer  third. 

"  Colored  kernels. 


168 


[Assembly 


21.  New  England  Eight-rowed.  Synonyms — Canada ,  of  many; 
.Early  Canada ,  Gregory,  Sibley  ;  Early  Eight-rowed ,  Sibley.  Ears 
eight  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three-eighths 
inches  in  diameter,  pointed  at  tip ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Cob  small. 
Kernels  rather  large,  of  a  golden  orange  color.  Usually  an  open¬ 
ness  between  some  of  the  pairs  of  rows  at  butt.  Ear  stalk  large  for 
its  type.  Plant  about  seven  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about 
twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground.  It  has  many  local  varieties, 
differing  more  in  impurity  of  seed  than  in  any  other  respect. 

22.  Kill  am,  Gregory.  Ears  ten  to  eleven  inches  long,  otherwise 
answers  to  the  New  England  Eight-rowed. 

23.  Long  Yellow,  Landreth.  Ears  ten  to  eleven  inches  long 
and  about  one  and  one-fourth  inches  in  diameter,  and  at  once  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  the  New  England  Eight-rowed  by  this  slenderness 
of  ear,  and  by  a  dingier  color. 

24.  Pennsylvania  Yellow,  Landreth.  Same  as  the  New 
England  Eight-rowed,  except  the  color  is  brownish  yellow,  and  it 
does  not  fill  well  at  tip,  and  also  has  a  tendency  toward  openness 
between  pairs  of  rows. 

25.  Improved  King  Philip,  Ferry.  This  is  the  New  England 
-  Eight-rowed,  with  a  copper  yellow  kernel. 

**  Yellow  kernels,  red  tinged. 

26.  Ped  Blazed,  Sibley.  A  sub-variety  of  the  New  England 
Eight-rowed,  differing  only  in  having  the  kernels  on  the  lower  por¬ 
tion  only  more  or  less  tinged  with  red. 

***  White  kernels. 

27.  White  Flint,  Ferry,  Thorburn,  many  farmers.  Ears  about 
nine  to  eleven  inches  long  and  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter, 
usually  tapering  very  decidedly  in  lower  third  to  a  not  well  filled 
tip ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Cob  medium  small.  Kernels  of  medium 
size,  of  a  rather  dingy  white.  Plant  six  to  seven  feet  tall.  A  white 
form  of  the  New  England  Eight-rowed. 

Pace  B.  Ear  stalk  medium  to  large.  Ear  tapering,  kernels  not 
rounded  over  butt,  rounded,  as  deep  as  broad ;  usually  12-rowed. 
Color  various, 

t  Ear  strictly  tapering,  not  swollen  at  butt.  Cob  white. 

*  Colored  kernels. 

28.  Blue  Twelve-rowed.  Besembles  the  Early  Dutton  in  every 
respect  except  the  one  of  color,  which  is  a  yellow  red  striped  with 
blue  kernels  intermixed. 

29.  Canada  Twelve-rowed.  Synonym  — Landreth1  s  Earliest 
Yellow ,  Landreth.  Ears  seven  to  ten  inches  Ions;  by  one  and  three- 
eighths  to  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  rounded  at  the  well 
filled  tip;  mostly  12-rowed  Cob  largish.  Kernels  small  medium, 
of  a  golden  orange  color.  Plant  six  and  one-half  to  seven  feet  tall, 
bearing  its  ears  eighteen  to  twenty  inches  above  the  ground.  Be¬ 
sembles  Compton’s  Surprise,  but  smaller  in  ear  and  kernel.  A  more 
slender  cob  and  a  brighter  color. 

Certainly  a  very  old  variety.  In  1535,  Cartier  found  at  Hochelega, 


No.  33.] 


169 


4 


9 


now  Montreal,  corn  of  which  he  says  the  kernels  are  “as  great  and 
somewhat  bigger  than  small  peason,”  and  “  it  is  as  big  as  our  small 
peason,”  which  indistinct  mention  can  be  referred  to  this  variety  as 
well  as  to  any  other. 

30.  Compton’s  Early,  Sibley,  Henderson.  Synonym  —  Compton's 
Surprise ,  Th  orb  urn.  Ears  nine  to  nine  and  one-half  inches  long  and 
about  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  a  little  pointed  at  tip ; 
mostly  twelve-rowed.  Cob  large.  Kernels  of  medium  size,  light 
golden  orange  color.  Plant  about  seven  feet  tall  and  bearing  its  ears 
about  twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground. 

31.  Early  Dutton,  Vaughan.  Synonyms  —  Dutton ,  Henderson. 
Early  Summer  Flint ,  Landreth.  Pierce' s  Twelve-rowed  Canada , 
Vaughan.  Ears  seven  to  nine  inches  lonir  and  about  one  and  three- 
eighths  to  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter ;  a  tendency  to  a  sharper 
taper  near  the  butt  mostly  twelve-rowed.  Kernels  but  little  smaller 
than  Compton’s  Early,  but  the  ear  of  less  diameter,  and  the  cob 
smaller.  Color  golden  orange.  Plant  five  and  one-sixth  to  six  feet 
tall.  Resejnbles  Canada  Twelve-rowed  quite  closely,  but  distin¬ 
guished  by  the  sharper  taper  at  the  butt. 

It  was  distributed  from  the  United  States  Patent  Office  in  ISIS, 
and  is  stated  to  have  been  brought  to  Newport,  N.  H.,  from  northern 
Maine  in  1838.  A  12-rowed  yellow  is  also  said  to  have  been 
cultivated  by  the  Norridgewock  Indians  of  Maine  a  long  time  previ¬ 
ous  to  the  settlement  of  the  Europeans,  and  is  probably  this  variety, 
which  perhaps  is  but  a  selection  from  the  Canada  Twelve-rowed  as 
modified  by  climate. 

32.  New  England  Twelye-rowed.  Ears  ten  to  eleven  inches 
long  and  about  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  abruptly 
tapering  in  butt  portion,  thence  regularly  to  the  rounded,  usually  not 
well  filled  tip ;  mostly  12-rowed.  Cob  large.  #  Kernels  medium 
to  large,  orange  yellow.  It  seems  to  be  a  larger  and  stronger  form 
of  the  Early  Dutton,  but  is  usually  not  well  bred,  and  often  shows 
Dutton  type  in  its  crop.  Plant  six  to  seven  feet  tall. 

Kernels  white. 

33.  Hominy,  Bliss.  Synonym  —  Large  White  TUnt,  Bliss.  Ears 
eight  to  nine  inches  long  and  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  strictly 
tapering,  twelve  to  14-rowed  mostly,  the  ear  stalk  smaller  than 
in  the  generality  of  the  class.  Kernels  very  compactly  set,  flinty 
white.  Cob  large,  often  red  tinged  in  the  interior. 

ft  Ear  tapering,  but  swollen  toward  butt. 

*  Kernels  colored. 

34.  Dutton.  Ears  nine,  to  ten  inches  long  and  about  one  and 
three-quarters  inches  in  diameter,  with  rounded  tip  ;  usually  12- 
rowed,  often  more.  Kernels  largish,  of  a  golden  orange  color.  Cob 
large.  Plant  six  to  seven  feet  tall. 

First  brought  into  notice  in  1818,  from  Cavendish,  Vt.,  and  said 
by  Salisbury  to  be  a  sub-variety  of  the  Golden  Sioux.  It  is  more 
probably  the  influence  of  climate  and  selection  on  some  Canada 
12-rowed  sort,  if  as  true  it  came  from  Vermont. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  22 


170  [Assembly 

35.  Smoke  Dutton.  Differs  in  no  respect  from  the  Dutton  except 
in  color,  which  is  a  dark  copper  red,  the  red  in  excess. 

"x"*  Kernels  white. 

36.  Twelve-rowed  White,  of  farmers  in  New  York.  This 
might  be  called  White  Dutton,  for  except  the  white  color  of  the 
kernels  it  answers  to  the  Dutton  in  description. 

Race  C.  Ear  stalk  small,  cupped.  Ear  tapering,  often  strongly 
or  even  fusiform,  and  the  kernels  rounded  more  or  less  over  butt. 
Kernel  deeper  than  broad.  Number  of  rows  various  ;  color  various. 

tEar  quite  strongly  tapering.  Cob  white. 

*  Kernels  colored. 

37.  Chinese  Golden,  Gregory.  Ear  about  six  inches  long  and 
one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter  at  a  point  near  the  center  of 
the  ear,  tip  almost  pointed;  twelve  to  16-rowed.  Kernels  very 
thick,  rounded,  of  a  golden  orange  color.  Plant  about  five  feet  high, 
bearing  its  ears  about  twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground. 

Said  to  have  been  in  the  Centennial  exhibit  of  the  Chinese  Govern¬ 
ment  in  1S76.  African  maize,  A,  a  variety  received  from  Messrs. 
Landretli  and  grown  at  the  Station  in  1884,  seems  identical,  while 
African  maize  E,  2,  from  same  source  corresponds  in  all  but  the 
color,  which  is  white. 

38.  French  Yellow  Six  Weeks.  'Vil.  Ear  stalk  medium  large  ; 
ears  four  to  six  inches  long  and  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in 
diameter,  rounding  at  tip  ;  fourteen  to  16-rowed ;  kernels  thick, 
of  a  deep  orange  color,  the  shade  varying  in  different  ears.  Bears 
some  resemblance  to  Chinese  Golden,  but  the  ear  shorter  the  kernel 
smaller  and  less  rounded,  and  the  tips  rounded. 

39.  African  Maize,  E.  1.  From  Landretli  &  Sons.  Ears  about 
six  inches  long  and  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter  in 
central  portion,  not  quite  as  strongly  tapering  as  the  Chinese  Golden; 
twelve  to  14-rowed.  Kernel  light  golden  above,  deep  orange 
below,  and  bearing  a  short,  sharp,  stiff  spine  where  the  silk  was  at¬ 
tached ;  the  kernel  nearly  a  dent,  on  account  of  the  thinness  of  the 
corneous  matter  at  summit.  Plant  about  four  feet  tall,  and  bearing 
its  ears  about  nine  to  eighteen  inches  above  the  ground. 

40.  Cuban.  From  South  Florida.  Ear  about  seven  inches  long 
and  about  two  inches  in  diameter  at  about  the  center  of  ear,  evenly 
rounded  at  the  tip,  which  is  well  filled  ;  fourteen  to  16-rowed.  Cob 
large.  Kernels  excessively  flintly,  but  the  starch  approaching  the 
summit  of  the  kernel,  which  brings  it  almost  intermediate  in  struc¬ 
ture  between  the  flints  and  the  dents.  Color  bright  golden  yellow, 
with  a  lighter  spot  on  the  summit  of  each  kernel. 

ft  Ear  quite  tapering.  Cob  red. 

*  Colored  kernels. 

41.  Franklin’s  Yellow.  From  N.  C.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches 
long  and’ about  two  inches  in- diameter  at  the  center  of  the  ear,  a 
little  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  not  covered  ;  16-rowed.  Cob  large. 
Kernels  flinty,  lighter  golden  orange  at  summit  than  below,  in  struc¬ 
ture  the  starch  approaches  the  surface  so  closely  that  indentation 


No.  S3.] 


171 


frequently  takes  place.  Like  the  Cuban  it  may  be  considered  almost 
as  intermediate  between  Flint  and  Dent. 

42.  Golden  Yellow,  Kan.  Agr.  Coll.  Ear  nine  to  ten  inches 
long  and  about  one  and  three  quarters  to  one  and  seven-eighths  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  center  of  the  ear,  a  little  pointed  toward  tip  which 
is  bare;  12-rowed.  Kernels  regularly  oval,  yellow  above,  orange 
below,  indented  slightly  through  the  thinness  of  the  corneous  matter 
at  summit.  It  may  be  considered  as  almost  intermediate  to  the 
Flints  and  Dents. 

fff  Ear  fusiform,  or  tapering  to  both  extremities.  Cob, 

white. 


*  Colored  kernels. 

43.  TorovER.  An  undistributed  varietv  which  has  been  orffi- 

o 

nated  in  Nantucket,  Mass.,  and  so  anomalous  as  to  scarcely  come  in 
any  of  our  descriptions.  The  ears  seven  to  nine  inches  long  and 
about  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  nearly  cylindrical,  and 
rounding  equally  at  butt  and  tip,  or  quite  fusiform  in  many  samples: 
8-rowed,  the  ear  stalk  not  as  large  as  a  pipe  stem,  and  so  buried  in 
the  surrounding  kernels  that  on  a  casual  examination,  it  is  difficult 
to  say ^ which  is  the  butt  or  the  tip  end.  Kernels  rolmded  evenly  and 
strongly,  broader  than  deep,  very  compactly  set  on  the  very  small 
cob.  Color  golden  orange.  Plant  six  feet  high,, bearing  its  ears 
about  eighteen  inches  from  the  ground. 

I  have  placed  it  in  this  division  provisionally,  on  account  of  the 
very  small  ear  stalk,  and  the  often  tapering  habit  of  the  ears,  taper¬ 
ing  from  the  center  to  either  extremity. 

44.  Japanese  Striped,  Vaughan.  Ears  about  three  inches  long, 
and  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  fusiform,  or  tapering 
from  a  point  one  third  down  the  ear  to  both  extremities;  twelve  to 
16-rowed.  Ear  stalk  set  in  a  cup  formed  by  the  projecting  kernels. 
Kernel  deeper  than  broad,  golden  orange.  Plant  about  four  feet  tall, 
suckering  much,  the  first  four  leaves  green,  the  rest  beautifully 
striped  with  silvery  white,  or  with  rose-tinted  stripes.  Very  late 
and  very  ornamental. 

In  the  Gardeners’  Chronicle,  1866,  p.  145,  this  variety  is  said  to 
have  been  brought  to  New  York  from  Japan,  in  1864,  but  in  the 
same  paper  of  date  March  23,  1861,  a  firm  advertises  sixteen  var¬ 
ieties  of  ornamental  maize,  many  of  which  seem  to  include  this  style 
of  plant. 


The  Flint  Corns  form  a  very  well  defined  group,  in  general,  but 
there  are  a  few  cases  where  the  structure  of  the  kernel  seems  to  offer 
a  passage  way  to  the  Dents.  It  is  unfortunate  that  I  do  not  have 
access  to  larger  collections.  This  attempt  at  classification  includes 
the  varieties  offered  by  our  leading  seedsmen,  and  a  few  from  farm¬ 
ers,  but  very  many  others  are  probably  cultivated,  and  I  cannot  but 
regret  the  absence  of  numerous  specimens  from  the  great  South  and 
West.  When  the  height  of  plant  is  given,  and  the  distance  of  the 
ear  from  the  ground,  the  figures  refer  to  the  climate  of  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
and  the  height  of  plant  is  quite  variable  even  in  the  same  garden  in 
different  seasons. 


172 


[Assembly 


There  seems  a  relation  between  the  height  of  the  ear  from  the 
ground  and  earliness,  but  the  relationship  cannot  be  considered  as 
proven  in  our  figures  on  account  of  the  difficulty  in  giving  exact 
expression  to  what  varies  in  different  plants  and  which  must  be  av¬ 
eraged  in  results.  One  fact  was  observed,  however,  that  the  earliest 
plants  to  ripen  their  ears  bore  their  ears  nearer  the  ground  than  later 
ripening  plants  of  the  same  variety  in  1884.  This  observation  offers 
a  clue  toward  securing  earliness  in  a  variety,  through  the  marking 
and  saving  for  seed  those  ears  in  a  crop  which  are  borne  nearest  the 

Zea*  Indentata,  the  Dp:nt  Corns. 

An  agricultural  species  distinguished  by  section  of  the  kernel 
which  shows  corneous  matter  on  the  sides  only,  the  visible  starch  ex¬ 
tending  to  the  summit,  and  in  the  shrinkage  which  accompanies 
ripening  drawing  in  the  surface  and  thus  producing  a  dent.  In 
some  the  corneous  matter  extends  strongly  up  the  lateral  sides  nearly 
to  the  summit,  and  in  these  cases  the  shrinkage  causes  the  dent  to  be 
of  the  form  of  a  crease  ;  in  other  cases  the  corneous  matter  does  not 
extend  to  the  summit,  and  the  whole  top  of -the  kernel  is  dragged 
in,  forming  a  wide  dimple  or  broadened  rounded  crease,  often  a  rag¬ 
ged  dent,  or  a  flap  of  projecting  and  doubled  pellicle  which  forms  a 
projecting  tongue  on  the  chit  side  ;  in  other  cases  the  corneous  mat¬ 
ter  is  strong  all  about  the  kernel  and  the  dent  becomes  a  rounded 
dimple  or  circular  depression.  In  some  few  cases,  the  kernels  toward 
the  tip  of  the  ear  do  not  indent,  yet  retain  their  dent  structure,  the 
corneous  matter  nearly  including  the  summit ;  in  other  rare  cases 
these  cases  become  apparently  flint  structured. 

In  this  agricultural  species,  as  in  the  Flints  and  Sweets,  three 
races  can  be  distinguished,  which  we  designate  as  before  by  the 
capitals  A,  B  and  C. 

Pace  A.  Ear-stalk  medium  to  large.  Ear  cylindrical,  tapering 
in  lower  third.  Kernels  broader  than  deep. 

*  Kernels  colored.  Cob  white. 

1.  Benton  Yellow.  Synonym —  Yankee ,  of  Michigan.  Ears 
ten  to  twelve  inches  long,  often  longer,  and  I  have  seen  the  dry  ear 
sixteen  inches,  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  very  squarish  in  sec¬ 
tional  outline,  often  compressed  somewhat  at  butt,  and  a  tendency  to 
openness  between  the  pairs  of  rows ;  8-rowed  ;  kernel  very  large, 
flatly  rounded,  orange  yellow  above,  orange  below,  creased  dented. 
Cob  large,  often  reel  tinged  in  the  interior.  Plant  about  seven  feet 
high,  bearing  its  ears  about  twenty  inches  from  the  ground.  This 
variety  is  grown  somewhat  in  Connecticut,  Dakota  and  the  North¬ 
west,  from  which  regions  samples  were  received. 

**  Kernels  colored .  Cob  red. 

2.  Brindle.  Michigan  Agricultural  College.  Ears  seven  to  eight 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  stalk 
medium  small;  ear  not  filling  well  at  tip,  rounding  at  butt,  where 
the  kernels  project  very  distinctly  on  account  of  their  shape  ;  eight  to 
10-rowed ;  kernel  distinctly  potygonal,  broadest  at  the  central  por- 


No.  33. J 


173 


tion,  flat  on  top,  which  is  small,  thus  causing  a  broad,  deep  and  tri¬ 
angular  sulcus  between  the  rows.  The  color  very  peculiar,  orange 
yellow  in  the  dent,  orange  red  ’in  the  rest  of  the  kernel.  Resembles 
Blount’s  Prolific  very  closely  in  shape  of  ear. 

***  Kernels  white.  Cob  white. 

•  3.  Baldwin’s  Branching,  Gregory.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long, 
and  about  one  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  not  rounded,  but  some¬ 
times  compressed  at  but,  pointed  toward  tip  which  is  not  filled  ;  eight 
to  10-rowed  ;  kernels  broader  near  the  center  than  at  summit,  rounded, 
forming  a  distinct  but  not  broad  sulcus  between  the  rows,  white  on 
summit,  dingy  white  below ;  cob  rather  large .  Gregory  says  it 
commonly  grows  several  stalks  from  one  kernel,  and  is  late. 

Resembles  Blount’s  Prolific  quite  closely  in  form  of  ear,  but  the 
kernel’s  are  dingy  white  below  instead  of  bright  horny  white,  and 
the  kernel  shallower,  thus  forming  a  shallower  sulcus. 

4.  Blount’s  Prolific,  Bliss,  Thorburn.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches 
long,  and  one  and  three-eighths  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter. 
Ear  stalk  rather  small  medium.  Ear  rather  strongly  pointed  in  lower 
third,  to  the  not  filled  tip,  not  rounding  at,  but  often  compressed  or 
slightly  swollen  at  butt  through  extra  kernels  ;  mostly  8-rowed.  Ker¬ 
nels  very  angular  in  outline,  rather  deep,  and  hence  a  broad  and  deep 
sulcus  between  rows,  which  are  often  grouped  somewhat  in  pairs, 
white  at  the  summit,  glossy  horny  white  below*  crease  dented.  Cob 
small.  Plant  seven  to  eight  feet  tall,  bearing  its  upper  ears  about 
fifty-four  inches  from  the  ground,  often  four  to  eight  on  a  stalk,  the 
low-er  ears  shorter  and  more  pointed  than  the  upper. 

5.  Prolific  of  Tennessee.  Synonyms  —  Blount's  Prolific , 
Gregory;  Improved  Blount's  Prolific. ,  Thorburn,  Rural  New 
Yorker.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter.  Ear  tapering  a  little  in  lower  portion,  not 
rounded  over,  but  often  compressed  rounded  at  the  butt,  the  tip  nQt. 
filled,  usually  10-rowed,  often  12-rowed.  Kernels  broadly  rounded, 
broad  at  top,  rather  narrow  at  base,  forming  a  distinct  but  shallow 
sulcus  between  the  rows,  crease  dented.  Plant  about  seven  feet 
tall,  and  bearing  its  upper  ears  about  fifty-four  inches  from  the 
ground.  Many  ears  form  on  a  stalk,  but  the  plant  is  too  late  to 
mature  many  of  the  lower  ones,  and  scarcely  the  upper  in  this  region. 
Yery  leafy. 

Probably  the  original  form  from  which  Blount’s  Prolific  was  de¬ 
rived,  and  toward  which  Improved  Blount’s  Prolific  has  been  carried 
by  selection. 

6.  Benton  White.  Ears  ten  to  twelve  inches  long,  and  about 
two  inches  in  diameter.  Resembles  Benton  Yellow,  No.  1,  in  every 
respect  except  the  color,  which  is  white  near  the  summit  of  the  ker¬ 
nel,  and  glossy  horny  white  below.  Like  the  Yellow  it  is  almost 
invariably  8-rowed. 

This  variety  varies  sometimes  to  a  flesh  colored  form.  Indeed 
the  white  and  the  yellow  in  Connecticut  are  often  grown  mixed  in 
the  crop. 


174 


[Assembly 


****  Kernels  white.  Cob  red. 

7.  Long  Island  White.  Thorburn.  Ears  eight  to  nine  inches 
long,  and  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  rounding 
to  a  not  well  filled  tip  ;  eight  and  10-rowed.  Kernels  large,  broad, 
thick,  white  above,  horny  white  below,  creased  dented.  Cob  large. 
Plant  about  seven  feet  tall. 

There  seems  to  be  a  flesh-colored,  and  a  yellow  form  of  this 
variety,  the  seed  of  which  is  very  impure,  growing  many  12-rowed 
ears  which  seem  to  belong  to  Pace  B. 

Pace  B.  Ear  stalk  large,  not  cupped  ;  ear  tapering.  Kernel  as 
broad  as  deep. 

*  Kernels,  white.  Cob,  white. 

8.  Caragua,  Yilmorin.  Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  and  about 
one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  compressed,  rounded  at 
butt,  bluntly  rounded  at  tip,  which  is  bare  and  projects  ;  12-rowed. 
Kernel  largish,  rounded,  creased  dented,  white.  Plant  twelve  to 
fourteen  feet  tall,  leafy,  bearing  its  ears  very  high  up.  Season  late. 

**  Kernels,  white.  Cob,  red. 

9.  Long  Island  Twelve-Rowed.  Ears  nine  to  ten  inches  long, 
and  about  two  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering,  pointed 
rounded  at  tip,  which  is  filled,  12-rowed.  Kernels  large,  rounded  on 
summit,  white  above,  orange-yellow  below,  long  dimpled,  quite  cub¬ 
ical,  rounded  on  the  corners  so  that  the  sulcus  is  pronounced,  but 
shallow.  Cob,  large  ;  plant  about  seven  feet  tall. 

Pace  C.  Ear-stalk,  small  to  medium,  cupped.  Ear  more  or  less 
tapering,  often  strongly.  Kernels  deeper  than  broad. 

f  Kernel,  yellow. 

||  Cob,  white. 

*  A  sulcus  between  rows. 

10.  Wright  Corn.  From  Vaughan.  Ears  eight  to  nine  inches 
long,  about  two  and  one-fourth  inches  in  diameter.  Ear-stalk  rather 
large,  shallow  cupped.  Ear  tapering,  quite  strongly  in  lower  half, 
rounded  but  little  at  butt,  pointed  rounding  at  tip,  which  is  uncov¬ 
ered  ;  fourteen  to  16-rowed.  Kernels  large,  very  deep,  strongly 
rounded  in  upper  half,  forming  a  quite  broad  and  deep  sulcus  be¬ 
tween  rows,  bright  orange-yellow  above,  orange  below,  giving  a  very 
golden  appearance  to  the  ear.  The  kernel  long  dimple  dented,  often 
pinched,  the  dent  disappearing  in  kernels  near  tip. 

||  Cob,  red. 

*  A  sulcus  between  rows. 

11.  Wisconsin  Yellow,  Vaughan.  Synonym  —  Sixty  Day  Dent , 
Thorburn.  Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  and  one  and  three-fourths  to 
one  and  seven-eighths  inches  in  diameter.  Ears  tapering  distinctly, 
rounding  at  butt  and  at  the  tip  evenly,  tip  well  filled  ;  mostly 
18-rowed.  Kernels  a  little  polygonal,  showing  a  narrow  sulcus 
between  the  rows,  light  orange-yellow  above,  orange  below,  dimple 
dented,  often  ragged  dented,  small  but  rather  deep.  The  sulcus 
often  not  distinctly  defined. 

12.  Pride  of  the  North.  Synonyms  —  Sibley's  Pride  of-  the 


N o.  33.] 


175 


North ,  Sibley,  Gregory ;  Goddards  Pride  of  the  North ,  Vaughan. 
Ears  six  to  seven  and  one-lialf  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three- 
fourths  inches  in  diameter.  Resembles  Wisconsin  Yellow  in  every 
respect,  except  having  a  slimmer  form  of  ear,  and  is  perhaps  only  a 
more  northern  form  ;  mostly  twelve  to  14-rowed.  Plant  about  six 
and  one-half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  twenty-four  inches  from 
the  ground.  One  of  the  Earliest  of  Field  Dents. 

13.  Smedley,  Sibley.  Synonym  —  An  unnamed  from  Mich¬ 
igan.  Ears  six  to  six  and  one-half  inches  long,  and  about  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering,  rounded  at  butt, 
pointed  at  tip,  which  is  well  filled  ;  both  butt  and  tip  peculiar 
looking  from  the  projecting  and  pointed  kernels ;  mostly  ten  to  12- 
rowed. .  Kernels  deep,  strongly  polygonal,  having  a  very  broad  and 
deep  triangular  sulcus  between  rows,  very  small  at  summit,  dimple 
dented,  lighter  orange  above  than  below.  Cob,  small  ;  plant  about 
six  and  one-lialf  feet  tall ;  season  early. 

The  kernels  all  pitch  or  slope  downward  on  the  ear,  and  this 
with  the  deep  sulcus,  offers  a  very  peculiar  and  characteristic 
appearance. 

14.  Farmer’s  Favorite,  Benson,  Maule  &  Co.  Snyonym  — 
Farmers  Favorite  Golden  Pent ,  Henderson.  Ears  eight  to  nine 
inches  long,  and  about  two  to  two  and  one-fourth  inches  in  diameter. 
Ear  slightly  tapering  in  upper  portion,  more  strongly  in  lower  por¬ 
tion  toward  the  tip,  which  is  unfilled ;  fourteen  to  18-rowed.  Ker¬ 
nel  a  little  deeper  than  broad,  a  little  rounded  polygonal,  thus  leav¬ 
ing  a  narrow  sulcus  between  the  rows,  bright  orange-yellow  above, 
deep  orange  below,  thick,  large,  long  dimple  dented,  often  rough¬ 
ened. 

**  No  sulcus  between  rows. 

15.  Queen  of  the  Prairie,  Gregory,  Bliss.  Ears  six  to  eight 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three-fourths  inches  in  diameter, 
slightly  tapering,  well  rounded  at  butt,  often  rather  pointed  toward 
tip,  which  is  unfilled;  sixteen  to  18-rowed.  Kernels  flat,  deeper 
orange  below  than  above,  deeply  creased  dented,  usually  pinched  ; 
cob,  smallish.  Plant  about  nine  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about 
forty-two  inches  from  the  ground. 

16.  North  Star,  Vaughan.  Synonym — Minnesota  Pent ,  of 
many  New  Tork  farmers.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and  one 
and  three-iourths  to  two  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  often  tapering  quite 
strongly,  nicely  rounded  at  butt,  a  little  pointedlv  at  tip,  which  is 
often  rounded  and  well  filled  ;  eighteen  to  20-rowed.  Kernel  flat, 
yel low-orange  above,  orange  below.  Plant,  six  to  seven  feet  tall. 

17.  Hathaway,  Vaughan,  Ferry.  Ears  six  and  one-half  to  eight  and 
one-lialf  inches  long  and  two  to  two  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diame¬ 
ter.  Ear  very  slightly  tapering  in  upper  two-thirds,  quite  tapering 
m  lower  third,  rounded  evenly  at  butt  and  bluntly  toward  tip, 
which  is  unfilled;  twenty  to  24-rowed.  Kernel  narrow,  yellow 

above,  light  orange  below7,  long  dimpled,  often  ragged  or  pinched 
dented. 


170 


[Assembly 


18.  Leaming,  Vaughan,  Sibley,  Prof.  Lazenby.  Synonyms  — 
Golden,  Landretli,  Ferry;  Adams’  Dent,  Prof.  Beal.  Ears  seven  to 
nine  inches  long,  and  one  and  seven-eighths  to  two  inches  in  diameter. 
Ear  slightly  tapering  in  upper  two-thirds,  more  strongly  in  lower 
third,  often  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  unfilled  ;  18-rowed,  more  or  less. 
Kernel  thick,  long  dimple  dented,  sometimes  ragged  or  pinched, 
bright  orange  yellow  above,  orange  below,  flat,  some  kernels  slightly 
rounded  at  corners,  forming  an  indistinct  sulcus.  Cob  largish. 

19.  Illinois  Yellow.  Ears  eight  to  ten  inches  long,  and  about 
two  and  one-fourth  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering,  with 
a  slight  increase  of  taper  in  lower  third,  nicely  rounded  at  butt,  evenly 
at  tip,  which  is  unfilled  ;  sixteen  to  20-rowed,  or  more.  Kernel  flat, 
yellow  above,  orange  below,  dimple,  often  ragged,  dented.  Cob 
medium  or  largish. 

This  appears  to  be  quite  generally  grown  in  Illinois,  and  is  the 
Yellow  Dent  of  many  New  York  farmers,  and  we  can  refer  to  it 
very  many  of  the  Yellow  Dents  of  western  farmers,  and  a  number  of 
local  names,  differing  but  in  color  or  in  minor  characteristics. 

20.  Mammoth  Chester  County  Early,  Landretli.  Ears  nine  to 
ten  inches  long,  and  two  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter  in  center  of 
ear.  Ear  strongly  tapering,  usually  more  rowed  at  butt  than  towards 
tip,  nicely  rounded  at  butt,  often  rather  pointed  at  tip  ;  twenty  to  28- 
rowed.  Kernels  very  deep,  often  more  than  twice  as  deep  as  broad, 
and  two  placed  end  to  end  equals  or  exceeds  the  diameter  of  the  cob, 
yellow  above,  orange  below,  flat,  dimple  dented,  often  ragged. 

21.  Chester  County  Gourd  Seed,  Landretli.  Synonyms  —  Ches¬ 
ter  County  Mammoth ,  Sibley  ;  Premium  Chester  County  Mammoth , 
Bliss.  Ears  eight  to  ten  inches  long,  and  about  two  and  one-fourth 
inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering,  rounding  evenly  at  butt 
and  tip,  which  is  unfilled  ;  sixteen  to  20-rowed  or  more.  Kernels 
deep,  flat,  light  orange  above,  deep  orange  below,  medium  large, 
deeply  creased  dented,  often  ragged.  Cob  large.  Plant  about  seven 
feet  tall.  Ear  always  slimmer  than  No.  20. 

Chester  County  Mammoth,  Vaughan,  Thorburn,  Gregory,  Ferry. 
Synonym  —  Cloud) s  Early  Mammoth  Chester,  Landretli.  Ears  seven 
to  eight  inches  long  and  two  and  one-quarter  to  two  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering,  rounded  evenly  at  butt 
and  tip  ;  eighteen  to  30-rowed.  Kernels  deep,  narrow,  thick,  flat, 
light  orange  above,  deep  orange  below,  dimple  dented.  Cobs  large. 
Plant  eight  to  nine  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  forty-two  to  forty-eight 
inches  from  the  ground. 

ft  Kernels  colored,  not  yellow. 

||  Cob  white. 

*  A  sulcus  between  rows, 

23.  Southern  Prolific,  Sibley.  Synonym,  Evans  Mo.  Agr. 
Coll.  Ears  nine  to  ten  inches  long  and  about  two  and  one-quarter 
inches  in  diameter.  Ear  very  slightly  tapering,  rounded  at  butt, 
rather  pointed  towards  tip,  which  is  unfilled  ;  fourteen  to  18-rowed. 
Kernels  very  deep,  rounded  polygonal,  thus  leaving  a  sulcus  between 


No.  33.] 


177 


rows.  Light  golden  yellow  just  on  summit,  deep  orange  red  below, 
long  dimple  dented,  but  usually  ragged  or  pinched. 

||  ||  Cob  red. 

*  A  sulcus  between  rows. 

24.  Fox  or  Little  Premium,  Sibley.  Ear  eight  to  eight  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  and  two  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering, 
rounding  at  butt  and  at  tip,  which  is  not  well-filled ;  16-rowed 
mostly.  Kernel  slightly  deeper  than  broad,  polygonal,  dimple 
dented,  often  ragged  or  pinched.  Orange  red  above,  red  brown 
below. 

Grown  in  southern  Illinois. 

25.  Goodwin’s  Red.  From  N.  C.  Ear  eight  to  eight  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  and  two  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  taper¬ 
ing,  a  little  pointed  toward  tip,  which- is  not  filled;  fourteen  to 
16-rowed.  Kernel  broadly  oval,  small  at  summit,  which  is  flat  and 
dimple  dented,  of  a  red  purple  color  above,  changing  to  orange  red¬ 
dish  below. 

LTpchurch’s  Red.  From  N.  C.  Ears  eight  to  eight  and  one- 
half  inches  long  and  two  inches  in  diameter.  Resembles  in  outline 
Goodwin’s  Red,  but  the  kernel  very  deep,  narrow,  flat,  with  scarcely 
rounded  corners.  Purple  in  upper  third,  and  changing  to  a  red 
orange  in  lower  portion. 

fft  Kernels  striped. 

||  Cob  white. 

*  A  sulcus  between  rows. 

27.  Cherokee.  From  Wise.  Ear  seven  to  eight  inches  long, 
and  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  very  slightly  tapering,  rather 
pointed  in  lower  fourth  ;  16-rowed.  Kernels  deep,  flat,  rounded  a 
little  toward  corners,  thus  forming  a  narrow  but  well  defined  sul¬ 
cus,  yellowish  white,  beautifully  striped  longitudinally  with  red, 
creased,  dented,  sometimes  pinched. 

1  ||  Cob  red. 

*  A  sulcus  between  rows. 

28.  Upchurch’s  Strawberry.  From  N.  C.  Ears  eight  to  nine 
inches  long,  and  about  two  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter. 
Ear  regularly  tapering,  rounded  at  butt,  bluntly  rounded  at  tip, 
which  is  unfilled  ;  fourteen  to  16-rowed.  Kernel  deep,  broadly 
oval,  with  a  small,  feebly  indented  summit,  and  a  broad  and  deep 
sulcus  between  rows,  honey  white,  longitudinally  striped  with  red. 
A  variety  from  Missouri  has  purple-red  husks.  Whether  this  has 
or  not  I  do  not  know. 

**  No  sulcus  between  rows. 

29.  Strawberry.  From  N.  C.  Ear  eight  to  nine  inches  long, 
and  about  two  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  evenly 
tapering  to  near  the  tip,  where  it  sharpens.  Tip  not  filled  ;  six¬ 
teen  to  18-rowed.  Kernels  rather  rectangular  in  outline,  honey 
white,  longitudinally  striped  with  red.  Cob  red  tinged  rather  than 
red.  Similar  ears  from  Missouri  have  purple-red  husks.  Whether 
this  has  or  not,  I  do  not  know. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  23 


178  [Assembly 

Resembles  at  first  sight  Cherokee,  but  the  ear  is  larger,  the  color 
lighter,  and  no  true  sulcus  can  be  made  out. 
ffff  Kernels  white. 

|  Cob  white. 

*  A  sulcus  between  rows. 

30.  Maryland  Prolific,  Sibley.  Ear  about  seven  inches  long, 
one  and  seven-eighths  to  two  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  tapering  a  little 
scarcely  rounded  at  butt,  roundly  at  tip,  which  is  unfilled  ;  1 6-rowed. 
Kernels  rounded  at  upper  portion  so  as  to  form  a  rather  broad  and 
medium  deep  sulcus  between  the  rows,  white  above,  horny  white  be¬ 
low,  lightly  dented,  often  not  at  all  toward  tip. 

31.  White  Dent,  Sibley.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and 
about  one  and  three-quarter  inches  in  diameter  at  center  of  the  ear. 
Ear  tapering,  shortly  rounded  at  butt,  rather  pointed  toward  tip, 
which  is  unfilled;  1 6-rowed.  Kernel  flat,  sufficiently  rounded  at 
corners  to  form  a  recognizable  sulcus,  long  dimple  dented,  often  not 
indented  in  lower  portion  of  ear.  Very  similar  to,  if  not  indentical 
•with  No.  30. 

32.  Carolina  Shoe  Peg.  From  N.  C.  Ear  about  seven  inches 
long,  and  one  and  three-fourths  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  but 
evenly  tapering,  evenly  rounded  at  butt  and  tip,  the  unfilled  tip  pro¬ 
jecting  ;  sixteen  to  20-rowed.  Kernel  deep  and  narrow,  rounded  in 
upper  portion  to  a  flat  dented  summit,  thus  leaving  a  rather  broad 
sulcus  between  rows,  white  above,  horny  white  below.  Cob  small. 

From  same  collection  as  Shoe  Peg,  but  quite  distinct. 

33.  Watson.  From  Tenn.  Ear  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and 
one  and  seven-eighths  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  tapering,  rounding 
at  butt,  and  evenly  at  tip,  which  is  unfilled  ;  twelve  to  1 6-rowed. 
Kernels  rounded  in  upper  half  to  a  small  flat  dimpled  surface,  thus 
forming  a  broad  sulcus  between  rows,  usually  slightly  indented  to¬ 
wards  lower  portion  of  ear,  and  not  at  all  at  tip,  white  above,  horny 
white  below. 

This  variety  often  appears  in  crops  of  Blount’s  Prolific. 

34.  Sibley’s  Mammoth,  Sibley.  Synonym — Common  Tennessee , 
A.  G.  Willey.  Ears  nine  to  ten  inches  long,  and  two  and  one-quar¬ 
ter  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering,  compressed  rounded 
at  butt,  evenly  rounded  at  tip,  which  is  unfilled  ;  fourteen  to  1 6-rowed. 
Kernels  white  at  summit,  horny  white  below,  long  dimpled  dented, 
often  pinched,  flat,  rounded  at  the  corners,  and  forming  a  rather 
broad  sulcus. 

Resembles  Maryland  Prolific,  but  the  ear  is  longer,  and  more 
slender. 

35.  Cary  No.  2.  From  N.  C.  Ear  ten  to  ten  and  one-half 
inches  long,  about  two  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter.  Ear 
tapering  evenly ;  abruptly  rounded  at  butt,  a  little  pointed  toward 
tip  ;  sixteen-rowed.  Kernels  large,  deep,  widest  at  the  center,  thus 
forming  often  a  rather  broad  and  deep  sulcus  between  rows ;  white 
above,  horny  white  below,  not  broad  at  summit,  dimple  dented. 

From  same  collection  as  Cary  No.  1,  and  a  distinct  form. 


No.  33.] 


179 


36.  Long  Tom.  From  N.  C.  Ear  ten  and  eleven  inches  long 
and  about  two  and  one-eighth  inches  in  diameter  in  middle  portion. 

Ear  tapering,  little  rounded  at  butt,  the  tip  unfilled  ;  sixteen  to 
18 -rowed.  Kernels  rounded  in  upper  portion,  very  deep,  broad, 
thick,  dimple-dented  ;  white  above,  and  horny  white  below. 

Found  in  the  same  collection  with  the  Crowder,  but  very  dis¬ 
tinct. 

**  No  sulcus  between  rows. 

37.  African,  E.  3.  Landreth.  Ears  five  to  six  inches  long,  and 
about  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  taper¬ 
ing,  rounding  over  butt,  rather  pointed  at  tip,  which  is  unfilled  : 
fourteen-rowed.  Kernel  slightly  deeper  than  broad,  thick,  small, 
dimple-dented.  Plant  about  five  and  one-half  feet  tall,  bearing  its 
ears  about  twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground. 

The  same  flint  kernels  planted  produced  one  flint  ear  of  the  same 
description,  about  half  dent  ears  as  here  described,  and  about  half 
of  a  very  peculiar  form  of  the  same  description,  but  the  kernels 
armed  with  a  short,  sharp,  stiff  spine  where  the  silk  was  attached. 

38.  Adams’  Extra  Early,  Sibley,  Landreth.  A  smaller  form  of 
Adams’  Early,  the  ears  four  and  one-half  to  five  and  one-half  inches 
long,  about  one  and  five-eighths  inches  in  diameter;  ten  to  14- 
i’owed,  otherwise  the  same  description.  Plant  three  and  one-half  to 
four  and  one-half  feet  tall ;  ears  borne  about  eighteen  inches  from 
the .  ground. 

39.  Adams’  Early,  Sibley,  Henderson,  Ferry.  ,  Ears  six  to  seven 
inches  long,  about  one  and  three-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  slightly 
or  strongly  tapering,  rounding  at  the  butt ;  twelve  to  16-rowed,  the 
rows  often  spirally  or  irregularly  arranged.  Kernel  slightly  deeper 
than  broad;  white  above,  horny  white  below,  long  dimple- dented 
or  creased.  Cob,  large.  Plant  five  and  one-half  to  six  and  one- 
half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  twenty-four  inches  from  the 
ground. 

40.  Bessarabia.  From  Massachusetts ;  also  from  Professor  La- 
zenby,  O.  Synonymous  with  Maryland  White  received  from 
Maryland,  and  “  Common  ”  from  Tennessee.  Ear  seven  to  eight 
inches  long,  and  about  two  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter.  Ear 
regularly  tapering,  a  little  rounded  at  butt,  and  bluntly  toward  the 
tip ;  which  projects  and  is  unfilled ;  twenty  to  24-rowed.  Kernel 
very  deep  and  narrow,  not  close  set  laterally;  white  above,  horny 
white  below,  dimple-dented,  often  pinched  to  a  tongue.  Plant 
eight  feet  tall. 

The  samples  grown  in  Massachusetts  as  is  stated  from  seed  received 
from  Russia. 

41.  White  Maryland  Gourd  Seed,  Landreth.  Synonyms,  Thomp¬ 
son  Dent,  Mo.  Agr.  Coll.,  and  also  “Common”  from  Tennessee. 
Ear  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  and  two  and  three-eighths  inches  in 
diameter.  Ear  tapering,  rounded  at  butt  and  at  tip,  which  is  un¬ 
filled.  Sixteen-rowed.  Kernel,  white  above,  horny  white  below, 


180 


[Assembly 


long,  dimple-dented,  often  pinched  flat.  Plant  about  nine  feet  tall, 
and  lDearing  its  ears  about  forty-eight  inches  from  the  ground. 

42.  Shoe  Peg.  From  N.  C.  Ear  about  seven  inches  long,  and 
two  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  slightly  tapering,  rounded  evenly  at 
butt  and  tip,  the  latter  unfilled  and  projecting ;  sixteen  to  20- 
rowed.  Kernel  very  deep  and  narrow,  flat,  deeply  dimple-dented ; 
white  above,  honey  white  below. 

43.  Cary  No.  1.  From  N.  C.  Ears  about  ten  to  eleven 
inches  long,  and  two  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter.  Ear 
slightly  tapering,  nicely  rounded  at  butt,  rather  pointed  toward  tip, 
which  is  unfilled.  Kernels  very  rectangular  in  outline,  flat ;  white 
above,  horny  white  below,  deeple  dimple-dented.  Cob,  white,  often 
slightly  buff  tinged. 

44.  The  Crowder.  From  N.  C.  Ears  ten  to  eleven  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  and  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  diameter. 
Ear  often  strongly  tapering,  rounded  at  butt,  a  little  pointed  toward 
tip,  which  is  unfilled;  sixteen  to  18-rowed.  Kernel  broad,  flat, 
rectangular  in  outline,  set  loose  laterally ;  white  above,  horny  white 
below,  long,  dimple-dented,  often  ragged  or  pinched. 

1  [  Cob,  red. 

*  No  sulcus  between  rows. 

45.  Illinois  White,  Professor  Lazenby.  Synonyms  —  Whitney 
Corn ,  Mich.  Agr.  Coll.;  White  Dent  from  Connecticut.  Ear  eight 
to  nine  inches  long,  and  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  diameter. 
Resembles  Illinois  Yellow  in  all  but  color. 

46.  Parrish,  Vaughan,  Landreth.  Ears  eight  to  nine  inches 
long,  and  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  tapering 
more  quickly  toward  the  tip,  which  is  not  filled ;  fourteen  to  18- 
rowed.  Kernel  very  deep,  flat,  rectangular  in  outline,  spaced  be¬ 
tween  rows,  deeply,  long,  dimple-dented  ;  white  above,  honey  white 
below. 

Resembles  Farmer’s  Favorite  in  appearance  of  ear,  but  not  in 
color. 

47.  Proctor’s  Bread.  Mo.  Agr.  Coll.  Ears  eight  to  nine  inches 
long,  and  about  two  and  three-quarter  inches  in  diameter;  ear  taper¬ 
ing,  rounded  at  butt,  abruptly  pointed  toward  the  large  projecting 
unfilled  tip  ;  twenty  to  24-rowed  ;  kernel  flat,  white  above,  honey 
dingy  white  below  ;  cob  not  large. 

I  am  sorry  that  I  have  no  more  material  for  studying  this  inter¬ 
esting  class.  In  general,  each  variety  is  determined  from  quite  a 
number  of  collections  from  different  sources,  and  includes  many  not 
as  yet  recognized  by  seedsmen.  If  errors  occur,  it  is  from  the  selec¬ 
tions  sent  me  by  the  seedsmen,  and  supposed,  to  represent  the  crop. 
It  must  be  remembered  however,  that  the  seed  is  little  improved, 
and  scarcely  any  that  will  yield  a  crop  of  unmixed  type,  but  the  ma¬ 
jority  of  the  ears,  it  is  to  be  supposed,  will  answer  to  the  description, 
and  the  variety  once  recognized,  it  can  be  carefully  selected  for  seed, 
and  thus  year  by  year  the  variety  will  become  purified. 


No.  33.] 


181 


Zea  *  Amyl  ace  a,  the  Soft  Corns. 

An  agricultural  species  which  is  characterized  by  the  starchy  ap¬ 
pearance  of  the  split  kernel,  no  corneous  matter  being  present. 

Race  A.  Ear  stalk  medium  or  largish  ;  ear  cylindrical  ;  kernel 
broader  than  deep,  rounded. 

*  Cob,  white. 

1.  Red  River.  From  Manitoba.  Ears  three  to  five  and  one- 
half  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter  ; 
ear  not  rounded  at  butt ;  nor  filling  at  tip  ;  strictly  8-rowed  ;  kernel 
much  rounded,  thick,  not  indented  ;  color,  white  ;  plant  three  and 
one-half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  one-quarter  inch  from  the 
ground ;  early. 

This  is  probably  Zea  Mays,  var.  prsecox,  Nutt,  or  Early  Mandan. 

2.  Squaw.  Synonym  —Mandan,  Vaughan.  Ears  six  to  nine 
inches  long,  and  about  one  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter,  of 
cylindrical  type,  yet  often  appearing  to  taper  from  crowded  kernels  ; 
not  rounded  at  butt,  nor  filled  at  tip  ;  8-rowed  ;  kernels  of  various 
colors  on  same  ear,  such  as  white,  blue,  purple,  reddish,  yellow,  etc.; 
plant  four  to  five  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  two  to  three  inches  above 
the  ground. 

The  ears  are  often  irregularly  rowed,  and  many  ears  poorly 
formed,  but  the  plant  is  early  and  exceedingly  prolific  ;  the  variety 
seems  to  have  been  described  by  Salisbury,  in  1848,  as  a  flint,  much 
grown  by  the  Indians  of  Michigan,  with  white  .kernels  and  white 
cob.  Vaughan  writes  me  that  it  is  the  Squaw  of  Michigan,  and  in 
his  seed  catalogue  says  it  is  originally  from  the  Upper  Missouri  m 
Dakotali. 

3.  Omaha.  Synonym  —  Nebraska  Blade.  Ears  eight  to  nine 
inches  long,  and  one  and  one-half  to  one  and  three-quarters  inches  in 
diameter;  8-rowed,  with  a  tendency  toward  ten  rows  at  butt,  the 
rows  close  and  not  open  as  in  Tuscarora;  kernel  large  ;  the  color  is 
various,  some  ears  blue,  others  slate  black,  others  white,  other  red, 

etc. 

4.  Zuni  Purple- Spotted,  F.  H.  Cushing,  Zuni  Indians.  Ears 
six  to  seven  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in 
diameter.  Ear  cylindrical  in  upper  two-thirds,  often  tapering  in  the 
lower  portion  to  the  unfilled  tip;  ten  to  12-rowed;  kernel  often  in¬ 
dented  ;  color,  a  white  ground  with  purplish  specks,  but  much  mix¬ 
ture  of  colored  kernels  ;  plant  five  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  _  about 
eighteen  inches  from  the  ground ;  many  ears  of  other  types  in  the 
crop. 

**  Cob,  red. 

5.  Tuscarora.  Synonyms,  Zea  erythrolejms ,  Bonarous.  Ears 
eight  to  ten  inches  long,  and  one  and  three-quarters  to  two  inches  in 
diameter,  of  cylindrical  type,  but  usually  tapering  through  the  open¬ 
ness  between  the  pairs  of  rows  toward  the  butt ;  8-rowed  ;  kernels 
very  large,  creamy  white,  frequently  creased  at  the  summit ;  plan1 
six  to  seven  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  eighteen  to  twenty-four 
inches  from  the  ground. 

This  variety  was  brought  to  New  York  by  the  Tuscarora  Indians 
in  1712,  when  they  emigrated  from  North  Carolina,  and  it  is  sup- 


182 


[Assembly 


posed  to  be  the  variety  under  Indian  culture  at  the  time  of  the  set¬ 
tlement.  It  is  recorded  by  Bonafous  as  grown  upon  the  Missouri 
river,  and  a  yellow  variety  is  mentioned  in  North  Carolina  in  1849, 
and  a  reddish  white  variety  in  Arkansas  in  1849. 

Race  B.  Ear  stalks  small  to  medium,  often  slightly  cupped  ; 
ear  tapering  ;  kernel  as  deep  as  broad,  slightly  rounded. 

I  form  this  race  with  great  reluctance,  as  it  is  formed  but  from 
individual  ears  found  growing  with  other  kinds  of  corn,  and  from 
analogy  with  the  divisions  that  occur  in  the  other  species.  I  in¬ 
clude  here,  provisionally,  certain  Zuni  Indian  corns,  which  do  not 
entirety  coincide,  and  are  in  certain  aspects  abnormal.  The  crops 
were  all  much  mixed,  and  the  descriptions  are  from  the  prevailing  ears. 
While  in  special  aspects  they  belong  to  Race  C,  yet  the  general  ap¬ 
pearance  seems  to  ally  them  to  this  race. 

*  Cob  white. 

6.  Zuni  White,  F-.  H.  Cushing.  Ears  seven  to  nine  inches  long 
and  about  one  and  three-fourths  to  two  and  one  fourth  inches  in 
diameter.  Ear  stalk  medium,  slightly  or  not  at  all  cupped  ;  ear 
tapering,  Often  rounded  very  strongly  at  butt ;  16-rowed.  Kernel 
often  slightly  deeper  than  broad,  very  firmly  set,  flat  on  the  edges 
through  pressure,  giving  a  crystal  like  aspect  to  the  polished  kernels. 
Plant  about  five  and  one-half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  about  fifteen 
inches  from  the  ground. 

The  color  of  the  kernels  is  much  mixed  on  many  ears;  some  ears 
beautiful  red  purple  and  pink  purple,  without  mixture. 

7.  Zuni  Yellow,  F.  H.  Cushing.  Ears  seven  to  eight  inches 
long  and  about  one  and  one-half  to  one  and  three-fourths  inches  in 
diameter.  Ear  stalk  rather  small,  sometimes  more  or  less  cupped. 
Ear  tapering  from  a  point  one  or  two  inches  from  the  butt  both 
ways.  Kernels  often  slightly  deeper  than  broad,  with  a  sort  of 
crystalline  appearance  from  the  flat  sides  being  in  different  planes, 
of  a  lemon  yellow  color,  but  many  kernels  of  other  colors,  and 
chocolate  brown  quite  prevalent.  Plant  about  seven  feet  tall  and 
bearing  its  ears  twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground. 

**  Cob  purple. 

8.  Zuni  Blue,  F.  H.  Cushing.  Ears  eleven  to  twelve  inches 
long  and  about  one  and  seven  eighths  to  two  inches  in  diameter. 
Ear  stalk  medium  small,  often  a  little  cupped.  Ear  in  general 
evenly  tapering,  often  quite  tapering ;  fourteen  to  16-rowed.  Kernels 
rounded  at  summit,  rather  thick,  sometimes  dented,  color  light  blue. 

9.  Zuni  Pukple,  F.  IT.  Cushing.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long 
and  one  and  one-half  to  two  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  stalk  small, 
often  cupped.  Ear  tapering,  often  strongly,  rounded  at  butt,  ten  to 
16-rowed.  Kernels  slightly  deeper  than  broad,  very  firmly  set  and 
bevelled  on  the  sides,  as  in  the  other  Zunis,  of  a  reddish  purple 
color.  Cob  purplish.  -  Plant  about  five  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears 
twelve  inches  from  the  ground. 

10.  Zuni  Black,  F.  IT.  Cushing.  Ears  eight  to  ten  inches  long 
and  about  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter.  Ear  stalk  medium, 


No.  33.] 


183 


often  slightly  cupped.  Ear  tapering  a  little  in  upper  portion, 
strongly  in  lower;  fourteen  to  18-rowed.  Kernel  often  a  little  deeper 
than  broad,  flattened  on  sides  in  different  planes,  thick,  deep  purple 
black,  some  kernels  indented.  Cob  bright  purple.  Plant  about  six 
feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears  eighteen  inches  from  the  ground. 

Pace  C.  Ear  stalk  small.  Ears  tapering.  Kernels  deeper  than 
broad. 

11.. Mummy.  From  Peruvian  Iluacas.  The  samples,  originally 
from  the  Peabody  museum,  and  verified  from  a  sample  seen  in  pos¬ 
session  of  Professor  Goodale,  of  Cambridge,  in  1878,  answer  to  the 
description  of  samples  in  the  Smithsonian  museum.  Ears  about 
four  inches  long  and  two  inches  in  diameter,  cone  form,  or  strongly 
tapering  from  the  large  and  rounded  butt;  18-rowed.  Kernel  flat, 
slightly  rounded  at  corners,  slanting  downward  a  little,  rather  rec¬ 
tangular  in  outline,  indented  and  resembling  in  appearance  a  dent. 
Color  brown,  probably  through  age. 

Garcilasso  de  la  Yega  speaks  of  a  kind  of  corn  in  Peru  called 
Co/pia ,  wThich  is  “tender  and  highly  esteemed.”  Rivers  and 
Tschudi  say  the  Peruvians  worshipped  the  ears,  “  the  grains  of 
which  were  of  various  colors,  or  were  arranged  in  rows  united  in 
the  shape  of  a  cone.”  Hence  this  variety  is  doubtless  one  of  the 
sacred  corns  of  ancient  Peru,  and  naturally  the  one  selected  for  en¬ 
tombment. 

12.  Cuzco.  In  the  valley  of  Cuzco,  Peru,  and  only  there,  as  Vil- 
morin  believes,  this  variety  is  grown  in  various  colors,  the  white 
only  having  reached  our  seedsmen.  The  kernels  are  very  large, 
often  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  long  by  five-eighths  of  an  inch 
broad,  rounded  pointed  at  the  summit,  and  creased.  The  plant 
grows  fourteen  feet  tall,  dr  in  California  to  nineteen  feet.  In  all 
attempts  at  growing,  by  ourselves,  the  plants  have  perished  from 
smut  before  the  ears  were  formed.  We  have  never  seen  an  ear, 
and  only  place  it  in  this  division  on  account  of  the  kernels  being 
deeper  than  broad. 

The  soft  corns  appear  to  be  but  little  grown  in  the  United  States, 
and  our  collections  do  not  afford  us  many  varieties.  Our  classifica¬ 
tion  may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  provisional  only.  Larger  col¬ 
lections'  would  undoubtedly  give  us  better  illustrations  for  Race  B 
and  probably  some  of  Race  C  class  are  at  present  grown  in  tropical 
America,  one  of  which  may  be  identified  possibly  with  the  Maizium 
of  Peter  Martyr. 


Zea  *  Everta,  the  Pop  Corns. 

An  agricultural  species  in  which  the  corneous  matter  is  in  excess, 
the  starchy  matter  often  entirely  absent.  Upon  exposing  the  dry 
kernel  to  a  high  temperature,  the  whole  seed  explodes  into  a  white, 
fluffy  mass,  the  interior  structure  being  everted  about  the  chit  and 
epidermis.  Kernels  small,  very  hard  and  flinty,  the  silk  scar  usually 
very  noticeaole. 


184 


[Assembly 


Eace  A.  Ear  stalk  medium.  Ear  cylindrical,  not  rounded  at  butt. 
Kernel  broader  than  deep,  rounded.  A  fine  line  of  visible  starch 
often  observable  about  the  chit. 

*  Cob  white. 

1.  New  England.  Synonym — Nonpareil ,  Gregory.  Ear  six 
to  eight  inches  long,  and  about  one  inch  in  diameter;  8-rowed.  Ker¬ 
nel  glossy,  rounded.  Plant  five  to  six  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears 
about  sixteen  inches  from  the  ground. 

A  white  and  a  yellow  variety  occurs,  but  in  general  yellow  and 
white  kernels  on  the  same  ear ;  a  deep  purple  form  is  also  sometimes 
found  grown,  but  the  cob  more  or  less  red  tinged. 

Kace  B.  Ear  stalk  medium.  Ear  tapering  more  or  less  strongly,  but 
usually  nearly  cylindrical  in  upper  portion.  Kernel  as  deep  as  broad. 

*  Cob  white. 

2.  Silver-Laced,  Gregory.  Ears  five  to  six  inches  long,  and 
about  one  inch  in  diameter,  rather  evenly  tapering ;  mostly  12-rowed. 
The  line  of  starch  about  the  chit  very  fine,  and  in  most  cases  absent. 
Color  a  translucent  whitish. 

A  yellow  and  a  purple  kernelled  variety  is  sometimes  found,  the 
latter  with  a  red  tinged  cob. 

3.  Common  Twelve- Bowed.  Synonym  —  Small  White ,  Salis¬ 
bury.  Ears  six  to  seven  inches  long,  and  about  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  in  diameter,  but  little  tapering;  mostly  12-rowed.  The  ker¬ 
nels  have  usually  a  light  line  of  starch  about  the  chit.  Color  a  trans¬ 
lucent  whitish. 

A  yellow  form  also  occurs. 

Eace  C.  Ear  stalk ’small,  cupped.  Ears  tapering,  often  very 
strongly.  Kernel  deeper  than  broad  (with  few  exceptions.) 
f  Ear  of  oval  form. 

*  Cob  white. 

4.  Dwarf  Golden.  Ears  three-quarters  to  two  and  one-half 
inches  long  and  five-eighths  to  three-quarters  of  an  inchin  diameter, 
very  oval  in  outline  through  the  even  rounding  at  butt  and  tip,  and 
cylindrical  in  central  portion  ;  twelve  to  14-rowed.  Bows  often 
irregular  or  spirally  arranged.  Kernels  nearly  round,  of  a  bright, 
golden  yellow.  Plant  about  eighteen  inches  tall,  bearing  its  ears 
about  two  inches  from  the  ground,  and  very  early. 

This  seems  to  be  the  Mais  a  poulet  of  Vilmorin. 

5.  Golden,  Gregory.  Synonyms  —  Quarantmo ,  of  Europe  ;  Cob- 
bettfs  Corn ,  of  England.  Ears  three  and  one-half  to  four  inches  long 
and  about  one  to  one  and  one-eightli  inches  in  diameter,  tapering 
very  slightly,  and  bluntly  rounding  at  butt  and  tip,  of  ovoid  form, 
but  less  oval  than  in  the  Dwarf  Golden ;  twelve  to  14-rowed. 
Kernels  deeper  than  broad,  rather  flat  on  surface,  bright  golden 
orange.  Plant  about  three  and  one-half  feet  tall,  bearing  its  ears 
about  twelve  inches  from  the  ground.  Early,  but  not  as  early  as 
Dwarf  Golden.  A  little  variable  in  size  of  ear.  A  form  with  black 
kernels  is  also  found,  called  Black  Pop. 

ff  Ears  very  slightly  tapering. 

*  Cob  white. 


No.  33.] 


185 


51.  Small  Pearl.  Ears  about  four  and  one-half  to  five  inches 
long  and  one  inch  in  diameter,  tapering  both  ways  from  a  point 
toward  the  upper  third  of  ear.  Kernels  as  deep  as  broad,  very 
closely  set,  compressed,  very  dense;  twelve  or  more  rowed.  Very 
distinet  from  Pearl  No.  7. 

6.  Miniature,  Thorburn.  Ears  about  four  and  one-half  inches 
long,  and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter,  tapering  very  grad¬ 
ually,  often  curved,  tip  rarely  well  filled  ;  mostly  16-rowed.  Ker¬ 
nels  triangular,  very  small,  white,  very  flinty. 

7.  Pearl.  Ears  about  four  to  five  inches  long  and  three-quarters 
to  one  inch  in  diameter,  nearly  cylindrical,  the  kernels  very  much 
compressed  and  flat;  mostly  14  to  18-rowed,  rounding  at  butt  and 
tip  rather  abruptly.  Kernels  much  deeper  than  broad,  triangular, 

very  flinty. 

White  and  lemon  yellow  forms  occur,  and  deep  purple  with  red 
cob ;  also  bluish,  and  ears  with  upper  surface  of  kernels  dead  white, 
fft  Ears  strongly  tapering. 

*  Cob  white. 

8.  Blue.  Ears  six  to  eight  inches  long  and  about  one  inch  in 
diameter;  strongly  tapering  in  lower  portion  ;  fourteen  to  18-rowed. 
Kernels  triangular,  deeper  than  broad,  very  flinty,  of  a  slate  blue 
color. 

ff ft  Ears  strongly  tapering,  kernels  beaked. 

*  Cob  white. 

9.  Egyptian,  Gregory.  Synonym —  White  Rice.  Ears  four  to  seven 
inches  long  and  one  and  one- quarter  to  one  and  one-half  inches  in 
diameter,  strongly  tapering,  often  cone  form,  many  rowed.  The 
kernels  the  shape  of  a  rice  kernel,  with  a  sharp  projection  where 
the  silk  was  attached,  and  sloping  downward  more  or  less.  Color 
white.  Plant  about  five  feet  tall,  and  bearing  its  ears  about  thirty 
inches  from  the  ground. 

Varieties  occur  with  amber,  honey  yellow,  yellow  and  reddish 
kernels,  with  white  cobs;  and  red  purple,  and  almost  black  purple 
kernels,  with  red  cobs. 

Abnormal  F orm. 

10.  Bear’s  Foot,  Harris.  A  variety  of  the  Egyptian,  introduced 
by  Joseph  Harris,  seedsman,  of  Kochester,  in  i885,  as  a  novelty. 
The  ear  becomes  flattened  and  in  form  resembles  a  bear’s  paw.  As 
a  monstrosity,  this  freak  is  by  no  means  a  rare  one,  but  if  a  variety, 
as  is  claimed,  it  offers  illustration  of  the  power  of  selection  in  per¬ 
petuating  an  abnormal  form. 

The  pop  corns  present  a  great  many  varieties,  so  far  as  color  of 
kernel  and  size  of  ear  is  concerned,  but  the  seed  is  generally  so  af¬ 
fected  with  cross-fertilization  as  not  to  generally  furnish  ears  on 
type,  except  in  those  few  varieties  which  are  grown  commercially. 
Thus  a  White  Pearl  may  yield  four  or  five  distinct  colors,  or  even 
rice  ears;  the  New  England  Pop  usually  bears  some  ears  of  common 
Twelve-rowed,  etc.  When  the  seed  is  pure,  the  pops,  however, 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  24 


186 


[Assembly 


yield  with  trueness  to  type.  We  have  preferred  describing  but  a 
few  typical  varieties,  but  a  collection  could  be  easily  made  which 
would  count  large  numbers,  and  present  many  points  of  minor  diver¬ 
gence.  The  species  is  a  very  distinct  one,  and  a  pop  corn  cannot  be 
readily  confounded  with  a  flint  or  any  other  species,  and  the  races 
are  more  readily  distinguishable  to  the  eye  than  by  description. 

Zea  Mays  L.  Var.  Vaginata,  the  Pod  Corns. 

There  is  a  class  of  corns  which  deserve  description  by  themselves 
from  their  peculiarity  of  bearing  each  kernel,  as  well  as  the  ear,  in¬ 
closed  in  a  husk.  These  are  the  Pod  Corns,  also  called  Husk  corn, 
Texas  corn,  Paraguay  corn,  Oregon  corn,  Pocky  Mountain  corn, 
Wild  corn,  California  corn.  Cow  corn,  etc.  These,  through  the 
structure  of  their  kernels  and  the  shape  of  their  ears,  can  be  referred 
to  their  several  agricultural  species,  so  far  as  we  have  had  sample 
ears.  Thus  far  we  have  had  specimen  ears  of  Sweet,  Flint  and  Dent 
corns  of  the  pod  variety,  and  we  have  known  of  two  cases  where  a 
few  podded  kernels  have  appeared  in  crops  of  the  Canada  type  of 
corn,  and  have  been  told,  authenticated  by  specimens,  of  the  occur¬ 
rence  of  fully  podded  ears  in  crops  from  Blount’s  Prolific  dent  seed. 
As  yet,  however,  our  collections  have  been  insufficient  for  a  carefr1 
study. 


Index  to  Sweet  Corns.  :: 


Amber  Cream,  No.  20. 

Asylum,  No.  21. 

Black  Mexican,  No.  14. 

Sugar,  Nos.  14,  25. 

Sweet,  No.  14. 

Brighton  Orange ,  No .  16. 

Burr’s  Improved,  No.  31. 

Clark’s  Old  Colony,  No.  28. 

Crosby’s  Early,  No.  18. 

Early  Twelve-voiced ,  No.  18. 
Darling’s  Early,  No.  9. 

Dolly  Dutton,  No.  7. 

Dwarf  Early,  No.  10. 

Early  Concord,  No.  19. 

Excelsior  No.  27. 

Genesee  No.  17. 

Marblehead  No.  2. 

Minnesota  No.  5. 
Narragansett,  No.  3. 

,  Orange ,  No.  16. 

Sweet ,  No.  11. 

Egyptian,  No.  29. 

Eight-rowed  Early,  No.  11. 
Evergreen,  No.  22. 

Excelsior,  No.  27. 

Extra  Early  Crosby ,  No.  18. 

Dwarf ,  No.  10. 
Marblehead,  No.  2. 
Ford’s  Early,  No.  5. 


Genesee,  No.  17. 

Golden,  No.  24. 

Eight-rowed,  No.  13. 
Hickox,  No.  22. 

Improved,  No.  22. 
Landreth,  No.  30. 

Lanclreth's  Sugar  No.  30. 
Mammoth,  No.  23. 

Marblehead,  No.  2. 

Mammoth,  No.  23. 
Minnesota,  No.  5. 

Moore’s  Concord,  No.  19. 

Early,  No.  19. 

Early  Concord,  No.  19. 
Narragansett,  No.  3. 

Ne  Plus  Ultra,  No.  33. 

New  Triumph,  No.  12. 

Orange,  No.  16. 

Potter’s  Excelsior,  No.  27. 
Pratt’s  Early,  No.  1. 

Red  Cob,  No.  15. 

River,  No.  4. 

Slate  Sweet ,  No.  14. 

Squantum,  No.  26. 

Stowell’s  Evergreen,  No.  32. 
Tom  Thumb,  No.  6. 

Triumph,  No.  12. 

Washington  Market,  No.  29. 
Wyoming,  No.  8. 


*  Synonyms  in  Italics. 


Index  to  Flint  Corns. 


African  Maize,  E.  I.,  No.  89. 

Blue  Flint,  No.  1. 

Twelve-rowed,  No.  28. 

Canada,  Nos.  2,  21. 

Twelve-rowed,  No.  29. 
Chadwick,  No.  3. 

Chinese  Golden,  No.  39. 

Compton’s  Early,  No.  30. 

Surprise,  No.  30. 
Connecticut  White,  No.  16. 

Cuban,  No.  40. 

Dutton,  Nos.  31,  34. 

Early  Canada,  Nos.  2,  21. 

Dutton,  No.  31. 

Summer  Flint,  No.  31. 
Eight-rowed  Brown,  Nos.  11,  12. 

Copper  Colored,  No.  11. 
Red  Glazed,  No.  13. 
White,  No.  17. 

Yellow,  No.  9. 

Elm's  Early  Yellow  Field,  No.  8. 
Flesh  Colored,  No.  10. 

Forty  Days,  No.  14. 

Franklin’s  Yellow,  No.  41. 

French  Yellow  Six  Weeks,  No.  38. 
Golden  Dew  Drop,  No.  7. 

Yellow,  No.  42. 

Hominy,  No.  38. 


Improved  King  Philip,  Nos.  11,  25. 
Japanese  Striped,  No.  44. 

Killam,  No.  22. 

Lackawaxen,  No.  18. 

Landreth’s  Earliest  Yellow ,  No.  29. 
Large  White  Flint,  No.  33. 

Long  Yellow,  Nos.  9,  23. 

Canada,  No.  4. 
Longfellow,  No.  8. 

New  England  Eiglit-rowed ,  No.  21. 

Twelve-rowed,  No  32. 
Orange  Flint,  No.  6. 

Pennsylvania  Yellow,  No.  24. 

Pierce’s  Columbia,  No.  4. 

Improved  Canada,  No.  4. 
Twelve-rowed  Canada,  No.  31. 
Red  Blazed,  No.  26. 

Rhode  Island  White  Cap.  No.  15. 
Rural  Thoroughbred,  No.  20. 

Sanford,  No.  19. 

Silver  White,  No.  17. 

Smoke  Dutton,  No.  35. 

Topover,  No.  43. 

Twelve-rowed  White,  No.  36. 
Wausliakum,  No.  5. 

White  Australian,  No.  17. 

White  Flint,  Nos.  18,  27. 


Index  to  Dent  Corns. 


Adams'  Dent,  No.  18. 

Early,  No.  39. 

Extra  Early,  No.  38. 

African,  E.  3,  No.  37. 

Baldwin’s  Branching,  No.  3. 

Benton  Wrhite,  No.  6. 

Y'ellow,  No.  1. 

Bessarabia,  No.  40. 

Blount’s  Prolific,  Nos.  4,  5. 

Brindle  Dent,  No.  2. 

Caragua,  No.  8. 

Carolina  Shoe  Peg,  No.  32. 

Cary,  Nos.  1,  43. 

Nos.  2,  35. 

Cherokee,  No.  27. 

Chester  Co.  Gourd  Seed,  No.  21. 

Mammoth,  Nos.  21,  22. 
Cloud’s  Early  Mammoth  Chester,  No.  22. 
Common ,  Nos.  40,  41. 

Tennessee,  No.  34. 

Evans  No.  23. 

Farmers  Favorite,  No.  14. 

Golden  Dent,  No.  14. 

Fox,  No.  24. 

Goddard’s  Pride  of  the  North,  No.  12. 
Golden,  No.  18. 

Goodwin’s  Red,  No.  25. 

Hathaway,  No.  17. 

Illinois  White,  No.  45. 


Yellow,  No.  19. 

Improved  Blount’s  Prolific,  No.  5. 
Learning,  No.  18. 

Little  Premium,  No.  24. 

Long  Island  Twelve-rowed,  No.  9. 
Wrhite,  No.  7. 

Tom,  No.  36. 

Mammoth  Chester  Co.  Early,  No.  20. 
Maryland  Prolific,  No.  30. 

White,  No.  40. 

Minnesota  Dent,  No.  16. 

North  Star,  No.  16. 

Parrish,  No.  46. 

Premium  Chester  Co.  Mammoth,  No.  21. 
Pride  of  the  North,  No.  12. 

Proctor’s  Bread,  No.  47. 

Prolific,  No.  5. 

Queen  of  the  Prairie,  No.  15. 

Shoe  Peg,  No.  42. 

Sibley’s  Mammoth,  No.  34. 

Pride  of  the  North,  No.  12. 
Sixty  Day,  No.  1 1 . 

Smedley,  No.  13. 

Southern  Prolific,  No.  23 
Strawberry,  No.  29. 

The  Crowder,  No.  44. 

Thompson  Dent,  No.  41. 

Upchurch’s  Red,  No.  26. 

Strawberry,  No.  28. 


188 


[Assembly  No.  33.] 


Watson,  No.  33. 

White  Dent,  Nos.  31,  45. 

White  Maryland  Gourd  Seed,  No.  41. 


Whitney,  No.  45. 

Wisconsin  Yellow,  No.  11. 
Wright,  No.  10. 

Yankee ,  No,  1. 


Index  to  Soft  Corns. 


Cuzco,  No.  12. 

Mandan,  No.  2. 
Mummy,  No.  11. 
Nebraska  Black ,  No.  3. 
Omaha,  No.  3. 

Red  River,  No.  1. 
Squaw,  No.  2. 


Tuscarora,  No.  5. 

Zuni  Black,  No.  10. 

Blue,  No.  8. 

Purple,  No.  9. 
Purple-spotted,  No.  4. 
White,  No.  6. 

Yellow,  No.  7. 


Index  to  Pop  Corns. 


Bears  Foot,  No.  10. 

Black,  No.  5. 

Blue,  No.  8. 

Cobbett’s  Corn,  No.  5. 

Common  Twelve-rowed,  No.  3. 
Dwarf  Golden,  No.  4. 
Egyptian,  No.  9. 

Golden,  No.  5. 

Miniature,  No.  6. 


New  England,  No.  1. 
Nonpareil,  No.  1. 
Pearl,  No.  7. 
Quarantino ,  No.  5. 
Silver-laced,  No.  2. 
Small  Pearl,  No.  5£. 
Small  White,  No.  3. 
White  Rice ,  No.  9. 


REPORT 


OF  THE 

HORTICULTURIST. 


INTRODUCTION.  ' 

The  chief  work  attempted  in  the  station  garden  the  past  season 

has  ^00]^  • 

1st.  The  continuation  of  our  test  of  varieties  and  the  determina¬ 
tion  of  synonyms. 

2d.  Testing  seeds  gathered  at  different  stages  of  maturity ;  from 
different  parts  of  the  plant ;  and  seeds  maturing  at  different  times ; 
in  order  to  note  the  influence  of  these  conditions  upon  the  resultant 

plants.  . 

3d.  A  continuation  of  the  testing  of  insecticides  ;  and 

4th.  Making  an  examination  of  the  root  systems  of  our  garden 

plants.  . 

Besides  this  general  work,  many  special  experiments  have  been 

performed  upon  the  different  crops  grown  in  the  garden,  the  details 
of  which  will  appear  in  the  proper  places. 

In  the  first  division  of  our  work,  we  have  been  greatly  aided  by  a 
gift  from  Messrs.  Adlmorm,  Andrieux  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  of  about  five 
hundred  varieties  of  vegetable  seeds.  The  efforts  that  these  gentle¬ 
men  have  made  in  establishing  synonyms  in  their  own  trial  grounds 
is  the  very  best  certificate  that  the  seeds  received  from  them  are  both 
true  to  name,  and  of  distinct  varieties.  We  have  thus  felt  secure  m 
using  these  varieties  as  standards  with  which  to  compare  others  of 
doubtful  purity. 

A  more  favorable  season,  and  the  acquisition  of  many  new 
varieties  have  enabled  us  to  carry  the  work  of  description  and  class¬ 
ification  much  further  than  was  possible  in  1883.  The  results  of  our 
work,  though  gradually  assuming  shape,  are  not  as  yet  sufficiently 
complete  for  presentation. 

The  Importance  of  Accurate  Nomenclature. 

We  need  hardly  say  that  it  is  extremely  desirable  that  each 
variety  of  vegetable  should  be  known  among  both  seedsmen  and 


190 


[Assembly 


gardeners  under  one  distinctive  name.  In  our  study  of  vegetables 
during  the  past  three  years,  we  have  frequently  been  surprised  to 
find  how  well  the  distinguishing  characters  of  vegetables  are  pre¬ 
served  through  the  carefulness  exercised  by  seed  growers,  even  within 
species  in  which  the  varieties  tend  constantly  to  cross-fertilize.  We 
find  that  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  where  we  have  a  carefully 
prepared  description  of  a  given  variety,  the  seed  purchased  under 
that  name  produces  plants  of  which  the  principal  characters  agree 
with  the  description.  Our  own  experience  teaches  us  that  in  many 
of  our  garden  vegetables,  conformity  to  type  can  only  be  secured  by 
the  most  careful  selection  and  separation  of  seed  plants.  With 
these  what  seem  difficult  results  so  well  attained,  it  seems  a  great 
pity  that  the  benefits  of  this  careful  seed  breeding  should  be  so 
largely  lost  through  the  prevailing  careless  system  of  nomenclature. 
We  are  dwelling  somewhat  largely  upon  this  subject,  because  it 
seems  to  us  that  its  importance  demands  reform.  We  need  only  to 
refer  the  reader  to  the  paragraph  on  the  French  Forcing  carrot,  on 
p.  ,  and  upon  the  synonyms  of  early  peas,  p.  of  this  report 
for  an  example  of  the  truth  of  our  statements. 

It  is  evident  that  reform  in  a  nomenclature  that  has  once  become 
confused  can  only  be  accomplished  through  the  agreement  of  those 
who  disseminate  the  seeds.  It  has  seemed  to  us,  that  one  of  the 
most  valuable  works  that  can  be  carried  on  at  our  station  is  an  at¬ 
tempt  to  establish  a  true  nomenclature  and  description  of  the 
varieties  of  vegetables  grown  in  our  country,  and  the  bringing  to¬ 
gether  as  synonyms  all  the  names  that  are  applied  to  each  individual 
variety.  This  is  a  work  of  magnitude,  and  one  that  requires  much 
careful  observation.  It  is  also  a  work  that  necessitates  the  study  of 
many  varieties  under  different  conditions  of  soil  and  climate. 

It  is  our  earnest  hope  that  the  work  we  are  undertaking  may  ap¬ 
prove  itself  to  those  interested  in  the  subject,  both  from  its  intrinsic 
importance,  and  the  careful  manner  in  which  we  are  endeavoring  to 
perform  it.  We  shall  esteem  it  a  favor  if  any  person  well  informed 
upon  varieties  in  any  garden  vegetable,  who  discovers  an  obvious 
mistake  in  our  decisions,  will  communicate  the  fact  to  us.  Also,  we 
desire  that  any  grower  of  vegetables  who  is  led  to  suspect  that  any 
two  names  are  synonyms  should  inform  us  of  the  fact  that  we  may 
verify  his  opinions.  Finally,  we  shall  be  much  pleased  to  discover 
that  through  the  influence  of  our  work  in  this  direction,,  the  names 
of  varieties  in  the  catalogues  of  our  seedsmen  are  gradually  becoming 
simplified  and  of  uniform  wording. 

In  the  second  division  of  our  work  we  found  difficulties  through 
the  cross-fertilization  -of  varieties  that  rendered  our  experiments 
nearly  useless  in  the  case  of  the  onion,  radish,  beet  and  carrot. 
These  difficulties  were  not  entirely  unexpected.  .  The  seeds  used 
were,  of  necessity,  gathered  from  the  Station  garden,  and  in  attempt¬ 
ing  duplicate  experiments  with  different  varieties  we  incurred  the 
danger  of  cross-fertilization.  In  some  other  vegetables  also  the  dit- 
ferences  in  results  are  so  obscure  as  to  suggest  no  deductions  ;  but 


191 


No.  33.] 

amid  these  discouragements  we  tind  sufficient  hope  in  the  outcome 
of  a  few  plantings  to  give  the  impression  that  our  efforts  in  this  di¬ 
rection  promise  valuable  results,  and  justify  further  experiments 
upon  a  larger  scale. 

Our  experiments  with  insecticides  have  been  rewarded  with  a 
reasonable  degree  of  success. 

We  desire  here  to  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  to  our  Assistant, 
Mr.  O.  E.  Liess,  whose  faithfulness  in  taking  notes  and  ready  zeal  are 
deserving  of  favorable  mention. 

Abbreviations : 

As  we  have  frequent  occasion  to  mention  the  names  of  seedsmen, 
we  will  use  the  following  abbreviations  in  order  to  economize  space. 
When  one  of  these  is  attached  to  the  name  of  variety,  it  indicates 
that  the  seed  was  obtained  from  the  party  corresponding  to  the  ab¬ 
breviation.  When  a  date  is  also  appended,  it  indicates  that  the  seed 
was  obtained  in  the  year  specified.  When  no  date  is  appended  it  is 
understood  to  be  1881. 

B.  M.  &  Co.  Benson,  Maine  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Batch.  D.  Batchelor,  Utica,  N.  Y. 

Ben.  Ernst  Benary,  Erfurt,  Germany. 

Bliss.  B.  K.  Bliss  &  Sons,  31  Barclay  St.,  N.  Y. 

Clev.  A.  B.  Cleveland,  Cape  Vincent,  N.  Y. 

Dam.  Darnman  &  Co.,  Italy. 

Fer.  D.  M.  Ferry  &  Co.,  Detroit,  Michigan. 

Greg.  J.  J.  H.  Gregory,  Marblehead,  Mass. 

Hen.  Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  35  &  37  Cortland  St.,  N.  Y. 

Hors.  F.  H.  Horsford,  Charlotte,  Vt. 

Fan.  David  Landreth  &  Sons,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Sib.  Hiram  Sibley  &  Co.,  Boehester,  N.  Y. 

Till.  I.  Tillinghast,  La  Plume,  Pa. 

Thor.  J.  M.  Thorburn  &  Co.,  15  John  St.,  N.  Y. 

Vil.  Vilmorin,  Andrieux  &  Co.,  Paris,  France. 

“  Gard .  Chron .”  is  used  as  an  abbreviation  for  the  “  Gardener’s 
Chronicle,  London  ;  Fr.  is  used  as  an  abbreviation  for  French,  Ger. 
for  German,  and  Syn.  for  synonym. 

Beet.  — Test  of  Varieties. 

We  tested  the  past  season  eleven  so-called  varieties  of  garden  beet, 
one  of  Chard,  fourteen  of  Mangel  Wurzel,  and  eleven  of  Sugar  beet. 
The  seeds  were  planted  April  21,  in  rows  ten  feet  long  ;  two  rows 
each  of  the  garden  beets  and  chard,  and  one  of  the  Mangels  and 
Sugar  beets.  In  order  to  ascertain  the  percentage  of  vegetation, 
one  hundred  seed  cases  from  each  package  were  carefully  counted  in. 

The  soil  was  manured  with  a  moderate  application  of  stable  ma¬ 
nure.  The  rows  of  garden  beets  and  cliards  were  twenty-one  inches 
apart,  and  those  of  the  Mangels  and  Sugar  beet  twice  that  distance, 
or  three  and  a  half  feet  apart.  The  plants  were  thinned  to  six 
inches  apart  in  the  row.  We  present  the  time  required  for  vegeta- 


192  [Assembly 


tion,  the  number  of  plants  vegetated,  and  the  number  and  average 
weight  of  the  roots  harvested  in  each  variety,  as  follows : 


a 

c 

■ 

© 

to 

+3 

o 

o 

+3 

cC  • 

03 

03  >> 

Si  es 
©T3 

*  1 

© 

> 

* 

©^ 
o  © 

o  ® 

u  « 

©  ® 

£ 

%  1 

Beet : 

+3  1 

xn  rt 

U 

©w 

fu 

s-a 

& 

>  o  o 
<3 

Dark  Red  Pyriform  or  Strassburg . 

14 

88 

39 

n 

Dwarf  Deep  Blood  Red . 

14 

74 

28 

6 

Knaver’s  Improved  Imperial . 

14 

47 

33 

12 

Landreth7s  V  ery  Early . 

14 

65 

41 

8 

Long  Blood  Red . 

14 

107 

44 

9 

Long  Yellow . 

12 

95 

42 

8 

Red  Covent,  garden . 

14 

38 

33 

3 

Red  Flat  T  re  vise . 

16 

56 

42 

O 

St.  Osyth . 

12 

101 

40 

6 

Swiss  Chard . 

12 

123 

•  • 

•  • 

Whyte’s  Yery  Deep  Blood  Red . 

12 

102 

39 

10 

Y  ellow  Castelnaudary . . . 

12 

55 

33 

5 

Beet-Mangel : 

Golden  Tankard  (Greg.) . 

12 

99 

17 

20 

Golden  Tankard  (Vil.) . 

12 

91 

14 

26 

Long  Red  . 

11 

98 

13 

30 

Long  White  Red  Top . 

11 

96 

18 

25 

Long  Y ellow  White  Flesh . 

11 

102 

13 

33 

Long  White  Green  Top . 

11 

122 

15 

40 

Negro  Red  Fleshed . 

11 

67 

12 

48 

Orange  Globe . 

11 

86 

14 

41 

Red  Globe . 

11 

107 

16 

27 

Red  Oxhorn . 

11 

94 

16 

28 

Webb’s  New  Kinvers’  Yellow  Globe.. . 

11 

107 

17 

2 

Yellow  Globe  (Yil.) . 

11 

84 

14 

24 

Yellow  Globe  (Fer.) . 

11 

74 

16 

25 

Yellow  Mammoth . 

11 

80 

15 

48 

Yellow  Ovoid  Barre’s  or  Intermediate. 

11 

43 

14 

33 

Beet-Sugar : 

Early  Red  Skin . 

11 

80 

16 

23 

German  Small  Rooted . 

11 

122 

16 

29 

Grey  Top . 

11 

99 

17 

15 

Vilmorin’s  Improved  White . 

11 

88 

13 

14 

White  Green  Top . 

13 

37 

18 

21 

White  Green  Top  Brabant . 

11 

79 

13 

19 

White  Red  Top . . 

11 

83 

14 

20 

Yellow  Hesbaye . 

11 

97 

16 

25 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  the  garden  beet,  the  average  weight 
of  the  roots  is  decidedly  less  than  in  the  Sugar  beet  or  mangel,  also 
that  in  the  Vilmorin’s  Improved  Sugar  beet,  which  is  noted  for  its 
richness  in  sugar,  the  roots  average  less  in  weight  than  in  the  other 


varieties  of  Sugar  beet.  In  the  beet,  richness  in  flavor,  and  in  sugar 
accompany  small  size,  hence  in  choosing  a  variety  for  table  use,  we 
should  not  necessarily  select  the  most  productive  one. 

We  do  not  note  the  comparative  earliness  of  the  different  varieties, 
owing  to  the  difficulty  of  securing  a  fair  standard  for  comparison! 
We  note  however  a  rule  which  seems  to  apply  pretty  well  with  all 
the  garden  roots,  and  to  the  onion  also,  viz.,  the  more  depressed  the 
root  or  bulb,  or  in  other  words,  the  ‘‘flatter”  it  is,  the  more  rapid 
is  its  development. 

By  planting  several  samples  of  seed  grown  in  the  station  garden 
in  the  summer  of  1883,  we  learned  the  important  fact  that  the 
varieties  of  this  vegetable  cross-fertilize  by  natural  agencies,  and 
hence  can  only  be  kept  pure  when  grown  separated  some  distance 
from  each  other.  We  made  experimental  plantings  with  seven 
varieties,  sowing  the  earliest,  and  the  latest  ripening  seed  of  each  in 
adjoining  rows.  The  mixed  condition  of  the  crop  renders  deductions 
unsafe.  We  note  however  that  the  earliest  ripe  seed  gave  on  the 
average  considerably  larger  vegetations  than  the  later,  and  that  the 
largest  percentage  of  vegetation  secured  from  any  of  the  beets  was 
from  a  planting  of  the  Early  Blood  Turnip  variety,  the  seed  of  which 
was  gathered  very  green. 

The  TJse  of  Salt  as  a  Fertilizer. 

Common  salt  is  often  recommended  as  a  fertilizer  for  the  beet. 
In  order  to  test  its  efficacy,  we  applied  to  ten  rows  of  the  Half  Long 
Blood  variety,  common  salt  of  the  rate  of,  as  nearly  as  could  be  cah 
culated  one  ton  per  acre,  leaving  ten  adjoining  ’  rows  untreated. 
During  the  growing  season,  a  difference  in 'the  foliage  was  readily 
perceptible,  it  being  decidedly  more  vigorous  on  the  salted  plat. 
The  roots,  however,  failed  to  show  any  marked  effect  from  the  use 
of  the  salt.  The  ten  rows  receiving  no  salt,  yielded  126  lbs.  7  1-4 
oz.  of  roots,  while  the  salted  plat  yielded  129  lbs.  14  oz.,  the  differ¬ 
ence  being  about  three  per  cent  in  favor  of  the  salted  rows. 

Carrot. 

Test  of  Varieties. 

We  tested  in  the  garden  the  list  of  Carrots  named  in  the  following 
table.  The  seeds  were  planted  April  25,  in  rows  ten  feet  long  and 
twenty-one  inches  apart,  one  hundred  seeds  in  each  row.  The  soil 
vvas  manured  as  for  beets,  and  the  plants  were  thinned  where  suffi¬ 
ciently  thick  to  require  it.  We  note  the  time  required  for  vegeta¬ 
tion,  per  cent,  of  vegetation,  and  the  number  and  weight  of  roots 
harvested. 

[Assem.  Doc.  Ho.  33.]  25 


194 


CARROT. 


Danvers  Orange  Half-long .  . 

Early  Short  Scarlet  Horn . 

Early  Very  Short  Scarlet . 

English  Horn  or  Half-long  Pointed-rooted. . 
French  Horn  or  Very  Early  Scarlet  Forcing. 

Gartier’s  Red  Horn . 

Guerande  .  , . 

Guerande  Half-long  Stump-rooted . 

Half-long  Early  Carenton . 

Half-long  Luc . 

Half-long  Scarlet  Nantes . 

Half-long  Scarlet  Stump-rooted . 

James’  Intermediate . 

Large  Pale-red  Flanders . 

Large  Short  Vosges . . 

Large  Yellow  Belgian . 

Long  Lemon . 

Long  Red  St.  Valery . 

Long  Red  Surrey . . . 

Long  Red  Without  Core . . 

Long  Scarlet  Altrincham .  . 

Orange  Belgian . . 

White  Green-top . 

White  Green-topped  D’ortlie . 

White  Transparent . 


[Assembly 


02 

O 


a 

o 

t  •>  . 

i 

© 

bo 

m 

4-1 

o 

.a  a 

bfl  ® 

ci  02 
*  £ 

vy 

> 

£  T3 

0) 

•*— 1  o 
<v 

£  GC 

s*? 

►  1 

cent 

ed. 

O 

.  tn 

©  £ 

^  c 

©  O 

eS 

U  «5 
<U 

a  3 

r* 

2  o 

PU 

£ 

<5 

15 

40 

35 

8 

22 

40 

37 

r* 

22 

25 

20 

7 

18 

‘50 

52 

7 

22 

28 

24 

8 

18 

48 

42 

e 

22 

15 

•9 

18 

22 

25 

22 

12 

22 

39 

29 

7 

22 

33 

29 

9 

22 

30 

26 

9 

22 

36 

37 

7 

22 

41 

36 

7 

22 

22 

19 

10 

22 

29 

24 

10 

22 

9 

3 

13 

22 

16 

15 

9 

15 

73 

69 

6 

22 

36 

36 

ty 

i 

22 

17 

12 

6 

18 

35 

33 

4 

15 

52 

50 

5 

15 

57 

60 

4 

15 

35 

30 

9 

22 

22 

16 

8 

The  Danvers  Orange  Half  Long  (Lan.),  and  Dan  vers  (Fer.  1883), 
seemed  to  he  synonyms  ;  also  Guerande  (Greg.),  and  Guerande  Half 
Long  Stump  Rooted  (Yil.),  and  the  Orange  Belgian  (Yil.),  and 
Large  Yellow  Belgian  (Sib.  1883.)  The  Large  Short  'Vosges  (Yil.), 
was  wrongly  named,  being  the  white  transparent.  The  other  plant¬ 
ings  seemed  distinct,  though  in  several  of  the  half  long  varieties, 
roots  were  plentiful  that  would  pass  equally  well  in  others. 

We  were  favorably  impressed  with  the  Guerande  carrot.  The 
roots  are  half  long  but  very  large  and  quite  regular  in  form.  The 
White  Green  topped  d’ Or  the  is  also  very  productive.  The  French 
Horn  or  Very  Early  Scarlet  Forcing  is  earliest  of  the  varieties 
tested.  This  carrot  is  sold  under  many  other  names,  among  which 
are  French  Forcing,  Early  French  Forcing,  Early  French  Scarlet 
Forcing,  Early  Forcing  Horn,  Earliest  Short  Forcing  Horn,  Early 
Red  Short  Horn,  Earliest  Short  Horn,  Early  Frame,  Early  Short 
Scarlet,  Extra  Early  Forcing,  Early  Scarlet  Forcing,  Early  French 
Short  Horn,  etc. 

The  experimental  plantings  of  carrot  were  so  much  mixed  through 
cross-fertilization,  as  to  be  useless  for  the  purposes  intended. 

Radish. 


Test  of  Varieties. 

We  planted  one  hundred  seeds,  from  each  of  forty-six  differently 


ATo.  33.] 


195 


named  packages  of  radish  seed,  in  the  garden,  April  29,  in  rows  ten 
feet  long  and  twenty-one  inches  apart.  The  soil  was  prepared  as 
for  the  beet.  We  note  the  following  statistics : 


Badish. 


i 

First  vegetation 
in  —  days. 

Per  cent  vege¬ 

tated. 

First  edible  ma¬ 

turity  in— days. 

Became  hollow 

in  —  days. 

First  bloom  in 

—  days. 

First  ripe  seed  in 

—  days. 

.  10 

53 

64 

70 

120 

.  10 

43 

59 

80 

.  10 

46 

49 

70 

63 

122 

.  10 

58 

.  42 

70 

65 

111 

10 

66 

43 

54 

98 

10 

37 

52 

70 

66 

111 

.  10 

51 

52 

70 

72 

115 

.  10 

45 

42 

70 

63 

115 

.  10 

48 

45 

70 

65 

115 

10 

40 

42 

68 

72 

111 

.  10 

74 

49 

64 

65 

111 

.  10 

19 

41 

65 

65 

111 

10 

28 

41 

64 

58 

110 

9 

32 

37 

69 

64 

110 

)  9 

31 

37 

48 

65 

110 

9 

73 

56 

•  •  •  • 

62 

110 

9 

53 

37 

69 

60 

112 

9 

59 

37 

69 

51 

110 

9 

63 

56 

.... 

62 

108 

9 

46 

46 

69 

52 

101 

9 

61 

46 

69 

48 

97 

9 

60 

46 

69 

60 

100 

10 

32 

41 

69 

58 

105 

10 

41 

41 

69 

55 

100 

10 

51 

53 

•  •  • 

74 

115 

9 

48 

38 

62 

63 

101 

9 

59 

38 

67 

59 

106 

9 

47 

38 

67 

52 

106 

9 

37 

38 

69 

69 

129 

9 

76 

51 

69 

62 

109 

10 

21 

41 

63 

63 

109 

9 

28 

44 

#  # 

59 

115 

10 

50 

38 

63 

65 

119 

10 

13 

41 

63 

72 

129 

10 

48 

63 

111 

10 

29 

38 

48 

63 

113 

10 

42 

38 

62 

58 

105 

9 

72 

38 

62 

58 

102 

9 

43 

•  •  .  . 

41 

113 

9 

64 

51 

63 

55 

102 

9 

58 

38 

63 

63 

110 

9 

66 

38 

44 

65 

113 

9 

51 

38 

48 

67 

113 

9 

56 

38 

62 

65 

109 

9 

46 

56 

•  •  •  • 

69 

113 

9 

63 

110 

115 

9 

42 

62 

58 

115 

9 

44 

58 

•  •  • 

55 

119 

9 

21 

38 

62 

73 

119 

9 

34 

39 

69 

58 

105 

9 

52 

36 

69 

49 

110 

9 

41 

44 

69 

58 

110 

9 

60 

41 

69 

59 

110 

NAME. 


Black  Long  Spanish  Winter . 

Black  Round  Spanish  Wkiter 
Carter’s  Selected  Long  Scarlet... 

Deep  Scarlet  Turnip . . . 

Dayton  .. .- . 

Earliest  Scarlet  Erfurt . ! .. 

Earliest  Short-topped  White. . .  . 
Early  Deep  Scarlet  Olive-shaped. 

Early  Deep  Scarlet  Turnip . 

Early  Long  Scarlet  Short-top 

Early  Purple  Turnip . ’ 

Early  Round  Dark  Red . ....!! 

Early  Scarlet  Prussian  Globe.  ...! 
Early  Scarlet  Turnip  (Yil.) . 


Early  White  Giant  Stuttgart . 

Early  White  Small  Turnip . . 

Garnet  Turnip .  .  ” 

Giant  Stuttgart  Summer  . . !. !!" 

Golden  Globe . . . 

Golden  Yellow  Turnip . ..! 

Grey  Round  Summer . 

Grey  Summer  Turnip  (Thor.) . !.! 

Grey  Summer  Turnip  (Hen.) . 

Grey  Winter  from  Laon . 

Half  long  Deep  Scarlet .  ! ! 

Large  White  Summer  Turnip . . 

Long  Purple .  . 

Long  Scarlet  Salmon . 

Long  White  Naples . 

Long  White  Vienna . 

London  Particular  Long  Scarlet  ...!!. 
Market  Gardener’s  Early  Long  Scarlet 

Normandy  or  Marais . 

Purple  Large  Gournay  Winter . 

Purple  Olive  Shaped  White-tipped _ 

Purple  Turnip .  . 

Purple  Turnip  White-tipped . .’ 

Raphanus  Caudatus . 

Scai let  China  Winter . . . 

Scarlet  Olive-shaped . 

Scarlet  Olive-  shaped  White-tipped  . . 

Scarlet  Turnip . . . . 

Scarlet  Turnip  White-tipped.!! _ .!!! 

Small  Black  Summer . 

Very  Large  Russian  Winter . ! ! ! 

White  Crooked . . 

Large  Spanish  Winter . 

White  Olive-shaped  . 

White  Strassburg  or  White  Hospital !! 

White  Strassburg  Summer . 

White  Turnip . 

Yellow  Summer  Turnip  ..!  .!!!!!!!.  !!!. 


<D 

0> 

CO 

<D  to 

•r  ce 

r 

§  1 


155 

155 

137 

124 

137 

155 

137 

127 

155 

155 

127 

136 

139 

126 

139 

139 
126 

140 
121 
121 

135 
126 
126 

136 
136 
136 
134 

141 
136 
136 
154 


139 

136 

136 

126 

121 

126 

136 

136 

136 

126 

154 

136 

139 

139 

139 

139 

139 

126 


196 


[Assembly 


It  appears  that  the  Early  Scarlet  Turnip,  Early  White  Small  Tur¬ 
nip  and  Garnet  Turnip  were  earliest,  being  fit  for  table  use  in  thirty- 
seven  days.  Several  others,  however,  were  noted  only  one  day  later. 
We  think  the  early  White  Turnip  retains  its  solidity  longer  than 
the  other  two,  but  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  less  tender  and  more  acrid. 

As  will  appear,  seven  of  the  names  are  of  winter  radishes.  These 
are  not  strictly  comparable  with  the  others,  but  as  our  object  in 
growing  them  was  to  secure  descriptions  of  the  varieties,  we  planted 
the  two  classes  together  as  a  matter  of  convenience. 

The  JFtaphanus  caudatus  or  Serpent  radish  is  of  interest,  as  the 
seed  pods,  and  not  the  root,  is  the  part  that  has  been  developed  in 
cultivation.  These  are  of  about  double  the  size  of  those  of  the  com¬ 
mon  radish,  and  they  are  used  as  a  salad  like  the  root  of  the  latter, 
or  are  prepared  in  vinegar,  and  used  as  a  pickle. 

Synonyms . 

After  a  very  careful  scrutiny  of  the  plants  in  the  different  rows, 
we  pronounced  the  following  names  as  synonyms. 

Early  Round  Dark  Red  (Hen.),  Early  Deep  Scarlet  (Vil.),  and 
Deep  Scarlet  Turnip  (Thor.) 

Early  Scarlet  Turnip  (Vil.)  and  Early  Scarlet  or  Red  Turnip  (Sib. 
1883.) 

Scarlet  Turnip,  White  Tipped  (Vil.),  and  Early  Scarlet  Turnip 
with  White  Tail  (Thor.) 

Yellow  Summer  Turnip  (Thor.)  and  Golden  Yellow  Turnip  (Vil.) 

Early  White  Giant  Stuttgart  (Vil.)  and  Giant  Stuttgart  Summer 
(Thor.) 

The  plants  of  several  of  the  other  names  have  a  very  close  resem¬ 
blance,  but  we  will  not  pronounce  upon  them  until  another  season's 
trial. 


Experiments. 

We  made  several  experimental  plantings  of  radish,  including  green 
and  ripe  seed,  seed  from  terminal  stalk  and  from  lower  branches  ; 
first  and  last  ripeseeds,  etc.  As  we  gathered  the  seeds  planted 
from  different  varieties  growing  in  proximity,  the  resulting  plants 
were  so  far  cross-fertilized  as  to  render  deductions  unsafe.  We 
note,  however,  one  interesting  fact.  A  plant,  the  seeds  of  which 
were  all  quite  green,  was  pulled  and  hung  up  in  the  seed  room 
to  dry.  A  few  pods  were  picked  from  it  at  the  time  it  was 
pulled,  and  after  drying,  preserved  in  a  separate  package.  The  seeds 
from  the  pods  dried  on  the  plant  vegetated  eighty-one  per  cent, 
while  those  picked  from  the  plant  vegetated  but  three  per  cent,  and 
these .  few  vegetated  plants  were  so  feeble  that  they  soon  perished. 

We  made  several  experiments  with  the  view  of  avoiding  the  in¬ 
jury  from  the  radish  fly,  Anthomyia  raphani ,  which  has  proved  so 
injurious  to  the  roots  of  radish  on  our  soil  in  previous  years.  On 
May  21,  we  passed  a  small  quantity  of  tobacco  leaves  through  a  feed 


No.  33.] 


197 


cutter,  and  applied  tlie  clippings  thus  obtained  to  one-half  each  of 
twenty-eight  rows  of  radish,  spreading  them  thinly  upon  the  soil 
for  a  width  of  three  inches  upon  each  side  of  the  rows,  sprinkling 
on  enough  dirt  to  prevent  the  wind  from  blowing  them  away.  The 
foliage  in  the  half  of  the  rows  treated  with  the  tobacco  clippings 
soon  became  more  vigorous  than  the  other  half,  and  we  hoped  to 
find  that  the  roots  of  these  plants  contained  fewer  maggots.  In  this, 
however,  we  were  disappointed.  When  the  roots  were  sufficiently 
large  for  use,  we  found  that  those  treated  with  the  tobacco  clip¬ 
pings  contained  no  fewer  maggots  than  the  others.  Indeed  in  many 
cases  they  contained  more. 

Growing  the  radish  in  a  frame  of  boards  had  no  apparent  effect 
in  keeping  away  the  maggot,  though  it  largely  prevented  the  attacks 
of  the  flea-beetle. 

In«the  spring  of  1883  we  applied  a  very  liberal  dressing  of  coal 
ashes  upon  a  small  plat  of  ground,  and  after  forking  over  the  soil, 
planted  it  with  radish  seed.  The  roots  produced 'were  nearly  or 
quite  as  badly  infested -with  the  maggot  as  others  grown  without  an 
application  of  the  ashes.  Last  spring  we  again  planted  the  plat 
with  radish  seed,  and  were  surprised  to  find  that  the  roots  produced 
were  almost  entirely  free  from  maggots.  We  followed  the  first 
crop  with  a  second,  and  this  with  a  third,  with  the  same  result.  All 
the  roots  grown  on  this  plat  were  free  from  the  maggot.  We  are 
led  to  believe,  therefore,  that  soil  in  which  an  abundance  of  coal 
ashes  is  thoroughly  mixed  will  produce  radishes  free  from  the 
larvae  of  the  radish  fly.  We  purpose  carrying  the  experiments  far¬ 
ther  the  coming  season. 

For  details  of  experiments  upon  the  flea-beetle,  TIaltica  striolata , 
see  the  paragraph  on  insecticides. 

Radishes  planted  late  in  spring,  or  during  the  summer,  do  not 
usually  succeed  well.  We  found,  however,  that  by  mulching  the  soil, 
after  planting  the  seed,  with  a  layer  half  an  inch  thick  fof  grass,  and 
watering  the  bed  every  evening  when  dry,  until  the  plants  were 
well  up,  a  very  good  crop  was  the  result. 

Turnip. 

Test  of  Varieties. 

We  planted  seed  of  fifty  so-called  varieties  of  turnip  in  the  gar¬ 
den  July  24,  in  rows  ten  feet  long  and  three  and  one-half  feet 
apart,  one  row  of  each  variety.  The  plants  were  thinned  when  of 
pioper  size  to  about  four  inches  apart  in  the  row.  Owing  to  a  se¬ 
vere  drought  in  August,  the  plants  made  very  little  growth  until 
September. 

We  note  the  time  when  the  varieties  were  fit  for  the  table,  the 
number  of  roots  harvested  in  each,  and  the  average  weight  of  the 
roots. 


198 


[Assembly 


Turnip. 

At  Average 

edible  Number  weight 
maturity  of  roots  per  root. 


in-days. 

harvested. 

Ounces. 

Black  Long . 

. .  86 

18 

2 

Chirk  Castle  Black  Stone . 

..  81 

18 

2 

Carter’s  Stone  or  Stubble . 

. .  81 

12 

3 

Cow  Horn  Strap-leaf . 

..  86 

10 

3 

Early  Purple  Top  Munich  . . . . 

..  69 

29 

3 

Early  Red  Top  Auvergne  Plat ...... 

. .  86 

13 

3 

Early  Red  Top  Flat  Garden . . . 

..  81 

19 

2 

Early  Red  Strap -leaf .  . 

..  69 

18 

3 

Early  tone  or  Stubble  . 

86 

12 

2 

Early  White  Flat  Hutch  Garden.  .  . . 

..  69 

21 

.  4 

Early  White  Strap-leaf . 

..  69 

24 

4 

Extra  Early  French . 

..  81 

24 

5 

Early  White  Flat  Dutch  Strap-leaf. . 

..  81  • 

18 

4 

Freneuse  . 

..  86 

15 

3 

Grey  Luc . 

. .  86 

16 

3 

Grey  Morigny . 

..  81 

21 

ms 

0 

Golden  Stone . 

. .  86 

11 

3 

Green  Globe . 

. .  86 

20 

2 

Green  Barrel . 

..  86 

12 

2 

Jersey  Lily . . 

..  69 

14 

4 

Large  Green  Globe . 

..  86 

9 

3 

Large  Red  Globe . 

..  86 

10 

3 

Large  White  Globe . 

..  86 

15 

4 

Large  White  Globe  Strap-leaf . 

..  81 

12 

2 

Long  Early  White  Vertus  or  Jersey 

. .  81 

22 

0 

Long  Green  Tankard . 

..  86 

9 

4 

Long  Red  Tahkard  (Yil.) . 

..  81 

21 

6 

Long  Red  Tankard  (Till.) . 

. .  81 

11 

3 

Long  White  Tankard . 

..  81 

i 

3 

Long  White  Clairfontaine . . . .  . 

..  86 

15 

3 

Long  White  Meaux  or  Cow  Horn . . 

..  81 

14 

7 

Long  White  Vertus . 

..  81 

15 

9 

Large  Amber  Globe . 

..  69 

13 

6 

Long  White  Strap-leaf . 

..  86 

10 

3 

Milan  Purple  Strap-leaf . 

. .  81 

6 

4 

Milan  Strap-leaf . 

..  69 

3 

0 

Red  Top  Globe  Shape . 

. .  SI 

21 

7 

Round  Early  White  Vertus  . 

. .  69 

13 

6 

Red  Top  Flat  Norfolk . 

..  86 

14 

3 

Snow  White  Olive  Shape . 

..  81 

20 

6 

Seven  Top . . . 

..  98 

13 

3 

White  Flat  or  Globe . 

..  69 

13 

7 

White  Flat  Norfolk . .  . . 

..  87 

9 

5 

White  Six  Week’s  or  Snow. . . 

. .  87 

15 

0 

No.  33.] 


199 


At 

edible 

Number 

Average 

weight 

maturity 

of  roots 

of  roots. 

in-days. 

harvested. 

Ounces. 

Yellow  Stone . ~  • 

.  86 

10 

3 

Yellow JScotch  or  Aberdeen . 

.  98 

10 

3 

Yellow  Dutch . 

.  98 

9 

1 

Yellow  Finland . 

.  86 

13 

2 

Yellow  Flat  Purple  Top  Montmagny. 

.  86 

23 

2 

Yellow  Malta . 

.  98 

7 

2 

Ruta  Bciga . 


Skirving’s  Purple-top  Yellow . 

99 

Id 

25 

White . : . 

99 

Id 

30 

White  Purple  Top . 

99 

9 

36 

White  Smooth  Short-leaf . 

99 

15 

20 

Yellow  Champion . 

99 

9 

38 

Yellow  Green  Top . 

99 

9 

28 

Yellow  Purple  Top . 

99 

12 

26 

All  of  the  plantings  had  vegetated 

on  the 

fourth 

day  after 

sowing. 

The  time  when  the  turnip  is  fit  for  table  use  is  necessarily  rather 
indefinite.  tOur  figures,  however,  will  serve  to  show  the  comparative 
rapidity  with  which  the  different  plantings  developed.  It  appears 
that  the  Early  Purple-topped  Munich,  Early  Red  Strap-leaf,  Early 
White  Flat  Dutch  Garden,  Early  White  Strap-leaf,  Jersey  Lily,  Large 
Amber  Globe,  Milan  Strap-leaf,  and  Round  Early  White  Vertus 
were  all  noted  as  being  fit  for  table  use  in  sixty-nine  days  from 
planting.  *  It  appears  that  the  Milan  Strap-leaf  produced  the 
largest  roots,  though  very  few  of  the  plants  survived.  The  Red  Top 
Globe  Shaped  was  most  productive. 


t 


Experiments. 

We  made  experimental  plantings  of  turnip  seed  gathered  at  the 
Station  in  1883,  in  order  to  compare  the  crop  produced  by  the 
largest  and  smallest  seeds;  from  ripe  and  unripe  seeds;  and  from 
seeds  of  the  terminal  stalk,  and  from  the  lowest  branches.  Some  of 
the  plantings  showed  evidences  of  cross-fertilization,  and  therefore 
we  regard  our  results  as  only  suggestive. 

In  planting  the  larger  and  smaller  seeds,  we  used  ‘those  of  the 
Early  Dutch  variety,  sifting  them  in  a  sieve,  which  permitted  about 
half  to  pass  through.  Thirty-seven  roots  from  the  larger  seeds 
averaged  very  nearly  seven  and  one-third  ounces  each,  while  forty- 
six  roots  from  the  smaller  seeds  averaged  very  nearly  seven*  and  a 
half  ounces  each. 

In  the  plantings  of  the  ripe  and  unripe  seeds,  we  used  the  Early 
Dutch  variety.  Fifteen  roots  from  the  seeds  gathered  slightly 


200  [Assembly 

green,  averaged  four  and  a  half  ounces  each,  while  thirty-four  roots 
from  fully  ripe  seeds  averaged  six  ounces  each. 

In  the  trial  of  seeds  from  the  terminal  shoot  and  from  the  lower 
branches,  we  used  three  varieties,  viz.  :  Early  Dutch,  lied  Top,  and 


Red  Top  Strap -leaf. 

The  results  were  as  follows  :  » 

From  Terminal  Stalk. 

i 

20  roots,  Early  Dutch  averaged . ,. . . .  0.95  oz.  each. 

17  a  Red  top  u  .  7.59  “ 

23  “  Red  Top  Strap-leaf  averaged .  6.00  “ 

Sixty  roots  of  the  three  varieties  averaged  6.78  oz.  each. 

From  Lower  Branches. 

14  roots,  Early  Dutch  averaged .  4.93  oz.  each. 

16  “  Red' Top  “  6.87  “ 

22  “  Red  Top  Strap-leaf  averaged .  5.32  “ 


Fifty-two  roots  of  the  three  varieties  averaged  5.69  oz.  each. 

In  this  experiment,  it  appears  that  the  roots  grown  from  the  seed 
from  the  terminal  stalk  averaged  slightly  more  than  an  ounce  heavier 
than  those  from  the  seed  from  the  lower  branches. 

I 

Ruta-Baga. 

Seeds  of  the  seven  varieties  of  ruta-bagas  mentioned  in  the  table 
were  planted  in  the  garden  May  24.  All  had  vegetated  the  seventh 
day  after  planting. 

It  appears  that  the  Yellow  Champion  produced  the  largest  roots, 
but  that  the  white  was  most  productive.  A  second  planting  of  the 
same  varieties  was  made  June  23,  which  yielded  very  little  crop. 

Onion. 

Test  of  Varieties. 

We  planted  seeds  from  twenty-five  differently  named  packages  of 
onion  seed,  in  the  garden,  April  25.  A  large  proportion  of  the 
bulbs  failed  to  mature  in  a  majority  of  the  plantings,  and  hence  we 
cannot  give  the  comparative  yields.  After  the  severe  drought  in 
August  a  new  growth  commenced,  which  continued  in  many  of  the 
varieties  until  they  were  harvested,  late  in  October.  We  ascribe 
this  failure  to  ripen,  largely  to  a  want  of  fertility  in  the  soil.  We 
applied  a  liberal  dressing  of  stable  manure  during  the  winter  of 
1883-4,  but  were  obliged  to  rake  it  off  in  the  spring  in  order  to 
permit  the  soil  to  dry  in  season  to  put  in  the  seed.  Thus  we  lost  a 
part  of  the  beneficial  effects  of  the  manure.  As  our  garden  is  not 
yet  three  years  old,  the  soil  is  not  in  proper  condition  for  crops  that 
require  much  fertility. 

Eight  samples  only,  labeled  Bermuda,  Early  Red  Flat,  Early 


No.  33.] 


201 


White  Round,  Extra  Bloomsdale,  Queen,  Very  Early  White  Reine, 
Very  Early  Paris  Silverskin,  and  a  variety  from  Teneriffe,  called 
“  Fegina,r  matured  their  crop  by  the  middle  of  September. 


Experiments. 

We  noted  last  season  that  an  experiment  in  growing  onions  on 
compact  and  loose  subsoil  indicated  that  a  compact  subsoil  is  favor¬ 
able  to  productiveness.  In  order  to  test  this  experiment  further,  we 
marked  off  four  plats,  on  the  first  of  which  we  compacted  the  soil 
as  firmly  as  possible  by  pounding  it  with  a  maul.  On  the  second, 
we  made  the  soil  as  loose  as  possible  by  repeated  forkings ;  the 
third  we  prepared  like  the  first,  and  the  fourth  like  the  second. 
We  then  planted  six  rows,  each  ten  feet  long,  of  Yellow  Danvers 
onion  seed,  in  each  of  the  four  plats,  covering  the  seed  half  an  inch 
deep  with  fine  loam.  The  four  plats  were  treated  alike  during  the 
season.  October  16  the  bulbs  were  harvested,  with  the  following 
result  : 


Plat  1,  compacted  subsoil 
Plat  2,  loosened  subsoil .  . 
Plat  3,  compacted  subsoil 
Plat  4,  loosened  subsoil.  . 


Yielded, 

Weighing, 

No.  of 

solid  bulbs. 

lbs. 

oz. 

Scallions. 

47 

8 

10 

239 

88 

16 

11 

177 

79 

13 

11 

260 

81 

16 

12 

204 

As  will  appear,  the  balance  in  this  experiment  is  in  favor  of  the 
loosened  subsoil.  As  the  crop  was  a  failure  in  all  of  the  plats, 
however,  the  result  cannot  be  considered  decisive,  and  we  must  de¬ 
pend  upon  future  experiments  to  answer  the  question  finally. 

We  made  several  experimental  plantings  with  onion  seed.  In 
four  cases,  in  which  the  earliest  and  latest  ripening  seed  in  the  head 
were  planted  separately,  every  one  gave  the  higher  vegetation  in  the 
later-maturing  seed.  The  varieties  were  Extra  Early  Red,  Red 
Wethersfield,  White  Portugal  and  Yellow  Danvers.  The  average 
vegetation  from  the  earliest  ripening  seed  was  thirty-eight  per  cent, 
and  that  from  the  latest  was  sixty-one  per  cent. 

The  average  vegetation  in  the  twenty-five  varieties  was  forty- 
eight  per  cent*.  It  thus  appears  that  the  earliest  ripening  seed  vege¬ 
tated  below,  and  the  latest  above  the  average.  It  would  seem,  from 
these  results,  that  by  selecting  the  later  ripening  seeds  from  the 
head,  we  may  hope  to  increase  the  vegetative  per  cent  of  onion 
seed. 

In  twro  samples  of  green  seed,  one  of  Red  Wethersfield  and  the 
other  of  White  Portugal,  the  first  vegetated  sixty  per  cent,  and  the 
second  sixty-one  per  cent,  both  vegetating  decidedly  above  the  aver¬ 
age  for  all  the  plantings. 

In  1883  we  selected  from  the  Egyptian  or  Top  onion  the  bulblets 
formed  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  the  secondary  bulblets  which  are 
formed  on  the  short  stems  put  out  from  the  primary  bulblets,  gatli- 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  26 


202 


[Assembly 


ering  also  a  small  quantity  of  the  seed  that  is  formed  on  the  pedun¬ 
cles  that  grow  out  between  the  bulblets.  The  three  selections  were 
planted  in  the  garden  April  25.  The  secondary  bulblets  produced 
larger  bulbs  at  the  base  than  the  primary  ones.  They  formed,  how¬ 
ever,  no  bulblets  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  The  seed  from  the  Top 
onion  vegetated  twenty-nine  per  cent,  and  produced  from  100  seeds 
twenty  small  but  well-matured  bulbs. 

In  1883,  out  of  several  bulbs  of  the  White  Portugal  onion  set 
out  for  seed,  a  single  one  produced  at  the  top  of  one  stalk  a 
bunch  of  bulblets,  instead  of  a  seed-head.  We  planted  these  bulb¬ 
lets,  curious  to  see  whether  they  would  produce  seeds  or  bulblets. 
They  developed  into  enormous  bulbs,  bearing  all  the  characteristics 
of  the  White  Portugal  onion,  and  ripened  off  very  early,  but  showed 
no  inclination  to  produce  a  seed-stalk. 

A  sample  of  onion  seed,  sent  to  the  Station  from  Teneriffe,  under 
the  name  “Fegina,”  produced  very  small  bulbs,  which  matured 
earlier  than  any  other  variety  tested.  These  closely  resembled  those 
of  the  “  Queen  ”  onion,  and  are  possibly  of  this  variety. 

Leek. 


We  planted  100  seeds,  each  of  the  following-named  leeks,  in  the 
garden  April  25,  in  the  manner  as  noted  for  the  onion,  with  the 
following  results : 


LEEK. 

First 

vegetation 
in  —  days. 

Per  cent 
vegetated 

Number  Average 
of  roots  weight  of 
harvested,  roots, 
ounces. 

Broad  Flag  or  London . 

19 

48 

37 

2 

Extra  Large  Carentan . 

19 

60 

45 

1.3 

Large  Rouen . . 

20 

44 

35 

1.3 

Long  Large  Winter . 

20 

47 

37 

1 

Monstrous  Carentan . 

22 

65 

50  , 

.9 

Poitou  Yery  Large  Yellow  .... 

22 

43 

39 

.7 

Rouen  Yery  Large  Winter  .... 

22 

29 

20 

1 

The  Extra  Large  Carentan  and  Monstrous  Carentan  showed  a 
slight  difference  in  the  amount  of  foliage,  as  did  also  the  Large 
Rouen  and  Rouen  Very  Large  Winter.  Whether  this  difference  is 
due  to  a  difference  in  variety,  or -from  some  other  cause,  we  have  no 
means  of  knowing.  With  the  exception  of  the  Poitou  Very.  Large 
Yellow,  in  which  the  foliage  was  a  shade  paler  than  in  the  others, 
the  plants  grown  under  the  different  names  showed  a  very  close  re¬ 
semblance. 

Melon. 

We  were  more  successful  with  the  melon  the  past  season  than  in 
1883,  though  as  will  appear  from  the  table  we  failed  to  secure  a  ripe 
fruit  from  several  varieties.  We  are  compelled  to  do  injustice  in 
some  cases,  for  some  of  the  plantings  that  failed  to  ripen  a  fruit 
would  doubtless  have  done  so,  but  for  pilferings  that  could  not  be 


No.  33.] 


203 


avoided.  The  list  of  names  of  varieties  planted,  and  the  statistics 
noted  are  as  follows  : 

Melon  Musk. 


MUSK  MELON. 

Allen’s  Superb . 

Boston  Pet . 

Cassaba  or  Long  Persian . 

California  Yellow  Fleshed  Citron. 

Chicago  Nutmeg . 

Early  White  Japan . . . 

Extra  Early  Citron . . 

Early  Nutmeg . 

Green  Nutmeg . . . 

Golden  Perfection . 

Green  Persian . 

Hackensack . 

.Improved  Christiana . 

Jenny  Lind . 

Jenny  Lind  Citron . 

Long  Persian . 

Long  Yellow . 

Lanzarote . 

Large  Boston  Nutmeg . 

Montreal  Market . .  . . . . 

New  Surprise . 

Netted  Nutmeg . 

Oblong  Netted . 

Pine  Apple  (Thor.) . 

Pine  Apple  (Fer.) . 

Passy  Canteloupe . 

Prolific  Nutmeg . 

Bound  Yellow  Canteloupe . . 

Bed  Fleshed  Cavaillon . . 

Shaw’s  Golden  Superb . 

Surprise . . 

Ward’s  Nectar . 

White  Japanese . 

MUSK  SCENTED  MELON. 

Pomegranate  (Thor.) . 

WATER  MELON. 

Black  Seeded . 

Dark  Icing  or  Ice  Bind . 

Ice  Cream . 

Landreth’s  Boss . . 

Mountain  Sweet . 

Bed  Seeded . . 

Beedland . 

Seikon . . . 


First 

vegetation 
in  ~  days. 

First 
bloom 
in  —  days. 

First 
ripe  fruit 
in  —  days. 

10 

46 

•  •  •  p 

10 

48 

123 

10 

46 

•  •  •  • 

9 

44 

105 

10 

41 

•  •  •  • 

10  * 

41 

•  •  •  • 

10 

38 

95 

10 

44 

120 

10 

39 

•  •  •  • 

9 

51 

124 

10 

43 

•  •  •  • 

10 

41 

100 

10 

51 

126 

9 

38 

99 

10 

44 

105 

9 

39 

120 

10 

41 

97 

9 

71 

•  •  • 

10 

46 

97 

10 

41 

100 

10 

43 

126 

9 

38 

125 

9 

38 

109 

13 

48 

115 

9 

40 

114 

10 

44 

105 

10 

39 

•  •  • 

13 

62 

121 

9 

72 

•  •  • 

13 

43 

100 

13 

48 

121 

10 

41 

123 

10 

41 

100 

10 

49 

111 

10 

47 

114 

12 

70 

110 

22 

81 

•  •  •  • 

22 

71 

•  •  •  •- 

22 

78^ 

•  •  •  • 

2L 

72 

•  •  •  • 

11 

71 

110 

11 

70 

108 

204 


[Assembly 


It  appears  that  the  Extra  Early  Citron  was  earliest,  giving  its  first 
ripe  fruit  in  ninety-five  days.  Three  other  varieties,  viz.,  Long 
Yellow,  Large  Boston  Nutmeg  and  Jenny  Lind  ripened  one  or 
more  fruits  in  less  than  one  hundred  days. 

The  water  melon  seems  less  suited  to  our  soil  than  the  musk 
melon.  The  earliest  to  ripen  a  fruit  was  the  “  Siekon,”  a  variety 
of  which  the  seeds  were  received  from  Messrs.  Yilmorin,  Andrieux 
&  Co.  of  Paris. 

• 

Synonyms. 

The  musk  melons  planted  under  the  names  “  Jenny  Lind  ”  (Sib. 
1883)  and  “  Jenny  Lind  Citron  ”  (Lan.),  were  evidently  the  same 
variety;  also  those  planted  as  “  Surprise”  (Sib.  1883)  and  “New 
Surprise”  (  ?  1882).  The  Chicago  Nutmeg  and  Prolific  Nutmeg 
had  a  very  striking  resemblance,  as  did  also  the  Early  Nutmeg  and 
Boston  Large  Nutmeg.  Our  evidence,  however,  is  not  as  yet  suffi¬ 
cient  to  warrant  us  in  pronouncing  these  as  synonyms. 


Experiments  in  Pinching  back  Melon  Vines. 

It  has  frequently  been  stated  that  the  earliness  and  productiveness 
of  melons  is  promoted  by  pinching  off  the  ends  of  the  stems  soon 
after  they  commence  to  run.  It  is  claimed  that  the  pinching  back 
stimulates  the  growth  of  branches  on  which  the  female  flowers  are 
chiefly  borne. 

With  the  view  of  attesting  the  truth  of  these  statements,  we 
selected  two  rows  of  Christiana  melons,  each  seventy-five  feet  long. 
In  one  of  these  rows,  commencing  July  18,  we  pinched  off  the  end 
of  every  runner  as  soon  as  it  had  attained  the  length  of  one  and  a 
half  to  two  feet.  In  the  other  row  we  permitted  the  runners  to 
grow  to  their  full  length.  The  results  showed  that  pinching  the 
stems  much  increased  the  number  of  branches,  and  hence  of  the 
female  flowers.  We  noted  that  female  flowers  very  rarely  appear 
on  the  main  stem,  and  on  the  other  hand,  the  first  flower  on  a 
branch  is  almost  invariably  female.  The  second  flower  on  the 
branch  is  sometimes  male  and  sometimes  female.  Beyond  the 
second,  the  flowers  are,  as  on  the  main  stem,  almost  always  male. 
On  August  5,  we  counted  the  flowers  on  fifty  main  stems  and  found 
but  four  female  to  312  male  flowers. 

Our  first  impressions  were  that  the  fruits  formed  on  the  pinched 
row  were  more  numerous  and  earlier  than  on  the  unpinched  row. 
On  August  15,  however,  we  counted  on  the  pinched  row  ninety- 
seven  fruits  exceeding  three  inches  in  diameter,  while  on  the  un¬ 
pinched  row  we  counted  eighty-five  of  the  same  size,  thus  showing 
that  the  difference  in  the  two  rows  was  very  slight. 

The  first  fruit  ripened  on  the  unpinched  row  August  26,  one  day 
earlier  than  that  on  the  pinched  row.  No  perceptible  difference 
appeared  at  this  time  in  the  productiveness  of  the  two  rows. 


It  appears,  therefore,  from  this  experiment  with  the  melon  that  the 
advantage  to  be  gained  by  pinching  the  stems  is  theoretical  rather 
than  real.  The  number  of  fruits  formed  seems  to  bear  little  relation 
to  the  number  of  female  flowers. 

It  would  seem,  however,  that  in  the  case  of  the  cucumber,  when 
grown  for  pickles,  the  productiveness  might  be  very  largely  increased 
by  pinching  the  runners,  for  we  know  that  in  this  plant  the  fruits 
continue  to  form,  limited  only  by  frost,  so  long  as  none  are  per¬ 
mitted  to  ripen.  We  purpose  repeating  this  experiment  the  coming 
season  with  the  cucumber. 

We  note  here  that  in  the  squash,  pumpkin  and  water  melon  the 
female  flower  is  not  usually  produced  on  the  brancli  as  in  the  melon 
and  cucumber.  It  almost  always  appears  at  the  axil  of  a  branch, 
though  branches  often  form  without  a  flower.  As  in  the  melon  and 
cucumber,  the  flowers  on  the  main  stem  (except  when  at  the  axil  of 
a  branch)  are  almost  invariably  male,  as  are  those  on  the  branches 
beyond  the  axillary  flower. 


We  grew  the  following  list  of  squashes,  planting  the  seeds  May  26 
in  the  manner  noted  for  the  melon  : 


SQUASH. 


American  Turban . 

''  Boston  Marrow . 

Brazilian  Sugar . 

Early  Bush . 

Early  Neapolitan . 

Golden  Bush . 

Hubbard . 

Italian  Green-striped . 

Landreth’s  White  Turban .  . . 

Long  Neapolitan . 

New  White  Pine  Apple . 

Olive . 

Patagonia . 

Perfect  Gem . 

Small  China  Turban . 

Summer  Crookneck . 

Valparaiso . 

Warted  Marrow . 

Yellow  Bubango  or  Summer 


c 

• r— • 

d  . 

a 

•  ^4 

d 

m2 

Ut 

G 

Q  . 

A  cS 

i  | 

3t  blc 
days 

-  .2 

&  1 

.2  2 
fc 

10 

58 

68 

11 

56 

85 

22 

73 

98 

10 

45 

59 

10 

64 

109 

10 

46 

72 

10 

56 

67 

10 

54 

71 

11 

71 

93 

11 

71 

•  •  • 

10 

49 

85 

11 

•  • 

•  •  • 

21 

•  • 

•  •  • 

12 

73 

112 

11 

70 

85 

10 

44 

66 

10 

78 

95 

10 

72 

108 

14 

78 

•  •  • 

206 


[Assembly 


The  time  of  ripening  in  the  squash  is  difficult  to  determine.  The 
time  noted  is  based  upon  our  impressions  formed  on  a  very  frequent 
examination  of  the  fruits. 

The  variety  called  Landretli’s  White  Turban  (Lan.)  proved  to  be 
the  same  as  the  New  White  Pine  Apple  (B.  M.  &  Co.)  All  of  the 
other  plantings  seemed  to  be  clearly  distinct.  Seeds  under  the  name 
of  Yellow  Bubango,  or  Summer,  were  sent  to  us  for  trial  from 
Teneriffe.  The  variety  proved  too  late  to  be  of  value  in  this 
climate.  We  will  add,  that  none  of  the  varieties  tested  appeared  to 
possess  any  advantages  over  the  better  known  varieties.  The  New 
White  Pine  Apple  is  a  summer  squash,  resembling  in  quality  the 
Golden  Bush.  The  Small  China  Turban  is  of  very  good  quality, 
but  the  flesh  is  quite  thin,  and  we  have  doubt  about  its  keeping 
qualities.  We  have  noticed  nothing  striking  in  any  of  the  other 
varieties  not  previously  tested. 

W e  would  recommend  the  Early  Bush  for  summer  use,  the  Ameri¬ 
can  Turban,  Boston  Marrow,  Hubbard  and  Perfect  Gem  for  autumn 
and  winter.  The  latter  is  desirable  on  account  of  its  hardiness,  pro¬ 
ductiveness  and  long-keeping  qualities.  For  account  of  our  experi¬ 
ments  upon  the  Squash  Vine  borer  and  other  insects  that  infest  the 
cucurbitaceous  plants,  see  the  article  on  Insecticides. 

Cucumber. 

Test  of  Varieties.  — We  planted  seeds  from  twenty-four  differently 
named  packages  of  cucumber,  in  the  garden  May  26,  in  drills 
ten  feet  long,  sowing  the  seeds  thickly,  one  or  two  to  the  inch.  The 
drills  were  previously  prepared  by  opening  a  slight  furrow,  filling 
this  with  well-rotted  manure  and  covering  the  latter  with  about 
three  inches  of  fine  soil.  We  note  the  time  of  vegetation,  blooming, 
when  of  pickle  size,  when  fit  for  table  use,  and  when  ripe,  as  follows : 


Bismarck . . . 

First  vegctatio 
^  in  — days. 

o 

c 

* 

33 

45 

— }  Pickle  size  in 
O  days. 

© 

s 

*3 

■i-5 

Eh 

70 

<^>  First  ripe  fruit 
Or  —  days. 

Early  Yellow  Dutch . 

Eejina . 

9 

50 

65 

73 

95 

9 

79 

•  • 

122 

•  • 

Grecian  or  Athens . 

9 

45 

70 

70 

95 

Green  Long  China . 

9 

44 

68 

70 

93 

Green  Long  Gladiator . 

9 

47 

74 

77 

93 

Landreth’s  White  Slicing . 

9 

57 

70 

75 

S6 

Large  White  Bonneuil . 

11 

57  • 

66 

70 

'89 

Long  Green  Bedford.' . 

9 

66 

•  • 

86 

127 

Long  Green  Common . 

9 

47 

66 

70 

100 

Long  Green  Smooth  from  Athens . . 

8 

57 

67 

70 

85 

Long  Green  Turkey . . . 

8 

45 

61 

66 

85 

Mun roe's  Yery  Long  Green . 

8 

49 

61 

66 

87 

Netted  Russian . 

8 

40 

59 

63 

67 

No.  33.] 


207 


c 

i 

1 

l 

+3 

ci 

c 

•r^ 

c 

S3 

ujj 

g 

o 

o 

<D 

N 

<D 

N 

V  • 

i 

>  H 

^  0} 

02 

<X>  c/5 

cr. 

c/5 

•—  >» 
**  c£ 

+3  ' 

2  a 

TJ  >» 

©  >. 

'P  1 

ft 

pa 

E 

la's 

E-i 

h  1 
ft 

Peerless . . 

9 

47 

67  N 

67 

86 

Peerless  White  Spine. .  . . 

10 

66 

71 

71 

•  • 

Rabley . 

10 

71 

•  • 

95 

•  • 

Rollison’s  Telegraph . 

10 

66 

7L 

77 

101 

Russian  Small,  Early . 

9 

45 

59 

67 

78 

Small  Green  Pickling  or  Gherkin . . 

9 

49 

67 

70 

86 

Snake  . . . . 

9 

52 

75 

80 

108 

Yery  Long  Green  English  Prickly . 

9 

55 

66 

70 

86 

West  India  Gherkin . . 

22 

66 

82 

86 

127 

White  Early . 

9 

49 

70 

70 

89 

It  appears  that  the  Netted  Russian  was  earliest  in  every  particular. 
This  variety  is  also  sold  under  the  names  Russian  Netted,  Brown 
Netted,  Khiva  Cucumber,  etc.  The  fruit  is  oval  in  form,  and  of 
small  size,  being  about  five  inches  long,  and  three  inches  in  diameter 
when  fully  developed.  The  skin  at  maturity  is  dark  russet  brown, 
covered  with  a  dense  white  net-work,  by  which  characters  it  is 
very  readily  distinguished  from  most  other  varieties.  We  would 
not  recommend  it  as  the  only  variety  to  grow,  as  it  is  less  productive 
than  the  later  sorts,  and  maturing  so  early,  it  would  probably  not 
continue  to  produce  well  throughout  the  season.  The  Peerless 
(Thor.)  and  Peerless  White  Spine  (Greg.),  which  to  all  appearances 
are  identical  as  grown  by  us,  would  doubtless  prove  more  profitable 
as  a  market  variety,  and  perhaps  more  desirable  for  family  use,  ex¬ 
cept  for  the  earliest  crop. 

The  varieties  called  Green  Long  Gladiator,  Long  Green  Bedford, 
Rabley,  and  Rollison’s  Telegraph,  belong  to  the  class  known  in  Eng¬ 
land  as  “ridge”  cucumbers.  These  we  believe  are  intermediate  be¬ 
tween  the  garden  varieties  and  those  known  strictly  as  “  frame 
cucumbers.”  The  latter  mature  only  under  glass.  It  will  be  ob¬ 
served  that  with  the  exception  of  the  Rabley,  all  of  these  matured 
fruits  in  our  garden  the  past  season. 

The  Small  Green  Pickling  or  Gherkin  (Yil.),  and  the  West  India 
Gherkin  (Yil.),  were  identical  as  grown  by  us,  though  the  seeds  of 
both  came  from  the  same  source.  A  cucumber  very  closely  resem¬ 
bling  the  Boston  Pickling  variety  is  sometimes  sold  under  the  name 
Gherkin.  The  Gherkin  is  not  used  for  slicing  on  the  table,  but  only 
for  pickles  for  which  use  the  fruit  is  picked  when  about  half  grown, 
or  when  the  skin  may  be  easily  broken  by  the  finger  nail. 

The  Snake  cucumber  is  more  curious  than  useful,  though  it  is 
sometimes  used  for  pickling.  Though  invariably  called  a  cucumber, 
it  is  botanically  more  nearly  allied  to  the  melon. 

The  Fejina,  of  which  the  seeds  were  sent  to  us  from  Tenerift’e, 
proved  latest  of  all  —  so  late  that  we  learned  little  of  its  qualities. 


208  [Assembly 

For  observations  concerning  the  insects  that  injure  cucumber 
plants,  see  the  article  on  Insecticides. 

Cabbage. 

Test  of  Varieties. 

We  grew  fifty -two  so-called  varieties  of  cabbage,  and  twelve  of 
Savoy,  making  two  plantings  of  the  entire  list,  one  rather  early,  and 
the  other  late. 

The  soil  was  fertilized  before  plowing  with  a  liberal  dressing  of 
barn-yard  manure,  and  just  before  setting  the  plants,  with  a  moder¬ 
ate  application  of  super-phosphate.  Our  soil  is  not  yet  in  a  suffi¬ 
ciently  high  state  of  cultivation  to  produce  the  finest  cabbages,  but 
our  tests  may  not  prove  less  valuable  on  this  account. 

For  the  earlv  planting,  we  planted  the  seeds  in  boxes  in  the  hot¬ 
bed,  March  2d  and  25,  transplanting  eleven  plants  of  each  name  to 
the  garden,  May  2.  The  later  planting  was  made  about  May  25, 
and  a  few  plants  of  each  transplanted  to  the  garden  June  25. 

Owing  to  the  liability  to  mistakes,  we  usually  think  it  best  not  to 
reset  the  plants  that  fail  to  grow  after  transplanting.  We  therefore 
note  in  the  table  in  each  planting,  the  number  of  plants  that ’sur¬ 
vived. 

The  statistics  noted  in  the  two  plantings  are  as  follows : 


No.  33.] 


209 


Cabbage. 


name. 


Bacalan  Early .  , 

Bacalan  Late .  . 

Bloomsdale  Brup.swick . 

Bloomsdale  Bullock  Heart . 

Bloomsdale  Early  Dwarf  Flat  Dutch  . 

Bloomsdale  Early  Market . 

Bloomsdale  Late  Flat  Dutch . 

Berkshire  Beauty . . 

Chou  de  Fumel . 

Dark  Red  Dutch . . 

Dar . 

Drumhead  Early  Dutch . . . 

Early  Cone . 

Early  Dark  Red  Erfurt .  . 

Early  Deep  Head . 

Early  Oxheart . 

Early  Paris .  . 

Early  Winnigstadt  . . 

Early  York . 

Excelsior  Late  Flat  Dutch . 

Fottler’s  Early,  Drumhead  . 

Green  Glazed  American . 

Habas  Drumhead . . 

Henderson's  Premier . 

Ingreville  . . 

Long  Island  Medium  Flat  Dutch . 

Landreth’s  Earliest . 

Laudreth’s  Large  Late  Mountain.  ...  , 

Low’s  Early  Peerless  (Till.) . 

Low’s  Early  Peerless  (Greg.) . 

Large  Brunswick  Short  Stemmed.  ... 

Large  Late  Flat  Brunswick . 

Large  Oxheart.... .  . 

Large  Red  Drumhead . ’ '  *  * 

Large  York . . . 

Late  Flat  Dutch  . ’ 

Late  American  Drumhead .  . 

Landreth’s  Early  Summer  Flat  Head.. 

Marbled  Burgundy . 

Mason’s  Drumhead . *. 

New  Garfield  Pickier .  ” 

Paris  Market,  very  early . 

Pomerian  Pointed  Head . 

Schweinfurt  Quintal . [ 

St.  Dennis’  Large  Drumhead  . 

St.  John’s  Day  Early  Drumhead . 

St.  John’s  Day  Late  Drumhead . 

Sugar  Loaf . 

Tourlaville . 

True  Early  Jersey  Wakefield  ..  ....... 

Vaugirard’s  Winter  Drumhead  ....... 

Very  Early  Etampes . 

= Savoy . — 

Dwarf  Early . 

Golden . 

Green  Globe . . 

Large  Vertus  Drumhead  !  ..!!’.!!!!!. 

Late  Hardy  Winter  Drumhead . 

Long  Headed . 

Norwegian  . 

Small  Early  Ulm  . 

Small  Fine  Curled  Limay . 

Tours . 

Very  Early  Paris . .!!  ’.!  !! 

Victoria,  Very  Curled . . 


Eakly  Planting. 


Late  Planting. 


First  vegetation 

1  in  —  days. 

Per  cent  vege¬ 

tated. 

Number  of  plants 

survived 

First  head  formed 

in  —  days. 

No  heads  formed. 

Average  diameter 

of  heads— inches,  i 

Per  cent  vege¬ 
tated. 

Number  of  plants 

survived. 

First  head  formed 
in  —  days. 

5 

92 

% 

7 

117 

5 

6X 

78 

12 

131 

5 

92 

7 

131 

6 

5X 

82 

17 

103 

** 

i 

70 

6 

133 

6 

6 

60 

1  8 

138 

7 

67 

9 

141 

6 

5 

76 

11 

114 

5 

76 

9 

135 

7 

ex 

76 

16 

1103 

5 

75 

8 

129 

8 

5X 

80 

11 

109 

7 

89 

9 

133 

9 

5X 

80 

12 

103 

5 

85 

9 

140 

9 

5X 

88 

12 

121 

5 

85 

6 

117 

1 

5X 

96 

20 

135 

5 

70 

7 

137 

7 

4X 

64 

12 

122 

0 

72 

6 

147 

4 

5 

88 

16 

144 

7 

72 

6 

117 

6 

6 

76 

14 

116 

7 

56 

’8 

129 

8 

5X 

76 

15 

116 

7 

95 

9 

131 

9 

4X 

96 

19 

109 

4 

86 

9 

139 

9 

4X 

84 

17 

116 

5 

53 

9 

133 

8 

4X 

80 

18 

109 

6 

79 

8 

128 

8 

5X 

80 

10 

109 

5 

100 

8 

133 

7 

5X 

88 

13 

117 

5 

53 

11 

133 

11 

4 

96 

17 

122 

7 

94 

6 

140 

6 

4X 

96 

17 

122 

6 

76 

10 

134 

10 

5X 

100 

9 

107 

5 

83 

6 

•  •  . 

100 

6 

5 

96 

7 

139 

4 

4X 

92 

17 

144 

6 

78 

9 

126 

9 

Vi 

100 

16 

109 

7 

78 

4 

137 

6 

4X 

96 

13 

135 

7 

28 

10 

140 

10 

5X 

48 

2 

116 

5 

75 

10 

133 

10 

6 

100 

17 

107 

7 

67 

10 

148 

9 

4X 

44 

9 

116 

5 

83 

9 

126 

9 

6X 

96 

17 

116 

6 

78 

9 

133 

8 

4X 

96 

12 

107 

7 

94 

<■» 

0 

136 

6 

4X 

96 

12 

116 

7 

93 

10 

136 

8 

5X 

84 

12 

109 

5 

90 

8 

135 

8 

5 

100 

10 

121 

7 

82 

10  i 

136 

10 

414 

100 

13 

122 

7 

69 

9 

133 

9 

4X 

88 

12 

122 

5 

87 

7 

126 

7 

5X 

100 

12 

103 

4 

87 

10 

143 

8 

5 

100 

15 

122 

7 

77 

10 

126 

10 

4X 

92 

14 

107 

7 

88 

9 

138 

9 

4V4 

92 

17 

116 

7 

83 

6 

144 

6 

4X 

100 

8 

120 

7 

91 

10 

156 

6 

2X 

84 

8 

122 

5 

72 

10 

123 

10 

4)4 

52 

6 

107 

7 

62 

7 

136 

5 

4 14 

76 

8 

122 

7 

95 

10 

137 

8 

ox 

92 

7 

116 

7 

67 

11 

139 

10 

4X 

88 

8 

116 

6 

89 

8 

116 

8 

4X 

88 

9 

107 

6 

68 

10 

139 

9 

4X 

100 

9 

116 

5 

86 

10 

142 

10 

3X 

92 

9 

122 

6 

84 

9 

132 

9 

4 

96 

4 

122 

6 

86 

10 

135 

10 

4X 

92 

4 

116 

6 

80 

10 

129 

10 

4X 

84 

7 

116 

5 

80 

8 

130 

8 

4X1 

92 

9 

116 

6 

90 

10 

139 

4 

3X 

92 

6 

144 

6 

94 

8 

205 

o 

2X 

100 

8 

6 

68 

11 

205 

2 

2X 

96 

9 

6 

88 

8 

132 

5 

5X 

92 

9 

iii 

6 

91 

10 

198 

3 

3 

100 

9 

144 

4 

93 

11 

205 

4 

2X 

88 

10 

4 

90 

10 

142 

7 

3X 

1 00 

7 

4 

90 

11 

140 

4 

3 

100 

11 

122 

0 

81 

10 

200 

1 

3 

100 

10 

4 

82 

9 

200 

1 

3 

56 

10 

4 

93 

10 

118 

9 

4 

84 

10 

iio 

4 

68 

9i 

205 

3 

2% 

72 

10 

4 

13 

4 

1 

9 

4 

13 

5 

11 

9 

5 

7 

3 

10 

10 


6 

9 

2 

5 

7 

6 

8 

7 

5 

2 

9 

4 

6 

5 

5 
1 
b 

8 
1 
2 

6 


S>4  * 

V  ® 

»  xi 


T3 

<X> 

a  is» 
•c  I 

CO 


CO 

T3 

ce 

CD 

•C 

6 

£ 


9 

8 

7 
9 

13 

9 

11 

6 

9 

8 
1 

11 

11 

16 

11 

11 

5 

9 

12 

11 

4 


Kf 

r  cs 
i  :Z  © 
I  ^ 

k  o 


5X 

6X 

7 

6 

6 

OX 

OX 

<X 

5X 

5 

ex 

•r>x 

5  14 
4X 
734 
5K 

6 

5X 
4  ^ 
OX 
•H 


OX 

5 

OX 

9 

5^ 

oX 

(5 

ox 

ox 

6 
6 

">X 

5X 

614 

ox 


11  5X 
14  5X 
6 

4X 
7 

5X 
7X 
6 


5X 

5X 

4 

6X 

5X 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

5X 

4 

5 

4X 


2X 

5X 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  27 


210 


[Assembly 


In  our  remarks  upon  the  table,  we  shall  treat  the  Smooth  Leaved 
Cabbages  and  the  Savoys  separately.  In  the  former  class  we  note 
that  the  percentage  of  plants  that  formed  heads  was  largest  in  the 
early  planting,  but  that  the  diameter  of  the  heads  was  greatest  in 
the  late  planting.  Thus,  by  adding  the  whole  number  of  plants 
that  survived,  and  the  whole  number  of  heads  formed  in  each  of 
the  two  plantings,  we  find  that  ninety-one  per  cent  of  the  plants 
formed  heads  in  the  early,  and  sixty-two  per  cent  formed  heads  in 
the  late  planting.  On  the  other  hand,  the  average  diameter  of  the 
heads  in  the  early  planting  was  4.94  inches,  and  in  the  late  planting 
it  was  5.95  inches. 

Comparing  the  order  of  earliness  of  the  varieties  in  the  two  plant¬ 
ings  we  find  a  great  lack  of  uniformity.  As  an  example,  we  will 
compare  the  earliest  ten  varieties  of  the  early  planting,  placing  the 
names  in  the  order  that  they  formed  the  first  firm  head  of  merchant¬ 
able  size,  with  the  same  varieties  in  the  second  planting. 

The  number  in  the  left  hand  column  indicates  the  order  of  earli¬ 
ness  in  the  early  planting,  the  same  number  being  given  to  the 
varieties  that  were  noted  on  the  same  day.  The  number  at  the 
right  hand  indicates  the  order  of  heading  of  the  variety  in  the  late 
planting. 


Early  Planting. 

Late  Planting. 

f 

First  bead 

Order 

f 

First  head 

> 

Order 

formed  in 

of  ear 

formed  in 

of  ear- 

—  days. 

liness 

—  days. 

liness. 

St.  John’s  Day  Early  Drumhead. 

.  116 

1 

107 

2 

Bacalan  Early . 

.  117 

2 

131 

10 

Chou  de  Fumel . 

.  117 

2 

135 

11 

Drumhead  Early  Dutch . 

.  117 

2 

116 

5 

Paris  Market,  V  ery  Early . 

.  123 

3 

107 

2 

Henderson’s  Premier .  . . 

.  126 

4 

109 

3 

Low’s  Early  Peerless  (Till.) . 

.  126 

4 

116 

5 

Late  Flat  Dutch . 

.  126 

4 

113 

1 

Landreth’s  Early  Summer  Flathead.  126 

4 

107 

2 

Early  Paris . 

.  128 

5 

109 

3 

It  thus  appears  that  no  relation  seems 

to  exist 

in  the  order  of 

maturity  of  the  two  plantings.  We  note  a  similar  lack  of  uniform¬ 
ity  in  comparing  the  order  of  maturity  of  different  varieties  of  the 
tomato  in  1883  and  1884.  Discrepancies  of  this  kind  suggest  how 
little  we  know  concerning  the  factors  that  influence  plant  growth. 

As  the  number  of  plants  grown  of  the  different  varieties  is  so 
small,  we  are  warranted  in  drawing  no  conclusions  as  to  their  head¬ 
ing  qualities. 


Savoys. 

As  appears  from  the  table,  the  Savoy  cabbages  did  not  succeed 
well.  Among  the  best  were  the  Very  Early  Paris,  Large  Vertus 


.N o.  33.  ] 


211 


Drumhead,  and  Norwegian.  The  table  qualities  of  the  Savoy  are 

“dly  superior  to  those  of  the  common,  or  smooth-leaved  cab- 

* 

Experiments. 

In  1883  we  selected  samples  of  seed  from  the  various  parts  of  a 
plant  of  the  Wmnigstadt  variety,  set  out  for  the  purpose  of  prodne 
mg  seed  and  also  picked  a  quantity  of  unripe  pods  from  different 
parts  of  the  same  plant  On  March  25,  we  planted  four  samples 
of  seed  as  follows:  Seeds  from  the  terminal  pod,  seeds  from 
teiininal  stalk,  seeds  from  the  lower  branches,  and  seeds  gathered 
green.  On  May  5,  we  transplanted  eleven  plants  of  each  sample 
to  the  garden  We  were  interested  to  note  that  every  plant  that 
surv  yed  of  the  four  selections,  forty-one  in  all,  formed  a  good  head. 
No  difference  was  noticeable  in  the  plants  from  the  different  selec¬ 
tions  of  seed,  with  the  exceptions  of  those  from  the  pods  gathered 
s  ightly  green.  This  seed  vegetated  best  of  the  four  samples,  and 
the  heads  formed  earlier  and  were  decidedly  larger  than  those  from 
any  of  the  other  samples  of  seed.  The  first  head  from  the  green 
seed  was  of  merchantable  size  on  July  29,  or  126  days  from  plant 
ing,  while  from  the  other  sample  of  seed  the  first  heads  were  formed 
August  3  to  6  or  131  to  134  days  from  planting.  The  average 
diameter  of  the  heads  from  the  green  seed  was  six  and  one-lndf 
inches,  while  that  from  the  other  samples  of  seed  was  four  and  three- 
fourths  inches.  It  seems  hardly  possible  that  this  difference  in  favor 
ot  the  green  seed  can  be  entirely  due  to  accident 

We  have  made  preparations  for  repeating  this  experiment  on  a 
more  extended  scale  next  season. 

Experiment  with  Fertilizers.  ' 

It  has  been  claimed  that  sulphate  of  iron  (copperas)  used  in  con¬ 
nection  with  other  fertilizers,  possesses  an  especial  merit  as  a  fertili¬ 
ze]  foi  plants  that  develop  a  large  amount  of  foliage 

In  order  to  test  this.substance  as  a  fertilizer  for  cabbage,  we  marked 
off  tin ee  small  plats  in  the  garden,  each  of  which  contained  245 
square  feet,  or  about  ^  of  an  acre.  The  soil  had  already  re- 
ceived  a  model ate  application  of  stable  manure 

We  will  designate  the  plats  as  A,  B  and  C,  respectively.  On  May 

tI’i rtfSet  T-  4 IG  th!'ee  plats  f°  cabbages,  using  the  Landreth’s  Large 
Late  Mountain  variety.  Each  plat  contained  thirty-six  plants.  On 

il'lenf19/,"6  apF'ed  t0  ,p,a,t  A  snlpbate  of  iron  in  solution  at  the 
late  of  (as  nearly  as  could  be  calculated)  200  pounds  per  acre.  To 

p  'V  .  we  applied  the  same  amount  of  sulphate  of  iron  in  solution 
and  in  addition  superphosphate  at  the  rate  of  (as  nearly  as  could  be 

i  ‘  )  ’?  P°Unds  per  aci.'e-  To  Plat  0  we  applied  superphos- 
phate  alone  at  the  same  rate  as  in  plat  E. 

On  September  14,  we  harvested  the  crop,  the  earlier  heads  at  this 
time  being  about  to  burst.  On  plat  A,  thirty-four  pla, its  survived! 


212 


[Assembly 


of  which  twenty-eight  formed  heads  of  merchantable  size.  On  plat 
B,  twenty-live  plants  survived,  of  which  twenty -four  formed  heads 
of  merchantable  size.  On  plat  C,  twenty-nine  plants  survived,  of 
which  twenty-eight  formed  heads  of  merchantable  size.  We  note 
the  average  weight  in  ounces  of  the  heads  in  the  different  plats,  with 
their  average  diameter,  as  follows : 


Plat  A,  28  heads 
do.  B,  24  do. . 
do.  C,  28  do. . 


Av.  weight.  Av.  diameter- 

42.64  oz.  6.36  inches. 

46.04  oz.  6.00  do. 

48.96  oz.  6.41  do. 


While  we  cannot  regard  a  single  experiment  as  in  any  sense 
conclusive,  the  indications  in  this  case  are  that  the  sulphate  of  iron 
aj^plied  proved  detrimental.  The  number  of  plants  that  headed, 
and  the  solidity  and  weight  of  the  heads  were  least  in  plat  A,  which 
received  only  the  sulphate  of  iron,  and  most  in  plat  C,  which  re¬ 
ceived  the  superphosphate,  while  in  plat  B,  which  received  both 
fertilizers,  the  average  weight  of  the  heads  was  intermediate. 


Geowing  the  Cabbage  feom  Slips. 

Were  it  possible  to  readily  propagate  the  cabbage  from  sections 
of  the  leaf,  as  florists  propagate  the  Begonia,  there  would  be  many 
advantages  in  the  method.  We  should  be  able  to  avoid,  in  a  great 
degree,  the  variations  caused  by  cross-fertilization  or  reversion,  which 
so  often  injure  the  progeny  of  our  best  varieties.  The  market  gar¬ 
dener  could  propagate  his  plants  from  his  finest  heads,  and  be  rea¬ 
sonably  sure  of  securing  equally  good  heads,  while  varieties  might 
be  expected  to  come  as  true  to  name,  as  do  those  of  the  apple  or 
geranium. 

During  the  past  two  seasons  we  have  been  experimenting  in  this 
direction.  We  have  succeeded  in  growing  several  plants,  and  in  one 
instance  a  fine  head  of  cabbage,  by  slipping  a  section  of  a  leaf  from 
a  cabbage  head,  in  the  propagating  bed.  We  have  thus  demon¬ 
strated  the  possibility  of  this  method  of  propagation.  Thus  far, 
however,  so  great  a  length  of  time  has  intervened  between  the  root¬ 
ing  of  the  slip  and  the  formation  of  the  bud,  as  to  render  the  method 
impracticable  for  economic  purposes.  Whether  we  shall  be  able  to 
shorten  this  time  by  selecting  the  plants  that  start  soonest,  through 
a  number  of  generations,  is  the  important  question. 

For  a  record  of  our  experiments  upon  the  cabbage  caterpillar,  see 
the  article  upon  insecticides. 

Cauliflower. 

We  grew  the  following  twenty  so-called  varieties  of  cauliflower, 
on  soil  prepared  as  described  for  the  cabbage.  The  seeds  were 
planted  March  5  and  6  in  boxes  in  the  green-house,  and  eleven 
plants  of  each  name  transplanted  to  the  garden  May  2.  We  noted 
the  statistics  given  in  the  table. 


No.  33.] 


213 


Cauliflower. 


No.  of 

First  Per  cent  First  head  plants  No.  of 
vegetation  vege-  formed  in  sur-  heads 
in — days,  tated.  — days.  vived.  formed. 


Dwarf  Erfurt . 

Early  Dutch,  or  Early  London. , 

Early  Dwarf  Surprise . 

Eclipse . . 

Half -early  Large  White  French 

Half-early  Paris . 

Imperial . 

Lackawanna  . 

Large  Algiers . . 

Large  Late  Asiatic . 

Large  Late  Stadtholder . 

Late  Giant  Italian  . . 

Late  Paris . 

Le  Normand’s  Extra  Large . 

Le  Normand’s  Short-stemmed... 

Paris  Extra  Early . 

Sea  Foam . 

Veitche’s  Autumn  Giant . 

Very  Dwarf  Alleaume . 

Walcheren . 


6 

78 

182 

4 

4 

6 

72 

180 

5 

4 

6 

23 

175 

6 

6 

7 

60 

162 

7 

6 

7 

93 

190 

9 

6 

6 

•93 

197 

8 

7 

6 

86 

160 

8 

8 

6 

86 

150 

9 

8 

5 

85 

189 

6 

3 

5 

90 

156 

4 

4 

6 

68 

•  •  • 

8 

3 

5 

99 

154 

8 

8 

6 

82 

170 

4 

3 

7 

54 

149 

7 

6 

5 

73 

161 

8 

6 

5 

84 

154 

6 

6 

5 

75 

182 

3 

2 

5 

74 

182 

6 

3 

5 

52 

189 

8 

6 

5 

94. 

182 

6 

4 

Owing  to  the  severe  drought  that  followed  the  transplanting  and 
to  the  ravages  of  the  cabbage-fly,  many  of  the  plants  failed  to  survive. 
Of  those  that  survived,  however,  a  very  fair  proportion  formed  heads, 
.  as  appears  from  the  table. 

The  LeNormand’s  Extra  Large  was  earliest,  forming  its  first  head 
in  149  days.  The  Lackawanna  was  second,  forming  a  head  in  150 
days.  It  appears  from  the  table  that  some  of  the  "varieties  called 
u  late  ”  formed  heads  earlier  than  others  called  “  early.  ”  In  our 
test  there  was  not  much  difference  in  the  average  size  of  the  heads 
from  the  different  varieties.  None  of  the  heads  formed  were  of 
extra  large  size-. 


JBrocoli. 

We  grew  plants  of  ten  so-called  varieties  of  brocoli,  but  strange  to 
say,  only  one,  the  Purple  Cape,  formed  a  head.  Of  this,  however, 
every  plant  headed. 

We  also  attempted  to  grow  the  Chinese  cabbages  Pak-choi,  and 
Pe-Tsai.  The  seed  vegetated  well,  but  the  plants  made  very  little 
growth  after  being  transplanted.  They  were  much  harassed  by  the 
flea-beetle,  and  cpiickly  ran  to  seed. 


Lettuce. 

Test  of  Varieties. 

Our  list  of  lettuce  includes  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  names. 
We  planted  the  seeds  April  30  on  soil  prepared  as  noted  for  the 


214 


[Assembly 


onion,  in  rows  ten  feet  long  and  twenty-one  inches  apart ;  two  rows 
of  each  sample  (with  a  few  exceptions). 

We  condense  our  notes  in  tabular  form  as  follows: 


Lettuce. 


name. 


All  the  Year  Round  (black  seed)  . 

All  the  Year  Round  (white  seed) . 

American  Curled . 

Balloon  Cos  .....  .  .  ■  ....... 

Bath  Cos  (black  seed) . 

Bath  Cos  (white  seed) .  .  . 

Black  Seeded  Butter . 

Bloomsdale  Butter  (black  seed). . 

Bloomsdale  Early  Summer . 

Bloomsdale  Reliable  Cabbage . 

Bossiu . . 

Boston  Market . 

Brown  Bataviau  (white  seed) . 

Brown  Dutch  (black  seed) . 

Brown  Dutch  (white  seed) . 

Brown  Genoa  or  Palatine . 

Brown  Winter  (white  seed) . 

Blonde  de  Berlin-yellow  . 

Blood  Red  Small  . 

Bruine  Geel . . 

Bunney’s  Incomparable  Green  Cos.... 

California  Curled  . .. . . 

Common  Green  Cutting .  . 

Crisped  Small  Early  (black  seed) . 

Crisped  Small  Early  Cutting . 

Crisped  Small  Early  Frame . 

Curled  Cutting . 

Curled  German  Batavian.. . 

Commodore  Nut  . 

Dwarf  Green  Early  (black  seed) . . 

Dippe’s  Emperor,  New  . 

Early  Durham . . 

Early  Curled  Simpson  ...  . 

Early  Dwarf  Brown  Forcing  . . 

Fine  Early  White  Spring . . — 

George’s.  . . 

Green  Dutch . 

Green  Fat .  . 

Green  Paris  Cos .  . 

Green  Royal  Winter . 

Green  Tennis  Ball . 

Green  Winter  Cos . 

Grey  Paris . . . 

Ground  Cos . .  — 

Golden  Spotted  ...  . 

Green  Winter  of  Naples . 

Grise . .  •• 

Hardy  Green  Winter  or  Hammersmith 

Hardy  Red  Winter  . 

Hardy’s  Northern  King . 

Imperial . . .  . . 

Improved  Spotted  Cos  (black  seed).... 
Improved  Spotted  Cos  (white  seed) . . . 

Landreth’s  Forcing . . 

Landreth’s  Heat  Resisting  Cos . 

Large  Green . ; . 

Large  Green  Pas-de-Calais .  . 

Large  Versailles  . . 

Large  White  Summer  Cabbage . 

Large  White  Stone  Summer . . 

Large  White  Winter . 

Large  Yellow  Seeded  Normandy . 


First  vegetation 
in  —  days. 

First  edible  ma¬ 

turity  in— days. 

Days  fit  for 

table  use. 

Commenced  to 

form  head  in 

—  days. 

Commenced  to 

form  flower 

stalk  in  —  days. 

First  bloom  in  — 

days. 

13 

50 

32 

55 

82 

112 

13 

48 

30 

55 

78 

96 

9 

48 

32 

•  •  •  • 

80 

122 

9 

47 

42 

89 

118 

14 

57 

32 

89 

119 

9 

50 

33 

83 

108 

10 

48 

30 

61 

78 

113 

14 

51 

27 

61 

78 

112 

9 

49 

33 

55 

82 

112 

10 

48 

34 

55 

82 

108 

10 

49 

36 

84 

112 

12 

48 

13 

55 

61 

77 

9 

57 

26 

83 

111 

15 

57 

22 

79 

100 

13 

57 

26 

83 

112 

9 

57 

21 

78 

96 

15 

57 

2 

59 

80 

9 

50 

23 

57 

73 

92 

10 

50 

29 

69 

79 

101 

9 

51 

12 

61 

63 

83 

9 

54 

30 

83 

114 

9 

59 

30 

89 

9 

47 

37 

54 

69 

9 

57 

5 

62 

82 

9 

57 

54 

57 

'78 

9 

54 

1 

55 

78 

9 

57 

4 

61 

72 

9 

54 

29 

83 

109 

9 

52 

23 

57 

75 

96 

10 

54 

19 

54 

73 

93 

10 

58 

2 

51 

58 

82 

9 

54 

28 

55 

82 

97 

9 

52 

26 

•  •  • 

82 

a  •  •  a 

9 

58 

4 

59 

62 

84 

10 

62 

55 

62 

84 

10 

54 

9 

55 

63 

84 

10 

57 

32 

89 

9 

57 

27 

84 

113 

9 

47 

35 

•  •  • 

82 

105 

9 

47 

28 

75 

93 

9 

45 

11 

•  •  «  • 

56 

76 

10 

48 

14 

62 

91 

9 

47 

36 

83 

114 

9 

50 

11 

61 

79 

9 

5S 

24 

66 

82 

112 

10 

51 

10 

55 

61 

82 

12 

51 

26 

66 

i  i 

96 

9 

50 

11 

57 

61 

79 

9 

48 

13 

55 

61 

S3 

12 

50 

29 

•  •  •  • 

79 

107 

9 

48 

11 

•  •  •  • 

59 

124 

9 

45 

37 

•  •  a  • 

82 

•  a 

9 

45 

30 

78 

107 

9 

45 

32 

49 

77 

118 

9 

48 

25 

•  a  •  • 

73 

96 

9 

45 

28 

59 

73 

94 

9 

45 

28 

60 

73 

96 

9 

45 

31 

52 

76 

105 

9 

45 

16 

54 

61 

82 

9 

45 

44 

57 

89 

112 

9 

50 

19 

69 

85 

9 

51 

25 

•  a  a  • 

76 

96 

T3 

o 

© 

05 


C  -ji 


1G6 

160 

160 

166 

160 

160 

160 

160 

166 

159 
168 
109 

160 
153 
160 

106 

148 

153 
121 

154  , 

109 

113 

109' 

109 

109 

150 

159 

150 

128 

153 

128 

113 

109 


14S 

160 

109 

121 

166 

117 

154 

121 

149 

115 

107 

152 


160 

160 

148 

129 

153 

148 

129 

160 

129 

148 


No.  33.] 


215 


Lettuce —  (Continued). 


ft 

% 

0 

NAME. 

First  vegetation 

in  —  days. 

First  edible  ma¬ 

turity  in— days. 

Days  fit  for 

table  use. 

Commenced  to 

form  head  in 

—  days. 

Commenced  to 

form  flower 

stalk  in  —  days. 

First  bloom  in  — 

days. 

Last  ripe  seed  in 

—  days. 

Le  Boeuf .  .  . 

9 

45 

31 

76 

101 

153 

Large  St.  Angelo . . 

10 

49 

29 

.  .  • 

78 

112 

160 

Large  Yellow  Cyrius . .  . 

12 

49 

26 

.... 

75 

104 

lo2 

Madeira  or  Large  Winter  (white  seed) . 

9 

50 

39 

54 

59 

82 

121 

Magnum  Bonum  or  Florence  Cos 

(black  seed) . 

9 

51 

32 

.  •  •  • 

83 

109 

160 

Magnum  Bonum  or  Florence  Cos 

(white  seed) . 

10 

48 

44 

.... 

93 

120 

160 

Malta  Drum  head . 

9 

45 

26 

57 

71 

93 

148 

Marvel  or  Red  Beson . 

9 

50 

33 

•  •  •  * 

83 

113 

160 

Monstrous  Brown  Cos . 

9 

50 

32 

.... 

82 

96 

150 

Mortatella .  . 

9 

47 

14 

54 

61 

84 

117 

Maddaloni . 

9 

49 

30 

•  •  •  • 

79 

118 

152 

Mailand  or  Negro  Head  . . . . 

9 

45 

30 

—  .  #  # 

75 

97 

153 

Munson’s  Perfection . 

10 

48 

36 

«... 

84 

121 

Neapolitan . 

10 

45 

28 

54 

73 

101 

153 

New  Giant  of  Salermo . 

10 

48 

35 

.  ,  . 

83 

118 

160 

Pelletier .  . , . . 

10 

51 

28 

79 

104 

156 

Red  Cos . 

10 

45 

32 

.... 

83 

104 

153 

Red  Edged  or  Victoria .  .... 

9 

47 

14 

52 

61 

83 

129 

Red  Winter  Cabbage . 

9 

45 

14 

54 

51 

82 

121 

Red  Winter  Cos . 

9 

45 

32 

77 

104 

150 

Roquette  .  .  . 

23 

63 

19 

71 

82 

109 

156 

Royal  or  White  Summer . 

10 

48 

29 

55 

77 

97 

160 

Speckled  Dutch  Butter  Head  Early 

‘Cabbage .  . 

9 

45 

16 

52 

61 

83 

166 

Spotted  Cos  (white  seed) .  . 

9 

45 

32 

•  •  • 

77 

96 

148 

Stone  Head  Golden  Yellow . 

9 

45 

17 

49 

62 

93 

148 

Stone  Tennis  Ball  or  Tom  Thumb . 

9 

45 

24 

52 

69 

96 

148 

Silver  Ball,  New  Winter . 

10 

51 

18 

59 

69 

89 

118 

Silver  Heat  of  Haarlem . 

23 

,  . 

.... 

... 

.  .  . 

•  •  . 

Trocaduro . . . 

9 

48 

31 

60 

79 

Ill 

148 

Turkish  or  Butter . . 

9 

50 

26 

•  •  •  • 

76 

A06 

159 

Texter . .  . 

12 

51 

22 

55 

73 

94 

152 

Verly  Early  Dwarf  Green . 

9 

49 

17 

57 

66 

90 

.  134 

Very  Large  Yellow  Paresseuse . 

17 

49 

37 

61 

86 

115 

166 

White  Batavian  ot  Silesian . 

9 

48 

31 

.... 

79 

116 

148 

White  Boulogne . 

9 

45 

9 

52 

54 

74 

109 

White  Chavigny . 

9 

48 

42 

66 

90 

120 

166 

White  Paris  Cos.  . 

9 

50 

34 

.... 

84 

108 

166 

White  Tennis  Ball  .  . 

9 

50 

5 

51 

55 

75 

148 

White  Berlin  Summer .  . . . 

9 

50 

27 

.  •  . 

77 

94 

153 

White  Nonpareil . 

9 

49 

17 

.... 

66 

86 

153 

White  Simpson . 

9 

49 

26 

.... 

75 

97 

153 

It  appears  that  sixteen  varieties  were  fit  for  table  use  in  forty-five 
days  from  planting,  and  that  none  were  called  of  suitable  size  ear¬ 
lier  than  this.  These  were  Green  Tennis  Ball,  Improved  Spotted  Cos 
(Black  Seed),  Improved  Spotted  Cos  (White  Seed),,  Landreth’s 
Forcing,  Large  White  Summer  Cabbage,  Large  White  Stone  Sum¬ 
mer,  LeBoeuf,  Malta  Drumhead,  Neapolitan,  Bed  Winter  Cabbage, 
Bed  Winter  Cos,  Speckled  Dutch  Butterhead,  Spotted  Cos  (White 
Seed),  Stone  Head  Golden  Yellow,  Stone  Tennis  Ball  or  Tom 
Thumb,  and  White  Boulogne.  It  appears  also  that  the  Large  White 
Stone  Summer  remained  longest  fit  for  table  use,  that  is,  it  was 
latest  in  forming  the  seed  stalk.  This  is  also  one  of  the  very  best 


c 


216 


[Assembly 


heading  lettuces  that  we  have  tested,  heads  sometimes  forming  five 
inches  in  diameter.  It  seems  identical  with  the  Very  Large  Yellow 
Paresseuse,  and  also  the  lettuce  we  grew  in  1882  and  in  1883  under 
the  the  name  White  Cabbage. 

It  is  evident  that  the  varieties  that  earliest  acquire  sufficient  size 

for  use  do  not  necessarily  form  the  seed  stalk  earliest. 

«/ 

Among  the  newer  varieties  tested,  we  note  three  as  being  of  pe¬ 
culiar  interest,  viz.,  the  Pelletier,  Golden  Spotted  and  Poquette. 

The  Pelletier  (French  synonym,  Laitue  Beauregard)  is  very  dis¬ 
tinct  in  appearance  through  its  deeply  cut  foliage,  of  which  the 
edges  of  the  pointed  lobes,  folding  together  below,  cause  the  ex¬ 
tremities  to  point  upwards.  It  forms  a  small  but  compact  head,  but 
early  becomes  tough  and  bitter. 

The  Golden  Spotted  is  interesting  from  its  color,  which  is  a 
beautiful  mingling  of  brownish  red  and  yellowish  green.  It  forms  a 
head  two  to  three  inches  in  diameter  and  the  leaves  are  very  mild  and 
tender.  -  As  appears  from  the  table,  it  was  not  early,  but  was  among 
the  very  latest  in  forming  the  flower  stalk. 

The  Poquette  lettuce  is  so  distinct  as  to  almost  suggest  a  different 
botanical  species  from  the  other  lettuces.  The  plant  when  full  grown 
is  only  six  inches  in  diameter,  but  forms  a  remarkably  solid  little 
head  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  three  inches  long.  The 
leaves  are  intense  clear  green,  and  very  mild  in  flavor,  but  a  little 
tough.  It  is  not  a  desirable  variety  for  growing  in  frames,  as  its 
small  size  might  indicate,  as  it  is  very  late. 

Of  the  varieties  tested,  we  would  recommend  for  frame  culture. 
Crisp  Small  Early  Frame,  Green  Tennis  Ball,  Stone  Tennis  Ball  or 
Tom  Thumb,  and  Landreth’s  Forcing;  and  for  open  air  culture, 
Large  White  Stone  Summer,  All  the  Year  Round  (Black  Seed) 
White  Chavigny,  and  Golden  Spotted.  Of  Cos  lettuces,  the  White 
and  Green  Paris  are  perhaps  as  good  as  any.  For  ornamental 
lettuces  the  Marvel  or  Red  Beson,  American  Curled,  Pelletier,  and 
Golden  Spotted  are  perhaps  the  finest  varieties  tested.  The  first  is 
deep  carmine  red,  the  second  two  are  green,  but  are  very  attractive 
from  their  beautifully  fringed  borders. 

We  think  a  very  fine  ribbon  bed  for  early  spring  might  be  formed 
by  using  alternate  rows  of  these  four  varieties. 

Synotiyms. 

Among  so  many  names  of  lettuce  as  we  tested  the  past  season,  it 
would  be  very  strange  if  the  plants  of  many  did  not  closely  resemble 
each  other  in  appearance.  We  were  surprised,  however,  to  note 
that  a  large  proportion  of  them  are  clearly  distinct.  A  few  appear 
to  be  synonyms,  as  grown  by  us,  while  several  others  have  a  very 
close  resemblance.  We  give  a  list  of  those  names  of  which  the 
identity  seems  well  nigh  certain,  appending  also  the  names  of  any 
that  we  decided  to  be  synonyms  of  the  same  variety  in  1883 : 

All  the  Year  Pound,  Black  Seed  (Vib),  and  White  Berlin  Sum- 


JNo.  33.] 


217 


mer  (Sib.  1883),  also  from  report  of  1883,  Satisfaction  Black  Seeded 
(Sib.  1883),  and  Salamander  (Hen.  1883). 

American  Curled  (Vil.),  Prize  Head  (Sib.  1883),  American  Gather¬ 
ing  (Sib.  1883),  and  Ferry’s  Early  Prize  Head  (Ferry  1883). 

Black  Seeded  Butter  (Hen.),  and  Bloomsdale  Butter,  Black  Seeded 
(Ban.). 

Dwarf  Green  Early,  Black  Seeded  (Greg.),  and  Very  Early  Dwarf 
Green  (Vil.). 

Early  Curled  Simpson  (Vil.),  and  Munson’s  Perfection  (Sib.). 

Green  Paris  Cos  (Vil.),  and  Landreth’s  Heat  Resisting  Cos  (Lam). 

Hardy  Red  Winter  (Vil.),  and  Red  Winter  Cabbage  "(Thor. ). 

Neapolitan  (Vil.),  Large  Saint  Angelo  (Dam.),  and  New  Giant  of 
Salermo  (Dam.). 

Very  Large  Yellow  Paresseuse  (Dam.),  and  Large  White  Stone 
Summer  (Vil.),  also  from  report  for  1883,  White  Cabbage  (D. 
Batchelor,  1882).  &  v 

In  a  few  cases  lettuce  described  as  distinct  by  Messrs.  Vilmorin, 
Andrieux  &  Co.,  showed  no  difference  as  grown  by  us.  Thus  the 
samples  labeled  Large  Green  (Vil.)  and  Large  Gi’een  Pas-de-Calais 
(Vil.),  seemed  the  same,  also  the  Crisp  Small  Early  Cutting  (Vil.) 
and  Crisp  Small  Early  kraine  (Vil.).  A  change  of  climate  may  have 
obliterated  the  slight  variety  differences. 

The  sample  labeled  Improved  Spotted,  White  Seed  (Vil.)  was 
evidently  a  mistake,  as  the  plants  produced  were  unquestionably 
identical  with  those  of  Marvel  or  Red  Beson. 

About  the  middle  of  J uly  several  of  the  lettuces  were  attacked  by 
a  mildew,  which  gradually  spread  until  nearly  all  of  the  varieties 
were  affected.  Further  notes  upon  this  subject  may  be  found  in  the 
leport  of  the  Botanist.  We  noticed  also  on  August  4,  that  the 
l  oots  of  many  varieties  were  attacked  by  ajdiides,  which  caused  the 
foliage  to  droop  as  if  suffering  from  extreme  dryness. 

We  noted  an  interesting  fact  in  connection  with  the  heading  of 
lettuce.  The  tendency  to  form  a  head  seems  to  be  promoted  by  a 
certain  degree  of  crowding.  When  the  leaves  of  one  plant  do  not 
touch  those  of  its  neighbor,  they  have  a  certain  tendency  to  spread 
out,  but  when  the  plants  are  sufficiently  close  so  that  the  leaves  are 
compelled  to  grow  upright,  the  inclination  to  form  a  head  is  evi¬ 
dently  increased.  Too  much  crowding  on  the  other  hand  tends  to 
pi  event  the  formation  of  the  head.  We  noted  in  several  cases  that 
plants  so  remote  that  the  leaves  could  not  touch  each  other,  and  those 
very  close  together,  formed  the  flower  stalk  sooner  than  those  which 
were  just  close  enough  so  that  the  outer  leaves  were  compelled  to 
grow  half  erect. 

We  made  several  experimental  plantings  of  lettuce  such  as  earliest 
and  latest  ripe  seed,  green  and  ripe  seed,  from  upper  and  lower 
branches,  but  we  could  discover  no  differences  in  the  crop  that  can  be 
ascribed  to  any  particular  selection  of  seed. 

We  learned,  however,  that  the  flowers  of  lettuce  do  not  cross-fer¬ 
tilize  f lorn  natural  agencies,  to  any  marked  degree.  We  grew  ten 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  28 


218 


[Assembly 


varieties  from  seed  saved  at  the  station  in  1883,  all  of  which  had 
abundant  opportunity  for  cross-fertilization.  We  were  able  to  detect 
in  the  crop  from  these  seeds  very  few,  if  any,  evidences  of  mixture 
from  this  source. 

We  found  also  that  it  is  easy  to  cross-fertilize  varieties  of  lettuce 
artificially  by  simply  suspending  a  plant  of  one  variety  in  an  inverted 
position,  immediately  above  one  of  another  variety,  both  plants 
being  in  bloom.  In  our  experiments  we  drove  a  tall  stake  by  the 
side  of  the  plant  we  desired  to  use  as  the  female  parent,  to  which 
we  tied  an  entire  plant  of  the  one  desired  as  the  other  parent.  As 
the  flower  heads  are  thus  brought  very  near  together,  it  is  evident 
that  the  pollen  given  off  from  the  suspended  plant  falls  directly  upon 
the  flowers  of  the  other  plant.  We  replaced  the  suspended  plant 
with  a  fresh  one,  occasionally  as  it  became  dry.  A  cross  be¬ 
tween  the  Deer  Tongue  and  Green  Fringed  varieties,  obtained  in 
this  way,  produced  a  great  variety  of  plants. 

Celery. 

We  noted  in  our  last  report  that  our  results  in  1883  showed  no 
advantage  in  the  yield  or  quality  of  celery  grown  in  a  trench  with  a 
very  high  manuring,  over  that  grown  on  a  level  with  moderate 
manuring.  We  repeated  this  experiment  this  year  with  quite  differ¬ 
ent  results. 

With  the  exception  of  two  varieties,  one  row  of  each  variety 
named  in  the  table  was  grown  in  a  trench,  and  the  second  on  a  level 
but  only  five  feet  distant  from  the  first.  The  trenches  were  dug  one 
foot  deep  and  of  the  same  width.  In  the  bottom  of  each  was  placed 
a  layer  four  inches  in  depth  of  thoroughly  rotted  barn-yard  manure. 
This  was  covered  with  about  two  inches  of  fine  loam  in  which  the 
plants  were  set.  In  the  row  grown  on  the  level,  the  soil  before 
being  plowred  received  a  moderate  dressing  of  barn-yard  manure  with 
no  additional  fertilizer.  The  varieties  grown  and  the  yield  of  each 
in  the  two  methods  of  planting  are  given  in  the  following  table. 
The  seeds  were  planted  in  boxes  in  the  open  air,  April  12,  and 
thirty  plants  of  each  variety  transplanted  to  the  garden  July  3  : 


Yield  of 

Yield  of 

Per  cent 

level 

trench 

CELERY. 

vegetated. 

culture. 

culture. 

lbs.  oz. 

lbs.  oz. 

Dwarf  Large  Ribbed  White  Solid. 

.  49 

85  0 

96  4 

Henderson's  White  Plume . 

.  42 

59  1 

72  12 

Hood’s  Dwarf  Red . 

.  45 

44  10 

73  12 

Red  Giant  Solid . 

.  34 

47  3 

63  7 

Solid  Ivory . 

.  TO 

49  0 

51  2 

White  Solid . 

.  33 

56  4 

76  12 

White  Solid  Curled . 

.  36 

45  4 

Yellow  Golden  Solid . 

.  59 

•  •  •  • 

70  0 

No.  33.] 


219 


CELERIAC. 


Per  cent 
vegetated. 


Apple . 20 

Erfurt .  10 

Giant  Prague .  42 

Large  Early  Erfurt . 46 

Large  Smooth  Paris .  72 

New  Apple .  43 

Turnip  Rooted . . . .  .• .  .  78 


Yield, 
level 
culture, 
lbs.  oz. 

29  0 
56  8 

47  14 
45  9 
29  10 
15  4 
15  13 


In  order  to  make  the  yields  of  the  different  varieties  comparable, 
we  have  computed  it  on  the  basis  of  one  hundred  plants.  That  is 
to  say,  the  yield  of  the  Dwarf  Large  Ribbed  White  Solid  variety, 
of  which  twenty  plants  were  harvested  from  the  trench,  wrould 
have  weighed  ninety-six  pounds,  four  ounces,  had  there  been  one 
hundred  plants  yielding  at  the  same  rate  as  the  twenty  plants.  A 
glance  at  the  table  shows  that  the  past  season,  the  trench  culture 
yielded  decidedly  better  results  than  the  level  culture.  The  whole 
difference  in  the  six  varieties  amounts  to  about  forty  pounds,  or  on 
the  average,  about  six  and  a  half  pounds  to  the  varietv.  In  other 
words,  the  difference  in  favor  of  the  trench  culture  was  about  ten 
per  cent  in  the  varieties  tested.  The  length  of  the  stems  from  the 
trenches  was  in  most  cases  nearly  double  that  of  the  same  varieties 
grown  on  the  level.  We  noted  however,  that  hollow  stems  were 
more  numerous  in  the  plants  grown  in  the  trench. 

Without  assuming  to  account  for  the  discrepancies  in  the  results 
of  1883  and  1884,  we  note  that  the  rainfall  during  August,  1883, 
exceeded  that  of  the  same  month  in  1884,  by  more  than  two  inches. 
We  should  expect  that  the  plants  in  the  trench  would  suffer  less 
from  want  of  rain  than  those  on  the  level. 

The  deductions  suggested  are  that  the  injuries  resulting  from 
drought  may  be  in  some  degree  averted  by  growing  the  plants  in 
trenches. 

Comparing  the  yields  of  different  varieties,  we  find  that  the 
Dwarf  Large  Ribbed  White  Solid  yielded  best,  the  White  Solid 
second,  and  Hood’s  Dwarf  Red  third. 

We  were  able  to  detect  very  little  difference  in  the  flavor  of  the 
various  varieties. 


The  Red  Giant  Solid  (Vil.)  and  Hood’s  Dwarf  Red  (Hen.) 
seemed  identical.  The  stems  were  often  more  hollow  in  these  than 
in  the  other  varieties. 

The  foliage  of^the  White  Solid  Curled  is  very  distinct,  being 
moie  cut  and  curled  than  in  any  other  variety.  It  is  very  attractive 
m  appearance. 


220 


[Assembly 


Henderson' s  White  Plume  Celery. 

It  was  claimed  by  the  introducers  of  this  variety  that  the  stems 
will  blanch  of  their  own  accord  while  exposed  to  the  light,  so  that 
it  is  unnecessary  to  bank  up  the  plants  with  earth.  We  grew  a 
larger  number  of  plants  of  this  variety  with  the  view  of  testing  the 
validity  of  these  claims.  We  found  them  to  be  correct.  Although 
the  young  plants  differed  little  in  color  from  those  of  other  varieties, 
as  they  became  larger  the  inner  leaves  assumed  a  paler  shade  of 
green,  and  towrard  the  latter  end  of  the  season,  the  stems  and  the 
inner  leaves  changed  to  a  creamy  white.  We  tried  hilling  up  the 
plants  in  the  ordinary  way,  but  no  advantage  was  gained  unless  it 
be  that  the  stems  were  slightly  longer  and  rather  more  compact. 
During  the  month  of  November,  the  quality  was  excellent,  but  late 
in  December,  the  stems  became  somewhat  tough,  and  seemed  to  lose 
much  of  their  flavor.  In  regard  to  its  keeping  qualities,  we  cannot 
yet  speak. 

W  e  noted  that  the  foliage  of  this  variety  was  more  affected  by 
blight  than  that  of  any  other  tested ;  also  that  when  grown  in  the 
trench  the  plants  were  more  affected  by  blight  than  when  grown  on 
the  level.  It  appears  from  the  table  that  the  difference  in  the  yield 
in  the  trench  and  level  culture  is  less  in  this  variety  than  in  any 
other,  the  Solid  Ivory  exceeded.  It  seems  possible,  therefore,  that 
owing  to  the  liability  of  this  sort  to  blight,  it  may  succeed  best  on 
rather  dry  soil. 


Experiments  in  Blanching  Celery. 

The  process  of  hilling  up  celery  with  earth  for  the  purpose  of 
blanching  the  stems  is  necessarily  quite  expensive.  We  made  a 
series  of  experiments  with  the  view  of  discovering  a  cheaper  method 
of  accomplishing  the  object.  On  September  15,  we  placed  three- 
inch  drain  tiles  over  twenty-four  plants  of  Boston  Market  celery ; 
wrapped  an  equal  number  with  old  newspapers,  tying  the  paper  on 
loosely  with  twine ;  and  a  third  twenty-four  plants  we  inclosed  in 
straw,  by  simply  placing  a  sufficient  quantity  of  this  material  along 
the  row  on  each  side,  so  that  when  pressed  down,  the  longest  leaves 
of  the  plants  just  appeared  above  the  straw. 

The  result  was  satisfactory  only  with  the  drain  tile.  Where  in¬ 
closed  in  paper,  and  especially  where  surrounded  with-the  straw,  the 
outer  stems  of  the  plants  rotted. 

We  found  slightly  more  decay  where  the  tiles  were  used  than  we 
usually  find  where  the  plants  are  hilled  up  with  earth,  but  the 
amount  was  by  no  means  serious. 

It  seems  probable  that  in  localities  where  drain  tile  are  conven¬ 
iently  obtained,  something  may  be  gained  in  garden  culture  by  their 
use.  They  are  readily  slipped  over  the  plants,  and  are  of  course 
available  for  more  than  one  season. 


No.  33.] 


221 


Celeriac. 

We  grew  seven  varieties  of  celeriac,  of  which  the  per  cent  of  veg¬ 
etation  and  yields  are  given  in  the  table.  In  this  vegetable,  the 
root  is  used  instead  of  the  blanched  stems.  The  New  Apple,  though 
least  productive  of  all,  appears  to  be  the  most  highly  improved.  In 
this  the  roots  are  very  symmetrical  and  have  few  fibrous  branches. 
In  some  of  the  others,  particularly  the  Erfurt,  the  roots  are  very  ir¬ 
regular  in  form  and  are  almost  enveloped  in  a  fibrous  net-work  of 
small  roots. 


Pepper. 


We  grew  the  following  list  of  peppers,  planting  the  seeds  in  boxes 


Pepper. 

Cayenne . 

Cherry . 

Chili . 

Long  Red . 

Long  Yellow . 

Monstrous . 

Ruby  King . 

Spanish  Mammoth.  . 

Sweet  Spanish . 

Tomato  Shaped 


;ics  given 

in  the  table. 

First  ripe 

Per  cent 

First  bloom 

fruit 

vegetated. 

in  —  days. 

in  — days. 

40 

109 

143 

10 

105 

163 

10 

102 

146 

48 

112 

166 

68 

107 

173 

24 

108 

163 

35 

-  128 

178 

•  • 

103 

163 

50 

109 

184 

4 

104 

167 

As  grown  by  us,  the  Ruby  King  (B.  M.  &  Co.)  was  a  synonym 
of  Spanish  Mammoth  (Vil.). 

Perhaps  in  no  other  vegetable  is  the  nomenclature  so  much  con¬ 
fused  as  in  the  pepper.  The  names  Grossum,  Monstrous,  Spanish 
Monstrous,  Spanish  Mammoth,  Sweet  Spanish,  Mountain,  Sweet 
Mountain,  Mammoth,  Large  Bell  and  Bull  Nose  are  all  used  to 
designate  what  appears  to  be  but  two  varieties.  We  were  able  to 
detect  no  difference  between  the  Monstrous,  Spanish  Mammoth  and 
Sweet  Spanish,  the  seeds  of  all  of  which  come  from  Yilmorin.  An- 
drieux  &  Co. 

■ 

Tomato. 


Test  of  Varieties. 

We  grew  thirty-six  names  of  tomatoes  as  a  test  of  varieties,  plant¬ 
ing  the  seeds  in  boxes  in  the  green-house*  March  27  and  28,  trans¬ 
planting  four  plants  of  each  to  the  garden  May  22.  We  have  noted 
the  following  particulars : 

*  The  boxes  were  soon  after  removed  to  the  hot-beds. 


222  [Assembly 


irst  vegetation 
in  —  days. 

er  cent  vege¬ 
tated. 

irst  bloom  in 
—  days. 

irst  fruit  ripe 
in  —  days. 

en  fruits  ripe 
in  —  days. 

TOMATO. 

fa 

A 

HH 

fa 

fa 

EH 

Arlington . 

93 

84 

145 

151 

Conqueror . . . 

10 

84 

84 

138 

143 

Cardinal . . 

11 

83 

86 

141 

151 

Early  York . 

11 

98 

82 

139 

139 

Feejee  Island . 

10 

48 

90 

144 

157 

French  Upright  . 

•  • 

81 

122 

•  •  • 

Favorite . 

10 

48 

82 

141 

151 

Gen.  Grant . 

10 

100 

80 

132 

151 

Golden  Trophy . 

Horsford’s  No.  0 . 

10 

78 

83 

148 

157 

10 

84 

73 

129 

139 

Hubbard’s  Curled  Leaf . 

10 

96 

76 

130 

144 

Hundred  Day . 

11 

76 

77 

127 

139 

Improved  Large  Yellow . 

Livingston’s  Favorite . 

Lvman’s  Mammoth  Cluster.  . . ., 

10 

90 

88  ' 

147 

151 

10 

91 

85 

144 

150 

14 

82 

87 

147 

151 

Large  Yellow. . . 

10 

96 

80 

144 

150 

New  Japanese . . 

14 

96 

88 

145 

150 

New  White  Apple . 

11 

92 

87 

150 

152 

“  No  Name  ” . . 

10 

90 

73 

125 

137 

New  Red  Apple . 

10 

60 

80 

136 

146 

New  York  Market . 

10 

74 

80 

127 

143 

Orange  Field . 

10 

96 

74 

136 

143 

Pear  . 

10 

100 

74 

143 

148 

Powell’s . . 

92 

82 

134 

150 

Paragon . 

10 

66 

78 

136 

143 

Perfection  . . 

10 

68 

80 

141 

143 

Precursor .  . . , 

10 

74 

87 

146 

143 

Plum . 

10 

92 

73 

131 

139 

Queen  . 

10 

64 

73 

146 

150 

Red  Chief . 

10 

94 

84 

143 

150 

Reade’s  Island  Beauty . . 

10 

82 

87 

148 

157 

Red  Valencia  Cluster . 

10 

90 

85 

148 

152 

Rochester . 

10 

74 

88 

148 

152 

Tilden’s  New . 

10 

100 

84 

143 

147 

Triumph . 

10 

96 

84 

144 

151 

Yrellow  Victor . 

11 

94 

85 

142 

147 

The  seeds  of  the  French  Upright  were  planted  much  earlier  than 
those  of  the  other  varieties,  hence  the  date  of  maturity  is  not  com¬ 
parable.  We  note  the  time  when  the  first  ten  fruits  are  ripe  to  show 
when  the  different  varieties  are  available  for  table  use.  The  earliest 
variety  to  ripen  a  fruit  was  the  “No  Name.”  The  fruit  of  this 
sort,  however,  is  too  small  to  be  of  value  for  the  table. 

Horsford’s  No.  0,  Hundred  Hay,  and  Early  York,  all  yielded  their 
first  ten  ripe  fruits  in  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  days  from  plant¬ 
ing  ;  hence  these  are  to  be  considered  the  earliest  table  varieties  on 
the  list. 

In  1883,  the  Alpha  was  the  first  variety  that  ripened  ten  fruits. 
The  past  season  this  variety  did  not  ripen  ten  fruits  until  one  hun¬ 
dred  and  forty-four  days  from  planting,  five  days  later  than  the  three 
just  named. 


.No.  33.  J 


223 


We  find  that  in  the  different  varieties  of  tomato  the  order  of 
earliness  is  by  no  means  to  be  depended  upon.  To  illustrate  this  we 
present  a  list  of  the  varieties  grown  in  1883  and  1884,  arranged  in 
their  order  of  earliness,  the  number  of  days  used  being  the  time  at 
which  the  first  ten  fruits  were  ripe. 


Yellow  Victor . 

Conqueror . . 

Gen.  Grant . 

Hubbard’s  Curled  Leaf. . . ! 

Early  York . 

Hundred  Day . 

Orangefield . 

Reade’s  Island  Beauty . 

Pear . 

Tilden’s  New . 

Triumph . . 

New  White  Apple . 

Bed  Chief . 

Powell’s . 

Red  Valencia  Cluster . 

Livingston’s  Favorite . 

Arlington . 

Lyman’s  Mammoth  Cluster 

Gulden  Trophy . : 

Rochester . 

Feejee  Island . 

New  Japanese . 


1883. 

1884. 

t n  m 

>> 

r 

\ 

• 

>> 

^  >» 

* Z 

4-3 

.e  >> 

*E 

C’O 

£3 

3  S3 

3 

| 

a 

u  r3 

Vi 

c 

g 

c' 

a 

O 

©  2 

O 

<D 

t-.  • 

© 

V 

■*.3  r* 

co  .5* 

© 

- a 

j- 

«-  u 

© 

Si 

& 

o 

o 

136 

1 

147 

4 

140 

2 

143 

2 

140 

2 

151 

7 

140 

2 

144 

3 

143 

3 

139 

1 

143 

3 

139 

1 

143 

3 

143 

2 

143 

3 

157 

9 

147 

4 

148 

5 

147 

4 

147 

4 

147 

4 

151 

7 

148 

5 

152 

8 

148 

5 

150 

6 

159 

6- 

150 

6 

159 

6 

152 

8 

162 

7 

150 

6 

164 

8 

151 

7 

164 

8 

151 

7 

166 

9 

157 

9 

169 

10 

152 

8 

170 

11 

157 

9 

187 

12 

150 

6 

We  have  numbered  the  varieties  of  1883  in  order,  giving  the 
same  number  to  the  varieties  that  ripened  the  same  day.  It  appears 
that  these  numbers  transferred  to  their  corresponding  names  in  the 
list  of  1884  are  very  far  out  of  order.  Thus  the  Orangefield  ripened 
ten  fruits  in  both  1883  and  1884,  in  one  hundred  and  forty-three 
days.  Reade’s  Island  Beauty,  on  the  other  hand,  which  in  1883 
ripened  the  same  number  in  one  hundred  and  forty-three  days,  re¬ 
quired  one  hundred  and  fifty- seven  days,  fourteen  days  more,  to 
ripen  ten  fruits  in  1884.  The  New  Japanese  requiring  one  hundred 
and  eiglity-seven  days  to  ripen  ten  fruits  in  1883,  ripened  the  same 
number  in  1884  in  one  hundred  and  fifty  days,  or  thirty-seven  days 
less.  Had  we  taken  the  date  of  the  first  ripe  fruit  instead  of  the 
first  ten  fruits,  the  discrepancies  would  not  have  been  less  striking. 


224  „ 


[Assembly 


It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  claims  of  earliness,  for  new  varie¬ 
ties  of  the  tomato,  should  be  accepted  with  some  caution. 

I  low  much  may  be  gained  in  earliness  in  the  tomato  by  talking 
seeds  from  the  earliest  ripened  fruits?  With  the  view  of  answering 
this  cpiestion,  we  gathered  in  1883  seeds  from  one  of  the  first  fruits 
to  ripen,  and  from  one  of  the  latest,  in  five  of  the  varieties  that 
ripened  among  the  earliest.  We  chose  the  earliest  ripening  varieties 
in  order  to  secure  the  greatest  variation  in  time.  The  results  are 
given  below. 

First  vegeta-  Per  cent  First  ripe  fruit  First  ten  ripe 
tionin  — days,  .vegetated.  in  —  days.  fruits  in  —  days. 


T3 

• 

• 

. 

r3 

© 

"d 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

c n 

© 

© 

c/2 

© 

m 

-*3 

+3 

c n 

-*3 

cu 

-43 

C/2 

© 

•i-* 

+3 

c n 

© 

02 

.2 

+3 

C/2 

© 

c/3 

.2 

43 

cn 

© 

C/3 

© 

(h 

u 

-43 

72 

aS 

aS 

7t 

c3 

W 

A 

H 

hI 

K 

T3 

© 

© 

02 

«*3 

CO 

© 

— 

53 

3 


Alpha . 

Boston  Market. . 
Canada  Victor. . 
Green  Gage . . . . 
Acme . 


10 

10 

97 

92 

133 

143 

144 

146 

10 

10 

93 

82 

143 

143 

145 

146 

11 

11 

94 

74 

142 

134 

144 

142 

14 

14 

96 

88 

150 

150 

151 

152 

11 

11 

91 

99 

145 

145 

154 

154 

In  the  case  of  the  Canada  Victor  the  plants  from  the  earliest  seed 
ripened  their  fruit  later  than  those  from  the  latest  seed.  In  the  Acme 
no  difference  appears.  In  the  Alpha,  on  the  other  hand,  shows  a 
marked  difference  in  favor  of  the  earliest  seed.  On  the  average  the 
difference  is  very  slight,  but  the  little  is  in  favor  of  the  earliest  seed. 

Tests  with  Green  and  Ripe  Seed. 

The  degree  of  greenness  at  which  tomato  seeds  will  vegetate  is 
rather  remarkable.  In  our  experiments  a  small  percentage  of  the 
seeds  taken  from  a  tomato  fruit  not  fully  developed  in  size,  and 
which  has  not  commenced  to  change  color  toward  maturity,  vege¬ 
tated  and  developed  into  plants.  We  found  also  that  fruits  gathered 
when  entirely  green,  and  exposed  to  the  sun,  will  change  their  color, 
and  assume  all  the  appearance  of  ripeness.  In  order  to  note  the  in¬ 
fluence  of  green  seed  upon  the  resultant  plants,  we  gathered  in  1883 
seeds  from  six  sample  fruits  of  the  Cook’s  Favorite  variety  at  differ¬ 
ent  stages  of  ripeness,  the  first  showing  no  signs  of  maturity,  the 
second  being  pale  green,  the  third  showing  a  faint  tinge  of  red,  and 
so  on  to  the  sixth,  which  was  fully  ripe.  On  March  28  we  planted 
fifty  seeds  from  each  of  the  six  samples  in  boxes  in  the  green-house, 
transplanting  four  plants  of  each  (when  so  many  vegetated),  to  the 
garden  May  20.  The  result  is  given  below  : 


Commenced  First  ripe  First  ten 

to  vegetate  Per  cent  fruit  ripe  fruits, 

in  —  days.  vegetated.  in  —  days.  in  —  days. 

Very  green .  10  2  126  137 

Riper .  10  84  143  157 

Riper .  10  100  140  151 

Riper .  10  96  141  147 

Riper . .  10  88  141  147 

Ripest . -. .  10  96  146  152 


It  appears  that  the  pi  ants  from  the  greenest  seed  ripened  ten 
fruits  before  those  from  any  other  sample  had  ripened  one.  It  also 
appears  that  the  fruits  grown  from  the  fully  ripened  seed  were  the 
latest  of  all  in  ripening.  It  appears,  however,  that  seed  from  the 
greenest  fruit  vegetated  very  poorly.  We  noted  also,  that  the 
plants  appeared  feebler  than  those  from  any  of  the  other  samples  of 
seed. .  They  were,  however,  very  prolific.  To  intensify  the  effect 
of  using  such  unripe  seed,  we  gathered  for  planting  next  season  six 
fruits  of  the  same  stage  of  maturity  as  were  selected  in  1883,  from 
a  plant  grown  from  the  greenest  seed. 

In  order  to  compare  plants  grown  from  normally  ripened  seed 
with  those  from  seed  of  fruits  gathered  very  green  and  ripened  by 
exposure  to  the  sun,  we  present  the  results  obtained  with  three 
varieties  as  follows : 


First  vegetated 
in  —  days. 

Trophy . 

Gath¬ 

ered. 

ripe. 

Gathered 
green  aud  ri¬ 
pened  in  sun. 

10 

10 

Extra  Early  Red. . . 

11 

11 

Howard . 

12 

11 

Per  cent  First  ripe 

vegetated.  fruit  in  —  days. 


Ripe. 

Green 
ripened 
in  sun. 

Ripe. 

Green 
ripened 
in  sun. 

90 

84 

141 

143 

86 

92 

149 

129 

72 

84 

144 

134 

.  case  of  the  Trophy  it  appears  that  the  plants  from  the  seed 

ripened  in  the  sun  matured  their  first  fruits  slightly  later  than  those 
from  the  normally  ripened  seed.  In  the  other  two  varieties  the  case 
was  very  different.  In  the  Extra  Early  Red  the  first  fruit  from 
seed  gathered  green  and  ripened  in  the  sun,  ripened  twentjT  days 
in  advance  of  that  from  normally  ripened  seed. 

We  note  here  an  interesting  fact  in  connection  with  the  fruits 
picked  green  and  ripened  by  exposure  to  the  sun.  While  saving 
the  seeds  we  noticed  that  only  a  portion  of  them  sunk  in  the  water 
as  do  normally  ripened  seeds.’  With  one  variety,  the  Extra  Early 
Red,  we  placed  these  lighter  and  heavier  seeds  in  different  packages, 
planting  them  separately  in  the  spring.  The  results  appear  below  : 


Lighter  Seed 
Heavier  Seed .  .  . 


Commenced 

to  vegetate  Per  cent  First  ripe  fruit 
in — days.  vegetated.  in  —  days. 

11  90  141 

11  92  124 


First  ten 
ripe  fruits 
in  —  days. 

149 

138 


It  thus  appears  that  although  both  samples  vegetated  well,  the 
fruits  from  the  heavier  seed  matured  decidedly  earlier  than  those 
from  the  lighter. 

We  noted  that  the  seeds  from  the  earlier  ripened  fruits  were  on 
the  average  slightly  heavier  than  those  from  the  later  ones  of  the 
same  variety ;  also  that  normally  ripened  seeds  were  heavier  than 
those  from  the  same  variety  gathered  green  anyl  ripened  bv  exposure 
to  the  sun. 

[Assem.  Doc.  Ho.  33.]  29 


226 


[Assembly 

The  results  of  our  experiments  with  green  ana  ripe  seed  suggest 
that  it  may  be  possible  to  promote  earliness  in  the  tomato  by  the 
use  of  partially  matured  seed. 

Does  the  position  of  a  tomato  in  the  cluster  have  any  influence 
upon  its  earliness  or  other  qualities  f 

As  an  experiment  calculated  to  answer  this  question  we  planted 
the  seeds  from  eight  fruits  of  the  same  cluster  in  order,  in  the  New 
Currant  variety.  That  is  we  planted  the  seeds  from  the  fruit  next 
to  the  stem  of  the  plant  in  the  first  row,  the  second  from  the  stein 
in  the  second  row,  and  so  on  to  the  eighth,  or  terminal  fruit  of  the 
cluster. .  The  results  gave  us  no  difference  that  we  could  ascribe  to 
the  position  of  the  fruits. 

A 

Is  the  Number  of  Cells  in  the  Tomato  influenced  by  Heredity. 

We  noted  in  our  last  report  that  smoothness  in  the  tomato  seems 
to  depend  in  a  degree  upon  the  number  of  cells  in  the  fruit ;  those 
varieties  in  which  the  fruit  is  uniformly  smooth,  as  in  the  Apple,  Pear 
and  Plum  varieties,  invariably  having  few  cells.  In  order  to  see 
whether  we  can  influence  the  number  of  cells,  by  selecting  the  few¬ 
est  celled  fruits,  we  saved  seeds  from  a  number  of  fruits  of  the 
Early  Ped  Smooth  variety,  having  only  three  cells  each,  and  from 
others  of  the  same  variety  having  six  or  more  cells.  Plants  from 
each  selection  of  seed  were  grown  side  by  side  the  past  season  with 
the  following  result : 

To  avoid  confusion  of  terms,  we  designate  the  plants  from  the 
three-celled  fruits  as  A,  and  those  of  the  six-celled  fruits  as  B. 

Fifty  fruits  gathered  at  random  from  A,  averaged  4.26  cells  each, 
and  the  same  number  from  B  averaged  4.40  cells  each.  The  differ¬ 
ence,  though  slight,  is  in  favor  of  the  few  celled  fruits.  We  note 
further  that  while  B  had  three  fruits  having  eight  cells  each,  and 
two  having  seven  each,  A  had  no  fruits  with  eight  cells,  and  but  one 
with  seven  cells.  The  maximum  number,  therefore,  which  is  the  ex¬ 
treme  that  we  assume  that  it  is  most  desirable  to  reduce,  was  very 
perceptibly  decreased.  We  purpose  further  experiments  m  this 
direction. 

Ilow  much  is  gained  in  Earliness  by  starting  Tomato  Plants  in 

the  Hot-bed. 

We  noted  in  our  last  report-  that  tomato  plants  from  self-sown 
seed  ripened  fruit  nearly  as  earlv  as  those  started  early  in  the  hot¬ 
bed.  In  order  to  discover  how  much  time  is  gained  in  securing  ripe 
fruits  by  forcing  the  young  plants,  we  planted  a  few  seeds  of  the  Liv¬ 
ingston’s  Favorite  tomato  in  hills,  in  the  open  ground,  in  the  garden, 
April  24,  placing  about  ten  seeds  in  each  hill.  These  had  vegetated  on 
May  12.  No  especial  care  was  given  the  young  plants,  and  they  were 
not  covered  at  any  time  to  protect  them  from  frosts.  As  they  grew 
large  enough  to  crowd  each  other,  they  were  thinned  to  one  plant  in 
a  hill,  and  afterward  received  exactly  the  same  treatment  as  the 


No.  33.] 


227 


9 


plants  that  were  transplanted  from  the  hot-bed.  The  plants  from 
seeds  planted  in  the  open  ground  ripened  the  first  fruit  August  21,  or 
119  days  from  planting,  while  plants  of  the  same  variety  removed 
from  the  hot-bed  (planted  March  28)  ripened  their  first  fruit  August 
19,  or  144  days  from  planting.  In  other  words,  plants  grown  en¬ 
tirely  in  the  open  ground  matured  a  fruit  in  twenty -five  days  shorter 
time  than  those  which  were  cared  for  in  the  hot-bed  the"  first  two 
months  of  their  existence.  The  result  is  certainly  striking,  and  sug¬ 
gests  that  the  check  given  to  the  plants  at  the  time  of  transplanting 
may  have  been  nearly  sufficient  to  overbalance  all  the  time  gained  by 
forcing.  We  were  careful  to  harden  the  plants  in  the  hot-bed  be¬ 
fore  removing  them  to  the  garden,  and  in  order  that  the  shock  of 
transplanting  might  be  felt  as  little  as  possible,  we  potted  the  plants 
several  days  before  replanting  them  in  the  garden,  carefully  shading 
them  until  they  were  rooted  in  the  pots.  Did  the  transplanting 
check  the  growth  so  much,  or  did  the  heat  of  the  hot-bed  enfeeble 
them?  The  subject  merits  further  experiment. 

Observations  concerning  the  Tomato  Rot. 

The  result  of  our  experiments  calculated  to  give  information  as  to 
whether  or  not  the  disease  called  “  tomato  rot  ”  is  transmitted  through 
the  seed  were  rather  contradictory.  We  gathered  seeds  from  ap¬ 
parently  normal  fruits  and  from  fruits  destroyed  by  rot,  in  the 
Hathaway’s  Excelsior  variety,  and  grew  the  plants  from  the  two 
samples  separately.  Ho  difference  appeared  in  the  amount  of  decay 
in  the  two  plantings. 

In  a  second  experiment  with  the  Little  Gem  variety  we  selected 
fruits  from  the  plants  that  contained  the  most  decayed  fruits,  and 
from  the  one  that  contained  the  fewest,  growing  plants  from  the  two 
samples  separately.  In  this  case  a  very  marked  difference  appeared 
in  the  two  plantings.  Unexpectedly,  this  difference  was  not  in  the 
amount  of  decay,  but  in  the  vigor  of  the  plants.  The  plants  in  the 
two  rows  were  so  different  in  appearance  that  bitt  for  the  resemblance 
of  the  fruit  no  one  would  have  called  them  the  same  variety.  We 
were  led  to  suspect,  therefore,  that  there  may  be  more  than  one  affec¬ 
tion  that  causes  tomatoes  to  decay  prematurely. 

Other  interesting  information  upon  this  subject  will  be  found  in 
the  report  of  the  Botanist. 

Do  the  flowers  of  the  tomato  cross-fertilize  f 

In  our  observations  we  have  found  both  positive  and  negative  evi¬ 
dence  upon  this  question.  The,  past  season  we  noted  several  fruits 
of  the  Golden  Trophy  variety  distinctly  marked  with  red.  The 
fruit  of  the  Trophy  tomato  varies  so  much  in  form  and  size  as  to 
strongly  suggest  cross-fertilization.  The  fruit  of  the  Mayflower 
tomato,  which  in  1882  was  large,  was  the  past  season  so  small  as  to 
be  nearly  worthless  for  the  table.  We  think,  too*  that  the  fruit  of 
the  u  No  Name”  variety  was  decidedly  larger  in  1883  than  it  was 
the  past  season.  On  the  other  hand,  tlie  fruit  of  the  Acme,  which 


228 


[Assembly 


we  grew  in  1882  and  1S83  by  the  side  of  other  varieties,  saving  our 
own  seed  eacii  year,  seemed  entirely  true  to  type  the  past  season. 
We  have  never  seen  the  least  evidence  of  cross-fertilization  in  the 
fruit  of  the  Plum,  Cherry,  Pear,  Apple  or  Currant  tomatoes,  varie¬ 
ties  in  which  evidence  would  be  very  apt  to  appear  if  cross-fertiliza¬ 
tion  takes  place.  Were  the  variations  that  we  have  noted  in  other 
varieties  due  to  different  causes?  As  w3  note  that  variations  are 
more  frequent  in  comparatively  new  varieties,  we  incline  to  think 
that  they  are  rather  the  evidence  of  unfixity  than  of  cross-fertiliza¬ 
tion.  Our  own  experience  in  growing  tomatoes  from  artificially 
crossed  seed  teaches  us  that  at  least  several  generations  are  necessary 
to  fix  a  desired  type,  and  we  should  incline  to  caution  those  who  are 
endeavoring  to  originate  new  varieties  against  disseminating  their 
acquisitions  too  early. 


Synonyms. 

We  noted  in  our  last  report  that  several  of  the  tomatoes  grown 
in  1883  bore  a  very  close  resemblance  to  each  other,  so  that  we  were 
led  to  suspect  that  some  of  them  might  be  synonyms.  With  a  view 
of  taking  further  observations,  we  grew  the  past  season  those  that 
bore  a  striking  resemblance  to  each  other,  side  by  side.  W e  give 
our  conclusions  as  follows  : 

The  Acme  (Sta.),  and  Essex  Early  Hybrid  (Sib.),  are  synonyms. 

The  Extra  Early  Ked  (Sib.),  Early  Red  Smooth  (Thor.),  and 
Early  Round  Red  Smooth  (Greg.),  are  synonyms. 

The  Great  Chihuahua  (Greg.),  and  President  Garfield  (Sib.),  are 
synonyms. 

The  Broad  Leafed  Dwarf  (Tlior.),  and  Keyes'  Early  Prolific 
(Greg.),  are  synonyms. 

The  Pea. 

Test  of  Varieties. 

Of  the  pea  we  planted  seeds  of  fifty-eight  so-called  varieties  not 
previously  tested  at  the  Station,  besides  growing  those  sorts  planted 
in  1883,  upon  which  we  desired  to  make  further  observation.  We 
present  the  table  of  statistics  in  the  same  manner  as  last  year  in  order 
that  the  two  tables  may  be  comparable. 


Pea. 


|  Description— Number.  | 

NAME. 

Wrinkled  sorts  in  italics. 

Date  planted. 

72 

American  Wonder . 

April  27 

25 

Bishop’s  Dwarf  Long  Pod . 

i  t 

50 

Bliss'  Everbearing . 

i  i 

45 

Blue  Prussian  (Field  pea) . . .  . . 

4  < 

46 

Blue  Prussian  Dwarf . 

(  « 

21 

Caractacus  . . 

i  l 

12 

Champion  of  England . 

i  t 

26 

Clamart  Early . 

4  4 

18 

Cleveland’s  Rural  New  Yorker. . . 

(  < 

51 

Criterium . 

<  4 

•19 

Daniel  O’Rourke . 

4  4 

42 

D’Auvergne  . 

4  4 

43 

D’Claimart . 

4  4 

18 

Dexter . 

A  nri  1  98 

91 

Dwarf  Capuchin  . . 

4  4 

.  . 

Dwarf  Dutch  . . 

4  4 

45 

Dwarf  Green  Imperial  . 

4  4 

70 

Dwarf  Green  St.  Michael . 

4  4 

24 

Dwarf  Michaux  de  Hollande . 

4  4 

90 

Dwarf  Royal  Edible  Pod  . 

4  4 

37 

Earliest  of  all . 

4  4 

93 

Eariy  Crown  (Field  pea) . 

4  4 

64 

Early  Dwarf .  . 

4  4 

87 

Edible  Podded  Butter . 

4  t 

92 

Edible  Podded  Dwarf . 

4  4 

28 

Etampes  Wonder . 

4  4 

38 

Express . 

4  4 

86 

Extra  Early  Dwarf  Breton . 

4  4 

44 

Fillbasket  . 

4  4 

84 

Giant,  very  large  podded  Sugar. . . . 

i  4 

96 

Golden  Drop  (Field  pea) . 

4  4 

95 

Golden  Vine  (Field  pea) . 

4  4 

82 

Green  Auvergne  . 

4  4 

48 

Green  Noyou . 

4  4 

94 

Grey  Winter  (Field  pea)  . 

4  4 

57 

Horsford's  Market  Garden . 

4  4 

39 

Kentish  Invicta  . 

4  4 

76 

Knight's  Dwarf  Green  Marrow _ 

4  4 

68 

Knight's  Dwarf  Marrow . 

4  4 

13 

Knight's  Tall  Green  Marrow . 

4  4 

17 

Knight’s  Tall  Marrow . 

4  4 

18 

Landreth’s  Extra  Early . . . 

»  4 

91 

Large  Green  Normandy .  . .. 

4  4 

81, 

Large  White  Podded  Sugar . 

•  4 

36 

Laxton's  Marvel . 

4  4 

7 

Laxton’s  Superlative  . 

4  4 

23 

Leopold  2d . . 

A  4 

49 

Laxton’s  Alpha . . 

4  4 

97 

Maple  (Field  pea) . 

4  4 

60 

McLean's  Best  of  All . 

4  4 

69 

McLean's  Blue  Peter . 

4  4 

30 

Michaux  de  Rouelle . 

4  4 

29 

Michaux  Ordinaire  de  Paris . 

4  4 

80 

McLean's  Dwarf  Prolific . 

4  4 

Native,  from  Teneriffe  (Field  pea?) 

4  4 

“New  Field  Pea— A.’’ . 

4  4 

73 

Premium  Gem  . 

4  4 

22 

Prince  Albert  (Vil.) . 

4  4 

Prince  Albert  (Fer.) .. . . 

4  4 

40 

Prizetaker  . . 

4  4 

18 

Reedland . 

4  4 

32 

Shah  de  Persia . 

4  4 

71 

Supplanter . 

4  l 

31 

Sword . 

4  4 

79 

Stratagem  . . •.. . 

4  4 

10 

Tall  Green  Mammoth . 

4  4 

11 

Telephone . .•  . 

4  4 

18 

Thorburn's  Early  Extra  Market. .. 

4  4 

j  Per  cent  vegetated. 

First  bloom  in  —  days. 

First  edible  maturity 

in  —  days. 

[  Days  fit  for  table  use. 

First  seed  ripe  in  — 

days. 

Last  seed  ripe  in  - 

days. 

Number  of  pods  per 

100  plants. 

Number  of  peas  in  100, 

average  pods. 

Av’ge  yield  of  ripe  peas 

per  plant  in  grs.Troy. 

40 

30 

55 

14 

71 

95 

323 

412 

67 

49 

53 

71 

15 

83 

110 

1,168 

481 

214 

27 

51 

67 

7 

85 

95 

1,077 

352 

241 

82 

57 

.... 

t  , 

89 

104 

548 

482 

150 

86 

52 

69 

17 

86 

95 

656 

343 

1C6 

72 

30 

60 

11 

73 

80 

568 

425 

81 

59 

50 

69 

16 

66 

107 

788 

423 

133 

61 

43 

60 

17 

75 

104 

532 

368 

70 

52 

39 

*52 

15 

65 

72 

403 

459 

67 

35 

48 

64 

10 

79 

106 

588 

470 

138 

38 

43 

*59 

14 

73 

101 

656 

497 

150 

68 

52 

66 

8 

78 

104 

472 

517 

93 

63 

51 

66 

8 

82 

103 

400 

455 

92 

57 

40 

*53 

15 

65 

71 

274 

455 

43 

57 

54 

*71 

8 

87 

94 

780 

575 

63 

39 

51 

70 

7 

87 

103 

792 

461 

142 

48 

52 

68 

5 

88 

103 

676 

524 

149 

59 

53 

68 

6 

86 

95 

657 

407 

145 

39 

46 

*63 

14 

77 

101 

568 

609 

146 

65 

45 

63 

7 

77 

95 

743 

352 

75 

58 

38 

54 

16 

65 

13 

377 

410 

55 

65 

56 

•  .  . 

•  •  •  • 

88 

114 

1.208 

622 

210 

44 

49 

65 

8 

78 

95 

985 

400 

63 

58 

45 

59 

14 

80 

111 

352 

398 

73 

43 

45 

68 

5 

78 

95 

605 

399 

114 

5S 

49 

64 

6 

75 

95 

561 

572 

107 

41 

39 

54 

12 

75 

77 

336 

361 

48 

62 

42 

66 

8 

78 

105 

1,016 

491 

167 

39 

49 

66 

8 

84 

95 

511 

438 

168 

50 

54 

68 

7 

88 

103 

440 

429 

121 

52 

65 

... 

98 

111 

1,072 

472 

130 

63 

61 

.... 

94 

114 

1,664 

615 

232 

48 

50 

65 

9 

84 

105 

548 

394 

108 

45 

54 

74 

12 

88 

103 

1,144 

478 

222 

58 

49 

80 

107 

684 

515 

143 

34! 

42 

65 

9 

77 

101 

1,024 

474 

187 

63 

38 

53 

17 

65 

77 

31- 

480 

48 

49 

51 

65 

8i 

85 

95 

748 

322 

153 

49 

42 

65 

7 

71 

95 

711 

2571 

89 

53 

45 

68 

17 

82 

111 

1,100 

531  j 

194 

71 

53 

75 

20 

96 

110 

884 

438  i 

147 

72 

38 

53 

15 

65 

71 

246 

443 

62 

63 

61 

*82 

106 

111 

896 

257! 

103 

48 

45 

66 

7 

84 

99 

648 

524 

161 

51 

51 

68 

7 

85 

102 

480 

517 

149 

58 

51 

68 

7 

84 

102 

540 

494| 

129 

55 

45 

61 

8 

71 

95 

589 

469 

92 

49 

49 

55 

16 

68 

98 

428 

399 

63 

57 

56 

.  .  . 

96 

110 

1,136 

398 

156 

36 

53 

74 

11 

91 

105 

572 

353 

241 

73  J 

40 

56 

12 

71 

79 

296 

333 

54 

46 

47 

68 

16 

84 

106 

1,016 

517> 

197 

39 

40 

66 

8 

73 

95 

766 

436' 

132 

47 

51 

68 

6 

84 

98 

588 

392 1 

92 

32 

51 

a  • 

,  , 

84 

102 

928 

433 

195 

48 

60 

.  •  • 

-  94 

110 

1,772 

498 

119 

67 

42 

60 

10 

77 

95 

455 

399 

79 

01 

40 

54 

16 

66 

95 1 

716 

409 

105 

52 1 

61 

77 

17 

95 

106 

1,084 

528 

149 

3F 

5m 

68 

6 

78 

98 

396 

545 

102 

79 

38 

53i 

15 

65 

7! 

217 

365 

33 

69 

39 

*53 

15 

65 

77 

328 

442 

57 

47 

68 

6 

79 

103 

568 

324 

107 

71 

50 

65 

9 

78 

10( 

472 

517 

140 

56 

52 

74 

4 

88 

102 

312 

487 

103 

24 

47 

65 

19 

81 

103 

1,643 

589 

184 

58 

49 

65 

10 

84 

1044 

5561 

531 

173 

74 

39 

53 

15 

66 

71 

328 

467 

52 

i 

c a 

© 

M  * 

©  L 

>  s 

X3  'O 

©  I 

©  I 

©  c 

Sc 

£  5 

6s 

12 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

11 

11 

10 

10 

11 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

10 

11 

11 

II 

111 


230 


[Assembly 


Pea  —  (Concluded). 


|  Description— Number.  | 

NAME. 

Wrinkled  sorts  in  italics. 

Date  planted. 

i 

1 

\  Commenced  vegeta- 
|  tion  in  —  days. 

1  Per  cent  vegetated. 

First  bloon  in  — days. 

First  edible  maturity 
in  —  days. 

Days  fit  for  table  use. 

First  seed  ripe  in  — 

days. 

Last  seed  ripe  in  — 

days. 

Number  of  pods  per 

100  plants. 

Number  of  peas  in  100 

average  pods. 

|  Av’ge  yield  of  ripe  peas 

per  plant  in  grs.  Troy. 

58 

The  Racket . 

April  28 

14 

53 

42 

60 

13 

77 

116 

960 

439 

149 

66 

Very  Dwarf  Bretagne . 

(  ( 

11 

42 

53 

71 

3 

84 

95 

1,081 

440 

121 

65 

Very  Dwarf  Coutourier . 

i  < 

11 

67 

47 

64 

10 

•  i 

99 

552 

398 

69 

74 

Very  Dwarf  Wrinkled . 

<  < 

11 

64 

42 

57 

13 

77 

99 

384 

468 

49 

63 

Very  Early  Dwarf . 

(  ( 

11 

78 

40 

56 

12 

65 

98 

352 

462 

56 

96 

Very  Early  Dwarf  (sans  parchemin) 

(  t 

11 

42 

35 

63 

7 

80 

89 

612 

339 

83 

75 

William  Hurst  . . 

(  i 

11 

40 

42 

57 

n 

74 

79 

254 

466 

49 

41 

William  the  First . 

<  t 

11 

58 

45 

59 

ii 

74 

102 

622 

467 

116 

52 

Wilson . . . 

l  C 

11 

48 

50 

70 

14 

84 

105 

720 

456 

166 

A  No.  1  (Bliss  &  Sons) . 

l  i 

11 

45 

42 

59 

15 

77 

106 

652 

418 

123 

A  No.  2  “  . 

i  ( 

11 

44 

52 

68 

6 

85 

103 

604 

339 

120 

38 

No.  72  “  . 

<  ( 

11 

64 

38 

54 

4 

65 

79 

399 

425 

57 

No.  74  “  . 

<  < 

12 

49 

35 

63 

10 

77 

102 

600 

482 

128 

No.  75  “  . 

(  c 

12 

53 

51 

65 

8 

84 

98 

696 

440 

145 

No.  76  “  . 

l  < 

12 

65 

26 

61 

12 

78 

102 

544 

288 

100 

No.  77  “  . 

t  t 

12 

41 

35 

63 

7 

77 

102 

672 

372 

117 

No.  78  “  . 

<  < 

12 

51 

35 

63 

8 

77 

102 

544 

456 

88 

No.  79  “  . 

(  c 

11 

61 

52 

70 

7 

84 

105 

512 

463 

123 

*  One  pod. 


It  appears  that  Cleveland’s  Rural  New  Yorker  was  earliest  forming 
the  first  pod  of  edible  size  in  fifty-two  days  ;  Dexter,  Kentish  In- 
victa,  Reed  land,  Shah  de  Persia,  Landreth’s  Extra  Early  and  Thor- 
burn’s  Extra  Early  Market  had  pods  of  edible  size  in  fifty-three 
days ;  earliest  of  all,  Express,  Prince  Albert,  and  a  new  sort  from 
Messrs.  Bliss,  “No.  72,”  in  fifty-four  days.  Strange  to  say,  the 
earliest  of  all,  which  in  1882  and  1883  led  the  van  in  our  trials,  was 
surpassed  in  earliness  by  seven  so-called  varieties  the  past  season. 

It  appears,  also,  that  the  Large  Green  Normandy,  a  variety  re¬ 
ceived  from  Erance,  was  latest,  one  planting  of  Prince  Albert  second, 
and  Knight’s  Tall  Marrow  third.  The  latter  remained  fit  for  table 
use  longer  than  any  other  variety,  while  the  Very  Dwarf  Bretagne 
matured  its  crop  most  rapidly. 

The  Tall  Green  Mammoth  was  most  prolific  in  pods,  and  the  Reed- 
land  was  least  prolific.  Bliss’  Everbearing  and  McLean's  Best*  of 
All,  produced  the  largest  weight  of  peas  per  plant  and  Reedland  the 
smallest.  The  Dwarf  Micliaux  de  Hollande  gave  the  largest  average 
number  of  peas  per  pod,  and  Knight’s  Dwarf  Marrow  and  Large 
Green  Normandy  the  smallest. 

The  Shah  de  Persia,  a  distinct  wrinkled  pea  received  from  France, 
gave  its  first  edible  pod  in  fifty-three  days —  two  days  -  earlier  than 
the  American  Wonder,  which  has  heretofore  enjoyed  the  reputation 
of  being  the  earliest  wrinkled  pea.  Another  season,  however,  may 
show  quite  a  different  result. 


No.  33.] 


231 


« 


Tests  of  Earliest  and  Latest  Ripening  Seed. 

In  1883  we  gave  the  result  of  an  experiment  with  the  Tom 
Thumb  pea,  in  which  peas  from  the  earliest  and  latest  ripening  pods 
were  planted  separately.  The  results  showed  a  very  perceptible  gain 
in  earliness  in  the  seed  from  the  earliest  pods  as  well  as  a  better 
vegetation  and  a  slight  increase  in  productiveness.  With  the  view 
of  carrying  this  experiment  further,  we  gathered  last  season  the 
earliest  and  latest  ripening  pods  from  eleven  varieties  of  pea,  and 
planted  in  the  garden  on  April  25,  100  seeds  from  each  selection  of 
each  variety.  The  results  are  given  in  the  following  table  : 


EARLIEST  AND  LATEST  PODS. 

Commenced  vegetation 
in  -  days. 

Per  cent  vegetated . 

j  First  bloom  in  — days. 

First  edible  maturity  in 
—  days. 

Days  fit  for  table  use. 

i  First  pods  ripe  in  — 
days. 

Last  pods  ripe  in  — 

1  days. 

Number  of  pods  per  100 
plants. 

Number  of  peas  in  100  j 

average  pods. 

Average  yield  of  ripe 

peas  per  plant  in  grs. 

British  Queen. 

From  earliest  pods . . 

11 

54 

52 

68 

16 

84 

107 

834 

285 

155 

From  latest  pods . 

11 

63 

52 

68 

17 

85 

116 

664 

377 

132 

Carter’s  Challenger. 

From  earliest  pods .  . 

11 

44 

49 

65 

8 

84 

101 

462 

475 

130 

From  latest  pods . . 

11 

56 

49 

65 

8 

84 

101 

422 

412 

109 

Carter’s  Pride  of  the  Market. 

From  earliest  pods . 

12 

53 

51 

68 

7 

84 

102 

313 

545 

106 

From  latest  pods  . 

14 

25 

51 

68 

7 

85 

103 

448 

616 

174 

Champion  of  England. 

43 

155 

From  earliest  pods  . 

11 

68 

68 

16 

84 

107 

620 

590 

From  latest  pods . . . 

11 

66 

53 

82 

12 

91 

107 

994 

441 

171 

Culverwell’s  Telegraph. 

From  earliest  pods . .  - 

11 

53 

50 

64 

10 

84 

102 

415 

498 

119 

From  latest  pods . . 

11 

40 

50 

64 

10 

84 

101 

626 

492 

169 

Day’s  Early  Sunrise. 

From  earliest  pods . 

11 

59 

42 

64 

6 

77 

98 

607 

244 

89 

From  latest  pods  . 

11 

47 

42 

65 

12 

77 

107 

712 

384 

126 

Earliest  of  All. 

From  earliest  pods  . . 

11 

58 

38 

54 

16 

65 

78 

377 

410 

55 

From  fatest  pods  . 

11 

47 

38 

54 

16 

68 

79 

471 

527 

84 

Laxton’s  Long  Pod. 

From  earliest  pods . 

11 

49 

45 

68 

9 

78 

102 

919 

512 

174 

From  latest  pods . 

11 

52 

50 

66 

11 

78 

102 

858 

576 

204 

Minimum. 

From  earliest  pods . 

11 

42 

40 

57 

13 

66 

80 

510 

482 

75 

From  latest  pods . .  •  — 

11 

78 

42 

57 

13 

70 

80 

298 

476 

63 

Prizetaker  Green  Marrow. 

From  earliest  pods. . 

11 

35 

50 

70 

Tf 

• 

80 

101 

1151 

567 

307 

From  latest  pods . . 

11 

46 

50 

68 

7 

79 

99 

754 

588 

189 

Telephone. 

11 

84 

214 

From  earliest  pods  . 

32 

70 

66+ 

9 

102 

591 

569 

From  latest  pods .  . 

11 

34 

70 

65 

10 

84 

105 

753 

530 

240 

*One  pod. 


In  1883  we  selected  the  Tom  Thumb  pea  for  this  experiment  be¬ 
cause  this  variety  continues  to  ripen  its  seed  through  a  long  period. 
In  the  present  experiment  we  used  varieties  without  regard  to  the 
difference  of  time  between  the  earliest  and  latest  formed  pods.  The 
results  show  very  little  difference  between  the  plants  grown  from 
the  earliest  and  latest  seed,  either  in  earliness,  productiveness,  or 
vegetation.. 


232 


[Assembly 


The  average  earliness  shows  a  difference  of  one  dav  in  favor  of 
the  earliest  ripened  seed,  while  the  average  yield  of  pods  shows  a 
difference  of  eighteen  to  the  hundred  plants  in  favor  of  the  latest 
ripened  seed  ;  the  average  yield  of  peas  per  plant  shows  a  difference 
of  seven  grains  in  favor  of  the  latest  ripened  seed,  and  the  average 
of  vegetation  shows  a  difference  of  about  one  per  cent  also  in  favor 
of  the  latest  ripened  seed. 

As  a  whole,  the  differences  are  so  slight  as  to  be  non-committal. 
When  we  remember,  however,  that  in  several  of  the  varieties  tested, 
the  difference  in  time  between  the  earliest  and  latest  ripening  pods 
is  very  slight,  the  average  difference  in  earliness  of  a  single  day  is  a 
matter  of  consideration  to  those  who  are  seeking  to  promote  earli¬ 
ness  in  peas.  The  fact  that  lateness  in  maturity  is  accompanied  by 
an  increase  in  yield,  is  to  be  expected  when  we  remember  that,  as  "a 
rule,  the  earliest  varieties  are  less  productive  than  the  intermediate 
or  later  ones. 

Tests  of  Ripe  and  Green  Seed. 

In  1883  we  gathered  samples  of  unripe  seed  from  three  varieties 
of  pea,  the  selections  varying  somewhat  in  the  degree  of  unripe¬ 
ness.  On  April  28,  these  were  planted  in  the  garden  with  the  fol¬ 
lowing  results : 


RIPE  AND  GREEN  SEED. 

Date 

planted. 

Commenced  vegetation 
in  —  days. 

Per  cent  vegetated.’ 

First  bloom  in  —  days. 

|  First  edible  maturity  in 
—  days. 

Days  fit  for  table  use. 

First  pods  ripe  in  —  ' 

1  days. 

Last  pods  ripe  in  — 
days. 

Number  of  pods  per  100 
plants. 

Number  of  peas  in  100  I 

average  pods.  1 

Average  yield  of  ripe 
peas  per  plant  in  grs. 

Blue  Peter. 

From  seed  gathered  ripe . 

April  28 
<  ( 

11 

84 

40 

57 

13 

68 

79 

629 

' 

391 

121 

From  seed  gathered  green  . 

11 

84 

40 

57 

13 

68 

79 

467 

410 

100 

Eugenia. 

From  seed  gathered  ripe . 

<  i 

11 

00 

40 

64 

9 

nn 

i  t 

106 

706 

317 

109 

From  seed  gathered  green  . 

<  t 

11 

55 

40 

6(5 

6 

72 

105 

677 

3S5 

92 

William  the  First. 

From  seed  gathered  ripe . 

<  < 

11 

54 

39 

57 

13 

65 

98 

300 

459 

65 

From  seed  when  just  past  ed.mat 

«  < 

12 

9 

43 

57 

16 

65 

102 

1,467 

57.3 

346 

From  seed  gather’d  at  edible  mat. 

<  ( 

12 

3 

38 

58 

15 

84 

109 

1,600 

728 

1 

492 

With  the  exception  of  the  third  sample  of  William  the  First,  the 
green  seeds  were  only  slightly  immature.  It  is  evident  that  the  results 
are  contradictory.  The  sample  of  William  the  First,  gathered  at 
edible  maturity,  however,  with  a  very  feeble  vegetation,  gives  a  sur¬ 
prisingly  large  yield.  It  appears  that  the  time  of  maturity  was  lit¬ 
tle  influenced.  The  experiment  has  value  only  in  being  suggestive. 
If  extreme  greenness  of  the  seed  tends  to  increase  productiveness,  a 
knowledge  of  the  fact  is  valuable.  The  evidence  suggests  further 
experiment. 


No.  33.] 


233 


Tests  of  Seed  from  the  most  productive  and  least  productive  plants. 

In  1883,  we  gathered  from  thirteen  different  varieties  of  pea'sam- 
ples  of  seed  from  the  plants  that  produced  the  largest  number  of 
pods,  and  also  from  those  that  produced  the  smallest  number.  On 
April  28,  we  selected  the  finest  pods  from  the  most  productive  plants 
and  planted  the  seeds  contained  in  them  with  an  equal  number  of 
seeds  from  the  least  productive  plants.  To  avoid  confusion  of  terms, 
we  will  speak  of  the  progeny  of  the  most  productive  plants  as  A, 
and  that  of  the  least  productive  ones  as  B.  We  offer  the  results  in 
tabular  form,  as  follows  : 


MOST  AND  LEAST  PRODUC¬ 
TIVE  PLANTS 

Date  planted.  ! 

Commenced  vegetation 
—  days. 

Per  cent  vegetated. 

First  bloom  in  —  days. 

First  edible  maturity  in  — 
days. 

Days  fit  for  table  use. 

First  pods  ripe  in  —  days. 

a 

7 

c 

O! 

£ 

i n 

73 

O 

ry 

4-? 

w 

7Z 

hH 

Number  of  pods  per  100 

plants. 

Number  of  peas  in  100 

average  pods. 

03 

? 

t*  rfl 

o  & 

© 

©~ 

CUDS. 

5  © 
>  o. 

< 

A... 

American  Wonder. 

From  most  productive  plant.... 

April  28 
(  ( 

12 

90 

42 

56 

14 

77 

101 

888 

501 

178 

B... 

From  least  productive  plant. . . . 

12 

95 

42 

56 

14 

77 

101 

875 

448 

145 

A... 

Bishop’s  Long  Pod. 

From  most  productive  plant. .  . 

<  « 

11 

53 

71 

4 

84 

107 

1,400 

463 

413 

B... 

From  least  productive  plants. . . 

4  i 

11 

.... 

53 

71 

4 

84 

98 

1,391 

460 

473 

A... 

Blue  Peter. 

From  most  productive  plants. . . 

i  <  r 

11 

52 

40 

57 

13 

68 

79 

691 

3S8 

137 

B... 

From  least  productive  plants.. . 

i  i 

11 

100 

40 

57 

11 

68 

79 

658 

372 

124 

A... 

Caractacus. 

From  most  productive  plant .... 

i  t 

11 

17 

38 

54 

14 

65 

102 

1,112 

516 

211 

B... 

From  least  productive  plant. . . . 

4  4 

11 

100 

49 

65 

8 

78 

101 

1,839 

581 

465 

A... 

Carter’s  Challenger. 

From  most  productive  plant .... 

<  < 

11 

63 

49 

65 

9 

84 

101 

2,150 

622 

766 

B... 

From  least  productive  plant.... 

<  ( 

11 

90 

50 

65 

9 

84 

98 

1,570 

593 

509 

A... 

Carter’s  First  Crop. 

From  most  productive  plant. . . . 

<  ( 

11 

100 

39 

54 

16 

64 

79 

880 

491 

180 

B... 

From  least  productive  plant. . .. 

l  4 

11 

100 

38- 

56 

14 

66 

79 

1,250 

486 

241 

A... 

Carter’s  Premium  Gem. 
From  most  productive  plants... 

<  « 

15 

77 

42 

56 

14 

67 

101 

744 

468 

158 

B... 

From  least  productive  plants. . . 

4  i 

11 

85 

42 

56 

12 

67 

98 

691 

525 

154 

A.. 

Dwarf  Champion 

From  most  productive  plants. .. 

%  < 

11 

67 

42 

60 

10 

78 

103 

2,000 

489 

421 

B... 

From  least  productive  plants. . 

<  ( 

12 

100 

53 

70 

15 

84 

101 

4,325 

643 

885 

A.. 

Early  Kent. 

From  most  productive  plants. . . 

i  ( 

11 

82 

45 

6S 

« 

13 

79 

102 

2,063 

508 

418 

B... 

From  least  productive  plants.  . 

<  l 

11 

100 

47 

65 

8 

78 

101 

1,900 

524 

411 

A.. 

Ferry’s  Extra  Early. 

From  most  productive  plants... 

4  ( 

11 

100 

39 

53 

15 

68 

79 

1,092 

492 

225 

B... 

From  least  productive  plants... 

i  < 

11 

75 

45 

57 

13 

77 

98 

1,622 

548 

443 

A.. 

Hairs  Dwarf  Green  Marrow. 
From  most  productive  plant  ... 

(  < 

14 

79 

53 

71 

10 

91 

111 

2,012 

412 

726 

B... 

From  least  productive  plant  .. 

Horsford’s  Market  Garden. . 
From  most  productive  plant. . . . 

(  4 

14 

89 

53 

68 

13 

78 

109 

2,173 

387 

292 

A.. 

(  c 

14 

80 

58 

72 

22 

93 

111 

2,075 

563 

759 

B... 

From  least  productive  plants. . . 

4  l 

14 

20 

47 

66 

13 

78 

105 

3,200 

397 

588 

A. 

McLean’s  Advancer 

From  most  productive  plant  — 

4  i 

12 

73 

55 

71 

23 

13 

87 

111 

3 , 565 

518 

381 

B... 

From  least  productive  plant  .. 

4  4 

11 

93 

58 

71 

91 

105 

2,011 

581 

608 

*  One  pod. 


The  outcome  of  this  experiment  is  quite  different  from  what  we 
anticipated.  On  the  average,  the  plants  of  B  proved  the  more  pro¬ 
ductive  by  two  pods  to  the  plant.  Strictly,  however,  the  plantings 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  30 


231 


[Assembly 


cannot  be  considered  as  duplicates,  since  they  are  of  different  varie¬ 
ties,  which  are  of  varying  habit,  and  mature  at  different  times. 

The  fact  is  worthy  of  note  that  in  the  cases  where  B  gives  the 
excess  in  yield,  it  is  invariably  later  in  maturing  than  A,  and  con¬ 
versely,  where  A  is  later  in  maturing  than  B,  it  shows  a  larger 
yield. 

It  is  possible  that  in  some  cases  the  unproductive  plants  of  1883 
were  enfeebled  by  unnoticed  injuries  from  the  pea  weevil  in  the 
seed  planted  ;  and  that  thus  while  possessing  abundant  inherent 
vigor,  were  restricted  in  their  development.  Whatever  the  causes, 
the  results  are  interesting  and  suggest  further  experiment. 

The  heredity  of  finely  developed  pods,  however,  has  been  borne 
out  to  a  striking  degree  in  our  trials.  We  noted  in  our  last  report 
that  the  seeds  of  two  pods  of  Laxton’s  Marvel  pea,  from  the  crop  of 
1882,  that  contained  eleven  peas  each,  produced  among  others,  two 
pods  that  likewise  contained  eleven  seeds  each,  while  the  seeds  from 
other  pods  that  contained  ten  peas  each  produced  no  pods  containing 
more  than  ten  peas.  The  past  season,  fifteen  peas  were  planted, 
from  the  eleven  seeded  pods  of  1883,  and  the  plants  resulting, 
twelve  in  number,  bore  three  pods  containing  eleven  seeds  each. 
We  have  never  seen  eleven  seeded  pods  in  any  other  variety,  and 
we  found  but  two  in  1882,  from  the  seed  of  which  we  grew  another 
two  in  1883,  and  from  this  we  secured  three  in  1883. 

We  will  add  that  this  careful  selection  has  given  us  not  only  very 
finely  developed  pods,  but  also  highly  productive  plants.  Thus 
the  twelve  plants  above  named  bore  the  past  season  339  pods,  or  at 
the  rate  of  2,825  pods  per  hundred  plants,  a  yield  that  is  not  equalled 
in  our  table  of  varieties. 

Tests  of  Seeds  Planted  in  Order  f  rom  the  Pods. 

In  order  to  test  the  influence  of  the  position  of  the  seeds  in  the  pod 
upon  the  resulting  plants,  we  selected  in  1883,  thirty  pods  of  Cul- 
verwell’s  Telegraph  pea,  that  contained  exactly  eight  peas  each. 
We  then  removed  the  seed  next  to  the  stem  in  all  the  pods,  placing 
the  peas  thus  secured  in  one  packet ;  the  second  ones  from  the 
stems  in  another,  and  so  on,  numbering  the  packets  successively, 
until  all  the  peas  were  removed.  On  April  28,  we  planted  so  many 
of  the  peas  from  each  packet  as  were  uninjured  by  the  weevil,  in  a 
row  by  themselves.  The  results  are  shown  in  the  table  : 


No.  33.] 


235 


W 

pq 

<1 

H 


•sj9 

ui  jUBjd  J9t! 
SB9d  9du  JO 
PI9|X  9<fBJ9Ay 

(M  H  lO  y— H  yH  lO  -H  — 1 
^OOn-HObOCO 

-ft  cm  co  co  co  co  co  cm 

•spod  9SBJ9AB 

00[  UI SB9d 
jo  abquin^ 

CDCMOiOO^HCOOCO 

COGOt^OOCOCOCl 

O  10  o  <co  »o  O  O  iO  , 

(M  (N  >0  O  C  tH  CO  tH 

00  CO  co  tH  CO  KO  -H  -ft 

001  J9d  spod 

yHIhCSXy—  OOCS 

jo  agqran^i 

r\  fv  f\  r\ 

rH  y— 1  -H  rH 

OJiOHC^OHiO 

•S;{i?p  —  UI 

O  O  H  r— •  rH  O  O  O 

9du  spod  jseq; 

iH  rH  rH  yH  rH  y— 1  rH  rH 

•s£bp  —  ui 

-+trH-f!0-fl-Ht~-fl 

9du  spod  jsji^ 

C»  00  00  rX  GO  00  CO  00 

•gsn  9[qBj 

COMWOb-PP'P 

joj  jg  s£bq 

yH  tH  y— I  r—<  yH 

•S^Bp  — 

XXXXXXXX 

ui  ^junjBm 

aiqi’pg  jsatj; 

~s 

SiCBp  — 

rH  ■“ 1  Oi  CP>  O  y-h  Ci  cO 

ui  inooiq  jsjiji 

lOiOrfOOOrfliO 

•UOIJBJ 

O  O  P  t-  00  iO 

-9§9A  JU90  J9<J 

X  VO  O  -f  ^  CO  O 

'  SitBp  —  UI 

y— (  — <  y-j  -H  rH  y— i  — i  y— 

U01JBJ9&9A 

H  ’ — '  Y — I  rH  T— 1  Y — I  Y—  1 — ! 

pgouaiuaioQ 

■d 

CO  CO  X  X  X  X  X  X  - 

4-2 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  P'1 

s 

f  ^  r  ^  t— H  >■  '<  r1  H  '  f  *  •  H 

a 

J_i  P  S_  •_<  !_ 

® 

c3 

q 

• 

rH 

rH 

rH 

H 

p 

rH 

HH 

/“H 

p 

r-<  S 

0) 

d 

d 

d 

a> 

d 

d 

1  "  1  *~H 

4-4 

4-4 

4— ■* 

4-> 

•H 

4-H 

4-4 

P_  o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Uj 

CO 

rH  -4— ^ 

g  co 

rH 

rH 

H 

b£  o 
^  -2 

i-H 

Hr 

r-< 

-H 

o 

o 

o 

d 

o 

o 

d 

H 

u, 

5-1 

P— i 

pH 

•— 

Ph 

O  i 

MH 

Hi 

H 

MH 

H 

f-l-l 

Hy 

E-  x 

CD 

rH 

4-4 

rH 

4-4 

H 

4-4 

H 

4^4 

4-4 

CO  £ 

#-v  ^ 

CM 

CO 

nf 

ic 

<CD 

tH 

X 

rO 

tj 

P3 

rO 

rp 

P  CD 

CD 

<D 

<D 

O 

O 

o 

o 

^  0) 

o 

CD 

<D 

a 

o 

o 

o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

©  H 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

P 

— 

>H 

(“H 

H 

p 

d 

Ph 

O 

vH 

d 

• 

*“H 

O 

O 

d 

P-H 

o  ^ 

HH 

Hh 

H 

Hh 

<H 

H 

yH 

CM 

CO 

-ft 

o 

CO 

tH 

X 

6 

O 

O 

c 

O 

o 

c 

o 

230 


[Assembly 


It  will  be  noticed  that  the  per  cent  of  vegetation,  the  yields  of 
pods  and  of  peas  is  slightly  highest  in  the  plants  from  the  seeds  next 
the  stem,  a  difference  which  may  be  accidental.  In  order  to  inten¬ 
sify,  if  possible,  whatever  influence  the  position  of  the  peas  in  the 
pod  may  have  upon  the  progeny,  we  have  gathered  for  next  year’s 
planting  the  seed  next  the  stem  from  selected  pods  from  row  No.  1, 
the  second  from  the  stem  in  row  No.  2,  the  third  in  No.  3.  and  so  on 
to  the  last. 


Fertilizer  Trials. 

We  made  experiments  with  various  fertilizers  upon  the  pea,  choos¬ 
ing  for  the  purpose  a  plat  of  ground,  that  had  received  no  fertilizer 
of  any  kind  since  the  establishment  of  the  Station. 

In  order  to  test  the  influence  of  well-rotted  stable  manure  upon 
the  earliness  and  productiveness  of  the  pea,  we  manured  one  row 
twelve  feet  long,  of  the  W  illiam  the  First  variety  very  heavily,  leaving 
an  adjacent  row  unmanured.  Strange  to  say,  the  manure  had  no 
visible  effect  either  upon  the  productiveness  or  earliness  of  the 
yield. 

We  also  fertilized  one  row  of  the  same  length,  with  each  of  the 
following  : 

1^.  One-fourth  pound  of  sulphate  of  iron  in  solution. 

2 nd.  The  same  with  two  pounds  superphosphate. 

3 rd.  Two  pounds  superphosphate,  alone. 

4 th.  Three  pounds  gypsum,  and 

5 tli.  Three  pounds  gypsum,  and  one  pound  common  salt. 

The  differences  in  earliness  or  yield  was  not  sufficiently  marked 
in  any  case,  so  that  it  could  be  safely  ascribed  to  the  fertilizer  used. 

Vegetation  of  Weevil-eaten  Peas. 

The  results. obtained  with  different  tests  of  weevil-eaten  peas  vary 
much.  In  a  garden  test  the  past  season,  with  Carter's  First  Crop 
pea,  but  two  per  cent  of  those  injured  by  the  weevil  vegetated,  while 
sixty  per  cent  of  the  sound  peas  vegetated. 

Results  of  Crossfertilization. 

Out  of  many  crosses  made  in  1883,  the  results  of  two  are  worthy 
of  note,  viz.,  a  wrinkled  pea,  a  cross  of  American  Wonder  fertilized 
with  Earliest  of  All,  that  formed  a  pod  of  edible  size  in  fifty-two 
days  (as  early  as  the  earliest  smooth  pea  on  trial)  ;  and  a  second,  also 
wrinkled,  a  cross  of  Bliss’  A.  No.  2,  fertilized  with  Laxton’s  Marvel, 
that  gave  the  phenomenal  yield  of  ninety  pods  on  one  plant,  aver¬ 
aging  four  and  a  fourth  peas  per  pod,  and  this  with  only  ordinary 
cultivation. 

Synoxwms. 

In  our  report  for  1883,  we  published  an  abstract  of  our  notes  to 
show  that  the  peas  tested  under  the  names  Philadelphia  Extra 
Early  (Thor.  1883),  Cleveland's  First  and  Best  (Clev.  1S83),  Ferry’s 


No.  33.] 


237 


First  and  Best  (Fer.  1883),  Sibley’s  First  and  Best  (Sib.  1883), 
Thorburn’s  First  and  Best  (Thor.  1882),  Henderson’s  First  of  All 
(Hen.  1883),  and  Hancock  (Greg.  1883),  as  grown  in  the  station  gar¬ 
den,  are,  in  reality,  one  and  the  same  variety  The  past  season, 
equally  carefully  prepared  notes  lead  us  to  conclude  that  the  peas  sent 
out  in  the  spring  of  1884,  under  the  names  Cleveland’s  Rural  New 
Yorker,  from  the  Rural  New  Yorker,  Dexter  (Greg.),  Landreth’s 
Extra  Early  (Lan.),  and  Thorburn’s  Extra  Early  Market  (Thor.),  as 
grown  by  us,  are  also  synonyms  of  the  Philadelphia  Extra  Early . 
It  is  certain  that  the  samples  tested  under  the  above  names  showed 
no  more  variations  than  duplicate  plantings  of  the  same  variety 
often  exhibit,  and  hence,  with  our  present  knowledge,  we  are  com¬ 
pelled  to  pronounce  them  synonyms.  The  pea  tested  under  the 
name  Reedland  (Lan.),  seems  to  be  an  enfeebled  form  of  the  above, 
having  a  slightly  dwarf er  habit,  and  giving  a  smaller  yield,  without 
being  earlier  and  possessing  no  other  distinctive  characters. 

The  peas  tested  under  the  names  Express  (Greg.),  “No.  72” 
(Bliss),  as  grown  by  us,  are  also  synonyms,  but  they  are  not  the  same 
as  Philadelphia  Extra  Early. 

We  have  also  found  the  peas  under  the  names  Dwarf  White 
Marrowfat  (Thor.,  1882),  Brown’s  New  Dwarf  Early  Marrowfat 
(Greg.,  1883),  and  Royal  Dwarf  Marrowfat  (Greg.,  1883),  to  be 
synonyms. 

Flair’s  Dwarf  Green  Marrow  (Thor.,  1882),  seems  to  be  a  synonym 
of  Knight’s  Tall  Green  Marrow  (Vil.) 

The  tendency  among  seedsmen  to  rename  peculiarly  desirable  va¬ 
rieties  is  well  illustrated  in  the  case  noted,  where  eleven  different 
names  seem  to  have  been  given  to  one  variety  of  the  pea.  We 
are  aware  that  the  word  “  variety,”  as  applied  to  vegetables, 
is  not  specifically  defined,  and,  therefore,  our  opinions  upon  this 
subject  may  be  open  to  severe  criticism.  It  is  evident,  how¬ 
ever,  that  the  differences  between  two  varieties  should  be  greater 
than  between  normal  individuals  of  the  same  variety  ;  and  it  is 
because  the  samples  that  we  call  synonyms  have  not  shown 
these  differences  that  we  are  led  to  pronounce  them  as  such.  The 
differences  that  occur  between  plants  of  the  same  variety,  as 
grown  from  pure  seed,  are  often  quite  marked.  As  an  example, 
we  note  that  Station  seed  of  the  Dan.  O’Rourke  pea,  planted 
April  28,  produced  pods  of  edible  size  in  fifty-two  days,  while  seed 
of  the  same  variety  from  Yilmorin,  Andrieux  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  in 
an  adjacent  row  required  fifty-nine  days  to  form  a  pod  of  edible  size. 
The  plants  from  these  two  samples  of  seed,  however,  seemed  true 
to  type. 

As  we  noted  in  our  last  report,  the  order  of  maturity  of  distinct 
varieties  is  not  to  be  depended  upon  in  different  plantings,  even 
when  these  are  made  from  the  same  packages  of  seed  and  upon  as 
nearly  as  can  be  secured,  the  same  soil.  Much  less,  then,  should  the 
seedsman  expect  that  mere  selections  from  a  given  variety  made 
through  one  or  two  seasons,  will  preserve  distinctive  characters. 


238 


[Assembly 


An  Attempt  at  Classification. 

We  have  endeavored  to  classify  the  varieties  of  pea  thus  far  tested 
at  the  Station.  We  present  the  result  of  our  work  with  some  hesi¬ 
tation  through  uncertainty  whether  certain  characters  delineated  are 
sufficiently  fixed  to  apply  for  all  soils  and  climates.  We  have  been 
unable  to  find  many  characters  that  may  be  considered  constant. 
When  it  is  remembered  that  the  pods  and  the  height  of  the  plant 
are  almost  the  only  characters  that  have  been  made  the  object  of 
selection,  we  should  hardly  except  to  find  constancy  in  other  parts 
except  as  correlated  with  these.  W e  have  noted  that  some  characters 
employed  by  other  authors  in  describing  the  pea  are  by  no  means 
constant,  and  we  shall  not  be  surprised  if  some  that  we  have  used 
will  prove  equally  unreliable.  We  offer  our  scheme  as  the  best 
that  wre  are  able  to  devise  with  our  present  knowledge. 

Botanical  Relations. 

The  pea  belongs  to  the  natural  order  Leguminos^e,  sub-order 
Papilionace^e,  tribe  Viol®,  and  genus  Pisum. 

The  plant  is  a  herbaceous  annual  with  smooth,  more  or  less 
glaucous  foliage,  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  the  common  rhachis  ter¬ 
minating  in  a  branching  tendril,  and  the  base  of  the  petioles  clasped 
with  foliaceous  stipules  larger  than  the  leaflets  ;  slender  hollow  stems, 
branching,  deeply  extending  tap  roots,  axillary  papilionaceous  flowers, 
borne  one,  two,  rarely  three  to  the  peduncle,  giving  place  to  more 
or  less  fleshy  pods,  containing  two  to  eleven  smooth  or  shrivelled 
seeds. 


Agricultural  Classification. 

Three  agricultural  species  may  be  recognized  as  follows : 

1st.  Pisum  *  sativum ,  the  common  garden  pea ;  characterized 
by  white  or  bluish  white  flowers,  followed  by  pods  having  a  thin,  but 
tenacious  lining  which  gives  them  firmness  and  which  by  contraction 
in  drying  causes  them  to  open  at  their  sutures,  the  halves  bending 
in  a  spiral.  The  seeds  are  used  both  immature  and  ripe  as  table 
esculents. 

2d.  PA  macrocarpon ,  the  edible  podded  peaf  (the  sans parchemin 
of  the  French) ;  characterized  by  its  pods  being  without  the  parch¬ 
ment  like  lining  of  P  *  sativum  and  P  *  arvense ,  and  which  do  not 
self  open  at  maturity.  The  absence  of  this  membrane  renders  the 
pods  tender  and  succulent  while  immature,  hence  they  may  be 
cooked  and  eaten  with  the  partially  grown  peas  after  the  manner  of 
“  string  beans.”  The  seeds  are  also  used  like  those  of  P  *  sativum. 

f  The  name  “sugar  pea,”  commonly  applied  to  the  varieties  of  this  agricul¬ 
tural  species,  is  very  inappropriate,  since  these  peas  really  contain  less  sugar 
than  do  those  of  P  *  sativum. 


No.  33.] 


239 


3d.  P*  arvense ,  the  field  pea;  having  reddish,  purple  or  variegated 
flowers,  the  stipules  tinged  with  red  where  they  encircle  the  stem, 
and  the  pods  having  the  parchment  like  lining  of  P  *  sativum  and 
like  them,  self  opening  at  maturity.  In  this  country  this  agricul¬ 
tural  species  is  grown  chiefly  for  forage,  particularly  as  food  for 
hogs,  f 

In  England  and  Scotland  the  seeds  are  often  ground  into  flour 
which  is  used  as  human  food  among  the  peasantry." 

These  agricultural  species  are  chiefly  distinct  through  their  uses 
and  we  must  at  present  believe,  are  probably  maintained  only  by 
selection. 

The  varieties  of  P  *  sativum ,  are  much  more  numerous  than 
those  of  either  of  the  other  agricultural  species.  As  it  is  with  this 
species  that  we  have  mostly  to  do,  we  have  found  it  convenient  to 
sub-divide  its  varieties. 

It  seems  reasonable  to  assume  that  in  the  garden  culture  of  peas, 
varieties  of  dwarf  habit  were  first  considered  as  valuable  acquisi¬ 
tions.  .  The  color  of  ripe  seed  would  seem  to  form  a  natural  division 
next  in  order  to  the  height  of  the  plant.  The  advent  of  the 
wrinkled,  sorts  furnished  a  third  opportunity  for  sub-division,  after 
which  it  is  fair  to  suppose  that  the  form  of  the  pod  became  an  ob¬ 
ject  of  selection.  In  our  classification  of  the  varieties  of  P. 
*  sativum  we  have  followed  this  apparently  logical  order  as  will  ap¬ 
pear  in  our  analytical  key. 

The  height  of  the  plant,  although  varying  considerably  with  dif¬ 
ferent  soils  and  seasons  and  with  different  selections  of  seed,  is, 
nevertheless  ,  on  the  average  tolerably  constant.  It  is  certainly  the 
most  conspicuous  character  of  the  pea  plant,  hence  we  regard  it  as  a 
proper  basis  for  classification,  despite  its  variability.  It  is  probable 
that  the  height  noted  in  our  descriptions  will  not  hold  in  all  cases. 
On  moist  mucky  soils  the  vines  will  doubtless  often  exceed  the 
height  given,  while  in  poor  clay  soils,  they  will  fall  short  of  it.  Of 
course  the  reader  who  does  not  know  whether  the  variety  he  wishes 
to  identify  is  tall,  half  dwarf,  or  dwarf,  will  be  obliged  to  work  ex¬ 
perimentally  for  a  time. 

•f  The  field  pea  sometimes  has  white  flowers.  These  white  flowered  field  peas, 
however,  possess  the  Qualities  of  the  primitive  garden  peas.  We  have  very  good 
reasons  for  believing  that  our  garden  peas  were  originally  obtained  by  selecting 
out  the  white  flowered  plants  grown  among  field  peas.  The  white  flowered 
plants  invariably  produce  green,  cream  colored  or  bluish  green  seeds,  which  are 
milder  and  sweeter  in  taste  and  have  a  more  attractive  color  when  cooked  than 
the  brown,  reddish  or  purple  peas  formed  on  plants  that  have  colored  flowers. 


240 


[Assembly 


Classification  of  P  *  Sativum  the  Garden  Pea. 

Analytical  Key. 

Class  A.  Plant  exceeding  four  feet  in  height,  under  average  con¬ 
dition. 

*  Seeds  cream  colored  or  white. 

f  Seeds  smooth,  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  (No  varieties  de¬ 

scribed.) 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  Three  varieties  de¬ 
scribed.  Type,  White  Marrowfat.  Nos.  1-3 
inclusive. 

ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  (No  varieties  de¬ 

scribed.) 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  One  varietv  described. 
No.  4  British  Queen. 

**  Seeds  green,  bluish  green,  green  and  cream  colored,  or  bluish 
green  and  cream  colored. 

f  Seeds  smooth  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Two  varieties  de¬ 

scribed.  Nos.  5  and  6.  Type,  Challenger. 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  Three  varieties  de¬ 
scribed.  Type,  Laxton’s  Supreme.  Nos.  7-9  in¬ 
clusive. 

ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§Pods  straight  or  nearly  so..  Six  varieties  described. 
Type,  Champion  of  England.  Nos.  10-15  inclu¬ 
sive. 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  Two  varieties  de¬ 

scribed.  Type,  Knight’s  Tall  Marrow.  Nos. 
16-17. 

Class  B.  Half  Dwarf.  Plant  two  to  four  feet  high  under  average 
conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream  colored  or  white. 

f  Seeds  smooth  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Eight  varieties  de¬ 

scribed.  Type,  Daniel'  O’Rourke.  Nos.  18-25  in¬ 
clusive. 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  Five  varieties  de¬ 

scribed.  Type,  Bishop’s  Dwarf  Prolific.  Nos. 
26-30  inclusive. 

§§§  Pods  more  or  less  curved  inward  toward  the  stem. 
One  variety  described,  Sword.  No.  31. 
ff  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Three  varieties  de¬ 
scribed.  Type,  D  warf  Champion.  Nos.  32-34 
inclusive. 


No.  33.] 


241 


§§Pods  more  or  less  recured.  Two  varieties  de- 
,  scribed.  Type,  Laxton’s  Marvel.  Nos.  35-36. 
beeds  green,  bluish  green,  green  and  cream  colored,  or  bluish 
green  and  cream  colored. 

t  Seeds  smooth  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Four  varieties  described. 
Type,  Kentish  Invicta.  Nos.  37-40  inclusive. 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  Eight  varieties  de¬ 
scribed.  Type,  Blue  Imperial.  Nos.  41-48  in¬ 
clusive. 

ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Seven  varieties  de- 
QQ  scribed.  Type,  Alpha.  Nos.  49-55  inclusive. 

Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  Five  varieties  de¬ 
scribed.  Type,  Market  Garden.  Nos.  59-60  in¬ 
clusive. 


Class  C.  Plant  Dwarf,  not  exceeding  two  feet  in  height  under 
average  conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream  colored  or  white. 

f  Seeds  smoother  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Six  varieties  described. 
Type,  Tom  Thumb.  Nos.  61-66  inclusive, 
tt  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Two  varieties  described. 
**  g  i  Tjpe’  Knight’s  -Dwarf  Marrow.  Nos.  67-68. 
beeds  green,  bluish  green,  green  and  cream  colored,  or  bluish 
green  and  cream  colored. 

*  Seeds  smooth  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Three  varieties  de- 

,  ,  scribed.  Type,  Blue  Peter.  Nos.  69-71  inclusive. 
**  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled.  - 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so.  Eight  varieties  de¬ 

scribed.  Type,  American  Wonder.  Nos.  72-79 
inclusive. 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved.  One  variety  described. 
McLean’s  Dwarf  Prolific.  No.  80. 

Explanation  of  terms  used  in  the  descriptions.* 

The  word  pea  is  used  to  designate  the  immature  seed  when  fit  for 
table  use.  The  ripe  peas  are  in  every  case  designated  as  seeds. 

The  peas  are  called  compressed  when  so  crowded  in  the  pod  as  to 
flatten  the  surfaces  in  contact. 

The  seeds  are  called  squared  when  the  sides  are  rather  distinctly 
flattened  through  compression  in  the  pods. 

The  word  radical  is  used  to  designate  the  embryo  plant,  which  in 
some  varieties  is  visible  through  the  seed-coat. 


*  For  explanation  of  abbreviations  used,  see  P. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  31 


242 


[Assembly 


The  pods  are  called  inflated  when  expanded  beyond  the  require¬ 
ments  of  the  peas;  and  loment-like  when  the  sides  are  depressed 
between  the  peas  so  that  the  outside  appears  scalloped. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  not  accustomed  to  botanical  terms,  we 
explain  :  Stipules ,  the  large  leaf-like  appendages  clasping  the  stem 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf  stalks;  Nodes ,  the  spaces  between  the  joints 
of  the  stem ;  Peduncle ,  the  stem  that  supports  the  flower  or  pod, 
and  Ililum ,  the  point  where  the  seed  is  attached  to  the  pod. 

The  varieties  in  their  respective  genera  are  arranged  approxi¬ 
mately  in  the  order  of  their  earliness.  Where  two  or  more  do  not 
differ  materially  in  their  season  of  maturity,  they  are  placed  in 
alphabetical  order.  For  exact  data  in  relation  to  the  earliness  and 
productiveness  of  the  different  varieties,  we  refer  the  reader  to  the 
table  in  this,  and  the  previous  report  (1883). 

When  we  have  had  a  choice  of  names  we  have  made  use  of  the 
shorter  one,  using  the  longer  one  as  a  synonym. 

An  authority  given  for  a  synonym  indicates  that  we  have  not 
verified  it. 

Synonyms  from  the  same  author  are  separated  by  commas  ;  those 
from  different  authors  by  semi-colons. 

Foreign  synonyms  are  omitted,  unless  when  translated,  they  give 
a  different  name  from  the  English  name  used. 


Description  of  the  Varieties  of  P  *  Sativum. 

Class  A.  Tall ;  plant  exceeding  four  feet  in  height  under  average 
conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream  colored  or  white. 

j*  Seeds  smooth ,  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved. 

No.  1.  Black  Eyed  Marrowfat.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonyms.  Blaq/c  Eyed  Marrow  (Burr) ;  Large  Black  Eyed 
Marrowfat. 

Plant  four  to  six  feet  high  ;  foliage  ample,  slightly  glaucous  ;  stem 
strong,  often  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  nodes  usually  not 
more  than  three  inches  apart;  peduncles  two  to  four  inches  long; 
pods  often  in  pairs  two  and  a  half  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long, 
about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  rounding  gradually  to  the  apex ; 
peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  round  or  slightly  flat¬ 
tened,  little  compressed,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter; 
seeds  yellowish  brown  with  a  black,  or  dark  brown  hilurn,  oval, 
slightly  flattened  and  indented,  about  three-eightlis  of  an  inch  in 
longest  diameter.  An  ounce  contained  seventy  seeds. 

An  old  variety  which  has  been  extensively  grown  in  this  country, 
both  as  a  garden  and  a  field  pea.  It  is  very  prolific,  but  quite  late, 
the  crop  maturing  very  gradually. 

This  variety  not  infrequently  sports,  producing  purple  flowers. 

No.  2.  Laxton's  Long  Pod.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonyms.  Laxton’s  Prolific  Long  Pod ,  Laxton's  Early  Pro¬ 
lific  Long  Pod. 


No.  33.] 


243 


■ 

Plant  fom  to  five  foot  high;  stipules  slightly  washed  with  white; 
stein  stiong,  often  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  usually  some¬ 
what  blanched;  nodes  rarely  more  than  live  inches  apart;  peduncles 
two  to  four  inches  long;  pous  often  in  pairs,  slightly  lighter  than 
the  foliage,  and  quite  glaucous,  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  lon°- 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  apex  rather  blunt  in  fully  developed 
pods  ,  peas  five  to  nine  in  a  pod,  whitish,  nearly  round,  slightly  com- 
pressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter";  seeds 
sometimes  pale  green,  slightly  indented,  the  radical  not  conspicuous. 
An  ounce  contained  ninety-nine  seeds. 

Prolific,  late,  the  crop  maturing  rather  Gradually 

T  Introduced  in  1865.  (Gar.  Chron.)  Originated  with  Thomas 
l^axton,  of  Bedford,  England. 


No.  3^.  W hite  Marrowfat.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonyms.  Dwarf  White  Marrowfat ,  Royal  Dwarf  Mar¬ 
rowfat \  Browns  Mew  Dwarf  Early  Marrowfat.  Probably  the 
Dwarf  Marrow ,  or  Dwarf  Marrowfat  of  Burr. 

Plant  mree  to  five  feet  high  ;  foliage  rather  light  green,  scarcely 
glaucous  ;  stipules  washed  with  white  toward  the  base  of  the  plant  • 
stem  rather  slender,  often  branched  at  the  base,  and  sometimes  above  • 
nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three 
inches  long;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  three 
and  a  half  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the 
apex  when  fully  developed,  very  plump;  peas  five  to  eight  in  a  pod, 
yellowish  green,  roundish,  much  compressed  when  full  grown,  about 
one  half  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  very  smooth,  about 
nve-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  seventy-two  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  promptly, 
ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§§  Dods  more  or  less  recurved. 


fro.  4.  British  Queen.  (Thor.  1882.) 

_  Synonyms.  Hooper's  Incomparable,  Wonder ,  CatalVs  Wonder 
(bar.  Chron.) 

Plant  five  to  seven  feet  high;  stem  strong,  often  one-fourth 
inch  in  diameter,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above;  stipules 
glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  two  to  four  inches  long,  often  shorter  toward  the 
top  of  the  plant;  pods  paler *than  the  foliage,  usually  two  to  three 
and  a  halt  inches  long,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  devel 
oped  ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  slightly' oblomr 
much  compressed  when  full  grown,  one-half  inch  in  West  diam- 
eter ;  seeds  sometimes  faintly  greenish,  much  flattened  and  shriv¬ 
elled,  about  h ve-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  radical  obscure 
An  ounce  contained  seventy-four  seeds. 

Extremely  prolific,  late;  the  pods  maturing  very  gradually 

Less  affected  by  mildew  in  summer  than  most  other  varieties' ” 
(bar.  for  Profit.) 


244 


[Assemble 


Known  in  England  prior  to  1850.  (Gar.  Chron.j 

**  Seeds  green ,  bluish  green,  green  and  cream  colored ,  or  bluish 
green  and  cream  colored. 

f  Seeds  smooth  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 

No.  5.  Challenger.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Carter’s  Challenger.  „ 

Plant  four  to  five  feet  high ;  foliage  ample,  pale  yellowish  green, 
scarcely  glaucous,  somewhat  washed  with  white ;  stem  strong,  often 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  slightly  angular,  often  branched 
at  the  base,  rarely  above ;  peduncles  one  to  three  inches  long ;  pods 
same  color  as  the  foliage,  glaucous,  often  in  pairs,  three  to  four 
inches  long,  three  fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  tapering  gradually  to  the 
apex  ;  peas  five  to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  ovate,  flattened,  scarcely 
compressed,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  very  pale  green, 
shading  to  whitish  green  or  cream  colored,  scarcely  indented,  about 
three-eighths  or  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  radical  rather  obscure 
An  ounce  contained  seventy-five  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  gradually. 

No.  6.  Telegraph.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  CulverwelVs  Telegraph. 

Plant  four  to  five  feet  high  ;  foliage  ample,  rather  light  green  ; 
stipules  slightly  glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  strong,  often 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  often  branched  at  the  base  and 
above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one 
and  a  half  to  four  inches  long ;  pods  scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage, 
usually  single,  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long,  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  assuming  a 
ribbed  appearance  as  they  approach  maturity,  tapering  gradually  to 
the  apex;  peas  five  to  eight  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  slightly  oblong, 
somewhat  compressed  when  fully  grown,  one-half  inch  in  longest 
diameter ;  seeds  pale  dull  green,  shading  to  creamy  white,  scarcely 
indented,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  radical 
rather  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  seventy-live  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  gradu¬ 
ally. 

Originated  about  1868,  with  Mr.  William  Oulverwell,  of  England, 
from  a  claimed  cross  between  Veitch’s  Perfection  and  Laxton’s  Pro¬ 
lific.  (Gar.  Chron.)  « 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  re-curved. 

No.  7.  Laxton’s  Superlative.  (Greg.) 

Plant  three  to  five  feet  high  ;  stipules  scarcely  glaucous,  washed 
with  white;  stem  medium  to  Targe,  rarely  branched;  nodes  usually 
not  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  two  and  a  half 
inches  long,  rather  slender ;  pods  scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage, 
curved  most  toward  the  apex,  remarkably  inflated,  often  four  inches 
long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  thick, 
developing  far  in  advance  of  the  peas,  rounding  very  gradually  to 


No.  33.] 


245 


the  apex  ;  peas  five  to  eight  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  flattened  at  the 
sides,  though  scarcely  touching  the  pod,  hardly  in  contact,  one-half 
inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  mostly  cream  colored,  roundish, 
scarcely  indented,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  radi¬ 
cal  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  eighty  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Introduced  about  1872.  A  claimed  cross  between  Yeitch’s  Per¬ 
fection  and  Little  Gem.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  8.  Laxton’s  Supreme.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Synonyms.  Auvergne  Green ,  (Fr.)  Pois  serpette  vert ,  (Ger.) 
Grune  Auvergne  (Yil.) 

Plant  three  to  five  feet  high  ;  foliage  pale  green  ;  tipules  and  leaf¬ 
lets  gather  large,  stipules  slightly  glaucous,  washed  with  white  ;  stem 
strong,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more 
than  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three  inches  long;  pods 
same  color  as  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  three  inches  long, 
about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  thicker  than  broad,  tapering 
gradually  to  apex ;  peas  six  to  eight  in  a  pod,  roundish,  compressed 
when  full  grown,  nearly  one-half  inchin  diameter  ;  seeds  dull  green, 
shading  in  some  specimens  to  cream  color,  or  bluish  white,  roundish, 
slightly  indented,  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter; 
radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  ninety-one  seeds. 

Rather  prolific,  quite  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

Introduced  in  1867. 

“  One  of  the  first  acquisitions  of  Mr.  Laxton,  and  it  has  proved 
to  be  one  of  the  best.  It  is  hardy,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  beauty 
of  its  pods.”  ( Les  Plantes  Potageres.) 

No.  9.  Large  Green  Normandy.  (Yil.) 

Synonyms.  (Fr.)  Pois  Vert  Pormand ,  P.  carve  vert  (Ger.) 
Grosse  grune  Normand-(erbse),  Yil. 

Plant  five  feet  or  more  in  height ;  foliage  rather  deep  green  ; 
stipules  and  leaflets  large  ;  stem  strong,  angular ;  nodes  rarely  more 
than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-fourth  to  one  inch  long ;  pods 
little  paler  than  the  foliage,*’ very  often  in  pairs,  loment-like,  slightly 
re-curved,  two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide, 
plump,  rounding  rather  gradually  to  the  apex ;  peas  four  to  six  in  a 
pod,  whitish  green,  much  flattened  by  compression  against  the  sides 
of  the  pod,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  remarkably 
large,  very  pale  dull  green,  shading  to  bluish  white  or  creamy  white, 
slightly  oblong,  somewhat  indented,  nearly  one-half  inch  in  longest 
diameter ;  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  sixty-nine  seeds. 

Moderately  productive  and  extremely  late. 

ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 

No.  10.  Tall  Green  Mammoth  (Yil.) 

Synonyms.  Monarch,  Strathmore  Hero,  King  of  the  Marrows, 
Green  Tdll  Square  Mammoth  (Fr.)  Pois  ride  grande  vert  Mam¬ 
moth  (Yil.) 


246 


[Assembly 


Plant  three  to  five  feet  high  ;  foliage  deep  green,  stipules  slightly 
glaucous,  slightly  washed  with  white ;  stem  often  branched  at 
the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one  to  four  inches  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  often 
in  pairs,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one- 
half  inch  wide,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed,  very 
plump ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  slightly  oblong, 
nearly  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  pale  green  or  cream 
colored,  sometimes  almost  white,  much  shrivelled,  nearly  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  con¬ 
tained  100  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

No.  11.  Telephone.  (Clev.  18S3.) 

Synonym.  Carter's  Telephone. 

Plant  three  to  four  feet  high  ;  foliage  light  green,  very  ample; 
stipules  scarcely  glaucous,  abundantly  washed  with  white,  wavy  on 
the  margins  ;  stem  strong,  often  one-fourtli  inch  or  more  in  diameter, 
sometimes  branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  exceeding 
four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  four  inches  long,  strong  ;  pods 
scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  sometimes  slightly  re¬ 
curved  or  curved  inwards,  three  to  four  inches  long,  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  wide,  glaucous,  assuming  a  ribbed  appearance  as  they  ap¬ 
proach  maturity,  rounding  very  gradually  to  the  apex,  ■  sometimes 
slightly  inflated ;  peas  four  to  nine  in  a  pod,  pale  yellowish 
green,  ovate  flattened,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter,  in  contact, 
but  not  compressed  ;  seeds  varying  in  color  from  almost  white  to 
very  pale  green,  shrivelled  and  indented,  with  the  radical  almost  in¬ 
visible,  fully  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter.  An  ounce 
contained  seventy-seven  seeds. 

Prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Introduced  into  this  country  about  1880. 

No.  12.  Champion  of  England.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  FairhearcV s  Champion^  of  England,  Burr. 

Plant  three  to  five  feet  high  ;  foliage 'rather  pale  green,  slightly 
glaucous ;  stipules  slightly  washed  with  white,  rather  large  ;  stem 
often  branched  both  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  exceeding 
three  inches  apart  ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches 
long ;  pods  scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage,  two  to  three  and  a  half 
inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  very  often  in  pairs,  in  some 
strains  often  slightly  re-curved,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed,  plump  ;  peas  four  to  nine  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  much 
compressed  when  full  grown,  oblong,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diame-  * 
ter  ;  seeds  shading  from  pale  olive  green  to  creamy  white,  much 
shrivelled,  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radi¬ 
cal  invisible.  An  ounce  contained  101  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  gradually. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  extensively  cultivated  varieties,  both  for 
home  use  and  market.  In  flavor  and  sweetness  it  is  unsurpassed.  It 
is  originally  from  England,  and  seems  to  have  been  introduced  into 
this  country  about  1850. 


No.  33.] 


247 


No.  13.  Knight’s  Tall  Green  Marrow.  (Vil.) 

Plant  three  to  five  feet  high  ;  foliage  rather  light-green ;  stipules 
scarcely  glaucous,  slightly  washed  with  white;"  stem,  medium  or 
large,  sometimes  branched  at  the  base,  often  above ;  nodes  rarely 
more  than  two  and  a  half  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three 
inches  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  nearly  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  often  slightly 
recurved,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed,  usually  very 
plump ;  peas  four  to  eight  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  slightly  oblong, 
much  compressed  in  full-grown  pods,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter  ;  seeds  shading  from  pale  bluish-green  to  creamy  white, 
much  shrivelled,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical 
obscure.  An  ounce  contained  110  seeds. 

Rather  prolific,  and  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

One  of  the  original  Knight’s  Marrows  originated  with  Mr. 
Thomas  Andrew  Knight  at  Pownton  Castle,  England,  prior  to 
1823. 

No.  14.  Advancer.  (Thor.,  1882.) 

Synonym.  McLean's  Advancer. 

Plant  about  four  to  five  feet  high;  foliage  rather  pale-green, 
glaucous  ;  stipules  slightly  washed  with  white ;.  stem  branched  at 
the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  pe¬ 
duncles  one  to  four  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  usually  single,  apex  blunt  in 
fully  developed  pods;  peas  five  to  eight  in  a  pod,  whitish-green, 
compressed  when  full  grown,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ; 
seeds  pale  bluish-green,  shading  to  creamy- white,  somewhat  flattened, 
much  shrivelled,  one-quarter  to  one-third  inch  in  diameter,  radical, 
not  very  distinct.  An  ounce  coqtained  106  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  rather  late,  ripening  the  crop  rather  promptly. 

This  variety  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  the  Champion  of  Eng¬ 
land.  Introduced  about  1864  by  Dr.  McLean  of  Cholchester, 
England.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  15.  Yeitch’s  Perfection.  (Hen.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Dickson's  New  Paragon.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

Plant  three  and  a  half  to  four  feet  high  ;  foliage  ample  ;  stipules 
slightly  glaucous,  scarcely  washed  with  white  ;  stem  strong,  much 
branched  at  the  base,  and  often  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three 
inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  and  a  half*  to  three  inches  long,  paler 
than  the  foliage ;  pods  often  in  pairs,  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches 
long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide, Capering  gradually  to  the  apex  ;  peas 
four  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  flattened,  nearly  one-half  inch 
in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  very  dull  pale-green,  shading  to  bluish- 
white,  much  flattened  and  shrivelled,  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch 
in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  ninety- 
five  seeds. 

Extremely  prolific,  veryr  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  slowly. 


248  [Assembly 

Selected  from  Hair’s  Dwarf  Mammoth.  Introduced  prior  to  1865. 
(Gar.  Chron.) 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved. 

No.  16.  Commander-in-chief.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Garter’s  Commander-in-chief. 

Plant  about  four  feet  high ;  foliage  ample,  rather  deep-green, 
scarcely  glaucous,  or  washed  with  white;  stem  slightly  angular, 
often  branched  at  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four 
inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three  inches  long  ;  pods  of  the  same 
shade  as  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one- 
half  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  six  to 
eight  in  a  pod,  pale-green,  slightly  oblong,  compressed  when  full- 
grown,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  pale-green, 
shading  to  cream  colored  or  bluish- white,  much  shrivelled,  about 
one-quarter  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter.  An  ounce  contained  122 
seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  slowly. 

New  in  this  country  in  1877. 

No.  17.  Knight’s  Tall  Marrow.  (Yil.) 

Synonym.  (Fr.)  Pois  de  Kniglxt ,  P.  ride  de  Knight  sucre ,  P. 
du  Brezil.  (Yil.) 

Plant  five  feet  or  more  in  height ;  foliage  medium,  stipules 
slightly  glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  little  branched ;  nodes 
seldom  exceeding  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  one 
and  a  half  inches  long ;  pods  slightly  paler  than  the  foliage,  very 
often  in  pairs,  slightly  recurved,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  de¬ 
veloped, two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  plump ; 
peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  squared  by  compression 
when  full  grown,  about  seven  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  seeds 
creamy-white,  very  much  shrivelled,  averaging  about  three  eighths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  100 
seeds. 

Not  prolific,  very  late,  maturing  its  crop  remarkably  slowly. 

Originated  with  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  Esq.,  of  Downton 
Castle,  England.  Offered  by  Thorburn  in  1828. 

Class  B,  Half  Dwarf ;  plant  two  to  four  feet  high  under  average 

conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream-colored  or  white. 

f  Seeds  smooth  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight ,  or  nearly  so. 

No.  18.  Philadelphia.  (Thor.,  1882.) 

Synonym.  Philadelphia  Extra  Early ,  Extra  Early  Philadel¬ 
phia, ,  Cleveland'’ s  First  and  Best ,  Cleveland? s  Rural  Hew  Yorker , 
Dexter ,  Thorburn’ s  Extra  Early  Market ,  Landreth' s  Extra  Early , 
Ferry’s  First  and  Best ,  Sibley’s  First  and  Best ,  Thorburn' s  First 
and  Best ,  Henderson' s  First  of  All ,  Hancock. 

Plant  one  and  a  half  to  three  feet  high ;  foliage  scanty,  light- 


Mo.  33. J 


249 


green ;  stipules  slightly  washed  with  white ;  stem  slender,  some¬ 
times  branched  at"  the  base ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three  inches  long-;  pods  paler  than  the  foli¬ 
age,  usually  single,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide, 
very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  live  to  eight  in  a 
pod,  pale-green,  roundish,  much  compressed  when  full  grown,  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  seeds  cream-colored,  shading  toward 
green,  sometimes  slightly  indented,  about  one-fourth  inch  in 
diameter,  radical,  not  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  119  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  extremely  early,  maturing  its  crop  very  promptly. 
The  Reedland  (Land.)  seems  to  be  a  sub-variety. 

It  seems  probable  that  this  variety  has  beem  obtained  by  selec¬ 
tion  from  the  Daniel  O’Rourke,  and  though  the  latter  from  the 
Early  Kent  and  Early  Frame. 

No.  19.  Daniel  O’Rourke.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonyms.  Extra  Early  Daniel  O' Rourke,  Dan  O' Rourke, 
Early  Dan  O'  Rourke,  Sangster's  No.  1,  Sevastopol ,  Carter's  Earli¬ 
est ,  Veitch's  First  Early ,  Sutton's  Champion ,  Dunnet's  First 
Early.  (Gar.  Chron.)  (Fr.)  Pois  Daniel.  (Vil.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high ;  foliage  rather  deep  green,  some¬ 
what  scanty ;  stipules  slightly  glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem 
often  branched  at  the  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than 
three  inches  apart ;  peduncles  about  one-half  an  inch  long ;  pods 
paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  in  some  strains  slightly  re¬ 
curved,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  blunt  at  the  apex  when 
fully  developed  ;  peas  five  to  eight  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  compressed 
when  full  grown,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  seeds 
sometimes  shading  toward  green,  roundish,  very  smooth,  about  five- 
sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  122  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  very  early,  maturing  its  crop  rather  gradually. 

Advertised  by  Waite  &  Co.,*  of  England,  as  a  new  pea  in  1853. 
(Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  20.  Carter’s  First  Crop.  (Sib.  1883.) 

*  Synonyms.  Dixon's  First  and  Desk  Dilliston's  Early ,  Ring¬ 
leader ,  Sxctton's  Ringleader ,  Veitch's  Early.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high ;  foliage  rather  deep  green,  scarcely 
glaucous;  stipules  washed  with  white;  stem  slender,  sometimes 
branched  at  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches 
apart;  peduncles  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long;  pods  usually 
single,  paler  than  the  foliage,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long, 
one-half  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas 
five  to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  compressed  when  full  grown, 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  cream-colored  or 

*  It  will  be  observed  that  one  of  the  synonyms  of  this  variety  is  also  given  by 
Yilmorin  to  the  next.  In  our  test  there  was  a  marked  difference  in  the  prolific¬ 
acy  of  the  two. 

[Asscm.  Doc.  M”o.  33.] 


32 


250 


[Assembly 


white  (rarely  green),  nearly  round,  very  smooth,  about  five  sixteenths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  123 
seeds. 

Not  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  rather  gradually. 

Introduced  under  this  name  in  1865.  Derived  through  selection 
from  the  Early  Kent.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  21.  Caractacus.  (Sib.  1883.) 

Synonyms.  Waite  s  Caractacus ,  Dickson’s  First  and  Best ,  Im¬ 
proved  Early  Champion ,  Washington ,  labels  Perfection ,  Song¬ 
ster’s  No.  1.  (Yil.) 

Plant  about  three  feet  high ;  foliage  rather  deep  green,  scarcely 
washed  with  white,  slightly  glaucous ;  stem  sometimes  branched  at 
the  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  three-fourths  to  three  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the 
foliage,  often  in  pairs,  glaucous,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long, 
one-half  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas 
five  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  somewhat  compressed  when 
full  grown,  very  slightly  oblong,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter;  seeds  roundish,  cream-colored,  sometimes  shading  toward 
green,  very  smooth,  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  117  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  gradually. 

No.  22.  Early  Kent.  (Sib.  1883.) 

Synonyms.  Extra  Early  Kent ,  Prince  Albert ,  Early  Prince 
Albert ,  Early  May  (Burr),  Early  Waterloo ,  Charlton ,  Hotspur , 
Dilliston's  Early  •  (Gar.  Chron.),  (Fr.)  Pois  hatif  de  Plainpalias, 
P.  de  Pegneville ,  P.  bresilien ,  P.  lidtif  uniflore  de  Gendbrugge. 
(Yil.)  Early  Emperor  and  Early  Frame  have  been  given  as  syno¬ 
nyms  to  this  variety.  (Gar.  Chron.)  Ringleader  and  Songster  s 
No.  1.  Improved  are  also  given  by  Yilmorin. 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high ;  foliage  scarcely  glaucous  ;  stem 
slender,  sometimes  branched  at  the  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely 
more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  inch  to  three  inches 
long ;  pods  slightly  paler  than  the  foliage,  frequently  in  pairs,  some¬ 
times  slightly  recurved,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  one-half 
inch  wide,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  four 
to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  roundish  or  slightly  oblong,  slightly 
compressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter;  seeds  roundish,  sometimes  shading  towards  green,  very 
smooth,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct. 
An  ounce  contained  135  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  rather  gradually. 

An  old  variety,  not  much  grown  at  the  present  time. 

No.  23.  Leopold  Second.  (Yil.) 

Plant  two  to  two  and  a  half  feet  high  ;  foliage  medium  ;  stipules 
slightly  glaucous,  much,  and  leaflets  slightly  washed  with  white; 


No.  33.] 


251 


stem  rarely  branched ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches  apart; 
peduncles  one-half  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long;  pods  usually 
in  pairs,  paler  than  the  foliage,  two  to  three  inches  long,  rather 
more  than  one-half  inch  wride,  rounding  rather  abruptly  to  the  apex, 
plump;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  roundish,  in 
contact,  but  not  compressed ;  seeds  round,  very  smooth,  one-fourth 
inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  120  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

No.  24-.  Dwakf  Michaux  de  IIollande.  (Vil.) 

Probably  identical  with  Michaux  de  Hollande  of  Vil. 

Synonyms.  Early  Empei'or;  (Fr.)  Pois  prime*  etc. 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  high ;  foliage  rather  deep 
green ;  stipules  scarcely  glaucous,  washed  with  white  ;  stem  me¬ 
dium,  rarely  branched ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one-half  inch  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long;  pods 
slightly  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  straight  or  slightly  re¬ 
curved,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  very 
blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a 
pod,  whitish  green,  compressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter ;  seeds  cream-colored,  sometimes  very  faintly  tinged 
green,  slightly  squared,  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical 
very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  115  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  gradu- 
ally. 

No.  25.  Bishop’s  Long  Pod.  (Thor.  1882). 

Synonyms.  Bishop's  New  Long  Podded ,  Bishop's  Dwarf 
Long  Pod ,  Bishop's  Improved ,  Bishop's  Long  Podded,  (Fr.) 
Pois  nain  Bishop  d  longues  cosses.  (Vil.). 

Plant  one  and  a  .half  to  two  feet  high ;  foliage  scarcely  washed 
with  white ;  stem  often  branched  both  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes 
rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  two  inches  long  ; 
pods  often  in  pairs,  paler  than  the  foliage,  two  to  three  and  a  half 
inches  long,  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  thin  in  proportion  to  the 
width,  rounded  gradually  to  the  apex:  peas  three  to  seven  in  a  pod, 
whitish-green,  somewhat  flattened,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter ; 
seeds  cream  colored,  sometimes  nearly  white,  slightly  oval,  scarcely 
shrivelled,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  dis¬ 
tinct.  An  ounce  contained  sixty-six  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  promptly. 

Said  to  be  a  cross  between  Bishop’s  Dwarf  and  the  Marrowfat. 

Known  in  England  prior  to  1850.  (Gar.  Cliron.). 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved. 


*  For  many  other  synonyms  see  Les  Plantes  Potageres,  p.  127. 


252 


[Assembly 


No.  26.  Clamart  Early.  (Vil.). 

Plant  about  two  and  a  half  feet  high ;  foliage  medium,  leaflets 
very  small  towards  the  top  of  the  plant;  stipules  slightly  glau¬ 
cous,  scarcely  washed  with  white;  stem  rather  strong,  seldom 
branched ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one- 
half  to  four  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  frequently  in 
pairs,  usually  more  or  less  recurved,  one  to  three  inches  long,  scarcely 
one-half  inch  wide,  very  plump  when  fully  developed,  but  often 
poorly  filled,  apex  not  very  blunt ;  peas  five  to  seven  in  a  pod, 
whitish  green,  much  compressed,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ; 
seeds  cream  colored,  angular  from  compression,  but  scarcely  shriv¬ 
elled,  about  one-fourth  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  111  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  rather  slowly. 

No.  27.  Bishop’s  Dwarf  Prolific.  (Thor.  1882). 

Synonym.  Bishop's  Early  Dwarf. 

Plant  about  two  feet  high  ;  stipules  and  leaflets  rather  small, 
scarcely  washed  with  white ;  stem  often  branched  at  the  base,  rarely 
above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to 
three  inches  long ;  pods  slightly  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  in 
pairs,  two  to  three  inches  long,  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide, 
rather  thick,  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex  ;  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod, 
nearly  round,  greenish  white,  compressed  when  full  grown,  nearly 
half  an  inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  smooth,  nearly  round,  one- 
fourth  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained 
ninety-eight  seeds. 

Not  productive,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  rather  grad¬ 
ually. 

An  old  variety  not  much  grown  at  the  present  time. 

First  made  known  in  1825,  by  Mr.  D.  Bishop,  near  Perth,  Eng¬ 
land.  (Gar.  Chron.). 

No.  28.  Etampes  Wonder.  (Yih). 

Synonym.  Pols  Merveille  1J  Etampes.  (Vil.). 

Plant  about  two  and  a  half  feet  high;  foliage  light  green,  not 
glaucous ;  stipules  scarcely  washed  with  white ;  stem  medium  to 
large,  often  branched  at  the  base,  rarely  if  ever  above ;  nodes  sel¬ 
dom  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two 
and  a  half  inches  long ;  pods  scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage,  very 
often  in  pairs,  sometimes  straight,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one-half 
inch  wide,  very  plumply  filled,  rounding  very  gradually  to  the  apex; 
peas  six  to  nine  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  roundish,  much  compressed 
when  full  grown, three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  seeds  sometimes 
faintly  tinged  green,  nearly  round,  very  smooth,  rather  more  than 
one-fourtli  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained 
109  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very 
promptly. 


No..  33.] 


253 


No.  29.  Michaux  Ordinaire  de  Paris.  (Vil.) 

Probably  the  same  as  Michaux  ordinaire  to  which  Vilmorin 
gives  as  synonyms  Early  Frame,  { Fr.)  Pois  de  la  Sainte-  Cather¬ 
ine,  Petit  pois  de  Paris,  (Ger.)  Weisse  fruhe  Pariser  ( Erbse ). 
(Les  Plantes  Potageres). 

Plant  about  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  medium ;  stipules  slightly 
glaucous,  usually  washed  with  white ;  stem  medium,  often  branched 
at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one  inch  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long;,  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  slightly  recurved,  one  and  a  half  to  two 
and  a  half  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex 
when  fully  developed,  plump ;  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish 
green,  roundish,  scarcely  compressed,  three-eighths  inch  in  diameter, 
radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  108  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

No.  30.  Michaux  de  Rouelle.  (Vil.) 

Plant  about  three  feet  high ;  foliage  rather  light  green;  stipules 
slightly  glaucous,  much  washed  with  white;  stem  large,  often 
branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  three  inches  long ;  pods  slightly 
paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  sometimes  straight,  usually 
only  slightly  recurved,  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long,  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch  wide, very  plump,  rounding  to  the  apex  ;  peas  five  to 
nine  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  in  contact,  but  not  compressed,  scarcely 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  con¬ 
tained  103  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  slowly. 

§§§  Pods  curved  inward  towards  the  stem. 


No.  31.  Sword.  (Vil.) 

Synonyms.  White  Sword,  (Fr.)  Pois  sabre.  (Vil.) 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  four  feet  high ;  foliage  medium ;  stipules 
and  leaflets  rather  large,  stipules  glaucous,  usually  washed  with 
white ;  stem  medium,  rarely  branched  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three 
inches  apart;  peduncles  rarely  more  than  one  inch  long  ;  pods  paler 
than  the  foliage,  sometimes  in  pairs,  strongly  curved  inward  towards 
the  stem,  very  plump,  sloping  abruptly  to  the  apex,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale 
green,  roundish,  in  contact,  but  not  compressed,  nearly  one-half  inch 
diameter;  seeds  slightly  oblong,  somewhat  angular  in  form,  some¬ 
times  slightly  shrivelled,  nearly  or  quite  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  seventy-two 
seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 


> 


No.  32.  The  Shah.  (Vil.) 

Synonym.  Shah  de  Perse.  (Vil.) 

Plant  about  two  feet  high ;  foliage  pale  green  ;  stipules  scarcely 
glaucous  or  washed  with  white;  stem  slender,  rarely  if  ever 


254 


[Assembly 


branched ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles 
ond-half  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  pods  single,  paler  than 
the  foliage,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and 
a  half  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wdde,  very  plump  and  very  blunt 
at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  three  to  seven  in  a  pod, 
whitish  green,  much  compressed  in  fully  developed  pods,  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  seeds  very  much  shrivelled,  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  rather  obscure.  An 
ounce  contained  144  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  but  very  early,  maturing  its  crop  slowly. 

Originated  about  1875  with  Mr.  Thomas  Laxton  of  Bedford,  Eng. 

No.  33.  Dwarf  Champion.  (Fer.  1883.) 

Plant  three  to  four  feet  high ;  foliage  scarcely  glaucous  ;  stipules 
slightly  washed  with  white ;  stem  rather  slender,  usually  branched 
at  the  base;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart;  peduncles 
two  to  three  inches  long  ;  pods  slightly  paler  than  the  foliage,  single, 
two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long,  one-lialf  inch  wide,  very  blunt 
at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish 
green,  somewhat  compressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter  ;  seeds  very  much  shrivelled,  usually  showing  two 
shades  of  cream  color,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  123  seeds. 

Extremely  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very 
gradually. 


No.  34.  Day’s  Early  Sunrise.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  rather  deep  green  ;  stipules 
scarcety  washed  with  white,  very  slightly  glaucous  ;  stem  sometimes 
branched  at  the  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two 
inches  apart ;  pods  usually  in  pairs,  scarcely  if  at  all  paler  than  the 
foliage,  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long,  about  one-half  inch 
wide,  not  well  filled,  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex ;  peas  two  to 
seven  in  a  pod,  flattened,  whitish  green,  not  compressed,  one-half 
inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  flattened,  sometimes  shading  toward 
green,  not  much  shrivelled,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  dia¬ 
meter,  radical  not  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  sixty-nine 
seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  gradually. 

This  variety  has  a  very  striking  resemblance  to  the  Eugenia  pea, 
the  only  apparent  difference  being  that  the  pods  are  straight,  the 
seeds  less  shrivelled,  and  that  it  is  a  little  less  prolific. 

Introduced  by  Waite  &  Co.,  England,  in  1881.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved. 


No.  35.  Eugenia.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  Alliance.  (Burr,  and  Til.) 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  three  and  a  half  feet  high  ;  foliage  deep 
green  ;  stipules  glaucous,  washed  with  white  toward  the  base  of  the 
plant;  stem  rather  slender,  not  often  branched;  nodes  rarely  more 
than  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles  three-fourths  of  an  inch  to  two 


No.  33. 


255 


inches  long  ;  pods  same  color  as  foliage,  two  to  four  inches  long,  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  shortest  and  usually  single  toward  the  base 
of  the  plant,  frequently  in  pairs  toward  the  top,  tapering  gradually 
to  the  apex  ;  peas  one  to  eight  in  a  pod;  the  pods  toward  the  base 
usually  very  poorly  filled,  pale  green,  flattened,  ovate,  about  one- 
half  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  much  shrivelled  and  flattened, 
showing  two  shades  of  cream  color,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch 
in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  eighty- 
six  seeds. 

Prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  slowly.  Introduced 
prior  to  1868.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  36.  Laxton’s  Marvel.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high ;  foliage  ample,  often  wavy,  rather 
deep,  slightly  bluish  green  ;  stipules  slightly  glaucous,  little  washed 
with  white  ;  stem  medium  to  large,  often  branched  at  the  base  and 
above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one- 
half  inch  to  two  inches  long,  remarkably  strong;  pods  often  in  pairs, 
paler  than  the  foliage,  three  to  three  and  a  half  (rarely  four)  inches 
long,  five  eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  rounding  gradually  to  the  apex ; 
peas  six  to  nine  (rarely  ten  and  eleven)  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  slightly 
flattened,  somewhat  compressed  when  full  grown,  nearly  one-lialf 
inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  shaded  toward  white,  slightly  ob¬ 
long,  flattened,  thickest  toward  the  hilum,  about  seven-sixteenths 
of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained 
eighty  seeds. 

Prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  promptly. 

**  Seeds  green ,  bluish  green ,  green  and  cream  colored ,  or  bluish 
green  and  cream  colored. 
t  Seeds  smooth  or  but  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 

No.  37.  Earliest  of  All.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  Laxton’s  Earliest  of  All. 

Plant  about  two  feet  high,  lacking  in  vigor;  foliage  light  green  ; 
leaflets  and  stipules  rather  small,  stipules  very  slightly  washed  with 
white;  stem  very  slender,  sometimes  branched;  "nodes  rarely  more 
than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  and  a  half  to  six  inches  long  ; 
pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  two  and  a  half 
inches  long,  one-half  of  an  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed ;  peas  three  to  five  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  roundish,  com¬ 
pressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds 
dull  pale  bluish  green,  shading  to  nearly  white,  about  one-fourth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  142  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  but  remarkably  early,  maturing  its  crop  very 
promptly. 

Introduced  about  the  year  1881,  by  Thomas  Laxton,  of  Bedford. 
England. 


256 


[Assembly 


No.  38.  Express.  (Greg.) 

Synonym.  .Bliss  No.  72, 1 ”  of  Station  growing. 

Plant  about  two  feet  high;  foliage  light  green,  not  glaucous; 
stipules  scarcely  washed  with  white  ;  stem  slender,  rarely  branched  ; 
nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  to  two 
and  a  half  inches  long  ;  pods  single,  paler  than  foliage,  straight,  very 
blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and 
a  half  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  very  plumply  filled ;  peas 
four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  greenish  white,  roundish,  very  slightly  flat¬ 
tened  by  compression,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds 
very  dull  whitish  green,  roundish,  slightly  indented,  one-fourth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  126 
seeds. 

Not  prolific,  very  early,  maturing  its  crop  rather  slowly. 

No.  39.  Kentish  Invicta.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  East's  Kentish  Invicta.  (Yil.) 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  slightly  glaucous  ; 
stipules  washed  with  white ;  stem  sometimes  branched  at  the  base, 
rarely  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles 
one  to  two  (rarely  three)  inches  long ;  pods  slightly  paler  than  the 
foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  one-half  of 
an  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  four  to 
six  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  scarcely  compressed,  three-eighths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter ;  seeds  dull  green,  shading  in  some  specimens  to 
cream  color,  nearly  round,  smooth,  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  122  seeds. 

Rather  prolific,  very  early,  maturing  its  crop  gradually. 

New  in  England  in  1870.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  40.  Prize  Taker.  (Hen.  1882.) 

Synonyms.  Prizetaker ,  Green  Marrow ,  Bellamy's  Early  Green 
Marrow ,  Leicester  Defiance ,  Rising  Sun  (Yil.) ;  Noble's  Green 
Marrow ,  Beck's  Prizetaker.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

Plant  three  to  five  feet  high ;  leaflets  and  stipules  rather  large, 
stipules  slightly  glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  slender  or 
medium,  sometimes  branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely 
more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three  and  a  half 
inches  long;  pods  same  color  as  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  and 
a  half  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  very  blunt  at 
the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  five  to  eight,  rarely  eleven  in  a 
pod,  pale  green,  much  compressed  when  full  grown,  flattened, 
nearly  one-half  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  dull  yellowish 
green,  shading  in  specimens  to  cream  color,  nearly  round,  about 
five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  rather  distinct.  An 
ounce  con  tarn  ecT  117  seeds. 

Yery  prolific,  medium  in  season,  the  pods  maturing  very  gradually. 

Known  in  England  prior  to  1850.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved. 


No.  33.] 


257 


No.  41.  William  the  First.  (Thor.  1S82). 

Synonyms.  Lax ton\s  William  the  First ;  (Ft,)  Pois  d  q rain  rond 
vert,  Pois  William  (Vil.). 

Plant  three  to  four  feet  high  ;  foliage  light  green  or  medium  ; 
stipules  much  washed  with  white ;  stem  slender,  often  branched  at 
the  base,  rarely  above  ;  nodes  rarely  exceeding  four  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one-half  of  an  inch  to  three  inches  long,  rather  slender ; 
pods  same  color  as  the  foliage,  usually  single,  very  glaucous,  some¬ 
times  straight,  two  and  a  half  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long,  about 
one-half  of  an  inch  wide,  tapering  gradually  to  apex  ;  peas  four  to 
seven  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  slightly  compressed  when  full  grown, 
about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  dull  yellow¬ 
ish  green  or  cream  colored,  roundish,  somewhat  indented,  about  live- 
sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  127  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

New  in  England  in  1868.  (Gar.  Chron.). 

No.  42.  White  Sabre.  (Vil.). 

Synonyms.  White  dimeter  ;  ( Fr .)  Pois  d' Auvergne,  Pois  serpette 
P.  cosaque,  P.  crochu.  (Vil.). 

Plant  about  three  feet  high  5  foliage  medium,  not  glaucous; 
stipules  scarcely  washed  with  white ;  stem  medium  to  large,  rarely 
branched  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one- 
half  of  an  inch  to  two  inches  long  ;  pods  paler  thali  the  foliage,  very 
often  in  pairs,  two  to  three  and  half  inches  long,  one-half  of  1m  inch 
wide,  tapering  very  gradually  to  the  apex,  plump,  very  well  filled  ; 
peas  five  to  eight  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  roundish,  scarcely  com¬ 
pressed  even  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter; 
seeds  mostly  cream-colored,  very  smooth,  about  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  106  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

A  very  old  variety. 

No.  43.  Pois  DeClamart.  (Vil.). 

Synonym.  Pois  cam  Jin  (Vil.). 

I  lant  three  to  three  and  a  half  feet  high  ;  foliage  medium  ;  leaf¬ 
lets  and  stipules  small,  stipule  glaucous,  scarcely  washed  with  white  ; 
stem  medium  to  large,  sometimes  branched  at  the  base  and  above ; 
nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles  rarely  more 
than  half  of  an  inch  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  very  often 
in  pairs,  plump,  rounding  gradually  to  the  apex,  two  °to  two  and  a 
half  inches  long,  one-half  of  an  inch  wide  ;  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod, 
whitish  green,  slightly  oval,  compressed  when  full  grown,  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  seeds  almost  all  cream-colored,  some¬ 
what  squared,  one-fourth  to  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  seventy-nine  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  33 


258 


[Assembly 


No.  44.  Ftllbasket.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Laxtorfs  Fillbasket.  (Yil.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  light-green,  leaflets  rather 
scanty,  narrow,  much  undulated  on  the  borders,  especially  toward 
the  top  of  the  plant ;  stipules  washed  with  white  ;  stem  strong,  often 
branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long  ;  pods  same  color 
as  the  foliage,  usually  single,  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long, 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  tapering  very  gradually  to  the  apex; 
peas  six  to  eight  in  a  pod  ;  pale-green,  compressed  when  full  grown, 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  seeds  pale-green,  shading  in 
some  specimens  to  cream-color,  roundish,  slightly  shrivelled,  varying 
much  in  size,  the  larger  ones  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diam¬ 
eter,  radical  obscuie.  An  ounce  contained  148  seeds. 

Productive,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  rather  promptly. 

Introduced  about  1872.  A  claimed  cross  between  Laxton’s 
Standard  and  Supreme.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  45. '  Blue  Imperial.  (Thor.  1 882.) 

Synonyms.  Dwarf  Blue  Imperial  •  Dwarf  Green  Imperial 
(Haxton)  ;  Large  Blue  Imperial,  Dwarf  Imperial,  New  Improved 
Imperial ,  New  Long  Podded  Imperial,  Green  Nonpareil ,  Suma¬ 
tra,  Dwarf  Blue  Prolific ,  Blue  Scymetar ,  Sabre,  Blue  Sabre,  New 
Sabre,  Dwarf  Sabre  (Gar.  Chron.)/  Pois  nain  vert  Imperial,  P. 
bleu  a  courte  tige,  P.  vert  nain  champetre  de  seconde  saison,  P.  a 
la  reine  (Vil.)  •  . 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  four  feet  high  ;  foliage  deep-green,  slightly 
glaucous,  scarcely  washed  with  white;  stem  strong,  often  branched 
at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one  to  two  inches  long;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  often 
in  pairs,  two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide, 
rounding  gradually  to  the  apex  ;  peas  three  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish- 
green,  slightly  oblong,  flattened,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter ; 
seeds  dull  bluish  green,  shading  in  some  specimens  to  cream-color, 
or  almost  wrhite,  oblong,  much  flattened,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
longest  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  sixty- 
five  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  promptly. 

This  is  a  very  old  variety  and  was  offered  by  Mr.  Thorburn  in 
1S28.  “  It  is  very  hardy,  yields  abundantly,  thrives  well  in  almost 

any  description  of  soil  or  situation,  and  though  not  so  sweet  and 
tender  as  some  of  the  more  recent  sorts,  is  of  good  quality.  It 
vegetates  with  much  greater  certainty,  and  its  crops  are  more  reliable 
than  the  higher  flavored  varieties.1’  (Burr’s  Gar.  Yeg.) 

No.  46.  Dwarf  Blue  Prussian.  (Vil.) 

Synonoyms.  Blue  Prussian,  Royal  Prussian  Blue,  Prussian 
Prolific ,  Green  Prussian,  Fine  Long  Podded  Dwarf,  Early  Dutch 
Green.  (Gar.  Chron.) 


No.  33.] 


259 


Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  deep  green  ;  stipules  glau¬ 
cous,  scarcely  washed  with  white  ;  stem  rather  stocky,  often  branched 
at  the  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart; 
peduncles  one  half  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long;  pods  slightly 
paler  than  the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs,  sometimes  straight,  but 
usually  slightly  recurved,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one-half  inch 
wide,  plump,  rounding  rather  gradually  to  the  apex;  peas  four  to 
six  in  a  pod,  slightly  oblong,  whitish-green,  slightly  compressed 
when  full  grown,  about  seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  longest  di¬ 
ameter  ,  seeds  greenish-white,  with  blotches  of  very  dull  pale-green, 
somewhat  indented,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter’ 
radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  seventy-seven  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  slowly. 

Offered  by  Thorburn  in  1828. 

No.  47.  Blue  Prussian. 

Plant  tin ee  to  four  feet  high;  foliage  rather  pale-green,  very 
slightly  glaucous  ;  stem  medium  or  large,  sometimes  branched  at  the 
base  and  above;  nodes  rarely  exceeding  three  inches  apart ;  pedun¬ 
cles  one-half  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  pods  slightly  paler 
than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  sometimes  straight,  usually  slightly 
recurved,  plump,  two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch 
wide,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  four  to 
eight  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  roundish  or  slightly  oblong,  much 
compressed  when  full  grown,  about  seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in 
longest  diameter,  seeds  greenish-white,  with  blotches  of  very  dull 
pale-green,  somewhat  indented,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  di¬ 
ameter,  i  adical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  ninety  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  very  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  slowly. 

.Though  generally  considered  as  a  field  variety,  this  is  sometimes 
grown  as  a  garden  pea.  “  It  is  unquestionably  the  parent  of  the 
Blue  Imperial  and  all  like  varieties,”  and  possibly  also  of  the  Knight’s 
Marrows.  Known  in  England  prior  to  1828. 

No.  48.  Green  Noyou  (Mil.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high ;  foliage  deep-green ;  stipules  glau¬ 
cous,  washed  with  white  ;  stem  rather  stocky,  angular,  much  branched 
at  the  base,  often  above ;  nodes  rarely  exceeding  two  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one-fourth  an  inch  to  two  inches  long  ;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs,  rounding  very  gradually  to  the  apex, 
though  often  lather  blunt  when  fully  developed,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  rather  more  than  half  an  inch  wide,  very  plump  ;  peas  five  to 
nine  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  oblong,  compressed  when  full  grown, 
about  seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  very 
dull  pale-green,  sometimes  bluish-green,  shading  in  spots  to  almost 
white,  occasionally  cream-colored,  slightly  oblong,  scarcely  indented, 
about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct. 
An  ounce  contained  ninety-six  seeds. 

Very  productive,  and  very  late,  maturing  its  crop  gradually, 
ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled . 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 


260 


[Assembly 


No.  49.  Alpha.  (Thor.  1S82.) 

Synonyms.  LaxtorCs  Alpha ,  Early  Alpha ,  Extra  Early 
Alpha  (Fr.)  Pois  d  grain  ride  vert.  (Yil.) 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  light  green, 
rather  scanty  ;  stipules  much,  and  leaflets  slightly  washed  with  white  ; 
stem  slender,  sometimes  branched  at  the  base  ;  nodes  rarely  more 
than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three  inches  long  ;  pods 
paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one- 
half  to  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed ;  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  compressed 
when  full  grown,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter; 
seeds  whitish  green  or  cream  colored,  much  shrivelled,  nearly  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  radical  obscure.  An  ounce 
contained  124  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  very  early,  maturing  its  crop  very  promptly. 

Introduced  in  1867.  Obtained  from  a  claimed  cross  between 
Laxton’s  Long  Pod  and  Advancer.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  50.  Bliss’  Everbearing.  (Hen.) 

Plant  about  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  deep  green  ;  stipules  slightly 
glaucous,  much,  and  leaflets  slightly  washed  or  spotted  with  white  ; 
stem  stocky,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely 
more  than  two  inches  apart,  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two 
inches  long,  strong ;  pods  decidedly  paler  than  the  foliage, 
as  often  single  as  in  pairs,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  two 
to  three  inches  long,  one-half  to  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  often 
not  well  filled,  usually  slightly  depressed  between  the  peas,  apex  not 
very  blunt ;  peas  three  to  six  in  a  pod,  very  large,  whitish  green, 
ovate,  somewhat 'Compressed,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter; 
seeds  slightly  oblong,  very  much  flattened  and  shrivelled,  nearly 
one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  sixty-nine  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very 
promptly. 

Introduced  in  1884  by  Messrs.  B.  K.  Bliss  &  Sons. 

No.  51.  Criterion.  (Yil.) 

Synonyms.  Standistis  Criterion  (Fr.),  Criterium  (Yil.) 

Plant  about  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  medium  ;  stipules  much  and 
leaflets  slightly  washed  with  white  ;  stem  rather  large,  sometimes 
branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  pods 
scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  one-half  inch  wide,  plump,  rounding  to  the  apex  when  fully 
developed  ;  peas  four  to  eight  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  oval,  compressed 
when  full  grown,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  mostly 
cream  colored,  much  shrivelled,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  eighty  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  rather 
promptly. 


« 


No.  33.]  261 

No.  52.  Wilson  (Yil.) 

Synonym.  G.  F.  Wilson  pea  (Yil.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high;  foliage  deep  green  ;  stipules  usually 
neither  glaucous  nor  washed  with  white ;  stem  stocky,  angular, 
sometimes  branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than 
three  inches  apart;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches 
long ;  pods  scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  in  pairs,  some¬ 
times  slightly  recurved,  often  poorly  filled,  two  to  three  inches  long, 
live  eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  rounding  gradually  to  the  apex,  plump 
when  well  filled;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  oblong, 
sometimes  compressed  when  full,  grown,  rather  more  than  one-half 
inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  mostly  cream  colored,  occasionally 
pale  bluish  green,  flattened,  much  shrivelled,  fully  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained 
seventy  one  seeds. 

Rather  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

No.  53.  Yorkshire  Hero.  (Sib.  1883.) 

Synonyms.  Tiirner's  Wonderful ,  Carter’s  Prince  of  Wales , 
Carter's  Princess  of  Wales ,  McLean's  Favorite.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  abundant,  deep  green  ; 
stipules  somewhat  glaucous,  usually  washed  with  white  ;  stem  often 
branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long,  about 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  not  very  well  filled,  tapering  gradually 
to  the  apex ;  peas  three  to  five  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  slightly  flat¬ 
tened,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  pale  green,  shading 
to  nearly  white,  very  much  shrivelled,  flattened,  fully  three-eighths 
of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained 
seventy  seeds. 

Yery  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  promptly. 

No.  54.  Little  Wonder.  (Fer.  1S83.) 

Synonym.  Carter's  Little  Wonder. 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  stipules  slightly  glaucous  ;  stem 
branched  at  the  base,  rarely  above;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two 
inches  apart ;  peduncles  two  to  four  inches  long;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  frequently  in  pairs,  three  to  four  inches  long,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  devel¬ 
oped  ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  ovate,  whitish  green,  compressed 
when  full  grown,  fully  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  pale 
green,  bluish  white  or  cream  colored,  much  flattened  and  shrivelled, 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  not  very  distinct. 
An  ounce  contained  seventy-nine  seeds. 

Yery  prolific  and  very  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

Introduced  into  this  country  about  1 878. 

No.  55.  Omega.  (Hen.  18S3.) 

Synonym.  Iyxxton's  Omega. 


262 


[Assembly 


Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  rather  abundant,  deep  green, 
with  whitish  veins ;  stipules  glaucous  ;  stem  strong,  often  branched 
at  the  base,  rarely  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long ;  pods  frequently 
in  pairs,  same  color  as  the  foliage,  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long, 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  thin  in  proportion  to  the  width,  rather 
blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed,  the  point  bending  inward, 
forming  a  hook  ;  peas  four  to  eight  in  a  pod,  light  green,  somewhat 
compressed  when  full  grown,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter;  seeds  pale  green,  shading  in  some  specimens  to  almost 
white,  flattened,  much  shrivelled,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  126  seeds. 

Very  prolific  and  very  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  promptly. 

Known  in  England  prior  to  1872.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved. 

No.  56.  Doctor  McLean.  (Greg.  1882.) 

Synonym.  Turner's  Doctor  McLean. 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  four  feet  high ;  foliage  ample,  deep 
green,  glaucous ;  stipules  slightly  washed  with  white ;  stem  often 
branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three 
inches  apart;  peduncles  one  to  two  inches  long;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  usually  in  pairs,  three  to  four  inches  long,  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  not  plumply  filled,  tapering  gradually  to  the 
apex ;  peas  four  to  eight  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  somewhat  flat¬ 
tened,  one-half  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  pale,  yellowish 
green,  shading  to  nearly  white,  very  much  shrivelled,  three-eighths 
of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained 
94  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

No.  57.  Market  Garden.  (Hors.  18S3.) 

Synonym.  Horsford's  Market  Garden. 

Plant  about  two  feet  high ;  foliage  deep  green ;  stipules  glau¬ 
cous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  very  strong,  usually  branched  at  the 
base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  pedun¬ 
cles  one-half  of  an  inch  to  two  inches  long,  strong ;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  usually  in  pairs,  sometimes  straight,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  one-half  of  an  inch  wide,  very  plump,  blunt  at  the  apex  when 
fully  developed;  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  roundish  or  very  slightly 
oblong,  whitish,  much  compressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds  pale  green,  shading,  in  specimens,  to 
almost  white,  flattened,  very  much  shrivelled,  about  five-sixteenths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  127 
seeds. 

Very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  gradually. 

Originated,  in  1879,  with  Mr.  F.  IL.  Horsford,  of  Charlotte,  Ver¬ 
mont,  from  a  claimed  cross  between  the  Early  Alpha  and  American 
Wonder. 


2s  o.  33.] 


263 


No.  5S.  The  Racket.  (Hors.  1883.) 

Plant  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  hign  ;  foliage  scanty,  not  glau¬ 
cous ;  stipules  and  some  leaflets  washed  with  white,  stipules  usually 
waved;  stem  sometimes  branched  at  the  base,  rarely  above;  nodes 
rarely  exceeding  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three  inches 
long,"  slender  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  single,  sometimes 
straight,  two  and  a  half  to ‘three  inches  long,  one-half  of  an  inch 
wide,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  three  to 
seven  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  much  compressed,  nearly  one-half  of  an 
inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  pale  green  or  creamy  white,  much 
shrivelled  and  hollowed  at  the  sides,  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  107  seeds. 

Productive,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

Originated,  in  1879,  with  Mr.  F.  H.  Horsford,  of  Charlotte,  Vt., 
from  a  claimed  cross  between  Early  Alpha  and  American  Wonder. 
This  variety  and  the  Market  Garden  were  produced  in  the  same  pod. 

No.  59.  John:  Bull.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  ample,  deep  green;  stipules 
glaucous,  scarcely  washed  with  white ;  stem  strong,  often  branched 
at  the  base  and  above;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  and  a  half 
inches  apart;  peduncles  two  to  three  inches  long  ;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  three  to  four  and  a  half  inches  long, 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  rounding  gradually  to  the  apex  ; 
peas  four  to  eight  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  ovate,  flattened,  not  com¬ 
pressed,  one-half  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  shading 
from  pale,  yellowish  green  to  creamy  white,  flattened,  very  much 
shrivelled,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  ob¬ 
scure.  An  ounce  contained  seventy -nine  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  very  late,  maturing  its  crop  gradually. 

No.  60.  McLean’s  Best  of  All.  (Vil.) 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high;  foliage  deep  green;  stipules  glau¬ 
cous,  scarcely  washed  with  white ;  stem  stocky,  often  branched  at 
the  base  and  above;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart;  pe¬ 
duncles  three-fourths  of  an  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long, 
strong;  pods  slightly  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  slightly 
recurved,  two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide, 
rounding  gradually  to  the  apex,  rather  plump;  peas  four  to  six  in 
a  pod,  whitish  green,  oblong,  compressed  when  fully  grown,  one- 
half  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  cream  color,  shading,  in 
some  specimens,  to  very  pale  green,  much  shrivelled,  fully  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce 
contained  seventy-two  seeds. 

Prolific,  very  late,  maturing  its  crop  rather  slowly. 

Introduced  in  1871.  Originated  with  Hr.  McLean  of  Cholches- 
ter,  Eng.  (Gar.  Cl  iron.) 

Class  C.  Dwarf.  Plant  not  exceeding  two  feet  in  height  under 
average  conditions , 


264 


[Assembly 


*  Seeds  eremn  colored  or  white. 

f  Seeds  smooth  or  hut  slightly  indented. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 

No.  61.  Ferry’s  Extra  Early.  (Fer.  1883.) 

Plant  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  high ;  foliage  light  green,  not 
glaucous,  stipules  washed  with  white;  stem  very  slender,  sometimes 
branched  at  the  base,  rarely  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three 
inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two  inches  long;  pods  paler 
than  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ; 
peas  five  to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  nearly  round,  slightly  com¬ 
pressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  seeds 
sometimes  shading  towards  green,  very  smooth,  about  one-fourth 
inch  in  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  119  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  very  early,  maturing  its  crop  promptly.  - 

No.  62.  Tom  Thumb.  (?  1882). 

Synonyms.  Extra  Early  Dwarf  Tom  Thumb  ;  Bush  Pea , 
Beck's  Gem  (Burr);  Sutton's  Long  Podded  Tom  Thumb ,  Beck's 
Early  Gem ,  (Fr.)  Pois  nain  hatif  extra.  (Gar  Chron.) 

Plant  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  high ;  foliage  abundant,  very 
compact,  rather  deep  green,  neither  glaucous  or  washed  with  white, 
leaflets  smaller  toward  the  top  of  the  plant;  stem  strong,  much 
branched  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one 
to  two  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  two 
to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex 
wdien  fully  developed  ;  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  com¬ 
pressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter ; 
seeds  roundish,  very  smooth,  about  one-fcuirth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  117  seeds. 

Prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  remarkably  slowly. 

Certain  strains  of  this  very  distinct  variety  are  more  dwarf  than 
the  height  noted  above. 

Introduced  into  this  country  about  the  year  1850  by  the  Messrs. 
Landreth  of  Philadelphia.  It  succeeds  best  on  heavy  soil,  and 
is  largely  used  for  fall  planting  in  the  south. 

No.  63.  Very  Early  Dwarf.  (Mil.) 

Probably  the  Pois  nain  tres  haUf  d  chassis  of  Yil. 

Plant  about  one  foot  high ;  foliage  medium,  terminal  leaflets  very 
small :  leaflets  and  stipules  scarcely  glaucous,  more  or  less  washed 
with  white;  stem  rather  stocky,  seldom  branched,  nodes  rarely  more 
than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  of  an  inch  to  one  and  a 
half  inches  long,  one -half  of  an  inch  wide,  straight,  rather  blunt  at 
the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  three  to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale 
green,  roundish,  compressed  in  fully  developed  pods,  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter;  seeds  roundish,  very  smooth,  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  121 
seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  rather  slowly. 


No.  33.] 


265 


No.  64.  Early  Dwarf.  (Vil.) 

Synonyms.  1  ois  nain  hcctij'  ,*  Pots  JL  Bvergne.  (Gar.  Cliron.) 

PJant  one  to  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  dark  green ;  stipules  long  in 
proportion  to  width,  glaucous,  slightly  washed  with  white ;  stem 
stocky,  often  blanched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more 
than  two  and  a  half  inches  apart;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two  and 
a  half  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs, 
sometimes  slightly  recurved,  rarely  more  than  two  inches  long,  one- 
half  ot  an  inch  wide,  plump,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  de¬ 
veloped  ;  peas  three  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish  green,  very  slightly  ob- 
long,  somewhat  compressed  when  full  grown,  about  seven-sixteenths 
.  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  roundish,  very  smooth,  one- 
fourth  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained 
ninety-four  seeds. 

Piolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Described  in  Le  Bon  Jardinier  in  1818. 

No.  65.  "V  fry  Dwarf  Coutourier.  (Vil.) 

Plant  eight  to  twelve  inches  high ;  foliage  very  deep  green,  leaf¬ 
lets  remarkably  small ;  stipules  glaucous,  not  usually  washed’ with 
white ;  stem  stocky,  sometimes  branched  at  the  base ;  nodes  rarely 
exceeding  one  and  a  half  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  half  of  an 
inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  rarely 
single,  sometimes  recurved,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed,  one  inch  to  two  inches  long,  scarcely  half  an  inch  wide, 
veiy  plump ,  peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  almost  white,  roundish,  much 
compressed  when  full  grown  ;  seeds  round,  very  smooth,  scarcely  one 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  con¬ 
tained  133  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  gradually. 

No.  66.  Very  Dwarf  Bretagne.  (Vil.) 

Synonym.  (Fr.)  Pois  nain  de  Keroulas.  (Vil.) 

Plant  about  one  foot  high;  foliage  very  deep  green,  leaflets 
lemarkably  small ;  stipules  glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  stocky, 
sometimes  blanched  at  the  base  and  above;  nodes  rarely  exceeding 
two  inches  apart;  peduncles  one-half  to  one  and  a  fourth  inches  long* 
pods  scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage,  almost  always  in  pairs,  sometimes 
slightly  recurved,  rather  plump,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long, 
scarcely  half  an  inch  wide,  rounding  rather  gradually  to  the- ape??; 
peas  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  almost  white,  roundish,  slightly  compressed 
when  full  grown  ;  seeds  very  small,  round,  very  smooth,  about  three- 
sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  118  seeds. 

.  YeiT  prolific,  considering  the  size  of  the  plant  quite  late,  maturing 
its  crop  m  a  remarkably  short  time. 

ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled . 

§  P ods  straight  or  nearly  so. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  34 


266 


[Assembly 


No.  67.  Minimum.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Laxtori  s  Minimum. 

Plant  about  six  inches  high;  foliage  pale  green ;  stipules  slightly 
glaucous ;  stem  sometimes  branched  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  an  inch 
apart ;  peduncles  one  fourth  to  one  inch  long;  pods  paler  than  the 
foliage,  usually  single,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  one  half 
inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  three  to  six 
in  a  pod,  pale  green,  compressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter;  seeds  creamy  white,  very  much  shrivelled,  about 
one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  181  seeds. 

Prolific,  considering  the  extreme  dwarfness,  rather  early,  maturing 
its  crop  very  promptly. 

No.  68.  Knight’s  Dwarf  Marrow.  (Mil.) 

Plant  about  one  and  a  half  feet  high ;  foliage  medium ;  stipules 
.  slightly  glaucous,  much,  and  leaflets  slightly  washed  with  white; 
stem  stocky,  rarely  branched ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one  inch  to  two  inches  long ;  pods  very  often  in 
pairs,  paler  than  the  foliage,  straight,  or  slightly  recurved,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  rounding  very  grad¬ 
ually  to  the  apex  ;  peas  three  to  five  in  a  pod,  wliitisli-green,  oval, 
compressed  when  full  grown,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter  ; 
seeds  much  flattened  and  shrivelled,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  long¬ 
est  diameter,  radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  eighty- 
eight  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

One  of  the  varieties  originated  by  Thomas  Andrew  Knight  at 
Downton  Castle,  England,  between  1823  and  1828.  It  was  offered 
by  Thorburn  in  1828. 

**  Seeds  green ,  bluish- green,  green  and  cream-colored ,  or  bluish- 
green  and  cream-colored. 

f  Seeds  smooth ,  or  but  slightly  indented 
§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 


No.  69.  Blue  Peter.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonyms.  McLean's  Blue  Peter ;  Blue  Tom  Thumb.  (?) 

Plant  ten  to  sixteen  inches  in  height ;  foliage  very  deep  green, 
glaucous,  leaves  towards  the  top  of-  the  stem  much  reduced  in  size, 
with  the  leaflets  closer  together,  foliage  slightly  washed  with  white; 
stem  sometimes  branched  both  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  very 
close  ;-  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two  inches  long;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  wide,  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed  ;  peas  six 
to  eight  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  ovate,  flattened,  compressed  when 
full  grown,  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  seeds  dull 
green,  bluish-white,  or  cream-colored,  very  slightly  shrivelled,  about 
five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce 
contained  118  seeds. 


267 


No.  33.] 

Moderately  prolific,  very  early,  maturing  its  crop  very  promptly. 

Known  in  England  prior  to  1872.  (Gar.  Cliron.) 

No.  70.  Dwarf  Green  St.  Michael.  (Vil.) 

Plant  one  to  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  very  dark  green,  slightly  glau¬ 
cous,  leaflets  small,  rather  elongated  ;  stipules  very  glaucous,  washed 
with  white  ;  stem  rather  stocky,  often  branched  at  the  base,  some¬ 
times  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles 
one-half  inch  to  two  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  very 
often  in  pairs,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  two  to  two  and  a  half 
inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  plump,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex 
when  fully  developed ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish-green, 
very  slightly  oblong,  somewhat  compressed  when  fully  grown,  about 
seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  pale  olive- 
green,  shading  to  greenish-white  or  cream-color,  scarcely  indented, 
nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An 
ounce  contained  eighty-one  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

No.  71.  Supplanter.  (Greg.) 

Synonym.  Lawton? s  Supplanten. 

Plant  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  dark  green,  leaflets 
small  towards  the  top  of  the  plant ;  stipules  glaucous,  washed  with 
white,  often  wavy ;  stem  stocky,  often  branched  at  the  base,  some¬ 
times  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three  inches  apart ;  peduncles 
one  to  two  inches  long,  rather  strong  ;  pods  same  color  as  foliage, 
very  often  in  pairs,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  rather  blunt  at  the 
apex  when  fully  developed,  two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  wide,  plump,  often  poorly  filled  ;  peas  three  to  five  in  a  pod, 
pale-green,  slightly  oblong,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter,  com¬ 
pressed  when  full  grown ;  seeds  pale  bluish-green,  or  cream-colored, 
sometimes  shrivelled,  flattened,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter,  radical  rather  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  eighty  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Introduced  about  the  year  1872,  by  Mr.  Laxton  of  Stamford, 

•  England.  A  claimed  cross  between  Veitch’s  Perfection  and  Little 
Gem.  (Gar.  Cliron.) 

ft  Seeds  decidedly  shrivelled. 

§  Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 

No.  72.  American  Wonder.  (Bliss,  1882.) 

Synonyms.  Bliss’  American  Wonder ;  (Fr.)  Pois  Merveille 
d’Amerique.  (Vil.) 

Plant  six  to  ten  inches  high  ;  foliage  deep-green,  scarcely  washed 
with  white  ;  stem  stocky,  often  branched  at  the  base  ;  nodes  remark¬ 
ably  close  ;  peduncles  about  one-half  inch  long;  pods  paler  than  the 
foliage,  usually  single,  two  to  two  and  three-fourths  inches  long,  one- 
lialf  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  four 
to  eight  in  a  pod,  flattened,  whitish-green,  nearly  one-half  inch  in 
longest  diameter;  seeds  pale-green,  shading  in  places  to  creamy- 
white,  very  much  shrivelled,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  long¬ 
est  diameter,  radical  rather  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  110  seeds. 


268  [Assembly 

Very  prolific  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  and  very  eaidy,  maturing 
its  crop  very  promptly. 

This  is  one  of  the  earliest  wrinkled  peas  known  at  the  present 
time  and  is  of  superior  quality.  It  originated  with  Mr.  Charles 
Arnold  of  Canada,  about  the  year  1878,  from  a  claimed  cross  be¬ 
tween  Champion  of  England  and  Me  Lean’s  Little  Gem. 

No.  73.  Premium  Gem.  (?  1882.) 

Synonyms.  Carter's  Premium  Gem ,  Extra  Early  Premium 
Gem. 

Plant  one  to  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  deep-green,  scarcely  glaucous, 
washed  with  white  ;  stem  sometimes  branched  at  the  base  ;  nodes 
rarely  more  than  one  inch  apart ;  peduncles  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
to  three  inches  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two 
to  three  inches  long,  one-half  to  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  blunt 
at  the  apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  three  to  seven  in  a  pod,  ob¬ 
long,  much  compressed,  one-half  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds  pale  green, 
shading  in  some  specimens  to  creamy  white, much  shrivelled,  flattened, 
nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  rather 
obscure.  An  ounce  contained  108  seeds. 

Very  prolific  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  rather  early,  maturing  its 
crop  very  promptly. 

No.  74.  Very  Dwarf  Wrinkled.  (Vil.) 

Synonym.  Pois  ride  tres  nain  a  bordures.  (Vil.) 

Plant  about  one  foot  high ;  foliage  medium,  scarcely  glaucous, 
leaflets  and  stipules  more  or  less  washed  with  white ;  stem  some¬ 
times  branched  at  the  base,  often  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than 
three  inches  apart  ;  peduncles  one-fourth  to  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  rarely  longer ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  rarely 
in  pairs,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  one- 
lialf  inch  wide,  extremely  plump,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex  when 
fully  developed  ;  peas  three  to  seven  in  apod,  whitish-green,  oblong, 
much  compressed  in  fully  developed  pods,  about  one-half  inch  in 
longest  diameter ;  seeds  mostly  cream-colored,  much  flattened  and 
shrivelled,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radi¬ 
cal  very  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  ninety-four  seed. 

Rather  prolific,  considering  the  size  of  the  plant,  rather  early, 
maturing  its  crop  rather  slowly. 

No.  75.  William  Hurst.  (Greg.) 

Plant  about  eight  inches  high  ;  foliage  medium,  terminal  leaflets 
small;  stipules  glaucous,  washed  with  white;  stem  medium,  rarely 
branched ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one- 
half  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage, 
single,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  one-half  inch 
wide,  often  slightly  recurved,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  plump  ; 
peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale-green,  oval,  thickest  towards  the 
hilutn,  much  compressed,  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds 
much  flattened  and  shrivelled,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter,  radical  rather  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  106  seeds. 


Very  prolific,  considering  the  height  of  the  plant,  rather  early, 
maturing  its  crop  rather  slowly. 

No.  76.  Knight’s  Dwarf  Green  Marrow.  (Vil.) 

Synonyms.  Hair's  Dwarf  Green  Marrow ;  Hair's  Dwarf 
Mammoth?  (Burr);  (Fr.).  Pois  ride  nain  vert  hatif,  P.  Napoleon, 
P.  Climax.  (Vil.) 

Plant  one  to  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  deep  green  ;  glaucous,  slightly 
washed  with  white  ;  stipules  very  glaucous ;  stem  stocky,  sometimes 
branched  at  the  base,  often  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two 
inches  apart ;  peduncles  half  an  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long, 
strong ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  in  pairs,  not  very  well 
filled,  two  to  three  inches  long,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  very 
numerous,  rounding  gradually  to  the  apex  ;  peas  rarely  more  than 
five  in  a  pod,  very  large,  whitish  green,  oblong,  much  compressed 
when  full  grown,  rather  more  than  half  an  inch  in  longest  diameter  ; 
seeds  pale  green,  shading  to  almost  white,  much  flattened  and  shriv¬ 
elled,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An 
ounce  contained  sixty-four  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Offered  by  Thorburn  in  1828.  One  of  the  original  Knight’s  Mar¬ 
rows,  originated  with  Mr.  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  at  Downton 
Castle,  England. 

No.  77.  Little  Gem.  (?  1882.) 

Synonym.  McLean's  LAttle  Gem. 

Plant  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  high ;  foliage  dark  green  ;  stipules 
slightly  glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  often  branched  at  *the 
base  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half 
to  one  inch  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  single,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the 
apex  when  fully  developed ;  peas  three  to  eight  in  a  pod,  whitish- 
green,  compressed  when  full  grown,  slightly  oblong,  flattened,  about 
one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter  ;  seeds  mostly  cream-colored,  occa¬ 
sionally  very  pale  bluish  green  or  creamy-white,  much  shrivelled, 
nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  not  very  distinct. 
An  ounce  contained  108  seeds. 

A  ery  prolific  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  medium  in  season,  maturing 
its  crop  very  promptly. 

Introduced  about  1863.  Originated  with  Dr.  McLean,  of  Col¬ 
chester,  England.  (Gar.  Chron.) 

No.  78.  Pride  of  the  Market.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Carter's  Pride  of  the  Market. 

Plant  about  one  and  a  halt  feet  high;  foliage  ample,  glaucous; 
stem  strong,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely 
more  than  one  inch  apart ;  peduncles  one  inch  to  one  and  a  half 
inches  long ;  pods  same  color  as  the  foliage,  usually  single,  three  to 
four  inches  long,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  tapering  gradually 


270 


[Assembly 


to  the  apex;  peas  four  to  eight  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  ovate,  com¬ 
pressed  about  one-half  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds  dull  green, 
shading  in  specimens  to  creamy  white,  somewhat  shrivelled,  fully 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter.  An  ounce  contained 
seventy -two  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  rather 
gradually. 

No.  79.  Stratagem.  (Sib.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Carter's  Stratagem. 

Plant  about  one  and  a  half  feet  high  ;  foliage  rather  abundant, 
remarkably  compact  toward  the  top  of  the  stem,  more  or  less  waved 
and  twisted,  deep  green,  washed  with  white  towards  the  base  of  the 
plant ;  stem  remarkably  strong,  angular,  often  branched  above,  rarely 
below  ;  nodes  rarely  exceeding  two  inches  apart,  very  close  towards 
the  top  of  the  plant ;  peduncles  one-lialf  inch  to  two  inches  long, 
very  strong  ;  pods  same  color  as  the  foliage,  usually  single,  often 
somewhat  irregular  in  shape,  two  and  a  half  to  four  inches  long, 
three-fourths  to  seven-eightlis  of  an  inch  wide,  rounding  very  grad¬ 
ually  to  the  apex  ;  peas  four  to  nine  in  a  pod,  very  pale  green, 
slightly  oblong,  much  compressed  when  full  grown,  about  one-half 
inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  pale  green,  shading  in  specimens  to 
creamy  white,  much  flattened  and  shrivelled,  fully  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  longest  diameter.  An  ounce  contained  eighty-one  seeds. 

Originated  with  Carter  &  Co.,  England.  The  Telephone  is  said 
to  be  one  parent.  The  other  is  not  known.  (Rural  New  Yorker.  ) 

§§  Pods  more  or  less  recurved. 

■ 

No.  80.  McLean’s  Dwarf  Prolific.  (Lan.) 

Plant  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  dark  green,  glau¬ 
cous,  more  or  less  washed  with  white ;  stem  stocky,  sometimes 
branched  at  the  base,  often  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two 
inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  to  two  inches  long,  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  usually  in  pairs,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  one- 
half  inch  wide,  very  plump,  rather  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  de¬ 
veloped  ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  slightly  oblong, 
much  compressed  when  full  grown,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  longest 
diameter  ;  seeds  pale  green  or  cream-colored,  much  shrivelled,  nearly 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  rather  obscure.  An 
ounce  contained  108  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Originated  with  Dr.  Me  Lean  of  Colchester,  England,  prior  to 
1865.  (Gar.  Cliron.) 

Classification  of  the  Varieties  of  P.  *  Macrocarpon,  the  Edible 

Podded  Pea. 

As  the  varieties  of  P .* macrocarpon  are  not  numerous,  we  are 
able  to  make  their  classification  more  simple  than  those  of  P.  *  sati¬ 
vum.  We  divide  the  varieties  first  according  to  the  height 

&  o 


No.  33.] 


271 


of  the  plant ;  and  second  according  to  the  color  of  the  flowers  and 
seeds. 

Analyticel  Key. 

Class  A.  Plant  tall,  exceeding  four  feet  in  height  under  average 
conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream-colored.  Three  varieties  described,  Nos.  81-83, 

inclusive.  Type,  Tall.  Edible  Podded. 

**  Seeds  dark  colored  or  mottled,  flowers  colored.  Two  varieties 
described,  Nos.  84-85.  Type,  Giant.  Edible  Podded. 
Class  B.  Plant  Half  Dwarf,  two  to  four  feet  high  under  average 
conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream-colored.  Three  varieties  described,  Nos.  86-8S, 

inclusive.  Type,  Dwarf  White.  Edible  Podded. 

**  Seeds  dark  colored  or  mottled,  flowers  colored.  One  variety 
described,  No.  89.  Dwarf  Gray.  Edible  Podded. 

Class  C.  Dwarf.  Plant  not  exceeding  two  feet  in  height  under 
average  conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream-colored.  Four  varieties  described,  Nos.  90-93, 

inclusive.  Type,  Dwarf  Royal.  Edible  Podded 

Description  of  the  Varieties  of  P.*Macrocarpon. 

Class  A.  Plant  tall,  exceeding  fouv  feet  in  height  under  average 
conditions.  y 

*  Seeds  cream-colored. 

No.  81.  Large  White  Edible  Podded.  (Vil.) 

Synonym.  Large  White  Podded  Sugar. 

Plant  three  to  live  feet  high ;  foliage  light-green  ;  leaflets  and  sti¬ 
pules  often  very  large,  more  or  less  washed  with  white ;  stem  very 
large,  often  one-fourth  ot  an  inch  in  diameter ;  sometimes  branched 
at  the  base,  often  above ;  nodes  sometimes  five  inches  or  more  apart  5 
peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two  inches  long;  pods  remarkably  light- 
colored,  single,  bent  and  contorted,  sometimes  inflated,  but  usually 
closely  pressed  about  the  peas,  three  to  five  inches  long,  about  one 
inch  wide,  rounding  more  or  less  gradually  to  the  apex,  tender  and 
crisp,  but  less  sweet  than  in  some  other  varieties  ;  peas  five  to  six  in 
a  pod,  greenish-yellow,  slightly  flattened  by  pressure  from  the  pod, 
but  not  compressed,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  longest  diameter;  seeds 
dull  cream-color,  slightly  oblong,  very  smooth,  nearly  three-eighths 
of  an  inch  in  longest  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained 
eighty -six  seeds. 

Not  very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

No.  82.  Wrinkled  Edible  Podded.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  Wrinkled  Sugar. 

Plant  five  feet  or  more  in  height ;  foliage  abundant,  not  glaucous  ; 
stipu.es  slightly  washed  with  white  ;  stem  strong,  much  branched  at 
the  base  and  above ;  nodes  sometimes  five  inches  apart;  peduncles 
two  to  four  inches  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs, 
two  to  four  inches  long,  about  one-half  inch  wide,  rather  blunt  at 


272 


[Assembly 


the  apex  when  fulty  developed ;  peas  six  to  eight  in  a  pod,  oblong, 
whitish-green,  compressed  when  full  grown,  nearly  one-half  of  an 
inch  in  longest  diameter ;  seeds  pale  yellowish  green,  shading  in 
specimens  to  creamy  white,  somewhat  shrivelled,  about  one-fourth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  103  seeds. 

Extremely  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

No.  83.  Tall  Edible  Podded.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  Tall  Sugar. 

Plant  five  feet  or  more  in  height ;  foliage  very  ample  ;  stipules 
slightly  glaucous,  washed  with  white;  stem  strong,  often  branched 
at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  five  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  two  to  three  inches  long  ;  pods  usually  single,  two  to  three 
inches  long,  about  one-half  inch  wide,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed  ;  peas  six  to  eight  in  a  pod,  pale  green,  slightly  oblong, 
much  compressed  when  full  grown,  nearly  one-half  inch  in  longest  di¬ 
ameter;  seeds  yellowish-green  or  cream-colored,  slightly  indented, 
about  five-sixteenths  of  an  incl  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct. 
An  ounce  contained  ninety-eight  seeds. 

Extremely  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  promptly. 

**  Seeds  dark  colored  or  mottled ,  flowers  colored. 

No.  84.  Giant  Edible  Podded.  (Vil.) 

Synonyms.  Giant  Very  Large  Podded  Sugar ;  (Fr.)  Pois 
geant  sans  parchemin ,  P.  Bisalto  d'  Espagne,  P.  d' Alger  /  (Ger.) 
Kapuziner  Erbse ,  Riesen  Kapuziner  E.  (Til.) 

Plant  four  to  six  feet  high  ;  foliage  pale  green  ;  stipules  and  peti¬ 
oles  of  leaflets  circled  with  deep  red  at  their  union  with  the  stem 
or  petiole ;  stem  more  or  less  washed  with  longitudinal  streaks  of 
deep  red  ;  leaflets  and  stipules  large,  the  latter  washed  with  white; 
stem  large  but  slender  in  proportion  to  its  length,  often  branched 
above,  rarely  at  the  base;  nodes  sometimes  five  inches  apart;  pe¬ 
duncles  one  to  two  inches  long ;  pods  single,  remarkably  distinct, 
often  exceeding  five  inches  in  length,  one  and  a  half  inches  wide, 
much  bent  and  contorted,  often  concave  on  one  side  and  convex  on 
the  other,  not  at  all  filled  bv  the  peas,  the  two  sides  usually  ad¬ 
hering  closely,  and  much  depressed  between  the  peas,  very  pale 
green,  wax-like  in  appearance,  rounding  more  or  less  abruptly  to  the 
apex,  entirely  without  parchment,  crisp  and  sweet  when  at  edible 
stage ;  peas  five  to  eight  in  a  pod,  flattened  by  the  side  of  the  pod, 
pale  green,  scarcely  in  contact,  rather  more  than  half  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  nearly  half  of  an  inch  thick ;  pods  often  poorly  filled ; 
seeds  pale  salmon  color,  shading  to  greenish,  finely  mottled  with 
black,  decidedly  flattened,  indented,  fully  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  radical  obscure.  An  ounce  contained  sixty  five  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Mentioned  in  Gar.  Cliron.  prior  to  1850. 

No.  85.  Tall  Gray  Edible  Podded.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  Tall  Gray  Sugar. 

Plant  five  feet  or  more  in  height ;  foliage  ample,  light  green  ; 


No.  33.] 


273 


stipules  much  washed  with  white;  stem  strong,  often  one  fourth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes 
rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  to  three  inches 
long;  pods  often  irregular  and  contorted,  usually  recurved,  inflated, 
three  to  four  inches  long,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  roundish’ 
scarcely  in  contact,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  seeds 
varying  in  color  from  dull  reddish-brown  to  dull  greenish-yellow,  more 
or  less  dotted  with  minute  brownish- black  specks,  roundish,  scarcely 
indented,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  invisible. 
An  ounce  contained  101  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  gradually. 

Class  B.  Half  Dwarf.  Plants  two  to  four  feet  Ugh  under 
average  conditions . 

*  Seeds  cream-colored. 

No.  86.  Extra  Early  Dwarf  Breton.  (Vil.) 

Synonym.  Extra  Early  Dwarf  Brittany.  (Vil.) 

Plant  about  two  feet  high  ;  foliage  dark  green  ;  stipules  slightly 
glaucous,  somewhat  washed  with  white  ;  stem  medium  to  large,  often 
branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  one  inch 
apart ;  peduncles  one-half  of  an  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long; 
pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  usually  in  pairs,  loment-like,  usually  more 
or  less  recurved,  often  twisted  and  contorted,  one  and  a  half  to  three 
inches  long,  one-half  of  an  inch  wide,  rounding  very  gradually  to  the 
apex;  peas  three  to  eight  in  a  pod,  flattened  by  pressure  from  the  pod, 
whitish-green,  in  contact  but  not  crowded,  three-eighths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter ;  seeds  nearly  round,  very  smooth,  about  one  fourth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  114  seeds. 

Prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very  promptly. 

No.  87.  Edible  Podded  Butter.  (Vil.) 

Synonym.  Pois  beurre.  (Vil.) 

Plant  about  two  and  a  half  feet  high ;  foliage  medium,  not  glau¬ 
cous  ;  stipules  not  washed  with  white ;  stem  medium  to  large,  rarely 
branched;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches  apart;  peduncles 
one-half  of  an  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs,  very  much  recurved,  two  and  a  half 
to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  measured  on  a  line  from  base  to  tip, 
tapering  very  gradually  to  the  apex ;  peas  three  to  six  in  a  pod,  flat¬ 
tened  by  pressure  from  the  pod,  whitish -green,  not  compressed, 
three  eighths  of  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter;  seeds  nearly  round, 
smooth,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  distinct. 
An  ounce  contained  eighty-four  seeds. 

Not  prolific,  rather  early,  maturing  its  crop  slowly. 

The  sides  of  the  pod  are  one-eighth  of  an  inch  thick,  and  are  very 
succulent,  sweet  and  tender. 

fAssem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  35 


J 


274 


[Assembly 


No.  88.  Dwarf  White  Edible  Podded*  (Sib.  1883.) 

Synonym.  Dwarf  White  Sugar. 

Plant  four  to  six  feet  high  ;  stipules  slightly  glaucous,  usually 
washed  with  white ;  stem  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above ; 
nodes  sometimes  six  inches  apart ;  peduncles  two  to  three  and  a 
half  inches  long ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  often  in  pairs,  two 
and  a  half  to  three  inches  long,  about  one  half  of  an  inch  wide, 
blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully  developed;  peas  six  to  eight  in  a  pod, 
roundish,  pale  green,  compressed  when  full  grown,  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds  rich  cream  color  shading  toward  white, 
roundish,  smooth,  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very- 
distinct.  An  ounce  contained  126  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  gradually. 

**  Seeds  dark-colored  or  mottled ,  flowers  colored. 

No.  89.  Dwarf  Gray  Edible  Podded.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Synonym.  Dwarf  Gray  Sugar. 

Plant  two  to  three  feet  high  ;  foliage  rather  abundant,  not  glau¬ 
cous,  leaflets  and  tendrils  rather  small;  stipules  much  washed  with 
white ;  stem  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely, 
more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
long,  flowers  rather  small ;  pods  frequently  in  pairs,  recurved, 
loment-like,  often  contorted,  tapering  very  gradually  to  the  apex ; 
peas  six  to  nine  in  a  pod,  pale,  yellowish-green,  roundish,  not  com¬ 
pressed,  one-fourth  to  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds 
light  brown  or  pale  green,  speckled  with  small  black  dots,  about 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  invisible.  An  ounce  con¬ 
tained  156  seeds. 

Very  prolific,  medium  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Class  C.  Dwarf.  Plant  not  exceeding  two  feet  high  under  av- 
-  crage  conditions. 

*  Seeds  cream-colored. 

No.  90.  Dwarf  Royal  Edible  Pod.  (Yil.) 

Plant  about  fifteen  inches  high  ;  foliage  deep  green ;  stipules 
glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  rather  stocky,  often  branched  at 
the  base  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one- 
half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  pods  much  paler  than  the  foliage, 
usually  in  pairs,  loment-like,  rarely  more  than  two  inches  long, 
scarcely  one-half  inch  wide,  not  very  blunt  at  the  apex,  often  some¬ 
what  recurved  ;  peas  three  to  six  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  roundish, 
slightly  compressed  when  fully  developed,  scarcely  three-eighths  ot 
an  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds  round,  very  smooth,  about  three-sixteenths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained 
143  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific,  medium'  in  season,  maturing  its  crop  very 
promptly. 


No.  33.] 


275 


No.  91.  Dwarf  Capuchin.  (Vil.) 

Plant  one  to  two  feet  High  ;  foliage  deep  green,  leaflets  small  • 
stipules  very  glaucous,  scarcely  washed  with  white;  stem  often 
branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to  two  inches  long ;  pods  loment- 
like,  scarcely  paler  than  the  foliage,  rather  strongly  recurved,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  one-half  inch '  wide,  rounding  very  gradually  to 
the  apex ;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  whitish-green,  roundish,  in 
.  _  contact  but  not  compressed,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diam¬ 
eter  ;  seeds  rich  cream-color,  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  green 
roundish,  very  smooth,  about  one-fourtli  of  an  inch  in  diameter' 
radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  112  seeds. 

Prolific,  rather  late,  maturing  its  crop  promptly. 

Ao.  92.  Edible  Podded  Dwarf.  (Vil.) 

Plant  one  to  two  feet  high;  foliage  deep  green,  leaflets  small; 
stipules  very  glaucous,  washed  with  white ;  stem  often  branched  at 
the  base,  rarely  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  two  inches  apart ; 
peduncles  one-half  to  one  inch  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage! 
usually  in  pairs,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  two  to  two  and  a  half 
inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  plump,  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed,  not  loment-like;  peas  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  greenish- 
white,  roundish,  somewhat  compressed  when  full  grown,  about  seven- 
sixteenths  of  an  inchin  diameter;  seeds  rich  cream-color,  shading 
in  spots  to  almost  white,  roundish,  very  smooth,  about  five  sixteenths 
of  an  inch  m  diameter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained 
ninety-nine  seeds. 

Moderately  piolific,  lather  late,  maturing  its  crop  very  promptly. 
Xo  93.  Very  Early  Dwarf.  (Sans  Parchemin.)  Vil 

Synonyms.  Dwarf  Dutch;  Dwarf  Crooked  Sugar;  (Fr  )  Pots 
sans  parchemin  tres  nain  hdtif  a  chdssis.  (Vil.) 

S^X  t0  hiches  high;  foliage  deep  green;  stipules 

slightly  glaucous,  scarcely  washed  with  white,  terminal  leaflets  very 
small  i  stem  stocky,  usually  branched  at  the  base,  rarely  above* • 
nodes  rarely  more  than  an  inch  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  to  one 
inch  long  ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs,  loment- 
.  •  ancJ  a  half  to  three  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  not 
quite  tilled  by  the  peas;  peas  often  abortive,  three  to  six  in  a  pod, 
whitish  green,  roundish,  slightly  compressed  when  full  grown,  about 
nve-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ;  seeds  nearly  smooth,  slightly 
flattened,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical  very  dis¬ 
tinct.  An  ounce  contained  102  seeds.  J 

Very  prolific  for  the  6ize  of  the  plant,  rather  early,  maturing  its 
crop  promptly. 


Description  of  the  Varieties  of  P.*  Arvense,  the  Field  Pea. 

The  varieties  of  P*  arvense  known  in  this  country  are  so  few  as 
to  need  no  classification.  We,  therefore,  arrange  the  varieties  in 
alphabetical  order. 


276 


[Assembly 


I 

No.  94.  Early  Crown.  (Fer.) 

Plant  three  and  a  half  to  five  feet  high  ;  foliage  medium  ;  sti¬ 
pules  very  slightly  glaucous,  much  and  leaflets  slightly  washed  with 
white ;  stem  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely 
exceeding  three  inches  apai’t;  peduncles  one-fourth  to  one  inch  long  ; 
pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs,  recurved,  blunt  at 
the  apex  when  fully  developed,  two  to  three  inches  long,  scarcely 
half  an  inch  wide,  plump;  seeds  four  to  eighth  in  a  pod.  deep  cream 
color,  round,  entirely  smooth,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  dia¬ 
meter,  radical  very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  134  seeds. 

Prolific. 

No.  95.  Gray  Winter.  (Yil.) 

Plant  about  two  and  a  half  feet  high ;  foliage  medium ;  stipules 
very  slightly  glaucous,  much  and  leaflets  slightly  washed  with  white ; 
stem  medium,  rarely  branched  ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  four  inches 
apart ;  peduncles  one  to  four  inches  long  ;  pods  single,  apparently 
never  in  pairs,  paler  than  the  foliage,  straight,  two  to  three  and  a 
half  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  plump  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed;  seeds  dull  pale  green,  shading  in  samples  to  pale  dull 
red,  slightly  shrivelled,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  35  seeds. 

Rather  prolific. 

No.  96.  Golden  Vine.  (Fer.) 

Plant  four  to  six  feet  high ;  foliage  medium  ;  stipules  slightly 
glaucous,  washed  with  white  ;  stem  medium  to  large,  often  branched 
above ;  nodes  often  four  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-fourth  to  three 
inches  long;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs,  blunt 
at  the  apex  when  fully  developed,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long, 
scarcely  one-half  inch  wide,  plump;  seeds  four  to  six  in  a  pod,  rich 
cream  color,  the  shade  varying  in  different  samples,  sometimes 
faintly  tinged  green,  about  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
radical  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  152  seeds. 

Prolific. 

No.  97.  Golden  Drop.  (Fer.) 

Plant  five  feet  or  more  in  height ;  foliage  not  glaucous,  slightly 
washed  with  white,  leaflets  rather  small ;  stem  comparatively  slender 
often  branched  at  the  base  and  above ;  nodes  rarely  more  than  three 
inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  to  one  inch  long ;  pods  paler  than 
the  foliage,  very  often  in  pairs,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long, 
one-half  inch  wide,  straight,  plump  very  blunt  at  the  apex  when  fully 
developed  ;  seeds  three  to  seven  in  a  pod,  beautiful  variegated  be¬ 
tween  golden  yellow,  olive  green,  and  creamy  white,  roundish, 
scarcely  indented,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  radical 
very  distinct.  An  ounce  contained  131  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific. 

No.  98.  Maple.  (Yil.) 

Synonyms.  Partridge ;  Marlborough;  (Fr.)  Poix perdrix.  Yil. 

Plant  three  to  five  feet  high;  foliage  deep  green;  stem  medium 


Iso.  33.] 


277 


or  slender,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  above  ;  nodes  rarely  ex¬ 
ceeding  three  and  a  half  inches  apart ;  peduncles  one-half  inch  to 
one  and  a  half  inches  long,  slender ;  pods  paler  than  the  foliage,  very 
often  in  pairs,  sometimes  slightly  recurved,  often  very  plump,  two 
to  three  inches  long,  one-half  inch  wide,  not  very  blunt  at  the  apex  ; 
seeds  four  to  seven  in  a  pod,  reddish  brown,  thickly  mottled  with 
greenish  white,  somewhat  indented,  averaging  about  one-fourth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter.  An  ounce  contained  106  seeds. 

Moderately  prolific. 

Pea  :  Index  to  Described  Varieties  and  Synonyms. 

Synonyms  are  printed  in  italics. 

(The  figures  refer  to  tlie  number  of  the  variety  in  the  described 
list.) 

No. 

Advancer . 14 

Alliance .  35 

Alpha  .  49 

American  Wonder .  72 

Auvergne  Green . . .  8 

Beck's  Early  Gem . . .  62 

Beck's  Gem .  62 

Beck's  Prizetaker .  40 

Bellamy's  Early  Green  Marrow  .  .  . 40 

Bishop  s  Dwarf  Long  Pod. . .  25 

Bishop’s  Dwarf  Prolific . 27 

Bishop  s  Early  Dwarf .  27 

Bishop' s  Improved .  25 

Bishop’s  Long  Pod .  25 

Bishop' s  Long  Podded . 25 

Bishop's  New  Long  Podded . * .  25 

Black  Eyed  Marrow . 1 

Black  Eyed  Marrowfat .  1 

Bliss's  American  Wonder .  72 

Bliss’s  Everbearing . 50 

Bliss's  No.  72 . 38 

Blue  Imperial .  45 

Blue  Peter . 69 

Blue  Prussian .  47 

Blue  Prussian .  46 

Blue  Sabre . f .  45 

Blue  Scymetar .  45 

British  Queen .  4 

Brown's  New  Dwarf  Early  Marrowfat .  3 

Bush  Pea .  62 

(Jaractacus .  21 

Carter's  Challenger .  5 

Carter's  Commander  in  Chief .  16 


278 


[Assemulv 


Carter's  Earliest  . . , . 

Carter’s  First  Crop . 

Carter's  Little  Wonder . 

Carter's  Premium  Gem . . 

Carter's  Pride  of  the  Market 

Carter's  Prince  of  Wales . 

Carter's  Princess  of  Wales . 

Carter's  Stratagem . 

Carter's  Telephone . . 

Catall's  Wonder . 

Challenger . 

Champion  of  England . 

Charlton . 

Clamart  Early . 

Cleveland's  First  and  Best . 

Cleveland's  Rural  New  Yorker . , 

Climax . 

Commander  in  Chief . 

Criterion . 

Criterium  (Fr.)  v.  Criterion . 

CulverwelV s  Telegraph . 

Daniel  O’Rourke . 

Dan  O'  Rourke . 

D' Auvergne  (Fr.)  v.  White  Sabre 

Day’s  Early  Sunrise . 

DeClamart . . 

Dexter . 

Dickson's  First  and  Best . . 

Dickson's  New  Paragon . 

Dilliston's  Early . 

Doctor  McLean . 

Dunnett's  First  Early . 

Dwarf  Blue  Imperial . . 

Dwarf  Blue  Prolific . . . . 

Dwarf  Blue  Prussian . . 

Dwarf  Capuchin . . 

Dwarf  Crooked  Sugar . . 

Dwarf  Dutch . . 

Dwarf  Gray  Edible  Podded . 

Dwarf  Gray  Sugar . 

Dwarf  Green  Imperial . .  . 

Dwarf  Green  St.  Michael . . 

Dwarf  Imperial . 

Dwarf  Marrow . 

Dwarf  Marrowfat . 

Dwarf  Michaux  de  Hollande . 

Dwarf  Royal  Edible  Podded . 

Dwarf  Sabre . 


No. 

19 

20 
54 
7a 

78 
53 
53 

79 
11 

4 


.  12 
.  22 
.  26 
.  18  ' 
.  18 
.  76 

.  16 
.  51 

.  51 

6 

.  19 

.  19 

.  42 

.  34 

.  43 

.  18 
20-21 
.  15 

20-22 
.  56 

.  19 

.  45 

.  45 

.  46 

c  91 
%  93 

.  93 

.  89 

.  89 

.  45 

.  70 

.  45 

3 
3 

.  24 

.  90 

.  45 


No.  33.] 


279 


No. 

Dwarf  White  Edible  Podded . ...... .  88 

Dwarf  White  Marrowfat . 3 

Dwarf  White  Sugar . 88 

Earliest  of  All .  37 

Ea/rly  Alpha .  49 

Early  Crown . - .  93 

Early  Dan  O'  Bourke .  94 

Early  Dutch  Green .  19 

Early  Dwarf .  43 

Early  Emperor . 64 

Early  Frame . 22-24 

Early  Kent .  22-29 

Early  May .  22 

Early  Prince  Albert . 22 

Early  Waterloo .  22 

East's  Kentish  Invicta . 39 

Edible  Podded  Butter .  87 

Edible  Podded  Dwarf .  92 

Etampes  Wonder .  28 

Eugenia . 35 

Express .  38 

Extra  Early  Alpha .  49 

Extra  Early  Daniel  O'  Bourke .  19 

Extra  Early  Dwarf  Breton . . 86 

Extra  Early  Dwarf  Brittany . . .  86 

Extra  Early  Dwarf  Tom  Thumb. . . 62 

Extra  Early  Kent .  22 

Extra  Early  Philadelphia .  18 

Extra  Early  Premium  Gem .  73 

Eairbeard's  Champion  of  England .  12 

Ferry’s  Extra  Early . 61 

Ferry's  First  and  Best .  18 

Fillbasket .  44 

Fine  Long  Padded  Dwarf . > .  46 

G.  F.  Wilson .  52 

Giant  Edible  Podded .  84 

Giant  Very  Large  Podded  Sugar .  84 

Golden  Drop .  96 

Golden  Vine.... .  95 

Green  Nonpareil .  45 

Green  Noyou .  48 

Green  Prussian . 46 

Green  Tall  Square  Mammoth .  10 

Grey  Winter .  94 

Grosse  Grime  Normand  ( Erbse )  (Ger.)  v.  Large  Green  Nor¬ 
mandy  .  9 

Grime  Auvergne  (Ger.)  v.  Laxton’s  Supreme .  8 


280 


[Assembly 


Hair's  Dwarf  Green  Marrow . 

Hair's  Dwarf  Mammoth{?) . 

Hancock. .  , . 

Henderson's  First  of  All . 

Hooper's  Incomparable . 

Horsford's  Market  Garden . 

Hotspur . 

Imperial . 

Improved  Early  Champion . 

John  Bull . 

Kapuziner  Erbse ,  (Gei\)  v.  Giant  Edible  Podded 

Kentish  Invicta . 

King  of  the  Marrows . 

Knight’s  Dwarf  Green  Marrow . 

Knight’s  Tall  Green  Marrow . 

Knight’s  Tall  Marrow . 

Landreth's  Extra  Early . 

Large  Black  Eyed  Marrowfat . . 

Large  Blue  Imperial . 

Large  Green  Normandy .  . 

Large  White  Edible  Podded . . . . . . 

Large  White  Podded  Sugar . 

Laxton's  Alpha . 

Laxton's  Earliest  of  All . 

Laxton's  Early  Prolific  Long  Pod .  . 

Laxton's  Fillbasket . 

Laxton’s  Long  Pod . 

Laxton’s  Marvel . 

Laxton's  Minimum . 

Laxton's  Omega . 

Laxton's  Prolific  Long  Pod . 

Laxton’s  Superlative . 

Laxton's  Supplanter . 

Laxton’s  Supreme . 

Laxton's  William  the  First . . 

Leicester's  Defiance . 

Leopold  Second . 

Litte  Gem . 

Little  W onder . : . 

Maple . 

Market  Garden . 

Marlborough . 

McLean's  Advancer . 

McLean’s  Best  of  All . 

McLean's  Blue  Peter . 

McLean’s  Dwarf  Prolific  . . 

McLean's  Favorite . 

Me  Leaps  Little  Gem . 

Michaux  de  Rouelle  (Fr.) . 


No. 

76 

76 

18 

18 

4 

57 

22 

45 

21 

59 
84 

39 
10 

76 

13 

17 

18 
1 

45 

9 

81 

81 

49 

37 

2 

42 

2 

36 

67 

55 

2 

hr 

i 

71 

8 

41 

40 
23 

77 
54 
97 
57 
97 

14 

60 
69 
80 
53 
77 
30 


No.  3b. J 


281 


No. 

Michciux  de  Hollande  (Fr.)  v.  Dwarf  Michaux  de  Hollande  . .  24 

Michaux  ordinaire  (Fr.)  v.  Michaux  ordinaire  de  Paris .  29 

Michaux  ordinaire  de  Paris  (Fr.) .  29 

Minimum . .  67 

Monarch . . .  10 

Napolean .  76 

New  Dwarf  Imperial .  .  45 

New  Improved  Dwarf  Imperial .  45 

New  Improved  Imperial . 45 

New  long  Podded  Imperial .  45 

New  Sabre . 45 

Nobles  Green  Marrow .  40- 

Omega .  55 

Partridge .  97 

Petit pois  de  Paris  (Fr.)  v.  Pois  Michaux  ordinaire  de  Paris. .  29 

Philadelphia  . . 18 

Philadelphia  Extra  Early . 18 

Pois  d  grain  ride  vert  (Fr.)  v.  Alpha .  49 

d  grain  rond  vert  (Fr.)  v.  William  the  First .  41 

d  la  reine  (Fr.)  v.  Blue  Imperial .  45 

beurre  (Fr.)  v.  Edible  Podded  Butter .  87 

Bisalto  dEspagne  (Fr.)  v.  Giant  Edible  Podded .  84 

bleu  a  courte  tige  (Fr.)  v.  Blue  Imperial .  ...  45 

bresdien  (Fr.)  v.  Early  Kent .  22 

carre  fin  (Fr.)  v.  Pois  de  Clamart .  43 

carre  vert  (Fr.)  v.  Large  Green  Normandy .  9 

Climax .  76 

cosaque  (Fr.)  White  Sabre .  ...  42 

criterium  (Fr.)  v.  Criterion .  51 

crochu  (Fr.)  v.  White  Sabre .  42 

d  Alger  (Fr.)  v.  Giant  Edible  Podded .  84 

Daniel  (Fr.)  v.  Daniel  O' Pourke .  19 

I  Auvergne  (Fr.)  v.  White  Sabre .  42 

de  Clamart  (fir.) .  43 

de  Knight  (Fr.)  v.  Knight’s  Tall  Marrow .  17 

de  la  Sainte  Catherine  (Fr.)  v.  Michaux  ordinaire  de 

Paris. ...  29 

Requeville  (Fr.)  v.  Early  Kent .  21 

du  Brezil  (Fr.)  v.  Knight’s  Tall  Marrow .  17 

geant  sans  parchemin  (Fr.)  Giant  Edible  Podded .  84 

hatif  de  plainpalais  (Fr.)  v„  Early  Kent .  22 

hatif  uniflore  de  Gendebrugge  (Fr.)  v.  Early  Kent .  22 

E Evergne  (Fr.)  v.  Early  Dwarf . .  64 

Merveille  I Ame'rique  (Fr.)  v.  American  Wonder .  72 

Merveille  d Etampes  (Fr.)  v.  Etampes  Wonder .  28 

Michaux  de  Rouelle .  30 

Michaux  de,  Hollande  (Fr.)  v.  Dwarf  Michaux  de  Hol¬ 
lande  . 24 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


36 


282 


[Assembly 


.  .  '  No. 

Pois  Michaux  ordinaire  (Fr.)  v.  Michaux  ordinaire  de  Paris. .  29 

Michaux  ordinaire  de  Paris  (Fr.) .  29 

nain  Bishop  a  lorujues  cosses  (Fr.)  Bishop’s  Long  Pod. .  25 

nain  de  Keroulas  (Fr.)  v.  Very  Dwarf  Bretagne .  66 

nain  hdtif  (Fr.)  v.  Early  Dwarf .  64 

nain  hdtif  extra  (Fr.)  v.  Tom  Thumb .  62 

nain  tres  hdtif  a  chassis  (Fr.)  v.  Very  Early  Dwarf .  63 

nain  vert  imperial  (Fr.)  v.  Blue  Imperial .  45 

Napoleon . ' .  76 

prime  (Fr.)  v.  Dwarf  Michaux  de  Hollande . . .  24- 

ridt  de  Knight  sucr'e ,  (Fr.)  v.  Knight’s  Tall  Marrow.  ...  17 

ride  grande  vert  mammoth  (Fr.)  v.  Tall  Green  Mam¬ 
moth .  10 

ride  nain  vert  hdtif  (Fr.)  v.  Knight’s  Dwarf  Green  Mar¬ 
row  . 76 

ride  tres  nain  a  bordures  (Fr.)  v.  Very  Dwarf  Wrinkled.  74 

sabre ,  (Fr.)  v.  Sword .  31 

sans  par chemin  tres  nain  hdtif  a.  chassis ,  (Fr.)  v.  Very 

Early  Dwarf  (S.  P.) .  93 

serpette  (Fr.)  v.  White  Sabre .  42 

serpette  vert  (Fr.)  v.  Laxton’s  Supreme .  8 

vert  nain  champetre  de  seconde  saison  (Fr.)  v.  Blue  Im¬ 
perial  . - . . .  . .  45 

vert  Normande  (Fr.)  v.  Large  Green  Kormandy .  9 

William,  (Fr.)  v.  William  the  First .  41 

Poix perdrix  (Fr.)  v.  Maple. . .  . .  97 

Premium  Gem.  .  73 

Pride  of  the  Market .  78 

Prince  Albert . 22 

Prizetaker .  40 

Prizetaher  Green  Marrow .  40 

Prussian  Prolific .  46 

Reedland .  18 

Kiesen  Kapuziner  (. Erbse )  (Ger.)  v.  Giant  Edible  Podded  ....  84 

Ringleader .  20-22 

Rising  Sun . * .  40 

Royal  Dwarf  Marrowfat .  3 

Royal  Prussian  Blue .  46 

Sabre . 45 

Sangsteds  No.  1 . 19-21 

Sang  sterns  No.  1  Improved .  22 

Sevastopol . 19 

Shah  de  Persia .  32 

Sibley’s  First  and  Best .  18 

StandisPs  Criterion .  51 

Stratagem .  79 

Strathmore  Hero .  19 

Sumatra . .  . . . . .....* .  45 


t 


No.  33.]  283 

No. 

Supplanter . : .  71 

Button's  Champion .  19 

Button's  Long  Podded  Tom  Thumb .  62 

Sutton's  Ringleader .  20 

Sword .  31 

Tdbei's  Perfection .  21 

Tall  Edible  Podded .  83 

Tall  Green  Mammoth .  10 

Tall  Gray  Edible  Podded .  85 

Tall  Gray  Sugar .  85 

Tall  Sugar .  83 

Telegraph .  6 

Telephone .  11 

The  Racket  . 58 

The  Shah .  32 

Thorburn's  Extra  Early  Market . .  18 

Thorburn's  First  and  Best .  18 

Tom  Thumb . 62 

Turner's  Doctor  McLean . 56 

Turner's  Wonderful .  53 

Veitch's  Early  . 20 

Veitch's  First  Early .  19 

Veitch’s  Perfection .  15 

V ery  Dwarf  Bretagne . 66 

Very  Dwarf  Cotourier .  65 

Very  Dwarf  Wrinkled .  74 

Very  Early  Dwarf .  63 

Very  Early  Dwarf  (Sans  parchemin) .  93 

Waite's  Caractacus .  21 

Washington . 21 

Weisse  fruhe  Pariser  ( Erbse ),  (Ger.)  v.  Michaux  ordinaire  de 

Paris .  29 

White  Marrowfat .  3 

White  cimeter .  42 

White  Sabre .  42 

White  Sword .  31 

William  Hurst .  75 

William  the  First .  41 

Wilson .  52 

Wonder .  4 

Wrinkled  Edible  Podded .  82 

Wrinkled  Sugar .  82 

Yorkshire  Hero .  53 


Spinach. 

We  planted  seeds  of  seven  so-called  varieties  in  the  garden  April 
26,  in  rows  ten  feet  long  .and  twenty-one  inches  apart,  one  row  of 


A 


284 


[Assembly 


each.  The  soil  was  prepared  as  described  for  onions.  We  noted 
the  following  data : 


<*H  — 

o.2 

r* 

a 

o 

i*^  SB 

®  © 

3 

u  © 

CD 

r  . 

©  > 

M 

PH 

T3 

CD 

®  • 
m  01 

© 

-  I 

£  a 


T3 

© 

©  . 
*  CD 


CD 

03 

tJ 


Extra  Large  Prickly  or  Winter .  53  54  100  108 

Extra  Large  Round  Leaved .  61  55  80  130 

Flanders. . .  . .  64  52  80  130 

Large  Dutch  (round  seed) .  55  52  80  108 

Long  Standing .  55  66  100  136 

Savory  Leaved  (round  seed) .  63  52  99  100 

V irofliay .  70  52  106  103 


The  seeds  of  all  the  varieties  vegetated  in  thirteen  days  from 
planting. 

It  appears  that  the  Long  Standing  was,  as  its  name  implies,  slow¬ 
est  in  blooming.  This  variety  seems  very  well  adapted  to  spring 
sowing. 

We  noted  that  spinach  sown  in  the  fall  not  only  made  much  larger 
growth  than  that  sown  in  spring,  but  that  it  was  later  in  running  in 
seed. 

We  had  much  difficulty  in  describing  the  different  varieties,  as 
the  variations  are  so  great.  Although  a  general  difference  was  ap¬ 
parent  between  most  of  the  plantings,  we  found  it  next  to  impossible 
to  specify  from  the  appearance  of  the  plants  in  what  this  difference 
consisted. 

Experiments. 

In  order  to  discover  the  influence  of  early  and  late  matured  seed 
upon  the  time  of  blooming  in  the  resulting  crop,  we  gathered  in 
1883  four  samples  of  seed  from  each  of  six  varieties  of  spinach. 
The  selections  made  were  1st.  The  earliest  ripened  seed  from  one 
plant ;  2d.  The  latest  ripened  seed  from  the  same  plant ;  3d.  The 
whole  yield  of  seed  of  the  plant  that  ripened  earliest,  and  4th.  The 
whole  yield  of  the  plant  that  ripened  latest.  We  planted  one  row 
of  each  of  the  four  selections  in  the  garden  April  28. 

The  results  show  that  the  earliest  ripened  seed  on  the  plant  vege¬ 
tated  on  the  average  forty  per  cent,*  while  the  latest  seed  from  the 
same  plant  vegetated  twenty-two  per  cent.  The  plants  grown  from 
the  latest  seed  bloomed  on  the  average  about  two  days  later  than 
those  from  the  earliest  seed. 

The  seed  from  the  earliest  ripened  plant  vegetated  on  the  average 
forty-two  per  cent,  while  that  from  the  latest  plant  vegetated  forty 
per  cent.  The  plants  grown  from  the  seed  of  the  latest  plant 


*  We  here  consider  the  seed  cases  of  spinach  as  individual  seeds. 


No.  33] 


285 


bloomed  on  the  average  about  three  days  later  than  those  from  the 
seed  of  the  earliest  plant. 

Our  experiments  indicate  that  the  earliest  ripened  seed  on  a  plant 
gives  a  larger  vegetation  than  the  latest,  but  that  the  tendency  in 
using  the  earliest  seed  is  to  shorten  the  period  of  usefulness  of  the 

is  much  difference  in  the  time  of  maturity  of  different 
plants,  and  of  different  seeds  on  the  same  plant  in  spinach.  We 
noted  that  the  later  blossoms  very  often  prove  abortive.  In  the  case 
of  the  Long  Standing  variety,  several  of  the  latest  plants  produced 
no  seed,  the  flowers  all  proving  abortive.  It  thus  appears  that  there 
is  a  limit  to  the  length  of  time  that  the  blooming  of  the  plants  can 
be  retarded  by  selecting  the  latest  seed. 


plants. 

The: 


Miscellaneous  Vegetables,  etc. 

Besides  the  vegetables  already  considered  we  grew  several  varie¬ 
ties  each  of  endive,  corn  salad,  cress,  and  chicory ;  with  thirty  spe¬ 
cies  and  varieties  of  the  class  of  plants  known  to  seedsmen  a 
u  herbs.”  We  present  the  statistics  gathered  upon  these  plants  in 
tabular  form  for  purposes  of  reference.  We  have  devoted  less  study 
to  these  plants  than  to  the  more  generally  known  vegetables. 

The  plants  of  all  the  varieties  of  corn  salad  were  early  attacked 
by  a  fungus  which  largely  prevented  their  maturity,  and  those  of 
the  cress  were  nearly  destroyed  by  the  flea  beetle,  in  spite  of  repeated 
preventive  applications.  The  plants  of  several  of  the  varieties  of 
endive  were  also  prevented  from  complete  maturity  by  a  fungus- 
attack. 

Endive. 


Broad-leaved  Batavian . 

First  vegetation 
oo  in  —  days. 

o> 

co 

3 

~Z  02 

c3 

-**  T3 

1-  i 

O 

1 

.Ti  a 

54 

a 

•  r— ' 

a 

o 

3  02 

_Q  >-> 
a 

02  ■ 

£  1 

96 

1  First  ripe  seed 
g  in  —  days. 

Last  ripe  seed 

.  in  —  days. 

• 

Broad-leaved  Winter . 

8 

54 

95 

119 

165 

Ever  White  Curled . 

8 

60 

91 

101 

147 

Fine  Curled  Picpus . 

8 

60 

88 

101 

147 

Fine  Curled  Summer . 

8 

60 

89 

101 

147 

Green  Curled . 

8 

53 

83 

106 

165 

Green  Curled  Buffec . 

8 

53 

83 

101 

159 

Green  Curled  Winter . 

8 

53 

93 

124 

•  •  •  • 

Imperial  Curled . 

8 

53 

91 

131 

158 

Large  Li  may . 

8 

53 

97 

101 

•  •  •  * 

Louviers  Fine  Laciniated . 

8 

53 

91 

119 

•  •  •  • 

Moss  Very  Fine  Curled . 

8 

53 

93 

101 

•  •  •  • 

Bound  or  Stag  Horn  . 

Very  Fine  Green  Parisian  Summer..  . . 

8 

53 

92 

131 

•  •  •  • 

11 

53 

90 

124 

•  •  •  • 

White  or  Lettuce-leaved . 

8 

53 

92 

119 

•  •  •  » 

286 

[Assembly 

Corn  Salad. 

First  veg- 

Fit  for 

First 

First  ripe 

etation  in 

table  use 

bloom  in 

seed  in 

—  days 

in — days. 

—  days. 

—  days. 

Green  Cabbaging . 

.  13 

67 

.  100 

•  •  •  • 

Green  from  Etampes . 

.  13 

67 

92 

•  •  •  • 

Italian . . 

.  14 

67 

74 

-  107 

Large  Bound-leaved . . 

.  13 

67 

82 

•  •  •  • 

Large  Seeded  Dutch  Bound-leaved,  12 

67 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

Lettuce-leaved . 

.  12 

67 

82 

107 

Cress. 

First  vege 

First 

First  ripe 

tation  in  bloom  in 

seed  in 

—  days.  ■ 

—  days. 

—  days. 

Broad-leaved  Garden . 

7 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

Common  or  Plain . 

7 

44 

113 

Curled  Garden . 

7 

59 

112 

Dwarf  Extra  Fine  Curled. 

7 

48 

111 

Golden  Yellow  or  Australian . 

7 

72 

•  •  •  • 

Gray  Seeded  Early  Winter  or  American..  7 

Chicory. 

First  vege-  First 
tation  in  bloom  in 


No.  of  Average 
roots  weight  of 
—  days.  —  days,  liarves  d.  roots,  oz. 


Common . 

8 

86 

68 

2 

Improved  Very  Large  Leaved . 

8 

96 

52 

1 

Long  Booted  Brunswick . 

8 

•  •  •  • 

61 

4 

Large  Booted  Brussels  or  Whitloof . 

12 

96 

36 

4 

Large  Booted  Madgeburg . 

9 

•  t  •  k 

59 

3 

Anise 
Basil  - 
Basil  - 
Basil  - 
Basil  - 
Basil  - 
Basil  - 
Basil  - 
Basil  - 


Large  Green  Sweet. 


True 


Herbs. 

a 

S3 

o 

•  r* 

•s  . 

B 

i 

tfl 

§>5* 

o 

o  . 

——  OB 

s.5* 

-fi 

flS 

Ph  *0 

1 

in  ' 

♦a  Ti 

CD  1 

p  s 

£ 1 

a 

£-9 

.  26 

77 

127 

.  22 

73 

127 

.  22 

73 

127 

.  22 

73 

127 

.  17 

73 

127 

.  17 

77 

127 

.  17 

73 

127 

.  22 

73 

127 

.  33 

92 

<D 

9 

OB 

_  as 

P.  oj 
fi  T3 

I 

a§  3 


No.  33. J 


287 


Herbs. 


Bene . 

Balm —  (planted  1883) . 

Burnet  —  Garden . 

Borage . 

Chervil  —  Curled  or  Dutch  .  . . 

Cummin . 

Caraway  —  (planted  1883)  .... 

Fennel —  Sweet. . . 

Fennel —  Bitter . 

Horehound  —  (planted  1883) . . 

Hyssop  —  (planted  1883) _ _ 

Marjoram  —  Sweet . 

Rue  —  (planted  1883) . 

Sage  —  Salvia  horininum  pur- 

pureum . 

Sage  —  Salvia  horminum  Vio- 

lette . . 

Sage  —  Salvia  Argentea. . 

Sage  —  (planted  1883) . 

Sorrel — (planted  1883) . 

Savory  —  Summer . 

Thyme  —  Winter . 

Thyme  —  French  (planted  1883) 


a 

o 

•  »"H 

aJ 

© 
bo 
©  r 


01 


02  1 
.ts  g 
£  ‘ 


o 

o 


Ti 

© 

<V 

W 

© 


02 


m 

si 

T3 


£<  aj 

I 

m  i 


TJ 

0) 

© 

02 

02 

©  K 

a,  j? 
E  - 


00 

OS  M 


28 

73 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

J  uly  5 

18 

7b 

t  ®  *  *  *  *  * 

17 

56 

94 

22 

60 

82 

102 

•  • 

May  17 

June  24 

Aug.  4 

18 

86 

110 

23 

86 

106 

•  • 

June  23 

Aug.  4 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  • 

25 

June  30 

Aug.  4 

Aug.  18 

•  • 

June  16 

Sept.  12 

16 

56 

99 

16 

80 

■ 

16 

•  • 

June  6 

June  30 

•  • 

June  14 

July  15 

Aug.  17 

18 

73 

108 

25 

•  • 

June  5 

We  also  grew  twenty-four  so-called  varieties  of  kale,  four  of 
kohl  rabi,  two  of  Brussels  sprouts,  and  four  of  Cardoon.  The 
Brussels  sprouts  headed  very  nicely.  The  varieties  were  called  Im¬ 
proved  Extra,  and  Dwarf  Improved. 

A.  plant  that  attracted  considerable  attention  in  the  garden  was 
the i  Florence  fennel,  or  Finocchio,  Foeniculum  dulce.  (De  C.)  The 
foliage  of  this  plant  resembles  in  appearance  and  taste  that  of  the 
common  Sweet  fennel,  but  the  base  of  the  petioles  which  are 
opposite  and  lap  over  one  another,  is  very  broad  and  thick,  forming 
a  flattened,  bulb-like  expansion,  about  three  inches  in  its  longest 
diameter.  This  thickened  part  is  the  portion  used.  When  boiled, 
it  is  tender,  and  has  a  flavor  somewhat  like  that  of  celery,  though 
more  sweet  and  anise  like.  It  is  also  sometimes  eaten  raw  as  a  salad. 

The  plant  is  annual,  is  readily  propagated  from  seed,  and  grew 
with  much  vigor  in  our  garden.  It  bloomed  early  in  August,  but 
tor  some  reason  the  flowers  all  proved  abortive. 

We  succeeded  in  growing  the  Skirret  the  past  season,  by  starting 


288 


[Assembly 


the  seeds  in  boxes  in  the  hot-bed,  and  transplanting  the  plants  to  the 
garden  when  of  sufficient  size.  We  have  made  several  attempts  to 
grow  this  vegetable  by  planting  in  the  open  ground,  but  the  seeds 
have  in  every  case  failed  to  vegetate. 

Several  samples  of  seed  were  received  at  the  station  from  Ten- 
eriffe,  from  Prof.  C.  W.  Dabney,  of  North  Carolina,  obtained 
through  Mr.  Lopez,  U.  S.  Consul.  Some  of  these  failed  to  grow. 
Of  those  that  vegetated  were  two  varieties  of  Lentil  ( Ervum )  one 
of  Lupine,  Lupinus  perennis,  two  varieties  of  a  u  Chicaro,” identi¬ 
fied  as  Laihyrus  sativus ,  and  another  leguminous  plant  not  identified. 
The  plants  of  all  were  interesting,  as  being  unfamiliar,  but  none 
seemed  to  offer  promise  of  being  valuable  in  our  climate. 


Synonyms  Determined  in  1883  and  1884. 


In  our  report  for  1883,  our  list  of  synonyms  was  erroneously 
printed.  We,  therefore,  repeat  the  synonyms  from  that  report  (p. 
223),  adding  those  determined  the  past  season.  The  synonyms  are 
printed  in  italics.  (?)  attached  to  a  synonym  indicates  that  we  de¬ 
sire  further  verification. 

Beet ,  1883. 

Dark  Red  Egyptian.  (Sib.  1883.)  Synonym,  Eclipse.  (Thor. 
1883) ? 

Norbiton  Giant  Mangel.  (Sib.  1883.)  Synonym,  Mammoth  Long 
Red  Mangel.  (Sib.  1883.) 

Long  Red  Mangel.  (Sib.  1883.)  Synonym,  Henderson' $  Colos¬ 
sal  Long  Red  Mangel.  (Hen.  1883.) 


Cabbage ,  1883. 

Schweinfurt.  (Sib.  1883.)  Synonym,  Largest  White  Schwein- 
furs.  (Ben.  1883.)  Schweinfurt  Quintal.  (Greg.  1883.) 

Quintal  Drumhead.  (Fer.  1883.)  Synonym,  Strassburg  Quintal . 
(Ben.  1883.) 


Carrot ,  1883. 

Early  French  Scarlet  Forcing.  (Sib.  1883.)  Synonym,  G artier  s 
Red  Horn  (?)  (Ben.  1883.)  Extra  Early  Eorcing  (grown  in 
1882.) 

Carrot ,  1884. 

Danvers.  (Fer.  1883.)  Synonym ,  Danver’ s  Orange  Half  Long. 
( Lan .) 

Guerande.  (Greer.)  Synonym,  Guerande 
Rooted.  (Yil.) 

Orange  Belgian.  (Mil.)  Synonym,  Large  Yellow  Belgian. 
(Sib.  1883.) 


Half  Long  Stump 


Celery ,  1884. 

Red  Giant  Solid.  (Yil.)  Synonym ,  Hood's  Dwarf  Red.  (lien.) 


Cucumber ,  1884. 

Peerless.  (Thorf)  Synonym,  Peerless  White  Spine.  (Greg.) 


No.  33.] 


289 


GAerfcin!™  ( Yi]6)^111  Synonym,  SmaU  Green  Pickling  or 

Egg  Plant ,  1883. 

ztcw,  sr&jr  vsts' 

(<S”*  1888'>  S,™ mWhiu^CM 
Lettuce,  1883. 

4 « Si  At ;  &js  (!r;s  “•/«*» 

ar*  ^  " 

aSt  Si'iM?"' 18880 

r«XS"°'S^*°W83.)GreE:'  1883,)  Sj,""r”'  -Pm“l  •*** 

1883Urled  SimpS°n'  (Batch-  1882->  Sjnonym,  Perpetual.  (Bliss, 

(S,b'188a> 

“ftsa'f 18820  S),”“r”'  ^ 

Lettuce ,  1884.) 

/?sissed  (Sr  (Hen')  Syri°nym’  *«««■ 

Pnze  Head.  (Sib.)  Synonym,  American  Curled.  (Yil  1 

eX'^Tg*:p  ^ 

(Sib!*) 17  CUrled  S'mpSOn'  (^iL)  Synonym,  Munson's  Perfection. 
6Wre(Lan.a)riS  C0S’  (Vil,)  Synon^m’  Landreth's  Heat  Resisting 
!Thor.)dy  Re'j  Wmter'  (ViL)  Synonym,  Red  Winter  Cabbage. 

£tiSr*  ESL'tiST’  l°"'”  An,d°  (D”° ; 

CP'fffL, (B,,ck  1882')  Sjnonjm  Frr>  Urr-  Y'JJ™ 

(v!lTfe  Gree°'  ^VlL-)  Synonym,  Large  Green  Pas  -  de -  Calais. 
<7tSj.S"(Yil.f  ^  Frame'  (7il,)  Synonym,  Crisp  Small  Early 

Muskmelon,  1883. 

c«£r  18820 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  37 


290 


[Assembly 


Muskmelon ,  1884. 

Jenny  Lind.  (Sib.  1883.)  Synonym,  Jenny  Lind  Citron .  (Lan.) 
Surprise.  (Sib.  1*883.)  Synonym,  New  Surprise.  ( ?  1882.) 

'  Parsnip ,  1883. 

Long  Hollow  Crown.  (  ?  1882.)  Synonyms,  Abbott's  Ilollovj 
Crown  (Sib.  1883);  Sutton's  Student  (Thor.  1883);  Guernsey  or 
Cup  (Thor.,  1883) ;  Carter's  Neio  Maltese  (Sib.  1883). 

Turnip  Rooted.  (Ben.  1883.)  Synonyms,  Hound  (Thor.  1883; 
Early  Hound  or  Turnip  (Greg.  1883.). 

Pea ,  1883. 

Cleveland’s  First  and  Best.  (Cleve.,  1883.)  Synonyms,  Ferry's 
First  and  Best  (Fer.  1883) ;  Sibley's  First  and  Best  (Sib.  1883) ; 
Thorburn' s  First  and  Best  (Thor.  1882) ;  Henderson' s  First  of  All 
(Hen.  1883);  Hancock  (Greg.  1884);  Philadelphia  Extra  Early 
(Thor.  1882). 

Blue  Imperial.  (Thor.  1883.)  Synonym ,  Dwarf  Blue  Imperial. 
(Sib.  1883.) 

Premium  Gem.  (Fer.  1883.)  Synonym,  Carter's  Premium 
Gem  (Greg.  1883). 

Pea ,  1884. 

Philadelphia  Extra  Early.  (Thor.  1882.)  Synonyms,  Cleveland's 
Rural  New  Yorker  (Rural  Hew  Yorker);  Dexter  (Greg.) ;  Lan- 
dreth's  Extra  Early  (Lan.) ;  Thorburn  s  Extra  Early  Market 
(Thor.) ;  Reedland  (Lan.)  ? 

Express.  (Greg.)  Synonym,  “  No.  72  ”  (Bliss). 

Dwarf  White  Marrowfat.  (Thor.  1882.)  Synonyms,  Brown's 
New  Early  Dwarf  Marrowfat  (Greg.  1883) ;  Royal  Dwarf  Mar¬ 
rowfat  (Greg.  1883). 

Knight’s  Dwarf  Green  Marrow.  (Yil.)  Synonym,  Hair's  Dwarf 
Green  Marrow.  (Thor.  1882.) 

Pepper ,  1883. 

Large  Bell.  ( ?  1882.)  Synonyms,  Bull  Nose  ( ?  1882);  Sweet 
Mountain  or  Mammoth  (?  1882). 

Oxheart.  (?  1882.)  Synonym,  New  Oxheart.  (Thor.  1883.) 
Tomato-shaped.  (?  1882.)  Synonyms,  Squash  1882) ;  Larqe 
Squash  (Thor.  1883). 

Pepper ,  1884. 

.  Spanish  Mammoth.  (Yil.)  Synonym,  Ruby  King.  (B.  M.  &  Co.) 

Monstrous.  (Yil.)  Synonyms,  Spanish  Mammoth  (Yil.)  ? ; 
Sweet  Spanish.  (Yil.) 

Radish ,  1883. 

Scarlet  Turnip  Rooted.  (?  1882.)  Synonyms,  Early  Scarlet  or 
Red  Turnip  (Sib.  1883) ;  Early  Scarlet  Turnip  Rooted  (Fer.  1883). 

Radish ,  1884. 

Early  Deep  Scarlet.  (Yil.)  Synonyms,  Earley  Round  Dark 
Red  (Hen.) ;  Deep  Scarlet  Turnip  (Thor.). 


No.  33.] 


291 


(Vil)  Synonym’  ScarUt  or  Red 

Scarlet  Turnip,  white-tipped.  (Yil.)  Synonym,  Early  Scarlet 
1  urnip ,  with  white  tail.  (Thor.)  J 

Golden  Yellow  Turnip.  (Yil.)  Synonym,  Yellow  Summer  Tur¬ 
nip.  (Thor.) 

<?SnLs^art(l"i!)mer-  (Thor-)  Synonynb  Early  White 

Squash,  1883. 

n  ]78?^)  Synonyms,  Low’s  Premium  Hybrid 

(1o82)  ? ;  JtLssex  Hybrid  (Sib.  1883)  ?  y 

Squash ,  1884. 

wfz  7.S,,Pi”('i,X  <a  M-  * Ca) 

Tomato ,  1884. 

Acme  (?  1882.)  Synonym,  Essex  Early  Hybrid  (Sib.  1883). 

fThor  iST  5-ed;  Lblk  *883-]  Synonyms,  Early  Red  Smooth 
(Inor.  1883) ,  Rarly  Round  Red  Smooth  (Greg.  1883) 

<Gre8'  i88s»'  s^“> 

<Thor'  im->  ^ 

The  Number  of  Yaeieties  tested  in  the  Station  Garden. 

For  convenience  in  reference,  and  as  a  matter  of  interest,  we  note 
the  number  of  differently  named  samples  of  the  various  garden  and 

1S8A  plr!Uer  J6S-ed  ™  tbe,Station  garden  in  the  years  1883  and 

MlSlo  vlIS  “MeS  *In“JmS-  b»* 


Anise . 

Artichoke . 

Balm . 

Basil . 

Bean. . . ; . 

Bean  (Soya)  . .  . 
Beet  (Chard). .  . 
Beet  (Garden). . 
Beet  (Mangel). . 
Beet  (Sugar) . . . 

Boneset . 

Borage . 

Brocoli . 

Brussels  Sprouts 
Burnet . 


1883. 

1884. 

•  • 

1 

1 

•  • 

1 

1 

1 

8 

218 

25 

8 

1 

5 

1 

18 

19 

8 

13 

4 

89 

•  • 

1 

1 

1 

3 

10 

2 

2 

1 

1 

292 


Cabbage . 

Caraway . 

Cardoon . 

Carrot . 

Caterpillars . 

Cauliflower . 

Celeriac . 

Celery . 

Chervil . 

Chicaro . 

Chicory . 

Chick  pea . 

Chinese  Cabbage  ...... 

Chives. . 

Collards . . . . 

Coriander . 

Corn  Salad . 

Corn  (Sweet) . 

Corn,  other  than  Sweet. 

Cow  pea . 

Cress . 

Cucumber . 

Cummin . 

Dill . \ . 

Egg  Plant . 

Endive . 

Fennel,  Bitter . 

Fennel,  Florence . 

Fennel,  Sweet . 

Garlic . , . 

Gobo . 

Gourd . 

Horehound . 

Horseradish . 

Hyssop . 

Kale.  . 

Kohl  Rabi . 

Leek . 

Lettuce . 

Lentils . 

Lupine . 

Martynia . 

Melon  (Musk) . 

Melon  (Water) . 

Morelle . 

Mustard . 

Okra . 

Onagre. . . 

Onion . 


[Assembly 

1883. 

1884. 

51 

52 

1 

.  1 

1 

4 

22 

32 

1 

1 

22 

20 

2 

7 

18 

10 

1 

1 

•  • 

2 

•  • 

5 

1 

3 

2 

^  2 

1 

■  • 

1 

1 

1 

•  • 

1 

6 

27 

35 

101 

96 

19 

6 

3 

6 

22 

24 

•  • 

1 

1 

•  • 

17 

•  • 

3 

15 

•  • 

1 

•  • 

1 

1 

1 

1 

•  • 

1 

1 

13 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

25 

24 

3 

4 

2 

7 

60 

110 

•  • 

2 

•  • 

1 

2 

•  • 

39 

39 

29 

9 

1 

1 

3 

•  • 

3 

1 

1 

6  • 

36 

30 

293 


No.  33.] 


Orach . 

1883. 

1884. 

-f 

Parsley . 

1 

Parsnip . 

2 

o 

Pea .  . 

6 

-f  AA 

Peanut . 

109 

Pepper . 

•  • 

“1  A 

Physalis . 

10 

-t 

Pot  marigold . 

1 

Potato . 

1 

*10/4 

Potato  (wild) . 

164: 

o 

Pumpkin . 

A 

Ct 

Padish . 

D 

Paplianus  caudatus . 

59 

-i 

Poquette . 

1 

Pue . 

•  • 

Puta  Baga .... 

1 

hr 

Sage . 

7 

hr 

Salsify . 

7 

Savoy . 

1 

12 

Savory,  Summer . 

Savory,  Winter. . 

1 

*1 

Scolimus . 

l 

Scorzonera . 

•  • 

-f 

Shallot . 

1 

Skirret . 

•  • 

-f 

Sorghum . 

1 

A 

Sorrel . 

2 

-f 

Spinach . 

1 

"1  hr 

Spinach,  New  Zealand . 

17 

Squash . 

•  • 

Sunflower . 

AO 

i 

Swreet  Marjoram . 

1 

Thyme . 

1 

A 

Tobacco . 

2 

CkO 

Tomato . 

28 

Turnip . 

ol 

K  O 

Whitloof . 

58 

Total . 

•  • 

216 

The  Potato. 

■A  Test  of  Va/rieties. 

T.otYto  ‘n8/ wV,iD  )‘he-  g,ardT  the  past  season  132  so-called  varieties  of 
potato,  of  which  eighty -five  were  tested  last  season.  The  remaining' 

forty-seven  had  pot  been  previously  grown  at  the  station.  & 

•  1 Jb?  reC®Ived  a  dressing  of  stable  manure  before  plow- 

before  nlflnt^,°derT?  aPP''catlon  of  superphosphate  in  the  drill,  ]ust 
before  planting.  The  seed  was  cut  to  single  eyes,  and  the  sections 


294 


[Assembly 


placed  a  foot  apart  in  shallow  drills,  three  and  a  half  feet  apart  and 
covered  as  nearly  as  practicable  three  inches  deep.  The  plants  when 
sufficiently  large  were  hilled  up  with  the  hoe  to  a  moderate  height. 
No  weeds  were  permitted  to  grow  among  them  at  any  time,  and  the 
crop  was  harvested  after  the  tops  were  dead. 

The  cuttings  were  planted  in  rows  eleven  feet  long,  two  rows  of 
each  variety.  Thus  there  were  twenty-two  hills  of  each  (with  a 
very  few  exceptions). 

In  the  following  table,  however,  the  yield  is  calculated  on  the 
basis  of  100  planted  hills.  That  is  to  say,  the  Adirondac,  of  which 
two  rows,  each  eleven  feet  long,  were  planted,  would  have  yielded 
127  pounds  of  potatoes  had  there  been  a  row  100  feet  long  yielding 
at  the  same  rate  that  the  two  short  rows  yielded : 


No.  33.] 


295 


o 

E-i 

<1 

E-i 

O 

P-< 


•sjaqm 

paaiJoj-iBcn  jo  jeqran^ 


vft  •  -rt*  •  m  -usci  •  .  •  •  iiflus 


co  .U5  •  •  .  .gc<»o  o  . 

*  ^  *  •  •  •  .  r-i  • 


•saaqnj  jo  iqSjeM  i«?ox 


g  ic  r-j  O  N  JO  JO  CC  t- rH  J2J  CO  CO  ^  W  ^  ®  t- ^  CO  C5  N  °  o'o  eg  °  <M  in  §  o 

fig|agS8SSSgSg88g:S8888§SSgSgS88S8a68S8 


•saaqni  ©iqu 
•^a^qojaaiun  jo^qSt©^ 


g^Or-iO  ^0  0500  050^  <M  05  CO lot-^rHj-j^OigrHClS'tOUSN^CO 


•sjaqm 

ejqw^uBqajeni  jo  ^qSjaAl 


g  °  r-j  JO  r-l  rH  t-i  CO OO  Cl  ^  JO  rH  O  N  N  JO -H  CO  o'lO  (M  rH  a'oo  ^rH  CO  ^  ^ 

SS^gSSSSgSSSSaSSB&SggSSSSgggSggi 


•sjaqn^  ©iq^ 
-an^qojatu  jo  j©qcanj£ 


t—  H<  co  t-  co  co  co  - 

lOr- ItjUOOOCOt-! 
rIN  Cl  t— 1  rH  C 


e  «s 

G  ni 

fe  05 
^  U 
05  05 

■s^ 

c 


C5H<H;C5;pt~-t--'HH<ClCliOClcOi-HCOi 


-«=-  -  - - -  O  t— lO  t-t-ao  »0  t- 1- 05  00  05 1- 

C^r-iri  Cl  >— I  r-l  r-l  ,-*  d  i—i  rH  i-i  d  i—i  rH  i—i  Cl  Olr-(r-l~ 


u  u 

05  05 

X5  -Q 

-1-5 

cc 

a  §a|a 

05  <  05  5  05 

m  <1a)<lcc 


u 

<D 

J2 

a . 
©- 


u 

05 

X5 


ti 

05 

x> 


G 

05 

JO 


05 

X2 


G 

05 

,2 


ssa . ^a^a^a^a.  s.  a _ _ 


«a^a^a«a  g 

505^05^05505  5 

<1  CO  <3  CG  <5  c/5  <J  05  <4 


a 

05 

CO 


*,a 

°§ 

m  1  ~i 

p# 

M  G 

03 


1— 


ci  *t- loeococo  -^ia 

i— '  •  •  i— i 


>.  ; 
3 

*3“ 

:  3 

•  s  •*•*'*  - 

•i?-  : 

:  3-  : 

•  •  >.  05  ^ 

•  a*  □  jp* 

:  "333 

:  >•. 
:  s'* 

*-5  • 

•►*5 

•-3 

.h0 

•  •1-5hsH5 

•►“5 

•  S 


OH 

MW 


.  .0<U3 

•hh  nn 


S' 

l-5 


a 

o 

•s! 

5  s 

cS  ^ 

Q  > 

4-9 

CQ 

H 

cd 


&888&£8S3g?g3g&§S§38§;g888383£8883S8e,88 


-.j- 

K5  ■*»>*-- 


05 


:::::: 7 :::::::: ;  g £; 


T3 

05 

H> 

a 

JO 

a 

05 

P 


^>«  <•  X  •« 

c8-  -  w  ^ 

s 


Potato  —  (Continued). 


296 


[Assembly 


•sjaqnij 

pQauoj-pjra  jo  jaqain^j 


•O  •©  .1 •  HM  •TtIO?  •  H«  -Cl  •  .jTO  • 


•  rH  •  M 


•  Ol  •  Ol  01 


.©OkO 


•sa»qn*  jo  ^nS[3Ai  injox 


mno  OVao'rH  I’*  oi  uo  <o  t-  .-h  ->*  o«  o  oi  eo  co  co  ao  us  »o  os  os  ©  co  >o  -*<  ao  *o 

Q  rr  rH  rH  r— 1  rH  r^H  r-i  rH  rH  rH 

.Q05rH0;irHrHt'-t-*C^OC'10iI'*t'*Or-it'-b-0}CQC0C3»0£2^^<'^'H<S©C0CG 

lcc0OMC0O©®t«^C5C;05O00^H05 


•saoqnj  oiq« 

quBqoJOUian  jojqflia^ 


r#5 

N«(OL'iOQOeOiO'<)(HfftHHWiO»NN>OCOOCO'ii<ail'ioIol>NNr5 

O  rH  rH  rH  ri  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rn 

rQOHC0OONOM05HQC0  00^«0'HH<aOg00WHt*l-'f  HHOH« 
r2rHH<  WWHHNrlWCgHrHH<H»i5H  WWWtHH  HH<^Fir^r* 


•saeqnj 

ajqnjUBqo joni  jo  jqSie^ 


^5  is; 

*<©Hj<u30SCO©COT-m5»13©CO©lO©rH'>J<aOrH.— <t—  iOOi-OH« 
^  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  ^H  rH  rH 


^CiOCOOHHlOOSb-HOOSO^O^COCOHHiO^WHHO 

Cb*CO  Ht-ONH<Wt-COlrCOCOCiCOCO  CO  fc-  CO  'H*  *3 


fc-O*  COCO 


•sjoqnj  ejqo 
-ja^qojora  jo  J9qmn& 


OfflOOt0®-<)(®'ii3i©Nt'Hl-M»0!i0«0  0!'1lr- I  h*  t-  •  CO  r-  t-  :® 
rtCoStSt-Wr- It—  rH  -H  i— I  CO  lO  L-  KO  CO  -<£  ©  t—  01  r- <  CO  rH  i©  •  -H<  OS  kO  CO 
Oi  rH  C<lCMrHC^rHrHC<lCOC<lC^rHC^^C^  iHHCOH  rH  rH  -NH  rH 


a  $ 
*2 


-^^©OlOiOSkOClOlOlOlOlkOkOHikkOOlt-OSt-OSt-©©!^.!^^© 
rH  01  <M<M01O<O<  01  rH  01  rH  01  rH  r^  oi  r-i  i— (  rH 


U  U  t~  U 

©  ©  © 

,Q  ,0  &  £> 

a . ss.  -s-  —  as  a, 

0)-----.,  h.  ©-  3-  -  -  »  ©3©- 

K,-e  hn  r? 


a 

o 

•rH 

o  « 
©  © 
03  © 

Q  > 


09 

s- 

©4 


T-<eofc”rHc©©Hj<eocoHi<cQcoco©©©eocooit— aooit-oit-cococo©© 

CO  C00101C101<M<M010<<M<M<M0101  NN  NNHNHN 


®  . 
2:  :  £: 


©  © 

a:  >.-  a-  -  >>-  -  - 

■H  W  -  3-*  -  CO  -  •»  - 

£  a  £  s 


© 

© 

4^ 

fl 

a 

r-H 

& 

© 

43 

c<3 

ft 


cO- 

S 


H 

S 

H 

15 


ai 

±4 

a  ■  o 

or  43  a 

©  © 

.c-e 


u 

© 

Js 

o 

a 


© 

a  *j 
_  o  c 

V)  ~  u 


®  :  '-S^  fiS:  35^2  S|r  8-| 

4a®  g«WOffip:S^Oa5wc»EH!> 

1  a . 


_  © 

si  « 

.a  ® 


43^) 

CO  w 


© 

o 

o 


£  : 
o  : 
3  • 

-C  • 
O  • 
««  : 
©43 

Q.  fc« 

^  C 


03  ® 

wo 


©  £-  ce 

oa  o~  bs.2 

•2-CtneS 

'O  co5  ^  • 

C  ^-h  C  • 

43  a  ®  a1-1'  —  »'«  a  «s  «c  ©u^S^m® 

O  Jh  B  >!>:>»>»>»  >!>»>»  £  0^-2  C  ^  E  C  2 

GjoDSajcdcecececsoJcericdcGce  oj_  c  *  cei-SJ  a  <x>  o  ^  o 

QPOPHWpqHWHHHwWWWWHH^fefefeOOOOOKK 


No.  33.] 


297 


©  -«*  i©  i*  05  5©  •  .  CO  rl  •  5©  i©  ©  lii  05  .05  .OiaTCHWaoCOffi  •  ■  .  C©  i*  05  OG  O  i*  .  -r<  .  aj  .  . en  -* 

n  oi  •  ci oi  •  •  c©  <e  •  ii  oi  •  oi  •  oinoicoii'oiPieooi  •  •  .3  .  S  .  :  a, 05  .S  : 


H  ot  os'ccf;©  oJ*»o'2;  '*  2’°  *-"»««*  t-  oi  oo'o  t©oi  ^oxom  ciY©  1  oi  £00  m  m  ©  5c©  ©  n  ©  ^ao  o  S'o  £?,*<  m  co 

1  '  *"~  ’  p  *  ^H  rH  ^H  rH  rH  rH  pH  rH  rH  pH  ri  rH 


5S£?i2JSSS?2?^!'00£2£2so®ao^?^,00oeoN-^t-ifiS5cci-HOcoi— 

^  r“^  '"“'  ,”1  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  r*»  ri  rH  »— <  rn  ,__ 

£<tt^OlOC3-HC5^^c©^CC005;H<COrHOC^aOOOO<0  rH^*  rH  £-•  rr  rH  lO  lO  00  h*  t-$00^OO  O  rH  COOCOmC^O 
r“1  rH  rH  rH  rH  nHn  rH  rH  rH  rH 

w£2Z52222El^$22^2rS  — ^25^^2^^^S£^i2OCQiP?"HCO"-'c*o5c,0’“HQ^^s*c5eorHoaoo5t-soaoc5 

HHHHHHH  MHWHiC^^irHrrHnWnCON^rHHMHriiON  rH  -H  CO  rH  CO  rH  h*  rH  rH  CO  CO  rH  §* 


<MiCiOr-0°t-iC  :OCOCOO^H;H<OOL^r0030C001-rHTHS'S‘rHrHOroirH5:^WCO^^i'c0^rHPHC<l^^^ 

•rH  rr^r-l  ^  rH  rH  fH  r*  rH  rH  rH  HH  ihH 


t»OrHO^H<H<rHt—  ■  L^O  C5  0b»0  OilOCI  CO  Oi  ^  t*0  b*HC0O5iO  b*00  OOlOiOCON  ?OMOOLr>ffiH  ^ 

iCL-oNCiubt-^  0  05  Ncoio^©Nxu:xo5?.woc5t:SH  SSSxS^oS2§x?iSono??h51S 

^  H"1  *“" *  ^  i"-1  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rn  rH 


rH*OQOCOCOQ5CO 


aq  o  C5  05  jh  < 


C<*CCt-©C5 

WniHrH 

Sh 

<X> 

hh  g 

^  5 

rr-  45>*  - 
2f-  a-  - 
3  © 

<1  CQ 


05  H*  b- 


2S'^?S'#0i'0IIi2':0z2220>?0':ooo®OOC5<»|35Coo>«>aD30’-iaoo505 

-1C1  ©»  rlrl  rlrll  •  ri  Ol  >-i  Cl  el  cl  oi  (SIHrtrinH 


1*1-1 


u  u 

©  a> 

X!  X5 

■ss^a 

3  ®  3  © 

"  : 

©  3 


05  05 
01 


^  vw  -^  © 

H00H02 


t- 
© 
J3 
15  a 

®  5 

3  © 

SJa- 
-  © 
Hco 


00  05  05  05  05 
IN  01 


-  u 
©  © 
X3  X5 
45  a  15  3 
®  3  ©  3 
—  ©  3  © 

Sf  a-fc.' 
3  ©  3  © 
<!'/)•<  02 


CQ1—  •  £—  01  rl  O  01  •  C©  »©  -i  •  i*  •  t-  • 

— 1  01  •  n 


S' 

*-5 


3' 

•“5 


3 

*-s 


1  GO  •  -1  «o  CO 
'  Ol  •  01  rH 


tH1®  '^rJS1010  '31  ■  r; c©  •  1*  t-  co  .n 

01 01  •  Ol  ■  01  •  rl  H  »  01  • 


3 


:  3 " 


”3* 


.  3- 


^ 


3' 

►3 


:  3' 

>-5 


3-  i"3-  - 

^5  t-5  .l-s 


3  ;  3 

H  >3 


1 1- 
t  01 


©  ^ 

-  -  a  >*- 


© 


c>*.  -  cjK. . 

—  CO'* 


cS  *  - 


©  ^ 

-  -  -  3  >• 


3js:  5  a 


*3« 


^ 


© 

15 

cd 

=5^ 


^  © 
^  N 


O 


2-Z 
*!>pu 

3  ©  « 


a 

o 

u 
X2 

M  © 

cK 

X}*« 

tj  c 

o 


© 


© 

>. 

@ 


fl— -£ 

3 

33a 
3  ®  © 
OPhSQ 

5  ©  on  ^  ^  t?3  a-o 

-°  a  „  ®  be  3  =  -  ® 


c«’5’ 

m  3 

m  ts  5  fl  •  a 

©  ©  r«  ^  3 


H3  ©  -O 

h  So 
>  5n  3 

IP's  atiisoo  3  3  cd  ©  o  3^12^ 


© 

15  © 

5  § 

3  a 

sd’ed 

bl< 


>.  • 
15 

M  3 
3”fc 
2*0  . 
a  c  >, 


J3  o| 

© 
cd 


£5© 


a'Sa’Ha5-2®3~«wi 


3'S©03c«£'!a.H0 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


^©gfc.Sag© 

©  ©  ©  ©  o  o  •  c  © 

38 


© 


a 
© 
©o 

M  ^ 


« 
© 

u  cd  03 

a  ©  o 

X3T 


© 


Oi  « 

^  o 


© 


i- 

c 

Ha^lg^.fc:§“ 

-  °  -  «  2?  ^  m  m 


© 

00 

O 

« 

a 

•m 

a 


i*r 


tn 

a 

©  "3 

3  © 
a:  © 


©  ©T3  z,  a  « ©  >. £  2  w  — 

©®  S-3^  £.  ?J.’©  ©  >>"3  cd 
Ofc.fc.©.3®®_vu©oibCcr/®m^i- 
©  ©  ©  s_  u.  3  O— :  000000033 

a,  o.  cu  cu  &.  «  K  os  a  cc  k  ar  03  tf  « 


«  w 


X3 

® 

-tj2 

2  =« 

”  3 

©  — 


O  ■  t** 
—  © 
a.  .  a 

- 

« E^c  *- 


a  —  *  cd  ©  * 

,,  C  *3  ©  ©  © 

e °2 ©  =  © 

•5.a  0  3©© 
cd  ©  ©  ©  an 
WCOOCCOMCO 


Potato  —  (Concluded). 


298 


[Assembly 


•saaqrn 

parajoj-jBca  jo  jaquinjsi 


on®  •  -  •opujis  . ei o  couo  .  o 

r- ICOCO  •  •  •  •  Cl  OJ  •  i— li— 1  CO  rH  •  •  Ot 


saaqnq  jo  -iqSiaAi  ]w?ox 


.  X*  *3!  .X  X  3?X 

M®C!r- I  CO  L—  -if  O  CC  »©  CC  CO  L—  Cl^COlCOCOtfiOOlOi 
O  »“<  nn-(  r~t  i— f  rl 


~s»OOil<COOi05COCC'*,Oli— lOlC-iCOOt-OOi— lOt—  c-li— ■ 

rl  i"l  n  rl  *— i  r-i  rl  rr  rl  r-* 


•sjeqm  8jqB 
-lUBqojgnian  jo^qSig^i 


.XXX  XX  XX 

NNMM'CJOflCONCNifi^MOWiCOSrtiOd. 
O  **H  i— 4  rH  in  in 


—  ooi-^coM<cot-i— it-oit-oo»oo»eo-<i<ostocioc5 

03  eirHOlCmCOCOlMCOi— iOJCOC<lCOin  rirtriri 


•sjaqnj 

eiqBjuBqojara  jo  ;q^;aAi 


.  x  XX^  X 

(vjcii— 

©  in  inn  nnnnn 


F®C50®01COGO'<tlCOfnt—  «5a0CO05imn-d<i— 

E3t-  —  OimcOiHCKtinet-OCJCJCO©®  CiOnO 

fH  1-4  1-4  1—11—1 


•SJ9qm  9iq^ 
-jasqojgin  jo  aaqain^ 


OONinOinn5Qnt.t.)>QOsnN01t»«OiO 
©  i— i®c-i— icjoot—  o  —  eon  non® n®i' 
NnNn«  rHCOOiCOCOCJCOCOCOin  NN  Ci 


-o 

C  © 

®-e 

rC 
>  © 
^  Ih 
©  © 
■*  £ 


a5 

c 


w 

Cl 

o 


®©H^l®©4l<ni 

Ci  1-1 

rl 

u 

S-. 

© 

© 

-D 

^  2 

•U 

m 

B 

3  © 

*  J3  ^ 

© 

^c.:  : 

w):  - 

-M  - 
P4' 

© 

<3a) 

c 

XI 

4  — 4  Ci  -4J<  50  CS  © 
IHH  r-l  N  Ol 


u 1 
© 
£> 

£ 


43 

tc  „ 

—  © 

u:  ■£ 

—  -H 

5  ® 

C  72 


o  o 

23 

c3 

Q  ^ 

HH  CO 

l-l 

S3 


NCOHN^O  •  ‘CCt^CO  -CO  •  *  lO 

rr  Cvinriri  •  •  •  W 


3" 

<~3 


3* 

Ho 


3' 

►3 


3 

I® 


3 

►o 


a 

o 

®5 
©  © 
-S  tc 
cj  © 

«  ► 

43 

m 

h 

«a 


'C 

© 

43 

c 

as 


© 

eS 

Q 


t-50coft44j4QoeO'^i'«*4®®eoco®'*i®c-cccO'4»44j4 

NOJNNOKMC'iOtOilNOl'NOJOlCEliMNlMC'iC'l 


>1. 

ci- 

s 


© 
a 

3 


4t4^4'4j4Tj44j44j4-4i4-4*4-^4^44lJ4-4j4'<*4fJ4f44fJ4'«J«-^4fi<-<J4lO 


CS- 


H 

s 

c 

£ 


>1 
43 

3 
£43 
© 

CQ  © 
© 
C  W 
£  « 
jj  © 


3 

OJSH 

&b 

-  E  w 


© 

»  ©  o 


43 

a 

43 


t£ 


u 

© 

03 

c 

c3 
X  ^ 

®  O 

CO 


© 


C.O 

QZ  o 


62^0® 
© 


ss 


o  o 

l-l 


^  to  kV  ro 

t,0  jn  n  F-9  a  ®  ® -2  5  S 

•  s^-g--  E;  2  3 ©six:  ©iz02  2 

-pH  aHSUxO^OHoQ^  £«  e*  ®  of  jf 
S®i42Sc®®®®”®®®®“  >>—  c£~ 
3  g  2^=5 5 

®So®  b  £  O  O  ©  5J  ©  js^jzsijz^  .3^  ©  © 


No.  J3.] 


299 


It  thus  appears  that  Rose’s  Invincible  gave  the  largest  yield  of 
merchantable  tubers;  President  Arthur  second,  and  Nott’s  Victor 
third.  At  the  yield  noted,  the  first  produced  at  the  rate  of  a  little 
over  290  bushels  of  merchantable  potatoes  per  acre ;  the  second  a 
little  over  265  1-2  bushels  ;  and  the  third  slightly  less  than  260  bushels. 
In  contrast  with  this  the  German  Red,  and  Knapp's  Snowbank 
produced  no  merchantable  tubers  at  all. 

Rose’s  Invincible  gives  also  the  largest  total  yield,  or  a  little  over 
317  bushels  per  acre.  It  appears  to  the  credit  of  this  new  variety 
that  it  produced  but  27  bushels  of  unmerchantable  tubers  in  a  total 
(calculated)  yield  of  317  bushels. 

A  comparison  of  the  yield  of  potatoes  grown  in  1883  with  that  of 
the  past  season  shows  a  falling  off  of  about  thirty-five  per  cent  in  the 
latter.  We  were  visited  with  a  severe  drought  shortly  after  the  plant¬ 
ing,  and  a  second  during  August,  which  may  account  for  the  light 
yield  of  the  past  season.  We  find,  however,  in  comparing  individual 
varieties,  that  the  differences  in  yield  are  very  far  from  uniform. 
Despite  the  smaller  average  yield  of  thirty-five  per  cent,  for  the 
crop  of  1884,  several  varieties  yielded  larger  in  1884  than  in  1883. 

Variations  in  different  Trials  with  Potatoes. 

In  order  to  illustrate  of  how  little  value  is  a  single  test  of  a 
variety  of  potato,  we  present  the  following  table  giving  the  results 
of  three  plantings  from  the  same  stock  of  seed.  The  first  is  the 
Station  yield  of  1883,  the  second,  the  Station  yield  of  1884,  and  the 
third,  the  results  obtained  by  Mr.  Asher  B.  Evans,  of  Lockport,  N. 
Y.,  with  station  seed. 

All  are  calculated  to  the  row  of  one  hundred  feet. 

It  will  be  observed  that  certain  varieties  give  their  maximum 
yield  in  each  of  the  three  columns. 


Potato. 


Station,  1883. 

A.  _ 

Station,  1884. 

A- 

Evans,  1884. 

A 

Average. 

Brcbant- 

able. 

ital 

yield. 

j 

1 

-4-=> 

a 

cS  . 

rZ  JS 

> 

_ .  r—H 

© 

r 

t 

a 

c3  . 

J  © 

"‘N 

r— < 

*3.2 

■ 

a 

ci  . 
^  © 

• 

Adirondac . 

s 

H 

3 

O  ^ 

§ 

o 

Eh 

O  ^ 

H 

151 

187 

40 

127 

119 

124 

101 

146 

Alpha . 

14 

15 

5 

25 

26 

32 

15 

24 

American  Giant . 

178 

203 

110 

118 

140 

142 

123 

154 

Andrus’  White  Rose. 

75 

116 

42 

89 

•  •  • 

59 

103 

Astonisher . 

38 

70 

46 

55 

94 

96 

56 

74 

Baker’s  Imperial . 

113 

166 

62 

94 

117 

142 

94 

134 

Beauty  of  Hebron  .  . . 

150 

207 

65 

85 

86 

92 

101 

125 

Big  Benefit . 

47 

102 

59 

105 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

53 

104 

Bliss  No.  12 . . 

90 

134 

51 

89 

66 

83 

69 

102 

Bliss  No.  30 . 

45 

106 

57 

75 

95 

104 

49 

95 

300 


[Assembly 


Station,  1883. 

_ 

Station,  1884. 

A 

Evans 

A 

,  1884. 

Average. 

f 

i 

a 

r 

I 

S 

c£  • 

rC 

f 

• 

-4^ 

a 

c3 

^  <D 

*6 

r 

i 

•4-* 

ci  • 

T3 

r— « 

£3 

ri  <v 

W  ..H 

If  >■» 

rz  'S 

03 

» — 3  jr 

«  •  rH 

O  3 

cz  .*-< 
♦e  tK 

£ 

o  ^ 

EH 

3 

o 

Eh 

§ 

o  ^ 

8 

o 

H 

Bliss  No.  39 . 

22 

53 

20 

35 

105 

124 

49 

71 

Bliss  No.  51 . 

43 

90 

46 

83 

91 

102 

60 

92 

Bliss  Triumph . 

84 

112 

70 

89 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

77 

118 

Boston  Market . 

92 

124 

98 

123 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

95 

123 

Breese’s  Red . 

118 

152 

80 

92 

123 

131 

107 

125 

Brownell’s  Best . 

88 

134 

75 

106 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

84 

120 

Champion  of  America 

104 

108 

49 

72 

117 

125 

90 

102 

Chicago  Market . 

104 

145 

63 

84 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

84 

115 

Clark’s  No.  1 . 

134 

170 

72 

84 

115 

116 

107 

123 

Conqueror . 

103 

142 

48 

62 

98 

104 

83 

103 

Corless’  Matchless  . . . 

96 

144 

95 

116 

102 

115 

94 

125 

Crandall’s  Seedling  . . 

145 

179 

42 

63 

112 

121 

100 

•  •  • 

Defiance . 

137 

201 

60 

102 

102 

116 

100 

140 

Duchess . 

8 

22 

6 

13 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

7 

18 

Dnnmore . 

111 

180 

111 

132 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

111 

156 

Early  Electric . 

63 

85 

55 

67 

143 

150 

84 

101 

Early  Gem  (Vick’s) . . 

71 

104 

71 

102 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

71 

103 

Early  Harvest . 

106 

142 

55 

67 

107 

114 

90 

108 

Early  Household  .... 

37 

70 

27 

46 

46 

56 

37 

57 

Early  Mayflower  .... 

96 

140 

70 

100 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

83 

120 

Early  Ohio . 

79 

103 

79 

98 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

79 

101 

Early  Rose . . 

71 

114 

89 

107 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

80 

111 

Early  Snow-flake  .... 

88 

135 

36 

81 

85 

96 

70 

71 

Early  Sunrise . 

90 

123 

95 

111 

70 

83 

85 

106 

Early  Telephone  .... 

82 

121 

63 

118 

•  •  • 

•  •  « 

73 

120 

Early  Vermont . 

81 

124 

83 

97 

78 

79 

81 

100 

English  Champion .  . . 

81 

114 

32 

69 

130 

139 

81 

106 

Farina . 

80 

117 

74 

104 

124 

133 

93 

115 

First  and  Best . 

73 

96 

32 

46 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

56 

71 

Flesh  Colored . 

-  8 

20 

21 

33 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

15 

27 

Garnet  Chili . 

84 

105 

42 

49 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

63 

77 

Grange . 

161 

224 

93 

115 

144 

160 

133 

167 

Gipsy . 

158 

206 

65 

77 

124 

133 

119 

139 

Intermediate . 

65 

86 

60 

73 

58 

80 

Invincible . 

107 

159 

61 

76 

84 

118 

James  Vick . 

115 

160 

95 

106 

105 

133 

Jordan  Prolific . 

39 

71 

71 

83 

55 

77 

Jumbo . 

72 

119 

47 

65 

60 

92 

Knapp’s  Snow  Bank . 

90 

124 

•  •  • 

6 

143 

146 

78 

92 

Late  Beauty  of  Hebr’n 

95 

143 

106 

141 

139 

150 

113 

148 

Long  Pink  Eye . 

8 

27 

9 

33 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

9 

30 

Luxury . 

108 

178 

27 

76 

117 

128 

84 

94 

Magnum  Bonum  .... 

125 

142 

68 

119 

•  • 

•  •  • 

98 

131 

No.  33. J 


301 


Station,  1883. 


i 

+3 


Mammoth  Pearl .  115  160 


Manhattan .  77  97 

Marvel  of  Beauty ....  82  134 

Mountain  Rose .  50  75 


New  Champion .  130  160 

New  England  Beauty.  149  170 

Oneida  Peachblow. . .  110  165 

Pennsylvania  Belle  . .  151  175 

Pride  of  America. .. .  56  91 


Red  Elephant .  124  148 

Rochester  Favorite  . .  141  169 

Rocky  Mountain  Rose  88  124 

Roger’s  No.  4 .  154  204 

Roger’s  No.  7 .  139  186 

Rose’s  New  Seedling.  43  88 

Rosy  Morn.  . .  .• .  129  169 

Rubicund .  162  193. 

Rural  Blush .  154  180 

Saint  Patrick .  128  158 

Scottish  Champion.  36  75 

Seed  f’m  C.  Baldridge  80  94 

Steel’s  Red .  96  131 

Strong’s  Imperial ....  71  94 

Tennessee .  110  162 

Tyrian  Purple .  65  106 

Vermont  Champion  .  47  58 

Vick’s  Prize .  92  132 

Wall’s  Orange .  133  151 

White  Elephant .  148  190 

White  Star .  179  207 

White  Whipple .  189  223 

Willey’s  No.  10 .  96  114 


Station,  1884.  Evans,  1884.  Average. 

/ - - .  - - * _ _  A 


a 

a 

a 

'ercha 

able. 

otal 

yield 

ercha 

able. 

?tal 

yield. 

ercha: 

able. 

)tal 

vield. 

Eh 

a 

E-« 

§ 

Eh 

51 

68 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

83 

114 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

15 

19 

47 

58 

79 

104 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

82 

119 

23 

40 

66 

79 

47 

65 

86 

100 

83 

86 

100 

115 

60 

70 

64 

69 

91 

103 

94 

139 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

102 

152 

80 

92 

73 

75 

101 

114 

49 

100 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

56 

96 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

47 

51 

86 

100 

112 

124 

147 

150 

133 

148 

106 

137 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

97 

132 

93 

107 

132 

144 

93 

152 

111 

146 

122 

128 

111 

153 

86 

135 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

65 

112 

129 

142 

104 

122 

121 

145 

65 

77 

106 

109 

111 

90 

109 

140 

171 

175 

145 

165 

121 

129 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

125 

144 

21 

58 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

29 

67 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

62 

66 

71 

80 

43 

53 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

70 

92 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

116 

126 

94 

110 

116 

144 

125 

133 

117 

147 

36 

90 

91 

98 

64 

95 

18 

37 

61 

67 

42 

54 

113 

145 

124 

132 

110 

137 

77 

110 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

100 

131 

96 

132 

154 

162 

133 

161 

82 

104 

•  • 

•  #  • 

132 

156 

65 

79 

113 

119 

123 

141 

5 

14 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

52 

64 

Experiments  with  Tubers  taken  from  Productive  and  Un-produc- 

tive  Hills. 

It  is  a  well  asserted  fact  that  almost  all  varieties  of  the  potato 
rapidly  degenerate  in  productiveness  when  grown  under  farm  con¬ 
ditions.  It  has  been  suggested  that  possibly  this  decrease  in  pro¬ 
lificacy  may  be  due,  at  least  in  a  degree,  to  the  fact  that  the  major- 

y  m  ers  are  almost  entirely  careless  in  the  matter  of  the 

selection  of  seed. 

With  the  view  of  gathering  evidence  upon  this  subject,  we  se¬ 
lected  in  the  fall  of  1883,  the  most  productive  hill,  and  the  least 


302 


[Assembly 


productive  Lull  respectively  from  ten  of  the  varieties  of  potato  in  the 
Station  garden. 

On  the  8th  of  May  last,  the  largest  and  the  smallest  tuber  respec¬ 
tively,  from  each  of  these  selected  hills  were  cut  to  single  eyes,  and 
planted  in  the  garden,  under  the  conditions  noted  for  the  list  of 
varieties  ;  the  cuttings  of  each  tuber  forming  a  short  row  by  them¬ 
selves.  Thus,  there  were  four  short  rows  of  each  of  the  ten  varieties ; 
viz.,  the  first  containing  the  cuttings  of  the  largest  tuber  of  the  largest 
hill ;  the  second,  those  of  the  smallest  tuber  of  the  largest  hill ;  the 
third,  those  of  the  largest  tuber  of  the  smallest  hill  ;  and  the 
fourth,  those  of  the  smallest  tuber  of  the  smallest  hill. 

The  cultivation  observed  was  the  same  as  that  already  described 
for  the  list  of  varieties.  When  the  tops  were  dead,  the  rows  were 
dug,  and  the  yield  of  merchantable  and  unmerchantable  potatoes  in 
each  carefully  weighed. 

In  order  to  avoid  confusion  in  the  use  of  terms,  we  will  designate 
the  tubers  taken  from  the  largest  hill  of  each  variety  as  A,  and  those 
from  the  smallest  hill,  as  B,  respectively. 

We  present  the  results  obtained  in  tabular  form,  giving  the  num¬ 
ber  of  eyes  that  vegetated  from  each  tuber,  and  the  yield  of  mer¬ 
chantable  and  unmerchantable  tubers  calculated  per  eye ,  in  ounces 
as  follows. 


Potato, 


No.  of 
eyes 
planted. 


Adirondack : 

A  —  Largest  tuber .  7 

—  Smallest  tuber. ...  6 

B  — •  Largest  tuber .  8 

—  Smallest  tuber. ...  5 

Beauty  of  Hebron  : 

A  —  Largest  tuber .  9 

—  Smallest  tuber. ...  8 

B  —  Largest  tuber .  11 

—  Smallest  tuber. ...  4 

Conqueror : 

A  —  Largest  tuber .  8 

—  Smallest  tuber. ...  6 

B  —  Largest  tuber .  10 

—  Smallest  tuber. ...  3 

GrandaWs  Seedling  : 

A  —  Largest  tuber .  11 

—  Smallest  tuber.  ...  9 

B  —  Largest  tuber .  11 

—  Smallest  tuber. ...  7 


Yield. 


No. 

r 

Merchant- 

Un- 

merchant- 

Total 

vege- 

able  tubers  able  tubers  yield  per 

tated. 

per  eye,  oz.  per  eye,  oz. 

eye,  oz. 

7 

14.68 

1.82 

16  50 

6 

10.67 

2.08 

12.75 

8 

10.22 

3.5 

13.72 

4 

11.25 

3.44 

14.69 

9 

10.00 

3.83 

13.83 

7 

12.79 

4.07 

16.86 

11 

7.72 

3.98 

11.71 

4 

9.44 

3.12 

12.56 

7 

14.96 

1.51 

16.53 

5 

10.40 

2.1 

12.50 

5 

9.00 

0.9 

9.90 

3 

4.33 

2.33 

6.66 

11 

8.95 

2.34 

11.29 

9 

10.33 

1.28 

11.61 

10 

11 . 67 

2.47 

14.14 

7 

9.68 

1.36 

11.04 

No.  33.] 


303 


Defiance : 

A  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  .  . 

B  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  .  . 

Early  Mayflower : 

A  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  . . 

B  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  . . 

Early  Sunrise : 

• 

A  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  . . 

B  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  .  . 

English  Champion : 

A  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  . . 

B  —  Only  tuber . 

Rural  Blush : 

A  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .... 

B  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  . . 

W aWs  Orange : 

A  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. .  . . 

B  —  Largest  tuber . 

—  Smallest  tuber. . . . 


No.  of 

No. 

Merchant- 

Un¬ 

merchant- 

Total 

eyes 

vege- 

able  tubers  able  tubers  yield  per 

planted,  tated. 

per  eye,  oz. 

per  eye,  oz. 

eye,  oz. 

11 

11 

14.91 

6 . 00 

20.91 

3 

3 

9.25 

4.83 

14.08 

9 

9 

14.39 

4.14 

18.53 

3 

2 

4.25 

7.25 

• 

11.5 

11 

11 

8.70 

8.29 

16.99 

10 

10 

8.68 

4.8 

13.48 

8 

8 

8.72 

4.56 

13.28 

8 

8 

5.37 

4.37 

9.74 

11 

11 

17.55 

2.18 

19.73 

7 

7 

13.14 

3.14 

16.28 

S 

6 

8.21 

1.83 

10.04 

4 

3 

4.42 

4.42 

8.84 

11 

11 

13.41 

■  6.04 

19.05 

8 

8 

10.19 

3.91 

14.10 

6 

6 

9.33 

5.29 

14.62 

11 

11 

18.59 

3.64 

22.23 

10 

10 

15.45 

3.70 

19.15 

11 

11 

16.36 

3.32 

19.68 

10 

10 

8.40 

4.25 

12  65 

10 

10 

12.12 

2.65 

14.77 

9 

9 

8.83 

2.42 

11.25 

11 

11 

8.83 

2.68 

11.51 

7 

7 

8.25 

3.43 

11.68 

In  order  to  bring  out  more  clearly  the  lessons  suggested  by  these 
figures,  we  present  them  in  other  aspects. 

Although  being  of  different  varieties,  and  not  different  plantings 
of  the  same  variety,  these  plantings  cannot  in  a  strict  sense  be  con¬ 
sidered  as  duplicate  experiments,  yet  such  a  treatment  of  them  is 
not  improper. 

Calculating  the  yield  per  hundred  eyes,  and  arranging  the  varieties 
m  order  of  merchantable  yield,  omitting  the  English  Champion, 
which  is  not  entirely  comparable,  we  have : 


304 


[Assembly 


A  —  Largest  hill.  B  —  Smallest  hill. 


r  1 

Largest  tuber. 

Smallest  tuber. 

/•  ~  - 

Largest  tuber. 

Smallest  tuber. 

Merch. 

Total 

Merch. 

Total. 

Merch. 

Total. 

Merch. 

Total. 

Rural  Blush . 

116 

138 

96 

119 

102 

123 

52 

79 

Early  Sunrise. .  ... 

109 

123 

82 

102 

51 

62 

27 

55 

Conqueror . 

94 

103 

65 

78 

56 

62 

27 

42 

Defiance . 

93 

1 30 

57 

88 

90 

116 

26 

72 

Adirondac . 

91 

103 

67 

79 

64 

86 

70 

91 

Wall’s  Orange.... 

75 

92 

55 

70 

55 

72 

51 

73 

Beauty  of  Hebron. 

62 

86 

80 

105 

48 

73 

59 

79 

Crandall’s  Seedling 

57 

71 

64 

72 

73 

88 

61 

69 

Early  Mayflower . . 

54 

106 

54 

84 

54 

83 

34 

61 

83.4 

106 

69 

88 

66 

85 

45 

69 

It  appears  that  in  the  yields  from  the  largest  tubers  the  weight  of 
the  merchantable  potatoes  from  A  surpasses  that  from  B  in  seven 
cases  out  of  the  nine  ;  and  that  in  the  smallest  tubers,  the  weight  of 
the  merchantable  potatoes  from  A  surpasses  that  from  B  in  eight 
cases  out  of  nine. 

It  appears  also  that  the  weight  of  merchantable  potatoes  from  the 
smallest  tuber  of  A  surpasses  that  from  the  largest  tuber  of  B  in 
four  cases,  with  two  cases  of  equal  yield. 

In  the  average,  it  appears  : 

First.  That  both  the  merchantable  and  the  total  yields  from  the 
A  exceed  those  from  B. 

Second.  That  the  product  of  the  largest  tuber  from  A  exceeds  that 
of  the  largest  tuber  from  B,  both  in  the  merchantable  and  total  yield. 

Third.  That  the  product  of  the  smallest  tuber  from  A  exceeds 
that  of  the  smallest  tuber  from  B,  both  in  merchantable  and  total 
yield. 

Fourth.  That  the  product  of  the  smallest  tuber  from  A  exceeds 
that  of  the  largest  tuber  from  B,  both  in  merchantable  and  total 
yield. 

Fifth.  That  the  largest  tubers  yielded  more  than  the  smallest  ones. 

The  differences  in  yield  appear  very  clearly  when  we  arrange  the 
figures  in  order  of  their  magnitude.  Thus,  comparing  the  totals  of 
the  largest  and  the  smallest  tubers  separately,  we  have : 


Largest  tuber. 

A 

Smallest  tuber. 

r 

Of  largest  hill. 

- 

Of  smallest  hill. 

t - 

Of  largest  hill. 

Of  smallest  hill. 

138 

123 

119 

91 

130 

116 

105 

79 

123 

88 

102 

79 

106 

86 

88 

73 

103 

83 

84 

72 

103 

73 

79 

69 

92 

72 

78 

61 

86 

62 

72 

55 

71 

62 

70 

42 

305 


No.  33.] 


The  question  may  arise  whether  the  smaller  size  of  the  cuttings 
from  the  smaller  tubers  may  not  account  for  the  differences  in  yield, 
rhe  smallest  tubers  planted  in  A,  however,  did  not  exceed  in  size 
the  smallest  tubers  in  B.  Hence  the  results  seem  to  indicate  that 
the  tubers  of  A  possessed  more  inherent  vigor  than  those  of  B.  We 

have  material  for  further  experiments  in  this  direction  the  coming 
season. 

While  we  cannot  regard  a  single  experiment  in  this  line  as  in  any 
sense  conclusive,  the  evidence  seems  so  clearly  in  favor  of  using  only 
tubers  from  the  more  productive  hills  of  potato  for  seed,  that  we 
commend  the  subject  to  the  consideration  of  potato  growers  who  are 
inclined  to  make  experiments.  It  would  involve  little  extra  labor 
in  digging  potatoes  by  hand  to  deposit  the  tubers  from  each  hill  bv 
themselves,  when  a  sufficient  number  of  tubers  to  supply  seed  for 

the  coming  year  could  be  easily  gathered  from  the  more  productive 
hills.  - 


The  Decaying  of  Potatoes. 

The  potato  disease  did  not  appear  at  the  Station  the  past  season. 
.  ,Lhe  tubers  deposited  in  the  cellar  in  the  fall  of  1883,  which  were 
infested  with. the  disease  when  dug,  continued  to  decay  during  the 
winter.  "  & 

Lime  has  sometimes  been  recommended  as  a  preventive  of  the 
potato  rot.  In  order  to  test  its  efficacv,  we  filled  two  barrels  with 
sound  White  Star  potatoes,  in  the  fall  of  1883,  in  one  of  which  we 
spiinkled  aii -slacked  lime,  as  the  tubers  were  put  in,  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  whiten  them. 

On  April  3rd  the  potatoes  in  both  barrels  were  examined.  The 
one  treated  with  the  lime  contained  sixty-eight  decayed  tubers  while 
the  other  contained  but  fifty-two.  It  thus  appears  that  in  this 
experiment  the  lime  exerted  no  beneficial  influence. 


Root  Washings. 

Strange  to  say  the  distribution  of  the  roots  of  plants  in  the  soil  is 
a  subject  that  has  received  comparatively  little  attention  from  agri¬ 
culturists.  It  would  seem  that  before  we  can  give  an  intelligent 
opinion  as  to  the  best  system  of  cultivation  to  be  observed,  or  the  best 
method  of  applying  fertilizers  for  any  crop,  we  should  know  some¬ 
thing  of  the  character  of  the  roots  that  sustain  the  plants,  and  the 
position  that  these  occupy  in  the  soil.  If  the  fibrous  roots  through 
which  the  plant  receives  its  nourishment  grow  very  near  the  surface 
it  is  certain  that  any  but  the  most  shallow  cultivation  must  lacerate 
these  to  a  great  extent.  If  on  the  other  hand  the  fibrous  roots 
chiefly  lie  deeper  than  the  ordinary  plow  reaches,  it  may  be  advisa¬ 
ble,  in  preparing  the  soil  for  such  crops,  to  plow  deeper  than  we 
usually  do,  and  thus  mellow  and  fertilize  the  soil  at  the  point  where 
the  roots  can  be  more  directly  benefited  by  culture  and  fertility. 

The  subject  of  the  distribution  of  roots  suggests  questions  that 
are  as  yet  unanswered.  How  far  do  varying  soils,  seasons  and  cli- 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  39 


306 


[Assembly 


mates  influence  the  position  or  extent  of  the  roots  of  plants?  It 
may  be  that  the  results  reached  in  the  heavy  clay  soil  of  the  station 
garden  do  not  apply  at  all  in  a  mucky  or  sandy  soil.  It  may  be  that 
the  results  obtained  here  in  a  dry  season  would  be  quite  different 
from  those  obtained  in  a  wet  one.  It  may  be  that  the  results  se¬ 
cured  in  two  entirely  similar  soils  would  be  quite  different  if  the 
climate  of  the  two  were  widely  different. 

Does  fertility  or  temperature  have  the  greater  influence  in  deter¬ 
mining  the  position  of  the  roots?  If  the  former,  then  fertilizing 
the  surface  tends  to  entice  the  roots  upward.  If  the  latter,  then 
fertilizing  can  be  of  benefit  only  so  far  as  it  reaches  the  feeding 
ground  of  the  roots.  It  follows  also  that  if  the  position  of  the  root 
is  determined  by  the  temperature  of  the  soil,  that  the  roots  of  the 
same  plant  would  lie  deeper  in  a  tropical  than  a  temperate  climate  ; 
and  hence  the  same  methods  of  culture  would  not  apply  equally  well 
to  both.  Perhaps  heredity  exerts  a  stronger  influence  than  either 
temperature  or  fertility.  Of  course  the  observations  made  the  past 
season  in  the  station  garden  concerning  the  distribution  of  roots, 
furnish  us  no  data  by  which  we  are  enabled  to  fully  answer  these 
questions.  It  is  only  preliminary  work  in  what  seems  to  be  a  most 
important  and  fertile  field. 

With  the  view  of  examining  the  root  systems  of  our  garden 
plants,  we  planted  last  spring,  seeds  of  one  or  more  varieties  of  most 
of  the  different  vegetables,  near  the  hydrants  in  the  garden.  By  re¬ 
moving  a  part  of  the  earth  on  one  side  of  a  plant  of  which  we  de¬ 
sired  to  examine  the  roots,  and  attaching  a  hose  to  one  of  the  hy¬ 
drants,  we  were  able  to  wash  out  the  roots  easily  and  rapidly.  In 
some  cases,  however,  the  tenacious  character  of  the  soil  rendered  it 
difficult  or  impossible  to  trace  the  finest  roots  to  their  termination. 
We  should  state  here  that  the  soil  on  which  these  vegetables  were 
grown  is  a  clay  loam  to  the  depth  of  six  to  ten  inches,  below  which 
is  a  tenacious  sub-soil  of  gravelly  clay. 

The  Pea. 

July  25  we  examined  the  roots  of  a  plant  of  British  Queen  pea, 
of  which  the  pods  were  just  past  the  marketable  stage.  The  plant 
was  about  four  and  a  half  feet  high.  The  tap  root  extended  nearly 
perpendicularly  downward  to  the  depth  of  thirty-nine  inches.  Be¬ 
low  this  it  was  too  delicate  to  trace.  Branches  separated  from  the 
tap  root  throughout  its  length.  These  were  most  numerous  between 
four  and  eight  inches  in  depth,  where  they  seemed  to  nearly  fill  the 
soil  for  a  distance  of  about  eight  inches  on  either  side.  We  traced 
a  single  branch  root  a  distance  of  eighteen  inches  from  the  tap  root. 
The  majority  of  the  branches  appeared  to  extend  little  farther  than 
a  foot.  They  gradually  became  shorter  as  the  depth  increased,  but 
were  four  to  six  inches  long  at  a  depth  of  thirty  inches.  Sometimes 
the  branches  curved  upward  after  leaving  the  tap  root.  The  latter 
for  a  depth  of  six  inches  below  the  surface  was  clothed  with  clusters 


No.  33.] 


307 


of  a  peculiar  tubercular  growth.  This  sometimes  appeared  upon 
the  branches  also,  but  never  far  from  the  tap  root.  We  have  fre¬ 
quently  noticed  this  tubercular  growth  upon  pea  roots  at  other  times 
though  we  have  very  rarely  seen  it  mentioned.  Two  German  writ¬ 
ers  speak  of  it,  one  ascribing  it  to  a  fungus  growth,  and  the  other 
to  bacteria.  The  subject  is  evidently  little  understood. 

July  9  we  examined  the  roots  of  a  plant  of  American  Wonder 
pea,  of  which  the  stem  was  six  inches  tall,  with  the  pods  just  past 
the  marketable  stage.  The  roots  extended  almost  exclusivelv  down¬ 
ward  the  tap  root  extending  to  a  depth  of  thirty  inches,  with  no 
branches  extending  more  than  four  inches  from  it.  It  thus  appears 
that  the  pea,  like  the  clover,  alfalfa  and  some  other  of  the  Legum- 
mosae,  is  a  deep  rooting  plant.  We  should  expect,  thereforertliat 
where  the  straw  is  returned  to  the  soil,  peas  would  prove  beneficial 
rather  than  exhaustive.  The  deeply  penetrating  roots  doubtless 
draw  much  of  their  nourishment  from  a  considerable  depth,  and 
hence  would  tend  to  enrich  the  surface.  As  the  roots  extend’hori- 
zon tally  so  short  a  distance,  no  objection  appears  for  planting  the 
rows  of  garden  peas  as  near  together  as  convenience  in  gathering 
will  permit,  provided  that  in  the  taller  varieties  the  rows  extend 

north  and  south  so  that  the  sun  has  opportunity  to  shine  between 
them. 

.  Tlie  deep-rooting  character  of  the  pea  plant  may  explain  the  slight 
influence  that  fertilizers  seem  to  have. upon  it,  as  we  noted  in  de¬ 
tailing  our  experiments  upon  this  vegetable. 

It  appears  that  while  the  root  system  of  the  Dwarf  American 
Wonder  pea  is  less  extensive  than  that  of  the  tall  British  Queen. 

}  et  the  diminution  of  the  extent  of  the  roots  in  the  former  is  by  no 
means  in  proportion  to  that  of  the  stem. 


Lettuce. 

The  roots  of  lettuce  also  run  chiefly  downward.  July  9  we  ex¬ 
amined  the  roots  of  a  plant  of  the  Crisp  Small  Early  Frame  variety. 
I  he  nower  stalk  had  then  commenced  to  form,  being  about  six  inches 
high.  I  he  tap  root  extended  downward  to  the  depth  of  more  than 
twenty  -five  inches.  Fibrous  roots  started  out  from  this  just  below 
the  surlace  of  the  ground,  sloping  downward  at  an  angle  of  about 
joi  ty-m  e  degrees,  but  we  were  unable  to  trace  these  more  than  a  foot 
from  the  tap  root.  The  greater  part  of  the  fibrous  roots  lay  with¬ 
in  eighteen  inches  of  the  surface,  and  six  inches  on  either  side  of  the 
tap  root. 

We  thus  see  that  the  roots  of  the  lettuce  plant  at  this  stage  of 
growth  extend  downward  four  times  as  far  as  the  stem  rises  upward  : 
although  this  proportion  is  doubtless  very  much  changed  after  the 
nower  stalk  is  fully  formed.  It  appears  also,  that  for  the  full  de¬ 
velopment  of  the  roots,  the  rows  of  lettuce  should  not  be  less  than 
two  feet  apart.  It  is  evident  that  where  the  plants  are  crowded  in 
the  bed,  as  we  sometimes  see  lettuce  grown,  the  root  system  must 
be  correspondingly  dwarfed. 


308 


[Assembly 


Endive. 

The  endive  is  also  a  deep-rooting  plant.  July  28,  we  examined 
the  roots  of  a  plant  of  the  Broad  Leaved  Batavian  variety  that  was 
forming  the  liower  stalk.  One  of  the  leading  roots,  of  which  there 
were  several,  was  traced  to  a  depth  of  three  feet,  when  it  became 
too  delicate  to  follow.  The  branches  extend  downward  at  an  angle 
of  about  forty-five  degrees,  sending  out  fibers  which  grow  mostly 
upward.  We  traced  one  of  the  longer  branches  a  distance  of  eight- 
teen  inches,  when  its  delicacy  prevented  following  it  further.  Few 
of  the  fibers  reached  nearer  the  surface  than  six  inches.  The  prin¬ 
cipal  part  of  the  fibrous  roots  lay  between  six  and  eighteen  inches 
deep. 

It  appears  that  the  root  system  of  endive  is  somewhat  more  ex¬ 
tensive  than  that  of  lettuce,  and  consequently  the  plants  would  seem 
to  require  more  room.  It  would  seem  also  that  both  these  plants 
must  act  somewhat  like  the  clover  and  pea,  in  recompensing  to  a 
certain  degree  their  draft  upon  the  soil,  by  bringing  a  part  of  their 
sustenance  from  a  considerable  depth. 

Spinach. 

The  root  system  of  spinach  is  less  extensive  than  that  of  endive* 
and  does  not  extend  so  deeply  into  the  soil.  July  28  we  examined 
the  roots  of  a  plant  of  the  Prickly  or  Winter  variety.  The  deepest 
growing  root  extended  about  two  feet  downward,  and  the  longest 
horizontal  roots  reached  about  eighteeen  inches.  The  feeding  roots 
seemed  chiefly  to  lie  at  a  depth  of  about  six  inches,  though  many 
fibrous  roots  rose  upward  to  within  two  inches  of  the  surface. 

The  root  was  a  thickened  tap  root  to  the  depth  of  four  inches, 
below  which,  it  divided  into  many  branches  of  varying  length  and 
thickness. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  roots  of  spinach  feed  largely  in  the  cul¬ 
tivated  soil  near  the  surface,  which  may  account  for  the  fact  that  it 
responds  so  freely  to  high  manuring.  As  the  roots  extend  a  foot 
and  a  half  on  either  side,  it  is  obvious  that  the  rows  should  not  be 
closely  crowded. 

Asparagus. 

We  are  especially  interested  in  examining  the  root  system  of 
asparagus,  because  the  growers  of  this  vegetable  in  the  vicinity  of 
Paris,  who  are  notoriously  successful,  maintain  that  the  roots  of 
asparagus  do  not  run  deep  where  they  have  abundance  of  nourish¬ 
ment  near  the  surface,  and  consequently  that  the  custom  so  common 
in  this  country  of  trenching  the  soil  for  this  crop  is  a  useless  waste 
of  labor  and  expense.  Fortunately  for  our  present  purpose,  in  the 
spring  of  1882,  we  set  out  a  bed  of  asparagus  plants,  in  one  half  of 
which  we  trenched  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  eighteen  inches,  putting  in 
a  liberal  quantity  of  stable  manure.  The  other  half  of  the  bed,  also 
well  fertilized,  was  simply  forked  to  the  depth  of  about  six  inches. 


No.  33.] 


309 


July  10  we  washed  out  the  roots  of  a  plant  on  the  trenched,  and 
also  on  the  untrenched  part  of  the  bed.  The  variety  was  Moore’s 
Ci  •oss-Bred.  W  e  find  that  in  the  asparagus  and  onion,  two  plants 
that,  belong  to  the  same  natural  order,  the  root  system  is  not  unlike 
in  kind,  and  in  these  two  plants,  it  is  decidedly  different  from  that 
of  any  other  garden  plant  that  we  have  examined.  This  difference 
is  to  be  expected  when  we  remember  that  these  plants  belong  to  the 
botanical  division  Endogens  or  inside  growers,  while  almost  all  our 
other  garden  plants  belong  to  the  division  Exogens ,  or  outside 
growers. 

The  asparagus  has  no  tap  root,  but  instead,  many  long,  rather  thick, 
cylindrical  roots  that  unite  in  a  crown  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  form¬ 
ing  a  densely  matted  root-stock.  The  longest  of  these  cylindrical 
roots  penetrated  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  more  than  two  feet,  and 
others  extended  horizontally  an  equal  distance.  The  roots  seemed 
never  to  branch  after  leaving  the  crown,  though  they  put  out  some 
short  fibers.  The  latter  were  very  few  however,  in  proportion  to 
the  main  roots.  These  were  about  one- fourth  inch  in  diameter,  and 
scarcely  tapered  except  at  the  extremities,  where  they  were  bluntly 
pointed.  The  points  reminded  us  somewhat  of  the  terminus  of  an 
underground  stem  of  quack  grass,  or  the  shoots  of  raspberry  stems, 
when  about  to  take  root. 

The  new  roots  appeared  growing  out  above  the  old  ones,  and  at 
the  base  of  the  embryo  shoots,  that  are  to  form  the  stems  for  next 
season.  These  were  shorter  and  more  nearly  white  than  the  older 
ones,  and  like  the  latter,  had  fibrous  roots.  The  roots  formed  the 
previous  year  appeared  to  have  made  an  additional  growth  from 
their  extremities  the  past  summer.  At  least  a  part  of  them  were 
more  nearly  white,  aud  more  tender  towards  the  extremity,  than 
near  the  crown,  while  those  toward  the  base  of  the  crown,  which 
were  presumably  formed  earlier,  were  of  uniform  brownish  color 
throughout.  The  original  roots  of  the  plants  seemed  *to  be  mostly 
alive  though  they  were  very  much  crowded  by  those  later  formed. 
The  greater  part  of  the  feeding  ground  of  the  roots  seemed  to  be 
within  fifteen  inches  of  the  surface,  though  many  roots  extended 
below  this. 

Strange  to  say,  no  difference  appeared  either  in  the  amount  or 
distribution  of  the  roots  where  the  soil  was  trenched,  and  where  not 
trenched  at  the  time  of  setting  the  plants. 

The  very  extensive  root  system  of  the  asparagus  plant  clearly 
shows  the  folly  of  crowding  the  plants  in  the  bed."  The  plantation 
from  which  the  plants  were  examined  w^as  not  at  the  time  three  years 
old,  yet  the  roots  penetrated  beneath  an  area  five  feet  in  diameter. 
It  would  seem  that  the  plants  should  not  be  set  less  than  three  feet 
apart  each  way,  though  we  have  rarely  seen  plants  of  asparagus  set 
at  such  great  distances.  It  is  well  known  that  this  crop  demands 
manure  in  immense  quantities  for  its  best  development  as  ordinarily 
grown,  a  fact  which  is  easily  explained  when  wTe  consider  how  much 
the  roots  must  be  crowded  in  the  soil. 


310 


[Assembly 


The  new  roots,  growing  out  above  the  old.  ones,  makes  it  appear 
that  the  method  commonly  practiced  in  France  of  setting  the  plants 
in  trenches  may  be  based  upon  scientific  principles.  The  asparagus 
growers  about  Paris  set  their  young  plants  in  furrows,  gradually 
drawing  the  soil  to  them  year  by  year  until  at  length  the  rows  occupy 
a  ridge  in  place  of  a  furrow. 

Onion. 

In  the  onion  the  root  system  is  by  no  means  extensive,  but  it  is 
very  much  concentrated.  The  roots  seem  to  take  complete  possess¬ 
ion  of  the  soil  beneath  a  circle  about  eight  inches  in  diameter,  for  a 
depth  of  about  ten  inches.  In  a  sample  of  the  Blood  Bed  variety 
examined  September  15,  very  few  roots  penetrated  beyond  these 
limits.  An  occasional  one  was  traced  horizontally  a  distance  of  ten 
inches  from  the  bulb.  The  roots  of  the  onion,  like  those  of  asparagus, 
do  not  branch,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word,  though  they  give  rise 
to  many  short  fibers.  In  the  sample  examined,  the  fibers  were 
invariably  simple,  that  is  they  never  sub-divided. 

The  concentrated  root  system  of  the  onion  explains  the  fact 
that  it  develops  to  perfection  only  in  highly  fertile  soil,  and  that  the 
bulbs  may  be  grown  very  close  together.  In  no  other  vegetable 
that  we  have  examined,  does  the  root  system  occupy  so  little  space, 
and  no  other  vegetables  with  which  we  are  acquainted  endure  crowd¬ 
ing  so  well  as  the  onion,  and  the  other  plants  of  the  onion  tribe. 

Kadis  h  . 

July  9  we  examined  the  roots  of  a  plant  of  the  Gray  Summer  Tur¬ 
nip  radish,  and  also  one  of  the  London  Particular  Long  Scarlet 
variety.  The  roots  of  both  penetrated  the  soil  a  distance  of  two 
feet,  while  tiie  branches  extended  on  either  side  more  than  twenty- 
one  inches,  mingling  with  those  from  adjoining  rows.  The  tap 
root  did  not  begin  to  branch  much  until  some  distance  below  the 
edible  part.  The  branches  at  first  were  few  in  number,  usually  but 
two  or  three  at  the  tap  root.  These  extended  nearly  horizontally, 
and  ramified  towards  their  extremities  into  many  fibrous  roots.  The 
greater  part  of  the  feeding  roots  lay  in  the  upper  eight  inches  of 
the  soil. 

Though  the  edible  roots  of  these  two  varieties  are  quite  different  in 
form,  their  rooting  habits  show  no  difference.  We  see  that  the  rad¬ 
ish  is  a  rather  shallow  rooting  plant,  and  that  its  roots  extend  hori¬ 
zontally  for  a  considerable  distance.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that 
unless  the  soil  contains  abundant  available  plant  food,  the  rows 
should  not  be  planted  as  closely  as  the  small  size  of  the  edible  root 
might  suggest ;  also,  that  stirring  the  soil  deeply  between  the  rows, 
as  the  plants  advance  toward  maturity,  must  lacerate  the  fibrous 
roots. 


ISTo.  33.] 


311 


Beet. 

On  September  16  we  examined  the  roots  of  a  plant  of  the  Extra 
Long  Dark  Blood  beet.  The  main  root  was  smooth  and  symmetri¬ 
cal  to  the  depth  of  eight  inches,  below  which  it  divided  into  several 
branches,  which  were  quite  thick  at  first,  but  rapidly  tapered  to  the 
size  of  a  stalk  of  timothy  grass,  tapering  gradually  thereafter  until 
they  become  fibrous  roots.  One  of  the  longer  ones  extended  two 
feet  downward,  while  horizontal  branches,  which  were  mostly  shal¬ 
low  in  the  soil,  extended  a  distance  of  two  and  a  half  feet.  The 
small  fibrous  roots  seen  on  the  surface  of  beet  roots  after  they  are 
pulled  seem  to  have  very  little  office,  as  they  penetrate  the  soil 
scarcely  half  an  inch.  The  feeding  roots  chiefly  proceed  from  the 
tap  root,  below  the  thickened  portion.  Fibrous  roots  from  the 
branches  often  extend  upward  apparently  to  the  surface  of  the 
ground. 

The  root  system  of  the  Eclipse  beet,  which  is  a  turnip-rooted 
variety,  growing  largely  above  ground,  is  precisely  similar  in  kind 
but  slightly  less  extensive.  We  traced  the  roots  downward  about 
twenty-two  inches,  and  horizontally  a  distance  of  two  feet. 

We  thus  see  that  the  beet  plant  draws  its  nourishment  from  . an 
area  of  twelve  to  twenty  square  feet,  and  hence  it  is  evident  that 
where  size  of  root  is  desired,  the  plants  must  be  given  plenty  of  room. 

Swiss  Chard. 

The  root  system  of  the  Swiss  Chard  is  decidedly  more  extensive 
than  that  of  the  garden  beet.  On  September  16  we  traced  a  branch 
from  a  plant  of  Beck’s  Sea  Kail  Chard,  horizontally,  a  distance  of 
three  and  a  half  feet,  and  the  tap  root,  at  the  depth  of  two  feet,  was 
of  the  thickness  of  a  wheat  straw.  The  tap  root  and  larger  branches 
were  thick  and  fleshy  near  the  surface,  the  former  regularly  taper¬ 
ing  as  it  extended  downward,  giving  rise  to  branches  on  all  sides. 
Some  of  the  latter  were  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  the 
larger  ones  starting  about  four  inches  below  the  surface.  Fibrous 
roots  were  numerous  in  the  upper  layers  of  the  soil. 

The  chard  is  a  plant  of  the  beet  family  in  which  the  foliage  in¬ 
stead  of  the  root  has  been  developed  through  selection.  It  is  inter¬ 
esting  to  observe  that  with  a  decided  increase  of  foliage  over  the 
common  garden  beet,  we  have  a  corresponding  extension  of  roots. 

Parsnip. 

In  the  parsnip  the  tap  root  is  very  long,  and  tapers  very  slowly 
after  the  first  few  inches  in  depth.  In  a  plant  of  the  Long  Hollow 
Crown  variety,  examined  September  17,  we  traced  the  tap  root 
downward  a  distance  of  thirty  inches,  beyond  which  it  was  too  deli¬ 
cate  to  follow.  Branches  leave  the  tap  root  throughout  its  length, 
many  starting  out  below  the  clay  line.  One  of  these,  at  a  depth  ot 
two  feet,  we  followed  a  distance  of  seven  inches  through  very  stiff 


•  312 


[Assembly 


clay.  The  fibrous  roots  in  the  upper  layers  of  the  soil  are  numerous 
but  short,  the  longest  ones  appearing  to  extend  but  about  fourteen 
inches  from  the  main  root.  Considering  the  proportion  of  the  roots 
that  lie  deep  in  the  soil,  the  parsnip  is  a  deep-rooting  plant. 

Carrot. 

The  root  system  of  the  carrot,  as  compared  with  that  of  the  beet, 
is  very  small.  September  16  we  examined  the  roots  of  a  plant  each 
of  the  French  Forcing  and  Long  lied  Altrincham  varieties.  Of 
both  the  tap  root  was  small  and  soon  tapered  into  a  filament.  We 
traced  it  downward  sixteen  inches,  at  which  depth  it  was  too  deli¬ 
cate  to  follow  further.  The  horizontal  roots  apparently  extended 
little  more  than  a  foot.  The  fibrous  roots  chiefly  proceeded  from 
the  tap  root,  though  a  few  started  from  near  the  base  of  the  thick 
ened  part.  These  extended  both  deep  and  shallow,  some  rising 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  surface,  while  others  apparently  penetrated  as 
deeply  as  did  the  tap  root. 

It  would  appeal  from  the  slight  extent  of  the  horizontal  roots  in 
the  parsnip  and  carrot,  that  these  would  prosper  under  closer  plant¬ 
ing  than  the  beet  can  endure,  though  we  believe  it  is  usually  recom¬ 
mended  to  plant  the  three  at  about  the  same  distances. 

The  beet  and  carrot  are  biennials,  forming  their  thickened  roots 
the  first  season,  and  flowering  and  producing  seed  the  second.  In 
order  to  compare  the  roots  of  these  plants  in  the  first  and  second 
season  of  their  growth,  we  examined,  on  September  17,  the  roots  of 
a  plant  of  each,  that  was  set  out  in  the  spring  to  produce  seed.  The 
beet  in  this  case  was  of  the  Early  llassano  variety,  and  the  carrot  of 
the  Long  Orange.  As-  the  varieties  were  not  identical  with  those 
examined  of  the  first  year’s  growth,  the  two  may  not  be  strictly 
comparable.  We  note,  however,  that  the  leading  roots  in  the  plants 
of  the  second  year’s  growth  extended  quite  as  far  as  those  in  the 
first.  The  fibrous  roots,  however,  appeared  less  numerous.  They 
were  certainly  so  in  the  beet.  In  the  plants  grown  directly  from 
seed,  numerous  fibres  left  the  horizontal  leaders  and  extended  up¬ 
ward  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Nothing  of  this  kind  appeared 
in  the  plants  of  the  second  year’s  growth. 

The  lower  roots  of  the  carrot  wTere  developed  to  a  greater  extent 
in  plants  of  the  second  year’s  growth  than  from  those  grown  di¬ 
rectly  from  seed. 

How  much  of  the  stored  material  in  thickened  roots,  like  the  beet 
and  carrot,  is  used  in  the  production  of  seed  is  an  interesting  ques¬ 
tion.  W  e  observed  that  the  roots  that  had  supported  the  flower 
stem  until  the  seed  had  formed  and  ripened,  were  not  materially 
different  in  appearance  from  others  at  the  end  of  the  first  season’s 
growth.  A  cross  section  of  the  root  was  entirely  sound,  and  exhib¬ 
ited  the  concentric  rings,  as  in  the  first  season’s  growth.  To  give 
an  indication  of  the  amount  of  nourishment  that  had  been  consumed 
in  forming  the  crop  of  seed,  we  tested  the  amount  of  sugar  in  a  root 


No.  33] 


313 


of  Bassano  beet  that  bad  produced  a  crop  of  seed,  and  one  of  the 
same  variety  at  the  end  of  the  first  year’s  growth.  The  former  con¬ 
tained  five  and  three-tenths  per  cent  of  sugar;  the  latter  very  nearly 
seven  per  cent,  showing  a  difference  in  sugar  content  of  about  one 
and  seven-tenths  per  cent. 


Muskmelon. 

September  17  we  examined  the  roots  of  a  plant  of  the  Oblong 
Netted  Muskmelon.  The  plant  had  not  made  a  very  vigorous 
growth.  The  roots  were  for  the  most  part  very  shallow  in  the  soil, 
though  we  traced  a  single  one  to  the  depth  of  sixteen  inches.  The 
main  roots  extended  horizontally,  and  at  a  depth  of  three  to  five 
inches  below  the  surface.  W  e  traced  one  of  these  a  distance  of  three 
feet,  which  was  as  far  as  the  longest  stem  reached.  Short  fibrous 
roots  are,  however,  quite  numerous  at  a  depth  of  eight  or  ten  inches. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  muskmelon  is  a  shallow  rooting  plant, 
but  that  its  roots  draw  nourishment  from  a  large  area.  This  would 
seem  to  show  that  the  method,  so  often  practiced,  of  applying  all  the 
manure  intended  for  this  crop  immediately  beneath  the  hill,  is  not 
founded  upon  good  judgment.  Active  manure  in  the  hill  may  be 
very  valuable  as  a  stimulant  to  the  young  plants,  but  as  the  chief 
feeding  ground  of  the  roots  is  not  beneath  the  hill,  it  would  seem 
that  a  portion  at  least  of  the  fertilizer  should  be  applied  for  the 
benefit  of  those  far  reaching  roots  that  develop  at  the  time  the  fruit 
is  forming  and  maturing. 


Cabbage. 

The  root  system  of  the  cabbage  is  of  the  same  kind  as  that  of  the 
cauliflower  which  we  described  in  our  last  report,  except  that  in  the 
sample  examined  it  was  less  extensive.  On  September  15  we 
washed  out  the  roots  of  a  finely  headed  plant  of  Very  Early  Etam- 
pes  cabbage.  The  tap  root  extended  to  the  depth  of  twenty  inches, 
and  the  horizontal  roots  a  distance  on  either  side  of  about  eighteen 
inches.  The  fibrous  roots  lie  chiefly  in  the  upper  layers  of  the  soil, 
although  they  occasionally  appeared  at  a  considerable  depth.  Some 
of  these  rose  upward  apparently  to  the  surface  of  the  soil.  It  is 
entirely  possible  that  had  we  chosen  a  plant  of  one  of  the  larger 
growing  late  varieties,  we  should  have  found  the  root  system  more 
extensive. 


Kohl  Rabt. 

The  root  system  of  the  Kohl  Kabi  as  indicated  by  a  plant  of  the 
Early  Purple  Vienna  variety,  examined  September  15,  is  very  similar 
in  kind,  and  m  extent  to  that  ol  the  cauliflower.  We  traced  the 
tap  root  to  a  depth  of  more  than  two  feet,  following  it  through  four¬ 
teen  inches  of  a  very  compact  clay.  Owing  to  the  delicacy  of  the 
root  we  were  unable  to  reach  the  end.  The  horizontal  roots  ex- 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  40 


314 


[A  SSEMBLY 


tended  two  feet  on  either  side.  As  in  the  cauliflower  and  cabbage, 
the  fibrous  roots  were  most  numerous  in  the  upper  eight  inches  of 
the  soil. 

From  our  observations  made  thus  far,  it  appears  that  in  the  cab¬ 
bage  family,  the  extent  of  the  roots  bears  a  relation  to  the  amount 
of  the  foliage.  Thus  in  a  plant  of  Cauliflower,  of  which  the  foliage 
wras  more  abundant  than  that  of  the  sample  of  cabbage  examined, 
the  root  system  was  decidedly  more  extensive.  In  a  plant  of  Kale, 
having  a  still  larger  development  of  foliage,  we  found  a  correspond¬ 
ingly  more  extensive  development  of  roots. 

Although  the  members  of  the  cabbage  family,  that  we  have  ex¬ 
amined,  may  in  one  sense  be  considered  as  deep  rooting  plants,  from 
the  number  of  their  fibrous  roots  that  lie  near  the  surface,  it  seems 
probable  that  so  far  as  methods  of  culture  are  concerned,  they  should 
be  regarded  as  shallow  rooters. 

Celery. 

October  9,  ^e  examined  the  roots  of  a  plant  of  Boston  Market 
celery.  We  found  the  root  system  rather  concentrated.  The 
deeper  roots  extended  scarcely  more  than  fifteen  inches,  while  the 
horizontal  ones  reached  no  further.  The  fibrous  roots  were  numer¬ 
ous.  Many  of  these  proceeded  from  the  tap-root  just  below  the 
base  of  the  leaf  stalks.  Others  grew  out  from  the  main  roots,  of 
which  there  were  four  in  the  plants  examined.  These  were  of  about 
the  thickness  of  a  wheat  straw  and  tapered  rapidly  until  they  became 
fibrous.  The  fibrous  roots  did  not  rise  into  the  soil  placed  about  the 
leaf  stems  for  blanching. 

General  Observations. 

It  is  entirely  possible  that  the  average  farmer  and  gardener  do  not 
realize  the  extent  of  the  area  traversed  by  the  roots  of  their  crops. 
We  are  accustomed  to  think  of  a  plant  as  obtaining  its  nourishment 
from  a  small  area  directly  beneath  the  foliage,  whereas,  as  appears 
from  our  observation,  many  plants  seem  to  secure  a  large  part  of 
their  food  beyond  the  extent  of  their  leaves.  If  this  be  true,  it  is 
obvious  that  the  effects  of  hill  manuring  must  be  chiefly  upon  the 
young  plant,  and  that  where  no  fertilizer  is  applied  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  hill,  it  seems  probable  that  the  plant  receives  little  benefit 
from  the  manure  at  the  time  when  it  is  completing  its  growth,  and 
maturing  its  seed. 

What  object  is  attained  by  the  deeply  penetrating  roots  of  veg¬ 
etables,  as  noted  in  the  case  of  the  pea,  parsnip,  etc.,  is  an  interest¬ 
ing  cpiestion.  Certainly  they  are  not  required  for  the  purpose  of 
sustaining  the  plant  against  wind.  If  they  were  in  search  of  food 
they  would  hardly  penetrate  ,in  this  direction,  for  we  have  many 
examples  in  which  the  roots  of  plants  have  extended  towards  their 
food  with  a  directness  that  seems  almost  like  instinct.  If  they  were 
seeking  moisture,  it  would  seem  that  they  might  secure  it  at  a  lesser 


No.  33.] 


315 


depth.  The  fact  that  the  fibrous  roots  are  almost  always  most 
numerous  in  the  upper  layers  of  the  soil  would  seem  to  indicate  that 
a  dearth  of  moisture  had  not  existed  here. 

i 

Insecticides. 

We  made  many  experiments  upon  the  injurious  insects  that 
attacked  our  garden  crops  the  past  season,  but  the  results  of  our  work 
may  be  briefly  told.  We  regard  it  as  unnecessary  to  detail  experi¬ 
ments  that  yielded  negative  results,  however  much  care  was  used  in 
carrying  them  out.  Our  experience  leads  us  to  the  opinion  that  a 
special  mode  of  treatment  must  be  adopted  for  almost  every  destruct¬ 
ive  insect. 

The  Turnip  Fleet  Beetle. 

We  made  many  applications  with  the  view  of  discovering  the  most 
efficient  preventive  for  the  injury  wrought  by  the  turnip  flea  beetle, 
*Haltica  striolata  (Ill.).  Among  those  we  mention  tobacco  water,  cut 
tobacco  leaves,  kerosene  emulsion,  and  air-slacked  lime.  The  date 
of  each  application  and  the  proportions  used  were  noted,  and  the 
plants  upon  which  the  applications  were  made,  examined  daily  and 
the  number  of  insects  found  counted  and  compared  with  the  number 
found  upon  other  plants  that  had  received  no  applications.  We 
summarize  our  results  as  follows  : 

A  strong  decoction  of  tobacco  proved  very  efficient  when  frequently 
applied  ;  but  its  strength  seemed  to  volatilize  quickly  in  the  sun. 
At  least  our  figures  indicated  that  little,  if  any,  benefit  came  from 
the  -application  after  two  days.  Our  decoction  was  made  by  soak¬ 
ing  tobacco  leaves  in  cold  water  for  twenty-four  hours,  when  the 
water  was.  poured  off  and  applied  to  the  plants  by  means  of  the 
garden  sprinkler. 

We  found  the  kerosene  emulsion  diluted  with  eight  parts  of  soft 
water  to  be  very  efficient,  but  its  effects  were  little,  if  any,  more  last¬ 
ing  than  those  of  the  tobacco  water,  and  when  frequently  applied  it 
evidently  retarded  the  growth  of  the  plants. 

We  will  here  describe  our  method  of  making  the  kerosene  emul¬ 
sion.  We  used  the  same  formula  in  all  our  experiments,  so  that 
whenever  we  have  occasion  to  refer  to  it  hereafter  it  may  be  under¬ 
stood  to  be  precisely  of  the  proportions  noted  here.  We  combined 
one  gallon  of  kerosene  oil,  one  gallon  of  water,  and  four  pounds  of 
common  yellow  bar  soap,  heating  the  mixture  and  stirring  it  occa¬ 
sionally  until  the  mass  became  homogeneous,  then  stirring  it  con¬ 
stantly  until  it  became  thick  by  cooling.  We  found  this  preparation 
to  be  entirely  permanent,  and  we  were  able  to  dilute  it  to  any  de¬ 
sired  extent  by  the  addition  of  rain  water  without  the  oil  separating 
from  the  mixture  before  it  could  be  readily  applied  to  plants. 

Tobacco  leaves  cut  fine,  by  passing  them  through  a  fodder  cutter 
when  placed  about  the  plants  of  radish,  had  3,  marked  effect  in 
keeping  off  the  flea  beetle,  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  showing  the 


*  Phyllotreta  striolata  ( Fabr .). 


316 


[Assembly 

beneficial  result.  We  noted  also  that  the  application  of  tobacco, 
whether  in  the  form  of  a  decoction  or  the  cut  leaves,  seemed  to 
stimulate  the  growth  of  the  plants. 

Air-slacked  lime  dusted  over  the  plants  while  wet  proved  unques¬ 
tionably  beneficial,  and  in  dry  weather  its  effects  are  quite  lasting. 

Among  the  applications  that  proved  valueless,  we  mention  kerosene 
mixed  with  sand  at  the  rate  of  an  ounce  of  the  former  to  a  pound  of 
the  latter  ;  Buhach  powder  mixed  with  alcohol,  diluted  with  differ¬ 
ent  proportions  of  water  and  soluble  phenyle,  dissolved  in  various 
proportions  of  water. 

We  have  frequently  noted  that  plants  of  cabbage,  radish,  etc., 
grown  in  the  cold  frame  are  scarcely  injured  by  the  flea  beetle.  As 
an  experiment  we  planted  a  small  plat  of  radishes  in  a  frame  made 
of  boards  a  foot  wide.  The  plants  were  very  little  injured  by  the 
beetle.  We  noted  that  in  one  case,  where  the  leaves  of  a  plant 
reached  over  the  edge  of  the  frame,  this  plant  had  many  beetles  upon 
it,  while  the  others  were  almost  entirely  free  from  them.  This  leads 
us  to  recommend,  growing  so  far  as  practicable,  all  plants  injured  by 
this  pest  in  a  frame  made  of  wide  boards.  It  appears  that  this  in¬ 
sect,  though  very  agile,  does  not  jump  very  high,  and  hence  may  be 
kept  away  from  plants  in  this  manner. 

The  Radish  Fly. 

The  larva  of  the  radish  fly,  A.nthomyia  radicum ,  proves  very  in¬ 
jurious  to  the  roots  of  radishes  when  grown  on  the  heavy  soil  of  our 
garden.  None  of  the  applications  used  for  the  flea  beetle  had  any 
perceptible  effect  in  preventing  its  injuries.  We  found  that  bisul 
phide  of  carbon  applied  to  the  soil  about  the  roots  of  the  plants  de¬ 
stroyed  the  maggots  that  had  not  yet  entered  the  roots,  but  it  had 
no  perceptible  effect  upon  those  within.  The  use  of  this  liquid  as 
an  insecticide  is  accompanied  by  so  many  disadvantages  that  we 
must  at  present  consider  it  of  little  value. 

W e  obtained  very  satisfactory  results  with  the  use  of  coal  ashes  as 
a  preventive  of  injury  from  the  radish  fly,  which  are  noted  in  detail 
in  treating  of  the  radish. 

The  Striped  Cucumber  Beetle. 

But  one  application  seemed  beneficial  in  preventing  the  injuries 
of  the  striped  cucumber  beetle,  Diabrotiea  vittata.  This  was  Paris 
green  mixed  with  water  at  the  rate  of  half  a  tea-spoonful  to  two  gal¬ 
lons,  and  the  mixture  applied  with  care  to  both  sides  of  the  leaves. 
When  applied  only  to  the  upper  sides  of  the  leaves  it  proved  less 
efficacious,  as  the  beetles  remain  much  of  the  time  during  sunny 
weather  upon  the  lower  sides  of  the  leaves  and  upon  the  stems. 

Our  efforts  to  repel  this  insect  by  powerful  odors  proved  useless. 
We  dipped  corn  cobs  in  coal  tar,  and  placed  them  among  the  plants 
of  a  hill  of  squashes.  W  e  then  covered  the  hill  with  a  plant  protector, 
formed  of  mosquito  netting  tacked  ujion  a  frame,  beneath  which  we 


No.  33.  J 


317 


introduced  several  of  the  beetles.  The  insects  attacked  the  leaves 
with  their  usual  vigor,  and  the  following  day,  we  found  that  instead 
of  the  enclosed  beetles  attempting  to  make  their  escape  through  the 
netting,  numerous  visitors  were  on  the  outside  trying  to  make  their 
way  in.  Cobs  dipped  in  soluble  phenyle,  a  liquid  having  a  powerful 
odor  resembling  that  of  coal  tar,  gave  the  same  result. 

We  tried  also  the  kerosene  emulsion,  and  soluble  phenyle,  diluted 
with  various  proportions  of  water,  but  they  seemed  harmless  to  the 
beetles  in  the  degree  of  strength  that  could  be  used  without  injury 
to  the  plants. 

After  making  experiments  upon  the  Striped  Cucumber  beetle 
during  three  successive  seasons,  we  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
it  is  far  more  satisfactory  to  protect  the  plants  from  the  ravages  of 
this  insect  than  to  attempt  to  destroy  or  repel  it  by  any  other  means. 
By  protecting  the  plants,  we  escape  not  only  the  injury  from  the 
beetles  upon  the  leaves,  but  also  that  of  their  larvse  upon  the  roots. 
The  latter  very  often  destroy  the  plants  that  escape  the  ravages  of 
the  beetles.  Further,  by  protecting  the  plants,  we  enhance  their 
growth,  as  we  were  able  to  show  the  past  season  by  many  instances. 

There  are  two  ways  of  protecting  the  young  plants.  One  is  to 
cover  the  hill  before  the  seed  leaves  appear  above  ground,  with  a 
plant  protector  made  by  a  frame  of  light  boards  covered  on  the  top 
with  mosquito  netting.  The  other  way  is  to  start  the  plants  upon 
inverted  sods  in  the  cold  frame;  transplanting  to  the  garden  or 
field  after  they  have  attained  two  or  three  rough  leaves.  In  the 
latter  case  the  beetles  will  harass  the  plant  to  some  extent,  but  they 
will  rarely  destroy  them,  unless  the  weather  should  be  very  warm 
and  dry  after  the  transplanting. 

The  method  sometimes  recommended  of  outnumbering  the  bee¬ 
tles  by  planting  a  score  of  seeds  where  we  desire  one  plant,  though 
it  may  sometimes  work  well,  is  wrong  in  theory.  By  multiplying 
the  plants  we  doubtless  multiply  the  beetles,  and  in  time  the  latter 
may  so  increase  as  to  destroy  any  number  of  plants. 

The  Cabbage  Caterpillar. 

After  very  many  experiments  upon  the  larva  of  the  cabbage  but¬ 
terfly,  Pieris  rapce  (L.),  we  have  found  but  one  that  is  satisfactory, 
viz. :  Pyrethrum  or  Buhacli  powder,  applied  with  a  bellows.  This 
substance,  while  almost  instant  death  to  the  caterpillars,  is  not  inju¬ 
rious  to  the  human  family  or  to  plants,  and  hence  may  be  used  with  en¬ 
tire  impunity.  We  found  that  the  samples  of  the  powder  used  were 
efficacious  when  diluted  with  equal  bulk  of  air  slacked  lime,  but 
when  the  proportion  of  the  lime  was  doubled  the  mixture  was  not 
fatal  to  the  insects.  Flour  is  sometimes  used  as  a  diluant  instead 
of  lime.  So  much  depends  upon  the  freshness  and  purity  of  the 
powder  used,  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  a  formula  that  will  be  sat¬ 
isfactory  in  all  cases.  It  is  said  that  a  perfectly  fresh,  pure  powder 
will  bear  to  be  diluted  much  more  than  half,  and  still  be  fatal  to  the 


318 


[Assembly 


worms.  We  state  on  the  authority  of  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley  that  if  the 
powder  is  mixed  with  the  flour  or  lime  a  few  hours  before  it  is  ap¬ 
plied  to  the  plants,  it  ..proves  more  effective  than  if  the  mixture  is 
put  on  immediately  after  combination.  The  best  time  to  apply  the 
mixture  is  on  a  still  day,  and  if  put  on  in  the  evening,  when  the 
plants  are  slightly  moistened  by  the  dew,  the  effect  is  still  better. 
By  inserting  the  nozzle  of  the  bellows  among  the  leaves,  and  giving  a 
puff  with  the  handle,  the  powder  rises  in  a  slight  cloud,  and  then  set¬ 
tles  among  the  leaves,  penetrating  the  interstices  more  thoroughly  than 
a  liquid  can  do.  Owing  to  the  glaucous  nature  of  the  leaves,  liquids 
do  not  spread  evenly  over  them,  but  the  greater  part  immediately  runs 
off,  thus  wasting  a  large  part  of  the  poison  used.  We  would  not  be 
understood  that  a  single  application  of  the  powder  will  prove  en¬ 
tirely  effective.  The  caterpillars  have  so  many  opportunities  to  con¬ 
ceal  themselves  among  the  leaves  that  we  cannot  hope  to  reach  all  at 
once.  New  ones  are  also  constantly  hatching.  The  application  should 
be  made  as  often  as  once  a  week,  and  if  the  plants  become  badly 
infested  with  the  caterpillars,  it  should  be  used  almost  daily  until  the 
greater  part  of  them  is  destroyed. 

The  44  Buhach,”  to  which  we  have  alluded,  is  the  product  of  Pyre- 
thrum  cinerarioefolium ,  and  is  prepared  near  Stockton,  Cal.  It  is 
claimed  to  be  superior  in  strength  and  purity  to  the  imported  Pyre- 
thrum  powder,  which  is  the  product  of  P.  roseum.  We  made  no 
comparative  tests  of  the  two  preparations. 

The  Squash  Vine  Borer. 

This  insect  was  less  destructive  than  usual  the  past  season.  We 
planned  a  series  of  experiments  in  anticipation  of  its  attack,  and  at 
the  time  it  was  due,  applications  were  already  upon  the  plants.  Had 
the  insect  appeared  in  greater  numbers,  we  should  have  had  a  better 
opportunity  to  judge  of  our  success,  but  on  the  whole  our  results 
were  quite  satisfactory. 

We  chose  for  our  experiments  a  plat  of  squashes  one-tenth  of  an 
acre  in  extent,  of  the  Hubbard  and  Perfect  Gem  varieties.  There 
were  four  rows  of  each  variety  in  each  of  which  were  planted  eight 
hills.  Commencing  July  12  we  applied  to  one  row  of  the  Hubbard 
variety  one-fourth  of  a  pound  of  sulphate  of  iron,  in  solution,  upon 
the  soil  immediately  about  the  plants.  (A  similar  experiment  in 
1883  seemed  to  promise  favorable  results.) 

To  a  second  row  we  applied  Paris  green,  mixed  with  water  at 
the  rate  of  half  a  tea-spoonful  to  two  gallons,  carefidly  pouring  the 
mixture  over  all  of  the  stems  for  a  distance  of  two  feet  from  the 
base  of  the  plants. 

In  a  third  row  we  placed  corn  cobs  dipped  in  coal  tar,  putting  five 
in  each  hill. 

The  fourth  row  of  the  Hubbard  we  left  without  an  application, 
for  comparison  with  the  others. 

To  one  row  of  the  Perfect  Gem  we  applied  the  kerosene  emul- 


No.  33.] 


319 


sion,  dissolving  one-half  gill  of  the  emulsion  in  two  gallons  of 
water,  using  the  solution  in  the  manner  just  described  for  the  Paris 
green . 

The  application  of  the  kerosene  emulsion  and  the  Paris  green  "and 
water  was  repeated  after  every  hard  rain  until  September  1st.  The 
coin  cobs  weie  dipped  in  coal  tar,  at  intervals  of  about  three  weeks 
until  the  same  date.  The  application  of  the  copperas  solution  was 
not  repeated. 

We  made  no  attempt  to  remove  any  borers  from  the  stems  until 
after  the  fruit  had  been  gathered.  On  September  29  we  carefully 
examined  every  stem  on  seven  rows,  splitting  the  stems  lengthwise, 
and  counted  the  borers,  or  cavities  whence  they  had  escaped,  with 
the  following  results;  (we  use  the  word  cavity  instead  of  borer,  as  in 
the  majority  of  cases  the  maggot  had  left  the  stem  at  the  time  of 
our  examination) :  w 


Hubbard  Squash: 

On  the  row  not  treated  we  found . 23  borer  cavities. 

On  the  row  treated  with  copperas  solution  we  found .  21  borer  cavities. 

On  the  row  treated  with  Paris  green  and  water  we  found .  8  borer  cavities. 

On  the  row  treated  with  corn  cobs  dipped  in  coal  tar  we  found  .  3  borer  cavities. 

Perfect  Gem  : 

On  the  row  treated  with  kerosene  emulsion  we  found .  2  borer  cavities. 

On  the  row  not  treated  we  found . 3  borer  cavities. 

On  a  second  row  not  treated  we  found .  7  borer  cavities. 


The  Perfect  Gem  squash  is  decidedly  less  liable  to  the  attacks  of 
the  borer  than  the  Hubbard,  a  fact  that  we  have  noted  in  previous 
years.  The  effects  of  the  emulsion,  therefore,  are  comparable 
only  with  the  rows  below  which  received  no  applications.  It  is  to 
be  remarked  in  the  case  of  the  Paris  green  and.  water,  that  every 
borer  cavity  was  found  at  a  greater  distance  from  the  base  of  the 
plant  than  where  the  mixture  was  applied.  As  the  result  of  our 
previous  observations,  we  had  formed  the  conclusion  that  the  borer 
is  very  rarely  found  at  a  greater  distance  than  two  feet  from  the  base 
of  the  stem.  We  find,  however,  that  this  conclusion  is  fallacious,  at 
least  in  the  Hubbard  squash. 

It  appears  that  the  Paris  green  and  water,  the  cobs  dipped  in  coal 
tar  and  the  kerosene  emulsion  were  all  beneficial  in  hindering  the  work 
of  the  borer.  The  row  treated  with  the  Paris  green  and  water, 
however,  lay  next  to  the  one  in  which  the  cobs  were  placed,  and  the 
moth  may,  therefore,  have  been  repelled  somewhat  by  the  odor  of 
the  coal  tar. 

The  coal  tar  application  is  probably  more  permanent  in  its  action 
than  either  the  Paris  green  or  the  kerosene  emulsion.  We  may  assume, 
however,  that  it  does  not  destroy  the  insects,  but  only  repels  them, 
while  the  other  two  probable  act  by  poisoning  the  young  maggot,  as 
it  eats  its  way  into  the  stem.  The  use  of  coal  tar  is  more  conven¬ 
ient  than  that  of  the  other  applications,  and  if  further  experiments 
should  prove  it  to  be  effectual,  we  shall  have  mastered  one  of  the 
chief  insect  enemies  with  which  the  squash  grower  has  to  contend. 


320 


[Assembly 


Tiie  Asparagus  Beetle. 

Oil  June  10  we  noticed  an  unfamiliar  insect  feeding  upon  the  foli¬ 
age  of  asparagus.  We  submitted  samples  of  it  to  Prof.  J.  A.  Lint- 
ner,  State  Entomologist,  who  pronounced  it  the  asparagus  beetle, 
Grioceris  ctsparagi  L.,  and  stated  that,  so  far  as  he  knew,  this  was 
the  first  appearance  of  the  insect  in  Western  New  York.  As  this 
pest  is  little  known  to  the  farmers  of  New  York,  we  submit  a  brief 
account  of  its  appearance  and  habits  condensed  from  Prof.  Lintner’s 
first  annual  report. 

The  asparagus  beetle  first  appeared  in  this  country  in  the  year 
1859,  at  Astoria,  near  the  western  end  of  Long  Island.  It  was  in¬ 
troduced  from  Europe,  where,  strange  to  say,  it  is  not  injurious. 
Its  spread  since  its  introduction  has  been  very  slow,  and  up  to  the 
past  season  very  little  seems  to  have  been  heard  of  it  except  in  Long 
Island  and  New  Jersey.  The  injuries  wrought  by  it  are  very  seri¬ 
ous  when  the  attack  is  severe,  often  necessitating  plowing  up  whole 
fields  of  asparagus. 

The  small  blackish  brown  eggs  of  the  beetle  are  deposited  on  end, 
on  the  young  plant,  usually  in  rows  of  two  to  seven.  When  the 
plants  are  grown  the  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  leaves  near  the  ends 
of  the  delicate  branches. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  young  larva  is  about  one-fourth  of  an 
inch.  u  It  is  of  an  obscure  olive,  or  dull  ash  gray  color,  often  with 
a  blackish  stripe  along  the  middle  of  the  back.  It  is  soft  and  of  a 
flesh-like  consistency,  about  three  times  as  long  as  thick,  thickest 
back  of  the  middle  with  the  body  much  wrinkled  transversely. 
The  head  is  black  and  shining,  and  the  neck,  which  is  thicker  than 
the  head,  has  twQ  shining  black  spots  above.  Three  pairs  of  legs 
are  placed  anteriorly  upon  the  breast,  and  are  of  the  same  shining 
black  color  with  the  head.  As  will  be  seen  when  it  is  crawling,  the 
larva  clings  also  with  the  tip  end  of  the  body,  and  all  along  its  under 
side  may  then  be  seen  two  rows  of  small  tubercles  slightly  project¬ 
ing  from  the  surface  which  serve  as  prolegs  in  addition  to  the  tip  of 
its  body.  Above  these  tubercles  on  each  side  is  a  row  of  elevated 
shining  dots  like  warts,  above  which  the  breathing  pores  appear  like 
a  row  of  minute  dots.”  (Fitch.)  The  average  length  of  the  beetle 
is  a  little  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch.  “  The  head  is  black  with 
the  first  three  joints  of  the  short  antennae  smaller  and  differently 
colored  than  the  remainder,  The  finely  punctured  thorax  is  tawny 
red  marked  more  or  less  distinctly  on  its  crown  with  two  black  spots. 
The  wing  covers  are  punctured  in  rows,  and  usually  appear  of  a 
lemon  color,  broken  into  three  spots  on  each,  by  a  black  stripe  along 
their  junction,  a  black  transverse  band  a  little  behind  their  middle, 
and  an  interrupted  one  near  their  tips.  Outwardly  the  wing  covers 
are  bordered  with  orange.  The  body  beneath,  and  the  legs  are 
shining  black,  the  latter  sometimes  showing  a  yellowish  band  upon 
them.  The  wing  covers  marked  as  above  suggest  a  representation 
of  a  black  cross  upon  the  back,  for  which  reason  it  is  sometimes 
known  in  England  as  the  ‘  cross  bearer.’  ”  Another  variety  of  the 
beetle  differs  considerably  in  its  markings  from  the  above  description. 


No.  33. J 


321 


The  history  of  the  asparagus  beetle  is  in  brief  as  follows :  The 
beetles  destined  to  continue  the  species  survive  the  winter  in  dry 
sheltered  places.  On  the  appearance  of  the  asparagus  shoots  in  the 
spring,  they  emerge  from  their  winter  quarters  and  commence  to 
feed  upon  the  tips  of  the  plants.  The  sexes  pair,  and  the  female 
deposits  her  eggs  upon  any  portion  of  the  exposed  shoots.  The 
eggs  hatch  in  about  eight  days,  and  the  larvae  complete  their  growth 
in  about  twelve  days.  They  then  enter  the  earth  a  short  distance, 
or  conceal  themselves  between  dead  leaves  or  other  material  on  the 
surface.  Constructing  a  cocoon,  they  undergo  their  transformation 
and  remain  in  their  pupal  state  about  ten  days.  Thirty  days  com¬ 
plete  the  cycle  from  the  egg  to  the  perfect  insect.  As  soon  as  the 
beetles  emerge  they  pair,  and  deposit  their  eggs,  from  which  a  second 
brood  appears  about  the  first  of  July,  followed  by  a  third  probably 
in  August.  .  Hence  we  have  the  larvae  aud  the  beetles  with  us  in 
their  successive  broods  from  early  spring  until  September. 

The  preventives  and  remedies  that  have  been  used  for  this  insect 
m  this  country  are  dusting  slacked  lime  over  the  plants,  while  the 
dew  is  on,  which  destroys  the  larvae.  It  is  also  recommended  to  re¬ 
move  all  the  young  seedlings  from  the  bed  as  fast  as  they  appear, 
thus  compelling  the  beetles  to  deposit  their  eggs  upon  the  young 
shoots.  .  As  the  latter  are  cut  for  market  daily,  the  hatching  of  the 
eggs  is  in  a  great  degree  prevented. 

The  Cabbage  Aphis. 

On  August  20,  we  noticed  that  three  plants  of  cabbage  set  out  in 
the  spring  for  seed  were  badly  infested  with  aphides.  To  one  plant 
we  applied  pure  pyrethrum  powder,  by  means  of  the  bellows  ;  to  the 
second  we  applied  soluble  phenyle  diluted  with  water,  using  a  tea¬ 
spoonful  to  a  gallon ;  to  the  third  we  applied  the  kerosene  emulsion 
diluted  with  sixty-four  parts  of  water. 

From  the  plant  dusted  with  pyrethrum  powder,  the  aphides  com¬ 
menced  to  fall  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  continued  to  drop  for 
three  hours.  Many  of  those  that  dropped,  however,  were  not  im¬ 
mediately  killed. 

The  soluable  phenyle  solution  mostly  run  off  from  the  foliage  at 
once,  and  the  aphides  wet  with  it  were  not  killed. 

The  kerosene  emulsion  adhered  to  the  foliage  much  better  than 
the  phenyle  solution,  while  every  aphis  wet  with  it  seemed  to  be 
instantly  killed.  Of  the  three  insecticides,  the  kerosene  emulsion 
was  evidently  most  efficient. 

The  following  day  many  aphides  on  .the  plant  treated  with  pyre- 
thrum  powder  seemed  to  have  entirely  recovered  from  its  effects. 
The  insects  on  the  one  treated  with  phenyle  solution  seemed  as 
numerous  as  ever.  But  on  the  plant  treated  with  the  kerosene  emul¬ 
sion,  live  aphides  could  only  be  found  in  places  not  touched  by  the 
emulsion. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  41 


322 


[Assembly 


Little's  Soluble  Phenyle. 

The  soluble  phenyle  alluded  to  is  a  liquid  possessing  a  very 
powerful  odor  closely  resembling  that  of  coal  tar,  and  is  instantly 
soluble  in  water  to  which  it  gives  a  milk-white  color. 

We  tested  it  in  many  ways  upon  the  various  insects  that  trouble 
garden  plants,  but  failed  to  find  an  instance  where  we  can  recom¬ 
mend  its  use.  Unless  very  largely  diluted,  it  is  fatal  to  foliage,  and  in 
our  trials  it  seemed  more  injurious  to  vegetable  than  to  insect  life. 
It  is  possible,  however,  that  we  have  not  yet  discovered  the  best  way 
of  using  it. 


Hammond's  Slug  Shot. 

A  package  of  this  insecticide  was  sent  us  for  trial.  We  found  its 
claims  fairly  well  substantiated  as  a  destroyer  of  insects.  The  in¬ 
dications  are,  however,  that  it  is  no  more  nor  less  than  London 
Purple  mixed  with  a  very  large  proportion  of  gas  or  slacked  lime. 
If  this  is  so,  the  claims  that  it  is  not  injurious  to  the  human  family 
nor  to  stock  are  entirely  unwarrantable,  and  the  price  at  which  it  is 
sold,  though  apparently  very  low,  is  many  times  the  value  of  the 
ingredients. 

Buhach  as  an  insecticide  for  the  Potato  Beetle. 

It  has  been  claimed  that  Buhach  powder  will  kill  the  potato  beetle 
when  applied  to  it  in  the  open  air.  With  the  view  of  verifying  this 
statement,  we  thoroughly  dusted  several  beetles  while  on  the  plants 
with  the  pure  powder  on  July  25,  and  after  they  had  fallen  to  the 
ground,  placed  them  into  a  bottle,  over  the  top  of  which  we  tied  a 
bit  of  mosquito  netting.  The  beetles  soon  recovered  their  activity 
and  exhibited  no  inconvenience  as  the  result  of  the  application.  A 
bit  of  potato  foliage  was  placed  in  the  bottle,  in  order  that  the  starva¬ 
tion  of  the  beetles  might  not  convey  a  wrong  impression  as  to  the 
effects  of  the  poison.  Later  observation  however  showed  that  this 
precaution  was  entirely  unnecessary,  for  on  August  29,  thirty -five 
days  afterward,  some  of  the  beetles  were  still  alive.  These  applied 
themselves  with  their  accustomed  vigor  to  potato  leaves  inserted  into 
the  bottle,  though  they  had  fasted  during  a  full  month. 

Raspberry. 

Test  of  Varieties. 

In  the  year  1882,  two  plants  each,  of  thirty-two  varieties  of  rasp¬ 
berry  were  planted  out  in  the  Station  garden.  The  plants  were  set 
out  in  rows,  six  feet  apart,  and  three  feet  apart  in  the  row.  No 
winter  protection  has  been  given.  The  soil  has  been  cultivated 
sufficiently  to  keep  down  weeds,  and  the  canes  were  tied  to  stakes  as 
they  became  sufficiently  tall  to  require  support. 

All  of  these  plants  have  survived  thus  far,  except  five,  viz.,  two 
Brinkles  Orange,  which  were  winter-killed  the  first  winter  after  set- 


No.  33.] 


323 


J 


ting,  two  American  Blackcap  and  one  Prosser.  The  remainder  of 
the  . plants  bore  their  first  full  crop  the  past  season.  We  have 
kept  a  careful  record  of  the  date  at  which  each  variety  com¬ 
menced  to  ripen  its  fruit,  the  number  of  days  that  each  continued  in 
bearing,  and  the  total  yield  of  each  ;  taking  notes  also  as  to  the  com¬ 
parative  size  and  quality  of  the  fruit  in  the  different  varieties.  We 
present  an  abstract  of  our  results  in  tabular  form,  as  follows: 

(The  total  yield  is  given  in  ounces  and  decimals  of  an  ounce ;  and 
the  comparative  size  of  the  berries  of  the  different  varieties  is  shown 
by  the  weight  of  twenty-five  samples,  given  in  grains :) 


1. 

Brandywine . . 

• 

• 

£-h 

First  ripe  fruits. 

5 

a 

-rH 

,® 

•  rH 

. 

an 

0) 

r-,  2 

<3  a 
a 

£ § 
7.295 

Number  of  days 
co  in  bearing. 

> 

°  2 
«  3 

4H 

O  tic 

a 

©  ® 

178 

2. 

Caroline . 

u 

8 

44 . 374 

30 

524 

3. 

Clarke . 

u 

0 

65.386 

30 

650 

4. 

Cuthbert . 

u 

•  8 

22.868 

30 

601 

5. 

Davison’s  Thornless . 

u 

1 

14.233 

22 

300 

6. 

Delaware . 

u 

5 

44.529 

33 

447 

7. 

Early  Prolific . 

u 

3 

80.326 

35 

655 

8. 

Fastolff . 

u 

5 

19 . 845 

26 

540 

9.  Fontenay . 

(C 

5 

31.527 

33 

833 

10. 

Franconia . 

(( 

a 

12 

15.185 

26 

640 

11. 

Gregg . .  i. . 

u 

14 

17.009 

21 

439 

12. 

Herstein . 

(( 

5 

17.239 

‘  26 

620 

13. 

Henrietta . 

a 

- 

5 

19.654 

26 

617 

14. 

Highland  Hardy . 

a 

2 

12.427 

28 

408 

15. 

Knevett . 

u 

5 

19.820 

33 

798 

16.  Mammoth  Cluster . 

u 

10 

26.392 

25 

331 

17. 

Mrs.  Wood . 

u 

3 

36.035 

35 

733 

18. 

Haomi . 

it 

3 

1.323 

28 

234 

19. 

Parnell . 

u 

5 

26.607 

30 

540 

20. 

Philadelphia . 

a 

8 

6.420 

23 

227 

21. 

*  Prosser . 

a 

5 

15.083 

26 

308 

22. 

Palluau- . . . . 

a 

5 

6.952 

26 

308 

23. 

Bed  Antwerp . 

a 

3 

18.556 

35 

555 

24. 

Reliance . 

u 

5 

17.242 

26 

432 

25. 

Seneca . . 

(( 

10 

29.030 

25 

347 

26. 

Thwack . 

a 

3 

29 . 085 

36 

710 

27. 

Turner . 

a 

3 

19.171 

28 

432 

28. 

Vice-Pres.  French . 

a 

5 

35 . 865 

30 

586 

29. 

Victoria . 

u 

5 

37.090 

33 

463 

30. 

Yellow  Antwerp . 

u 

10 

20.529 

28 

470 

*  The  yield  of  this  variety  is  calculated  from  one  plant. 


324: 


[Assembly 

We  made  the  following  notes  in  relation  to  quality,  etc.  : 

2.  Delicate  and  pleasant,  but  not  rich,  moderately  firm. 

3.  Rather  sweet  and  delicate,  but  not  rich,  moderately  firm. 

4.  Yery  sweet  and  rich,  firm. 

5.  Sweet  and  rich,  rather  firm. 

6.  Rather  soft ;  very  sweet  and  delicate,  resembling  that  of  the 
wild  red  raspbeary. 

7.  Flavor  a  well  marked,  rather  harsh  acid;  moderately  firm. 

8.  Moderately  rich,  sweet,  not  very  firm. 

9.  Extremely  rich  and  sweet ;  moderately  firm. 

10.  Rich  and  sprightly  ;  moderately  firm. 

11.  Flavor  rather  inferior,  firm. 

12.  Sweet  and  delicate  ;  moderately  firm. 

13.  Insipid,  with  little  raspberry  flavor  ;  moderately  firm. 

14.  Yery  sweet  and  delicate;  rather  soft. 

15.  Moderately  rich  and  sweet  ;  moderately  firm. 

16.  Insipid ;  firm. 

17.  Yery  rich,  sweet  and  delicate  ;  rather  soft. 

18.  Yery  sweet,  but  lacking  raspberry  flavor  ;  rather  soft. 

19.  Lacks  sweetness,  richness  and  raspberry  flavor ;  moderately  firm. 

20.  Rather  insipid  ;  moderately  firm. 

21.  Yery  sweet  and  delicate;  moderately  firm. 

22.  Sweet,  but  leaves  an  acid  taste  in  the  mouth ;  moderately  firm. 

23.  Moderately  rich  and  sweet ;  rather  soft. 

24.  Flavor  insipid  ;  moderately  firm. 

25.  Rather  insipid  ;  firm. 

26.  Sweet  and  rich ;  quite  firm. 

27.  Yery  sweet  and  delicate;  moderately  firm. 

28.  Extremely  rich  and  sweet ;  moderately  firm. 

29.  Extremely  rich  and  sweet ;  moderately  firm. 

30.  Delicate,  but  not  high-flavored  ;  very  soft, 

It  will  be  observed  that  our  list  is  not  confined  to  the  newer 
varieties,  but  includes  many  of  the  older  sorts  as  well. 

The  old  Early  Prolific  proved  by  far  the  most  productive.  This 
variety,  now  little  grown,  possesses  the  valuable  qualities  of  great 
prolificacy  and  hardiness,  with  entire  freedom  from  thorns  ;  and 
though  the  harsh  acid  flavor  of  its  fruit  makes  the  latter  undesirable, 
it  would  seem  that  its  good  qualities  might  render  it  valuable  as  a 
parent  for  new  varieties. 

The  Clarke  proved  second  in  productiveness,  the  Delaware  third 
and  the  Caroline  fourth  ;  the  Philadelphia,  Brandywine  and  Naomi, 
were  least  productive.  Davison’s  Thornless  was  earliest  to  ripen, 
while  Gregg  was  latest.  Early  Prolific,  Mrs.  Wood  and  Red  Ant¬ 
werp  continued  the  longest  in  bearing,  while  Gregg  yielded  its  crop 
in  the  shortest  time. 

It  appears  that  the  berries  of  Knevett  (Knevett’s  Giant)  were 
largest,  those  of  Mrs.  Wood  were  second  in  size,  while  those  of 
Naomi  and  Davison’s  Thornless  were  smallest.  In  flavor,  the  Dela¬ 
ware  seemed  to  surpass  all  others  in  the  characteristic  aroma  of  the 
wild  red  raspberry,  and  Fontenay,  Yice-President  French  and  Yic- 
toria  were  superior  in  richness  and  sweetness. 


No.  33.] 


325 


Strawberries. 

An  Experiment  in  Irrigation. 

We  made  an  experiment  In  irrigating  the  strawberry,  using  for 
the  purpose  a  small  plat  set  out  in  the  spring  of  1882.  The  varieties 
were  Wilson,  Tnomphe  de  Gand,  and  Harvey  Davis,  of  which  the 
plat  contained  three  rows,  thirty  six  feet  long,  of  each.  A  stream  of 
water  was  conducted  from  a  hydrant  through  a  five-eighths  inch  gas- 
pipe,  and  so  applied  that  it  flowed  along  one  row  of  each  of  the  three 
varieties.  It  is  evident  that  the  row  to  which  the  stream  was  applied 
received  the  greater  part  of  the  water,  the  second  row  received  less, 
and  the  third  row  received  less  than  the  second. 

The  water  was  turned  on  May  20,  and  was  permitted  to  flow,  with 
a  few  interruptions,  night  and  day  until  the  berries  had  all  ripened. 
The  weather  was  very  dry  daring  June,  hence  the  influence  of  the 
irrigation  was  doubtless  greater  than  it  would  have  been  had  there 
been  abundance  of  rain  during  this  month. 

The  lay  of  the  plat  was  such  that  the  plants  of  Triomphe  de  Gand 
received  the  largest  share  of  the  water,  and  those  of  Hervey  Davis 
the  smallest;  the  Wilson  receiving  a  portion  intermediate  between 
the  other  two.  The  Hervey  Davis  received  only  the  water  that 
had  first  passed  over  the  other  two. 

The  yield  of  berries  on  the  different  rows  was  carefully  noted  at 
each  picking.  We  will  speak  of  the  rows  of  each  variety  as  Nos. 
1,2,  and  3,  No.  1  being  the  irrigated  one.  In  the  Hervey  Davis 
variety,  the  plants  had  been  permitted  to  form  matted  rows,  hence 
we  are  compelled  to  give  the  yield  of  the  entire  row.  In  the  other 
varieties  in  which  the  plants  were  in  hills,  we  give  the  yield  per 
plant.  The  weights  in  the  Harvey  Davis  are  given  in  pounds  and 
ounces,  and  in  the  other  varieties  in  grains. 

First  row.  Second  row.  Third  row. 


No  of 

Wt  of 

No.  of 

Wt.  of 

No.  of 

Wt.  of 

berries. 

same. 

berries 

same. 

berries. 

same. 

grains. 

grains. 

grains. 

Triomphe  de  Gand  (per  plant). . . 

.  20 

1027 

18 

930 

26 

1099 

Wilson  (per  plant) . 

.  49 

1733 

30 

945 

42 

1344 

lbs.  oz. 

lbs.  oz. 

lbs.  oz. 

Hervey  Davis  (entire  row) . 

917 

7  8,9 

616 

4  8 

408 

2  8.5 

We  thus  see  that  in  the  Triomphe  de  Gand,  which  received  the 
most  water,  the  yield  of  the  third  row  exceeded  that  of  the  first ;  in 
the  Wilson,  the  first  row  yielded  slightly  more  than  the  third  ;  and 
in  the  Hervey  Davis  the  first  row  yielded  more  than  double  that  of 
the  third. 

The  result  of  our  experiment  indicates  just  what  we  should  expect ; 
that  an  execss  of  water  is  not  beneficial,  but  rather  injurious,  but 
that  a  moderate  amount  of  water  constantly  maintained,  greatly  in¬ 
creases  the  yield 

In  order  to  note  the  effects  of  irrigation  upon  the  quality  of  the 
fruit,  we  determined  the  moisture  in  one  sample  taken  from  plants 
that  were  constantly  surrounded  by  water,  and  in  a  second  taken 
from  the  row  that  received  the  least  water.  The  result  was  as  fol- 


326 


[Assembly 


lows :  The  average  of  two  samples  from  the  irrigated  row  showed 
10.9  per  cent,  of  solid  matter;  while  the  same  from  the  row  not 
irrigated  showed  12.798  per  cent  of  solid  matter.  The  difference 
shows  therefore  very  nearly  two  per  cent  of  solid  matter  in  favor  of 
the  rows  not  irrigated. 

Tobacco. 

An  Experiment  with  Fertilizers. 

We  desired  to  test  the  influence  of  certain  fertilizers  upon  the 
growth  of  the  tobacco  plant,  and  upon  the  burning  quality  of  the 
leaf.  For  this  purpose  we  selected  a  piece  of  ground  that  had  been 
in  sod,  and  had  received  no  fertilizer  of  any  kind  since  the  establish¬ 
ment  of  the  Station. 

We  desired  to  compare  especially  the  influence  of  chloride, 
(muriate)  and  the  sulphate  of  potash  upon  the  burning  quality  of  the 
leaf ;  the  effects  of  stable  manure  and  superphosphate  upon  the 
growth  of  the  plant ;  the  effects  of  stable  manure  applied  upon  the 
surface,  and  plowed  under,  upon  the  growth  of  the  plant,  and  to  com¬ 
pare  the  effects  of  all  these,  with  plants  grown  on  unfertilized  soil. 

The  tests  were  made  on  six  plats,  each  one-twentieth  of  an  acre 
in  extent,  designated  as  F.  10,  to  F.  15,  inclusive.  The  soil  of  all 
was  plowed  before  any  fertilizers  were  applied. 

Plat  F.  10  was  divided  into  two  equal  parts.  On  one,  the  south 
half,  thirty  five  cubic  feet  of  well  rotted  stable  manure  was  applied 
evenly  on  the  surface.  On  the  north  half  of  the  same  plat,  the  same 
amount  of  stable  manure  was  applied,  but  buried  to  the  depth  of 
eight  inches  beneath  the  surface,  which  placed  it  below  the  sod. 
This  application  is  at  the  rate  of  eleven  cords  per  acre. 

Plat  F.  11  received  no  fertilizer. 

Plat  F.  12  received  seventy  cubic  feet  (at  the  rate  of  eleven  cords 
per  acre)  of  well  rotted  stable  manure  spread  evenly  upon  the 
surface. 

Plat  F.  13  received  fifty  pounds  superphosphate,  or  at  the  rate 
of  1,000  pounds  an  acre. 

Plat  F.  14  received  forty  eight  pounds  chloride  (muriate)  of 
potash,  or  at  the  rate  of  960  pounds  per  acre. 

Plat  F.  15  received  fifty  six  pounds  sulphate  ot  potash,  or  at  the 
rate  of  1120  pounds  per  acre. 

The  stable  manure  was  applied  before  the  plants  were  set.  The 
other  fertilizers  were  applied  June  13  and  July  10,  one-half  of  the 
amount  on  each  day. 

The  plants  which  were  of  the  Belknap  variety,  were  set  out  on 
June  7,  and  those  that  failed  to  survive  were  reset  later.  They  were 
topped  as  soon  as  the  flow  buds  appeared,  and  were  cut  Sept.  12. 

The  two  halves  of  F.  10  are  comparable  with  each  other,  F.  12 
and  F.  13  are  comparable,  also  F.  14:  and  15  ;  and  all  are  comparable 
with  F.  11  which  received  no  fertilizer. 

We  give  the  weights  of  green  tobacco,  and  of  cured  leaf  per  hun¬ 
dred  plants,  also  the  percentage  of  cured  leaf,  as  follows .  As  the 


No.  33.] 


327 


number  of  plants  in  every  case  exceeded  one  hundred,  the  differences 
are  diminished  rather  than  increased  by  presenting  the  figures  in 
this  way. 

Wt.  of  Wt.  of  Per  cent 
PLAT  green  cured  of  cured 

plants.  leaf.  leaf 

F.  10.  North  half .  200 .4  33.4  11.5 

F.  10.  South  half .  249.08  27.19  10.92 


F.  11.  (No  fertilizer) .  217.33 

F.  12.  (Stable  manure) .  270.41 

F.  13.  (Superphosphate) .  267.09 

F.  14.  (Muriate  potash) .  277.05 

F.  15.  (Sulphate  potash) . . .  245 . 1 


26.096  12.00 


29.4 

30.69 

30.06 

28.33 


10.87 

11.49 

10.85 

11.56 


From  F.  10  it  appears  that  where  the  stable  manure  was  buried 
eight  inches  below  the  surface,  the  yield  was  perceptibly  larger  than 
where  spread  upon  the  surface ;  the  difference  being  at  the  rate  of 
about  248  pounds  of  cured  leaf  per  acre. 

The  differences  between  F.  12  and  F.  13  and  between  F.  14  and 


F,  15  are  so  slight  as  to  be  inconsiderable. 

Where  no  fertilizer  was  applied  the  yield  was  smallest  of  all,  while 
the  per  cent  of  cured  leaf  was  highest. 

The  conclusions  suggested,  if  any,  are  that  the  amounts  of  super¬ 
phosphate  and  chloride  of  potash  used  produced  an  effect  upon  the 
yield  equal  to  the  given  amount  of  stable  manure  applied  on  the 
surface. 


Burning  Quality. 

We  submitted  samples  of  the  tobacco  grown  under  the  various 
conditions  to  Mr.  John  Brand,  of  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  a  tobacco  packer 
of  long  experience.  He  pronounced  the  samples  grown  upon  soil 
fertilized  with  stable  manure  to  burn  decidedly  freer  than  those  from 
the  soils  differently  treated.  All,  however,  burned  with  a  white  ash. 
Mr.  Brand  is  of  the  opinion  that  in  a  soil  containing  abundance  of 
lime,  tobacco  always  burns  with  a  white  ash ;  and  that  in  such  soils 
the  use  of  commercial  fertilizers  will  not  affect  the  color  of  the  ash. 


Varieties . 

We  have  continued  the  growing  of  the  different  varieties  of 
tobacco  grown  upon  the  station  in  1882,  with  the  view  of  noting  the 
effect  of  continuous  growing  on  our  soil,  upon  the  quality  of  the 
leaf.  With  a  single  exception,  we  have  noticed  little  change  in  the 
character  of  the  leaf.  A  variety,  of  which  the  seed  was  obtained 
from  Messrs.  Thorburn  &  Co.  in  1882,  under  the  name  Hungarian, 
produced  that  season  a  remarkably  thick  leaf,  absolutely  worthless 
for  cigar  purposes.  In  1883  the  leaf  was  thinner,  and  in  1884  it 
was  so  fine  in  texture  that  it  was  pronounced  equal  in  quality  to-tlmt 
of  any  variety  tested.  This  change  in  character  is  doubtless  due  to 


328 


[Assembly,  No.  33. j 


acclimation,  as  we  were  careful  to  inclose  the  flower  heads  intended 
for  seed  in  mosquito  netting  to  prevent  cross- fertilization. 

The  Influence  of  Early  and  Late  Settings  upon  the  Number  of 

Leaves  formed. 

In  order  to  note  the  influence  of  early  and  late  setting  upon  the 
number  of  leaves  formed,  we  set  out  one  short  row  of  plants  of  the 
Brand  variety  on  June  6,  a  second  June  13,  a  third  June  25,  and  a 
fourth  July  5.  The  result  shows  that  the  number  of  leaves  was 
greatest  on  the  later  plants.  Thus  seven  plants  set  June  6  averaged 
eleven  and  one-seventh  leaves  per  plant,  six  plants  set  June  13  aver¬ 
aged  twelve  leaves  per  plant,  eight  plants  set  June  25  averaged  four¬ 
teen  and  five-eighths  leaves  per  plant,  and  eight  plants  set  July  5 
averaged  fifteen  and  three-eighths  per  plant.  Notwithstanding  the 
larger  number  of  leaves  in  the  later  set  plants,  the  growth  was  de¬ 
cidedly  larger  in  those  set  early. 


The  Influence  of  the  Seed  Coat  Upon  Germination. 


We  have  frequently  noted,  both  in  our  own  experiments  and  in 
those  of  others,  that  peas  injured  by  the  pea- weevil  usually  germin¬ 
ate,  if  at  all,  somewhat  sooner  than  uninjured  seeds.  This  fact 
suggested  the  question  whether  this  result  may  not  be  due  to  the 
mutilation  of  the  seed-coat,  which  thus  permits  the  more  ready 
access  of  moisture  to  the  interior  of  the  seed.  With  the  view  of 
answering  this  question,  at  least  in  part,  we  set  to  germinate  on 
January  2,  1884,  forty  Black  Wax  beans,  having  the  seed-coat 
slightly  mutilated  on  the  side  opposite  the  hiluin  ;  forty  of  the  same 
having  the  seed-coat  mutilated  in  the  same  way,  but  afterward 
greased  with  tallow,  to  retard  the  absorption  of  moisture  ;  forty  with 
the  seed-coat  un mutilated,  and  finally,  forty  with  the  seed-coat  un¬ 
mutilated,  but  greased  all  over  with  tallow. 

The  results  were  as  follows : 


Set  to  germinate  January  2 

First  row  seed-coat  mutilated . 

Second  row  seed-coat  mutilated,  but 

greased . . 

Third  row  seed-coat  not  mutilated  . . 
Fourth  row  seed-coat  not  mutilated, 
but  greased . 


Had  germ¬ 
inated 

Had  germ¬ 
inated 

Had  germ¬ 
inated 

January  7. 

January  9. 

January  10. 

23 

30 

37 

10 

25 

35 

18 

28 

40 

•  • 

4 

29 

In  this  experiment  it  appears  that  mutilating  the  seed-coat 
hastened  the  germination,  and  that  greasing  the  seed-coat  retarded 
germination,  especially  when  the  seed-coat  was  left  entire.  This 
suggests  that  in  seeds  of  which  the  outer  coat  is  of  a  nature  that 
tends  to  retard  the  absorption  of  water,  the  time  required  for  ger¬ 
mination  may  be  somewhat  shortened  by  removing  a  portion  of  the 
seed-coat  before  planting. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHEMIST. 


The  analytical  work  connected  with  the  feeding  experiments  in 
January,  February  and  March,  to  determine  the  digestibility  of  cer¬ 
tain  fodders,  and  the  experiments  with  brewers  grains  in  September, 
October  and  November  have  occupied  a  large  portion  of  the  year. 
The  analyses  made  in  connection  with  this  work  comprise  twenty- 
two  food  analyses  of  the  ration  fed,  thirty-four  analyses  of  the  dung, 
and  two  hundred  and  twenty  analyses  of  the  milk.  Butter  tests 
were  also  made  of  the  milk  during  the  experiment  with  brewers 
grains. 

A  synopsis  of  the  other  work  done  is  given  below : 

1.  Food  analyses  of  forage,  fruit,  seeds,  etc. 

2.  Water  analyses.  Mostly  examinations  of  the  drainage-water 
from  each  of  the  three  lysimeters,  and  seven  analyses  of  well  waters 
for  private  parties. 

3.  Six  determinations  of  sugar  in  the  juice  of  sorghum. 

4.  Twelve  analyses  of  superphosphate  and  other  commercial 
fertilizers. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.  J  42 


Food  Analyses. 

The  food  analyses  made  during  the  year ,  together  with  a  few  similar  analyses  from  our  last  annual  report,  are 

given  below . 


330 


[Assembly 


CO 

a 

£ 

w 

Pi 


'B  w 
•r  'O 
£  a> 
0) 
> 


T3 

V 

X 


P-n 
£  d 

_  s 

o  ^ 


CO 

CO 

CO 


a 

o 

O 


<u 

> 

o 


X 

u 

3 


1/5 

d 


c 

a) 

> 


d 

w 

O 


»  S..2. 
'=  S 

75  rt 

O 


o 

75 

75 


d 


X 

•*— • 

o 

£ 


d 

75  C3 

c3  M 

V— »  v*-< 

fcC  O 


O' 

co 
co  - 


O  n  rt.Q 
I-  ^  Q 


x' 1-1  a 
~  <u  o 
2 

g  oO 


r  o 

a* 
o 

i- 

O 


<D 

> 

O 

X 

d 

<u 

X 

w 

c/) 

c3 


03  co 

co  -co 

CO  03  CO 

H  00  H 

M  '  _  CO  _ 

4-4  O'  M  X 

O  M  -  03 

N 

O.  '  X  .  4-J 

P  0.-0. 

p-  o  y  oj 

02  O  CC 


CO 

CO 

OO 


V 


O'  CO  O'  O' 
CO  CO  CO  CO 
CO  QO  CO  CO 


o  o  o  o 

K-  a  o.  a  a. 
2P  o  o  o  o 

C  i_  •—  i_  i-i 

Huouc 


o 

In  H  t<5 

i-i  O  ^  •d-  O' 

mx 

hi  r>* 

UsSojJIU  jB20X 

o 

M 

O'  03  O' 

03  M 

X  o  O  O  m 

03  03  03  03  M 

fN.X 

CO 

a  o 

HH  M 

coin  o 

oico  co 'd*  O" 

X  03 

O' CO 

in 

rtCO  X 

in  x  cf  h  O' 

X  X 

I^  O' 

•JDBJ2X9  J9qJ3 

oi 

03  CO  C<S 

oi  in  co  in  03 

03  M 

03  03 

w 

03 

O'  co  io 

NinininH 

03  03 

O'  O' 

u 

•JDBJJX9 

CO 

O'  O' 

co  o  co  m 

O  03 

CO  CO 

H 

73 

99J}-U9S0J}l{s[ 

x 

O' 

CO  W  03 
^  ■d- 

r^co 

co  co  O'  O"  m 

M  CO 

o-x 

IN.  6 
CO  O' 

tt 

o 

O'  03  03 

03  03  X  w  o 

COX 

CO  03 

CO  O  03 

#  O  O  O-co 

O'  03 

in  o 

02 

•J9qg  9pnjQ 

CO 

X  co  ■d" 

O'  03  O'  r^x 

O'  cox  O 

t* 

Ph 

CO 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  03  03  03 

w  03 

O'  O' 

Q 

in 

X  M  X 

m  o  m  in  O' 

O'  COX  03 

n 

O  CO  O 

co  m  N  r>  O' 

O'  I-I 

in  O" 

•spiouiumqjy 

x 

vd  coci 

M  Hi 

vd  c4  ci 

HI  M  M  M 

CO  O'  In*  O 
03  M 

X 

to  N  tN 

H  in  H  IT  H 

in  r^co 

•qsy 

X 

CO  CO  M 

X  O'  N  to  IN 

O' 

i-i  O' 

in 

in  rC  rC 

CO  O  IN'  On  CO 

CO'  03 

in  in 

H-f 

h~i 

*— i 

O  i-i  O' 

O'  m  min  N 

I^  O 

O'CO 

•J0T2IJX9  J9qJ3 

N 

O  CO  o 

X  co  O  in  co 

co  o-  co  co 

03 

03  CO  CO 

M  M  M 

03 

X  'O' co 

m  co  O'  O'  h 

co  co 

o*x 

•JDBJJX9 

cn 

COCO  CO 

O'  03  CO  03  O 

x  o 

co  in 

w 

CJ 

99JJ-U9S0JJI^ 

O 

m  mx 

O’  co  co 

o  o 't  ^-vd 

H  H  H 

in 

ho 

in  in 

z 

co 

CO  03  CO 

co  O  m  x  co 

O  l-H 

X  m 

< 

cn 

03  03.  CO 

X  X  O'  03  O' 

o  CO 

in  O' 

H 

co 

PQ 

•jgqq  gpruQ 

cn 

co 

M  00  O' 

CO  03  03 

00  IN.O0  CO  IN. 

03  mx  m 

O) 

02 

■Se*9  x  -jq 

CO 

O  X 

O'  O"oo  O 

in  cox  03 

CO 

h  co  cn 

O  O'  O'CO  03 

03  o 

O  O' 

K 

CO 

W 

P4 

‘spiouiiunqiv 

in 

in  h  o 

M  M 

O'  03  CO  CO  03 

CO  M 

M  W 

co 

d- OX 

in  O  X  03  co 

X  O'  to  m 

•qsy 

co 

O'  CO  H 

i-i  X  co  03  in 

in  X 

O' CO 

•d- 

4o  x 

03  03  03  03  03 

03 

•I91EM. 


CO 

03 

co  co 

h-i  in 

in  in  h 

’-f 

O'  03  CO 

CO 

03 

in  w 

O  03 

COCO  O' 

W 

O  O'  co 

CO 

in 

in  x" 

O'  O'  O 

X 

in  in  X 

M 

w 

M  M 

r^x  X  JN. 

CO 

On  CO  CO 

• 

• 

t 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  • 

•  • 

•  •  • 

• 

• 

• 

•  •  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  • 

>2  x 

^  * 

H3  o 

T3 

Pi 

<U 

* 


c 

o 

£ 

o 


V 

> 

o 

V 


03  CO  O' 


75 

el 

w 

Q 

Q 

O 

X 


O 

^  a 


75  • 

75  —I 

d 

i-,  T3 

T!.52 

x 

d  - 


Z 

w  "rt  x 

a  "  u 

d  i-  o 

0  <  o  02 

*  5k  * 


* 


£  g 

o  d 

o  u 

>s  3- 
— ■  aj 

X  .o 

.2  g 
* 


mx  r^co  O'  O  H  n  P5 


No.  33.] 


33  L 


> 

cG 


0) 

be 

CCS 

<y 

> 

ct 

M 

CO 

CO 

w 

CO 


V  .. 


>  X 

•  T-+  • 

w  '* 

a 

Cl, 


bo 

3 

< 


eo 
co  - 

.  CO  *  CO 

CO  M  M 

^  vd  - 

•^1  m  h  o3  io  n  O'  n  O'  O 

22*  MM  M  - 

g  ij  a 


-t 

00  -  -  ~  - 


o  o 

M  M  M  M 


<  C/2 


> 

o 

£ 


t-> 

(U 

a 

O 

co 

V) 

rt 


X2 


c 

T3 

0) 

a 

3 

co 

he  ct 
C  u 

a « 

H  £  w 

..  CS 

O'vdJH  £ 
M  .  cl 

cL  £  P 

^  m  rt  o) 

C/2  C/2 


M 

co 

co 


CO  .  CO 

co  -  -f  co 

CO  '  CO  - 

M  ^  M  cT 

-  C'  M 

VO  CM 


1-1  rC 

*  g 

<u  <2 

C/2  2 

£ 

o 


.  c 

p 
8(2  = 


10  u 

^  to 

£Q 

ps  u* 
<u 

„  CU 
in 

Uh 

:  to 
£> 
*-> 
3 

»  3 
C/2 


0 

u 

<u 

£ 

Pi 

in 

£ 

o 


Tt 

CO 

co 


M  O 

.fc 


CO 


CO 

co  -  w 

•+ 

00  -  - 

N*  V# 

.  M 

■rf 

CO  - 

oo 

CO  cl 

CO 

CO  o  . 

■« 

M 

M  V—  ^  ~ 

-  «-> 

M  e 

M 

Feb. 

d* 

Q  in 

VO 


M  CO  VO  M  to  10  o  inMOO  M 

CO  vO  lOVOTtCOCOCONO  M  Tf 


'tto  tv 
COCO  O' 


O  O'  in  m 

m  '  in  m  in 


VO  M 

M  in 


NCO  MOO  O  N 

m  vo  vo  O  co  O 


O 

U 


Crf 

pi 

'to 

3 

a 

£ 

* 

d- 


o  - 
u 

£ 

3 


2  C 


o 

Cl 


*  #  *  *  *  * 


o:  # 
v 

J* 
in  3 
3  -  rt 

®  *  £ 
* 


<u 

'O  T3 

5  rt 

w 

pi  .  a>  C  , 

.a  -  c  W 

to 


c 

c 

<u 


<u  M 

M  O 

bo  cj 

M 

£  s 

<0  3 

3rf 
to  rt 
—  X 
£  “ 


o 

GO 


* 

c  6 

gC/2 

Pi  - 
>v  £ 

T,  o 

pi  u 

Wo 

C/2 

* 


<u 

bo 

j£ 

•  M  J 

co 

G 

w 

*  * 


a> 

bo 

pi 

>  < 

to 

c 

<u 

1-1 

<u 

> 

o 

O 


vovO  inco  O'  O  m  m  co  -t  too  in  co  O' 
mmmmmMMMMMMMM  MM 


o  M  M  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 


erf 
w 
Q 
O  c 

O  M 
[i,  o 
^  y 

erf  5 

Q2 

T3 

O 

Uh 


CO 


a> 

T3 

T3 

o 

L-, 

c 

Pi 

<u 

CQ 

pj 
• » — . 
o 
C/2 

vo 

CO 


w 

WMWMMMWWMWMW 

M 

I. 

I. 

I. 

M 

M 

2. 

I. 

1. 

2. 

1. 

2. 

r'CO  VO  o  ^  VOOO  H  tOtOtON 

M  CO  O 

COO  VO  IN 

CO 

xn 

vO  In  Tf  TfvO  O' 

M 

O'  cj\  O'  o-co  o  m  r^-o 

r-Nvo 

vo  of-  O-  O 

O' 

IN 

M  O'  O'O  O  O 

M 

mmMMNO-NNCONMM 

cd  cd  M 

4o  P  vd 

M 

M 

t4  vo  vO  O'  vo 

cn 

co  to  tt  r>vO  to  tOvO  inrs 

O  co  vo 

co  co  tJ*  co 

O' 

Tf  vn  co  -I"  M  vo 

M 

O'  vo  m  O  0"0  vo  m  m  r^.  O  O' 

vo  '=}■  vo 

in  coco  O 

rr 

xn 

vC  CO  CO  CO  M  O' 

xn 

rj-cd  ^  VO  rj-  M  M  M  O'O  O'  M 

vd  M  cd 

P  O'O  d" 

p 

CO 

IN  O  M  VO  VO  IN. 

vo 

vo  vovO  vC  vO  vo  vo o  vo  O’  O"  vo 

i/)  id  in 

"Cf  tt  CO 

Tf 

IN  CO  CO  IN  IN  IN 

r>vO  m  vo  co  m  vo  co  co  co  rf 

M  O'  VO 

O  m  co  O 

xn 

CO  VO  M  O'  M  IN 

M  M  CO  M  MvO  co  to  ct  VO  -f 

O'  O'  *3- 

M  O  -tco 

XT) 

CO 

I  n  vO  In  vo  In  m 

p 

rC.  t}-  O'  O'  O  O'  m  coo  vo  vo  m 

vd  m  m 

cd  cd  m  o 

xn 

CO 

M  M  m  M  M  M 

M 

M  M  M  M  M  M  CO  M  M  CO  CO  CO 

M  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  Tf 

CO 

c* 

o 

MmmOcO^-COvO'O-mO1-' 

co  O  O 

O  O-  m  to 

M 

O' 

VO  In  O  O  vo  M 

CO 

CO  to  N  VO  O'  cj-  H  CO  O'  CO  voco 

co  vo  o 

VO  O'  CO  IN 

CO 

VO 

M  CO  VO  O  M  vQ 

o 

m  o  O'  d'ed  cd  co  cd  o  r^»co 

cd  vdo 

P  4  In  6 

P 

o 

CO  O'  O'  CO  M  M 

M 

MM  M 

M 

M 

M  M  M  M 

o 

O  co  oocommvomm  O'M 

O  O  co 

O'  vo  M  VO 

co 

M 

INVO  M  CO  VO  IN 

r>. 

rj-  COCO  vo  O' CO  M  VO  VO  M  M 

In  M  *+ 

O'  O'  O'  CO 

M 

vO 

O  O  VO  O'  CO  VO 

-t  co  co  d  ^to  co  co  *ct-  vo  vo 

d-  vd  VO 

O  vo  vo  O' 

vd 

o 

M 

M  M  M  M  M  M 

<N 

M  o  vo  vo  O'  m  M  COM  CO  ^  M 

O  O  O' 

In  Tf  vo  • 

o 

xn 

CO  ^  M  CO  Tj-  M 

CO 

CO  CO  vo  vC  CO  CO  vo  vo  o  O"  CO  vo 

O  bef 

O'  M  M  • 

CO 

CO 

VO  CO  vo  O'  M  O 

« 

MM  * 

M 

M 

CO  Tf  vo  VOCO  to 

CO 

m  co  co  O'  O'  O  O'O  M  O  rcf 

VO  to  M 

M  M  M  • 

O' 

In  IN  O  CO  vC  vO 

vOvO  voMvO  'tJ-C^'O  -rJ-COM  M 

C'lN  IN 

M  In  M 

vO 

M 

HvO  VO  CO  too 

P 

cd  o  o-vd  O'  O'  O'  <n  mcoo  o 

cd  O'  o 

O  CO  IN  . 

o 

CO 

vo  o  voco  Ped 

M  M  M  M  MM  M 

M 

M  • 

M 

cn 

vO  IN  In  vO  vO  vd 

M 

vo  O"  O'  O  w  -t-  O'  O'  -f 

CO  CO  O' 

O  IN  M  • 

vO 

'Cf 

CO  M  O'  ^  M 

CO 

M  rfco  m  co  vo  r>  o  coefM 

NO"t 

M  CO  O  * 

CO 

CO  CO  VO  CO  *f  O' 

CO 

d"  Tj"  rf  d"vd  vo  vo  rj-  vovd  •^■'d- 

rr  vo  o 

P  vd  vd 

xn 

M 

M  M  M  M  M  M 

M 

M 

M 

vO  M  O  r^M  M  voO  O-co-fct 

IN  M  M 

O  In  co  • 

o 

M 

M  M  M  M  O  <N 

Tf 

O'  M  co  n  vn  »t  t'  voco  O' 

■O-  O  N 

O  CO  M 

H  O  CO  IN  M  M 

mmMMMmmmmm  m 

M  M  M 

M  M 

P 

CO 

M  cd  cd  M  o  M 

M  M  M  M 

VO 

O'  O'  CO  O'  M  In  O'M  CO  O'O  O 

COO  O 

O  vo  M 

M 

IN 

co  vo  m  O-vO  co 

vO 

vO  r^-co  oo  toco  O  f^vO  co  vo  O 

CO  M  M 

vo  O  O'  • 

IN 

co 

IN  Tj-  INVO  CO 

M  M 

• 

M  M 

MM  ) 

ci 

cd 

M  M  M  M  M  M 

XO 

co  m  tj-m  n  mo  O'  c)  m  coco 

M  O  O 

m  xn  oo 

O' 

co 

IN  M  IN  O'  O  M 

o 

coco  CO  O  O  O'  m  vo O  N  c)-  ^ 

^  o 

vO  co  vo  | 

o- 

M 

O'O  MOO  M  O' 

vd 

■O'M  M  VO  O'  M  M  O'O  M  IN  O 

p>  m  o 

to  ti  4  ■ 

vd 

M 

vd  m  P  O'  o  m 

CO 

COCO  IN  tN.vO  co  CO  r-NOO  co  CO  CO 

co  co  co 

tNCO  00  • 

xn 

M 

MM  MM 

• 

•  t  1  • 

• 

• 

•  ••••• 

• 

•  ••••••••••• 

c 

•  •  • 

4 

cj 

M  •  • 

£  o 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  »  • 

•  •  •  • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•  ••••• 

•  ••••• 

CO 

O 

W 

W 

C/2 


C 

0) 

TO 

Pi 

w 

o 

to 

o 

c 

c 


.  a> 
.  a> 

•  ^ 

•  to 

•  TO 

‘  « 

G-  > 

as 


G 

•  M 

<G 

£ 
3 
3rf 

32 
*j  to 
_»  -G  3 
U  .bo  rt 


C/5 

o 

vo  Poo  0  o  m 

CO  CO  CO  CO  't  "t 


Food  Analyses  —  ( Continued ). 


332 


[Assembly 


in 

< 

5 
w 

6 


.  •  co 

-t  H^CO 

O  CO  M 
O  CO  . 
H  H  n 

„  N  IX 

M  VO 
d  PI 
.  O 


«  *m 


rt 


cn 
£  co 

►X  ” 


*  ^ 

cn 't  co  .. 

CO  CO  CO  - 
CO  CO  h 


H- 
CO  . 
CO  - 


o 

> 


_o 

rt 

3 

s 

O 


cn 
co 

_  .  co 
to  O'  X  -  *  i-i 

d  Cl  <£  -c*-  M  - 


O 

> 

o 

U 

c 

<U 

O 

s 

o 


CO 

CO 


O 

o 


s 

rt 

-o  «J 

lx  •  — 

<y  O 

<x  — 

(/)  <-< 


c 

< 

i/T 

cn 

<u 

v 

o 


o 

a 

in 

in 

a> 

o 

0 


U9§0i)lU  pqoj. 

ct  w  tn 
r^co  co 

M  M  M 

o  coco  o-MdcoOtno-f- 

co  in  r>  in  run  O  r^ci  a  co 

cidcicicocoeocococott 

3  33 

cn  ci  cn 
O'  10  Cl 

iO  in  in 

w 

u 

z 

< 

H 

cn 

PQ 

d> 

cn 

>< 

jdbjjx9  J9qi3 

Tf  O'  VO 
ci  in  O' 

to  ci  ci 

in  ci  In  M  COCO  O  H  cn  m  ci 

tt  cn  O  cn  ci  o  inO  O'  O'  rf 
cn  in  cn  cn  in  4  md  ini n  6 

[  12.62 

ci  ci  cn 
M  O'  fx 

unco  rf 

►x 

•}DBJ)X9 
99JJ-U9oO.nl  ]SJ 

M  0  O' 

COO  In 

O  ci  h 
co  CO  CO 

fN  rf  o  cn  H  cm  O'  Cl  M  CO  O* 

ci  coco  inmoo  O'  coco  in 

cncf^Hidd  cntNM  4-co 
OOOO  m  m  m  >t  m  m  in 

59-34 

ci  O  m 
cn  -t  m 

O  r>.  i-r 

ci  cn  -r 

•jgqg  apnjQ 

2.02 

1-77 

2.20 

coo  O'  m  Cl  rf  in  O  Cl  O' 

in  i-.  in  i-i  mco  '40  t  coin 

co  O'  co  ci  4-  4"  in  co  co  u-> 

M  M  Hx  hH  IH  M  M 

CO 

10 

d 

M  Qn  Q\ 

co  co  h 

co  to 

M  HH 

s4 

Q 

n  cn 

CO  CO  Tf 

InO  In  r>  O'  in  i-  Cl  m  O  U1 

co  O  coco  o  xnO'm  cn  o  ci 

CO 

M  O  O' 
Cl  inO 

spiouiumqiv 

O  w  M 

HH  W  W 

IN  tN  N  in  O  6  CO  end  O  O 
HHHHCiciHdcicin 

0 

a 

cn  -x-  ci 
H-  cn  cn 

iisy 

o  in  cn 

•in  O'O 

M  M  M 

cn  ci  cn  O'O  O  m  O'  O 

O  m  O'O  'd'O  m  O'  O  co  co 

o  o  in  in  cn  cn  4  4  4  cn 

to 

vO 

• 

H-  O'  rj* 
O  t^co 

co  in  un 

W 

u 

z 

c 

H 

cn 

n 

cn 

a 

in 

M 

J9BJ1X9  J91P3 

0  cn  cn 

O'  ci  cn 

cn  ci  ci 

in  m  mo  >-i  in  O'  h  *i"  cn 

O'coOco  cnco  cn  cn  -t  in 

Ci  Cl  Cl  Cl  M  MMMMCO 

1 

3  97 

Cl  0  0 
cn  ci  cn 

ci  co  4- 

M 

•JDBJ]X9 

99JJ-U9SoiJl^J 

O  cn  ci 
vO  CO  O 

d  10  *4 

vO  O  O 

no  10  ci  O'  cn  r~N*o  0  w  m  0 
cicuoOxO'OOcii't 

4  m  m  4  4  1-1  ci  m  ci  cn-4 

xomir>iOMMMi-iMi-iir> 

O' 

0 

CO 

M 

n-co  co 
n-  co  ci 

M  4- CO 

ci  cn  cn 

•J9qy  9pnjQ 

Cl  H  T 

in  3"  IN 

M  w  1-1 

cn  in  0  ci  cn  un  O'  1  .  co  n-  cn 

lOCO  to  VO  IO  O  O  M  cn  In  IN 
•  •••••  •••• 
co  co  rr  co 

w 

IN 

0 

a 

O  M  O' 
O'  cn  O' 

to  ci  cn 

M  IX 

•53-9  X  N 
‘spiouiumqiy 

O  O  Cl 

Cl  O  O 

CO  O'  O' 

cn  O'  O'  co  in  m  cn  O'  cn 
cno  co  vO  h  ci  Tf  cnco  co  O 

io4-tcnio44in4  4"  co 

M  M  M  M  d 

to 

to 

vd 

M  M  IX 
Cl  IN  M 

to  m  d 
cn  cn  cn 

CO  U  O' 

O'O  ci  ci  ino  co  cno  to  n- 

HH 

to  cnco 

fl  l 

M  M  d 

O  Cl  O  MCO  IN.  O'  M  O'  O'  IN 

d 

to  cn  cn 

•qsy 

M  M  M 

•  ••••••• 

to  to  too  m 

O  to  to 

H-  O  O 

•n-  cnc/5  d  co  m  nt*  d  m  in  ix 

HH 

d  IN  CO 

10  cn  0 

d  m  d  tv  O' -t  10  O'  d  torn 

to 

to  0  CO 

•jgjB^vv 

4o  h 

H-  «r  H-  cn  4-  d-d  0  d  10  In 

CO 

CO  CO  In 

Cl  Cl  Cl 

M  M  M  M  tN  In  IN  ININ  (N 

vO 

HH 

d 

w 

w 


rt 

V 


s 


d 

k 

O 


o 


w 

s> 

Q 

O 

t4 

a, 

w 

f-1 

cn 


C 

x 

lx  ' 

XI 

w 

« 

a> 

x  • 
>  * 


in 

C 

*5 

}-> 

to 

»-< 

a) 

4) 

M 

ffl 


s*e  5jc 


:  s  : 

•  -2  o 

•  <n  in 

d  l  3 

Si  o 1 

CJ  v  fl) 
C  X)  I-I 

c  <u 

C  d  o 

JicS 

3 

OU 

* 


c3 

(U 


_  d 

o  a 
a>  s 
W- 

C  !D 

O  O 

«-*  C/3 

o.2 


ci  cn  4- 
h-  h-  h- 


uio  noo  O'  O'  h  n  cnrfioO  Noo  a 

^  to  to 


No.  S3  J 


333 


Tt 

co 


G 

Ci3 


G  G 
rt  O 

■G  "o 
ITi  ~ 
rt 


W 

W 

G 

u 

O 

)-■ 

PU 

£ 

g 


fPQ 


Xi 


G 


rt 

G  5 

s 

"T3 

V 

G  x 
W  - 

G 


O  m 
O  O 


CO 
CO 
CO  > 


g- 
o  ' 

I* 

o 


g 

o 
*— * 

rt 
*— » 

o 

cu 


rt 

s 

(A 

rt  CO 
CO  CO 
co  co 


PI 

CO 

CO 


o 

u. 

o 


CO 

CO 

CO 


rt 


PI 

CO 


o  o 

a,  cl, 
o  o 


in  in 
0)  « 
to  rt 

rt  E 


c  co 

«  ^  M 

«n>« 

0^0 

C- ^  04 

n  i-  o 
rt 


UOJwOWU 


i 

in 

1-4 

G 

-C 

W 

rt 
g  ■ 


"G 

G 


in 
W 
>J 
03 
•< 

H 
W 

O  ^ 

w  o 

►T  —  tG  - 
>  G 

O 


in 

1-4 

G 

> 

C 

a 

Q 

£ 

o 


cS^ 

<0 


G  .3 


G 

°  rt~ 

n.  v- 
0-^0 
HOPh 


*  * 


G 

in  3 

c  ° 

rt<3 

s «  « 

G,"0  O 
v-  bflrt 

3  3  c 

rss 

co  c/)  H 

*  *  * 


CO 

CO 

co 


G 

C 

3 


So 

T3 

u- 

CO  3 
co  rii 

CO  ^ 
M  T3 
>4_  C 

O  rt 

aJz 
O  to 

CJK 


O  CO 

O  to 

pi  to  co  co  co  r-'  too  rt  o 
toco  to  r"G  O  0"0  co 

to  PI 

CO  M 

in  in 

HMMPIHHPIPIPIM 

W 

CO  O' 

CO  CO 

O'r'-MO'ClOOMtOlO 
rt  O  COM  COM  -t  co  O  co 

PI  • 
co  ; 

cJ  o 

M 

pi  pi  m  co  pi  pi  to 

M  • 

o  o 

G  co  tt  to  tO  rt  'if  to 

co  m  to  O'  r^vO  m  r-'-co  O 

pi  • 

O' 

M  rt 
rt  CO 

vO  co  O'  r-'-  m  coco  iO  6  t> 
rtco  co  i^o  o  o 

r^-  . 
co  • 

O  CO 

O  to 

O  coco  inMtM  co  O  co 
m  o  O'  m  co  rt  co  r^to  O 

PI  M 

O  co 

in  rt" 

M  M 

td  to  co  rA  ci  pi  rtco  toco 

PI  M 

vd  o' 
pi 

r>. 

coco 

tOO'rtMMC'MOOlO 
r^o  -r co  co  rtco  to  to  pi 

O'  o 

M  o 

to  rt 

CO  CO 

OO'mioOOPICOOm 

pi 

*t  to 
too 

O  co  co  O  coco  rt  O'  m  pi 
co  o  O  Pi  Pi  COO  O  CO 

too 

O 

in  in 

rtrtCOlOrj-cOrtCO  to  CO 

pi  co 

co  m 

H-.  co 

rt  rt  rt  O  PI  CO  PI  rtts 

PJPinrtOOOrtcort 

►H  • 

• 

pi  O' 

CO  O' 
w  PI 

O'  co  O'  rt  m  co  to  'f  rt 

co  PI  O  O  PI  O'  co  m  o  CO 

o 

o'  : 

CO  M 

CO  CO 

is  0s  O'  m  m  O  m 

M  M  M  M  W  M 

a>  • 

»-«  • 

o 

O' 

O'  m  rt  PI  m  O'  to  O' CO  O 
icr>  rto  toco  ioion 

r^co 

coco 

co  ci 

M  W 

CO  m  PI 

M  pi 

toco 

CO  co 

rt  rt  M  O' CO  O  O  to  o 

O  M  M  O'  PI  to  to  CO  N  O 

O  O'  ““ 

to  O' 

PI  W 

CO  CO 

MMpiMpipipicoPiM 

• 

r^co 

O  O 

to  to 

PI  CO  O'  rt  O' CO  to  CO  CO 

rt  rfG  r^co  r^co  'Oco  t' 

•  »•>••••• 

O  CO 

rt  to 

to  O 
to  O 

PI  O  co  m  co  O  O'OOtO 

CO  PI  to  rtco  PI  COCO  rt  PI 

O  PI 

COCO 

co  6 

M 

O  co  m  r^co  vO  O  m  co  m 

O' co  co  co  r^co  co  co  O' 

I'',  to 
f'.CO 

in 

H 

»-4 

G» 

Ph 


G 

G 

£ 

in 

C 

rt 

6 

'o 

H 


so 

i— 


o 

a, 

G 


rt 
3 
G 
C 
rt 
— » 
in 

— 

G 

JS 

4-4 

1 

s 

o 


G 

G 

JX 

S3 

H 


pi  co  -t  too  r^co  O'  O  m 
o  O'O'O'O'O'O'O 


*  G 
G  -G 

G.  rt 

*  * 


PI  CO 


334 


[Assembly 


Butter  Tests. 

The  feeding  experiments  with  brewers  grains,  extending  over  a 
period  of  several  weeks  during  which  time  frequent  analyses  were 
made  of  the  milk  from  each  of  the  two  Jersey  cows,  Jem  and  Meg, 
gave  opportunity  for  comparing  the  churning  qualities  of  milk  from 
different  cows,  under  known  conditions  of  feeding,  and  also  of  sam¬ 
ples  of  milk  from  the  same  cow  which  differed  widely  from  each 
other  in  their  composition. 

The  trials  were  made  with  a  “  Cherry  Test  churn,”  the  peculiar 
advantage  of  which  is  that  it  is  capable  of  churning  several  small 
samples  of  milk  or  cream  at  the  same  time,  thus  insuring  uniformity 
in  the  amount  of  churning,  to  which  duplicate  samples  are  sub¬ 
jected.  This  churn  consists  of  a  strong  frame  of  wood  to  which  the 
cans  for  holding  the  milk  are  securely  clamped ;  the  frame  is 
given  an  oscillating  motion  by  a  crank  and  pitman,  the  movement 
being  kept  steady  by  a  heavy  balance  wheel  attached  to  the  crank 
shaft.  The  milk  is  thrown  from  end  to  end  of  the  can,  the  motion 
being  very  similar  to  that  in  an  ordinary  swing  churn.  The  tin  cans 
which  came  with  the  churn  were  found  unsuitable  for  this  work,  as 
they  were  difficultly  kept  clean,  inclined  to  leak  around  the  covers, 
and  did  not  admit  of  easy  observation  of  their  contents  while  churn¬ 
ing  ;  they  were  therefore  replaced  by  wide-mouthed,  glass-stoppered 
bottles  of  about  one  quart  capacity,  which  answered  the  purpose  ad- 
-  mirably. 

Four  hundred  grams  (about  fourteen  ounces)  of  milk  wTere  found 
by  several  preliminary  trials  to  be  a  suitable  quantity  for  one  of 
these  bottles,  and  this  amount  was  taken  in  all  of  the  trials  given 
below.  The  milk,  as  soon  after  milking  as  possible,  was  brought  to 
the  laboratory,  strained  and  thoroughly  mixed.  A  sample  was 
taken  for  analysis,  and  as  many  portions  of  400  grams  each  as  were 
desired  for  tests  were  weighed  directly  in  the  bottles.  These 
were  kept  under  the  conditions-of  temperature  and  exposure  desired 
until  churned.  In  every  instance  the  whole  milk  was  churned  with¬ 
out  being  removed  from  the  bottle  until  the  operation  was  com¬ 
pleted.  The  churning  was  continued  till  the  butter  separated  in 
grains  about  the  size  of  wheat  kernels,  when  the  butter  was  removed 
from  the  churn.  The  butter  was  either  washed  in  the  bottle,  after 
pouring  off  the  buttermilk,  by  addition  of  cold  water  and  shaking, 
or  by  first  removing  the  butter  and  pouring  water  over  it.  In  all 
cases  the  butter  was  washed  till  the  washings  were  clear.  The  but¬ 
ter  was  worked  by  pressure  with  a  small  ladle,  made  into  a  ball, 
with  care  not  to  destroy  the  grain  and  weighed,  with  a  balance  sen¬ 
sitive  to  one-tenth  of  a  gram,  on  a  piece  of  tared  filter  paper,  and 
after  standing  exposed  to  the  air  at  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the 
laboratory  (about  seventy  degrees  Fahrenheit)  for  twenty-four  hours 
weighed  again.  This  last  weight  of  air-dry  butter  has  been  taken 
as  the  yield  from  the  milk,  although  the  condition  of  the  butter 
when  first  weighed  would  no  doubt  have  been  more  like  that  of 


JNo.  33.] 


335 


butter  as  weighed  in  so-called  “  official  ”  tests,  where  the  butter  is 
simply  “washed  and  weighed.”  In  the  test  of  Ida  of  St.  Lambert 
by  Mr.  D.  W.  Watrous,  in  September,  1884,  the  butter  was  washed 
three  times  and  weighed  within  twelve  minutes  after  the  buttermilk 
was  removed  from  the  churn,  and  was  finally  weighed  as  salted  but¬ 
ter  in  less  than  five  minutes  afterward.  It  is  highly  probable  that 
butter  treated  in  this  way  would  contain  a  larger  proportion  of 
water  than  the  small  quantity  obtained  in  our  tests  would  after  being 
worked.  It  is,  however,  thought  best,  on  account  of  the  more  uni¬ 
form  condition  of  the  dry  butter,  to  take  this  as  the  true  yield.  The 
figures  given  are  in  every  instance  for  unsalted  butter.  The  analy¬ 
ses  which  have  been  made  of  this  butter  show  it  to  contain  a  large 
proportion  of  butter  fat  and  a  small  proportion  of  casein,  while  the 
water  is  not  high. 

The  results  obtained  for  the  whole  period  are  given  in  the  follow¬ 
ing  table ; 


Butter  Test  of  Jem’s  Milk. 


c3 

~d 

Per  cent  of 

d  0 

0  ^  t  • 

0) 

a 

butter. 

Z,  -id 

O  . : 

3 

(-1 

A 

rt  <k  - 

z, 

0 

Xi 

3 

r 

'X 

DATE. 

a 

§  a 

a>  ai 
■ji  - 

0  § 

GO 

do 

O 

PhO 

Xi  m 

0  u 

51  S 

O  -4-3 

s-i  .2 

d 

S  pd 

.M 

O 

>> 

Oh 

EH 

Eh 

Eh 

EH 

s 

Q 

CL, 

Sept.  24. 

Morn. . . . 

7.42 

8 

75 

75 

12 

5-8o 

5-56 

74-9 

24. 

«  i 

7.42 

8 

75 

75 

1-2 

596 

5.60 

75-5 

24. 

<  4 

7.42 

8 

75 

75 

12 

5-88 

5-56 

74-9 

24. 

(  i 

7.42 

8 

75 

75 

12 

5-30 

5.06 

68.2 

25- 

Eve . 

6.41 

14 

75 

68 

12 

5-68 

5-io 

79.6 

25- 

i  4 

6.4I 

14 

75 

68 

I  2 

5-38 

5-50 

85.8 

26. 

Morn. . . . 

4*75 

8 

72 

72 

I 

4.68 

4-45 

93-6 

26. 

4  4 

4-75 

8 

72 

72 

I 

4. 68 

4.40 

92.6 

26. 

4  4 

4-75 

8 

72 

72 

I 

4-55 

4-35 

91.6 

26. 

4  4 

4-75 

8 

72 

72 

I 

5.00 

4.80 

IOI.I 

29. 

4  ( 

5-37 

24 

75 

64 

2 

4-77 

3-88 

72.2 

29. 

4  4 

5-37 

24 

75 

64 

2 

4.68 

3.82 

71. 1 

29. 

4  4 

5  37 

24 

64 

64 

2 

6.60 

5-50 

102.4 

29. 

4  4 

5-37 

24 

64 

64 

2 

6.42 

5-45 

101.5 

30. 

Eve . 

6.44 

21 

64 

64 

I 

5-20 

4-95 

76.9 

30- 

(4 

6.44 

21 

64 

64 

I 

5.20 

4.87 

75-6 

30. 

4  4 

6.44 

21 

75 

64 

I  3  4 

2.70 

2-45 

38.0 

30. 

4  4 

6.44 

21 

75 

64 

I  3-4 

2.95 

2.72 

42.2 

Oct.  2. 

Morn. . . . 

6. 11 

30 

64 

64 

1  1-4 

8.13 

7-52 

123.1 

2. 

4  4 

6. 1 1 

30 

64 

64 

1  14 

8.78 

7.92 

129.6 

2. 

4  4 

6. 1 1 

30 

68 

64 

1  1  4 

7-63 

7.02 

114.9 

3- 

4  4 

7.1.7 

30 

64 

64 

1-2 

7.78 

7-i3 

99.4 

3- 

4  4 

7-17 

30 

64 

64 

1-2 

7.60 

7-03 

98. 

3- 

4  4 

7-17 

30 

68 

64 

12 

7.20 

6.68 

93  1 

3- 

4  4 

7.17 

30 

68 

64 

12 

7-30 

6.88 

95-9 

4- 

44 

5-96 

48 

64 

64 

I 

6.50 

6.27 

105.4 

4- 

(4 

5-96 

48 

64 

64 

I 

6.30 

5-95 

99.8 

4- 

44 

5  96 

48 

64 

64 

I 

6.18 

5.83 

97.8 

4- 

44 

5-96 

48 

64 

64 

I 

6.30 

5-9° 

99.0 

6. 

it 

6.02 

36 

64 

64 

2 

8-53 

7-43 

123.4 

6. 

4  ( 

6.02 

36 

64 

64 

2 

8.58 

6.58 

109.3 

6. 

4  4 

•  •  •  • 

6.02 

36 

64 

64 

2 

9.60 

7.78 

129.2 

6. 

Eve . 

7-37 

36 

64 

64 

I  3-4 

9- 13 

7.90 

100  4 

336 


[Assembly 


Oct. 


Butter  Test  of  Jem’s  Milk — Continued. 


«4-l 

T3 

"a 

s_ 

'O 

a 

Per  cent  of  3 
batter. 

a  0 
.2^ 

O  . 

-*•=>  ^ 

P 

g  a 

a 

Pi 

©  ^  s 
2  ^ 

O  -+-3 

DATE. 

4^  • 

<X>  CO 

CO  Pi 

©  2 

a> 

CO 

P*o 

O 

do 

.a  « 

O  Pi 
©  2 

r 

ti  2 

V  ~ 

a  .§ 

a* 

a> 

a  fxi 

a  2 
.  >— 

"0 

Pi 

& 

Cl, 

H 

EH 

Eh 

Eh 

3 

Cl 

Ch 

6. 

Eve.. . 

7.87 

36 

64 

64 

1  3-4 

8.90 

7-03 

89-3 

6. 

(  ( 

7.87 

36 

64 

64 

1  3-4 

9.08 

7.72 

98.1 

7- 

Morn . 

7.00 

30 

64 

64 

1  1-4 

7-63 

6.88 

98-3 

7* 

(< 

7-00 

30 

64 

64 

1  1-4 

7.48 

6.80 

97.1 

7- 

(  < 

7.00 

30 

64 

64 

1  1-4 

7-45 

6.80 

97.1 

8. 

< : 

5-90 

48 

64 

64 

4 

6.07 

5.85 

99-2 

8. 

Eve  . . 

8.58 

36 

64 

64 

3 

T3-52 

12.00 

x39-9 

8. 

<  ( 

8.58 

36 

64 

64 

3 

15-17 

14-45 

168.4 

9- 

Morn. 

7-50 

54 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

9-35 

7.80 

104.0 

9- 

t  ( 

7.50 

54 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

9.92 

7.42 

99.0 

9- 

CC 

7-50 

54 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

10.00 

8.00 

106.7 

IO. 

(  i 

8.00 

72 

64 

73 

1 

8-37 

7.80 

97-5 

IO. 

(  < 

8.00 

72 

64 

73 

1 

9-95 

8.07 

100.9 

IO. 

(i 

8.00 

72 

64 

64 

4  1-2 

n-5 

8.65 

108. 1 

IO. 

(( 

8.00 

72 

64 

64 

4  1-2 

9.80 

9-37 

107. 1 

II. 

(  i 

7.19 

54 

64 

70 

3-4 

3-95 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

II. 

C  1 

7.19 

54 

64 

70 

3-4 

4.00 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

13- 

<  { 

7.22 

48 

63 

70 

2 

6.87 

6.67 

92.4 

13- 

i  i 

7.22 

48 

63 

70 

2 

6-95 

6.80 

94.2 

14. 

u 

6.87 

48 

63 

70 

1  1-2 

8.25 

7-25 

105.5 

14. 

( < 

6.87 

48 

63 

70 

1  1-2 

8  30 

7.87 

114.6 

15. 

It 

6.06 

48 

63 

77 

1-2 

•  •  •  • 

4.90 

80  9 

15- 

« c 

6.06 

48 

63 

77 

1-2 

5-18 

4.70 

77-5 

15. 

i  ( 

6.06 

48 

68 

77 

1 

3-02 

2.83 

46.7 

16. 

<  c 

7-95 

48 

63 

73 

1 

7-25 

6.87 

86.4 

16. 

<  ( 

7-95 

48 

73 

73 

1 

3-92 

3-78 

47-5 

17- 

i  ( 

6.86 

72 

73 

73 

1  1-4 

5-57 

5-27 

76.8 

17- 

(( 

6.86 

72 

61 

73 

3-4 

4-52 

4-37 

63-7 

18. 

1 1 

5-76 

48 

61 

73 

3-4 

6-95 

6.70 

116.3 

18. 

< 

5-76 

48 

61 

73 

3-4 

6-95 

6.62 

115.0 

18. 

( < 

5-76 

48 

73 

73 

1  1-4 

6.52 

6.20 

176.0 

18. 

i  ( 

5-76 

48 

73 

73 

1  1-4 

6-95 

6.70 

116.3 

20. 

a 

9-03 

54 

73 

73 

1  1-2 

10-57 

10.02 

110.9 

20. 

( i 

9-03 

54 

61 

73 

1-2 

8.62 

8.27 

91.6 

20. 

Eve.. . 

7.64 

42  . 

61 

73 

1-2 

7-77 

7-50 

98.2 

20. 

t  c 

7.64 

42 

61 

73 

1-2 

7.71 

7-34 

96.1 

21. 

Morn. 

6-45 

48 

61 

75 

1  1-2 

6-55 

6.30 

97-7 

21. 

i  C 

6-45 

48 

73 

75 

1  1-2 

7-55 

6.78 

105. 1 

22. 

i  f 

6.60 

48 

73 

73 

1  1-2 

7.07 

6-55 

99. 

22. 

i  % 

6.60 

48 

61 

73 

1 

7.00 

6.60 

100. 

23- 

i  ( 

6.26 

48 

61 

73 

1-2 

6.78 

6.30 

100.6 

23- 

(i 

6.26 

96 

73 

73 

3 

0 

0 

0 

24. 

( i 

7-15 

24 

73 

73 

I*  1-2 

3-45 

2.78 

38.9 

24. 

<  c 

7-15 

72 

61 

73 

1-2 

6.23 

5.83 

81.5 

25- 

<< 

6.22 

48 

73 

73 

1-2 

5-55 

4.92 

79. 1 

25- 

a 

6.22 

48 

59 

73 

2 

6.42 

6.02 

96.8 

25- 

Eve.. . 

8. 11 

36 

59 

73 

1-2 

7.85 

7.42 

91-5 

27. 

Morn . 

8.22 

48 

59 

73 

1-2 

7-50 

7-05 

85.8 

27- 

a 

8.22 

48 

59 

73 

1-2 

7.20 

6.65 

80.9 

27- 

*  ( 

8.22 

48 

75 

7i 

2 

9.20 

8.37 

101.S 

27 

Eve.. . 

8.14 

48 

59 

7i 

1-2 

8.07 

7-50 

92. 1 

27. 

<  * 

8.14 

48 

59 

7i 

1-2 

8.00 

7-30 

89.7 

27. 

(  « 

8.14 

48 

75 

7i 

2 

9.23 

8.13 

100.0 

28. 

Morn. 

6.66 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

7-30 

6.85 

102.9 

28. 

•  i 

6.66 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

7.30 

6-53 

93  0 

29. 

%  i 

7.69 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

8.15 

6.87 

890 

No.  33. j 


337 


Butter  Test  of  Jem’s  Milk — Continued. 


cd 

T3 

"a 

a 

'V 

Per 

cent  of 

fl  O 

O  * 

O  • 

+-> 

a 

£-1 

butter. 

t.  a 

05  (U-- 

a  S  9 

u  3  A 
^•-0- 

DATE. 

-4-3  ^ 

£3  *  r~l 

©  a 

• 

0  in 
w  £* 

w 

do 

j 

0 

G.o 

£3 

r/7 

O  £h 

O  ? 

> 

^.2 

S,d 

S  (ij 
o>  ^ 

3  CcJ 

a>  ^ 

3j 

•  rH 

’O 

£4 

.  c4 

0)  O'*-1 

Gh 

H 

H 

S 

a 

Cu 

Oct.  29. 

Morn. . . . 

7.69 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

7  95 

7-17 

93-2 

30. 

4  4 

7.30 

48 

59 

7i 

1-2 

8.22 

7-25 

99-3 

30. 

4  4 

7.30 

48 

59 

7i 

1-2 

8.02 

6-95 

95-2 

3i- 

4  4 

8.18 

72 

59 

7i 

i-3 

6-75 

6-37 

78.0 

3i. 

4  4 

8.18 

72 

59 

7i 

i-3 

7-32 

6.50 

79-4 

Nov.  1. 

4  4 

8.25 

54 

59 

7i 

1-3 

8-95 

7-95 

96.4 

1. 

8.25 

54 

59 

7i 

i-3 

9.02 

8.10 

98.2 

3- 

i  4 

8. 12 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

9-32 

8.77 

108.0 

3. 

4  4 

8. 12 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

9.20 

8.52 

105.0 

4- 

4  4 

6-75 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

9.17 

7.92 

117.8 

4- 

4  4 

6-75 

54 

59 

7i 

1-2 

9.00 

7-32 

108.9 

5- 

i  4 

8.49 

54 

54 

72 

1-2 

10.32 

9-32 

109.8 

5- 

4 

8.49 

54 

54 

72 

1-2 

10. 12 

8.90 

104.9 

6. 

4  4 

8.84 

54 

54 

70 

1-2 

10  80 

9. 12 

103.2 

6. 

4  < 

8.84 

54 

54 

70 

1-2 

10.47 

9.27 

104.9 

6. 

Eve . 

8-43 

44 

54 

70 

1-2 

9-47 

8.60 

102.0 

6. 

4  4 

8-43 

44 

54 

7Q 

1-2 

9.64 

8.52 

101. 1 

7- 

Morn .... 

8.86 

78 

54 

68 

1-2 

io-57 

8.80 

99-3 

7- 

if 

8.86* 

78 

54 

68 

1-2 

10.40 

8.87 

100. 

7- 

Eve . 

8.28 

66 

54 

68 

1-2 

9.98 

8.52 

102.9 

7- 

i  4 

8.28 

66 

54 

68 

1-2 

9-35 

8.38 

101.2 

8. 

Morn  . . . 

9.64 

54 

54 

68 

1-2 

10.07 

8.65 

89.7 

8. 

4  4 

g.64 

54 

54 

68 

1-2 

9.78 

8.52 

88.4 

8. 

Eve.,  f. .  . 

6.41 

44 

54 

68 

1-2 

9-45 

8.25 

128.7 

8. 

4  4 

6.41 

44 

54 

68 

1-2 

9-57 

8.18 

127.6 

10. 

Morn .... 

8-54 

54 

54 

68 

1 

1-4 

12.30 

9.87 

115-6 

10. 

4  i 

8-54 

54 

54 

68 

1 

i-4 

10.85 

9. 18 

107-5 

10. 

Eve . 

8.42 

66 

54 

68 

3-4 

9.02 

8.42 

100. 

10. 

4  4 

8.42 

66 

54 

68 

3-4 

8-95 

8.28 

9s-3 

11. 

Morn .... 

7.42 

54 

54 

68 

3-4 

8.88 

7.98 

107.5 

11. 

4  4 

7.42 

54 

54 

68 

3-4 

8.92 

7.85 

105.8 

11. 

Eve . 

6.92 

66 

54 

72 

1 

1-2 

n-35 

7.82 

1  x3- 

ii. 

4  4 

6.92 

66 

54 

72 

1 

1-2 

11.07 

7.70 

hi. 3 

12. 

Morn .... 

7. 10 

54 

54 

72 

1 

3-4 

11.02 

8.20 

II5-5 

12. 

<  4 

7.10 

54 

54 

72 

1 

3-4 

11-37 

8.05 

II3-4 

13- 

4  4 

6.48 

54 

54 

66 

2 

8.40 

6.78 

104.6 

13- 

<  4 

6.48 

54 

54 

66 

2 

8.05 

6.58 

101.5 

Butter  Test  of  Meg’s  Milk. 


Sept.  25. 

Eve . 

4.78 

14 

75 

68 

1-2 

2.38 

2.13 

44.6 

25- 

4  4 

4.78 

14 

75 

68 

1-2 

2-45 

2.  l8 

45-6 

26. 

Morn. .  . . 

6.64 

8 

72 

72 

I 

1.82 

1.72 

25-9 

26. 

4  4 

6.64 

8 

72 

72 

I 

1.87 

1-75 

26.3 

26. 

4  4 

6.64 

8 

72 

72 

I 

2.05 

1.92 

29.0 

26. 

4  i 

6.64 

8 

72 

72 

1 

2.00 

1.87 

28.1 

29. 

4  l 

4-52 

24 

75 

64 

4  i-4 

4.02 

3-88 

85.8 

29 

4  4 

4-52 

24 

75 

64 

4  i-4 

4.12 

3-90 

86.3 

29. 

4  4 

4-52 

24 

64 

64 

4  i-4 

4.05 

3.78 

83.6 

29. 

4  4 

4-52 

24 

64 

64 

4  i-4 

4- 15 

3.70 

81.9 

30. 

Eve . 

4-38 

21 

64 

64 

1  3-4 

2.05 

1.92 

43-8 

30- 

4  ( 

4-38 

21 

64 

64 

1  3-4 

2. 12 

1.98 

45-2 

30. 

4  4 

4-38 

21 

75 

64 

1  3-4 

1.30 

1. 18 

27.0 

30. 

4  i 

4-38 

21 

75 

64 

1  3-4 

I.48 

1-35 

30.8 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  43 


338 


[Assembly 


Oci. 


Butter  Test  of  Meg’s  Milk  —  Continued. 


c2 

-c 

r£ 

Per 

cent  of 

a  0 

tm 

0) 

batter. 

^  Sm  — 

O  • 

3 

DATE. 

• 

<D  rfi 

Oft 

•O  c/5 

r  '  ‘ 

0  5 

t-  = 

a>  ~ 

c  fi  ~ 

i§ 

S  js 

41  ^ 

do 

*-*  r~r . 

Oi 

O  ~ 

2  0 

’O 

S 

?<m"S 

”  O 

PH 

H 

E-i 

E-< 

e- 

2 

H 

2. 

Morn 

6.77 

30 

64 

64 

i  1-4 

7.15 

7-00 

103  4 

2. 

<  ( 

6.77 

30 

64 

64 

1  1-4 

7-15 

6-95 

102.6 

2. 

<  i 

6.77 

30 

68 

64 

1  i-4 

6.53 

6  30 

93-i 

2. 

(  i 

6.77 

30 

68 

64 

1  1  4 

6.48 

6.30 

93  1 

3- 

a 

5-53 

30 

64 

64 

1 

3-S3 

3-63 

65.6 

3- 

n 

5-53 

30 

64 

64 

1 

3  40 

3-25 

58.8 

3- 

<  ( 

5-53 

30 

68 

64 

1 

2.70 

2.60 

470 

3- 

4  4 

5-53 

30 

68 

64 

1 

2  30 

2  18 

37  6 

4- 

( « 

6.32 

48 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

6.15 

5  73 

9°-7 

4- 

4C 

6.32 

48 

64 

64 

1  12 

5-93 

5-43 

86.0 

4- 

44 

6.32 

48 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

5-93 

5-4S 

86  7 

4- 

4  4 

6.32 

4s 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

5-75 

5-40 

85.6 

6. 

4( 

10.95 

36 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

8.6S 

8-33 

76.1 

6. 

4  4 

10.95 

36 

64 

64 

1  1-2 

8.6S 

8.36 

763 

6. 

Eve. 

12.53 

36 

64 

64 

3-4 

8-43 

7-97 

63.6 

6. 

4  4 

12.53 

36 

64 

64 

3-4 

3-33 

7- 83 

62  5 

7- 

Morn. . . . 

7.14 

30 

64 

64 

1  1-4 

6.20 

6.03 

84  4 

7- 

4  4 

7.14 

30 

64 

64 

1  1-4 

6.20 

6  00 

84.0 

7* 

4  4 

7.14 

30 

64 

64 

'  1  i-4 

6.23 

5  95 

S3.3 

8. 

44 

5-92 

48 

64 

64- 

3 

4.17 

3-75 

63.3 

8. 

4  4 

5-92 

48 

64 

64 

4 

3  56 

3  40 

574 

9- 

4  4 

4.19 

90 

64 

64 

6 

3  02 

•  •  •  - 

•  . 

9- 

•  4 

4.19 

90 

64 

64 

6  • 

2-57 

2.25 

53  7 

9- 

4  4 

4.19 

90 

64 

64 

6 

2.2» 

1.90 

45  3 

IO. 

4  4 

3-79 

78 

64 

70 

3-4 

2.67 

2.50 

66.0 

10. 

4  4 

3-79 

78 

64 

70 

3-4 

3-io 

2  92 

770 

io. 

4( 

3-79 

78 

64 

64 

21-2 

0 

0 

0 

10. 

4  ( 

3-79 

7S 

64 

64 

21-2 

0 

0 

0 

II. 

4  4 

3-46 

54 

64 

70 

5 

0 

0 

0 

II. 

4  4 

3-46 

54 

64 

70 

5 

0 

0 

0 

13. 

4  < 

5-23 

48 

63 

73 

2  1  4 

432 

4  15 

79-3 

i3- 

U 

5.23 

48 

63 

70 

2  1-4 

4.67 

4.12 

7S.S 

14. 

4  4 

3.96 

48 

63 

77 

1  1-4 

3.10 

2.97 

75  0 

14. 

4  4 

3-96 

48 

63 

77 

1  1-4 

3.02 

2.92 

73-7 

14. 

4  4 

3-96 

48 

63 

75 

1  1-4 

2.S2 

2.62 

66  2 

14. 

4  4 

3.96 

48 

63 

75 

I  1-4 

2  55 

2-37 

600 

15. 

4  4 

2  74 

48 

63 

77 

11-2 

1  25 

*•25 

45  6 

15. 

4  4 

2-74 

48 

63 

77 

I  1-2 

1.25 

1  22 

44  5 

15. 

4  4 

2-74 

48 

68 

77 

I 

1-52 

1.30 

47-5 

15. 

44 

2-74 

48 

6S 

77 

I 

1  25 

1  20 

44.0 

16. 

4  4 

4.78 

48 

63 

73 

I  3-4 

2  70 

2-57 

53  S 

16. 

4  4 

4.78 

48 

73 

73 

I  3-4 

3.12 

2.S2 

59-0 

16. 

4  4 

4.78 

4s 

73 

73 

1  3-4 

2  S7 

2.65 

55  4 

J7- 

4  4 

3-75 

72 

61 

73 

2 

1.22 

1  12 

29  9 

17. 

4  4 

3-75 

72 

73 

73 

1  1-2 

2.27 

2. 12 

56  5 

18. 

4  4 

4.69 

48 

73 

73 

1  1-2 

3-75 

3  57 

76.1 

18. 

4  4 

4.69 

4S 

61 

73 

3-4 

3  12 

2.92 

62.3 

18. 

*4 

4.69 

48 

61 

73 

1  1-4 

3-17 

3.02 

64  4 

20. 

4  4 

4-55 

54 

61 

73 

1  14 

3-77 

/% 

j-3j 

73-2 

20. 

4  t 

4-55 

54 

61 

73 

1  1-4 

4-15 

3  53 

77.6 

20. 

4  4 

4-55 

54 

73 

73 

2  1-2 

3  37 

3-27 

7i  7 

20. 

44 

4-55 

54 

73 

73 

2  1-2 

3-33 

3  07 

65  2 

21. 

4  4 

4.41 

48 

61 

75 

1  1-2 

3  65 

3-37 

76.4 

21. 

.  .  •  - 

4  41 

48 

73 

75 

10 

0 

0 

0 

22. 

*  * 

•  •  •  • 

4-54 

4S 

73 

73 

4 

0 

0 

0 

No.  33.] 


339 


Better  Test  of  Meg’s  Milk  —Continued. 


ffj 
«4 M 

CM 

DATE, 

c  - 

<U  5 

0  “ 

ai  ® 

M 

o)  2 

CJQ 

do 

*  2 

r-  O 

c 

cu 

H 

Eh 

22. 

Morn. 

4-54 

4s 

6t 

23- 

«  < 

4  49 

24 

61 

23- 

4-49 

24 

73 

24. 

<  i 

•  •  • 

4  08 

72 

61 

24- 

4  i 

•  •  • 

4  oS 

72 

73 

25. 

C  < 

•  •  •  • 

393 

43 

73 

25- 

(  i 

3  98 

48 

59 

25. 

Eve . 

4.49 

36 

59 

27. 

Morn.  . 

4-91 

48 

59 

27. 

(  4 

4-91 

43 

73 

28 

•  i 

4.42 

54 

59 

28 

4  42 

54 

59 

28. 

4  4 

4.42 

54 

73 

29. 

i  4 

4-36 

54 

59 

29. 

4  4 

•  »  • 

4-36 

54 

59 

30. 

4  49 

48 

59 

30. 

4  4 

«  •  «  * 

4.49 

43 

59 

31. 

4.21 

72 

59 

31 

•  •  •  f 

4.21 

72 

59 

I. 

•  • 

4-79 

54 

59 

I. 

1  •  .  ' 

4  79 

54 

59 

3- 

'  *  * 

5  54 

54 

59 

3- 

•  •  • 

5-54 

54 

59 

4- 

i  * 

4.88 

54 

59 

4- 

<  i 

4  88 

54 

59 

5- 

i  ( 

•  •  •  .. 

5-S4 

54 

54 

5- 

<  i 

•  •  • 

5-84 

54 

54 

6. 

4  < 

•  •  •  • 

5  07 

54 

54 

6. 

(  ' 

-  •  1 

5  07 

54 

54 

7- 

4  ( 

5-33 

78 

54 

7- 

i  i 

r  %  •  • 

5-33 

73  • 

54 

8. 

%  4 

•  •  •  • 

4.98 

54 

54 

8. 

4  4 

4.98 

'54 

54 

10. 

•  •  •  « 

5-li 

54 

54 

10. 

•  »  •  » 

5-4i 

54 

54 

11. 

4  * 

•  •  •  • 

5  c6 

54 

54 

11. 

4  4 

5-c6 

54 

54 

12. 

5-20 

51 

54 

12. 

4  4 

m  •  •  • 

5  20 

54 

54 

13. 

«  •  ' 

4  77 

54 

54 

13. 

4-77 

54 

54 

*a 

hi 

3 

sx 

o 

do 

Bu 

a> 

Eh 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

73 

72 

72 

70 

70 

65 
68 
68 
68 
70 
70 
70 
70 
72 
72 

66 
66 


T3  Per  cent  of  go. 
'a  butter.  n  .  £ 


M 

r/3 

O  • 

r 

0  0 

•M 

’0 

Eh 

S 

I  1-2 

3-50 

I  1-2 

3-75 

4 

2-45 

3  4 

1.62 

3 

0 

1-2 

3.  ro 

2 

2.40 

1-2 

2  92 

12 

3-57 

2 

4-25 

1 

4  17 

1 

4-57 

3 

0 

3-4 

4.12 

3-4 

4-05 

3-4 

4.87 

3-4 

4.80 

3-4 

2.82 

3-4 

2.82 

1 

4-32 

1 

4.17 

3-4 

4.87 

3-4 

4-77 

1  1-2 

5  07 

1  1-2 

5-io 

1 

6  85 

1 

7  05 

3-4 

5.92 

3-4 

5.80 

3-4 

560 

3-4 

5-62 

3-4 

5  15 

3-4 

5  15 

1  1-4 

6.18 

1  1-4 

6.45 

3-4 

5.20 

3-4 

5.22 

1  3-4 

6.25 

1  3-4 

5  62 

2 

5-92 

2 

5  78 

Si  S'S 

M 

ej 

©  ® 

Q 

3-37 

742 

3-57 

79  5 

3-07 

46.1 

i-55 

38.0 

0 

0 

2.63 

66.8 

2.00 

50.3 

2.65 

59° 

3.00 

61  1 

3-42 

69.6 

3-70 

837 

3-75 

84.8 

0 

0 

3-37 

77-3 

3  35 

76.9 

3  82 

85.1 

3-82 

85.1 

2.60 

61.7 

2.60 

61  7 

4.  CO 

83  5 

3.82 

79-7 

4-47 

80.7 

4-32 

77  9 

4  52 

92.6 

4-45 

91.2 

5-90 

101. 

5.82 

99-7 

512 

101. 

5-30 

104  5 

5  07 

95-i 

5-15 

96.6 

4.62 

92.8 

4-58 

92.0 

5-35 

990 

5  40 

99.S 

4-75 

93-8 

4.80 

948 

5.32 

£02  3 

5.15 

990 

4.52 

94  8 

4-49 

93-3 

In  thirty-seven  trials  with  Jem’s  milk,  two  or  more  samples  of  the 
same  milk  were  subjected  to  the  same  treatment  throughout.  The 
average  of  the  lowest  figures  obtained  in  these  cases  is  6.57  per  cent, 
and  the  aveiage  of  the  highest  figures  is  6.88  per  cent,  giving  an 
average  variation  for  all  duplicates  with  Jen/s  milk  of  0.31  per 
cent.  There  were  twenty-three  cases  in  which  the  variation  was  less 
than  .3  per  cent,  and  twenty-one  cases  in  which  the  variation  was 
less  than  .2  per  cent.  Bejecting  the  five  cases  in  which  the  greatest 
differences  occurred  we  have  an  average  variation  between  dupli¬ 
cates,  in  thirty-two  trials  of  .2  per  cent. 


340 


[Assembly 


In  thirty  duplicates  with  Meg’s  milk  we  have  the  average  of  the 
lowest  figures  3.33  per  cent,  and  of  the  highest  figures  3.46  per  cent, 
giving  an  average  variation  of  .13  per  cent,  for  Meg’s  milk.  There 
were  four  cases  in  which  the  variation  was  above  .3  per  cent.  The 
general  results  with  Meg’s  milk  have  agreed  nearly  as  well  as  would 
duplicate  determinations  of  fat. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  results  obtained  from  Jem’s  milk  have 
been  much  less  uniform  than  those  obtained  from  Meg’s.  This  would 
hardly  have  been  expected,  as  Jem’s  milk  has  throughout  the  whole 
period  churned  to  better  advantage  and  produced  a  much  finei 
quality  of  butter  than  has  Meg’s.  Jem’s  butter  has  with  only  one 
or  two  exceptions  been  of  good  color,  of  firm  texture,  and  of  fine 
grain.  Meg’s  has  usually  been  soft,  often  greasy  and  of  poor  color, 
and  almost  without  exception  the  buttermilk  from  Meg’s  has  con¬ 
tained  more  fat  than  that  from  Jem’s. 

The  economy  of  each  milk  for  butter  purposes  is  shown  by  the 
relation  between  the  fat  in  the  milk  and  the  butter  obtained.  The 
figures  expressing  this  are  given  in  the  last  column  of  the  above 
table,  in  which  the  fat  in  the  milk  is  taken  as  100.  The  average  of 
these  figures  for  the  whole  period  is  for  Jem  95  per  cent,  'and  for 
Meg  66  per  cent,  showing  that  Jem  produced  about  50  per  cent 
more  butter  than  Meg  for  the  same  amount  of  fat  in  the  milk. 
Leaving  out  the  results  of  the  first  week,  which  owing  to  inexperi¬ 
ence  in  churning,  were  much  below  the  average,  the  yield  of  air  dry 
butter  from  Jem’s  milk  was  a  trilling  more  than  the  percent  of  fat 
in  the  milk.  The  result  for  Meg  wTas  much  below  this. 

The  difference  between  the  two  cows  becomes  still  more  prominent 
if  we  consider  the  number  of  pounds  of  each  cow’s  milk  required  to 
make  one  pound  of  butter.  The  average  number  of  pounds  of 
Jem’s  milk  was  14.4,  and  of  Meg’s  29.  A  part  of  this  difference 
can  be  attributed  to  the  superior  richness  of  Jem’s  milk,  but  the 
better  churning  qualities  of  her  milk  seems  to  have  had  the  greater 
influence.  At  those  times  when  Jem’s  milk  was  no  richer  than 
Meg’s,  she  still  made  considerably  more  butter,  as  is  shown  below  : 


Jem. 
Per  cent. 


Fat  in 

milk.  Butter. 

October  2....  6.11  7.48 

October  7. . . .  7.00  6.83 

October  8. , , ,  5.90  5.85 


Meg. 
Per  cent. 


Fat  in 

Difference  in 

milk. 

Butter. 

favor  of  Jem. 

6.77 

6.64 

.84 

7.14 

6.00 

.83 

5.92 

3.57 

2.2S 

Not  only  is  the  percentage  of  butter  larger  with  Jem  than  with 
Meg,  but  the  absolute  amount  of  butter  made  from  Jem’s  milk  dur¬ 
ing  the  period  was  larger  ;  on  the  other  hand  Meg  produced  con¬ 
siderably  more  milk  than  Jem.  The  yield  of  milk  for  the  fifty-six 
days  of  the  trial  was,  for  Jem  365.6  lbs.,  and  for  Meg  550.4  lbs. 


No.  33.] 


341 


Taking  the  average  percentage  of  butter  yielded  from  the  milk  of 
each  cow  we  have  of  butter  produced  from  Jem’s  milk  25.5  lbs. 
and  from  Meg’s  milk  18.76  lbs. 

The  influence  of  the  quality  of  the  milk  on  the  economy  of  churn¬ 
ing  is  shown  by  comparing  the  yield  of  butter  from  the  richest  milk 
of  each  cow  with  their  average  yield.  Seventy-two  trials  made  with 
Jem’s  milk  when  the  percentage  of  fat  was  above  7,  gave  an  average 
percentage  ratio  of  butter  to  fat  in  milk  of  96.,  the  average  for  the 
whole  period  being  95.  In  thirty-seven  trials  when  the  fat  was 
above  8  per  cent,  the  average  ratio  of  butter  to  fat  was  101.9. 

With  Meg’s  milk,  forty-one  trials  when  the  percentage  of  fat  was 
above  five,  gave  an  average  ratio  of  butter  to  fat  of  78.3,  the  aver¬ 
age  for-  the  period  being  66. 

In  both  cases  we  find  that  a  larger  proportion  of  the  butter  was 
recovered  from  rich  milk  than  from  poor.  The  amount  of  fat  re¬ 
tained  in  the  buttermilk  is  probably  about  the  same  with  rich  as 
with  poor  milk,  but  the  effect  of  this  loss  on  the  percentage  of  butter 
obtained  is  greater  with  the  milk  containing  the  least  fat. 

Influence  of  time  of  setting  on  the  yield  of  Butter : 


24  hours  aod  under. 


I 

_ 

A 

-4.5 

O 

•4— < 

<v 

CG 

3  a . 

atio  of 
ter  to 
milk. 

<V 

cg 

i-. 

3 

O 

°  3 

CG 

3 

O 

X 

Cl, 

03 

X 

8 

5-44 

73-5 

30 

3 

4-50 

92. 1 

30 

14 

5-30 

82.7 

30 

21 

3-75 

58.2 

36 

24 

2.78 

38.9 

36 

24 

4.62 

86.8 

36 

36 

42 


44 

44 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 


Average 


72 


Jem.. 


24  to  48  hours. 


U-l 

A 

•  r-» 

P 

0 

•°-s 

• 

fl  *- 

<D  0> 

«4H 

U-l 

0  0  . 

3 
s-  .Q 

0) 

atio 
tar  t 
milk 

Oh 

03 

7.48 

122.5 

6-93 

96.6 

6.83 

97  5 

7.26 

120.6 

7-55 

95-9 

13.22 

159-1 

7.42 

9i-5 

7.42 

97.1 

8.56 

101.5 

8.21 

128.1 

5-99 

100.5 

5.85 

99.2 

6-73 

93-3 

7.56 

III.O 

4.11 

62.  X 

6-55 

113-8 

6-54 

104.4 

6.62 

99-5 

6.30 

100.6 

5-47 

87.9 

7-36 

89- 5 

7.64 

93-9 

7- 10 

97.2 

102.6. 

Over  48  hours. 


( - 

=4-4 

O 

^  . 

1  r-« 

3 

o3 

CG 

O  O  . 

GO 

im 

©43 

3- 

O 

<V  ^ 

X 

X 

54 

7.74 

103.2 

54 

6.69 

IOO.5 

54 

7  02 

91.2 

54 

8.02 

103.  I 

54 

8.64 

IO6.5 

54 

7.62 

H3-3 

54 

9. 1 1 

1073 

54 

9.19 

104.0 

54 

8.58 

89. 

54 

9-52 

m-5 

54 

7.91 

106.6 

54 

8.12 

114-4 

54 

6.64 

103.0 

66 

8.35 

99  1 

66 

8-35 

102.0 

66 

7.76 

112.1 

72 

8.47 

105.9 

72 

4.82 

70.2 

72 

9.14 

101.2 

72 

6-43 

78.7 

72 

5.83 

81.5 

78 

8.83 

99.6 

96 

0 

0 

342 


[Assembly 


Influence  of  tlie  time  of  setting  on  the  yield  of  butter  * 


Meg. 

24  hours  and  under.  24  to  48  hours.  Over  48  hours 


S-i 

O 

4-.H 

3 

«4-J 

O 

-.2 

«W 

C 

3  — 

+3 

a> 

U-t 

• 

U-l 

-4^ 

OP 

. 

10 

5  <v 

0  0  . 

on 

g  S 

0  0  . 

oc 

r;  s- 

<D 

0  0  . 

m 

u 

P 

o 

O  a 

3 

IV  ^ 

atio 
ter  t 
milk 

CO 

u 

p 

0 

OS 

atio 
ter  t 
milk 

OB 

U 

c 

Sa 

**  Xi 

0 

O  U  7Z 

a  «  c 
*  ■**  a 

tfl 

Oh 

02 

M 

Oh 

02 

a 

a 

02 

8 

1.82 

27.4 

30 

6  64 

98 

54 

0 

0 

M 

2.15 

45-6 

30 

2  92 

52.5 

54 

4.40 

71  9 

21 

1. 6l 

36.7 

30 

6.00 

83-9 

54 

2  48 

56.2 

24 

3.81 

84.4 

36 

8-34 

76.2 

54 

3-36 

77.1 

24 

2.82 

62.8 

36 

7.90 

63.O 

54 

3-91 

81.6 

•  •  • 

36 

2.65 

59-0 

54 

4-39 

79  3 

...  - 

48 

5.51 

87  2 

54 

4.48 

91.9 

•  •  •  • 

48 

3-57 

60.3 

54 

4.86 

100.3 

•  •  •  • 

48 

4  13 

79- 

54 

5-21 

102.7 

48 

2.72 

68.7 

54 

4.60 

92.4 

•  •  • 

48 

1.24 

45  4 

54 

3.37 

99.4 

•  •  •  • 

48 

2.68 

56.1 

54 

4-77 

94-3 

•  •  •  • 

48 

3-17 

67.6 

54 

5-23 

100.6 

•  •  •  • 

48 

1.68 

38  2 

54 

4  48 

94  0 

48 

1.68 

37- 1 

72 

1.62 

43-2 

•  •  •  • 

48 

2  31 

58.5 

72 

•77 

19 

*  •  •  • 

48 

3.21 

65  3 

72 

2.60 

61.7 

•  •  •  • 

48 

3.82 

85  1 

78 

2.71 

71- 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  • 

7S 

5  11 

95-8 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  • 

90 

2.58 

57- 

Average 

.  514... 

.  .  65.6... 

•  -  74-5 

It  appears  from  this  table  that  the  time  of  setting  most  favorable 
to  butter  yield  is  for  both  cows  from  forty-eight  to  fifty-four  hours 
and  that  much  departure  from  this  time  in  either  direction  has  occa¬ 
sioned  a  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  butter  obtained. 

The  effect  of  temperature  of  setting  is  shown  in  the  table  below, 
in  which  are  arranged  all  results  from  samples  of  the  same  milk  set 
warm  and  cold.  Those  set  warm  were  kept  on  a  table  in  the  labor¬ 
atory  and  were,  therefore,  at  the  temperature  of  the  room  about  70 . 2 
Those  set  cold  were  kept  in  a  sink  with  spring  water  running  around 
them  ;  the  temperature  of  the  water  varied  from  66°  F  at  the  be¬ 
ginning  of  the  experiment  to  54°  at  the  end. 


/ 


No,  33.] 


343 


Jem's  Milk 


Set  Warm. 

Set  Cold 

Temp 

Per  cent 

V1 

Ratio  of  But- 

Per  cent 

Ratio  of 

set. 

of 

ter  to  fat  in 

of 

Butter  to 

F.° 

Butter. 

milk. 

Temp.  set. 

Butter 

fat  in  milk. 

75 

3.85 

71.6 

64 

5.47 

102. 

75 

2.58 

40.1 

64 

4.91 

76.2 

68 

7.02 

114.9 

64 

7.72 

126.3 

68 

2.78 

94.5 

64 

7.08 

98.7 

68 

2.83 

46.7 

63 

4.80 

79.2 

73 

5.27 

6.8 

61 

4.37  • 

63.7 

73 

3.78 

47.5 

63 

6.87 

86.4 

73 

10.02 

110.9 

61 

8.27 

91.6 

73 

6.66 

105.1 

61 

6.30 

97.7 

73 

0. 

0. 

61 

6.45 

1,00.3 

73 

2.78 

38.9 

61 

5.83 

81.5 

73 

4.92 

79.1 

59 

6.02 

96.8 

73 

8.37 

101.8 

59 

6.85 

83.3 

75 

8  13 

100. 

59 

7.40 

90  9 

Average, 

5.21 

73.4 

•  >  •  • 

6.31 

91.0 

344 


[  Assembly 


Megs  Milk 


Set  Warm. 

Set  Cold 

Per  cent 

Ratio  of  But- 

Per  cent 

Ratio  of 

of 

ter  to  fat  in 

of 

Butter  to 

Temp.  Bet 

Butter. 

milk. 

Temp,  set 

Butter 

fat  in  milk. 

75 

3.89 

86.0 

64 

3.74 

82.7 

75 

1.26 

28.9 

<  64 

1.95 

44.5 

68 

6.30 

93.1 

64 

6  97 

103. 

68 

2.39 

41.7 

64 

3.44 

62.2 

68 

1.25 

-  45.0 

63 

1.24 

45.7 

73 

2.73 

57.2 

63 

2.57 

53.8 

73 

2.12 

56.5 

61 

1.12 

29.9 

73 

3.57 

76.1 

61 

2.96 

63.3 

73 

3.17 

68.4 

61 

3.43 

75.4 

73 

0. 

0. 

61 

3.37 

76.4 

73 

0. 

0. 

61 

3.37 

74.2 

73 

2.07 

46.1 

61 

3.57 

79.5 

*73 

0. 

0. 

61 

1.55 

38.0 

73 

2.63 

66.8 

59 

2.00 

50.3 

73 

3.43 

69.6 

59 

3.00 

61.1 

73 

0. 

0. 

59 

3.72 

84  0 

Average. 

217 

1 

45.9 

•  •  •  • 

3.00 

64.0 

We  learn  from  this  that  there  has  been  a  marked  difference  in 
favor  of  the  cooler  setting  with  the  milk  of  both  cows. 

During  the  last  few  days  of  the  trial  the  test  samples  were  all  set 
in  the  spring  water,  one  bottle  in  each  case  being  closed  and  the 
other  left  open  exposed  freely  to  the  air.  No  difference  was  observed 
in  the  ease  of  churning  the  two  samples  nor  in  the  appearance  of 
the  butter  obtained,  while  the  quantity  obtained  was  almost  identical 
in  the  two  cases  The  average  per  cent  of  butter  obtained  from 
Jem’s  milk  in  sixteen  trials  was  in  the  open  bottles  7.98  and  in  the 
closed  7.88 

In  fifteen  trials  with  Meg’s  milk  the  average  was  in  the  open 
bottles  4.48  and  in  the  closed  ones  4.45. 

The  melting  point  of  the  butter  obtained  was  determined  fre¬ 
quently  and  was  found  to  be  quite  constant  throughout  the  whole 
period.  That  from  Jem’s  milk  varied  only  one  or  two'degrees  from 
104°  F.  That  from  Meg’s  milk  was  considerably  lower,  being  in 
nearly  every  trial  96°  F. 


No.  33.] 


345 


Five  partial  analyses  of  the  air-dried  butter  from  Jem’s  milk  were 
made.  These  are  given  below : 


Date  when  churned 

October  25.  Evening . 

October  27.  Morning. 
November  3.  Morning  . . 
November  7.  Morning  . . 
November  10.  Morning  . . 
Average .  . 


Casein  Insoluble 


Water. 

Fat. 

and  ash  by 
difference. 

16.09 

82.88 

1.03 

16.09 

82.42 

1.49 

16.14 

82.70 

1.16 

13.49 

84.83 

1.68 

14.40 

84.12 

1.48 

15.24 

83.39 

1.37 

fatty 

acids. 


86.  S6 


The  average  loss  of  the  butter  from  Jem’s  milk  by  air  drying  was 
10.7  percent;  calculated  on  this  basis  the  average  composition  of 
the  moist  butter  from  her  milk  would  be. 


Water.  Fat,.  Casein,  etc 

24.31  74.47  1.22 


Milk. 

The  average  composition  of  the  milk  from  the  two  Jersey  cows,  Jem 
and  Meg,  during  the  feeding  experiments  in  January  and  February, 
1884,  and  with  brewers'  grains  in  October  and  November  of  the 
same  year,  is  given  below. 

Jem  is  four  years  old  and  Meg  is  six  years  old.  Further  particu¬ 
lars  regarding  these  cows  will  be  found  in  report  on  brewers’  grains. 


Average  composition  of  Jem's  milk . 


1834 

Number  of 

Jan.  and  Feb, 

determinations. 

Highest. 

Lowest. 

Average. 

Specific  gravity .... 

. ...  75 

1.0360 

1.0295 

1.0314 

Solids . . 

. ...  76 

16.10 

12.89 

14.76 

Fat . 

. ...  76 

6.80 

3.36 

5.26 

Casein . 

.  . . .  24 

3.75 

2.85 

3.47 

Sugar .  ... 

. ...  14 

5.91 

4.97 

5.26 

A  sli .  . 

. ...  22 

.77 

.60 

.71 

Oct  and  Nov. 

Specific  gravity ... 

. . . .  78 

1.0357 

1.0280 

1.0310 

Solids  ....  . 

.  .  .  .  56 

19.50 

13.50 

17.03 

Fat . 

. .  . .  54 

9.64 

4.75 

7.42 

Casein . 

.  ...  8 

437 

3.36 

4.07 

Sugar  . 

....  8 

5.78 

4.20 

5.01 

Ash . 

....  10 

.78 

.58 

.68 

[Assem.  Doc. 

No.  33.] 

44 

• . 

346 

[Assembly 

% 

Average  composition  of  Meg's 

milk. 

1884. 

Number  of 

Jan.  and  Feb. 

determinations. 

Highest. 

Lowest. 

Average. 

Specific  gravity 

.  40 

1.0363 

1.0315 

1.0337 

Solids  .  . 

.  39 

16.27 

12.99 

14.34 

Fat . 

.  40 

6.43 

3.49 

4.65 

Casein . . 

.  23 

4.11 

3.48 

3.73 

Sugar . 

.  12 

5.44 

4.80 

5.10 

Ash . 

.  21 

.77 

.60 

.71 

Oct.  and  Nov. 

Specific  gravity 

.  77 

1.0376 

1.0253 

1.0315 

Solids . 

.  48 

21.43 

12.35 

14.39 

Fat . 

.  48 

12.53* 

2.74 

5.20 

Casein . 

.  6 

3.80 

3.54 

3.76 

Sugar . 

.  6 

5.84 

4.41 

4.90 

Ash . 

.  9 

.74 

.51 

66 

The  average  of  the  analysis  for  the  morning’s  and  evening’s  milk 
of  each  period  is  as  below  : 


Jem. 


1884. 


Jan.  and  Feb. 

Specific  gravity 

Solids 

Fat. 

Morning . . . 

.  1.0337 

14.33 

5.02 

Evening . 

.  1.0318 

15.22 

5.80 

Oct.  and  Nov. 

Morning . 

Evening  .... 

.  1.0309 

.  1.0311 

16.80 

17.01 

7.33 

7.65 

1884. 

Jan.  and  Feb. 

Meg. 

Morning . 

Evening . 

Oct.  and  Nov. 

.  1.0347 

.  1.0327 

13.99 

14.76 

4.27 

5.08 

Morning . 

Evening . 

. . , .  1.0321 

.  1.0326 

14.61 

15.52 

4.91 

6.42 

The  average 

difference  between  the  morning’s 

and  evening’s 

milk 

of  Meg  in  October  and  November  is  not  as  great  as  appears  from 
these  figures,  as  the  nine  determinations  made  of  the  evening’s  milk 
included  some  of  the  phenomenal  yields. 

The  average  composition  of  the  milk  from  our  herd  of  four  J er- 
sey  cows  during  the  feeding  experiment  in  1883  is  repeated  from  last 
year’s  report : 

Number  of  de¬ 
terminations.  Highest.  Lowest.  Average. 


Specific  gravity .  94  1.0336  1.0296  1.0315 

Cream .  94  17.5  10.  13.80 

Solid  . • .  94  15.90  13.26  14.47 

Fat  . : .  47  6.02  4.47  5.09 

Casein  .  40  3.93  3.25  3.57 

Sugar .  40  5.56  4.64  5.15 

Ash  .  47  .74  .56  .67 


*  See  remarks  on  phenomenal  milk 


No.  33.] 


347 


The  variations  between  the  morning's  and  evening’s  milk  is  shown 
in  the  following  table  which  represents  the  average  of  all  determina¬ 
tion  made : 

Spec,  grav  Cream.  Solids.  Fat 


Morning .  1.0320  12.  f4  14.20  4.83 

Evening .  1.0309  14.8b  14.74  5.06 


Cream. 

Two  analyses  of  cream  have  been  made  with  the  following  re¬ 
sults  : 

Spec,  grav  Solids.  Fat. 

Februarv  22,  1884  ....  . .  .9887  60.51  54.  (0 

October  13,  1884  .  37.76  30.67 

The  last  sample  was  churned  and  yielded  35.6  per  cent  of  the 
weight  of  the  cream  in  unsalted  butter. 

Lysimeter. 

Since  January  1,  1883,  monthly  examinations  of  the  drainage 
water  from  the  three  lysimeters,  described  in  the  First  Annual  Re 
port  of  this  Station,  page  14,  have  been  made.  These  observations 
are  not  yet  sufficiently  numerous  to  admit  of  any  extended  discus¬ 
sions  regarding  the  amount  of  plant  food  lost  in  the  drainage  water, 
but  it  is  deemed  best  to  put  upon  record  the  results  already  ob¬ 
tained. 

The  treatment  of  the  soil  in  each  lysimeter  has  been  the  same 
since  they  were  placed  in  position,  viz. :  No.  1  is  covered  with  sod, 
the  grass"  being  kept  short  by  frequent  cuttings.  No.  2  is  kept  free 
from  all  vegetation,  its  surface  being  left  undisturbed.  The  surface 
of  No.  3  is  kept  in  a  loose  and  fine  condition  by  frequent  stirrings 
with  a  trowel. 

During  the  first  year,  1883,  the  water  from  all  of  the  lysimeters 
was  mixed  and  analyzed  together ;  since  January,  1884,  the  water 
from  each  has  been  examined  separately.  The  determinations  made 
have  been  total  solids,  chlorine,  nitrogen  in  free  ammonia  and  in  ni 
trates.  The  results  thus  far  obtained  are  given  below,  those  re¬ 
corded  in  the  last  report  being  repeated  here. 


»  Lysimeter  Water  Collected 

from 

- - * - - - , 

No.  of  days  rain-  Cultivated 

1882.  Rainfall  fall  recorded.  Sod.  Bare  soil.  soil. 

Inches.  Inches.  Inches.  Inches. 

August .  2.371  10  .000  .135  .575 

September .  1.251  6  .000  .001  .284 

October .  0.621  7  .000  .000  .001 

November .  1.220  7  .000  .009  .011 

December .  0.550  4  .000  .271  .249 


348 


[Assembly 


Lysimeter  Water  Collected 
from 


No.  of  days 

rain- 

1 

Cultivated 

1883. 

Rainfall. 

Inches. 

fall  recorded.  Sod. 

Inches 

Bare  soil. 
Inches. 

soil. 

Inches. 

January . 

.  . . .  0.482 

13 

.007 

.052 

006 

February . 

.  . . .  1.441 

13 

.142 

.000 

.000 

March . 

. . . .  0.880 

12 

.001 

.001 

.001 

April . 

.  ...  1.580 

11 

.001 

1.291 

1.566 

May . 

.  . . .  4.451 

16 

1.204 

2.439 

3.010 

June . 

. . . .  4.120 

12 

1.204 

1.151 

2.154 

July . 

. . . .  2.980 

13 

.006 

.320 

.469 

August . 

. . . .  3.470 

9 

.000 

.959 

1.352 

September.  . . 

. . . .  2.120 

10 

.000 

.227 

.632 

October . 

.  . . .  2.100 

10 

.083 

.964 

1.353 

November . 

.  . . .  1.540 

5 

.935 

.801 

.935 

December . 

1884. 

. . . .  0.730 

11 

.165 

.043 

.031 

January . 

1.83 

11 

.059 

.229 

.055 

February . 

2.01 

14 

2.062 

1.540 

1.769 

March . 

2.54 

16 

1.320 

1.629 

1.611 

April . 

0.83 

11 

.190 

.062 

.210 

May . 

2.49 

15 

.000 

.510 

1.070 

June . 

2.01 

10 

.015 

.228 

.090 

July . 

2.33 

12 

.000 

.278 

.316 

August . 

1.44 

6 

.000 

.000 

.000 

September. ..... 

3.17 

7 

.000 

.103 

.350 

October . 

1.67 

13 

.000 

.157 

.165 

November . 

1.01 

8 

.000 

.000 

.000 

December . 

0.97 

10 

.000 

.432 

.352 

The  rainfall  and  drainage  water  for  each  lysimeter  is  given  in  the 
following  table  in  tons  of  2000  pounds  per  acre,  the  weight  of  a 
cubiG  inch  of  water  being  taken  as  .036024  pounds. 


Tons  per  acre 


Drainage  water. 


Cultivated 


1882, 

Rainfall. 

Sod. 

Bare  soil. 

soil. 

August . 

267.88 

.0 

15.25 

64.96 

September . 

141.34 

.0 

.11 

32.08 

October . 

70.16 

.0 

.0 

.11 

November . 

137.89 

.0 

1.01 

1.24 

December . 

62.14 

.0 

30.61 

28.13 

1883. 

January . 

54.45 

.74 

5.87 

.68 

February . 

162.81 

16.04 

.0 

.0 

No.  33.] 


349 


Tons  per  acre. 


Drainage  water. 


Cultivated 


1883 

Rainfall. 

Sod. 

Bare  soil. 

soil. 

Marcn . 

99.42 

11 

.11 

.11 

April . 

. ...  178.51 

.11 

145.86 

176.93 

May . 

_  502.88 

136.03 

275.56 

340.08 

J  une . 

. . . .  465.49 

136.03 

130.04 

243.36 

July . 

. . . .  336.64 

.67 

36.15 

52.99 

August . 

. .  . .  392.05 

.0 

108.35 

152.75 

September . .  . 

. . . .  239.52 

.0 

25.64 

71.40 

October . 

. . . .  237.26 

9.37 

108.91 

152.81 

November . 

.  . . .  173.99 

105.14 

90.49 

105.64 

December . 

82.47 

18.64 

4.86 

3.50 

884. 

January . 

. . . .  206.78 

6.67 

25.87 

6.21 

February . 

.  . . .  227.09 

232.97 

173.99 

199.87 

March . 

.  ...  286.97- 

149.13 

184.04 

182.01 

April . 

93.77 

214.66 

7.00 

23.70 

May . 

. . . .  281.32 

.0 

57.62 

120.89 

June . 

.  .  . .  227.09 

1.70 

25.76 

10.17 

July . 

. . . .  263.25 

.0 

31.41 

35.70 

August . 

.  . . .  162.64 

•0 

.0 

.0 

September . 

.  . . .  358.15 

.0 

11.63 

39.54 

October . 

.  .  . .  188.68 

.0 

17.73 

18.64 

November . 

.  ...  114.11 

.0 

.0 

.0 

December . 

. . . .  109.59 

.0 

48.81 

39.77 

The  amount  of  solids,  chlorine  and  nitrogen  found  in  the  mixed 
drainage  water  from  the  three  lysimeters  in  1883  and  in  the  water 
from  each  lysimeter  in  1884  is  given  below. 


Drainage  water  from  the  three  lysimeters : 


Total  solids, 

Chlorine, 

Nitrogen  as 
free  ammo- 

Nitrogen 
as  nitrates, 

Total 

nitrogen. 

1883. 

grains 
per  gal. 

grains 
per  gal. 

nia,  parts 
per  million. 

parts  per 
million. 

parts  per 
million. 

Jan.  1 — Feb.  6.  . 

.  11.9 

1.68 

.206 

2.76 

2.966 

Feb.  6 — Apr.  16. 

.  46.7 

3.36 

1.029 

55.94 

56.969 

Apr.  16 — May  20 

.  26.9 

2.59 

’.987 

24.73 

25.717 

May  20 — June  1 

.  38.8 

3.71 

.165 

47.96  * 

48.125 

J  une . . 

.  40.18 

3.15 

.428 

55.90 

56.328 

July . 

.  44.24 

3.3 

.066 

66.00 

66.066 

August . 

.  56.35 

2.9 

.330 

97.00 

97.330 

September . 

.  47.95 

2.5 

.023 

83.26 

83.286 

October . 

.  49.91 

2.5 

.066 

92.26 

92.326 

November . 

.  37.73 

3.2 

.082 

64.96 

65.042 

December . 

.  23.59 

2.4 

.132 

25.24 

25.253 

350 


[Assembly 


Drainage  from  lysimeter  No.  1,  in  sod  : 


Nitrogen 

as  Nitrogen 

Total  loss 

Total  sol- 

Chlorine,  free  ammo-  as  nitrates,  Total  nitro- 

of  nitrogen 

ids.  grains 

grains  ma,  parts  parts  per 

gen,  parts 

in  pounds 

1884. 

per  gal. 

per  gal.  per  million.  million. 

per  million. 

per  acre. 

January.  .  . 

..  23.03 

1.8  .0033  2.13 

2.133 

.02844 

February.  . 

..  9.52 

1.7  .033 

.142 

.175 

.08154 

March  .  .  . . 

..  10.92 

1.5  .079 

.142 

.221 

.06591 

April . 

..  10.43 

1.2  .099 

.284 

.383 

.01644 

May . 

•  •  .  «  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  .  •  • 

June . 

•  •  .  •  •  • 

.  a  •  • 

July . 

.  .  .  .  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

August  .  .  . 

. 

•  •  •  • 

September. 

. 

•  •  •  • 

October  . . 

•  •  •  •  •  9 

a  .  .  # 

November. 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

a  ,  •  « 

December . 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

. 

Lysimeter  No.  2,  bare  soil : 

January . .  . 

15.4 

.1  .03 

trace 

.03 

.00155 

February. . 

19.11 

1.2  .0132 

20.529 

20.542 

7.1488 

March . 

53.06 

3.4  .0494 

75.073 

75.122 

27.6524 

April . 

46.9T 

4.7  .0987 

90.02 

90.119 

1.2625 

May . 

74.34 

4.8  .395 

117.92 

118.315 

13.6350 

June . 

32.76 

1.1  .0165 

33.122 

33.138 

1.7073 

July . 

42.77 

1.5  .0296 

34.80 

34.829 

2.1879 

August. .  . . 

«  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

September. 

42. 

3.6  .204 

64.62 

64.87 

1.50;v7 

October . . . 

63.14 

5.2  .03 

90.86 

90.90 

3.2244 

November.. 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

December. . 

70.42 

4.5  .211 

114.5S 

114.79 

11.206 

Lysimeter  No.  3,  cultivated  soil : 

January. . . 

.  39.00 

1.75  .03 

.426 

.456 

.00566 

February.  . 

.  45.43 

.9  .0132 

69.61 

69.623 

27.8307 

March  .... 

.  31.50 

.8  .0494 

52.164 

52.213 

19.0073 

April . 

.  34.44 

1,3  .296 

65.62 

65.916 

3.1279 

May  . 

.  45.08 

.9  .059 

68.07 

68.129 

16.4725 

June . 

31.78 

.8  .023 

23.94 

23.963 

48.4873 

July . 

.  56.35 

.9  .013 

63.94 

63.953 

4.5666 

August  . . . 

September . 

.  46.90 

1.  .0 

69.60 

69.60 

5.5045 

October . . . 

53.97 

1.  .006 

59.66 

59.658 

2.2246 

November.. 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

*  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  « 

December.. 

.  44.73 

.9  .064 

62.97 

63.03 

5.0134 

These  results  show  that  there  is  practically  no  loss  of  nitrogen  in 
the  drainage  water  from  the  lysimeter  in  grass.  The  loss  is  very 
large  from  the  bare  soil  and  still  larger  from  the  cultivated. 


No.  33.] 


351 


Sorghum. 

Tlie  season  of  1884  seemed  very  unfavorable  to  the  growth  and 
maturity  of  sorghum.  A  large  plat  was  planted  May  26  with  seed 
of  the  Early  Amber  variety  supplied  by  Prof.  Henry  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  samples  of  the  same  seed  being  sent  to 
several  of  the  experiment  stations  in  order  that  the  results  obtained, 
with  the  same  variety,  in  different  sections,  might  be  comparable. 
This  cane  was  verjT  backward  throughout  the  season,  and  when  killed 
by  frost,  October  15,  much  of  it  was  still  in  bloom,  and  only  a  few 
stalks,  evidently  of  a  variety  earlier  than  the  most  of  the  plat,  could 
be  found  whose  seed  was  in  the  dough.  These  earlier  stalks  were 
tested  October  7,  and  again  October  14.  On  October  15,  a  severe 
freeze  having  occurred  the  night  before,  a  fair  average  of  the  cane 
was  taken  from  each  half  of  the  plat  and  tested.  The  following 
results  were  obtained  in  the  tests  made  : 


Early  Amber  Cane. 


18SL 

Average 

length 

of 

cane. 

Average 
weight  of 
stripped 
cane, 
grams. 

Per  cent 
of 

juice. 

Sp.  gr. 
of 

j  uice. 

Per  cent 
of  cane 
sugar 
by  polar- 
iscope. 

Per  cent 
of  glu¬ 
cose. 

Total 

Sugar 

Oct  7* . 

6* 

276 

45.3 

1 . 056 

■ 

8  29 

“  14* . 

7 

261 

44.5 

1.056 

7.91 

3.80 

11.71 

“  15+ . 

7* 

336 

45. 

1.053 

7.44 

3.54 

10.98 

“  15+ . 

n 

412 

46.5 

1.053 

7.64 

4.21 

11.85 

*  Earliest  stalks  in  plat, 
t  Average  stalks  from  west  half  of  plat. 
X  Average  stalks  from  east  half  of  plat.; 


Two  samples  of  Niagara  cane,  one  raised  from  ripe  seed,  and  the 
other  from  unripe  seed,  were  tested  October  14.  The  samples  from 
unripe  seed  were  a  little  more  advanced  than  that  from  the  ripe 
seed,  and  the  results  obtained  show  it  to  be  a  little  richer  in  cane 
sugar,  the  total  sugar  being  practically  the  same  in  both  cases. 


Average 

length 

of 

cane. 

Average 

Per  cent 

weight  of 

Per  cent 

Sp  gr. 

of  cane 

Per  cent 

Total 

sugar 

18S4. 

stripped 

cane, 

grams. 

of 

juice. 

of 

juice. 

sugar  by 
po  I  aria- 
cope. 

of  glu¬ 
cose. 

Oct  14* . 

7 

316 

39.2 

1.076 

11.96 

2.22 

14.18 

“  14+ . 

n 

347 

41.1 

1.076 

11.10 

3.10 

14.20 

*  From  ripe  seed. 

•I’ From  unripe  seed 


352 


[Assembly,  No.  33.] 


Fertilizer. 

The  examination  of  fertilizers  has,  as  heretofore,  received  but 
little  attention,  only  a  limited  number  of  analyses  having  been 
made,  and  these,  without  exception,  have  been  undertaken  for  the 
accommodation  of  private  parties.  A  list  of  these  analyses  is 
given  : 


NAME. 

Phosphoric  Acid. 

o 

cc 

X 

X 

Manufacturer. 

Soluble. 

Reverted. 

1 

Insoluble 

Total. 

Potassa. 

Ammonia. 

Alkaline  Bone . 

5.73 

1.91 

4.88 

12.52 

3.62 

Maryland  Fert.  Co. 

Standard  Ammon.  Bone 

Phosphate . 

5.70 

1.00 

2.79 

9.49 

1.99 

1.07 

Farmers  Fert.  Co. 

Honest  Fertilizer . 

6.97 

1.44 

1.59 

10.00 

1.42 

3.43 

L.  L.  Crocker. 

Bowker’s  Alkaline  Bone 

9.12 

2.11 

2.06 

13.29 

4.61 

Bowker  Fert.  Co. 

Chesapeake  Alkaline  Bone. 

5.02 

2.27 

2.47 

9.76 

3.56 

... 

Chesapeake  Guano  Co. 

Chesapeake  Ammoniated 

Bone  Superphosphate.... 

5.88 

2  00 

4.64 

12.52 

53 

1.04 

Chesapeake  Guano  Co. 

Pure  Bone  Meal . 

... 

18.46 

.... 

4.50 

Williams,  Clarke  &  Co- 

Ammon.  Dissolved  Bone... 

6.58 

3.42 

1.82 

11.82 

1.98 

Williams,  Clarke  &  Co. 

Ammon.  Dissolved  Bone... 

6.82 

2.82 

1.44 

11.08 

2.10 

2.40 

Lister  Bros. 

Muriate  of  Potash . 

. 

.... 

.... 

54.71 

.... 

Muriate  of  Potash . 

52.03 

Wood  Ashes . 

... 

.... 

2.65 

4.92 

.... 

From  tile  kiln. 

REPORT  OF  THE  BOTANIST. 


The  work  of  this  department  has  been  largely  directed  to  the  in¬ 
vestigation  of  the  diseases  of  plants,  and  it  is  only  on  this  subject 
that  it  seems  necessary  to  make  a  formal  report.  Some  interesting 
physiological  investigations  are  under  way,  but  are  not  yet  com¬ 
plete  enough  to  be  published. 

The  subject  of  plant  diseases  is  so  broad,  of  such  commanding  im¬ 
portance,  and  one  so  little  understood  by  cultivators  that  instead  of 
concentrating  the  work  upon  a  few  examples  it  seemed  that  the 
most  good  could  be  accomplished  by  making  observations  upon  any 
and  all,  as  they  came,  to  hand.  In  pursuance  of  this  plan  whenever 
a  disease  appeared  upon  the  grounds  of  the  Station  or  in  the  neigh¬ 
borhood,  it  was  subjected  to  observation  and  experiment,  and  as 
completely  studied  as  time  and  facilities  permitted.  The  report, 
therefore,  only  treats  of  such  diseases  as  have  thrust  themselves 
upon  our  attention,  and  only  such  of  these,  moreover,  as  became 
specially  conspicuous  or  yielded  the  best  returns  lor  our  labor.  It  is 
hoped  that  those  who  have  occasion  to  consult  this  report  will  bear 
in  mind  that  it  is  only  the  result  of  a  single  season’s  work,  and  that 
a  complete  and  wholly  satisfactory  presentation  is  by  no  means  pos¬ 
sible  in  so  limited  time. 

Judging  from  the  comments  upon  fungous  diseases  which  the 
writer  has  now  and  then  seen  in  the  agricultural  and  horticultural 
papers  of  the  day,  a  short  introductory  statement  of  the  relation  of 
fungi  to  diseases  in  plants  will  not  be  superfluous. 

Fungi,  like  other  plants  having  no  green  coloring  matter,  chloro¬ 
phyll  (and  let  us  bear  in  mind  that  fungi  are  amenable  to  the  same 
general  laws  that  govern  other  kinds  of  vegetation),  may  be  divided 
into  two  physiological  classes,  saprophytes  and  parasites  ;  the  former 
live  upon  lifeless  organic  matter,  and  the  latter  upon  living  matter. 
Many  of  the  moulds,  toadstools  and  other  sorts,  with  which  we  have 
little  to  do  in  this  report,  are  of  the  first  class.  To  this  class  also 
belong  some  which  do  not  wait  for  plants  to  die,  but,  with  most  un¬ 
seemly  haste,  begin  feeding  upon  them  while  yet  alive,  and  then 
complete  their  development  upon  the  dead  and  putrefying  bodies 
which  they  have  helped  to  destroy ;  such  are  many  of  the  rots,  as 
those  of  the  potato,  tomato,  and  of  many  fruits.  From  such  sapro 
phytes,  which  begin  their  work  of  destruction  before  the  plant 
is  dead,  there  are  all  gradations  to  the  completely  parasitic  fungi 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  45 


354 


[Assembly 


which  take  their  nourishment  from  the  living  host,  without  killing 
it,  and  in  some  cases  without  interfering  with  its  functions,  like 
many  of  the.  mildews,  rusts,  peach  curl,  etc. 

Probably  those  most  to  be  dreaded  are  the  half-saprophytic  kinds. 
They  may  grow  for  some  time  in  the  host  before  killing  the  tissues 
and  beginning  the  work  of  disintegration.  In  this  case  there  is  a 
struggle  between  the  fungus  and  its  host.  The  fungus  requires 
a  certain  grade  or  quality  of  food,  it  must  be,  we  will  say,  not 
above  a  certain  degree  of  vitality ;  if  the  vigor  of  the  host  can  be 
raised  to  exceed  this  point,  the  fungus  is  successfully  repulsed,  and 
the  disease  overcome.  Again,  in  other  instances,  the  fungus  hav¬ 
ing  a  different  habit  of  life,  finds  a  foothold  at  some  weakened  part, 
as  upon  old  leaves,  a  sickly  branch,  or  through  a  wound,  and  by 
slowly  diverting  the  nourishment  of  the  plant  to  its  own  uses, 
finally  lowers  the  vitality  until  it  invades  and  destroys  the  whole 
plant.  But  some  fungi  are  more  aggressive  than  either  of  these,  and 
at  once  strike  at  the  most  highly  vitalized  parts  of  the  plant,  blast¬ 
ing  the  tissues  wherever  they  touch.  It  would  be  folly  to  fight  such 
a  disease  simply  by  enhancing  the  vigor  of  the  plant,  for  this  is 
only  providing  the  fungus  with  a  better  supply  of  the  nourishment 
which  it  prefers.  No  more  foundation  exists  for  the  belief  that  a 
fungus  cannot  successfully  attack  a  healthy  plant,  than  that  a  well 
man  cannot  be  made  sick  by  a  contagious  disease.  If  we  admit,  as 
is  most  likely  true  that  these  saprophytes  are  helped  in  their  work 
of  disorganization  by  bacteria,  especially  the  kinds  that  most  quickly 
kill  the  host,  such  as  the  rots,  the  facts  are  not  materially  changed, 
for  in  this  case  the  bacteria  without  the  assistance  of  the  fungus 
would  have  no  power  to  break  down  the  tissues. 

This  brings  ns  to  the  consideration  of  true  parasitic  fungi.  If 
we  select  for  an  example  such  a  fungus  as  the  lilac  mildew  (Micros- 
phsera  Friesii  Lev.),  which  causes  the  upper  surface  of  lilac  leaves 
to  turn  white  in  late  summer,  we  shall  have  to  do  with  a  fungus 
which  completes  its  growth  upon  a  living  host,  from  whicli  it  draws 
its  nourishment,  and  with  so  little  disturbance  to  the  normal  func¬ 
tions  that  one  can  scarcely  call  it  a  disease.  In  the  nearly  related 
pea  and  hop  mildews  the  hosts  are  usually  unable  to  supply  sufficient 
nourishment  for  both  host  and  parasite,  and  the  host,  in  conse¬ 
quence,  fails  to  develop  fully.  In  the  cases  just  mentioned  the  para¬ 
site  lives  wholly  upon  the  outside  of  the  plant,  but  it  is  quite  as  com¬ 
mon  to  find  it  penetrating  the  tissues,  and  living  inside.  A  simple 
case  in  point  is  the  peach  curl.  The  mycelium  of  the  fungus  causing 
this  disease  ramifies  through  the  tissues  of  the  leaves  and  young 
shoots  of  the  tree,  and  makes  itself  almost  a  part  of  them.  There  is 
no  marked  disturbance  of  functions  till  the  fungus  begins  to  fruit, 
causing  the  leaves  to  become  hypertrophied,  to  ripen  prematurely 
and  fall  away  ;  but  the  part  of  the  fungus  remaining  in  the  tree 
lives  on  perennially.  It  is  only  when  the  tree  is  unable  to  meet  the 
full  demand  for  nourishment  that  we  see  any  lowering  of  vigor. 


No.  33.] 


355 


We  have  thus  seen  that  many  fungi  live  upon  dead  plants,  others 
take  an  active  part  in  killing  the  plants  in  older  to  feed  upon  the 
dymg  tissues,  while  others  live  upon  the  outside  or  occupv  the  inside 
ot  the  host  without  causing  further  harm  than  using  part  of  the 
plant’s  nourishment.  Between  these  forms  there  are  all  gradations 
A  few  words  regarding  the  structure  of  fungi  and  their  modes  of 
reproduction  may  be  prized  by  those  unfamiliar  with  the  subject. 

ungi  aie  plants  of  simple  organization,  but  yet  of  as  great  diversity 
ot  structure  and  habit  as  is  found  in  the  larger  plants  that  fill  up  a 
landscape.  They  are  often  spoken  of  as  one  would  speak  of  the 
cabbage  family  for  instance,  but  there  is  really  no  such  close  rela¬ 
tionship,  they  should  rather  be  considered  as  varying  from  each 
other  as  much  as  do  the  various  kinds  of  trees  and  herbs. 

.  the  fungus  is  composed  of  branching  threads,  except 

m  bacteria,  and  a  few  other  cases,  where  the  threads,  if  they  may  be 
so  called,  are  unbranched  and.  extremely  short.  These  threads  taken 
together  are  known  as  mycelium.  Sometimes  the  mycelium  is  com¬ 
pacted  into  a  solid  body  of  definite  form,  as  in  mushrooms,  ergot, 
etc.,  but  quite  as  often  it  remains  as  loose  tangled  threads. 

All. fungi  produce  spores.  These  are  minute  bodies  consisting 
essentially  of  a  single  cell,  having  some  direct  office  in  the  reproduc¬ 
tion  ot  the  species.  Sometimes  the  spores  are  compounded  by  several 
cells  being  united.  They  may  be  globular  or  any  other  shape.  They 
usually  grow  at  last  into  another  individual,  that  is,  they  are  really 
seeds  in  function,  except  some  of  them  which  are  only  the  male  ele¬ 
ment  m  the  sexual  reproduction.  Of  this  latter  kind  are  the  pollen 
giains  or  pollen  spores  -  of  flowering  plants,  which  are  as  truly 
spores  as  the  spores  of  ferns,  or  of  corn  smut.  There  are  many 
kmds  of  spores  designated  by  names  usually  formed  by  putting  a 

prefix  before  the  word  spore,  for  example  pollenspore,  ascospore, 
ureclospore,  Gtc. 

.  Some  fungi  like  some  weeds  are  able  to  grow  and  fruit  whenever 
circumstances  are  favorable,  but  the  majority  have  their  appointed 
seasons  as  much  as  trees  and  herbs.  Some  produce  but  one  kind  of 
spores,  as  peach  curl,  while  others  have  several  kinds  to  meet  the  re¬ 
quirements  of  different  seasons  and  conditions,  as  wheat  rust  Some 
tungi  complete  their  growth  during  warm  weather,  while  some  grow 
s  owly  all  winter  and  have  a  fresh  set  of  spores  ready  by  spring  of 
wliicn  the  black  knot  is  an  example.  J  1 

^  It  we  consider  fungi  in  relation  to  the  application  of  fun- 
gicides,  they  may  be  conveniently  classed  as  epiphytic,  embrac¬ 
ing  such  as  grow  on  the  surface  of  plants,  like  the"  pea  mildew 
and  endophytic,  such  as  grow  within  the  plant,  like  peach  curl  or 
oat  smut.  Many  of  the  endophytic  kinds  send  branches  of  the 
nycelium  to  t.ie  surface  on  which  spores  are  borne,  but  the  rest  of 

1884?p.Cai40d  ^  De  Bary’  Vergleicbeilde  Morphologic  und  Btologie  der  Pilze, 


356 


[Assembly 


the  fungus  is  concealed  within  the  tissues  of  the  host.  A  writer  re¬ 
cently  commenting  on  the  disease  of  the  lily,  and  acknowledging  his 
total  ignorance  of  its  nature,  said  :  “  But  it  makes  little  practical 
difference,  as  all  these  low  forms  of  fungous  life,  whatever  may  be 
their  names  or  character,  are  usually  destroyed  by  sulphur,”  and  so 
are  birds  caught  by  putting  salt  on  their  tails.  My  youthful  exper¬ 
ience  in  bird  catching,  however,  soon  taught  me  that  there  existed  a 
prime  difficulty  in  getting  the  salt  in  contact  with  the  bird,  and  so  he 
who  tries  sulphur  on  all  fungi  will  soon  learn  that  a  like  difficulty 
awaits  him.  As  a  rule  sulphur  is  an  effective  fungicide  for  the 
epiphytic  kinds,  but  it  goes  without  saying,  one  would  think,  that  it 
is  useless  for  the  endophytic  ones.  For  when  the  fungus  is  entirely 
within,  the  utmost  efficiency  that  could  be  expected  from  the  external 
application  of  sulphur  would  be  to  prevent  the  production  or  germ¬ 
ination  of  spores  on  the  surface  of  the  host,  and  in  some  cases  to 
thus  act  as  a  check  to  the  spread  of  the  disease.  And  what  is  true  of 
the  application  of  sulphur  is  true  of  all  other  fungicides  employed  at 
the  present  time. 

The  following  diseases  are  treated  more  or  less  fully  in  this 
report : 

Diseases  of  the  pear : 

Pear  blight. 

Leaf  blight  and  scab. 

Leaf  brown  ness. 

Leaf  yellowing. 

Diseases  of  the  apple  : 

Apple  blight. 

Leaf  blight  and  scab. 

Diseases  of  the  quince  : 

Quince  blight. 

Leaf  brown  ness. 

Leaf  mildew. 

Quince  rot. 

Diseases  of  the  peach : 

Yellows. 

Curl. 

Gumming  or  gummosis. 

Diseases  of  the  tomato  : 

Rot  in  green  tomatoes. 

Rot  in  ripe  tomatoes. 

Disease  of  oats : 

Smut. 

Disease  of  clematis : 

Rotting  of  the  roots. 

Disease  of  Canada  thistle  : 

Brown  rust. 


No.  33.] 


357 


Diseases  of  the  Pear, 

Pea w  Blight. 

Pear  bliglit  is  a  disease  so  well  known  that  no  minute  description 
is  needed  to  indentify  it.  Its  chief  characteristic  is  the  blackening 
of  the  branches  and  foliage,  usually  accompanied  with  a  peculiar 
putrefactive  odor.  The  disease  may  attack  any  part  of  the  tree, 
except  it  be  the  roots,  and  either  progress  till  the  whole  tree  succumbs, 
or  stop  short  at  any  point.  It  is  also  known  both  as  fire  blight^w^. 
twig  blight. 

Many  theories  have  been  proposed  to  account  for  it,  of  which  the 
one  ascribing  it  to  the  direct  influence  of  bacteria  is  so  far  in  advance 
of  the  others  that  if  alone  need  be  considered  in  the  present  connec¬ 
tion.  It  may  be  well  to  say  at  the  outstartthat  the  bacterial  theory 
is  not  absolutely  proven,  but  it  has  reached  that  stage  of  plausibility 
where  it  is  able  to  account  for  the  known  facts,  and  is  therefore  of 
practical  service.  We  will  first  present  what  previous  researches 
have  revealed,  then  state  the  results  of  our  own  labors,  and  finish 
with  some  general  conclusions. 

Bacteria  were  first  noticed  in  connection  with  pear  blight  by  Pro¬ 
fessor  T.  J.  Burrill  in  1877,*  but  no  experiments  were  undertaken 
till  1880.f  He  then  made  an  extended  series  of  careful  inoculations 
which  resulted  in  showing  that  the  disease  could  be  easily  communi¬ 
cated  from  one  pear  tree  to  another  by  introducing  into  healthy 
tissues  a  little  of  the  exudation  from  a  diseased  part,  and  in  the  same 
manner  could  be  communicated  to  the  apple  and  quince.  Experi¬ 
ments  were  also  tried  to  determine  how  the  disease  is  naturally 
propagated  from  tree  to  tree,  tying  diseased  branches  into  healthy 
trees,  and  smearing  the  uninjured  surface  of  stems  and  leaves  with 
the  exudation  used  in  inoculations,  but  with  purely  negative  results. 
Little  else  has  been  added  to  our  knowledge  of  the  disease  up  to  the 
present  season.  The  subject  of  bacteria  as  the  cause  of  disease  in 
plants  is  a  very  recent  one.  The  best  proven  case  other  than  pear 
blight  is  that  of  the  yellow  disease  of  hyacinths  which  has  occasioned 

freat  losses  to  bulb  growers  in  Holland  during  the  past  few  years. 

'he  investigation  of  this  has  been  undertaken  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Wakker,J 
of  Amsterdam,  but  up  to  the  present  time  without  materially  ex¬ 
tending  our  knowledge  of  such  diseases  in  general.  In  brief  this 
much  had  been  done  previous  to  the  beginning  of  the  year  1881  in 
direct  experimentation  upon  pear  blight  and  similar  plant  diseases. 

In  beginning  work  upon  this  subject  my  first  object  was  to  re¬ 
trace  the  ground  gone  over  by  Professor  Burrill.  In  carrying  out 
this  part  of  the  work  I  was  specially  favored  in  having  an  abundance 
of  healthy  pear  and  other  fruit  trees  belonging  to  a  number  of 


*Trans.  Illinois  Hort.  Soc.,  1877,  p.  114  :  same,  1878,  p.  80. 
f  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  XXIX,  p.  583  ;  Amer.  Nat.,  XV,  p.  527. 

X  Bot.  Centralblatt,  XIV, p.  315;  Onderzoek  der  Ziekten  van  Hyacintlien,  Haar¬ 
lem,  1883. 


358 


[Assembly 


varieties  conveniently  situated  for  observation,  together  with  a  nearly 
entire  absence  of  spontaneous  outbreak  of  the  disease  in  the  immed¬ 
iate  vicinity ;  the  only  occurrence  of  blight  on  the  Station  farm  not 
produced  by  inoculation  being  upon  a  few  twigs  on  one  of  the  quince 
trees.  These  were  discovered  July  26,  and  promptly  removed.  A 
branch  or  two  blighted  on  a  pear  tree  half  a  mile  distant,  and  were 
removed  July  11,  but  so  far  as  known  no  other  cases  occurred 
nearer  the  Experimental  orchard  than  a  mile  and  a  half.  A  total  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty  one  inoculations  were  made.  In  the  first 
seventeen  experiments,  all  made  the  same  day,  the  inoculation  was 
performed  by  removing  a  small  amount  of  the  sticky  exudation  from 
a  freshly  blighted  pear  branch  and  inserting  it  in  the  tissue  to  be 
infected  by  using  the  point  of  a  pin.  In  all  subsequent  trials  some 
of  the  deseased  branch  was  sliced  into  enough  water  to  barely  cover, 
rinsed  about  for  a  few  moments,  and  removed,  which  left  the  water 
slightly  milky.  The  inoculation  was  made  by  puncturing  the  tissue 
of  the  plant  with  a  pin  and  applying  a  drop  of  the  infusion.  The 
use  of  the  exudation  is  troublesome,  as  it  is  often  inconvenient  to 
procure  it  in  good  condition  and  owing  to  its  adhesiveness  is  inserted 
in  the  wound  with  difficulty.  The  infusion  conveys  the  infection 
with  equal  certainty.  These  inoculations  were  performed  late  in  the 
afternoon,  and  when  convenient  on  a  damp  day,  but  no  other  pre¬ 
cautions  were  taken  to  insure  a  perfect  inoculation. 

The  accompanying  tables  give  each  experiment  by  number  (ex¬ 
periments  of  all  sorts  being  numbered  consecutively  as  undertaken), 
the  part  of  the  tree  which  was  inoculated,  the  source  of  the  virus 
used  in  the  inoculation,  and  the  number  of  days  intervening  between 
the  time  of  inoculation  and  the  first  external  indication  that  the 
disease  had  taken  hold  of  the  healthy  tissues. 

A  glance  at  these  tables  shows  so  plainly  that  the  disease  may  be 

Pear. 


No.  of 

Part 

Source 

Days  of 

experiment. 

treated. 

of  virus. 

incubation. 

IT  . 

Pear. 

8 

18  . 

u 

44 

8 

19  . 

u 

u 

6 

20  . 

u 

u 

6 

51a . 

u 

u 

9 

51b . 

u 

a 

9 

52a  .  .  . 

u 

4  4 

52b . 

u 

4  4 

53a . 

a 

44 

10? 

53b . 

u 

44 

•  • 

83  . ; . 

u 

Apple. 

23 

84  . 

u 

44 

9 

85  . 

« 

4  4 

9 

No.  33.] 


359 


No  of 

experiment. 

86  . 

Part 

treated. 

. .  Stem. 

Source 
of  virus. 

Apple. 

Pear. 

Davs  of 
• 

incubation. 

20 

25  . 

.  Leaf. 

26  . 

u 

<  t 

2T  . 

'  u 

u 

28  . 

u 

4  4 

6 

8S  . 

a 

Apple. 

Pear. 

71  . 

. .  Fruit 

6 

72  . 

u 

4  4 

6 

73  . 

a 

4  4 

6 

74  . 

a 

4  4 

6 

75  . 

« 

4  4 

6 

87  . 

a 

Apple. 

Quince. 

4  4 

rr 

i 

118  . 

u 

3 

119  . 

u 

3 

120  . 

a 

4  4 

3 

transferred  from  one  tree  to  another  by  means  of  inoculation,  as 
maintained  by  Professor  Burrill,  that  I  deem  it  unnecessary  to  state 
the  facts  more  fully7. 

The  place  of  the  inoculation  was  early  found  to  be  a  matter  of 
moment.  Good  results  were  obtained  with  thrifty  growing  parts, 
but  to  get  the  best  results  it  was  not  only  necessary  to  use  green  or 

Apple. 


No.  of 

Part. 

Source.* 

Days  of 

experiment. 

treated. 

of  virus 

incubation. 

29  .  . . .  ~ . . 

Pear. 

8 

30  . 

44 

44 

8 

61  . 

44 

44 

11 

62  . 

44 

•  i. 

11 

63  . 

44 

U 

8 

64  . 

44 

44 

9 

65  . 

44 

4t 

11 

114  . 

44 

Quince. 

5 

115  . 

44 

44 

•  • 

135  . 

44 

•  v  « 

Pear. 

5 

136  . 

44 

44 

5 

137  . 

44 

44 

5 

138  . 

44 

44 

15  . 

139  . 

44 

44 

5 

31  . 

44 

20? 

32  . 

44 

44 

•  ■ 

99  . 

44 

15 

100  . 

44 

44 

5 

Ill  . 

44 

44 

15 

112  . 

• 

44 

44 

15 

113  . 

44 

44 

8 

360 


[Assembly 


immature  parts,  but  those  which  had  not  yet  attained  full  size,  i.  e  ., 
those  in  which  the  tissues  were  still  elongating.  Thus  in  shoots  of 
the  present  year’s  growth,  but  which  had  reached  full  length  at  the 
point  chosen,  the  infection  usually  would  succeed  but  only  after  a 
long  period,  while  in  yet  older  wood  it  invariably  failed.  In  tender 
elongating  shoots  the  arrest  of  growth  at  the  point  of  inoculation 
often  lead  to  a  curvature,  owing  to  extension  of  the  opposite 
unaffected  tissues,  so  that  the  part  above  was  bent  out  of  its  course 


No.  of 

Quince. 

Part 

Source 

Days  of 

experiment. 

treated. 

of  virus. 

incubation. 

33  . 

.  Stem. 

Pear. 

16 

130  . 

a 

« 

21 

131  . 

u 

a 

21 

132  . 

a 

a 

21 

133  . 

a 

a 

21 

134  . 

(( 

ii 

9 

66  . 

a 

a 

9 

67  . 

.  Fruit. 

a 

8 

68  . 

a 

ii 

7 

69  . 

u 

a 

7 

70  . 

ii 

a 

7 

123  . 

a 

Quince. 

12 

124  ... _ 

a 

1 1 

12 

full  forty-five  degrees,  or  even  sixty.  This  was  especially  marked 
in  the  apple  shoots.  In  the  case  of  leaves  its  failure  to  infect  is 
directly  traceable  to  the  age  of  the  leaf.  And  this  is  not  surprising 
when  we  remember  that  the  leaves  on  a  blighted  branch  may  remain 
green  and  apparently  normal  for  two  weeks  or  more  after  the  death 
of  the  branch,  as  pointed  out  by  Professor  Burrill,*  showing  them 
to  be  poorly  suited  to  the  growth  of  the  bacteria.  The  pear  leaf 
given  in  the  table  (exper.  28),  which  showed  disease  after  six  days,  had 
reached  scarcely  one-third  full  size. 


This  requirement 

of  immature  tissue  is  equally  marked  when  in- 

Thorn. 

No.  of 
experiment. 

Part 

treated. 

Source 
of  virus. 

Days  of 
incubation, 

91  . 

.  Stem. 

Apple. 

a 

6 

pm 

i 

92  . 

a 

101  . 

a 

Pear. 

6 

102  . 

■a 

a 

6 

103  . 

a 

“  * 

7 

104  . 

a 

a 

10? 

105  . 

a 

i 

7 

116  . 7 _ 

a 

Quince. 

117  . 

a 

*Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  XXIX,  p.  592. 


No.  33] 


361 


oculation  is  made  on  the  fruit,  the  most  successful  trials  being  with 
fruit  about  two-thirds  grown,  the  earliest  made,  showing  a  develop¬ 
ment  of  the  disease  of  astonishing  virulence.  Fruit  of  full  size  and 
on  the  point  of  ripening  took  the  infection  slowly,  and  in  a  much 
milder  form. 

Another  element  affecting  the  virulence  of  the  disease  was  brought 
into  notice  while  working  on  the  fruit.  This  made  prominent  the 
fact  that  the  more  succulent  the  tissues  the  more  strongly  manifested 
became  the  disease.  It  was  well  shown  in  experiments  71  to  75  on 
green  fruit  of  Bartlett  pear.  These  were  begun  on  July  24,  and 
not  again  looked  at  until  July  30,  when  they  were  found  to  have 
uniformly  developed  a  wholly  unexpected  form  of  the  malady.  A 
circular  spot  three-fourths  of  an  inch  across  had  taken  on  the  brown 
color  of  rotting  fruit.  At  the  center  of  this  spot,  and  immediately 


No.  of 

J  UNE-BERRY. 

Part 

Source 

Days  of 

experiment. 

treated 

of  virus. 

incubation. 

56  . 

Pear. 

6 

57  . 

u 

a 

5S  . 

u 

u. 

59  . 

u 

u 

60  . 

a 

u 

89  . 

a 

Apple. 

90  . 

a 

121  . 

a 

Quince. 

5 

surrounding  the  wound  made  by  the  inoculation,  the  tissues  had 
sunken  somewhat,  while  from  the  slightly  enlarged  wound  there 
flowed  an  abundant  yellowish  pus  that  ran  down  the  surface  of  the 
pear  and  dripped  on  the  ground.  It  was  an  ulcer  of  quite  as  sick¬ 
ening  appearance  as  if  on  animal  flesh.  The  pears  were  all  but  one 
removed  at  once  from  the  tree  and  placed  under  bell  jars  m  the 
laboratory.  The  remaining  one  was  left  three  days  longer,  and  not 
showing  any  additional  features  of  the  disease  was  then  removed. 
Upon  cutting  open  one  of  the  pears  almost  the  whole  interior  was 
found  to  be  diseased  and  brown.  On  August  4  two  pears  lying  un¬ 
molested  in  the  bell  jars  had  become  so  thoroughly  rotten  with  the 
disease  that  several  newr  abscesses  had  broken  out,  from  which  as  well  as 
from  the  original  wound  there  was  a  copious  suppuration.  The 
instances  which  follow  are  in  marked  contrast.  On  July  26  a 
Flemish  Beauty  pear  was  inoculated  (exper.  87)  which  only  produced 
a  single  large  drop  of  exudation  from  the  wound,  much  too  thick  to 
flow.  Several  Baldwin  apples  inoculated  July  31  partly  gave  no  exuda¬ 
tion  and  partly  (exper.  100  and  113)  barely  as  much  as  the  Flemish 
Beauty  pear.  A  number  of  quince  fruits  were  inoculated  (exper. 
66  to  70)  at  the  same  time  as  the  Bartlett  pears  but  gave  no  exuda¬ 
tion  at  all.  The  different  results  are  in  the  main  explainable  on  the 
ground  of  the  varying  succulency  of  the  different  fruits.  The  va- 


362 


[Assembly 


riety,  the  age  of  the  fruit,  and  several  other  factors  may  have  had 
some  influence,  but  the  season’s  work  seems  to  show  that  these  are 
subordinate.  Three  Bartlett  pears  inoculated  August  2  (exper. 
118  to  120)  gave  very  slight  exudation,  and  three  pears  of  each  of 
the  following  varieties,  Bartlett,  Howell,  Flemish  Beauty.  Mt. 
Yenion,  Seckle  and  Doyenne  Bussac,  inoculated  August  9  (exper 
148  to  162,  not  tabulated),  gave  no  exudation  whatever.  In  these 
cases  there  appeared  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  lack  of  exudation  was 
due  to  a  milder  form  of  the  disease  induced  by  the  approaching 
ripeness  of  the  fruit,  for  in  each  case  the  pears  became  quite  mellow 
before  the  experiments  were  closed.  The  last  named  experiments 
were  undertaken  to  see  if  any  difference  could  be  traced  in  the  action 
of  the  disease  in  the  several  varieties  used,  but  owing  to  the  lateness 
of  the  season,  or  rather  ripeness  of  the  fruit,  no  conclusions  could  be 
drawn.  What  is  true  of  the  fruit  in  regard  to  succulency,  is  ap¬ 
parently  true  of  the  other  portions  of  the  tree,  but  of  necessity  in  a 
less  marked  degree.  It  may  be  that  the  supposed  susceptibility  of 
certain  varieties  is  in  part  referable  to  their  possessing  softer  tissues 
or  lateness  in  maturing  the  recently  formed  parts.  But  it  is  a  ques¬ 
tion  requiring  more  data  than  is  at  hand  and  must  be  left  for  further 
study. 

An  other  point  made  by  Professor  Burrill  was  that,  the  blights  of  pear, 
apple  and  quince  are  identical,  a  conclusion  that  my  own  work  fully 
sustains,  for  in  all  the  experiments  performed  the  result  did  not  in 
any  way  appear  to  be  influenced  by  the  source  of  the  virus.  That 
made  use  of  was  from  apple,  pear  and  quince,  mostly  obtained  from 
young  nursery  trees  about  a  mile  and  a  half  away.  As  shown  in  the 
tables,  it  was  used  both  upon  the  same  kind  of  trees  from  which  de¬ 
rived  and  interchangeably,  and  as  I  have  said  without  appreciable 
difference  in  the  results.  The  test  was  carried  even  a  step  further  by 
using  a  virus  from  quince,  which  had  received  its  infection  from 
pear,  and  continuing  the  disease  in  the  pear,  apple,  quince,  etc.  Several 
such  permutations  were  made  with  no  variation  that  could  be  traced 
to  the  changes. 

If  the  disease  would  thrive  upon  the  apple,  pear  and  quince,  it 
seemed  worth  while  to  test  its  action  upon  other  plants.  Eight  in¬ 
oculations  were  made  upon  Jun e-berry  (Amelanchier  Canadensis)  of 
which  two  were  thoroughly  successful.  These  two  were  on  tender 
growing  shoots  with  immature  leaves;  those  that  failed  were  in  shoots 
of  the  present  season’s  growth  but  full  size  and  fairly  ripened.  I  do  not 
therefore  doubt  that  the  maturity  of  the  shoots  was  quite  sufficient 
to  account  for  the  failures.  Nine  experiments  were  tried  upon  thorns, 
two  being  upon  the  English  hawthorn  (Crataegus  Oxvacantha),  and 
the  remainder  upon  the  evergreen  thorn  (Crataegus  Pyracantha).  Of 
the  two  instances  on  hawthorn  (exper.  91  and  92)  one  resulted 
in  completely  killing  some  inches  of  the  shoot,  while  the  other  ex 
tended  less  than  an  inch  along  the  stem  but  then  stopped,  and  as  it 
did  not  encircle  the  stem,  the  shoot  was  not  killed.  Of  the  instances 


No.  33.] 


363 


on  evergreen  thorn  two  (exper.  101  and  102)  killed  the  shoot,  three 
(exper.  103  to  105)  more  or  less  checked  the  growth,  while  two 
(exper.  116  and  117)  showed  no  effect.  The  last  two  experiments 
were  begun  on  August  2,  and  the  others  on  July  31.  The  cause  of 
the  failures  with  the  thorn  both  partial  and  complete  is  not  quite 
plain.  The  shoots  had  not  reached  their  full  growth,  and  continued 
to  elongate  after  the  inoculation.  The  lateness  of  the  season  may 
have  had  something  to  do  with  it,  but  just  what  is  impossible  to  say. 

Seven  inoculations  were  made  in  the  twigs  of  oak-leaved  mountain 
ash  without  results.  The  dates  were  July  24  and  29.  Owing  to 
the  earliness  with  which  the  mountain  ash  matures,  its  wood  was  al¬ 
ready  solid  and  practically  ripe,  and  the  failure  to  secure  infection 
ought  not  therefore  to  be  a  surprise.  All  experiments  so  far  recorded 
were  on  members  of  the  pear  family,  having  a  rather  close  relationship 
with  each  other. 

A  few  trials  were  made  outside  the  pear  family ;  one  on  stem  of 
black  raspberry  and  three  on  green  grapes  giving  no  result,  but 
those  on  peach  proving  very  interesting.  The  latter  did  not,  how¬ 
ever,  reproduce  the  blight,  but  gave  rise  to  what  appeared  to  be 
genuine  gummosis,  the  further  discussion  of  which  will  be  given 
under  that  head. 

The  variability  in  the  time  required  for  the  disease  to  pass  through 
the  state  of  incubation  and  become  outwardly  visible  was  evidently 
due  to  a  number  of  influences,  partly  susceptible  of  statement  and 
partly  very  obscure.  The  most  obvious  were  the  maturity  and  suc- 
culency  of  the  tissues  already  mentioned.  The  influence  of  the 
vigor  of  the  tree  aside  from  the  succulency  of  the  part  inoculated, 
the  lateness  of  the  season  as  a  separate  factor  from  the  maturity  of 
the  part  experimented  with,  the  weather,  particularly  the  tempera¬ 
ture  and  moisture  of  the  air,  all  have  conspired  to  vary  the  progress 
of  the  disease,  but  no  data  could  be  secured.  A  mechanical  difficulty 
presented  itself  in  the  case  of  the  apple  and  quince,  for  the  surface 
of  the  stems  of  each,  and  of  the  quince  fruit,  are  closely  woollv  or 
pubescent,  and  changes  in  the  color  of  the  surface  beneath  cannot 
be  traced  readily.  In  the  apple  the  pubescence  about  the  wound 
often  turned  brick  red,  extending  sometimes  as  far  along  the  stem 
as  the  tissues  became  diseased,  and  occasionally  also  showing  inside. 
I  could  not  make  out  what  the  color,  which  was  usually  evanescent, 
was  due  to,  or  if  it  could  be  produced  by  other  means.  The  outward 
indication  of  the  disease  was  not  always  commensurate  with  the 
progress  within,  for  in  several  instances  in  the  frivt  the  disease  passed 
rapidly  to  the  core  but  spread  laterally  with  much  slowness,  while 
sometimes  in  the  stems  it  would  pass  some  inches  along  the  inner 
tissues  before  it  showed  at  the  surface.  It  is  therefore  evident  that 
the  number  of  days  given  in  the  tables  as  the  time  of  incubation 
does  not  represent  the  same  stage  of  the  disease  in  every  case.  We 
may,  however,  say  that  under  favorable  circumstances  the  disease 
will  appear  in  about  a  week  after  inoculation.  I  have  now  passed 
over  the  chief  features  of  the  experiments  establishing  the  infectious 


364 


[Assembly 


nature  of  the  disease,  and  have  shown  that  it  may  be  easily  conveyed 
from  tree  to  tree  of  apple,  pear  and  quince  as  already  proven  by 
Professor  Burrill,and  even  to  the  English  hawthorn,  evergreen  thorn 
and  J une-berry,  and  by  inference  to  any  pomaceous  plant ;  that  on 
the  contrary  it  is  not  likely  to  thrive  upon  plants  outside  this  group. 
I  have  shown  that  inoculations  may  be  made  not  only  in  the  stem  as 
practiced  by  Professor  Burrill,  but  also  in  the  leaf  and  fruit ;  that 
immature  tissues  take  the  disease  most  readily,  and  specially  those 
of  a  succulent  nature. 

I  shall  now  pass  to  the  reasons  for  ascribing  the  disease  to  the 
agency  of  bacteria.  In  the  first  place  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that 
bacteria  are  plants  living  upon  organic  matter,  and  the  smallest  of  all 
living  beings ;  they  possess  the  power  of  independent  motion  like 
animalcules,  reproduce  principally  by  division,  i.  e.,  each  divides  into 
two,  each  of  these  into  two,  and  so  on,  the  parts  formed  at  each  divi¬ 
sion  growing  to  be  as  large  as  the  parent ;  that  under  some  circum¬ 
stances,  hovrever,  they  reproduce  by  spores. 

If  a  thin  slice  of  diseased  pear  wood,  especially  when  taken  at  an 
active  stage  of  the  disease,  be  placed  in  a  drop  of  water,  a  white 
cloud  will  be  seen  to  emanate  from  it  and  spread  through  the  water. 
If  tins  be  looked  at  with  a  magnifying  power  of  about  four  hundred 
diameters,  the  whiteness  is  resolved  into  minute  rounded  bodies 
somewhat  longer  than  broad,  and  apparently  colorless.  These  are 
bacteria,  and  occur  in  numbers  that  are  absolutely  inconceivable. 
They  have  been  found  to  be  a  constant  accompaniment  of  the  disease, 
being  the  crucial  test  of  its  genuineness.  But  it  may  be  urged  that 
they  are  only  the  bacteria  of  ordinary  putrefaction  which  invade  the 
tissues  as  fast  as  they  become  weakened  by  disease.  That  the 
disease  is  inseparable  from  the  bacteria,  however,  seems  almost  cer¬ 
tain  from  the  fact  that  they  are  to  be  found  in  advance  of  any  visi¬ 
ble  change  in  the  tissues.  That  they  induce  an  incipient  putrefaction 
is  evident  from  the  changed  color  of  the  tissues,  the  strong  and 
peculiar  odor  by  which  an  experienced  person  can  detect  the  disease 
before  seeing  it,  and  by  the  remarkable  readiness  with  which  a  di¬ 
seased  branch  will  mould  when  placed  in  damp  air.  They  are,  how¬ 
ever,  conspicuously  smaller  than  the  common  putrefactive  bacteria 
{Bacterium  Termo ) ;  neither  can  the  latter  be  substituted  for  them, 
as  was  demonstrated  by  inoculating  various  plants,  including  pear 
and  peach,  with  an  infusion  of  the  bacteria  from  rotting  tomato  in 
the  same  manner  as  for  pear  blight,  and  in  every  case  without  results. 
But  it  may  still  be  urged  that  in  inoculation  it  is  not  the  bacteria 
which  convey  the  disease  but  some  poisonous  principle  in  the 
mucous  surrounding  them  or  in  the  dead  juices  of  the  plant,  which 
kills  the  tissues  and  paves  the  way  for  the  growth  of  the  bacteria. 
Here  it  must  be  confessed  is  the  weak  point  in  the  bacterial  theory. 
It  has  been  shown  that  the  disease  is  infectious  and  always  accom¬ 
panied  by  a  specific  bacterium,  but  it  has  not  been  shown  that  the 
bacteria  when  completely  isolated  from  the  fluids  about  them  will 
convey  the  disease,  or  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  fluids  freed  from 


No.  33] 


365 


the  bacteria  will  not  convey  the  disease.  Until  this  demonstration 
is  furnished,  and  it  is  one  that  is  entirely  feasible,  the  bacterial 
theory  of  pear  blight  is  not  thoroughly  proven.  But  nevertheless 
it  is  quite  evident  that,  as  the  theory  is  in  accord  with  all  the  known 
facts,  part  of  which  are  otherwise  unexplainable,  it  answers  for  the 
present  every  practical  requirement. 

Taking  it  for  granted  now  that  the  disease  is  due  to  bacteria,  I 
shall  pass  to  the  discussion  of  its  natural  mode  of  propagation  from 
tree  to  tree.  The  experiments  performed  by  Professor  Burrill  con¬ 
sisted  in  bringing  diseased  branches  in  contact  with  healthy  ones, 
and  in  smearing  the  surface  of  twigs  and  leaves  with  virus  ;  they 
gave  no  results.  I  repeated  the  latter  upon  green  fruit,  without  re¬ 
sults.  It  was  noticeable  in  the  case  of  the  ulcerous  pears  that  the 
pus,  as  it  ran  over  the  surface  of  the  yet  unaffected  part,  did  not  dis¬ 
color  or  change  the  tissues  in  the  least.  In  trying  the  experiment 
upon  leaves  I  was  able,  in  one  instance,  to  communicate  the  disease 
to  a  vigorous  growing  shoot  by  smearing  virus  upon  a  very  young 
leaf  at  the  apex.  This  was  done  in  the  laboratory  by  keeping  the 
cut  end  of  the  shoot  in  wTater.  In  another  experiment  a  watery  in¬ 
fusion  of  the  blight,  such  as  used  for  inoculation,  was  permitted  to 
drip  for  some  hours  at  about  the  rate  of  four  drops  per  minute  upon 
a  tender  shoot  kept  fresh  in  water,  care  being  taken  that  none  of  the 
infusion  got  into  the  water  in  which  the  shoot  was  placed.  Both 
apple  and  pear  shoots  were  tried,  and  one  of  the  former  appeared  to 
take  the  disease.  But  none  of  these  experiments  were  satisfactorily 
performed,  and  I  only  mention  them  as  affording  serviceable  hints. 
In  another  trial  a  young  pear  tree  about  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  which 
had  become  well  established  in  a  flower  pot,  was  watered  exclusively 
from  August  7  to  31  with  a  copious  supply  of  water  made  milky 
with  infusion  of  pear  blight ;  no  results  followed. 

From  such  scanty  data  as  these  no  positive  conclusions  can  be  drawn, 
but  the  following  conjectures  seem  plausible  :  The  bacteria  escape 
from  the  tissues  in  the  slimy  drops  that  ooze  out  from  the  diseased 
parts,  especially  in  damp  weather.  They  are  washed  off  and  freed 
from  the  viscid  part  by  rains,  and  upon  becoming  dry  are  taken  up 
by  the  winds.  Being  now  suspended  in  the  air,  a  damp  day,  dewy 
night,  or  light  rain  would  bring  them  in  contact  with  the  delicate 
surface  tissues  of  expanding  buds,  or  the  exposed  internal  tissues  of 
fresh  cracks  or  wounds,  in  the  most  favorable  way  to  introduce  the 
contagion.  This  is  quite  in  accordance  with  the  fact  that  the  disease 
usually  starts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  but  also  appears  sometimes 
on  the  larger  limbs  and  even  the  trunks.  It  also  explains  the  fact 
that  the  rankest  growers  are  most  subject  to  attack,  these  exposing 
more  tender  surfaces,  and  upon  the  disease  obtaining  a  foothold,  fur¬ 
nishing  more  succulent  tissues.  The  disease  is  even  said  by  some  to 
be  a  product  of  high  cultivation  ;  on  the  other  hand,  a  nurseryman 
told  me  a  few  days  since  that  the  land  we  were  surveying  was  so 
poor  that  pears  would  not  blight  upon  it,  which  I  could  believe  was 
quite  possible,  for  the  trees  would  grow  so  slowly  that  no  surface  of  suf- 


366 


[Assembly 


fieient  delicacy  would  be  exposed  to  permit  infection.  Observation 
has  shown  that  there  is  some  connection  between  the  attacks  of  blight 
and  the  direction  of  the  wind,  for  it  has  been  noticed  that  the  trees 
on  the  windward  side  of  an  orchard  are  sometimes  first  and  most 
severely  blighted,  and  again,  that  a  tall  hedge  has  checked  the  march 
of  the  disease ;  all  of  which  is  quite  reconcilable  with  the  view  pro¬ 
posed. 

Another  possible  mode  of  contagion  is  by  the  punctures  of  insects. 
Having  come  in  contact  with  the  fresh  exudation  of  the  blight,  they 
would  certainly  carry  some  away,  to  be  distributed  at  the  places 
where  they  alight  But  I  am  not  inclined  to  consider  this  a  very 
frequent  means  of  contagion. 

It  is  apparent  that  the  disease  does  not  find  access  to  the  plant  by 
wav  of  the  roots,  both  from  my  experiment  and  from  its  local 
nature.* 

What  now  shall  be  the  nature  of  the  controlling  treatment? 
Hone  can  be  suggested  that  promises  so  well  as  the  old  one  of  the 
knife  —  vigilantly  destroying  every  trace  of  the  disease.  The  most 
satisfactory  course  would  be  to  remove  each  limb  as  soon  as  the 
bark  becomes  discolored,  but  this  is  impracticable  on  account  of  the 
inconspicuousness  of  the  change.  The  blackened  leaves  will  usually 
be  the  first  indication  of  its  presence ;  the  disease  will  then  have 
been  in  progress  two  or  three  weeks  or  more.  The  limb  is  to  be  re¬ 
moved  some  inches  below  the  point  where  the  bark  is  discolored,  the 
distance  being  greater  where  thd  disease  is  of  longer  standing.  Un¬ 
less  the  knife  has  been  carelessly  passed  through  a  diseased  part, 
there  is  no  need  of  using  disinfectants,  and  in  that  case  it  is  easier  to 
take  another  knife  than  to  cleanse  the  contaminated  one.  By  regu¬ 
larly  inspecting  the  orchard  once  a  fortnight  or  so,  the  disease,  ex¬ 
cept  in  very  severe  attacks,  may  be  kept  entirely  in  check  with  only 
now  and  then  the  loss  of  a  tree  where  it  has  found  access  to  the 
trunk.  Whether  any  harm  can  arise  from  the  limbs  being  left  upon 
the  ground  cannot  be  definitely  stated,  but  there  is  probability  of  it, 
and  it  is  certainly  a  surer  course  to  annihilate  all  life  in  them  by 
burning. 

It  may  be  well  to  say  a  few  words  about  proposed  remedies  that 
are  not  likely  to  be  of  value.  The  most  promising  of  these  is  check¬ 
ing  the  growth  of  the  tree  by  mulching,  withholding  of  fertilizers 
and  cultivation,  or  putting  the  land  into  grass.  That  this  will  suc¬ 
ceed  in  giving  a  certain  immunity  cannot  be  questioned,  but  whether 
the  gain  is  greater  than  the  loss  is  to  be  doubted.  The  method 
might,  however,  be  serviceable  during  periods  of  unusual  severity, 
lasting  generally  from  three  to  five  years.  The  application  to  the 
soil  oi  sulphur,  salt,  potash,  lime,  fertilizers  of  all  sorts,  drugs,  poi¬ 
sons,  or  any  thing  whatever,  is  not  likely  to  afford  any  relief  or  im- 


*  It  is  doubtless  a  slip  of  the  pen  when  Penhallow  says  that  p«ar  blight  “in¬ 
volves  the  entire  system,”  as  in  the  case  of  peach  yellows. — Popular  Science 
Monthly,  XXV,  p.  388. 


No.  33.] 


367 


munity.  Preventing  the  access  of  germs  from  the  air  by  spraying 
the  trees  with  some  antiseptic  is  theoretically  possible,  but  the  diffi¬ 
culties  in  the  way  of  practical  application  are  so  great  as  to  give  no 
hopes  of  success. 

Leaf  Blight  and  Scab. 

Fusicladium  pyrinum ,  Fckl. 

Leaf  blight  appears  as  dark  brown  or  blackish  spots  on  the  leaves, 
leaf  stalks  and  one  year  old  branches.  It  is  most  noticeable  on  the 
under  surface  of  the  leaves  forming  indefinite  patches,  at  first  barely 
perceptible  in  the  slightly  changed  color  of  the  surface,  but  finally 
becoming  more  extended  and  curling  the  leaf,  especially  when  on 
the  midrib,  by  stopping  its  growth. 

The  amount  of  injury  done  to  the  pear  tree  is  often  very  consid¬ 
erable,  as  it  is  a  fungus  and  draws  heavily  upon  the  tree’s  food  sup¬ 
ply  to  maintain  its  own  growth,  and  also  interferes  with  the  elabora¬ 
tion  of  new  material  by  obstructing  the  light  and  weakening  the 
assimilative  power.  The  fungus  inhabits  the  part  of  the  leaf  just 
beneath  the  surface  with  a  dense  growth  of  mycelium,  from  which  a 
great  number  of  vertical  branches  are  sent  up  into  the  air  bearing 
the  spores.  This  manner  of  growth  gives  the  surface  a  minutely 
velvety  appearance  to  the  unaided  eye. 

Sometimes  the  fungus  is  seated  on  thickened  scab-like  spots  on 
the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  varying.from  mere  points  to  an  eighth  of 
an  inch  across,  and  occasionally  coalescing  into  larger  areas.  Small 
holes  are  to  be  seen  in  some  of  the  spots  as  if  an  insect  had  escaped. 
These  raised  spots  are  in  fact  caused  by  a  minute  mite,  phytoptus 
piri,  and  the  spongy  growth  of  the  leaf  which  it  induces  seems 
specially  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  fungus. 

The  leaf  blight  thrives  with  equal  vigor  upon  the  fruit  where  it 
causes  the  disfigurement  and  injury  known  as  scab  or  rust.  Its 
effect  in  checking  growth  is  seen  better  here  than  on  the  leaves, 
owing  to  the  much  more  rapid  development  of  the  fruit,  and  gives 
the  one  sided  and  spotted  appearance  which  detracts  so  largely  from 
the  marketable  value. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  life  history  of  this  fungus  is  not  very  com¬ 
plete.  The  exact  mode  of  distribution,  and  manner  of  securing  a 
foothold  on  the  new  growth  of  the  season  are  almost  unknown,  but 
yet  are  important  items  m  devising  a  method  for  its  control.  Pril- 
lieux,*  who  studied  it  in  France,  thought  that  it  might  be  intro¬ 
duced  upon  young  trees  in  the  process  of  grafting,  and  could  be 
perpetuated  on  a  tree  once  attacked  by  being  carried  over  the  winter 
on  the  young  branches.  But  it  is  quite  as  likely  that  the  distribution 
is  effected  by  spores  blown  through  the  air.  It  becomes  most  troub¬ 
lesome  in  rainy  seasons,  and  for  the  same  reason  its  development  is 
accelerated  by  damp  warm  weather,  or  a  damp  location. 


*  Comptea  Rendua,  1877,  p.  910. 


368 


[Assembly 


No  experiments  in  combating  the  disease  were  tried  at  the 
Station.  Of  the  remedies  which  have  been  proposed,  the  following 
appear  meritorious.  They  are  based  upon  the  supposition  that  the 
fungus  coming  so  near  to  being  entirely  on  the  surface  may  possibly 
be  reached  by  outside  application,  at  least  in  some  of  its  stages. 
Whether  this  hope  will  prove  well  founded  can  only  be  told  by  trial. 
Professor  Burrill  recommends  kerosene  emulsion  made  with  soap  or 
milk*  as  used  for  insects.  Professor  Saunders  suggests  three 
fungicides,  either  (1)  hyposulphite  of  soda  in  proportion  of  one  pound 
to  ten  gallons  of  water,  or  (2)  sulphide  of  lime  made  by  boiling  two 
pounds  of  sulphur  and  one  pound  of  quick-lime  in  two  gallons  of 
water  with  frequent  stirring  till  of  a  reddish  yellow  color,  then  al¬ 
lowed  to  settle  and  the  clear  liquid  poured  off,  or  (3)  sulphur  in  pro¬ 
portion  of  one  pound  to  ten  or  fifteen  gallons  of  water,  kept  sus¬ 
pended  in  the  water  by  constant  stirring. f  These  are  to  be  applied 
with  syringe  or  force-pump.  The  best  time  of  application  must  be 
determined  by  trial,  but  just  before  the  leaves  appear  and  dur¬ 
ing  the  early  stages  of  the  fruit  would  seem  to  be  vital  per¬ 
iods.  It  is  also  generally  conceded  that  good  drainage,  open  prun¬ 
ing,  and  judicious  selection  of  varieties  will  do  much  to  prevent  its 
appearance.  I  judge  from  my  own  observations  that  whatever  pro¬ 
motes  the  vigor  of  the  tree  will  in  so  far  act  as  a  check  to  the  devel¬ 
opment  of  the  fungus.  Its  affinities  are  with  those  sorts  that  live 
upon  dead  or  decaying  plants,  and  we  may  therefore  expect  that  a 
weakened  constitution  will  be  more  congenial  to  it  than  a  vigorous 
one.  We  may  also  infer  this  from  the  fact  that  it  is  the  enfeebled 
tree  made  so  by  age,  injury  or  lack  of  cultivation  that  suffers  most. 

Leaf  Brownness. 

Morthiera  Mespili ,  Fckl. 

This  fungus  causes  the  tissues  of  the  leaf  to  turn  dark  brown  .  or 
blackish  in  small  rounded  spots  which  show  on  both  sides  the  leaf. 
On  the  surface  of  these  spots  and  mostly  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaf,  are  a  few  minute  black  specks  which  the  microscope  shows  to 
contain  curiously  grouped  colorless  spores,  eacli  with  a  lash  as  long 
as  itself.  (See  fig.  1.) 

The  oldest  leaves  are  attacked  first,  and  the  disease  progresses 
towards  the  end  of  the  branches.  The  leaves  are  finally  killed  and 
drop  from  the  trees,  but  the  fungus  is  so  inconspicuous  that  its' pres¬ 
ence  might  be  readily  overlooked,  and  the  fall  of  the  leaves  ascribed 
to  a  wrong  cause. 

It  has  been  studied  by  SorauerJ  whose  vernacular  name  for  the 
disease  (Blattbraune),  I  have  adopted,  for  want  of  any  English  name, 
although  it  does  not  seem  particularly  appropriate.  He  placed  some 


*Trans.  Mississippi  Valley  Hort.  Soc.,  1883,  I,  p.  202. 
•[Canadian  Horticulturist,  VII,  p.  127. 

{Quoted  by  Frank,  in  Krankheiten  der  Pflanzen,  p.  590. 


No.  33.] 


369 


spores  on  a  healthy  leaf,  saw  them  germinate  and  bore  their  way  into 
the  leaf,  and  in  two  weeks  the  characteristic  brown  spots  appeared, 
with  the  black  specks  in  due  course  of  time.  He  found  upon  the 
fallen  leaves  in  winter  what  he  took  to  be  the  same  fungus  produc¬ 
ing  another  set  of  spores  (ascospores),  which  became  ripe  in  April 
and  May.  Such  fungi  are  able  to  keep  up  a  slow  growth  all  winter, 

.  when  higher  vegetation  is  at  a  standstill.  These  winter  spores  prob¬ 
ably  propagate  the  disease  on  the  new  leaves  of  spring.  He  also 
found  that  the  fungus  is  in  some  instances  able  to  winter  over  on  the 
bud  scales  without  entering  a  second  stage.  The  disease  affects 
young  trees  most,  and  especially  those  of  weakly  growth.  No  rem¬ 
edy  is  yet  suggested.  The  same  fungus  apparently  is  very  common 
on  wild  and  cultivated  thorns. 

Leaf  Yellowing. 

This  disease  was  observed  in  a  large  pear  orchard  not  far  from  the 
station.  By  midsummer  the  leaves  began  to  turn  yellow  and  more 
or  less  flame  colored.  Microscopic  examination  of  the  tissues  of  the 
branches  showed  them  very  full  of  starch,  but  gave  no  indication  of 
the  cause  of  the  difficulty.  No  fungi  were  present  of  any  sort,  ex¬ 
ternally  or  internally.  The  trees  were  evidently  languishing,  and  at 
last  dropped  their  leaves  long  before  the  usual  time.  The  true  nature 
of  the  malady  might  have  remained  undiscovered  had  it  not  been  for 
an  accidental  circumstance.  A  large  pear  tree  within  view  of  the 
office  window  showed  one  of  its  large  lower  limbs  to  be  afflicted  in 
the  manner  described,  while  the  remainder  of  the  tree  kept  its 
healthy  green  color.  The  microscopic  examination  of  the  tissues, 
the  change  of  color  in  the  leaves,  and  their  early  fall,  tallied  accur¬ 
ately  with  the  cases  already  cited.  The  clue  to  the  matter  was  found 
when  it  was  discovered  that  the  limb  had  been  girdled  some  time 
previously,  apparently  not  within  a  year,  and  that  this  was  the  line 
of  separation  between  the  healthy  and  diseased  parts.  The  solution 
of  the  difficulty  was  plain ;  the  leaf  yellowing  was  due  to  defective 
nutrition.  The  orchard  where  the  first  named  instances  were  ob¬ 
served  had  once  been  one  of  the  largest  in  the  country,  but  having 
been  seriously  depleted  by  blight,  had  been  put  into  grass  and  much 
neglected.  Fertilizers  and  cultivation  would  doubtless  restore  the 
trees  to  normal  health.  Professor  Penhallow*  recommends  phos¬ 
phates  for  invigorating  pears,  and  sulphate  of  potash  as  a  special  fer¬ 
tilizer.  It  is  plain  that  individual  cases  arising  from  injuries  will 
require  special  treatment. 

Diseases  of  the  Apple. 

Apple  Blight. 

It  has  been  shown  under  the  head  of  pear  blight  that  these  two 

*  Before  the  Mass.  Board  of  Agriculture,  Dec.  1884.  See  New  England  Farmer 
for  Dec.  13. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  47 


370 


[Assembly 


diseases  are  identical  in  origin.  There  are  slight  differences  in  the 
action  owing  to  differences  in  the  nature  of  the  trees,  but  I  have  been 
unable  to  make  sufficiently  extended  observations  to  state  them  ex¬ 
actly.  The  disease  seemed  to  progress  about  as  rapidly  in  the  apple 
as  in  the  pear,  but  owing  to  the  hairiness  of  the  former,  as  already 
stated,  accurate  comparisons  were  not  practicable.  A  different 
method  of  comparison  was  also  tried.  On  August  7  a  drop  of  virus 
from  pear  was  placed  in  the  center  of  a  slice  of  Baldwin  apple  and 
of  Bartlett  pear,  and  the  slices  kept  moist  under  bell  jars.  The  ex¬ 
tension  of  the  disease  spots  over  the  surface  did  not  differ  much  in 
rapidity,  but  was  more  conspicuous  on  the  pear.  In  the  latter  it 
rapidly  reduced  the  tissues  to  a  semi-fluid  condition,  while  in  the 
apple  it  broke  them  down  very  slowly.  But  we  cannot  say  that  the 
results  might  not  have  been  quite  different  or  even  reversed  by  tak¬ 
ing  different  varieties  of  the  two  fruits,  or  trying  the  experiment  at 
an  earlier  date.  A  more  obvious  difference  is  shown  in  the  leaves 
and  wood  of  the  apple  not  turning  blackish  when  killed  by  the  blight 
as  do  those  of  the  pear,  but  to  a  dark  brown,  a  difference  apparently 
due  to  the  chemical  constitution  of  the  two. 

Apple  Scab  and  Leaf  Blight. 

Fusicladium  dendriticum ,  Feld. 

This  disease  is  very  similar  to  that  on  the  pear,  and  it  is  quite 
possible  that  the  difference  in  the  growth  of  the  fungus,  which  en¬ 
titles  it  to  a  different  specific  name,  is  due  to  the  influence  of  the 
plants  on  which  it  lives.  It  is  usually  more  abundant  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaf  than  on  the  lower,  which  is  so  covered  with  close 
pubescence  as  to  obscure  its  early  stages. 

The  rusty  or  scabby  spots  on  ripe  apples  continue  to  grow 
throughout  the  winter,  or  as  long  as  the  apple  is  sound,  but  new 
spots  do  not  appear  to  arise ;  so  no  harm  comes  from  placing  perfect 
and  spotted  apples  together  in  the  same  bin.  According  to  Mr. 
Hatch  of  Wisconsin  from  five  per  cent  of  Dutchess  to  as  much  as 
ninety-nine  per  cent  of  Fameuse  and  Walbridge  scab  injuriously  in 
bad  years.*  In  some  years  there  is  almost  a  total  loss  of  the  crop 
from  this  cause,  while  in  almost  every  year  an  appreciable  part  is 
rendered  unmarketable. 

The  growth  and  reproduction  of  the  fungus  has  been  studied  by 
Sorauer,f  but  without  learning  how  it  obtains  entrance  to  the  tissues. 
A  very  complete  statement  of  the  habit  of  the  fungus,  and  of  the 
injury  done  to  the  several  varieties  of  apples,  has  recently  been  pub¬ 
lished  by  T  release.;};  The  same  remedies  suggested  for  pear  scab 
are  applicable  here. 


*  First  Annual  Report  Wis.  Agric.«Exper.  Station,  p.  52. 
f  Quoted  by  Frank,  in  Krankkeiten  der  Plianzen,  p.  587. 

\  First  Annual  Report  Wis.  Agric.  Exper.  Station  for  1883,  pp.  45-56. 


No.  33. J 


371 


Diseases  of  the  Quince. 

Quince  Blight. 

This  lias  been  treated  under  the  subject  of  pear  blight.  It  lias  all 
the  characteristics  of  apple  blight,  and,  like  that,  does  not  cause  the 
dead  parts  to  turn  black,  but  only  brown.  I  have  never,  however, 
seen  the  reddening  of  the  hairs  and  tissues  noticed  in  the  apple. 
Treatment  is  the  same  as  for  pear  blight. 


Leaf  Brownness. 

Mortlnera  Mesyrili ,  Feld.,  var.,  Cydonim  C.  de  F. 


Fig,  I.  —  Mycelium 
and  spores  of  Morthi- 
era  Mespili,  Fckl.,var., 
Cydonise  C.  &  E.,  or 
quince  leaf  brownness. 
Magnified  250  diame¬ 
ters.  Original. 


This  disease  of  the  leaves  is  very  similar,  if 
not  identical,  with  that  on  pears.  The  spots 
made  by  the  fungus  arc,  however,  more  con¬ 
spicuous,  being  of  a  light-brown  color,  and  show¬ 
ing  equally  well  on  both  sides  of  the  leaf.  They 
are  most  often  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  across, 
nearly  round,  but  coalescing  in  places  into  ex¬ 
tended  brown  patches.  The  central  black  dot  is 
very  noticeable  upon  close  scrutiny.  This  is  a 
common  disease,  but  does  not  often  prove  very 
harmful.  It  alfects  crowded  nursery  stock  par¬ 
ticularly,  but  may  occur  on  trees  of  any  age  and 
location.  No  remedy  has  yet  been  suggested. 

Leaf  Mildew. 


i 

Fodosphcera  tridactyla ,  (  Wall.) 


This,  like  most  of  the  parasitic  white  mildews  grows  entirely  upon 
the  surface  of  the  supporting  plant.  It  consists  of  a  cobwebby  him 
of  interlacing  hlaments,  spreading  over  both  surfaces  of  the  leaf, 
but  best  developed  on  the  upper  side.  To  the  naked  eye  it  appears 
like  a  whitening  or  mouldiness  of  the  surface ;  almost  every  one  has 
noticed  the  very  similar  affliction  in  lilacs.  It  usually  appears  in 
June,  soon  producing  an  abundance  of  colorless  spores  to  spread  the 
fungus  rapidly  to  other  leaves  and  other  trees.  In  the  latter  part  of 
July  the  minute  dot-like  fruits  begin  to  appear,  and  continue  to  do 
so  until  the  leaves  fall.  These  look  to  the  naked  eye  like  mere  par¬ 
ticles  of  dust,  but  their  regularity  in  size,  perfect  roundness,  and  not 
being  dislodged  by  blowing  or  slight  friction  will  usually  distinguish 
them.  The  resting  spores,  which  are  able  to  withstand  the  rigors 
of  winter  and  reproduce  the  mildew  in  the  spring,  are  contained  in 
these  fruit  dots. 

The  disease  was  noticed  on  the  lower  limbs  of  quince  trees,  grow¬ 
ing  against  a  wall  where  they  were  somewhat  shaded.  The  fruit- 
dots  were  produced  in  the  greatest  abundance.  The  fungus  is  one 


[Assembly 


372 

which,  other  things  being  equal,  thrives  best  upon  a  vigorous  plant, 
yet  does  not  disdain  a  weakly  one;  but  its  draft  upon  the  plant 
naturally  shows  most  in  the  latter.  The  same  fungus,  although 
also  doing  damage  to  seedling  apples  is  oftenest  met  with  on  cher¬ 
ries,  even  curling  the  leaves  and  causing  their  premature  fall. 

As  the  fungus  is  an  entirely  superficial  one,  it  ought  to  be  pos¬ 
sible  to  control  it.  Sulpur  is  the  principal  remedy  for  this  class  of 
.ailments,  but  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  been  tried  in  this  case,  and 
its  efficacy  with  each  fungus  can  only  be  told  by  testing.  It  is  to  be 
applied  by  wetting  the  foliage,  preferably  with  water  containing  con¬ 
siderable  soap,  and  then  dusting  on  the  sulphur. 


Quince  Rot. 

Sphwropsis  Cydonice  C .  dc  E. 

When  the  quinces  were  gathered  at  the  Station  in  October  quite 
a  considerable  part  of  them  had  begun  to  rot,  many  having  become 
worthless.  The  rotting  usually  began  at  a  few  centers  only  on  each 
fruit  and  spread  regularly  in  circles  until  the  whole  fruit  had  de¬ 
cayed.  The  spots  retained  considerable  firmness,  but  eventually  be¬ 
came  more  or  less  flattened.  As  they  enlarged  the  centers  took  on  a 
blackish  hue,  and  by  close  examination  could  be  seen  to  be  covered 
with  black  points.  These  points  contained  innumerable  brown 
spores,  capable  of  spreading  the  disease.  This  was  tested  (exper. 
218)  by  inserting  a  minute  piece  from  the  surface  of  the  diseased 
fruit  containing  the  spores  beneath  the  skin  of  a  sound  quince  under 
a  bell  jar.  The  spores  germinated,  and  the  rotting  progressed 
slowly,  when,  on  the  twenty-second  day,  the  spot  had  reached  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  the  fruiting  points  had  begun  to 
appear.  The  same  experiment  w^as  tried  upon  a  pear  (exper.  222), 
but  although  the  spores  germinated,  the  mycelium  did  not  thrive 
and  penetrate  the  tissues.  Common  rot  (Penicillium)  soon  set  in, 
and  terminated  the  experiment  at  the  end  of  the  ninth  day.  No 
preventive  is  known  for  this  malady. 

Diseases  of  the  Peach. 

Peach  Yellows. 

No  cases  of  yellows  occur  in  any  peach  orchards  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  Station.  On  July  11  a  visit  was  made  to  several  ex¬ 
tensive  orchards  near  King’s  Ferry  on  Cayuga  lake,  about  twenty 
miles  distant,  where  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Atwater  I 
had  the  opportunity  of  inspecting  great  numbers  of  sick  trees  in  all 
stages  of  decline.  Whether  any  of  these  trees  were  suffering  from 
the  genuine  yellows  (if  it  be  a  specific  disease  at  all)  I  was  unable  to 
satisfy  myself.  That  many  of  them  were  slowly  dying  could  not  be 
questioned.  Some  showed  premature  fruit,  a  few  had  small,  wiry 
and  somewhat  fascicled  branches,  and  the  majority  had  more  or  less 


No.  33] 


3tjO 
16 

.  yellow,  often  very  depauperate  foliage,  tinged  with  red ;  but  these 
"characteristics  were  not  often  concentrated  upon  the  same  tree.  The 
microscopic  examination  proved  not  at  all  more  definite.  Some  of 
these  trees  stood  in  cultivated  land,  but  many  of  them  were  much 
neglected;  they  were  of  all  ages.  At  one  place  a  small  hillside 
orchard  had  become  entirely  worthless,  and  only  awaited  a  conveni¬ 
ent  time  to  be  uprooted.  In  the  mean  time  it  was  necessary  to  plow 
and  fertilize  a  portion  of  it  to  be  cultivated  as  a  garden,  and  the 
trees  of  this  part  had  surprised  the  owner  by  taking  on  a  most  vigor¬ 
ous  and  healthy  look,  with  ample  dee])  green  foliage. 

The  peach  trees  of  the  Station  of  various  ages  stand  in  ground 
having  the  high  cultivation  of  a  garden,  and  although  some  of  them 
are  seriously  afflicted  with  the  curl  and  gummosis,  they  have  shown 
no  tendency  toward  yellow  or  undersized  foliage.  A  garden  or¬ 
chard  across  the  way,  which  does  not  receive  so  high  cultivation, 
shows  a  corresponding  decline  in  the  healthy  look  of  its  foliage. 

Judging  from  these  observations  and  other  similar  ones,  it  seems 
evident  that  cultivation  and  fertilization  of  the  soil  are  of  more 
than  usual  importance  in  maintaining  the  health  and  fruitfulness  of 
peach  trees.  I  do  not,  therefore,  doubt  that  in  a  great  many  in¬ 
stances  the  application  of  the  special  fertilizers  so  ably  advocated  by 
Professor  Penhallow*  would  produce  the  desired  effect.  But  so 
long  as  I  am  unable  to  decide  to  my  own  satisfaction  upon  the  true 
nature  of  the  yellows  as  a  specific  disease,  it  is  obvious  that  the  last 
remark  cannot  be  construed  into  an  advocacy  of  a  remedy  for  that 
'  particular  ailment. 

In  October  a  few  peach  trees  were  found  about  seven  miles  from 
the  Station  which  showed  every  external  indication  of  being  in  the 
last  stages  of  the  yellows.  The  microscopic  examination  confirmed 
this  belief,  showing  that  the  cells  were  gorged  with  starch,  and  had 
the  other  indications  described  by  Professor  Penliallow.f  Careful 
examination  was  now  made  for  bacteria.  It  was  at  once  apparent 
that  if  present  at  all  they  did  not  occur  in  the  obvious  and  abundant 
manner  seen  in  pear  blight.  Bacteria  were  occasionally  found,  and 
in  one  or  two  instances  seemed  to  be  grouped  at  one  spot,  but  there 
was  no  absolute  proof  that  they  came  from  the  interior  of  the  tis¬ 
sues.  Here  the  matter  was  allowed  to  rest.  I  am  desirous  of  mak¬ 
ing  a  study  of  the  disease  the  coming  summer  in  localities  where 
one  can  hope  to  find  it  in  the  fullest  development. 

Peach  Curl. 

Exoascus  deformans ,  Tul. 

The  curl  has  been  very  prevalent  in  this  section  of  country.  In 
the  Station  orchard  it  occurred  upon  some  of  the  largest  trees  in  so 
severe  a  form  that  they  were  all  but  killed.  This  was  not,  however^ 

*  Consisting  of  25  pounds  kieserite,  125  pounds  muriate  of  potash,  and  450 
pounds  dissolved  bone-black  per  acre.  —  Houghton  Farm,  ser.  Ill,  No.  2,  p.  41. 
f  L.  c.,  p.  31,  pi.  II ;  Trans.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.,  1882,  p  127. 


374 


[Assembly 


the  first  season  of  its  appearance,  for  it  is  doubtful  if  it  could  ever 
become  so  harmful  without  accumulating  strength  by  the  growth  of 
previous  years. 

The  disease  is  readily  recognized.  By  the  latter  part  of  May  the 
leaves  of  an  affected  tree  show  very  considerable  contortion  or 
crumpling,  which  continues  to  increase  until  the  leaves  have  quite 
lost  their  normal  appearance  and  grown  into  baggy  folds  and 
wrinkles,  and  at  the  same  time  become  somewhat  thickened.  The 
whole  leaf  is  not  always  affected ;  often  a  greatly-distorted  leaf  will 
have  —  it  may  be  the  apex  —  quite  unaffected  and  normal.  In 
about  a  month  the  surface  of  the  leaf  takes  on  a  whitishness  or 
bloom,  especially  upon  the  under  side,  and  the  leaves  soon  drop 
from  the  tree.  In  severe  attacks  the  tree  is  almost  or  quite  defoli¬ 
ated,  the  branches  becoming  about  as  bare  as  in  early  spring.  More 
usually,  however,  new  leaves  are  developed  as  fast  as  the  diseased 
ones  fall,  so  that  while  the  ground  is  strewn  with  cast-off  leaves  the 
tree  continues  in  full  foliage.  In  either  case,  by  the  latter  part  of 
July  the  trees  will  be  well  provided  with  a  second  crop  of  healthy 
leaves. 

The  parasitic  fungus  which  causes  the  disease  grows  exclusively 
inside  the  tissues  of  the  tree.  Although  the  mycelium  is  abundant 
it  is  difficult  to  detect  on  account  of  its  delicacy  and  transparency. 
It  was  first  seen  in  tfie  leaf  by  Prillieux*  in  1872,  and  Frankf  has 
since  detected  it  extending  from  the  leaves  through  the  veins  and 
leaf-stalks  into  the  bast  bundles  of  the  smaller  branches.  It  insinu¬ 
ates  itself  between  the  cuticle  and  cells  of  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaf,  and  there  produces  in  June  its  numerous  spores  in  minute  sacs, 
each  containing  from  six  to  eight.  It  is  this  fruiting  of  the  fungus 
that  gives  the  whitish  bloom  to  the  leaf  just  before  it  falls. 

Nothing  whatever  is  known  of  the  way  in  which  the  spores  trans¬ 
mit  the  disease,  and  it  is  difficult  to  frame  plausible  conjectures. 
The  mycelium  is,  however,  perennial,  and  lives  from  year  to  year  in 
the  younger  branches,  running  out  through  the  leaf-stalks  and  occu¬ 
pying  the  new  leaves  each  season.  One  may  easily  convince  him¬ 
self  of  the  probability  of  this  by  carefully  watching  a  tree  known  to 
be  infested,  for  he  will  be  able  to  detect  more  or  less  evident  traces 
of  the  disease  from  the  earliest  appearance  of  the  leaves  in  spring 
to  their  fall  in  autumn  ;  and  having  become  familiar  with  these  signs 
will  be  able  to  tell  it  in  trees  whose  condition  is  not  previously 
known  to  him. 

The  curl  pays  no  regard  to  the  condition  of  a  tree,  but  may  be 
found  in  the  thriftiest,  as  well  as  in  the  weakest.  Its  life,  however, 
is  so  thoroughly  bound  up  with  the  life  of  its  host  that  whatever 
influences  the  health  of  the  tree,  influences  the  health  of  the  fungus, 
although  not  always  to  just  the  same  degree.  The  harmfulness 
arises  from  two  sources,  first  the  necessity  of  the  tree  providing  not~ 
only  for  its  own  nourishment  but  also  for  that  of  a  voracious  para- 

*  Bull.  Soc.  Botanique  de  France,  1872,  p.  227. 

f  Kranklieiten  der  I’flanzen,  p.  026. 


No.  33.] 


375 


site,  and  secondly  the  loss  of  a  whole  crop  of  leaves  at  the  very 
height  of  the  growing  season.  A  tree  must  have  a  vigorous  consti¬ 
tution  and  be  well  cultivated  and  fertilized,  indeed,  to  bear  a  crop 
of  peaches  under  such  a  strain.  A  few  large  trees  on  the  station 
grounds  were  so  thoroughly  tilled  with  the  fungus,  and  also  pre¬ 
viously  weakened,  that  they  produced  a  few  tufts  of  leaves  only  till 
the  fruiting  period  of  the  fungus  had  passed  and  it  became  compara¬ 
tively  inactive,  when  a  normal  amount  of  healthy  foliage  at  last  ap¬ 
peared.  It  was  an  instance  where  the  growth  of  the  fungus  had  so 
far  outstripped  the  ability  of  the  tree  to  supply  the  required  nour¬ 
ishment  that  host  and  parasite  were  alike  suffering.  It  is  a  common 
error  to  ascribe  the  attacks  of  fungous  diseases  to  the  influence  of 
the  weather,  not  considering  that  each  fungus  has  its  appointed  sea¬ 
son  of  development  the  same  as  a  higher  plant.  In  fact  there  is  no 
more  reason  to  suppose  that  it  is  wholly  a  matter  of  temperature  and 
moisture  that  causes  the  curl  to  ripen  its  spores  and  complete  its 
yearly  growth  before  the  heats  of  midsummer  arrive,  than  that  the 
same  cause  regulates  the  appearance  of  the  peach  blossoms.  It  is 
rather  the  hereditary  habit  which  even  the  weather  is  rarely  able  to 
alter. 

As  it  is  not  known  how  the  disease  gains  access  to  the  tree,  of 
course  no  preventive  measures  can  be  intelligently  prescribed. 
When  a  tree  is  once  infested,  however,  the  disease  can  be  kept  in 
check  and  possibly  eradicated,  by  annually  pruning  away  the  ends 
of  the  branches  in  spring,  thus  destroying  most  of  the  mycelium 
that  has  lived  through  the  winter.  It  is  also  recommended  by 
Frank; *  and  several  American  writers,  to  destroy  the  diseased 
leaves ;  a  troublesome  operation,  the  utility  of  which  cannot  at  pres¬ 
ent  be  fully  demonstrated.  Winter]*  recommends  the  protection  of 
the  trees  from  rain  during  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  which  may 
be  practicable  in  Germany  but  is  not  in  this  country.  De  Jubain- 
ville  and  YesqueJ  add  to  these  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  and  a  lib¬ 
eral  supply  of  ashes  or  other  fertilizers  containing  potash,  which  is 
certainly  a  requisite  for  complete  success,  if  the  trees  are  to  remain, 
in  full  vigor. 

Gumming  or  Gummosis. 

Gumming  or  gummosis,  the  terms  are  synonymous,  are  the  names 
applied  to  the  production  of  the  brown  or  amber  colored  gum  that 
exudes  from  wounds  on  the  body,  limbs  and  even  fruit  of  the  peach, 
as  well  as  other  members  of  the  same  family,  such  as  the  plum, 
cherry  and  flowering  almond.  The  phenomenon  has  excited  much 
attention  and  the  literature  is  extended,  but  the  subject  is  yet  by  no 
means  fully  understood.  Other  duties  having  prevented  my  under¬ 
taking  an  extended  series  of  experiments  in  this  direction,  I  shall 
here  only  state  as  much  of  the  subject  as  will  convey  some  idea  of 
the  bearing  of  the  few  results  obtained. 

*  Kranklieiten  der  Pflanzen,  p  526 
f  Kranklieiten  der  Kultur-Gewachse,  p.  47. 

\  Maladies  des  Plautes  Cultivees,  p.  300 


% 


376 


[Assembly 


Most  recent,  as  well  as  earlier  writers,  consider  the  exudation  of 
gum  in  stone-fruited  trees  as  pathologic,  arising  from  some  abnormal 
process  or  influence  in  the  plant.  The  exact  method  by  which  the 
gum  is  produced  is  now  through  the  investigations  of  Wigand, 
Frank  and  Prillieux  very  well  known.  It  is  found  to  proceed  from 
a  deorganization  of  the  walls  and  contents  of  the  cells,  beginning  in 
the  wood  and  involving  the  bast  and  bark,  and  in  severe  cases  the 
cambium  also,  the  starch  and  other  contents  of  the  cells  being  at  the 
same  time  included  in  the  general  change.  The  physiological  sig 
nificance  of  this  process  has  recently  been  studied  at  the  agricul¬ 
tural  Hochschule  at  Berlin,  under  Frank’s  direction,*  and  the  con¬ 
clusion  reached  is  that  the  production  of  gum  where  a  wound  has 
occurred  is  quite  universal  in  woody  plants,  and  serves  as  a  protec¬ 
tion  to  the  exposed  surface  during  the  process  of  healing.  It  is, 
therefore,  the  excessive  production  of  it  that  is  harmful.  This 
narrows  down  the  inquiry  very  materially,  for  we  have  now  only  to 
investigate  the  cause  of  this  increased  activity  which  has  changed  a 
normal  into  an  abnormal  process,  often  causing  an  enormous  waste 
of  material  that  would  have  otherwise  gone  to  the  production  of 
healthy  tissues.  Frankf  is  of  the  opinion  that  it  is  a  symptom  of  the 
weakened  vitality  of  the  tree  arising  from  some  additional  cause, 
and  that,  therefore,  in  order  to  prevent  or  cure  the  malady  it  is  nec¬ 
essary  to  first  restore  the  tree  to  health,  when  the  gumflux  can  be 
easily  checked. 

A  year  ago  Dr.  Beyerinck  of  the  agricultural  school  at  Wagen- 
ingen,  Holland,  conceived  the  idea  that  the  production  of  gum 
might  be  caused  by  bacteria.  By  experimenting  he  found  that  the 
disease  could  be  started  in  any  of  the  plum  family  by  inserting  a 
little  of  the  gum  into  a  fresh  incision,  but  that  if  the  gum  be  first 
thoroughly  heated  no  change  takes  place.  This  pointed  directly  to 
some  living  contagium,  and  in  searching  for  it  he  finally  fixed  upon 
one  of  the  higher  fungi,  instead  of  bacteria,  whose  mycelium  and 
spores  appeared  to  always  be  present.;};  The  fungus  was  described 
as  a  new  species  of  Coryneum  (C.  Beyerinckii)  by  Oudemans.§ 
The  occurrence  of  mycelium  in  the  gum  is  no  new  discovery,  as 
spores  are  very  easily  caught  in  so  viscid  a  substance,  and  many  find 
it  a  favorable  soil  in  which  to  grow.  As  long  ago  as  1855  Berkeley  [ 
called  attention  to  the  abundance  of  mycelium,  especially  in  some 
cherry  gum  from  South  Carolina ;  but  it  was  not  considered  as  in 
any  way  related  to  the  production  of  the  gum. 

The  following  experiments  were  tried  at  the  station:  June  17, 
small  pieces  of  peach  gum  not  exceeding  the  size  of  a  pea  were  in- 


*  Cf.  Botanisches  Centralblatt,  XX,  p.  194. 
f  Krankheiten  der  Pflanzen,  p.  93. 

|Cf.  Gardeners’  Chronicle,  XXI,  p.  238  ;  I  have  not  seen  the  author’s  original 
paper,  Onderzoekingen  over  de  Gomziekte  bij  Planten. 

4  Hedwigia,  1883,  p.  113;  Plowright,  in  Gardeners’  Chronicle,  XXI,  p.  410. 

||  Gardeners’  Chronicle,  1855,  p.  205. 


No.  33.] 


377 


serted  under  the  bark  of  one  to  three  year  old  branches  of  thrifty 
peach  trees.  In  three  weeks  all  but  one  had  apparently  become  es¬ 
tablished  and  new  gum  added.  At  the  same  time  some  gum  from 
the  same  source  was  similarly  planted  under  the  bark  "of  cherry 
and  plum  trees;  of  four  plantings,  all  grew.  The  microscope 
showed  the  presence  of  abundant  mycelium  and  spores,  but  whether 
of  the  species  found  by  Beyerinck  was  not  definitely  determined. 

In  examining  flowering  almond  bushes  in  June,  many  branches 
were  found  to  have  their  terminal  portion  quite  dead,  and  with  an 
exudation  of  gum  at  the  point  between  the  dead  and  the  living 
parts.  In  many  cases  this  was  also  accompanied  by  a  growth  of  the 
fruit  rot  fungus  (Oidium  fructigenum),  it  forming  minute  white 
tufts  of  spores  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  branch  from  one  to  six 
inches  above  the  gum.  Whether  the  initiative  was  due  to  the  punc¬ 
ture  of  an  insect,  occasioning  the  flow  of  gum,  and  this  offering  a 
favorable  medium  for  the  introduction  of  the  rot  fungus,  all  having 
a  share  in  the  final  killing  of  the  branch,  or  whether  the  several 
agents  appeared  in  a  different  order,  it  is  not  our  present  purpose  to 
inquire.  The  association  of  the  rot  fungus  with  the  gumming  was 
suggestive,  and  experiments  were  instituted  to  see  if  any  actual  re¬ 
lationship  existed.  Spores  of  the  fungus  were  inserted  in  a  slight 
incision  of  the  stem  of  a  vigorous  young  shoot  of  cherry,  of  peach 
and  of  flowering  almond,  kept  fresh  under  a  bell  jar.  Other  shoots 
of  the  same  sort  were  infected  in  the  same  way  with  spores  of  the 
same  fungus  taken,  however,  from  rotting  cherry  fruits.  All  the 
spores  germinated  readily,  and  all  but  one  of  the  cherry  shoots 
showed  the  beginning  of  rot  in  the  stem  in  twenty -four  hours.  Con¬ 
siderable  of  the  stem  and  part  of  the  leaves  of  the  peach  and  of  the 
flowering  almond  shoots  wrere  rotten  in  nine  days.  The  remaining 
cherry  shoot  rotted  about  a  third  of  an  inch  each  way  from  the 
wound  in  the  same  time,  and  besides,  what  is  the  interesting  point 
in  this  connection,  two  small  drops  of  gum  had  exuded  from  the 
wound,  which  had  all  the  characteristics  of  the  usual  cherry  gum. 
Two  days  later  the  larger  drop  was  removed  and  examined  under 
the  microscope  and  found  to  be  permeated  with  the  mycelium  of  the 
rot.  As  an  isolated  case,  it  is  very  difficult  to  say  whether  the  fun¬ 
gus  had  any  direct  influence  or  not  in  producing  the  gum. 

Another  set  of  experiments,  primarily  undertaken  for  a  different 
purpose,  have  a  direct  bearing  here.  On  July  16,  a  number  of  in¬ 
oculations  were  made  on  the  vigorous  growing  branches  of  a  peach 
tree,  using  the  viscid  exudation  from  the  pear  blight,  but  all  of  these 
except  one  (exper.  22)  were  destroyed  by  accident.  This  one  did 
not  reproduce  a  blight,  but,  most  unexpectedly,  in  ten  days  gave  a 
drop  of  clear  amber  gum  that  differed  in  no  perceptible  way  from 
that  produced  by  ordinary  gummosis.  The  next  trials  were  on  July 
24,  when  five  inoculations  were  made,  using  an  infusion  of  pear 
blight  instead  of  the  exudation  and  with  uniformly  the  same  results. 
One  of  these  was  carefully  examined  in  section  and  bacteria  were 
found  abundant  in  a  layer  lining  the  wound,  but  not  extending  out 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  48 


378 


[Assembly 


into  the  body  of  the  drop  of  gum.  It  having  been  suggested  that 
the  gum  might  have  appeared  had  no  virus  been  applied,  another 
set  of  inoculations  was  tried  (exper.  144  to  147)  in  which  two  punc¬ 
tures  about  four  inches  apart  were  made  on  eacli  shoot,  one  of  which 
was  wet  with  a  drop  of  pear  blight  infusion  and  the  other  not.  To 
detect  any  possible  influence  of  the  upward  movement  of  the  sap, 
in  two  cases  the  wound  nearest  the  end  of  the  branch  was  infected, 
in  the  other  two  cases  the  wound  farthest  from  the  end  of  the 
branch.  The  results  were  uniform ;  the  infected  wounds  gave  a  drop 
of  gum,  and  the  others  did  not.  Three  of  these  branches  were  ex¬ 
hibited  before  the  Botanical  Club  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  at  its  meeting  in  Philadelphia,  with  a 
statement  of  the  case. 


Peach. 

No.  of  Part  Source  Days  of 

experiment.  treated.  of  virus.  incubation. 

22  Stem.  Pear.  10 

54a .  “  “  6 

54b .  “  “  r> 

55a  . .  “  “  6 

55b .  “  “  0 

55c  .  “  “  6 

144  .  “  “  5 

145  “  “  5 

146  “  “  5 

147'  .  “  “  5 


Having  now  presented  the  various  sides  of  the  matter,  I  think  we 
may  safely  conclude,  taking  all  the  facts  into  consideration,  that  the 
abnormally  large  production  of  gum  in  the  peach  and  kindred  trees 
is  due  to  the  inciting  influence  of  a  fungus,  possibly  bacteria,  but 
more  probably  a  filamentous  fungus,  and  that  it  is  not  necessarily 
restricted  to  a  single  species. 

The  flow  of  gum  is  often  a  serious  drain  upon  the  vigor  of  the 
tree,  and  it  becomes  an  important  question  what  shall  be  done  to 
stop  it.  Frank  and  Prillieux  recommend  cutting  away  entirely  such 
small  branches  as  are  affected,  and  in  larger  branches  cutting  out 
the  spots  producing  the  gum.  This  is  not  always  practicable,  however, 
as  for  example  in  the  following  case.  In  looking  over  an  orchard 
not  far  from  the  Station,  trees  were  noticed  which  from  one  point  of 
view  were  completely  covered  from  the  ground  to  the  ends  of  the 
limbs  with  masses  of  gum  averaging  the  size  of  a  hazel  nut,  but  on 
stepping  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  tree  the  bark  appeared  normal 
and  no  gum  visible.  Upon  inquiry  it  was  learned  that  an  exception- 
ably  violent  hail  storm  had  passed  over  that  part  of  the  orchard 
early  in  the  season,  and  that  it  came  so  that  hailstones  struck  on  the 
side  of  the  trees  now  covered  with  gum.  It  was  plain  that  the  gum 
had  started  wherever  the  bark  was  injured  by  the  hail.  The  knife 
could  certainly  not  be  used  to  advantage  in  this  case.  A  trial  of 


No.  33] 


379 

corrosive  sublimate  was  made  at  the  Station,  by  cleaning  the  gum 
from  the  wounds  and  then  applying  a  saturated  alcoholic  solution. 
In  another  experiment  a  slice  of  about  a  square  inch  of  bark  was 
turned  back  and  well  washed  with  the  solution,  a  piece  of  gum  as 
large  as  a  pea  was  now  inserted,  the  wound  again  drenched  with  the 
solution,  and  the  bark  tied  down.  A  control  experiment  on  the 
same  limb  was  in  every  way  the  same  except  the  corrosive  sublimate 
was  not  used.  Both  grew  vigorously,  and  the  corrosive  sublimate 
in  this,  as  well  as  in  the  preceding  instances,  apparently  exerted  no 
more  influence  than  so  much  water  might  have  done.  Several  trials 
were  made  to  burn  out  the  diseased  parts  with  red  hot  soldering 
irons,  but  while  some  of  the  spots  showed  no  gum  for  several  days, 
all  finally  began  to  flow  again.  Whether  by  a  more  thorough  trial 
or  even  by  one  or  two  repetitions,  the  flow  could  have  been  event¬ 
ually  stopped,  and  the  wound  caused  to  heal,  cannot  be  told,  but  the 
process  seems  to  promise  the  best  of  any  yet  proposed. 

Diseases  of  the  Tomato. 

Rot  in  Green  Tomatoes. 

The  principal  malady  that  came  under  our  observation  was  one, 
or  it  may  be  a  complication  of  several,  causing  great  loss  by  the  pre¬ 
mature  decay  of  the  fruit.  The  rot  usually  began  at  the  apex  or 
blossom  end  of  the  fruit,  and  extended  quite  regularly  on  all  sides 
toward  the  opposite  end.  It  appeared  as  an  even  brown  rot,  with¬ 
out  much  changing  the  form  or  solidity  of  the  fruit,  and  occurred 
at  all  stages  of  growth  from  small  to  full  size.  The  microscope 
showed  an  abundance  of  mycelium  in  the  interior  of  the  fruit,  accom¬ 
panied  by  a  profusion  of  bacteria.  No  spores  were  observed,  and  of 
course  the  identity  of  the  mycelium  could  not  be  established. 

The  great  abundance  of  bacteria  suggested  the  query  whether 
they  did  not  originate  the  rotting,  and  the  mycelium  finding  a  con¬ 
genial  soil  came  in  as  a  secondary  agent,  or  whether  the  reverse  were 
true.  To  decide  this  several  inoculations  were  made  by  using  an 
infusion  of  the  bacteria  in  the  same  manner  as  in  siiniliar  experiments 
with  pear  blight.  The  infusion  was  made  by  rinsing  some  slices  of 
the  rotting  tomato  in  water,  producing  a  slight  cloudiness  from  the 
abundance  of  the  bacteria.  As  the  mycelium  in  the  tomato  possessed 
no  spores  or  loose  parts  there  was  little  danger  of  any  of  it  getting 
into  the  infusion.  The  part  of  the  plant  to  be  inoculated  was 
punctured  and  a  drop  of  the  infusion  applied.  This  was  tried  on 
the  tender  ends  of  the  branches  and  on  the  young  fruit  of  tomato 
and  several  varieties  of  pepper,  also  on  the  shoots  of  potato  and  peach 
and  the  fruit  of  pear,  in  all  some  thirty  experiments.  In  not  a  sin¬ 
gle  instance  did  any  rotting  occur,  or  any  other  effect  than  would 
have  followed  a  simple  puncture.  This  at  once  set  at  rest  any  doubt 
that  the  bacteria  acted  in  any  other  capacity  than  as  associates  feed¬ 
ing  upon  the  tissues  killed  by  the  mycelium. 


380 


[Assembly 


As  already  stated,  the  identity  of  the  mycelium  could  not  be  de¬ 
termined.  In  a  paper  presented  to  the  Society  for  the  promotion 
of  Agricultural  Science  at  its  late  meeting  in  Philadelphia,  Dr. 
Halsted  stated  that  he  had  traced  the  rotting  of  green  tomatoes  to  a 
fungus  inhabiting  the  leaves  of  the  plant,  usually  called  Cladospo- 
rium  fulvum.  This  fungus  did  not  occur  upon  the  leaves  of  toma¬ 
toes  at  the  Station,  and  whether  the  mycelium  of  the  rot  was  inden- 
tical  with  it  could  not  be  ascertained  in  the  absence  of  spores.  The 
very  similar  Cladosporium  herbarum  was,  however,  common  upon 
ripe  tomatoes,  and  also  wherever  cracks  occurred  upon  partially-ripe 
fruit.  This  is  an  exceedingly  common  fungus  on  all  dying  or  dead 
vegetation,  but  is  not  known  to  cause  rots  of  the  nature  of,  the  one 
under  discussion. 

Our  season’s  work,  therefore,  decides  nothing  as  to  what  fungus 
causes  the  rot  in  green  tomatoes,  except  that  it  is  not  due  to  bac¬ 
teria,  or  of  its  mode  of  attack  or  the  means  for  controlling  it. 

Pot  in  Pipe  Tomatoes. 

The  work  on  the  premature  decay  of  ripe  tomatoes  was  rather 
more  successful  than  that  of  green  fruit.  The  softening  and  final 

breaking  down  of  the  tissues  of  ripe  toma¬ 
toes,  accompanied  by  a  strong  vinegar  odor, 
was  found  to  be  associated  with  the  presence 
of  common  yeast  (fig.  2),  and  another  yeast- 
like  plant  (fig.  3),  known  as  Oidium  lactis, 
so  named  by  Presenilis,*  who  found  it  upon 
sour  milk.  The  latter  kind  formed  a  snow- 
white  mass  wherever  the  skin  of  the  tomato 
was  broken.  It  was  also  found  upon  the  ex- 

Fig.  2.  —  Yeast  plants  posed  inner  surfaces  of  ripe  watermelons  and 
from  an  over-ripe  tomato,  muskmelons  that  had  been  cut  open  and  left 
gina]11^  250  times.  On-  on  groim(j  decay.  Bacteria  were  pres¬ 
ent  in  all  cases.  There  was  no  difficulty  in 
producing  the  same  phenomenon  of  fermentation  and  disintegration 
of  the  tissues  in  an  unaffected,  ripe  tomato  by  introducing  a  drop 
of  the  juice  from  one  containing  the  fungi. 


*  Beitrage  zur  Mykologie,  1850-63,  p.  23. 


No.  33.] 


381 


Another  fungus  was  found  which 
produced  a  roughness  on  the  sur¬ 
face  of  the  tomato,  and  usually 
made  a  rather  dry  mass  beneath 
as  far  as  its  abundant  white  myce¬ 
lium  extended.  It  corresponds  very 
well  with  the  figure  and  description, 
by  Saccardo,*  of  Gloeosporium  pho- 
moides,  which  was  found  upon  to¬ 
matoes  in  Italy  in  November,  1878, 
and  may  be  identical  with  it.  The 
fungus  develops  just  beneath  and 
within  the  epidermis  or  skin  of  the 
fruit,  and  soon  breaks  through  it 
and  produces  great  numbers  of 
spores  on  the  ends  of  the  protrud¬ 
ing  mycelium,  as  shown  in  the  cut 
(fig.  4).  To  the  naked  eye  it  only 
roughens  the  surface  of  the  fruit  by 
the  spores  and  ragged  edges  of  the 
broken  skin,  but  upon  cutting  open 
the  tomato  a  firm,  whitish  mass  re¬ 
veals  its  extent. 


Fig  3.  —  Oidium  lactis  Fres.  from 
a  crack  in  an  over-ripe  tomato  ;  a ,  the 
spores  seen  laterally  ;  b,  same  seen 
from  tlie  end;  c,  chain  of  spores  aris¬ 
ing  from  the  mycelium  ;  d,  germinat¬ 
ing  spores;  e,  spore-like  portion  of 
the  mycelium,  forming  successive 
branches  of  the  same  spore-like  na¬ 
ture;  /,  mycelium.  The  spores  are 
merely  short  sections  of  the  myce¬ 
lium,  and  germinate  in  the  same  man¬ 
ner  as  the  mycelium  branches,  all 
gradations  being  found  between  the 
two.  Magnified  350  times, — Original. 


Fig.  4. —  Vertical  section  through  the  edge  of  a  spot  of  Gloeosporium  pho- 
moides  Sacc.  on  ripe  tomato,  showing  the  manner  in  which  the  mycelium  ramifies 
in  the  tissues,  and  penetrates  and*  develops  vertical  mycelium  in  the  epidermal 
cells,  turning  back  the  skin  of  the  tomato  and  producing  spores  on  the  free  sur¬ 
face.  Magnified  250  diameters. —  Original. 


*  Michelia,  II,  p.  540,  and  Fungi  Italici  Delineati,  t.  1060. 


382 


[Assembly 


This  fungus  was  easily  transmitted  to  ripe  tomatoes  by  punctur¬ 
ing  the  surface  and  inserting  a  few  spores.  The  fungus  established 
itself  and  produced  a  new  crop  of  spores  in  from  three  to  four  days. 

If  this  disease  should  become  common  it  might  prove  a  very 
troublesome  one.  Several  other  fungi  appeared  upon  ripe  tomatoes 
in  the  Station  garden,  but  for  the  most  part  so  late  in  the  season 
that  it  is  doubtful  if  thev  are  of  much  economic  importance. 

Smut  in  Oats. 

Ustilago  segetum ,  Pers, 

It  is  usually  a  difficult  matter  to  arrive  at  any  accurate  estimate  of 
the  loss  produced  by  fungi,  being  sometimes  so  great  as  to  cause  the 
total  destruction  of  the  crop,  but  more  often  an  indefinite  portion, 
very  difficult  to  express  in  figures.  In  many  instances  it  is  looked 
upon  as  an  inevitable  accompaniment  of  cultivation,  varying  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  season,  and,  therefore,  to  be  taken  as  a  matter  of  course. 

The  smut  of  wheat  and  oats,  from  its  habit  of  destroying  the 
whole  head  or  panicle  of  the  plant  attacked,  is  an  excellent  fungus 
from  which  to  derive  data.  By  counting  the  number  of  healthy  and 
of  smutted  culms  over  a  certain  area,  we  arrive  at  a  perfectly  accu¬ 
rate  and  just  estimate  of  the  loss  produced  by  the  smut.  The  follow¬ 
ing  table  shows  the  results  obtained  from  counting  the  culms  of 
oats  in  eight  as  widely  separated  areas  as  possible  on  the  Station 
farm.  Numbers  1  and  2  were  growing  in  the  experimental  plats, 
the  others  in  different  parts  of  the  fields. 


Variety. 

Sq.  ft.  of 
ground 

Height 
of  culm 

Number 
of  culms. 

Per  cent 
smutted. 

1. 

American  Triumph  .... 

132 

44 

in. 

1237 

10 

2. 

Board  of  Trade. . 

132 

48 

u 

2353 

8.5 

3. 

New  Australian . 

40 

30 

u 

892 

10.3 

4. 

New  Australian . 

53 

46 

u 

1397 

7 

5. 

New  Australian . 

40 

46 

u 

1088 

9.2 

6. 

New  Australian . 

40 

36 

(( 

1315 

15 

7. 

New  Australian  ....... 

60 

56 

u 

1748 

<  .  O 

8. 

New  Australian . 

47 

48 

a 

1183 

10.2 

Total  and  average  .  . 

544 

44J 

in. 

11,213 

9.5 

The  total  area  counted,  comprising  two  square  rods,  embraced 
every  variation  of  soil  and  growth  the  farm  afforded,  and  it  is  be¬ 
lieved  that  the  counting  of  a  greater  area  would  not  have  materially 
affected  the  result.  The  appearance  of  smut  as  one  passed  through 
the  fields  was  no  greater  than  is  usually  to  be  seen  in  any  part  of 
the  country,  at  least  east  of  the  western  plains,  and  the  result  of  the 
count,  showing  a  total  loss  of  nine  and  one-half  per  cent  of  smutted 
grain,  is  as  much  a  surprise  to  the  writer  as  it  will  doubtless  be  to 


Ko.  33.] 


3S3 


others.  The  apparent  strength  of  tlie  yield  in  the  various  areas  was 
in  about  the  relation  indicated  by  the  height  of  the  culms,  showing 
that  the  lightest  oats  smutted  the  worst.  The  smut  appeared  to  also 
bear  a  direct  ratio  to  the  dryness  of  the  soil. 

It  should  be  mentioned  in  this  connection  that  the  thirty  varieties 
of  oats  growing  in  the  experimental  plats  were  very  unevenly 
affected  by  smut,  some  having  almost  none,  the  reason  for  which 
was  not  apparent. 

Professor  Brewer  says  in  the  Tenth  Census  Report  of  the  United 
States  that  “  neither  rust  nor  smut  affects  the  crop  extensively, 
although  either  of  these  diseases  occur  occasionally,”  a  statement 
that  voices  the  general  belief,  but  which  the  above  shows  to  be  far 
from  correct.  The  reason  of  this  discrepancy  between  casual  obser¬ 
vation  and  fact  is  easily  explained  by  the  inconspicuousness  of  the 
affected  culms. 


Disease  of  Clematis. 

The  importation  of  many  choice  species  and  hybrids  of  this 
charming  flower  has  created  a  growing  demand  for  it.  Its  popu¬ 
larity  is  being  somewhat  checked,  however,  by  the  appearance  of  a 
malady  that  attacks  plants  of  all  ages  and  conditions,  has  almost 
stopped  its  propagation  in  some  places,  and  threatened  serious  loss  to 
all  who  hold  either  a  pecuniary  or  aesthetic  interest  in  it. 

Specimens  of  diseased  plants  were  sent  last  year,  and  again  several 
times  the  present  year,  by  Mr.  Geo.  G.  Atwood  of  this  place  to 
Professor  Riley  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington. 
Professor  Riley  reported  on  each  lot  sent  that  the  roots  were  swollen 
in  places  by  the  presence  of  some  species  of  Anguillula,  a  nematoid 
worm,  but  that  these  were  not  answerable  for  any  marked  deteriora¬ 
tion  of  the  plants.  He  also  pointed  out  that  a  blackened  rotting 
occurred  at  the  crowns,  produced,  it  might *be,  by  a  fungus,  and  that 
the  cause  of  the  disease  was  doubtless  to  be  looked  for  in  that 
direction. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Atwood,  and  also  of  Mr.  William 
Smith  of  this  place,  to  both  of  whom  I  am  also  indebted  for  many 
other  favors  in  the  prosecution  of  my  studies,  I  have  been  enabled 
to  fully  corroborate  Professor  Riley’s  supposition,  and  to  learn 
something  of  the  nature  of  the  fungus. 

If  a  dead  plant  be  removed  from  the  soil,  the  roots  at  the  point 
where  they  arise  from  the  stem  will  be  found  to  be  rotten  for  an 
inch  or  more,  giving  ample  cause  for  the  death  of  the  foliage 
through  cutting  off  the  supply  of  nourishment.  The  roots  of  the 
clematis  are  fleshy,  nearly  as  thick  as  a  goose  quill,  of  quite  uniform 
diameter,  and  with  few  branches.  They  possess  a  tough  skin  and  a 
central  woody  thread,  but  the  rest  of  their  thickness  is  composed  of 
a  delicate  white  tissue  (parenchyma),  made  rigid  and  brittle  by  a 
large  deposition  of  starch  and  other  food  materials  for  the  nourish¬ 
ment  of  the  plant.  It  is  in  this  white  tissue  that  the  fungus  finds  a 


384 


[Assemble 


congenial  soil,  soon  quite  destroying  it,  and  leaving  only  the  tough 
skin  and  central  woody  thread. 

The  white,  somewhat  septated  mycelium  of 
the  fungus  is  readily  found  with  the  micro¬ 
scope.  In  some  cases  it  showed  an  altered 
lacrospore-like  condition,  of  dark-brown 
cells,  solitary,  in  chains,  or  grouped  in  the 
usual  muriform  manner.  These  are  doubt¬ 
less  capable  of  resisting  changes  for  some 
time,  and  then  renewing  the  disease.  In 
very  advanced  stages  there  were  also  found 
minute  black  dots  on  the  surface  of  the  dis¬ 
eased  part,  which,  upon  close  scrutiny,  could 
be  just  made  out  by  the  unaided  eye.  These 
contained  many  minute  colorless  spores,  and 
maybe  a  further  development  of  the  same 
fungus,  although  this  is  by  no  means  certain. 
This  form  belongs  to  the  genus  Phoma, 
Fig.  5.  —  Dark  brown  which  includes  very  simple  imperfect  fungi, 

mycelium  from  clematis  whose  full  development  is  not  known.  Ao 
roots.  Magnified  250  diame-  Phoma  on  clematis  roots  has  been  recorded, 
ters.  —  Original.  at  ieast  in  this  country,  although  one  is  given 

on  the  stems*  as  occurring  in  Europe. 

Therefore,  although  having  found  two  forms  of  spores,  one  cer¬ 
tainly,  and  the  other  probably,  belonging  to  the  mycelium  causing 
the  rotting,  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  name  of  the  fungus,  or 
to  give  much  of  its  mode  of  life.  One  can  only  say  that  it  is  a  pyre- 
nomecetous  fungus,  growing  within  the  roots  and  causing  them  to 
decay..  It  may  possibly  grow  within  the  stem  also,  especially  the 
part  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  this  part  often  decaying, 
but  whether  from  an  attack  of  the  same  fungus  or  not,  was  not 
ascertained.  * 

This  disease  is  specially  troublesome  to  young  plants  propagated 
by  cuttings  or  grafts.  In  the  latter  case  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the 
fungus  finds  access  at  the  cut  surface  of  the  root  to  which  the  scion 
is  applied,  as  it  is  here  where  the  disease  first  manifests  itself.  In 
the  case  of  cuttings  it  maybe  it  enters  the  base  of  the  cutting  before 
it  becomes  calloused,  and  so  to  the  roots  that  subsequently  grow 
from  it.  If  the  fungus  be  slow  in  its  growth,  a  matter  of  which  we 
have  no  exact  knowledge,  it  may  take  some  months  or  even  a  few 
years  to  kill  the  plant  after  finding  entrance,  which  would  account 
for  some  instances  of  its  killing  well  established  plants  in  isolated 
spots.  But  further  conjectures  are  useless. 

Too  little  is  known  of  the  life  history  of  the  fungus  to  permit  of 
a  remedy  being  devised.  It  will,  however,  be  an  excellent  precau¬ 
tion  to  use  soil  in  which  clematis  have  not  grown  for  two  or  three 


*  Phoma  Clematidis  Sacc.  —  Miclielia,  II,  p.  616. 


No.  33.] 


385 


years,  in  order  that  any  mycelium  or  spores  of  the  disease,  which 
it  may  have  previously  contained,  will  first  become  thoroughly 
exhausted  and  dead. 


Rust  on  Canada  Thistle. 

Puccinia  succveolens ,  Pers. 

There  are  a  few  instances  in  which  fungi  are  beneficial  by  preying 
upon  noxious  plants,  and  doubtless  no  more  conspicuous  example 
can  be  given  than  that  of  the  Canada  thistle  rust. 

This  fungus  is  an  endophytic  form,  pervading  the  whole  plant 
and  producing  its  spores  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  chiefly’ 
It  is  such  a  voracious  feeder  that  the  thistle  is  much  weakened  by  it, 
the  leaves  being  smaller  and  paler,  and  the  flowers  rarely  opening' 
and  never  setting  seed.  The  fungus  may  be  known  by  the  brown 
spores  which  thickly  clothe  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  and 
which  can  be  partially  jarred  off  as  a  brown  powder. 

A  thistle  infested  with  rust  should  be  allowed  to  stand,  in 
order  that  it  may  produce  as  many  spores  as  possible  to  spread'  the 
disease  to  other  plants.  No  harm,  but  only  good,  can  thus  result, 
because  this  form  of  rust  lives  upon  no  other  plant,  whatever,  but 
the  Canada  thistle.  It  will  probably  never  exterminate  the  thistle, 
but  it  will  aid  in  keeping  it  in  check,  and  should  be  encouraged. 


REPORT  OF  THE  ASSISTANT. 


A  Classification  of  Barley  and  Oats. 

Family.  The  barleys  and  oats  are,  botanically  speaking,  grasses, 
and  belong  to  the  Gramineas  or  Grass  Family.  This  family  is  di¬ 
vided  up  into  many  tribes,  sub-tribes  and  genera,  of  which  the  barleys 
and  oats  each  compose  a  genus.  The  flowers  are  hermaphrodite, 
that  is  the  male  and  female  parts  are  located  in  the  same  flower,  and 
are  borne  in  the  spikelets  of  the  head  or  panicle.  The  two  lowest 
scales  of  the  spikelet  have  no  flower,  but  instead  act  as  envelopes 
for  the  whole  spikelet ;  these  are  called  empty  glumes.  The  flowers 
of  oats  and  barley  are  inclosed  within  two  scales,  one  above  and  one 
below,  and  the  latter,  which  surrounds  the  flower  and  often  produces 
an  awn,  is  termed  the  flowering  glume  ;  the  upper  scale  is  called  the 
palet  or  pale.  The  palet  has  no  midrib,  but  two  lateral  nerves  in¬ 
stead,  which  causes  the  tip  to  be  slightly  divided.  The  number  of 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  49 


386 


[Assembly 


stamens  are  three  ;  pistils  two.  The  fruit  has  a  dry  seed  covering,  is 
slightly  covered  with  silky  hairs,  and  is  called  a  caryopsis. 

The  plants  of  these  two  genera  have  round  hollow'  stems,  which 
are  divided  up  into  sections  by  solid  nodes  or  joints.  Each  leaf 
tightly  clasps  the  stem  or  culm  ;  the  clasping  portion  is  known  as  the 
sheath.  The  sheath  is  divided,  and  its  edges  in  both  barley  and  oats 
are  more  or  less  fringed  with  woolly  fibers.  Where  the  leaf -blade 
proper  and  sheath  join,  a  membraneous  structure  called  the  ligule 
clasps  the  stem.  The  upper  edge  of  this  ligule  is  always  more  or  less 
ragged  and  torn,  the  condition  depending  upon  the  age  of  the  plant. 
The  leaves  are  parallel  veined,  and  are  always,  as  is  the  stem,  covered 
to  a  more  or  less  degree  with  a  bluish  bloom.  The  sheaths  are  ribbed 
and  the  leaves  vary  in  form  from  lanceolate  to  linear,  and  are  smooth 
and  sharply  pointed.  In  both  genera,  the  lamina  of  the  upper  leaf 
is  longer  than  the  sheath,  while  the  lamina  of  the  lower  leaves  is 
shorter  than  the  sheath. 

The  roots  of  barley  and  oats  are  fibrous,  and  have  a  more  exten¬ 
sive  grow'th  beneath  the  surface  than  is  generally  supposed.  In 
our  root  washings,  the  roots  of  barley  have  been  traced  thirty-two 
inches,  and  those  of  oats  thirty  inches  beneath  the  surface.  The  roots 
are  extremely  slender,  and  are  not  perceptibly  larger  at  their  extrem¬ 
ities  than  at  their  union  with  the  stem.  A  few  only  of  the  roots 
extend  their  growth  beneath  the  cultivated  soil  into  the  subsoil.  The 
plants  may  be  classed  as  shallow  feeders. 

Below,  the  generic  characteristics  of  barley  are  given  under  Hor- 
deum,  and  of  oats  under  Avena. 

Genus  :  Hordeum.  Spikelets  one-flowered,  and  arranged  in  threes. 
Glumes  more  in  front  of  the  palets  than  at  the  sides ;  are  slender, 
finely  pubescent,  usually  three-rowed,  and  awned  or  pointed.  Palet 
herbaceous.  Flowering  glumes  with  one  exception  (H.  trifurcatum) 
tipped  with  a  long  awn.  The  grain  is  in  varieties  either  encased  in 
a  covering,  or  naked,  and  oblong  in  form.  The  foliage  of  Hordeum 
is  usually  rougher  to  the  touch  than  is  that  of  Arena ,  especially  on 
the  lower  side  of  the  leaf.  The  culms  are  as  a  rule  prominently 
covered  with  a  bluish  bloom,  and  the  nodes  are  blackish  brown  or 
greenish  drab  m  color. 

Genus  :  Avena.  Spikelets  two  to  four  flowered.  Glumes  large, 
ovate-lanceolate,  seven  to  eight  nerved,  white  and  green  striped,  with 
membraneous  edges,  and  usually  completely  encompass  all  the  flow¬ 
ers;  unequal  in  size  and  smooth.  Flowering  glumes  frequently 
awned.  Awns  both  straight  and  bent  or  angled.  The  gram  in 
varieties  either  is  covered  or  naked ;  is  two  ribbed,  covered  with  a 
downy  pubescence,  and  lance-linear  in  form.  The  panicle  is  large 
and  partially  closed  or  open,  bearing  many  long  peduncles  upon 
which  are  borne  the  spikelets ;  panicles  ovate-lanceolate  in  form  and 
usually  nodding  or  drooping. 

The  following  classifications  are  based  upon  the  study  of  varieties 
grown  at  the  Station.  In  cases  where  sufficient  evidence  has  been 
obtained,  so-called  varieties  have  been  reduced  to  synonyms. 


r 


Hordeum  distich- 
11  m,  L.  Two-rowed, 
erect,  base  upper  - 
leaf-blade  maroon- 
red. 


r 


Color 

white. 


Chevalier,  No.  1. 

-  Kinver’s  Chevalier,  No.  2. 
Two-Rowed,  No.  3. 


Barley. 


r 


Hordeum  v  u  1- 
\  gare,  L.  Six-rowed, 
erect  or  decumbent. 


White. 
Palet 
and 
glume 
adher¬ 
ent  to 
-{  seed. 


Adams’  heavy,  No.  4. 
Four-Rowed,  No.  5. 

-j  Manshury,  No.  6. 
Pringle’s  New  Hybrid, 
No.  7. 

Sibley’s  Imperial,  No.  8. 


Black. 

Seeds 

loose 

in 

glume. 


r 

-  Black  Hulless,  No.  9. 


Hordeum  trifur-  f  White 
catum,  Yil.  Awn-  |  Seeds 
less,  but  flowering -{  loose 
glume  tipped  with 
three  lobes.  Six- 
rowed. 


m 

glume. 


-<  Nepaul  Barley,  No.  10. 


A  Synopsis  of  Barley. 

Barley.  ( Hordeum .) 

Species  I.  Hordeum  distickum ,  L.  Having  only  one  spikelet 
at  each  joint  of  the  rachis  of  the  panicle,  with  a  fertile  flower,  the 
two  lateral  spikelets  being  reduced  to  sterile  rudiments  ;  the  flowers 
are  therefore  two-rowed  in  the  spike.  Lower  palet  of  each  spikelet 
long  awned.  The  base  of  the  upper  leaf  blade  in  this  species  is 
usually  reddish  maroon  in  color,  the  bases  of  the  other  leaf  blades 
being  white.  Habit  of  growth  exceedingly  erect, 
t  Seeds  white  ;  panicle  two-rowed. 

Varieties,  No.  1.  Chevalier.  Synonym,  Sweden  Improved. 
Average  height  three  feet.  Culm  very  glaucous,  erect,  stout.  Leaves 
lance-linear,  frequently  attaining  a  length  of  thirteen  inches,  and 
averaging  one-half  an  inch  wide.  Panicle  erect  or  very  slightly 
nodding  ;  average  length  three  and  one-half  inches ;  compact, &  and 
usually  of  about  the  same  size  ;  berry  with  awn  often  attaining  a 
length  of  nine  inches;  foliage  very  abundant  and  extremely  healthy; 
berry  of  good  size  and  easily  separated  from  panicle  in  threshing ;  a 
French  variety  originated  by  M.  Chevalier,  from  whom  it  takes  its 
name.  W as  introduced  into  England  many  years  ago  where  it  is 
extensively  cultivated,  and  probably  reached  the  United  States  by 

wav  of  Canada. 

«/ 


388 


[Assembly 


No.  2.  Kinver’s  Chevalier  (Bliss).  Average  height  three  feet  six 
inches.  Culm  very  erect  and  strong.  Leaves  linear,  often  exceed 
ing  twelve  inches  in  length,  but  not  averaging  one-half  an  inch  in 
width.  Panicles  average  five  inches  long,  nodding,  narrower  than 
Chevalier ;  berry  of  medium  size,  with  awn  frequently  exceeding 
ten  inches  in  length.  Stools  very  abundantly.  Late  in  the  season 
is  very  susceptible  to  red-rust,  so  that  at  time  of  harvesting  the 
straw  is  quite  weak.  Not  as  vigorous  as  Chevalier.  An  English 

varietv. 

_  •/  _ 

No.  3.  Two-Rowed  (Bliss).  Average  height  three  feet.  Culm 
erect  and  stout.  Leaves  linear,  attaining  a  length  of  ten  inches,  not 
averaging  one-half  an  inch  in  width.  Foliage  very  green  and 
healthy,  although  culms  rather  susceptible  to  rust.  Culms  are  more 
glaucous  late  in  the  season  than  any  other  of  our  varieties.  Panicles 
average  four  and  one-half  inches  long;  nodding;  berry  of  medium 
size,  and  with  awn  attaining  a  length  of  over  nine  inches. 

Species  II.  Rordeum  vulgare ,  L.  Spikelets  three  at  each  joint 
of  rachis,  containing  perfect  flowers.  Flowering  glume  long  awned. 

f  Seeds  white,  and  adherent  to  the  palet  and  glume ;  pani¬ 
cle  six-rowed. 

No.  4.  Adams’s  Heavy  (Sibley).  Average  height  two  feet  six 
inches.  Culm  usually  erect,  but  not  stout.  Leaves  often  exceeding 
ten  inches  long,  and  attaining  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide  ,  lance- 
linear  ;  base  of  leaf-blade  white.  Panicles  average  slightly  over 
three  inches  in  length,  droop  somewhat,  and  berry  with  awn  attains 
a  length  of  seven  inches  or  more  ;  berry  of  medium  size.  Stools 
well.  This  variety  is  more  subject  to  disease  than  any  other  barley 
tested  at  the  Station. 

No.  5.  Four-Rowed  (Bliss).  Average  height  three  feet.  Culm 
both  erect  and  decumbent,  medium  stout.  Leaves  lance-linear,  taper 
pointed,  attaining  a  length  of  eleven  inches,  and  over  one-half  an 
inch  in  width ;  base  of  leaf-blade  white.  Panicles  average  three 
and  one-half  inches  long,  usually  drooping  ;  berry  of  medium  size, 
and  with  awn  reaching  six  inches  in  length.  Stools  fairly  well. 

No.  6.  Manshury.  Average  height  two  feet  nine  inches.  Culm 
erect  as  a  rule,  fairly  stout.  Leaves  lance-linear,  taper  pointed, 
averaging  nine  inches  long,  and  often  exceeding  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  wide  ;  base  of  blade  white.  Panicles  average  four  inches  long, 
or  with  awns  six  inches ;  drooping  or  upright ;  berry  of  fair  size. 
Stools  well.  Retains  its  erect  habit  of  growth  to  harvesting.  This 
variety  was  first  brought  to  this  country*  from  Germany  in  1861  by 
Dr.  Hermann  Grunow,  of  Mifflin,  Wisconsin.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  originally  obtained  by  a  scientific  traveler  in  the  mountainous 
parts  of  eastern  Asia  (Mandschurey),  about  1859,  and  was  obtained 
by  Dr.  Grunow  from  Ferdinand  Duehlke,  of  Erfurt,  at  present  di¬ 
rector  of  the  Agricultural  School  at  Potsdam,  and  gardener  to  the 
Emperor  at  Sans  Souci. 


*  First  Annual  Report  of  tlie  Wis.  A g.  Experiment  Station,  page  18. 


No.  33.] 


389 


No.  7.  Pringle's  New  Hybrid.  Average  height  .three  feet.  Culm 
erect,  slender.  Leaves  usually  erect  along  the  Culm,  exceeding  one- 
half  an  inch  in  width,  and  nine  or  more  in  length  ;  lance-linear,  and 
at  base  of  blade  white.  Panicles  average  nearly  four  inches  long, 
and  somewhat  nodding;  berry  small,  with  awn  attaining  nine  inches 
in  length.  Stools  well,  and  produces  a  great  abundance  of  foliage, 
much  of  which  near  the  ground  dies  before  the  plant  reaches  matu¬ 
rity.  As  the  period  of  ripening  is  approached,  this  variety  shows 
great  weakness  of  the  culm. 

No.  8,  Sibley’s  Imperial.  Average  height  three  feet  three  inches. 
Culm  very  erect.  Leaves  lance-linear,  often  attaining  a  length  of 
twelve  inches,  and  a  width  of  slightly  over  one-half  inch ;  usually 
erect  along  the  culm.  Panicles  average  four  and  one-half  inches 
long,  nodding  ;  berry  small,  with  awn  often  exceeding  seven.inches. 
This  variety  stools  freely,  and  produces  an  abundance  of  foliage. 
As  maturity  approaches,  the  culms  become  weak  and  decumbent. 
Claimed  to  be  a  cross  between  the  common  six-rowed  and  Chevalier 
by  F.  H.  Horsford  in  1881,  and  first  disseminated  by  Lliram  Sibley 
&  Co.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1883. 

ft  Seeds  black,  or  grayish-black,  and  falling  from  the  palet  and 
glume  upon  being  threshed. 

No.  9.  Black  Hulless.  Average  height,  two  feet  six  inches. 
Culm  weak  and  often  decumbent ;  leaves  broadly  lance-linear,  often¬ 
times  reaching  nearly  one  inch  in  width,  and  ten  indies  in  length  ; 
basal  portion  of  blade  wdiite.  Panicles  average  three  inches  long, 
nodding ;  berry  with  awn  attaining  a  length  of  seven  inches ; 
Stools  sparingly.  This  variety  is  the  weakest  and  most  decumbent 
of  any  that  has  been  grown  at  the  Station. 

Species  III.  Hordeum  trifur catum ,  Yil.  Six-rowed,  there 
being  three  spikelets  on  each  joint  of  therachis;  palets  awnless, 
but  terminating  in  a  three-lobed  or  eared  point,  the  central  lobe  assum¬ 
ing  a  hooded  form,  while  the  lateral  lobes  are  merely  ears  which  are 
usually  pointed  and  of  variable  length.  The  grain  is  not  firmly  ad¬ 
herent  to  the  palet  and  glume  at  maturity,  but  becomes  loose  upon 
being  threshed. 

Variety,  No.  10.  Nepaul  Barley.  Average  height,  two  feet 
three  inches.  Culm  stout,  and  slightly  decumbent  at  the  basal  por¬ 
tion,  then  becoming  erect.  Leaves  lance-linear,  taper  pointed,  at¬ 
taining  a  length  of  twelve  inches  and  a  width  of  one  and  three-fourths 
of  an  inch ;  panicles  compact,  erect  or  slightly  nodding,  averaging 
three  and  one-fourtli  inches  long ;  tip  spikelets,  rudimentary  or  in¬ 
clined  to  sterility  or  partial  development ;  berries  uneven  in  size, 
there  being  many  small  ones,  evidently  produced  from  the  weak 
spikelets  at  the  tips  of  the  panicles.  Color  of  seed  amber  or  dark 
brown.  Supposed  to  originally  have  come  from  Nepaul.  Vilmorin, 
in  “Le  Bon  Jardinier”  for  1884.  mentions  its  culture  in  France  as 
far  back  as  1836-1838. 


390 


[ASSKYLBLY 


A  Synopsis  of  Oats. 


Oats. 


Avena  sativa 
L.  2-3  flow¬ 
ered.  Empty 
glumes  com- 
pletel  y  en-  j  Open 
closing  flow-  pani- 
ers  until  ma-  -{  cle. 
turity.  Ped- 
.  icles  of  flow¬ 
ering  glumes 
short.  Flow- 
-{  ering  glume 


'  Black  \  Berry 
or  dun.  ( long. 


White. 


remaining  on 


berry. 


Closed 

pani¬ 

cle. 


Avena  nu- 
d  a  ,  L  .  4-5 
flowered. 
Empty  gl’me 
very  large. 
Seed  falling 
from  flower¬ 
ing  glume  at 
maturity. 


1 


-j  Black  Champion,  No.  1. 

Alexander’s  Xo.  2. 
Challenge,  Xo.  3. 

Golden,  No.  3. 

Probsteier,  Xo.  5. 

Berry  Seizure,  No  6. 

long  and  J  Washington,  Xo.  7. 
taper  '  White  Champion,  Xo.  8. 
pointed.  “  Eureka,  Xo.  9. 

‘  Probsteier,  Xo.  10 
“  Schoenen,  Xo.  11 
Yellow  or  Golden  Prize, 
No.  12. 


f  Black 
or  dun. 


White. 


Berry 
short, 
plump. 

j  Berry 
( long. 


1  Berry 
l  long. 


Open 

pani¬ 

cle. 


(  Berry 

White.  very 
(  small 


(  Board  of  Trade,  Xo.  13. 

-j  New  Australian,  Xo  14. 

( White  Australian,  Xo.  15. 

f  Black  Tartarian,  Xo.  16. 
^Mold’s  Ennobled,  Xo.  17. 

f  American  Triumph, Xo  18. 
J  White  Novelty,  Xo.  19. 

“  Russian,  No  20. 

[  “  Zealand,  Xo,  21 


(  Chinese  Hulless,  Xo.  22. 

-  Pringle’s  Excelsior,  Hull 
(  ess,  Xo. 


23 


Oat.  (Avena.) 

Species  1.  Avena  sativa ,  L.  Spikelets  from  two  to  three  flowered 
and  completely  enclosed  by  the  empty  glumes  until  maturity. 
Flowering  glumes  strong  and  tough,  becoming  hard  and  tightly 
enclosing  the  seed ;  rounded  on  the  back,  and  usually  awned  at  or 
near  the  center,  toward  the  tips,  the  awn  usually  being  longer  than 
the  glume.  Flowers  attached  to  one  another  by  short,  stout  pe¬ 
duncles. 

Sub-species,  (a)  Panicle  open  at  maturity,  the  secondary  branches 
being  equally  spreading  on  all  sides  from  the  rachis. 
f  Color  black  or  dun. 

Varieties.  No.  1.  Black  Champion,  (Rural  New-Yorker).  Av¬ 
erage  height  three  feet  three  inches.  Culm  strong,  erect.  Leaves 
very  abundant,  averaging  slightly  over  one-half  an  inch  in  width, 
and  often  exceeding  thirteen  inches  in  length ;  base  of  blade  white. 
Average  length  of  panicle  ten  inches;  the  flowering  glume  as  a  rule 
awned.  The  number  of  panicles  produced  in  comparison  to  plants 


Iso,  33.] 


391 


is  small  and  the  panicles  mature  rather  late.  Berry  of  a  dark  dun 
color,  and  not  fairly  black;  size  from  medium  to  small.  This  oat 
was  imported  from  France  by  F.  FI.  Horsford  several  years  ago,  and 
is  known  in  that  country  as  JSo'Itq  cle 
ff  Color  white. 

**  Berry  long  and  taper-pointed. 

No.  2.  Alexander’s  No.  2.  Average  height  three  feet  three  inches. 

Culm  very  erect  and  stout.  Leaves  often  exceeding  sixteen  inches 
in  length,  averaging  slightly  over  one-lialf  an  inch  wide,  \ciy 
slightly  white  at  the^base  of  the  leaf-blade.  Average  length  of  pa¬ 
nicle  nine  inches.  Berry  large,  but  does  not  separate  easily  from 
the  spikelet.  A  cross  of  Excelsior  on  Frobsteier,  as  claimed  by  O. 

H.  Alexander,  the  originator. 

No.  3.  Challenge.  Average  height  three  feet  six  inches.  Culm 
very  erect  and  stout.  Leaves  lance-linear,  attaining  a  length  of 
twelve  inches,  and  averaging  one-half  an  inch  in  width.  Panicles 
quite  erect  and  averaging  nine  inches  in  length.  Berry  of  medium 
size ;  awns  tenacious.  • 

No.  4.  Golden.  Average  height  three  feet  three  inches.  Culm 
very  erect  and  stout.  Leaves  occasionally  exceed  thiitcen  inches  in 
length,  and  average  one-half  inch  wide ;  linear ;  sparingly  white  at 
base  of  leaf -blade.  Panicles  very  even  in  size  ;  average  length  seven 
inches ;  dowering  glumes  usually  lacking  awns. 

No.  5.  Probsteier  (Gregory).  Average  height  three  feet  three 
inches.  Culm  very  erect ;  medium  stout.  Leaves  partially  erect 
with  full  development,  oftentimes  extending  to  and  above  the  pan¬ 
icles,  attaining  a  length  of  twelve  inches  and  an  average  width  of 
one-half  an  inch  ;  white  at  base  of  leaf-blade ;  lance-linear.  Average 
length  of  panicles  eight  inches.  Berry  of  good  size  and  plump. 

No.  6.  Seizure  (Sibley.)  Average  height  three  feet  six  inches. 
Culms  stout  and  erect.  Leaves  linear,  averaging  one-half  an  inch 
in  width,  and  frequently  exceeding  eleven  inches  in  length  ;  base  of 
leaf-blade  squarely  marked  white.  Average  length  of  panicles  eight 
inches,  and  as  a  rule  quite  equal  in  size.  Berry  of  medium  size. 

No.  7.  Washington.  Average  height  three  feet  three  inches. 
Culm  erect,  but  becomes  weak  toward  maturity.  Leaves  occasion¬ 
ally  exceed  twelve  inches  in  length,  having  an  average  width  of  one- 
half  an  iqch ;  lance-linear ;  base  of  leaf-blade  white  ;  habit  of  growth 
erect  along  the  culm,  and  often  extending  to  and  above  the  panicle 
at  maturity.  Average  length  of  panicle  eight  inches. 

No.  8.  White  Champion.  Average  height  three  feet  four  inches. 
Culm  occasionally  decumbent,  and  slender.  Leaves  linear,  some¬ 
times  exceeding  thirteen  inches  long„  although  generally  short,  and 
having  an  average  width  of  one-half  an  inch ;  base  of  leaf  blade 
slightly  white.  ^  Average  length  of  panicles  eight  inches.  Berry  ^ 
long  and  slim. 

No,  9.  White  Eureka  (Sibley).  Average  height  three  feet  three 
inches.  Culm  generally  erect,  but  sometimes  decumbent ;  slender. 
Leaves  linear,  often  exceeding  thirteen  inches  in  length,  and  averag- 


392 


[  A  8SEMBLY 


ing  less  than  one-half  an  inch  wide.  Average  length  of  panicles 
eight  inches.  Berry  long  and  thin.  Introduced  by  A.  H.  Goddard, 
Fort  Atkinson,  Iowa,  and  originally  from  Germany,  having  been 
brought  to  Iowa  by  German  immigrants. 

No.  10.  White  Probsteier.  Average  height  three  feet  two  inches. 
Culm  erect,  but  occasionally  decumbent;  slender.  Leaves  linear, 
averaging  less  than  one-half  an  inch  in  width,  and  at  times  exceed¬ 
ing  eleven  inches  in  length ;  base  of  leaf-blade  slightly  white. 
Average  length  af  panicle  eight  inches;  berry  of  good  size. 

No.  11.  White  Schoenen.  Average  height  three  feet  three  inches. 
Culm  erect  or  decumbent ;  not  stout.  Leaves  linear,  averaging  one- 
half  an  inch  in  width,  and  occasionally  exceeding  twelve  inches  in 
length ;  white  base  of  leaf- blade  not  very  pronounced.  Average 
length  of  panicles  eight  inches ;  berry  large.  Imported  from  Ger¬ 
many  in  1868  by  Department  of  Agriculture. 

No.  12.  Yellow  or  Golden  Prize.  Average  height  three  feet. 
Culm  weak,  often  decumbent.  Leaves  linear,  averaging  one-half  an 
inch  in  width,  and  occasionally  exceeding  thirteen  inches  in  length  ; 
slightly  white  at  base  of  leaf-blade.  Average  length  of  panicle  seven 
inches  ;  berry  quite  large  and  long. 

**  Berry  short,  plump,  and  abruptly  pointed. 

No.  13.  Board  of  Trade  (Sibley).  Average  height  three  feet  six 
inches.  Culm  erect,  and  strong  until  maturity.  Leaves  lance-linear, 
attaining  a  length  of  thirteen  inches,  with  an  average  length  of  one- 
half  an  inch ;  slightly  white  at  base  of  leaf -blade.  Panicles  average 
nine  inches  in  length. 

No.  11.  New  Australian.  Synonyms:  Pace  Horse  (Greg).  Aver¬ 
age  height  three  feet  six  inches.  Culm  fairly  stout,  and  usually 
erect,  though  sometimes  decumbent.  Average  width  of  leaves 
slightly  over  one-half  inch,  and  in  length  occasionally  exceeding 
fourteen  inches ;  lance-linear ;  white  at  base  of  leaf-blade.  The 
foliage  has  an  erect  growth  along  the  stem,  and  reaches  to,  and  often 
above  the  panicles  when  at  maturity. 

No.  15.  White  Australian  (Sibley).  Synonyms:  Welcome  (Greg ), 
White  Belgian  (Greg.).  Average  height  three  feet  ten  inches. 
Culm  fairly  stout,  and  slightly  decumbent  at  the  base.  Leaves 
averaging  slightly  over  one-half  an  inch  wide,  and  occasionally  ex¬ 
ceeding  fourteen  inches  in  length ;  slightly  white  at  base  of  leaf- 
blade.  Average  length  of  panicles,  nine  inches ;  color  very  light 
green. 

Sub-species  (b).  Panicle  closed,  or  but  slightly  open  at  maturity,  the 
branchlets  being  erect  along  the  rachis  of  the  panicle, 
f  Color  black  or  light  dun. 

Yarieties.  No.  16.  Black  Tartarian.  (Sibley).  Average  height 
three  feet  three  inches.  Culm  erect  and  very  stout.  Average  width 
of  leaf  over  one-half  an  inch,  and  exceeding  at  times  thirteen  inches  in 
length;  base  of  leaf- blade  slightly  white.  Panicles  compact,  erect, 
averaging  nine  inches  in  length.  Berry  not  always  black,  but  more 
often  of  a  dark  dun  color ;  size  medium.  This  variety  has  long  been 


No.  33. J 


393 


cultivated  in  the  low-lying  districts  of  Scotland  and  England,  and  its 
grain  is  said  to  make  a  superior  class  of  meal. 

No.  17.  Mold’s  Ennobled.  Synonyms,  Mammoth  Russian  ;  Mold’s 
Selected  Black  Tartarian  (Bliss).  Average  height  two  feet  eight 
inches.  Culm  erect,  medium  stout.  Leaves  average  less  than  one- 
half  an  inch  in  width,  attain  a  length  of  ten  inches ;  linear,  taper 
pointed ;  slightly  white  at  base  of  leaf-blade.  Average  length  of  panicle 
five  aud  one-half  inches.  This  variety  produces  previous  to  the 
growth  of  the  culms,  a  dense,  foliaceous  mat  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  The  seeds  are  of  large  size,  and  the  tips  of  the  flowering 
glumes  are  as  a  rule  quite  ragged.  Said  to  be  an  improved  form  of 
Black  Tartarian, 
ff  Color  white. 

Varieties.  No.  18.  American  Triumph  (Gregory).  Average 
height  three  feet  six  inches.  Culm  very  stout  and  erect.  Leaves 
lance-linear,  attaining  a  length  of  nearly  seventeen  inches,  and  an 
average  width  of  over  one-half  an  inch ;  sparingly  white  at  base  of 
leaf-blade.  Panicles  average  ten  inches  in  length.  Claimed  to  be 
an  impregnation  of  the  W aterloo,  with  pollen  of  the  Excelsior,  by 
C.  G.  Pringle,  and  introduced  by  B.  K.  Bliss  &  Sons,  New  York.' 

No.  19.  White  Novelty  (Sibley).  Average  height  three  feet  six 
inches.  Culm  medium  stout  and  erect.  Average  width  of  leaves 
one-half  inch,  and  in  length  occasionally  exceeding  fourteen  inches  ; 
bases  of  leaf -blades  so  slightly  white  not  perceptible,  unless  care- 
fully  looked  for ;  linear.  Average  length  of  panicles  nine  inches  ; 
flowering  glume  not  usually  awned.  Berry  of  medium  size,  long, 
but  not  very  plump.  Introduced  by  A.  H.  Goddard,  Fort  Atkin¬ 
son,  Iowa,  and  originally  brought  to  this  country  by  German  immi¬ 
grants,  settling  in  Iowa. 

No.  20.  White  Russian  (Gregory).  Average  height  three  feet 
six  inches.  Culm  erect,  medium  stout.  Leaves  linear,  attaining  a 
length  of  fourteen  inches,  and  an  average  width  of  less  than  one-half 
an  inch ;  base  of  leaf -blade  not  noticeably  white.  Average  length 
of  panicles  nine  and  one-half  inches ;  flowering  glumes  rarely 
awned.  Berry  of  good  size,  being  long,  but  not  markedly  plump. 

No.  21.  White  Zealand  (Gregory).  Average  height  "three  feet 
six  inches.  Culms  usually  erect.  Leaves  linear  to  lance-linear, 
having  an  average  width  of  one-half  an  inch,  and  a  maximum 
length  of  fifteen  inches ;  white  spot  at  base  of  leaf-blade  nearly 
absent.  Berry  of  medium  size.  It  is  said  to  have  been  introduced 
from  Russia. 

Species  II.  Avena  nuda ,  L.  The  spikelet  contains  one  or  two  or 
more  flowering  glumes  than  does  saliva,  and  the  flowers  are  more 
widely  separated,  as  the  pedicels  of  the  flowering  glumes  are  more 
elongated.  The  empty  glumes  are  longer  than  those  of  saliva,  and 
at  maturity  they  are  unable  to  hold  the  flowers,  which  to  a  slight 
extent  hang  pendent  from  the  glumes  by  their  angled  or  elbowed 
pedicels.  The  berry  becomes  easily  detached  at  maturity,  and  falls 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.]  50 


394 


[Assembly 


in  a  naked  condition  from  the  flowering  glume.  Empty  glumes 
very  large.  The  main  axes  of  the  panicles,  and  peduncles  of  spike- 
lets,  delicate  and  wiry.  Panicle  spreading.  Color  of  seed,  white. 

Varieties.  No.  22.  Chinese  Hulless  (Gregory).  Average  height 
two  feet  eight  inches.  Culm  medium  stout,  erect  to  maturity,  when 
it  loses  the  erect  form  of  growth.  Leaves  average  less  than  one- 
half  an  inch  in  width,  exceeding  twelve  inches  in  length  ;  linear ; 
sparingly  white  at  the  base  of  leaf-blade.  Average  length  of  pani¬ 
cles  seven  inches.  Pedicels  of  flowering  glumes  not  as  strongly  el¬ 
bowed  as  in  the  next  variety.  Berry  very  small,  but  does  not  loosen 
well  from  the  glume  in  threshing.  Doubtless  from  Europe,  where 
it  is  known  and  cultivated  to  some  extent  as  the  Skinless  Oat,  the 
grain  being  ground  into  meal.  The  most  ancient  writings  referring 
to  Arena  nuda  are  Chinese,  dating  from  618  to  709  A.  D.,  where 
references  are  made  to  a  skinless  oat. 

No.  23.  Pringle’s  Excelsior  Hulless.  Synonym  :  Pringle’s  Hy¬ 
bridized  Hulless.  Average  height  of  plant  three  feet  three  inches. 
Culm  erect,  and  strong  until  late  in  the  growing  season,  when  it 
evinces  a  disposition  to  weakness.  Average  width  of  leaves  one-half 
inch,  with  an  occasional  length  of  twelve  inches  ;  lance-linear  ;  white 
at  base  of  leaf-blade.  Average  length  of  panicles  eight  inches  ; 
very  much  drooping ;  but  few  glumes  awned.  Berry  small  and 
inferior.  A  cross  of  the  common  Hulless  Oat,  on  the  Excelsior, 
using  the  latter  for  pollen,  as  claimed  by  C.  G.  Pringle,  the  origina¬ 
tor. 


Notes  on  Barley. 

No.  1.  Chevalier.  Foliage  very  abundant  and  healthy.  An  ex¬ 
tremely  stout  and  vigorous  variety. 

No.  2.  Kinver’s  Chevalier  (Bliss).  Foliage  abundant,  healthy, 
and  rusting  but  slightly.  Stools  abundantly.  Did  not  smut. 
Late  in  the  season  the  culms  were  very  badly  affected  with  rust. 
At  harvesting  straw  weak.  Panicles  nodding,  and  not  evenly  ma¬ 
turing. 

No.  3.  Two-Bowed  (Bliss).  Stools  fairly  well.  Foliage  very 
green  and  healthy.  Culms  somewhat  affected  by  rust,  and  very  erect 
at  the  cutting  period. 

No.  4.  Adams’s  Heavy  (Sibley).  Stools  very  well.  Smutted  very 
badly ;  worse  than  any  other.  Busted  quite  severely.  Plant  weak 
and  very  subject  to  disease.  Decumbent  at  cutting. 

No.  5.  Four-Bowed  (Bliss).  Stools  fairly  well.  Slightly  afflicted 
with  rust  and  smut.  Straw  not  very  stout,  and  somewhat  decum¬ 
bent  at  cutting. 

No.  6.  Manshury.  Stools  fairly  well.  Afflicted  with  rust  and 
smut  very  slightly.  Growth  very  erect  and  even  until  harvesting. 

No.  7.  Pringle’s  New  Hybrid.  Stools  well,  and  produces  a  great 
deal  of  foliage,  much  of  which  near  the  ground  dies  before  matu- 


I 


395 


No.  33.J 

rity  is  reached.  Late  in  the  season  the  culms  became  badly  affected 
with  rust.  Growth  weak  and  decumbent.  No  smut. 

No.  8.  Sibley’s  Imperial.  Stools  very  freely.  Foliage  abundant 
and  excellent.  Late  in  the  season  the  culms  became  badly  affected 
with  rust,  as  in  No.  7,  becoming  weak  and  decumbent.  Free  from 
smut. 

No.  9.  Black  Hulless.  Stools  sparingly.  Not  troubled  with 
smut,  and  foliage  generally  free  from  rust.  Culms  weaker  and 
more  decumbent  than  any  other  variety. 

No.  10.  Nepaul.  Stools  well  and  produces  a  large  amount  of  ex¬ 
cellent  foliage,  which  would  serve  as  a  very  desirable  fodder.  Quite 
free  from  disease.  Does  not  lodge,  even  to  cutting. 

Notes  on  Oats. 

No.  1.  Black  Champion  (R.  N.  Y.).  Foliage  very  profuse,  such 
as  would  make  superior  fodder.  Not  affected  with  smut.  Tallest 
plant  three  feet  eight  inches.  Longest  panicle  twelve  inches.  Straw 
weak,  and  not  bright. 

No.  2.  Alexander’s  No.  2.  Foliage  very  healthy  and  vigorous, 
being  but  slightly  affected  with  rust.  Stools  plentifully.  Tallest 
plant  three  feet  eleven  inches.  Longest  panicle  twelve  inches. 
Straw  weak. 

No.  3.  Challenge.  Foliage  fairly  abundant.  Stools  plentifully. 
Rusted  very  badly  late  in  the  season.  Smutted  badly.  Awns  hold 
tenaciously  to  the  flowering  glumes.  Tallest  plant  four  feet.  Long¬ 
est  panicle  thirteen  inches.  Partially  lodged  at  cutting. 

No.  4.  Golden.  Stools  very  well.  Foliage  abundant,  but  rusted 
rather  badly.  Many  heads  smutted.  Erect  to  harvesting. 

No.  5.  Probsteier  (Gregory).  Stools  evenly  and  fairly  well. 
Tallest  plant  four  feet.  Longest  panicle  eleven  and  onedialf  inches. 
Straw  weak,  and  lodged  at  cutting.  Foliage  abundant  and  rusty. 
Panicles  smutty. 

No.  6.  Seizure  (Sibley).  Stools  bountifully,  producing  an  abun¬ 
dance  of  foliage  ;  rusted  badly.  Panicles  smutted  quite  extensively. 
A  variety  quite  susceptible  to  disease.  Tallest  plant  four  feet  and 
one-half  inch.  Longest  panicle  eleven  inches.  Panicles  do  not 
mature  evenly.  Lodged  to  some  extent  at  cutting. 

No.  7.  Washington.  Stools  excellently,  and  produces  an  abun¬ 
dance  of  foliage  which  is  rather  subject  to  rust.  Smutted  slightly. 
Tallest  plant  four  feet  one  inch.  Longest  panicle  twelve  and  one- 
half  inches.  Does  not  mature  evenly.  Straw  weak  and  partially 
lodged  at  cutting. 

No.  8.  White  Champion.  Foliage  abundant  and  usually  healthy. 
Panicles  suffered  some  from  smut.  Lodged  at  cutting,  but  not  badly. 
Tallest  plant  four  feet  two  inches.  Longest  panicle  twelve  inches. 
Thrashes  in  good  form. 

No.  9.  White  Eureka,  (Sibley).  Stools  fairly  well.  Produces 
considerable  foliage,  which  is  inclined  to  rust  badly,  especially  on 


% 


396 


[Assembly 


the  older  leaves.  Panicles  subject  to  smut.  Slightly  lodged  at 
cutting.  Tallest  plant  four  feet  two  and  orfe-half  inches.  Longest 
panicle  eleven  inches.  Thrashes  in  good  form. 

No.  10.  White  Probsteier.  Does  not  stool  extremely  well,  but  pro¬ 
duces  a  fair  amount  of  foliage,  which  is  as  a  rule  healthy.  Smutted 
slightly.  Lodged  to  a  small  extent  at  cutting.  Tallest  plant  three 
feet  eleven  inches.  Longest  panicle  twelve  and  one-half  inches. 
Thrashes  in  good  form. 

No.  11.  White  Schoenen.  Does  not  stool  very  well.  Foliage 
abundant  and  healthy,  showing  but  little  rust.  Inflicted  with  smut. 
Tallest  plant  three  feet  eleven  inches.  Longest  panicle  eleven  inches. 

No.  12.  Yellow  or  Golden  Prize.  Foliage  not  very  vigorous  or 
adundant.  Does  not  stool  plentifully.  Was  not  troubled  much  by 
either  rust  or  smut.  Tallest  plant  three  feet  nine  inches.  Longest 
panicle  nine  inches.  Slightly  lodged  at  cutting.  Thrashes  in  good 
form. 

No.  13.  Board  of  Trade.  Stools  very  well.  Was  disposed  to  rust 
and  smut  badly.  Busted  more  than  almost  any  other  variety.  Tall¬ 
est  plant  four  feet  two  inches.  Longest  panicle  eleven  inches. 
Partially  lodged  at  cutting. 

No  14.  New  Australian.  Stools  abundantly.  Leaves  rusty,  and 
panicles  smutted  slightly.  Straw  weak  and  badly  lodged  at  cutting. 
Tallest  plant  four  feet  two  and  one-half  inches.  Longest  panicle 
thirteen  inches. 

No.  15.  White  Australian.  Stools  well.  Foliage  fairly  abundant, 
and  rusted  very  badly.  This  variety  has  smutted  more  than  any 
other  at  the  Station.  Straw  weak,  and  badly  lodged  at  cutting. 
Tallest  plant  four  feet  six  inches.  Longest  panicle  fourteen  inches. 

No.  16.  Black  Tartarian  (Sibley).  The  first  “  side-head  ”  to  be 
harvested.  Did  not  smut,  and  was  not  badly  troubled  with  rust. 
Tallest  plant  three  feet  nine  inches.  Longest  panicle  twelve  inches. 
Erect  at  cutting. 

No.  17.  Mold’s  Ennobled.  Stools  abundantly.  No  smut,  and  a 
minumum  amount  of  rust.  At  cutting  period,  straw  weak.  Tallest 
plant  three  feet  four  inches. 

No.  18.  American  Triumph  (Sibley).  Stools  abundantly,  and  but 
few  panicles  produced  from  a  stool.  Smutted  some  ;  rusted  slightly. 
Awns  cling  tenaciously  to  flowering  glumes.  Straw  erect  at  cutting. 
Tallest  plant  four  feet  one  inch. 

No.  19.  White  Novelty  (Sibley).  Foliage  very  abundant,  and 
slightly  affected  with  rust.  Stools  well.  Smutted  slightly.  Straw 
fairly  stout  at  cutting.  Tallest  plant  four  feet  two  and  one-half 
inches.  Longest  panicle  thirteen  inches.  Thrashes  in  good  form. 

No.  20.  White  Russian  (Gregory).  Stools  fairly  well,  and  pro¬ 
duces  an  abundance  of  foliage.  Busted  slightly,  and  smutted  but  a 
little.  Tallest  plant  four  feet  two  inches.  Longest  panicle  thirteen 
inches.  Straw  erect  and  stout  at  cutting.  Thrashes  in  good  form. 

No.  21.  White  Zealand  (Gregory).  Stools  abundantly,  and  pro¬ 
duces  a  profusion  of  healthy  foliage.  Busted  and  smutted  slightly. 


397 


No.33] 

Straw  unusually  stout  and  erect  at  cutting,  and  but  little  lodged. 
Tallest  plant  four  feet  one  and  one-half  inch.  Thrashes  in  good, 
form. 

No.  22.  Chinese  Hulless  (Gregory).  Stools  poorly,  and  rusted 
badly.  Smutted  slightly.  Partially  lodged  at  cutting.  Tallest  plant 
three  feet  ten  inches.  Longest  panicle  ten  inches.  In  handling  in 
the  field,  many  grains  fell  from  the  spikelets. 

No.  23.  Pringle’s  Excelsior  Hulless  (Thorburn).  Stools  well. 
Foliage  fair,  but  rusty  to  some  extent.  No  smut.  Lodges  badly. 
In  thrashing,  while  many  berries  are  detached  from  the  flowering 
glumes  in  a  naked  condition,  many  others  retain  the  glumes,  thus 
leaving  the  grain  after  thrashing  in  a  very  undesirable  condition. 
This  remark  also  applies  to  No.  22. 


39  S 


tn 

W 

M 

P3 


'9J0K 

-UBd  JO  pUJ3£ 


© 

'p  _ 

S'* 

0) 

a 


CO  • 

c/3  *73 

®  © 
O  ”0 

s-  *-  • 
a  «■ 
©  a; 


■  9 jot?  oqj  oj 

paj'Binoj'BO  piaiA 


co . 


t-  O  O  O  C-T  I— I  Cl  O  O  -t<  l- 

CO  o<  Cl  CO  Cl  hi  -a*  co  — 


,0 

ci  -f  in  ia  1-  fOt-cu-O'f 
TCOM^n-rN-tniOM 


•  uibjS  to  p|aji 


N  • 

o- 


'  CO CO  Cl  -COCOO-- 


<«---”  ------ 

O . 

h<  co  co  in  -» in  co  1.0  -*■  1  or 


•uibjS 

PUB  MT3.1JS 


o 

ION  •  —  1.0  Cl  Cl  —  in  Cl  t- 


00>NWN0  05t)‘hN33 


jno  uaqM 


COCO-l'-'^COH'ClOH'aOO 


tic 
3  - 

<r 


•3(01 

-U-Bd  JS3^UOrI 


G5  1-OJCOOCO 


05  i  05  05 


'  9(0lUT?d  JO 

qjSU3(’  9SB.I3AY 


>0 

iC  iC  »o  »o  >0 

cocococdi^-^co^^co^ 


"jq3i9q  9STJJ9AV 


OOiOOdCOl—  OOCOO 

cocoh<cohicooicccoccco 


'SaiJU'Bjd  !  05005  0000501000 

UIOJJ  S^T?Q  ri-ni 


P3JTJJ9S9A 


lOiOiSifliOOiOiOONffl 

►» 

a . 


g 

Pi. 

< 

S3 


>.  • 
>  CO 

a  « 
0)  © 
—  zz 

**"  3 

!i 

•x-  PQ 


2 

’a 

> 

-a  ® 

<U  JO 

-  »s^ 

©  C_<« 

"a 


.o 

£.5  £ 

H  03 


<X» 


^30  ► 


"a®?  ©.a 
t*5->5Ea5f©'Oi 

©  3  c  3  C-So?  ©  9 
JC  o-=  *  ©•££  £  IS 
Oft,!4r*f5P-0O!»E7 


o 

Cl 


•3 

© 

4-5 

J3 

o. 

© 

M 

03 


C/3 

O 


.2 


> 

© 


<1 

* 


[Assembly 


? 


Oats 


■No.  33.] 


399 


9 JOB  eqj  oj 

pa^BinOlBO  PI9IA 


HI . 

X.  ■ 


»£5 


t-  O  C<1  CO  •  L—  '  L<5  CO  00  lO  N  l-  -05  •  N  O  CO  •<)<  •ONWt*' 

CO  CM  Ot  •  Ol  •  r -<  <M  i— i  •  r-t  •  i— I  Ol  Ol  OIN  -CO  Olr I  r 


aOCOOCOS-HOlOiCOCOiOCiCOOlO'tr-ICSOliO-'f'MCOCOiCSt-OI'+'O'* 

c*  co  —  &oofflOtotKuomi.-®-J  t- t- »LOi-i-xaoooo»i- 


UJBJS  JO  P19IA. 


iO  lO  ICO  »C>  •  •  no 

C'Olffl-^t'OSiNMO.CO-^iCOOiMOt*  •  01  <M  C5  •  CO  <— I  CO  CO  05 

I— I  I— I  I— I  1~»  I— I  -  'r-IT— I 


HI 


C0N"'^M',*l'^HiNN'<i'C0if5'<l<'j<C0>0H03h-OO0'.03C0*00C0 


•uibjS 

pUB  MBJJS 


N-  -  - 

O  '  '  . . .  . . *  -  -  -  -  - 

tO  lO  iO  GO  <M  •  fc- tO  O  iO 

.  .  .  f— i 

CO  tO  r-i  C3  OCStOGOt^-’—fiOC^COt-O^ 


03 

-O' 


OlOfMCOCOCCC^L-O^HC^T-H'MCOCOCO^O^Ci'^C'l^'^^^-H^ 
1— in- If— 1  r-1  H  r-i  Oi  W  ri  <M  W  W  N  H  rH 


*ina  uaq^ 


00O5CO’^aaC5i>^j'^t*GO00t-©51^-OiO5O>O5O5^C^OiC<lO^COOi#M 

HHWn  nri  r-i  riHru -irtHriH 


be- 


•opi 

-nBcI  jsoSaoT; 


ri  ^  es  os  t-h  co 


O  HH 


iO  10*0  iO  >o 

•©Qf-*Tt<i-HoiiO'<ftOC*rHCOoicO»-'C*Oa 


•9[0lUBd 

qjgU9[ 9SBJ9AV 


m  ico  io  io 

0>OO0S05  0St*t>00  00i0iC5O00O»«H0ii- 100000500000000  1— 


■JUBjd  JS9IlBlUg 


lO  tO  tO  tO  tO  iO  to 


to 


h*05^iftCCO^COHr-OOOOOQ0  05  05^^»OOOOt-Ot*05if5 


•jqgiaq  9SBJ9Ay 


•^aijnBjd 

raojj  sAbq 


o:'NOscao*o*os<M<^osc<io3c*Ga'**<<Mc:c<*socooas<>*ao2Soae<io 

COt^COCO^'^COCOCOCOCOOO^CO'^^CO^^^^CO'^CC'^CO^CO 


<MO'’OO0}O0*OOCSOOOC5OOOOOOOa*OOOOOCa 


•pappSaA 


COCOOlCOiOCOuOCOCOiOCOCOCOiracOCOCOCOCOCOCOtfSCOCOCOCOCOiC 


>> 

oJ- 


ca 

< 

S5 


0J 


O  d 

55  = 

"£ 
®  - 


Sc® 
w  cs-o 


a-r  cs 

S  a£ 
ca-£^ 

^  5-C 
5  oOH  ° 
X  'g 

<X>  ®  O  i 

-3  C  ss:  g 

*  <jS  -  a 


03 
02 
03  Q3 

&I? 
ag® 

s-  ^ 

B  0.2  so  ^OB- 

*22  a'g  d  SfgV- 

® 8  .a  c-c-io  ® 

’■  -  32 

•«— * 

75 


>.  u 

d  ° 

o  bo 

tl  ao . 


o  >> 
3  o 


-■ — > 

>■© 

<B  * 


C 

bfi 

0) 

u 


u  firn 
O  £50 


j  Sis  ^  ®' 

--  00  3-  ° 


.2-°  -  - 

*T?  V)  5-4  £0 

_ 3co-£_2^-c 

j  >>’S  c  o 
®  a  d  aS «s  c 
-  ce  a^S—  «.c  Q 


09 

C  s  ® 


01 
bo 

l®S-3,. 
■32  =  2 

_£  Ojs’S 
OGJOSk 


S»<5^W| 
52s® 


2rt+jr.C  a>  © „c  efl 
0S  cc  t-  >0  ^  j= 

-*— 1  (jj  <— '  CP  3  t— 1  3  ^ 

ca 

G  M 


o® 

cj.- 

Be 

~  ® 

eg 
ca  o 

■so 

cu  - 
N  O 


J3 


■  >-  O) 


7J 


-CO 

-G  O  -*-> 

03  — 

O  03 -C 


-  0) 


♦All  the  varieties  were  planted  on  April  26. 


400 


u 

tf 


© 

© 

5 


© 


£ 


© 

e-g 

•IT  © 
o5-2 
c  o  M 

fclUi  •-  . 


© 


>.rz  o  o 
f-  Q  C  C 

-  a  .>  ® 

©  ©  -  -  t  N 
N  N£ £«•- 

rr/'D 


Cc  C.“  “  -  s  ~  c 


®©OCe3cSc:S':®C 


qaqsnq 
jad  pa^ef 
-nopjo  suibjS 
jaquinu  aSaaAy 


«o«c 

ic  ***•  co 

CO  *— 


oco^^coo 

C'!  Si  SC  "r 
GO  CO  GO  O  C^  wi  OC 


C-l  ^  Ci  < 
OlOrJ^i 


✓  \»*  w»  *  —  •  v 

^^T^cOCS— -iCi- 
i  ©  ©  O  GO  O'.  C  C 


*ZO  J9d  SUlfcjS 

pa^unoo  jo  joq 
-tuna  9^J9Ay 


^iC^Nf-HXCOCO^ 

^-o^iccccoscccc*c^»c 

CCi-SCGCCOaQl-^-  —  1-L- 


a 

s 

< 

£ 


>  ® 
GC  £) 

©  — 

52 


cS 

> 

© 

J3 

©  © 


K 


'C 

©► 


O  « 


tx 

w  av  Jj  •  © 
«  *L  3  *** 

a  m  «s  ©£ 

TJ  — x:—  ^  ©  o'u 


-  -  3‘ .  v 
>  >  Gfi  Stf  ^  w. 

ca^c 


[Assembly 


No.  33.] 


401 


aS 

ti 

bC 

Vi 

O 

CO 

o 

c 

cS 

u 

a 

® 

G. 

Q. 

< 


T3 

O 

O 

6£ 

u 

o 

*n 

<D 

• 

G. 

3 

£  a 

0>  M] 

'd 

a 

V-c 

a 

3 

n 

ll 

© 

o 

.  ••* 

«.. 

®T 
bn ; 

3^ 

3-d  . 

•  gi-d- 

trw.=  6  5 is  os  5  6  6  £»«© o  bii;  £*£*£  o  *;£  c£  ^  o 

§O(jOos0OOO®ggO®ijS!S®  ® .®  OcjcCOcjOrtO 

*-3  0  5s<  3  0  x  0  0  0  >  cc  a)  0  >  fc  J>  t>  >-  0  0  fe  t>  Eh  0 


S 

t- 

bfi 


u 

c 

o 


<x> 

H 

◄ 

O 


•  M  •  • 

:  2  :  : 

:3-  ' 

•  « 

•  d 
:  d 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•  « 

• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

z' 

-4J 

&  :  : 

<*H  0) 

«.  -4-3 

■  xa  - 
*  to 
•« 

>> 

6 

+3 

•  • 

•  • 

©  * 
N  ® 

c  .ti 

x: 

£ 

:  2:  j=:  : 
Q  ^ 

-  u. 

-  ® 

> 

X3*. 

c  is 

qaqsnq 

jad  pajBf 

-nojBO  eajBjS 

aaqaina  aS4 jaAy 


“5?S?56r'®^;.tri/:i?2?5.eoaoos!:;;og4g^jop 


CO  CO  00  CO 


i  CO  *0  CO  t-  *0  iO  » 


O  CC  OJ  CO 
coioaso 
i-co 

>OOCOC£ 

c: 

5iO  >o 


ao  c 


>CO^<M 
)»CQOC5 
«  CO  — *  *o 

"cc  *o 

..riOd5 

*0  iO  co  ^ 


•zo  jad  su{bjS 
pejunoo  jo jaq 
-umu  e^ujaAv 


COC<3COCO'-i0O«P'>4|!O'-< 
- - >  ■*«  lO  CO  ~ 


!N®( 


-  CONOOCO< 

iaorioo( 


Hr1riHrn-<WHHHHWlMHH 


£l-£?OCOOO*iOCOCpaOt-»OCOC*< 
f^CO^G^^i^O^CC.  t-»Ocp^H00< 


500»-H0»-Hr-'0»-H0»-iC 


% 

< 

Y+ 


•  J3 
M  O* 

.Edrt 

C  3  O  §  © 

5ZT:  ats 

wH  g  «s  2 


Assem.  Doc. 


<!-5jp35cQOOO 

No.  33.] 


8 
03  © 
02 

3 

-I 

•  0.2 

«2 
©  b 
®-° 

fin 

l» 

J5 

Td 

G 

Im 

Ph 


® 

£ 


a 

o 

C. 

C0  Q, 


a 

o 

M®, 


hi 
© 
>>’®  a 

-u 


£.5-3  a-^.5 

♦j  T.  ©  C  ®  n  m 
'  « ±f  £  a}  >■£  ” 
®o  '  f,  ®E®3J30£3 

®s  ^g^owo^K 


51 


■S  Sills 


® 

pH 


402 


[Assembly 


All  of  the  above  calculations  were  made  from  actual  counting. 
Ten  separate  ounces  of  each  variety  were  counted,  and  the  average 
is  given  in  the  table  above.  A  very  close  estimate  of  the  relation 
existing  between  the  different  ounces,  which  has  not  varied  to  any 
considerable  extent  in  all  the  varieties,  may  be  formed  from  the  fol¬ 
lowing  figures,  which  are  given  as  illustrative  of  the  weights  of  ten 
ounces  of  several  varieties  : 


Alexander’s 
No.  2  Oats. 

Pringle’s 
Hybridized 
Hulless  oats 

White 

Probsteier 

oats. 

White 

Zeland  oats. 

Sibley’s 

Imperial 

barley. 

Two- 

Rowed 

barley. 

1 

1,  200 

2,  284 

1,030 

1, 168 

1,  223 

783 

2 

1,  255 

2,  174 

1,  056 

1, 181 

1,  208 

743 

3 

1,155 

2,  288 

1,  035 

1, 183 

1,  186 

733 

4 

1,217 

2,  138 

1,  032 

1, 183 

1,  215 

748 

5 

1,  221 

2,  091 

1,  054 

1,180 

1, 169 

750 

6 

1,  207 

2,  261 

1,  108 

1, 165 

1, 149 

757 

7 

1,192 

2,  268 

1,  062 

1, 196 

1,  227 

'  782 

8 

1,217 

2,  200 

1,  027 

1,  178 

1, 189 

750 

9 

1, 183 

2,  200 

1,077 

1,  211 

1, 194 

759 

10 

1, 188 

2, 169 

1,  089 

1, 180 

1,142 

748 

The  weights  of  the  bushels  calculated  were  based  upon  thirty-two 
pounds  as  the  standard  for  oats,  and  no  change  in  the  number  of 
pounds  per  bushel  was  made  in  the  case  of  the  hulless  varieties. 
The  weight  of  barley  was  estimated  at  the  rate  of  forty-eight  pounds 
to  the  bushel. 

Report  of  the  Farmer. 

Much  work  has  been  done  on  the  farm  in  the  way  of  improve¬ 
ment,  many  of  the  fences  which  were  in  a  poor  condition  having 
been  removed,  and  the  balance  of  the  fencing  that  was  left  put  into 
thorough  repair.  The  old  hawthorn  hedge  upon  the  west  side  of 
the  farm  has  been  grubbed  up,  the  ground  leveled  and  replaced  by 
a  barbed  wire  fence,  two  posts  to  the  rod,  a  top  rail  of  hemlock,  and 
three  wires.  This,  on  account  of  the  length  (over  100  rods)  and 
the  size  and  ragged  condition  of  the  hawthorn  plants,  was  a  work 
of  some  magnitude  and  considerable  expense.  An  acre  of  osier 
willows  has  been  stubbed  out  and  the  refuse  burned,  a  sufficient  plat 
being  left  growing  for  the  purposes  of  the  farm.  Stones  have  been 
removed  from  the  fields  in  quite  large  quantities  and  used  in  build¬ 
ing  the  embankments  and  abutments  of  the  bridge  which  has  been 
built  to  span  the  ravine  which  separates  the  farm  into  two  portions. 
Much  clearing  work  of  a  miscellaneous  character  has  also  been  ac¬ 
complished  upon  various  parts  of  the  farm  and  experimental  grounds. 

The  crops  grown  on  the  Station  farm  this  year  comprise  wheat. 


twenty-four  and  nine-fortieths  acres  ;  oats,  six  and  three-eighths  acres, 
and  corn,  five  and  one-quarter  acres.  The  average  yield  was 
Wheat,  29.50  bushels  per  acre. 

Oats,  57.41  “  “ 

Corn,  40.  “  “ 

The  corn  crop  was  materially  diminished  by  the  ravages  of  the 
cut  worm. 

Eleven  acres  of  ground,  planted  in  winter  wheat,  was  thoroughly 
summer  followed,  and  over  100  loads  of  quack  grass  roots  were  re¬ 
moved  and  destroyed.  About  eleven  and  one-half  acres  have  been 
fall  plowed  for  spring  crops. 

The  farm  is  now  approaching  a  condition  of  efficiency,  but 
much  work  of  a  miscellaneous  character  remains  to  be  done. 
The  original  foulness  of  the  land  has  been  somewhat  overcome,  but 
as  the  coarser  weeds  will  have  to  be  removed  by  hand,  much  work 
of  considerable  difficulty  remains,  while  we  are  at  present  depend¬ 
ent  upon  summer  fallowing  for  cleaning  our  fields  of  the  miscella¬ 
neous  weed  crops. 

The  cow  barn  has  been  repaired  and  placed  in  good  condition, 
both  for  the  use  of  cattle  and  for  storage.  Some  repairs  have  also 
been  made  upon  the  horse  barn.  The  teams  have  been  employed 
to  a  considerable  extent  in  moving  manure,  while  the  experimental 
department  has  given  them  employment  at  times  when  they  were 
not  required  upon  the  farm. 


APPENDIX. 

Readings  of  the  maximum  and  minimum  thermometers  at  7  a.  m.,  1883. 


104 


[Assembly 


-Q 

a 

<D 

O 

D 

Q 


O  O  M' no  m  ir>  n  .  iooo  to  to  vo  c*  m  •*-  ov  O  *-*  to  ci  to  to  m  cj  *- 
«  w  k  h  «  fo  c»t  •  co  ci  o»  w  «•  m.  •  *-<  w  k  h  h  .  ot  c*  »-<  *-m  —  C4 
.  m  t*.  to  «f 

:  ir 


* 

a 


co-  o  ooo  N'oronvoncno  mto  iomio  ro  m  ■*-  m  mo  r^  r^  •*-  to  co 

^•twei  ■t-ftuiinuv»nvifl'OtH  oi  tttfiti  n  cw  mn.cot<ima  mio 


© 

X 

a 

© 

> 

o 


O  01  01  "tNtNfONrONN^® 
rtcooiw  cotoovpir'V'toia  n  a  h  »  m  m  m  co.ro 


0  w  m  o  to  ro  W 
'*•  'l-  co.cn  u  u  c< 


a 

£ 


«n  mvo  o  try  o-  o-  us  cooo  0  «  ocoro  mm  n  m  m  O  oo  ooo-  O  o  ■<-  e»  O 
m-tm-m  m'O  'O  ■•*-  m-o  mmc»  tmmoi  -r  m  m  t~~vo  ■cmm-f  m-tm 


u, 

© 

pQ 

O 

a 

O 


fl 

fl 


e»  nO  <o  t  •"f’CO  ro  to  0  0  co  mvo  t^-co  m  m  to  o  r^vo  ovco  -f-  o  ooo  m 
coro^-fOfororO't'tiA‘A'tiAir)foa  ci  c*  m  c*  c*  c*  ro  ro  n  ro  nm  t 


to.  to 

o  roco  co  m  o  m  g  coco  tovo  ro  n  io  o  coao  o  w\o  owo  c»vo  r^-co  cj  vo 
^  lO  ”vf  to  Tt-  to  to  LOVO  to  C^VO  VO  ^  to  to  vo  tO^-t-Tt-LOtO-!--*-  to  VO  O 


O 

X) 

a 

© 

+-> 

a 

© 

03 


a 

i 


w  mo  ct  m  ro  O  woo  t'-w 
umim* 


a 

£ 


m  m  to 


c->  n  cooo  ci  ~t  o  oo  c*  mow 
to  c^vo  c^vo  vo  CO  mo 


worn  -^-oo  w  -tf-  n  fs  nm  o  -*-  o  m 


,«o  o  «  <o  o  c*  ts.  m  o  ncs  oo  mm 

■  t'-oo  OOO  r^vo  m  m  ^  m  m 


CJ 

CO 

3 

til 

3 

<5 


_a 

a 


vO  Q  VO  ^to^O  *  C*  t^Ovt^  ^vo  vO  O  tOOO  mvo  -t  njCl  n  t^f^O  0  O 

to vo  tototototototoioio  too  to  ^  to  to  tovo  vo  vo  tovo  to  to  to  ^  Tj-  t^  IO  -t 


H 

33 

a 


>o  m  oo  O  nnsovO  m  d  Tt-c?  *-* vo  m^oo  to  ^  N  n  oo  com  >•*  m  »«  o  m 

c^oo  C^OO  CO  CO  CO  N  N  t^CO  t^OO  CO  CO  Ov  C^VO  VO 


fl 

►fl 


a 

a 


toco  n  n  t-^vo  co  to  o  Nnci  ^  r>  mvo  »  o  oo  c»  o  ^oo  c«  m  m  d 
too  vo  to  'O  vo  in  IA  't  tovo  VO  to  tovo  vo  to  to  to  tovo  N  in  toto  too  to  to  to 


to  to  to 

't-tmo  Ovv o  ^f-co  H*  C4  I^CO  r*  m  «  rnoo  ^00  vo  to  OV'O  O  M  o  O  CO 
vo  t^CO  00  CO  CO  CO  CO  VO  t^CO  t^CO  OOVO  NN  C^CO  t^‘0  C^CO  COCO  ts  s 


© 

a 

3 

>"3 


a 

a 


to  m  m 

to  c»  c^oo  c%  0  tovo  mmsoo  o  ~j-co  to  ro  t^vo  m  uivo  ^  ro  cn  o  vo 
'i-  Vf  to  mo  vo  to  to  tovo  tovo  •*■  to  tovo  to  to  toto  to  toto  to  to  to  VO  to 


a 

a 


to 


to 


to 


to 


^  envo  ro  ovoo  vo  ^>o  inwco  m  n  o  n  n  o  co  m  omo  m  w  't-  h  o  ooo 

'OVO  NNts  C^OO  t-^CO  CO  t>vCO  t^VO  C^CQ  t^00  >0  VQ  C^CO  CO  CO  l^VO  t>> 


a 

a 


m  t^OO  vo  ion  S  rn  +  H00  0O  NIOiN  t^O  OO  CJVO  ion  N  W  n 

pimmr'uotffo^'^-^-^-foiomrtmxomv^-io^.mvf't^inioioiO't^. 


X 

a 

a 


roo«  tog  Ow  m  s  ^  Q  oovoco  ro  ~too  mmmw  smmOM  'J-'O 

to  to  t^vo  VO  IOVO  vo  vo  iooo  tovo  'J-  to  to  ^Jrvo  lO'O  00  00  t^O  >0  vO 


s- 

a 

<5 


a 

s 


Om  toM  msw  ^f-to^-Ovo  tot^cnco  N  roro  iooo  so  Oco  m  0"0  vo  r^ 
m  n  n  m'rmmmm'fmcom'i-iO'f'ri-^mfommimammmN  n 


a 

a 


to  to 

oo«  so  o  mo  ms  tsoo  vo  wvo  mmmmg  «  to  tj-  m  o  Ooo  nioo  vf  • 
n  n  m  tr  m  m  m  m  mvo  vo  v0  tovo  tovo  'o'0'O  m'f'f-^-mmm  m..-  • 


© 

tH 

a 

a 


m^-nw  ^t* 

H  N  H  rt 


^  o*  co  .  to  o  m  ro  m  ^  r^vo  r^.oo  w  m  t^co  m 

»H.  .  Ci  .  M  H  O  K  H  0i  MMM«NC%MMW 


M 

33 

a 


sn  n  n  «  hcom  O'  r^vo  m  m  h  mt  r^oo  m  so  mmw  o  cst^N  o>m  s 
n  tom-NNNtOM  m  mm»  mmioms  ^i-vo  »  ci  ct  tt  mmmm^-N  mm 


>» 

a 

3 

u 

X 

© 

fa 


MNiorogvo  5  «  tmN  o  .rB  mo  rntt-tt  O'  is  . 


MCOCOWMMMMM 


33 


t^oo  o  Nnmn  mvo  hvo  hvo  co  oco  oo  »n  Ooo  o  n  r^M  m  »ok  . 
mnco^mN  mmw  m  C4  mmmmm^-^w  comment*  w 


>i 

u 

«3 

3 

fl 


to 

6  on-t 

N  H  H  H 


•  a 

•  • 

N  O'  H 

•  ^-vo 

m  • 

.’  w  mvo  ! 

1  1  : 

•  M 

M  • 

MINI  : 

vo  VO  CO 

Ci  W  H 


K 

c3 


m  m  ■+  h  exj  h  cj  -rt-  o  ^  mvo  '*?o**  w  c»voco>*oo  »-♦  m*-» 

m  m  m  m  m  mmes  m  m  m  cj  ^cn  cj  cj  m^-cj  ciMm^mm-^* 


co 

co 

oo 


m  ci  m  ^  m>o  r^oo  o  O  •*  w  m  ^  mvo  f^co  o  o  »*  ct  m  mvc  t^oo  o  O  ** 

HHHHHHHHHHNNWWfJCtCitlCiCtnrO 


APPENDIX  -  (Continued). 


No.  33.] 


u 

a> 

S3 

a 

<0 

o 

<u 

Q 


u 

<D 

S3 

a 

a> 

> 

o 

£ 


tH 

OJ 

S3 

o 

c 

O 


u 

0> 

Si 

a 

o> 

+s 

a 

<r> 

02 


43 

e ft 

3 

be 

3 

<3 


"5 

+"S 


CC 


405 


c 

i§ 


•tn 


♦HMOvoi-oOt^oi  ■*•00  o\n  n  -rto  oo  f’l'O  M'Ooo  ro 

ti  tt  S  w  (n  w'tnirna  m  ts  n  m  «  «  |  m  h  w  n  -h  |  |  m  m  t 


X 

<a 

s 


m  m  in 


vO  h  OOO  ttTM  +*  t^OD  O  O  VO  o  o  o 

fOfOfOrO'tJOiOlO^fOfO'^  fO  N  CO  t  -CO  -W  m 


O  M 


O  NW  o  VO  t 
CO  t  XN  XN  m 


N  O  O 

W  Tf  ’f  lO 


c 

£ 


m  m 
m  n  w 


u-> 

m  in  n 


m 


m  in  m 

n  Cv 


•in  in  m  m 


n  mo  o  t  m  moo  «©  *m  .cn  cm  n  m  t  o  m  -m  co  cxn  n  vo  m  n  o  too 
■d-n-fO'mto.w  w  mn  xn  n^nnmonxj  m  .cm  cm  corner  m  m  cm  cm  n  xn 


X 

X 

S3 


m 

In 


m 

UN. 


m  m  m 

NXn<n 


oo  n  w  t^.fvo  *t-HCO  *-*  tm  oo  moo  m  o  •m  to  m  ooo  vo  O  ooo  w  c^  m  m  m 
^  inrf  rf  m  m  m  m  m  imo  't-tmmw  row  m  t  co 


G 

i 


m 


m 
m  m 


mm  m  m  m 

NMOInV)NN 


m 


oo  oo  oo  cm  cm  m  in  ^  co  n  ooo  t^oo  ooo  on  On  cn  m  m  m  t  O  m  m  m 
lo^tmmmmM-xofO'rtitmnt)  cm  tmmcommmmmcM  n  t  m  m  m 


(-• 

Q- 


o 

t-i 

o3 


>» 

c- 

es 

G 

(h 

pQ 

a> 

P*< 


S-. 

33 

3 

C 

X 


X 

X 

X 


-mm  m 

tm  m  *n  w 


m 

t>4  m  m 


m 

on  xn 


m  m 
n  n 


m 

IlN. 


m  m 
cm 


o  «  ’to  to  ^  cm©  -m  mo  *h  cm  vo  t  rom  t^-oo  *o  cm  m  n  O'  m  t  o  mo 
%n  t^so  t^vo  vo  mvo  t-^vo  t  mvo  m  tmxN  t^vo  ttntiomt  t 


G 

s 


m 

in  m 


m 

m 


m 

m  m 


m 

In 


m 

cm 


ro  tN  n  t  tn  h  vo  n  tin  ovo  cm  o  o  h  o  n  n  oo  h  ^oo  m  p-oo  t  m 
ir>  m  mvo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  mtmttommttttmmmtt  mvo  m 


X 

Qj 

s 


m 

n 


m 

m  t>.  m 


m  m 

m  in  m  m  on  m 


on 


m 

cm 


m  m 

m  m 


-h  pi  m  n  'ten  w  h  co  m  t-  moo  n  vo  mvo  oo  Ni-mo  t^oo  'too  oo  covo 
ts  t^co  o  ooo  o  ooo  oo  ovoo  vo  mvo  t^co  mvo  vo  vo  t^vo  t^vo  vovo  nn 


G 


m 

<N 


©  mo  vo  m  w  vo  t^oo  -oo  -tvo  oo  m 
m  m©  vo  "O  vo  mm-t'tmmmm 


cC 


m 

N 


n  m 


vo  m  w  NNt  fOO^mNO  m 

t^CQ  00  CO  NNNXnNN  t^OO  CO 


O  O'VO  1 1  t  t  t  m  'tvO 
vo  vo  vo  vo  m  m  vt-  m  m  mvo  vo  m 


t*  m  n  mn  n  mn  oin  w  o  O 
O'  Ov  O'  O'  t'xOO  'O  In  n  t>»oo  oo  oo 


c 


m 

cw 


mmOoo  momt  moo  o  onoo  o  mvo  iood  w  «  no  h  o  co  oo  co  hoo  t- 
vo  vo  vo  mvo  m  m  m  m  m  -m  m  m  m  mmmm  m  m  m  m  mvo  vo  m  m  mvo  mvo 


H 

X 

X 


m  m 

mmmmmmmmmmt^ 


m 

m 


m 


m 

m  m 


t^.  t^.  cm  >-•  t^O  h.n  w  -h  co  «  n  o  t^co  m  O'  cnvo  on  O' tw  o  0  m  cm  t-  m 
00  OO  jOO  00-00^0  t^VO'VC  r^OO  C>cVO  'VO  'VO  VO  N  T^CO-OO  r^OO  t^oo 


6 

c 

3 

tNtsmU'n 
f  m  m  m  m  mvo 

m  mm 

♦-5 

m  cm  m  xi  n  m 

O  0  O  'O'*-'  t  m 

Xn^OO  CO  T^  DO  OO  *CO 

\8 


m  O'  moo  h  m  -w  ©  m  vo  m  m  O'  m  o  O'  O'  O'co  m  mco 
vo  'tmmm't'tm  m-mvo  vo  mvo  mmm'ttmmm 


m 

to  m  m  m  m  cm 


m  m 

cm  cm  m 


m 

r^.  m 


m  m 
m 


O  't  N  t-VO  ©N  OO  00  Q  O'  O'CO  m  CO 
.oo ox>  oo  CO  oo-co  OO  CO  O''  *  " 


vmvo  t^oo  oo 


c 


o  t  n  oroo  O'©  mmmm*M  O' "t  m  ©  o  cm  omt^  ovvo  cm  O'  m  n  m  n  t^. 
cn  mcot'ttmtttttfottttt  -m  m  "t  mvo  m  t  m  m  m  m  m 


X 

X 


a)  o  t  moo  tm  cm  o  m  mvo  -to  O'  O'co  toco 
moo  c^vo  m  t^vo  m  mvo  m  mvo  m  m  m  mvo  vo 


m  c>  0  co  m  m  -t-  m  O'  O'  m 
vo  t^oo  oo  t^vo  t^vo  -t  f  m 


c 

i 


TOM  ooo  Otsoo  to  M  Tlflf  0  OW 
ft  COO  W  N  d  N  «  (O  d)  tO  dl  CO «  CO 


t^to  t^t^O  t-'O  mONO'VDOOTl  Th 
to  co  co  co  co  •&  cotoco-t-co-t-coto 


X 

CS 

£ 


00  lT)t>M  ^•tTlOttJOMl'W  o  TO^t-Tj-t^O  NOW  d  ON  row  0)  M-tN  CO 

•  w  to  wwcti-T  tow  it  >o  iomd  m^o  to  to  t-.\o  Tt- 


c 

s 


t  nvo  m  t  0  r^oo  0  oo'vo  *m  mvo  O'  m  m  N'M  mm  moo  vo  r^vo  t«vo  n 
I  -m  m  m  cm  mm  cm  mm  cm  m  cm  cm  cm  mmmmmmmmmroM  m 


X 

a 

% 


-rj-oo  O'  O  ■to  tmo*-*H  oo  vo  -m  t  m  t>»oo  co  vo  \o  ,vO  tm  m  in  t><  n  o  t 
m  m  xn  m  co  cm  cm  m  m  m  t  t  m  m  m  m  t  m  m  m  t  m  m  t  -m  m  t  m  m 


C 

S 


co  •O'ttCMoomM  ci  0  t  «  teMM  mtCM  m  mvo  O  m  co  cc  oo  m 

M  .♦H4H-M  mXNMXM  CM  CM  CM  CMCO^'M-M-COrO  M-M  H>^  m  CM  CM  CM  j 


* 

etf 


O'O'©''©  i^xm  mO't^O'O'mmO't^O  |^>  O  O  t^mo  tt  O'co  m  m  m 
t  w  m  xn  mmmcM  m  m  cm  rnttmcM  n  t  t  t  xm  ttcMn  mtmm 


G 


tn  mvo  moo  t  t  cm  m  mvo  cm  mvo  t  cm  moovo  m  mcm  t^oo  cm  m  o  m  m  cm 

CM  M  M  MMMMMM  |  |  ^  M  H  M  CM  CM 


1 


VI 


m  m 


rri  loooommmMt  O'co  oovomcMCMOCMO  tvo  CMtO'MOOO'O  tco  t  O' 
|  cm  cm  m  m  m  m  -m  m  cm  cm  mmcM  t  com  cm  cocom  m  m  cot-M  cm  cm  cm  ro  t 


% 


h  in  ro  t  mvo  i^.oo  O'  O  cm  co  t  mvo  i^oo  O'  0  *-*  cm  ro  -t  mvo  i^oo  O'  O  *-< 
h  h  m  m  h  h  h  h  h  h  n  ri  n  n  oj  n  in  in  n  n  rfi  n 


Thermometer  broken.  Exceedingly  hot. 


406 


[Assembly 


cl 

© 

© 

dl 

ai 

© 

A 

o 

a 

*»«* 

c$ 


CL 

© 

© 

'd 

03 

© 

L3 

o 

a 

•fM 

03 


cl 

© 

© 

d) 

m 

© 

A 

© 

a 

•f* 

co 


a 

© 

© 

'O 

© 

L3 

© 

a 

CO 


CL 

© 

© 

'd 

S3 

© 

a 


CL 

© 

© 

'd 

m 

© 

.a 

© 

5 


2 

CL 

O 


a 

o 

o 


2 

«< 


CL 

co 


a 

o 

c 

fc 


2 

4 

t- 


2 

CL 

co 


a 

o 

o 

fc 


2 


2 

PL 

CO 


a 

c 

o 


2 

4 

t- 


2 

• 

CL 

co 


a 

o 

o 


2 

t- 


2 

0. 

co 


c 

O 

O 


a 

b- 


CO 

00 

co 


04 

<1 


ro  04  ro  ^vo  vo  vo  vo  vO  04  ro  04  ro 


vo  04  ro  ^vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo 


tr>  ^  ro  o*  <n  ro  n 

^  'I4- 


co  ro  ^  vovo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  ^  ro  n  C4  row  o« 


to  vo  vo  vo  vo  •  vo 

vovo  0  O  O  O  co  r^vo  iochO^cowco^ 


vo 

r>.  »o 


VO  04  1000  o  b'  t^00  VO  *<±* 
^  ^  rt-  ■<*•  vo  '-t-  <r  ^  ^  -t*- 


fO  M  0  Ov  M  04  M 

Tf  ^  ro  yf  ^  *<? 


vo  vo  vo  vo  VO 


vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo 


ro  vo  N  H  t>s  OvVO  VOVO^-P)OC'HP)0H 


VO 

vo  «  VO  VO  vo  vo 

VO00  o  COM  M  04  Ov  O'  O'  N  vo  N  o  M  ro  04  tJ-VO 
rf-  ^  VO  VO  VO  VO 


VO  VO  vo  VO 


vo  COVO  OO  N  0^00  VO  Tf 


m  H  O'  O'  w  m  04 

•'t-  Tt-  ro  ro  ^  ■'f  ^t* 


04  vooo  NSNOMO^VOCOH  O'  O'  H  04  O'M 
-^-Tt-'^LOTt--c^-'^-'^-^-Tj-T^-Tt-rorO'^'',^*rO'^- 


roO  04  vo  o  04  't  O'  O'  0  S  ^  H  oo  M  r*-  o  VO  N 
'^•v0iOv040V0V0Y^,»O,t',t,^-cO^,^'^'^',t 


vo 


Tt-roNO  0  vO  00  vo  vo  xf- 

•cJ-'t'^-lOVO'^^^'t^ 


04  O'  VO  00  m  0  04 

co  ro  n  ^  --t 't 


lO  vo  VO  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  VO  vo 

O  ^VO  0  ^  ^VO  04  M  C4  O' 00  VO  VO  00  O'VO  r^. 
•^•'t'tio't^-'t't't'^-rororororocoroco 


rr  t#-vo  m  h  N  Ov0  m  ros  -t  h  O'  ro  N  m  co  w 
^  vo  vovO  vovovovovovo^^-^co't’^'t'tvo 


VO  O'  w  04  O  ^00  m  00 
^■'tiOVOiOVO'O'tlO^- 


vo  M  O  VO  o  00 
^  ro  tj-  ^  tj-  -cf 


ro  n  O  o»  m  't  ooo  0  vo  ^  Oi  ^  r^oo  r^  >f 
't'tvo'^'t'f^ro'trorororororororo 


ro  vo  O'  ^  04  co  O'  0  04  rovo  ro  m  o  vo  O'  rooo 
Tb  vo  vovO  VO  vovovovOiO,<t*T*-Tt-T*-'<j-'<*-T*-T}-io 


vo  t^vo  rovo  N  ^00  ro 
rj-  LO  VOVO  VO  VOVO  VO  VO  VO 


oo  ro  O'  vo  O'  m  vo 
^  ^  ro  ^  vo 


to  vo 


VO  VO 


VO  VO 


.00  vo  o  O'  ro  ro  Tt-  O'  O'  N  vo  ^  n  vo  O'  O'  O'  iO 
.  rOTfiO'C't'f'Croro^rorororororororo 


04  ro  vovo  t^oo  O'  0  m  04  ro  Tb  iovo  t-^oo  O'  O 

HMMMMMMH04C'4C'404C'4C'4C4C404C4rO 


APPENDIX  —  (Continued). 


No.  33.] 


407 


o. 

05 

05 

'O 

CO 

05 

42 

© 

a 


O. 

© 

© 

X3 

CO 

© 

42 

C5 

c 

Cd 


a 

pi 

cr 


a 

o 

o 

55 


s 

◄ 

t- 


S 

pi 

co 


o 

o 

55 


a 


lA  *<*VC  VO  l^OO  00  DO  O'  O'  O  O  ON 00  r^00  00  O'  O  M  H  O  O'  O'  O  CM  m  -rf-  '*■ 


LO  VO 


to 


to  •  to  to  to 


ro  t^-no  vo  ^  t^oo  oo  oo  O'  0  0 

T}-^*-Tt-T*-TJ-T}-^-':*-T#-TJ-lOlO 


oo  1^00  O' 
•  ^  ,'t- 


M  d  M  O'  O  0 

to  to  to  to 


to  to  to  to  to 


ro  T+-  to  vo  t^.00  00  00  O'  0  O  On  O' 00  t's.CO  O'  0  M  W  M  O'  O  0  M  CO  '***’«*-  **t*  **♦■ 
5  5  ^  ^ioio^-^^Tf^^totototo^-ftototototototo 


to  to  to  to 

vOOOOOONONMTftOMO  r^OO  O'  M  d  N  O' 00  fOVO  O'  O'  O' 00  vo 

In^^X'tA^lOiOlOinNJ'^ttOiOiOiOiONi-rMOiOlOiOiOiOiOiO 


ntoONO  O'O'  o  o  o  ^  o 
^■■^■frfto^-tioioioioto 


r^oo  O 

Tf 't  Tt-  t#-  in 


to  O'  ^  O*  CJ 

IO  IO  -t  Tf  10 


to  to  to  to 


t^vo  '<*'  10 
to  to  to  to  to 


rn  ir>  0  00  OoooOMO>oMOOcot-»  t^co  m  cn  m©  o  oo  oo  e»  vo  t^co  m  jo 


sa. 

© 

© 

»d 

m 

© 

© 

a 

o 


a 

© 

© 

T3 

m 

© 

43 

© 

a 

CO 


a 

© 

© 

T3 

© 

© 

43 

© 

a 

co 


pi 

CO 


c 

o 

o 

55 


<1 

o 


3 

pi 

CO 


a 

o 

o 

55 


S 

< 

i~ 


a 

pi 

CO 


C 

o 

o 

55 


-0 

t- 


o. 

© 

© 

'O 

43 

© 

C 


a 

pi 


a 

< 


>. 

<a 


0OMftMM-^-ocr5'-1  t^©  N  M  a-  W  ro  Tj-vo  CO  N  oco  moo  m  ©  O  O'  £-00 


mmin  m  u->  •  in  m  m  •  u->  m 

•^-mOl^MOO'OOw'^O'  ■  ©  f-~  1^00  0  •  ©  ■'T  O'  0  cn 

^-■^-m'^-mm-tf-mininm''*'  •  'J-  m  •  m  m  -*i-  *r  m  m 


■  00  00  ©  m© 

•  to  to  to  to  LO 


ro  to  0  00  MOO  0  0  M  0  ^  o  t^vo  NNNO  m  tovo  O'  t^co  d  t^oo  to 

Tt-'tlO^‘iO'i’iOtOiOiO»OiO'^  It-i-,t,t'OtOiOiO,t^,t,^tOlOtOiOlOiO 


10  to  to  to 


00  ro  d  ro  M*  to  Q"t  H  ovo  d  0  to  O'  m  tovo  NOON  t^O  ►«  rooo  0  O'  N  O' 
Tj-iDLO'niom'tiotoioioioiO'txioioio  tovo  ^  ^  tovo  vo  vo  vo  to  to  to 


^t-vo  M  vo 
't  ^  to  ^ 


0  m  00 

to  to  -t 


o  ON  ^-00 
10  >*t’  to  to  **• 


tovo  ro  O'  O 
r*-  to  ^  to 


tv.  M  NtOH  to 
to  to  to  to 


0  00  to  tovo 
vo  to  to  to  to 


to  to 


to 


to  to  to  to  to 


^  to  10  to  to  to  to  to  .  .  .. 

Ki  ^  /-^  At  qq  n  no  f/j  to  N  0  to  ro  'rt'  0  m  ro  ^  t^vo  00  0  O'  to  ro  d  m  vo  N 
tOtototOtOtOtoto  tovo  to  to  to  to  tovo  vo  vo  vo  ^  ^vO  no  vo  vo  vo  vo  tovo 


O  d  't  0  ro  n  cmo  h  d  r^M  .0000  ^co  vcf 
to  to  to  ^  to  to lO  tovo  to  to  •  ^  10  to  to 


rooo  00  n  hvo 
VO  ^  ^  ^vo  vo 


.00  O'  01  d 
•  vo  VO  tovO  'O 


to  to  to  to  to  to  *nyn  in  to 

hL  o  ns  ro  w  0"0  O' 00  00  M  rMOOVO  d  N  ^O  NvQ  h  tO^t^O  NOMOi-O'^; 


to  to  to  to  to 

tON$  tovo  to 'to  to 'to  io>0  to  to  ^  to  tovo  vo  VO  VO 


to  to  to  to  to  to 

O  >o  to  _  _ 
r-vO  t^vo  NO  vo  vo  tovo 


c 

to 

to  to 

to  to 

to 

to  to  to  to 

• 

to 

•  to 

0 

0 

VO 

to 

O'  O'  to 't  O'  h  O'  rooo 
10  to  to  to  to  to  to  tovo 

60. 

55 

0 

to 

O'  O'  ^  Q 
yt  tovo  vO 

to 

VO 

O'  00  ro 

'cf  ^  ^fvo 

•  COVO  N  MO 

•  t^vo  VO  VO  VO 

55 

o  n  M  m  covo  o  0  0  ^00  h  sm  ^-vo  n  0  to  ro  o  no 
fri’tiO^tOtO't't^-iOiO't'^'l-'^'^'t'tmtO^'tTfiO  tovo  vO  iO  *0  «0  »0 


«  ro  tovo  t^OO  O'  0  M  N 


ro  yf-  tovo  r^oo  O'  O  m  n  ro  tovo  t>*co  O'  O  m 

HHHMMHHNNNNnNClNNNfOrO 


AP>P>E'N'IDIX  —  (Continued). 


408 


[Assembly 


Q. 

© 

© 

•a 

CO 

© 

XI 

© 

a 


<n 


cu 

CO 


m  in 

■&  •<}■  vovo  t^O'0000M,-, 
vo  u->  in  ir>  irv  io\o  vo  vo  O  O  vo 


•  io  to 
:v2v2 


to 

VOVOVOVOVO'OVOVO'OVO'OVOVOVO 


to 

co 


«o  »o  to 


C 

o 

o 

S5 


to 

W  to 


tJ-  tO'O 
to  to  to  to  to 


0  0  O  o  M  *-»  m 
VO  VO  VO  VD  VO  'O  vo 


M  M  M  M  M  W  W  M  M  W  CO  CO  CO  ^  't* 

vOvO'OVO'O'OvO'OvO'O'OvOvO'O'OvOvO 


8 

◄ 


to 

to  to  to  W  to  to  to 

Tf  to  m  t^CO  QQQQmmmmh.mmmC^WmQcJcO'^-'^-’^'CO'^-'^' 
to  to  to  to  to  tovo  vovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovo 


a 

© 

© 

a 

to 

co  O'  g 

IO  tO'O 

73 

CO 

© 

© 

Noon. 

to 

tovo 
to  to  to 

8 

D1 

to  to 

rH 

•  • 

◄ 

to  N  N 
to  to  to 

t- 

'■f-  tooo  VO  VO  toco  t'vVp 
ivOvovOvOvovOvOvovq 


VO  VO 


VO  VO  N't  rotooo  O  r^vo  00  O  O' 
>  VO  vo  VO  VO  VO  vo  VO  f^vo  O  VO  vO  vo  vo 


*8 


vo  CO  rovo  vo  CO  to  h  W  CO  CO  to  vp  t  N  N  lo  t^OO  t>»vO  vOvO  N 
VOVOVO'O'OVOVOVOVOVOVO'OVO'O'OVOVO'O'O'O'OVOVO'O 


to 

to  to  VO 


to  to  to  to  to  to 


^  g  W  VOVO  CO  rf  -fvo  rovo  W  W  CONVQ  vo  t  N  w  'f  C^CO  t^VO  lOO  00 
->vO  vovovovovovovovovovovovovovo'ovovovovovovovovovo'ovo 


a 

© 

© 

CO 

© 

© 

□ 


8 

ai 

CO 


o  0  w  vD  r-~  0  C'-oo  0  00  op  vo 
VO  vo  vo  VO  vo  r^vo  vo  vo  f^vo  vo  vo 


to 

•  to  to 

to 

vo 

•  vo  VO  ' 

a 

o 

o 


VOVO  oo  N  CO 

to  io  tovo  vo 


i  1-0  vo  vo  VO  IO  voioio 

>  •  •  <o 

■  C'-  ro  rooo  o-  •  vo  m  n  co  ■^■'O  kok  rovo  oo  oo  o-vo  vo  nn 

■vovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovo 


8 

◄ 


VOVO  f^O  0»  vosfl  Thior^rOLOM  N  rowvovo  N  h  rf-  tv.00  O.VO  VOVO  CO 
to  to  tovo  VO'OVOVOVOVOVOVOVO'OVOVOVOVOVOVOVO'OVOVO'OVOVOVOVOVO 


CU 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

a 

CO 


pi 

co 


to 


P)  N  WOO 
VO  vo  vo  vo 


0  W  vo  0  00  W  00 

I^VO  C^vo  t-^vo 


■  t-x 

•  vo  vo 


to  to  to 

.  .  _  t^vo 

'O'O  NNN  t^vo  VO  NNN 


■  ChOO  On  Tf  ^  o  ^  CO  M  r^vo  o  CO  M 
•VOvOVO’^"'  w  w  ^  -  - 


C 

o 

o 

5? 


VO  N  O 

to  to  tovo  vo 


VO  to  vo  VO  to 

N^-roO  N  rfvo  w 
.  vo  vo  vo  t^vo  vo  vo  vo 


w  W  to  VOOQ  W  W 
VO  vo  vo  vo  vO  vo  v0  ' 


o  Ovo  to  noo  fv 
t>s  t^NO  vo  vo  vo  'O  vo 


a 


h  m  to  o  Q  to  to  o 
to  to  tovo  VO  'O  VO  VO  ' 


tovo 
VO  vO  ' 


1  vo  oo  O'  g  w  vg 
i  vO  to  tovO  vo  vo 


von  n 
O  vO  vo 


O'  N  vo  t^VO  to  -rf-  -rf^O 
tovo  vo  vo  vO  vo  vo  vo  vo 


a 

© 

© 

'O 

to 

© 

© 

a 

•r~* 

eo 


fb 

CO 

• 

a 

o 

c 

£ 


VO  t's'O 
VO  vo  vo 


a  VO  NNtOM  COCO  vo 
t'-  r^vo  t^vo 


O  M 


to  to  to 

HHHtOVOtOOCOCO  O' 00  ro  N  N 

t"x  t^vo  vO  r^CO  C^VO  VO  N  N  N 


to  to  in  to 

•  «  to  to 

m 

to  to  to 

to  to 

to  to  to 

to  to  N  tMO 

•  w  ^  o  0 

w  o 

m  h  Qs  to  rooo 

io  to  to  rr  o  O'  rooo 

'O'OVO  NCv 

.  t^oo 

r^vo  vo  t^vo 

t^vo  VO  NNN  r^vo 

io  NNS 

a 

◄ 

r- 


_  _  J  O  0  S  N  O  vo 

to  to  tovo  tovo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo 


tooo 

to  to 


O  tovo  VO  W  n  Q  <N  0"0  to  to  to  VO  CO 

vovovovovovovovovovovovo'ovovo 


c. 

© 

© 

© 

a 


a 

Ph 

CD 


IO  IO  io  IO  IO  •  'O 

vo  oo  oo  coco  oo  oo  vo  ro  rooo  oo  •  0  « 

®©vO  NN  t^vo  t^vo  t-» 


N  N  O'O  t-'VO  w  00  ^  O  O'  rooo  w 
o  t-'  vO  c^oo  r^vo 


o 


O'  O'  0  H  M 
vo  vo  r^co  oo 


to  O  to  ^VO  lOTf  N  rt-oo  to  0  0>  In.  ov o  t  tw  t-*VO  CJ  O 
t^co  t^oo  t>s  t^vo  t^vo  vo  t^oo  co  t^-vo  t^oo 


< 


to  to  to  to 


cow  w  cow  t^r^w  g  O'  o  g  vn  oo  oo  m  t^vo  *-*  m  ^  to  tovo 
tovo  vovovovovovovovovovovo  to  tovo  vo  vo  vO  vo  vo  vo  VO  t^vo  vo  vo  VO  VO  vo 


to  to  to 

N  lOVJ 


t>.vO  co 


© 

C 

3 


hi  w  CO  tovo  t^OO  O'  0  M  W  CO  Tf  tovo 


t^OO  O'  0  M  W  co  tovo  t^-00  O'  0 

MMHWwwwwwwwwwro 


APPENDIX  -  (Continued). 


No.  33.] 


409 


Q. 

© 

© 

'O 

tn 

© 

43 

U 

□ 

ss 


a 

CD 

® 

T3 

c n 
© 
43 
O 
C 

•p* 

3 


2 

CM 


2 

*< 

L- 


a 

CU 

CO 


C 

o 

o 


< 

r— 


xf  x$-  x*-  O  ^  N 
VO  VO  VO  t^vo  VO 


N  m  mvo  t>  t>  l>vO  VO  N  t'xVG  in  VO  Vg 


.VO'O'O'O'OVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVO'OVOVO 


t>  vO  vg  VO 


r^vo  m 
vo  vo  vo  vo  vO  vO 


c 

mmm  m  mm  m  m 

•  m  m  m 

m 

o 

x*-  x*-  Tf  mvo  f^OO  t^vo  VO  vo  vo  t^v  NVO  t'f  r^vo  vovovo  N  N 

•  VO  N  N  t^vo 

m 

o 

ovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovo 

•  vo  VO  VQ  vo  vo  VO 

z 

m  m  m 


m 


m  m  m 

X$-  xf-  xf 

vovovovovovovovovovovo 


VO.  \0)Q  *>99  vo  vo  )0  vg 


r^vo  r^vo  vovovo  n  t^vo  vo  sn  t^vo  vo 

VO'O'OVOVOVO'OVOVOVOVO'OVOVO'OVO'OVO'O 


00  00  00 
vo  vo  vo 


H  M  xf 

rx 


vo  vo  vo  ^ 


in  m  m  m  m 

O'  h  m  00  00  O' oo  m  o  oo  O' 

vo  t^vo  vovovo  N  t^vo  VO 


M  O  M  00 

t^vo  vo  vo 


,  m  m  m  m  in  m  m  m  mm  m 

m  t-*  t^oo  o  m  n  oo  mvo  oo  O'  O  r^oo  oo  0  oo  mm  r^oo  o  t*>» 
VO  vo  vo  vo  t^vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  t^vo  vo  vo  t^vo  vo  vo  vo  VO  t^vo 


t^oo  O'  x*-  m 
•  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo 


'to  vo  oo  o  H  c<  0  mvo  oo  O'  h  oo  oo  t^ooovo  m  r^oo  o  t^mr^O'O'r^mm 
V0  VOvOvO  N  N  N  Nvo  vO  vo  vo  t^vO  VO  VO  NvO  vo  vO  VO  vo  NVO  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  vo  VO 


P* 

a> 

a> 

CO 

<D 

43 

© 

a 

o> 


Cm 

to 


a 

o 

o 

Z 


2 

< 


O'  O  O'  P)  -vpvO 
vo  vo  'O  tv  tv  tv 


■  m  m  in  in  m  m 

00  0  w  Ot  tp  m  w  O'  m  Pi  O' 00  OO'NMO'WfOWN  000  00 
■CO  pv  tv  tv  tv  tv  tv  VO  tv  two  'O  tv  VO  tv  two  N  M'  two  VO  VO 


LOCO  NOVM  W  moo  00  VO  O'  0  M  tvOO  O'  0  00  00  iflNOvO  N 
VO  VO  vo  VO  tv  tv  two  VOVOVO  N  two  VO  VC  two  vo  vo  VO  VO  two 


I  tvoo  CP  tv  ~P  ~p 
.  VO  vo  vo  VO  VO  VO 


mo  vo  oo  O  h  m  O'  x-  moo  o  h  tvoo  tv  o  tv  m  tp  tvoo  o  tv  -4-vo 

VOVOVO  -  '  - - -  - - * 


_  _  _  O'  0"0  -p  -p 

VO  tv  tv  two  vo  VO  vo  vo  two  vo  vo  two  VOVOVOVO  two  VO  O  VO  vo  VO  VO  vo 


a 

CD 

© 

T3 

CO 

© 

43 

© 

a 

to 


CM 

CO 


a 

o 

o 

z 


2 


O  OvQ  ’•P'O  00 
two  tv  tv  tv  tv 


m  m  m  m 


m  m 


vo  Pi 
vo  tv 


tv  tv  tv  tv  tv  ivvo  tv  pMvO  vo  two  tv  P.'g'kfv  K  Kvo  O  VO 


m  m  m 
8 


O'  m  m  ^  xfin  iovo  OMO'Ot^OO't^  mvo  nh  ovo 
'O'O  N  N  N  t^vo  VOVO  NN  t^vO  'O  t^.VO  vOvO^OVO  N  t^vO 


m  m  m  m 


•  00  00  O"0  xt*  x*- 

•  VO  VO  VO  VO  vo  VO 


Q  x$-  x*-  t>^00  O  m  VO  Q  CS 

VO  vo  vovovo  vo  vo  VO 


mm  mmmmm  m  m  m 

VO  O'  xj- VQ  VQ  M  Tt-  N  O  Xf  H  fOVO  NxJ-O  H 

vovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovo 


a 

® 

® 

TJ 

cfi 

® 

43 

O 

a 

•p^ 

eo 


2 

CM 

CO 


C 

O 

o 

z 


a 

® 

© 

,o 

43 

o 

c 


2 

◄ 

2 

CL 

co 


c 

o 

o 

Z 


2 

◄ 

p* 


m  O'  -vt-vo  h  m 
P^VO  P~  pvOO  oo 


m  mm  m  m  mmm  mm  m  mmmm 
vovo  t^t^w  m  m  O'  pi  oh  tmsci  0  P"  ooo  m  o  o  m 

VO  PN  t^00  P'  P^VO  tv.  pvvO  PtvNPNPNNP  pvVO  VO  Pv 


vo  o  m  o  h  -vp  pt  mvo  vo  noppo  omo  n  m  moo  h  o 

pv  p,  tv  CO  OO  CO  OO  VO  NNNPPPNPPNNPPP  PWO 


O'  -Vpvo  0  H  OO 
S  Pv  tv  P  PWO 


iommm  m  m  m  m  mmmm 

h  m  m  O'  O'  pi  h  -"poo  0"0  pvco  ptcovo  tv  pj  o-O'mO'O'mO'O  mvo  mso 
vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  pv  tvvo  m  mvo  vovovovovovovo  m  mvo  vo  vo  vo  mvo  vo  vo  vo  mMD 


■Vp  0  VO  H  Tp 
tv  tv  Ps  tv  CO  00 


.  vo  tv  tv  oo  mmmo  PvN  o  p«  mvo  oo  m  o  tv  o  O"o  oo  o  m 

•  vo  tv  tv  tv  00  pvtvpvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtv  two  VO  tv 


pi  m  m  moo  ovtvmpi  m  o  'P'O  0 

OO  00  t.OOOOOOCOVOOOOOCOOO  tv  00 


ro  m  o 

tvOO  00 


m  tv  owo  tv  m  h 

tv  tv  pv  Pv00  tv  tv 


m  O'  h 
00  tv  00 


mvo  o 

Pv  tv  tv 


mmmmm 


m 


m 


m  m 


moo  mm  pi  m  m  m  m  q 
vo  vo  vo  tv  tv  tv  two  vo  vo 


m  m 

VO  vja  v5  vo  tvvo'vo'vo  vo  VO  VO  tv  tv  vo  vo  vo  vo  Vb  tv  m 


o>oo  S' n  h  tv  O'  m  h  m  -p  h  o  rn  n  m  m  tv  o  c>^0 


I 

>. 

"5 

*-> 


h  n  m  tp  mvo  tv  oo  O'  o  h  pt 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


co  mvo  ^co  o  0 

HMMMHHr-lC'J 


Cl  N  W  N  N  N 


S' 


m  cn 


52 


APPENDIX  -  (Continued). 


410 


[Assembly 


o. 

© 

© 

'O 

tn 

© 

ss 

o 

a 

Ol 


a 

& 

CO 


a 

◄ 

t- 


irtso  vo  m  to  mvO  ‘O 
'O'O'O'C'O'O'O'O'O  vQ 


.  in  m  m  m  in  in  m  m  mm  to 

.  r^co  t^v©  'O  vo  t^vo  c*  t^oo  oo  m-  m  m 

►'OvO'©v©vO>©vOvO'©vO'©'©'©vO'©'©'©'©'©vO 


d 

m 

m 

•  m  m  m 

•  m 

•  m  m  m  m  m  m  mmmmm 

o 

mvo  vo 

m 

!  --t-  m  mvo  vo 

•OO  NN 

•  vo  r^vo  r^oo  oo  oo  co  t^.vo  <+  m  m 

55 

vo  vo  vO  vo 

vO  vO  vO  vO  vO  v© 

•  O  vo  v© 

•voovO'OvO'OvOO'O'O'OvO'O'O'O 

m 


in  m  m  m 


mvo  vo  m  m  ^  m  mvo  10  c*  t^oo  t>»  Is*  t-^vo  r^oo  oo  co  oo  NNinron 
V0v0v0'0v0'0'0'0v0'0'0v0'0'0v0'0v0v0'0'0'0^0'0'0  0'0'00'0v0,0 


a 

© 

© 

*0 

© 

© 

© 

a 


s 

fu 

o 


O' 

O 


*<! 

t- 


louiinin 


O-  O'OO  unvo  t^oo  »o  h 
VOO'O'O'O'O'O'O  t*.  t«» 


in  m  i/iv)  in  i/)  i/i 


f')000'0'0©'0>ii-'f,nf*nN>-  “  (>  m  h  ♦  m 
t  -  P*  P^vO  vO  t^'O  p.  p»  p»  p»  p.  p»  p.  r^vo  •£>  -O  'O  o 


lO  NNM 
'O'O'O'O 


unvo  r^oo  O' 

VO  ©  V©  V©  ©  vO 


m  •  in  m  in  in  m  in  in 

O  c^©  •  t^oo  ooo  Omco  r^co  ©  m  m  ts* 

t^©  vO  •©©©©©'©  t^©©©©©©©© 


to 


m  m  in 


m  »n 


vo  r^co  O'  O  m  nnnnonoo'O'W  ooo  co  co  o  •-  m  m 

vO'O'CvOiO'OvO'O'O'O'O  C"  f^©  O'O'O'OO'O'O'O  t^©  O'OOOO'OO 


c. 

© 

© 

T3 

tf) 

© 

.£3 

© 

a 

** 

os 


CU 

«o 


o 

o 


•< 

t- 


un 


V) 


un  io 


0  M  OO  unvo  O'  0  w  N  M 
p^  t^-o  so  O  O  t-»  t>.  p»  p» 


Tt-M  h  o  o  n  on  n  m  in  Tt  m  n  m  h  n  m  un<o 

p.C^t^t^t^t^p»t>«  t^vO  'O'O'O 


IO  NNn 
'OO'O'O 


imo  rvoo  O' 
vO  vO  O  'O  'O  'O 


O  MO 
fv©  © 


in  m  in  m  m  m  m 

t>s  avco  o  oo  d  ci  oo  t^oo  m  n  0 
OO'O  f^©  vO  t^©  ©  ©  ©  ©  © 


vO 


m©  n  rn  n  ro  mvo  co  co  O'  ^  n  mvo  vo  oo  vo  O'OO  oo  m oo  r**  r^©  m  o  0 

©©©©©©©©©©©v©  t^©  OvO'OvO'O'O'OO  tv©  vo  VO  VO  vO  ©  © 


VO 


a> 

<0 

•o 

(/) 

© 

si 

© 

a 

CO 


a 

& 

<o 


c 

O 

o 


a 

◄ 

t- 


m 


M  ^  MO  N  H  d  m  ^ 
Cn  tv\©  vo  VO  N 


mm  m  m  m  m  m  m  m 

©  0  m  d  m  mco  ^  d  moo  mm^- < 
t^  tv  t>*  e^vo 


VO  CO  vo  *- 
'CO'O'O 


mmmmmm  -  mm 


mvo  t^oo  O' 

VO  vO  'O  vO  vO  vO 


■  O'  cv  m 
'O'OO 


m  m  m  m 

_  _  .‘O'door^_ 

•  OOO  t>»vO  vo  C^vO  O  O  O  O  m 


m 

co  O'  O'  0  O'O'dcor^O'mO  t>.^g 


m  m 


m  m  m  m  m 


m  O'  O  0  m  ci  mvo  vo  O'  ^  ci  m  mvO  moo  mvo  *-  m  m  m  *-  *-  r^co 
vo  O  O  mvo  vO'OvOvOOvOO'OOOvOvOvOvO’O'O'O  t^O  0  0  0  0  m  m  m 


a 

© 

<D 

c/3 

a> 

o 


CO 


s 

m 

m 

, 

m  m 

m  m  m  m 

m 

m  m  m  m 

• 

^  r^.vo  oo 

^vo  r^oo  oo 

*  o 

m  vo  m  t*-co 

isNino 

moo  vo 

m  m  o  o  O'  m 

mvo  v© 

ts  t^vo  vO  O 

C> 

oo 

t —  t^v©  t^OO  00  NN 

CO 

r* 

m 

m 

; 

m 

m  m  m 

m  m 

m  mmmmm 

o 

• 

• 

d  'O  0  m 

• 

ci  ci  -t-  m  m 

• 

m  d  0»  •  vo 

mvo  m  m 

Mc^'tNOco  t^r^O 

55 

t^O 

• 

r- 

t^vo  ■ 

r>. 

t>.  m  mvo 

a 

m  m 

m 

m  m  m  m 

m  m  m 

m 

m  m  mm 

d  m  m 

d  00  00  O'  M  ^ 

NN  W  h  h 

m  m  ^  m 

O'  m  r^oo  mvo  m 

*< 

vo  vo  vo  mvo 

m  m  mvO  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  mvO  vo  vo  vO  vo  vo  vo  c^vo 

mvo  mmmmm 

t- 

o- 

© 

© 

© 

a 


CU 

co 


a 

o 

o 


h- 


m  *^t-o  o  oo  mo  t^oo  oo 
t^o  o  o 


•  m  m  m  m  mmmmm 

.  m  h  vo  o  ''t- O  t^oo  ci  co  m  ^  m  moo  h  on 
00  NNN  t^OO  O  t^OO  00  fs  ts  N  fs  N  mO  O 


o  O'  moo 
t^»o 


O'  O'  O'  « 

t^oo 


^  m  cs 


mvo  Ooo  O'  ci  co  o  O'  ci  moo  oo  m  o 
oo  c^co  cn  t^oo  t^oo  t^oo  m  m  Cv 


m  m  m  m  m  mm  mm 

^  -t  n  n  n  ovoo  O'  0  m  ~  r^ci  «  vo  ooo  ^  m  m  o  vo  oo  mvo 

vo  vo  vo  mvo  v©  m  mvo  vo  o  c^vo  o  mvo  vo  vo  cmq  vo  vo  t^vo  vo 


m 


mmmmm 


43 

© 

3  „ 
61  co 
S 


S 


H  N  pn  rf  r>«o  tvOO  O'  O  I- 


n  m  tp  mvc  t^oo  O'  o  h  n  m  unvo  t^co  O'  O  *• 
^MNMMNtMWMNMrnrO 


fn  M 


APPENDIX  — (Continued). 


No.  33  ] 


411 


04 

© 

© 

c/3 

© 

a 

o 

a 


a 

© 

© 

T3 

w 

© 

^3 

© 

a 

©* 


CO 


a 

o 

o 


< 

t- 


04 

CO 


o 

c 


◄ 

l- 


' 

m 

•  m 

•  m  m  m  • 

•  •  m  m  m 

m 

m 

a 

M-  4- 

.  m  n  n  m 

■  O  O'  O' 

•  N  N  m  N  M  M  M 

n  <3  0 

OCO  00  CO 

vO  vo 

•  VO  vo  'O  vo 

•  vo  mi/-  • 

•  .  VO  vo  vo  O  vO  vo  vo 

.  vo  vo  vO 

in  m  m  m 

m 

p- 

• 

•  • 

•  • 

• 

^  u->  m  m 

m-  t|-  -«t  n  n  0)  n  n  m 
'O'O'O'OVO'OVO'OVO 


m  m  n 
•  VO  •  VO  VO 


•  «  W  N 

•  VO  VO  VO 


■  d  M  0  CO  CO  N  N 

.  vo  so  vo  m  m  in  m 


in 


m  in  m  in  in 

N  0i  m  O  O' 
'OsOVO'O'OsosOVOVOvO  m1 


rnmrnNMMMWMM 

VOsOsOvOVOsOsOsovOVO 


m 

in  in  in  m 


£  O 00  00  ^ 


m  m 


vo  »o 

VO  VO 


oj  m  w  o* 
vo  VO  VO  VO 


m  n  m  • 


oco  o 
m  m  m 


•  vo  i n^-roN  w  Tt- 

•  VO  vo  vO  vo  vo  VO  vo 


.  m  m  oo  vo  vo 
■  vo  vo  m  m  m  in  in  m 


in  in 


ro  ^  ro  O  h  O'  0  mvO 
vo  vo  vo  m vo  mvo  vo  m 


in  m  mm 


m 

vo 


vOv8 


•  o  W  CJ 

vo  vo  vo 


w00  't  ’^#-'0  rh  ^ 
vo  m  m  in  m  in  m 


in 

)  m 

vo  vo  VO 


m  in  in  m  in 

o  o  m  vo  mv_  _ 
vo  vo  vo  m  m  m  m 


'j-mmo  m  o  o  wio  mvo  oo 
- vo  vo  -  -  * 


•  m  m 

•  m  m 

•  vo  vo  VO 


mm  m  n 

‘  *  O  vO 


m  n  m  m  m  O'  m  ^-vo  m  rt- 
vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  m  m  m  m  m  m 


a 

® 

© 

c/3 

® 

43 

O 

a 

•*-« 

O 


a 

& 

eo 

• 

C 

o 

o 

53 


a 

◄ 


oo  m 
NO  vo 


in  in  m 


■  n  n  n  n 

vo  vo  vo  vo 


m  in  m 

O'  O'  6 
m  mvo 


m 


in  m 


.  n  n  >n  -t  n  mm 
•  VO  vO  vo  VO  vo  VO  VO 


«  m  m  i^vo  i^. 

■  vo  vo  in  m  m  n  m  m 


m  m  m  m 


^  rt-  n  oo  O  OO  O'^NO 
vo  vo  o  mvo  m  mvo  m 


■  m 
•  vo 


•  O  O  h  w 

.  VO  vo  VO  VO  O 


o  oo  m  mvo  m  m 
vo  m  m  m  m  m  m 


m  m 

JO 
VO  vo  vo  vo  vo 


m  mm 

-  O'  »  .  .  .  _ 

m  mo  m  m  m  m 


m  m  o  o  O  *-«  (n  m  moo  m  mvo  *$■ 
vo  vo  m  mvo  vo  vo  vo  vo  m  m  m  m  m  -n 


a 

© 

© 

’O 

03 

© 

43 

© 

3 

•M 

CO 


a 

Ph‘ 

CO 


a 

c 

o 


a 

◄ 

r— 


o 

t^vO 


m  o* 
vo  vo  vo  vo 


m  m  m  • 


o  m 

mvo  vo 


0  00  't-  ^  N  ^VO 

t^vo  vO  VO  vO  VO  vO 


•  m  o  ^vo  vo  vo  m  w 
vo  vo  inmmmmm 


m 

vb  vd  v5  m 


Q  t^.^g  oo  -rt-  o  m 


m 

■  O'  1 

mvo  m  m 


m  m  m  m 


.  *• 

.  vo 


.  N  O' 
.  vo  m 


O'  m  m 
mvo  vo 


O'  m  r>.  m  ^  o  m 
m  m  m  m  m  m  m 


m  mm  m  m 

O  N  O  't  n  ^vo  O'  m  O  0  m 
vo  vo  vO  mmmmmmmmm 


m  in  m 

m  ^vo  m  t*^  o  O' oo  oo  mO'O'fH  m 
vo  vo  minmmmmmm^^-mmm 


a 

© 

© 

•a 

C/3 

© 

43 

© 

a 

w 


a 

Ou 

<o 


d 

o 

o 

53 


< 

t- 


3. 

© 

© 

T3 

43 

o 

3 


a 

◄ 


•»*-  m 
t^\o 


VO  lOVO  --t 

vo  VO  vo  vo 


>  VO  m  in 

.  invO  vO 


mw  +  r-^co 

t^vo  vo  vo  vo  VO 


■  w  MVO  v n  m  m 
•VOVO  in  m  m  LO  m  m 


Nco  n  -tinui  +  OH 

t^vo  v0  vo  vo  vo  vo  mvo 


p» 


■  mvo 
vo  vO 


•  vo  VO  O' 
vo  VO  vo 


tvg 


^co  NO'fnm 

m  m  m  m  m  m 


m  m  m 

m  t^O'^-o  m  O'  o  vo  O' 
mvo  m-^-mmmmmTj-'«4-'^- 


•  m  m  n  m  xt-vo  moo  o 

.vovo  mmmmmmmm^T^-m^in 


a 

•  m 

;  ; 

• 

m  mm 

•  mm 

• 

Cu 

mvo 

•  n  ■^■vo  m 

.  in  o  m  • 

m 

•-«  m  m  t^oo 

rt-  <-<  m  m  m  o 

t^vO 

.  VO  VO  vo  'O 

•  mvo  vo 

t^vo  vo  vo  vO  vO 

vovo  mmmmmm 

«o 

• 

3 

o 

m  m 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  m  m  m  m 

o 

00  O 

m  O'  0  0  oco  vo  •  •  • 

VO 

•  m  m  .  o 

m  •  O  rt-  m  n  oi  m 

55 

r^vo  vo  c*^  t^vo 

•  • 

•  vo  n  •  t>.  •  vO  mvo  vo  vo  m  m 

N  M  vo  00  mo  N  O'  M  mvo  oo 
mvo  m  Trmmmmm^-^rt- 


•  m  m 

•  vo  n  m  m  in  r^vo  oooo  ^  mmw  r*6v 
vovo  mmmmmmmm^Trm^Tf 


Sm 

© 

S  S3 

I  7 

a. 

©  1 

m 


h  n  m  mvo  tvco  a-  o  «  n  m  -■/■  mvo  c^co 


OO  «  n  co^  mvo  r-»oo  o>  O 

1-lNNNMNCCNCSNCMfO 


APPEINTDIX  — (Continued). 


412 


[Assembly 


o. 

© 

© 

TT 

O) 

© 

ja 

o 

c 


a 

mm  m  mm 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m  m 

oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  r^oo  0  0  0  0  0 

M 

w  w 

w 

w 

w 

m  m  w 

m 

mo 

t^oo  oo 

N 

nnnnnnnronnnnt 

♦ 

^  yt 

yf 

yt 

^  ^  ^ 

^  yt 

© 

CO 

• 

c 

mm  m  mm 

m 

m  m 

m 

m 

m 

o 

•  *  •  • 

• 

• 

• 

o 

00  00  03  CO  00  00  t^OO  O'  O'  O'  O'  0 

M 

CN  w 

m 

w 

w 

w  m 

w 

m 

'i*  mvo 

CO  CO 

15 

fifnmroronfOrocofOfOroT)- 

■**  ^  'fr 

yt 

'<r  yt  yt 

'•r  ^ 

yt 

a 

mm  mm  m  m 

m 

m 

mmm 

oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  r^oo  oo  o  o  o  0 

M 

M  W 

m  w 

w 

m  m 

m 

m 

yt  mvo 

t^oo 

*< 

mmmmmmmmmmmm’<t- 

^  yt 

■vr 

"t  yt 

yt 

yt 

a 

m  mm  mm 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m  m 

• 

O  00  vo  t^vo  vo  00  Ov  O'  O'  O  M  m  -«f 

m 

m  w 

y*  yt~ 

''t-vO  00  0  M 

w 

moo 

0 

&< 

fOfnfocomfOfnfonro'tTj-^'t 

■*r 

yf-  yf- 

tj-  m  m  m  m  ^ 

m 

co 

d 

mmm  m 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m  m 

m 

m 

m 

o 

VO  00  vo  vo  vO  vo  vO  O' co  O'  O'  M 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

o 

M 

mmm 

m  m  w 

m  m  i^oo 

o 

W  CO  vo 

fOfOfOfOrr^fOrOfOfOfOrr,  t 

Tj" 

tj- 

m 

m  ^ 

15 

Q. 

0> 

© 

rs 

w 

© 

.c 

o 

a 

M 


s 

◄ 


lO  00  t^lO  VO  lO  to  N  O  00  O'  O'  0  "  CO  PI  rorOM  -  (OU1  IsOON  o  'O 


a 

© 

© 

-a 

03 

© 

J3 

O 

c 


0. 

© 

© 

•a 

© 

© 

J3 

© 

a 


a 

© 

© 

,o 

03 

© 

r< 


CO 


C4 

© 

© 

or 

,C 

© 

C 


a, 

co 

c 

o 

o 

fc 


s 

◄ 


~ 

s 

d 

co 


c 

o 

o 

fc 


S 


Cj 

CO 


C 

o 

o 

55 


a 

f* 


© 

CO 


c 

o 

o 

£ 


I- 


u 

c, 

<5 


w  m  mm 


m  m  m  m 


0  i^io  t^mmo'O  O'  0  O  m  mio  ■a-'O  m  cn  m  ■>»■  'j-mO'O  m  it-  in  moo  « 


m  m  m  m 


m  m  m  m  m  m 


1000100  m  m  m  oioo  o  O'  "  "  cn  in  m  m  ro  n  **  m  moo  O'  "  moo  o 

c-  't  *r  io  ’f 


mm  mm  m  mmm  mm 

moo  o  mo  m  mo  0  t"  o>oo  O'"  «*-  m  m  m  micti  o  m  moo  o>  O'  m  0"0 


m 


m  ^i-o  it- 
<n  jf>n  cn  co 


mmm  m  mmmmmmm 

0  0  oo  t^oo  mo  h  m  in  it-  m  «  m  m  n  t-*  t^oo  it- 

mo  m  m  it-  m 


m  mm  mm  mm  m  m  mmmmmmm 

mo  -t-  m  m  m  mo  oo  f-oo  0'cnMM'OOOif-fno,-'cr>  moo  o  M  cn  m 


mo  it-  <n  m  m  m  it-00  m  m  t-^oo  m  o-o  O'M  "  0  r-'O'MO  t^t^"0  m 
cnrocnrncnmrncnmrnrnmmcnit-if-it-ro'rif-it-mm-^-'t-n-it-inis-ir 


mm  m  mm  mm 

it-  m  m  t-~  m  m  mo  O'  m  m  oo  m  m  t^oo  mooooo  moo  o  m 
ii-mmmmmT'*-mir-«-'<»-mmi»-Ti-Tj-'3--'r'ir'<i-mm  mo  o 


'j-mmmmmm'j-m'^mij-m'j-TpTj-'.p-^-rj-TpTj-Tp'^mmm 


rt-vo  ’tronnmr^^'ON  moo  mvo  0  O  m  w  O  moo  m  r-^vo  m  n  m-n 
nfOfOfOfOfOfOfO^^rof^  moo 


to  mm  lommmmm  mm  mmm  m  m  m 

■^f  ^  mvo  foioro  r^oo  w  moo  *-*  m  O'  w  1^00  r^vo  ococoh,+  mhOQ 
^mrofOforo^^fOt^tmm’ir'f^'tTfrfTMom  mo  o  o  o  mO 


O  n  ^  0  fommfN.0  ^  m  mvo  m  w  w  mo  t^O  m  moo  Omoo  n 
rj-roro'trofOTj-'t'^'cfTr  mvo  m-^-m-^-rj-mTr-^-mmm  mvo  vO  vo  v  m 


mvo  nroriN  MfrO'mNinMvo  nNOOrnnN  TfO'H  t*^  m  row  m 

fOcofOfonfOrororororor^Tj-fO’f^fOfO'ttmrofO'tvtrfmmi-'t 


h  w  co  Tt-  mvo  t^oo  o  0  m  w 


m  rt-  mvo  r^.co  oo  h  n  fO't  mvo  t^oo  o>  O 

hhhhhhhNWNNNNNNCJNM 


APPENDIX  —  (Continued). 


No.  33.] 


413 


a 

a> 

® 

03 

© 

JS 

© 

c 

3 


Q. 

© 

© 

03 

© 

JS 

© 

a 

co 


a 

al 

CO 


G 

O 

o 

55 


a 

◄ 


a 

© 

© 

x> 

03 

© 

.G 

© 

G 

•H 

3 


a 

cu 

CO 


a 

© 

© 

T3 

03 

© 

J3 

u 

G 


G 

O 

O 

& 


a 

<’ 


a 

Cu 

co 


G 

O 

O 

55 


a 

◄ 


a 

cu 

CO 


c 

c 

o 

55 


a 

< 


40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

to 

40 

*o 

40 

*o  *o 

*o 

40 

6 

6 

O* 

ON 

0 

On 

On 

O' 

O' 

O' 

O' 

O' 

O' 

6 

M 

IH 

c*n  ^vo  1 

vO  *0 

r^*o 

*o 

ro 

*o 

*o 

■<r 

*o 

'T 

'+ 

'I- 

*o 

*o 

*o 

*0*0*0 

40  LO 

*o  *o 

to 

*o 

*o 

lO 


\o  ia  io  *o  •  •  m  io  i/)  io 


NOOQ'OO  O  0  O'  0  OOO'OOO'OOO  mm  ro 
^  ^  *o  *o  *o  *o 


o  i^*o  *o  ><*-  ro 
•  *o  *o  *o  *o  m  *o 


40  *0  40  *0  *0 


40 


40 


40  40  »0  40 


40 


4040*0  40*0*0  *04040*0 

t-*00  O'  O'  O'  O  O  O  O'  O  O'OO'OOO'O'O'O  m  m  01  -*f  *0*0  VO  txvo  *0  Tf-  ro 
^•TT'^’tiOiOiO^iO^^  ,J-^^-,t’t'c}-ioiOiOiO»OiO»OiO*OiOiO*OiO 


*0*0*0  *0*0*0 


10*0*0*0*0*0 


!2  £  <2  "  ^  «  *"«  ro  m  o  m  O  m  m  O'M  roio^f-r^O'N  yf  01  rOMOO  ro  ^*o 

*0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  *0  ^  lO  *0  *0  *0  *0  *OVO  *0  *0  *0  VO  *0*0*010 


40*0  40  *0  40*0*0*0  10*0*0*0  *0*0*0  10 

2,  6  *1  *  fO  O  M  6  ON 00  O  o’  ONOO  00  o  ro  ro 

10*0*010*01010i0*0*0',^-t}-i0*0t}-^  Tf*0*0*0*0  rovi 


v8 


m  vo  ro  M  M 
vO  *o  *o  *o  *o 


*o  in  *0*0*0  *o  10*0*0*0*0*0 

Svr?rlJlIlrtrr|0,lM  <><»  O  i->  O'  O>00  O  fO  1/1  O  N  O'  H  M  O'M  T}-  ci  M 
*0*r,  *0*0*0*OiO*OiOiO,t'tiO*OTj-^-TtioiOiOiO  *OVO  *0  vo  *OVO  10*0*0*0 


*o  40  *o  10*0 
40  MO  N  O'  *0  N  N 


IO  IO  lO  40  »0  lO  40*0*0*0*0  *0 

51  S  *0  N  N  ^  w  M  w  M  On  O  MO  0  M  tovo  ^f-vo  N  0"0  40 

i0L0«O4O*O40*0*0i0*O*0*0i0*0i0Tf*o*O*0  *OvO  VO  VO  NO  NO  NO  VO  10*0*0*0 


40  *0 

N  M 


*0*0  *0  io  40  to  *0*0  io  10*0*0*0 

MVOOMN^t-fOONOOOOOO  0s 00  00  H  tMO  00  N 
*OiOiO*OiO*0*OiO*OiO*OTfiOiO'^-'^-^*0*OiO«0  *OVO 


•  40 

‘4 


N  to  «  M  N 

*0*0  10*0*0 


40  to  40 


40 


40  to 


S.ISfifiii.'t'tQ.*!  w  O'  tja'Mco  o't^O'Muiro^.Q  «  n  d'N'O  com  m 
*0*0iJrl*0i0i0i0i0*0i0^>t^,i0't'ct'tT}-i0i0i0  *ovo  vo  vO  *ovo  10*0*0*0 


“ »  “  >  40  to  40  to  40  IO  40  to  io  to  40 

°°  °°  Cl  Tf  *0  OM^MOfOMNNO^  O' CO  IO  T*-  -*-00  On  40  O  M  0"0  *0  O 
*0*0*0  *0*0  *010*01010*010*0*010^-*010*0  *ONO  VO  NO  NO  vo  r^vo  *o  *o  *0*0 


*o 


40 


40 


*o  *o  *0  40  *0*0 

M  ^  10  M  °  N  OnOnQnO  O  0"0  On  f0*0  40*0  0 
10*0*0*0*0*0  OlOiONt-TfTfJOiO’tNt-'ctiOtOlO  *0*0 


*o 

*o 


1  N  N  -*t*  M  m  N 

•  vo  *0  10*0*0*0 


to  40*0*0*0  *0*0  *0*0*0  4 r 

OO  IO  t^OO  O'  n  N  OO  O  On  ^vo  On*C  *0  m 

'«tLO-^-'^-'^-iOiO'^-lO'^-'^'^-TfT}-T^--^T^-'^-LOiy-)LD  lONO  o 


o  m  oo  i->. 
io'O  1/1  it-  -a-  t*- 


a 

© 

© 

-o 

03 

© 

.g 

© 

G 

CO 


a 

© 

© 

ja 

o 


a 

Cu 

CO 


C 

O 

o 

z 


t- 


2 

& 

co 


c 

o 

o 

£ 


a 

◄ 

t- 


& 

2 


40  40  40  40 


40  40*0  *0  40404040*0*0*0 

fOQ  Q  Qn  h  ro»oro0*0  fO  ro  ^  O  M  *0  O  00  N  Amon  «J  on  K\n 

>0*0*0  *o*o  *0*0*010*0*0*0*0*0*0*0  *o*o  *o  *o  r^vo  r^*o  c^*o  vo  *o  *o>o 


00  M 
*0*0 


40  ^  ooo  N  rooo  o  N  unrororoi^ioo  n*0 
10*010*0*0*0*010*0*0*010*0^  *0*0  >o 


_  ^co 

*0*0  *o 


•  o  *ooo  *o  ^00 

•  *o  *o  *o  *o  *o  *o 


CNMOO'O  rooo 

^lOtNMOiOiO^ 


M  a>  1^  C0*O  O'  *0  -*■  4000  N  io  M  *0  M  ro  M 
*0'^-'^--^-^'cJ-'^--*t-'^}--^-*0i0*0  *0*0  *o  o 


r«s  o  o*o  *0*0 

10*0  ^ 


*o  *o  *o  *o 


to  o  O  *o  *o  O  O 
“  — x  - )  vO  * 


*o  *0*0  *0*0  ' 


_  ro*0  ^  O  r^-^-ro^M  Nroci*0  ro  ^tco  n  m  c>oo  oo 
*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*040  *0>0  *0  IONNN  txvO  t>»*0  *0  *0  *0*0 


^  0*0  ^  O 

*0*0*0  *o>o  o 


10*0*0*0 

M  *0  N  M  to  O 

to  *0>0  *0  *r<*0 


>0  to  t^OO  O 

*0*0*0  ’^•*0 


^-oo 

*o  *o 


N  tlOO 

io  N  N  f\ 


oo  o  ro  m  *o 
t^*0  vo  *o  *o  o 


Oco  *OH  O  *ON  NHOOCO'O'OCO  h  _  _ 

*0*0'^-*0*0*0*0'»t'LO'^-^’^-'^-^'cf-^-^-lO*0»0*0 


ro*0  M  rovo  ro  -t-*o  N  Q  n  *o  *+ 

*0*0  n0*0*0*0  ^  TT  -f 


N  fO  Nf  *0*0  r^oo  O'  O  w  N  ro  ■t  *0*0  r^OO  O  o  M  N  ro  ^  *0*0  f^OO  O  O  M 
M  M  M  M  HMHHHriNNNNNNNNClNrOrO 


A3PIAENDIX  —  (Continued). 


414 


[Assembly 


to  vo  vn  vo  10  to  to 

^vo  tNOO  OO  H  N  M  o 
VO  iO  to  to  LO'O  vO  VO  'O  VO 


to  VO  VO  to  VO 

to  n  to  cn  vo  to  tN  tN  tN  10  to 

OOOOOOMfo^-to  vovo  tN  tNvo  100 

VOVOVOVOVO'OVOVO'OVO'OVO'O'O'OVO'OVOVO'O 


to  VO  vo 

vo  to  to  to  to  IN  IO  in  to  to  vo  to  vo  N  IO  W  VO 

^t*vO  tNOO  O'0wwNNh00000mN^-  vovo  vo  In  tNvO  vo 
vo  to  to  to  tO'O  VOVOVO'OVOVO'OVOVOVOVOVOVOVO'O'OVO'O'O'O 


•  vo 

•  tN  IO  VO 

•  -f  vovo 
.  VO  vo  VO 


to  vo  vo  to  to  to'vo  to  to  to  to 

to  VOW  NW  vo  VON  IO  VONVONNMON  W  VO  VO  W 

•  ••  •••  •  •  . 

■~f  to  tNOO  C'OMMWWMOOOOOMWfO^-  VOVO  N  N  N  vo  -t  tOO 

tO  to  to  tO  too  oooooooooooooooooooooooo 


to  to  to  to  to  to  to  to 

vo  VO  tN  lOVOVOVON  N  VOMOVOVON  «0  N  MO  «0  W 

0  •t  10  N  N  Ov  O'  0  0  fOW  -rf  »0  ro  ^vO  O'  m  W  -tf-vo  fO  m  N  N  O'  h  to  ro 

OOOOOOO  tN  tNVO  OOOOOOO  N  N  tN  ts  ts  ts  InvO  O  O  tN  tN  tN 


to  to  VO  to  • 

VOVO  W  vow  10  to  vo  W-  to  tow* 

tN  o  w  ro  ^o  cnoo  co-i-www^Mwtot^OO^rowwo^  •  t^  O  0 

too  OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO  tN  NtN  fN  tN  t^O  O  VO  t-N  t-N 


to  to  to  to  to  to  to  to  to 

tN.  to  N  tN  to  tN.  to  to  w  to  N  W  IO  to  W  to  N  to  vo 

VO  O'  W  ro  Nj-vo  NVO  COtoWWWMOW'^-tN.OO^fOW^O'^'  ^O  00  0 
to  vovo  'O'OvO'OvOvOVOvOVO'OvO'O'OVOvO'O  tN  tN  tN  |n  tN  tNVO  VO'O'O  t' 


vo  to  10  vo 

to  tN  to  to  to  w  to  10  to  to  n  to  »n  n  to  to  to  to 

ro  t^OO  OOWMrowroWtohN  ^j-vo  O'  W  W  vo  tNOO  O'  to  to  tNCO  m  N^-VO  vo 
vo  vo  vo  tN  in  tN  tN  in  tNVO  vO  vc  vO  vO  vo  VO  in  tN  tN  in  cn  tN  tN  tN\C  O  tN  tN  cn  tN 


to  to  to  VO  to  to  to  to  to  to 

tOVOtnNNW  to  tN.  to  to  vo  Stow  ION  WWW 

00  M  ro  rt-  to  tNOO  OOfOWWCOMM  COVO  tN  »-<  w  W  lOfOfOOv^- 
tovo  vo  vo  to  VO  vo  tNVO  vo  O  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo  VO  ts  N{n  in  ts  CnvO  vO 


.  VO 

•  tN  to  • 

tN  M  M 
VO  tN  tN 


VO 

W  VO  vo  vo 

vo  0  w  '<+■  VOVO  tN  IN00  to  W  W  W  ^ 
tOVO  vovovovovovovovovcvovovo 


vo  vo  to 

to  VOVO  VO  to  VO  VO  vo  to  vo  W  W  W 

OMThtNOOMrOWMMW  fOVO  00  0 

VO  VO  VOVO  tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tNVO  VO  VO  VO  tN 


to  to  vo  VO  to 

VO  tN  IO  W  to  tN  to  to  VO  VO  VO  VO  W  IO  VO  W 

vo  m  W  ro  vo  COVO  <OW  W  moo  to  o  n  tNOO  00  M  M  rovo  to  O'  tN  O'  O 

VO  tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tNVO  VO  tNVO  VO  v0  tN  tN  In  tNOO  CO  00  tN  tNVO  VO  tN  tN  tN  tN 


to  VO  vo  vo  VO  to 

to  tN  IO  tsio  to  tN  to  N  to  to  tN  to  W  to  •  VO 

W  ^vo  tNOO  OMroWMMfO^MroiOOvW^  vovo  0  ^vo  tN  vo  •  O  to  ro 
VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  tN  tN  tN  tNVO  vO  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  MN  tN  tNOO  tN  tNVO  'O  .  tN  tN  tN 


IO  vo  vo  vo  tO  vo 

VOtNW  MOW  W  vo  VO  tO  VO  VOVO  W  VO  VO  VO 

Tf-co  o  w  ro  ^t*vO  to  t — W  0  M  Q  tNVO  00  w  VOOO  O'  O'  W  o  0  O'  O'  0  roo  CO 

to  vovo  vo  vo  VO  vO  vq*vO  VO  vO  vO  vO  vo  vo  vovo  vO  vO  VO  vo  tN  tN  cnvo  vovo  vo  vo  vO 


VO 

tN  VO  VO  VO 

%  M  vo  tNOO  O'  O' VO  o 
tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tNOO 


to  vo  VO  VO  to  to  vo 

tN  tN  vo  VO  to  W  tN  W  w  VO  vo  VO  VO  VO  W  VO 

W  ro  o  0  tN  W  00  w  ro  W  vo  vo  tNOO  vo  ro  0  00  m  ro  ro 

tNVO  VO  tN  tNVO  tN  tNOO  00  00  00  00  00  tN  tNVO  tN  tNOO  00  CO 


to  to  to  to  'O  to  vo 

vowww  to  tN  vo  vo  VO  W  vo  vo  VO  VOW  tNVO  VOVO 

o  w  vovo  VOOO  O'  W  O'  m  w  tN  m  Tj-Hi  Tj-OVM  W  IO  vo  N  H  vovo  m 

tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tN  tNOO  tNVO  VO  VO  In  VO  tN  tN  tNOO  00  00  00  CO  CO  CO  vO  tN 


VO 

W 

O'  ro  O 

tNOO  oo 


vo  to  VO  vo  VO  vo  vo  vo  vo 

WW  vo  W  tN  IO  VO  W  to  VO  W  tN  W  VO  tN  VOVO 

iO  O'  0  W  W  iO  tNVO  tN  0  O  W  O' vO  VO  Nh  t  O'  O' 00  W  O'  m  O' CO  00  W  vO  tN 
vo  vovo  vO  VO  VO  vO  vO  VO  vO  VO  vO  10  iO  vo  VOVO  VO  VO  VO  vO  tNVO  InvO  lo  vOvO  vO  vo 


to  vo  to  vovo  to  VO  to  to  to 

tN  to  tN  tN  tN  W  VOW  vo  VO  W  WVOWWiOVOiO 

Tf  N  N  O'  O  M00  o  w  ro  to  W  O' 00  W  O'  ro  vo  ro  tNOO  00  O'VO  m  O' CO  m  ro 

tN  tN  tN  tNOO  OO  tNOO  tNVO  VO  tNVO  vO  tN  tNOO  00  00  00  00  00  tN  tNVO  vo  tNOO  CO  00 


to  to  to  to  to  to  • 

W  vo  tN  vo  VO  VO  VO  vowwm  W  w  VO  to  vo  •  vo 

CO  o  •t  t  Tt-VO  tN  tN vO  W  ro  M  tNOO  O'  ^  O'  O  O  VO  VOVO  oo  rf*  Tf-00  N  O  CO 
tNOO  OOOOOOOOOOOOOOVO'O  tN  tNVO  tNOO  00  O'  O'  O'  O'  O' 00  O'VO  tN  00  O'OO 


vo  vo  to  to 
w  VO  tN  w  tN 


to 

w 


vo 

w 


vo 

w 


vo  vo 

tN  w 


vo  0  W  ro  rovo  00 
iOvO  vO  vO  vO  vO  VO 


0  CO  O'-!  ro  O  vo  00  CO 
tNVO  IOVO  O  vO 


_  .  H  lOO  W  Ovt«  WOO  OO  tNN 

vo  VO  VOVO  VO  tN  tNVO  tN  tN  tNVO  vovo  VO  VG  vO 


m  w  CO  Tf  tOvO  tNOO  O'  O  m  w  ro  ^  vovo 


tNOO  O'O*- 

m  m  W  W 


ro  ^  vovo  tNOO  O'  0 
wwwwwwwro 


APPENDIX  —  (Continued). 


No.  33.] 


415 


a 

© 

© 

'O 

«3 

© 

© 

a 

5 


a 

© 

© 

'd 

03 

© 

•G 

o 

c 

Cl 


a 

© 

© 

'd 

03 

© 

rO 

© 

a 

•^4 

05 


a 

© 

© 

03 

© 

A 

© 

a 

co 


a 

© 

© 

'd 

0) 

© 

© 

a 

n 


a 

© 

© 

•d 

J3 

u 

a 


S 

co 


a 

o 

o 


3 

◄ 

t— 


Ph 

CO 


c 

o 

o 

55 


«! 

t- 


S 

G 

co 


c 

o 

o 

55 


S3 

-«! 


Ph 

co 


C 

O 

O 

55 


◄ 

t- 


a< 

CO 


c 

O 

o 

55 


◄ 

i- 


CU 

CO 


a 

o 

o 

55 


◄ 

N 


I 

3 


m 

U5  PI 


m  to  m  m  m  m 

*OCM  m  CN  m  tv  m  CN  CN  lOMOm 


m 
m  tv 


m 

tv 


in 

in  in  in  n 


»n  in  in  m  in 
»n  cn  n  n  in  n  w 


i  in  m  m  in  m 

•  ....  .  •  .  .  .  .  . 
vn  vr^SR  S3  ^  ^  mm^nnro-tmi-’t-^inio  ir>vO  vo  vo  vo  vo 

vovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovovo  vo  vO  vo  vo  vo  S 


m 


m  in 


in  in 
cn  cn 


m 

Mn  in  m 


m 

m  cn  m  m 


m  m 
tv  cs 


m 

tv 


m 


.  t  ..x.  ,  U|  U|  u/viujuj  rs  w  rs  i/- 


in  in 
cn  M 


m 

cn 


in 


m 

cn 


m 
tv  m 


m 


in  m 
w  m  n 


m 

m  in  o* 


8  e.8  8  8\8\S\&8  ivH'  8  88'88  8^ 


m  m  in 
cn  tv  tv 


m 
m  tv 


m  in  m 
in  n  n  o  in 


in  m  m  in 

N  NNN 


m 

tv 


.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  /  "  *  ;  # 

i~  *  *  0  n  ^  n  mvo  co  co  'O  Tt*  m  m  m  mvo  m  m  mvo  tv  t>*\o  risvn  r^ro  m 
tv  t>x  t>,  'OIOVOIOVOVOIOIOIOIOVOIOIOIO  iO  VO  VO  vo  vo vo  S  v^TnO  & 


in 

in  m  n  in 


in  in  m  in 

MnNNN 


m  m  in  in 
o*  cn  m  cn  cn 


in 

tv  m 


^  ^  ^  two  vo  vovo  >o  vo  «  vo  vo  vo  vovo  so  vo  vo  vo  vo  S  so  &  -  &  .*>  P 


>  MD  vo  i©  vo  vo  vo  tv. 


m 

m  tv 


in 

N 


m  in  in 
tv  tv  cn 


in  m  in  m 

NN  W  N 


vo  oo  vo  m  m 


m 

in  n  in 


MX N N K ss ^ R8  888&8888 


m  in  in  in  m  in 


in 


in  m  in 


^  K  ^  £££ £££$££  8\S>8  £8  £8  8\£-  8i£8  8  & 


m 

mmMn 


m  in 
cm  m  cn 


in  in 
cn  cn 


in 


in 

cn 


*■  R  v  ^58  «  ^8  8\S\g\o\Si'&8\8  8\S\S\g\£8  8  8  8  88  8*8*  8. 


m  in 
cn  tv  m 


m  in 

m  m  cn  cn  m 


^  in  Tf-  m  m  vo  n  tv  on  invo  moo  4-  ol  osoo’ 

tvoo  tv  tv  two  VO  VO  tv  tv  CO  VO  vO  vo  vO  VO  vo  tv  t^vo  vo 


m  m 
w  N 


m  m 
m  tv  m  « 


w  o>  m  m  moo 

two  tv  tv  two 


H  o  VO  Ov 
tv  tv  two 


m 


m 

tv 


m 

m  m  tv 


m  m 


mmpi 


m  m  m 

WWW 


m  m  m 

tv  CN  tv  m 


“  ^  £  &  £8  8  vo'vo’vS'  88  8  8  8\S\^8  8  8  ^^vo  8  88  8^^  88 


m 
m  tv 

0  m  os  o  tv  m  m  o 

tv  two  vo  vo  vo  vo  vo 


ov  m  m  tv  cn  o 
mvo  VO  vo  vo  vo 


m 

tv 

tv  o  Q  N 
mvo  vo  vo 


m 


m 

m  m  tv 


^  tn^rhtvcN  ov  mvo  ^co 
vovovovovovovovovovovovovo 


m 
m  tv 


m  m  m 


m 

tv  m 


m 

tv 


m 

cn  m 


^8OT^8cgcS88'vS'8'8'88K88v8  888.tg8  88cg  8 


m  m 


m  mm  mm 


mm  m 


m 


cgcScScS  8TO8  88.88'?8,888'888888'8^88888c88 


m  m  m  m 


m  m  m 

tv  tv  tv 


m  m 
cn  m  CN 


m 

tv 


mm  m 

cn  tv  m  tv 


m 

tv 


m 

CN 


8  88  8  8*8  8  5  $8  ^8  £•'£'£  S8  8  8  8  ^8*^8 


in«5  u5«o  ioioio  in  m  m  m  m  88  mm 

S^c?888188-8<5cSig'ig'88'8'8888888'8^8  88(S 


m 

m  mm  cn  i 

tv  M  Ovvo  CN  m  m  Ov  two  VO 
CO  OvOO  CO  tv  two  VO  tv 00  00 


m 

“i  mm  cn 

o  N  m  -t  o  m  yf-  OvvO  vo*  o 

tv  two  tv  tv  tv  00  tv  tv  tv  co 


m  m  m 
mmtvmcN  m  cn  mm 


m  cn  o  o 

tvoo  oo  oo 


^  tv  tv  m  m 
tv  tv  tvoo  tv 


m  m  8  m  m  m  8mm  8m  m  8  8  m 

8  88  8  8\?  S:  SJvS  8*8  ^8,8,8  8  8*8  8  «  ^8  8*8  8  88>8  8*8 


m 
tv  m  m 


m 
cn  m 


cn  m  mvo  tvoo  Ov  o  m  cn  m  ^  mvo  tvoo  o  o  «  w  ro  t  mvo  tvoo  c>  o  m 

MMMMMHIMMMMCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCOCO 


APPENDIX  -  (Continued). 


416 


[Assembly 


cu 

<V 

0) 

CO 

<v 

o 


r+< 


a 

cu 

co 


IO 

m  IO  m  N 


VO  VO  Vg  t>vo  vo  vp  to  LO  tOSD  'O  t>00  CO 


VO  vO  ' 


_  _  —  _  -  -  O  0  0  m  m  m  0s  OOO  N  N  N  N  N  N 

'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O  tN  rs  N  N  rs  r^vO  VO'O'OVO'O'O'O'O 


P 

o 

o 

55 


VO 

to  Cl 


VO 

« 


VO 
to  Cl 


to  VO  to 

N  CJ  VON 


VOVOVO  NN  t^vo  VO  »0  iO  VO  vO  'O'OCO  OOO  0  h  m  m  O  000  N-  N*  Cv  N* 
vO'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O  IS  ts  tN  S  tN  t^vo  VO  'O  vO  VO  vO  VO  VO 


a 

< 

h- 


vo 

Cl 


to 

to  to 


»o 


to  VO 

to  vo  vo  Cl  Ci  vo  vo  to 


VO  'O  VO  CO  C^vo  vo  vo  vo  vovO  'O  MCO  O'  0  0  m  m  >-  0  O0Q  N  N  n  N  S  N 
vO'OOOvOvOvOvOvOO'O'O'OvO'O'OvO  C^vO  O  'O  vO  O  O  O  O 


a 

< V 

a> 

XJ 

w 

0) 

.P 


a 

cu 

CO 


to 
to  Ns 


vo 

to  to  Cl 


VO 

Cl  •  VO 


OONOHOOO'N  r^oo  O'  0  Cl  vo  tovc  O  0  m  0  O'O' 

VO  NSS  t^*vO  0  0  000  r^vo  t^vo  VO 


c 

o 

o 


to  t/  to  to  to 


to 

Cl  to 


vo  O  m  o  t^vo  vo  ■*f  «ovO  mco  O'M  ci  ro  ■**■•'*■■*•  to  ^  O  0"0  r^oo  O'co  vo 

O  O  S  S  N-vO  OOOOOOOO  NSNSNSNCs  C^vo  OOOOOOO 


< 

t- 


to 

to 


to 

to  Cl  VO 


to  «o 
to  Cl 


VO  O'  M  O  t^vo  1^  ~t-  VOVO  1^00  O'M  Cl  fO  *t  -VMO  to  vo  o  O't^r^  r^co  O'CO  VO 
vo  VO  VO  C'x'O  OOOOOOOO  NNNtsNNNN  f^vo  OOOOOOO 


<v 

<D 
T3 
c n 
<D 

■P 

a 

Ci 


cu 

CO 


to 

Cl 


to 

N*  to 


to 

N» 


to 
to  Cl 


M  ro  '**-  rf  Cl  O'  O  oo  O'  O'  M  CO  tovc  CO  OOQ  Q  OQ  vOtNCO  w  N  O  O 

s  s  s  n  c^vo  t^vo  vo  vo  t^co  oo  t^oo  r*  r^vo  c^  n* 


a 

o 

o 

& 


to 

to 


to 


N  N  M  ci  O  VO  VO  VO  't  lO  N  N  O'  o  Cl  ^TJ-IOIOVOIOIOOCO  iO  N  MCO  O'CO  VO 
VO  'O  C^vo  OOOOOOO  C^vo  OOOOOOO 


a 

< 


»o 

to  to  to  to 


to  to 

MON 


to 
to  Cl 


to 


IOVO  o  M  O  VO  VOVO  ci  VOVO  N  O  o  Cl  C'  -t  Tf  IO  IO  vo  O'CO  to  VO  VO  N*  O'CO  VO 
VOOO  N  f^vo  OOOOOOOO  f^vo  OOOOOOOO 


o< 

<D 

© 

'O 

03 

© 

S3 

V 

a 

CO 


a 

cu 

co 


to 


to 

to  N  vo 


to 

MO  to  VO  to 


to 

to  to  Cl 


n  to  N  vo  N  O'  h  CO  O  M  CO  to  MCO  »-  ro  Cl  Cl  CO  M  d  •'t'VO  CINNVOtOOM 
C^  t>.vO  t>*vO  SNNNN  C^OO  GO  CO  00  OO  CO  00  N  N  t^vQ 


o 

o 

£ 


to 

Cl 


to  to 

MON 


to 

to 


to 


to 

to 


VO 

vo 


CO  O'  ro  ^  O  VO  M  to  VOVO  COCO  M  M  't  vOVO  N  MO  N  -t  O  CO  ^00  CO  O'  O' 00  VO 
vo  vO  N  N  t>.vO  vo  VO  vo  VO  VO  vo  MVO  ^0^000^000 


a 

◄ 


to  IO  to  vo  to  to  to  to  to  to  to  to  to  to  VO 

Cl  ro  N  o  co  Cl  Cl  ^00  M  ro  ro  IOVO  CO  O  M  Cl  Cl  rOCO^tO"^-0  't  n  N  IO  N 
vo  VO  vo  t^vo  vo  vo  VO  IOVO  vo  vo  VO  VO  VO  N  N  N  N  N  N  C^vO  00000000 


a 

© 

© 

T3 

m 

© 

S3 

O 

a 

CO 


Pi 

<V 

<D 

■P 

c 


a 

Cu 

CO 


to 

Cl 


to 


to 

to  to  Cl  to 


to 

Cl  to 


to 

Cl  to 


O  o  ‘-oo  t*-  ~  ro  O  ro  COO  O  M  Cl  O  M  tOO  CO  O  to  iO  O  Cl  CO  tOOO  N  m  ci  O 
t^OO  CO  t^OO  CO  co  OO  CO  CO  x  co  oo  NO 


a 

o 

o 

z 


to 

N-  to 


to 
to  ci 


to  tr 
Cl  Cl  to 


to 


to  O'  O'  cc  O  ci  n  O'  N  -t-  ^-00  com  ci  ro  ro  O  ^  c^O  moo  ro  ro ’t  n  ci  O' 
r^vo  o  c^co  co  oo  go  co  co  co  c^vo  t^vo 


a 

< 


to  to 


_ _  *»Q  Cl  Cl  't  to  O'  O'  J* 

VO  VO  vo  C>vO  vo  vO  vo  tovo  vo  vo  vO  vO  vO  vO  N> 


to  to  to  to 


Ci  ci  ci  'froci  ci  mom 

N  N  N  N  N  t^vVO  vo  tovo  vO  VO  vO  vO  vO 


a 

Cu 

CO 


to 

vO  Q 
c^oo 


ro  O 

oo  oo 


to 

to  to  Cl  to  to  to 

M  r**.  O'  ro  rO'O  O  m  O'  C^CO  O'CO  vo  to  O'  O  t^'O  O'CO  O  Cl  co 

tv,  NvVO  Nh  t>.O0  OOOOCOOOCOOOOOOOOO  «vO  N  N  N  N  N  N 


C 

c 

o 

Sz; 


to 
to  Cl 

fcg 


T}-  ^-vp  roqo  O  pvo  _M 


00  CO  Nh  t^oo  CO  oo  CO  co 


-*■  ^-.C>cg'cg' 


M  M  l/v 

O'  O'CO 


0  M  -rfCO  Tf-  o  O  Ci  ^  Q  VC 

O'CO  co  i^oo  oo  co  t^oO 


a 

◄ 

Ir- 


to  to 
Cl 


N  NCO  MOO  M  m  rr)N 

'O  vO  vo  t^vC  vc  vo  VO  to 


Q  Ci  Cl 

vO  vO  vC 


to  to  to 

in  to  to  MO  to  N  to  N  to  to  to 

tovc  OOciOCiro^-'Oroci'O'^Md  t^vn  m 

vc  'O  t^vc  vc  tovc  vc  vo  vc  vC  vc 


I 

SI 

◄ 


M  CS  CO  Tf  If)<0  t^OO  O'  O  >-■  N 


(O  Tf  IOVO  t^OO  O'  O  rr  N  ro  IOVO  t^OO  O'  O  rT 

„MMi-ir-Mr<«NNCfNf<NNNNrOrO 


AlIPEEINTIDIX  — (Continued). 


No.  33] 


417 


C. 

ft 

ft 

'O 

CO 

ft 

js 

o 

a 


C-1 


p< 

PC 


o 

o 

!3 


in 

cm 


in 


in  in 

m  ci  n  m 


m  m  m  m 

in  n  io  n  in  in  in  cm  in  in 

^S'S  tipS  O'  O'  0  0  0  O  O  O  Mn  in  imn  >n  m  m  n  cm  «  cm  m  pi  cm  cm  mm 

VOVOVOIOVOVO  C^nIO  'O'O'O'O'O'O'OlO'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O 


Dc 

ft 

ft 

'O 

03 

ft 

.a 

ft 

a 

o; 


(ft 

ft 

ft 

03 

ft 

JS 

o 

a 

o 


(ft 

ft 

ft 

'D 

03 

ft 

JS 

ft 


03 


c. 

ft 

ft 

'O 

& 

ft 

o 


◄ 

t— 


a 

ft 

ft 

’O 

03 

ft 

nj 

ft 

c 

01 


fU 

CO 


a 

o 

o 

£ 


t- 


0, 

CO 


a 

o 

o 

fc 


a 

◄ 


eu 

CO 


c 

o 

o 

% 


< 

t- 


fu 

co 

c 

o 

o 

S3 


55 

◄ 

N 


Ph 

CO 


c 

o 

o 

S3 


•< 

t- 


u 

ft 


52 

c.  ! 
0)  1 
m 


to 

lO  cn 


to  to 

lO  MO  lO  m  MO 


to  to  lO 


to  lO  u-> 

NNN 


to 

cn 


to  to 

MON 


to 

CN 


lOVO  M0C  O'  O'  O'  0  0  0  0  O' 00  VO  tO  lOVO  to  t}-  TO  0J  (N  M  M  m  fM  <m  ^  A. 
VO  vo  vo  vo  VO  vo  VO  tx  tx  tx  CxVO  VOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVO  v£?\o  vo  VO  vo\c? 


io  io  to  in 

lOino  N  N  N 


IO  IO 
^  MO  N 


to 

CN 


io 
to  CM 


55  O'  O'  0  0  O  0  0  oo  vo  to  tovo  vo  ^  n  n  cn  cn  co  ro  cn  cl  roro 
vo  vo  vo  vo  VO  vo  VO  tx  tx  Cx  tx  CxvO  vovovovovovovovovovovovovovovo  VO  VO 


to 

IO  K  io 


to 

CN 


IO  to  to 


to 

to  tMO  io 


to  to 


to  to 
to  W  MO 


n  jovo  tovo  tntON^o  tx  tovo  co  CO  roroot  m  cn  cn  Tt-  ri-  ro  m  tovo  rn 
vo  NN  tsNNtNM.NNtNyOvOVOiOvOvOiO^OVOVOvo\OvOVOOvOvOvo 


to  to 

tx  cx 


«0 
to  CN 


to  to  to 
NM  MO 


‘O 

IOION 


to 

tx 


to 

Cx  to 


to 
to  tx 


iJCMP.S'  M  ^  N  OrhonoMON  N  vo  m  ^  0  m  O'  C  0  rn  O  m  m  tJ-  w 
VO  vo  vo  tx  tx  cx  tx  tx  tx  tx  txvO  vo  vo  vo  VO  VO  vo  vo  VO  tovo  vo  VO  vo  vo  vO  vo  vo  >0 


to  to  to 


to 


to  to 

to  IO  to  Ci  CN  to 


to 

CN 


IO 

CN  to 


to 
to  CN 


tO 

tX 


to 

CN 


Jg  IS  58  £  ro  ro  CO  rooo  ^  N  NVOVO  >O0  N  0^0  O  N  to  h  n  tro 

VO  VO  VO  N  Ms  ts  N  N  N  Cxvo  VOVOVOVOVQVOVOVO  «OVO  VOVOVOVOVOVOVOO 


to  to  to 

CN’  Cx  (N  to  to  to 


IO  to  to  io  to 

.  .  .  .  .  to  to  N  MO  to  N  to  N  tx  IO 

2  [>  S'  ^  JPrQ  iC  Jr  .  00  0  ON  ro  Tj-IN  CN  CN  CN  lOiOrt-MvdoC  rC 

CSNCsNNNNN  C>.C0  Cx  CxVO  VO  VO  Cxvo  'OVOVOVOVOVOVO'OVOVOVOVOVO 


to  to 

M  tx 


to  to  to 
Cx  to 


to 

tx 


io 

tx 


to 

Cx 


IO 

CN 


S  01  MO  no  ^  co  O'  0  ro  ro  0  0  ro  to  CN 

VO  vo  VO  Cs  N  N  N  N  N  ts  txvO  VO  VO  vQ  VQ  VO  vo  to  vo  to  tovo  VO  VO  vo  vQ  vO  vo  VO 


to 

Cx  tO 


to 

CN 


to  to 


tO 

tx 


to 

to  tx 


to  to  to 
CN  CN  CN 


*£"!  tOCO  M  CO  CN  CO  to  ro  CO  ro  Cx  to  o  m  tovo  Tt* CO  M  tx  O'  o  CN  ry.  rs  ni  —a.  nj 
VO  VO  no  N  ts  N  N  N  N  N  txVO  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  vo  to  VO  tO  in  VO  vo  VO  tOVO  vo  vo  VO 


to 

rx 


to 

CN 


to 
to  CN 


to  to 
to  MO  io  MO 


to 

CN 


to  tO 
CN  Cx  IO' 


CN  Tt*  0  0  CN  O'  CN  O'  0  CN  rf-  M  N  N  OO  0  0  IO  M  fOCN  CN  VO  N  rfi 

^  CO  CO  0,00  Cxoo  00  Cx  r>»  VO  VO  VO  Cx  Cxvo  VO  VQ  VO  vo  vo  vO  VO  VO  VO  vo  'O  vo 


to  to 

CN  CN 


to 

CN 


to 

CN 


to  to  IO  to  tx  to 


to  to 

Cx  CN 


to  to 

^'S  JP  0  m  <>in  o  O' oo  oo  O'  O'  rn  rn  o  oo  min  w 

^0^0  CxCxtxtxCxCxCxCx  CxvO  vo  vo  VO  VO  VO  VO  to  vO  to  to  tOVO  VO  VO  tOVO  'O  VO 


to  to 

tx  Cx  to  to 


to 

Cx  to 


to 

to  Cx  to 


to 

CN 


to  IO 

CN  to  to  CN 


to 

CN 


Om  O'M  ro  O  m  m  too  ^  tx  N-  rn  0  roOvCNVO  Cxm  m  mrxw  no  o 
vo  VO  VO  vo  Cxvo  Cx  Cx  tx  tx  txVO  vo  to  to  VO  vo  vo  to  to  to  to  to  vo  VQ  to  to  VQ  vo  VO 


to 

CN  lO 


IO 

CN  IO  tO  IO  to 


tO  IO  IO 
Cx  tx  to  tx 


to  oo  tj-  to  to  cn  o  m  rf-  m  ^  cv  v,  v, 

Cx  CxOO  CO  CO  OO  CO  CO  OO  00  Cx  Cxvo  vo  Cx  Cx  tx’ 


tx  O'  CN  CN  CN 


txO  tOmrOOrj-tOCNOO  0  IO 
vovovovovov ovovovovo  Cxvo 


to 

Cx 


to  to 

to  Cx  CN 


to  to  to  to  to 


to  to  to 

CN  tx  Cx 


to  tO 

IO  tx  to  tO  CN 

m  ^  0  CN  CN  CN  to  tx  m  ^00  O  VO  vo  O'VO  O'  0  «0  6  ^-CN  m*  k  tx  i  n  oj 

tx  txco  00  CO  00  00  CxQO  00  Cx  txVO  VO  VO  Cxvo  vo  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  VO  to  VO  txVO 


to 

CN  lO  tO 


to  to 
tx  IO  CN  tO 


tO  tO 
Cx  tx 


IO 

CN  tO  lO 


O'  O'  VO  O'  M  oo  CN  m  0  M  O  O' 00  o  to  "'■f-  CN  00  O  00  O  tovri  ro  M  CO  rr\  rr\ 

IO  tovo  vo  txVO  Cx  Cx  tx  tx  tx  LO  to  to  tovo  VO  to  tO  tO  to  to  tOVO  vO  tO  tovo  O  to* 


to  to 
CN  CN 


IO 

tx  ir 


IP  P'IS  JP  JT1  M  M  to  O'  CN  o  VO  00  CN  CN  r^  O'  txco  rj-  CN  rO  0  ro  Tf  CN  CJ'CG  VO 
CxOO  CO  00  CO  CO  CO  00  tx  tx  txVO  vo  txco  Cx  iO VO  to vO  VO  VO  txVO  VO  vO  VO  vo  O 


to 

to  to  to  tx 


to 

CN  tO 


tO  tO 
CN  CN  lO 


IO 

CN 


oo /p  0  O'  CN  CN  to  M  to  M  O  too  r-Nm’to  ro  n-  M  VO  to  M 
CxOO  O' CO  O'  ON  O' CO  CO  O'OO  Cx  tx  tx  tXQQ  txVO  txVO  Cxvo  VO  tx 


0  m  o  ro 

Cx  Cx  CxVO  Cx  txvO 


to 

CN 


to 

tx  to 


IO 

CN  tO  to 


lO  IO  to 
tx  CN  CN  IO 


00  O'OO  0  CN  O'  ro  ro  o  M  o  CO  N  0"t  i-  H  »O00  00  O'  sf-vo  ro  CN  m  tx  I •  ] ii i 
to  tovo  tx  Cxvo  Cx  tx  tx  tx  Cx  to  to  t}-  lOVO  VO  to  rj-  LO  rr  LO  tOVO  VQ  tO  tovO  VO  tO 


H  CN  CO  ^  tOVO  CxOO  O'  0  m 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  33.] 


n  m  mvo  i^oo  O'  0  m  n  m  mvo  r^oo  o  o 
rtHMMHMHM<MNNNOICMPlN(MNrn 


53 


APPENDIX  -  (Concluded). 


418 


[Assembly,  No.  33.] 


© 

© 

'O 

t n 
© 
S3 
o 
a 

5$ 


• 

to  to 

to  to 

to  to 

to 

to 

to  to 

a 

N  tx  to 

to 

tX  N 

to  N 

N 

to 

to 

to 

rx 

N 

to 

N 

N 

to 

COCOH  N  POCON  N 

o 

O' 00  o  0 

O' CO  Nx  fx.vO 

to 

to  r^vo 

*+  N 

*-• 

M 

M 

M 

>— 

M 

p 

ooooooooo 

to 

too  o 

to  to  to 

*o 

to  to  to 

to  to  to 

to 

»o 

tO 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

• 

to  to  to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to  to  to 

WO 

p 

o 

o 

£ 

N  N  to  N 

to 

tx  to 

N  IO  tO 

N 

to 

N  IO 

Nx  iO 

c>* 

N 

Nx 

to  to 

N 

to 

COCON  m  CO  CO  CO  N 

M 

O'  O'  O'  0 

Oco  s  t>.o 

to  to  t^vo 

CO  M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

OOOOOOOOO 

to 

to  too  O  to  to 

tO 

to 

to  to 

to  to  to 

to  to 

to  to  to 

to 

to 

to 

a 

to  to  to  to  to  to 

to 

to  to  to 

to 

to  to  to 

to  to 

to 

N  N  N  N  tx  N 

N 

to  N 

N  S  tO 

N 

lOlON  SS 

to 

N 

Nx  N 

to 

• 

CO  CO  N  m  N  CO  CO  N 

M 

0 

O'  O'  Q 
to  too 

Oco  N 

N 

io  to  r>.vo 

to 

CO  N 

M 

M 

w 

w 

M 

*<1 

OOOOOOOVQOO 

O  to  to 

to 

to  to  to  to  to  to  to 

to 

to 

to  to  to  to  to 

t- 

a 

to  to  to  to  to 

to 

to  to 

to 

to 

to 

N  to  N  tO  N  N 

tx  N 

to  SN 

to 

to 

Nx 

• 

IO  n  O  to  to  to  fO  O 

tx 

tx  O'  M  M 

MOi/ltO 

N 

O'  to 

SSN 

O'  C^vo 

ooo  CO 

o 

fl 

oooooo  oo 

to  to  too  o 

to  to  to 

to  tO  tO 

to  to  to 

^ t 

CD 

P. 

© 

© 

'O 

Ifi 

© 

rP 

o 

C 


G 

o 

o 

53 


◄ 

t- 


to  to  to  to  to 
n  tx  tx  cs  tx  to 


to  to  to 

NlOf)  N 


tO 
to  N 


to 

tx  to  to  to 


IO 

tx 


to 

N 


^■h  ON  tnn  O'©  co  to  0  0  O  N  mo  H  CO  M  ^  N  OJ  CO  tx  c**0  O  txQO  CO 
VO  O  u>vO  VO  VO  VO  to  »0  to  to  VO  vo  lOiO^OiOto^iOiOiOlO’J-'t  ^  ^  ^  -r  -t- 


to 

tx  to  to 


to 

to  to  n 


to  to  to 

W  tslON 


to 

tx 


to 

tx  to 


to  to  to 

W  N  N 


to 

CS  to  to 


roNOO^-NWO 

VO  CN  tovo  o  o  o  o 


n  ro  to  O'  h  n  n  mo  n  co  o  ^oo  coco  tx  ^o  O'  h*  txco 
to  to  to  too  loioioioio’tioioiotomt^-'t^-t't't 


2 

to  to  to 

to  to  to 

to 

to 

to  to  to 

to  to  to 

to 

IOMONN  tO 

tO  N  N  N 

fx 

to 

Nx  t>x 

to 

N  N  N 

• 

VO  O  0  COvO  N  CO  O 

tx00  0  N  P) 

tovo  *-<  oo  vo 

O'VO  M  co  Nx  tovo 

r^oo 

O' 

fll 

VO  VO  vO  vO  vO  VO  vO  vo 

to  tovo  vo  vo 

to  to 

to  to  to  -3"'© 

LO  to  to  rr  Tj-  tT 

^  ^  ^ 

-r 

fl. 

CO 

© 

© 

'fl 

p 

to  to 

to  to  to 

to  to 

to 

to  to 

0Q 

© 

Nx  IO  to  IO 

to  N  N  N  to  to 

Nx  N 

to  to 

N 

to 

o 

't  O  00  N  ^  co  H 

O'  ^  N  to  0  Q 
tOVO  to  tOvO  vO 

0 

CO  rt-  0  vo 

M 

to  ShvO  io  H 

to 

O'  to  N 

X! 

© 

VO  vo  tOvO  VO  VO  vO 

to  to 

to  to  to  Tt- 

to 

IO  io  to  'f  ^ 

^ 

-r 

a 

• 

•  r-i 

a 

to  to  to 

to  to 

LO  to 

to 

to 

OS 

to  to  N  to  S  N 

tO  to  N  t~x 

to 

N  MOtO 

to  N  to 

to 

• 

CO  ^  00  O'  N  H 

O' to  HI  Tt-0  O'OO 

N  ^  O  VO 

O'  'I- co  N  VO  to  W 

to  0"0  VO 

r-x 

<1 

VO  VO  tO  tOvO  VO  VO 

to 

to  to  lOvO  vO 

m  in  io  m  ui 't- 'i- 

IO  to  to  -t  Tj- 

^  Tt*  ^ 

a 

© 

© 

fl 

in 

© 

A 

o 

a 

CO 


a 

CO 


to  to 

tx  tx 


to  to  to 
n  f*  n 


to 

to  tx 


to  to 

N  N 


to 

tx 


toco  o  otxoo  n  oo  o  oo  ~  co  m  to  ^  n  noo  o  to  oo  ion  ro  to  n  to  nod 
O  too  O  O  O  O  to  to  too  OO  to  to  to  IO  -t  too 


p 

to 

to  to 

to 

to 

to 

to  to 

to  to 

tO  tO  N 

S  IP)  N 

tx 

to 

to  N  to 

tx  to  to 

tx  to  N 

to  tx  N 

o 

• 

• 

•  •  • 

• 

o 

toco  VO 

to  co  -3-  0 

t-x 

M 

N 

LO 

M  6 

N 

O'  ^  CO  tx  co  N 

too  00 

'l-HCO  NCO 

co  too 

a; 

vo 

to  too  vo  vo  vo 

too 

to 

LOO  0 

lO'ttOiO'J-'ttOiOlO'}- 

a 

to  to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

IONS 

to 

N 

to 

N 

to  to  t-x 

tx 

to  to  N 

,  tx 

• 

N  00  to 

t"x  CN  O' 00 

LO 

M  0 

0 

O'  O'  M 

^  O'  N  O  MO 

M 

tx  tx 

M  M  0  N  CO 

N 

< 

VO 

to  to  too  to  to 

to 

to 

Tt-  to 

to  to 

to 

tJ-  tO  Tf  tJ- 

to 

to 

^  co  ^ 

-3-  -r  xr 

a 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to  to  to 

# 

to 

to  t*x 

to  Nto 

to 

N  to 

t-X 

N  N  to  N 

•  to 

tx 

vo 

t-x  0 

N  Cx  O'  N 

O'  to  O'  co  ^  0 

CO  ^O  N  t-x  CO  M 

CO 

Tt-  ^-O  O 

to  tx  o> 

p 

VO 

too 

txO  O  O 

to 

to 

LOO  O  0 

to 

IO  IO  tO  Tf-  rf\Q  O 

to  -t- 

^ 

p. 

© 

© 

'O 

to 

© 

S3 

V 

a 

CO 


CO 


c 

o 

o 

& 


◄ 

t- 


to  to 

N  to  N 


to 

tx  to 


to 

N  to 


to 

N 


to  to  to 

N  tx  N 


to 

N 


to 

N 


OCO  00  0)  SO  fON  CO00  0  ^  CO  CO  CO  ^-O  O  ^  O  N  tx  0  O  N  N  co  OO  00  O 
o  to  to  txO  txO  too  too  OO  lO  to  to  tr>  t}-  rf  too  tOiO't't^-'t^-’l*^’^- 


to  to  to  to 
N  N  S  to  N 


to 

N 


N  tx  Tj-00  N  0  O  '^'CO  CO  O  M  O  00 
o  to  to  too  o  to  to-t  -t  -3"0  to  -t- 


O  m  -t*- 
^  to 


to 

N 


vo  m  co  to 

to  to  T}- 


to 

N  to 


’'*■  O  •  ^  '<t- 

^  Tj-  • 


Cu 

© 

© 

fl 

sx 

© 

fl 


a 

fl 

CO 


fl 

c 

o 


a 

<! 


to 

to  to  N  to 


to 

ION  to 


to 

tX 


to  to  to 
N  to  to  N  ION 


to  to  to  to  to 


too  0  CO  toco  h  O'  N  CO  CO  toco  M  roo  OvtO  O  *-•  CON  N  m  tx  co  tx  t*-  t*-  txoO 

o  too  txo  o  o  to  to  too  o  to  to  to  tc)  -t  tto  o  tO'^-^coTj-T^-x^-rj-'^-Tr 


to 
to  tx 


to  to  to 

N  N  N 


to  to  to 
to  to  N  to  N  ts 


'-t-00  o  0  COO  CO  CO  N  to  S\0  to 00  o  to  O'  N  O  S  O'  S  N  CO  CO  N  CO  O  00  0  CO 
tx  too  oo  tx  no  to  too  o  o  o  too  to  to  to  "<ro  o  toio-^^'^-'fio^ioio 


to 

tx 


to 

N 


to 

tx 


to  to 


ro  to  ^4-  m  M  N  to  COO  H  CO  N  O'  to  N  O'  0  NO  tO  m  O'  CO  IO  O'  w  0  O'  O  ^  CO 
vo  to  too  o  o  to  to  't  ^O  torrro^to^coTj-iotO'^-cocorc'TTrr  co  rr 


I 

u 

©^5 

•°  =e 

CCC 

-w  — 1 1 
o 

o 


M  CO  Tf  l no  CxOO  O'  0  W  N  m  “I'D  txoo  O'  0  -I  N  r<!  U-  u->\0  txOO  O'  O  h 
mhhmmihwm«hNWNNWNC<(S('IN''0.0 


INDEX. 


A.  PAGE. 

Acid  and  putrefactive  food .  49 

Act  establishing  station . 5 

Agricultural  species  of  maize.  . . 145 

Analyses .  330 

butter .  345 

clover .  330 

feeds . 332 

fertilizers .  352 

fodders . .  330,  331 

fruits .  333 

hay . 330 

milk . 345 

seeds .  331 

•  sorghum .  351 

vegetables . . .  333 

wastes .  332 

Appendix .  404 

Apple  blight .  369 

scab . 370 

list .  20 

Apricot  list .  22 

Asparagus  beetle .  320 

rooting  habit . 308 

B. 

Barley  . . . . .  81,  387 

Beet . 191 

rooting  habit . 311 

Board  of  Control .  3 

Brewers’  grains .  49 

Brocoli .  213 

Buhach .  322 

Bulletins . 18 

Butter  tests  .  334 


420  [Assembly 

C.  PAGE. 

Cabbage .  208 

aphis .  321 

caterpillar .  317 

rooting  habit .  313 

Carrot .  193 

rooting  habit .  312 

Cauliflower . 212 

Celeriac .  219 

Celery . 218 

rooting  habit . 314 

Chard .  191 

rooting  habit .  311 

Cherry  list .  21 

Chicory  . .  286 

Churning  tests .  334 

Classification  of  barley  and  oats .  385 

corn .  56 

pea  . .  238 

Clematis  disease .  383 

Corn,  cultivation  of .  99 

germination .  118 

study  of . 124 

thickness  of  planting .  101 

tip  kernels  for  seed .  90 

variety  tests . 93 

varieties  :  Canada .  96 

Can  ad  a  Yellow .  96 

Chester  County  Mammoth .  97 

Compton’s  Early .  95 

Compton’s  Surprise .  95 

Early  Canada . 96 

Extra  Early  Adams .  98 

Flesh  Color . 97 

Eight-rowed  White  Flint . 96 

Eight-rowed  Y'ellow .  96 

Golden  Dent .  98 

Golden  Dew  Drop. . . .  97 

Improved  Blount’s  Prolific .  98 

Long  Island  White .  98 

New  England  Eight -rowed .  96 

Orange  Flint .  97 

Pearce’s  Prolific . 96 

Pierce’s  Columbia .  96 

Queen  of  the  Prairie . 99 

Rural  Thoroughbred .  97 

Silver  White  Flint .  96 

Sixt}^  Day  Dent  . 99 

weeding  of .  100 


No.  33.] 


421 


PAGE. 

Corn  and  cane  fodder .  103 

Corn  salad .  286 

Cress .  286 

Cucumber . 206 

Cultivation  of  corn .  99 

Currant  list .  22 

D. 

Dent  corns .  172 

Digestibility  of  foods .  41 

Digestion  experiments . 26,  49 

Donors .  15 

Duplicates .  . ,  62 

germinations .  106 

Duties  of  a  Station .  11 


Endive . . 

rooting  habit, 
Ensilage,  analyses 
digestion  of.  , 


F. 

Feeding  experiments . 

Fertilizer  analyses . 

experiments . 

Finocchio  . . 

Flint  corns  . . 

Fodder  corn . 

analyses . 

digestion  0f . 

Forage  crops . 

Fungi.  . . 

G. 

Germinations . 

temperature  for  maize . 

trials  . 

Gifts . . . 

Green  and  ripe  seed . 

Gumming  or  Gummosis . 


285 

308 

47 

45 


. 14,  26 

.  19 

24,  38,  193,  236,  326 

. .  287 

. . .  164 

.  102 

.  47 

.  45 

.  101 

.  353 


.  105 

.  118 

. 12,  25 

.  15 

196,  199,  224,  232 
.  375 


H. 

Hammond’s  Slug  Shot .  322 

Hay,  digestion  of .  46 

Herbs  . i .  286 

Ilybred  barley .  81 

Hybridization  of  maize .  148 


422  [Assembly 

page. 

Hygroscopic  properties  of  grain  . . 79 

l  " 

Index  to  corns . 186 

peas . . .  277 

Insect  remedies . „ .  196 

Insecticides . ...... . .  315 

K. 

Kohl-rabi,  rooting  habit . 313 

L. 

Large  and  small  seed . 199 

Leaf  blight . . .  367,  370 

brownness . .  . . . .  368,  371 

mildew . 371 

scab .  367 

yellowing . 369 

Leek .  202 

Lettuce . . . . . . .  213 

rooting  habit . , .  307 

Little  Soluble  Phenyle .  322 

Lysimeter  . . . . 14,  347 

M. 

Maize,  a  study  of . .  ‘ .  124 

Mangold  . .  191 

Melon .  202 

rooting  habit . 313 

Meteorology .  23 

Milk . . . . , . . .  14 

phenomenal .  60 

Mulched  potatoes . 74 

Museums,  need  of . 155 

N. 

Nectarine  list . 22 

Nitrification .  13 

Nomenclature . . . . .  12,  189 

Number  of  varieties  tested .  291 

O. 

Oats .  390 

moisture  in . 80 

Officers .  3 

Onion . 200 

rooting  habit . 310 

Orchard . 20 


No.  33.] 


423 


P. 

rooting  habit . 

rooting  habit . 

Peach  curl . 

list  .  . 

yellows . 

Pear  blight . 

list . 

Peppers . 

Phenomenal  milk . 

Pinching  back  of  vines . 

Plat  system . . . 

Plum  list . . 

Pod  corns . 

Pop  corns . - . 

Potatoes . 

seed  from  productive  and  unproductive  hills 
varieties . 


Parsnip 
Pea . .  . 


PAGE. 

...  311 
...  228 
. ..  306 
. ..  373 
. ..  21 
. ..  372 
. ..  357 
...  20 
...  221 
. . .  '60 
. ..  204 
12,  62 
. ..  21 
. ..  186 
. ..  183 
. ..  68 
. ..  301 
...  293 


Q. 

Quince  blight .  371 

list . 22 

rot .  372 

R. 

Padish  .  194 

fly  .. .  196,  316 

rooting  habit .  310 

Rainfall . 24 

Raspberry .  322 

Report  of  the  Assistant .  385 

Board  of  Control .  7 

Botanist .  353 

Chemist . 329 

Director . 10 

Farmer .  402 

Horticulturist .  189 

Treasurer . ,  9 

Rhubarb  list .  23 

Root  washings .  305 

Rooting  of  plants .  13 

Rot  in  green  tomatoes .  379 

ripe  tomatoes .  380 

Rust  on  Canada  Thistle .  385 

Ruta  baga  .  199,  200 


S. 


Salt  as  a  fertilizer, 


193 


424 


[Assembly,  No.  33.] 


PAGE. 

Savoy  cabbage .  210 

Seed  coat .  328 

influence  of  position  on .  200,  211 

selections .  196,  199,  224,  231,  232,  233,  234,  284 

Shading  potatoes .  77 

Skirret . • .  287 

Slipping  cabbages .  212 

Smut  in  oats .  382 

Soft  corns .  181 

Soil  temperatures .  23 

thermometers .  406 

Soja  bean .  101 

digestion  of . 45 

Sorghum  as  forage . . .  103 

Spinach .  283 

rooting  habit .  308 

Squash .  205 

Squash  vine  borer . * .  318 

Strawberry .  325 

Striped  cucumber  beetle . 316 

Sugar  beet .  191 

Sweet  corns . .  ....  156 

Synonyms .  288 

T. 

Thermometer  readings .  404 

Tobacco .  326 

Tomato .  221 

rot . . .  227,  379 

Turnip .  197 

Flea  beetle .  315 


Y. 

Yrellows  in  peach . . .  372 

W. 


Wheat,  improvement  of 
moisture  in . . 


83 

79 


mmmz  cdcmbst. 


NARRAGANSETT  EARLY. 


EARLY  MINNESOTA 


TOM  THUMB 


V*  size 


Vi  size 


N?  6. 


Luh  by  Weed  Parsons  l  Cc  Albery  W  Y 


^4  size 


v*  size 


Hsize 


V*  size 


BLACK  MEXICAN 


N?  14. 


£ith  by  Weed  Persons  i  Cc  Albany  A'  Y 


smus  omBss* 


vi  size 


>CfcvMnORF'S  FARLY  CONCORD. 


Hsize  N?  18.  j^o  jg 

vi  size 


Lith  by  Weed  Parsons  i  CuMbaiu  W  Y 


SmUMT  (SQDIBST, 


GOLDEN  SWEET. 


v*  size 


Hsize 


Zith  by  Weed  Parsons  i  Co  Albany  y  }' 


«RM'V 


smsiML*  otmesjo 


Lith  by  lf/eed  Parsons  f  Cc  Alban  If  )' 


J 


EARLY  CANADA. 

(VAUGHAN) 
CANADA  STURT 


y°  ? 


V*  S1ZP 


!4size 


*4  size 


H  size 


*4  size 


Lid  byWeed  Parsons  l  Co.  Alb  ass  NY 


IS'IILCiYa'  (£CMW, 


FORTY  DAYS 


Visize 


RHODE  ISLAND  WHITE  CAP. 


y*  size 


LACKAWAXEN  . 
(PERRY  1881.) 


0  18. 


»4.Size 


Vi  size 


¥4  size 


lith  by  Weed  Perseus  t  Cc  Albeu-y  N  Y 


I 


i 


o 


15'HLD.Ya' 


CANADA  12  ROWED 
(FROM  P.  2.) 


K?  29 


size 


»4  size 


CANADA 

NEW  ENGLAND  8  ROWED  FLINT. 


ET?  21. 


y*  size 


EARLY  DUTTON. 


N°31 


y*  size 


ZzZC  Parsons  i  Cc  JJlm  N  i 


a* 


Tamrr^w 


Tj  >- 


NEW  ENGLAND  12  ROWED 

(gold.) 


N?  32. 


V 4  size 


MAIZE  FROM  AFRICA.E  .1 
(LANDRETH  1884-) 


Hsize 


LARGE  WHITE  FLINT 
OR  HOMINY. 
(BUSS  1881.; 


N°33 


size 


Hsize 


CHINESE  GOLDEN 
(GREG) 


N?  3  7 


DUTTON 


FRENCH  YELLOW  SIX  WEEKS  VIL 
VAUGHAN  188*. 


y*  size 


Luh  by  Weed  Parsons  i  Co.  Alban  A' T 


> 


y i size 


CUBAN 


FRANKUNS  YELLOW 


v*  size 


JAPANESE  STRIPED. 


Hsize 


ZiA  by  Weed  Parpens  S  Cc  M.baia  ft'Y 


Lid:  by  Weed  Larsens  i  Co  Mi  an,  if  : 


H  size 


*4  size 


LONG  ISLAND  DENT 
THORB.  1883. 
STA.  1884- 


PRIDE  OF  THE  NORTH 
GODDARSfVAUGHAN) 
SIBLEYS  (SIBLEY) 
1883.  _  , 


v*  size 


WRIGHT  CORN. 
R.H.DULONG 
U  PPER  VILLE,  VA 
1 8  81  . 


S  MED  LEY 
SIBLEY,  1882 


V4  size 


Xn 

sA\  UL^-o 

it  j 

CARAGUA 


WISCONSIN  YELLOW 
VAUGHAN . 


v*  size 


Lilh  by  Weed  Parsons  l  Cc  All  am  A*  i~ 


'  HOIS* 


•  p-  nror  t1  iiD'jiii 


!4size 


‘  *  S1ZP 


l4  Sl/.P 


Lid.  h\  Weed  Fwsons  I L 


jlrtHAfO' 

Of  1HE 

msmM  <#  kuUKMS' 


IDUMvyit'  (BOXESJ. 


HATHAWAY  . 
FERRY.  1883. 


V*  size 


!§Itg 

ij’SSiig’Sr.; 

f.eSil'.Y; 

ieicii’ 

F  cr.’i;:; 


1  II.31' r>» 

.ergjcwf’r 

:3b&& 

seises 

"’Sct'Sl.w.S, 


bh|3 

Illicit 

w$ 

sJses 


l+  size 


N?  17 


LEAMING  . 
VAUGHAN, 18-83 


X°  18 


■ *  size 


RIP 

llii 

Si 

Ipf: 

|.|ff 

nit 

tiff' 


LLINOIS  YELLOW 


X?  1 0 


Zith  bv  Weed  Parsons  i  ilbaju  X 


■ 


i  mu  ARY 

. 

uMtvmtn  of  ouiwo 


IMiYa*  U  D'Jii.1, 


► 


< 


XGSliYa1  U  IXIiiY, 


*-4  size 


GDODWINS  RED 


UPCHURCHS 
STRAWBERRY 
DABNEY,  N.C 
1883 


UPCHURCHS  RED 
4  PROF,  DABNEY, N.C 
I  1883. 


-t 

* 

*v\l 

S3 

■yi 

i;=f.v 

* 

l.  5Ki‘ 

-5 

*: 

1  rJV, 

V4  size 


Litt  by  Weed  Parsonr  i  Co  Alban  NY 


ADAMS  EXTRA  EARLY 


ADAMS  EARLY. 


*•4  size 


V4  S1ZP 


IS® 

iWSi»!E 


Zith  by  Vfoed  Parsons  i  .1  A.'bd/u  X : 


Hsize 


LONG  TOM 
PROF  DABURY,  N.C 
1883  ■ 


N?  36 


v*  size 


N?  3  7. 


MAIZE  FROM  AFRICA 
E  3. 


/ 


ZDHjaTIT  XllXiii 


BESSARABIA 
GROWN  IN  MASS 
FROM  RUSSIAN  SEED 
'  GEO  S.  LEWES  / 


v*  size 


WHITE  MD. GOURD  SEED 
LANDRETH 
stov  1883. 


SHOE  PEG. 
PROF  DABNEY,  N.C 
V  1883  ^ 


<4  size 


CARY  N o.l . 
PROF  DABNEY.  N.C 
1883. 


Hsize 


Lilh  by  Weed  Parsons  i  Co  Albaiu  W  T 


11WM'Y 


iDiniya1 


v*  size 


PARRISH 

VAUGHAN 

1883. 


N?46 


<4  size 


PROCTOR  BREAD 
PROF  BEAL 
1882 


N°  47 


v*  size 


I.ith  by  Wfied  Parsons  i  Co  Alban)  If  Y 


< 


RED  RIVER . 


Visize 


SQUAW  OR  MANOAN. 


vi  size 


visize 


ZUNI  PURPLE  SPECKLED. 
CUSHING  1883  . 


vi  size 


y*  size 


Iitk  by  Weed  Persons  i  Co  Albony  W  Y 


. 


iisnMV' 


-L  J  O 


'a  size 


'  1 

Wm 

!Wij 

•MS} 

mM 

s»?«| 

1  -  iM 


^4  size 


F?ll. 


ZUNI  BLACK 
CUSHING  1883. 


K9  1 0 


Ksize 


C  U  ZCQ  . 


Lid.  by  Weed  '.Paranan  i  .  2" 


< 


IPCDIP 


DWARF  GOLDEN . 


N?4. 


GOLDEN 

GREG 


Vi  size  3J?  5 


Vi  Size 


RED  PEARL. 


y*  size 


vi  size 


EGYPTIAN. 


Hsize 


IiA  by  Weed  Parsons  <f  Co  .Albany  X  Y 


V 

\ 


1PX>1D  (XMXBSJo 


Iith  by  Weed  Parsons  l  Cc  Alb  dry  N 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  34. 


IN  ASSEMBLY, 

January  22,  1885 


REPOET 

'of  pardons  from  the  governor. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK  : 

Executive  Chamber,  ) 
Albany,  January  22,  1885.  j 

To  the  Legislature : 

The  constitution  requires  that  the  Governor  shall  annually  com¬ 
municate  to  the  Legislature  each  case  of  reprieve,  commutation  or 
pardon  granted,  stating  the  name  of  the  convict,  the  crime  of  which 
he  was  convicted,  the  sentence  and  its  date,  and  the  date  of  the  com¬ 
mutation,  pardon  or  reprieve.” 

I  herewith  submit  the  statement  thus  required,  for  the  year  1884, 
and  from  which  it  will  also  appear  that  the  number  of  applications 
(original  and  those  renewed),  presented  for  executive  clemency  was 
508;  number  of  cases  pending  at  the  close  of  the  year  1883,  211  ; 
number  of  pardons  granted,  thirty-five ;  number  of  commutations 
granted,  twenty-seven  ;  number  of  cases  denied,  308  ;  and  the  num¬ 
ber  of  cases  pending  at  the  close  of  the  year  1884,  349,  of  which 
only  134  were  ready  for  action. 

DAVID  13.  HILL. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  34.]  1 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  34. 


IN  ASSEMBLY, 

January  22,  1885. 


REPORT 

'of  pardons  from  the  governor. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK  : 

Executive  Chamber,  ) 
Albany,  January  22,  1885.  f 

To  the  Legislature : 

The  constitution  requires  that  the  Governor  u  shall  annually  com¬ 
municate  to  the  Legislature  each  case  of  reprieve,  commutation  or 
pardon  granted,  stating  the  name  of  the  convict,  the  crime  of  which 
he  was  convicted,  the  sentence  and  its  date,  and  the  date  of  the  com¬ 
mutation,  pardon  or  reprieve.” 

I  herewith  submit  the  statement  thus  required,  for  the  year  1884, 
and  from  which  it  will  also  appear  that  the  number  of  applications 
(original  and  those  renewed),  presented  for  executive  clemency  was 
508;  number  of  cases  pending  at  the  close  of  the  year  1883,  211  ; 
number  of  pardons  granted,  thirty-five ;  number  of  commutations 
granted,  twenty-seven  ;  number  of  cases  denied,  308  ;  and  the  num¬ 
ber  of  cases  pending  at  the  close  of  the  year  1884,  349,  of  which 
only  134  were  ready  for  action. 

DAVID  B.  HILL. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  34.]  1 


•  .. 


•  \ 


- 


PARDONS 


January  4,  1884.  Adam  Bellinger.  Sentenced  May,  1879  ; 
county,  Herkimer;  crimes,  burglary  and  larceny  ;  term,  ten  years  ; 
prison,  Auburn. 

This  pardon  was  granted  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Judge 
who  sentenced  and  the  District- Attorney  who  prosecuted  the  con¬ 
vict,  and  at  the  solicitation  of  many  of  the  best  citizens  of  the  county 
of  Herkimer,  who  assured  me  that  the  prisoner,  after  his  plea  of 
guilty,  was  instrumental  in  securing  the  conviction  and  punishment 
of  other  criminals ;  that  lie  had  always  evinced  penitence  for 
his  offense,  and  that  in  their  opinion  he  would,  if  restored  to  soci¬ 
ety,  thereafter  lead  an  honest,  decent  life. 

These  representations  were  made  from  such  a  satisfactory  source 
that  I  was  led  to  believe  the  ends  of  justice  had  been  sufficiently 
answered  in  this  case  by  the  imprisonment  already  suffered. 


January  12,  1884.  Thomas  A.  R.  Webster.  Sentenced  May  27, 
1881;  county,  New  York  ;  crime,  obtaining  money  by  false  pretenses; 
term,  one  year  and  six  months;  prison,  Sing  Sing. 

An  appeal  was  taken  in  this  case  and  the  conviction  affirmed. 
The  convict  has  been  in  prison  six  months.  The  conviction  arose 
out  of  the  sale  of  certain  land,  and  it  was  charged  that  the  convict 
made  false  representations  concerning  the  same,  to  induce  the  com¬ 
plainant  to  purchase  it.  He  seemed  to  have  been  convicted  upon 
the  theory  that  after  the  deed  was  prepared,  he  read  it  to  the 
grantee,  and  in  so  reading  the  same  represented  that  by  the  deed 
the  land  was  located  on  the  north  side  of  a  certain  railroad,  when, 
in  point  of  fact,  correctly  read,  the  description  would  have  located 
it  on  the  south  side  of  said  railroad. 

It  now  appears  that,  notwithstanding  the  w7ord  “  south  ”  was  in 
the  deed  instead  of  “  north,”  and,  notwithstanding  the  word  “  north” 
may  have  been  incorrectly  read  aloud  from  the  deed  by  the  pris¬ 
oner,  instead  of  “south,”  yet  the  remaining  description  and  other 
boundaries  contained  in  the  instrument  fixed  the  location  of  the  land 
on  the  north  side  of  the  railroad  ;  and  it  is  quite  clear  that  any 
court  must  have  so  determined.  This  being  so,  the  grantee  acquired 


4 


[Assembly 


by  the  deed  exactly  the  land  he  bought  of  the  prisoner,  which  he 
had  inspected,  and  which  he  held  for  two  or  three  years  before  mak¬ 
ing  complaint. 

I  had  also  before  me  an  affidavit  of  a  party  not  sworn  on  the  trial, 
but  who  was  present  at  the  time  the  deed  was  delivered,  by  which 
it  appeared  that  the  prisoner  did  not  read  the  deed  aloud  to  the 
grantee  at  all. 

Nine  of  the  jurors  who  convicted  him  petitioned  for  his  release. 

The  judge  who  wrote  the  opinion  in  the  appellate  court,  affirming 
the  conviction,  in  a  letter  to  me,  referring  to  the  other  parts  of  the 
description,  which  showed  that  the  premises  were  located  on  the 
north  instead  of  the  south  side  of  the  railroad,  wrote  : 

“  If  these  facts  had  been  presented  upon  the  trial  it  would  have 
altered  the  case,  and  the  use  of  the  word  south  instead  of  north,  in 
the  description,  would  be  immaterial  ;  and  I  do  not  now  see  how 
tlie  conviction  could  be  upheld.” 

The  prisoner’s  rights  seem  to  have  been  very  badly  cared  for  on 
the  trial,  and  I  was  entirely  satisfied,  after  a  patient  examination  of 
all  the  facts  that  his  pardon  should  be  granted,  with  a  restoration  to 
citizenship. 


January  15,  18S4.  Henry  L.  Hay.  Sentenced,  October  8,  1875  ; 
crime,  rape  ;  term,  twenty  years ;  prison,  Auburn. 

I  have  carefully  read  all  the  testimony  taken  upon  the  trial,  and 
a  mass  of  letters,  petitions  and  affidavits  touching  the  case,  which 
have  been  presented  to  my  predecessor  and  to  myself,  and  have 
arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  convict  ought  to  be  pardoned. 

The  prosecutrix  was  but  eleven  years  old,  and  the  crime  was 
alleged  to  have  been  committed  on  the  fifth  day  of  May,  1875,  in 
the  woods,  as  she  was  returning  to  her  parent’s  home  from  a  village 
not  far  away.  She  was  accompanied  by  a  younger  brother,  from 
whose  side  she  was  taken,  and  who  stood  near  where  the  offense  was 
committed. 

Her  testimony  is  very  indefinite  and  unsatisfactory  as  reported  in 
the  stenographer’s  minutes  of  the  trial;  but  I  gather  from  it  she 
had  known  the  convict,  having  a  few  years  previously  lived  near 
him.  It  was  about  a  week  after  the  occurrence  before  she  told  her 
parents  that  she  had  been  ravished,  and  then  stated  that  she  did  not 
know  her  assailant ;  but  that  he  wore  sandy  whiskers  around  his 
face.  The  prisoner  was  arrested  in  July  following,  upon  a  warrant 
issued  for  a  person  unknown,  but  described  in  said  warrant  as  a 
man  of  medium  size,  with  sandv  whiskers.  In  the  meantime  the 
prisoner  remained  in  the  neighborhood,  where  the  crime  was  the 
subject  of  public  discussion.  He  was  very  well  known  to  the  sheriff 
who  had  the  warrant,  and  to  the  father  of  the  little  girl.  Before 
the  arrest  was  made,  the  girl  and  her  little  brother  were  brought 


1 


No.  34.]  5 

into  the  presence  of  the  convict  to  identify  him  it  possible.  The 
girl,  after  a  little  hesitation,  said  he  was  the  man  who  assaulted  her, 
but  the  brother  said  lie  was  not.  Upon  the  trial  the  prosecutrix 
identified  the  convict,  but  was  very  positive  that  the  person  who 
committed  the  crime  was  a  tail  man  with  long  sandy  whiskers  all 
around  his  face.  Her  brother  was  not  sworn  at  all.  A  witness  testi¬ 
fied  that  he  saw  the  children  pass  along  the  road  in  the  direction  of 
the  woods,  and  that  the  prisoner  was  following  twelve  or  fifteen  rods 
behind  them,  but  it  appears  from  the  evidence  taken  on  the  trial  and 
such  as  has  been  produced  to  me  since,  that  the  fact  by  which  this 
witness  fixed  the  day  when  he  saw  the  prisoner  had  no  existence. 

A  witness  for  the  defense  testified  that  she  saw  the  children  pass 
at  about  the  date  of  the  commission  of  the  offense,  and  a  short  time 
after  a  man  following,  who  was  not  the  prisoner,  whom  the  witness 
well  knew,  but  who  answered  the  description  the  prosecution  gave 
of  her  assailant.  •  Other  testimony  was  given  by  the  last  three 
witnesses,  whose  character  and  integrity  are  abundantly  vouched  for, 
which,  if  true,  established  an  alibi  for  the  prisoner.  Positive  proof 
was  given  that  the  prisoner  at  the  time  the  offense  was  committed 
had  no  beard,  while  some  witnesses  testified  that  he  had. 

The  prisoner’s  reputation  was  not  good,  and  he  was  impeached  on 
the  trial.  I  am  inclined  to  think  this  fact  had  more  to  do  with  his 
conviction  than  it  ought. 

But  it  is  not  necessary  in  this  case  for  me  to  determine  that  the 
jury  erred  in  convicting  the  prisoner  upon  the  proof  before  them. 

It  is  quite  apparent  to  me  that  the  case  was  determined  against 
the  prisoner  upon  the  finding  that  he,  on  the  day  the  offense  was 
committed,  wore  a  sandy  beard.  No  other  finding,  in  my  opinion, 
would  support  the  verdict. 

In  addition  to  the  testimony  taken  in  court  to  the  effect  that  on 
the  5th  day  of  May,  1875,  the  convict  had  no  beard,  I  have  before 
me  evidence  not  produced  upon  the  trial,  which  to  my  mind  conclu¬ 
sively  establishes  that  proposition. 

Another  fact  is  most  satisfactory.  Since  he  has  been  in  prison 
his  beard  has  been  allowed  to  grow,  and  its  color  proved  to  be  a  very 
pronounced  black.  This  is  certified  to  me  by  the  chaplain  of  the 
prison,  the  judge  who  sentenced  the  convict,  and  who  visited  him 
since  his  incarceration,  and  by  a  confidential  clerk  attached  to  the 
Executive  Department,  who  also  saw  him  in  prison. 

A  petition,  numerously  signed,  certifies  that  it  is  the  opinion  of 
the  petitioners  and  a  majority  of  the  people  in  the  neighborhood 
where  the  crime  was  committed,  that  the  prisoner  is  innocent. 

He  has  now  been  imprisoned  for  more  than  eight  years  upon  a 
conviction  based,  as  I  am  satisfied,  upon  mistaken  identity.  I  am 
convinced  that  I  should  not  only  release  him  from  imprisonment, 
but  restore  him  to  citizenship. 


6 


[Assembly 


January  26,  1884.  Henry  H.  Harrison.  Sentenced,  December 
29,  1874;  county,  New  York;  crime,  robbery  in  the  first  degree; 
term,  twenty  years;  prison,  Sing  Sing  ;  transferred  to  Auburn. 

This  convict  is  a  colored  man,  absolutely  without  relatives  or 
friends,  who  was  convicted  for  robbing  a  colored  woman  of  fifty 
cents.  He  represents  that  he  is  a  native  of  Hayti.  He  had  for 
many  years  before  his  arrest  been  a  sailor,  and  was  a  stranger  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  where  the  ship  upon  which  he  was  employed  had 
lately  arrived. 

During  his  imprisonment  his  conduct  has  been  such  that  he  has 
gained  the  good  will  and  confidence  of  all  the  prison  officials  and 
they  represent  him  to  be  one  of  the  best  prisoners  they  have  ever 
had  in  charge,  having  giveu  no  occasion  for  the  slightest  reprimand. 

For  a  number  of  years  he  has  had  charge  of  the  cooking  in  Au¬ 
burn  prison,  and  has  uncomplainingly  and  regularly  been  in  the 
kitchen  between  three  and  four  o’clock  in  the  morning,  where  he 
has  worked  until  about  seven  in  the  evening.  He  seems  to  have 
made  every  possible  effort  to  improve  his  ignorant  condition  while 
in  prison,  and  has  gladly  availed  himself  of  every  means  of  in¬ 
struction. 

These  facts  are  represented  to  me  as  the  result  of  inquiries  and 
an  examination  of  the  case  made  at  the  prison  for  my  information. 

The  good  conduct  of  the  convict,  if  maintained,  would  entitle 
him  to  a  discharge  on  the  29th  day  of  April,  1887.  The  aggregate  of 
extra  time  he  has  worked  more  than  the  hours  of  labor  ordinarily 
exacted  from  convicts  by  the  rules  of  the  prison  amounts  to  about 
three  years  and  seven  months. 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  extra  labor  this  friendless  man  has  per¬ 
formed  as  prisoner,  his  ready  observance  of  prison  rules  and  regula¬ 
tions,  his  steady  efforts  to  gain  the  rudiments  of  an  education  and 
the  determination  he  seems  to  have  formed  to  hereafter  lead  an 
honest  life,  furnish  reasons  for  his  pardon  which  appeal  strongly  to 
the  justice  as  well  as  the  generosity  of  the  State. 


February  11,  1884.  George  C.  Crager.  Sentenced,  September 
20,  1882 ;  county,  Oswego  ;  crime,  bigamy  ;  term,  two  years ;  prison, 
Auburn. 

This  convict  has,  by  exemplary  behavior  since  his  imprisonment, 
gained  the  good  opinion  of  all  the  prison  officials,  who  appear  to 
believe  that  he  is  genuinely  repentant  and  determined,  when  per¬ 
mitted,  to  regain  a  good  standing  in  society.  By  his  good  conduct 
he  has  earned  such  a  deduction  from  his  sentence  as  would  have  en¬ 
titled  him  to  his  discharge  in  the  month  of  May  in  the  present  year. 

His  last  marriage,  constituting  the  crime  of  which  he  was  con¬ 
victed,  was  contracted  with  a  highly  reputable  and  Christian  young 
lady,  who  has,  with  astonishing  love  and  devotion,  maintained  her 


No.  34.] 


7 


t 


loyalty  to  the  convict,  and  who  has  been  the  object  of  extreme 
sympathy  in  the  community  where  she  lives.  A  child,  the  issue  of 
her  marriage  with  the  convict,  and  which  seems  to  have  been  her 
only  solace  and  comfort,  has  just  died,  and  she  pleads  with  me  that 
in  her  new  and  dire  afflction  her  husband  may  be  present  at  its 
funeral.  Many  kind-hearted  people  have  interested  themselves  in 
her  behalf,  and  join  in  her  petition. 

The  cases  are  so  numerous  in  which  my  duty  and  obligation  to 
the  public  constrain  me  to  resist  appeals  like  this,  I  am  glad  to  be¬ 
lieve  that,  without  prejudice  to  the  interests  of  society.  I  may,  in 
a  substantial  way,  show  my  sympathy  for  this  young  afflicted  wife 
by  releasing  to  her  the  short  remainder  of  the  term  of  imprisonment 
which  her  husband  owes  the  State. 


February  16,  1884.  John  I.  Moran.  Sentenced,  December  24, 
1883;  county,  New  York;  crime,  assault  and  battery;  term,  two 
months  ;  prison,  New  York  Penitentiary. 

This  pardon  was  granted  on  the  following  grounds  : 

It  appeared  to  my  satisfaction  that  the  convict,  previous  to  his 
conviction,  had  borne  a  good  character,  and  had  been  a  hard-work¬ 
ing  man 

From  an  examination  of  all  the  surrounding  facts  and  circum¬ 
stances  in  the  case,  I  felt  constrained  to  believe  that  the  time  already 
served  by  the  convict  had  amply  answered  the  demands  of  justice, 
and  I  therefore  determined  to  grant  the  pardon  applied  for; 


February  19,  1884.  Joseph  Dunn.  Sentenced,  September  30, 
18S0;  county,  Erie;  crime,  receiving  stolen  property;  term,  five 
years;  prison,  Auburn. 

This  convict,  with  three  other  parties,  stole  a  sum  of  money  from 
a  drunken  man.  He  pleaded  guilty  to  complicity  in  the  offense  and 
was  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  five  years,  the  longest  term  which 
the  statute  permitted.  His  companions  were  sentenced  to  shorter 
terms,  though,  from  all  the  facts  I  can  learn,  they  appear  to  have 
been  equally  guilty.  By  good  conduct  in  prison  he  has  earned 
all  the  deduction  from  his  sentence  which  the  law  allows,  and  his 
term  would  have  expired  on  the  1st  day  of  May,  1884. 

I  have  seen  a  number  of  letters  which  this  young  man  has  written 
to  his  parents,  in  which  he  acknowledges  the  justice  of  his  punish¬ 
ment,  and  evinces  a  determination  to  lead  an  honest  life  upon  his 
discharge.  I  am  impressed  with  the  belief  that  the  reformatory 
purposes  of  punishment  have  been  answered  in  this  case.  His  for¬ 
mer  employer  has  written  to  me  that  if  discharged  now  he  can  again 
enter  his  service. 


8 


[Assembly 


In  view  of  all  the  circumstances,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  re¬ 
mission  of  the  short  time  which  yet  remains  of  his  sentence  will  have 
a  tendency  to  encourage  him  to  improve  the  opportunity  afforded  to 
redeem  himself  from  the  consequences  of  his  crime. 


February  21,  1884.  Homer  D.  Skinner.  Sentenced,  March  3, 
1881;  county,  Schuyler;  crime,  arson  third  degree;  term,  seven 
years;  prison,  Auburn. 

An  application  for  the  pardon  of  the  convict  was  denied  in  June, 
1883,  but  upon  a  re-examination  of  the  case  and  a  further  presenta¬ 
tion  of  facts,  I  think  the  prisoner  should  be  released. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  a  number  of  fires  had  occurred  in  the  vil¬ 
lage  of  Watkins,  the  trustees  offered  a  reward  “  for  any  person 
detected  and  convicted  of  burning  a  building  in  the  village.” 

The  offer  of  this  reward  attracted  the  attention  of  a  disreputable 
fellow,  not  then  living  in  Watkins,  but  who  came  therefor  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  bringing  about  a  state  of  facts  that  would  entitle  him  to  a 
share  of  the  reward  offered.  He  found  a  ready  accomplice  in  the 
person  of  a  deputy  sheriff  of  the  county  of  Schuyler,  and  I  have 
no  doubt  they  conspired  to  create  a  fire,  a  culprit,  a  detection  and  a 
conviction  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  reward. 

Homer  D.  Skinner,  the  convict,  was  a  young  man,  the  son  of  re¬ 
spectable  parents,  but  beyond  all  parental  restraint  —  an  idle,  shift¬ 
less,  intemperate  creation  of  the  village  groggery  —  one  of  a  class 
easily  recognizable  and  far  too  numerous. 

His  love  of  drink  and  his  idle  and  profitless  way  of  life  suggested 
to  the  conspirators  the  ease  of  making  him  the  culprit.  For  a  num¬ 
ber  of  days  he  was  plied  by  them  with  liquor  and  kept  in  an  intoxi¬ 
cated  condition.  In  the  meantime  their  plans  were  hardly  concealed. 
Indeed,  it  now  appears  that  more  than  one  person  outside  of  the 
conspiracy  knew  that  arson  was  to  be  committed,  and  that  the  con¬ 
vict  was  to  be  accused. 

On  the  night  the  fire  occurred  the  convict  sat  in  a  saloon  grossly 
intoxicated  and  sound  asleep.  One  of  the  projectors  of  the  arson, 
with  difficulty,  roused  him  and  fairly  dragged  him,  in  a  stupid,  dazed 
condition,  in  the  direction  of  the  building  to  be  burned.  A  few 
moments  afterward  the  cry  of  “fire”  was  heard,  and  the  man  who 
conducted  the  prisoner  to  the  scene,  ran  away,  while  the  deputy 
sheriff,  from  a  convenient  point  of  observation,  rushed  upon  the  con¬ 
vict  and  arrested  him  under  circumstances  that  secured  his  conviction. 

I  have  before  me  the  affidavit  of  a  person  to  the  effect  that,  at  the 
request  of  this  officer,  he  helped  carry  the  convict,  after  his  arrest, 
to  the  jail,  and  that  he  was  so  much  intoxicated  they  k‘  had  to  take 
hold,  one  ou  each  side  of  him,  and  hold  him  up  and  partially  drag 
him  along  to  the  jail.” 

In  the  light  of  all  the  facts  before  me,  I  have  grave  doubts 
as  to  the  convict  having  set  the  fire  at  all.  If  he  did,  I  am  entirely 


I 


No.  34.]  9 

satisfied  that  he  was  not  a  free  moral  agent,  but  the  senseless  instru¬ 
ment  of  those  who  certainly  were  responsible  for  the  crime. 

It  appearing  to  my  satisfaction  that  he  became  a  victim  to  a  wicked 
conspiracy,  through  his  intemperate  habits,  I  have  determined  to 
grant  his  pardon  upon  the  condition  that  he  wholly  abstains  from  all 
intoxicating  beverages  for  the  term  of  five  years  from  his  discharge. 


March  7.  1884.  Horace  White.  Sentenced,  April  25,  1883 ; 
county,  Clinton ;  crime,  burglary,  first  degree;  term,  ten  years; 
prison,  Clinton. 

The  convict  went  to  a  saloon  which  he  had  been  in  the  habit  of 
frequenting  in  the  village  of  Plattsburgh,  about  ten  o’clock  at  night, 
with  a  companion.  Finding  the  place  closed,  they  raised  the  window 
and  took  from  the  saloon  a  few  bottles  of  lager  beer  of  the  value  of 
less  than  fifty  cents.  The  proprietress  of  the  establishment  slept  in 
a  room  above  it,  and  heard  and  saw  the  culprits,  who,  as  I  under¬ 
stand  the  case,  had  at  the  time  some  conversation  with  her,  appar¬ 
ently  making  no  effort  to  conceal  their  identity. 

The  young  man  who  was  with  White  pleaded  guilty  to  petit  lar¬ 
ceny  and  was  imprisoned  for  a  short  time  in  the  county  jail ;  but  the 
counsel  for  the  convict  advised  him  to  demand  a  trial,  insisting  that 
the  transaction  was  merely  a  trespass.  This  course  resulted  in  his 
conviction  of  an  offense  for  which  the  highest  penalty  was  impris¬ 
onment  for  the  term  of  ten  years. 

The  judge  who  pronounced  the  sentence,  the  district  attorney  who 
prosecuted  the  indictment  and  every  member  of  the  jury  who  ren¬ 
dered  the  verdict  earnestly  recommend  that  the  convict  be  now 
pardoned.  I  have  no  difficulty  in  arriving  at  the  conclusion  that  if 
the  conviction  was  proper,  it  is  peculiarly  a  case  in  which  the  rigors 
of  the  law  should  be  tempered  and  modified  by  executive  clemency. 


March  7,  1884.  David  Murphy.  Sentenced,  June  27,  1872; 
county,  New  York  ;  crime,  murder  first  degree;  term,  death  ;  com¬ 
muted.  August  8,  1873,  to  imprisonment  for  life;  prison,  Sing 
Sing. 

The  homicide  was  committed  by  a  pistol  shot,  and  in  the  midst 
of,  or  immediately  following,  quite  a  serious  affray,  between  the  con¬ 
vict  and  the  deceased. 

An  appeal  was  taken  to  the  General  Term  of  the  Supreme  Court 
from  the  conviction  of  murder  in  the  first  degree,  which  was 
affirmed  by  both  of  the  justices  constituting  the  court,  on  the 
grounds  that  as  matter  of  law  they  ought  not  to  interfere  with  the 
verdict  of  the  jury.  Botli  wrote  opinions.  The  chief  justice,  after 
reviewing  the  facts  in  the  case,  concludes  his  opinion  as  follows: 
u  But  while  we  think  there  is  nothing  in  this  case  to  justify  this 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  34.]  2 


10 


[Assembly 


court  in  reversing  the  judgment, "we  feel  bound  to  say  that  we  think 
the  clemency  of  the  executive  may  very  properly  he  exercised  in 
commuting  the  sentence  to  such  lesser  degree  as  shall  be  thought 
proper  on  a  review  of  the  evidence.”  The  associate  justice,  in  his 
opinion,  after  commenting  upon  the  evidence,  says  :  “  The  statute 

anticipates  the  infirmaties  of  nature  by  providing  that  a  killing  in 
the  heat  of  passion,  with  a  dangerous  weapon,  without  intent  to  kill, 
shall  be  manslaughter  in  the  third  degree,  and  this  case  is  one  in 
which  that  verdict  would,  I  think,  have  accomplished  the  ends  of 
justice.”  And  he  concludes  as  follows:  “  For  these  reasons  I  con¬ 
cur  with  the  chief  justice  that,  although  we  cannot  say  positively 
that  injustice  has  been  done,  the  doubt  which  springs  from  an  ex¬ 
amination  of  the  whole  case  makes  the  suggestion  proper  that  the 
executive  clemency  may  safely  be  employed  toward  the  prisoner.” 

The  assistant  district  attorney,  who  tried  the  indictment  for  the 
people,  writes :  “  Upon  a  review  of  the  case,  I  am  satisfied  that 

manslaughter  in  the  third  degree  would  have  been  the  right  verdict 
in  this  case.  I,  therefor,  respectfully  suggest  that  the  sentence  be 
reduced  to  what  it  should  have  been  had  that  been  the  verdict  of 
the  jury.” 

The  district-attorney  himself,  who  presented  the  case  to  the  court 
on  appeal,  expresses  his  opinion  as  follows :  •  “  The  judges,  however, 
in  their  opinions,  express  the  belief  that  while  they  cannot  inter¬ 
fere  with  the  findings  of  the  jury,  a  verdict  of  manslaughter  in  the 
third  degree  would  have  satisfied  the  requirements  of  justice,  and 
that  the  executive  clemency  might  justifiably  be  exercised  in  reduc¬ 
ing  the  punishment  accordingly.  With  that  view  I  concur.” 

Notwithstanding  the  opinions  given  above,  of  those  so  well 
qualified  to  speak  of  the  merits  of  the  case,  I  have  read  the  evidence, 
and  am  surprised  that  a  verdict  of  murder  in  the  first,  degree  was  ren¬ 
dered.  The  severest  punishment  which  could  have  been  inflicted  for 
manslaughter  in  the  third  degree  was  seven  years  imprisonment. 
The  crime  was  committed  April  IT,  1872,  and  the  convict  has  been 
in  confinement  ever  since  that  day.  He  has  been  in  prison  since 
August,  1873.  During  his  incarceration  his  conduct  has  been  irre¬ 
proachable. 

In  the  year  1878,  when  a  fire  occurred  in  the  prison  store-house, 
which  afforded  him  an  opportunity  to  escape,  he  rendered  willing 
and  valuable  assistance  in  saving  property  belonging  to  the  State. 
Such  behavior  should,  I  think,  be  recognized  and  encouraged,  and 
this  circumstance  may  well  be  considered  as  an  additional  reason 
why  the  clemency  asked  in  this  case  should  be  granted. 


March  13,  1884.  William  Emmerline.  Sentenced,  May  18, 
1883 ;  county,  Albany ;  crime,  burglary  third  degree ;  term,  one 
year ;  prison,  Albany  County  Penitentiary. 


11 


No.  34.] 

It  is  represented  to  me  that  the  convict’s  mother  has  but  a  short 
time  to  live,  and  it  is  asked  that  he  may  be  relieved  from  the  five 
days  remaining  of  his  sentence,  in  order  that  he  may  be  enabled 
to  be  with  her  in  her  last  hours. 

It  is  on  this,  and  the  further  ground  that  this  was  the  convict’s 
first  offense,  and  of  his  previous  good  character,  that  I  have  deter¬ 
mined  te  grant  the  pardon  applied  for. 


April  7,  1884.  Edward  Jones.  Sentenced,  August  14,  1879  ; 
county,  New  York;  crime,  grand  larceny  from  the  person  in  the 
nighttime;  term, - ;  prison,  New  York  State  Reforma¬ 

tory. 

This  convict  was  arraigned  upon  an  indictment  charging  him  with 
the  offense  of  grand  larceny  from  the  person  in  the  night  time. 
He  pleaded  guilty  to  the  indictment,  and  in  consideration  of  his  age 
and  previous  good  character,  he  was  sentenced  by  the  court  to  the 
New  York  State  Reformatory.  It  seems  that  at  the  time  he  pleaded 
to  the  indictment,  the  question  was  raised  that  the  larceny  was  com¬ 
mitted  in  the  day  time.  The  law  was  then  such  that  if  this  offense 
had  been  committed  in  the  night,  the  maximum  punishment  that 
could  have  been  inflicted  for  the  same  would  have  been  ten  years’ 
imprisonment;  but  if  in  the  day  time,  the  maximum  imprisonment 
would  have  been  but  five  years.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  court 
had  determined  that  he  should  be  sent  to  the  reformatory,  from 
which  it  seems  to  have  been  expected  that  he  would  be  released  long 
before  the  expiration  of  either  of  these  terms,  the  fact  that  the  in¬ 
dictment  charged  the  graver  offense  was  not  deemed  of  much  im¬ 
portance.  Thus,  under  his  plea  of  guilty  to  such  an  indictment, 
he  was  committed  to  the  reformatory  for  imprisonment  and  reform. 
He  reached  that  institution  on  the  1.6th  day  of  August,  1879  ;  on 
the  7th  day  of  June,  1881,  he  was  transferred  by  the  managers 
of  the  reformatory  to  the  State  prison  at  Auburn  as  incorrigible. 
The  effect  of  this  was  to  consign  him  to  prison  for  the  term  of  ten 
years,  less  the  time  he  had  spent  in  the  reformatory.  But  on  the 
20th  day  of  June,  1882,  having  become  insane,  he  was  sent  to  the 
asylum  for  insane  criminals  at  Auburn,  and  on  the  18th  day  of 
October,  1883,  having  fully  recovered,  he  was  returned  to  the  State 
prison,  where  he  might  be  imprisoned  for  the  remainder  of  a  ten 
years’  term. 

I  have  had  his  case  carefully  investigated,  and  there  is  not  the 
slightest  pretext,  nor  is  it  claimed  in  any  quarter  that  the  offense 
to  which  he  pleaded  guilty  was  committed  in  the  night  time.  On 
the  contrary,  the  proof  is  positive  that  he  was  arrested  immediately 
after  the  offense,  about  two  o’clock  in  the  afternoon.  The  judge 
who  sentenced  him  writes  that  if  he  had  sent  him  to  prison  he  would 
not  have  fixed  his  term  of  imprisonment  longer  than  four  years. 


12 


A88EMBLY 


The  maximum  term  for  his  real  offense  is  five  years,  and  granting 
him  commutation  for  good  conduct  while  he  has  been  in  prison  and 
the  asylum,  his  imprisonment  should  have  terminated  on  the  25th 
day  of  November,  1883. 

This  furnishes  a  forcible  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which  the 
merciful  intent  of  the  courts  may  sometimes  miscarry  when  con¬ 
victs  are  sent  to  the  reformatory. 

I  have  determined,  in  pure  justice  to  this  prisoner,  to  grant  him 
the  pardon  which  he  asks. 

April  21,  1884.  Charles  Johnson.  Sentenced  March  5,1884; 
county,  New  York,  crime,  assault  third  degree  ;  term,  three  months; 
prison,  New  York  Penitentiary. 

I  have  read  all  the  testimony  taken  upon  the  trial,  and  though 
the  case  seems  to  be  without  much  extenuation,  the  sentence  ap¬ 
pears  to  be  quite  severe. 

The  wife  of  the  convict  is  in  a  delicate  condition  and  entirely  des¬ 
titute  of  means  ;  a  physician’s  certificate  informs  me  that  he  deems 
it  very  important,  in  view  of  her  near  confinement,  that  her  hus¬ 
band  should  be  released  ;  the  judges  who  sentenced  the  prisoner  ex¬ 
press  the  opinion  that  the  ends  of  justice  will  be  fully  answered  by 
his  liberation.  I  am  ^satisfied  that  the  facts  in  the  case  justify  me 
in  granting  the  application  for  his  pardon. 


June  9,  1884.  John  Donohue.  Sentenced,  May  9,  1884; 
county,  Oneida;  crime,  assault  third  degree;  term,  six  months; 
prison,  Albany  Count}7  Penitentiary. 

This  pardon  was  granted  upon  these  grounds: 

It  appeared  to  my  satisfaction  that  the  prisoner  previous  to  his 
conviction  had  been  a  hard-working,  industrious  man,  and  that  this 
was  his  first  offense ;  that  he  is  a  mason  by  trade,  and  has  a  family 
dependent  on  him  for  support ;  that  his  only  opportunity  of  em¬ 
ployment  is  during  the  mild  season,  and  if  compelled  to  serve  out 
the  remainder  of  his  sentence,  his  opportunity  of  earning  subsistence 
would  be  lost  during  the  entire  year.  His  sentence  was  based  prin¬ 
cipally  upon  the  fact  of  his  committing  contempt  of  court  after  con¬ 
viction,  and  which  was  clearly  excessive  for  the  real  offense  for 
which  he  was  arrested  and  convicted,  and  which  was  hardly  de¬ 
served,  even  taking  the  contempt  into  consideration 

His  pardon  was  recommended  by  the  judge  before  whom  he  was 
sentenced,  and  several  citizens  of  standing  and  character  in]  the 
community  who  were  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  circumstances 
of  the  offense. 

It  appearing  that  the  convict  has  been  somewhat  addicted  to  the 
use  of  intoxicating  drinks,  this  pardon  is  granted  only  upon  the 


13 


No.  34.] 

condition  that  the  prisoner  shall  not  become  intoxicated  at  any  time 
during  the  period  of  one  year  from  and  after  the  date  of  pardon. 


June  24,  1884.  Elias  N.  Crow.  Sentenced,  May  29,  1884; 
county,  New  York;  crime,  cruelty  to  an'animal,to-wit,  a  horse;  term, 
six  months  ;  prison,  New  York  Penitentiary. 

This  prisoner  pleaded  guilty  on  the  30th  day  of  March,  1881,  to 
an  indictment  in  the  General  Sessions  of  the  city  ol  New  York, 
charging  him  with  cruelty  to  a  horse.  Sentence  w^as  thereupon 
suspended  by  the  court  upon  the  express  condition  that  if  the  defend¬ 
ant  should  again  violate  the  provisions  of  the  statute  relating  to 
cruelty  to  animals,  he  was  to  be  sentenced  upon  the  indictment  and 
his  plea  of  guilty  already  entered. 

The  prisoner  was  engaged  in  a  business  which  made  necessary 
the  use  of  a  large  number  of  horses  in  drawing  trucks,  and  were  let 
to  others  to  be  so  used,  and  he  has  continued  in  that  business  up  to 
the  present  time. 

On  the  5th  day  of  May,  1884,  he  was  again  arrested,  charged  with 
the  offense  of  permitting  one  of  his  drivers  to  use  a  horse  which  was 
suffering  from  a  complaint  called  the  “scratches.”  On  this  latter 
charge  he  was  arraigned  and  pleaded  guilty,  and  was  thereupon 
sentenced  to  pay,  and  did  pay,  a  fine  of  twenty-five  dollars. 

He  was  then,  on  the  9th  day  of  May,  1884,  sentenced  upon  the 
plea  of  guilty,  which  had  been  entered  on  the  previous  charge  nearly 
three  years  before,  to  be  imprisoned  in  the  New  York  Penitentiary 
for  the  term  of  six  months. 

His  pardon  is  now  asked  by  a  large  number  of  citizens  of  the  city 
of  New  York  of  high  standing  and  respectability,  who  testify  in 
unqualified  terms  to  his  integrity  and  good  character,  and  their 
application  is  warmly  indorsed  by  the  district  attorney  and  the 
judge  who  sentenced  him  to  imprisonment.  With  these  things 
before  me,  and  believing  from  other  representations,  that  the  con¬ 
dition  of  the  family  of  the  prisoner  appeals  strongly  for  his  libera¬ 
tion,  that  his  business  will  be  very  much  damaged,  if  not  destroyed, 
by  his  imprisonment  for  the  term  of  his  sentence,  and  being  fully 
convinced  that  the  incarceration  already  suffered  will  prevent  any 
further  transgression  of  the  law  on  his  part,  I  have  determined  to 
grant  him  a  pardon. 


June  26,  1884.  Gerardus  Keese.  Sentenced  June  16,  1884; 
county,  Schenectady;  crime,  assault  third  degree;  term,  two 
months ;  prison,  Albany  County  Penitentiary. 


14 


[Assembly 


It  appears  that  the  assault  committed  by  the  convict  was  in  no 
sense  aggrieved,  and  the  sentence  imposed  was  out  of  all  proportion 
to  the  offense  committed.  From  a  careful  examination  of  the 
papers  on  file  in  this  case,  I  am  satisfied  that  the  convict,  who  was 
unquestionably  a  sober,  hard-working  man,  has  already  been  suffi¬ 
ciently  punished,  and  I  am  oatisified  that  the  interests  of  justice  will 
be  subserved  by  his  release  at  the  present  time. 


July  3,..  1884.  Thomas  Chestnut.  Sentenced,  July  23,  1879; 
county,  Westchester ;  crime  rape;  term,  ten  years;  prison,  Sing 
Sing. 

A  reading  of  the  most  essential  parts  of  the  testimony,  and  con¬ 
versation  with  the  prosecuting  officer,  leaves  in  my  mind  much 
doubt  whether  the  offense  of  rape  was  committed.  After  the  trial 
and  conviction  of  Chestnut,  a  further  examination  of  the  case  and  the 
character  of  the  complainant  seems  to  have  given  raise  to  the  same 
doubt  in  the  minds  of  the  court  and  district  attorney,  for  at  the  next 
term  of  the  court  the  other  parties  indicted  were  permitted  to  plead 
guilty  to  an  assault  with  attempt  to  ravish,  and  were  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  the  terms  of  four  years  and  six  months,  and  four 
years  respectively.  These  latter  terms  have  expired. 

There  is  no  pretense  that  there  is  any  difference  in  the  guilt  of 
all  the  parties  concerned  in  the  transaction. 

I  am  entirely  clear  that  this  convict  should  be  released.  And  my 
duty,  I  think,  is  made  especially  plain  since  1  have  before  me  the 
petition  of  every  member  of  the  court  before  which  he  was  tried, 
and  the  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  him,  asking  for  his  release. 


August  4,  1884.  Frederick  Mnnter.  Sentenced,  December  19, 
1863  ;  county,  New  York  ;  crime,  manslaughter  first  degree  ;  term, 
life ;  prison,  Sing  Sing. 

In  a  moment  of  frenzy,  caused  by  drunkenness  and  jealousy,  the 
convict  killed  a  women  to  whom  he  professed  to  he  devotedly 
attached  and  between  whom  and  himself  an  engagement  of 
marriage  existed.  As  no  trial  was  had,  it  is  impossible  to  procure 
the  facts  attending  the  homicide  with  very  much  detail.  It  seems, 
however,  that  the  murdered  woman  excited  the  jealous}'  of  the  con¬ 
vict  to  the  highest  pitch  by  receiving  and  encouraging  the  attentions 
of  other  suitors  to  her  favor,  and  that  having  indulged  heavily  in 
drink,  he  killed  his  victim,  he  claims,  while  he  was  unconscious  of  his 
acts.  It  certainly  appears  that  shortly  after  having  regained  his  senses 
he  surrendered  himself  to  the  officers  of  the  law,  and  on  being  ar¬ 
raigned  pleaded  guilty  to  manslaughter.  The  crime  he  committed 


No.  34.] 


15 


was  an  atrocious  one,  and  I  am  assuming  that  there  was  no  legal  ex¬ 
cuse  for  the  same,  nor  any  circumstances  that  necessarily  mitigated 
the  oifense. 

But  he  lias  now  been  actually  imprisoned  more  than  twenty  years. 
His  record  for  good  conduct  in  prison  is  most  satisfactory,  so  that  if 
he  had  been  sentenced  for  thirty-four  years,  the  time  allowed  him 
for  good  behavior  would  so  have  reduced  his  time  that  it  would  have 
already  expired. 

This  convict  is  a  German,  having  no  relatives  in  this  country  ex¬ 
cept  a  sister. 

A  petition  for  his  pardon  is  presented,  very  numerously  signed  by 
many  of  the  convict’s  fellow  countrymen,  who  have  investigated  the 
case,  and  by  a  great  number  of  very  prominent  citizens. 

An  arrangement  has  been  made  under  which,  if  released,  he  shall 
have  immediate  and  permanent  employment. 

In  view  of  all  the  circumstances,  I  am  convinced  that  the  ends  of 
justice  have  been  answered  in  his  case  by  the  punishment  he  has 
already  received,  and  that  if  he  is  restored  to  society  he  will  become 
a  good  citizen. 

I  have  determined,  therefore,  to  pardon  his  crime  and  release  him 
from  imprisonment. 


September  4, 1884.  Terrence  Condon.  Sentenced,  November  16, 
1881;  county,  New  York  ;  crime,  manslaughter  third  degree  ;  term 
four  years  ;  prison,  Sing  Sing. 

The  term  of  this  convict  would  have  expired  by  reason  of  his  good 
conduct  in  prison,  in  any  event,  November  16,  1884. 

I  find  nothing  connected  with  the  commission  of  the  offense  or 
with  the  trial  and  conviction  which  in  my  opinion  would  justify  me 
in  interfering  with  this  convict’s  punishment.  But  I  have  before 
me  the  certificate  of  the  physician  attending  his  father,  to  the  effect 
that  the  latter  is  suffering  from  consumption  in  its  most  advanced 
stage,  and  that  he  will  probably  not  live  to  exceed  a  month.  This 
is  accompanied  by  a  statement  of  a  clergyman  that  the  father  is  so 
low  with  his  disease  that  he  has  already  been  prepared  for  death, 
according  to  the  rites  of  his  church.  It  is  further  represented  to 
me  that  his  constant  desire  is  to  see  his  son  again  before  he  dies. 

Upon  these  facts,  I  have  determined  that  the  State  can,  without 
sacrificing  the  cause  of  justice,  remit  the  remaining  two  months  and 
twelve  days  of  this  convict’s  sentence  for  the  sake  of  administering, 
perhaps,  the  last  earthly  comforts  to  an  almost  dying  father. 


September  4,  1884.  Beter  Swenson.  Sentenced,  February  6, 
1874;  county,  Kings;  crime,  murder  second  degree;  term,  life; 
prison,  Sing  Sing,  transferred  to  Clinton. 


16 


[Assembly 


The  convict  is  a  Swedish  sailor  who  had  been  in  this  country  but 
a  few  days  when  he  committed  the  homicide  which  resulted  in  his 
conviction. 

His  pardon  is  recommended  by  the  judge  who  sentenced  him  and 
hy  the  district-attorney  who  prosecuted  the  indictment.  His  con¬ 
duct  in  prison  has  been  excellent,  and  the  circumstances  attending 
the  homicide  are  such  as  to  satisfy  me  that  he  has  already  been  abund¬ 
antly  punished  for  the  offense  he  committed.  The  facts,  as  I  ap¬ 
prehend  them,  so  nearly  justify  the  act  that,  fortified  by  the  opinion 
of  the  court  and  district  attorney,  I  fear  that  I  am  doing  tardy 
justice  in  granting  a  pardon  to  this  friendless  man. 


September  15,  1884.  Charles  H.  Rudd.  Sentenced,  March  1, 
1879  ;  county,  Oneida  ;  crime,  burglary  first  degree ;  term,  ten 
years ;  prison,  Auburn. 

The  following  reasons  have  been  filed  : 

■  The  sentence  of  the  convict’s  brother  was  commuted  bv  my  pre¬ 
decessor,  so  that  he  has  been  at  large  some  time.  I  know  of  no 
circumstances  that  distinguish  the  two  cases  as  to  the  degree  of 
guilt. 

This  convict  has  behaved  well  in  prison,  and  his  release  is  asked 
by  a  large  number  of  respectable  citizens  who  were  his  neighbors 
prior  to  his  conviction.  The  present  district  attorney  of  the  county 
where  he  was  tried,  from  such  knowledge  of  the  facts  of  the  case 
as  he  has  been  able  to  obtain,  indorses  the  propriety  of  his  pardon. 
In  addition  I  have  before  me  a  letter  from  the  physician  of  the 
prison  stating  that  his  health  is  very  poor,  that  he  has  been  running 
down  for  the  last  year,  that  in  spite,  of  medical  treatment  he  con¬ 
stantly  loses  flesh  and  strength,  and  expressing  fear  that  he  cannot 
live  to  the  end  of  his  term. 

The  convict  has  a  family,  and  I  am  assured  bore  a  fair  reputation 
prior  to  his  conviction.  His  original  term,  with  the  deduction  which 
he  has  earned  for  good  conducl,  will  expire  September  3,  1885. 

In  view  of  all  these  facts,  I  have  determined  to  remit  the  re¬ 
mainder  of  his  sentence  by  granting  him  a  pardon. 

September  17,  1884.  William  Blumenauer.  Sentenced,  March 
26,  1884;  county,  New  York ;  crime,  assault,  second  degree;  term 
two  years  and  six  months  ;  prison,  Sing  Sing. 

The  offense  of  this  convict  consisted  in  wounding,  with  an  ordin¬ 
ary  pocket-knife,  the  complainant,  in  the  midst  of  a  scuffle,  which 
had  been  preceded  by  a  violent  quarrel. 

From  statements  made  by  the  district  attorney,  I  gather  that  the 
complainant,  who  was  a  larger  and  stronger  man  than  the  convict, 
was  the  assailant,  and  that,  though  there  was  no  actual  justification 
for  the  use  of  a  weapon,  the  circumstances  surrounding  the  affair 
mitigated,  to  a  great  extent  the  conduct  of  the  prisoner. 


No.  34.] 


17 


A  very  large  Dumber  of  bis  neighbors  and  acquaintances  certify 
to  bis  quiet  and  peaceable  disposition  and  industrious  habits,  and 
ask  that  lie  be  released  from  further  imprisonment. 

Eight  of  the  jurymen  by  whom  he  was  convicted  joined  in  the 
petition  for  his  pardon. 

The  convict  was  engaged  in  the  milk  business  prior  to  his  con¬ 
viction,  and  has  a  wife  and  a  number  of  children.  I  am  satisfied 
that  this  continued  imprisonment  will  result  in  the  destruction  of 
his  business,  and  reduce  his  family  to  actual  want. 

The  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  him,  upon  consideration  of 
the  facts  adduced  upon  the  trial,  and  those  which  he  has  since 
learned,  expresses  the  opinion  that  this  is  a  proper  case  for  clem¬ 
ency. 

This  convict  has  been  in  prison  nearly  six  months,  and  I  am  sat¬ 
isfied  that  the  ends  of  justice  will  be  subserved  and  this  offender 
against  the  law  sufficiently  punished,  if  he  be  now  pardoned. 


September  18,1884.  John  Codv.  Sentenced,  October  4,  1882 ; 
county,  Westchester;  crime,  rape;  term,  seven  years  ;  prison,  Sing 
Sing. 

This  convict  appears  to  be  without  friends  to  push  his  application 
for  a  pardon,  but  I  am  entirely  satisfied,  upon  investigating  the  case, 
that  the  proof  of  force  necessary  to  constitute  the  offense  was  want¬ 
ing.  This  is  apparent  from  the  evidence  of  the  prosecutrix  upon 
the  trial,  and  from  her  testimony  subsequently  given  upon  the  trial 
of  other  parties  charged  with  the  convict. 

The  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  the  indictment  frankly 
writes:  “  Taking  the  entire  evidence  I  had,  at  the  time  of  the  con¬ 
viction,  a  serious  doubt  of  the  guilt  of  the  convict,  and  still  enter¬ 
tain  such  doubt.  So  far  as  I  can  learn,  the  previous  character  of  the 
convict  is  not  good.  My  doubts  arise  from  the  fact  that  it  was  not 
made  to  appear  that  sufficient  force  was  used  by  the  convict  to  con¬ 
stitute  the  crime.” 

The  judge  who  sentenced  the  convict  writes  :  “  Had  the  question 

of  fact  been  determined  by  the  court,  the  convict  would  not  have 
been  convicted,  and  I  do  not  believe  the  offense  charged  was  com¬ 
mitted.” 

I  have  no  hesitation  in  granting  a  pardon  to  this  prisoner,  who 
has,  I  believe,  been  unjustly  confined  for  nearly  two  years,  and  with 
the  pardon  I  shall  restore  him  to  citizenship.” 


September  20,  1884.  James  Larkin.  Sentenced  March  11, 1879 ; 
county,  Queens ;  crime,  burglary ;  term,  ten  years ;  prison,  Sing 
Sing;  transferred  to  Clinton. 


18 


[A  SSEMBLY 


The  conduct  of  this  convict  in  prison  has  not  been  good. 

The  judge,  before  whom  he  was  tried,  writes  that  the  proof  against 
him  was  chiefly  the  testimony  of  an  accomplice,  corroborated  in  some 
particulars,  and  that  the  jury  accompanied  their  verdict  with  a  strong 
recommendation  for  mercy.  He  does  not,  however,  advise  a  par¬ 
don. 

The  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  the  indictment  represents 
that  the  evidence  was  very  conflicting,  and  upon  the  whole  case  he 
recommends  clemency. 

He  further  states  that  the  jury,  after  being  out  about  two  hours, 
made  a  written  agreement  that  if  the  prisoner  was  sentenced  for  more 
than  one  year  they  would  immediately  apply  for  a  pardon,  and  it 
was  under  such  circumstances  that  a  verdict  of  guilty  was  reached. 

A  written  statement  is  before  me  signed  by  all  the  jurors,  setting 
forth  that  they  had  great  difficulty  in  coming  to  a  conclusion  that 
the  convict  was  guilty,  and  that  the  agreement  referred  to  by  the 
district  attorney  was  signed  by  them. 

It  is  apparent  that  the  condemnation  of  this  convict  was  the  re¬ 
sult  of  a  reprehensible  bargain  by  the  jurors,  and  an  utter  and  com¬ 
plete  disregard  of  the  important  duty  which  a  jury  is  sworn  to  per¬ 
form.  When  the  liberty  of  a  citizen  is  made  to  depend  upon  a 
traffic  or  wager  in  the  jury  room,  concerning  the  matter  in  which  the 
court  may  perform  its  duty  in  the  manner  of  sentence,  criminal  trials 
become  grim  travesties  of  justice. 

I  regard  the  verdict  of  the  jury,  in  this  case,  as  invalid  and  out¬ 
rageous,  and  after  an  imprisonment,  which  I  deem  legally  unjust, 
of  more  than  five  years,  a  pardon  is  granted  to  the  convict,  with  full 
restoration  of  all  his  rights,  of  citizenship. 


September  22,  1884.  Richard  Unger.  Sentenced,  February  21, 
1883:  county,  New  York;  crime,  burglary  third  degree;  term, 
three  years;  prison,  Sing  Sing;  transferred  to  the  State  Asylum 
for  Insane  Criminals. 

This  convict  is  only  twenty  years  of  age,  and  this  is  his  first 
offense. 

A  few  months  since  he  was  transferred  to  the  State  Asylum  for 
Insane  Criminals,  where  he  now  is. 

The  medical  superintendent  of  that  institution  certifies  to  me 
me  that  his  insanity  assumes  the  type  of  melancholia,  and  that  he 
is  absolutely  harmless ;  that  this  disease  is  complicated  by  advanced 
and  rapidly  progressive  consumption,  and  that  his  condition  is  one 
of  enfeeblement  and  emaciation,  and  he  is  of  the  opinion  that  his 
case  is  absolutely  hopeless.  Fie  further  states  that  he  doubts  if  he 
can  live  a  month. 

It  further  appears  that  his  family  are  able  to  provide  him  with  a 
good  home  and  suitable  treatment. 


19 


No.  34.] 

In  view  of  the  above  facts,  I  have  determined  to  grant  him 
a  pardon,  in  order  that  his  mother,  who  is  now  waiting  for  him  at 
the  asylum,  may  take  him  home  to  die. 

[The  above  convict  died  October  28,  1884.] 


October  7,  1884.  Miles  Tunny.  Sentenced,  July  16,  1884; 
county,  Albany  ;  crime,  breach  of  peace;  term,  five  months;  prison, 
Albany  County  Penitentiary. 

It  appears  to  my  satisfaction  that  this  convict’s  wife  now  lies  dead, 
and  has  left  two  young  children  totally  without  protection,  care  and 
support ;  that  the  community  is  iu  favor  of  bis  release  under  the 
circumstances,  and  the  recorder  who  sentenced  him  strenuously  urges 
his  pardon  on  these  grounds. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  I  have  determined  to  remit  the  remainder 
of  the  convict’s  term,  inasmuch  as  he  has  already  served  nearly  three 
months  of  his  sentence,  in  order  that  he  may  be  present  at  his  wife’s 
funeral,  and  to  enable  him  to  care  for  his  motherless  children. 


November  14,  1884.  Robert  W.  Batting.  Sentenced,  April  23, 
1875;  county,  Ulster;  crime,  murder  second  degree;  term,  life; 
prison,  Sing  Sing. 

The  crime  was  committed  while  the  convict  was  under  the 
influence  of  intoxicating  drink  to  such  an  extent  as  to  fully  justify 
the  belief  that  he  was  unconscious  of  his  acts.  This  is  no  actual 
excuse  for  his  crime,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  all  the  palli¬ 
ation  that  circumstance  offered  was  allowed  him  by  the  jury  in  fixing 
the  grade  of  the  offense.  In  this  particular  case,  however,  I  think 
it  proper  to  consider  the  convict’s  condition  at  the  time  of  the  homi¬ 
cide,  in  connection  with  the  other  facts  presented  upon  his  applica¬ 
tion  for  clemency. 

The  character  of  the  convict  up  to  the  time  of  his  arrest  had  been 
fair,  and  with  an  occasional  over-indulgence  in  drink,  he  had  been 
industrious  and  steady;  and  he  had  been  regarded  by  his  acquaint¬ 
ances  and  neighbors  as  quiet  and  inoffensive.  The  petition  for  his 
pardon  is  numerously  signed  by  the  best  citizens  of  the  locality 
where  he  lived  and  where  the  crime  was  committed;  and  his 
former  employers  offer  to  again  take  him  into  their  service  imme¬ 
diately  upon  his  discharge. 

He  has  a  wife  and  five  children  whose  condition  appeals  strongly 

to  everv  humane  sentiment. 

•/ 

Since  his  incarceration  his  conduct  has  been  most  exemplary.  He 
has  yielded  willing  obedience  to  ail  prison  rules,  and  has  shown 
a  disposition  uncomplainingly  and  submissively  to  suffer  the  penalty 
the  law  has  imposed  upon  him  for  his  crime. 


20 


[Assembly 


With  but  these  considerations  before  me,  I  might  still  hesitate  to 
interfere  with  the  action  of  the  jury  and  the  judgment  of  the  court 
in  this  case.  But  the  judge  who  pronounced  the  sentence  earnestly 
recommends  a  pardon,  and  in  addition,  I  have  had  presented  to  me 
the  further  fact  that  since  the  convict’s  imprisonment,  when  a 
desperate  and  savage  assault  was  made  by  a  number  of  prisoners 
upon  one  of  their  keepers,  the  convict,  at  great  personal  risk,  inter¬ 
fered,  and,  in  all  probability,  saved  the  keeper’s  life. 

Such  service  to  the  State,  and  such  a  disposition  to  aid  in  the 
maintenance  of  prison  discipline,  should,  in  my  opinion,  be  recog¬ 
nized  and  encouraged.  Considering  this,  and  all  the  other  circum¬ 
stances  of  the  case,  I  have  determined  to  restore  the  convict  to 
liberty  and  to  his  family.  But,  because  his  great  crime  resulted 
from  his  drunken  condition  at  the  time  of  its  commission,  his 
pardon  is  granted  upon  the  express  condition  that  if  he  again 
becomes  intoxicated  the  same  shall  be  deemed  forfeited. 


November  26,  1884.  William  McGovern.  Sentenced,  August 
14,  1884;  county,  Onondaga;  crime,  assault  third  degree;  term, 
six  months  ;  prison,  Onondaga  County  Penitentiary. 

The  justice  before  whom  the  convict  was  tried  represents  that  the 
injuries  inflicted  by  the  convict  upon  the  complainant  were  not  of  a 
serious  nature,  and  he  expresses  the  opinion  that,  having  served  over 
one-half  of  his  term,  the  ends  of  justice  will  not  suffer  if  the  con¬ 
vict  is  now  released. 

It  further  appearing  to  my  satisfaction  that  the  convict’s  mother 
has  but  a  short  time  to  live,  and  that  she  and  her  aged  husband  need 
his  care  and  support,  I  have  determined  to  grant  the  pardon  applied 
for. 


November  28,  1884.  George  Whitherliead.  Sentenced,  Octo¬ 
ber  IT,  1884 ;  county,  St.  Lawrence ;  crime,  drunkennes  and  disor¬ 
derly  conduct;  term,  six  months;  prison,  Onondaga  County  Peni¬ 
tentiary. 

The  offense  of  which  the  convict  was  fould  guilty  was  not  a  seri¬ 
ous  one,  and  it  further  appears  that  he  was  never  previously  charged 
with  or  convicted  of  any  crime. 

He  is  young,  and  the  only  son  of  a  widowed  mother. 

A  report  from  the  warden  shows  that  his  conduct  while  in 
confinement  has  been  most  exemplary,  and  the  penitentiary  phy¬ 
sician  certifies  that  he  is  suffering  from  consumption,  and  is  at 
present  confined  to  his  bed,  having  recently  had  a  severe  hem¬ 
orrhage,  and  he  expresses  the  opinion  that  lie  cannot  survive  if 
kept  incarcerated  during  the  remainder  of  his  term. 


21 


No.  34.1 

For  these  reasons  I  have  determined  to  grant  the  pardon  ao- 
plied  for. 

rr 


December  1,  1884.  Thomas  Reilly.  Sentenced,  June  6,  1884; 
county,  Ulster  ;  crime,  malicious  mischief  ;  term,  nine  months  ; 
prison,  Albany  County  Penitentiary. 

This  convict  was  pardoned  on  the  ground  that  the  Attorney- 
General  of  the  State,  in  an  opinion,  held  that  the  sentence  im¬ 
posed  by  the  court  was  wholly  illegal  and  void. 


December  5,  1884.  John  Bowes.  Sentenced,  September  13, 
18T9  ;  county,  Wyoming;  crime,  arson  first’ degree ;  term,  life; 
prison,  Auburn. 

The  convict  was  confined  in  the  jail  at  Warsaw,  Wyoming 
county,  awaiting  trial  upon  certain  charges  for  which  he  had  been 
indicted,  when  it  was  discovered  that  a  hole  had  been*, burned 
partly  through  the  side  of  the  cell  in  which  he  was  incarcerated.  It 
appeared  that  this  was  done  by  means  of  lighted  charcoal,  which 
was  drawn  over  or  pressed  against  the  wood  in  such  manner  as 
to  destroy  its  fibre,  while  precautions  appear  to  have  been  actually 
taken  by  the  convict,  in  this  attempt  to  prevent  the  destruction  of 
the  building.  It  seems  to  me  to  be  plainly  evident  by  the  direct, 
as  well  as  the  circumstantial  evidence  adduced  upon  the  trial,  that 
the  intention  was  to  make,  by  means  of  the  burning  above  de¬ 
scribed,  a  breach  through  which  an  escape  might  be  effected. 

Under  a  number  of  decisions  of  the  courts,  and  as  the  law  then 
existed,  this  state  of  facts  did  not  constitute  the  offense  of  arson  in 
the  first  degree,  of  which  the  prisoner  was  convicted,  an  element 
of  that  crime  being  an  intention  to  destroy  the  building  set  on 
fire  ;  and  when  any  evidence  that  such  might  not  have  been  the 
motive  was  given,  the  jury  should  have  been  directed  to  pass 
upon  the  question  of  intent,  finding  the  prisoner  guilty  only  in 
case  they  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  his  purpose  was  to  de¬ 
stroy  the  building. 

While  it  appears  to  me  that  the  evidence  negatives  the  theory 
that  such  an  intent  existed,  I  am  still  satisfied  that  if  I  am  mistaken 
as  to  the  conclusive  force  of  the  testimony  in  this  case,  I  ought  to 
pardon  this  convict  upon  the  following  statement  contained  in  a 
letter  lately  received  from  the  judge  before  whom  he  was  tried  : 

“  It  is.  now  suggested  by  the  friends  of  the  prisoner  that  the  jury 
would  have  been  justified  in  finding  from  the  evidence  that  he  set 


\ 


22  [A8BEMBLT 

fire  to  the  jail  as  a  means  of  securing  his  escape,  and  not  with 
the  intention  of  burning  down  the  building,  so  as  to  bring  the  case 
within  the  rule  as  laid  down  in  the  case  of  The  People  v.  Cotteral , 
18  Johns.,  115,  where  it  wras  held  that  if  the  firing  was  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  effecting  his  escape  only,  that  the  prisoner  was  not  guilty 
of  the  crime  of  arson.  I  think,  with  the  friends  of  the  prisoner, 
that  the  jury  would  have  been  justified  in  taking  that  view  of  the 
case.  I  do  not  recall  to  mind  at  this  time  that  the  jury  was  so  in¬ 
structed,  and  my  impressions  are  that  their  attention  was  not  called 
to  the  rule  of  Jaw  as  laid  down  in  the  case  referred  to.” 

If  the  evidence  was  altogether  with  the  prisoner  upon  the  ques¬ 
tion  of  intent,  as  I  am  convinced,  he  should  not  have  been  con¬ 
victed  ;  and  if  the  jury  were  not  permitted  to  consider  such  evi¬ 
dence  as  was  concededly  in  the  case,  tending  to  the  prisoner’s 
advantage  upon  that  question,  he  was  not  justly  dealt  with. 

In  either  view  I  deem  it  my  duty  to  release  him. 


December  IT,  1884.  Joseph  P.  Wall.  Sentenced,  February  18, 
1878  ;  county,  New  York;  crime,  manslaughter  in  the  first  degree; 
term,  fifteen  years;  prison,  Sing  Sing. 

It  appears  that  the  convict,  until  a  comparatively  short  period 
preceding  the  commission  of  the  offense,  had  borne  an  exemplary 
character,  had  worked^steadily  at  his  trade  as  a  confectioner,  and 
had  in  all  things  faithfully  cared  for  his  family. 

For  some  time  prior  to  the  homicide  the  convict’s  wife  had  been 
in  the  habit  of  drinking,  and  at  times  became  so  much  under  the 
influence  of  liquor  that  she  grossly  neglected  her  family. 

In  time  the  convict  became  addicted  to  the  use  of  drink,  and 
coining  home  one  night  in  a  drunken  state  and  finding  his  wife  lying 
on  the  floor  in  the  same  condition,  as  it  appeared  upon  the  trial,  he 
attempted  to  arouse  her,  and  not  succeeding,  kicked  her  in  such  a 
manner  that  her  death  resulted  in  a  day  or  two.  It  did  not  appear 
that  he  had  the  slightest  intent  to  cause  her  death,  or  to  inflict 
serious  injury. 

For  this  act  the  prisoner  was  convicted  in  the  Court  of  Oyer  and 
Terminer  of  manslaughter,  and  sentenced  to  fifteen  years’  imprison¬ 
ment. 

He  now,  in  his  application  from  the  prison,  acknowledges  the 
justness  of  his  sentence,  but  pleads  that  he  may  be  released  in  order 
that  he  may  be  able  to  provide  for  his  old  mother  and  children,  who 
have  been  thrown  upon  charity. 

Judge  Davis,  who  imposed  the  sentence,  now  writes: 

“  He  was  at  the  time  grossly  intoxicated,  and  probably  did  not 
intend  her  death,  nor  fully  apprehend  the  danger  to  which  his  bru- 


23 


No.  34.] 

tality  exposed  her.  Exemplary  punishment  was  imposed  because 
crimes  of  that  nature  were  very  frequent  at  that  time.  I  have  since 
leurned  that  Wall’s  general  character,  with  the  exception  of  his  ad¬ 
diction  to  drink,  was  quite  good,  and  that  when  sober  he  was  indus¬ 
trious  and  kind  to  his  family.  During  the  last  summer  1  visited  the 
prison  at  Sing  Sing,  and  saw  and  conversed  with  Wall.  I  was  also 
informed  by  the  warden  that  his  conduct  in  prison  had  been  at  all 
times  exemplary.  He  is  submissive,  industrious  and  at  all  times  at¬ 
tentive  to  the  duties  imposed  upon  him,  and  thoroughly  repentant 
of  his  crime.  He  manifested  great  anxiety  on  account  of  his 
mother,  who  is  old  and  poor,  and  his  three  children,  now  in  the  care 
of  the  Protectory,  .all  of  whom  need  his  care  and  support.  His  case 
is  one  in  which  a  pardon  may  be  properly  granted.  I  therefore 
unite  in  recommending  your  excellency  to  pardon  him.” 

For  the  reasons  above  expressed,  I  have  determined  that  justice 
will  in  no  wise  suffer,  but  rather  be  promoted  if  the  convict’s  appli¬ 
cation  for  pardon  be  granted. 


December  18,  1884.  Charles  C.  Bates.  Sentenced,  December  13, 

1882;  county,  Delaware  ;  crime,  bigamy  ;  term, - ;  prison,  State 

Reformatory. 

As  a  general  rule  I  have  declined  to  interpose  clemency  in  behalf 
of  inmates  of  the  State  Reformatory. 

Under  the  statute  governing  its  organization  and  management, 
and  the  rules  made  by  the  board  of  managers  in  pursuance  thereof, 
executive  clemency  in  behalf  of  its  inmates  should  be  sparingly  ex¬ 
ercised. 

In  the  case  of  this  inmate,  however,  I  deem  it  my  duty  to  order 
his  release. 

It  appears  that  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  offense  for 
which  the  inmate  now  lies  imprisoned,  he  was  only  twenty  years  of 
age,  ignorant  of  the  consequences  of  his  act,  under  the  influence  of 
liquor,  and  1  am  satisfied  that  he  had  no  intention  of  violating  the 
laws  of  the  State. 

While  these  considerations  do  not,  perhaps,  furnish  reasons  why 
the  inmate  should  be  entirely  excused  from  the  consequences  of  his 
act,  yet  they  do  unquestionably  give  ground  for  a  mitigation  of  his 
punishment. 

He  has  a  wife  and  child,  who  have,  since  his  incarceration,  been 
provided  for  by  the  charity  of  his  father,  and  furnished  a  home  in 
the  latter’s  family. 

It  now  satisfactorily  appears  that  further  imprisonment  of  the  in¬ 
mate  will  be  likely  to  result  in  a  permanent  separation  between  him 
and  his  wife,  and  a  dissolution  of  all  family  ties,  which  it  is  so  im¬ 
portant  should  be  maintained  in  their  integrity;  and  it  is  conceded 
that  the  inmate  is  both  able  and  willing  to  provide  for  his  family. 

I  am  satisfied  that  further  imprisonment  will  be  of  no  advantage 
to  the  inmate  nor  to  the  community. 


24 


[Assembly 


As  a  further  reason  for  the  inmate's  release,  I  have  before  me  the 
letter  of  the  judge  who  imposed  the  sentence,  in  which  he  says  : 

“  Under  the  statute  I  felt  called  upon  to  send  him  to  the  Reform¬ 
atory.  If  the  court  had  been  called  upon  to  fix  the  term  of  impris- 
ment,  it  would  not  have  exceeded  one  year,  under  all  the  circum¬ 
stances.  If  that  had  been  done  he  would  now  have  been  entitled  to 
his  discharge.  It  does  not  seem  that  the  ends  of  justice  will  be 
promoted  by  his  further  confinement.7’ 

The  inmate  has  already  been  actually  incarcerated  for  a  period  of 
over  two  years,  an  ample  punishment  for  the  offense  committed,  un¬ 
der  all  the  circumstances  surrounding  it. 


December  19,  1884.  Harvey  J.  Totten.  Sentenced,  December 
17,  1883 ;  county,  Livingston  ;  crime,  grand  larceny  in  the  second 
degree;  term,  two  years  ;  prison,  Auburn. 

This  convict  wa£  convicted  in  the  bounty  of  Livingston  of  the 
crime  of  grand  larceny  in  the  second  degree,  in  having  misappro¬ 
priated  funds  in  his  capacity  as  agent  of  a  sewing  machine  company, 
and  sentenced  December  17,  1883,  to  two  years’  imprisonment  in 
Auburn  prison. 

I  am  exceedingly  averse  to  interposing  clemency  in  behalf  of 
those  who,  acting  in  a  fiduciary  capacity,  violate  the  trust  reposed  in 
them. 

In  the  case  of  this  convict,  however,  there  seems  to  be  sufficient 
ground  for  a  mitigation  of  his  punishment. 

It  is  now  represented  to  me  by  the  convict’s  friends  that  previous 
to  his  conviction  he  had  borne  a  good  character;  that  his  family  are 
now  destitute  by  reason  of  his  imprisonment,  and  that  the  compan}r 
was  fully  indemnified  for  the  misappropriation,  by  reason  of  a  bond 
given  by  the  convict,  with  sufficient  sureties. 

The  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  the  indictment  now  writes  : 

“I  believe  the  punishment  already  received  sufficient,  and  that 
the  public  will  not  be  injured  by  immediate  clemency.” 

And  the  judge  who  imposed  the  sentence  says  : 

“  The  court  very  reluctantly  sentenced  him  to  State  prison.  Con¬ 
vict  is  of  a  respectable  family.  I  knew  his  father  well.  The  pun¬ 
ishment  the  court  was  compelled  to  impose  is  out  of  all  proportion 
to  the  offense  of  which  he  was'guilty,  within  the  meaning  of  the 
Code.  I  think  he  ought  to  be  pardoned.” 

The  convict  having  already  served  over  a  year’s  actual  imprison¬ 
ment,  I  believe  the  ends  of  justice  have  been  fully  answered  in  his 
case. 


December  19,  1884.  George  Lewis.  Sentenced,  December  6, 


25 


No.  34.] 

1883 ;  county,  Queens ;  crime,  larceny  ;  term,  two  years ;  prison, 
Kings  County  Penitentiary. 

The  crime  consisted  in  the  convict  having  taken  the  horse  and 
buggy  of  a  friend,  driving  off  with  them  to  a  distant  town,  and  en¬ 
deavoring  to  dispose  of "  the  same  at  a  low  price,  under  what  ap¬ 
peared  to  be  suspicious  circumstances.  His  former  employer  certi¬ 
fies  that  he  heard  the  owner  of  the  property  repeatedly  urge  the 
convict  to  sell  the  same,  and  that  he  believes  he  had  no  intention  of 
committing  a  crime. 

As  grounds  for  his  pardon,  I  have  before  me  the  petition  of  the 

jurors  who  convicted  him,  who  say : 

“  While  we  could  not  conscientiously  acquit,  we  feel  that  the  cir¬ 
cumstances  fully  warrant  a  commutation  of  sentence.” 

The  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  the  prisoner  now  writes : 

“I  feel  that  he  entirely  lacked  the  elements  of  which  criminals 
arc  made  ;  he  looked  to  me  like  a  weak  young  man,  one  easily  in¬ 
fluenced.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  executive  clemency  may  be  the 
making  of  him,  and  concur  in  the  judge’s  opinion.” 

The  latter  says  :  “  1  gladly  unite  in  the  application  of  the  jury. 

The  evidence  showed  that  up  to  the  time  of  the  offense  he  was  a 
person  of  good  conduct  and  upright  character.  He  had  become  ad¬ 
dicted  to  intoxicating  liquors  to  excess,  and  was  in  a  drunken  spree 
when  he  committed  the  theft.  The  sentence,  which  was  the  lowest 
I  could  impose,  I  think  should  be  commuted  to  one  year.  Even  six 
months  would  be  sufficient.  Such  an  act  would  probably  save  him 
for  all  future  time.” 

His  former  employer  now  writes  that  he  has  full  confidence  in 
him,  and  that  should  he  be  released  he  will  immediately  take  him 
into  his  employ. 

As  the  convict  has  already  served  over  one  year’s  actual  imprison¬ 
ment,  I  have  determined,  in  view  of  the  reasons  above  set  forth,  to 
grant  the  pardon  applied  for. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  34.] 


4 


' 


•1 

. 

-  ■ 


. 


COMMUTATIONS. 


- * - 

January  5, 1884.  Thomas  Kearns.  Sentenced,  March  2,  1883; 
county,  Rensselaer;  crime,  petit  larceny;  term,  one  year  and  $150 
fine  ;  prison,  Albany  County  Penitentiary. 

Sentence  commuted  to  one  year’s  imprisonment  in  the  Albany 
Count}7  Penitentiary,. from  March  9,  1883. 

This  commutation  is  granted  on  the  following  grounds : 

It  appears  that  the  prisoner  was  convicted  on  his  plea  of  guilty 
of  stealing  a  carcass  of  mutton,  valued  at  four  dollars,  in  the  day 
time  and  in  the  presence  of  a  number  of  people,  and  that  it  was  the 
first  offense  of  which  he  had  been  charged  or  convicted. 

The  police  justice  before  whom  he  was  convicted  stated  that  he 
had  been  sufficiently  punished  for  the  particular  offense  of  which  he 
was  charged,  and  he  would  be  satisfied  if  his  sentence  were  com¬ 
muted. 

The  county  judge  and  district  attorney  recommend  executive 
clemency.  It  is  also  recommended  by  a  number  of  respectable 
citizens. 

Taking  these  facts  into  consideration,  and  also  the  fact  that  his 
parents  are  old  and  need  his  earnings,  1  have  determined  that  justice 
will  not  miscarry  if  the  fine  imposed  is  remitted. 


January  8,  1884.  James  Gilmartin.  Sentenced,  May  23,  1882; 
county,  Orange  ;  crime,  assault  with  intent  to  kill;  term,  two  years ; 
prison,  Albany  County  Penitentiary. 

Sentence  commuted  to  one  year,  seven  months  and  thirteen  days 
actual  time  in  the  Albany  County  Penitentiary. 

This  commutation  is  granted  upon  the  following  grounds : 

It  is  urged  that  the  prisoner  be  liberated  in  time  to  attend  the 
funeral  of  his  father,  who,  it  appears  upon  unquestionable  authority, 
died  the  day  previous  to  the  date  of  this  commutation. 

The  term  of  the  prisoner  would  have  legally  expired  within  six¬ 
teen  days  by  reason  of  good  conduct  in  prison. 

Taking  these  facts  into  consideration,  and  that  his  antecedents  are 
entirely  respectable,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  grantingthe  relief  sought 
by  a  commutation. 


28 


[Assembly 


February  2,  1884.  Donato  Magaldo.  Sentenced,  February  23, 
1869;  county,  New  York;  crime,  murder  in  the  second  degree; 
term,  life  ;  prison,  Sing  Sing  ;  transferred  to  Clinton. 

Sentence  commuted  to  twenty-live  years  from  February  24, 
1869. 

This  convict  was  convicted  of  murder  in  the  second  degree  for  a 
homicide,  committed  with  a  knife. 

The  testimony  taken  upon  the  trial,  which  I  have  carefully  read, 
indisputably  discloses  the  fact  that  the  person  killed  crossed  the 
street  to  the  place  where  the  convict  was  quietly  standing,  and 
engaged  in  an  altercation  with  him,  the  two  being  entire  strangers 
to  each  other.  A  number  of  witnesses  testified  that  the  deceased 
was  making  threatening  demonstrations  towards  the  prisoner,  which 
would  seem  to  justify  him  in  supposing  that  he  was  in  danger  of 
bodily  injury  at  the  time  the  fatal  blow  was  struck,  and  about  an 
equal  number  of  witnesses  gave  evidence  that  the  deceased  had  turned 
away  and  was  leaving  the  prisoner  when  he  was  stabbed.  The  jury 
seemed  to  believe,  as  they  had  the  right  to  do,  the  latter  version 
of  the  occurrence. 

The  convict  is  an  Italian,  and  has  a  family  in  Italy.  At  the  time 
of  the  homicide  he  had  been  in  this  country  but  a  short  time,  and 
when  he  was  tried  was  entirely  ignorant  of  our  language. 

I  have  before  me  a  certificate  of  the  chief  officer  of  the  Italian 
municipality  where  he  lived,  to  the  effect  that  during  his  residence 
there  he  lived  a  blameless  life  ;  and  on  his  trial  evidence  was  given 
of  his  good  character  since  he  came  to  this  country 

A  number  of  years  ago  the  officers  of  the  prison  where  he  is  con¬ 
fined  joined  in  a  petition  for  his  release,  stating  that  his  conduct  in 
prison  had  been  most  exemplary,  and  a  report  just  received  repre¬ 
sents  that  his  conduct  continues  to  be  satisfactory. 

A  distinguished  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  who,  with  a 
knowledge  of  the  language  of  the  convict  and  his  Italian  witnesses, 
heard  these  statements  before  the  trial,  and  who  has  since  read  the 
evidence,  asks  for  a  pardon,  and  says  that  he  is  convinced  “  that  the 
case  is  a  proper  one  in  which  to  ask  executive  clemency.'”  In  1881 
the  district  attorney  of  New  York  county,  after  an  examination  of  the 
case,  wrote  :  “  I  venture  to  suggest,  however,  that  the  imprison¬ 
ment  which  the  defendant  has  already  suffered,  is,  under  all  the  cir¬ 
cumstances,  sufficient  punishment  for  the  crime.” 

Previous  application  for  this  man’s  pardon  have  been  made  to  my 
predecessors,  and  refused.  It  seems  that  in  1872,  while  such  an 
application  was  pending,  information  was  asked  by  the  Governor,  of 
the  Superintendent  of  Police  in  New  York,  as  to  the  character  and 
antecedents  of  the  prisoner.  A  report  was  made  by  a  so-called 
detective  to  his  chief,  which  was  forwarded  to  the  executive,  in  which 
the  following  statement  appears :  “  As  to  the  character  of  Donato 
Magaldo  previous  to  the  above  offense,  I  have  made  an  investiga¬ 
tion,  and  find  that  he  was  known  to  the  police  as  a  very  bad  and 
dangerous  man,  and  had  been  arrested  for  a  similar  offense  pre- 


No.  34.] 


29 


viously.  Captain  Kennedy  of  the  Sixth  precinct,  says  he  had 
known  him  for  some  years  previous,  and  that  he  was  a  very  bad  and 
dangerous  man,  having  been  arrested  for  a  felonious  assault  and 
battery  some  four  or  five  months  previous  to  above  offense,  but  for 
some  reason  he  never  was  brought  to  trial.” 

The  above  statement  is  now  thoroughly  impeached  by  the  proof 
upon  the  trial,  and  an  official  certificate  presented  to  me,  duly 
authenticated,  from  the  native  land  of  the  convict,  by  which  it 
appears  that  he  left  there  with  his  passport  for  New  York,  in  March, 
1867. 

This  feature  of  the  case  is  adverted  to  as  demonstrating  the 
injustice  that  may  be  done  by  the  representations  of  police  officers 
lacking  in  character  and  conscience. 

The  crime  of  which  the  prisoner  was  convicted  was  committed 
with  a  weapon,  the  possession  of  which  has  prejudiced  in  my  mind 
his  application.  I  will  not  grant  him  the  pardon  he  asks,  but,  in  view 
of  all  the  circumstances,  I  have  determined  to  commute  his  sentence 
to  imprisonment  for  twenty-five  years,  with  the  usual  deduction  for 
good  behavior.  If  he  continues  to  behave  himself  well,  he  will  be 
entitled  to  his  discharge  on  the  23d  day  of  May,  1884. 

March  4,  1881.  Charles  Wilhelm.  Sentenced,  January  15, 1880  ; 
county,  New  York  ;  crime,  forgery  third  degree  ;  maximum  term, 
five  years;  prison,  State  Reformatory  ;  transferred  to  Auburn  Janu¬ 
ary  19,  1880,  as  an  “old  convict.” 

William  Anspeke.  Sentenced,  March  13,  1879;  county,  New 
York;  crime,  forgery  third  degree;  maximum  term,  five  years; 
prison,  State  Reformatory;  transferred  to  Auburn  August  3,"  1882, 
'  as  “an  incorrigible.” 

Frank  Leonard.  Sentenced,  June  7,  1879;  county,  Tompkins; 
crime,  burglary  and  larceny;  maximum  term,  five  years;  prison, 
State  Reformatory  ;  transferred  to  Auburn  October  30,  1882,  as  “an 
incorrigible.’  ’ 

Henry  Wilson.  Sentenced,  April  21,  1879;  county,  New  York  ; 
crime,  petit  larceny  from  the  person;  maximum  term,  five  years; 
prison,  State  Reformatory  ;  transferred  to  Auburn  October  30, 
18S2,  as  “  an  incorrigible.” 

James  Watson.  Sentenced,  October  19,  1881  ;  county,  New 
York;  crime,  attempting  to  commit  petit  larceny  from  the  person  ; 
maximum  term,  two  years  and  six  months  ;  prison,  State  Reforma¬ 
tory  ;  transferred  to  Auburn  January  8,  1883,  on  account  of  having 
been  previously  convicted. 

Wallace  Beil.  Sentenced,  May  14,  1879;  county,  New  York; 
crime,  grand  larceny;  maximum  term,  five  years;  prison,  State 
Reformatory;  transferred  to  Auburn  January  8"  1883,  as  “an  incor¬ 
rigible.” 

These  convicts  having  been  originally  sentenced  to  the  New  York 
State  Reformatory,  no  limit  was  fixed  by  the  courts  to  the  term  of 
their  imprisonment.  But  by  the  provisions  of  the  statute  relating 
to  this  institution  such  convicts  may  be  discharged  by  the  managers, 


30 


[Assembly 


under  certain  conditions ;  and,  in  case  the  discretion  thus  vested  in 
the  managers  is  not  exercised,  convicts  committed  to  the  reformatory 
may  be  imprisoned  therein  for  the  longest  term  provided  by  law  as 
a  punishment  for  the  offense  of  which  they  were  convicted. 

Of  course,  the  intention  of  the  law  was  that  persons  convicted  of 
crime,  whose  youth  or  freedom  from  criminal  habits  and  associations 
gave  promise  of  reformation,  should  not  be  classed  and  kept  with 
old  and  hardened  criminals,  but  should  be  committed  to  the  reforma¬ 
tory,  where  they  might  receive  instruction  and  encouragement,  and 
that  their  discharge  within  the  limit  which  the  law  had  fixed  for 
their  crime  should  be  dependent  upon  the  progress  they  made 
towards  reformation. 

But  it  is  also  provided  that  the  managers  of  this  institution  may, 
in  certain  cases,  transfer  prisoners  to  a  State  prison  where,  unless 
they  are  recalled  to  the  reformatory,  they  are  kept  the  balance  of 
the  longest  term  for  which  they  might  have  been  sentenced  to 
prison. 

This  I  consider  entirely  wrong.  If  a  convict  is  to  be  confined  in 
a  State  prison  the  criminal  courts  should  fix  his  term  ;  and  the 
discretion  which  may  be,  in  such  cases,  exercised  by  the  courts, 
should  not  be  abridged  nor  vested  in  the  managers  of  the  reforma¬ 
tory. 

And,  to  add  to  this  injustice  and  this  anomalous  method  of 
administering  the  criminal  law,  it  has  thus  far  been  held,  I  believe, 
that  the  provisions  of  the  statute  relating  to  reduction  of  a  prisoner’s 
term  for  good  conduct,  does  not  apply  to  such  convicts  as  are  trans¬ 
ferred  from  the  reformatory  to  the  prisons. 

The  result  is  that  an  old  offender,  of  previous  bad  character,  is 
frequently  sent  to  prison  by  the  court  for  a  term  much  less  than  the 
longest  time  allowed  by  law  and  through  good  conduct  in  prison  can 
earn  a  considerable  commutation  of  his  sentence  ;  while  a  young 
man,  convicted  of  his  first  offense,  with  good  character  and  respecta¬ 
ble  surroundings,  sent  by  the  court  to  the  reformatory  for  imprison¬ 
ment  and  reform,  may  be  doomed  by  the  managers  of  this  institu¬ 
tion  to  finish  the  longest  term  which  his  offense  permits,  in  the  State 
prison,  with  no  commutation  for  the  most  exemplary  conduct. 

The  least  that  should  be  done  for  convicts  transferred  under  the 
present  law  from  the  reformatory  to  prison  is  to  allow  them,  for 
good  conduct  in  prison,  the  same  commutation  on  the  remainder  of 
the  term  for  which  they  might  be  confined,  dating  from  the  day  of 
their  transfer,  that  they  would  be  entitled  to  if  that  was  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  an  original  sentence  to  prison.  I  think  the  statute  in  rela¬ 
tion  to  commutations  for  good  conduct  in  prison  permits  this.  If 
it  does  not  it  ought  to,  and  I  am  glad  that  I  have  the  power,  in  any 
event,  to  rectify  such  wrongs,  by  the  interposition  of  a  special  com¬ 
mutation. 

The  conduct  of  the  six  convicts  above  mentioned,  so  transferred 
from  the  New  York  State  Reformatory  to  Auburn  prison,  is  re¬ 
ported  by  the  warden  of  the  latter  institution  to  be  good. 


No.  34.] 


31 


Making  the  deductions  from  their  terms,  which  I  believe  them 
to  have  earned,  all  are  now  entitled  to  be  discharged  except  two, 
whose  terms  under  the  rule  adopted  will  respectively  expire  on  the 
sixth  and  eighth  days  of  the  present  month. 

I  cannot  now  do  what  I  regard  full  justice  to  all  these  convicts, 
but  I  have  determined  to  approximate  it  as  nearly  as  possible  by 
commuting  their  terms  to  the  eighth  day  of  March,  1884,  which  is 
probably  as  early  as  the  necessary  documents  can  be  perfected  and 
forwarded. 


March  27,  1884.  Edward  Feeney.  Sentenced,  December  27, 
1880 ;  county,  Niagara ;  crime,  robbery  first  degree ;  term,  ten 
years ;  prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  imprisonment  in  Auburn  prison  for  the 
term  of  five  years,  from  December  28, 1880. 

This  convict  was  charged  with,  and  convicted  of,  the  crime  of 
robbery  in  the  first  degree,  together  with  John  Shine,  and  the 
circumstances  of  the  offense  and  the  degree  of  guilt  were  precisely 
similar  in  each  case.  On  November  16, 1883,  the  sentence  of  Shine 
was  commuted  by  me  to  imprisonment  for  the  term  of  five  years, 
upon  oral  representations  made  to  me  by  the  district  attorney  who 
prosecuted  the  indictment,  and  upon  the  recommendation  of  the 
judge  who  passed  the  sentence  and  numerous  other  respectable 
citizens  who  were  familiar  with  the  circumstances  of  the  offense. 
An  application  having  been  made  for  executive  clemency,  and  in 
order,  therefore,  that  equal  justice  may  be  done,  I  have  determined 
to  commute  the  sentence  of  this  convict  to  a  like  term  of  five  years, 
which,  if  his  conduct  continues  good,  will  entitle  him  to  be  dis¬ 
charged  July  27,  1884. 


April  11,  1884.  Angenette  B.  E.  Haight.  Sentenced,  February 
25,  1884;  county,  Madison;  crime,  murder  in  the  first  degree; 
term, - ,  to  be  executed  April  18,  1884. 

Sentence  commuted  to  imprisonment  in  the  Onondaga  County 
Penitentiary,  for  the  term  of  her  natural  life. 

I  have  examined  the  facts  in  the  case  and  have  no  doubt  of  the 
justice  of  her  conviction.  The  sentence  of  death  necessarily  fol¬ 
lowed  such  conviction  under  the  provisions  of  the  criminal  law. 

While  there  is  naturally  a  feeling  of  repugnance  against  the 
execution  of  a  woman,  I  am  by  no  means  satisfied  that  in  the 
present  condition  of  the  law,  which  prescribes  the  punishment  of 
death  for  murder  in  the  first  degree,  females  should  be  exempt  from 


32 


[Assembly 


such  punishment  solely  on  account  of  their  sex.  But  in  this  par¬ 
ticular  case,  having  made  a  full  investigation  of  the  condition  of  the 
condemned,  I  find  that  she  is  advanced  in  years,  and  a  report  of  a 
medical  examination,  made  by  my  direction,  discloses  that  her  bodily 
ailments  and  infirmities  are  such  that  it  is  quite  likely  that  her  life 
will  not  be  of  long  duration  in  any  event. 

I  have  determined,  therefore,  to  commute  her  sentence  of  death 
to  imprisonment  for  life. 


May  1,  1884.  Wallace  L.  Darbee.  Sentenced,  May  8,  1879  ; 
county,  Erie;  crime,  rape;  term,  twelve  years;  prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  four  years,  eleven  months  and  nineteen 
days  actual  imprisonment,  which  will  terminate  May  5,  1884. 

This  convict,  at  the  time  of  his  conviction,  was  concededlyin  poor 
health.  His  long  incarceration  has  aggravated  the  malady  from 
which  he  was  suffering,  necessitating  his  removal  to  the  hospital. 
The  prison  physician  expresses  the  opinion  that  it  is  not  unlikely  that 
fatal  results  may  soon  be  expected  unless  some  change  in  his  sur¬ 
roundings  are  given. 

It  is  on  this,  and  the  ground  of  the  long  sentence  imposed,  and 
which  the  district  attorney  himself,  who  prosecuted  the  indictment, 
deemed  excessive,  taking  all  the  facts  and  surrounding  circumstances 
into  consideration  ;  and  it  father  appearing  to  my  satisfaction  that 
all  reformatory  objects  of  the  prisoner’s  punishment  have  been  fully 
accomplished,  I  deem  it  my  duty  to  interpose  clemency  in  this  case. 


May  3,  1884.  John  B.  Griffin.  Sentenced,  March  17,  1884 

county,  Dutchess ;  crime,  murder  in  the  first  degree ;  term - 

to  be  executed  May  9,  1884. 

Sentence  commuted  to  imprisonment  in  Sing  Sing  prison  for  the 
term  of  his  natural  life. 

The  condemned  was,  with  two  other  parties,  indicted  for  murder 
in  the  first  degree.  The  homicide  was  committed  by  the  means  of 
a  cartridge  of  dynamite,  which  was  thrown  through  the  window  of 
a  house  in  which  were  the  deceased  and  several  others.  It  is  quite 
clear  that  the  motive  for  the  crime  was  a  feeling  of  revenge  towards 
one  or  more  of  the  occupants  of  the  house  because  of  information 
which  had  been  furnished  of  the  commission  of  another  offense  by 
the  parties  indicted.  Of  the  three,  Griffin,  the  first  one  tried,  was 
convicted  of  milder  in  the  first  degree.  A  day  afterward,  and  at 
the  same  court,  one  of  the  other  indicted  parties  was  tried,  and  upon 
the  same  evidence  was  convicted  of  murder  in  the  second  degree  and 
thereupon  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life.  The  last  of  the  three 


/ 


No.  34.]  33 

accused  of  the  crime  then  pleaded  guilty  of  murder  in  the  second 
degree,  and  was  also  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life. 

There  is  not  a  particle  of  difference  in  the  guilt  of  these  three  men. 

It  is  conceded  that  Griffin  did  not,  with  his  own  hand,  throw  the  ex¬ 
plosive  into  the  house,  but  that  it  was  done  by  one  of  his  compan¬ 
ions.  This  circumstance,  while  it  does  not  palliate  his  participation 
in  the  crime,  certainly  does  not  aggravate  it.  The  judge  before 
whom  the  trial  was  had,  and  the  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  the 
indictment,  joined  in  advising  me  that,  in  their  opinion,  the  same 
punishment  should  be  meted  out  to  all  these  convicted  men.  A  large 
number  of  citizens  ask  that  the  punishment  of  the  only  one  of  them 
sentenced  to  death  be  commuted  to  imprisonment  for  life. 

There  is  here  presented  a  notable  illustration  of  the  infirmity  of 
all  human  laws  for  the  punishment  of  crime,  and  the  necessary  im¬ 
perfection  of  their  administration.  The  difference  between  life 
imprisonment  and  death  as  penalties  for  violated  law  is  immeasur-  • 
able.  And  yet,  on  the  same  facts,  the  life  of  one  criminal  is  for¬ 
feited  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury,  and  the  next  day  another  is  spared 
by  the  same  instrumentality. 

I  consider  this  a  case  in  which  it  is  my  clear  duty  to  commute  the 
sentence  of  death  to  imprisonment  for  life. 


May  16,  1884.  Abraham  Meyers.  Sentenced,  April  19,  1877  ; 
county,  Monroe  ;  crime,  robbery  in  the  first  degree  ;  term,  twenty 
years;  prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  seven  years  and  one  month,  actual  im¬ 
prisonment  in  Auburn  prison,  from  April  21,  1877,  which  will  end 
May  20, 1884. 

This  convict  has  already  served  within  a  day  or  two  a  full  term 
of  eleven  years,  allowing  the  commutation,  which  he  has  earned  for 
good  conduct  in  prison,  a  term  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  district- 
attorney  who  prosecuted  the  indictment,  is  amply  sufficient  for  the 
offense  committed.  This  ex-official  says  that  he  now  believes  the 
time  has  fully  arrived  for  the  release  of  this  convict,  and  that  he  is 
enabled  to  say  that  the  judge  who  pronounced  the  sentence  had, 
previous  to  his  decease,  expressed  the  opinion  that  a  considerable 
reduction  of  sentence  should  be  allowed  the  prisoner.  It  is  repre¬ 
sented  that  the  convict  is  advanced  in  years  and  in  feeble  health, 
and  that  further  imprisonment,  in  his  present  condition,  would  result 
in  unnecessary  hardship.  The  convict  has  near  relatives  living  in 
the  west,  who  are  both  able  and  willing  to  provide  him  with  a  home 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life,  and  to  which  he  is  to  be  removed  upon 
his  discharge  from  prison.  In  view  of  all  the  circumstances,  I  am 
fully  satisfied  that  the  vindication  of  the  law  does  not  require  this 
convict’s  longer  imprisonment. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  34.] 


5 


[Assembly 


34 


May  20,  1884.  Thomas  Waldron.  Sentenced  March  31,  1883  ; 
county,  Erie  ;  crime,  assault  second  degree  ;  term,  five  years;  prison, 
Auburn . 

Sentence  commted  to  one  year  and  five  months  in  Auburn  prison, 
from  April  3,  1883. 

This  convict  was  convicted  of  an  assualt  upon  a  young  girl  with 
an  intent  to  ravish.  He  was  a  teacher  in  a  school  for  boys  in  the 
city  of  Buffalo,  and  prior  to  his  accusation  had  the  esteem  and  con 
fidence  of  all  who  knew  him.  It  is  claimed  that  he  is  innocent  of 
any  crime,  and  that  the  evidence  produced  against  him  was  entirely 
untrustworthy,  and  affidavits  have  been  presented  to  me  tending  to 
establish  the  latter  proposition.  After  an  examination  made  under 
my  direction,  by  an  agent  specially  employed  for  that  purpose,  I  am 
not  satisfied  that  the  convict  is  free  from  guilt;  but  such  examina¬ 
tion  has  brought  to  light  certain  facts  which  the  rules  of  evidence 
•excluded  upon  the  trial,  but  which  1  think  are  properly  submitted 
upon  this  application.  Upon  a  careful  consideration  of  the  testi¬ 
mony  upon  the  trial  and  after  giving  due  weight  to  the  facts,  which 
such  subsequent  examination  has  developed,  I  am  so  impressed  with 
doubt  to  the  convict’s  guilt  of  the  crime  for  which  he  wa  sentenced, 
that  I  have  determined  to  interpose  in  his  behalf.  I  cannot  grant 
the  pardon  asked  for,  because  I  am  satisfied  that  he  was  guilty  of 
indecent  assault,  or,  as  it  is  now  termed  in  the  law,  an  asrault  in  the 
third  degree.  If  he  had  been  convicted  of  this  offense,  he  might,  as 
a  maximum  punishment,  have  been  imprisoned  for  the  term  of  one 
year,  or  been  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  $500.  The  character  of  this 
offense,  and  the  circumstrnces  attending  its  commission,  are  such  as 
to  render  it  difficult  to  avoid  strong  prejudices  against  the  convict. 
But  I  conceive  it  to  be  an  important  duty  of  the  executive  to  exer¬ 
cise  clemency  when  he  believes  that  justice  has  miscarried.  And  I 
apprehend,  if  his  conscience  is  satisfied  in  a  given  case,  that  is  all  he 
needs  to  justify  his  conduct,  since  he  alone  is  responsible  for  the 
proper  use  of  this  extensive  and  delicate  power.  This  convict  has 
been  imprisoned  more  than  a  year._  I  have  determined  to  commute 
his  imprisonment  to  one  year  and  five  months.  This  with  continued 
good  conduct  on  his  part,  in  prison,  will  entitle  him  to  a  disccharge 
on  the  7tli  day  of  June,  1884. 

May  29, 1884.  Don  Child.  Sentenced,  January  27,  1882 ;  county, 
New  York  ;  crime,  false  pretenses  ;  term,  three  years  and  $250  fine; 
prison,  Sing  Sing. 

Sentence  commuted  to  two  years  and  four  months  actual  imprison¬ 
ment  in  Sing  Sing  prison,  from  January  28,  1882. 

It  appearing  to  my  satisfaction  that  the  court  in  imposing  sentence 
was  misled  as  to  the  degree  of  guilt  of  the  parties  concerned  in  the 
commission  of  the  offense,  and  in  giving  the  convict  the  same  sen¬ 
tence  as  was  imposed  upon  his  associates,  on  the  theory  that  he  was 
equally  guilty,  I  have  determined  to  relieve  him  of  the  fine  which 


35 


No.  34.] 

was  imposed,  in  addition  to  his  term  of  imprisonment,  in  order  that 
his  punishment  shall  be  more  in  accordance  with  what  seems  to  have 
been  his  degree  of  guilt. 


June  23,  1884.  Thomas  Boland.  Sentenced,  December  5, 1879  ; 
county,  New  York  ;  crime,  violation  of  the  election  law  ;  term,  two 
years  ;  prison,  Sing  Sing. 

Sentence  commuted  to  imprisonment  in  Sing  Sing  prison  for  the 
term  of  one  year  and  six  months  from  March  27,  1883. 

This  convict  was  indicted  with  one  Hall  for  a  violation  of  the 
election  laws,  and  upon  conviction  therefor  was  sentenced  to  the 
State’s  prison  at  Sing  Sing  for  the  term  of  two  years.  1 1  is  co-de¬ 
fendant,  Hall,  on  a  like  conviction  before  another  judge,  was  sen¬ 
tenced  to  be  imprisoned  in  the  same  prison  for  the  term  of  one  year 
and  six  months.  They  both  entered  upon  their  terms  of  imprison¬ 
ment  on  the  same  day.  By  good  conduct  in  prison  they  have  both 
earned  the  reduction  of  sentence  allowed  by  law,  and  Hall  will  be 
entitled  to  his  release  on  the  26th  day  of  June,  1884. 

An  application  was  made  to  me  some  months  ago  for  the  pardon 
of  Boland,  bassed  upon  a  previous  good  character,  and  certain  cir¬ 
cumstances  connected  with  the  condition  of  the  family,  which  ap¬ 
pealed  strongly  to  my  sympathy  ;  and  the  judge  who  pronounced  his 
sentence  joined  in  said  application.  I  could  not  see  mv  way  clear 
to  grant  the  pardon  asked  for ;  but  I  examined  the  cases  with  great 
care,  and  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  there  is  not  a  particle  of 
difference  in  the  criminality  of  the. two  convicts.  My  conclusion 
was  to  commute  the  sentence  of  Boland  to  one  year  and  six  months, 
being  the  same  term  for  which  Hall  was  sentenced.  This  will  entitle 
him  to  his  release,  if  his  conduct  continues  good,  with  Hall,  on  the 
26th  day  of  June,  1884.  That  date  being  now  near  at  hand,  I  have 
forwarded  to  the  prison  the  papers  necessary  to  carry  out  this  pur¬ 
pose.  V 


September  11,  1884.  Cornelius  Driscoll.  Sentenced,  November 
23,  1883:  county,  Albany;  crime,  assault  first  degree;  term,  two 
years  ;  prison,  Albany  County  Penitentiary. 

Sentence  commuted  to  imprisonment  in  the  Albany  County  Peni¬ 
tentiary  for  the  term  of  one  year,  from  November  26,  1883. 

The  petition  for  the  con  net’s  release  was  presented  by  the  presi¬ 
dent  of  the  village  and  various  other  town  and  vill  age  officers.  I  am 
informed  by  the  judge  who  sentenced  him  t-h/it  he  was  the  least 
aggressive  of  those  concerned  in  the  commission  of  the  offense,  and 
he  expresses  the  opinion  that  the  application,  Sin  view  of  the  con¬ 
dition  of  his  wife  and  family,  is  entitled  to  gen  erous  consideration. 
His  imprisonment  has  left  his  wife  with  no  me  ans  of  providing  for 


36 


[  Assembly 


a  number  of  children  but  her  labor,  aided  by  public  charity.  My 
investigation  of  the  case  has  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that  the  ends 
of  justice  will  be  answered  by  a  commutation  of  the  sentence  of  this 
convict  to  one  year.  This,  with  continued  good  behavior  on  his 
part  in  prison,  will  entitle  him  to  his  discharge  on  the  21st  dav  of 
September,  1884. 


September  11,  1884.  Charles  Taschenbrecker.  Sentenced,  Feb¬ 
ruary  14,  1881;  county,  Erie;  crime,  robbery  ;  term,  ten  years  ; 
prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  five  year’s  imprisonment  in  Auburn  Prison, 
from  February  16,  1881. 

This  convict,  with  two  others,  was  jointly  indicted  for  robbery  in 
the  first  degree.  His  companions  offered  to  plead  guilty  to  a  lesser 
offense,  which  was  accepted,  and  each  received  short  sentences,  which 
have  long  since  expired.  The  court  would  have  been  willing  to 
receive  a  similar  plea  from  the  convict,  but  his  counsel  refused 
to  allow  him  to  plead  guilty  to  such  offense,  and  he  wTas  thereupon 
convicted  of  the  crime  charged  in  the  indictment.  It  appears  to  my 
satisfaction  that  the  previous  character  of  the  convict  has  been  good, 
and  that  he  had  been  a  hard  working  young  man.  It  wTas  also  shown 
that  he  was  no  more  guilty  than  his  companions.  The  judge  and 
district  attorney  unite  in  asking  that  his  sentence  be  commuted,  as  a 
matter  of  justice,  to  a  term  of  five  years,  and  I  am  entirely  satisfied 
that  this  should  be  done.  If  his  conduct  continues  good,  he  will  be 
entitled  to  a  discharge  September  15,  1884. 


September  15,  1884.  Frank  Jelly.  Sentenced,  May  26,  1868  ; 
county,  Chautauqua  ;  crime,  arson,  five  indictments  ;  terms,  seven, 
four,  four,  seven  and  seven  years,  respectively  ;  prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  twenty-six  years  and  ten  months  imprison¬ 
ment  from  June  2,  1868. 

At  the  time  of  his  sentence  the  convict  was  quite  young,  and  un¬ 
deniably  of  weak  intellect,  easily  influenced  by  bad  associates  and 
surroundings. 

It  is  now  claimed  that  he  is  not  guilty  of  all  the  charges  to  which 
he  pleaded  guilty,  but  I  do  not  purpose  to  base  my  action  in  his  case 
upon  that  allegation. 

He  has  been  in  prison  more  than  sixteen  years.  His  conduct  dur¬ 
ing  that  time  has  been  exceptionally  good,  and  he  has  exhibited  the 
most  encouraging  symptoms  of  contrition  and  evinces  a  determina¬ 
tion  to  improve  himself  in  every  way. 

His  father  is  quite  aged,  and  since  his  son’s  imprisonment  he  has 
removed  to  the  city  of  Chicago.  His  condition  in  life  is  such  that 
instead  of  being  able  to  care  for  his  son,  he  needs  the  latter’s  assist¬ 
ance. 


/ 


No.  34.]  37 

My  information  has  led  me  to  believe  with  the  judge  who  sen¬ 
tenced  the  convict,  that  “  if  a  person  could  be  found  who  would  care 
for  and  influence  him,  he  might  be  properly  set  at  liberty.’1 

[  have  corresponded  with  a  humane  citizen  of  Chicago,  whose 
standing  is  an  abundant  guaranty  that  bis  assurances  will  be  carried 
out,  who  has  agreed  that  if  the  convict  is  released  and  sent  to  that 
city  he  will  provide  him  with  employment  and  have  a  supervision 
over  him. 

I  am  so  convinced  that  under  this  arrangement  the  convict  will 
become  a  good  and  valuable  citizen,  that  I  have  determined  to  com¬ 
mute  his  sentence  to  twenty-six  years  and  ten  months.  This,  with 
continued  good  conduct  on  his  part,  will  entitle  him  to  a  discharge 
on  the  26th  day  of  the  present  month,  prior  to  which  time  the  plan 
for  his  care  and  employment  above  referred  to  can  be  perfected. 


December  16,  1884.  Samuel  Casper.  Sentenced,  April  19, 1877 ; 
county,  Monroe;  crime,  robbery  in  the  first  degree;  term,  fifteen 
years;  prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  twelve  years,  from  April  21,  1877. 

The  offense  of  which  these  prisoners  were  convicted  was  robbery. 
The  circumstances  attending  the  commission  of  the  crime  were  such 
as  well  might  arouse  indignation,  and  1  am  not.  inclined  to  find  fault 
with  the  verdict  of  robbery,  though  the  evidence  might  better  have 
supported  the  charge  of  larceny  from  the  person.  The  affidavits 
which  have  been  presented  to  me,  tending  to  show  that  the  prisoners 
did  not  commit  the  crime,  fail  to  satisfy  me  that  any  mistake  was 
made  in  their  conviction. 

But  Brown,  I  am  informed,  is  now  more  than  sixty  years  of  age, 
and  Casper  was,  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  offense,  a  young 
man,  undoubtedly  led  into  the  crime  by  his  older  companions,  and 
concededly  the  least  guilty  of  all. 

The  conduct  of  the  convicts  in  prison  has  been  good. 

Abram  Myers,  who  was  sentenced  at  the  same  time  for  the  same 
offense,  was,  by  commutation  of  sentence  released  from  imprisonment 
a  number  of  months  ago. 

I  cannot  pardon  these  convicts  ;  but  because  their  companion  has 
been  released,  and  because  I  am  satisfied  that  the  ends  of  justice 
have  been  answered  by  the  imprisonment  already  suffered,  I  have 
determined  to  commute  the  sentences  of  each  to  the  term  of  twelve 
years. 

This  with  continued  good  conduct  on  their  part,  will  entitle  them 
to  be  released  on  the  20th  day  of  December,  1884. 

These  reasons  apply  to  the  case  of  Herman  Brown  —  the  next 
commutation  following. 


December  16, 1884.  Herman  Brown.  Sentenced,  April  19,  1877  ; 
county,  Monroe;  crime,  robbery  in  the  first  degree  ;  term,  eighteen 
years ;  prison,  Auburn. 


38 


[Assembly 


Sentence  commuted  to  twelve  years,  from  April  21,  1877. 
For  reasons  see  case  of  Samuel  Casper,  next  preceding. 


December  18,  1884.  William  A.  Stone.  Sentenced  February 
27,  1874  ;  county,  Madison  ;  crime,  arson  in  the  first  degree ;  term, 
life  ;  prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  seventeen  years  and  six  months’  imprison¬ 
ment  in  Auburn  prison,  from  February  27,  1874. 

These  convicts  were  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life  upon  a 
con  viction  of  arson  in  the  first  degree,  in  the  county  of  Madison. 

Stone  was  sentenced  on  the  27th  day  of  February,  1874,  and 
Woodford  on  the  third  day  of  March  in  the  same  year. 

The  offense  consisted  in  setting  fire  to  an  old  shed,  which  com¬ 
municated  with  adjoining  buildings,  causing  the  destruction  of  a 
large  amount  of  property,  including  a  number  of  dwelling  houses. 

The  convicts  were  intelligent  young  men,  respectably  connected, 
and  up  to  their  arrest  for  the  offense  of  which  they  were  convicted, 
they  had  neither  of  them  ever  been  suspected  of  crime.  I  am  un¬ 
able  to  gather  from  the  evidence  that  any  such  motive  existed  in  the 
minds  of  the  convicts  as  usually  leads  to  the  perpetration  of  an 
offense  of  this  character. 

But  it  clearly  appears  that  for  some  time  prior  to  the  arson,  these 
parties  had  been  much  addicted  to  intoxicating  liquor,  and  were 
almost  constantly  together  in  shiftless  drunkenness.  From  a  posi¬ 
tion  of  respectability,  which  enlitled  them  to  the  esteem  of  all  who 
knew  them,  they  gradually  sank  to  a  condition  where  there  lives 
were  aimless  and  useless.  In  this  plight,  it  needed  but  the  reck¬ 
lessness  of  intoxication  to  lead  them  thoughtlessly,  and  with  no  care 
for  consequences,  to '  commit  the  offense.  I  have  never  known  a 
case  where  indulgence  in  drink  was  more  completely  and  exclusively 
the  cause  of  crime. 

The  contrition  and  penitence  of  these  convicts,  and  the  representa¬ 
tions  of  their  reputable  friends  and  neighbors,  who,  with  an  unani¬ 
mity  very  unusual,  ask  for  their  release,  and  express  their  belief  that 
if  permitted  they  will  again  become  reputable  and  useful  citizens, 
together  with  my  belief  that  the  influedce  of  good  early  training  and 
surroundings  will  reassert  itself,  incline  me  to  extend  clemency  to 
these  prisoners.  And  this  course  is  earnestlv  recommended  bv 
the  judge  who  sentenced,  and  the  district  attorney  who  prosecuted 
them. 

I  have  determined  to  commute  the  sentence  of  each  of  the  con¬ 
victs  to  seventeen  years  and  six  months,  which,  with  continued  good 
conduct,  will  terminate  the  imprisonment  of  Stone  on  the  11th  day 
of  January,  1885,  and  of  Woodford  on  the  eighteenth  day  of  the 
same  month. 


39 


No.  34.] 

f  This  commutation  is  granted,  however,  upon  the  express  condition 
that  the  convicts  shall  each,  hereafter,  entirely  abstain  from  drinking 
intoxicating  liquors,  and  in  case  said  condition  is  violated,  their 
sentences  shall  be  restored  and  revived  in  full  force  and  effect. 

These  reasons  apply  to  the  case  of  Melvin  D.  Woodford  —  the 
next  commutation  following. 


December  18,1884.  Melvin  D.  Woodford.  Sentenced,  March 
3,  1874 ;  county,  Madison  ;  crime,  arson  in  the  first  degree  ;  term, 
life;  prison,  Auburn. 

Sentence  commuted  to  seventeen  years  and  six  months’  imprison¬ 
ment  in  Auburn  prison,  from  March  4,  1874. 

For  reasons  see  case  of  William  A.  Stone,  last  preceeding. 


December  19, 1884.  Patrick  Nicholson.  Sentenced,  October  23, 
1868  ;  county,  New  York  ;  crime,  murder  in  the  second  degree  ; 
term,  life  ;  prison,  Sing  Sing. 

Sentence  commuted  to  thirty  years’  imprisonment  in  Sing  Sing 
prison,  from  October  27,  1868. 

This  convict,  under  advice  of  counsel,  pleaded  guilty  to  the  crime 
of  murder  in  the  second  degree,  and  was  sentenced  October  23, 1868, 
in  the  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  in  the  county  of  New  York,  to 
imprisonment  in  State  prison  for  the  term  of  his  natural  life. 

The  prosecuting  attorney,  in  a  communication  on  file  in  this  de¬ 
partment,  writes  that  it  is  not  entirely  certain  that  the  prisoner 
would  have  been  convicted  of  any  higher  crime  than  manslaughter 
in  the  third  degree,  had  he  stood  trial  and  been  properly  defended. 
While  this  opinion  of  the  prosecuting  officer  throws  some  doubt 
upon  the  justice  of  the  conviction,  yet,  on  this  ground  alone,  I  am 
unwilling  to  interpose  clemency  in  his  behalf. 

It  is  now  urged,  however,  by  the  friends  of  the  convict,  that  he  is 
an  old  man  ;  that  his  long  term  of  sixteen  years  already  served,  in 
addition  to  his  concededly  previous  good  character,  together  with 
his  uniform  good  behavior  in  prison,  and  his  services  to  the  State  in 
promoting  discipline  and  quelling  disturbance,  entitle  him  to  some 
consideration  at  the  hands  of  the  Executive. 

As  to  the  claim  of  his  having  rendered  important  services  to  the 
State,  I  have  before  me  a  certificate  from  one  of  the  principal  officers 
of  the  prison,  in  which  he  says  that  the  convict  rendered  important 
and  special  services  in  frustrating  the  attempt  of  certain  desperate 
burglars  to  escape  in  1875,  and  that  he  prevented  a  further  escape  in 
1881,  involving  three  professional  criminals.  He  further  states  that 
the  convict  has  often  checked  unruly  impulses  in  his  fellow-convicts, 
that  he  has  always  been  found  to  be  obedient,  efficient  and  faithful 


40 


[Assembly 


in  the  trust  reposed  in  him,  that  his  influence  has  always  been 
exerted  in  the  interest  of  good  discipline,  and  that  his  record  is  with¬ 
out  a  single  black  mark. 

For  the  reasons  above  stated,  I  have  determined  to  commute  his 
sentence  to  the  term  of  thirty  years,  with  the  usual  allowance  for 
good  conduct,  which,  if  his  behavior  continues  to  meet  the  approval 
of  the  prison  officers,  will  entitle  him  to  be  discharged  December 
22,  1886. 


December  20,  1884.  Michael  McCarty.  Sentenced,  December 
14,  1881 ;  county,  Montgomery  ;  crime,  stoning  a  railroad  train  ; 
term,  five  years  ;  prison,  Clinton. 

Sentence  commuted  to  four  years’  imprisonment  in  Clinton 
prison,  from  December  20,  1881. 

This  prisoner,  who  appears  to  be  friendless,  makes  his  applica¬ 
tion  from  the  prison,  and  sets  out  that  he  purchased  a  ticket  to  make 
a  journey  upon  a  railroad ;  that  when  he  got  upon  the  train  be  was 
very  much  intoxicated,  and  so  stupid  that  he  did  not  know  what  he 
was  about ;  that  upon  his  ticket  being  demanded,  he,  not  under¬ 
standing  what  was  wanted,  refused  to  pay  his  fare,  for  which  he  was 
ejected  from  the  train,  and  that  at  what  he  supposed  to  be  an  indig¬ 
nity,  and  in  his  anger  at  the  conductor  by  whom  he  was  ejected, 
threw  a  stone  at  the  train. 

In  answer  to  an  official  inquiry,  the  district  attorney  says  that  he 
is  inclined  to  think  that  the  sentence  was  about  twice  as  long  as  it 
should  have  been,  and  that  this  was  pretty  generally  the  sentiment 
of  those  who  heard  the  trial. 

The  judge,  in  his  communication,  states  that  though  tfle  convict 
had  a  ticket,  he  thinks  he  did  not  realize  that  he  had  it ;  that  prob¬ 
ably  the  convict  was  not  as  bad  as  he  supposed  ;  that  his  intoxicated 
condition  led  him  into  the  commission  of  the  crime  ;  that  if  he  has 
shown  due  penitence  and  his  conduct  in  prison  has  been  good,  law 
and  justice  will  be  satisfied  with  the  punishment  already  imposed. 

In  view  of  the  above  statements,  the  fact  that  he  received  the  full 
penalty  of  five  years  for  his  offense,  and  his  good  conduct  in  prison, 
as  appears  by  the  certificate  of  the  warden,  I  am  led  to  believe  that 
justice  will  be  fully  answered  by  a  commutation  of  the  prisoner’s 
sentence  to  four  years,  which,  if  his  behavior  continues  to  meet  the 
approval  of  his  keepers,  will  entitle  him  to  be  discharged  at  an 
early  day. 


December  20,  1884.  Anthony  Mahn.  Sentenced,  May  IT,  1867 ; 
county,  New  York;  crime,  murder  in  the  second  degree;  term,  life; 
prison,  Sing  Sing. 

Sentence  commuted  to  thirty  years’  imprisonment  in  Sing  Sing 
prison,  from  May  18,  1867. 

At  the  time  of  his  conviction  he  was  quite  young,  only  about 
nineteen  years  of  age. 


[Assembly,  No.  34.] 


41 


The  fatal  act  resulted  from  a  street  quarrel,  in  which  were 
engaged  several  persons  other  than  the  convict  and  deceased.  It  is 
entirely  clear  that  while  the  circumstances  connected  with  the  trans¬ 
action  do  not  furnish  a  justification  for  the  convict’s  act,  yet  they 
do  disclose  such  provocation  as  to  present  to  my  mind  a  mitigation 
of  his  offense: 

The  district  attorney  who  prosecuted  the  indictment  writes:  “The 
facts,  in  my  judgment,  present  manslaughter  in  the  third  degree.” 

It  appears  that  deceased  and  convict  had  never  met  before,  and 
the  judge  who  imposed  the  sentence  charged  that  the  assault  was 
not  made  with  intent  to  cause  death. 

From  the  papers  on  file  it  appears  that  the  prisoner’s  previous 
character  was  good,  and  that  this  was  his  first  transgression  of  the 
law. 

The  officers  of  the  prison  where  convict  has  been  confined  certify 
that  his  conduct,  at  all  times,  has  been  most  exemplary. 

In  view  of  all  the  facts  and  circumstances  surrounding  this  case, 
and  of  the  opinion  of  the  prosecuting  officer,  I  have  determined  that 
the  ends  of  justice  will  be  fully  answered  by  commuting  the  sen¬ 
tence  of  this  convict  to  thirty  years,  with  the  usual  allowance  for 
good  conduct,  which,  if  his  behavior  continues  to  meet  the  approval 
of  the  officers  of  the  prison,  will  entitle  him  to  be  discharged  July 
17,  1885. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  34.] 


6 


' 


* 


. 


•  . 

1 


. 

) 


.  \ 


. 


/ 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  35. 


IN  ASSEMBLY, 

<  January  28,  1885. 


ANNUAL  REPORT 

i 

OF  THE  CONRAD  POPPENHUSEN  ASSOCIATION. 

College  Point,  Queens  Co.,  N.  Y., ) 
January  19,  1885.  ] 

To  the  Honorable  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Neio  York: 

In  pursuance  to  section  16,  chapter  667  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  passed  May  6,  1868,  the  undersigned  herewith  submits  the 
report  for  1884  of  “  The  Conrad  Poppenhusen  Association  for  the 
advancement  of  knowledge,  and  the  improvement  of  the  moral  and 
social  condition  of  the  working  classes.” 

F.  MARTENS, 

Secretary. 


* 

Receipts. 

Balance  on  hand  January  1,  1884 .  $5,466  20 

Interest  on  $28,000  College  Point  Village  bonds  at  seven 

percent . . .  1,960  00 

Interest  on  $1,000  College  Point  Water  bonds  at  seven 

per  cent . 70  00 

Interest  on  $5,000  Oregon  and  Navigation  bonds  at  six 

per  cent . 300  00 

Interest  on  $10,000  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Texas  bonds  at 

seven  per  cent .  700  00 

Interest  on  $6,000  Northern  Pacific  bonds  at  six  per  cent.  360  00 

Interest  on  $10,000  Long  Island  City  and  Flushing  bonds 

at  six  per  cent .  600  00 

Village  bonds  Nos.  13,  14  and  15  redeemed .  3,000  00 

ftents .  1,072  49 

Sale  of  paper .  1  52 


$13,530  21 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  35.]  1 


2 


[Assembly,  No.  35.] 


Disbursements. 


For  Kindergarten: 

Salaries  of  teachers .  $960  00 

Supplies .  45  52 


For  Evening  Classes: 

Salaries  of  teachers .  $880  29 

Supplies .  24  06 


For  Library: 

Salary  of  assistant  librarian .  $32  50 

Current  supplies .  162  12 


Library  improvements :  book-cases,  rail¬ 
ing  desk,  printing  and  cataloguing. . .  ^  573  51 


For  Building: 

Repairs . 

For  General  Expenses: 

Salary  of  janitor. .  $600  00 

Lighting .  529  80 

Coal  and  wood . : . . .  317  76 

Water  rents . 63  20 

Sundries.' .  67  45 


For  taxes  and  expenses  on  real  estate . 

For  Investments : 

$3,000  of  six  per  cent  Northern  Pacific 

bonds  first  mortgage .  $3,086  25 

$3,000  of  seven  perjcent  Missouri,  Kansas 

and  Texas  first  mortgage  bonds .  3,138  75 


Balance  on  hand  December  31,  1884,  in  Chemical 
National  Bank . 


$1,005  52 

904  35 


768  13 
555  21 


1,578  21 
86  33 


6,225  00 
2,427  46 


$13,530  21 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  30. 


IN  ASSEMBLY, 

January  23,  1885. 


'  COMMUNICATION 

FROM  THE  COMPTROLLER  SUBMITTING  REPORT  OF  THE 

FORESTRY  COMMISSION. 

» 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK : 

Comptroller’s  Office,  ) 

Albany,  January  23,  1885.  f 

To  the  Honorable  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  'New  York : 

At  its  last  session  tlie  Legislature,  without  request  or  suggestion 
from  me,  appropriated  $5,000  to  the  Comptroller  for  the  employ¬ 
ment  of  experts  to  report  a  system  of  forestry.  Pursuant  to  this 
authority,  I  at  once  appointed  Professor  Charles  S.  Sargent,  of  Har¬ 
vard  University,  a  trained  and  eminent  specialist ;  D.  Willis  James, 
Esq.,  of  New  York  city,  a  public  spirited  citizen,  of  large  business 
experience  and  long  interested  in  this  important  question  ;  Hon. 
William  A.  Poucher,  of  Oswego,  an  able  lawyer,  frequently  elevated 
by  his  neighbors  to  elective  office,  and  Edward  M.  Shepard,  Esq.,  of 
Brooklyn,  a  gentleman  whose  rare  native  capacity,  strengthened  by 
legal  study  and  practice,  gives  peculiar  value  to  his  unselfish  and 
earnest  effort  to  unravel  the  complexities  of  this  task. 

The  Commission,  therefore,  represented  the  apparently  conflicting 
interests  of  different  neighborhoods  and  was  competent  in  its  ad¬ 
ministrative  and  legal  equipment,  as  well  as  in  technical  proficiency. 
Its  members  have  done  their  work  actively  and  zealously  without 
pay.  Of  their  expenses,  more  than  one-half  are  for  a  map  of  per¬ 
manent  value.  Their  report  — unanimous  in  all  but  one  particular, 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  3G.  ]  1 


2  [Assembly,  No.  36.] 

and  that  a  question  of  administrative  method  —  is  now  submitted  to 
your  .honorable  body. 

It  should  be  noted  that  although  comprehensive  and  elaborate,  it 
avoids  all  projects  involving  large  present  outlay  or  future  burdens. 

Three  bills  are  appended  to  the  report.  One  of  these  bills  pro¬ 
vides  for  a  Forest  Commission  to  be  appointed  by  the  Comptroller. 
In  order  that  the  Commission  might  be  freed  from  partisan  entan¬ 
glement,  the  proposed  act,  at  mv  suggestion,  was  changed  from  its 
first  form  so  as  not  to  take  effect  during  the  term  of  the  present 
Comptroller. 

The  problem  in  its  fulness  affects  the  welfare  of  many  sister  Com¬ 
monwealths  and  of  the  Nation  at  large.  It  is  eminently  fitting  that 
in  its  solution  the  Empire  State  should  lead  the'  way. 

Yery  respectfully, 

ALFRED  C.  CHAPIN, 

Comptroller. 


REPORT. 


To  the  Hon.  Alfred  C.  Chapin,  Comptroller  of  the  State  of  New 
York : 

Sir.  —  The  Commissioners  appointed  by  you  on  the  third  day  of 
July  last,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  chapter  551  of  the  Laws  of 
1SSJ,  to  u  investigate  and  report  a  system  of  forest  preservation,” 
entered  at  once  upon  their  duties.  They  have  devoted  themselves 
industriously  to  the  study  of  the  question,  and  have  now  the  honor 
to  submit  the  following  report : 

The  Commissioners  have  examined  the  forests  covering  the  Ad¬ 
irondack  plateau,  and  the  relations  which  these  forests  bear  to  the 
commercial  and  industrial  interests  of  the  State.  They  have  visited 
the  forest  region  of  Ulster  and  Delaware  counties,  and  have  heard 
and  considered  the  views  of  a  large  number  of  persons  interested,  di¬ 
rectly  and  indirectly,  in  forest  property.  They  have  caused  a  de¬ 
tailed  examination  of  the  position  and  condition  of  the  Adirondack 
forests  to  be  made  by  trained  forest  experts.  The  results  of  this 
examination  are  displayed  in  the  map  joined  to  this  report,  which 
the  Commissioners  are  further  able  to  ilVnstrate,  through  private 
liberality,  by  a  series  of  photographs,  which  will  show,  better  than 
any  words  can  describe,  the  condition  to  which  excessive  forest  de¬ 
vastation  has  already  reduced  large  areas  within  the  water-sheds  of 
the  principal  streams  of  the  State. 

State  Lands. 

It  appears  from  the  records  of  the  Comptroller’s  office  that  the 
State  has  or  claims  to  have  title  to  781,000  acres  of  so  called  unim¬ 
proved  or  forest  land. 


4 


[Assembly 


They  are  located  as  follows : 

Acres. 

Northern  or  Adirondack  counties .  750,  000 

Delaware  county .  14,  472 

Greene  county .  2,  646 

Sullivan  county .  971 

Ulster  county .  3,  543 

Scattering .  9,  368 


781,  000 

It  will  be  seen,  by  consulting  the  forest  map,  that  in  Essex,  Ham¬ 
ilton  and  Herkimer  counties  there  are  large,  continuous  bodies  of 
State  land.  Generally,  however,  State  holdings  consist  of  small 
and  often  widely-scattered  tracts,  rarely  exceeding  a  few  hundred 
acres  in  extent.  The  locations  of  the  State  lands,  as  indicated  upon 
the  map,  have  been  determined  from  the  records  in  the  Comptrol¬ 
ler’s  office.  The  real  position,  however,  of  the  State  lands  is  largely 
a  matter  of  tradition.  The  surveys  which  have,  at  different  times, 
been  made  of  portions  of  these  lands  are  believed  to  be  generally  in¬ 
accurate  or  defective ;  no  general  attempt  seems  to  have  been  made 
to  locate  or  mark  the  boundaries  of  these  lands  in  the  woods,  while 
the  title  of  the  State  to  parts  of  them  is  disputed  by  owners  of 
adjoining  property.  It  has,  for  these  reasons,  been  found  impossible 
to  make  any  special  study  of  the  conditions  of  the  State  lands  in 
distinction  from  lands  belonging  to  individuals.  It  will  be  neces¬ 
sary,  therefore,  to  consider  the  forests  without  regard  to  ownership. 
Portions  of  the  State  lands  located  in  the  most  remote  and  inacces¬ 
sible  districts  of  the  Adirondack  region  are  still  covered  with  the 
original  forest  growth  ;  from  others  all  merchantable  timber  has 
been  removed ;  while  there  are  considerable  areas  of  these  lands 
entirely  stripped  of  forest  covering. 

Adirondack  Regions. 

The  Adirondack  forest  region  has  claimed  the  principal  attention 
of  the  Commissioners.  The  extent  of  this  region,  its  importance  to 
the  people  of  New  York,  and  the  fact  that  within  its  borders  are 
found  nearly  all  the  wild  lands  belonging  to  the  State,  make  the  . 
consideration  of  methods  necessary  for  its  preservation  of  the  first 
importance  in  any  proposed  scheme  of  forest  management. 

The  Adirondack  plateau  occupies  the  region  which  lies  between 


5 


No.  36.] 

Lake  Champlain  on  the  east  and  the  valley  of  the  Black  river  on 
the  west ;  it  reaches  south  to  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk  river.  To 
the  north  it  extends  to  the  fertile  plain  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The 
Adirondack  plateau  is  crossed  in  the  south-east  by  four  distinct 
ranges  of  hills ;  of  these  the  principal,  the  Adirondack  range,  attains 
a  maximum  elevation  above  the  sea  of  over  5,000  feet  and  contains 
the  highest  land  in  the  State. 

The  western  and  northern  portions  of  this  great  plateau  contain 
numerous  lakes,  interspersed  with  considerable  areas  of  swamp 
scattered  between  the  low  Laurentian  hills.  The  whole  plateau 
has  a  high  average  elevation  above  the  ocean  ;  the  mean  average 
temperature  is,  therefore,  low,  while  the  whole  region,  with  few  ex¬ 
ceptions,  is  destitute  of  deep  or  rich  soil  below  the  surface  covering 
of  decaying  vegetable  deposit.  The  rain-fall  over  this  whole  region 
is  large.  The  innumerable  streams  which  cut  it  in  all  directions, 
its  countless  lakes,  and  extensive  swamps  show  that  the  Adirondack 
plateau  enjoys  a  more  copious  and  regularly  distributed  rain-fall 
than  other  portions  of  the  State,  less  favorably  situated  in  elevations 
and  mean  low  average  temperature  to  compel  the  discharge  of 
clouds  saturated  with  moisture. 

Extensive  and  valuable  deposits  of  iron  ore  underlie  portions  of 
the  Adirondack  plateau ;  they  are  most  common  in  the  east  and 
south-east. 


Adirondack  Farming. 

The  Adirondack  plateau  was  once  covered  with  a  dense  forest. 
This  forest,  poor  in  the  number  of  species  which  it  contains, 
although  vigorous  and  rich  in  the  development  of  individuals,  illus¬ 
trates  the  influence  of  abundant  moisture  upon  forest  growth  in 
regions  of  low  and  mean  temperature  and  poor  soil.  Such  regions, 
if  the  rain-fall  is  sufficient,  will,  within  certain  limits,  produce  for¬ 
ests.  They  cannot,  however,  be  safely  or  profitably  devoted  to  any 
other  form  of  husbandry.  A  wise  economy  in  the  use  of  the 
natural  resources  of  a  country  should  recognize  the  fact  that  cer¬ 
tain  regions  of  the  earth’s  surface  are  adapted  by  nature  to  remain 
covered  with  forests,  and  that  any  attempt  to  devote  such  regions 
to  other  purposes  can  only  be  followed  by  failure  and  disaster.  The 
people  of  New  York  have  not  yet  learned  this  lesson.  Attempts 
have  been  constantly  made  since  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  north¬ 
ern  counties  to  cultivate  the  Adirondack  plateau.  The  cheapness  of 
the  land  has  attracted  and  still  attracts  settlers  to  try  their  fortunes 


6  [Assembly 

along  the  borders  of  the  Adirondack  forests.  Farms  are  cleared, 
two,  or  at  most  three,  meager  crops  are  snatched  from  the  cold 
stony  land;  and  then  starvation  drives  the  settler,  exhausted  in 
the  fruitless  struggle  with  the  uncompromising  and  unforgiving 
fate  of  nature,  to  abandon  his  fields  dearly  purchased  at  the  price  of 
indescribable  suffering  and  privation,  and  seek  a  new  home,  which 
in  turn  must  be  abandoned  at  the  end  of  a  few  years.  All  attempts 
at  settlement  of  the  Adirondack  plateau  by  an  agricultural  popula¬ 
tion,  with  the  exception  of  some  of  the  most  fertile  valleys  adja¬ 
cent  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  toward  the  south  and 
south-eastern  limits  of  the  region,  have  resulted  in  disastrous  failure. 
Abandoned  homes  and  fields  are  scattered  everywhere  along  the 
borders  of  the  forest,  while  the  scanty  population  which  still  strug¬ 
gles  to  compel  the  inhospitable  soil  to  yield  it  a  miserable  existence 
too  plainly  shows  the  hopelessness  of  the  task.  Probably  in  no 
other  part  of  the  United  States,  certainly  in  no  other  part  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  can  a  more  unfortunate  agricultural  population 
be  found. 

Value  of  Adirondack  Forests. 

The-dearly  bought  experience  of  the  past  fifty  years  has  shown 
that,  except  along  its  eastern  and  southern  borders,  the  Adirondack 
plateau  is  incapable  of  supporting  an  agricultural  population,  and 
that  its  real  and  only  value  consists  in  the  forests  which  cover  it. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  existence  of  these  forests  makes  this 
region  more  valuable  to  the  people  of  the  State  of  New  York  than 
any  other  of  similar  extent  within  its  boundaries.  Their  extermi¬ 
nation  will  reduce  this  whole  region  to  an  unproductive  and  danger¬ 
ous  desert.  The  part  which  these  forests  play  in  the  economy  of 
the  State  is  three-fold. 

The  Flow  of  Rivers. 

The  most  important  function  of  the  Adirondack  forests  is  found 
in  the  influence  which  they  exert  upon  the  streams  heading  among  the 
hills  of  the  Adirondack  plateau,  which  distribute  the  heavy  rain¬ 
fall  of  this  region.  As  reservoirs  of  moisture,  these  forests  are 
essential  to  the  continued  prosperity  of  the  State  ;  as  such  they  are 
properly  an  object  of  interest  to  the  whole  community.  Their  in¬ 
fluence  is  felt  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State,  and  their  destruc¬ 
tion  must  be  followed  by  widespread  commercial  disaster. 


7 


No.  36.] 

The  Hudson  river,  born  of  many  mountain  streams,  flows  in 
rapid  course  down  the  steep  southern  slopes  of  the  Adirondack 
mountains.  The  Mohawk  is  largely  fed  by  the  streams  in  the 
south-western  portion  of  the  plateau  ;  the  Erie  canal  receives  a  laigc 
part  of  its  water  supply  from  the  upper  Black  river,  diverted  from 
its  original  northern  course  for  this  purpose.  Many  streams,  im¬ 
portant  to  the  people  of  the  State,  in  the  aid  they  bring  to  great 
industrial  enterprises,  although  ot  less  general  importance  and  far- 
reaching  influence  than  the  Hudson  or  the  Mohawk,  flow  out  fiom 
the  Adirondack  forests  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  discuss  here  the  question  of  the  influence  of 
forests  upon  the  flow  of  rivers.  Science  long  ago  pronounced  upon 
this  subject,  which  now,  moreover,  seems  te  be  fully  understood  in 
all  its  bearings  by  the  people  of  this  State.  The  futuie  of  the 
rivers  which  flow  from  the  Adirondack  plateau  may  be  judged  by 
their  past.  Great  changes  have  been  noticed  in  these  streams  since 
the  area  of  the  Adirondack  forests  lias  been  materially  1  educed.  All 
the  testimony  which  the  Commissioners  have  been  able  to  collect 
upon  this  subject  indicates  that  the  summer  flow  of  the  Adirondack 
rivers  has  decreased  within  the  memory  of  men  now  living,  from 
thirty  to  fifty  per  cent.  Many  of  the  small  streams,  which  a  quarter 
of  a  century  ago  were  abundantly  supplied  with  water  duiing  the 
entire  summer,  are  now  usually  dry  during  many  months.  It  is  le- 
ported  by  competent  observers  that  the  flow  of  all  the  Adirondack 
streams  becomes  more  uncertain  and  irregular  every  year,  and  that 
the  damage  from  spring  floods  and  summer  droughts  is  increasing. 
This  is  the  effect  of  forest  destruction  in  the  past.  The  evil  may 
be  expected  to  increase  under  the  existing  condition  of  affairs  more 
rapidly  in  the  future  than  it  has  increased  in  the  past.A 

The  reason  is  obvious.  The  highest  ground  from  its  elevation 
and  temperature  compels  the  largest  precipitation  of  moisture. 
The  most  important  reservoirs  of  supply  for  the  Adirondack  rivers 
are  upon  the  high  ground  about  their  sources  where  the  rain-fall  is 
heavier  and  more  evenly  distributed  than  at  lower  elevations.  The 

*  The  Superintendent  of  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  railroad, 
reports  that  when  the  railroad  was  first  built  up  the  Hudson,  water  was  taken 
from  the  river  at  low  tide,  at  Peekskill,  for  the  locomotives.  Later,  how¬ 
ever,  the  water  at  this  point  became  so  impregnated  with  salt  as  to  be  unfit 
for  use.  And  now  the  salt  water  extends  as  far  up  the  river  as  Tivoli,  showing, 
it  is  argued,  that  the  volume  of  fresh  water  now  coming  down  the  Hudson  is 
much  less  than  formerly  ;  and  that  since  1850  the  amount  has  gradually  decreased. 


8 


[Assembly 

destruction  of  the  forest,  however,  has,  up  to  the  present  time,  been 
confined,  or  largely  confined,  to  the  borders  of  the  plateau;  the 
high  ridges  and  slopes  of  the  interior  still  bear  their  forest  covering. 
The  forests  which  control  the  water  which  falls  upon  the  high  Adi¬ 
rondack  mountains  have  hardly  been  disturbed  by  the  agency  of 
man.  And  yet  it  is  seen  that  the  destruction  of  the  forests  of  the 
far  less  important  lower  water-sheds  of  these  streams  has  reduced 
their  summer  flow  fully  thirty  per  cent.  It  is  not  difficult  to  foresee, 
therefore,  what  must  happen  to  the  rivers  when  the  destruction  of 
the  forest  reaches  the  high  ground  which  crowns  the  plateau,  or 
what  must  be  the  effect  upon  the  commercial,  industrial  and  mechan¬ 
ical  interests  of  the  State,  when  the  controlling  portions  of  the  Adi¬ 
rondack  forests  are  exterminated. 

The  Adirondack  “Resort.” 

The  first  claim  of  these  forests  for  existence  is  well  founded  in  the 
duty  which  they  perform  as  great  natural  reservoirs.  Only  second 
in  importance  to  this  is  the  part  which  they  play  in  making  the  Adi¬ 
rondack  plateau  attractive.  Many  thousand  persons  visit  every  year 
the  Adirondack  lakes  and  mountains  in  pursuit  of  repose,  recreation 
and  health.  The  whole  region  is  one  of  the  most  accessible,  salutary 
and  enjoyable  summer  “resorts”  in  the  United  States.  The  num¬ 
ber  of  persons  who  visit  it  is  growing  rapidly,  and  the  number  of 
such  visitors  may  be  expected  to  increase  much  more  rapidly  in  the 
future  than  it  has  in  the  past.  Greater  wealth  and  population,  a 
growing  appreciation  of  the  enjoyment  of  out-door  life,  and  better 
means  of  transportation  than  now  exist,  must  vastly  increase  the 
nnmber  of  persons  anxious  to  pass  a  portion  of  every  summer  in  the 
woods;  and  nowhere  else  in  the  United  States  can  this  object  be 
more  freely  or  easily  accomplished.  The  transporting,  feeding, 
housing  and  guiding  the  Adirondack  tourists  has  grown  into  a  large 
and  lucrative  business.  Millions  of  dollars  are  invested  in  it ;  and 
thousands  of  persons  draw  from  this  business  their  principal  support. 

The  tourist  business  is  now  the  principal  and  permanent  element 
of  prosperity  in  the  Adirondack  region;  it  is  still  almost  in  its  in¬ 
fancy.  The  existence  of  this  business  is  dependent  upon  the  exist¬ 
ence  of  the  forests.  They  make  the  Adirondack  region  attractive  ; 
they  protect  the  game  which  still  abounds  in  some  portions  of  the 
plateau,  and  supply  the  element  of  wildness,  —  the  charm  which 
draws  people  to  visit  this  region. 


No.  36]  a 

If  the  forests  are  destroyed,  if  the  desolation  which  now  every¬ 
where  marks  the  outer  border  of  the  forest,  is  allowed  to  extern 
over  the  entire  plateau,  this  great  lucrative  business,  capable  of  vast 
and  permanent  development,  will  be  lost  forever  to  the  State,  while 
the  public  will  bo  deprived  of  the  opportunity  to  enjoy  the  benefits 
which  a  visit  to  the  Adirondack  woods  now  oflers. 

The  Lumber  Industry. 

The  manufacture  of  lumber  cut  in  the  Adirondack  yroodsandthe 
gathering  of  other  crops  of  the  forest  is  a  valuable  and  important 
industry^ i to  the  State.  This  business  employs  a  considerable  capital 
and  a  large  number  of  men,  both  in  the  woods  and  at  the  manufactui- 
ing  centers  located  on  the  banks  of  the  principal  streams  flowing 
from  the  Adirondack  plateau.  It  is  needless,  perhaps,  to  point  out 
that  the  life  of  this  business  is  also  dependent  upon  the  life  of  the 
forests  ;  and  if  these  are  destroyed,  this  whole  business  will  disappear, 
and  the  capital  now  invested  in  the  mills  and  tanneries  engaged  in 
manufacturing  the  product  ot  these  forests  will  be  lost.  In  this 
connection  moreover,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  lumber  becomes 
every  year  more  difficult  to  obtain  throughout  the  world;  that  its 
value  in  the  future  must  increase  in  at  least  the  same  propoi  tion  as 
it  has  increased  in  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  ;  and  that  the  advan¬ 
tage,  from  a  purely  commercial  point  of  view,  of  retaining  in  per¬ 
manent  forest,  regions  adapted  to  produce  forests  and  nothing  else, 
will  be  greater  as  the  value  of  forest  products  advances  under  the 
stimulating  influence  of  increased  demand  and  decreased  supply. 

The  Adirondack  region,  if  the  experience  of  other  countries  in 
forest  management  teaches  any  thing,  could  be  made  to  maintain  and 
increase,  under  a  wise  and  comprehensive  policy,  the  annual  out-put 
of  lumber  without  serious  injury  to  the  forests  as  reservoirs  of  moist¬ 
ure  or  as  health  resorts  for 'the  people  ;  and  it  is  clearly  in  the  in¬ 
terest  of  the  owners  of  forest  property  as  well  as  for  the  people  of 
this  State  to  encourage  the  adoption  of  any  system  of  management 
which  will  insure  such  results. 

Effects  of  Forest  Destruction. 

It  must  appear  to  the  most  casual  observer  of  the  present  com¬ 
mercial  development  of  the  State,  that  the  destruction  of  the  .  Adiron¬ 
dack  forests  will  prove  a  serious  calamity.  If  this  destruction  is  al- 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  36.]  2 


10 


[Assembly 


lowed,  the  State  will  feel  the  effect  in  empty  rivers  and  increased 
droughts.  A  vast  region  will  be  deprived  of  its  only  permanent 
source  of  wealth,  and  its  inhabitants  must  gradually  sink  into  a  con¬ 
dition  of  great  misery  and  dependence.  Its  future  lies  in  the 
Adirondack  forests  ;  if  these  are  destroyed,  its  prosperity  will  dis¬ 
appear  forever. 

Condition  of  the  Adirondack  Forests. 

Various  causes  have  produced  and  are  still  producing  the  destruc¬ 
tion  of  the  Adirondack  forests. 

Reservoirs. 

Considerable  areas  of  Adirondack  forests  in  different  localities  and 
at  different  times  have  been  destroyed  by  the  construction  of  reser¬ 
voirs  built  in  the  hope  of  increasing  the  flow  of  rivers  at  periods  of 
low  water.  The  custom  is  a  bad  one,  rarely  followed  by  success 
commensurate  with  the  cost.  The  effect  of  the  back  water  created 
in  this  way  is  disastrous  to  scenery  and  natural  beauty,  while  the 
mass  of  rotting  vegetation  it  develops  is  highly  injurious  to  human 
health.  The  proper  reservoirs  for  the  Adirondack  region  are  the 
natural  woods,  and  the  State  might  wiselv  devote  its  energies  to 
their  protection  rather  than  in  expending  large  sums  of  money  in 
creating  reservoirs  destructive  of  property  and  dangerous  to  human 
life  as  long  as  they  last,  and  which  sooner  or  later,  released  by  some 
unusually  severe  flood,  become  doubly  destructive  in  their  own  de¬ 
struction. 

Manufacture  of  Charcoal. 

The  manufacture  of  charcoal  on  a  considerable  scale  has  long 
been  practiced  in  the  Adirondack  woods,  and  especially  in  the  re¬ 
gion  adjacent  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  the  custom,  in 
cutting  wood  for  charcoal,  to  clear  off  the  forest,  taking  small  as 
well  as  large  trees.  In  this  way  large  tracts  of  land  are  every  year 
laid  bare ;  still  if  fire  could  be  prevented  from  running  through  the 
debris  left  thickly  scattered  over  the  ground  behind  the  wood-chop¬ 
pers,  no  permanent  injury  to  the  forest  would  follow  even  this 
wholesale  cutting  of  the  charcoal  burner,  so  favorable  is  the  climate 
to  the  development  of  forest  growth. 

Lumbering. 

Lumbering  in  the  Adirondack  forests  has  long  been  practiced. 
Pine  and  spruce  were  cut  from  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  river  and 


11 


No.  36.] 

the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain  early  in  the  present  century.  Log 
cutting  has  been  practiced  for  many  years  along  the  banks  of  a  1 
streams  flowing  from  the  Adirondack  plateau  ;  and  recently  such 
operations,  stimulated  by  the  high  prices  obtained  for  low-grade 
lumber,  under  the  existing  tariff  law,  have  greatly  increased.  I  he 
heart  of  the  wilderness  has  been  penetrated  by  the  log-cutter.  Lum¬ 
bering  operations  are  now  common  in  regions  which  a  few  years  ago 
were  considered  inaccessible.  Trees  are  cut  from  the  shores  of  the 
most  remote  mountain  lakes,  and  one  by  one  slowly  and  tediously 
floated  to  market  down  slender  and  tortuous  streams. 

No  part  of  the  Adirondack  forest  is  now  too  remote  from  a 
stream  capable  of  being  driven,  or  too  broken  or  inaccessible  m  sur¬ 
face  to  defy  the  zeal  and  energy  of  the  lumberman.  The  value  of 
lumber  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  not  the  difficulty  of  obtain¬ 
ing  it,  controls  bis  operations  in  the  woods.  The  lumbermen,  how¬ 
ever,  have  inflicted  little  direct  damage  upon  the  Adirondack  forests. 

These  forests  are  principally  composed  of  deciduous  bard- wood 
trees.  The  sugar  maple,  the  yellow  birch,  and  the  beech  are  the 
prevailing  trees  in  the  southern  and  eastern  portions  of  this  forest, 
while  west  and  north  the  beech  is  the  most  common  species. 
Among  these  are  dispersed  white  and  red  pines,  generally  forming 
small  and  usually  isolated  groups  occupying  low,  gravelly  ridges, 
and  spruce  and  hemlock  widely  scattered  among  the  deciduous  trees. 
The  hemlock  is  the  most  common  toward  the  valley  of  the  Black 
river.  Swamps  and  low  banks  of  streams  are  occupied  by  balsam, 
tamarack,  and  toward  the  north  and  west  by  yellow  cedar.  The 
high  peaks  and  ridges  above  3,000  feet  elevation  are  generally  cov¬ 
ered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  balsam  and  spruce  of  small  size  and 
little  commercial  value.  The  spruce,  the  pine,  and  the  hemlock, 
known  as  “  soft-woods,”  are  the  only  trees  which  have,  up  to  the 
present  time,  been  cut  for  lumber.  The  stores  of  maple,  birch  and 
beech  contained  in  these  forests  have  so  far  escaped  the  axe  of  the 
lumberman.  Their  trunks  are  too  heavy  to  float,  and  cannot,  there¬ 
fore,  like  lighter  wo  ds,  he  floated  down  the  streams ;  while  the 
price  of  hard -wood  lumber  lias  not  yet  justified  the  adoption  of  any 
more  expensive  method  than  floating  for  getting  it  to  market.  The 
proportion  of  “soft-woods  ”  in  these  forests  is  small,  probably  nuely 
exceeding  five  per  cent  of  the  whole  forest  growth ;  and  as  these 
are  the  only  trees  cut  for  lumber,  serious  injury  is  not  directly  in¬ 
flicted  by  lumbering. 

The  “soft-woods”  can  be  cut  without  taking  from  the  forest  its 


12 


[Assembly 


power  to  absorb  and  retain  moisture,  and  without  greatly  interfer¬ 
ing  with  its  general  attractiveness.  The  injury  which  the  lumber¬ 
men  have  inflicted  in  the  Adirondack  woods  is  not  in  cutting  trees ; 
what  they  have  cut  would  hardly  have  been  missed  from  the  forest. 
The  danger  to  the  Adirondack  forests  from  lumbering,  as  now  prac¬ 
ticed  (and  it  is  a  serious  and  alarming  danger),  is  this :  lumbermen 
are  forced  in  their  operation  to  leave  the  branches  and  other  debris 
scattered  over  the  ground,  and  thus  they  increase  immensely  the 
danger  of  forest  fires. 


Forest  Fires. 

Fires  are  slowly  and  surely  destroying  the  Adirondack  forests. 
Unless  they  can  be  stopped  or  greatly  reduced  in  number  and  vio¬ 
lence,  nothing  can  prevent  the  entire  extermination  of  these  forests. 
They  are  most  common  and  destructive  along  the  borders  of  the 
forest ;  they  do  comparatively  little  injury  in  the  denser  growth  of 
the  interior.  If  the  Adirondack  forests  are  destroyed,  they  will 
perish  from  the  outside  . 

Origin  of  Forest  Fires. 

These  fires  owe  their  origin  to  many  causes. 

Often  they  are  started  in  the  carelessness  of  guides,  travelers  and 
hunters.  Fires  originating  in  this  way,  however,  are  less  common 
now  than  formerly,  and  as  they  usually  occur  in  the  interior,  where 
dense  and  heavy  undergrowth  checks  their  rapid  spread,  except  dur¬ 
ing  the  short  period  in  the  spring  between  the  melting  of  the  snow 
and  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  —  a  season  of  the  year  when  trav¬ 
elers  and  hunters  do  not  greatly  visit  the  woods  —  the  damage  caused 
by  such  fires  is  rarely  far  reaching. 

Fires  in  Logging  Camps. 

Fires  started  among  the  debris  of  the  logging  camps  on  the  char¬ 
coal  field  find  abundant  material  to  feed  their  flames  and  every  year 
destroy  immense  tracts  of  forest.  Such  fires  generally  owe  their 
origin  to  carelessness.  Cases  are  not  unknown,  however,  where 
fires  have  been  started  among  the  debris  left  by  lumbermen  in  order 
to  remove,  in  the  destruction  of  the  forest,  all  traces  of  operations 
illegally  carried  on  upon  lauds  belonging  to  the  State. 


No.  36.] 


13 


Fires  Set  by  Locomotives. 

Fires  are  often  set  by  sparks  from  locomotive  engines  ;  and  great 
damage  lias  been  done  along  the  outskirts  of  the  forest  in  this  way. 

Fires  Set  by  Agricultural  Settlers. 

The  largest  number  of  forest  tires,  however,  in  the  Adirondack 
region,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  State,  are  set  by  agricultural  settlers 
clearing  with  fire  fields  covered  with  timber.  A  time  of  drought, 
when  Timber  will  burn  most  readily,  is  naturally  selected  by  the 
settler  to  start  his  fire.  He  seldom  regards  the  direction  of  the 
wind  or  the  condition  of  the  atmosphere.  The  fire  fairly  estab¬ 
lished  in  the  piles  of  dry  brush  and  fallen  timbers,  unwatched,  and 
often  entirely  uncontrollable,  almost  inevitably  spreads  from  the  field 
to  the  adjacent  forest.  Thousands  of  acres  of  forest  lands  are  thus 
burned  over  every  year  in  attempts  to  clear  a  few  wretched  fields, 
from  which  the  timber  should  never  have  been  stripped. 

Effects  of  Adirondack  Forest  Fires. 

These  fires  have  burned  a  desert  belt  about  the  remnants  of  the 
Adirondack' forests;  every  year  sees  its  gradual  extension.  This  is 
not  an  exaggerated  danger.  The  forests,  upon  which  the  great 
rivers  of  the  State  depend  for  their  water  supply  ;  the  forests,  which 
bring  into  the  State  thousands  of  travelers  every  year  and  support 
the  population  of  several  counties,  are  being  destroyed  in  a  vain  and 
hopeless  struggle  on  the  part  of  a  small  and  impoverished  popula¬ 
tion  to  cultivate  land  unfit  for  all  agricultural  crops,  and  destined 
by  nature  to  remain  perpetually  covered  with  forests. 

General  Effects  of  Forest  Fires. 

Forest  fires  do  more  than  consume  timber  ;  they  change  the  na¬ 
ture  of  the  surface  soil  and  deprive  it  of  the  ability  to  produce  a  sec¬ 
ond  growth  of  the  trees  which  they  destroy.  "When  the  maples,  beeches 
and  pines  of  the  Adirondack  forests  are  burned,  these  trees  do  not 
appear  again.  They  are  followed  by  a  growth  of  brambles  which 
soon  cover  the  soil ;  these  in  time  give  way  to  poplars,  wild  cliei  1  ies 
and  other  inferior  trees  of  no  economic  value.  Sugar  maples  rarely 
spring  up  from  low  ground.  This  new  growth,  unless  destroyed  by 
fire,  is  in  time  followed  by  another,  in  which  appear  tiees  ot  the 
species  which  composed  the  original  forest.  Such  a  rotation  of  Ici¬ 
est  crops,  however,  necessarily  occupies  long  periods  of  time,  and 


14 


[A  SSEMHLY 


years  must  elapse  before  a  forest  destroyed  by  lire  can,  even  under 
the  most  favorable  conditions,  be  replaced  by  anew  forest  of  similar 
composition.  Land,  however,  upon  which  the  timber  has  been  de¬ 
stroyed  by  tire  rarely  escapes  subsequent  burning.  A  second  tire 
runs  more  easily  and  rapidly  than  the  first  over  the  ground  cleared 
of  its  protecting  covering  of  undergrowth,  and  finds  abundant  fuel 
in  the  lialf-cliarred  trunks  which  the  first  fire  only  partially  con¬ 
sumed.  Each  subsequent  fire  spreads  more  rapidly  and  easily ;  the 
surface  soil  is  gradually  rendered  unfit  to  produce  plants  of  any  sort, 
or  is  washed  into  the  streams  ;  rocky  slopes  are  laid  bare,  and  whole 
regions,  once  valuable  in  the  forests  which  they  supported,  are  made 
worthless  forever. 

Denuded  Adirondack  Lands. 

The  effects  of  continual  burningupon  the  light  soils  of  the  Adiron¬ 
dack  region  may  be  seen  all  along  the  water-shed  of  the  Hudsen 
river  and  its  tributaries,  from  Luzerne  to  the  southern  slopes  of  the 
principal  Adirondack  range  of  mountains.  /They  may  be  seen  in 
the  sandy  wastes  stretching  between  the  Black  river  and  the  present 
western  limit  of  the  forest,  and  in  the  north-east  where  the  manufac¬ 
ture  of  charcoal  has  made  forest  fires  common  and  destructive. 

The  hills  through  which  the  Hudson  flows  after  its  rapid  descent 
down  the  flanks  of  Mt.  Marcy,  were  once  covered  with  noble  forests 
of  maple  and  birch  ;  pines  occupied  the  sandy  intervals;  the  spruce 
and  hemlock,  scattered  through  the  forests  of  these  hills,  supplied 
the  manufacturer  of  lumber  with  logs,  and  the  tanner  with  bark. 
These  hills  are  now  mere  piles  of  bare  rock,  stripped  of  vegetation, 
or  only  supporting  a  growth  of  weeds  and  bushes,  feebly  pushing 
from  holes  and  crevices;  destitute  of  soil,  terrible  in  the  very  hope¬ 
lessness  of  their  ruin  and  destruction.  Fire  has  reduced  these  hills 
to  their  present  condition.  What  fire  has  done  in  the  past  it  will  do 
in  the  future,  and  so  long  as  these  fires  are  allowed  to  rage,  nothing 
can  prevent  the  extermination,  at  no  very  distant  day,  of  the  whole 
Adirondack  forest.  The  preservation  of  this  forest  is  reduced  to  a 
question  of  the  possibility  of  preventing  forest  fires.  If  they  can 
be  stopped,  this  forest  can  be  preserved  ;  if  they  are  allowed  to  go 
go  on,  nothing  can  prevent  its  early  and  total  ruin. 

The  Forests  of  the  Catskill  Region. 

The  forests  of  the  Catskill  region  are  not  unlike  in  actual  condi- 
tion  those  covering  the  hills  which  mark  the  southern  limits  of  the 


15 


No.  36.] 

Adirondack  plateau.  The  merchantable  timber  and  the  hemlock 
bark  were  long  ago  cut,  and  fires  have  more  than  once  swept  over  the 
entire  region,  destroying  the  reproductive  powers  of  the  forest  as 
originally  composed  and  ruining  the  fertility  of  the  thin  soil ^  cover¬ 
ing  the  hills.  The  valleys  have  now,  however,  all  been  cleared  for 
farms,  and  forest  fires  consequently  occur  less  frequently  than  for¬ 
merly.  A  stunted  and  scrubby  growth  of  trees  is  gradually  repos¬ 
sessing  the  hills,  which,  if  strictly  protected,  may  sooner  or  later 
develop  into  a  comparatively  valuable  forest.  The  protection  of 
these  forests  is,  however,  of  less  general  importance  than  the  preser¬ 
vation  of  the  Adirondack  forests.  The  possibility  of  their  yielding 
merchantable  timber  again  in  any  considerable  qnantities  is  at  best 
remote ;  and  they  guard  no  streams  of  more  than  local  influence. 
Their  real  value  consists  in  increasing  the  beauties  of  summer 
resorts,  which  are  of  great  importance  to  the  people  of  the  State. 

Danger  from  New  Methods  of  Lumbering. 

It  is  true,  that  lumbering,  as  at  present  carried  on  in  the  Adiron¬ 
dack  forests  does  not,  perhaps,  always  greatly  affect  their  permanency. 
There  is  every  indication,  however,  that  the  existing  methods  must 
soon  change,  as  the  demands  for  hard-woods  increase.  The  Northern 
Adirondack  railroad  has  already  been  built  several  miles  into  the 
forest  by  a  firm  of  lumbermen,  with  the  avowed  purpose  of  furnish¬ 
ing  transportation  for  liard-woods  which  abound  along  its  line.  The 
most  enterprising  lumbermen  are  already  endeavoring  to  secure  a 
profitable  market  for  their  hard-woods ;  and  it  is  inevitable  that  in  a 
very  short  time  the  demand  for  beech,  maple  and  birch  will  jus¬ 
tify  the  construction  of  narrow-gauge  logging  railroads  or  tramways 
to  all  parts  of  the  forest ;  and  that  the  general  introduction  of  such 
roads  must  be  followed  by  their  general  extermination. 

Suggestions  for  Preserving  the  Adirondack  Forest. 

The  value  of  the  Adirondack  forests  has  been  explained,  their 
present  conditions  and  the  dangers  which  threaten  them  described  ; 
it  now  remains  to  discuss  the  methods  which  it  seems  wise,  under 
the  circumstances,  to  adopt,  if  any  attempt  is  to  be  made  to  check  the 
ruin  of  these  forests  clearly  doomed  to  destruction  unless  some¬ 
thing  is  done  to  arrest  the  causes  operating  against  their  existence. 

State  Ownership. 

The  Commissioners  are  not  prepared  to  recommend  the  pur- 


1G 


[Assembly 


chase  or  condemnation  of  wild  lands  by  the  State.  The  practical 
objections  to  any  such  scheme  seem  to  them  insuperable.  It  will  not 
be  denied  that  the  future  permanence  of  these  forests  cannot  be  abso¬ 
lutely  insured  except  through  State  ownership  and  control.  Ex¬ 
perience  has  shown  that  private  ownership  means  —  sooner  or  later  — 
forest  destruction.  Individuals  will  cut  down  their  forests,  or  allow 
them  to  burn  up,  when  it  is  for  their  interest  to  do  so,  without  re¬ 
gard  to  public  welfare.  The  spirit  of  American  laws  and  the  sen¬ 
timent  of  the  American  people  are  opposed  to  any  State  interference 
with  the  enjoyment  by  individuals  of  the  right  to  do  as  they  please 
with  their  own.  Public  sentiment  is  not  ready  to  acknowledge  that 
the  State  can  rightly  interfere  in  the  management  of  forest  property, 
or  that  the  owners  of  such  property  in  its  treatment  owe  any  thing 
to. neighbors  or  descendants.  It  is  probably  impracticable  to  regu¬ 
late  by  law  the  cutting  or  planting  of  trees  on  the  land  of  individu¬ 
als,  or  impose  upon  them  by  act  of  Legislature  methods  of  forest 
management.  It  must  be  conceded  that  if  the  people  of  this  State 
are  convinced  that  the  preservation  of  the  Adirondack  forests  is  es¬ 
sential  to  their  future  prosperity,  there  is  but  one  way  by*  which 
they  can  be  certain  of  accomplishing  that  end.  Absolute  control 
can  be  insured  only  by  absolute  purchase.  There  are  forest  estates 
in  the  Adirondack  region  which  are,  and  for  many  years  have  been, 
wisely  and  economically  managed.  Such  management,  however, 
lacks  the  guaranty  of  permanency.  The  death  of  an  individual  ora 
change  in  the  condition  of  the  timber  trade  may  at  once  throw  any 
of  these  estates  into  the  hands  of  mere  speculators,  who,  like  too  many 
owners  of  Adirondack  property,  are  content  to  remove  all  merchant¬ 
able  timber  from  the  land  as  fast  as  possible,  and  then  permit  it  to 
return  to  the  State  for  unpaid  taxes.  Powerful  as  are  these  con¬ 
siderations,  the  practical  embarrassments,  however,  in  the  way  of  any 
general  State  purchase  seem  to  the  Commissioners  decisive.  The 
enormous  expenditure  that  would  be  required,  and  the  danger  of 
artificially  enhancing  the  value  of  such  lands  for  the  sake  of  a  sale 
to  the  State,  have  convinced  the  Commissioners  that  the  State  cannot 
wisely  enter  upon  any  scheme  of  general  purchase. 

State  Purchase  of  Forests. 

The  Commissioners  believe  that,  under  different  circumstances 
the  State  might  acquire  the  whole  Adirondack  forest  by  purchase  : 
and  that  the  price  of  such  a  purchase,  if  the  forest  could  be  eftici- 


No.  36.] 


1? 


ently  managed  by  the  State,  would  be  returned,  directly  and  indi¬ 
rectly,  to  the  people  a  hundred  fold.  The  securing  at  the  present 
time  effective  State  management  of  forests  is  too  doubtful,  however, 
in  connection  with  the  other  considerations  already  advanced,  to 
justify  them  in  recommending  the  State  to  purchase  these  lands  at 
the  exorbitant  prices  which  owners,  in  the  hope  of  selling  to  the 
State,  now  place  upon  them.  State  control  of  forests,  in  any  proper 
meaning  of  the  term,  has  never  been  attempted  in  the  United  States. 
It  will  be  wise  to  make  the  first  experiment  upon  a  small  scale,  and 
without  large  expenditures  in  advance  of  assured  success.  The 
State  already  owns  in  the  aggregate  no  inconsiderable  part  of  the 
Adirondack  forest ;  and  its  not  improbable  that  its  holding  will  be 
very  largely  increased  during  the  next  few  years  by  the  voluntary 
relinquishment,  in  lieu  of  payment  of  taxes,  of  land  from  which  the 
soft-woods  have  been  cut.  The  State  should  first  demonstrate  its 
ability  to  protect  the  forests  which  it  already  owns,  and  develop  a 
wise  system  of  forest  management  applicable  to  these  lands,  before 
the  question  of  the  purchase  of  other  lands  of  the  same  character  can 
be  seriously  considered. 

Present  Management  of  State  Lands. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  past  management  of  its  mid  land  by  the 
State  to  justify  their  increase  by  purchase  at  this  time.  Little 
attention  has  ever  been  paid  to  the  care  of  these  lands.  As  their 
bounds  have  not  been  marked  attempts  to  guard  them  from  depre- 
_  dation  have  naturally  been  unsuccessful.  The  State  lands  every¬ 
where  offer  opportunity  and  inducement  for  theft.  The  existing 
system  encourages  idleness  ;  it  educates  people  living  near  them  to 
feel  that  it  is  right  to  use  as  much  of  the  public  property  as  they 
can  safely  appropriate  to  their  own  uses;  and  it  pauperizes  a  consid¬ 
erable  population.  There  are  settlements  along  the  border  of  the 
forest  where  it  is  an  open  boast  that  the  population  live  almost  en¬ 
tirely  upon  the  products  of  the  State  lands.  Trees  are  cut  on  these 
lands  for  shingles  and  lumber.  The  wood  is  habitually  taken  for 
domestic  use,  and  often  for  market.  The  forests  suffer  under  the 
present  management,  and  the  people  of  the  region  are  degraded. 

Importance  of  Protecting  State  Forests. 

The  rigid  protection  of  the  forests  still  covering  lands  belonging 
to  the  State,  or  which,  it  is  probable,  must  soon  be  relinquished  to 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  36.]  3 


18 


[Assembly 


the  State,  and  the  gradual  growth  of  trees  upon  lands  now  denuded, 
which  will  naturally  follow  the  decrease  of  fires,  will  accomplish,  if 
not  all,  at  least  something  in  the  direction  of  preserving  for  the 
people  of  the  State  the  advantages  which  they  derive  from  the  ex¬ 
istence  of  the  Adirondack  forests.  The  State  forests,  thus  extended 
and  protected,  may  be  expected  to  check  any  further  considerable 
degradation  of  the  principal  rivers  of  the  State,  and  will  afford 
abundant  opportunity  for  the  enjoyment  by  the  people  of  the  pleas¬ 
ures  and  benefits  of  sylvan  retreat.  The  lumber  product,  however, 
would,  during  a  long  period  of  years  and  for  the  whole  region  un¬ 
doubtedly  be  much  larger  under  uniform  State  administration  than 
if  cut  by  individuals  without  regard  to  the  maintenance  of  the  sup¬ 
ply.  It  is  hardly  the  function  of  the  State,  however,  to  become  a 
lumber  producer,  except  so  far  as  lumber  production  is  incidental  to 
the  protection  of  forests  essential  to  public  safety.  Private  owners 
of  forest  property  must  be  left  to  regulate  the  supply  of  timber  by 
the  demand,  and  devise  and  put  into  execution  the  methods  neces¬ 
sary  for  the  development  of  their  property.  The  protection  of 
rivers  is  the  aim  and  excuse  for  forest  ownership  by  the  State ;  and 
the  production  of  lumber  should  be  made  secondary  to  this  control¬ 
ling  purpose. 


Objections  to  Present  System. 

The  management  of  the  public  forest  must  be  shielded  from  the 
effects  of  political  change  so  far  as  it  is  practicable  to  do  so,  if  the 
State  desires  to  obtain  the  best  results  from  its  ownership.  The 
care  and  improvement  of  forest  property,  in  order  to  be  effective, 
should  be  based  upon  some  well-considered  system,  requiring  in  its 
development  a  long  series  of  years,  and  demanding  an  administra¬ 
tion  of  thoroughly  trained,  skillful  and  enthusiastic  officials. 

The  duties  which  belong  to  the  complete  guardianship  of  the 
forest  preserve  obviously  have  a  close  relation  to  the  duties  of  the 
Comptroller.  This  was  recognized  by  the  Legislature  at  its  last 
session  in  committing  to  him  the  initiative  of  the  present  investi¬ 
gation.  The  executive  of  the  proposed  forest  law,  will,  upon  the 
plan  now  to  be  submitted,  have  the  custody  of  a  great  part  of  the 
public  domain.  He  will  probably  have  the  collection  of  some  reve¬ 
nue  from  sales  of  timber  which  is  cut  for  the  better  preservation  of 
the  remaining  trees.  He  will  have  to  discharge  very  important 
functions  with  relation  to  the  non-payment  of  taxes  upon  forest 
lands,  and  with  relation  to  the  proper  assessment  for  taxation  of 


No.  36.] 


19 


State  lands  within  the  forest  preserve.  The  work  of  the  forest  exec¬ 
utive,  however,  will,  especially  at  the  outset,  be  of  a  character  re¬ 
quiring  undivided  official  attention,  a  careful  study  of  business  and 
scientific  problems  which  are  new  in  this  country,  the  opportunity 
to  conduct,  without  interruption,  experiments  stretching  over  several 
years,  and  a  good  knowledge  of  the  varied  relations  of  the  forest 
problem  as  well  as  of  the  general  interests  of  the  State.  The  Comp¬ 
troller  rarely  holding  office  for  more  than  one  or  at  most  two  terms, 
and  occupied  in  various  and  perplexing  duties,  cannot,  therefore,  be 
expected  to  insure  the  execution  of  the  permanent  policy  essential 
for  the  wise  management  of  forests.  The  incumbent  of  an  elective 
office  of  such  importance  has  neither  the  time  to  organize  nor  the 
power  to  maintain  the  far-reaching  system  of  forest  control  which 
the  importance  and  necessities  of  the  case  demand. 


Importance  of  a  Forest  Commission. 

• 

The  Commissioners  believe  that  the  wild  lands  now  belonging  to 
the  State,  or  which  the  State  may  acquire  from  time  to  time,  can 
only  be  safely  administered  by  a  Commission.  Such  a  Commission 
should  be  non-political  in  character.  Its  members  should  serve  for 
considerable  periods  of  time,  in  order  that  a  fixed  policy  may  be  in¬ 
sured.  Absolute  power  of  appointment  and  dismissal  of  subordi¬ 
nates  should  be  vested  in  the  Commission  ;  without  such  power 
they  would  be  helpless  -to  secure  effective  forest  administration. 
The  reward  of  the  office  of  Commissioner  must  be  found  in  the 
consciousness  of  the  performance  of  great  public  services,  and  not 
in  the  hope  of  pecuniary  recompense.  Men  fitted  to  fill  the  re¬ 
sponsible  position  of  Forest  Commissioner  will  find  abundant  honor 
in  preserving  the  public  forests  and  in  inaugurating  a  broad  system 
of  forest  control  for  the  State  of  New  York  without  seeking  other 
reward.  Salaries,  however  small,  would  bring  an  element  of  insta¬ 
bility  into  the  composition  of  such  a  commission,  and  sooner  or  later 
defeat  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  created.  The  present  relations 
of  the  Comptroller  to  the  wild  lands  of  the  State,  and  to  the  pro¬ 
posed  work  of  the  Commission,  make  it  desirable  that  the  appoint¬ 
ment  of  the-*F orest  Commissioners  should  be  made  by  that  officer  ; 
and  that  he  should  have  over  them  some  power  of  removal. 

The  Commissioners  are  aware  that  experience  has  led  the  public 
to  doubt  the  executive  efficiency  of  commissions  or  boards  of  several 
members.  But  the  Forest  Commission  will  not,  like  the  Superin- 


20 


[Assembly 


tendent  of  Public  Works,  the  Superintendent  of  the  Capitol,  or  a 
Commissioner  of  Emigration,  be  a  mere  executive  of  a  long-estab¬ 
lished  and  well-defined  duty.  The  Forest  Commission  will  have  a 
sort  of  legislative  function.  It  is  to  devise  regulations  for  the  ad¬ 
ministration  of  a  great  public  domain  ;  it  is  to  Jay  down  a  general 
policy  for  such  administration.  It  has  an  advisory  and  consulting 
function  almost  as  important  as  its  executive  functions.  A  body 
capable  of  inaugurating  this  great  work  must  be  composed  of  mem¬ 
bers  representing  different  bodies  of  citizens,  different  trainings  and 
different  experiences. 

The  singleness  necessary  to  executive  efficiency  the  Commission¬ 
ers  propose  shall  be  found  in  the  forest  warden,  who  is  intended 
to  be  the  active  executive  officer  in  the  forest  administration.  He 
will  represent  the  policy  of  the  Commission,  but  should  be  left 
untrammeled  in  the  execution  of  the  details  .of  his  work. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  the  forest  warden  should  not 
be  exposed  to  political  vicissitudes  or  be  deemed  in  any  respect  a 
political  officer.  He  should,  therefore,  have  no  definite  term  of 
office  beyond  the  pleasure  of  the  Commission.  The  person  selected 
for  this  position  must  have  peculiar  qualifications.  He  must  have 
a  good  scientific  training  and  excellent  business  ability.  But  be¬ 
yond  these,  he  must  bring  to  his  office  tact,  vigor,  firmness  and  the 
breadth  and  aptitude  of  mind  which  are  needed  at  the  inaugura¬ 
tion  of  any  new  policy. 

A  very  serious  objection  to  the  appointment  of  a  forest  warden 
or  paid  forest  commissioner  as  an  executive  head  for  a  fixed  term  is 
the  grave  doubt  whether,  with  the  utmost  care  on  the  part  of  the 
appointing  authority,  a  man  having  the  qualifications  just  mentioned 
will  be  at  first  selected.  Some  of  these  qualifications  nothing  but 
experience  will  develop;  and  the  Forest  Commission,  it  is  to  be  pre¬ 
sumed,  will  not  hesitate  to  make  changes  until  the  peculiar  ability 
requisite  in  the  forest  warden  is  found.  A  fixed  term,  whatever 
might  be  the  provisions  for  removal,  would  be  a  serious  danger  to 
the  efficiency  and  success  of  the  forest  administration.  And  the 
decision  as  to  the  ability  of  the  forest  warden  should  be  with  a 
body  whose  sole  official  concern  is  with  the  forests. 

When  such  an  officer  is  found  properly  equipped  for  the  duties  of 
the  place,  it  would  be  wise  to  retain  him  as  long  as  his  services  are 
efficiently  performed.  He  would  certainly  need  many  years,  prob¬ 
ably  not  less  than  ten,  to  establish  and  perfect  any  general  system 
of  forest  treatment. 


No.  36.] 


21 


During  several  of  those  years  the  value  of  his  services  to  the  State 
would  become  greater  and  greater.  The  latter  element  it  has  also 
seemed  wise  to  the  Commissioners  to  recognize  by  increasing  his 
salary  year  by  year  for  six  years. 

The  same  considerations  have  been  applied  to  the  less  important 
officers  in  the  forest  administration.  The  proposal  of  the  Commis¬ 
sioners  is  to  establish  these  places  upon  a  purely  business  basis  and 
to  remove  them  completely  from  the  accidents  of  political  and  per¬ 
sonal  changes.  And  unless  this  general  idea  prevail  in  the  novel 
and  critical  work  contemplated  by  the  laws  proposed,  it  is  not  rea¬ 
sonable  to  suppose  that  it  will  succeed.  Nor  can  it  be  expected  in 
that  case  that  the  enormous  material  interests  of  the  State  involved 
in  the  proper  solution  of  the  forestry  problem  will  be  adequately 
protected. 

Taxes  ox  State  Lands. 

It  appears  from  the  report  of  the  special  committee  on  State  lands 
in  the  Adirondack  region,  made  to  the  Senate  in  January,  1884, 
that  in  1873  the  State  owned  38,S54  acres  of  wild  land  ;  that  from 
1873  to  1883  the  area  of  State  lands  increased  about  711,762 
acres,  making  the  total  area  of  such  lands  in  1883  750,616  acres. 
This  acquisition  of  land  by  the  State  took  place  almost  en¬ 
tirely  through  the  purchase  of  lands  by  the  State  tax  at 
sales.  There  is  little  doubt  that  in  the  immediate  future,  if  there 
be  no  change  in  the  conditions  of  the  Adirondack  wilderness,  there 
will  be  added  several  hundred  thousand  acres  to  this  domain  of 
three-quarters  of  a  million  acres  which  the  State  now  holds.  It 
has  been  suggested  that  this  tendency  of  lands  to  accrue  to  the  State 
from  the  non-payment  of  taxes  may  possibly  solve  the  forest  prob¬ 
lem  by  making  the  State  ultimately  the  owner  of  all  the  lands 
within  the  Adirondack  forest.  It  is  to  be  noticed,  however,  that 
this  very  acquisition  of  lands  by  the  State  which  has  occurred  almost 
entirely  within  the  last  twelve  years  is  the  clearest  and  most  striking 
demonstration  of  the  destruction  of  natural  wealth  which  has  taken 
place  in  that  region.  These  lands  have  fallen  into  the  ownership  of 
the  State  simply  because  they  have  been  stripped  of  their  merchant¬ 
able  timber  and  rendered  waste,  and  for  many  years  to  come  practi¬ 
cally  valueless.  The  lands  which  will  come  to  the  State  hereafter 
through  tax  sales  will  likewise  come  because  they  will  have  suffered 
a  similar  ruin.  It  is  of  vital  moment  to  the  State  to  put  an  end,  if 
possible,  to  the  temptation  to  strip  the  land  of  its  forest  wealth, 


22 


[Assembly 


which  the  practical  absence  of  an  efficient  collection  of  the  taxes 
has  created.  Under  the  present  law  prevailing  in  the  forest  coun¬ 
ties  the  tax  becomes  collectible  between  November  and  February  in 
each  winter,  and  it  is  not  until  about  four  years  from  the  succeeding 
summer  that  the  State  can  completely  divest  the  titie  of  the  owner 
who  refuses  to  pay  his  taxes.  This  period  of  nearly  four  years  and 
a  half  is  the  minimum  period  required  if  the  proceedings  of  the 
local  authorities  and  of  the  Comptroller  be  conducted  with  the  ut¬ 
most  rapidity  which  the  law  permits.  In  practice,  however,  sales 
for  unpaid  taxes  have  been  held  at  intervals  of  several  years,  rarely 
less  than  four  and  often  as  many  as  seven.  It  will  be  perceived, 
therefore,  that  the  owner  of  forest  lands  in  the  Adirondack  region 
who  proposes  to  strip  the  lands  of  all  their  forest  value  and  then  to 
surrender  them  to  the  State  will  have  a  period  of  between  five  and 
ten  years  during  which  he  has  practically  complete  immunity  from 
the  payment  of  taxes,  and  an  enormous  advantage  over  his  compet¬ 
ing  neighbor  who  may  feel  compelled  to  pay  his  taxes.  This  is 
practically  what  has  been  done.  The  lands  acquired  by  the  State 
have  been  acquired  after  their  long  abandonment.  They  have 
been  acquired  after  the  towms,  the  counties  and  the  State  have  lost 
the  taxes  of  many  years,  and  the  lands  have  finally  fallen  to  the 
State  stripped  of  merchantable  timber,  and  requiring  fully  half  a 
centurv  for  their  restoration  to  a  condition  in  which,  under  existing 
condition  of  the  lumber  business,  they  can  have  any  commercial 
value. 

The  Commissioners  consider  it  to  be  obviously  just  between  the 
State  and  its  citizens,  as  well  as  a  matter  of  the  greatest  moment  to 
the  welfare  of  the  State,  that  the  owners  of  lands  in  this  wilderness 
who  have  decided  to  bear  no  longer  their  fair  share  of  the  expenses 
of  the  government,  shall  not  be  permitted  to  waste  and  ravage  the 
real  estate  which  is  in  itself  the  only  security  the  State  holds  for  the 
payment  of  the  taxes  levied  upon  it.  The  third  bill  which  the 
Commissioners  have  prepared  proposes,  therefore,  to  prevent  the 
cutting  or  removing  of  timber  from  lands  in  the  Adirondack  region 
upon  which  the  taxes  are  overdue.  It  proposes  also  to  enable  the 
Forest  Commission,  as  part  of  their  duty  in  the  preservation  of  the 
forests,  to  directly  enforce  this  law.  There  is  nothing  oppressive  in 
such  a  provision.  Forest  land  differs  from  building  lots,  farms  and 
nearly  all  other  lands  in  the  State,  in  that  its  sole  present  and  avail¬ 
able  value  consists  in  a  growth  which  may  be  completely  removed  to 


No.  30.] 

the  utter  destruction  of  the  value,  although  the  land  nominally  re- 
mains. 

It  also  seems  to  the  Commissioners  obviously  wise  that  the  pro¬ 
ceedings  for  the  collection  of  taxes  upon  forest  lands  in  the  Adiron¬ 
dack  region  should  be  much  more  efficient.  Communication  with 
the  remotest  part  of  this  forest  region  is  now  more  rapid  than  in 
former  years,  and  there  is  no  longer  a  valid  reason  why  the  delay 
should  be  so  great  in  giving  title  to  the  State  upon  ^  lands  whose 
owners  propose  to  abandon  them.  Forest  lands  are  neither  home¬ 
steads  nor  farms,  and  tax  laws  which  may  be  properly  indulgent  to 
a  farmer  or  the  owner  of  a  house  ought  to  be  made  much  more 
strict  with  respect  to  forest  property  controlled  generally  by  large 
owners.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  when  an  owner  of  forest 
lands  has  let  the  taxes  for  one  year  go  into  arrears,  he  has  usually 
taken  the  first  deliberate  step  toward  a  surrender  of  the 
lands,  and  the  only  doubt  is  to  what  extent  he  can,  to  his 
own  profit,  render  the  lands  valueless  before  his  surrender  of 
them  is  complete.  The  Commissioners  propose,  theiefore,  in 
the  third  bill  to  reduce  very  greatly  the  delay  in  the  proceedings 
upon  the  non-payment  of  taxes,  and  to  make  those  proceedings 
much  more  certain  and  efficient,  and  to  bar  objections  to  the  title  of 
the  State  after  a  reasonably  short  time.  There  is  no  good  reason 
why  an  owner  of  forest  lands  should  be  indulged  more  than 
one  year  after  the  taxes  have  become  overdue,  before  his  title  is 

vested  finally  and  absolutely  in  the  State. 

This  change  will  also  afford  a  reasonable  protection  to  the  owners 
of  property  in  the  Adirondack  towns,  who  now  pay  their  taxes  and 
are  unjustly  compelled  to  bear  a  steadily-increasing  burden  imposed 
upon  them  by  owners,  generally  without  permanent  local  interests, 
and  desiring  to  seek  new  fields  of  operation  as  soon  as  they  have 
completely  stripped  the  old  fields  of  their  value.  If  the  State 
speedily  acquire  such  land,  and  then,  as  the  Commissioners  next 
proposed,  if  the  State  pay  or  bear  the  taxes  upon  the  land,  the  in¬ 
habitants  who  honestly  and  promptly  pay  their  taxes  will  be  at 
once  relieved  of  the  unjust  burdens  of  unpaid  taxes  which  sooner  or 

later  fall  upon  them. 

It  is  only  after  the  most  careful  and  prolonged  consideration  that 
the  Commissioners  have  concluded  te  recommend  that  the  State 
hereafter  bear  taxes  upon  its  lands  in  the  Adirondack  region.  The 
Commissioners  are  aware  that  this  is  an  unusual  course  for  a  govern¬ 
ment  to  follow,  with  respect  to  its  own  lands.  But  the  peculiar  cir- 


24 


[Assembly 


cumstances  of  this  case  make  the  course  obviously  just,  if  the  gen¬ 
eral  plan  the  Commissioners  recommend  should  be  adopted. 

Upon  this  general  plan,  the  State  lands  in  the  Adirondacks  are  to 
be  hereafter  held  and  acquired,  not  for  the  especial  benefit  of  the 
counties  in  which  they  lie,  but  in  a  much  greater  degree  for  the 
benefit  of  the  whole  State.  It  is  not,  therefore,  the  case  of  a  county 
court-house,  jail,  asylum  or  other  local  institution.  Nor  is  it  the 
case  of  a  single  building  or  of  a  few  buildings,  which,  like  the 
Capitol  or  a  State  insane  asylum,  though  benefiting  the  whole 
State  more  than  the  county  in  which  it  stands,  still  forms  so  incon¬ 
siderable  a  part  of  the  real  property  of  that  county  that  if  a  tax  were 
laid  upon  it,  the  tax  would  be  no  more  than  the  share  of  benefit 
which  the  county  derives.  In  the  Adirondacks  the  present  lands  of 
the  State  are  a  considerable  fraction  of  the  lands  in  very  many 
towns.  By  the  bills  now  submitted  a  policy  is  proposed  which  will 
probably  result  in  a  considerably  greater  acquisition  of  lands  by  the 
State  upon  sales  for  taxes.  Ultimately,  therefore,  there  will  prob¬ 
ably  be  the  position  of  the  State  holding  a  large  part  of  the  prop¬ 
erty  in  the  Adirondack  towns  which  would  normally  pay  taxes,  and 
this  holding  would  be  chiefly  for  the  benefit  of  the  rest  of  the  State. 

It  is  to  be  observed,  also,  that  when  the  State  becomes  the  owner 
of  lands  upon  the  plan  now  considered,  the  State  assumes  many  of 
the  advantages  of  a  private  owner  which  ought,  in  common  fair¬ 
ness,  to  carry  with  them  the  corresponding  burdens.  The  roads  in 
the  Adirondack  region  will  afford  access  and  protection  to  the  State 
lands.  The  courts,  offices  and  officials  of  the  Adirondack  counties 
will  be  constantly  used  by  the  State  in  the  protection  of  its  domain 
and  in  the  assertion  and  establishment  of  rights  with  respect  thereto, 
precisely  as  they  are  used  by  private  citizens.  It  is  not  unreason¬ 
able,  therefore,  that  the  State  should,  up  to  the  extent  of  taxes 
upon  the  lands  which  it  holds  in  these  counties,  bear  a  proportion  of 
the  expenses  of  local  administration  whose  benefits  it  receives. 

The  Commissioners,  as  has  been  intimated,  believe,  as  did  the 
Senate  committee  of  1883,  and  as  is  believed  by  nearly  all  who  have 
studied  the  problem,  that  default  in  the  payment  of  taxes  will  bring 
to  the  State,  from  time  to  time,  considerable  acquisitions  of  land.  If 
the  State  do  not  pay  or  bear  taxes  upon  these  lands,  then  the  re¬ 
maining  owners  in  the  various  Adirondack  towns  will  see  their  bur¬ 
dens  steadily  increase  without  any  increase  to  them  of  the  benefits 
which  taxation  purchases. 

It  is  obvious,  however,  if  the  general  scheme  of  administration 


25 


No.  36.  J 

of  State  lands  now  proposed  be  not  adopted,  that  the  reason  for  an 

assumption  of  taxes  by  the  State  disappears. 

There  is  annexed  to  this  report,  in  Appendix  A,  tables  showing 
the  total  area  of  wild  lands  in  the  Adirondack  region  and  the  taxes 
levied  thereon  in  the  year  1883.  These  tables  have  been  prepared 
by  Mr.  William  H.  Sanger,  of  the  Comptroller’s  office,  to  whose 
large  and  varied  information  upon  this  subject  and  upon  many 
matters  relating  to  the  State  lands  in  the  Adirondacks,  and  to 
whose  zealous  and  intelligent  labors  the  Commissioners  feel  them 
selves  greatly  indebted.  ^The  tables  are,  of  course,  not  entirely  ac¬ 
curate,  but  are  sufficiently  so  to  furnish  a  reasonably  close  estimate 
of  the  annual  amount  the  State  may  be  called  upon  to  pay  for  taxes. 

The  total  acreage  of  wild  lands  in  the  Adirondacks  is  about  3,- 
600,000.  The  taxes  for  1883  upon  these  lands  was  about  §113,000. 
If  the  average  of  value  of  750,000  acres  of  lands  now  owned  by  the 
State  were  as  high  as  the  general  average,  the  State  would  have  to 
pay  or  bear  annually  for  taxes  about  one-fifth  of  §113,000,  oi  about 
§23,000.  But  doubtless  many,  if  not  most,  of  the  State  lands  are  re¬ 
cently  abandoned  and  wasted  lands,  and,  therefore,  worth  consider¬ 
ably  less  than  the  average  of  the  wild  or  forest  lands.  So  that  at 
the  present  scale  of  valuations,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  State 
would  have  upon  the  lands  it  now  owns  to  bear  more  than  an  annual 
payment  of  about  $15,000. 

And  this  or  a  somewhat  greater  payment  the  Commissioners  be 
lieve  would  be  a  very  slight^price  for  the  State  to  pay  for  the  advan 
tages  which  a  sense  of  fair  dealing  by  the  State  in  the  Adiiondack 
region  would  bring  to  the  plan  which  it  is  now  proposed  to  estab¬ 
lish.  This  plan  must  be  largely  dependent  for  its  usefulness  and 
success  upon  the  support  of  public  opinion  in  the  region  of  the  for¬ 
est  preserved.  The  Commissioners  are  thoroughly  convinced,  in¬ 
deed,  that  apart  from  questions  of  taxation,  the  proposed  forest 
preserve  will  add  materially  to  the  permanent  prosperity  of  the 
Adirondack  counties.  But  this  is  not  the  main  reason  which 
induces  the  State  to  consider  the  present  plan  for  forest  preserva¬ 
tion  ;  and  it  is  an  insufficient  reason  for  the  State,  through  an  arbi¬ 
trary  exercise  of  its  sovereign  power,  to  refuse  to  contribute  to  the 
support  of  counties  and  towns,  the  benefit  of  whose  institutions  it 
proposes  as  a  great  land  owner  to  share. 

The  necessity  of  making  the  establishment  of  State  titles  more 
certain  is  too  well  known  and  obvious  to  need  argument.  The  third 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  36.]  4 


26 


[Assembly 


proposed  law  provides,  therefore,  that  after  reasonable  opportunity 
to  attack  the  State  title  and  pay  accrued  taxes,  the  Comptroller’s 
deed  shall  become  conclusive  evidence  of  title. 

Necessity  of  General  Forest  Laws. 

It  is  desirable  that  private  owners  of  forest  and  wild  lands  as  well 
as  officers  of  the  State  should  be  invested  with  more  authority  to 
protect  their  property,  under  the  law,  than  they  now  possess. 

Protection  against  Settlers. 

The  owners  of  such  property  need  protection  against  persons 
clearing  land  by  fire  without  regard  to  the  safety  of  their  neighbors’ 
forests.  The  protection  of  forests  is  impossible  unless  the  unre¬ 
strained  practice  of  setting  such  fires  can  be  prevented. 

Protection  against  Trespass. 

Owners  of  forest  property  require  more  power  than  the  law  now 
affords  them  to  secure  the  punishment  of  trespassers  upon  their 
lands,  to  prevent  the  setting  of  fires  in  their  forests,  and  to  stop  the 
cutting  and  killing  of  trees. 

Compulsory  Burning  of  Debris  in  the  Forest. 

It  has  often  been  suggested  that  lumbermen  in  this  State  should 
be  compelled  by  law  to  gather  and  carefully  burn  branches,  chips 
and  other  debris  left  by  them  in  their  logging  camps.  The  pres¬ 
ence  of  such  debris  in  the  forests  is  an  element  of  great  danger  and 
increases  enormously  the  probability  of  destructive  forest  fires. 
The  impossibility,  however,  of  collecting  and  burning  such  refuse 
in  the  Adirondack  forest  at  least,  as  long  as  only  the  soft-woods  are 
cut,  will  be  apparent  to  any  one  familiar  with  these  forests.  It  is 
rare  that  more  than  ten  treesare  ever  cut  to  the  acre  by  lumbermen, 
and  the  enforced  burning  of  the  debris  of  these  trees  in  the  midst,  of  a 
dense  forest  would  be  a  greater  source  of  danger  to  the  growing 
timber  than  if  left  to  rot  upon  the  ground.  In  the  former  case, 
forest  fires  would  be  practically  inevitable  ;  in  the  latter  case,  there 
would  always  be  a  chance  that  the  debris  might  become  covered 
with  uninflammable  undergrowth,  or  its  combustibility  lessened  by 
decay  before  the  spark  of  some  careless  settler  or  hunter  might 
ignite  it.  I11  cases  where  a  considerable  portion  of  the  forest  is  cut 


No.  3G.] 


27 


at  once,  as  in  cutting  for  charcoal,  the  danger  of  burning  the  debris 
would  disappear,  and  such  a  plan  might  wisely  be  adopted. 

Danger  from  Railroads. 

It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  many  forest  fires  originate 
from  the  sparks  of  locomotive  engines.  The  damage  to  the  State 
from  this  cause  is  widespread,  and  has  already  attracted  the  atten¬ 
tion  of  railroad  managers.  The  railroads  of  the  State  of  biew  Yoik 
pay  a  large  sum  of  money  every  year  in  fire  damages.  These  aie 
largely  paid  for  injury  inflicted  upon  growing  timber,  and  represent 
the  loss  of  material  destroyed  and  not  the  injury  sustained  by  the 
land  from  being  burned  over, —  often  a  more  serious  calamity  to  the 
community  than  the  mere  loss  of  timber.  Numerous  attempts  have 
been  made  to  overcome  this  evil,  through  the  adoption  of  some 
efficient  spark  consumer  which  could  be  used  on  locomotives  with¬ 
out  interfering  with  their  power  of  generating  steam.  None  of  the 
contrivances  yet  tried  have  been  satisfactory  in  all  particulars  ;  and 
it  does  not  appear  wise  at  this  time  to  enact  any  compulsory  legis¬ 
lation,  looking  to  the  general  adoption  by  the  railroads  of  spark 
consumers  —  desirable  as  such  legislation  might  be  in  the  case  of 
their  refusing  to  adopt  a  thoroughly  efficient  invention.  This,  how¬ 
ever,  the  most  intelligent  railroad  managers  are  already  anxious  to 
do  for  their  own  protection  ;  and  the  treatment  of  this  question  can 
for  the  present  at  least  be  safely  left  to  them.  When  a  really  effi¬ 
cient  and  economical  contrivance  is  found,  it  will  be  wise  to  make 
its  general  adoption  compulsory  by  legislative  action. 

Summary. 

The  Commissioners  are  convinced  that  a  portion  of  the  Adiron¬ 
dack  forest  is  essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  State,  and  that  its  pres¬ 
ent  holding  of  wild  lands  should  be  strictly  preserved  and  protected. 
They  do  not  believe,  under  existing  circumstances,  that  the  State 
should  acquire  wild  lands  by  purchase,  except  at  tax  sales. 

They  believe  that  the  State  forests  cannot  be  longer  protected 
under  the  present  system,  and  that  the  appointment  of  a  Forest 
Commission  with  abundant  power  is  essential  to  secure  their  per¬ 
manency. 

They  believe  that  the  laws  regulating  the  sale  of  wild  land  on 
account  of  unpaid  taxes  should  be  modified,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
destruction  of  the  property,  while  the  taxes  remain  unpaid  ;  to 


28  [Assembly 

hasten  the  proceedings  for  sales  of  lands  for  such  unpaid  taxes,  and 
to  perfect  the  title  of  the  State  to  the  lands  it  now  owns  or  hereafter 
acquires  upon  such  sales. 

They  believe  that  the  State  should  bear  in  common  with  individ¬ 
uals  the  proportion  of  taxes  assessable  on  its  lands. 

They  believe  that  greater  security  than  now  exists  under  the  law 
for  the  protection  of  forests  should  be  given  to  the  owners  of  wild 
and  forest  lands,  and  that  trespassers  upon  such  property  should  be 
promptly  punished. 

They  have  prepared  a  series  of  bills  (see  appendices  B,  C,  and  D), 
which  contain  the  important  features  of  the  scheme  of  forest  man¬ 
agement  which  they  recommend.  Your  attention  is  invited  to  the 
consideration  of  these  bills.  The  Commissioners  believe  that  they 
will  be  found  to  contain  no  provisions  conflicting  with  any  vested 
interests,  and  that  no  honest  citizen  will  be  injured  by  their  passage. 
Laws,  however,  are  not  all  that  is  necessary,  and  forests  cannot  be 
preserved  by  legislative  action  alone.  A  forest  law,  to  effect  its 
purpose,  must  rest  on  a  broad  and  solid  basis  of  public  interest.  The 
only  real  safety  for  the  forest  will  be  found  in  the  appreciation  of 
its  value  by  the  community. 

Dated  Albany,  January  23,  1885. 

CHARLES  S.  SARGENT. 

D.  WILLIS  JAMES. 
EDWARD  M.  SHEPARD. 


No.  36.] 


29 


To  Hon.  Alfked  C.  Chapin,  Comptroller . 

The  undersigned  dissents  from  that  portion  of  the  report  of  the 
maiority  of  the  Commission  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  chap¬ 
ter  551  of -the  Laws  of  1884,  to  investigate  and  report  a  system 
of  forest  preservation,  which  recommends  the  passage  of  an  act 
authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  commission  of  three  to  serve  with¬ 
out  compensation,  who  shall  be  vested  with  power  to  appoint  and 
remove  at  pleasure  the  superintendent,  forest  wardens  and  other 
officers  and  employees  necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the 
proposed  act;  and  also  dissents  from  the  reasoning  and  arguments 
advanced  by  the  majority  in  their  report  in  support  of  the  appoint¬ 
ment  of  such  commission.  The  undersigned  believes  that  a  single 
responsible  head  should  be  appointed  by  the  Governor  to  carry  into 
effect  the  proposed  legislation  and  thus  obviate  the  evil  effects  wine  i 
flow  from  “  divided  counsels  and  divided  responsibility.’’ 

A  three-headed  non-paying  commission  meeting  only  occasionally 
would  be  an  entirely  useless  and  unnecessary  body  and.  an  embar¬ 
rassment  rather  than  a  help  to  a  competent  executive  officer  having 
the  actual  charge  of  the  forests.  It  is  well  known  that  the  work  of 
non-paying  State  boards  of  commissions  is  chiefly  done  and  the  busi¬ 
ness  planned  and  conducted  by  the  secretary  or  other  paid  officer ; 
and  whether  it  be  well  or  poorly  done  depends  not  so  much  upon 
the  character  and  ability  of  the  board  as  upon  the  efficiency,  integ¬ 
rity  and  competency  of  its  paid  executive  officer.  I,  therefore,  re¬ 
spectfully  recommend  a  modification  of  the  proposed  act  in  accord- 

ance  with  the  views  above  expressed. 

In  other  respects  I  concur  with  the  majority  report  and  approve 

the  recommendations  contained  therein.  POUCIIEK 


* 


/ 


. 


v 


[Assembly  No.  36.] 


31 


o  o 

On  VO 

CJ\  u-nnO 

o  ONOO  h  nO\0 
On  n^nnO  O  On  On  -h 


co  *■+■  i— '  O  OO 

^  On  tJ- 


—  *+ 
On  co 


88888888 

O  fO'Ci1^  M  h  vO  fs 
t^.00  O  co  '<n  On  t^oo 
O  ^  Tj-  LTV  ■^f-OC  Cl  *-< 

m*  iri  n  (5  ^  On  00  NO 
VO  00  OO  i-h  i-i  On  »-cn  Cl 
t — .  >— •  '  I— '  NO 

</>  -  ~ 

l-H  CO 


O 

U1 

O  m  on  lcn  1-1  *+ 
On  NO  O  NO  CO  co  O 
ltn  Cl  NO  O  Cl  ^  rj- 

(-7  o'  cT  <>  CO  no"  no*  O* 

M  fO  H  CO  CO  Cl  Cl  Cl 


> 

H 

fc 

to 

o 

O 

X 

w 

c/3 

C/3 

W 


88888888 

8  0  0  co  O  O  On  i-o 
On  ro  On  O  00  cO  Cl 
UN  CO  O  Ln  UN  IA  M 

O*  njc  On  lcnno'  OO*  On 
NO  h  UN  ■'d’NO  NO  1-1 
€©■ 


.  o  O 

JF  ON  « 

o  ON^  cAn  OO  -4 

O  w  CO  N  UN  CONO 

u-nnO  On  no  utn  iun 

i-T  rf  Cl*  NO*  Cl*  Ni- 
d  w  CO  un  d  O 


C 

£ 

o 

<13 

X  (I, 

1-  ^ 

03  C 

C/3  S 
03 

uuw 


c 

'o 


03 
XI 
C3 
O  N 


03 

C 

03 

03 


C/3 


5 


V 

0 

: 


1T1 111L1  . . .  . - .  "  -  O 

Moriah  .  . . '  J3»  39 


APPENDIX  A,  §  i. —  Continued. 
Essex  County  —  Continued. 


32 


[Assembly 


_  u 

ctf  be 

oS 

e-S 

at 


CO 

£ 

£ 

O 

H 


O 

CO 


vo 

d 


N  O  O  CO 

CO  •+  O  tO  rj-00  CO 
Os  LOOO  O  *-i  vo 

CO  CO*  MO*  rf  Coo* 
d  '+00  *-<  ^  CO 


VO 

o 

Os 

Os 

O 


00 

OO 


Assessed  value 
in  1883. 

0000000 

0000000 

vo  Os  O  O  so  O  vo 

•— *  co  OOOO  so 
d  00  voso  co  ci 

voCO  •—  O*  00 

d  cO-v—  O  O  rf  sj- 

€&■-}-  d  *-< 

8 

CO 

OS 

vo 

rC 

m 

Acreage  of 
cleared  lands. 

co  vo 

CO  d 

CO  so  O  —  rh  O  vo 
Os  rj-  O  rh  O  CO  vo 
•"vh  Os  voso  co  0  Os 

O*  d"  d*  rCsO*  co"  co 

1— 1  t-H  1— 1  Cl  l—l 

00 

0 

d 

d 

d 

d* 

0 

co 

<D 

3 

OOOOOOO 

OOOOOOO 

8 

1 

2  • 

►H  11  Cl  0  VO  0  co 

Tl* 

»>  CO 

►-1  O  rj-  1— 1  0  0 

C 

1 

T3  00 

<D  M 

1-1  CO  CO  COSO  vo  0s 

HH 

</)  . 

c/)  C 

Os  Os  voso’  o’  CO 

CN 

4)  ~ 

Cl  HCO  d  H 

SO 

(/) 

t-1  -4— 

so 

< 

€©■ 

m 

■ 

O 

— 

co  SO 

Os 

^-00  d  LOSO  O  CO 

SO 

CO  Os  O  Os  co  0  N 

^  C 

rj-uico  COCO  VO 

CO 

co’  vo  -fso’  0  O  0 

CO 

u’O 

l-H  COCO  VO  H  ci  d 

0  r3 
<  £ 

HH 

l S\ 

•  •••••• 

,0 

£ 

o 

o 

£ 

<0 


G 
O 
co 
rt  TJ 
rG  3 

wl 

-G  ,G 

-»->  4-J 
l—i  J-. 

o  o 


c 

o 

o 

nC 

o 


T3 

c 

£ 

£ 


^  ^  (/)  C/3  H 


* 
cd 

tuo 

o 

VH 

<u 

TG  , 

§  S 


G 

o 

4-> 

bio 

c 


o 

MO 


vo 

r-x 


O  i-h  co  d  ■<+  tJ- 
d  KinusO  *-> 
K  O  CO  tJ-CO  O 


OS 

so 

so* 

s© 

VO 


d  O  co  so  Osco  <-<  Os 
O  h  n  nvo  oscO’t 


o 

o 


888 


►h  o  ■+  *+  0 

US  M  USTj-  US  Cl 


vo 
00 

rt  O  LOCO  Cl  vo  Cl 

CO  N*  so*  co  co  Os 
us  M  so  sj-  N  CO 


o 

SO 


CO 


Cl  CO  Cl  «-c  Os  -t  Cl 
Oci—sOtCO- 
Os  N  N  Os  Os  Os  CO 


vo  Os  1-1  d 

Cl  11 


VO  w  Cl 
»— I  >— I  Cl 


>< 

H 

fc 

O 

o 


t-J 

)4 

£ 

< 

& 

fc 


OOOOO 

OOOOO 


o  o 
o  o 


O  CO  CO  o  coco  O  *+ 
d  co  O  so  COsO  us  -t 
NcOOSNd  0  ►*  CO 

N  O*  sf  o*  “S  O  so*  o" 

NOO  h  LOCO  CO 


VO 


d 

CO 


O  Os  vo  O  co  losO 
d  so  d  tJ-  rfsO  Os  vo 
c^>-i  i-i  r^oo  0  0  d 

cC  o'*  cC  co  co  so"  so"* 

N  Os  d  d  LOCO  O 


• 

•¥-  ’ 

*->  c 

-i-> 

O 

H 

C  c 

O  no 

£  c 

—  C3 


G 

O 

<0 

-C  C 
bjO  od 
■Z  G 


0* 

G 

cd 


C 

£ 

o 

+-> 

VI 

h-j 

"C 

v- 

a 


d 

t 


w 

« 1 

c 

o 


Ih 

<U 

> 

cd 


O  V-  L-  V-  "  "s. 


*<* 

0 

d 

CO 

so* 

so 


O 

vo 

vo 

M 

Os 

c>~ 

Os 

VO 

€©■ 


Os 

co 

so 


8 

so 

so 

vo 


vo 

CO 

d 


€©■ 


O 

co 

l-H 

o 

d* 

r-H. 

'd' 


cd 

h-> 

o 

H 


Fulton  County.. 


No 


.  36.] 


33 


.S'E 

l  >•>  rt 

£ 

C/) 


rt 

-t-> 

O 

H 


c 

o 

C/3 


—  rt 

Cu  J 


3 

O 

JC 


issem.  Doc.  No.  36.] 


rt  a)  fcjo  <U  J2 
o  rj  -v  e  ^  *~rt 

<  CO  £  £  ^ 


CO 

00 

co  o 

Ll-i 

tv  O  Onoo 

rt- 

Ocococoo  —  —  rt" 

lA 

oo  00*0 

NO 

o  0  —  COOO  Cl  NN 

o 

n  O  co  lo 

HH 

On  CO  tv  0  —  —  01  vo 

NO 

cf  CT\  tv  —* 

o* 

O  VO  b  Cl  CO  Cl  NO  VO 

NO* 

COM  CO  rt" 

rt-  Cl  co  Cl  On  N  CO  On 

►-a 

*-*  *— t  *— «  »— < 

oo 

O  0  0  o 

o 

OOOOOOOO 

o 

o  o  o  o 

o 

OOOOOOOO 

o 

NON1'' 

On 

OvoO  —  rt-O  —  N 

CO 

oo  O  oo  0 

Iv 

OooOtvOOOtv 

CO 

oo  0  tv  no 

Cl 

O  —  O  no  —  oo  rt-co 

O 

—  O  O  Q\ 

of 

00  On  vo  rt"  CTn  O  tv.  co 

00* 

co  co  rt-  rt- 

LO 

—  rt-  rt-  co  vo  —  co 

LH 

€£■  VO 

m  — 

rt- 

m 

CO  LO 

00 

CO  Cl 

LO 

O  O  tv  — 

OO 

O  co  O  ci  tv  vo  -f  vo 

0  0-0 

OnO  O  nO  O  co  iv  — 

oo 

vo  0  oo  vo 

CO 

tv  NO  O  Cl  rt-  0  NO  vo 

Cl 

HiO  NN 

of 

—  ON  6  co  O  tv  —  cb 

tv 

d  — 

\-T\ 

Cl  —  — 

NO 

o  o  o  o 

O 

> 

H  OOOOOOOO 

o 

0  O  0  0 

o 

g  OOOOOOOO 

o 

CO  O  d  CO 

co 

b>  oocx)nooooo 

rt" 

On  O  vooo 

C! 

o  Oci  —  rt-coONvoco 

oo 

co  O  vo  rt- 

rt- 

q  o  —  tv  ci  co  O  coco 

NO 

vb'X)  On  VO 

On 

ci  no  O  —  vo  vo  On  O 

o* 

—  —  Cl 

NO 

^  vo  —  —  rt"  O  tv  rt"  vo 

o 

€£■ 

4^ 

o  Cl  Cl  —  — 

o 

H  ^ 

- 

iJ 

*r-< 

€£■ 

◄ 

K 

NO  M  N 

NO 

o  O  oo  —  conO  tv  On 

rt- 

00  O  vo  O 

rt- 

O  ci  —  tv  tv  co  On  vo 

Cl 

tv  o  vo  o 

co 

Cl  <-i  tv  tv  tv  O  vo  O 

co 

O  co  On  rt- 

tv 

On  NO  '  O'OO  ci  vo  rt-  Cl 

On 

CO  Cl  Cl 

oo 

CO  —  —  0  OO  NO  COON 

rt- 

t— «  M  f—i 

tv 

a  •  » 

•  •  a  • 

a  •  •  • 

a  a  • 

a  a  a  • 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a 

a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  •  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  • 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  •  •  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  •  •  a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

• 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a  a  a  •  •  a  •  • 

a  a  a  •  •  a  a  • 

•  a  a  •  a  •  a  a 

a  a  a  a  a  a  a  • 

•  aaaaaaa 

aaaaaaaa 

.  a  a  a  a  •  aa 

«  a  a  a  a  a  a  a 

aaaaaaaa 

aaaaaaaa 

a  a  a  a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a 

•  aaaaaaa 

•  aaaaaaa 

aaaaaaaa 

•  aaaaaaa 

aaaaaaa* 

a  •  a  •  a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a 

aaaaaaaa 

a  a  a  •  -4— J  •  a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

9 

a 

• 

» 

a 

a 

9 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a  a  a  a 

a 

a  a  a  a  a  • 

• 

a  a  a  a 

a 

•  •  •  <D  Cw  ••• 

• 

a  •  a  a 

a 

•  •  *  ^  2  <u  <u  ‘ 

a 

•  •  • 

:  .  :  «  £  v  to  • 

rt 

4-> 

O 

H 


O  co  i— i 

rt- 

O  co  tv 

O 

O  co  co 

Cl 

On  tv  vo 

cf 

d  NO  VO 

rt- 

OOO 

o 

OOO 

o 

O  ci  O 

Cl 

o  rt-  - 

i-n 

rt-  Cl  NO 

d 

•K 

rt-  co  tv 

tv  On  — 

oo 

O  tv  vo 

Cl 

OO  On  — 

ON 

co  rt-  vo 

OO 

rt-NO  tv 

OO* 

H  OOO 

0 

£  OOO 

0 

O  O  vo 

\~r\ 

O  O  cooo 

»— « 

(J  O  o  rt- 

LA 

»,  at 

vo  rt-  rt- 

CO 

_  rt-  rt* 

O 

w  $5,  - 

Cl 

§ 

€6- 

l-H 

(“rt 

W 

X 

O  NO  NO 

Cl 

d  CO  VO 

HH 

COOO 

CO 

rt"  —  tv 

a* 

CO 

—  rt-  rt- 

O 

rt* 

VO 

a  a  • 

a  a  a 

a  a  a 

a  a  a 

a  a  a 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  * 

•  a  a 

•\  9  • 

•  a  a 

•  a  • 

a  a  • 

a  •  a 

•  •  • 

•  9  • 

a  9  • 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a  a  • 

•  •  a 

•  a  a 

a  a  • 

a  a  a 

a  a  • 

a  a  a 

a  •  a 

a  a  a 

! 

75 

♦-> 

-*-£  p 

O  C/3  C 

O 

H 

£  rt> 

Lewis  County. 


34 


[Assembly 


o 

bjo 

C3 

V 


O  _ 


<D 

j3 

73  . 

>  (rt 

rr-,  00 

oo 

<JJ  M 

C/3 

cr  C 

O'¬ 

er 

cr 

<; 


.  m 
<u  3 

fc£— 
rt  tJ 
v  m 

O  c$ 
<  " 
o 


oiq 

^  'C 

<u  c 
bo 

ai  " 


CA 

£ 

o 

H 


rf-  Cl  CONO  t--. 

Cl 

d  Cl  o  O  no 

O' 

Cl  nan  cl  i-h 

On 

co  ci  O  O  co 

CO 

GO  O  ^  na  d 

0 

COOO  O  O  N 

co 

«  *.  r.  tN 

•  o  ^  — 1 

0 

Cl  O' NO  co  nai 

in 

0  co  no  ^j-nO 

CO  CO  CO  Cl  Cl 

Vi"\ 

1—1 

co 

HH 

O  Q  O  O  O 

O  0  o  o  o 

O'O  O  H  n 
n  on  romis 
d  O  d  Cl  ©O 


M  UNN  VO 
IA  CO  t-'.'O 

CO 

4& 


CO 

CO 


o 

o 

On 

NO 

NO 

c£ 

NO 

NO 

€€> 


© 

3 

0  O  O  O  0 

o 

• 

i* 

H  O  O  O  O  O 

O 

0  O  O  O  O 

o 

^  o  o  o  o  o 

o 

3  . 

0  O  CO  ON  O 

co  0  O  O 

1 J~\ 

CO 

co  O  Ah  0  co 

NO 

O  -  >c  N  O  O 

Tj  00 

o  w 

Cfl  - 

C/2 

co  0  i—i  in  On 

^  no  On  Cl  O 

i-T  cf  On  cT  tC 

CO 

cR  >o  no  O'  cT 

cf 

<u  — 

1A  't  CO  N  H 

<  &?■  CO  1— - 

cr 

#&= 

1— ( 

O 

< 

o 

H 

< 

O 

0 


o  o  o 
o  o  o 


no  O  fO 

CO  NO  O  O  NO 

O  O  “N  M 


rj"  O'  NO  CO  NO 
co  N  On  O  <-* 

Cl  M  N 

6€» 


<D 

C  •  ci  _ 

a  •  .o  c 

n  1/3  O 

boc-^c  ^ 
O  cU  O  O  ^ 

NO  ^ 


o 

H 


c 


bo 

v*  - 
p  >n  2 

j>  g 

-E  b 

0^-0^° 

UQwKS 


o 

o 

■'+ 

NO 

ON 

CN 

N 


NO  O  NO  CO  0 

oh 

UNQ'O  O  NO 

0 

O'O  NN-t 

OO 

O  O  o  O  co 

oh 

NOOO  t^-NO  ON 

co  oh  o  non 

On 

nonO  i-h  NO  OO 

On 

hC  NO^O  l-i  co 

co 

lO  H»  Cl  l-H  CO 

oh 

M  M  H  HH 

ON 

HI 

K 

< 

cr 

ON  d  N  CON 

oo 

NN  O  O  O 

ON 

Cl  N  N  NAN 

O 

Cl  Cl  o  O  O 

'ch 

Cl  Cl  NO  00  Cl 

CO 

io-f  O  noQ 

O  ^hoo  ,^h  ci 

o' 

NO  Tt  o  1-1  d 

co 

novo  Cl  Cl  Cl 

O' 

I-H  Cl  1-1  H 

NO 

►H 

rt 

-i-i 

O 

H 


o 

c> 

ci 


800  tN  O  CO 
o  I—  IA  CO 
O  CO  d  NO  NO 


O  >o  — ■  n 
co  >a  On  O 


■—  On 

IA 


O  O  O  O  0  o 
o  o  o  o  o  o 

O  O  O  no  o  O 
ci  oo  oo  r^oc  na 
O  NO  ON  ON  ~t 

.-T  >S  o  rC  co  cT 

W  Ox  CON  IA 
<fj  CO  CO  rj- 


00  NO  On  t^NO  nan 

NO  co  O  O  nan  Cn 

i—  co  i— c  r^oo  rf 


CONO 


NNAOnON 
CO  CO  Cl 


s* 

H 

fc 

O 

O 

W 

u 

£ 

w 

Pi 

£ 

< 

c4 

pi 

c n 


o 

o 


o 

o 


o 

o 


o 

o 


O  00  O  O  O 
On  on  On  no  ^h 
C1  Ah  no  Cl 


O 

o 

O 

O 

LA 


.-TnO  ncnO  O 
co  cooo  na  On  no 


Cl  a*-  On  0  ~+  co 

lalO  nan  m  On  tJ- 

0  no  nan  O 

cCoo"  aF  no"  <- ~  0~ 
ci  na  on  co  co 


c  c 

o  o  o  „ 
v-  •+■?  « 


p:  o  .in 


C  <D 

o  — 

c  > 

2-g 

c  o'c 


UUUfeffilX 


No.  36. J 


35 


c 

o  c 

<u  .3 
»-  03 

o 

<D  -t-> 

£  ii 


p3 

•«-> 

O 

H 


o 

LO 

00  nO  COCO  *->  O  ^  O  co  ON 
rt  O  -cj-oo  NO  O  ^OO  O  no  d 
Cl  ON  C^no  O  NNO00 

O'  oo*'  oo  oo  d\  no"  O*'  O  *-0 

Oh  -tOOOOOOLnro 


ooooooooooo 

ooooooooooo 


lo  On  no  no 
OO  loOO  00 
h-  CO  lo  H 


Ol  o  -  O  N  CO  -t 
•— ■  ■— I  1C  *r}-  O  O  OO 

O  cooo  vo  -• 


o  Cl  Cl  'tf  NO  OO  OO  O  “NN  NO 
inW  N  H  N  rn  r^co  CO  ^  CO 
co  co  >-i  H-  hh 

€0- 


o 

to 

OO  NO  ^nO  no  looo 

Cl  Cl  1C  ON  LO  O  oo 
cl  L/C  CO  o  O  M 


N  O  CN't 

C)  Oco  N 
CO  O  Cl  00 


Cl  lonO  Cl  o  On  oo  Cl  O  On 
Cl  ^  HH  CONO  Cl  CO  Cl  Cl  HH 


5* 

H 

£ 

d> 

o 

u 

z 

w 

04 

04 

< 

* 


OOOOOOOOOOO 

OOOOOOOOOOO 

O  6  lonO  lo  lo  O  O  O  lo  o 
h-  co  ci  Onoo  ooo  "to  n  ic 
co  O  L/c  co  CO  On  ici  On  O  co  lo 


hh  On  lo  cl 

Cl  HI 

€£■ 


On  On  lo  lo  o  fs. 

NO  Cl  I— I  Cl  I—. 


co 


to  Cl  icts  On  NO 
hH  d  no 


O 

co  Cl 


O 

ci 


Xi 

bO 

Lh 


C' 

s 


O  O  On  Cl  lo  lonO  Cl  O  lo 
d  CO  00  ON  O  On  lonO  O  Nie 
0  H-  h  nm  On  lo  tt  O  logo 


C  3 


^2 « Mg  =  s §  g J S 
C§  U  U  X  £  °  -)  OJe/)  H  £ 


o 

LO 

NO 

NO 

H* 


d 

LO 


o 

o 

CO 

M 

'cC 


d 

d* 

€/> 


o 

LO 

co* 

co 

t^ 


CO 


o 

o 

NO 

o 

o 

d 

00 

d 

m 


oo 

ci 

cd 

o 

d 


X 

bo 

s~ 

3 

.O 

c/i 

3 

<u 


ci 

O 

H 


LO 

d 

0*0  0 
NO  O  oo 
NO  O  i- 

o' NO*  On 
CONO  hh 


>1 

H 

£ 

S> 

O 

u 

£ 

O 

H 

O 

£ 

HH 

a 

CO 

< 

rs 


LO 

d 

O* 

•ct 


VO 


o  o  o 

o 

o  o  o 

o 

CO  O  O 

CO 

o  O  OO 

co 

o  O  oo 

CO 

6  ob  no" 

■cf 

tOONH 

HH  HH  •— « 

Oic 

o 

0 

i-O 

LO 

On  O  no 

tn 

OO  O  On 

co 

On  O  OO 

co 

co  cd  co 

0" 

►H  co 

\~r\ 

o  o  o 

o 

O  O  o 

0 

O  0  Tj- 

LO  O  CO 

CO 

no  o  o 

ci  NO*  NO* 

■cf 

h  ts  co 

Cl 

d 

•¥? 

1 -T\ 

\-T\ 

Cs 

o  o  ^ 

d" 

NOco 

LO 

no  o  LO 

Cl 

vo*  cd  lo 

LO 

H  (0« 

NO 

N 

co 


00 

co 

d 

LO 


O 

UN 

d 

d 

co 

co 

co 

O^ 

cC 


co 


d 

NO 

LO 

d 

NO 


8 

d 

NO 

d 

no" 

NO 

CD 

LO 

m- 


H* 

d 

On 

O 

NO 

CO 

HH 

NO_ 

CO 


•  c  • 
c  c  e 

TS 

*-> 

> 

04 

o  ^  c 

C/3  .*_>  C 
<0  V-  +-> 

o 

H 

< 

s 

i-OP 

Qfc  £ 

C/0 

Villages  not  included.  t  Estimated. 


36 


[Assembly 


APPENDIX  A,  §  2. 

STATEMENT  of  taxes  for  the  year  1883,  on  forest  or  wild  lands  in  the 
Adirondacks ,  tabulated  from  reports  of  comity  treasurers ,  and  returns  to 
the  Comptroller  s  office. 

Clinton  County. 


TOWNS. 

Paid  in 
county. 

Returned 
to  Comptroller. 

Total. 

Total  based  on 
assessed  value 
and  rate  per 
cent  of  tax. 

Altona  . . 

$294  64 
15  18 
167  93 
146  08 

455  93 

2,  139  64 
51  48 
92  91 

'  $563  10 
15  93 
165  81 
171  81 
308  04 

I,  720  05 

38  54 
160  08 

$857  74 

31  II 

333  74 
3J7  89 
763  97 

3>  859  69 
90  02 
252  99 

Au  sable . . 

Black  Brook . 

Clinton . 

Dannemora ......... 

Ellenburgh . 

Peru . . . 

Saranac  . 

Total . 

$3,  363  79 

$3>  143  36 

$6,  507  10 

$9,  702  25 

Essex  County. 


Chesterfield  ...  _ 

$26  52 

$45  21 

$71  73 

Crown  Point . 

55  81 

9  21 

65  02 

Elizabethtown . 

400  37 

108  78 

5°9  15 

Jay . . 

185  06 

38  41 

223  47 

Keene . 

1,  265  84 

968  30 

2,  234  14 

Lewis . 

619  91 

123  75 

743  66 

Minerva . 

3>  375  72 

3,685  26 

7,  060  98 

Moriah . 

71  02 

57  42 

128  44 

Newcomb . 

2,400  39 

2,419  04 

4,  819  43 

North  Elba . 

872  52 

950  64 

1,823  16 

North  Hudson . 

1,  354  00 

1,  226  81 

2,  580  81 

Schroon . 

588  47 

397  13 

985  60 

St.  Armand . 

627  66 

797  87 

b  425  53 

Ticonderoga . 

87  48 

353  69 

441  17 

Wilmington . 

320  03 

81  12 

401  15 

Total . 

$12,  250  80 

$11,  262  64 

$23,  513  44 

$24,  242  09 

Belmont . 

Brandon  . 

Brighton . 

Duane . 

Franklin . 

Harriettstown . 

Malone  (S.  1-2) . 

Waverly  . 


Franklin  County. 


$2,  487  86 

$575  32 

59i  5o 

2,  404  01 

61  07 

744  72 

324  72 

5°5  11 

121  81 

i,  189  74 

146  08 

540  99 

81  17 

13  59 

2,  559  28 

2,  159  85 

$6,  373  49 

$8,  133  33 

$3>o63 

18 

2,  995 

5i 

805 

79 

829 

83 

1,  311 

55 

687 

07 

94 

76 

4,  719 

13 

$14,  506 

82 

$14,  860  66 

Total 


No.  36.] 


37 


APPENDIX  A,  §  2  —  Continued. 
Fulton  County. 


towns. 

Paid  in 
county. 

Returned 
to  Comptroller. 

Total. 

Total  based  on 
assessed  value 
and  rate  per 
cent  of  tax.  » 

Bleecker  . 

$153  44 
380  II 
38  92 
163  62 

$514  96 

194  95 
80  13 
610  38 

$668  40 

575  °6 

1 19  05 

774  00 

Caroga . 

Mayfield . 

Stratford . 

Total . 

$736  09 

$1,  400  42 

$2,  136  51 

$2,  136  51 

Arietta . 

Hamilt 
$1, 175  85 
100  66 
327  47 

2,  258  46 
184  53 
138  21 
201  16 
822  97 

on  County. 

$4,215  64 
1,772  90 

53  97 
1,872  73 

3,  355  95 
9,  256  64 

3,  436  97 

2,  293  27 

$5,39i  49 
1,873  56 
381  44 
4,  131  i9 
3,  540  48 

9,  394  85 

3,638  13 

3,  1 16  24 

Benson . 

Hope . 

Indian  Lake . 

Lake  Pleasant . 

Long  Lake  . 

Morehouse . 

Wells . 

Total . 

$5,  209  31 

$26,  258  07 

$31,467  38 

$31,467  38 

1  . 

Ohio . 

Herkim 

$254  55 
726  78 

2,  365  94 

er  County. 

$113  97 

376  75 

1,  816  46 

$368  52 
1,103  53 

4,  182  40 

Salisbury . 

Wilmurt . 

Total. . . . . 

$3,  347  27 

$2,  307  18 

$5-  654  45 

$5,  654  45 

Lewis  County. 


Croghan  . 

$337  45 

2,  962  84 

i,43o  49 
361  59 
231  11 

$337  45 

2,  962  84 

1,  430  49 
361  59 
231  11 

Diana . 

Greig . 

Lyonsdale . 

Watson . 

Total.  . . 

$5,  323  48 

$5,  323  48 

$7,  037  46 

Saratoga  County. 

Corinth . 

$32  50 

$69  92 

$102  42 

Day . 

1  37 

132  06 

133  43 

Edinburgh . 

1 7  43 

64  47 

81  90 

Hadley . . . 

24  00 

46  14 

70  14 

Moreau . 

272  26 

272  26 

Total . 

$347  56 

$312  59 

$660  15 

$1,  123  73 

38 


[Assembly 


APPENDIX  A,  §  2  —  Continued. 
St.  Lawrence  County. 


towns. 

Paid  in 
county. 

Returned 
to  Comptroller. 

1 

Total. 

Total  based  on 
assessed  value 
and  rate  per 
cent  of  tax. 

Clare . . 

Clifton . 

Colton . 

Fine . 

Hopkinton . 

Parishville . 

Pierrepont . 

Pitcairn . 

Totcil 

$445  79 
496  22 

1,  146  19 
596  61 

1,  1 16  03 
191  62 
76  35 
448  73 

$3  49 
225  21 
1,074  32 
884  90 
846  16 

5  35 

4  4o 
564  83 

$449  28 
721  43 

2,  220  51 

I,48l  51 

I,  962  19 
196  97 
80  75 
1,013  56 

$4.  5i7  54 

$3,  608  66 

$8,  126  20 

$8,  367  86 

Warren  County. 

Bolton . 

$48  71 

$43  01 

$91  72 

Caldwell . 

104  88 

4  76 

109  64 

Chester . 

50  87 

50  87 

Hague . 

I  12  24 

292  93 

405  1 7 

Horicon . 

63  9° 

11  13 

75  03 

Johnsburgh . 

219  25 

1,  984  10 

2,203  35 

Luzerne  . 

72  12 

109  81 

181  93 

Queensbury . 

70  00 

70  00 

Stony  Creek . . 

39  40 

887  97 

927  37 

Thurman  ...  . . 

80  49 

1,  222  13 

1,  302  62 

Warrensburgh . 

97  28 

77  18 

174  47 

Total . 

$959  H 

$4,  633  02 

$5,  592  16 

$7,  368  92 

Dresden 
Fort  Ann 
Putnam  . 

Total 


Washington  County.* 


$123  43 

$52  66 

$176  09 

721  85 

95  9i 

817  76 

L  105  95 

L  105  95 

$!,95!  23 

$148  57 

$2,  099  80 

$2,099  80 

Summary 


Summary. 


379  7 o 


$6 1,  20 7  84 


$105,587  54 


$113,361  11 


*  Estimated. 


No.  36.] 


39 


* 


APPENDIX  B. 

AN  ACT  for  the  preservation  and  care  of  the  Adirondack  Forest. 

Whereas,  It  is  requisite  for  the  maintenance  of  important  water¬ 
courses  within  this  State,  for  furnishing,  restoring  and  securing  to 
the  Hudson  river  a  continuous  and  regular  supply  of  water,  for  fur¬ 
nishing  and  securing  a  sufficient  supply  of  water  to  the  Erie,  Cham¬ 
plain  and  Black  River  canals,  for  the  protection  and  preservation  of 
the  valleys  of  the  Hudson,  the  Mohawk,  the  Black  River,  the  Raquette,- 
tlie  Au  Sable,  and  other  rivers  and  streams  from  inundation,^  and 
otherwise  for  the  general  welfare  and  public  purposes  of  the  State, 
that  the.  Adirondack  forests  should  be  preserved,  and  that  the  lands 
in  their  vicinity  which  are  not  fit  for  tillage  should  become  and  le- 
main  covered  with  forest  trees,  therefore 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and 
Assembly,  do  enact  as  follows  : 

Section  1.  All  the  lands  now  owned  or  which  may  hereafter  be  ac¬ 
quired  by  the  State  of  New  York  within  the  counties  of  Clinton, 
Essex,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Hamilton,  Herkimer,  Lewis,  Saratoga,  St. 
Lawrence,  Warren  and  Washington  shall  constitute  and  be  known  as 

the  forest  preserve.  .  ,  . 

8  2.  The  lands  now  or  hereafter  constituting  the  forest  preserve 

shall  be  forever  kept  as  wild  forest  lands.  '1  hey  shall  not  be  sold  or 
leased  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  or  taken  or  used  by  any  public 
officer,  or  by  any  person  or  corporation,  public  or  private,  except  as 
herein  especially  provided,  under  the  permission  of  the  Forest  Com¬ 
mission  ;  nor  shall  they  be  condemned  by  any  court  or  commission  ; 
nor  shall  any  lake  or  water-course  thereon  be  altered,  diverted  or 
interfered  with,  nor  shall  it  be  lawful  to  overflow  any  of  the  said  lands 
by  means  of  any  dam  or  obstruction  on  other  lands. 

§  3.  There  shall  be  a  Forest  Commission,  which  shall  consist  of  three 
commissioners,  the  first  appointment  of  whom  shall  not,  however,  be 
made  before  the  first  day  of  January,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-six. 
The  Commissioners  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Comptroller,  and  shall 
serve  without  compensation,  except  that  there  shall'  be  paid  them  their 
reasonable  expenses  incurred  in  the  performance  of  their  official  duties. 
Each  Commissioner  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  seven  years  and  after  his 
term  until  his  successor  shall  be  appointed,  excepting  that  of  the  three 
Commissioners  first  appointed,  one,  to  be  designated  by  the  Comp¬ 
troller,  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  three  years  and  after  his  term  until 
his  successor  shall  be  appointed  ;  the  second,  to  be  designated  by  the 
Comptroller,  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  fi\e  years,  and  after  his  tcim 
until  his  successor  shall  be  appointed,  and  excepting  that  in  case  of 
the  death,  resignation  or  removal  of  a  Commissioner  before  the  expi¬ 
ration  of  his  term  of  office,  or  in  the  case  where  a  successor  is  ap¬ 
pointed  in  place  of  a  Commissioner  holding  over  his  term,  the  successor 
shall  be  appointed  only  for  the  unexpired  portion  of  the  term  in  which 
his  predecessor  was  serving.  The  appointment  of  every  Commissioner 
shall  be  made  by  the  Comptroller  in  writing,  which  shall  be  filed  in  the 


40 


[Assembly 


office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  ;  and  every  Commissioner  shall,  before 
entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office,  take  and  deposit  in  the  office  of 
the  Secretary  of  State  an  oath  duly  certified  by  the  officer  before  whom 
the  same  was  taken,  such  oath  to  be  in  the  form  prescribed  for  State 
officers  by  section  twenty,  article  third,  chapter  five,  part  one,  of  the 
Revised  Statutes.  Upon  charges  preferred  against  any  Commissioner 
or  against  the  efficiency  of  his  discharge  of  his  duties,  which  charges 
the  Commissioner  shall  have  had  an  opportunity  to  meet,  he  may  be 
removed  from  office  by  the  Comptroller  upon  the  approval  of  the  Gov¬ 
ernor,  the  removal  to  be  in  writing  and  to  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State. 

§  4.  The  Forest  Commission  shall,  after  the  first  appointment  of 
Commissioners,  have  the  care,  custody,  control  and  superintendence 
of  the  forest  preserve.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commission  to 
maintain  and  protect  the  forests  now  on  the  forest  preserve,  and  to 
promote,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  further  growth  of  forests  thereon  ; 
and  the  Commission  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  de¬ 
volved  upon  it  by  law. 

§  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Comptroller  to  cause  suitable  and 
convenient  rooms  and  accommodations  to  be  assigned  or  provided, 
and  to  be  furnished,  heated  and  lighted  at  the  city  of  Albany,  for 
carrying  on  the  work  of  the  Forest  Commission,  and  to  cause  the  nec¬ 
essary  stationery  and  other  office  articles  to  be  supplied  and  the  neces¬ 
sary  printing  to  be  done  for  the  Commission  ;  and  the  cost  and  expense 
thereof,  and  the  several  salaries,  compensations  and  necessary  expenses 
in  this  act  expressly  provided  for,  upon  the  same  being  stated  in  de¬ 
tail  and  verified  by  affidavit  as  the  Comptroller  may  direct,  shall  be 
paid  from  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

§  6.  The  Forest  Commission  shall  from  time  to  time  appoint  a  for¬ 
est  warden  who  shall  hold  office  during  the  pleasure  of  the  Commis¬ 
sion,  and  who  shall  be  paid  an  annual  salary  of  three  thousand  dol¬ 
lars,  and  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  additional  for  every  com¬ 
pleted  year  of  his  own  service  in  the  office,  until  the  annual  salary  of 
four  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  is  reached,  and  also  his  necessary 
expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  The  forest  warden 
shall  in  the  care,  custody  and  superintendence  of  the  forest  preserve 
and  in  the  performance  of  the  other  duties  of  the  Commission,  ren¬ 
der  such  services  as  the  Commission  may  direct.  The  Forest  Commis¬ 
sion  may  also  employ  during  its  pleasure  at  any  time  two  forest  in¬ 
spectors,  to  perform  such  duties  as  the  Commission  or  the  forest  warden, 
with  its  permission,  shall  direct.  The  forest  inspectors  shall  each  be 
paid  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  and  of 
one  hundred  and  sixty-six  and  two-thirds  dollars  additional  for  every 
completed  year  of  his  own  service  in  the  office  until  the  annual  salary 
of  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  is  reached,  and  also  his  neces¬ 
sary  expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  The  Forest 
Commission  may  also  employ  during  its  pleasure  at  any  time  a  clerk, 
who  shall  perform  such  duties  as  it  may  direct,  and  who  shall  be  paid 
an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  and 
of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  additional  for  every  completed 
year  of  his  own  service  in  the  office,  until  an  annual  salary  of  two 
thousand  dollars  is  reached. 


41 


N o.  36.] 

§  7.  The  Forest  Commission  may  from  time  to  time  prescribe  rules 
or  regulations,  and  may  from  time  to  time  alter  or  amend  the  same, 
affecting  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  forest  preserve,  and  for  its  use, 
care  and  administration.  A  copy  of  these  rules  or  regulations  shall 
be  filed  by  the  Forest  Commission  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  each  of 
the  counties  of  Clinton,  Essex,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Hamilton,  Herki¬ 
mer,  Lewis,  Saratoga,  St.  Lawrence,  arren  and  \\  ashington  ;  and 
in  each  of  the  said  counties  the  said  rules  or  regulations  shall  take 
effect  upon,  the  filing  of  such  copy  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  said 
county.  And  such  rules  or  regulations  may,  among  other  tilings, 

provide  :  ,  , 

1.  For  the  admission  of  persons  upon  the  forest  preserve  under 

such  conditions  as  in  the  judgment  of  the  Forest  Commission  may  be 
necessary  or  proper  for  the  security  of  the  preserve  and  foi  the  ex¬ 
clusion  of  all  persons  therefrom  excepting  in  the  cases  prescribed  for 

their  admission  ;  .  .  •  , 

2.  For  the  licensing  of  guides  by  the  Forest  Commission  or  by  such 

officers  as  it  may  designate,  and  for  each  such  license  the  h  orest  Com¬ 
mission  may,  in  its  discretion,  require  the  payment  of  an  annual  license 
fee  not  exceeding  five  dollars  ;  and  for  the  suspension  and  withdrawal 
of  such  licenses  ' 

3.  For  the  disposition  of  such  timber,  standing  or  cut,  as  shall  have 
grown  to  an  age  which  renders  it  advantageous  for  the  general  preser¬ 
vation  of  the  forests  that  the  said  timber  should  be  removed,  and  foi 
the  establishment  of  conditions  upon  which  the  disposition  of  such 
timber  shall  be  made  ; 

4.  For  the  prevention  and  extinguishment  of  fires  ; 

5.  For  the  making  of  roads  and  ways  intended  to  facilitate  the  pro¬ 
tection  of  the  preserve  ;  and  ... 

6.  Otherwise  for  the  proper  custody,  care,  administration  and  use 

of  the  forest  preserve. 

None  of  the  rules  or  regulations  so  to  be  prescribed  shall  contravene 
the  provisions  of  any  act  not  expressly  or  impliedly  repealed  by  the 
provisions  of  this  act ;  nor  shall  any  such  rule  or  regulation  interfere 
with  the  service  or  execution  of  any  process,  civil  or  criminal,  upon 
the  forest  preserve  ;  nor  shall  any  such  rule  or  regulation  be  deemed 
to  modify  any  provision  of  any  law  for  the  protection  of  game  or  the 
preservation  of  fish. 

§  8.  The  Forest  Commission  may,  upon  such  conditions  and  tor 
such  rent  as  it  may  deem  wise,  let  sites  upon  the  forest  preserve  for 
lodging-houses  or  hotels,  no  site  to  include  more  than  ten  acres  of 
land,  and  no  site  to  include  any  part  of  any  stream,  pond,  or  body  of 
water.  The  conditions  of  every  such  lease  and  the  rent  thereby  re¬ 
served  shall  be  made  public  by  the  Commission  5  and  no  such  lease 
shall  be  for  a  greater  period  than  five  years,  excepting  that  where  the 
lessee  stipulates  in  his  lease  with  the  Commission,  which  is  authorized 
to  accept  such  stipulation,  to  erect  upon  the  site  a  building  or  build¬ 
ings  to  be  approved  by  the  Commission,  and  to  maintain  the  same 
under  such  approval,  the  lease  may  be  made  for  a  period  not  exceed¬ 
ing  ten  years,  with  a  provision  that  if  the  Commission  do  not,  at  the 
expiration  of  the  lease,  offer  to  purchase  the  said  buildings  at  a  valua- 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  3G.  ]  0 


42 


[Assembly 


tion  to  bo  made  as  provided  in  the  lease*  then  the  lease  to  be  renewed 
for  the  same  length  of  time  as  the  original  lease,  the  second  or  renewal 
lease  to  be  upon  the  same  conditions  as  the  original  lease,  excepting 
that  the  amount  of  the  rental  under  the  second  lease  shall  be  deter¬ 
mined  as  provided  in  the  original  lease,  and  excepting  that  the  second 
lease  shall  provide  that  at  the  end  of  the  term  thereof,  if  the  Commis¬ 
sion  do  not  offer  to  purchase  the  said  buildings  at  a  valuation  to  be 
made  as  provided  in  such  second  lease,  then  the  said  second  lease  to 
be  renewed  for  the  same  length  of  time  as  the  original  lease,  such 
second  renewal  or  third  lease  to  be  upon  the  same  conditions  as  the 
original  lease,  excepting  that  the  amount  of  the  rental  under  such 
third  lease  shall  be  determined  as  provided  in  the  said  second  lease, 
and  excepting  that  the  said  third  lease  shall  contain  no  provision  for 
a  renewal  but,  instead  thereof,  a  provision  that  at  the  end  of  the  term 
thereof,  the  buildings  upon  the  said  site  shall  belong  to  and  form  part 
of  the  forest  preserve. 

§  9.  The  four  game  protectors  hitherto  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  chapter  five  hundred  and  ninety-one  of 
the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty,  as  amended  by  chapter  three 
hundred  and  seventeen  of  the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty- 
three,*  to  whom  have  been  or  may  be  assigned  districts  including 
any  part  of  the  forest  preserve,  shall,  so  far  as  is  consistent  with  the 
performance  of  the  duties  now  devolved  upon  them  by  law,  act  under 
the  direction  of  the  Forest  Commission  in  the  protection  of  all  forests 
in  the  counties  mentioned  in  section  first  of  this  act  from  fire,  and  in 
the  extinguishment  of  fires  thereon.  Upon  the  expiration  of  the 
present  terms  of  office  of  the  present  game  protectors,  the  entire  num¬ 
ber  of  game  protectors  appointed  by  the  Governor  in  their  places  shall 
not  exceed  twelve  ;  and  none  of  such  game  protectors  shall  act  within 
the  said  counties  mentioned  in  section  first  of  this  act.  The  Forest 
Commission  shall  thereupon  from  time  to  time  appoint,  to  serve  dur¬ 
ing  its  pleasure,  four  protectors,  who  shall  be  residents  of  the  counties 
mentioned  in  section  first  of  this  act,  and  who  shall  be  familiar  with 
the  forest  preserve,  and  shall  have  practical  knowledge  as  woodsmen, 
who  shall  be  paid  the  compensation  now  provided  by  law  to  be  paid 
To  game  protectors,  and  who  shall  perform  all  the  duties  and  have  all 
the  powers  now  belonging  to  game  protectors,  and  who,  in  addition, 
shall  perform  such  duties  as  the  Forest  Commission  may  prescribe  in 
the  protection  from  fire  of  all  forests  within  the  said  towns  (whether 
or  not  the  said  forests  be  part  of  the  forest  preserve),  and  in  the  ex¬ 
tinguishment  of  fires  thereon. 

g  10.  The  Forest  Commission,  the  forest  warden,  the  forest  in¬ 
spectors,  the  foresters,  and  any  other  persons  employed  by  or  under 
the  authority  of  the  Forest  Commission,  and  who  may  be  authorized 
by  the  Commission  to  assume  such  duty,  shall  within  the  towns  men¬ 
tioned  in  section  first  of  this  act,  whenever  the  woods  in  any  such 
town  shall  be  on  fire,  perform  the  duty  imposed  upon,  and  in  such 
case  shall  have  the  powers  granted  to,  the  justices  of  the  peace,  the 

*  By  this  statute  it  is  provided  (£  1)  as  follows  :  “  Tlie  Governor  is  hereby  au¬ 

thorized,  upon  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  appoint  eight,  and  he  may  in  his  discre¬ 
tion  increase  the  number  of  said  appointments  to  sixteen  persons,  to  be  known  as 
game  and  fish  protectors,”  etc. 


43 


No.  36.] 

supervisors,  and  the  commissioner  of  highways  of  such  tovn  b\  title 
fourteen  of  chapter  twenty  of  part  one  of  the  Kevised  Statutes,* * * §  with 
reference  to  the*  ordering  of  persons  to  assist  in  extinguishing  tires  or 
stopping  their  progress  ;  and  any  person  so  ordered  by  the  Forest 
Commission,  the  forest  warden,  the  forest  inspectors,  the  foresters, 
or  any  of  them,  or  any  other  person  acting  or  authorized  as  aforesaid, 
who  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  comply  with  any  such  order,  shall  be 
liable  to  the  punishment  prescribed  by  the  said  title. 

§  1 1.  The  Forest  Commission  shall  have,  as  to  all  lands  now  or  here¬ 
after  included  in  the  forest  preserve,  but  subject  to  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  all  the  powers  now  vested  in  the  Commissioners  of  the  Land 
Office  and  in  the  Comptroller  as  to  such  of  the  said  lands  as  are  now 

owned  by  the  State,  f  .  .  .. 

g  12.  Every  willful  violation  of  any  rule  or  regulation  prescribed  by 

the  Forest  Commission,  as  provided  in  section  seven  of  this  act,  shall 
be  deemed  a  misdemeanor  ;  and  any  person  guilty  of  such  violation 
shall,  upon  conviction  thereof,  suffer  a  fine  not  exceeding  two  hun¬ 
dred  and  fifty  dollars,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months, 

or  both,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

§  13.  The  forest  warden,  forest  inspectors,  foresters,  and  other  per¬ 
sons  acting  upon  the  forest  preserve  under  the  written  employment  of 
the  forest  warden  or  of  the  Forest  Commission,  may,  without  warrant, 


*  This  title  is  in  1  R.  S.,  pp.  696,  697,  as  follows  : 

R  1.  Every  person  negligently  setting  fire  to  liis  own  woods,  ir  negligently  suf¬ 
fering  afire  kindled  upon  his  own  wood  or  fallow  land  to  extend  beyond  his  own 
land,  shall  forfeit  treble  damages  to  the  party  injured  thereby.  Every  person  so 
offending  shall  also  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  on  conviction,  shall 

be  punished  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court  ;  such 
fine  not  to  exceed  one  thousand  dollars,  and  such  imprisonment  not  to  exceed  one 
year. 

§  2.  Whenever  the  woods  in  any  town  shall  be  on  fire,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  justices  of  the  peace,  the  supervisors  and  the  commissioners  of  highways  of 
such  town,  and  of  each  of  them,  to  order  such  and  so  many  of  the  inhabitants  of 
such  town  liable  to  work  on  the  highways,  and  residing  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
place  where  such  fire  shall  be,  as  they  shall  severally  deem  necessary,  to  lepair 
to  the  place  where  such  fire  shall  prevail,  and  there  to  assist  in  extinguishing  the 

same  or  in  stopping  its  progress.  .  . 

^  3.  If  any  person  so  ordered  to  repair  to  and  assist,  in  manner  aforesaid,  shall 
refuse  or  neglect  to  comply  with  any  such  order,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pa}  the  sum 
of  fifty  dollars,  and  shall  also  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  on  con¬ 
viction,  shall  be  punished  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of 
the  court ;  such  fine  not  to  exceed  one  hundred  dollars,  and  such  imprisonment 
not  to  exceed  fift|r  days. 

§  4.  Every  forftnture  recovered  under  the  last  section  shall  be  applied  as  a  re¬ 
ward  to  such  person  or  persons  as  the  officers  above  mentioned,  or  a  majoiity  of 
them,  shall  deem  best  entitled  thereto  for  superior  exertions  in  extinguishing  or 
stopping  the  progress  of  such  fire. 

Vide  also  section  414  of  the  Penal  Code,  which  is  as  follows  : 

§  414.  Refusing  to  assist  in  extinguishing  fire  in  the  woods  : 

A  person  who,  having*  been  lawfully  ordered  to  repair  to  tlie  place  of  a  fire  in 
the  woods  and  assist  in  extinguishing  it,  omits,  without  lawful  excuse,  to  comply 
with  the  order,  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

fThe  powers  and  duties  of  the  Comptroller  and  the  Commissioners  of  the  Land 
Office  as  to  lands  belonging  to  the  State  are  to  be  found  in  1  R.  S.,  pp.  197-209 
(articles  first,  second,  third  and  fifth  of  chapter  nine,  part  one);  in  chapter  268  of  the 
Laws  of  1830,  chapter  61  of  the  Laws  of  1831,  and  in  chapters  13  and  470  of  the 
Laws  of  1883. 


44 


[Assembly 


arrest  any  person  found  upon  the  forest  preserve  violating  any  of  the 
provisions  of  this  act  or  any  of  the  rules  or  regulations  prescribed  by 
the  Forest  Commission,  as  provided  in  section  seven  of  this  act  ;  but, 
in  case  of  such  arrest,  the  person  making  the  arrest  shall  forthwith 
take  the  person  arrested  before  a  magistrate  having  jurisdiction  to 
issue  warrants  in  such  case,  and  there  make  or  procure  to  be  made  a 
complaint  in  writing,  upon  which  complaint  the  magistrate  shall  act 
as  the  case  may  require. 

§  14.  The  Forest  Commission  may  bring  in  the  name  or  on  behalf 
of  the  people  of  the  State  of  .New  York  any  action  to  prevent  injury 
to  the  forest  preserve  or  trespass  thereon,  to  recover  damages  for 
such  injury  or  trespass,  to  recover  lands  properly  forming  part  of  the 
forest  preserve,  but  occupied  or  held  by  persons  not  entitled  thereto, 
and  in  all  other  respects  for  the  protection  and  maintenance  of  the 
forest  preserve,  which  any  owner  of  lands  would  be  entitled  to  bring. 
The  Forest  Commission  may  also  maintain  in  the  name  or  on  behalf 
of  the  people  of  the  State  an  action  for  the  trespass  specified  in  sec¬ 
tion  seventy-four,  article  fifth,  title  five,  chapter  nine,  part  one  of  the 
Revised  Statutes,*  when  such  trespass  is  committed  upon  any  lands 
within  the  forest  preserve.  In  such  action  there  shall  be  re¬ 
coverable  the  same  penalty  and  a  like  execution  shall  issue,  and  the 
defendant  be  imprisoned  thereunder  without  being  entitled  to 
the  liberties  of  the  jail,  all  as  provided  in  sections  seventy-four 
and  seventy-six  of  the  said  article  ;  and  in  such  action  the  plaintiff 
shall  be  entitled  to  an  order  of  arrest  before  judgment  as  in  the  cases 
mentioned  in  section  five  hundred  and  forty-nine  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.  The  trespass  herein  mentioned  shall  be  deemed  to  include, 
in  addition  to  the  acts  specified  in  the  said  section  seventy-four,  any 
act  of  cutting  or  causing  to  be  cut,  or  assisting  to  cut,  any  tree  or 


^Sections  72,  73,  74,  75  and  76  of  this  article  are  in  1  R.  S.,  p.  209,  as  follows  : 

^  72.  The  Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office  may  require  the  sheriff  of  any 
county  in  which  lands  belonging  to  the  people  of  this  State,  for  which  patents 
shall  not  have  been  issued,  or  any  Indian  lands,  may  be  situated,  to  exam¬ 
ine  and  report  to  them,  and  to  the  district  attorney  of  his  county,  any  trespasses 
that  may  be  committed  on  such  lands,  by  cutting  or  carrying  away  the  timber 
thereon. 

^  73.  Every  district  attorney,  on  receiving  any  such  report,  and  also  whenever  di¬ 
rected  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office,  shall  commence  suits  against  such 
trespassers,  for  the  penalty  imposed  in  the  next  section  ;  or  shall  present  indict¬ 
ments  against  such  trespassers  to  the  grand  jury  of  his  county,  as  he  shall  judge 
most  discreet.  In  either  case,  he  shall  cause  the  witnesses  to  support  such  prosecu¬ 
tions  to  be  duly  subpoenaed,  and  shall  conduct  such  prosecutions  to  a  final  deter¬ 
mination. 

^  74.  Every  person  who  shall  trespass  on  any  land  belonging  to  the  people  of 
this  State,  or  any  Indian  lands,  by  cutting  or  carrying  away  timber  growing 
thereon,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  twenty-five  dollars  for  every  tree  that 
shall  be  cut  or  carried  away  by  him  or  under  his  direction. 

§  75.  The  district  attorney  shall  apply  such  penalties,  when  collected,  first  to 
the  payment  of  the  costs  and  expenses  incurred,  including  a  reasonable  compen¬ 
sation  to  the  witnesses  who  shall  attend  in  behalf  of  the  people,  to  be  certified  by 
the  court  before  which  such  recovery  shall  be  had,  and  shall  pay  the  residue 
thereof  into  the  treasury  of  the  court. 

§  76.  Whenever  execution  shall  be  issued  upon  judgment  recovered  in  actions 
for  such  penalties,  and  the  body  of  any  defendant  shall  be  arrested  thereon,  he 
shall  be  imprisoned  according  to  law,  without  being  entitled  to  the  liberties  of  the 
jail. 


45 


No.  36.] 

timber  standing  within  the  forest  preserve,  or  any  bark  thereon,  with 
intent  to  remove  such  tree  or  timber,  or  any  portion  thereof,  or  bark 

therefrom,  from  the  said  forest  preserve. 

With  the  consent  of  the  Attorney-General  and  the  Comptroller,  the 
Forest  Commission  may  employ  attorneys  and  counsel  10  prosecute 
anv  such  action,  or  to  defend  any  action  brought  against  the  Com¬ 
mission,  or  any  of  its  members  or  subordinates,  arising  out  of  their 
or  his  official  conduct  with  relation  to  the  forest  preserve.  Any  attorney 
or  counsel  so  employed  shall  act  under  the  direction  of  and  in  the 
name  of  the  Attorney-General.  Where  such  attorney  or  counsel  is 
not  so  employed,  the  Attorney-General  shall  prosecute  and  defend 

such  actions.  . 

§  15.  In  an  action  brought  by  or  at  the  instance  of  the  h  orest  Com¬ 
mission  an  injunction,  either  preliminary  or  final, shall  upon  application 
be  granted  restraining  any  act  of  trespass,  waste  or  destruction  upon 
the  forest  preserve  \  and  in  cases  where  any  lands  within  the  foiest 
preserve  are  being  overflowed  or  injured,  or  are  threatened  with  o\ei- 
flow  or  injury  by  the  maintenance  of  any  dam  or  obstruction  which 
may  hereafter  be  erected  in  any  stream,  lake  or  body  of  water,  the 
court  shall,  by  injunction,  restrain  the  further  erection  of  the  dam  or 
obstruction,*  and  the  court  may  order  the  removal  or  partial  removal 
of  the  dam  or  obstruction  during  the  pendency  of  the  action. 

§  16.  Whenever  the  State  owns  or  shall  own  an  undivided  interest 
with  any  person  in  any  lands  within  the  counties  mentioned  in  section 
first  of  this  act,  or  holds,  or  shall  hold,  or  is  or  shall  be  in  possession  of 
any  such  lands  as  joint  tenant  or  tenants  in  common  with  any  person 
who  has  an  estate  of  freehold  therein,  the  Attorney  General  shall,  upon 
the  request  of  the  Forest  Commission,  bring  an  action  in  the  name 
of  the  people  of  the  State  of  New  York  for  the  actual  partition  of 
the  said  lands  according  to  the  respective  rights  of  the  parties  inter¬ 
ested  therein  ;  and  upon  the  consent  in  writing  of  the  Forest  Com¬ 
mission  any  such  person  may  maintain  an  action  for  the  actual  parti¬ 
tion  of  such  lands  according  to  the  respective  rights  of  the  parties 
interested  therein,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  the  State  were  not  entitled 
to  exemption  from  legal  proceedings  ;  service  of  process  in  such  action 
upon  the  Attorney-General  to  be  deemed  service  upon  the  State.  Such 
actions,  the  proceedings  and  the  judgment  therein,  and  the  proceed¬ 
ings  under  the  judgment  therein  shall  be  according  to  the  practice  at 
the- time  prevailing  in  actions  of  partition,  and  shall  have  the  same  force 
and  effect  as  in  other  actions,  except  that  no  costs  shall  be  allowed  to 
the  plaintiff  in  such  action,  and  except  that  no  sale  of  such  lands 
shall  be  adjudged  therein.  The  Forest  Commission  may,  without 
suit,  but  upon  the  consent  of  the  Comptroller,  agree  with  any  person 
or  persons  owning  lands  within  the  said  towns  jointly  or  as  tenants  in 
common  with  the  State  for  the  partition  of  such  lands,  and  upon  such 
consent  may  make,  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  the  State,  any  convey¬ 
ance  necessary  or  proper  in  such  partition,  such  conveyance  to  be 
forthwith  recorded  as  now  provided  by  law  as  to  conveyances  made  by 
the  Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office. 

§  17.  The  Forest  Commission  shall,  in  every  year  immediately 
before  the  thirty-first  of  December,  make  a  written  report  to  the  Comp- 


40 


[Assembly 


tr oiler  of  their  proceedings,  together  with  such  recommendations  of 
further  legislative  or  official  action  as  they  may  deem  proper. 

§  18.  The  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as 
may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  put  poses  mentioned 
in  this  act  during  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-six,  out  of 
any  moneys  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

§  19.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are  hereby 
repealed  so  far  as  the  same  are  so  inconsistent  with  this  act. 

§  20.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


APPENDIX  C. 

AN  ACT  for  the  protection  of  forests,  and  to  amend  the  Penal  Code. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and 
Assembly,  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section-  1.  Section  four  hundred  and  thirteen  of  the  Penal  Code* * * § 
is  hereby  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows  : 

§  413.  A  person  who  negligently  or  willfully  — 

1.  Sets  fire  or  assists  another  to  set  fire  to  his  own  woods,  or  any 
other  woods,  by  means  whereof  the  property  of  another,  or  of  the 
State,  is  endangered  ;  or  who 


*  This  section  now  reads  as  follows  : 

§  413.  Negligence  in  respect  to  fires  —  A  person  who  negligently  sets  fire  to  his 
own  woods,  by  means  whereof  the  property  of  another  is  endangered,  or  who 
negligently  suffers  any  fire  upon  his  own  land  to  extend  beyond  the  limits  thereof, 
is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Section  640  of  the  Penal  Code  is  as  follows  : 

$  640.  Malicious  injury  and  destruction  of  property. 

A  person  who  willfully  — 

1.  Cuts  down,  destroys  or  injures  any  wood  or  timber,  standing  or  growing,  or 
which  has  been  cut  down  and  is  lying  on  lands  of  another,  or  of  the  people  of  the 
State  ;  or 

2.  Cuts  down,  girdles,  or  otherwise  injures  a  fruit,  shade,  or  ornamental  tree 
standing  on  the  lands  of  another,  or  of  the  people  of  the  State  ;  or 

3.  Severs  from  the  freehold  of  another,  or  of  the  people  of  the  State,  any  pro¬ 
duce  thereof,  or  any  thing  attached  thereto  ;****** 

is  punishable  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  six  months,  or  a  fine  not  exceeding 
two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or  both. 

Section  654  of  the  Penal  Code  is  as  follows  : 

§  654.  Injury  to  real  or  personal  property,  how  punished  : 

A  person  who  unlawfully  and  willfully  destroys  or  injures  any  real  or  personal 
property  of  another,  in  a  case  where  the  punishment  thereof  is  not  specially  pre¬ 
scribed  by  statute,  is  punishable  as  follows  : 

1.  If  tlie  value  of  the  property  destroyed,  or  the  diminution  in  the  value  of  the 
property  by  the  injury  is  more  than  twenty  five  dollars,  by  imprisonment  for  not 
more  than  four  years. 

2.  In  any  other  case,  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  six  months,  or  by  a 
fine  of  not  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or  by  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

3.  And  in  addition  to  the  punishment  prescribed  therefor,  he  is  liable  in  treble 
damages  for  the  injury  done,  to  be  recovered  in  a  civil  action  by  the  owner  of 
such  property,  or  the  public  officer  having  charge  thereof. 


No.  36. J 


47 


2.  Upon  any  land  whether  or  not  his  own  kindles  or  maintains  any 
fire  for  any  purpose,  so  that  the  same  may  extend  to,  burn  or  injure 
any  trees,  saplings,  or  forest  growth,  upon  land  not  his  own  ;  or  who 

3.  Suffers  any  fire  upon  his  own  land  to  extend  beyond  the  limits 
thereof ;  or  who 

4.  Within  the  limits  of  any  town,  two-thirds  of  whose  total  area  con¬ 
sists  of  land  covered  with  forests  or  of  land  which,  although  not  so 
covered  with  forests,  is  wild,  or  not  customarily  tilled  or  used  for  pas¬ 
ture  or  building  sites,  or  within  two  miles  of  the  boundary  of  any  such 
town,  burns  or  sets  fire  to,  or  assists  another  to  burn  or  set  fire  to  trees, 
stumps,  bushes,  brush,  underbrush,  grass,  or  any  undergrowth,  cut  or 
standing,  or  any  of  them,  or  clears,  or  assists  another  to  clear  lands 
by  means  of  fire,  unless  upon  permission  in  writing  to  be  given  as  in 
such  cases  provided  by  law  (provided,  however,  that  this  subdivision 
shall  not  extend  to  fires  set  within  the  limits  of  any  garden  or  yard 
attached  to  any  dwelling-house  or  barn,  or  to  fires  kindled  simply  for 
the  cooking  of  food  or  for  warmth,  if  the  person  or  persons  kindling 
such  fire  for  cooking  or  warmth  remain  by  the  fire  until  the  same  is 
extinguished),  or  who 

5.  Cuts  down,  girdles,  rings,  or  otherwise  injures  a  tree  upon  lands 
not  his  own,  without  the  permission  of  the  owner  thereof  — 

Is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  is  punishable  by  imprisonment  not 
exceeding  six  months,  or  by  a  fine  not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  but  not 
exceeding  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or  both. 

g  2.  Upon  the  application  in  writing  of  ten  citizens  of  any  county, 
or  of  the  Forest  Commission,  and  upon  the  consent  of  the  Comptroller, 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor  forthwith 
upon  such  information  as  he  possesses  or  may  obtain  to  estimate  what 
proportion  of  the  total  area  of  any  town  within  the  county  consists  of 
land  covered  with  forests,  or  of  land  which,  although  not  so  covered 
with  forests,  is  wild  or  not  customarily  tilled  or  used  for  pasture  or 
building  sites.  Upon  completing  his  estimate,  the  State  Engineer 
and  Surveyor  shall  reduce  the  same  to  writing  in  duplicate  and  certify 
and  sign  each  duplicate,  and  file  one  duplicate  in  the  office  of  the 
clerk  of  the  county  within  which  such  town  is  situated,  and  the  other 
duplicate  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  town.  The  State  Engineer 
and  Surveyor  shall  also  file  a  copy  of  such  estimate  in  the  office  of  the 
clerk  of  every  town  bordering  upon  the  town  for  which  such  estimate 
was  made.  The  supervisors  of  any  county  for  which  such  estimate 
shall  be  made  shall  adjust,  audit  and  provide  means  for  the  payment 
of,  and  the  treasurer  of  such  county  shall  thereupon  pay  the  reason¬ 
able  expenses  so  incurred  by  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor.  After 
the  expiration  of  five  years  from  the  making  of  any  such  estimate, 
upon  like  application  and  consent  and  in  like  manner,  the  State 
Engineer  and  Surveyor  shall  make  a  further  estimate,  to  be  reduced 
to  writing,  certified,  signed,  filed,  and  copies  thereof  filed  in  all  respects 
as  hereinbefore  provided,  which  further  estimate  when  so  filed  in  the 
office  of  the  clerk  of  the  county  shall  supersede  every  former  estimate. 

§  3.  In  the  case  of  the  commission  of  any  of  the  acts  mentioned  in 
the  fourth  subdivision  of  section  four  hundred  and  thirteen  of  the 
Penal  Code  as  amended  by  section  first  of  this  act  within  any  county, 
or  within  two  miles  of  the  boundary  thereof,  after  an  estimate  has  been 


48 


[Assembly 


made,  as  provided  for  in  the  next  preceding  section,  and  has  been  filed 
in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  such  county,  upon  any  prosecution,  suit  or 
proceeding  whatsoever,  civil  or  criminal,  brought  for  the  punishment 
of  such  violation,  or  relating  thereto,  such  estimate  shall  be  conclu¬ 
sive  evidence  of  the  fact  that  two-thirds  of  the  total  area  of  the  town 
mentioned  in  the  estimate  consist  of  land  covered  with  forests,  or  of 
land  which,  although  not  so  covered  with  forests,  is  wild,  or  not  cus¬ 
tomarily  tilled  or  used  for  pasture  or  building  sites. 

§  4.  Application  m  writing  for  permission  to  burn  or  set  fire  to  trees, 
stumps,  bushes,  brush,  underbrush,  grass,  or  any  undergrowth,  cut  or 
standing,  or  some  of  them,  made  by  any  person  owning  or  occupying 
land  within  any  town  mentioned  in  the  fourth  subdivision  of  the  first 
section  of  this  act,  may  be  made  to  the  supervisor  of  the  town,  except¬ 
ing,  however,  that  in  the  towns  of  Altona,  An  Sable,  Black  Brook, 
Clinton, Dannemora,  Ellenburgh,  Peru,  and  Saranac  in  Clinton  county; 
the  towns  of  Chesterfield,  Crown  Point,  Elizabethtown,  Jay,  Keene, 
Lewis,  Minerva,  Moriah,  Newcomb,  North  Elba,  North  Hudson, 
Schroon,  St.  Armand,  Ticonderoga  and  Wilmington  in  Essex  county; 
the  towns  of  Belmont,  Brandon,  Brighton,  Duane,  Franklin,  Harriets- 
town,  Malone  (the  southerly  half  thereof)  and  Waverlv  in  Franklin 
county;  the  towns  of  Bleecker,  Caroga,  Mayfield  and  Stratford  in 
Fulton  county;  the  towns  of  Arietta,  Benson.  Hope,  Indian  Lake, 
Lake  Pleasant,  Long  Lake,  Morehouse  and  Wells  in  Hamilton  county; 
the  towns  of  Ohio,  Salisbury  and  Wilnmrt  in  Herkimer  county;  the 
towns  of  Croghan,  Diana,  Greig,  Lyonsdale  and  Watson  in  Lewis 
county;  the  towns  of  Corinth,  Day,  Edinburgh,  Hadley  and  Moreau 
in  Saratoga  county;  the  towns  of  Clare,  Clifton,  Colton,  Fine,  Hop- 
kinton,  Parishville,  Pierrepont  and  Pitcairn  in  St.  Lawrence  county; 
the  towms  of  Bolton,  Caldvrell,  Chester,  Hague,  Iloricon,  Johnsburgh, 
Luzerne,  Queensbury,  Stony  Creek,  Thurman  and  Warrensburgh  in 
Warren  county;  and  the  towns  of  Dresden,  Fort  Ann  and  Putnam  in 
Washington  county  —  such  application  shall  be  made  to  the  officer  or 
person  designated  for  that  purpose  by  the  Forest  Commission  by  its 
rules  or  regulations,  if  such  designation  shall  have  been  made.  LTpon 
such  application  such  supervisor,  officer  or  person  shall  summarily 
decide,  in  view  of  the  season,  the  temperature,  dryness  or  moisture 
prevailing,  the  position  of  the  land,  the  proximity  thereto  of  forests, 
the  direction  of  the  vdnd,  and  the  other  circumstances  of  the  case, 
whether  it  will  endanger  any  forest  growth,  to  burn  or  set  fire  to  trees, 
stumps,  bushes,  brush,  underbrush,  grass  or  any  undergrowdh,  cut  or 
standing,  according  to  the  application;  and  if  such  supervisor,  officer 
or  person  shall  decide  that  it  will  not  endanger  any  forest  growth  to  so 
burn  or  set  fire,  he  shall  give  to  the  applicant  a  permission  in  writing 
to  so  burn  or  set  fire. 

§  5.  Any  person  committing  any  of  the  acts  specified  in  section  four 
hundred  and  thirteen  of  the  Penal  Code  as  amended  by  section  first 
of  this  act  shall  be  liable  to  any  owner  of  lands  upon  or  to  wdiieh  a  fire 
kindled  in  violation  of  such  provisions  shall  be  or  extend,  or  upon 
whose  land  shall  have  been  any  tree  so  cut  dowm,  girdled,  ringed  or 
injured  for  three  times  the  damages  thereby  caused  such  owner  and 
the  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars  in  addition  thereto.  In  an  action 
brought  by  the  owner  to  recover  such  damages  after,  by  verdict  or 


otherwise  as  the  case  may  be,  the  amount  oi  such  damages  has  been 
ascertained,  judgment  shall  be  rendered  in  favor  of  the  owner  for 
three  times  the  amount  so  ascertained  and  for  one  hundred  dollars  in  ad¬ 
dition  thereto.  Upon  any  trial  to  recover  such  damages  for  a  violation 
of  subdivision  fifth  of  section  first  of  this  act,  the  value  of  a  three  which 
is  a  sapling  shall  in  any  case  be  presumed,  and  without  evidence  shall 
be  deemed  proven,  to  be  at  least  two  dollars  and  a  half,  and  the  value  of 
a  tree  larger  or  older  than  a  sapling  shall  in  any  case  be  presumed, 
and  without  evidence  shall  be  deemed  proven,  to  be  at  least  five  dol¬ 
lars.  In  every  such  action  upon  proof,  by  affidavit,  of  the  facts,  the 
plaintiff  shall  be  entitled  to  an  order  of  arrest  against  the  defendant, 
as  in  the  cases  mentioned  in  section  five  hundred  and  forty-nine  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  ;  m  such  action  the  plaintiff’s  right  to 
arrest  the  defendant  shall  be  deemed  to  depend  upon  the  nature  of  the 
action  ;  and  upon  any  judgment  in  such  action  an  execution  may  is¬ 
sue  against  the  person  of  the  judgment  debtor  as  provided  in  the  sec¬ 
tions  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  relating  to  execution  against  the 
person.  The  owner  shall  likewise  be  entitled  to  bring  an  action  to 
prevent  injury  to  his  lands  by  any  of  the  acts  in  this  section  herein¬ 
before  mentioned  ;  and  in  such  action  shall  be  entitled  to  an  injunc¬ 
tion  preliminary  and  final  according  to  the  practice  prevailing  at  the 
time  in  other  actions  in  which  preliminary  and  final  injunctions  may 
be  granted. 

§  6.  The  term  “owner,”  used  in  the  section  next  preceding,  shall 
include  any  person  or  persons,  corporation  or  corporations,  or  the 
people  of  the  State,  having  an  estate  in  fee,  or  for  a  life  or  lives,  or 
for  ten  remaining  years  or  upwards,  in  lands,  providing,  however,  that 
•  but  one  civil  recovery  shall  be  enforced  for  any  one  act  herein  men¬ 
tioned.  As  to  lands  within  the  forest  preserve,  the  Forest  Commis¬ 
sion  shall  be  entitled  in  behalf  of  the  people  of  the  State  to  bring 
actions  as  owners.  Any  one  of  several  owners  shall  be  entitled 
to  maintain  an  action  for  such  damages  without  joining  the  other 
owners,  providing  that  where  several  actions  are  brought  by  different 
owners  to  recover  the  same  damages,  the  court  may  consolidate  the 
actions  and  require  the  plaintiffs  to  sue  together  and  to  be  entitled  to 
but  one  bill  of  costs.  In  such  action  the  defendant  shall  be  liable  to 
pay  such  damages  but  once. 

§  7.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are  repealed 
so  far  as  the  same  are  inconsistent  with  this  act. 

8  8.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  36.] 


7 


50 


[Assembly 


APPENDIX  D. 

AN  ACT  for  the  speedy  collection  of  taxes  upon  the  forest  lands  in  cer¬ 
tain  towns  in  the  counties  of  Clinton,  Essex,  Franklin,  Fulton.  Ham¬ 
ilton,  Herkimer,  Lewis,  Saratoga,  St.  Lawrence,  Warren  and  Wash¬ 
ington. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  Neiv  York,  represented  in  Senate  and 
Assembly ,  do  enact  as  follows : 

Section  1.  Lands  covered  with  trees,  saplings,  sprouts  or  seedling 
trees  and  lands  which,  although  not  so  covered,  are  wild  and  not  cus¬ 
tomarily  tilled  or  used  for  building  sites  are  hereby  defined  and  are 
hereinafter  described,  and  they  shall  be  known  as  forest  lands. 

§  2.  All  lands  belonging  to  the  State,  or  which  may  hereafter  be 
acquired  by  the  State,  within  the  counties  of  Clinton,  Essex,  Frank¬ 
lin,  Fulton,  Hamilton,  Herkimer,  Lewis,  Saratoga,  St.  Lawrence, 
Warren  and  Washington,  and  which  form  or  shall  form  part  of  the 
forest  preserve,  shall  be  assessed  and  taxed  at  a  like  valuation  and  at  a 
like  rate  to  those  at  which  the  lands  of  individuals  within  such  coun¬ 
ties  are  assessed  and  taxed,  subject,  however,  to  the  provisions  of  this 
act.  On  or  before  August  first  in  every  year,  the  assessors  of  the 
town  within  which  the  lands  so  belonging  to  the  State  are  situated, 
shall  file  in  the  office  of  the  Comptroller  and  in  the  office  of  the  For¬ 
est  Commission  a  copy  of  the  assessment-roll  of  the  town,  which,  in 
addition  to  the  other  matters  now  required  by  law  to  be  stated  therein, 
shall  state  and  specify  which  and  how  much,  if  any,  of  the  lands  as¬ 
sessed  are  forest  lands,  and  aiso  and  separately  which  and  how  much, 
if  any,  of  the  lands  assessed  are  lands  forming  part  of  the  forest  pre¬ 
serve,  such  statement  and  specification  to  be  verified  by  the  oaths  of  a 
majority  of  the  said  assessors.  The  Comptroller  shall  thereupon,  and 
before  the  first  day  of  September  following,  and  after  hearing  the 
Forest  Commission  and  the  assessors,  if  they,  or  any  of  them,  so  desire, 
correct  or  reduce  any  assessment  of  lands  forming  part  of  the  forest 
preserve  which  may  in  his  judgment  be  in  unfair  proportion  to  the  re¬ 
maining  assessments  of  lands  within  the  town,  and  shall  in  other  re¬ 
spects  approve  the  assessment  and  communicate  such  approval. 
And  no  such  assessment  of  lands  within  the  forest  preserve  shall  be 
valid  for  any  purpose,  until  the  amount  of  the  assessment  is  so  ap¬ 
proved  by  the  Comptroller,  and  such  approval  attached  and  deposited 
with  the  assessment-roll  of  the  town  and  therewith  delivered  by  the 
assessors  of  the  town  to  the  supervisor  of  the  town  or  other  officer 
authorized  to  receive  the  same  from  the  assessors.  No  tax  for  the 
erection  of  a  school-house  or  for  opening  a  road  shall  be  imposed  upon 
lands  within  the  forest  preserve  unless  such  erection  or  opening  shall 
have  been  first  approved  in  writing  by  the  Forest  Commission.  If  the 
board  of  supervisors  of  any  of  the  said  counties  in  which  shall  be 
part  of  the  forest  preserve  shall,  at  their  annual  meeting,  or  at  any 
other  time,  alter  the  valuations  of  real  estate  in  any  town,  then  no  . 
tax  levied  hpon  any  part  of  the  forest  preserve  within, the  said  county 
shall  be  valid  until  the  Comptroller  shall  have  received  from  the  board 


No.  36.] 


51 


of  supervisors  a  duly  authenticated  copy  of  the  aggregate  valuation  of 
the  real  estate  in  the  several  towns  therein  and  the  valuation  of  the 
real  estate  in  every  town  separately  as  corrected  by  them,  together 
with  a  duly  authenticated  copy  of  the  aggregate  and  separate  valua¬ 
tions  of  the  real  estate  in  the  towns  and  in  every  town  as  the  same  had 
been  made  by  the  assessors  and  theretofore  approved  by  the' Comptrol¬ 
ler,  and  until  after  so  receiving  the  same  the  Comptroller  shall  approve 
of  corrections  made  by  the  board  of  supervisors,  and  certify  and  return 
such  approval  in  writing  to  the  said  board  prior  to  the  delivery  of  the 
corrected  assessment-rolls  to  the  town  collector.  Payment  of  the  taxes 
which  may  be  imposed  according  to  law  and  the  provisions  of  this  act 
upon  lands  so  belonging  to  the  State  shall  in  every  year  be  made  by  the 
Treasurer  of  the  State  upon  the  certificate  of  the  Comptroller  as  to  the 
lawful  and  just  amount  of  such  taxes  by  allowing  to  the  treasurer  of  the 
county  in  which  any  such  lands  may  be  situate  a  credit  of  the  amount 
of  such  taxes  due  upon  such  lands  upon  the  amount  payable  by  such 
county  treasurer  in  such  year  to  the  State  for  State  taxes,  providing, 
however,  that  no  fees  shall  be  allowed  by  the  Comptroller  to  the 
county  treasurer  in  adjusting  their  accounts  for  such  portion  of  the 
State  tax  as  is  so  paid. 

§  3.  Whenever  a  tax  imposed  upon  forest  lands  (other  than  lands 
forming  part  of  the  forest  preserve)  shall  be  unpaid  on  the  day  on  or 
before  which  the  tax  collector  of  any  town  in  which  such  lands  shall 
be  situated,  should,  according  to  law,  pay  over  moneys  collected  by 
him  to  the  county  treasurer,  then  it  shall  thereafter,  and  until  such 
tax  is  paid,  or,  in  default  of  such  payment,  until  the  title  to  such  lands 
is  conveyed  by  the  Comptroller  after  a  sale  thereof  for  unpaid  taxes, 
be  unlawful  for  any  person,  whether  owner,  occupant  or  otherwise,  to 
cut,  injure,  bark  or  remove  therefrom  any  trees  or  timber,  whether 
standing  or  felled.  Any  person  not  expressly  permitted  by  law,  who 
shall  thereafter  so  cut,  injure,  bark  or  remove  any  such  tree  or  timber 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall,  upon  conviction 
thereof,  srPffer  a  tine  not  exceeding  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or 
imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months,  or  both,  in  the  discretion 
of  the  court ;  and  he  shall  be  liable  as  for  trespass  in  a  civil  action 
brought  by  the  Forest  Commission  in  the  name  or  on  behalf  of  the 
people  of  the  State  for  damages,  and  to  arrest  and  to  imprisonment 
upon  execution,  in  all  respects  as  provided  in. section  fourteen  of 
chapter  of  the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-five,  enti¬ 

tled  “  An  act  for  the  preservation  and  care  of  the  Adirondack  forest,” 
as  to  either  of  the  actions  therein  mentioned.  Upon  learning  that 
any  trees  or  timber  are  being  so  cut,  injured,  barked  or  removed  from 
any  such  lands  after  any  tax  thereon  is  so  unpaid,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  Forest  Commission  to  bring,  in  the  name  or  on  behalf  of  the 
people  of  the  State,  an  action  to  restrain  such  cutting  or  removal,  and 
m  such  action  the  court  shall,  upon  due  application,  grant  preliminary 
and  final  injunctions  restraining  the  continuance  of  such  cutting, 
injury,  barking  or  removal,  and  such  action  shall  proceed  and  be 
conducted  in  all  respects  as  provided  in  sections  fourteen  and  fifteen 
■of  the  said  act  entitled  “  An  act  for  the  preservation  and  care  of  the 
4  Adirondack  forest.’  ” 

8  4.  The  assessors  of  all  the  towns  within  the  counties  mentioned 


52 


[Assembly 


in  section  first  of  this  net  shall  assess  forest  lands  separately,  and  shall 
describe  and  specify  all  forest  lands,  whether  or  not  forming  the  whole 
or  only  a  part  of  any  tract,  farm  or  holding,  within  their  respective 
towns  separately  upon  the  assessment-rolls  before  completing  the 
same.  The  Comptroller  shall  prepare  and  submit  to  such  assessors 
forms  for  such  description  and  specification,  which  forms  such  asses¬ 
sors  shall  follow.  The  boards  of  supervisors  of  the  said  counties  shall, 
in  any  alterations  they  may  make  in  the  assessment-rolls  pursuant  to 
law,  take  care  that  the  separate  description  and  specification  of  forest 
lands  are  properly  made  and  preserved. 

§  5.  In  the  assessment  to  be  made  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and 
eighty-five,  and  thereafter,  of  forest  lands  within  the  counties  men¬ 
tioned  in  section  first  of  this  act,  and  in  all  proceedings  upon  such 
assessments,  or  to  levy  or  coffcct  taxes  upon  such  forest  lands,  or  in 
the  payment  of  taxes  thereon,  or  in  the  return  of  such  forest  lands  for 
unpaid  taxes,  or  in  any  proceedings  by  reason  of  the  payment  or  the 
non-payment  of  such  taxes,  or  in  the  sale  of  any  such  lands  for  un¬ 
paid  taxes,  or  any  proceedings  in  or  by  reason  of  any  such  sale,  or  of 
the  conveyance  of  property  therefor,  there  shall  be  no  distinction  or 
difference  between  the  lands  of  residents  and  non-residents ;  and  ex¬ 
cepting  as  herein  otherwise  provided,  all  the  said  assessments,  pay¬ 
ments,  return  and  proceedings  whatsoever  shall  be  had  as  now  provided 
by  law  in  the  case  of  non-resident  owners. 

§  6.  The  collector  of  eacli  of  the  said  towns  upon  first  delivering  to 
the  county  treasurer  any  account  of  unpaid  taxes  shall  specify  thereon 
the  forest  lands  therein  described  upon  which  the  taxes  are  unpaid. 
rbhe  county  treasurer  shall  thereupon,  in  addition  to 'his  other  duties 
with  respect  thereto  prescribed  by  law,  compare  such  specification  with 
the  original  assessment-roll ;  and  if  the  county  treasurer  find  such 
specification  to  be  as  to  such  forest  lands  a  correct  transcript  of  the 
said  assessment-roll,  he  shall  add  to  it  a  certificate  which  may  form 
part  of  the  certificate  first  mentioned  in  section  fourth  of  chapter  four 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  of  the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty- 
five,  showing  that  lie  has  examined  and  compared  the  specification  of 
the  said  forest  lands  upon  which  the  taxes  are  unpaid  with  the  assess¬ 
ment  roll  and  found  the  same  to  be  correct ;  and  in  transmitting  the 
collector’s  account  to  the  Comptroller,  as  now  provided  by  law,  the 
county  treasurer  shall  in  his  certificate  state  that  he  has  so  examined 
and  compared  the  specification  of  the  said  forest  lands  with  the  entries 
of  the  said  lands  in  the  original  assessment-roll,  and  has  found  the 
same  to  be  a  true  transcript  of  such  roll. 

§  7.  Taxes  assessed  upon  forest  lands  within  the  said  towns  and  not 
paid  prior  to  tiie  transmitting  of  the  collector’s  account  to  the  Comp¬ 
troller  as  mentioned  in  the  preceding  section  shall  thereafter  be  paid 
only  to  the  Comptroller,  who  upon  such  payment,  if  made  prior  to 
the  statement  of  the  account  of  the  county  treasurer  for  the  year,  shall 
credit  the  county  treasurer  with  the  amount  so  paid. 

§  8.  The  Comptroller  forthwith,  upon  receiving  the  account  of 
unpaid  taxes  on  forest  land  as  mentioned  in  section  sixth  of  this  act, 
shall  prepare  a  separate  list  or  statement  of  all  such  forest  lands  within 
each  of  the  said  counties  and  included  in  the  said  account,  together 
with  the  amount  due  on  the  various  tracts  or  holdings  thereof  respect- 


No.  3G.] 


53 


ivelv  for  unpaid  taxes  and  interest  and  charges,  if  any.  The  Comp¬ 
troller  shall  then  forthwith  transmit  to  the  county  treasurer  of  each 
of  the  said  counties  the  list  or  statement  relating  to  lorest  lands  within 
such  county,  together  with  a  notice  addressed  generally  to  owneis  of 
forest  landsJ  (but  not  naming  the  owners),  stating  that  so  much  of  the 
said  forest  lands  as  may  be  necessary  to  discharge  the  taxes,  intei est 
and  charges  which  may  be  due  thereon  at  the  time  of  sale  will,  on  a 
day  in  the  succeeding  August  and  the  succeeding  days,  be  sold  at  pub¬ 
lic  auction  at  the  Capitol  in  the  city  of  Albany.  If,  m  tlie  judgmen 
of  the  Comptroller,  the  sale  cannot  advantageously  or  justly  be  held 
in  August,  then  the  notice  may  specify  some  day  later  than  August 
The  Comptroller  may  at  any  time  withdraw  such  a  notice  ot  sale,  am 
'  transmit  to  the  county  treasurer  a  new  notice  for  as  early  a  day  as  he 
may  deem  to  be  consistent  with  the  interests  of  the  State. 

§9  The  Comptroller  shall  cause  to  be  published  the  said  lifct  01 
statement  of  forest  lands  upon  which  the  taxes  are  so  unpaid  m  each 
county  too-ether  with  the  notice  mentioned  m  the  section  next  pre¬ 
ceding  in°the  newspapers  in  which  the  list  or  statement  mentioned 
in  section  thirty-fourth  of  chapter  four  hundred  and  twenty-seven  of 
the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-live  is  now  required  to  be  pub¬ 
lished  in  or  for  such  county,  excepting  that  the  selection  of  newspapers 
or  the  ascertainment  of  the  newspapers,  most,  generally  circulated  in 
such  county,  shall  be  made  by  the  Comptroller  instead  of  by  the  county 
treasurer,  and  excepting  that  if  the  proprietor  or  manager  of  any  news¬ 
paper  shall  decline  or  omit  to  make  such  publication,  or  shall  make 
the  same  incorrectly,  then  the  Comptroller  may  withdraw  such  notice, 
and  may  in  such  newspaper  as  the  Comptroller  may  designate  as  proper 
recommence  the  publication  of  the  notice  or  commence  the  publication 
of  a  new  notice.  Each  such  publication  shall  be  made  once  a  week 
for  ten  weeks;  and  the  first  publication  shall  be  made  not  less  than 
ten  weeks  before  the  date  of  sale  therein  mentioned.  Every  proprietor, 
manager,  or  printer  of  a  newspaper  to  whom  such  notice  shall  be  trans¬ 
mitted  for  publication,  and  any  other  person  having  know  edge  of  the 
publication  upon  being  requested  by  the  Comptroller,  shall,  within 
two  days  after  the  last  publication  thereof,  transmit  to  the  Comptroller 
an  affidavit  of  due  publication,  made  by  some  person  to  whom  the  tact 
of  publication  shall  be  known;  and  every  such  person  shall  upon  being 

requested  so  to  do  make  such  affidavit.  n 

i  10  Every  purchaser,  except  the  Comptroller  or  the  E orest  Com¬ 
mission,  shall  at  the  time  of  purchase  pay  in  cash  to  the  Comptroller 
such  proportion  of  the  purchase-money  as  the  Comptroller  may  specify, 
,  and  the  remainder  of  the  purchase-money  shall  be  paid  within  torty- 
eight- hours  of  the  time  of  sale,  or  the  premises  shall  be  resold  by  the 
Comptroller  and  the  amount  paid  by  the  purchaser  shall  be  forfeited 
to  the  State.  Such  resale  shall  require  no  further  notice  ot  sale;  but 
the  Comptroller  may,  after  the  sale  or  resale  of  the  last  parcel  and 
upon  an  oral  or  written  notice,  at  the  time  of  adjournment,  adjourn 
the  sale  for  forty-eight  hours  or  more,  fora  resale  of  such  ot  the 
premises  as  were  sold  to  purchasers  who  shall  not  have  fully  paid 

therefor.^  ^  the  dllty  0f  fcqc  forest  Commission  to  attend  or  be 
represented  upon  every  such  sale,  and  to  make  in  the  name  and  on 


54 


[Assembly 

behalf  of  the  people  of  the  State  such  bids  and  purchases  thereon  as 
it  may  deem  lor  the  advantage  of  the  State,  providing,  however,  that 
no  payment  shall  be  required  from  the  Forest  Commission  or  the  people 
of  the  State  upon  any  such  bid  or  purchase,  excepting  for  the  sum  by 
which  the  bid  of  the  Forest  Commission  shall  exceed  the  amount  of 
taxes,  interest  and  charges  for  which  the  property  bid  for  was  adver¬ 
tised  to  be  sold,  and  providing  that  if  the  bid  of  the  Forest  Commis¬ 
sion  be  for  any  larger  sum  than  the  said  amount  of  taxes,  interest  and 
charges,  then  the  bid  or  purchase  shall  not  be  binding  or  final  unless 
and  until  the  Legislature,  not  later  than  at  its  then  next  regular  ses¬ 
sion,  provide  for  the  payment  of  so  much  of  the  sum  so  bid  as  shall 
be  in  excess  of  the  said  amount  of  taxes,  interest  and  charges  ;  and 
providing,  further,  that  if  the  Legislature  do  not  so  make  such  pro¬ 
vision,  then  such  bid  and  purchase  shall  be  void,  and  the  property 
shall,  without  prejudice,  be  resold  by  the  Comptroller  at  the  next  or 
some  succeeding  sale  of  forest  lands  held  in  the  county  in  which  the 
property  is  situated,  for  unpaid  taxes,  under  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
such  resale  to  be  had  in  all  respects  in  like  manner  and  upon  like  no¬ 
tice  as  that  in  and  upon  which  such  next  sale  is  had. 

§  12.  Any  owner,  or  any  person  acting  or  assuming  to  act  for  any 
owner,  or  any  incumbrancer  of  forest  lands  within  the  said  counties 
may  register  his  name,  together  with  a  description  of  his  lands,  with 
the  Comptroller,  and  a  place  to  which  notices  relating  to  the  said 
lands  may  be  sent. 

g  13.  A  redemption  of  lands  so  purchased  by  the  Forest  Commis¬ 
sion  may  be  made  only  by  the  owner  of  the  lands,  or  by  some  one 
having  an  interest  in  or  claim  to  the  lands  derived  from  the  owner, 
upon  the  payment  to  the  Comptroller  of  the  amount  so  bid,  together 
with  interest  thereon  from  the  date  of  sale,  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  cent 
per  annum,  and  an  amount  to  be  fixed  by  the  Comptroller  to  be 
thereafter  paid  by  him  to  the  Forest  Commission  to  reimburse  the 
Forest  Commission  for  such  expenses  as  it  may  have  incurred  in  ad¬ 
vertising,  posting  or  sending  notices. 

§  14.  The  Forest  Commission,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  the  re¬ 
ceipt  from  the  Comptroller  of  the  certificate  of  sale,  now  provided  by 
law,  which  certificate  the  Comptroller  shall  deliver  to  the  Forest  Com¬ 
mission,  shall  cause  to  be  published  in  some  newspaper  to  be  desig¬ 
nated  by  the  Comptroller  as  being  best  calculated  to  give  notice  within 
the  county  in  which  the  lands  are  situated,  a  copy  of  the  certificate, 
together  with  a  notice  that  on  or  after  a  date,  to  be  fixed  by  the  For¬ 
est  Commission,  but  which  shall  not  be  less  than  three  months  after 
the  first  publication  of  the  notice,  nor  before  a  full  year  from  the  date 
of  the  delivery  to  the  town  collector  of  the  warrant  for  the  collection 
of  the  tax  for ’which  the  sale  was  had  upon  which  the  certificate  was 
delivered,  the  Forest  Commission  will  apply  to  the  Comptroller  for  a 
deed  of  the  premises  sold  upon  the  said  sale  to  the  people  of  the  State. 
Such  notice  shall  be  published,  once  a  week,  for  ten  weeks.  The  For¬ 
est  Commission  shall  also  cause  a  copy  of  the  said  certificate  and  no¬ 
tice  to  be  personally  delivered  or  sent  by  mail,  postage  prepaid,  di¬ 
rected  to  any  person  who  shall  have  made  the  registry  mentioned  in 
section  twelve  of  this  act,  at  the  place  mentioned  in  such  registry. 
The  Forest  Commission  shall  also  cause  a  copy  of  the  said  certificate 


* 


No.  36.]  55 

{ind  notice  to  be  posted  upon  the  land  sold,  or  at  two  or  more  conspic¬ 
uous  places  in  the  neighborhood,  or  within  the  town  in  which  the 
lands  are  situate. 

§  15.  At  or  after  the  date  mentioned  in  the  notice  mentioned  in  the 
section  next  preceding,  the  Forest  Commission  shall,  upon  tiling  with 
the  Comptroller  affidavits  reasonably  establishing  the  fact  that  a  copy 
of  the  certificate  of  sale,  with  the  said  notice,  was  published,  posted, 
and  delivered  or  mailed,  as  mentioned  in  the  section  next  preceding, 
more  than  three  months  before  the  time  of  applicatian,  be  entitled  to 
receive  from  the  Comptroller  a  deed  to  the  people  of  the  State  of  JS'ew 
York  of  the  lands  described  in  the  said  certificate,  providing,  how¬ 
ever,  that  no  such  deed  shall  be  delivered  within  one  year  after  the 
date  of  the  delivery  to  the  town  collector  of  the  warrant  for  the  col¬ 
lection  of  the  tax  for  which  the  sale  was  had  upon  which  the  certifi¬ 
cate  was  delivered.  The  consideration  expressed  in  the  deed  shall  be 
the  amount  for  which  the  property  therein  described  was  sold.  The 
said  deed  shall  vest  in  the  people  of  the  State  an  absolute  estate  in 
fee-simple  in  the  said  lands. 

§  16.  During  one  year  after  its  execution,  a  deed  executed  by  the 
Comptroller  to  the  people  of  the  State,  which  purports  to  be  executed 
in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  presumptive  evi¬ 
dence  of  the  title  of  the  grantee  and  of  all  persons  claiming  under  him, 
and  presumptive  evidence  that  the  deed  was  in  all  respects  duly  and 
rightfully  and  at  the  lawful  time  executed  and  valid  ;  that  the  notice 
or  notices  mentioned  in  the  two  last  preceding  sections  were  pub¬ 
lished,  posted  and  delivered  or  mailed,  and  in  all  respects  given  in  the 
manner  and  place  and  at  the  lawful  time  in  said  sections  specified  ; 
that  the  sale  of  the  premises  was  in  all  respects  conducted  duly  and 
rightfully  upon  proper  notice  and  at  the  lawful  time  ;  that  the  list  or 
statement  and  notice  mentioned  in  section  eighth  of  this  act  were  duly, 
rightfully  and  at  the  lawful  time  prepared,  transmitted  and  published, 
as  in  this  act  provided  ;  that  the  taxes  for  the  non-payment  of  which 
the  said  sale  was  had,  or  purported  to  be  had,  were  rightfully  and 
duly  and  at  the  lawful  time  by  the  lawful  officers  or  authority  levied 
upon  the  lands  mentioned  in  the  said  deed  ;  and  that  in  all  other 
respects  all  the  acts  and  proceedings  prescribed  by  or  in  pursuance  of 
law  as  proper  or  necessary  to  precede  any  assessment,  levy  of  taxes, 
sale  or  the  delivery  of  such  deed  were  rightfully  and  in  lawful  time 
had  and  completed. 

§  17.  An  action  may,  upon  service  of  the  summons  therein  upon  the 
Forest  Commission,  be  brought  in  the  Supreme  Court  against  the 
people  of  this  State  to  set  aside  any  deed  heretofore  executed  and  pur¬ 
porting  to  be  executed  upon  any  sale  for  unpaid  taxes  to  the  people  of 
the  State,  of  any  premises  within  the  counties  mentioned  in  section 
first  of  this  act,  or  to  any  person  through  whom  the  people  of  the 
State  have  derived  or  claimed  any  title  to  such  premises,  or  to  set 
aside  any  deed  hereafter  executed  to  the  people  of  this  State  executed 
or  purporting  to  be  executed  upon  any  sale  for  unpaid  taxes,  provid¬ 
ing,  however,  that  any  such  action  to  set  aside  a  deed  heretofore  exe¬ 
cuted  may  be  brought  only  within  one  year  after  the  passage  of  this 
act  and  not  later,  and  providing  that  any  such  action  to  set  aside  a 
deed  hereafter  executed  may  be  brought  only  within  one  year  after 


f  Assembly 


‘  50 

the  date  of  such  deed  and  not  later,  and  providing  further  that  no 
such  action  shall  be  maintained,  unless  before  the  commencement 
thereof  the  plaintiff  deposit  with  the  Comptroller  the  amount  ex¬ 
pressed  in  the  deed  as  the  consideration  for  which  the  same  was  exe¬ 
cuted  ;  or,  if  only  nominal  consideration  be  expressed,  then  the 
^  amount  of  unpaid  taxes,  interest  and  expenses  for  which  the  property 
was  sold,  together  with  interest  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  centum  per  an¬ 
num  upon  such  amount  from  the  date  of  the  sale  upon  which  the  deed 
was  given,  and  unless  the  complaint  in  the  action  shall  allege  that 
such  deposit  has  been  made,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act. 
Upon  the  plaintiff’s  discontinuance  of  such  action,  or  upon  a  final 
judgment  therein  against  the  plaintiff,  and  the  plaintiff’s  stipulation, 
duly  acknowledged,  not  to  appeal  therefrom,  which  stipulation  shall 
bind  the  plaintiff  and  his  successors  in  interest,  the  Comptroller  shall 
•  repay  the  money  so  deposited  to  the  plaintiff  or  his  representative. 
Upon  the  plaintiff’s  final  success  in  such  action,  the  Comptroller  shall 
apply  the  amount  so  deposited  in  payment  and  satisfaction  of  the 
taxes,  for  non-payment  of  which  the  deed  was  given.  Upon  the  trial 
of  such  action  the  plaintiff  shall  succeed,  if  he  affirmatively  show  that 
there  was  a  substantial  failure  to  comply  with  any  provision  of  law 
relating  to  the  assessment,  levy  of  the  tax,  sale  and  delivery  of  the 
deed,  or  to  the  notices  to  be  given  of  any  proceeding  with  relation 
thereto ;  but  no  informality  or  irregularity  shall,  in  the  case  of  any 
deed  hereafter  executed,  be  sufficient  for  the  success  of  the  plaintiff, 
unless  the  court  shall  find  and  adjudge  that  the  same  was  in  a  sub¬ 
stantial  matter,  and  that  the  plaintiff  has  suffered  by  reason  thereof. 

§  18.  As  to  every  deed  of  premises  within  the  said  counties  hereto¬ 
fore  executed,  upon  any  sale  for  unpaid  taxes,  to  the  people  of  the 
State,  or  to  any  person  through  whom  the  people  of  the  State  have 
derived  or  claimed  any  title  to  such  premises,  the  same  shall,  after 
one  year  from  the  passage  of  this  act  —  and  as  to  every  deed  of  such 
premises  hereafter  executed  or  purporting  to  be  executed  to  the  peo¬ 
ple  of  the  State  upon  any  sale  for  unpaid  taxes,  the  same  shall,  after 
one  year  from  the  execution  thereof,  be  conclusive  evidence  of  the 
title  of  the  grantee,  and  that  the  deed  was  in  all  respects  duly  and 
rightfully  and  at  the  lawful  time  executed  and  valid  ;  that  in  all  re¬ 
spects  all  the  acts  and  proceedings  prescribed  by  or  in  pursuance  of  law 
as  proper  or  necessary  to  precede  any  assessment,  levy  of  taxes,  sale  or 
the  delivery  of  such  "deed  were  rightfully  and  in  lawful  time  had  and 
completed;  and  as  to  deeds  hereafter  purporting  to  be  executed 
pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  that  the  notice  or  notices 
mentioned  in  sections  fourteen  and  fifteen  hereof  were  published, 
posted  and  delivered  or  mailed  and  in  all  respects  given  in  the  manner 
and  place  and  at  the  lawful  time  in  the  saidfrsections  specified,  that 
the  sale  of  the  premises  was  in  all  respects  conducted  duly  and  right¬ 
fully  upon  proper  notice  and  at  the  lawful  time,  that  the  list  or  state¬ 
ment  and  notice  mentioned  in  section  eighth  of  this  act  were  duly, 
rightfully  and  at  the  lawful  time  prepared,  transmitted  and  published 
as  in  this  act  provided,  and  that  the  taxes  for  the  non-payment  of 
which  the  said  sale  was  had  or  purported  to  be  had  were  rightfully 
and  duly  and  at  the  lawful  time  and  by  the  lawful  officers  or  authority, 
levied  upon  the  lands  mentioned  in  the  said  deed.  Providing,  how- 


No.  36.] 


57 


ever,  that  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  deprive  the  plain¬ 
tiff  in  any  action  brought  as  provided  and  within  the  time  prescribed 
in  section  seventeen  of  this  act,  of  any  relief  to  which  he  would  other¬ 
wise  be  entitled  in  such  action. 

§  19.  All  the  provisions  of  law  now  in  force  as  to  assessment,  the 
levying  and  collection  of  taxes,  proceedings  for  the  non-payment 
thereof,  sales  therefor,  and  conveyances  thereupon,  shall,  so  far  as 
applicable  and  excepting  as  modified  by  this  act,  be  deemed  to  relate 
to  every  assessment,  levying  and  collection  of  taxes,  proceedings  foi  the 
non-payment  thereof,  sales  therefor  and  conveyances  thereupon  men¬ 
tioned  in  this  act. 

§  20.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are,  so  tar 

as  so  inconsistent,  hereby  repealed. 

§  21.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  36.]  8 


« 


CO 

&q 

05 

-n 

XJ 

Oh 

O 

5zi 

H— < 

p 

PS 

O 

P3 

Q 

525 

-15 

CO 

CO 

W 

PS 

p 

p 

-15 

&q 

o 

Ph 

X 

o 

r- 

CO 

O 

^  PH 

CO  pH 


m 

>- 

-tj 

CO 

x 

-t) 


w 

as 


-3h 

o 

co 

PS 

M 

eH 

PS 

O 

Oh 

M 

PS 

p 

-c 

co 

PS 

X 

O 

1— ( 
Ph 
Ph 

o 

co 

PS 

X 

CQ 

S 

pq 

35 


02 

CO 

3 

O 

p 

3 

c3 

> 

C5 

'o 

p 


Er, 

3 

ww 

PC 

r— * 

< 


02 

O 

3 

o> 

nr 

'co 

a> 

P 


P 

P 

S 

p 

GO 

GO 

<1 

P 

O 

OQ 

p 

p 

CQ 

P 

P 

£ 


o 

o 

0) 

o 

3 

a> 

S- 

£ 

03 

P 


02 


c8 

nr 

CQ 

H4> 

o 

P 

•\ 

<» 

e 

J54. 


P 

-H 

£ 

P 

P 

tsi 

P 

O 

P 

c 

p 

c 

• 

3 

o 

P 


a! 

X! 


a> 

o 

c 

© 

13 

"m 

© 


50U^SI(J 


02 

02 

Sh 

■u 

CO 


£ 

C3 


C9 

CO 


<0 

co 

IS 

o 

p 

3 

c3 

> 

3 

95 

P 


•  a> 

+*  co  X 
^  o  <0 
5  o  j 

95  S  <0 

Q_.  3  -+H 
c3  .  'O  j* 
--3  Sh  r/~) 

o  £ 

3  co 

°  5  ©« 

CO  <i  rH 


O 

02 

X  ^ 

02  •  UO 

.  a>  -p 

->->  s-  02  c3  X 

Or  4-3  02  •  <—  h*> 

JJ  K  ’h  O  w 

-2  £  "«  £  .9 

“  r-  Sp 

I^KO-3 

co  h  t—  nr 
^(NHClO 


02  . 
O)  X 
a  a; 

4— >  QJ 
CO  ^ 


4-3 

<D 


«  %  0  <U 

-  CO  CO 


a  «> 
O-  y 
cO  P 
X  S 

O  P 

T~t  GC 

O 


^  o  £ 

3  K  ■§  o  c 
3  M  ®£Hp 


a>  3  <0 
-+T  =?  on  a 
£  .£  nr  3 


O  ,J 

CO  S 


uj  CO  hh, 


GO 


o3 

^a3 


c3 


*H  co 


<0 

O  ^ 

Kn  32 

OX)  d; 

©  c  a> 

^  •  1— 1 


C 

a> 

SG 

<0 


c 

o' 

-t-l 

tS) 

c 


53  r, 
biD  a) 
O  co 


d 

•hH  S 

X  ^^3 


Sh 

o 
S  bH 
o  r 


O-4-i  a>  CQ  <Z>  rj 

QOOPgq^HPPgq 


^  t 
»®  £ 


Sh 

c3  2 
bJO  9 
o  P 


<0 


Sh 

-  o 

s>^ 

C  Sh 
£►»  ?h  ^ 

S  C«  m 


c3 


bd 

Sh 


S  s  S  H 


o 


>• 
a 

c3 

bep 


2  enr 

s 


c3 

-4-J 

c3 


X1 

£ 

c3 


O 

nr 

^  _  s 

o  O  rj 


a> 


> 

r3 

c3 

o 

co 


Hi 
•  r—4 

Q 

P 

Sh 

O 

kH 

a> 


3 

n* 

O 

O 

P 


®  CQ 


a 

o 

x 


t> 

CO 

£ 

> 

o 


Sh 

O 

o 


oPwWopooPoo 


ss 

o3 

Sh  Cw 

OP 

00  ^ 

t— I  r^i 


o 

GQ 

H-S 

CO 

<0 

> 


CO 


Sh 

C 

£ 

<0 

p 


GO 


iO 

O 


t, 

Ei 

<0 

P 


c3  -u 

P  «3 

^  c3 

SP 

£  c* 
P  00 

O  T-l 


P 


§«« 
m  c  H 


OM 


P 

CQ 

a> 


Sh 

53  C 

P  g 

«T^ 

£ 

<x> 

Sh 


CO 

a> 


03 

X 

Q 


sr 

<9 


00 

£ 
s  £ 

r C3  X  •%  •< 

rH  >,S,  -H 

o  <0  <0  a/ 

c  ra  q* 

Sh  C3  03  c3 

<lCQcqpq 


r*~»  o 

p  S-s 

co  02  TJ 

O'  M  nr 


co  -r 

P  £ 

Sh 

-C°r- 
°  H  .  B 
sQ  fc0  O  3 
©©  c3  O  C 

P  S^5  Sh  Sh 
Cw  P$  Cw  P2 

pppp 


& 

c 

<v 

nr 


<0 

n 


4!  (C 

H-J  Sh 

Sh  Sh 
SC  02 

PQ  PQ 


w 

3 

•  r— < 

_ _ ^ 

O  Ci  r|c1 

5'Mp;. 

c'^  to  5 
5  co"  g  J 
£  c 
o.Sp-a  - 

•  72  ^ 


c3 

5-h 

P 


X 

o 

o 

c3 

P» 


PP 


02  o 

3  -M 
Sh  G 
o3 

P  o 


G<< 


>0  7^? 


*0  rH 


CO 

CV« 


MEMBERS  OF  ASSEMBLY  — Continued. 


[Assembly 


© 

© 

r—i 

4-3 

OQ 

© 

-+J 

P 

4-3 

02 


© 

© 

42 

OQ 


© 
cq 

M  r-J 

3  o 
1K 


P 

w 

O* 

co 


P 

P 

>- 

P 

— i 

CD 

A 


-M 

© 

CD 

is 

«  $ 
.Sis 

,  b  gq 

Sis 

£3  P 

o£ 

03  ^ 

05  rM 


© 

© 


OQ 


X) 

OQ 


■£  O 

gw 

co  P 
<D  o3 
-P  J> 
O  jp 


,j  44 

©  ® 

®  2 
42 

ra  00 

CD  'o  • 

4-3  O,  Sh 

05  ^  O 

4->  £  GQ 

rJl  ^  no 

co 


03 

h— i 

X 

*  r-i 

£ 


Q  g  fl 

co  .5  c3 

CO  00  fca-  4-3 
r— I  ^  GZi 


© 

OQ 

~  § 

Jd  ©  © 
£ 

P  r© 

'OJ  ®  © 

C^> 
P  P4  © 

hiOPQ 


-S  £  ® 

5  g  £ 

^  t-H  00 

p  ^  © 

Cj  r.  W 

O  3  5 

.  _  03  -i—i 

Si  >  OQ 

©  P 

£  'a!  2 

<c2 


<D 


<D 


<D  P  QQ 
Si  P  <D 

to  hP 

rn  fl  M 

CD  o  CD 

r  r—  44) 

23  •  P 
D.  <r»  n 

O  CO  CO 
CO  CO  1—1 


<D 

OQ 


<D 

CD  2 
“  C 


—  _ •  -i  . 

°  © 

““l  "o  ®  © 
P£j  P  © 

eg  1  05  rr^ 

>  ©  >■  <D 

o3  JO  o5  > 

"©  O  'o 

OrhQs? 

— M  W  I— H  (-H 


CD 
S-H 

©  p 

&X  5:  ®  ,-, 

C  P  bO  bjQ  © 

53  -  so  P  CO 


o£* 
cq  .  .  p  ii 
P  •  ^  U  _ 

-  •  O  b  °  C  r2 

fto  c  P»  W 

-  x  ai^  ® 

CrCH  ' 


S-i 

CD 

c5 


OQ 

p 

c3 

CD 


S-t 

O 


g  —  £  | 

£  '<V  .P  -P  n  o  £  Hp  •  ^  S4  S  H  -1  -1  CD  4S  •  ®  -P  o  CD  °  O  u, 


p 

p  2  • 

SPS*g 


a> 

o 


•  a> 

•  *-m 

•  ^ 

O  ^  CD 

=  2*3  s 
“  -  =3.9  §  f 


Xfj 

tfi 


5  o  ©  o 
JS>1  C>H 


s- 

p  &  © 

O  o  t- 


p 


p 


r* 

o 

P  r^ 

w  P 

(72  ^ 
n  *3  . 
P  GO  cd 

s«&!  g| 

IH54 

^  K  S  ° 


p 

o 

+j 

o 

^H 


o 

o 


CD  r^ 

4-3  4-» 

o3  03 


rP 
OX}^ 
Si  ^ 
r*1  03 

^  i  i 

—  o 

CQ  q 

C  P 

CO  5 

T3  ^ 


rP 

tuo  _ 

.  Si  rP 


"P 

n3 


fcJD 


P 
-C 
SiO  5 

r- « 

•S  ® 

oq  03 
P  P 


r* 

o 

o 

p 

rA 


o 

*-« 

Sh 

o 


£ 

i  ®  . 

® 

CZ}  U 

r.  CQ 

>,h® 


o 

p- 


2  o 

.5  £ 

o 

0*2; 


:*~!  —  ^  S—  uw  O  o  OS  IZZ  c-'  CT .  C3i  I^> 


§  05 
°  05  05 


CD 

^H 

o 

-w 

CQ 

o3 


P 

** 

o3 

Cp 

CQ 

4-3 

O 

Cm 


rP 

03 

P 

P 

o3 

> 

o3 

CQ 


A 

W 

p 

3 

o 

o 

tH 

ro 

1-M 

»N 

4-3 

CZ2 

4J 

P 

.2 

’t4 

O 


Or: 

s- 

o 

D 


aj 


1 2 

s-  P 


4-3 

OQ 


03 

- 


Q 

t- 

o 


p!* 


'S  ^ 

o3  d> 


£ 


3  ^  o£;ps 


<D 

P 

P 

c3 

72 


CO 

CO 

o3 


3  S 

co  P  '3 

4-r*o  Ph 

-p 


MM 


PP 


^  § 

r-<  13 


; 

,®  *C  - 

.2  £ 


S-I 

03 


>3 

-CD 

5P 

O 


►»  r. 

©  'o 


p  — 


-M 

P 

o 

s 

Wi£  £ 

M  r 

Sm  Sh  © 


C  P 

3  24  CQ 

.  -a  p 


©  rP 
P  £ 
©  *3 


O 


CO 

© 


CQ  S- 
■—  O 


P  2  S  03  s-h 
45  r5  O  P  P 

oooooooooo 


© 

ri(3 

o 

© 

P 


CQ  rv 

S-H  © 

©  -g 

p  — • 
P  ^2 
©  .— 

fifi 


<  tH 

©  S-. 

_o  c  p 
O  .5  -C 
o  -un 

P  ^ 
^  °  3 
o3 

s  .£ 


© 

p 

g^co 

CQ  rH 


t-N  p 

?  o  £ 
Q  ©  < 

^  o  - 


.  £ 


•  r-» 

£ 


©—  a; 

fcH  P  .2 


OQ  ^ 

£  ^ 
O  P  % 

-P  rP  •- 

P  o  g 

s  .p 

2  ®  p 
$-  Pc  c 
p  ©  •— 
Pm  pq  fX| 


Ph”  trH 

PS  rP  ^ 

*1 

rH 

^  S  P 

Pm  O  08 

Hi  ^ 

•N  9J  r 
£  ^ 
S  ►»  . 

X  i-3  © 

©  GO 
^  ^  O/ 
Cw  ^ 

eco 


qoiJisia 


lO  <X) 


o-* 


H  o*  CO  rM  CO  H  CO 


CO  N  (N 

0^ 


V.  37. 


O  D 

to  .  -t-> 

©  X  O 

O  3  hi 

=  2  § 
^  ^  •— > 
>  ?  *H 

eg  a  o 

c  ^3  £ 

Qx«*1 


d 

CO 

3 

O 

w 

3 

3 

> 

eg 

'd 

Q 


d 

8-  • 
-4)  4-' 

«  8 

.5  is 

X  ao 


P 

3 

d 


3 

3 

O 

Q 

tV 

C5 


a> 

4->  t 

33  o 

-i~>  p 

xa 

ec  os 

co  pH 

rH  tv 


d 

sA£ 

o  w 

P  CO 


d 

d 


CO 

p 

d 

co 

eg 

o 


co 

d 


►>  3 
3  a 

rH  * — ’ 

tv  tv 


© 

P 

o 

s 

a 

d 


CD 

44> 

O 

a 

a 

3 

o 

•  rH 

p 

<D 


W<1 


-g  d  CD 

Ss« 

P  3  53 
— '  O  O 

”wa 

g  =  = 

4—-  73 

X  > 

CC 

zj  "o  "d 

Sop 


CD 

CO 


CD 

3 

3 

CD 

tr 

eg 


CD 


> 

eg 


O  3  2  2 

aa.la-s 

„  a  '2  «B 

•  a  5  S  £  ° 
>4  5  ig  ^  a  mo 


44) 

<X)  <D 

©  ra 
p  a 

■£  ° 


CD 

44> 

3 


a 


CD 

CO 

4-i  3 

cD  O 

sa 

4-) 

CO  H 


<D 

<D 

P 

4-3 

CO 

<D  CD 

'  P 


©  3  43 


3  o 


a  '<  go 

•  ^-h 


3 

GO  > 

3 

t9  P  ^  Q  ^  M 


Pm 


D 


to 


3 

D 


3 


CO 


£ 

D 


D  §0 

be  o 

3 

3  | . 

ir  3 


3 


Mi 1 
5h 

c 

>i 

•s 

D 


3  D 


O 

►h 


co 

b0> 
3  ^ 

D 


3 

O 

D  •- 
3  4_>  173 

X  2  3 


D 


3  K 


*8 


•  ^ 

•  bc-a  3 

•  a  X  X 

»  "2  £  “ 

.2  S’ 3  =  g 

8*  3  O  D 


D 


£.2 

©  1-1  P  D  • r-  D  . — 1  DO  <-P  03  rr  8-  ,  P  ©  D  P  X  > — '  *  —  CO  X  i_GG  i.*13  P 


3 

cr1 

3 

3 

4-1 

3 

3 


MM 


►»2  S 


3 

-O 


be  £ 

3  £ 

CO 


be{H 


D 
O 
p 
>  3 
©  O 


D 

j-i 

co 

D 

-3 

O 

4—1 

CO 

D 


MM 

P 

O 

>i 


D 

H-5 

CO 

<D 


o 

-1-5. 

co 


CO 


73 


co 


MM  iMM 


O 

£ 

D 

a 


D 
D 

CO  Zj 

be  to 

,5a 

Pi  44) 

G-O 

GO 

3>5 

|cS 


:s* 


c  fc 

a 


-Dd  h 


o 

o 

p 

a 


o 

O 


D 

be 
3 

to  eg 


40 

D 

CD 

P 


D 

D  cH  '"H 
p^  o 

"  o  . 

.4-: 

co 


co 


3  D 

o®  = 

P  S  *  "* 


3 

ap 

*4< 

o 

o 

p 

a 


D 

D 

P 

4-3 

co 


3  ^33  3  ana  £ 

;SH^ar„  -c 


o 

D 


O  o  _ 

a  o  go  c© 


H  rH  3  D 
Sj  h-  ;©■  Js* 


.  p  3  5j3 

r- 1  ^  ^ 


4-5 

a. 

O 

H* 

— M 

ro  , 

a ,  c3  r*a  O  co 


^  co  ^ 


a 


c  a 
aS 


3  zn  g*  s-  a 
3  ©  rjc  ^i-h 
■:  a  h  GO  h 


.a 

P*“;  CO 
O  43 

P  3 

a  o 


>4 

3 
3 

5  D 
<j  oe 

•>  *  rH 

a  d  ro 

3D" 

,  1  p  ^ 

t— I  44)  3 
to  o 
.  to  a 

_ _  -  D  co 

r*4  4—3 

— m  <D 


CD 

Mid  w 

P  D 

o  xi 
o 
c 

D  r 


,  4—.  =  o 

T2  7- 1~)  3-4-3 

--  '-,4  CO  r— 
y*r 

a  S  dS  a 


ri a 

D 

>-  co 

<S  d 

3  ^ 

O  O 

.ssa 

«*w  a- 

icH  <3> 


co 


»o 

OD 


©£ 


D 

a 


D 
D 
P 

4-3 

CO  _ 

—  ■  O 

a  -  b 

f=B£ 

MM  3 

Gi  -)  P-l 

to  <3  ^ 


MM 

O 

D 


a  4, 


a 


8  d  _2 
T  be  44» 
h  5  b 

"  D^ 

6C  • 


?  =  - 


< 


CO 

D  rD 


1*0 


zn 


3  D 

>  ►— 


3  - 

3  a 

-h  bo 


D 
D 

a  a  3  3  a 

D 
D 


80 


a 


♦  -3  © 

2  3  S- 

_  d  ©_ 

8  0  -- 
o  p  P 


3  -r 

p  ce 
be  be 


x 

o 

o 


33 

a 


3 

d  a 

r~  — — 

3  •  — 

X  ^ 


to 

’d 


r»r- 

3  a 


o 

_£  ^  J  a 

O  co  ~~8  - 

»  ST  * 


be  ...  x 

3  ft-  -  -  ri 

«  pO 

3-8  D  a  3 

^  r—  "  4-3  ^  p 


2  S'® 


D 


-i-H  30 

co  co  a 


—  L©4  4  4  D  ©  53  43  r  I  u 

—  "  P  H>  ^  ^  

5  «  =1 


-l-H  ^3 


— ,  -  •  ;  r-m  *  X.  ^  O  »s 

5  tj  p-  f-  —  " 1  *  — -  r;  x 


be 

b£  p 


3  3  3  ^3 


00 

X 


D 

X 

•o 


s:  ^ 


0000  a a  a 


D 

—  p 

4-3  "3 

3  3 

D  D 


a  3 
5^ 


CO  ^  w*'-  p— »  »v  — '  — 

^  ^  •■*'  "O  lX^  o  ^ 

a  D  a  o  a  2  CD  D~  X  ®  «  8 

DX-ii4jag3r8-r*M  -  v  © 

rt  •  s  g  o  to  co  — 

r-s  X  ©  CD  O  — 


be 


o  8 
d  a  ~ 

L*W  C  "  •  *~*  --*' 

k  S  ©  f-  GO 

be  _  . 


be  o 
0000 

Hj  i-H  «— l  H-( 


o  o  a  3  -  d 


3  c 


•c 


tv 


TC  X  -t  X  —1  — 1 


Kenny,  John  F .  220  East  35th  street,  New  York. . .  New  York -  19  Park  street. 

Kilby,  Alien  E .  Carthage .  Jefferson .  Kenmore. 

Kruse,  Frederick  W .  Olean .  Cattaraugus  ,  .  Delavan  House. 

Kunzenman,  Jacob .  329  East  11th  street,  New  York.. .  New  York -  Delavan  House. 


MEMBERS  OF  ASSEMBLY  —  Cou tin ued 


[Assembly 


D  ^  t»  CO  to 

8-  £  3  S  s 
O  O  O 

“  «  t-rl  i-H  i-H 

<U 

j  fcD2  C  C 

“•S«l  § 

So»“  = 

i-s  ^  P  Q  M 


•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

;cq  i  :  ►» 

h  :  >: 

••a 

-•H  o  O  O  3 


o  v 

"  3 

CO  rt»  #n  r\  ^ 

^  p— •  rr  co  c3 

®  fee's  o 
ca  ca  :s  it1 


_•■  ®  ib  o 

^  ~  CO 

oooo 


^  S-  k" 

2 

©  £  rd  ,— 

^  'S  ’S  ’S 
OPh£hP3 


1—1  lO  <JO  G5  W  (^  H  J> 


O?  CO 


CO  ^ 


-J  .  ». 


295  West  11th  street,  New  York . .  New  York  ....  Kenmore 


No.  37.] 


©  © 
<D  co 

t->  3 

1o  O 
CD 


d> 

© 

-443 

CO 


-44> 

© 

© 


CO 


-443 

Q > 
© 
S-i 
-4-3 
03 


> 

e3 

© 

P 

CO 

CO 


g  p 

c3  S- 
>•  e8 

^P 

© 

P 


s 

c3 


© 
bn 
G 

m  o 

?> 1—1 ' 
O  CO 
rH  03 


© 

co 

3 

C 

w 


cC 

> 

c3 

"© 

p 


© 

“  • 

3  © 

O  co 

Wo” 
gWW 

O  Ck£ 
•£,2  £ 
®  a  g 
£  s  is 
<5  P  72 


q3  _p 
p  g  o 
*3  oK 
w  a 
S  gffl 

^  •  f— I 

>-  ?h  G 

*  £  S 

~  S3  O 

P<1  w 


4-3 

• 

-443 

-M 

m 

P 

p 

© 

© 

P« 

© 

— "H 

© 

• 

O 

• 

-4P 

-iP 

-443 

<D 

•  G 

P 

CQ 

CO 

O 

s: 

CO 

CC 

co 

C 

rQJ 

3 

O 

?G 

<D 

-p) 

t-4 

© 

-441 

P 

© 

4-> 

P> 

CO 

G 

-iP 

M 

•  CC 

CO 

CO 

O  HH 

P  cs 

3 

3 

© 

co 


td  o  8  o  o 

g  G  g  a  o 

CD  _£  £  3  c5 

-2  a  ©  P  P 

-2  s©..., 

O  P  M  Q  os 


o  G 
3  3 
c3  G 

PO 


© 

'IS 


G 

c3 

O 


CO  ” 


© 


r*H 
CD  ^  ^ 
00  CO  03 


© 

co 

r— 

c 

w 

c 

3 

> 

c3 


G  © 

<JP 


-u 

© 

© 

•  -~< 
4J  44) 
©  CO 
©  . 

-u>  © 
CO  « 
CO 

©  03 
bn  o 
no  G 
O  c3 

PP 

O  ^ 
^  00 


GO 
-443 

© 
© 
S-. 

-4-3 
CO 

u 
© 
-+3 
CO 
03 
O 

rH 

■j  c3 

8P 


_  06  % 

©  G  ^  3 

»  o 

"W  03 


Uw  . 

^  c  §?  G  | 
i-<  G  r  7*  G 

S-sW  >  £ 

p  c  J_;  ^  C 

o3  o  ©  © 

SWoPP 


CQ 


P  4*3 
u 

O  O 

£  £ 

© 


•  O  _ 
3  4-J  G 
bn  s®  o 
c  *>£ 

g  >S0 


P 

’r* 

o 

&H 


e2 

G 

©  © 
©  *rj  © 


3  -34 

bn  ^ 

3  G 
G 

f“H 

© 


3 


3 

bn 

CC 


03 

CO 

m  c  t->  P  g  bn^ 

©  ©  £  ^2  o  ©  C  bnp 

cC  C  — -  —  — '  03 


© 

© 

a 

© 


CO 


© 

O 


r3 

G  *-• 

°K0 


bn 

G 


c3  * 
£--34 


g?W  OPOCMw 


o  _ 

„  ^  bn  s 

c3  2  •  5  G  c3 

bn  d  ®  S  c3  ^ 

g  £  bn-S  g  g 

>,  C3  G  .  ®  ^ 

--2  C3'-G  •-  «  J  -G 

Ph^ooWkoo!^ 


.2  © 


o 

r* 

© 


-34 
o 

£ 

© 

►S  J' 

^  m 

&  - 
©  £ 

&! 

o 


© 

G 

<D 


CP 


w  I 
Pp 


’-H  r*”1 

^  P 


© 


o 

5tt 

P 

— V 

-t-3 

© 

© 

J-H 

-4-3 

CO 


> 

G 

?C 


6  c 

*  1 

-G  S-. 


G 

o 

•  r-^ 

-u 

o3 


-34 

-—4 

O 

© 


rJl 


co 


^  (-H  '  1 


© 

£ 

o 


>  © 

-  O  ra 

£p  - 

G  a 

05 


o 
© 
co 
© 

G 

OPPooPWd?PPgqW 


P 

CO 

•s  © 

-4-3  -G 
?-4  4-3 

O  5- 
Gi  G  c3 

©  bn  § 

P  G  •!-! 
ce 


G 

© 

> 

r3 

w 


p 

r— H 

-34 
O 
O 
Jh 

P 

-4-3 
© 
©  © 


M 


03 


© 


© 

© 


8 
OP 


g  O 

E 

p 
ro5 
P 


> 
rH  ^ 
O 
cC 


P 


O 

© 


•  ^ 

©  g  5 

-U>  O  © 

CO  -44)  j" 

8Pp 

§fS  S 

P  J1  coO 


G 

2 

o 

o 

p 

-443 

© 

© 

!-> 

-U3 

CO 


co  G 
, — •  co 


© 


cC 

> 

© 


©  i- 
_G  G 

©  P 

co  P 

O  ^ 


G  3- 


p 

rH 

G 

© 


-4-3 
© 
© 
fc- 

-4J 
CO 

p 

4J 

40 
GV 

P  w 

J-H  © 

P  ^ 


cC 

ts 


p  3  O 

-S=  P  °o 

02  P  cst 


P 

-G  ^  * 

O  pP 

P  bn  . 

5h  <D 
P  -JG 

<4-(  r~  -u 

8  p  ?h 
-*  co  © 
P  ©  co 
OOO 


£ 


P  fc-  _ 
bnPG 
!-  'G 

83g 

ow” 

•s 

-p  «  © 
-W  -43  ^5 

CO© 
©  ©  © 
Z02X 


P 

£ 

o3 


P 


O  - 
£ 


'G 
fig 

P« 

03  0 

•r  o  co 

^0-2 

2  t:  p 

P  ce  t- 

^  ©  -G  -2 

g  POO 

c3  c3 


<^<j 


c 


w 


CO 

c3  „ 

a  © 

o  -£  g  p 

G  G  q-  co 

p  cd  (-2  g 

H  W  g 

•N 


-  _G  G  G  -G  JC 
c3  ©  j-i  ©  '*-3  -*j 
©  ©  ©  O  "Z  'G 

^  r-»  p«  r* 

ScOOiCOC/l'C Z2C/2C/2CZ2CZ2 


rj  P  «  C 

’Pg  _§  g 
£  g"2  0 


S-l 

r-  © 

P  P 
r->  CC  03 

§S  £ 

>  c3  £ 

G  >  ^ 

2  ^ 
O  ■* 

G 

P'  *  O 

P  P  >■ 

^  c3  53 

02PP 


P  C/2  co 

CO  r-c  ^ 

t-  ©  p  8 
^  Cj  ^ 

s-  03  ^3 

G 

<1 

-G  G  <3 
P  £  c3 
>  p  c  c  G 
G  G  >-!  03 

888^ 


po 


<72 

co 

c3 


P 


t— 1  P 


:b 


•  p-H 

>>.  a> 
co  N 

G  G 

PQ 

G  G 
o3  oi 


© 

bn 

G 
G  © 

03  O 
© 

03 

o 

w  . 

-  G 
© 


P 


P  P  p 
bt  P  ^ 
i-  G  H 

o  p  £ 

G  G  G 

O  ^  ° 


__  G 

^  -G 
=  P  ^  P 
®  r  007 

!•£-§■ 
t_  ©  G  r*  G 
©  -*-»  -4-4>  •—  G 

H  >|H  •  r-l 

>  r"  k"  > 

^  ^  ^  ^ 


C5  O  1-1 


<?*  ^ 


o?  co  00 


«HHH«HO<N(^ 


*>  G<i 


C*  CO 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  ASSEMBLY. 


3 


T  Assembly 


>* 

a 

c 0 

< 

a 


-d 

<D 

© 

-4 

4-3 

CQ 

S-. 

© 

4-3 

CQ 

ss 

o 

a 

?3 


© 

-1-3 

o 


a/  w 


o 

w 


o 


_Q 

o 


© 
4-> 

fl  o 

gw 

E  o 

0)  r> 

£-2 


© 

CQ 

3 

O 


CD 


13  W 


<D 


O 

w 


C3  O 

gw 


-M 

<D 

© 

U 

-1-3 

CQ 

"© 


33  O 

5f 

OJ  p— —  C  — — .  fy\  O 

0<0Pi<i04W 


© 

-O 

o 


<D 

_o 

o 


<D 

-1-3 

o 

w 

P 

c3 

.2 

a* 

*— 

c 

C 


.  4-3 

-M  <d 
<U  o 

J-H  4-3 

43)  03 

CQ 


4— ^  53 

a  43 

n  co 

5  * 

CQ  O 

(D  P 

_C  33 

0^3 


© 

<D 

P 

= 

• 

P 

H 

— 

© 

# 

© 

© 

CO 

4-3 

> 

S3 

© 

c3 

S3 

2i 

O 

w 

© 

Sh 

4-3 

CO 

P 

O 

4-3 

<D 

P 

a 

CD 

33 

p 

O 

CO 


4-3  — 

e  o 

•  i 


a 

-s 


<D  CO  ^ 

O  =  X 


iO  ?>*  >o 
t— I  H  Ot> 


00 


5 

zz  p  <2 

O  <=1  JD 

iO  1—c  33 
^r'  -+c 
^+*  CC  ^ 


CD 

*  2 

^  -3 

•  O  OQ 

-4-h  •  pH 

•  <D  >  -4 

3  ’  g  w  5 

s  *;  r  -u 

CQ  r-  rp 
0  !-  2 
K  . —  CQ  5 
■r  bo^  * 

^  ^  p—  **"4 

<-  M  P  ^ 

-  HI  43 

33  O  o 

'4— i  u« 

CO  :c  c-  h 


CD 

CQ 


<D 

a 

<D 

fc»- 

c3 

fl 

O 

bo 


o  ® 

co  -  *T 


© 

be 

SB 


CD 

p 

P 

33 


<D  © 

c_  a. 

O  co 


£  r  : 

Qj  & 

—  bnzz 
08  -2  *  «S 

O  S  ^4  -=  rC 

ns  _c  c  o 

S  ^  2-3- 
3  S.c^ 


bd  • 
2Q  co 

.  be 


O 

4-3  - - 

i;  5  e  _ 
>  PQ  “  c 


a,  2 
M  e? 

rP 


c 

4-3 


CD 


© 


bo 


^  o  x  ,2 

bo  .  ,33 

CD  n 


WW 

L© 


COO 


^  c  _ 

W  S>  o  6  W  <3  o  6  « 


^  o  = 


>,° 

St 

5  _j_2 
■ — 1  33 


CO 

.2  ~ 

'  «w 

~  w 

> 

T3  ^ 

— )  (— I 

© 


eg  33  O 

)—  i—  >  «4-H 

2  -=  <D  = 
z  bes  : 
—  •—  <D  ^3 


D 

•  PH 

S-< 

C8  id 

»J3  a 

‘S  2  >• 
g-  33 


33 

‘-a 


CO 

D 

/-H 

o 

4-3 

03 

D 


-43 

bo 

c 

•  pH 

-= 

CO 

S3 


<D 

CJ 

<D 

> 

33 

1 


SP#  CO 

bo  33  -r 

r->  -4-Q  ^ 


x 


c 

•r-  C  D  O 

WOOH 


03 

c 


—  2  bo  = 


<D 


2 


c3 

b£ 

O 


<D 


O 


43  ^ 
03  CO 

w2  'o3 

^  O 


o 

4-3 

bO 


■£>  o't:  *r  ^ 

<j  E-'  Ch  ^  <1  a}  W 


wv 

S-4 

c3 


o  , 

bt 

c 


2  33  =  CJ 

S3 

^  -  —  O 
D 

6 


C  D 


co 

83 

> 


)> 


^3 

0'3^-i3H-^-isirb3H-^-bsS^_li: 

O^03DOtD(DDa;o 

^ooooooooo 

c  — 

c3  c3 

'*-J  C 
co  - 


t4 

<D 


CD  <D 

bO  bo 
bO  S 
<u 
co 
CO 
CD 


C 

CD 

03 

CO 


®  w 


CD 

co 

03 

CD 


<D 

bO 

c 

D 
co 
03 
D 

£o^ 


CO 


^si 

*-  S 


CO 

C 


53 

I 


CD 

X 


J- 

D 

r' 

CD 

D 


<D 

O 

<D 


O 


03 

CO 


D 

.  =4 

D 

D 


>-.^5 


03  03  T 


—  «4  tn 

^4  — 


D 


co  3 

03  0 


^*"4  4>-4  >-j 

4-3  4-3  43  4-3  4-3  4-3  4-3 

CL  n<  C-  CD  CdCdChC  ~  f-c 
<DDDDDDDDc3^^2 

CPfiGfiflfifiQOO 


33 

4-3 

CO 

’co 

co 


~  03 

«W  «N 

c  *- 

<D  ® 


03 

r\ 

?H 

D 

JbS 

33 

D 


<1< 

I 

4-3 

£  *0 


a) 


OD 


GO  ^  ZZ 


C3 

■  <3 


CO 

CZ) 


Sc^<S^J.S.2 


^  ^  ^  -4-^ 

C-  CL  cd  ^  hj-C 
X  X  X  X  (-4  iH  s<? 


CO 

03 

< 


03 

GO 


bo 

c 

•  PH 
S-4 

D 

Lsi 

O 


O 

fl 


—  ~Z  p 

<  •  -4, 

rv]  O 

03  - 

J~L  >,  jr 

t:  *-  2 

33  —  £ 
—<  (T)  H 

H4  ^-4 

C  i— c  <5 


-id 

O 

c 


D 


C 

CO 


tc 


o 

o 

53 


.  CC  ,  c_ 

>  ^-C  w 

^  z:  . 

PH  .  «-» 

z:  c  •  r 

=  bCCL 

.  D  —  -g  H  ~ ‘  D  -4- 

■-SW'=V4;, 

^2  S  rf  ..2.S  2-c-e  tJ.'S  fe-S.2 

5t  =  -=  =  —  ic£33->2  =  cr: 

cSor^QfEfS-SoiS^OfltSfS 


D 

-id  '■4 

cc 

D  33 

W  hr* 

O  H  , _ 

~  .  'c 


«4—i  z_ i  D 
.  53 


CO 

D 

M  J~ 
O  2- 
LD 

.  X 
pc^  _ 


1 


o 


^•5 
-o  * 


o  “ 
£  2 
©  2 


b-  -= 

p*  © 
2% 
p*.  ^ 

£ 

:3  O 

^  p-i 


I 


7 


No.  37.] 


<D 

CO 

S 

o 

w 


to 

a 

P 


-1-3 

<x> 

a> 

_ • 

M  .g 

Q)  O 

"p  P 


<v 

p 

p 

CO 

t> 

P 

p 

o 

H-> 

co 


05 

co 


02 


<o 

-Q 

O 


SO 


C/J 

bep 

P  _ 

•rH  pH 

>  o 

3  a  5 

p  p 

qP 


< o 

CO 

P 

O 

w 

p 

o 

^H 

co 


<D 
-U 
CO 

P 
O 

a 

P 

P 
'S'S 

CO 


<o 

<o 

%* 

-4-0 

co 

P 


an 

a> 


f-H 

<o 

co 

P 

O 

P 

P 

P 


CO 

05 


<o 

H-O 

W  sp 

o  £ 

r— 1  O 

oo 


<o 
<o  .o 

£  g 

CO  2 

p 

c8  ® 
^  O 

O  ?> 
CO  05 


-t-3 

<D 

M  “1? 
'Z  a>^ 

SP 


-M 

<o 

<o 

?“H 

-4J 

CO 

Sh 

<o 


^  o 

So 


CO  ^ 
J-l  s- 

o  <o 

aw 

§g 

MS 


-M 

05 

CO 

J-c 

4-H 

CO 


a> 

Ph 

P 

-P 

O 

00 

£- 


-»-=> 

a> 

co 

Sh 

•4-3 

CO 

co 


CO 

>1 

P 

P 

c3 

P 

C* 


O 

<o  r* 
P  > 

5; 


<o 


0- 

rP 

to 


05 


> 

CO 

S-l 

co 

> 

o 


p 

CO 
t> 
.  P 

&W 

P  t- 
P 


Pd 

a> 

<o 


oO 

<o 

p  ll--d 
co  O 

o  p 


j  t>~> 

-4-3  -U 


oo 


P 


Pd 

co 

P 


Pd 

S-h 

o 

T5  > 
CO 


O 


<o 


p 

o 

CO 

s-4 

-CO 


(O 

Pd 
P 

be  w 

j-  co  fa 
'T  «D 

P  P 


P 
£ 

§  S3 


>% 
Pd 
co 

.  P 

O  P 


*S  Z  SPW  g  05  05  °4=.S  0P£*h  CC5 


pd 

F-i 
(J5  O 


<o 

05 

P 

05 

Vh 

£ 

P 

h 


2  05  J  ppp  p  p  '—• '  COpP.^i^Lp' — '  —  .  ^ 


?®  P 
b£r^ 
p  •— 

►>  2 
P  P 


^■J 

P  o 
P  be 

bo  05  P 
c3 
rP 


5  •  : 

I'S-S 

p  °  ° 


• 

.* 

•  • 

• 

• 

• 

»  • 

• 

• 

• 

p  • 

•  • 

• 

• 

! 

7-i 

cr1  • 

:  a 

o 

05 

p 

• 

P  * 

p 

o 

co 


05  Pd 

-4-»  r— I 

P  O 
03  SP 


S*  03 

P  ^H 
03  05 

P2  5P 

05 


05 

CO 

CO 

P 

05 


CO 

P 

be 

p 

c3 

J-H 

05 

H-5 

P 


5-h  Sh  Sh 

a)  <d  a>  a) 
Ph  Ph  P-C  pH 
05  05  05  05 
35  35  05  05 
Pd  Pd 
5-h  J-i 


o 

o 


ooo 


co 

P 

CO 

p 


'— 

o3 


05 

H-> 

CO 

c3 


O 

o 

p 


co 
P 

P  o 
05 

^  P 
'P  tP) 


o3 

CO 

P*~J 

p 


p 

O 

05 

05 


O 

P 

o 

05 

05 

-M 


CO 

%  :  ;  ; 

O  •  •  ' 

4:  Pd  Pd  Pd 

•  '  ?h  2— <  Jh 
c3  a>  o  <d 

^QOO 


CO 

CD 


oao  : 

p 

’-p 

(h 

Oh 

4J  «  4J 

-t-H 

P  P  P  *• 
P  p  p  s 

i  ~5  -4—) 

p 

p 

H— > 

CO 

p 

p 

to  co  co 

.^H •!— 1  ,H 

CO 

w 

HO 

co  co  co  c 

’to 

CO 

CO  CO  CQ  52 

co 

o 

CO 

O 


P 

c3 

j— > 

co 

•  ! - ( 

co 

CO 


05 

P3 

P 

05 

-tJ 


o  % 

05  ^ 

Oh  .  r— 

-c-3  <= 

S 


.  p  »  p  p 

a  S  a  £6 

O  o  °  o 

pQqOO^ 

■g^Pd-g 

S-M  35  3^  35 

^QOQ 


Pd  35 

£  § 

oo 


35  05 
35  35 

H-i  -4— > 
H-3  H-J 
•  i-h  •  rH 

s  a 
a  a 

o  o 
OO 

""p  ^ 

*—t  i* 

(O  05 

P  P 

05  05 

OO 


Sh  f-i 

35  05 

be  be 

p  p 

05  05 
co  co 
co  co 
05  05 


05 


05 

be 

p 


fee  £ 

P  CO 
35  05 

co  ^ 
co  c«^ 
0; 

^  05 
<h  05 


p  P  P 


05  05 

P  P 

05  05 

OO 


05 


o 

I 


P  cn 

<x>  o 

O  Pm 


a 

p 

$-> 

pp 


M-g 


^H 

P 

H  £ 

■  w 


o 


o 

*”5 


05 

O 

O 

Pm  o 

•P 
<  « 

a  o 

^  p 

MS 


o-.^ 
be  05  05 

>t3  Pd  a 
o  P  t- 
>.  p 

-  K-, 


P 


^  tet 

a  -j-3 

P  s  -£ 
p  p  ^ 
.p  g 

MW6 


•  p 

•  o 

CO 
b>  ?H 

Sggl 

S^r  * 

3|^a 


05 
O 
P 

05 

o.a  1 

=  SP 


e  a 

P“H  ^  c3 
*r|  >h 

t-  ^  — 

.  n*  .  r— i  . 


05 

a 

■p 

Ph 

05 


P 

o 

d 

p 

o 


o^ 

> 

O 

M 


0h 

be 


P  p 


p 
P  CO 

a  g 

So 


p 

C  >^P2 
O 

p(db 


p 

o 

co 

S-H 

05 

T3 

P 

<4 


a 

rrt  P 

CC  .  •— M 

p  s=  PP 

C5M^ 


&  r— 

p  a 


REPORTERS  OF  THE  ASSEMBLY. 


8 


[Assembly,  No.  37 


►> 

c 

«s 

X> 


© 

s 

© 

® 

PS 


• 

• 

-4-3 

* 

• 

-w 

H 

• 

• 

• 

-4-J 

© 

-40 

© 

© 

a 

-a 

-4© 

03 

Fh 

© 

03 

a 

© 

4— > 

© 

03 

© 

© 

© 

02 

© 

© 

-M 

02 

a 

© 

03 

<“4 

© 

| 

© 

03 

© 

o 

is 

• 

4-4 

03 

4-3 

03 

a 

© 

© 

03 

© 

© 

o> 

<u 

p 

-p3 

OQ 

> 

© 

r* 

4-4 

© 

© 

a 

4J 

00 

r h 

o 

f 

• 

Cfi 

P 

02 

■4—1 

03 

03 

c3 

# 

H 

a 

-a 

03 

4-a 

02 

'  1-4 

a 

© 

4-> 

03 

a 

o 

CO 

03 

O) 

-4-J 

© 

c3 

© 

o 

c3 

C2 

o 

53 

"3 

• 

© 

CO 

© 

© 

Pi 

© 

© 

© 

Jj* 

G 

r* 

•  *— • 

© 

a 

o 

,J  C» 

> 

•  w 

Cw 

t  1 

a 

53 

O 

53 

o 

© 

a 

68 

ci 

© 

© 

53 

c2 

© 

t3 

o 

02 

S3 

J 

p 

£ 

fl 

> 

WW 

•  r— < 

CO 

53 

p 

53 

P 

a 

> 

c3 

a 

WM 

P 

> 

53 

Q 

a 

MH 

CO 

Ci 

O 

— * 
<*w 

JO 

C13 

CO 

?> 

oc 

p 

rH 

i© 

«^l 

o 

J© 

C3 

W 

CO 

C3 

o* 

CO 

00 

P 

CO 

<r- 

a 

t-H 

Ci 

a 

£>- 

cv 

•— 1 

t- 

-o 

02 


03 

73 

© 

* 


s 

o 

a 

© 

-4 

V 

T3 

kT  ^ 

—  0/ 

HP 


© 

53 

© 


PS 

O 


© 

© 

E 

o 

I 

+3 

CD 

O 

© 

s 

o 

K 


4C  ^5  A  A  •  .  .  A  >» 

.  .  a  © 

©©©©©>,.  ©  > 


a 


© 


c  s 

ts 


£*>•  kh >h >h >h 2  S' g>< ^  *  a  c* ©  S 3  :  3  ^  P 

t_ 


53 

a  © 


^  £ 
©  © 


£ 

© 


£ 

© 


£ 

© 


03 

©  -“  « 


«ti  -cj  _§ 


O  O  Ss"  ©  c3  53 
-©  -©  ©©©©,©  .2 
— 1  ->  t-l  t-  — 


a 

3 

O 

o 


JX  A  ^  ©3  ^ 

Fh  {_  F-l  S_  f- 

©  o  ©  ©  © 
{>-(  >H  >H  >H 


03 


53 

-Q 


£ 

© 


£ 

© 


£ 

© 


© 

z'sfr* 

53  > 
C  JO  -O  & 
^  © 


►s  »s 
©  G 

5?  S3  © 
©  ©  — 
fc. 


© 

© 

C  13 

©£ 


►S  ts  5S 


c3 

_© 


t_ 

© 

53 

-i  i  j 

03  03  no  03  r*  c 

bfi  bC  GO  be  -3  S 

©  ©  ©  a  .2 

© 


S- 

© 

a 

e3 

© 


03 

© 

be 

a 

<1 

►s 

© 

c3 

.© 


t3 
© 

©  03 

02  © 
m  c 

^  P 
*.  *  •— « 

£H 

T3 

©  i- 

-£  O 
33  k. 

•  —<  y^1 
©  r 
O  > 

oq  © 


© 
© 
© 
_© 


o 


^2 

c3  £*<  f  p 

•c  S 
hWo^ 

^  ^  ^  M 

^ 

o  o  o  o 

£  £  £  £ 
©  ©  ©  © 


03 

53  2R 
©  8 
5  ©H 
©  * 

be  bC 

*£.5  3 

j  •  ^  ,  j  i 


f  **1 

IS  o 

©  =Q 

M  ^ 


HH 

C3 

© 

•  r— • 

-a 

£> 

"G 
G 
c3 
-a 

03 
© 

Pk 

bij^ 
©  C 


s 

© 

Q 

a 

© 

4-4 

03 

© 

r© 

© 

© 


a 

#© 

a 

© 

© 

Q 


a 

© 

© 


© 

> 

T3 


Ph<J 


€ 

© 

cq 

& 

03 

03 

© 

a 


a 

© 

^3 

© 

© 

_© 

a 

© 

© 


02 

A! 

a 

© 

kH 

£ 

© 


c  ^  CO 


a 

© 


© 

HS  § 


©  © 
c3  S3 
©3  ©3 


._....© 


© 

© 

> 

w 

a 

O 

PH 

£ 

© 

£ 


c3 

02 

03 

© 

— 

X 


pqo 

O'  ^o 
^  '"sS 
fa  s© 
©  © 
pqjq 


x  _, 

^  % 

OJ  © 

O  m 
rT  w 

P-l  © 

tn 

S—  ^ 

S 

03  "S 

©  G 

A  53 

pq<1 


03 
© 

S  M 
•©  © 

HPk 

fcJD  bXD  fl 
©  ©  © 


03 

© 

s 

•  f-H 

H 


te 
© 
r-  03 

©  ro 
© 

©  *-■ 

S3  Pk 

«  u 
© 
©2 


c3 


CO  hP 


m  A'rs 


G  ©  ©  © 

®  £PQ 

©  ©  ©  JH 

>>  Tipi'S  tS  .1 

53  S3  ©  ©  Is  >■  O 
©3  ©3  ©  ©  ©  ^:  03 
©-  ©P  a  a  ©  03 


03 

03 

© 


©  2_i 


© 

s 

p 


c© 

a 

<3 

55 


•  ts  • 

»\  03  . 

Sc© 
^  ©  ©: 


03 

© 


s 

O 


02 


03 

© 

T3 

03 

J© 


C© 

P 
©  . 
bo  h 

S-i  25 
O  be 
©  T3 


© 
© 
© 

53 


© 

r3 


a  jq 
p. o 


53 

Ph 


03  ^ 

•-S  © 


03 

53 

s 

© 

©3 


0.2 

© 

r\  ^ 

OOSHKbb'^H^S^ 


53 

a 


© 

©3 

© 

*■© 


53 

"© 

Hi 


© 

r© 

© 

c3 

X 

© 


S  O 
«A 

bD'sS 

.5  a 
=  . 
50 


8 

>^*© 
a  © 
a  © 
53  53 


.  ■  03 

►S  ^ 

—  _  CS 

•*-h  q  03 

©  ©  ©  A 

03 

02  ©^ 

©  g  2  5g 


c 

© 

OQ 

Q 


© 


© 

53 


O  Pq 


C 

© 
— 

c3 

©  p 

C3 

g>p4 


a 

© 

©3 

© 

© 

a 

■© 

CO 

©? 


© 

53 

ts 

r** 


©  53 
_  b£i  c 
©  a  rr; 

©  bi}^ 

O  ©  © 


*1 

P5H^55«-aQ 


©2 

£ 

53 

o 

02 

©3 

© 

© 

£ 

03 

© 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

I 


No.  38. 


IN  ASSEMBLY, 

January  26,  1885. 


ANNUAL  REPORT 

OF  THE  STATE  ENGINEER  AND  SURVEYOR. 

Office  of  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  ) 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  January  26,  1885.  i 

Hon.  George  Z.  Erwin, 

Speaker  of  the  Assembly  : 

Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  my  report  relative  to 
the  State  canals  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1884. 

Very  respectfully, 

your  obedient  servant, 

E.  SWEET, 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.] 


1 


.  1  :i  I 

/  V*  -  j 


■ 


REPORT 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK: 

Office  of  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  ) 
Albany,  January  20,  1885.  \ 

T o  the  Legislature  : 

In  compliance  with  law  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  to  you  the 
following  report  of  this  department  for  the  past  year: 

/ 

1.  Operations  of  the  Canal. 

The  business  of  the  canals  has  shared  in  the  depression  which  has 
been  common  to  all  the  industrial  movements  and  enterprises  of  the 
country  during  the  past  year.  The  total  amount  of  freight  moved 
on  the  State  canals  during  the  season  of  navigation  just  closed  was 
5,009,488  tons,  and  comprised  the  following  articles  ;  products  of  the 
forest  1,671 ,706  tons,  products  of  agriculture  1,264,237  tons,  products 
of  manufacture  205,006  tons,  merchandise  300,450  tons,  other  arti¬ 
cles  1,568,059  tons.  Total  5,009,488  tons. 

This  tonnage  is  less  than  that  moved  on  the  canals  last  year  by 
651,588  tons.  'Not  only  has  the  volume  of  canal  freight  diminished, 
but  the  rates  of  freight  have  been  unprecedentedly  low  during  the 
last  season.  In  both  these  respects,  however,  the  canal  business  suffers 
in  common  with  the  railroads  which  compete  for  the  same  freights 
and  to  whose  warfare  among  one  another  may  be  attributed  the 
lowest  freight  tariff  ever  known. 

The  reported  operations  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  for 
1884,  shows  688,024  tons  less  freight  than  in  1883,  and  the  New 
York  and  Erie  2,538,685  tons  less  freight  than  in  1883. 

A  new  railroad  line,  the  West  Shore,  competing  for  the  same 
business  has,  however,  been  opened  within  the  past  year,  but  its  whole 
tonnage  was  much  less  than  one-third  the  loss  of  freight  suffered  by 
the  Central  and  the  Erie  roads. 


4 


[Assembly 


The  average  rate  of  freight  on  these  roads  for  all  classes  of 
articles  shipped  was,  in  1884,  .740  of  a  cent  per  ton  per  mile,  against 
.845  of  a  cent  per  ton  in  1883.  The  average  rate  of  canal  freight 
during  1884,  was  .27  of  a  cent  per  ton  per  mile  against  .340  of  a  cent 
per  ton  in  1883.  The  canal  has  suffered  and  the  public  temporarily 
gained  by  one  of  those  periodic  railroad  wars  brought  on  in  part  by 
new  rivalries  and  in  part  by  the  fact  that  the  meager  crops  in  1883 
and  the  bad  market  of  1884  made  the  volume  of  business  too  small 
to  permit  them  all  to  be  prosperous  and  contented.  The  total  earn¬ 
ings  of  all  the  railroads  of  the  State  for  the  past  year  have  been  in 
round  numbers  $126,204,000  against  $133,980,000  for  1883.  The 
charges  against  earnings  other  than  dividends  were  for  1884,  $118,- 
800,000  against  for  1883,  $1 14,027,000.  Thus  the  earnings  decreased 
$7,576,000,  and  the  expenses  increased  $4,473,000,  showing  an  aggre¬ 
gate  loss  compared  with  the  operations  of  L883,  of  $12,549,000,  or 
nearly  ten  per  cent  of  the  gross  operations  of  the  railroads  of  the 
State,  though  over  $44,000,000  had  been  added  to  the  railroad  capi¬ 
tal  in  the  State  during  the  year. 

The  following  table  shows  the  tonnage  of  the  canal  and  of  the  rail¬ 
roads  competing  with  the  canal  for  the  last  twenty  years: 

Table  showing  the  annual  tonnage  of  the  canal  and  competing 
railroads  from  1865  to  1885  : 


Canal  —  Tons.  Railroads  — Tons. 

1865  .  4,729,654  3,609,640 

1866  .  5,775,220  4,844,989 

1867  .  5,688,325  5,152,472 

1868  .  6,442,225  .  5.754,842 

1869  . i .  5,859,080  6,594,094 

1870  .  6,173,769  8,974,505 

lb7l . . .  6,467,888  9,376, *64 

1872  .  6,673,370  9,958,239 

1873  .  7,364,782  11,835,426 

1874  .  5,804,588  12,478,954 

1875  .  4,859,858  12,241,900 

1876  .  4,172,129  12,776,498 

.  1877 .  4,955,963  12,533,807 

1878  . 5,171,320  13,845,981 

1879  .  5,362,372  17,228,394 

1880  .  6,457,652  19,248,930 

1881  .  5,179,192  22,678,202 

1882  . ' .  5,467,423  23,225,631 

1883  .  5,664,056  24,503,063 

1884  . 5,009,488  22,123,895 


5 


N  o.  3S.] 


It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  average  haul  of  rail  freights  is 
much  shorter  than  those  by  canal ;  the  former  on  the  through  New 
York  lines  average  considerably  less  than  200  miles,  while  the  canal 
freights,  being  mostly  through,  are  at  least  twice  as  long  so  that  a 
table  of  gross  tonnage  does  not  fairly  represent  the  comparative  busi¬ 
ness  of  the  routes  and  favors  the  railroads  to  the  extent  of  about 
fifty  per  cent. 

These  statistics,  though  they  show  that  the  canal  has  ceased  to 
occupy  the  leading  position  as  a  freight  carrier  which  it  held  twenty 
years  ago,  indicate  a  uniformity  and  persistence  in  the  volume  of  its 
business,  illustrating  forcibly  the  importance  of  water  carriage  when 
we  consider  that  during  this  period  the  development  of  railway 
transportation  has  absorbed  the  skill  and  resources  of  the  engineering 
profession,  the.  best  executive  and  administrative  talent,  and  so 
much  of  the  capital  of  the  country,  while  the  cartal  has  remained  un¬ 
improved  and  unchanged  as  to  its  structure,  its  equipment  and  its 
modes  of  operation.- 

2.  Navigation. 

i  * 

The  canals  were  opejied  on  the  6th  day  of  May  and  closed  on  the 
1st  day  of  December,  1881.  With  the  exceptions  of  the  detentions 
due  to  the  breaks  hereafter  described  and  the  scarcity  of  water  on 
the  Rome  level  occasioned  by  the  lack  of  storage  capacity  at  Forest- 
port,  the  navigation  of  the  canals  has  been  unin  tempted  during  the 
last  season,  as  is  shown  by  the  unusually  quick  passages  made  by 
boats  during  the  season. 

3.  Water  Supply. 

Owing  to  the  diminished  summer  flow  of  the  streams  supplying 
water  to  the  middle  and  eastern  divisions,  and  the  fact  that  nearly 
all  the  streams  flowing  from  the  water  sheds  available  for  their  supply 
have  been  brought  under  contribution  and  have  for  several  years 
barely  sufficed  to  keep  the  levels  supplied,  the  subject  of  Water 
supply  has  become  of  vital  importance.  Though  very  thorough 
methods  were  adopted  to  stop  the  leaks  in  the  Glens  Falls  feeder 
by  which  a  considerable  portion  of  the  water  discharged  through 
that  feeder  for  supplying  the  Champlain  canal  has  hereto¬ 
fore  been  lost,  it  was  necessary  for  several  weeks  daring  the  past 
summer  to  use  the  whole  available  supply  of  water  from  Glens  Falls, 
and  I  am  of  the  opiniou  that  the  recommendation  of  the  Superintend¬ 
ent  of  Public  Works  for  the  erection  ot  one  or  more  reservoirs  on 
the  upper  Hudson,  to  be  under  the  control  of  the  State,  should  be 
carried  out  without  delay. 


[Assembly 


6 

On  the  western  division,  although  the  supply  from  Lake  Erie  is 
practically  inexhaustible,  the  extent  of  canal  fed  from  that  source  is 
so  long  as  to  make  the  assurance  of  a  sufficient  supply  on  the 
eastern  portion  of  that  division  dependent  on  an  unobstructed 
channel. 

The  difficulties  which  have  been  experienced  in  keeping  this  part 
of  the  canal  fully  supplied  of  late  years  result  chiefly  from  the  sed¬ 
imentary  deposits  in  the  prism,  the  growth  of  aquatic  plants  and 
the  existence  of  a  pier  at  the  draw-bridge  at  Albion,  all  of  which 
contract  the  water-way  and  impede  its  flow. 

I  heartily  concur  in  the  recommendations  of  the  Superintendent 
of  Public  Works  for  removing  these  obstructions.  During  the  past 
summer  considerable  detention  was  occasioned  on  the  Pome  level  of 
the  Erie  canal  from  the  lack  of  water  and  the  time  required  to 
make  the  reservoirs* which  feed  this  level  available. 

The  construction  of  the  dam  and  reservoir  at  the  head  of  the  For- 
estport  pond,  on  the  Black  river,  by  which  a  large  supply  of  water 
will  be  saved  and  the  saving  of  thirty-six  hours  effected  in  the 
transmission  of  water  to  tin’s  level  of  the  canal,  for  building  which 
an  insufficient  appropriation  has  already  been  made,  should,  as  recom¬ 
mended  by  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works,  be  provided  for 
at  the  earliest  practicable  moment. 

• 

4.  The  Condition  of  the  Canal. 

Though  there  is  undeniably  a  gradual  deterioation  of  the  struc¬ 
tures  of  the  State  canals,  comparing  the  result  of  a  careful  inspec¬ 
tion  of  their  condition  during  the  past  year  with  the  result  of  my 
examination  of  them  ten  years  ago,  as  the  expert  engineer  of  the 
Canal  Investigating  Commission,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  they  have 
suffered  no  change,  materially  impairing  their  efficiency  during 
that  period,  and  that  no  considerable  extraordinary  expenditure  will 
be  required  to  maintain  their  present  efficiency  for  many  years. 

The  general  condition  of  the  perishable  structures  has  been  fully 
maintained,  if  not  improved. 

The  building  and  use  of  twelve  additional  scows  by  the  Superin¬ 
tendent  of  Public  Works  during  the  past  year  for  gravelling  the 
tow  path,  has  produced  a  very  marked  improvement  and  the 
methods  he  has  adopted  by  the  concentration  of  mechanical  work  in 
large  shops  has  resulted  in  great  economy  in  the  maintenance  of 
the  mechanical  structures. 


No.  38.] 


7 


5.  Improvements  in  Progress. 

Under  special  acts  of  the  Legislature  there  are  now  in  progress 
the  following  extraordinary  improvements :  1.  The  lengthening 
of  lock  No.  50,  near  Syracuse,  to  double  its  former  length  for  the 
purpose  of  permitting  coupled  boats  to  be  locked  without  detention. 

2.  The  construction  of  an  iron  bridge  across  the  Erie  canal  at 
Medina.  3.  The  construction  of  an  iron  bridge  across  the  Cham-  * 
plain  canal  at  Watervliet.  4.  Rebuilding  of  Burden’s  waste-weir 
on  the  Champlain  canal  at  Waterford.  5.  Building  a  spill-way 
between  locks  5  and  6  on  the  Champlain  canal.  6.  Rebuilding  the 
waste-weir  above  lock  No.  11  on  the  Champlain  canal.  7. 
Rebuilding  a  culvert  three-quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  Fort  Miller 
lock  on  the  Champlain  canal.  8.  Rebuilding  bridge  at  the  foot  of 
the  Glens  Falls’  feeder  on  the  Champlain  canal.  9.  Rebuilding 
Eastman’s  waste-weir  on  the  Champlain  canal  near  Whitehall.  10. 
Constructing  seven  bridge  abutments  on  the  lower  section  of  section 
No.  1  on  the  Champlain  canal.  11.  Improvement  at  the  sloop  lock 
pier  of  the  Troy  dam.  12.  Rebuilding  culvert  at  Thorn’s  Lane  on 
the  Champlain  canal.  13.  Rebuilding  waste-weir  at  lock  20  on  the 
Champlain  canal.  14.  Minor  improvements  at  over  twenty  different 
places  on  the  Champlain  for  the  purpose  of  rectifying  its  curvature, 
widening  its  prism  and  strengthening  its  banks.  All  these  works 
of  extraordinary  repairs  on  the  Champlain  canal  are  being  effected 
under  chapter  301  of  the  Laws  of  1881,  re-appropriating  certain 
funds  for  the  improvement  of  this  canal  and  they  will  suffice  to  put 
its  mechanical  structure  in  good  condition  and  greatly  increase 
the  facility  and  security  of  its  navigation. 

6.  The  West  Shore  Railway. 

The  West  Shore  Railway  for  more  than  eleven  miles  of  its  extent 
is  built  alongside  the  Erie  Canal  and  encroaching  upon  the  State 
land.  Its  construction'  upon  this  location  was  authorized  by  permits 
granted  by  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works  under  stringent  reg¬ 
ulations  as  to  its  method  of  construction.  The  requirements  of  these 
permits  have  not  in  all  cases  been  fully  complied  with  as  yet ;  the 
amount  still  remaining  to  be  done  is  not  of  very  great  magnitudes 
and  when  fully  completed  will  effect  a  permanent  improvement  of 
the  portions  of  the  canal  along  which  the  railroad  runs,  as  under  these 
permits  the  railroad  company  are  required  to  permanently  widen  the 
canal  and  protect  its  hanks  with  permanent  structures. 


8 


[Assembly 


7.  The  Albany  Basin. 

The  Albany  Basin  was  built  and  for  many  years  used  as  the  east¬ 
ern  termipus  and  harbor  for  the  State  canals.  For  many  years,  how¬ 
ever,  all  through  eastern  freights  have  gone  directly  to  destination  at 
the  seaboard  without  breaking  bulk,  so  that  the  eastern  terminus  of 
the  canal  has  been  transferred  from  Albany  . to  the  port  of  Xew  York. 
As  a  consequence  the  Albany  basin  has  long  been  in  disuse  for  canal 
purposes  and  ceased  to  be  of  interest  to  the  State.  So  long,  however, 
as  it  remains  under  the  State’s  jurisdiction  it  should  not  be  permit¬ 
ted  to  become  a  nuisance  to  the  citizens  of  Albany  where  it  is  lo¬ 
cated,  and  the  Legislature  should  provide  the  necessary  means  for 
keeping  it  cleaned  out.  As  the  report  to  you  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health  clearly  shows,  it  is  now  in  a  very  disgraceful  sanitary  condi¬ 
tion. 

8.  Adirondack  Lands. 

At  the  request  of  the  Commission  appointed  by  the  Comptroller 
to  investigate  and  report  a  system  of  forest  preservation,  the  State 
Engineer  has  caused  a  map  of  all  the  public  lands  in  the  Adiron¬ 
dack  region  to  be  compiled  from  the  records  in  his  office  and  the 
office  of  the  Comptroller. 

Such  a  map  seemed  to  be  necessary  to  enable  those  Commissioners 
to  even  begin  their  labors. 

Though  the  State  in  the  past  twelve  years  has  appropriated  over 
$100,000  for  the  ostensible  purpose  of  securing  accurate  surveys  and 
maps  of  this  Adirondack  wilderness,  no  map  of  any  value  upon 
which  any  reliance  could  be  placed  by  these  Commissioners  was 
found  to  exist.  As  there  were  no  other  available  funds  for  meeting 
the  expenses  of  making  the  map  compiled  by  me,  it  has  been  paid 
for  from  the  fund  appropriated  for  the  purposes  of  the  Forestry 
Commission. 

The  map  is  of  permanent  value  to  the  Land  and  Tax  Departments 
of  the  State  and  the  cost  of  making  it  is  not  properly  chargeable  to 
that  fund  but  should  be  provided  for  by  special  appropriation. 

9.  The  Engineering  Department. 

In  addition  to  the  ordinary  duties  of  th6  staff  of  the  engineering 
department  connected  with  the  canals,  they  have  had  charge  of  the 
improvements  at  the  Buffalo  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  authorized  by 
Chapter  488  of  the  Laws  of  1884 ;  they  have  made  the  surveys, 
levels  and  maps  required  by  concurrent  resolutions  of  the  Assembly, 
relating  to  improvements  of  Flint  Creek  in  Ontario  and  Yates  conn- 


No.  38.] 


9 


ties,  and  to  the  establishment  of  benches,  and  the  observation  of  the 
different  stages  of  water  in  the  Seneca  river,  a  report  of  which  is 
attached  hereto,  and  have  made  all  the  surveys  and  maps,  and  given 
such  expert  testimony  as  was  required  in  protecting  the  interests  of 
the  State  before  the  Court  of  Claims. 

A  tabular  statement  of  the  expenditures  of  the  department,  and 
the  personnel  of  the  engineering  staff,  will  be  found  in  the  report  of 
the  division  engineers  attached  to  this  report. 

In  this  connection,  I  may  be  permitted  to  reiterate  the  protest  of 
some  of  my  predecessors  to  certain  encroachments  on  the  province 
assigned  to  the  office  which  I  have  the  honor  to  hold,  by  establishing 
independent  bureaus  to  conduct  surveys  for  the  State,  and  which 
seem  to  me  to  be  prejudicial  to  its  dignity,  and  prejudicial  to  a  sim¬ 
ple  and  efficient  administration  of  the  engineering  branch  of  the 
public  service  of  the  State. 

The  laws  defining  the  functions  of  the  State  Engineer  and  Sur¬ 
veyor,  beside  the  supervision  of  the  engineering  matters  pertaining 
to  the  public  works,  devolve  on  him  the  duty  of  superintending  the 
survey  and  sale  of  the  State  lands,  settling  all  disputed  internal 
boundaries,  and  direct  him  to  collect  and  preserve  all  maps,  plans, 
drawings,  levels  and  surveys  of  every  description  made  or  to  be  made 
for  the  use  of  the  State. 

The  evident  intent  of  founding  this  office  was  to  create  a  depart¬ 
ment  having  complete  jurisdiction  over  all  engineering  and  survey¬ 
ing  subjects  in  which  the  State  was  concerned.  To  divide  this  jur¬ 
isdiction,  and  scatter  these  functions  among  independent  commissions 
and  bureaus,  degrades  the  dignity  of  this  constitutional  office,  and  is 
inconsistent  with  responsible,  efficient,  harmonious  and  econom¬ 
ical  administration,  besides  scattering  the  engineering  records  of 
the  State,  of  which  this  office  is  the  legal  depository. 

Though  the  State  survey  and  its  prototype,  the  Adirondack  sur¬ 
vey,  have  been  in  operation  nearly  ten  years,  yet  there  is  not  an  official 
record  in  this  office  relating  to  either,  except  the  protest  of  my  pre¬ 
decessors  against  their  independent  continuance. 

Those  who  plead  for  a  special  treatment  of  this  part  of  the  State’s 
work  ignorantly  magnify  its  difficulty,  because  it  is  one  of  the 
simplest  fields  entered  by  the  civil  engineer,  and  they  underrate  the 
popular  intelligence,  and  forget  the  Civil  Service  Law,  when  they 
express  fear  that  it  will  be  mismanaged  under  an  elective  office. 

The  economy  of  having  all  the  State’s  engineering  operations  con 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  2 


10 


[Assembly 


ducted  under  one  responsible  head  is  obvious,  aside  from  the  con¬ 
sideration  that  all  bureaus,  organized  to  accomplish  particular  ob¬ 
jects,  have  an  incurable  tendency  to  magnify  and  prolong  their 
mission. 

Though  a  great  deal  of  ignorant  and  inconsiderate  matter  has  been 
said  and  written  in  favor  of  this  work,  a  careful  survey  that  will 
furnish  the  basis  for  an  accurate  map  of  our  State  is  of  very  great 
importance  and  should  be  prosecuted  to  completion. 

W  e  should  not,  however,  allow  ourselves  to  be  deluded  as  to  the 
full  significance  of  the  undertaking. 

The  trigonometrical  survey  by  which  the  State  is  being  covered 
with  a  series  of  connected  triangles,  forms  only  the  basis  or  skeleton 
of  the  work,  and  is  utterly  useless  to  the  map  maker,  and  practically 
so  to  the  local  surveyor,  or  any  one  else  until  filled  in  with  a  net 
work  of  linear  surveys,  serving  to  locate  the  more  important  political 
and  artificial  boundaries  which  subdivide,  and  the  natural  and  arti¬ 
ficial  objects  which  characterize  and  diversify  its  surface. 

This  is  a  work  of  considerable  magnitude,  but  no  civilized  State 
can  afford  to  forego  it,  and  under  whatever  management  it  be  con_ 
ducted,  it  should  be  more  liberally  supported,  in  order  that  it  may 
be  progressed  in  a  far  more  energetic  and  business  like  manner  than 
has  thus  far  been  done  and  to  bring  its  cost  within  reasonable  limits, 
and  to  make  its  results  available  to  the  next  generation. 

10.  The  Canal  Problem. 

To  all  who  have  studied  the  comparative  statistics  of  railway  and 
canal  commerce  for  the  last  few  years  it  must  be  apparent  that  the 
canals  are  fast  losing  their  prominence  as  a  factor  in  the  problem  of 
transportation.  That  they  still  exercise  and  may  be  confidently  ex¬ 
pected  for  many  years  to  continue  to  exercise  a  salutary  influence  in 
the  regulation  of  freight  tariffs  there  can  be  no  doubt.  But  it  is 
quite  as  evident  that  in  their  present  condition  they  can  never  again 
play  the  prominent  part  in  internal  commerce  that  they  did  twenty 
years  ago. 

There  are  two  methods  of  improving  the  Erie  canal  and  in  my 
opinion  only  two  worthy  of  consideration. 

The  first  is  to  increase  its  depth  one  or  two  feet  by  such  deepen¬ 
ing  of  the  channel  and  raising  of  the  banks  as  is  consistent  with 
maintaining  the  integrity  of  its  present  structures  and  to  lengthen 
the  locks  to  facilitate  the  use  of  steam  by  permitting  boats  to  be 


11 


No.  38.] 

locked  in  pairs.  This  system  of  improvement  would  give  the  best 
attainable  result  for  the  boats  now  in  use  and  to  the  consort  system 
of  steam  towage  for  their  movement. 

The  second  method  is  to  enlarge  it  to  sucli  an  extent  as  to  make  it 
available  for  the  steamers  navigating  the  lakes  a  class,  of  vessels  of 
large  tonnage  and  moderate  power  and  speed,  which  are  rapidly  dis¬ 
placing  all  other  merchant  marine  for  freight  traffic  on  the  lakes  and 
on  the  ocean. 

Any  compromise  scheme  of  improvement  greater  than  the  one  first 

above  mentioned  and  less  than  the  last  would  necessitate  a  new  and 

» 

independent  marine  for  the  canal  and  the  delay  and  expense  of  break¬ 
ing  and  transferring  cargo  which  is  the  fatal  trouble  with  canal  busi¬ 
ness  now,  and  must  in  the  nature  of  the  case  be  a  flat  failure. 

If  the  method  of  improvement  first  described  had  been  adopted 
eight  or  ten  years  ago  when  first  advocated  by  intelligent  friends  of 
the  canal,  it  would  probably  have  insured  the  general  adoption  of  the 
steam  consort  system  and  sufficiently  shortened  the  time  and  econo¬ 
mized  the  cost  of  freight  service  by  canal  as  to  have  greatly  increased 
and  prolonged  its  usefulness  and  importance. 

But  the  march  of  time  and  events  has  brought  about  such  econo¬ 
mies  in  other  means  and  routes  of  transportation  that  the  minor  im¬ 
provement,  I  have  suggested,  is  in  my  judgment  already  inadequate 
to  meet  the  present  and  prospective  wants  of  the  northwestern  com¬ 
merce  seeking  the  east  and  the  sea  and  that  the  more  radical  and  ex¬ 
tensive  improvement  is  needed. 

To  describe  the  radical  improvement  of  the  Erie  canal  which  I 
have  mentioned  and  which  I  believe  to  be  of  incalculable  impor¬ 
tance  to  the  State  and  city  of  New  York,  I  take  the  liberty  of 
quoting  from  my  paper  on  the  subject  read  before  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers  in  June  last : 

“  It  is  clear  to  me  that  the  Erie  canal,  to  become  the  permanent 
highway  of  this  commerce,  must  have  sufficient  capacity  to  float  the 
largest  vessels  navigating  the  great  lakes  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  deep 
waters  of  the  Hudson,  and  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  draught  of 
the  lake  vessels  is  now  limited  by  the  dimensions  of  St.  Mary's  and 
St.  Clair  canals,  which  may  hereafter  be  enlarged,  the  locks  of  our 
canal  should  be  large  enough  to  provide  for  the  probable  increase  in 
the  size  of  lake  vessels. 

“  The  canal  should  beat  least  eighteen  feet  deep  and  100  feet 
wide  at  bottom,  and  its  locks  should  be  450  feet  long  and  sixty  feet 
wide.  The  successful  operation  of  the  canal  thus  enlarged  requires 
that  it  should  receive  its  water  from  the  lake  and  discharge  it  into 


12  [Assembly 

the  Hudson,  on  account  of  the  insufficiency  of  water  tributary  to 
its  route  to  supply  it. 

“  This  and  various  topographical  and  economic  considerations  ren¬ 
der  a  radical  change  in  parts  of  the  route  and  profile  of  the  old 
canal  essential. 

“  These  changes  are  entirely  practicable  and  involve  no  very  se¬ 
rious  difficulties. 

“  The  essential  change  in  profile  consists  in  extending  the  Rome 
level  westward  to  lock  57,  between  Newark  and  Lyons,  in  Wayne 
county,  throwing  out  the  locks  47  to  56,  inclusive.  This  change  in 
profile  can  be  effected  by  swinging  the  route  to  the  southward,  near 
Newark,  crossing  the  Canandaigua  outlet  and  occupying  ground  of 
the  proper  elevation  along  the  south  side  of  Clyde  river,  and  cross¬ 
ing  the  Seneca  river  at  the  narrowest  part  of  its  valley,  which  is 
near  its  junction  with  the  outlet  of  Cayuga  lake,  from  where  it 
should  gradually  approach  the  present  route  of  the  canal,  and  con¬ 
nect  with  or  cross  it  just  east  of  the  city  of  Syracuse. 

“  The  only  serious  difficulty  encountered  on  this  route  is  the 
crossing  of  the  Seneca  river,  where  the  water  surface  of  the  canal 
must  be  nearly  fifty  feet  above  that  of  the  river,  and  for  nearly  two 
miles  over  forty  feet  above  the  surface  upon  which  its  embankment 
must  be  built. 

“  This  change  of  route,  to  secure  a  continuously  descending  pro¬ 
file  from  the  lake  to  the  Hudson  river,  is  the  only  deviation  from 
the  route  of  the  old  canal  that  is  absolutely  necessary  ;  but  I  think 
the  construction  would  be  simplified  and  cheapened,  and  the  best 
possible  water-way  secured,  by  the  adoption  of  an  entirely  new  route 
from  Syracuse  eastward. 

“  Lower  ground  can  be  obtained  for  the  Rome  level,  except  at  the 
summit  itself,  by  moving  the  line  northward,  thus,  by  lowering  the 
elevation  of  this  level  throughout,  lessening  the  difficulties  of  the 
Seneca  river  crossing,  and  from  a  point  a  little  west  of  Utica  east¬ 
ward  to  the  Hudson  the  Mohawk  river  should  by  canalized  by  the 
erection  of  locks  and  movable  dams  at  suitable  points  in  its  course, 
and  the  deepening  and  rectification  of  its  channel. 

“  From  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk,  at  Troy,  to  the  deep  water  of 
the  Hudson  river,  below  Coxsackie,  that  river  must  be  improved  by 
narrowing  and  deepening  its  channel,  or  a  canal  must  be  constructed 
along  its  shore.  The  former  method  of  construction  affords,  in  my 
judgment,  the  simplest  and  most  useful  means  of  securing  the  de¬ 
sired  results. 


No.  38.] 


13 


“  The  plan  may,  therefore,  be  summarized  as  the  widening,  deep¬ 
ening  and  necessary  rectification  of  the  worst  curvatures  of  the  present 
canal,  from  Buffalo  to  Newark,  about  130  miles,  the  construction  of 
a  new  canal  from  Newark  to  Utica,  about  115  miles,  the  canaliza¬ 
tion  of  the  Mohawk  Biver  from  Utica  to  Troy,  about  100  miles,  and 
the  improvement  of  the  Hudson  Biver  from  Troy  to  Four  Mile 
Point,  in  Coxsackie,  a  distance  of  about  thirty  miles. 

“The  elevation  of  the  western  level  of  the  canal  being  governed  by 
the  surface  of  Lake  Erie,  must  secure  the  required  depth  wholly  by 
deepening,  while  the  profiles  of  the  levels  from  Lockport  east  can  be 
adjusted  to  meet  the  economical  requirements  that  will  be  disclosed 
by  detailed  surveys. 

“  The  first  level  from  Buffalo  to  Lockport,  will  be  thirty- 
two  miles  long.  Descending  from  this  level  at  Lockport,  by  two 
locks,  each  of  about  twenty-five  feet  lift,  the  second  letfel  of  the 
canal  will  be  reached.  This  level,  sixty-four  miles  in  length,  will 
extend  to  Brighton,  where,  descending  by  two  locks  of  about  twen¬ 
ty-four  feet  lift,  we  reach  the  third  level  of  the  canal,  extanding  from 
Brighton  to  Macedon,  twenty  miles,  there  descending  by  a  lock  of 
about  twenty  feet  lift,  we  reach  the  fourth  level,  extending  from 
Macedon  to  Newark,  twelve  miles  ;  where,  by  a  lock  of  about  twenty 
feet  lift  is  reached  the  level  of  the  proposed  new  canal,  to  extend 
from  Newark  to  Utica,  about  115  miles,  which  will  be  the  fifth  and 
longest  level  of  the  new  canal.  From  that  point  the  Mohawk  Biver 
(except  at  Little  Falls  and  Cohoes,  where  combined  locks  will  be  re¬ 
quired)  can  best  be  canalized  through  locks  of  ten  or  twelve  feet  lift, 
making  pools  having  an  average  length  of  about  five  miles  each. 

“  The  construction  of  this  great  artificial  river,  more  than  300 
miles  long,  involving  as  it  does  so  vast  a  structure,  which  must  be 
built  in  a  manner  to  attain  absolute  security  and  permanence ;  the 
aquisition  of  large  areas  of  land  ;  the  maintenance  of  the  drainage  of 
the  country  it  traverses,  and  the  eroction  of  swing  bridges  at  all  nec¬ 
essary  crossings,  is  a  vast  enterprise,  both  in  engineering  and  in 
finance.  It  is  a  problem,  however,  that  cannot  be  accurately  stated 
even,  either  in  a  financial  or  in  an  engineering  sense,  until  detailed 
surveys  furnish  data  for  detailed  plans  and  estimates,  and  until  a 
careful  compilation  of  industrial  statistics  furnishes  the  means  of 
judging  the  volume  of  tonnage  it  will  probably  command. 

“  The  first  requisite  to  the  possible  inauguration  of  this  enterprise 
is,  of  course,  a  careful  system  of  surveys  that  will  determine  its 
probable  cost,  and  whether  it  be  undertaken  by  private  enterprise, 


14  [Assembly 

as  most  of  the  great  artificial  transportation  lines  of  the  world  have 
been,  by  the  aid  of  the  National  Government,  or  by  the  State  itself, 
every  consideration  of  State  interest  and  State  pride  requires  that  it, 
should  remain  forever  under  the  sovereign  control  of  the  Empire 
State.” 

“  Deeply  impressed  as  I  am,  with  the  importance  of  this  subject 
I  resj^ectfully  commend  to  the  Legislature  the  propriety  of  authoriz¬ 
ing  and  providing  for  the  necessary  surveys  and  estimates  to  be 
made  for  determining  the  elements  of  this  problem. 

“  Let  us  consider  the  effects  of  this  improvement.  For  the  past 
four  years  the  average  grain  rates  from  Chicago  to  New  York  dur¬ 
ing  the  season  of  navigation  have  been  by  rail  14^  cents,  by  lake 
to  Buffalo  and  thence  by  rail  to  New  York,  12^  cents,  and  by  lake 
and  canal  to  New  York,  9^-  cents  per  bushel. 

The  lalge  propellers  of  the  lakes  have,  however,  during  this 
period,  found  a  profit  in  carrying  grain  from  Chicago  to  Buffalo  at 
two  cents  a  bushel,  while  the  cost  by  canal  from  Buffalo  to  New 
York,  though  the  distance  is  only  half  as  great,  without  tolls,  but 
including  the  cost  of  transfer  has,  at  the  same  time,  been  more  than 
four  cents  per  bushel,  more  than  twice  the  cost,  and  more  than  twice 
the  time  in  transit  for  one-half  the  distance. 

In  the  enlarged  canal,  making  due  allowance  for  reduced  speed 
in  the  narrow  channel  and  for  lock  detentions,  the  propeller  would 
make  the  trip  from  Buffalo  to  New  York  in  as  short  a  time  as  she 
requires  between  Chicago  and  Buffalo,  and  thus  deliver  her  cargo 
from  Chicago  to  New  York  in  less  time  and  at  less  cost  than  can 
now  be  done  by  canal  from  Buffalo  to  New  York.  Such  a  realiza¬ 
tion  would  establish  the  commerce  of  New  York  on  an  enduring 
basis,  never  to  be  shaken  by  any  development  of  trade,  of  combina¬ 
tion  of  circumstances,  that  now  seem  possible. 

All  the  great  railway  systems  of  the  west,  north  of  Arkansas  and 
Texas,  terminate  at  lake  ports,  and  their  prosperity  and  very  exis 
tence  depend  on  the  diversion  of  all  the  business  they  can  control  to 
these  ports,  and  with  this  canal  enlarged,  all  the  heavy  freights  that 
reach  those  ports,  bound  east,  are  destined  by  the  laws  of  trade  to 
take  the  water  route,  as  being  cheaper  than  any  rail  transit  yet 
dreamed  of.  Within  the  net- work  of  these  railway  lines,  or  grouped 
about  the  great  lakes  themselves,  lay  the  great  grain  fields  of  the 
country,  its  principal  forests  and  mines,  as  well  as  the  chief  part  of 
its  inland  cities. 


15 


No  38.] 

They  must  all  become  tributary  to  this  canal  if  enlarged,  and  offer 
in  commodities  suited  to  canal  transportation  a  larger  volume  of  ton¬ 
nage  than  the  world  has  ever  seen  concentrated  on  an  artificial  line 
of  transportation. 

The  importance  of  this  enterprise  increases  with  the  rapid  growth 
of  our  population,  and  the  consequent  changing  social  and  economic 
conditions  of  the  country.  Our  productive  capacity  is  beginning  to 
exceed  the  demand.  Our  foreign  grain  markets  are  threatened  with 
new  competion  from  India  and  Australia. 

If  our  national  prosperity  is  to  continue,  we  must  reach  foreign 
markets  with  our  manufactures,  and  thus,  by  increasing  the  manufac¬ 
turing  class,  create  new  home  demands  for  our  surplus  food. 

To  reach  these  markets,  we  must  cheapen  the  goods  by  lessening 
the  cost  of  living  to  the  operatives,- and  also  the  cost  of  bringing  to 
getlier  the  raw  materials  requisite  to  manufacturing  processes,  and 
of  sending  the  manufactured  products  to  market. 

With  our  wide-spread  territory,  cheap  transportation  is  the  chief 
agency  in  effecting  these  economies,  and  the  Erie  canal,  joining  the 
granaries,  the  mines  and  the  forests  of  the  west,  with  the  manufac¬ 
tories  of  the  east,  should  be  endowed  with  the  necessary  capacity  to 
effectually  realize  the  ideal  of  the  political  economist  as  to  transpor¬ 
tation. 5> 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  SWEET. 


I 


16 


[Assembly,  No.  3S.] 


SUMMARY  of  engineering  expenses  for  the  canals  during  the 
fiscal  year  ending  September  30th,  1884. 

Eastern  Division. 

For  ordinary  repairs,  Erie  canal .  $5, 121  71 

For  ordinary  repairs,  Champlain  canal..  . .  983  04 

For  incidental  expenses .  703  68 

Total . 

Middle  Division. 

For  ordinary  repairs,  Erie  canal . $4, 183  71 

For  ordinary  repairs,  Oswego  canal .  1,  011  47 

For  ordinary  repairs,  Cayuga  and  Seneca 

canal .  1,155  26 

For  ordinary  repairs,  Black  river  canal.  . .  400  08 

Total . 

Western  Division. 

For  ordinary  repairs,  Erie  canal .  $5,  806  70 

For  incidental . • .  546  75 

Total . 

Total  engineering  expenses  for  ordinary  repairs .  $19,912  40 

Eastern  Division. 

Expended  for  extraordinary  repairs,  under  chapter 
301,  Laws  of  1884,  reappropriating  $201,283.66  for 


improving  the  Champlain  canal .  7,  555  67 

Middle  Division. 

Expended  for  extraordinary  repairs .  1 60  20 

Total  engineering  expenditures .  $27,  628  27 


$6,  808  43 


6,750  52 


6,  353  45 


IN  MEMORIAM. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  State  Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Engineering 
Department  held  at  the  office  of  the  State  Engineer  in  Albany,  De¬ 
cember  4,  1884,  as  a  tribute  of  respect  to  the  memory  of  Charles 
Hilton,  late  Deputy  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  the  following 
memorial  was  unanimously  adopted : 

The  attaches  of  the  State  Departments  have  heard  with  deep  re¬ 
gret  of  the  death  of  their  late  associate,  Charles  Hilton,  Deputy 
State  Engineer  and  Surveyor.  Actuated  by  a  high  appreciation  of 
the  nobility  of  his  character,  they  affectionately  place  this  memorial 
upon  record  : 

Mr.  Hilton  early  in  life  embraced  the  profession  of  civil  engineer¬ 
ing  for  his  life  work,  and  by  assiduous  industry,  assisted  by  natural 
abilities  of  a  high  order,  early  attained  distinction  in  it  and  has  left 
in  the  great  number  of  important  engineering  works  designed  and 
executed  by  him,  lasting  monuments  of  his  professional  skill  and 
ability.  He  was  a  man  of  firm  convictions  and  of  unimpeachable 
integrity,  whose  official  life  was  marked  by  a  high  sense  of  the  re¬ 
sponsibilities,  and  a  faithful  and  conscientious  discharge  of  the  duties 
imposed  upon  him.  Free  from  prejudice,  he  was  to  all  men  a  gen¬ 
tleman,  while  his  intercourse  with  his  associates  in  the  State’s  ser¬ 
vice  was  distinguished  by  a  suavity  of  manner  and  a  pleasantness  of 
speech  which  endeared  him  to  them  with  more  than  ordinary  affec¬ 
tion.  Indeed,  so  warm  and  generous  were  the  impulses  of  his  heart 
that  to  know  Mr.  Hilton  was  to  be  admitted  to  a  share  in  his  friend¬ 
ship.  Expressing  our  heartfelt  sorrow  at  the  death  of  so  good  a  man 
and  impressed  with  a  profound  sympathy  for  his  afflicted  family, 
it  is 

Resolved ,  That  as  a  public  mark  of  our  regard  for  his  memory, 
we  attend  his  funeral  in  a  body,  and  that  these  proceedings  be  pub¬ 
lished  in  the  city  papers. 

E.  SWEET, 

J.  P.  Masterson,  Chairman . 

Secretary . 


. 


, 


V 


‘3 


* 


EASTERN  DIVISION. 


Annual  Report  of  the  Division  Engineer,  New  York  State 

Canals,  1884. 


Albany,  N.  Y.,  October  1,  1884. 
Hon.  E.  Sweet,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor  : 


Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  my  annual  report 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1884. 

Yours  respectfully, 

.  John  R.  Kaley, 

Division  Engineer. 

Description  of  the  Eastern  Division. 

The  limits  of  this  division  remain  as  fixed  by  the  Canal  Board, 
in  February,  1876. 

It  embraces  the  Erie  canal  from  Albany  to  the  east  line  of  Oneida 
county,  and  the  whole  of  the  Champlain  canal,  including  their 
basins,  side  cuts,  river  improvements  and  feeders. 

The  canal  is  entered  from  the  river  at  its  terminus  through  Lock 
No.  1,  also  by  two  side  cuts,  one  at  Fort  Schuyler,  and  the  other  at 
West  Troy,  the  connection  at  Albany  and  West  Troy  being  with 
double  locks,  and  at  Fort  Schuyler  by  single  lock. 

This  division  also  embraces  the  Champlain  canal  from  its  junction 
with  the  Erie  at  West  Troy  to  Whitehall  together  with  the  Glens 
Falls  feeder,  from  where  it  joins  the  Champlain,  one  mile  north  of 
Fort  Edward  to  the  feeder-dam  in  the  Hudson  river,  two  miles  west 
of  Glens  Falls,  including  also  the  pond  extending  five  miles  above 
this  point  together  with  the  pond  above  the  Troy  dam  and  the 
Waterford  side  cut. 

The  Champlain  canal  is  entered  from  the  Erie  at  West  Troy  and 
from  the  pond  in  the  Hudson  at  Waterford  through  the  side  cut. 

The  number  of  miles  of  navigable  canals  and  river  improvements 
on  the  Eastern  Division  is  as  follows : 


Miles. 

Erie  canal,  Albany  to  Utica .  106.243 

Port  Schuyler  side  cut .  .35 

Albany  basin .  .77 

Champlain  canal,  including  Waterford  side  cut  and 

Cohoes  and  Saratoga  dams .  66.00 

Pond  above  Troy  dam .  3.00 

Glens  Falls  feeder  and  pond .  12.00 


Total 


188.363 


20 


[Assembly 


Extent  of  feeders  not  navigable. 


Miles. 

Mohawk  river  at  Rexford  Flats .  .39 

Mohawk  river  south  side,  Little  Falls .  .19 

Mohawk  river  at  Rocky  Rift .  3.92 

Schoharie  creek .  .63 


Total .  5.13 


Erie  Canal  —  Water  Supply. 

The  Erie  canal  upon  this  division  is  supplied  with  water  from  the 
following  sources : 

That  portion  of  this  division  west  of  Little  Falls  is  supplied  from 
reservoirs  and  streams  on  the  Middle  Division,  through  the  Rome 
level.  At  Little  Falls  the  supply  is  through  the  feeder  from  the 
Mohawk  river,  entering  the  canal  through  tlie  tow-path,  about  sixty 
feet  below  Lock  No.  39. 

Near  Mindenville,  the  supply  is  through  Rocky  Rift  feeder  from 
the  Mohawk  river,  discharging  into  the  canal  through  the  tow  path, 
four  hundred  feet  below  Lock  No.  34. 

Near  Fort  Hunter,  the  supply  is  from  Schoharie  creek,  discharg¬ 
ing  into  the  canal  on  the  berme  side,  about  four  hundred  feet  below 
Lock  No.  29. 

At  Rexford  Flats,  the  supply  is  from  the  Mohawk  river,  entering 
the  canal  through  the  tow-path,  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet 
below  Lock  No.  21. 

Notwithstanding  the  large  amount  of  waste  at  Little  Falls  and  at 
Schoharie  creek,  in  consequence  of  the'  dilapidated  condition  of  the 
feeder-dams  at  those  points,  the  water  supply  on  this  division  of  the 
Erie  canal  has  been  uniformly  good,  and  the  levels  generally  kept 
fully  up  to  their  proper  elevation. 

Champlain  Canal  —  Water  Supply. 

The  water  supply  of  the  Champlain  canal  is  principally  from  the 
Hudson  river  through  the  Glens  Falls  feeder,  discharging  into  the 
summit  level  of  the  Champlain  canal,  supplying  the  canal  from 
Fort  Ann  to  Whitehall,  being  supplemented  on  the  north  by  waters 
of  Wood  creek.  Also  from  Northumberland  to  the  first  lock  north 
of  Waterford,  the  supply  is  from  the  Hudson  river  entering  the 
canal  at  Northumberland,  and  from  the  last-mentioned  lock  to  the 
Erie  canal,  including  the  Waterford  side  cut,  the  supply  is  from  the 
Mohawk  river. 

The  water  supply  on  this  canal  during  the  past  fiscal  year  has  been 
equal  to  the  demand. 

Wide  wTaters  may  be  secured  both  on  the  Erie  and  Champlain 
canals,  making  reservoirs  of  considerable  size  and  at  comparatively 
small  expense,  except  the  items  of  land  damages,  by  removing  the 
berme  bank  and  allowing  the  water  to  flow  back  to  the  foot  of  the 


No.  38.] 


21 


hills  thus  enlarging  the  prism  and  securing  wide  water  at  many 
points. 

On  the  Champlain  canal  by  cutting  off  bends  in  the  tow-path  the 
alignment  may  be  very  much  improved,  the  prism  enlarged  and  the 
water  supply  increased.  Many  improvements  of  this  description 
have  been  made  duing  the  years  of  1883  and  1884,  which  will  be  de¬ 
scribed  more  fully  in  this  report : 

Erie  Canal  —  Dams. 

No.  1.  Located  at  Rexford  Flats,  Schenectady  county,  across  the 
Mohawk  river  known  as  the  upper  Aqueduct  dam.  This  dam  is  of 
cut  stone  on  a  rock  foundation,  has  a  crib  apron  of  timber  and 
stone;  the  length  of  the  dam  proper  is  675  feet  and  it  is  seven  feet 
high.  There  is  a  fishway  in  this  dam  and  each  year  it  becomes  nec¬ 
essary  to  repair  damages  to  the  same  caused  by  spring  freshets.  The 
dam  proper  is  in  good  condition,  the  feeder  bulkhead  at  the  arch 
passing  under  the  canal  should  be  rebuilt.  The  fishway  has  been 
repaired. 

The  head  of  the  feeder  is  situated  several  hundred  feet  up  stream 
from  the  upper  Mohawk  Aqueduct  and  passes  through  a  large  cul¬ 
vert  under  the  canal  between  the  aqueduct  and  Lock  22,  discharging 
into  the  level  below  Lock  No.  21. 

No.  2.  Located  near  Fort  Hunter,  Montgomery  County,  across 
Schoharie  Creek,  known  as  the  Schoharie  Creek  Feeder  Dam  ;  is 
constructed  of  timber  cribs  filled  with  stone  and  covered  with  tim¬ 
ber.  The  length  of  the  dam  proper  is  575  feet,  with  cut  stone 
abutments. 

The  crib  work  and  covering  are  much  worn  and  should  be  re¬ 
paired. 

No.  3.  Located  about  five  miles  east  of  Little  Falls  at  Castle 
Creek,  Herkimer  County,  over  the  Mohawk  river  and  known  as 
Rocky  Rift  Feeder  Dam.  * 

The  dam  and  abutments  are  of  cut  stone  on  a  rock  foundation. 
The  length  of  the  dam  proper  is  600  feet.  The  crest  of  the  dam 
is  too  low  and  should  to  be  raised  about  two  feet.  I  would  recom¬ 
mend  raising  the  dam  and  abutments ;  raising  a  dam  by  means  of 
a  two  foot  course  of  masonry  laid  upon  and  bolted  to  the  present 
coping.  In  seasons  of  low  water  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  about 
two  feet  of  flash  boards  to  secure  the  necessary  elevation  of  water. 

No.  4.  Located  at  Little  Falls,  Herkimer  County,  across  the  Mo¬ 
hawk  river  is  composed  of  logs,  brush,  and  gravel,  has  abutments 
and  bulkhead  of  cut  stone  with  two  lock  gates.  The  dam  proper 
is  about  770  feet  long;  490  feet  north  and  280  feet  south  of  a  small 
island  situated  at  the  head  and  dividing  the  same. 

I  would  recommend  that  a  new  dam  of  stone  be  built  somewhat 
below  the  present  structure,  where  the  length  would  not  exceed  500 


22 


[Assembly 


feet,  and  to  use  in  the  construction  of  the  same  the  stone  from  the 
abandoned  aqueduct  at  Little  Falls,  thereby  materially  reducing  the 
cost. 


Erie  Canal  —  Locks . 

There  are  forty-seven  double  locks  on  this  division  of  the  Erie  canal, 
two  of  which  are  on  the  West  Troy  side  cut,  also  two  single  locks 
combined  on  the  Port  Schuyler  side  cut,  the  two  last  mentioned 
connecting  the  canal  with  the  Hudson  river  at  these  points  ;  there 
are  also  two  weigh  locks,  located  at  West  Troy  and  Albany. 

All  are  enlarged,  being  110  by  18  feet  each  in  the  chamber  with 
various  lifts,  as  shown  by  the  accompanying  table.  The  forty-five 
locks  situated  on  the  main  canal  from  Albany  to  the  east  line  of 
Oneida  County  have  a  total  lift  of  425.4  feet  above  tide  water. 
Locks  37  and  44  have  tumble  gates  at  upper  end;  Lock  No.  39  has 
a  tumble  gate  in  berme  lock;  the  rest  all  have  mitre  gates.  Those 
of  Lock  No.  37  are  all  operated  by  water  power  machinery  also  the 
tumble  gates  in  Locks  Nos.  39  and  44. 

The  locks  on  this  division  are  for  the  greater  part  in  good  con¬ 
dition  and  need  very  little  repairs.  The  most  important  recommen¬ 
dation  I  have  to  make  is,  that  where  needed  they  should  be 
thoroughly  pointed  with  Portland  cement ;  the  joints  being  well 
cleaned  and  the  cement  well  caulked  in  the  joint.  I  would  also 
recommend  that,  as  a  matter  of  economy  to  the  State,  the  face 
stone  of  all  new  lock  masonry  be  laid  in  a  mortar  of  Portland 
cement ;  this  has  been  tested  on  canal  work  and  with  success. 

The  ring  stone  of  the  arch  at  Lock  24  should  be  replaced. 

The  upper  berme  Lock  No.  43,  at  Mohawk,  should  have  the  bot¬ 
tom  under  the  apron  and  the  well  at  the  lower  end  of  the  lock  con¬ 
creted  and  replanked,  the  same  having  been  washed  out  and  tem¬ 
porarily  repaired  during  the  year. 

There  has  been  more  or  less  work  performed  on  the  locks  in  the  way 
of  general  repairs  to  the  foundations,  gates  and  paddles,  pointing 
masonry,  etc.,  which  cannot  be  given  in  detail. 


NUMBER. 

Distances. 

Lift  in  f<  et 

Lock  to  Lock. 

From  Albany. 

1 . 

15-159 

2 . 

98  chains  83  links 

1*24  miles 

9-495 

3 . . . 

419  chains  16  links 

6-48  miles 

11-169 

25  chains  17  links 

6*80  miles 

11-380 

5 . 

21  chains  90  links 

7*07  miles 

10-597 

6 . 

16  chains  52  links 

7*28  miles  - 

10-073 

7 . 

10  chains  61  links 

7*41  miles 

9-931 

8 . 

12  chains  86  links 

7-57  miles 

10-545 

9 . . 

26  chains  53  links 

7-90  miles 

9-408 

No.  38.  J 


23 


TABLE —  ( Continued ). 


NUMBER. 

Distances. 

Lift  in  feet. 

Lock  to  Lock. 

From  Albany. 

10 . 

i 

14  chains  58  links 

8-08  miles 

10-362 

11 . 

12  chains  91  links 

8-24  miles 

9-621 

12 . 

11  chains  66  links 

8-39  miles 

9-986 

13 . 

16  chains  5  links 

8-59  miles 

10-345 

14 . 

17  chains  9  links 

8-80  miles 

10-032 

15 . 

21  chains  53  links 

9-07  miles 

9-833 

16 . 

15  chains  20  links 

9-26  miles 

10-045 

17 . 

25  chains  39  links 

9-58  miles 

10-287 

18 . 

15  chains  44  links 

9-77  miles 

10-249 

19 . 

708  chains  42  links 

18-63  miles 

8-441 

20 . 

219  chains  29  links 

21-37  miles 

10-418 

21 . 

257  chains  90  links 

24-59  miles 

11-126 

22 . 

14  chains  1  link 

24-77  miles 

11-609 

23 . 

553  chains  43  links 

31  •  69  miles 

8-318 

24 . 

63  chains  7  links 

32-47  miles 

7-326 

25 . 

303  chains  87  links 

36-27  miles 

8-581 

26 . 

510  chains  59  links 

42-66  miles 

8-365 

27 . 

16  chains  8  links 

42-86  miles 

7-886 

28 . *. . 

417  chains  16  links 

48-07  miles 

7  •  723 

29 . 

157  chains  20  links 

50-04  miles 

7-399 

30 . 

50  chains  60  links 

50-67  miles 

10-213 

31 . 

1108  chains  34  links 

64-52  miles 

5-867 

32 . 

505  chains  62  links 

70-84  miles 

8-126 

33 . 

408  chains  77  links 

75-95  miles 

5-704 

34 . 

205  chains  63  links 

78-52  miles 

8-483 

35 . *. . 

254  chains  23  links 

81-70  miles 

7-785 

36 . 

349  chains  20  links 

86-07  miles 

10-019 

37 . 

49  chains  52  links 

86-68  miles 

9-898 

38 . 

12  chains  87  links 

86-85  miles 

8-733 

39 . 

17  chains  35  links 

87-06  miles 

10-524 

40 . 

220  chains  82  links 

89-82  miles 

8-524 

41 . 

211  chains  11  links 

92  -46  miles 

8-286 

42 . 

228  chains  99  links 

95-32  miles 

7-954 

43 . . 

20  chains  59  links 

95-58  miles 

8-069 

44 . 

216  chains  16  links 

98-28  miles 

10-737 

45 . 

98  chains  62  links 

99-52  miles 

11-172 

45  to  countv  line . 

537  chains  67  links 

106-24  miles 

Erie  Canal  —  Aqueducts. 

There  are  sixteen  aqueducts  on  this  division  of  the  Erie  canal,  the 
abutments  and  piers  of  which  are  all  dressed  masonry. 

No.  1,  known  as  the  lower  Mohawk  aqueduct,  is  located  at  Crescent, 
three  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Cohoes,  where  the  canal  crosses  the 
Mohawk  river ;  it  is  1,137  feet  long,  has  twenty-six  arches  supported 


24 


[Assembly 


by  two  abutments,  and  twenty-five  stone  piers;  this  is  the  largest 
aqueduct  on  the  canals.  The  masonry  is  in  good  condition.  Slight 
repairs  should  be  made  to  the  timber  work. 

TsTo.  2  is  known  as  the  upper  Mohawk  aqueduct,  located  at  Rexford 
Flats,  four  miles  east  of  Schenectady,  crossing  the  Mohawk  river  at 
that  point.  It  is  610  feet  long  and  has  thirteen  arches.  The  masonry 
in  this  structure  is  in  good  condition.  •The  ice  breakers  should  be 
protected  by  timber  and  plank.  Some  of  the  timber  work  is  decayed 
and  needs  to  be  renewed,  especially  in  the  foot  bridge. 

No.  3  is  over  Flat  Stone  creek,  five  and  three-quarter  miles  west  of 
Schenectady,  and  known  as  Van  Slykes’  aqueduct,  is  seven ty-t wo  feet 
long  with  three  arches.  The  creek  channel  above  and  below  the 
structures  should  be  cleared. 

No.  4,  over  Sansai  Kill  at  Pattersonville,  Schenectady  county,  is 
known  as  Hoffman’s  aqueduct,  and  is  102  feet  long  and  has  four 
arches.  Some  of  the  masonry  at  the  ends  of  the  piers  and  abutments 
on  the  berme  side  which  has  been  displaced  during  the  spring  freshets  by 
ice,  should  be  replaced,  and  portions  of  the  wings  need  repointing. 
The  creek  channel  above  and  below  the  aqueduct  and  under  the  trunk 
is  very  badly  filled  up  and  has  to  be  cleaned  out  every  year. 

No.  5,  known  as  the  Schoharie  creek  aqueduct  is  located  at  Fort 
Hunter,  Montgomery  county,  and  crosses  Schoharie  creek.  This 
structure  is  624  feet  long  and  has  fourteen  arches.  Two  of  the  piers 
need  rip  rap  or  crib  work  around  them  to  prevent  scouring  and  set¬ 
tling.  The  trunk  has  been  repaired. 

No.  6,  over  Tokkon  creek,  three  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Fulton- 
ville,  Montgomery  county,  is  known  as  Van  Wies  aqueduct.  It  is 
101  feet  long,  is  constructed  with  abutments  and  piers,  has  no  arches, 
but  four  openings ;  is  in  good  condition.  The  trunk  has  been  re¬ 
newed  and  masonry  repaired  and  pointed. 

No.  7,  over  Leonardsson  creek  at  Yatesville,  Montgomery  county, 
known  as  the  Yatesville  aqueduct.  It  is  101  feet  long  and  is  the  same 
kind  of  structure  as  No.  6.  This  structure  is  in  good  condition. 
The  masonry  has  been  repaired  and  pointed.  The  creek  channel 
should  be  cleaned. 

No.  8,  over  Leonardsson  creek  at  Little  Nose,  known  as  Lasher’s 
aqueduct.  It  is  seventy-four  feet  long,  is  constructed  of  abutments 
and  piers  without  arches  and  only  three  spans.  The  masonry  has  been 
repaired  and  repointed  to  the  water  level,  and  new  caps  put  on.  The 
creek  channel  needs  clearing. 

No.  9  is  over  Platt  Kill  at  Spraker’s  basin,  Montgomery  county, 
known  as  Spraker’s  aqueduct.  It  is  128  feet  long  and  has  five  arches. 
Masonry  and  trunk  in  good  condition.  The  creek  is  filled  almost  up 
to  the  bottom  of  the  trunk  and  needs  a  large  amount  of  work  every 
year  to  keep  a  sufficient  opening  under  it  to  allow  a  passage  for  the 
water.  The  entire  trunk  of  this  structure  has  to  be  removed  during 
the  close  of  navigation  each  year,  to  save  it  from  being  floated  and 
destroyed. 

No.  10  is  over  Bowman’s  creek  at  Canajoharie,  Montgomery  county, 
and  is  known  as  Canajoharie  aqueduct.  This  structure  was  built  in 
every  way  like  the  last  described,  having  five  arches,  but  owing 
to  the  violent  character  of  the  stream  during  the  spring  freshets  sev- 


No.  38.  J 


25 


eral  years  since,  three  of  the  piers  were  so  much  injured,  that  it  was 
thought  best  to  remove  the  upper  portion.  Since  that  time  wooden 
bents  have  been  used  for  sustaining  the  trunk  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  which  have  to  be  removed  at  the  close  of  each  year.  The 
masonry  and  trunk  are  in  good  condition.  More  or  less  work  has  to 
be  done  here  every  season  to  keep  the  channel  open. 

No.  11,  over  Otsquago  creek  at  Fort  Plain,  Montgomery  county, 
and  known  as  the  Fort  Plain  aqueduct.  It  is  126  feet  long  and  has 
five  arches  with  the  masonry  and  trunk  in  good  condition.  The  trunk 
of  this  aqueduct  also  has  to  be  removed  during  the  close  of  navigation. 
The  channel  of  the  creek  should  be  cleared. 

No.  12.  over  Castle  creek  in  Herkimer  county,  five  miles  east  of 
Little  Falls,  known  as  Castle  creek  aqueduct,  is  128  feet  long  and  has 
five  arches.  The  masonry  and  trunk  need  only  slight  repairs.  The 
channel  of  the  stream  below  the  aqueduct  ought  to  be  cleared  and 
grubbed,  then  graded  to  turn  the  water  into  the  centre  of  the  stream. 
Some  years  since  spring  freshets  washed  the  channel  on  one  side  deeper 
than  the  other,  and  the  stream  has  since  been  confined  there,  leaving 
the  other  side  overgrown  with  trees,  which  are  now  of  considerable 
size.  The  stream,  while  confined  to  this  side  of  the  channel,  is  injur¬ 
ing  the  covering  of  the  feeder  culvert  a  short  distance  below  where 
the  feeder  passes  under  the  stream,  and  should  therefore  be  turned  to 
the  centre  of  the  channel.  The  docking  in  the  creek  is  in  bad  con¬ 
dition,  and  instead  of  removing  the  same,  I  would  recommend  that 
the  stone  removed  from  the  channel  be  used  to  rip  rap  the  bank  or 
pave  the  same. 

No.  13,  over  Fulmer’s  creek  at  Mohawk,  Herkimer  county,  is  known 
as  the  Mohawk  aqueduct.  This  structure  is  seventy-four  feet  long 
with  three  arches.  The  upper  portion  of  the  west  pier  on  the  berme 
side  has  masonry  displaced  which  should  be  relaid,  and  the  joints  of 
the  masonry  should  be  pointed.  The  channel  should  be  cleared. 

No.  14,  over  Steel’s  creek  at  Ilion,  Herkimer  county,  known  as  the 
Ilion  aqueduct,  is  only  fifty  feet  long  and  has  two  arches.  Some  of 
the  masonry  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  pier  on  the  berme  side  is  dis¬ 
placed  and  should  be  relaid,  and  the  entire  coping  of  the  parapet  wall 
on  the  outside  of  tow-path  has  been  removed.  The  berme  wings  have 
large  leaks  which  will  probably  require  much  more  work  than 
to  point  them  only;  possibly  some  portion  of  the  masonry  in  one  wing 
will  have  to  be  taken  up.  All  the  masonry  needs  thorough  pointing 
and  the  channel  of  the  stream  should  be  cleared. 

No.  15,  over  Myer’s  creek  at  Frankfort,  Herkimer  county,  known 
as  the  Frankfort  aqueduct.  This  aqueduct  is  a  duplicate  of  No.  14, 
and  is  in  about  the  same  condition.  The  masonry  needs  some  atten¬ 
tion,  replacing  small  portions  and  a  large  amount  of  pointing.  One 
side  of  the  trunk  should  be  new  and  the  channel  of  the  creek  should 
be  cleared. 

No  16,  over  Ferguson’s  creek  in  Herkimer  county,  three  miles  east 
of  Utica,  and  known  as  Ferguson’s  aqueduct,  is  twenty-two  feet  long 
and  but  one  arch.  The  masonry  is  in  good  condition,  but  needs 
repointing. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.] 


4 


2C> 


[Assembly 


cS 

o 

CD 


m 

H 

O 

U> 

O' 


4-3 

tS} 
■  * 
’3 

-u 

o 

E-i 


sands  jo 
aaqain^ 


'O 

V 


<v 

C 


o 

o 


-  o 


■u 

cj 

o 

o 

CJ 


H 

4-1 

i*5 

<1 


CO 


>•  a  V#  v« 


CO>OCOiOCDCOCOCO^'^H^Wrt<^cO 

«NHio^io>Or-  a  a  05  ci  r- i  ?>  ?>  co 

CO 

r—i 

•  r— *  v#v#v«c4v-\*><\<-^vj\jnj 

r~j 

o 

2>“  CO  r—H  r— I  CO  i— I  rH  t-H  i— i  —H  rH  r— i  rH 


CO  41  CO  lO  O  O  O  CO  W  W  H 


O  ^ 


-w 

«fH 


O  ^ 

-rh 


40  4.3  -4-3  -4-3  4-3  -4-3 
« — .  «M  *4— I  «4- 1  c-t-H  «4H 

O?  o  T— 1  »— I  o  o 
10  ^  10  10  »o  o 


-4-3  43)  4-3  4J  4_> 
V_  «4 — ,  «+-4  «4 — i  <V-| 

r-|WT-]C4r-l)S4  — fl> 

O  »C  rH  CO  £-~ 

*o  co  »o  cc  o 


aW^iOOOOOHHNiOCOWiOiO 

hc^wwcococococoo:coco^^^^ 

rX 

v#  x*  V#  v,  V*  V«  v*  V»  V*  X*  VJ  VJ  \«  \«  V* 

o 


o 

4-3 

CO 

<D 


v*  \#  v» 


v»  v»  \* 

V»  V»  V* 


V*CjVj\jV«VjVjV«V4 


CO 


c>o<> 

o  o  CO 

co 


73 

r 

O 

oocoHa;THoriUQr-(a)j>«C5  0^ 

C<?  t— I  t-  CO  ^  CO  <C  1— (  10 

C9  rH  r-l  OD  GO  CO  r-H  ^ 


CO  CO  CO  CO  i>  Cl  CO  20-  CO  2>”  00 


V»  '  •  v»  V#  >j  v»  VJ  -J 

V«  v* 


-id 

M  CD 

12  >  ® 

S-  ^  — 1 

C3  c3  O 

C  C 

o  °  2 

O 

-4-J) 

^  ^  OQ 
o  a»  ^ 

I 


rid 

CD 

CD 


CD  CD 
CD  O 


_  oOO 

~  CD  O  o  o 

.—  CO  cc 

HH  rr  r-  rC5  r^ 

‘5  2  S  5 

co  o  '■*  c  a 

Q  _C0  i~®  o  o 

C8  O  O  ©  ® 

COGOHh^t-i 


CD 
<D 
*— » 

o 

co 


-id 

CD 


w  s 


*  o 
Pr  pq 


co 


o  go 

o  t- 
fccO 

05  - .  CD 

r-3  (-H 

C~4^  C 

CO  CO  r— 

(S  3 

OOfe 


o 


-id 

CD 

D 


r5  ^  O 

•to  <r> 

<D  Q  CO 

rx  ~<- 

5 

<0  r.  CO 
^  CO  1— 


o 


fc£ 


C_J  ~ 

•  —  JV  CD 


•jeqtun^i 


nNCO’f'OCt-OOCOOHjJCO^iOC 


No.  38.] 


27 


/ 


Erie  Ca^al  —  Waste  Weirs  and  Spillways. 

No.  1.  Spillway  and  waste-weir  at  West  Troy  on  berme  side  of  canal 
at  upper  end  of  the  arsenal  grounds,  cut  stone  structure  with  bulk¬ 
head  and  gates,  33  foot  spillway,  less  ten  posts  of  one  foot  eacli  and  in 
fair  condition. 

No.  2.  Spillway  and  waste-weir  at  West  Troy,  out  of  the  Mohawk 
bason  into  the  Hudson  river,  cut  stone  with  bulkhead  and  gates  in 
fair  condition. 

No.  3.  Spillway  and  waste-weir  a  short  distance  below  lock  No.  4. 
in  tow-path,  cut  stone  with  breast  wall  of  masonry;  spillway  fifteen 
feet,  is  in  fair  condition.  Masonry  should  be  pointed. 

No.  4.  Spillway  and  waste-weir  six  and  one-half  chains  west  of  lock 
No.  9  in  tow-path,  cut  stone  with  breast  wall;  spillway  fourteen  feet 
six  jnches.  Masonry  in  lower  wing  displaced  and  needs  pointing. 

No.  5.  Spillway  and  waste-weir,  a  short  distance  above  lock  No.  18 
in  tow-path,  cut  stone  with  timber  bulk-head,  has  twelve  wickets; 
spillway,  twenty-eight  and  one-half  feet.  This  structure  needs  a  new 
bulkhead  fnd  gates  ;  as  it  now  is,  cannot  be  used. 

No.  6.  Spillway  and  waste-weir  about  400  feet  above  lock  No.  20 
in  tow-path,  is  of  cut  stone,  arch  eight  foot  chord  and  seventeen  feet 
spillway.  The  masonry  is  in  very  bad  condition  and  should  be  rebuilt 
from  foundation. 

No.  7.  Waste-weir  and  spillway,  just  west  of  Frog  alley  bridge  at 
Schenectady  in  tow-path.  This  is  an  old  cut  stone  structure  with 
spillway  about  120  feet  long  which  has  been  abandoned,  but  the  bulk¬ 
head  portion  is  still  in  use  with  spillway  of  twelve  feet.  This  structure 
should  be  rebuilt  with  a  much  shorter  spillway,  say  of  thirty  feet. 

No.  8,  waste-weir  and  spillway,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of 
Port  Jackson  in  tow-path.  This  is  a  nearly  new  structure  of  wood 
and  stone;  bulkhead  should  be  rebuilt,  spillway  twelve  feet,  in  good 
condition. 

No.  9.  Waste- weir  with  bulkhead  in  the  tow-path  about  500  feet 
east  of  lock  No.  31,  is  a  wooden  structure  and  considerably  decayed. 
Most  of  the  timbers  and  plank  will  need  to  be  new,  also  bulkhead  and 
gates. 

No.  10.  Waste-weir  with  bulkhead  in  the  tow-path,  about  100  feet 
west  of  lock  No.  33. 

No.  11.  Wooden  waste-weir,  twenty-eight  feet  spillway  on  tow-path 
about  one-fourth  mile  west  of  lock  33,  built  in  1883. 

No.  12.  Waste-weir  and  spillway,  with  culvert  of  four  foot  chord  of 
cut  stone,  spillway  thirteen  and  one-half  feet,  at  Fink’s  basin,  two 
miles  east  of  Little  Falls  in  tow-path ;  the  wings  at  ends  need  some 
repairing  by  taking  down  a  portion  of  the  masonry  and  relaying,  be¬ 
sides  some  general  repairs. 

No.  13  is  located  two  and  one-half  chains  west  of  lock  36;  spillway 
eleven  and  one-half  feet,  two  valves  five  and  one-half  bv  two  and  one- 

half. 

No.  14.  Waste-weir  and  spill- way,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  west  of 
Little  Falls,  in  the  tow-path.  This  is  an  old  structure  of  cut  stone 
arch,  twelve  feet  chord  with  sixty  feet  spillway.  Masonry  is  consid¬ 
erably  displaced ;  that  portion  back  of  the  tow-path  should  be  rebuilt. 

No.  15.  Waste-weir  and  spillway  just  above  lock  No.  40,  in  tow- 


28 


[Assembly 


path,  cut  stone  arch,  twelve  foot  chord,  spillway  twelve  feet.  Back 
portion  of  this  structure  needs  repairing,  also  heeds  new  bulkhead. 

No.  16.  Spillway  of  seventy-five  feet  located  ten  and  one-half  chains 
west  of  Lock  No.  41  ;  has  four  valves  2\  ft.  by  2  ft.  2  in. 

No.  17  is  eighteen  chains  west  of  lock  42.  Fill  led  up  and  not  used. 

No.  18.  Waste  weir  and  spillway  is  about  500  feet  west  of  lock  No. 
44  on  berme  side,  cut  stone  ;  about  seventy  feet  of  spillway  has  been 
raised  with  two  courses  of  timber,  and  should  be  raised  with  stone. 
A  new  bulkhead  is  needed  and  some  other  general  repairs  of  masonry. 

The  receivers,  one  above  lock  No.  20,  one  below  lock  No.  23,  one 
east  of  Ilion  and  one  west  of  lock  No.  45,  all  on  the  berme  side  of  the 
canal  are  in  good  condition. 

The  foundation  and  masonry  of  the  two  lower  over-falls  at  Meyer’s 
creek,  Frankfort,  have  settled  and  need  repairs. 


% 


No.  38.] 


20 


cq 

d 

+ 


'Si 

o> 


tlj 

‘3 


CO 

00  o  o 

t-H 

i— 1  00  • 

CO  •  CO 

02 

GO 

io  »o  CO 

c: 

GO 

^  pq 

»o  CQ 

CO 

2>  2>  CO 

o 

CO 

r'l 

?>  ^  co 

+ 

jo 

bo 


a> 

Gr 

o 

H-l 

o 

4J 

o 

5Q 


+ 

02 

biD 


o 

g, 

o 


o 


<v 

c a 


O 

c 

•  •N 

a. 


03 

a» 


P=H 


«n  . 

o 

.a  « 
ue 
§  o* 

.  -i  tn 


p. 

o 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

* 

• 

•  r-i 

G  • 

•  r— «  •  \ 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

G 

G 

• 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

co 

CO  \ 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

co 

CO 

•  • 

•  • 

!  . 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•  • 

-U  -UP  -UP  -UP  -O  -UP  -UP  H-3  ,4“J  -UP  -4-5  -IP 

«H  Hr  Hr  %— .  eur  c*_  Crr  eur  «4— I  **H  H-l  «(— i  Hr  Hr 

lO^OONNNWOOOWHONiO 
HHNHHHHrlKHHtOH  t— 


o 

£- 


c3 

C 

c3 

O 

o 

•  M 

— r 

H 


CQ 

aj 

(—i 

W 

£ 

• 

H 

H 

CQ 

£ 


• 

•  •  G 

•  •  •  #rH 

•  • 

•  •  • 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

• 

•  •  •  rH 

•  •  *  o 

•  • 

•  •  % 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

;  go 

•  •  *  rH 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  • 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

a> 

• 

#  *  -4-3 

• 

•  •  •  _  |  -1 

•  ■» 

•  •  • 

• 

• 

• 

> 

• 

•  •  «4H 

•  •  •  H 

•  • 

•  •  • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

05 

> 

• 

• 

•  • 

.  .  02 

!  ! 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  -d3 

• 

• 

•  02 
• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

4-3 

.  -»j  X 

.  -UP  4-i  n 

.  -IP  'h 

• 

*  -4-3 

• 

• 

o 

«4H 

G 

2 

Hi  «+H 

•  ^  rr^ 

• 

.  Hr 

• 

• 

<x> 

CO 

*  HnHn-h 

•  .He*  02 

• 

*  02 

• 

• 

M 

*  ^  rH 

*  02  ^  CO 

02  02 

•  02  X 

• 

X 

• 

• 

GO 

-4^ 

*  X  ^ 

:**  . 

X  X 

.  x  -w 

•  • 

C-t 

!  hJ 

.  -UP  -1-)  -UP 

-4-3  4-3 

!  -h'  »*h 

# 

/ 

r-ljd 

*  Hi  «4H 

• 

^  (m  -M  SfH 

Hh  Hh 

•  *1_l  h*» 

•  r-|e* 

02 

•  02  02 

•  02  02 

CO  JO 

•  02  JO 

•  02 

*S8A|T?A 

•OiOCOrH^CO-HC2 

•  JO  02 

•  rfl 

• 

• 

jo  joqain^ 

•  rH 

i 

• 

id 

O 

o 

.-3 

up 

C 

H 

co 

W 

£ 

H 

O 

S?C 

■< 

E-< 

03 


fe; 

O 

•— ' 

H 

<J 

O 

o 


02 

-id 

o 

o 


CQ 

<x> 

> 

CQ 

a 


oo 

rH 

o 

o 

-UP 
CQ 

co  ;  a» 

O  -id  cc 

o  a 

Tt  ®  G 


§  s* 

®  EH 


CQ 

02 

£ 

CQ 


-UP 

CQ 

02 

£ 


o 

H< 


o 

02 

-id 

o 

o 

-up 

CQ 

a> 

£ 

CQ 

-id 

a 


o 

02 


02  ?> 

02  02 

-id  .id 
o  o 
o  jo 

-UP  4J 
CQ  oo 

a>  a> 
£  £ 
CQ  CQ 

.id 
C  C 


CO  HI 
H  CO 


o 

CO 

V  CO 
o  CO 

,2 -id 

lo  jo 
02  ^ 
>  -w 

H'  CQ 
03  C2 

-id  ? 

^  CQ 

^  .id 

o  .5 


jo 

co 

£  ^ 
60  "3 

-id,® 

o 

O 

OO  03 

,  <u 

CQ  3- 

02 

>  m 
O  q 


05 

co  co 

-id  o 

o  o 

O  — ' 

I— '  4J 

r_>  CQ 
CQ  02 
02  > 

£  ^ 

CQ 

CQ  ,id 

^  G 
G  -h 


O  H 

^^3 
-id  O 
o  o 

O  — ' 

—I  4J 

CQ 

03  02 

02  > 

&  l 


c 

•  r— < 

ce 

— 

o 

00 

o 

CO 


-UP 

03 

02 

-u 

<1 


O  co 


— V  CQ  CQ  •  r— l 


?3 


c2  , 

o , 

Hs* 

C5  H^oo 

i— I  £-  H 


CQ 

C 

•  r— < 

c8 

o 


CQ 

c 

•  r-H 

c5 

-a 

o 

02 


03 


08 

r* 

o 


co 

uo 

CQ 


s 

^2 


c8 

qq  -G 

o  sJ7 

02  JO  02 

O  O  c 

O 


02 

O 
cq'  ,£0 
G  - 
•2  02 
172  G 
G2  ■§ 
O  c3 


GO  CO 
CO  CO 
CO  1—1 


02 


CO 


co 
00 
02  02 


02  h* 

O  02  CO 

•\  *\  *s 

CO  CQ  CQ 

.2 .2  2 
*C8  C3  5 
GGG 
o  a  o 


02 

-id 

O 

O 

^  o 

So 
-  ^ 
co  * 
^  > 

^5  co 

©*•! 

CO  ^ 


CQ 


CO  CO  o  00 


02 
C  00 

73  -u 
-G  G 
O  O 

.o 


HC2CO'f>COf-OOOOH02CO^iCG{HQO 


•jaqiun^ 


30 


[Assembly 


Erie  Canal. 

Culverts. 

There  are  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  culverts  on  this  division 

of  the  Erie  canal,  ninety-nine  of  which  are  for  the  canal  proper,  three 

for  Rocky  Rift  feeder  and  twenty-five  under  various  bridge  approaches. 

Eighty-seven  of  those  under  the  canal  are  located  as  shown  in  the 

table  below. 

Table. 

Culverts,  Eastern  Division  Erie  Canal. 

Number  1,  31  chains  west  of  lock  1,  stone  diving  culvert,  3  openings. 

Number  2,  60  chains,  75  links  west  of  lock  1,  stone  arch  culvert,  4 
feet  chord. 

Number  3,  39  chains,  west  of  lock  2,  stone  arch  culvert. 

Number  4,  97  chains,  28  links  west  of  lock  2,  stone  arch  culvert. 

Number  5,  138  1-2  chains,  west  of  lock  2,  stone  arch  culvert. 

Number  6,  167  chains  west  of  lock  2,  stone  arch  culvert. 

Number  7,  189  chains,  40  links  west  of  lock  2,  stone  double  arch  cul¬ 
vert,  7  feet  chord. 

Number  8,  276  chains,  45  links  west  of  lock  2,  stone  double  arch  cul¬ 
vert. 

Number  9,  313  chains,  25  links  west  of  lock  2,  stone  double  arch  cul¬ 
vert,  about  8  feet  chord. 

Number  10,  under  Eerry  street  bridge  approach,  arch  culvert,  12  feet 
chord . 

Number  11,  398  chains,  30  links  west  of  lock  2,  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  12,  16  chains  west  of  lock  3,  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  13,  between  locks  6  and  7,  semi-circle  arch,  12  feet  chord,  7 
feet  bench  wall. 

Number  14,  9  1-2  chains,  west  of  lock  9,  semi-circle  arch,  8  feet  chord, 
2  feet  3  inch  bench  wall. 

Number  15,  9  chains,  west  of  lock  13,  semi-circle  arch,  7  1-2  feet  chord, 
2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  16,  1  chain,  west  of  lock  17,  stone  arch  culvert,  4  feet  chord. 

Number  17,  28  chains,  65  links  wrest  of  lock  18,  semi-circle  arch,  8  feet 
chord,  3  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  18,  187  1-2  chains,  west  of  lock  18,  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  19,  250  chains,  54  links  west  of  lock  18,  semi-circle  arch,  8 
feet  chord,  5  1-2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  20,  483  chains,  55  links  west  of  lock  18,  stone  arch  culvert,  6 
feet  chord. 

Number  21,  515  chains,  54  links  west  of  lock  18,  box  wooden  trunk 
diving,  3  openings  3'  x  2'  each. 

Number  22,  651  chains,  95  links  west  of  lock  18,  stone  box  diving,  3 
feet  wide,  2  feet  high. 

Number  23,  65  chains,  90  links  west  of  lock  19,  stone  semi-circle  arch, 
9  feet  chord,  5  1-2  feet  bench. 

Number  24,  157  chains,  12  links  west  of  lock  20,  stone  diving. 

Number  25,  5  chains,  60  links  west  of  lock  22.  stone  arch,  13  feet 
chord. 

Number  26,  203  chains,  86  links  west  of  lock  22,  stone  arch,  7  1-2  feet 
chord,  2  feet  rise,  4  feet  bench  wall. 


No.  38.] 


31 

Number  27,  277  chains,  west  of  lock  22,  stone  arch  diving,  13  feet 
chord,  2  1-2  feet  rise. 

Number  28,  299  chains,  70  links  west  of  lock  22,  stone  culvert,  6  feet 
chord.  '  •  < 

Number  29,  349  chains,  95  links  west  of  lock  22,  stone  arch,  about  8 
feet  chord. 

Number  30,  412  chains,  25  links  west  of  lock  22,  stone  arch,  about  7 
feet  chord. 

Number  31,  464  chains,  50  links  west  of  lock  22,  stone  semi-circle 
arch,  12  feet  chord,  2  1-2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  32,  12  chains  west  of  lock  24,  stone  arch,  7  feet  chord. 

Number  33,  149  chains,  40  links  west  of  lock  24,  stone  arch,  7  feet 
chord,  2  1-2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  34,  174  chains,  12  links  west  of  lock  24,  stone  semi-circle 
arch,  11  feet  chord. 

Number  35,  154  chains,  60  links  west  of  lock  25,  stone  box,  2  1-2  feet 
wide,  2  feet  10  inches  high. 

Number  36,  218  chains,  8  links  west  of  lock  25,  stone  semi-circle  arch 
drop,  4  feet  chord  1  foot  6  inches  bench  walls. 

Number  37,  269  chains,  90  links  west  of  lock  25,  wooden  box  culvert, 
2  feet  4  inches  by  1  foot  4  inches. 

Number  38,  360  chains,  70  links  west  of  lock  25,  stone  semi-circle 
arch,  4  feet  chord. 

Number  39,  401  chains,  20  links  west  of  lock  25,  stone  arch  drop,  10 
feet  chord,  2  1-2  feet  rise. 

Number  40,  3  chains,  13  links  west  of  lock  27,  stone  drop  double,  18 
feet  chord,  3  feet  rise,  2  1-2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  41,  61  chains,  45  links  west  of  lock  27,  stone  arch,  7  feet 
chord,  4  1-2  feet  bench  walls. 

Number  42,  96  chains,  40  links  west  of  lock  27,  stone  arch  drop 
double,  4  feet  chord,  2  feet  bench  walls.  t 

Number  43,  163  chains,  84  links  west  of  lock  27,  stone  arch  drop  cul¬ 
vert,  6  feet  chord,  2  1-2  feet  bench  walls. 

Number  44,  207  chains  west  of  lock  27,  stone  culvert. 

Number  45,  255  chains,  17  links  west  of  lock  27,  stonearch,  fourarches, 
22  feet  chord,  4  feet  rise,  3  feet  bench  walls. 

Number  46,  5  chains,  24  links  west  of  lock  28,  stone  arch  drop,  6  feet 
2  inches  chord,  3  feet  2  inches  high. 

Number  47,  85  chains,  20  links  west  of  lock  28,  stone  arch  culvert,  4 
feet  chord,  1  foot  bench  walls. 

Number  48,  140  chains  west  of  lock  28,  small  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  49,  71  chains,  50  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  arch  culvert,  4 
feet  chord,  2  feet  high. 

Number  50,  146  chains,  20  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  double  arch, 
10  feet  chord,  3  1-2  feet  rise,  2  feet  bench  wall. 

N  umber  51,  170  chains,  50  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  arch  (4  arches), 
22  1-3  feet  span,  4  feet  rise,  4  1-2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  52,  282  chains,  50  links  west  of  lock  20,  stone  box  diving,  3 
feet  wide. 

Number  53,  336  chains  west  of  lock  30,  stone  arch  drop,  4  feet  chord. 

Number  54,  400  chains,  25  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  arch  drop 
double,  2  feet  chord,  about. 


32  [Assembly 

Number  55,  427  chains,  10  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  arch  drop,  4 
feet  chord,  about  2  feet  rise. 

Number  56,  707  chains,  40  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  semi-circle 
arch,  4  feet  chord,  1  1-2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  57,  807,  chains,  60  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  semi-circle 
drop,  4  feet  chord  1  1-2  feet  bench  wall. 

Number  58,  1,096  chains,  55  links  west  of  lock  30,  stone  box  drop,  5 
feet  wide. 

Number  59,  32  chains,  65  links  west  of  lock  31,  stone  arch  drop, 
about  8  feet  chord,  2  feet  rise. 

Number  60,  224  chains,  80  links  west  of  lock  31,  stone  semi-circle 
arch,  4  feet  Chord. 

Number  61,  294  chains,  36  links  west  of  lock  31,  stone  drop. 

Number  62,  377  chains,  70  links  west  of  lock  31,  stone  drop  box  and 
arch,  17  ft  chord,  6  ft.  3  in.  rise. 

Number  63,  78  chains  west  of  lock  32,  stone  box,  2  ft.  by  2  ft. 

Number  64,  122  chains  west  of  lock  32,  stone  arch,  12  ft.  chord,  3 
ft.  rise. 

Number  65,  140  chains  west  of  lock  32,  stone  drop. 

Number  66,  243  chains,  40  links  west  of  lock  32,  stone  arch  drop,  7 
ft.  chord,  2\  ft.  rise. 

Number  67,  314  chains,  84  links  west  of  lock  32,  stone  arch  culvert. 

Number  68,  29  chains,  20  links  west  of  lock  33,  stone  semi-circular 
arch  diving,  6  ft.  chord,  1  ft.  bench  walls. 

Number  69,  172  chains,  35  links  west  of  lock  33,  stone  wooden  box, 
4  ft.  high,  2  ft.  wide. 

Number  70,  210  chains  west  of  lock  34,  diving,  about  8  ft.  chord. 

Number  71,  92  chains  west  of  lock  35,  stone. 

Number  72,  222  chains,  36  links  west  of  lock  35.  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  73,  158  chains,  8  links  west  of  lock  39,  stone  diving  culvert. 

Nfimber  74,  199  chains,  94  links  west  of  lock  39,  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  75,  8  chains  west  of  lock  40,  stone  arch,  about  4  ft.  chord. 

Number  76,  107  chains,  80  links  west  of  lock  40,  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  77,  147  chains,  20  links  west  of  lock  40,  stone  diving  culvert. 

Number  78,  7  chains,  12  links  west  of  lock  41,  stone  arch  drop  (double 
arch),  6  ft.  chord,  1^  ft.  rise,  2\  ft  bench  wall. 

Number  79,  26  chains,  75  links  west  of  lock  43,  stone  box  culvert,  44 
ft.  wide,  2  openings. 

Number  80,  77  chains,  50  links  west  of  lock  43,  stone  semi-circular 
arch,  3  ft.  chord,  1  ft.  bench  walls. 

Number  81,  191  chains,  10  links  west  of  lock  43,  stone  semi-circular 
arch,  7  ft.  chord,  2  ft.  bench  walls. 

Number  82,  207  chains,  57  links  west  of  lock  43,  stone  semi-circular 
arch,  3  ft.  chord,  2  ft.  9  in.  bench  walls. 

Number  83,  118  chains,  65  links  west  of  lock  45,  stone  arch,  12  ft. 
chord,  3  ft.  rise,  8  ft.  bench  walls. 

Number  84,  285  chains,  70  links  west  of  lock  45,  stone  box,  2  ft.  by  2  ft. 

Number  85,  370  chains,  west  of  lock  45,  stone  box,  24  ft.  wide  by  2  ft. 
high. 

Number  86,  397  chains,  30  links  west  of  lock  45,  stone  box,  2£  ft. 
wide,  2  ft.  high. 

Number  87,  468  chains,  60  links  west  of  lock  45,  stone  semi-circle 
arch,  4  ft.  chord,  ft.  bench  walls. 


No.  38.] 


33 


In  addition  to  the  above  there  are  as  follows: 

One  about  two  miles  west  of  Fort  Plain,  constructed  by  the  New 
York,  West  Shore  and  Buffalo  Railway  Co. :  it  consists  of  dressed 
masonry  and  extends  only  through  the  tow-path  to  drain  the  bottom 
of  canal  level. 

One  east  of  Schenectady,  between  the  D.  &  H.  C.  Co.’s  railroad 
bridge  and  Highway  bridge  No.  55,  is  a  cut  stone  arch,  six  foot  chord  ; 
one  about  100  feet  east  of  arch  culvert  No.  39;  two  at  Yankee  hill, 
respectively  one  and  two  miles  west  of  Port  Jackson,  between  culverts 
45  and  46 ;  the  fifth  is  about  a  half  mile  west  of  St.  Johnsville,  be¬ 
tween  culverts  68  and  69.  The  four  last  mentioned  are  wooden  box, 
about  2  ft.  by  2  ft.  under  the  tow-path  to  the  centre  of  the  canal  for 
draining  the  levels.  The  sixth  at  Fink’s  basin,  two  miles  east  of 
Little  Falls,  under  the  waste-weir,  cut  stone  arch,  four  foot  chord  ; 
the  seventh  at  the  foot  of  lock  38  at  Little  Falls,  for  the  feeder  is  cut 
stone  arch  twelve  foot  chord  ;  the  eighth  and  ninth  about  three-quar¬ 
ters,  and  one  and  one-quarter  miles,  respectively,  east  of  Mohawk,  are 
wooden  box  2  ft.  by  2  ft.,  like  those  at  Yankee  hill  ;  tenth  at  Ilion, 
between  culverts  80  and  81,  stone  box  2  ft.  by  2  ft.,  and  the  eleventh 
is  located  one-fourth  mile  east  of  Frankfort,  between  culverts  82  and 
83,  is  of  cut  stone,  diving,  box  2  ft.  by  2  ft.  For  the  Rocky  Rift 
feeder,  five  miles  east  of  Little  Falls  under  Castle  creek,  is  a  large 
stone  box  culvert  with  six  openings,  each  6  ft.  by  3  ft.;  also  two  cul¬ 
verts  of  stone  under  Rocky  Rift  feeder. 

One  at  West  Troy  under  tow-path  approach  of  bridge  No.  16,  stone 
arch,  ten  foot  chord,  and  twenty-four  others  under  various  bridge  ap¬ 
proaches,  principally  stone  box  of  different  sizes.  No  extensive  repairs 
have  been  made  to  any  of  the  culvert  structures  during  the  year.  A 
few  have  had  some  inexpensive  ordinary  repairs.  Although  consid- 
eiable  work  has  been  done  in  cleaning  out  the  culverts,  it  was  barely 
enough  to  keep  them  open,  and  only  in  a  very  few  cases  have  the  cul¬ 
verts  been  thoroughly  cleaned  of  all  the  material  deposited  in  them  or 
m  the  channels  from  them. 

Recommendation's. 

•  ^°n^’  ^e^we®n  locks  3  and  4.  The  south  side  of  the  lower  wing 
is  badly  undermined  by  the  slate  rock  being  washed  away,  and  needs 
a  protection  wall  under  and  in  front  of  it ;  also  new  planking  through 
the  arch,  and  the  masonry  should  be  pointed. 

21 >  afc  Clutes  dry  dock.  Box  with  three  openings,  each  3  ft.  by 
2  ft.,  wooden  trunk,  stone  ends.  The  masonry  is  in  bad  condition, 
tow-path  end  has  settled.  The  berme  end,  which  was  rebuilt  but  a 
short  time  ago,  was  completely  undermined  by  a  break  which  occurred 
directly  over  the  structure  in  August  of  this  year,  and  will  have  to  be 
rebuilt.  I  would  recommend  that  the  entire  structure  be  rebuilt  of 
stone  The  old  wooden  trunk  culverts  are  becoming  unsafe  and 
should  be  replaced  with  stone. 

No.  22,  on  level  between  locks  18  and  19;  small  box  culvert;  ma¬ 
sonry-dressed  stone.  Parapet  and  wings  on  tow-path  end  are  badly 
j;?0 **  aT1C^  displaced,  and  must  be  relaid  soon.  A  ditch  several  hun- 
died  feet  long  is  badly  filled  up  and  should  be  cleared. 

No.  25,  located  on  level  between  locks  22  and  23  at  East  Schenec- 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  5 


34  [Assembly 

tady,  dressed  stone  arch,  13  ft.  chord.  Part  of  the  wing  masonry 
should  be  relaid  and  the  structure  pointed. 

No.  27,  located  on  same  level  at  Schenectady,  dressed  stone  arch. 
Masonry  needs  some  pointing  and  more  or  less  excavation  in  channel. 

No.  28,  on  the  same  level,  one-half  mile  west  of  Schenectady,  dressed 
stone  arch.  The  masonry  is  falling  to  pieces  at  the  tow-path  end  of 
structure,  and  must  be  relaid  soon  ;  also  the  ditch  should  be  cleaned. 

No.  29,  is  on  the  same  level,  one  and  one-half  miles  west  of  Sche¬ 
nectady,  dressed  stone.  Masonry  needs  pointing  and  new  planking 
on  bottom  of  arch,  also  concrete  between  foundation  timbers  and  some 
excavation  in  creek  channel. 

No.  37  is  located  270  chains  west  of  lock  25.  Wooden  box  through 
the  tow-path  is  in  a  very  bad  condition  and  should  be  removed  and 
replaced  by  bank.  There  is  no  necessity  for  a  structure  in  this  place. 

No.  40,  located  on  level  between  locks  27  and  28,  dressed  stone, 
double  arch,  eighteen  foot  chord.  Some  new  coping  and  considerable 
pointing  needed,  structure  and  stream  filled  to  within,  say  an  average 
of  two  feet  of  top  of  arch. 

No.  41,  on  the  same  level,  dressed  stone  arch,  7  ft.  chord.  Masonry 
needs  pointing,  also  a  new  course  of  plank  over  the  foundation  timbers 
on  the  arch  and  the  channel  should  be  excavated. 

No.  43,  located  on  same  level,  dressed  stone  arch,  6  ft.  chord.  This 
culvert  has  a  waste-weir  over  it.  The  tow-path  wings  are  crowded 
over  and  breaking,  and  should  be  repaired. 

No.  44,  on  same  level.  Vertical  wall  parapet  on  tow-path  end  over¬ 
hangs  masonry.  This  structure  needs  cleaning  and  examining,  and 
channel  cleared. 

No.  45,  situated  on  same  level,  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  west  of 
Port  Jackson,  dressed  stone  masonry,  arch,  4' rise,  22  ft.  chord.  Ma¬ 
sonry  needs  pointing  generally,  and  a  large  amount  of  excavating  will 
have  to  be  done  to  clear  the  channel. 

Not  numbered.  There  are  two  box  culverts  through  the  towing- 
path  at  Yankee  hill,  both  of  which  are  old  and  need  repairs. 

No.  48,  located  on  level  between  locks  28  and  29.  Some  masonry 
and  coping  should  be  relaid  and  the  structure  should  be  pointed,  and 
stream  cl i an n el  cleared. 

No.  49,  located  on  level  between  locks  30  and  31,  dressed  stone 
arch,  4  ft.  chord  ;  some  pointing  to  be  done  and  new  plank  needed  in¬ 
side  the  arch,  a  portion  of  the  ditch  to  be  opened. 

No.  60,  located  on  level  between  locks  31  and  32,  dressed  stone  arch, 
4  ft.  chord.  Masonry  and  doping  to  be  relaid  and  some  pointing. 
Channel  to  be  cleared. 

No.  66,  located  on  level  between  locks  32  and  33,  dressed  stone  arch, 
7  ft.  chord.  The  tow-path  end  is  being  crowded  over.  Some  masonry 
should  be  relaid  on  the  berme  side,  and  the  channel  should  be  cleared. 

No.  69,  located  on  level  between  locks  33  and  34,  is  an  old  wooden 
trunk  through  the  tow-path  and  considered  unsafe.  A  new  one  is 
needed. 

No.  70,  located  on  level  between  locks  34  and  35,  dressed  stone  box 
culvert.  The  tow-path  end  is  entirely  out  of  sight  aud  is  cov¬ 
ered  with  water  and  earth.  Berme  end  of  masonry  is  badly  broken  and 
displaced.  Channel  should  be  cleared. 


No.  38.  ] 


35 


No.  73,  located  on  level  between  locks  39  and  40,  dressed  stone  box, 
14' ft.  parapet  wall.  Masonry  at  tow-path  end  is  badly  broken  and 
displaced.  The  berme  end  should  be  pointed  and  the  channel  cleared. 

No.  76  is  on  the  same  level,  dressed  stone  box,  8  ft.  parapet  wall. 
Tow-path  end  masonry  is  badly  displaced  and  should  be  relaid. 

No.  77,  located  on  same  level  is  the  same  kind  of  structure  and  in 
the  same  condition. 

No.  78,  located  on  level  between  locks  41  and  42,  dressed  stone 
double  arch,  six  foot  chord.  Some  masonry  to  be  relaid  on  berme 
end  and  new  planking  needed. 

No.  80,  located  on  level  between  locks  43  and  44,  dressed  stone  arch, 
3  ft.  chord.  Masonry  to  be  relaid  on  tow-path  end  and  the  rest  pointed  ; 
also  the  ditch  to  be  opened. 

No.  89,  located  on  level  between  lock  45  and  west  end  of  this  divis¬ 
ion,  dressed  stone  box  culvert.  Tow-path  end  has  masonry  broken  up 
and  displaced,  which  should  be  relaid. 

No.  90,  located  on  level  between  lock  45  and  west  end  of  this  divis¬ 
ion,  dressed  stone  arch,  6  ft,  chord.  Masonry  on  tow-path  is  broken 
up  and  displaced  and  needs  relaying.  Berme  end  has  no  parapet  or 
wings.  About  forty  feet  of  this  end  of  the  arch  is  of  small  poor  stone, 
some  of  which  have  fallen  out  of  the  inside  of  the  arch,  rendering  it 
unsafe  and  it  should  be  rebuilt. 

Many  culverts  under  bridge  approaches  need  more  or  less  repairs. 

Rocky  Rift  Feeder  culvert  under  Castle  creek,  consists  of  six  open- 
ings,  each  6  ft. x3  ft.  The  paving  protection  over  the  covering  stone 
has  been  entirely  washed  away,  and  some  of  the  covering  has  been  dis¬ 
placed,  causing  more  or  less  leakage  from  the  feeder  into  the  creek, 
besides  endangering  the  safety  of  the  structure;  the  covering  should 
be  relaid,  new  paving  laid  secured  by  anchor  timbers  and  plank,  also 
portions  of  the  wing  walls  above  and  below  the  structure  relaid,  and 
the  masonry  should  be  pointed,  with  other  slight  repairs. 

.  Mau7  culverts  need  thorough  pointing,  as  very  little  mortar  remains 
m  the  joints,  which  are  partially  filled  with  roots,  weeds  and  grass. 
This,  together  with  some  leaking,  leaves  the  masonry  in  a  condition 
to  be  seriously  injured  by  frost  from  year  to  year.  Much  of  the  above 
masonry  mentioned  as  being  broken  and  displaced  has  been  rendered 
so  by  the  action  of  the  frost,  throngh  neglect  in  pointing  the  same. 

The  channels  and  ditches  above  and  below  many  of  these  structures 
need  more  or  less  cleaning. 


ERIE  CANAL  BRIDGES. 


36 


[Assembly 


, _ frg 

P  d 
d  P 

<D  o3 

H  £ 

<u  o 

43  <D 
<44  £ 

o  ^ 

d  +? 

o  o 

•rH  f-\ 

03 

•-  s 
^  § 

9  - 

-2  bO 
OT  fl 

m  1,2 

r  'A  rj 

a>  w 
-d  o 

43  > 

°  s' 

OQ  -  , 
bjQ^ 

H  -d 
d®  bo 

•  r-4 

43  <d 
P  i 

5  ^ 
-S  -e 

i_  CD 

O  S3 

g^s 

s  t 

•l-H 

<u 

43  a; 
“  H 
O  -M 
CO 


B 


<d  3 

«g  £* 

O  U 

•  r “4 

d  P3 

o  -h-3 

*43  •» 

P  P3 
O  P 

o  o 


Hp 

d 

P 


O 

£ 

43 


02 

<s» 


*D 

^3 

O 

s 

£ 

03 

03 

£3 

s-» 

N«i 

03 


c 

as 

a 

co 


eS 

•4H 

(h 

a> 

S 


43  . 

OQ  r*~» 

•  rl  -*3 

-| 

CO  “ 

<D  . 

S.  CO 

•Eh  “  & 
bo  co  bo 

>■  rp 

p  .p 

d  pp  -a 

•43  eg 

bog  o 

d  53  f-i 


G 

cS 

d 


e 

o 

as 

O 

O 

d 


H 

s 

<3 

55 


« 

© 

O 

a 

3 

55 


•00 

£pn 


CO 


CO 

05 


o  o  o 

*H  H  !-| 


•  -T3 

d  s 

o  O 


d3 

o 

u 

P 

d 

o 

s, 

•  I— t 
-4-3 
OD 

P 

O 

<v 


CO 

CO 

p 


CO 

co 

d 

<v 

j-  bo 

bD-P  T3 

Srg-d'E 
0-0 


co 

p 

o 


-4-3 

03 


O 

tS3 

P 

3d 

P 

43  ' 
<D 


P 


43 

o 

g-s 

d  d 

43.2 

Jp  CO 


&|  bo  P-,  bo  d 

Q|  p  O  rr  o 

•^0-^0  ^ 

-d  £  -d  2  g 


1C 
+  00 


o 


-4>  43 


o 


P  p  P  P  53 

■4-3  -+J  43  -4-3  43 

maiuimrJi 


Tl  43 

c3  ^  o3  o3  O 

O  £3  o  o  o 

P3ceP3P3  ^ 


1— I  CO  T^l  iO 


|  ,  CO  4* 

c  t 


CO  co 


CO 


C9HCOC9^5HPCQ 

i>?4J>CX)a)COi>(X) 


nppp  .'OpOpp  •  rp 

00-30000020 

OOqOOOOOoO 

P"  1 —  4H<-'p-!P-r-'5P:i— ||3P 


CO 


T— I  T— I 

O  00  GO 


000 

^  %*  S-i 


CO 

CO 

d 


CO  pH 

“  o 


CO 

^CS 

cs 

co 

'Jj 

o 


<33 

■53 

C3 


co  co  co  co  co 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

d  d  d  d  d 

Sh  s_  t4  U 
43  -t-3  -+3  -U  -|_) 

d  d  d  d  d 

P  P  P  P  <23 
P3  <pj  r3  <Tp  ’TP 
OOOOO 
OOOOO 

£  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

—  --(Pppajpp 

4H  -4  r— <  f—1  ^-4  -— ( 

P  P  p  p,  o,  n,  ri|  o| 
040,0,0450,0, 

O  O  •»-*  •  rH  .r-l  .r-<  •  r— 

O  O  r-Cj  ^  r-<  r-i  ri 

=  ii  is  5;  3  5  >:  4- 


43  +3 

ffl  ®  g 
AO,  ^H 
Ph  O-’^ 

•  r-<  •»— «  -i-3 

dd  ” 

§ 


o 
s, 
c8 

O 

3  3 
®  A 

np 

O  -43 

g  s 

^  o 


•N  »\  O 

p  p  p  s, 

o  bfl  be  ^ 

JSS  d 

d  ^  ^ 


d  d  B 


04 

CO 


O  P 

?H  43 

-d 
d  o 
o  p 
s,  p 


d 

o 


c3  e3  43 
P  P  g 
P  P  S 
co  co  ^ 
43  s,  Sh  _ 

blD^  O, 

Hj  •  •  ^  ■ 

o  GQ  GQ  ■ 


P 

o 


43 

CQ 

c3 

O  • 


P  ^ 

O,  bJD 


o  o 


• 

• 

• 

0  00 

02 

02 

02 

0 

02 

pH 

PH 

CO 

CO  00 

• 

• 

•» 

• 

0 

E- 

• 

• 

00  <o? 
+ 

OO 

PH 

PH 

CO 

?> 

r— i 

CO 

E- 

pH  pH 

• 

+ 

• 

PH 

E- 

CO 

0 

co 

rH 

02 

02 

i-H  05 

• 

• 

CO 

»o 

CO 

rH 

PH 

CO 

CO 

1— < 

02  CO 

• 

• 

»  ^ 

T— I 

r-H 

t—H 

02 

02 

02 

02 

CO 

CO  CO 

O 

• 

0  0 

0 

0 

p 

p 

O 

O 

0 

O 

O 

0 

0  0 

0 

O 

43  43 

43 

43 

43 

43 

4-3 

43 

4—) 

43 

-*-3 

-P 

— >  43 

4J 

-u 

CO 

co 

0  00 

O 

00 

0 

0 

PH 

00 

•O 

0 

O 

rH 

43 

0 

+ 

02 

CO 

00 

pH 

pH  O 

+ 

0® 

E-  PI 

PH 

• 

E- 

cO 

>0 

CO 

0 

00  0 

02 

02 

0  00 

co 

CO  o? 

pH  1— I 

CO 

>0 

00 

rH 

pH 

CO 

CO 

05 

O 

^H 

02  CO 

rH 

10  CO 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

02 

02 

02 

02  02 

CO 

CO 

CO  CO 

PPPPPPPPPPPPcSas 

-4-3  -4—1  4->  43  4-3  4-4  -t-3  43  4_4  4-3  4-3  4-3  4-3  -4-J 


443434343434343 

ppppppppp 
ppp^^ppppppp 

P  P  V  P  P  -4-3  4_3  -4-3  -43  -4-3  4-3  -^3  -4-3 


s  d  P  d  P 
P 


pppHMP^p^jZ2a2O2^CZ2C/2CCCZ2G0 


o  t-  00  o  o  <- IO?CO  10  CO  b*  00  OJ 


No.  38.] 


37 


co  coo 


o 


t— I  rfi  O  r— I  •  O 
00  05  GO  00  •  OV 


C3 

o 


<72 


C3 

03 


p  c  a  a  p  P 

o  o  o  o  o  o 

54  Sh  Sh  Sh  Sh  Sh 


p 

o 


n3 

o 

o 

ps 


S3 

o 


03 

o 


P 

o 

o 

>■ 


CO 

DP  co 

O  s 

o  P  h; 
"  c3 

<D  -P 
P  p 

•  rH  r-H 

P  73 
<30 


O 

Sh 

c3 

p 

o 

Sh 


w 

co 

H  co 

;_  CO 
„  4^  p 
■  "4  Sh 
o  p  43 

5-i  <D 

13  h  c3 

Cl  *3 

C  >-  O 

^  *"'■  N 

,H  ^  O) 

2  9  t3 

£ 

-4-P  rH  jj 

p,  fcx)  5h  p  br  p 
PS’"  P  P  P 
* r"1  O  *  r-*  o  * F— * 

r^3  ?H  2  —  £  ^3 

^  ^  o  ^  ^  ^ 


GO 

i> 


CO 

73 

o 

<30 


s 

o 


OH^ 

40 

03  O?  CO 

+ 

o 

40  o  rH 

40 

so  oo  o 

CO 

co  co  ns 

o 

ooo 

4-3 

•P  43  43 

n!  00 

?>*  H*  H 

^  CO 

H  2>*  ?>• 

40 


+ 


o  CO  ‘O  ®  o  o 
40  CO  50  2>  o  r- ( 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

c3  33  73  c3  c3  73 

4—*  4-3  4-3  4-3  4-3  4-3 

c ncficnoc/ic/i 


CO 

CO 

S 


CO 

CO 

S 


<30 

O 


O 

o 

£ 

o 

f“l 

<30 

-O 

CQ 


73 

,-p 

O 

02 

i 


Pd 

o 

o 


<10 

o 

-Q 

c3 

02 

fl 

rH 

c3 

-P 

o 

CO 


H 

03 

40 

4-3 

73 

S<} 

*  rH 

O 

r*4> 

S-J 

1— H 

Hi 

O* 

« 

CO 

CSS 

CD 

P 

73 

Sh 

H-3 

8 

SS 

■5T 

p 

CD 

”P 

C 

o 

Hi 

ss 

OO 

50 

CD 

50 

<50 

PS 

CO 

f\ 

PS 

<53 

"p 

73 

73 

O 

P 

•  rH 
r i 

O 

P 

> 

O 

S 

Hi 

Hi 

s>* 

o 

H 

Hi 

o. 

<^> 

• 

o> 

• 

HP 

H 

• 

®q 

Pd 

CQ 

• 

• 

RQ 

-p 

o 

Sh 

t3 


4-3 

02 

73 

O 

<30 


P 


03 

* 

O 

JO 

£ 

o 

I— I 

CD 

-O 

co 

a 

•  H 

c3 

rP 

o 

o 


oq 


02 

CO 

P 

Si 

-t-3 

hP 

_  o 

T  .  Sh 

co  S 


^  Sh 

Hi  P 
h»* 

e  -4J 
02 

2  3 

«o  ® 

f-3(3  o 

S3  Q, 

s  ^ 

<33 

<33  - 

73 

<v  • 

■V 

<53 


CO 

Pd 

O 

S 

a 

o 

£ 

-S3 

o 

PC 

K^~ 

73 

*4-4 

’’ip 

w 


CQ 

CO 


5*  73 

h  no 

Hi  '  O 
-?  N 
CD 

*  ,  A 
73 

CO  5-1 

rH 

„  <D 
O  - - - 

45  P 

S3  P 

o  .Z7 


—4 

<N. 

<53 

<53 

73 

S 

53 


i 

> 


S3 

8 

<s 

o 


CQ 

02 

S 

5-1 

4-3 

CO  73 
rH  P 


O 

CS3 

<D 

Ph 

c3 

Sh 

4-3 


M 

o 

o 

<D 

> 

O 

-Q 

o3 

CQ 

P 

rH 

73 

-P 

O 

CO 


<D 

to  P; 

^  P 

S3 

^  P 

8  ^ 
53 

<53  - 

73 

04  . 

0-4 

<53 


Pd 

o 

o 

£ 

jo 

’aj 

-O 

02 

P 

•  rH 

c3 

P3 

o 

H4 


Uj 


CO 

CO 

p 

Sh 

4-3 


P 

|  rg 

53  o 

*-  £ 
rH  ^ 

02  <X> 

<45  rQJ 
«  P 

L  >  ‘  ^ 

^  -P 


Hi 

QD 


Dq  co  ^  SO  Pq  OD 


Pd 

o 

o 

r  < 

o 

’o 

p 

co 

P 

•  rH 

73 

r-i 

o 


o  .  •  © 

-P  bO-M  -u>  :  be 

<X5  p  a>  <D  n3  p 

®  P  £  g  73  73 

-C3P!  £  £  op: 

COOMCCPhO 


O  H  c?  CO  ^  K5 

P2  o?  o? 


p 

cS 

o 


c3 

M 


CO 

« 


T3 

c3 

O 

Ph 


2- 

02 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

«• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

4-3 

• 

• 

43 

• 

• 

4-3 

hS> 

<D 

CD 

<D 

03 

O 

<D 

Sh 

4-3 

<D 

Sh 

43 

CD 

Sh 

4-3 

Ph 

CO 

cn 

CQ 

n 

- 

_ 

• 

1 

• 

• 

• 

*• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•  • 

• 

00 

a. 

o 

H 

02 

<72 

CO 

CO 

a 

Sh 

73 

Ph 


02 

CO 


BRIDGES  — (Continued.) 
Between  Lochs  18  and  19. 


38 


[Assembly 


c 

n 

Q 

an 


p 

03 

P 

cj 


C 


H 

JS 

< 

£ 


p 

<D 

S 

a 

3 

fc 


CO  rtf  CO  CO 


02 


rtf  02 


rtf 


co 


oonooi5h« 


'  r-3  r3  r3  ■”3rdr3^^r3-jrTj 
COOO-3OCOOOOOO 
00000000C000C 

£— i  ^  ^  ^  ^  -  P-_ 


2  0  0  0  0 
c  o  o  o  o 
—  !>■ 


O  CO 

30 

o 

00 

30 

00 

30 

30 

O? 

O 

30 

30 

O? 

O 

CO 

02  CO 

•4 

02 

02 

rtf 

o? 

30 

cv 

00 

cv 

CV 

02 

-+i 

£"~ 

£- 

+ 

rtf  £> 

GO 

02 

GO 

02 

O? 

(O? 

t-H 

CO 

GO 

00 

CO 

O? 

GO 

r^\ 

rH  3Q 

o? 

CO 

rH 

rtf 

CO 

CO 

tH 

TV 

CO 

02 

CO 

4 

30 

3 

rH 

rH 

02 

02 

CO 

■H 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

a 

o  o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

c 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

-M  -IP 

-H> 

4-4 

-IP 

-IP 

4P 

-P3 

4-J 

-H> 

4—) 

+-5 

4-4) 

4-4 

-*-> 

4-4 

-*-> 

o 

rH 

CO 

GO 

30 

rH 

£>• 

30 

CO 

rf 

O? 

30 

O? 

o 

rH 

o 

GO  GO 

i—t 

02 

GO 

rH 

GV 

CO 

02 

30 

02 

02 

CO 

rH 

*4 

o 

Hi 

+ 

CO  £>- 

00 

00 

i> 

rtf 

O  02 

O? 

H 

rH 

OJ 

£3- 

GO 

CO 

o? 

GO 

CO 

rH  tO 

o? 

CO 

rH 

rtf 

CO 

CO 

rH 

O? 

CO 

02 

CO 

*4 

30 

02 

rH 

t-H 

02 

02 

CO  CO 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

CO 

o 

CO 

CO 

7t  Tt 

d 

33 

c3 

c3 

7w  C3 

c3 

C3 

c3 

c3 

c3 

c3 

c3 

-w 

c3 

c3 

-P>  -P 

4-4 

4-4 

4-4 

4-5 

-*p  -p 

^-5 

H— > 

4-4) 

-ip 

4-> 

45 

4-) 

4-) 

4-4 

4-4 

mviTiiznmmmuiui'Jimuicriznrjimmui 

0***0 . *  * 

bjQ  *  •  .  bo  ****** 

cSSSs^SSE^  assesses 

c8  cj  O^SSOo3c3c3Qc3c3^c3 

OPrP^^OPhPhS^hPhPchPh^PhP^Pxh^^ 


co^oonxoohnco^oo?>xoo 

COCOCOCOCO.COCOrtfrtfrtfrtfrtfrtfrtfTtfrtf^tfxo 


—I  rtf 

2>  £- 


o  o 
o  o 


OQ  •  .  .  02 . 

M3  ...  05 

o  ...  o  ....  : . *.  ; 

S-  .  .  .  S-I  . 

-+^>.*4J*  ***|******* 

<r*.  •  •  •  _r; . *.... 

’  02  03  M3  03 
*02000302 

^r;p?c3?30000p0r^0000 

i  ~i  l~C  PC  r!  H  S-t  Sh  5-h  2h  ?p  — .  Sh  £h  Sh  ?h 

2  4-^  g4J-P-P4J+J-t34J4Ji2'P4J-P+J 

4-4  n  rl  ^  '"I 

00000000^0000 
rCrOrO  OOOOOOOO  <r  HO  TJ  rO  T3 

looo”ooooo8oo=oooo 

3  >  ^  o  >  ^  S  2  S  ^  8  3  S 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOqOOO© 

o-  Ph  o^  Ph'Hh'Hh'Hh'Hh'Hh'Hh'Hh'Sh'Hh’p  'Hn"oHro_71, 

*  l"“*  *  — ^  *  r“*  •  *  rH  *  •  f“H  •  rH  •  (-H  •  F— H  •  r—  •  ^— .  .  ,— .  •  i—.  . 


o 

cv 


02 

rH 

=C 

4S 

C2 

O 

*H 


50 

C2 

C2 

Oi 

C2 


w  02 

03  02 


^  -+2S 

f“H  .— 
rH  — « 

O  O 

rc  *o 
o  o 
o  o 

p  £ 

o  o 


fe*  >■ 


o 

GO 

+ 
O  02 
O^  CO 

+ 

CO 

l°  o 


o 

-P3 


o 

-|P 


30 

+ 
CO  C2 
30  CO 

08  S 

-H>  -p 

GO  rJl 


£  ^ 
£  S3 
c3  O 

fH 


rH  O* 
30  30 


No.  38.] 


39 


CO  CO  CO 

• 

6 

3 

6 

6 

3 

CO 

w  J>  « 

?>  GO  ^ 

♦ 

•  •  • 

93 

Wff?  HO)  P 
)>  H  i>  )h  i> 

o? 

c- 

81 

92 

o 

Cw 


!-h|<N 

?:  r;  ooo 

i-  i> 


03  ^3  Ti 
o  o  c 
o  o  o 


•s 

o  o 
o  o 

!>: 


("O  rCS  '"O  03  rO  *  rP  .....  r^J  r^J  r£j 

ocooosopppppooo 

OOOOOo^OOOOOOOO 
t>-  t>-  £>■  b>"  5-1  b»-  * — I  S— '  f— I  S— «  5—1  £>. 

P>P-*lr'P>pr>--|p->— II— It— 


c* 

^2 


o 

O) 

«c 

© 

© 

H 

r*i 

H* 


GQ  CO  GO 

co  co  co 

3  P  3 
5—  ^-i  S-i 

4-3  -1-3  4-3 

P  S3  P 

p  p  p 

o  o  o 

o  o  o 

>  >  > 

r”.  r*  r* 

p  p  p 

&.  Ph  Ph 
Ph  Ph  Ph 

•  rH  •  rH  •  rH 

P  P?  P 

S=£ps 


C<) 

C<) 

^2 

cs 

52 


«o 

© 

© 

H 

S3 

© 

© 

© 


<X) 
T3 
CD  § 

bO  O 

rs  ^ 

•e  P 

Ph 

^  .5"1 

Cw  r4 
S-H  . 


co 

CO 

rH 

Sm 

-+J 


00 

CO 


• 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

• 

CO 

• 

CO 

P 

O 

CQ 

CO 

CQ 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

p 

P 

l-H 

rr 

p 

p 

c2 

P 

rH 

CO  Is 

c 

c 

in 

c 

H 

4-3 

h-3 

4-3 

4-3 

4-3 

ri 

4-3 

^3 


O? 

20 

© 

© 

H 


© 

© 


P 

Ph' 

Ph 


<D  CD  CD 


Ph 

Cl. 


I>  > 


P 

a; 

ro 

o 

o 


CD 
'  o 
O 
O 
> 


Ph  Oh 

.P.  p, 

P  P 
£  £ 
P  P 

<X>  CD 

>-0  P3 

o  o 
o  o 
b-  t>- 


a) 

Ph. 

o 

j  I— 

P 

£ 


o 

S-l 

rH 

'  4-3 

co 

c3 

O 


P 

&  .rH 

'P  „ 
O  ■£ 

I 


co 

co 


c3 

P 

O 


o 

a?  ?-h 

P  c3 


CO 

co 


co 

c3 

O 

P 


c3 

P 

O 


t-i 
43> 

PS 

•P  CO 

S  M 

N  r- 

p  P 

^p  Ph-E 
P  O  c3 

H  r  P 

C$  4-3  QJ 

P  p  'P 

o  o 

Cl  c 


CO  CO 
CO  CO 

p  p 

f—*  ?H 

-4-P  4P 


o 

c 


P  P 

l— i  I— I  r—  > 

Ph  Ph  Ph 
Ph  Ph  Ph 


445 

CO 

c3 

O 

P 


4-3  4J 


o 

o 

£ 

p 


P 

<D 

P3 

o 

o 

£ 


p 

CD 

-P 

o 

o 

£ 


p 

P 
P 
C 

O  P  P  P 

p-  r-"  r-"  P"  . —  r—  inH-pr^ 


bD  P-  bC  bO  P 
p  Ph  p  p  P- 
P--  P  0-2 


p  p 

PP 
P  P 

•  ^h  •  rH 

P  P 


Hi 

CQ! 

• 

O 

HO 

• 

• 

• 

‘qj 

o 

CO 

CO 

GO 

iO 

CO 

o 

O 

o 

o 

CO 

co 

• 

+ 

iCI) 

CO 

• 

• 

co 

co 

cq 

CO 

+ 

tH 

05 

hH 

rH 

CO 

GO 

05 

GO 

GO 

GO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

o 

o 

JO 

>o 

lO 

H! 

+ 

n 

H 

O 

JO 

p 

iO 

rH 

O 

rH 

00 

CO 

p 

o 

O) 

CO 

GO 

p 

CO 

CO 

CO 

oo 

o 

rH 

GO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

IO 

CO 

o 

GO 

rH 

tH 

GO 

GO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

iO 

o 

-4— > 

o 

o 

445 

+ 

rH 

O 

o 

o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

05 

o 

-f-3 

4—> 

4-3 

4P 

~4P 

4-3 

-H 

4-3 

4-3 

p 

4-3 

4-* 

4-3 

-*p 

o 

r/~> 

O) 

O 

4-3 

'-H 

GO 

00 

GO 

GO 

CO 

CO 

GO 

IO 

CO 

CO 

GO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

05 

CO 

rH 

GO 

GO 

GO 

rH 

rH 

CO 

+ 

+ 

rH 

+ 

+ 

GO 

o 

JO 

GO 

-JH 

CO 

rH 

o 

P 

tJH 

p 

rH 

00 

CO 

rH 

?> 

1(0 

O 

»o 

JO 

CO 

GO 

GO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

GO 

o 

rH 

rH 

GO 

CO 

CO 

lO 

CO 

o 

rH 

o 

o 

C5 

H 

tH 

tH 

GO 

GO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

IO 

c3 

c3 

03 

c3 

• 

c3 

c3 

a$ 

c8 

c* 

cS 

C3 

c3 

c3 

cS 

Cw 

c3 

Cj 

cS 

c3 

a 

H— » 

H 

4— » 

4P 

H-) 

HP 

4—i 

p 

P 

p 

4-> 

P 

P-* 

p-> 

p 

4-3 

GO 

CZ2 

GO 

CQ 

GQ 

CQ 

CQ 

Zfl 

m 

CQ 

rJl 

m 

02 

CQ 

CZ2 

GQ 

GQ 

GQ 

GQ 

GQ 

^2 

^  E 


co 

c<? 

Co 

© 

© 

§ 

© 

© 

© 

© 


c 

c 

-1-3 

P 

bp 

o 

c 


T— I 

+ 

05 

o 

-t-3 

GO 

k  I 

+ 

00 

c3 

4-3 

m 


T3 


•  # 

• 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

•  • 

• 

• 

•  rH 

p 

• 

• 

4P 

a>  c3 

p 

c3 

• 

bo  P4 

Ph 

• 

a  q 

(53  P 

i 

£ 
G— 5 

rP  O 

o 

Cw 

rP  p  p 
c3  ^h  c  p  P 
o  •  ce  o  o 


-1-3 

CD 

<x> 


.  .  P3 

•  •  ^ 
-1-3  -443  Q 

<D  OJ  QJ 
<x>  o  rH 


441 

0) 

O 

4- 

43 


43;  4-3  4-3 

<x>  a>  p 
a>  cd  p 
c  c  c 

435 


p 

p 

c 


c 

c2 


p3pq^p3p3cC:Z}a2PHGQGG{/}GQOQpC 


c3 


CO  H1  O 
1C  O  lO 


CO  £  ' 

JO  JO 


COOOHC?CO^>OCD!>GOO;OH(J< 

iojococococococpcocococoi>2>?> 


CO 

2> 


# 


/ 


I 


I 


BRIDGES  —  (Continued). 

Between  Locks  ’24  and  25, 


40 


[Assembly 


c 

as 

P* 

m 


<u 

•P 

as 


P 

o 

•  H 

-P 

ca 

o 

o 

PJ 


W 

w— i 

<1 


P 

a> 

-Q 

a 

p 

5zi 


C5  co  co 


C5 


i—i  <02  it—  O  1—1 
COOOi>i>t- 


CD  O  O 


oa-io 
2>  2>-  «>  GO 


r— I  1C 
2>  2> 


*  rg  rg  TJ  pg  rC3 
O  O  O  O  O  O 
O  O  O  O  O  O 


rgrgrC!rgrgrg'-grd 

oooooooo 

ooooocoo 

&  ^  ^  pS  p£  :P  ^ 


<X> 

-U 

c3 

t> 


rn 

r2 

■»  • 

•  • 

•  w 

PH 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

02 

GO 

CO 

>-H 

•  2 

CO 

CO 

CO 

00 

02 

02 

CO 

02 

OQ 

02 

.  ^ 

g 

g 

g 

g 

g 

g 

o 

g 

C2 

g 

g 

O 

H 

•  r—* 

4-3 


,  ' — <  f— i  r— i  r — i 

’+“3  -4_3  4^  4-> 

g  p  a  g  g 

O  ’"g  O  (D  I) 

*"3  rg 


o  o 

°  rH  O 
£  £  £ 


a> 


rg  rg  g 


o  o 

o  o 

£  £ 

o  o  <x> 


bo  <Oh  CD  IOh  Pi  P* 
g  p^'g  CP  Ph  a 

•  rH  (3)  •  f— 1  •  r“H  •  f— h 

p,  „g  o  P  P  P 


GO 

rH  40 

+ 

O  05 
40  C5 

o  o 

-4— >  -H 
H*  00 

CO  i—l 

•f 

05  05 
C5 


^OOh 

C*  ^  5 

T 

^  0°  tH 
CO  ,-h 
^  G*  <7* 

O  o  o 

-P  -p  -P 

co  c?  co 
CO  CO 

4»+ 

CO  i"H  GO 
G<2  00  H  C5 
rH  t— I  (02  G2 


c3  c3  cS  c3  c3  cC3 

-1-3  -P>  +3  -4-4  -4P  -4-3 

mcnmcnviw. 


CO 

02 

CNi 

o* 

3 

40 

02 

<35 

C5 

O 

s 

«N 

5^ 

So 

CV 

<£> 


£-*  £■-,  .  . 

^  4-04— *4_4->4-o-44>4-3> 

gggCgggg 

CJffl0JJi(D»(5O 

g  <0  g  O  g  g  C3  rrj 

ooocoooo 

oooooooo 

oooooooo 

^^TglglplELliglEL 

Ph  pH  P-4  f .  P  P  P  P 


r  4 


r~  r-"  g" 


ood 

+ 

C5  O 


CO 

i>- 


4< 


O 

4-3 


?>  CO 
rH  00 
i—l  rH 

OQO 


40  O 

J>  <02 


00  o 

05  0 
CO 

o  c 


40  40  CO  O  00  CO 

(?t  02  ^  i>  CQ  »c 

+ 

05  o  CO  2>  40  40  00  o 
^  t-H  00  CO  05  CO 
h  H  CO  CO  ^ 

c3c3c3c§c3c3c3c3 

-4-3  -1-3  -4_>  -(_i  -|-3  HP  -4_>  -*_> 

mc/iuiu:rJimmui 


S  2 


gp  gp 
c3  c<3  £  c3 

O  O  c3  O  c$  c<3 

P3  £?  pq  Ph  pq  ftj 


H  40  CO  N  GO  05 
J>  Is*  b*  2>  ^ 


S  S  £  S  £ 

c8c3cjOOojcSd 


OHC?COrH>OOJ> 

ooooooxooooxoo 


2H 

00 


o 

o 

> 


OJ 

OJ 


02 

g 

a> 

~3 

r-. 

rg 

*P 

■p 

o 

c 

o 

> 

>2 

K- 

a. 

x> 

r  ■  » 

o 

o 

.  ZT 

c 

rH 

— 

• 

o-> 

• 

^  GO 


CQ 


i’ 

+ 


CO 

40 

+ 

G<? 

rH 

• 

<3 

OQ 


H 

ci 


00 

oo 


Between  Locks  27  and  28. 


No.  38.  J 


41 


co  co 

CO  CO 

E3  a 

J-i  H 

+3  43 

3d  ^ 

©  o 

Sh  H 

35  33 

a  a 
o  o 


I 


I 


co  co 
c3  c3 
o  o 

j©  o 

cLcL 
.Sr.^ 
la  JH 

£S~S 


00  CO 

^  o 

+ 

CO  r— I 

’  r— I 
^  02 

o  o 

4->  -4-3 

02  oo 

05 

4- 

02  ,-4 
1— I 

c*  02 
•  • 
03  c3 

-P  -4-3 

cd  m 


05 

02 

§ 

00 

02 

r-o> 

C5 

o 

s 


<55 

<55 


*<0 

<55 

cq 


© 

-4-3 

c3 

> 

•  pH 

A 

CO  CO 
CO  CO 

a  3 

J-4  f-l 
-Pi  -4-3 

a  a 

05  05 

•■a  n 
o  o 
o  o 

£  £ 

©  © 

i—l  r— I 

£P  3h 

Oh 

•  H  •  «— < 

-a  ^a 


^  02 
05  02 


lO  00 
00  CO 


o 

J> 


+ 

40 

00 


00 

CO 


03  c3 

-1-3  -4J 

cd  cd 


o 

CO 

^5 


05 

02 

05 

<3 

C5 

O 


<55 

05 

§ 

*KS 

^5 


CO 

CO  CO 

CO 

02  40 

05  O 

oo 

2>  t- 

00  O 

05 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

• 

• 

•  • 

• 

a  a 

o  o 

a 

o  o 

o  o 

o 

H  H 
>— (  l-H 

H 

hH 

CO  CO  05 


co 


CO 


05  CO 


05 


CO 

co 

a 

S-4 

-P» 

a: 

o 

t- 

c3 

a 

o 


co 

c3 

© 

© 

H. 

3 

la 

is 


02 

02 

+ 

o 

CO 


02 


o 

40 


25 

CO 

+ 

o  05 

co  ^ 

c3  c3 

-4-3  -43 

CD  CD 


H34  Hoi 

HCOCOHOOSiOOOOOmNiawcOr- 

i>X00i>00©O5J>©t^©t-i-^J>t. 


T3  T3  T3  <73  ”3  nd 
o  o  o  o  o  o 
o  O  o  ©  o  o 

^  ^ 


is  is  is 


•  <"3  h©  ~a  na  *  •  <"3  <70  'a? 

^OOOOrH^Qoo 
°  4?  4°  4°  O  O  5  O  O 

■i;  p:  p: -S  £  £  pi  £  £= 


CO 


o 

CO 

oo 

C5 

o 

§ 

<55 

<C5 

C5 

cq 


CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

co  co  co  co  CD  co 

a  a  a  a  a  a 

H  Sh  P  !-<  p 

-H  -4-3  -4-3  -43  4J  43 

©  ©  ©  ©  <D  05  j£ 

aa aaaa a 


CO 

CO 


co  co  co  rn  r~P)  -£{  co  co  co 
COCOCOCO>TCJcOCOCO 

?r??aaaaa 

f_,  i—  Pi  p_  C3 

•4-3  -P>  -4-3  -4-3 


fee 


£  «>  fet 


a  a  a  a 
©  ©  ©  © 
r3  <ca  T3  r& 
0000 
0000 

^  >  >■  fcp 
p-  p~  p 


© 

o 

c 


a 

© 

o 

o 


4-3 

CO 

o 

a- 


© 

o 

o 

£ 

© 


a 

© 

o 

o 

£ 

JO 

©4 


_©  _© 
&4 

p4 


o 
a 

re 


o 

H 


£ 

a 

© 


a  rH  -4-3  -P»  -P> 

a  a  a 

©  ©  © 
■a  a  a 
000 
000 
>  >  (> 


1 

1  4-3 

02 

a 

© 


03 

a 

o 


©  ‘a  'a  § 


©  ©  ©  ©  © 


Oh 

O  . 


©  04 

a  Ph  _ 

O  ••— 1 

-  _  c  -a  js 
K~  P  P  P  P  P 


OOP 

,aaa 

•  »— <  *rH  •  r-H 

r*  r~;  ^ 


40 

40 


+ 

O*  CO 
40  02 


o  o 


O  CO  O  02 
40  ^  05  CO  05 


00  00  00  05 
02  02  00  02 


00  O  CO  >0 

rH  05  rH  2>- 


02  H  05  CO  O 
40  00  T— I  40  00 
t— I  H  02  02  02 


O 

-4-3 


o  o 


o 

4P 


CO 

CO 


00  00  02  CO  o 
02  2>  CO  40 


C0  40  C00002H020502 
O  05  05  h  02  CO  CO  1—1 
C0C0C0C0xti^^4OC0 

OOOOOOOOO 

-4-3  4-3  4-3  4-3  40  40  4-3  4_i  43 

C0C00202^C0^OO 

05  40  05  05  CO  05  40 


He*  CO 
y— I  02 
40  rH 

a  a 

4->  -4— > 

CD  CD 


02  H  05  CO  O 
>0  CO  H  O  00 
H  H  02  02  02 

•  •  •  •  • 

w  Cv  c3  c3  ^ 

4-3  4-3  4-3  43  4-3 

CD  CD  CD  CD  CD 


©  ^  CO  2>*  02  O  02  00  02 

O  ■'H  05  05  h  02  CO  CO  H 

COCOCOCO"cfH'rtl'eht»OCO 

*  •  •  •  •  ••  •  • 

aaaaaaaaa 

-4—3  -4—3  -i_3  4-^  -4—3  t  -i  ~i  -t  i  ~5 

CD  CD  CD  CD  CD  CD  CD  CD  CD 


4-3  43 
©  © 
©  © 
H  H 

43  43) 

CD  CD 


b  a 

*4  s_l 

a  a 


S  ^ 

h  a 
a  o 
Ph  Ph 


a 

SHSSSSaSSoi^lSES 

I-*  5h  J-.  Ph  U+  C3  ^h  C^2  &  in  P-.  (-1 


05  o 
GO  05 


y~  02 
05  05 


CO 

05  05 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.] 


4f5CDt-00050HWCOH40COJ>00  05  0 
05  05  05  05  05  o  O  O  O  O  O  O  O  O  O  H 


6 


BRIDGES  —  (Continued). 


4» 


42 


[Assembly 


a 

ce 

Q> 

GO 


a 

•rH 

u 

<V 


c 

cS 


a 

o 

■i  i 

+3 

J3 

O 

O 

3 


s 

◄ 

53 


© 

a 

a 

53 


CO 


i-H  r— I  rH  O  CO  O 
2>  i>*  i>  i>  i—  2> 


CO 


05  CO  CO  CO  05 


35 


rt3  hQ  r3  r3  h3  rC3 
o  o  o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o  o  o 

£  ps  ps  p: 


ffi  CO  OO  K  OQ  OQ 

00  CO  00  CO  00  00 

3  3  3  3  3  CS 

S-i  f_,  tH  Si  Sh  Vh 

4J  -p  +3  -P  -P  -p 

3  3  a  3  3  fl 

0  ®  ®  <X>  O  (D 

"3  '"P  r3  r3  r3  r3 
C  O  O  O  O  O 

O  O  O  O  O  O 

^  ^  ^  £ 

05  <D  <D  05  05  05 

Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  P-i  Ph 

Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph 

•  —  •  r-H  •  r-H  •  r— •  •  rH  •  rH 

33  X.  rP  33  -3  r3 

fct  ps  ps  ps  ps  pi 


00  o 

r-i  J>- 


+ 


J>  CO 
CO  T— I 
£>  00 


o 

00 

ov 

oo 


o  o  o 

P  P  P> 

oi  o 

00  40 

4- 

co  co  oo 

COHN 
f>-  GO  00 


^  c3  c3  c3  3  3 

4-3  43)  -P>  4-3  -HP  P> 

co  rJi  m  m  go  gq 


assess 

*-H  U  i->  *-l  ?H 

o3  c3  c3  o3  c3  c3 

Em  Pm  Pm  Pm  Pm 


H  N  CO  H  »C  CO 


cooHOOHOHNoa 

COJ>Ot'*i>2>COOQ«>2>CO 


T3  *rPrPrPrPrP  •  T3  "3  r3 
OrPOOOOO^OOO 
OoOOOOOoOOO 

&&&&&&&&&&& 


o? 

CO 

8 

C3 

rH 

CO 

Co 

CP 

o 

<?» 

CP 

<55 


•  CO 

•  CO 

•  3 

.  S"H 
.  -1-3 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

« 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

A 

• 

• 

• 

.  GO 

!2 

00  <4? 

• 

CO 

• 

CO 

• 

OO 

• 

CO 

co 

CO  P 

CO  P 

CO 

CO 

00 

CO 

g  3 

3 

r- ; 

3 

3 

g  a 

S-H 

Sh 

5-H 

S-H 

p 

44J 

•4-3 

-M 

443 

^  3 

p  o 

3 

3 

3 

3 

E 

05  .3 

05 

05 

05 

05 

o  • 

11 
£  o 


03  T3  TJ 
o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o 

£  £  £  £ 


o  1 
£  © 


CO  CQ  02 
CO  CO  CO 
3  53  3 
5-1  t-t  5-1 

4-3  4-3  -*3 

P  P  P 
o  o  o 
03  <G3  -P 
O  O  O 

o  o  o 
£  £  £ 


5500000005000 

Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph 
Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph 

•  r—*  •  rH  •  r-H  •  r-H  •  r-H  •  r-H  •  r—  •  — *  •  ^h  •  r-H  •  ^H 

PPOPPPPPPPP 


75 

?> 

33 

o  ©* 

00 

Gv? 

iO 

oo’ 

OO 

• 

• 

J> 

00 

oo 

05  00 

35 

o 

00 

35 

rH 

CO 

O 

CO 

00 

rH 

35 

+ 

c<? 

H}H 

i> 

»C  Jr- 

35 

G\? 

G^ 

IO 

rH 

O 

o 

IO 

35 

Oj 

O 

rH 

oo 

Ph 

o 

-cH 

CO 

rH 

*> 

i> 

o 

o 

rH 

rH 

G^ 

Gv? 

G<? 

CO 

CO 

Tin 

4-3 

-M 

o 

-4_P 

o  o 

-4-3  O 

O 

o 

O 

o 

O 

O 

o 

o 

O 

00 

4-3 

4-3 

4-3 

-4—* 

4-> 

4-J 

4-> 

o 

lO 

QC  CO 
C7)  rH 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

iO 

o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

i> 

co 

rH 

CO 

TH 

00 

rH 

35 

+ 

G^ 

CN» 

^1  ?> 

35 

G9 

>o 

i—i 

35 

o 

40 

35 

05 

o 

rH 

00 

'C*l 

o 

"cf 

IO 

i—l 

O 

rH 

rH 

G^ 

G^ 

G^ 

CO 

CO 

93c3c3g3c3^c3c3g3c3o3 

- 1  I  ^  -1  -I  O  -J_P  ■  ->  I  I  ->  -4_^  -4_P  -4_P 

roCOCQCCCOTSCOCOCOOOa! 


s-ssssasgsas 

cOOc0^c3Sc3hjSc3o3 

pMf^PM^f^pMfeGCpMpMPH 


NOOOOHNCO^iOOi- 

r-/HHNNN«NNNN 

HHHrirlrlHHHHH 


*>  2> 


Betiveen  Locks  32  and  33. 

128.. .  Farm .  Sta.  10  82  toll  8...  Whipple  wooden  truss .  Wood. 

129 . .  .  Street .  Sta.  27  98  to  28  43. . .  Cast-iron  pipe  arch  truss .  Iron  . . 


No.  38.  J 


43 


CD 


O  05 


CD 


CD 


CO  , 


CD  CD 


02  O 
£—  £> 


02 

O 


r— I  r— (  r— I  r-|  CD 
?>  00  02 


02  r— I  *— > >  t— I  i— i  02  O  O 


O  02  i-H  02 
Z>  i>  2> 


73  73  t3  73 
o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o 


^  nj  rti  rQ 

O  O  O  O  O 

o  o  o  o  o 
p:ps^£ps. 


73  73  73  73  73  73  73  73 
oooooooo 
oooooooo 

£  p:  £s  p:  Es  pS  p= 


73  73  73  73 
O  O  O  O 

o  o  o  o 

is  is  Es  is 


03 

hp 

03 

> 

•  rH 

Eh 

Ph 


n  do  09  on 

GO  GO  00  CQ 

3  3  3  3 

H  Eh  Eh  Eh 

-+p  -+p  -|P  HP 
P  S3  p  S3 

03  03  <D  <D 
73  73  73  73 
O  O  o  o 
O  O  o  o 

£  £  £  £ 
D  C  »  O 

Ph  Ph  P-i  Ph 
Ph  Ph  Ph  Oh 

•  •  f— >  •  r- 1  .  i— i 

PE^PSPS 


CD 

i> 

+ 

05 

JO 


05 


o 

05 


o  o 

HP  HP 

02  00 
JO  oo 

+ 

05  05 

jo  oo 


o 

HP 


o 


?> 

CO 

CO 

o 

HP 


lO  ZD 
CD  r— I 


02  ?> 
^  CO 
02  CO 


c3  c3  c3  c3 

-HP  -HP  H-r  -HP 

C/2  GO  CQ  CO 


CO 

8 

3 


CO 

CO 

cq 

© 

© 

H 


© 

<55 

§ 

■K> 

<55 


09  09  ffl  OQ  O 

DO  09  W  09rrt 

3  3  3  3  0) 

eh  e-  s-c  eh  a> 

HP  -H  HP  +j  «IH 


p  p  a  a  £ 

0)  0)  ®  0)  -h 

73  73  73  73  Cd 

O  O  O  O  ^ 

O  O  O  O  >-> 

£  £  ^  ^  M 

03  05  03  <33  o 

"ph'Hh'ph'p,^ 
Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  .. 

•  i-H  •  «  •  rH  •  r-H  \77 

pj  ,DS  J3  -p  9 

§  o 


05  rH  05 
+ 

CO  QD  lO 

02  CD  i> 


OOP 


o 


CD  O 
CO  05 

+ 

COiOO 
02  CD  2> 


c3  c3  C3  C3  c3 

-HP  HJ  HJ  H-»  -4-3 

CO  CO  GO  CO  CO 


JO 

CO 

8 

8 

CO 

cc 

© 

© 

8 

<55 

© 

^>s 


MtzjQQcQDoajajco 

DQOOWWWBCOCO 

esopspoop 

EhE-|EhEhEhS_<E-iE-i 

HP-(P-+PHPHP.|PHPHP 

pppppppp 

®iD®®©t,(I)0) 

7373737373737373 

OOOOOOOO 

OOOOOOOO 

££££££££ 

o©oooa>oa> 

Ph  Ph  Ph  P*  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph 
Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph 

•  rH  •  •— »  •  rH  •  rH  •  rH  •  <— •  •  i-h  •  rH 

pppppppp 

Es  p£  £s  p:  pE  ps  pt  ps 


CD 

CO 

8 

8 

JO 

CO 

»3 

© 

© 

8 

© 

© 

© 


CO  03  CO  CQ 
CO  CQ  03  CO 

P  P  P  33 
Eh  Eh  Eh  Eh 
H->  -P  +5  45 

P  P  P  P 
a>  o  o  a> 
73  rO  73  73 
O  O  O  O 
O  O  O  O 

£  £  £  £ 
03  ,  O  <D  O 

Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph 
Ph  Ph  Ph  Ph 

•  r— •  •  r^  •  rH  •  rH 

rP  rP  rP  r-P 

iS^fE 


02 

o 

JO 

02 

• 

o 

• 

2> 

• 

O 

02 

JO 

•SO 

O  JO  o 

• 

rH 

02 

r— 1 

cq 

CO 

CD 

00 

CO 

JO 

02 

CD 

CD 

rH  CO 

02 

.+ 

/ 

+ 

CD 

o 

GO 

JO 

rH 

Ti< 

oo 

2> 

r-H 

rH 

CD 

O 

05 

o 

T*l 

05 

02 

?> 

T— ! 

tH 

EiJ  r-H 

05 

rH 

02 

rH 

H 

02 

02 

02 

02 

O 

o 

O 

o 

o 

o 

O 

O 

O 

O 

o  o 

O 

O 

HP 

-*p 

-IP 

HP 

-fp 

-H> 

•HP 

-HP 

■HP 

-4-J  -4— 1 

-ip 

HP 

o 

<72 

CD 

CD 

02 

JO 

O 

o 

jo  22 

JO 

rH 

05 

CO 

JO 

CO 

05 

T* 

GO  rH 

05 

+ 

+ 

JO 

05 

00 

JO 

rH 

00 

CO 

2> 

rH 

xfJ  rH 

CD 

05 

05 

05 

05 

02 

J> 

r—l 

HH 

CO  2> 

rH 

00 

rH 

i~H 

rH 

rH 

02 

02 

02 

02 

o3o3oh^Pc3c3c3 

HPHPHP-tP-HPHPHPHP 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOC/2 


cci 


c8  c3  c3 

HP  HP  HP  HP 

CO  CO  CO  CO 


a  s  s  a 

Ph  4-  Eh  Eh 

^  ^  C3  P 
pt<  pq  pq  pq 


J3 

HP 

cQ 

Ph 


S'oSE. 

E  Ci  h  E  E 

c3  O  c3  cC  O 

PqPdPqPqH 


toSSt^SSpS 

CSEhEhCvEhEhEhEh 

Oc3c30So3Sc5 


S  S  S  73 

Eh  Eh  Eh  Ch 

C3  OS  C3  O 

PR  P^l  ^  W 


O  H  02  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 


r)<  O  CD  J>  GO 
CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


05  O  H  02  CO  JO  CD 
COr^-rtt'^'^^-rf'^H 


2>  00  05  O 
•rfl  — ^  JO 


BRIDGES  — (Continued). 
Betiveen  Lochs  38  and  39. 


% 


44 


[Assembly 


P 

c3 

CO 


o. 

<x> 


ci 

4eH 


P 

ci 


P 

O 

•  H 

c3 

o 

o 

d 


*4 

HI 

rO 

a 

3 

5*5 


CO 


•■a  • 
o  a 
O  o 


-+a 

O 

O 

0) 

73 

co 
co 
co  £3 

1 - -  lx 


CO 


o 

c3 

o 

Oh 


PR 

<x> 

-(-3 

•  rH 

O'  X 

>  ~ 

°  2 

r-3  *ri 

O  H> 
O  “ 

k  7Z 

FO 


c-  o 

rH 

+ 

CO  00 

o  o 


jo  o 
J>  cd 

+ 

•  • 

c3  c3 

-4->  -4-> 

02  C/2 


•  • 

•  • 

w 

•  • 

O  I 

s 

"c8  * 

<5 

Oh  * 

^5 

tL  73 
IS  c3 
O  O 

HPP 

.  . 
.  . 
.  . 
i— <  O? 
JO  JO 


o 


?>  •  CO  OS 

iH  •  i~  t- 


73  •  73  73 

o  h  o  o 
O  o  o  o 


•  • 

•  • 

• 

• 

*  OQ 

• 

• 

•  — 

• 

*  ^ 

• 

! 

• 

;  0 

• 

• 

-4-3 

• 

:3 

• 

• 

•  0 

• 

•  sc 

• 

•  ce 

• 

;  03 

• 

• 

•  '>■ 

• 

co 

CO 


a 

N  a> 

o  73 


o 

o 

£ 


o 

O* 

e 

03 
CO 
cc  O 

^  a’ 
^  C 
O  c, 

£  ^ 
IS  y 

§  “ 

-Ks  . 

^  o 

PQ  co 

+ 

cd 


o 

•4J 


co  co 
^  co  co 


c3  S 

>-— >  o  o 
a  ro  73 
goo 
goo 

jS  jo  jo 

bcoc, 
c:  C.A 
o  '<Z 

?X  xC 


o* 

~b 

CD 


O  O? 
CD  O 


i>  00 

03  £"• 


.  o  o 

.  -H  -HJ 

•  O?  xo 

•  CO  cy 


00 


01 


c3  C3  Cw 

-4—3  4-J  -4-J  -4—3 

(nzctnvi 


£  S 

c3  c3  s-  Jx 
O  O  J3  S 

PS  PS  pq  Pq 


co  jo  cd 
JO  JO  »o  JO 


CD  CO 


"d  73  03 
OOO 
OOO 

P=rSfS 


s 

g 

o 

«c 

Ci 

o 


CO  CO  CO 
CO  CO  CO 

000 

P-4  ?H  P-4 

^  4-^  ^ 

COO 
000 
73  73  73 
OOO 
OOO 

£  £  £ 
OOO 

OOO 

OOO 


^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 


Ci 

11 

C3 

<>* 

-Kl 

<13 


CD  CO  O? 

^  CD  O 

coo^ 

£—  CD  03 


OOO 

-J-3  -*— 1  -M 

«oo 

C3  tJH  03 


+ 


«Ob- 

i>  CD  03 


c3  c5  o3 

-u  4J  >P 

mmui 


s  s  s 

^4  P-4  P-^ 

c5  tz  ri 

Po  Po 


i>  00  03 
iO  JO  JO 


CD  CD 


rH  O  03  JO 
J>  i>  J> 


73  70  *70 

O  O  H  O 
O  O  o  O 
>  ti  >  > 


co 

co 


co  co  7“  co 
co  co  Zj  co 


r» 


tJH 

co 

C^ 

o 

g 

<5i 

<U 

§ 

<U 


-o  -u 


O  O 
73  73 
O  O 
O  O 

£  £ 


O 

o 
•_ 
•  — 

co 

c& 

O 


o 
o 

£ 

0000 

1— 1  Hi  —  1— ( 

20  Ox  Oh  Oh 


^  k: 


CD  O  CO  O 
D?  JO  ^ 

+ 

S  03  H  CO 

co  ^  00 
o  o 

O  O  -H 

H3  4J 

00  O* 
D?  tH 

+ 

o  os  o  co 
cooxc? 
hhn 
•  •  •  • 
c3  c3  C3  c3 

-4— >  -4—3  -4—J  4—3 

02  GC  CQ  02 


s 

*H  c3  c3  fx 
c3  O  O  & 

pops  ps  po 


O  H  «  CO 
CD  CD  CD  CD 


Between  Locks  43  and  44. 


45 


No.  38.  | 


cd 


CO 


CD  CD 


CO 


CD  CO  CD 


CD  CO  05 


CD  CO  CQ  rH  t'*  tJH 
H  J> 


O?  » O  W  00 
2>  2>  ?>  i> 


NN^OHDOHHNONNH 
*>*>2>-£>2>COi>'?>i>  £>*>£-?>£> 


•X3  -d  • 
o  o  a 
°  °  § 


•  nd  •  • 

d  o  cj  a 
o  <=>  o  o 
v  t>-  Sh  v. 
— I  F*-  I— I  HH 


CQ 

03 


CO 
CO 

d  d 

V  V 
HP  HP 


03 

03 


03 

03 

d 

+P 


a  d 

03  03 

HO  HD 

o  o 


r-d 

o 

S-H 

C3 

d 

o 

t~ 


rd 

o 

u 

c3 


03 

03 

d 


03 

03 

d 

Vl 


eg 


03 

03 


O 

Jh 

ce 


HP 

_d 


o 

£ 


o 

£ 


-1-3 

-d 

bo  bor5 

d  d  g 

£ 


d  -d 


d 

o 

u 


O)  O 


o 

v 

£ 


o 

£ 


o 

CSJ 

<D 

C3  eg 

d  O 


o> 


Ph^oJ-^'^ 


* 


03 

Ph 

Ph 


&  a,  Ph  « 

Id  Id  o  g  £  ®  43 


O  ©  «  O  lO  «  00 
05  £—  O?  2>  CO  CD 

+ 

d?  2>  2>  GO  o  CD  ?>. 
031  CD  00  O  uD  00  05 


^OOOOOO 
^  +3  -p  -p  -P  -P  -p 

00  O  <0*  O?  £>  o  ^ 
O  05  05  -rtl  ^  O? 

+ 

H.j>CDNO  OJ> 
CO  CD  GO  O  10  GO  05 


eg  eg  eg  eg  c8  eg  eg 

-4-3  4—3  4-3  4-3  4_J  ->  j  -> 

c 'ft  m  m  mm  yim 


•  •  • 

4-3  4-3  4_3 

2  ®  03  G  Sr^r^ 

5  £  g  2 

eg  hp  hp  hp  73  0  0 

pH  GQ  GO  GO  Pd  Ph  Ph 


nO  <75  o3  T3 
OOOO 
OOOO 

pt^p£ 


IO 

rH 

^3 

OS 

rH 

rH 

«G 

C5 

O 

£ 

<55 

<55 

§ 

Hn> 

^5 


CO  CO 
co  co 

d  d 
f- 1  V 

HP  HP 

d  d 

03  <D 

nS  nO 
O  O 

o  o 
£  £ 

O)  <D  03 

r— i  I— •  1— 1 

Pm  Ph  C- 
Ph  Ph  Pm 

•rH  .M  -  —  .  .  . 

-d  _C  _d  Pd 

pp  ^  ^  ^ 


03  03 
03  OQ 

d  d 

?H  i- 4 

HP  HP 

d  d 

03  <D 

no  no 
o  o 
o  o 

£  £ 


0 

— ( 

Ph 

Ph 


*  •  •  • 

O  O  CD  o 
CD  05  TjH  05 


+ 


40  i>*  i— I 
^  O  05 


o  o 

HP  HP 


o 

CD 


o? 

CO 

+ 


40 

rH 


o  o 

HP  HP 

03  CD 
1—1  CO 


J>  — t 

2>  05 


d  d  d  c3 

-P  -4-3  -P3  H-> 

CO  GO  GO  GO 


S  S  ^  n3 

S  £  £  d 

s  s^  o 
Ph 


•  nO  no  nO  n3  nO  d3  <"0 

OJOOOOOOO 
oOOOOOOO_  . 


o  d3  no  nO  nO  nO 
o  o  o  o  o  o 
c  o  o  o  o  o 


•Si 

§ 

o 

C5 

bi 

^  , 
•<S> 

<55 


CO 

CO 

d 


CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

OQ 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

OQ 

co 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

c» 

OQ 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

— 

d 

d 

£3 

S-I 

Jh 

Vi 

V 

V 

V 

V 

V 

Fh 

V 

V 

p— ( 

HP 

-4-3 

HP 

HP 

HP 

HP 

HP 

HP 

HP 

HP 

HP 

HP 

-4-3 

rO 

cc 

8 

cs 

40 

rH 

r^£ 

<55 

o 

s 

?s 

<55 

<55 

C5 

x> 


c3 


Ofladdddddddddd 

^ocoocoooooSSS 

0000000000oO(D 

!20000000000oori 

<1>  O  03  05  CD  <x>  CHO3Oll)0i]3(D 

PhPhPhPhPhPhPhPlmPhP^  d-n  P-i  Ph1^. 

PpH&dftPPPddd^^S 

-d^-d^-ddSPddl-drdldld^dld 


00  Oi 

rH 

+ 

CO 


O  o  O  i>  IQ  30  6  I  CO  CD  40  o 
i>rH'^Hp- (05G002rHr-lr- 1  CD  00 


ftp 


C* 

uo  rH 

+ 

CD  ?> 
CO 


d  d 

-4P>  -4-3 

GO  02 


-nH^’Ci*>,?>CD00rH!b-O?CDjj0 

?>O5C000HO5O{CDG0tHCDO5 

HrHNfNCOCOCOm^H^ 

oooooooooooo 

H-3  HP3  -*J  HJ  -+J  HP  HP  -pp  HP  HP  HP  |C 

O  40  CD  <7C)  O  O  40  CD  r^  00  O  30 

riHH05i>COC5i>000'^io 


tH  CD  05  CD  2>*  CD  ?>•  CO  CD  i—<  CD  ID) 
i>O5C0C0r- IO5O)CD00rHCDO5 
HHNNCOCOCOr<'<T^ 

COCOCOGOCOCOCOGOCOCOCOCZ2 


"dSnoSSSPddddrrtr-Hd 

3  r03  3  r73  r13  r®3  r-®3  r55  13  13  °  °  ^ 

PnpHpHpdP^Pqfii^^^p^p^^p^ 


rH  40  CD  O  GO  05  o 
CD  CD  CD  CD  CO  CD 


rH  O?  CO  rH 

£>  2>  £>  £> 


^95°^500i<-,rH'^I0'HiOCD?HOO 

i>  £-  i>  £-  00  00  /  oooooooooooo 


BRIDGES  — (Continued.) 

There  are,  in  addition  to  those  in  the  table,  bridge  over  entrance  to  Albany  weigh  look,  iron  pipe  truss,  span  42  feet. 

Between  Locks  18  and  19. 


46 


[Assembly 


c 

co 

a 

rJi 


os 

«H 

0) 

"eO 


c 

CO 


•  •  o  •  •  • 

•  •  bj}  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

-+P  -M  JD  4-3 

cS  ^  ^  c3  c3 

t>  if  >  >  > 


v.  , 

pH  Ph 


CD 


a»  P  '5 
bJD  bO  P 
ro  ro  _2  -  - 

c— 1  *  ^  •  r-H  “  »"H 


Ph  ?H  Si 

Ph  Ph  Ph 

©  O  © 
b{)  bO  bfl 
HO  cp  rp 


pH 

P 

-4-3 

o 

o 

«4-H 

P 

o 


Ph 

P3 

H-3 

o 

o 

H-H 

P 

o 


P2 

o 

o 

HO 


pH 

Jp 

-t-3 

o 

.o 


Sbc 

ho  o 


Ph 
-O  P3 

43  443 

O  O 
O  O 

«fH  SH 


P 

O 


P 

o 


oo  ®  ©  m  w  m 
p  P  *pj  p  P  P 


<x>  a> 


<D  CD  03 


Ph  Ph  S  Ph  Ph  Ph 

ffl  ffi  »  03  CO  03 

p  p  ©  s  p  o 

co gq  <h  mmz/i 


□ 

o 

"sfl 

s 

p 


o 

CO 

O 

o 

o 

CO 

CO 

00 

00 

CO 

+ 

o 

o 

7— 1 

CO 

iO 

03 

1C 

»<o 

o 

7—1 

03 

03 

03 

CO 

co 

CS  o3  c3  c3  c3  c3 

4-3  4-3  4-3  H_>  4-3  4-3 

mznz/iz/im  co 


s 

S 

<3 

fc 


(h 

® 

X> 

a 

3 

fc 


rP  hO 
o  o 
o  o 


03  <33 

43  43 

08  c3 

>  > 

•H  •  r-H 

Si  Ph 

^Ph^Pj 

<33  <33 

PhPh 
Ph  Ph 

•  »H 

P3  rP 

*  P  P 

t— I  <x)  03 

o  o 
o  o 
£  pt 


8 


o 

CO 


03  <33 

bo  bo 

HO  HO 

r _  »H 

fH  f-H 

^  ,jO 


ca 

© 

8 

<53 

<53 


44> 

<53 


4-3  43 

o  o 
o  o 

PR 


03 


rp,  <-<jj  <-43 

^  HO  HO 

®§  'E  *E 
pp 


C3 

O 

0> 

no 

oq 


4-3  43 

o  o 
o  o 
PR  PR 


•  • 

O  <P> 

•  • 

•  • 

00  CO 

03  03 
|  | 

+ 

rH  rH 

^  03 

?>  to 

00  o 

CO  00 

CO  ^ 

03  03 

•  • 

c8  -3 

-4-P  -4-> 

43  43 

mm 

GQ  GO 

p 

o 

pH 
•  TH 

CO  „ 
CO  03 

-44  3P 
^3  HO 

8  ‘C 

e  £ 

03  rj 

CO  © 

co  GO 
p 

C3  03 
O  Ph 

sq  « 


8 

<53 

<53 


4-4 

<53 


GO 


NO 

03 

+ 

03 

03 


c3 

43 

zn 


o  o 

CO  CO 


Between  Locks  34  and  35. 

Sta.  128  +  32 .  Bridge  over  feeder .  Wood. 

Sta.  173  95 . .  Bridge  over  feeder .  Wood. 


Between  Locks  35  and  36. 

Sta.  286  +  35 .  Suspension  foot  bridge .  Wood. 


No.  38.] 


47 


03 

be 

•n 

•  rH 

*h 

©  o 
^  p 


3  P 

03 

05  P 
CO  -E 

C5  X 

© 

§ 

<43 

<55 


O 

£ 

H 


*K> 

<55 


no 

o 

o 

is 


rH 

^  ,3 


-t-3 

»\ 

r\ 

03 

r-H 

Ph 
Ph 

•  r— i 

rP 

is 

»\ 

no 

o 

O  Q3 

£  be 

no 

-T'  *  rH 

03  ^ 

bc,o 

^  o 

P 


«f  ^3 


o 

co 

C3 

© 

H 

8 

<45 

<45 

$ 

<45 


■4f  m 

O  ~h 

•s  g 

e  a 

O  -HP 

*3  g 

p  -2 

<D  CC 

Ph  o 

CQ  r 

p  r 

m  EH 


-p  -p  -p 

f\  ^  »v 

t>  t>  t> 

•N  **  *\ 

^Pn^Pn^Pj 

<15  03  03 

Ph  P-i  P-< 
PPP 

•  rH  •  rH  •  rH 

rP  -P  PP 

fSiSES 


*\ 

P 


P 


•s 

~  P  « 

03  (X)  05 

no  <to  PO 
O  o  o 
o 


• 

£  £  £ 

CD  CD  gT 

• 

*\  o 

be  be  be 

*\  *\ 

-Q  P  -P 

CD 

•c  *-< 
p 

■4P  -4J  -H> 

-4J3 

o  o  o 

S 

-e  o 

$3 

o  o  o 

C2 

o  o 

rH 

«4H  «fH  *M 

P  p  P 

»o 

o 

r  p 

o  o  o 

o  ° 

«o 

•  rH  »H  *i-H 

0Q  CO  UQ 

co 

*2*3 

P  P  P 

00  p 

<45 

05  03  05 

<45 

fn  05 

© 

Ph  Ph  Ph 

© 

X  Ph 

H 

OQ  CO  02 

H 

; — |  do 

8 

P  P  P 

mmm 

8 

it"  ^ 

Ph  02 

<45 

<45 

“Pi 

<45 

cq 


<45 

cq 


• 

•  • 

i0<0  0 

O  O 

o 

00  o 

?>  E> 

05  CC 

o* 

+ 

CD  2> 

+ 

+ 

CDOH 

+ 

o  io 

00  c* 

CO  H 

00  rH 

<40 

"'ct1  rH 

rH  C* 

CO  T* 

• 

X 

08  o3 

•  •  • 
XXX 

•  • 
X  X 

H-H 

-H  -H-J 

-M  +j  +5 

-P 

02 

02  02 

02  02  02 

02  02 

48 


|  Assembly 


a 

*E 

o> 

<?5 

£ 


O 

m 

« 

PQ 

£ 

H 

O 

£ 


a 

d 


a 

o 

•r-< 

+3 

ce 

o 

o 

p 


£ 

◄ 

& 


o  o  o  o  o 

J-l  ^  J-t  S-i  — 


;Wpqpspq 

•  •  •  • 

,  pq  pq  pq  pq 

^  ci3  =£  =g 

ddc/iiy. 5  go  gq 

E4p:pip:^ 

•  *n  *\  r\  r\ 

W  >H  >H  £h  >H 

PQ  ft  £  6 


a  p  p  p  p 

o  o  o  o  o 

S-I  S-I  S-I  Sh  S-, 

•  r— i  •  r-H  •  rH  •  nH  •  pH 

-4J  -M  -4-3  -4-2  -4-3 

^  ,13  J  J5 
SJD  too  b£  bfi  tX> 
P  P  E=!  P  p 
o  o  o  o  o 

^  5_,  J-  ?_, 

ps^£sp:e: 


02 

p 

c3 

a 

SH 
o 

w 

T3 
S3 
c<3 

H3 
c3 
-m 
O 

03 

P 

03 

nP 

o  ^ 
QQ^ 


C9 

CO 

• 

o 

Jz; 


o? 

CO 

o 

Iz; 

34 

o 

o 

f— I 

CD 

>- 

o 

33 

c3 

CO 

03 

•  1—4 

a 

02 

33 

4-3 

t-i 


<D 

03 


P 

03 
03 

£ 

•4J 

03 

pq  PQ 


-M  s> 


C3 

o 

•  r-H 
-4-J 

£ 
O 

r03 

33 

34 

03 
03 
t-l 

O 

02 

^  #\ 
o5  P 
33  O 

rTr  rr\ 


w  _L5  W 

p  o  “ 

03^  P 

03^ 

P  ^  CD 


<-p  Ti  n3  <-&  tJ 

c3  ^  P  c3  J3 

o  o  o  o  o 

s-i  S-i  s—  s-i  s-« 

•  r-H  •  i-H  •  r—l  •  r— .  •  r-H 

^  ^  P  o3  ^ 

P3  P3  PP  WPh 


No.  38.] 


49 


Erie  Canal —  Bridges. 

The  bridges  on  this  division  of  the  Erie  canal  are  for  the  most  part 
in  good  condition. 

Numbers  61,  112  and  113  should  be  rebuilt. 

Several  bridge  abutments  on  the  berme  side  of  the  canal  are  con¬ 
sidered  in  a  dangerous  condition,  and  many  others  are  gradually 
becoming  unsafe  in  consequence  of  having  settled  and  being  crowded 
over  by  the  embankment.  Some  are  now  leaning  into  the  canal  with 
the  masonry  overhanging  from  three  to  fifteen  inches.  These  abut¬ 
ments  may  be  brought  nearly  into  their  original  position,  especially 
where  the  masonry  is  not  broken  or  displaced,  by  removing  the  em¬ 
bankment  back  of  them  and  excavating  under  the  rear  of  the  founda¬ 
tion,  allowing  that  portion  to  settle,  thus  bringing  them  into  place. 

This  was  done  during  the  year  at  bridge  115,  the  first  above  Meyers’ 
creek  aqueduct,  and  has  proved  to  be  a  good  strong  piece  of  work. 

Some  of  the  abutments  have  portions  of  the  masonry  and  coping  dis¬ 
placed  and  need  pointing. 

All  of  the  old  abutments  being  too  low  to  give  twelve  feet  clearance 
from  the  water  surface  to  the  lowest  points  of  the  bridges,  have  been 
blocked  up  with  wood  and  should  be  lengthened  and  raised  with  stone. 
Ihis  can  be  done  by  making  the  slope  of  the  steps  for  three  or  four 
"  courses  from  the  top,  one  to  one. 

I  would  recommend,  as  my  predecessors  have,  that  iron  bridges  be 
substituted  to  take  the  place  of  the  wooden  ones  now  in  use. 

From  Schoharie  Creek  to  Canajoharie,  the  bridge  abutments  have 
been  thoroughly  repaired  and  repointed,  greatly  improvingthe  strength 
and  appearance  of  the  structures. 

One  and  one-quarter  miles  west  of  Little  Falls,  the  village  of  Little 
Falls  constructed  an  iron  highway  bridge  and  abutments  during  the 
year. 


Erie  Canal  —  Prism  and  Banks. 

The  prism  is  in  {air  condition.  The  slope  wall  needs  repairing  from 
a  point  two  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  tow-path  banks 
are  in  many  places  low  and  are  being  raised.  The  Superintendent  of 
Public  Works  is  now  using  four  large  boats  on  this  work,  and  by 
another  season  will  have  them  at  their  proper  height ;  when  this  is 
done  the  slope  walls  should  becarried  up  and  the  pavement  relaid. 

The  vertical  walls  require  constant  repairs,  much  of  it  having  been 
improperly  constructed  and  of  a  poor  quality  of  stone. 

Much  of  the  docking  is  in  bad  condition,  being  very  much  decayed 
and  should  be  renewed.  That  portion  of  the  Schenectady  level  from 
the  city  west  nearly  two  miles  was  originally  constructed  with  timber 
and  plank  docking  on  both  sides  of  the  canal,  which  has  now  become 
old  and  unsafe  and  requires  constant  attention.  I  would  respectfully 
recommend,  that  a  vertical  wall  in  cement,  placed  on  a  broad  timber 
foundation,  be  constructed  in  place  of  this  docking. 

Another  similar  piece  of  docking  has  been  in  use  for  some  time  on 
the  inside  of  the  tow-path  at  Big  Nose.  This  is  more  dilapidated  than 
that  at  Schenectady,  and  has  portions  leaning  into  the  canal  which 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  7 


50 


[Assembly 


may  fall  in  if  not  soon  attended  to.  I  would  recommend  a  similar 
vertical  wall  to  be  constructed  at  this  point,  also  that  the  leaky  places 
in  the  bottom  of  the  canal  at  this  point  be  covered  with  concrete. 

Between  locks  20  and  21  on  the  berme  side,  the  slate  rock  which 
gave  so  much  trouble  creating  bars  has  been  -dredged  out  which  has 
greatly  improved  this  portion  of  the  canal. 

Erie  Canal  —  Breaks. 

Two  breaks  have  occurred  on  this  canal  during  the  year  ;  the  first 
on  the  fourteen  mile  level,  June  18,  at  a  point  about  100  feet  west  of 
the  first  waste-weir  below  lock  31,  on  the  tow-path  side,  delaying 
navigation  but  for  a  few  days.  It  started  Tuesday  night  at  11:30  and 
was  caused  by  muskrats  burrowing  in  the  bank.  The  opening  was  about 
twenty  feet  long  and  five  feet  deep,  about  350  cubic  yards  of  embank¬ 
ment  being  washed  out.  The  promptness  and  efficiency  of  the  section 
superintendent  prevented  a  serious  delay.  Adam  was  thrown  across  the 
break  and  material  being  obtained  within  a  distance  of  500  feet,  by 
Wednesday,  P.  m.,  water  was  let  into  the  level.  During  the  repairs  it 
was  found  that  muskrat  holes  extended  in  all  directions  through  the 
bank  at  this  place. 

The  second  break  occurred  on  the  berme  side,  between  locks  18  and 
19,  over  the  culvert  next  to  Clutes  Dry  Dock  on  Tuesday,  August  12. 
The  water  broke  through  the  bottom  of  the  canal  over  the  culvert, 
which  has  a  wooden  trunk,  and  following  the  same,  worked  under  the 
parapet  and  wing  walls,  causing  so  much  settlement  that  it  will  be 
necessary  to  rebuild  the  same;  a  crib  was  built  in  the  canal  around  the 
damaged  portion  and  filled  with  puddled  clay.  This  caused  about  one 
week  delay.  The  work  was  thoroughly  done  under  the  direct  super¬ 
vision  of  Assistant  Superintendent  of  Public  Works,  J.  D.  Hancock. 

Champlain  Canal. 

This  canal,  though  still  badly  needing  extensive  repairs,  is  in  much 
better  condition  than  at  the  close  of  the  last  year.  Little  permanent 
improvement  has  been  effected  out  of  the  ordinary  repair  fund,  as  the 
mere  keeping  of  it  in  navigable  condition  taxes  this  fund  to  its  utmost 
limits.  Both  tow-patii  and  berme  banks  are  largely  made  of  clay  and 
sand  without  either  timber  or  stone  protection.  A  large  portion  of 
the  tow-path  was  originally  protected  with  a  slope  wall  and  dock  stick, 
but  the  slope  wall  having  been  built  when  there  was  only  five  feet  of 
water  carried  in  this  canal,  the  prism  is  now  excavated  below  this  wall 
which  is  in  many  places  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  and  the  dock  sticks 
rotten  and  useless.  In  consequence  of  this  fact,  the  water  is  gradually 
but  constantly  encroaching  on  the  banks,  thus  narrowing  the  tow-path 
and  endangering  the  stability  of  the  embankments,  and  also  filling  in 
the  bottom  of  the  canal  and  thus  decreasing  the  depth  of  water  therein. 
The  masonry  on  this  canal  is  in  very  fair  condition ;  during  the  past 
five  years  much  of  it  has  been  rebuilt,  and  much  more  is  now  under 
contract. 


No.  38.] 


51 


Champlain  Canal  —  Dams. 

Number  1  is  located  at  Troy,  across  the  Hudson  river.  The  dam  is 
1,100  feet  long  and  eleven  feet  high  ;  it  is  built  of  timber  cribs  filled 
with  stone  and  covered  with  timber  drift  bolted,  binding  the  cribs 
together.  These  timbers,  together  with  the  longitudinal  timbers  to 
which  they  are  bolted,  have  become  very  much  worn  and  some  of  them 
are  loose  and  liable  to  be  washed  out  at  times  of  freshets,  and  have 
already  caused  many  leaks. 

The  covering  of  the  darn  should  be  removed,  the  cribs  repaired  and 
a  new  hard  wood  or  a  Georgia  pine  timber  covering  put  on.  The  upper 
side  of  the  dam  should  be  repaired  and  thoroughly  lined  with  gravel 
to  stop  the  numerous  leaks. 

I  would  recommend  that  gravel  and  brush  be  put  in  at  the  upper 
side  of  the  dam  to  stop  the  leakage.  The  river  channel  below  the  lock 
could  be  dredged  out  and  straightened,  and  the  material  thus  obtained 
be  transported  through  the  sloop  lock  and  dumped  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  dam.  The  sloop  lock  pier  which  is  the  east  anchorage  of  the 
dam  has  been  thoroughly  repaired  and  strengthened  this  year  by  means 
of  a  new  crib  of  timber  aud  stone  placed  on  the  outside,  and  running 
from  the  line  of  the  crest  of  the  dam  along  the  west  and  south  face  of 
the  old  pier  to  the  foot  of  the  lock. 

Number  2  is  located  at  Cohoes  in  Albany  county,  across  and  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mohawk  river,  built  on  solid  rock.  The  abutments  and 
and  dam  proper  are  of  cut  stone,  with  an  apron  of  timber  and  stone 
cribbing.  The  ridge  of  the  dam  is  1,616  feet  long  and  twelve  feet  high. 
About  seventy-five  feet  of  the  apron  at  the  north  end  was  washed  out 
by  the  spring  freshets,  and  one  coping  stone  broken  and  carried  away  ; 
this  has  all  been  repaired  and  the  structure  is  now  in  good  condition. 

Number  3,  known  as  the  Saratoga  Dam,  is  located  at  Northumber¬ 
land,  in  M  ashington  and  Saratoga  counties,  across  the  Hudson  river, 
i he  entire  structure  is  of  cut  stone  on  a  rock  foundation,  the  dam 
itself  being  740  feet  long  and  twelve  feet  high,  is  a  substantial  structure 
in  good  condition. 

1m umber  4  is  located  near  Fort  Ann,  in  Washington  county,  on  the 
berme  side  of  the  canal  across  Wood  creek,  near  the  head  of  lock  19. 
This  is  a  stone  dam  with  cut  stone  abutments,  having  a  spillway  of 
120  feet  and  is  in  fair  condition.  Some  of  the  masonry  has  been  dis¬ 
placed  and  the  structure  needs  pointing. 

Nos.  5,  6  and  7  are  located  just  south  of  Lock  No.  20,  across 
branches  of  Wood  Creek.  No.  5  is  a  cut  stone  dam  and  abutments 
with  a  spillway  of  sixty  feet  in  fair  condition.  No.  6  is  a  cut  stone  dam 
and  abutments  with  a  spillway  of  forty-eight  feet  in  fair  condition. 
No.  7  is  a  tree  dam  with  a  spillway  of  110  feet,  has  rubble  masonry 
abutments  and  is  in  fair  condition. 

No.  8  is  located  about  two  miles  west  of  Glens  Falls,  in  Warren  county, 
across  the  Hudson  river.  This  dam  is  composed  of  timber  cribs 
filled  with  stone,  covered  with  timber,  and  built  on  a  rock  founda¬ 
tion.  The  dam  proper  is  618  feet  long,  fourteen  feet  high  and  raises 
the  water  about  ten  feet.  The  abutments  and  feeder  bulkhead  are  of 
cut  stone.  The  old  dam  was  constructed  many  years  since,  but  with¬ 
in  a  few  years  has  been  rebuilt,  making  it  double  the  original  width, 
also  increasing  the  elevation. 


52 


[Assembly 


Champlain-  Canal  —  Locks. 

There  are  eighteen  lift  and  five  guard  locks  on  the  Champlain  canal. 
Two  of  the  guard  locks  are  at  the  Mohawk  river,  at  Cohoes;  two  at 
the  Hudson  river,  at  Northumberland,  and  one  about  half  way  between 
Fort  Ann  and  Whitehall,  near  the  Wood  Creek  feeder  dams. 

There  are  also  three  lift  locks  combined  on  the  Waterford  side  cut 
and  one  weigh  lock  at  Waterford.  All  of  the  above  mentioned  locks 
are  110  feet  by  18  feet  each  in  the  chamber  with  various  lifts,  as  shown  by 
the  accomyanying  table.  All  the  locks  are  on  the  enlarged  plan  and 
of  the  same  size  as  those  on  the  Erie  canal. 

There  is  also  one  river  lock  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Hud¬ 
son  connecting  with  the  pond  above  the  Troy  dam,  which  is  115  feet 
by  30  feet  in  the  chamber. 

Champlain-  Cana*,  -  Locks. 


Number.  NAMES.  Feet,  lift. 

1.  Cohoes  lock .  -(-11.5 

2.  Cohoes  lock . +11.5 

3.  Guard  lock,  south  side  Mohawk  river .  0.0 

4.  Guard  lock,  north  side  Mohawk  river .  — 0.280 

5.  Lock  above  Waterford .  -(-13.270 

6.  Lock  above  Waterford .  -[-11.348 

7.  Flynn’s  lock . . .  -(- 9 . 288 

8.  'Hewett’s  lock .  -(-11.095 

9.  Becker’s  lock .  +8.297 

10.  South  guard  lock,  Northumberland: .  0.0 

11.  Saratoga  guard  lock,  Northumberland .  +9.92 

12.  Bassett’s  lock .  -(-9.295 

13.  Fort  Miller  lock .  -j-9.787 

14.  Moses  Kill  lock .  -j-9.098 

15.  Fort  Edward,  summit  level .  -j-8.00 

16.  Upper  combined,  Fort  Ann .  — 8.24 

17.  Lower  combined,  Fort  Ann . .  — 8.137 

18.  Lower  combined,  Fort  Ann .  — 7.109 

19.  Parish  lock,  Wood  Creek .  — 2.045 

20.  Guard  lock,  Wood  Creek .  — 0.138 

21.  First  combined,  Whitehall .  — 9.00 

22.  Second  combined,  Whitehall .  — 9.00^ 

23.  Third  combined,  Whitehall .  — 10.00 


There  is  one  guard  and  thirteen  lift  locks  on  the  Glens  Falls  feeder, 
each  of  which,  with  the  exception  of  Lock  No.  11,  which  is  110  feet 
by  18  feet,  is  100  feet  by  15  feet  in  the  chamber,  making  a  total 
of  forty-one  locks  on  the  Champlain  canal  and  Glens  Falls  feeder. 
Locks  No.  1,  2,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  13  and  14  on  the  Champlain  canal  and 
No.  11  on+he  Glens  Falls  feeder  have  tumble  gates  at  the  upper  end, 
all  the  rest  have  mitre  gates. 

Lock  No.  9  is  in  very  bad  condition  ;  there  are  leaks  on  both  sides 
of  the  lock  in  the  chamber  for  the  full  length  ;  the  joints  are  all  open, 
and  when  the  lock  is  full  the  water  penetrates  back  of  the  walls  and 


53 


No.  38.] 

discharges  at  the  foot  of  the  embankment  in  a  large  stream.  There 
also  seems  to  be  a  leak  at  the  head  of  the  lock ;  the  walls  bulged  in 
and  it  was  found  necessary  to  dress  off  the  face  on  the  berme  side.  I 
would  recommend  that  cut-offs,  on  both  sides  at  the  upper  end,  of 
masonry  or  clay  puddle  be  put  in,  also  that  the  joints  be  thoroughly 
pointed  with  neat  Portland  cement  mortar  and  that  the  back  of  the 
walls  be  stripped  of  earth,  and  grouted  masonry  be  built  against  them. 
This  should  be  done  at  the  close  of  navigation. 

No.  10  has  been  put  in  good  condition  during  the  past  year.  Stop 
gate  was  put  in  at  head  of  lock. 

Therest  of  the  locks  are  in  fair  condition  with  the  exception  of  point¬ 
ing  and  repairs  to  gates  and  wickets. 

Nearly  all  the  locks  need  pointing. 


Number. 

1.  Lower  lock 


Glens  Falls  —  Feeder. 

DESCRIPTION. 


Feet. 


2,  3.  j-  Combined  locks,  j 


5. 


1 


^9^10*  >  Combined  locks. .  <  . 


11 . 

12 . . 

13 . 

14.  Guard  lock  at  dam 


lift. 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 

12 

10 


No.  4  is  in  bad  condition  ;  the  upper  end  should  be  rebuilt  on  the 
enlargement  plan  and  some  of  the  stone  on  the  lower  end  replaced. 

The  upper  end  of  lock  No.  10  was  rebuilt  on  the  enlargement  plan 
during  the  year. 

The  rest  of  the  locks  are  in  fair  condition,  except  that  the  joints 
need  repointing. 

The  chamber  walls  of  all  except  Nos.  5,  11  and  14,  are  too  low  and 
should  be  raised  with  stone. 

The  wooden  sluiceway  around  Locks  2,  3,  and  4  should  be  rebuilt, 
as  it  is  much  decayed. 

Champlain  Canal — Aqueducts; 

There  are  four  aqueducts  on  this  canal.  The  first  located  at  Schuyler- 
ville  ;  the  second  on  the  level  between  Locks  Nos.  12  and  13;  the 
third  two  or  three  hundred  feet  above  Lock  No.  14,  and  the  fourth  at 
Fort  Edward. 

No.  1,  The  north  berme  wing  of  masonry  has  been  crowded  over ; 
some  stone  are  displaced  on  the  north  tow-path  wing  which  should  be 
relaid  and  masonry  pointed. 


54 


[Assembly 


No.  2,  The  south  wing  on  tow-path  side,  twenty-seven  feet  long,  is 
settling  and  bulging  out,  and  a  portion  of  the  parapet  wall  and  arch  is 
breaking  up  and  will  need  relaying  to  put  the  structure  in  complete 
repair.  The  berme  side  masonry  is  in  good  order. 

No.  3.  The  foundation  of  the  berme  end  of  the  north  abutment  and 
wing,  which  is  placed  on  a  shelf  of  the  rock,  has  crumbled  away  and 
the  masonry  is  settling  ;  this  should  be  repaired  and  all  the  masonry 
thoroughly  poiuted.  When  all  the  material  is  removed  from  canal 
bottom  the  trunk  will  need  lowering  several  inches,  making  it  neces¬ 
sary  to  remove  the  trunk  and  cut  down  the  masonry. 

No.  4.  Masonry  needs  pointing  and  two  new  vertical  wing  walls 
added  on  tow-path  side. 

Champlain  Canal  —  Waste-weirs. 

There  are  twenty-seven  waste-weirs  on  the  Champlain  canal,  and  one 
on  the  Glens  Falls  feeder. 

Appropriations  have  been  made  and  contracts  let  for  rebuilding  the 
following  waste- weirs : 

Burton’s,  at  Waterford  ;  waste-weir  between  Locks  11  and  12  ;  waste- 
weir  at  Lock  20;  Eastman’s  waste-weir  ;  also  for  building  a  new  spill¬ 
way  between  Locks  5  and  6. 

The  waste-weir  between  Locks  8  and  9,  just  north  of  Mechanicville, 
is  in  a  very  bad  condition  and  should  be  rebuilt.  The  stones  are  dis¬ 
placed  and  water  leaks  through  nearly  every  joint. 

The  waste-weir  at  Lansing’s  mill,  at  Stillwater,  should  be  rebuilt ; 
is  in  the  same  condition  as  last  mentioned. 

Empie’s  waste-weir,  the  first  south  of  Lock  16,  leaks  badly  and  is  in 
a  dangerous  condition.  The  masonry  has  settled  badly  and  should  be 
rebuilt  at  the  close  of  navigation. 

There  is  only  one  waste- weir  on  the  Glens  Falls  feeder,  located  at 
Finch,  Pruyn  &  Company’s  lime-kiln,  on  the  tow-path  side,  constructed 
of  cut  stone,  has  an  arch  of  eight-foot  chord,  with  bulk-head  and  spill¬ 
way  twelve  feet  wide.  The  masonry  is  in  bad  condition  and  should  be 
rebuilt. 


Champlain  Canal  —  Culverts. 

There  are  twenty-six  culverts  on  the  Champlain  canal ;  nineteen 
under  the  canal,  two  through  the  tow-path  in  the  river  at  Northum¬ 
berland,  two  for  highways  over  stream  at  Waterford,  one  for  feeder  at 
Lock  No.  4,  two  for  feeders  at  Lock  No.  10,  and  also  three  on  the  Glens 
Falls  feeder. 

Appropriations  have  been  made  and  contracts  let  for  rebuilding  and 
lengthening  the  following  culverts  : 

At  Thorne’s  lane,  above  Lock  No.  6,  tow-path  to  be  straightened,  old 
wooden  trunk  removed,  and  a  new  diving  culvert  of  stone  constructed 
at  right  angles  to  the  new  inner  angle. 

The  old  culvert,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  Fort  Miller  lock, 
is  to  be  removed  and  a  new  stone  diving  culvert  constructed. 

Iron  Pipe  culvert,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  north  of  Moses  Kill  lock; 
culvert  to  be  lengthened  on  berme  side  so  that  the  bank  can  be  widened 
and  strengthened. 


No.  38.] 


55 


Lander’s  culvert,  between  Locks  14  and  15;  to  be  lengthened  on 
the  berme  side  so  that  the  berme  bank  of  the  canal  can  be  widened  and 
strengthened;  a  much  needed  improvement. 

There  are  only  three  culverts  proper  on  the  feeder;  one  of  cement 
pipe,  twelve  inches  in  diameter,  under  the  canal  at  Sherman’s  dry 
dock  ;  a  small  stone-box  culvert  at  bridge  115,  through  the  tow-path, 
for  draining  level  and  bottoming  the  same;,  also  one  between  Locks  13 
and  14,  at  Brown’s  bridge,  a  box  culvert  with  three  feet  opening.  All 
these  in  fair  condition. 

Champlain  Canal  and  Glens  Falls  Feeder — Bridges. 

There  are  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  bridges  on  the  Champlain 
canal,  which  includes  the  bridge  across  the  Mohawk  river  at  Cohoes. 
There  are  eleven  on  the  Glens  Falls  feeder. 

In  addition  to  the  above-numbered  bridges,  there  are  nine  railroad 
bridges,  located  as  follows: 

One  above  the  weigh -lock  at  Waterford,  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga 
railroad. 

One  at  Mechanicville,  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  railroad. 

One  between  Mechanicville  and  Lock  9,  Boston,  Hoosac  Tunnel  and 
Western  railroad. 

One  at  Fort  Edward,  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  railroad. 

One  at  Fort  Edward,  Glens  Falls  branch  of  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga 
railroad. 

One  at  Fort  Ann,  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  railroad. 

Two  between  Lock  20  and  Whitehall,  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  rail¬ 
road. 

One  at  Whitehall  on  Rutland  branch  of  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga 
railroad. 

Ihe  Waterford  railroad  bridge  is  low  and  should  be  raised  about  one 
foot. 

The  railroad  bridge  on  the  Rutland  branch  at  Whitehall  is  low  and 
should  be  raised  four  inches. 

The  Curtis  farm  bridge  above  Bemis  Heights  is  low  and  should  be 
raised  six  inches. 

Appropriations  have  been  made  and  contracts  let  for  rebuilding  the 
following  bridges  and  raising  abutments  : 

Continuation  of  Arch  street,  Green  Island,  tow-path  and  berme 
abutments,  and  iron  highway  bridge  100  feet  clear  span,  appropriation 
of  $6,000  made  by  Legislature  April  15,  1884. 

The  following  are  paid  for  from  the  extraordinary  repair  fund  re- 
appropriated  by  the  Legislature  April  22,  1882: 

Tow-path  abutment  raised,  new  berme  abutment  and  superstructure 
at  Division  street,  Waterford^  work  completed  except  a  few  steps  on 
berme  abutment. 

Second  bridge  above  Lock  6,  new  tow-path  abutment. 

Second  bridge  south  of  Lock  9,  new  tow-path  and  berme  abutments. 

ISew  tow-path  abutment  and  superstructure  at  Stillwater. 

First  bridge  north  of  Stillwater,  new  berme  abutment  and  tow-path 
abutment  to  be  raised. 

Two  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Schuylerville,  new  tow-path  and 
berme  abutments  and  superstructure. 


56 


•  [Assembly 


First  bridge  north  of  Lock  14,  new  tow-path  abutment  and  bridge  ; 
two  new  abutments  and  bridge  over  escape  to  waste- weir  No.  12. 

Bridge  No.  96,  new  berme  abutment  and  bridge;  also  raising  tow- 
path  abutment. 

At  mouth  of  Glens  Falls  feeder,  new  tow-path  and  berme  abutments 
and  new  bridge. 

Fifty  feet  north  of  Lock  20,  new  tow-path  and  berme  abutments  and 
new  bridge.  This  is  a  change  bridge  and  the  old  change  bridge  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Glens  Falls  feeder  is  to  be  used  here. 

Eleven  chains  north  of  Lock  20,  new  tow-path  abutment  and  new 
bridge.  At  present  this  is  used  as  a  road  and  change  bridge,  and  will 
be  used  as  a  road  bridge.  The  change  bridge  will  be  placed,  as  stated 
above,  fifty  feet  north  of  the  lock. 

At  first  railroad  bridge  north  of  Lock  20,  new  tow-path  abutment 
and  bridge. 

One  mile  south  of  Whitehall,  new  berme  abutment  and  bridge. 

The  following  bridges  and  abutments  need  repairs: 

The  tow-path  and  highway  bridge  across  the  Mohawk  river,  at 
Cohoes,  has  been  repaired  and  put  in  as  good  condition  as  possible. 
This  bridge  is  a  post  combination  truss  bridge  of  wood  and  iron,-  built 
in  1812 ;  most  of  the  wood-work  should  be  renewed.  The  end  posts 
which  were  rotting  away  at  the  foot  have  been  spliced  and  the  flooring 
renewed  this  year.  Permission  has  been  granted  the  Cohoes  and  Water¬ 
ford  Horse  Kailway  to  cross,  and  tracks  have  been  laid  on  the  west 
side. 

Fisher’s  bridge,  below  Lock  No.  7;  the  tow-path  abutment  should  be 
set  back  so  as  to  give  more  room  between  the  inner  angle  of  the  tow¬ 
ing-path  and  the  "abutment ;  as  it  is  now  there  is  scarcely  eight  feet. 
This  improvement  will  necessitate  the  building  of  a  new  bridge. 

The  same  recommendations  apply  to^owers  bridge. 

Best’s  bridge  opposite  the  Pulp  mills,  in  Mechanicville,  should  be 
repaired  and  the  tow-path  abutment  rebuilt.  This  bridge  was  intended 
for  farm  uses,  but  since  the  Boston,  Hoosac  Tunnel  and  Western  Kail- 
road  has  been  completed,  side  tracks  have  been  laid  on  the  berme  side 
of  the  canal  at  this  point,  and  much  heavy  teaming  is  done  over  this 
bridge  and  as  it  now  stands  it  is  in  a  dangerous  condition.  The  tow- 
path  abutment  is  badly  cracked,  caused  by  settlement  of  the  founda¬ 
tion  and  the  face  has  separated  from  the  backing. 

The  berme  abutment  of  Baldwin’s  bridge  above  Bemis  Heights  is  in 
bad  condition  and  should  be  rebuilt,  also,  the  tow-path  abutment  is 
low  and  should  be  raised. 

First  bridge  north  of  Eusign’s  tile  works.  The  tow-path  abutment 
was  laid  dry  with  no  mortar,  and  is  in  bad  condition.  I  would  recom¬ 
mend  that  the  bridge  be  abandoned  and  the  superstructure  and  mater¬ 
ial  used  in  some  other  place.  This  bridge  has  not  been  used  for  a  long 
time  and  the  land  owner  says  he  would  not  use  it  if  it  was  put  in  good 
condition. 

Bridge  No.  60.  The  berme  abutment  needs  repairs,  several  stones  have 
been  knocked  out  of  the  wings  by  passing  boats.  The  superstructure 
also  needs  repairs.  The  bottom  chord  on  the  north  side  is  broken  aud 
has  been  repaired  temporarily. 

Many  of  the  bridges  have  sway  braces  of  wood ;  these  should  be  re¬ 
placed  with  iron. 


No.  38.] 


57 


Many  of  the  abutments  are  low,  the  bridges  being  placed  on  blocks 
of  wood ;  these  should  be  raised  with  stone. 

The  following  bridges  have  been  rebuilt  and  paid  for  from  the  ordi¬ 
nary  repair  fund,  by  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works: 

Road  bridge  on  Fourth  street  over  Waterford  sidecut;  road  bridge 
at  Burton’s  saw  mill,  Waterford ;  Road  bridge  with  one  sidewalk  at 
Cemetery  street,  Mechanicville ;  road  bridge  with  one  sidewalk, 
William  street ;  Mechanicville  and  Stratton’s  road  bridge  No.  39,  also 
the  approaches  to  Searles  road  bridge  have  been  widened. 

Glens  Falls  Feeder  —  Bridges. 

The  berme  abutment  at  Green’s  bridge  should  be  rebuilt,  the  lower 
part  being  nothing  more  than  the  vertical  wall  of  the  prism,  and  is 
liable  to  bulge  into  the  canal  and  damage  the  bridge. 

The  remainder  of  the  bridges  and  abutments  are  in  good  condition. 

Champlain  Canal  — Prism  and  Banks. 

The  prism  has  been  mueh  improved  in  a  few  places  and  contemplated 
improvements  under  contract  will  add  much  to  increasing  the  capacity 
of  the  same.  The  banks  are  in  many  places  too  low  for  the  quantity 
of  water  they  have  to  sustain  and  are  higher  on  the  outer  than  on  the 
inner  angles,  thus  allowing  a  great  amount  of  material  to  wash  into 
the  prism.  The  bottom  width  of  the  canal  could  be  increased  in  many 
places  by  dredging  on  the  berme  side.  The  docking  is  in  very  bad 
condition  and  cannot  be  renewed  unless  the  walls  are  repaired  and 
carried  up  high  enough  to  support  it. 

The  prism  and  banks  on  the  Glens  Falls  feeder  are  in  fair  condition, 
except  between  Glens  Falls  and  the  guard  lock.  This  part  should  be 
bottomed  out  and  the  ridges  of  rock  on  the  bottom  near  the  guard 
lock  be  removed. 


Champlain  Canal  —  Breaks. 

The  only  delay  to  navigation  on  this  canal  was  on  the  sixteen  mile 
level,  caused  by  a  break  through  the  tow-path  bank  at  Costello’s  grocery, 
at  Coveville,  three  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Schuylerville.  This 
occurred  on  the  morning  of  June  9th,  causing  a  detention  of  two 
weeks,  navigation  not  being  resumed  until  June  23d.  A  section 
of  the  tow-path  bank  100  feet  long  on  the  bottom,  170  feet  long 
on  top  and  twenty  feet  deep  was  carried  into  a  branch  of  the  river 
which  extends  to  the  foot  of  the  slope.  The  prism  and  banks  were 
badly  damaged  for  a  distance  of  700  feet  above  and  1,000  feet  below  the 
break,  twenty-five  thousand  cubic  yards  of  material  being  carried 
into  the  river. 

A  strong  timber  crib,  filled  with  stone,  was  constructed  in  the  break 
about  twelve  feet  back  of  the  inner  angle,  sheet  piled  at  the  foot  and 
lined  on  the  face  with  matched  plank  and  filled  in  front  with  puddled 
clay.  The  filling  for  the  prism  and  bank  was  obtained  near  at  hand. 

.  The  bank  as  built  has  stood  from  that  time  with  no  slope  wall  pro¬ 
tection  and  with  no  leakage  under  or  through  the  crib. 

This  bank  has  always  been  unsafe,  four  serious  breaks  having  oc¬ 
curred  here  before ;  the  bottom  is  a  quicksand  forming  a  poor  founda¬ 
tion.  An  appropriation  has  been  made  and  contract  let  for  strengtli- 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  8 


58 


•  [Assembly 


ening  this  bank  for  its  entire  length  by  means  of  piles  at  the  foot  of 
the  slope,  driven  close  together  and  extending  three  feet  out  of  the 
ground,  to  support  the  lower  side  of  stone  filling  to  weight  the  bank  ; 
this  filling  will  average  about  two  cubic  yards  to  the  running  foot.  I 
would  recommend  that  a  slope  wall  be  put  in  the  prism  on  the  tow- 
path,  to  protect  the  bank  from  wash. 


Champlain  Canal — Ordinary  Repairs. 

Some  bottoming  Qut  has  been  done,  also  raising  banks.  Lock  No. 
9  was  repointed  and  part  of  the  face  on  the  west  side  of  the  lock 
dressed  off.  The  tow-path  bank  from  lock  20  to  Whitehall  has  been 
put  in  fair  condition  ;  more  State  scows  should  be  furnished  on  this 
canal  to  boat  the  material  needed  for  graveling  the  banks. 


Champlain  Canal  —  Extraordinary  Repairs. 

Under  act,  chapter  97,  Laws  of  1882,  the  sum  of  $199,877.80,  being 
the  unexpended  balance  of  the  sum  of  $500,000  appropriated  by  act, 
chapter  399,  Laws  of  1874,  for  the  improvement  of  the  Champlain 
canal,  was  reappropriated  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the 
canal  board  for  continuing  the  improvement  of  the  Champlain  canal 
and  Glens  Falls  feeder;  this  unexpended  balance  with  interest  up  to 
Oct.  1,  1883,  amounted  to  $201,283.86. 

By  resolutions  of  the  canal  board  the  following  amounts  have  been 
set  aside  from  the  above  unexpended  balance  to  continue  the  improve¬ 
ment  of  the  Champlain  canal  and  Glens  Falls  feeder,  necessary  engi¬ 
neering  expenses  included  in  each  piece  of  work. 


No.  DESCRIPTION. 

1.  For  widening  and  improving  the 

Champlain  canal  south  lock  No.  5. 

2.  For  widening  and  improving  the 

Champlain  canal  in  the  village  of 
Waterford  between  Broad  and 
Division  streets . 

3.  Rebuilding  waste-weir  at  Burton’s 

mill,  Waterford  . 

4.  Building  spillway  between  locks  5 

and  6 . 

5.  Widening  and  deepening  prism  also 

building  one  new  tow-path  bridge 
abutment  and  one  superstructure 
at  Stillwater . 

6.  Improving  prism,  including  one 
•  bridge  superstructure  and  its  abut- 


8.  Strengthening  berme  bank  and  re¬ 
building  culvert  3-4  mile  south  of- 


When  appropriated 
by  canal  board. 


Amounts. 


Dec. 

28, 

’82. 

$1,536 

98 

Dec. 

28, 

’82. 

8,676 

75 

Jan. 

15, 

’84. 

4,976 

00 

Jan. 

15, 

’84. 

3,166 

00 

Jan. 

15, 

’84. 

19,485 

00 

Jan. 

15, 

’84. 

29,463 

00 

Jan. 

15, 

’84. 

2,249 

00 

Jan. 

15, 

’84. 

3,770 

00 

No.  38.] 


59 


When  appropriated 

No.  DESCRIPTION.  by  canal  board . 

9.  Improving  prism  and  banks  1-4  mile 

south  of  Moses  Kill  lock .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

10.  Strengthening  banks  between  Moses 

Kill  lock  and  Moses  Kill  aqued’t.  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

11.  Strengthening  berme  bank  3-4  mile 

north  of  Moses  Kill  lock .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

12.  Improving  prism  and  banks  at 

Woodchuck  Point .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

13.  Improving  prism,  including  one 

bridge  superstructure,  and  one 
bridge  abutment  at  foot  of  Glens 
Falls  feeder . .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

14.  Building  new  tow-path  and  change 

bridge  at  lock  20 .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

15.  Rebuilding  Eastman’s  waste- weir  2J 

miles  south  of  Whitehall .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

16.  Improving  prism,  one  mile  south  of 

Whitehall,  including  •  one  bridge 
superstructure  and  one  berme 
bridge  abutment .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

17.  Improving  prism  between  bridges 

139  and  140  near  Whitehall .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

18.  Building  bridge  and  abutments,  over 

escape  to  waste-weir  No.  12 .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

19.  Improving  prism  at  railroad  bridge 

north  of  lock  20 .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

20.  Improving  prism  and  building  dock¬ 

ing  at  Smith’s  Basin .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

21.  Building  four  tow-path  and  three 

berme  bridge  abutments .  Jan.  15,  ’84. 

22.  Widening  and  improving  the  canal 

south  of  Fort  Miller  lock .  Jan.  22,  ’84. 

23.  Widening  and  improving  the  canal  at 

bridge  No.  95  (erroneously  stated 
as  bridge  94  in  Canal  Board  pro¬ 
ceedings) .  Jan.  22, ’84. 


24,  25,  26.  Strengthening  the  leaking 
banks  of  the  Glens  Falls  feeder,  be¬ 
tween  Greens  bridge  and  Finch 
&  Pruyns’  mill  at  Glens  Falls. 
Widening  the  upper  end  of  lock 
No.  10,  Glens  Falls  feeder.  Widen¬ 
ing  and  strengthening  sluice  at 


head  of  Fort  Edward  lock .  Aug.  6,  ’84. 

27.  Balance  needed  to  finish  the  proposed 

improvement  at  Waterford  (No. 

2,  of  this  list) .  Aug.  6,  ’84. 

28.  Balance  needed  to  finish  proposed 

improvement,  rebuilding  East- 
mans  waste-weir  (No.  15,  of  this 
list) .  Aug.  6,  ’84. 


Amounts. 

$1,725  00 
650  00 
1,344  00 
8,660  00 

2,252  00 
5,912  00 
5,084  00 

2,906  00 
11,900  00 
343  00 
7,365  00 
930  00 
8,575  00 
1,545  00 

470  00 


5,184  91 
906  74 


3,630  29 


60 


[Assembly 


No. ; 

29? 

30. 


31. 

32. 


33. 


34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 

39. 


DESCRIPTION. 


When  appropriated 
by  Canal  Board. 


Strengthening  sloop  lock  at  the 

Troy  dam . 

Raising  two  tow-path  abutments  and 
approaches,  also  for  rebuilding  one 
tow-path  abutment  and  approach, 
and  for  building  two  wooden 

bridges . 

Strengthening  7^  chains  of-.berme 

bank  at  Mechanicville . 

Widening  11  chains  of  canal  at 

Woodchuck  Point..... . 

Improving  11  chains  of  canal  between 
bridges  140  and  141, near  Whitehall 
Improving  18  chains  of  canal  near 
the  railroad  bridge  at  Whitehall. . 
Rebuilding  culvert  and  improving  3 
chains  of  canal  at  Thorne’s  lane, 

above  lock  No.  6 . 

Strengthening  tow-path  bank  near 

Coveville . . 

Improving  11-J  chains  of  Glens  Falls 
feeder  at  Finch  &  Pruyns  Lime 

Kiln,  Glens  Falls . 

Rebuilding  waste-weir  near  lock  No. 

20 . 

Balance  needed  to  complete  proposed 
improvement  of  18^  chains  near 
Whitehall  (No.  16  of  this  list). . . 


Sept.  16,  ’84. 


Sept.  16,  ’84. 
Sept.  16,  ’84. 
Sept.  16,  ’84. 
Sept.  16,  ’84. 
Sept.  16,  ’84. 

Sept.  16,  ’84. 
Sept.  16,  ’84 

Sept.  16,  ’84. 
Sept.  16,  ’84. 

Sept.  16,  ’84. 


Amounts. 

$5,526  08 


2,787  85 
4,504  75 
2,597  95 
4,185  00 
12,192  00 

5,424  00 
6,689  20 

6,019  50 
3,102  74 

190  41 


Total  amount  appropriated 


$195,925  15 


From  this  total  the  amount  appropriated  by  the 
Canal  Board  January  15,  1884,  for  the  Woodchuck 
Point  improvement  (No.  12  of  this  list),  is  to  be  de¬ 


ducted  ;  the  plan  was  changed  and  the  amount  stated 
in  No.  32  was  appropriated  by  the  Canal  Board  at  the 
meeting  held  September  16,  1884 .  8,660  00 


Total  amount  appropriated  for  the  thirty-nine  items ; 

No.  12  omitted .  $187,265  15 


To  the  unexpended  balance  on  hand  October  1,  1883. .  $201,283  66 

Add  interest  from  October  1, 1883,  to  October  1,  1884.  5,712  61 


Total  available  for  improvements .  $206,996  27 

Deduct  amount  appropriated  as  shown  above .  187,265  15 


Total  remaining  available  for  further  improvements. .  $19,731  12 


No.  38.] 


61 


Description-  of  the  Champlain  Canal  Improvements. 

1.  This  improvement  is  on  the  tow-path,  beginning  sixteen  chains 
south  of  hollow  quoin  of  lock  No.  5,  and  runs  south  from  this  point 
six  chains.  The  bend  in  the  tow-path  is  straightened,  the  canal 
widened  and  new  tow-path  bank  constructed,  and  six  chains  of  slope 
wall  built. 

2.  This  improvement  is  on  the  berme  side  at  Waterford,  beginning 
just  below  the  Broad  street  bridge  and  running  to  a  point  three  chains 
above  the  Division  street  bridge.  The  canal  to  be  widened,  vertical 
wall  in  cement  put  in  for  the  whdi  distance  and  to  run  in  front  of 
the  abutments  so  as  to  give  an  unbroken  passage  for  boatmen  who  wish 
to  tie  up,  the  Waterford  weigh-lock  being  located  just  above  the  work. 
The  berme  abutment  of  the  Division  street  bridge  is  to  be  set  back  and 
rebuilt  so  as  to  give  a  clear  span  of  sixty-six  feet,  and  a  new  super¬ 
structure  to  be  built  with  a  sixteen-foot  roadway  and  five-foot  sidewalk, 
also  the  berme  approach  to  be  raised. 

3.  Kebuilding  Burton’s  waste-weir  at  Burtons  mill,  Waterford.  This 
will  be  built  on  an  improved  plan  having  wrought-iron  lift  gates  and 
a  log  way  constructed,  which  will  reduce  the  amount  of  water  spilling 
over  the  same. 

4.  Building  spillway  between  locks  5  and  6 ;  to  discharge  the  surplus 
water  that  accumulates  on  this  level  when  the  locks  are  operated  and 
endangers  the  tow-path. 

5.  Improvement  at  Stillwater.  Bends  on  the  tow-path  and  berme 
to  be  straightened,  and  canal  widened.  The  inside  slope  of  the  tow- 
path  from  Sta.  0  to  Sta.  3,  to  be  1^  slope  protected  with  slope 
wall  ;  from  Sta.  3  to  Sta.  4,  with  vertical  wall  in  cement  ;  from 
station  4  to  station  22,  the  inner  slope  of  tow-path  to  be  1  to  1  with 
vertical  wall  in  cement  placed  on  a  bench  five  feet  above  canal  bottom, 
with  Norway  pine  coping  timbers  and  oak  ties  on  top  of  wall ;  from 
station  22  to  23,  vertical  wall  in  cement  from  canal  bottom  ;  station  23 
to  28  with  vertical  wall  on  bench  as  described  above,  and  from  station 
28  to  34  with  slope  wall  same  as  described  from  station  0  to  station  3. 
The  berme  side  from  station  3  +  60  to  9  +  60  to  have  vertical  wall  in 
cement  and  the  rest  of  the  distance  will  have  no  protection.  This  im¬ 
provement  includes  the  moving  back  and  rebuilding  the  tow-path 
abutment,  and  constructing  a  new  bridge  of  sixty-two-foot  span  and 
twelve  foot  clear  roadway.  Stations  run  north  ;  Sta.  0  is  centre  of 
culvert. 

6.  Improvement  at  Coveville.  Sta.  0  is  center  of  culvert ;  stations 
runs  north.  Tow-path  bends  straightened  and  canal  widened  on 
berme  side  from  Sta.  0  to  Sta.  18.  A  new  piece  of  canal  is  to  be  con¬ 
structed  from  Sta.  21  to  Sta.  26.  From  Sta.  26  to  Sta.  54,  bends  on 
tow-path  and  berme  to  be  straightened.  From  Sta.  1+50  to  Sta.  21, 
inside  slope  of  tow-path  to  be  one  and  one-fourth  to  one,  protected 
with  slope  wall.  From  Sta.  21  to  Sta.  26,  inside  slope  of  tow-path  to 
be  one  to  one,  with  a  vertical  wall  in  cement  placed  on  a  bench  five 
feet  above  canal  bottom,  with  Norway  pine  coping  timbers  on  top  of 
same.  From  Sta.  26  to  Sta.  54,  slope  wall  as  described  above.  The 
berme  side  will  need  only  two  chains  of  protection  wall  to  be  used 
near  the  culvert. 


62 


[Assbmbly 


7.  Rebuilding  waste-weir  above  lock  No.  11.  The  work  is  oti  the 
tow-path  side  and  consists  of  rebuilding  an  abandoned  waste-weir  with 
a  structure  on  an  improved  plan,  having  improved  wrought-iron  lift 
gates. 

8.  Rebuilding  culvert  and  strenghtening  bank,  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  south  of  Fort  Miller.  A  stone  diving  culvert  to  be  constructed 
and  twelve  chains  of  berme  bank  to  be  strengthened  by  embankment. 

9.  Improvement  one-fourth  mile  south  of  Moses  Kill  lock.  Widen¬ 
ing  canal  by  excavating  six  chains  of  rock  on  the  berme  side. 

10.  Improvement  between  Mosgs  Kill  lock  and  Moses  Kill  aqueduct. 
Strenghtening  six  chains  of  tow-pith  and  berme  banks  with  embank¬ 
ment. 

11.  Improvement  three-fourths  of  a  mile  north  of  Moses  Kill  lock. 
This  improvement  is  on  the  berme  side  and  consists  of  strengthening 
eight  chains  of  berme  bank  with  embankment,  and  raising  and  length¬ 
ening  parapet  of  culvert  to  hold  the  embankment. 

12.  This  improvement  is  the  original  plan  which  has  since  been 
changed,  vide  No.  32  of  this  list. 

13.  At  the  foot  of  the  Glens  Falls  feeder.  This  work  is  on  the 
berme  side  and  consists  in  widening  three  and  one-half  chains  of  the 
prism  by  excavating  from  the  line  of  the  feeder  docking,  north ;  also, 
to  set  back  and  rebuild  the  berme  abutment,  and  construct  a  new 
road,  and  change  bridge  of  eighty  feet  clear  span. 

14.  Work  on  north  side  of  lock  20.  This  work  consists  of  chang¬ 
ing  ten  chains  of  the  present  tow-path  between  lock  20  and  present 
change  bridge,  from  the  west  to  the  east  side  of  the  canal ;  also,  chang¬ 
ing  present  locatiou  of  change  bridge  from  a  point  eleven  chains  north 
of  lock  to  a  point  about  one  chain  north  of  lock,  by  constructing  a 
new  tow-path  and  berme  abutment,  and  new  superstructure  for  the 
change  bridge  at  this  point,  and  changing  the  present  change  bridge 
to  a  road  bridge  by  constructing  a  new  tow-path  abutment  and  new 
superstructure.  Some  excavation  is  to  be  done  on  the  tow-path,  210 
feet  of  vertical  wall  in  cement  and  sixty-six  feet  of  slope  wall  to  be 
Constructed,  connecting  with  the  wall  on  the  north  side  of  the  present 
bridge. 

15.  Rebuilding  Eastman’s  waste-weir  near  Whitehall.  This  con¬ 
sists  of  rebuilding  the  waste:weir  on  an  improved  and  enlarged  plan 
with  wrought  iron  lift  gates  and  increased  length  of  spillway. 

16.  Improving  prism  one  mile  south  of  Whitehall,  widening  thir¬ 
teen  and  one-haTf  chains  of  canal  on  berme  side,  and  building  berme 
abutment  and  new  superstructure. 

17.  Improvement  between  bridges  139  and  140  at  Whitehall.  This 
consists  of  widening  and  straightening  canal,  and  protecting  the  tow- 
path  with  slope  wall  from  Sta.  0  to  Sta.  41.  No  protection  on  the 
berme.  Station  0  is  just  north  of  bridge  139. 

18.  Building  bridge  and  abutments  over  escape  to  waste-weir  No. 
12.  The  highway  crosses  this  stream  and  new  abutments  and  super¬ 
structure  are  to  replace  the  old  ones. 

19.  Improving  prism  at  R.  R.  bridge,  north  of  lock  20.  The  canal 
is  to  be  widened  and  straightened  on  tow-path,  and  berme  sides  from 
Sta.  0  to  Sta.  11.  Station  o  is  four  chains  south  of  farm  bridge. 
From  Sta.  0  to  Sta.  3  is  to  be  protected  by  slope  wall,  and  from  Sta. 
3  to  Sta.  11  by  vertical  wall  in  cement.  Berme  has  no  protection. 


No.  38.] 


63 


20.  Improving  prism  and  building  docking  at  Smith’s  basin.  This 
improvement  is  on  the  berme  side  and  consists  of  improving  262  feet 
of  prism  and  banks  from  the  bridge  south. 

21.  Constructing  seven  bridge  abutments.  This  work  consists  of 
tearing  down  and  rebuilding  the  following  abutments  :  One  tow-path 
abutment  at  Division  street,  Waterford  ;  one  tow-path  abutment  at 
second  bridge  north  of  lock  No.  6;  one  tow-path  and  one  berme  abut¬ 
ment  at  second  bridge  south  of  lock  No.  9;  one  berme  abutment  at 
first  bridge  north  of  Stillwater  ;  one  tow-path  abutment  at  first  bridge 
north  of  lock  14  ;  one  berme  abutment  at  bridge  96,  four  miles  south 
of  Fort  Edward. 

22.  Improvement  south  of  Fort  Miller  lock.  Six  chains  of  canal  is 
to  be  widened  on  the  berme  side,  which  widening  consists  of  earth 
and  rock  excavation.  Station  0=100  feet  south  of  lower  hollow 
quoin  of  lock  No.  13. 

2S.  Improvement  at  bridge  No.  95.  This  consists  of  cutting  off  the 
rock  projection  in  front  of  the  berme  abutment.  This  abutment  was 
rebuilt  and  set  back,  and  the  rock  was  not  excavated. 

24.  Strengthening  leaking  banks  on-the  Glens  Falls  feeder,  between 
Greene’s  bridge  and  Finch  and  Pruyn’s  mill.  This  work  consists  of 
repairing  and  pointing  up  vertical  wall  on  both  sides  of  the  canal. 

25.  Rebuilding  and  widening  the  upper  end  of  lock  No.  10  on  the 
Glens  Falls  feeder.  This  work  consists  of  rebuilding  the  head  of  the 
lock  on  the  enlargement  plan. 

26.  Widening  and  straightening  the  sluices  at  the  head  of  Fort 
Edward  lock  No.  15. 

27.  Additional  appropriation  for  the  completion  of  the  Waterford 
work,  No.  2  of  this  list. 

28.  Additional  appropriation  for  the  completion  of  Eastman’s  waste- 
weir,  No.  15  of  this  list. 

No.  29.  Improvement  at  Sloop  Lock  pier,  Troy  dam.  This  work 
consists  of  building  a  timber  crib  filled  with  stone  from  the  crest  of 
the  dam,  south  and  east  to  the  sloop  lock  ;  the  crib  to  be  built  on  the 
west  side  of  old  pier  and  at  the  elevation  of  the  dam  to  lap  over  about 
eight  feet  on  the  pier  of  the  lock. 

30.  Raising  abutments  and  approaches,  and  rebuilding  one  tow-path 
abutment  and  two  superstructures.  This  work  consists  of  raising  the 
abutments  and  approaches  on  the  tow-path  at  first  bridge  north  of 
Stillwater  and  at  bridge  No.  96,  so  as  to  give  a  clearance  over  the 
water  of  eleven  feet  for  the  bridge,  setting  back  and  rebuilding  the 
tow-path  abutment  at  the  bridge  at  the  mouth  of  the  Glens  Falls 
feeder,  and  building  new  superstructures  for  first  bridge  north  of 
lock  14  and  bridge  No.  96. 

31.  Strengthening  seven  and  one-third  chains  of  the  berme  bank  at 
Mechanicville.  This  work  consists  of  rebuilding  vertical  wall  in 
cement  from  the  William  street  bridge  south  seven  and  one-third 
chains ;  also  strengthening  the  berme  bank  with  embankment,  and 
protecting  it  at  the  foot  of  the  bank  at  the  culvert 'by  means  of  a  re¬ 
taining  wall  about  forty  feet  long.  The  waste-gate  of  the  Hosiery 
Mill  dam  discharges  directly  opposite  this  bank  and  washes  it  away, 
and  the  wall  is  built  to  prevent  this. 

32.  Improvement  at  Woodchuck  Point.  This  work  is  according  to 


64 


[Assembly 


change  of  plan,  and  consists  of  widening  the  prism  of  the  canal  on 
tow-path  and  berme  sides.  From  Station  0  to  Station  4  the  prism  is 
to  be  widened  on  the  berme,  with  no  protection.  From  Station  4  to 
Station  11  the  prism  is  to  be  widened  on  the  tow-path  side  with  a  slope 
wall  protection. 

33.  Improving  eleven  chains  of  canal  between  bridges  140  and  141. 
This  work  begins  at  a  point  eighty  links  north  of  bridge  No.  140. 
Station  0  is  Station  40  +  80  of  No.  17  of  this  list,  and  is  a  continuation 
of  No.  17  between  bridges  139  and  140.  This  work  is  on  both  sides 
of  the  canal,  the  same  being  widened  and  straightened.  On  the  tow- 
path  from  Station  0  to  Station  8  +  50  a  slope  wall  one  and  a  quarter 
to  one  is  to  be  built;  from  Station  8  +  50  to  Station  10  +  50  a  vertical 
wall  in  cement,  and  from  Station  10  +  50  to  11  a  twist  wall  connecting 
with  old  slope  wall.  The  berme  side  to  have  no  protection. 

34.  Improving  eighteen  chains  of  caual  at  the  railroad  bridge  at 
Whitehall.  This  work  is  all  on  the  tow-path,  and  begins  at  a  point 
4.38  chains  south  of  the  railroad  bridge.  From  Station  0  to  Station 
18  the  tow-path  is  to  be  straightened  and  protected  by  a  vertical  wall 
in  cement.  No  protection  on  the  berme. 

35.  Rebuilding  culvert  and  improving  three  chains  of  canal  at 
Thorne’s  lane,  above  Lock  6.  This  work  consists  of  straightening 
three  chains  of  tow-path,  building  a  stone  box  diving  culvert  3  +  4 
feet,  opening  at  right  angles  to  the  new  inner  angle  and  a  short  dis¬ 
tance  above  the  old  structure  ;  also  building  a  new  tow-path  bank  and 
straightening  and  deepening  the  ditch  on  the  tow-path  side. 

36.  Improvement  at  Coveville.  This  work  consists  of  strengthening 
the  bank  by  means  of  piles  about  twenty  feet  long  driven  close  together 
at  the  foot  of  the  slope  and  projecting  when  driven  three  feet  above 
the  surface  of  ground,  and  supporting  one  side  of  a  pile  of  loose  stone 
placed  there  to  weight  the  bank ;  the  content  of  this  stone  pile  will  be 
two  cubic  yards  per  running  foot.  Station  0  is  1.66  chains  south  of 
south  end  of  crib  built  in  repairing  break  of  1884,  and  runs  as  follows: 
Station  0  to  Station  1  +  66  ;  Station  3  +  30  to  Station  5  +  30  ;  Station 
6  to  Station  13  +  50;  Station  14  +  30  to  Station  17;  making  13.86 
chains,  or  915  feet. 

37.  Improving  eleven  and  one-half  chains  of  the  Glens  Falls  feeder 
at  Finch  &  Pruyn’s  lime  kiln,  Glens  Falls.  The  work  to  be  done  on 
the  following  plan  :  Commencing  on  the  berme  side  about  the  center 
of  Finch  &  Pruyn’s  warehouse,  running  thence  west  for  a  distance  of 
about  eleven  and  one-half  chains  to  a  projection  in  the  vertical  wall 
now  standing.  The  old  wall  to  be  taken  down  and  new  vertical  wall 
in  cement  built  on  a  line  about  seven  feet  back  of  present  wall,  in¬ 
creasing  the  width  of  the  prism. 

38.  Rebuilding  waste-weir  near  Lock  20.  The  old  foundation  is  to 
be  repaired  and  used  to  support  a  structure  with  a  spillway  of  eighty- 
four  feet,  having  two  waste  gates  two  feet  two  inches  by  four  feet. 
The  plan  of  this  work  was  designed  to  give  sufficient  strength  to  the 
structure  to  resist  the  action  of  ice  and  water  in  time  of  freshets ;  the 
masonry  is  to  be  clamped  and  bolted  to  make  it  strong  and  durable. 

39.  Balance  needed  to  complete  the  work  one  mile  south  of  White¬ 
hall.  No.  16  of  this  list. 

Of  the  above  pieces  of  work  Nos.  3,  4,  5,.  6,  7,  8,  13,  16,  17,  19,  21, 


No.  38.] 


65 


35,  36  and  38  are  let  and  under  contract;  the  balance  will  be  done  by 
the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works. 

Of  the  above  pieces  of  work  done  by  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Works,  Nos.  2,  10,  11,  15,  18,  20,  24,  25  and  29  are  completed. 

Of  the  above  pieces  of  work  under  contract  the  following  are  now  in 
progress  of  construction,  and  estimates  for  the  accompanying  amounts 
have  been  paid  up  to  and  including  September  30,  1884  : 


No.  3. 
No.  5. 
No.  6. 
No.  8. 
No.  16. 
No.  17. 
No.  19. 
No.  21. 


For  material  delivered  only;  15  per  cent  deducted. 
Fifteen  per  cent  deducted . 


(<  a  a 

a  tt  a 

a  a  a 

a  a  a 

<<  a  a 

a  a  n 


$259  00 
2,575  00 
2,139  00 
1,503  00 
2,281  00 
510  00 
1,210  00 
4,066  00 


I  would  respectfully  recommend  that  the  following  improvements 
be  made,  and  the  amounts  set  opposite  each  be  appropriated  by  the 
Canal  Board  therefor,  engineering  expenses  included  in  all  estimates: 

1.  Between  Lock  8  and  the  waste-weir  on  the  berme  side. 

This  improvement  consists  of  strengthening  the  bank  by 

means  of  sixty-six  feet  of  vertical  wall  in  cement,  and  by 
embankment  between  the  head  of  the  lock  and  the  waste- 
weir. 

Estimated  cost . .  $663  71 

2.  Two  and  one-half  chains  north  of  Wilbur's  Basin  waste- 
weir. 

This  improvement  is  on  the  tow-path  side  and  runs  from 
a  point  two  chains  fifty  links  north  from  the  center  of  Wil¬ 
bur’s  Basin  waste-weir  to  a  point  nine  and  one-half  chains 
north  of  the  same,  and  consists  of  strengthening  the  bank 
by  means  of  embankment. 

Estimated  cost .  ....  535  81 

3.  Between  bridges  Nos.  79  and  80. 

This  work  is  on  the  tow-path  side  and  begins  11.36  chains 
north  of  the  center  of  bridge  No.  79  and  ends  at  a  point 
4.82  chains  "South  of  bridge  No.  80.  This  improvement 
consists  of  strengthening  fifteen  chains  of  bank  with  em¬ 
bankment. 

Estimated  cost .  750  93 

4.  Between  bridges  Nos.  93  and  94,  over  culvert  No.  14. 

This  improvement  is  on  the  berme  side  and  consists  of 

strengthening  by  embankment  six  chains  of  the  bank, 
station  2  -f-  60  is  the  center  of  culvert ;  stations  run  north. 

Estimated  cost .  282  35 

5.  At  Launder’s  culvert  No.  15. 

This  improvement  is  on  both  sides  of  the  canal.  Station 
6  -(-  21  is  center  of  the  culvert ;  stations  run  north.  This 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  9 


[Assembly 


66 


consists  of  lengthening  the  berme  end  of  the  culvert  thirteen 
feet  and  strengthening  the  berme  bank  by  embankment 
from  Station  3  +  33  to  Station  8  +  33  and  building  slope 
wall  from  Station  4  to  Station  8+33. 

The  tow-path  to  be  strengthened  by  embankment  from 
Station  1  to  Station  11 -{-50,  from  station  4  to  Station  8+- 
33,  with  vertical  wall  in  cement;  prism  to  have  a  width  on 
bottom  of  forty-four  feet. 

Estimated  cost .  $4,813  77 

6.  Between  bridges  Nos.  102  and  103. 

This  improvement  is  on  the  tow-path  and  begins  at 
Station  0  —  40,  six  chains  north  of  center  of  bridge  No. 

102,  and  runs  thence  northerly  for  a  distance  of  8.40  chains. 

The  bank  to  be  strengthened  by  embankment  for  the  whole 
distance. 

Estimated  cost .  601  33 


7.  Empie’s  waste  weir  No.  17,  two  and  one-half  miles 
south  of  Eort  Ann. 

This  improvement  is  on  the  tow-path  and  consists  of  re¬ 
building  the  waste  weir  on  an  improved  plan  with  wrought 
iron  lift-gates. 

Estimated  cost .  3,373  72 

8*  Between  Broad  and  Division  streets,  Waterford. 

This  improvement  is  on  the  berme  side  and  begins  at  the 
north  end  of  the  Broad  street  bridge  and  runs  northerly 
about  250  feet,  consisting  of  protecting  the  slope  of  the 
berme  bank  above  the  water  level  so  as  to  give  a  six-foot  pas¬ 
sageway,  by  means  of  a  slope  wall  ou  a  batter  of  one-half  to 
one,  starting  at  C.  B.  +5.0,  and  the  heighth  to  vary  with 
the  height  of  the  old  surface  of  ground;  part  of  this  wall 
to  be  laid  in  cement  and  part  laid  dry. 

Estimated  cost .  627  09 


Total 


$11,648  74 


This  amount,  $11,648.74  deducted  from  $19,731.12  leaves  $8,032.38, 
available  for  further  improvements  under  the  heading  of  extraordinary 
repairs. 

By  act,  chapter  154  Laws  of  1884,  the  Legislature  appropriated  the 
sum  of  $6,000  for  the  construction  of  an  iron  highway  bridge  over 
the  Champlain  canal  in  the  town  of  Watervlietin  the  county  of  Albany. 
This  work  has  been  let  by  contract,  and  work  on  the  same  will  begin 
the  coming  month. 


Engineering  Department. 


This  division  has  for  the  past  fiscal  year  been  in  charge  of  Charles  A. 
Beach,  division  engineer  from  October  1,  1883,  to  January  2, 1884,  and 
H.  C.  Parsons,  resident  engineer  from  October  1, 1883,  to  November  12, 
1883;  R.  M.  Hasbrouck,  division  engineer  from  January  4,  to  August 


TNX38.]' 


67 


1,  1884;  John  R.  Kaley,  acting  division  engineer  from  August  1,  to 
August  9,  1884,  and  John  R.  Kaley,  division  engineer  from  August  9, 
to  October  1,  1884. 

The  work  of  the  department  has  been  attending  to  the  general 
routine  of  office  work,  making  surveys,  plans  and  estimates  for  the 
various  pieces  of  work  mentioned  in  this  report,  where  appropriations 
have  been  made  and  are  recommended  to  be  made  for  performing  the 
same,  amounting  to  more  than  forty  pieces  in  all  ;  locating,  measuring 
and  making  report  of  the  encroachments  on  the  blue  line  of  the  Erie 
and  Champlain  canals  ;  staking  out  and  attending  to  the  construction 
of  bridges  and  ‘abutments  on  the  Erie  canal ;  making  surveys  and 
plans  for  gravel  pits  on  the  Champlain  canal  and  Gflens  Falls  feeder. 
Locating,  making  plans  and  estimates  for  fishways  in  the  dams  on  the 
Hudson  river  from  Albany  to  Gflens  Falls;  making  surveys  and  plans 
for  the  Board  of  Claims,  for  property  claimed  to  be  damaged  by  leak¬ 
age  from  the  Erie  canal  at  Port  Schuyler  and  West  Troy  ;  also  surveys, 
maps  and  estimates  for  claims  for  damages  arising  from  the  repairs  to 
the  Coveville  break;  staking  out,  superintending  the  construction  and 
making  monthly  estimates  of  the  work  now  under  contract  and  of 
that  being  done  by  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works.  Establishing 
a  line  of  much  needed  benches  on  the  Champlain  canal  between  Locks 
Nos.  8  and  9,  Nos.  9  and  10  and  Nos.  20  and  21  ;  attending  to  the  re¬ 
building  and  enlarging  the  upper  end  of  Lock  No.  10  on  the  Glens 
Falls  feeder  ;  buiidiug  vertical  wall  in  cement  on  the  tow-path  at  Port 
Jackson  and  on  the  berrae  at  Lock  No.  30,  Erie  canal.  A  statement 
of  the  engineering  expenses  for  this  division  is  annexed,  showing  in 
detail  the  names  of  persons  employed,  time  of  service  and  compensa¬ 
tion. 

Statement  showing  names,  rank,  number  of  days  and  compensation 
of  engineers  employed  on  the  eastern  division  of  the  New  York  State 
canals,  together  with  incidental  expenses  during  the  fiscal  year  ending 
September  30,  1884. 

Ordinary  Repairs  —  Erie  Canal. 


Chas.  A.  Beach,  division  engineer,  salary  $2,400..  $408  76 

Chas.  A.  Beach,  division  engineer,  travel .  88  64 

R.  M.  Hasbrouek,  division  engineer,  salary  $2,400  918  78 

R.  M.  Hasbrouek,  division  engineer,  travel .  13  56 

John  R.  Kaley,  division  engineer,  salary,  $2,400.  234  15 

John  R.  Kaley,  division  engineer,  travel .  4  13 

Henry  C.  Parsons,  resident  engineer,  salary  $2,000  157  08 

John  R.  Kaley,  asssistant  engineer,  188  days  at 

$5  per  day . .  940  00 

John  R.  Kaley,  assistant  engineer,  travel .  140  06 

Geo.  I.  Bailey,  rodmau,  289  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  1,011  50 

Geo.  I.  Bailey,  rodman,  travel .  122  57 

F.  W.  Hodgman,  rodman,  43  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  150  50 

F.  W.  Hodgman,  rodman,  travel .  18  12 

Martin  Schenck,  rodman,  26  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  91  00 

Martin  Schenck,  rodman,  travel .  21  11 

Chas.  H.  Whitbeck,  chainman,  230  days  at  $2.50 
per  day .  575  00 


68 


|  Assembly 


Chas.  H.  Whitbeck,  chain  man,  travel .  $29  25 

John  Donlan,  chainman,  79  days  at  $2.50  per  day.  197  50 


$5,121  71 


Incidentals. 


Fuel .  $14  75 

Light .  5  25 

Office  rent .  175  00 

Postage,  telegraph  and  telephone .  124  09 

Stationery .  120  50 

Labor . 98  00 

Miscellaneous  .  166  09 

-  703  68 


$5,825  29 


Ordinary  Repairs  —  Champlain  Canal. 
Chas.  A.  Beach,  division  engineer,  salary  $2,400.  $204  38 

/~SJ  I  i  Tpv  1  ■»  •  •  •  •  ,  1  .  ^  /-. 


Chas.  A.  Beach,  division  engineer,  travel .  48  50 

R.  M.  Hasbrouck,  division  engineer,  salary  $2,400  459  38 

R.  M.  Hasbrouck,  division  engineer,  travel .  20  65 

John  R.  Kaley,  division  engineer,  salary  $2,400..  117  08 

John  R.  Kaley,  division  engineer,  travel .  27  36 

Henry  C.  Parsons,  resident  engineer,  salary  $2,000  78  54 
Henry  C.  Parsons,  resident  engineer,  travel  .....  27  15 

-  $983  04 

Total  for  Erie .  5,825  39 


Total  for  ordinary  repairs .  $6,808  43 


Extraordinary  Repairs  —  Champlain  Canal. 


Denison  Richmond,  engineer  in  charge,  36  days 

at  $6  per  day . .  $216  00 

Denison  Richmond,  engineer  in  charge,  travel. ..  38  68 

C.  L.  Johnson,  assistant  engineer,  194  days  at  $5 

per  day . . .  970  00 

C.  L.  Johnson,  assistant  engineer,  travel .  266  31 

R.  A.  Hartwell,  assistant  engineer,  40  days  at  $5 

per  day .  200  00 

R.  A.  Hartwell,  assistant  engineer,  travel .  27  53 

G.  V.  Rapp,  assistant  engineer,  26  days  at  $5  per 

day . .• .  130  00 

G.  V.  Rapp,  assistant  engineer,  travel .  56  03 

G.  V.  Rapp,  leveller,  159  days  at  $4.50  per  day. .  715  50 

G.  V.  Rapp,  leveller,  travel .  85  85 

C.  G.  Douw,  leveller,  96  days  at  $4.50  per  day. . .  432  00 

C.  G.  Douw,  leveller,  travel..- .  45  53 

R.  E.  Morris,  leveller,  127  days  at  $4.50  per  day.  571  50 


No.  38.]  69 

R.  E.  Morris,  leveller,  travel .  $117  49 

Geo.  I.  Bailey,  leveller,  26  days  at  $4.50  per  day. .  117  00 

Geo.  I.  Bailey,  leveller,  travel .  1  05 

0.  R.  Baldwin,  rodmarn,  194  days  at  $3.50  per  day .  679  00 

0.  R.  Baldwin,  rodman,  travel. . .  85  75 

C.  H.  Barber,  rodman,  185  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  647  50 

0.  H.  Barber,  rodman,  travel .  44  50 

Thos.  Murphy,  rodman,  54  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  189  00 
Thos.  Foley,  rodman,  35  days  at  $3.50  per  day.. .  122  50 

Martin  Schenck,  rodman,  60  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  210  00 

Martin  Schenck,  rodman,  travel .  9  01 

Fred.  W.  Hodgman,  rodman,  40  days  at  $3.50  per 

day .  140  00 

Fred.  W.  Hodgman,  rodman,  travel .  31  96 

F.  D.  Lamouree,  rodman,  40  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  140  00 

F.  D.  Lamouree,  rodman,  travel . . .  31  11 

F.  D.  Lamouree,  chainman,  145  days  at  $2.50  per 

day .  362  50 

F.  D.  Lamouree,  chainman,  travel .  34  43 

Jno.  T.  Slattery,  chainman,  61  days  at  $2.50  per 

day . ‘ .  152  50 

Jno.  T.  Slattery,  chainman,  travel .  30  75 

John  McElroy,  chainman,  30  days  at  $2.50  per  day.  70  00 

John  McElroy,  chainman,  travel .  25  13 

-  7,001  17 

Incidentals. 

Stationery .  $174  50 

Office  rent .  32  60 

Postage  and  telegraph .  36  40 

Miscellaneous .  311  00 

-  554  50 


Total .  $7,555  67 


.The  above  table  is  summarized  as  follows: 

Expended  for  ordinary  repairs  from  October  1,  1883,  to 

October  1,  1884,  Erie  canal .  $5,121  71 

Expended  for  ordinary  repairs  from  October  1,  1883,  to 

October  1,  1884,  Champlain  canal .  983  04 

Expended  for  incidentals,  ordinary  repairs,  Erie  and  Cham¬ 
plain  canals .  703  68 

Expended  for  extraordinary  repairs  from  October  1,  1883, 

to  October  1,  1884,  Champlain  canal .  7,001  17 

Expended  for  incidentals,  extraordinary  repairs  form  Octo¬ 
ber  1,  1883,  to  October  1,  1884,  Champlain  canal .  554  50 


Total . $14,364  10 


70 


[Assembly 


List  of  Benches  from  Lock  No.  8  to  No.  9,  Champlain  Canal. 

Elevation  Elevation 

Description.  above  C.  L5.  above  T.  W. 

Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  8 .  -f0*000  4-74*669 

flower  level.  1 

S.  E.  Hollow  Quoin,  lock  No.  8 . u^er  ievel.  ^  +94'644 

[  _)_8  •  880  J 

Lower  step,  S.  W.  corner,  tow-path  abutment 

bridge  No.  23 .  8*964  94*728 

Lower  step,  S.  W.  corner,  tow-patb  abutment 

bridge  No.  24 .  10*865  96*629 

Lower  step,  N.  W.  corner,  tow-path  abutment 

bridge  No.  26 .  8*285  944049 

S.  E.  corner  Hosiery  mill,  Meehan icville 

(water  table) . 10*351  96*115 

Lower  step,  N.  W.  corner,  tow-path  abutment 

*  bridge  No.  29 . 10*634  96*398 

S.  E.  corner,  north  abutment  waste-weir  No.  3.  7  •  753  93*517 

Lower  step,  N.  E.  corner,  berme  abutment 

bridge  No.  30 .  10*440  96*204 

Lower  step,  S.  E.  corner,  abutment  on  tow- 

path  of  B.,  H.  T.  &  W.  R.  R.  bridge .  7*743  93*507 

Mitre-sill,  lock  No.  9 .  0*000  85*764 


List  of  Benches  on  16  Mile  Level  —  Champlain  Canal. 


Established  by  C.  L.  Johnson,  Assistant  Engineer,  between  locks  No. 

9  and  No.  10,  May,  1884. 


Elevation  Elevation 

Description .  above  C.  B.  above  T.  W. 


Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  9  (starting  point).  4-0*000 

flower  level. 

S.  E.  gate  anchor,  lock  No.  9 . i  n+^‘1JJL 

[  +8-776 


S.  E.  corner,  lower  step,  berme  abutment 

bridge  No.  32 .  12*691 

Water  line,  berme  abutment  bridge  No.  32. .  7-299 

N.  E.  corner,  lower  step,  berme  abutment 

bridge  No.  33  .  8*642 

S.  E.  corner,  3d  step  from  top,  berme  abut¬ 
ment  bridge  No.  34  .  14*976 

Lansing’s  waste-wier  coping,  S.  end,  east 

stone .  9*213 

Lansing’s  waste-weir  coping,  N.  end,  east 

stone . .  9*011 

S.  W.  corner,  lower  step,  tow-path  abutment 

bridge  No.  38  .  9*765 

Second  course,  third  stone  from  S.  end,  tow- 
path  abutment  Stratton’s  bridge  No.  39..  9*579 

N.  E.  corner,  lower  step,  berme  abutment 

Baker’s  bridge  No.  42 .  11*912 


4-85 

•764 

>  +102 

•837 

J 

106 

752 

101 

360 

102 

703 

109 

037 

103 

274 

103 

072 

103 

826 

103 

640 

\ 

105 

973 

No.  38.] 


71 


Description. 

S.  E.  corner,  middle  abutment,  Bemis  Higlits 

waste -weir . 

N.  E.  corner,  second  step  from  bottom,  berme 

abutment  Cheever’s  bridge  No.  46 . 

N.  E.  corner  coping,  S.  end,  Wilbur’s  waste- 

weir.. . 

S.  E.  corner  coping,  N.  end,  waste-weir  No.  7. 
N.  E.  corner,  second  step  from  bottom,  berme 

abutment  Holmes’  bridge  No.  59 . 

N.  E.  corner  coping,  S.  end  Coveville  waste- 

weir . 

Point  on  stone,  second  course,  S.  end,  tow- 

path  abutment  Wilcox  bridge  No.  62 . 

Elm  tree,  150  feet  S.  of  Cramer’s  bridge  No. 

63,  tow-path  side. . .  . 

Ash  tree,  near  Sta.  43  (Coveville  Improve¬ 
ment  Survey) . 

N.  W.  corner,  lower  step,  tow-path  abutment 

Slade’s  bridge  No.  64 .  . 

Point  on  second  stone  from  S.  end,  tow-path 

abutment  Cramer’s  bridge  No.  65 . 

Top  of  spillway,  Fish  Creek  Aqueduct  (East 

side). ...  . 

Bottom  of  Fish  Creek  Aqueduct . 

Second  step  from  bottom  N.  W.  wing  wall, 
tow-path  abutment  Ferry  St.  (Schuyler- 

ville),  bridge  No.  68 . 

S.  W.  corner,  lower  step,  tow-path  abutment 
Saratoga  St.  (Schuylerville),  bridge  No.  69. 
N.  W.  corner,  second  step  from  bottom,  tow- 
path  abutment  Bullard’s  bridge  No.  70. . . 
Mitre-sill,  lock  No.  10 . 


Elevation 
above  C.  B. 

Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+9-934 

+  103-995 

10-947 

105-008 

8- 473 

9- 807 

102- 534 

103- 868 

13-032 

107-093 

9-140 

103-201 

11-047 

105-108 

\ 

9-113 

103-174 

10-031 

104-092 

13-760 

107-821 

9-773 

103-834 

7-962 

-0-158 

102-023 

93-903 

+12-648 

106-709 

12-468 

106-529 

13-656 

0-000 

107-717 

94-061 

Elevation  of  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  10.  94-061 

Elevation  of  lower  mitre-sill,  lock 

No.  9 .  85-764 


Lift  of  lock  No.  9 


8-297 


Bench  Marks  on  Whitehall  Level,  between  Locks  Nos.  20 

and  21. 


Description. 


Elevation 
above  C.  B. 


f  +12.987 

On  coping  N.  E.  gate,  anchor  lock  No.  20. u PP6! ^ G025 

[lower  level. 

Berme  abutment,  north  end,  N.  E.  corner 

4th  course  down,  bridge  No.  135 .  -j-13-150 

Berme  abutment,  north  end,  N.  E.  corner  6th 
course  down,  bridge  No.  136 .  10-617 


y 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+128.235 

128-360 

125-827 


♦ 


72 


[Asskmbly 


Elevation  Elevation 

Description.  above  C.  B.  above  T.  W. 

Berme  abutment,  south  end,  S.  E.  corner  5th 

course  down,  bridge  No.  137 . +11*625  -|-126-835 

Berme  abutment,  south  end,  S.  E.  corner  6th 

course  down,  bridge  No.  138 .  11-083  126-293 

Tow-path  abutment,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner 

7th  course  down,  bridge  No.  139 .  10-316  125-526 

Tow-path  bent,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner 

bridge  No.  140 .  8-108  123-318 

Tow-path  abutment,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner 

6th  course  down,  bridge  No.  141 .  12-341  127-551 

Tow-path  abutment,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner 

8th  course  down,  bridge  No.  142 .  9-221  124-431 

Berme  abutment,  north  end,  N.  E.  corner  4th 

course  down,  bridge  No.  143 . 11-346  126-556 

Berme  abutment,  south  end,  S.  E,  corner  5th 

course  down,  bridge  No.  144 .  10.348  125-558 

Tow-path  bent,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner, 

bridge  No.  145  .  8-979  124-189 

Tow-path  abutment,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner 

7th  course  down,  bridge  No.  146 .  9-155  124-365 

North  end  of  wing,  north  end  corner  lower. 

course,  R.  R.  bridge .  8-899  124-109 

Tow-path  abutment,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner 

6th  course  down,  bridge  No.  147 . .  10-155  125-365 

Tow-path  bent,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner, 

footbridge. .  8-395  123-605 

Tow-path  abutment,  south  end,  S.  W.  corner 

lowest  course,  iron  R.  R.  bridge. .  10-658  125-868 

Tow-path  abutment,  north  end,  N.  W.  corner 

7th  course  down,  R.  R.  bridge  No.  148  . . .  11-061  126-271 

Tow-path  bent,  north  end,  N.  W.  horse  bdg.  9-034  124-244 

On  coping  N.E.E.  gate,  anchor  lock  No.  21.  7-600  122-810 


All  benches  marked  thus,  (g). 

Eastern  Division  —  Erie  Canal. 

List  of  benches  showing  elevation  canal  bottom  and  above  tide¬ 
water.  T.  W.  =mean  low  tide,  as  determined  by  Captain  Willard, 
U.  S.  Engineers  Corps. 


Elevation  Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B.  above  T.  W. 

1.  On  shelf  at  lower  end  of  pier,  between 

locks  at  lock  1,  marked  0,  with  chisel .  -f-9-486 

2.  Lower  miter-sill,  lock  No.  1.... .  +0-000  —7-443 

3.  The  coping  of  weigh  lock .  9-55  . 

4.  At  station  53J,  on  tow-path  abutment. 

Ferry  street  bridge  on  the  north  stone 

lower  course,  marked  O,  with  chisel..  9-524  17.240 

5.  At  station  82J-,  on  tow-path  tower  of  Sus¬ 

pension  foot  bridge,  on  projection  of 

south  cross-sill,  marked  (x)  with  knife.  10-426  18-142 


No.  38.] 


73 


.  *&■  A^ 

Elevation  Elevalibii 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B.  above  T.  YV. 

6.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  2  (at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock) .  +0-000  +  7-716 

7.  At  station  0,  on  coping  of  lock  No.  2,  f  18-000] 

between  ends  of  anchor  of  S.  W.  gate  j  lower  level.  ! 


8.  At  station  39  on  N.,  and  tow-path  para¬ 

pet  of  culvert,  marked  0  —  B.  M.  with 

chisel .  +7-226  24-437 

9.  At  station  97£  on  N.,  and  tow-path  para¬ 

pet  of  culvert,  marked  0  —  B.  M.  with 

chisel .  7-923  25-134 

10.  At  station  156  on  S.  E.  corner  of  coping 

on  retaining  wall  of  bridge  approach , 

marked  0,  with  chisel ...  ‘ .  10-353  27-564 

11.  At  station  166,  on  N.  E.  corner  tow-path, 

parapet  of  culvert,  marked  0,  with 

chisel . 8-486  25-697 

12.  At  station  189,  on  coping  of  retaining 

wall  at  S.  end  of  tow-path  parapet  of 

culvert,  marked  (g) — B.  M.  with  chisel.  8-066  25-277 

13.  At  station  217,  on  N.  end  of  retaining 

wall  to  bridge  approach,  N.  E.  corner 
of  coping,  marked  0 —  B.  M.  with 

chisel .  10-406  27-417 

14.  At  station  243f,  N.  E.  corner  N.  wing  of 

tow-path  abutment  on  coping  marked 
0  and  on  face  of  coping  B.  M.  with 

chisel .  14-574  31-785 

15.  At  station  269,  on  coping  of  lock  on 

“  lower  side  cut,”  at  anchor  of  N.  W. 

gate,  marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel ...  8  •  584  •  25  •  795 

16.  At  station  290,  on  tow-path  abutment  of 

Arsenal  bridge  at  N.  angle  of  main 
wall,  top  of  lower  course,  marked  0 

and  (above)  B.  M.  with  chisel .  11-566  28-777 

17.  At  station  320,  on  tow-path  abutment  of 

Ferry  street  bridge,  S.  E.  corner  of 
lower  step  of  wing,  marked  0  with 

chisel  and  (on  face  of  stone)  B.  M _  11-563  28-774 

18.  At  station  365,  on  coping  of  N.  wall, 

north  lock  of  upper  side  cut,  N.  W. 
corner  of  W.  stone,  marked  0 — B.  M. 

with  chisel .  9-257  26-468 

19.  At  station  398-J,  on  N.  E.  corner  tow-path 

parapet  of  culvert,  marked  0— B.  M. 

with  chisel .  8-480  25-691 

20.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  Lock  No.  3,  at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate  of  W.  lock .  0-000  17-211 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.] 


10 


74 


[Assembly 


No.  Description. 

21.  On  coping  of  lock  No.  3,  between  ends 
of  anchor  S.  W.  gate  of  W 
marked  6d — B.M.with  chisel 


Elevation 
above  C.  13. 


+20-2601 

of  anchor  S.  W.  gate  of  W.  lock,  2  lower  level.  _ 
mnrlrorl  _ Tt  1VT  wit/h  oViiaol  ~T’ 

[ upper  level.  ^ 

22.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  4  (at  heel  of  S. 

W.  gate,  W.  lock) .  +0-000 

23.  On  coping  of  lock  No.  4,  between  ends  f,  20-2201 

of  anchor,  S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock  J  lowe,rfile^H 

marked  6?) — B.  M.  with  chisel .  ,  I 

^  [  upper  level.  J 

24.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  5,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock .  -|-0-000 

25.  On  coping  of  lock  No.  5,  between  ends  f\  19*630 

of  anchor  S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock,  marked  2  owe.1  aeloo  > 

®-B.  M.  with  chisel . : .  +9-  0o3  f 

^  [  upper  level.  J 

26.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  6,  at  heel  of  S. 

W.  gate  of  W.  lock .  -J-0-000 

27.  On  coping  of  lock  No.  6,  between  ends  f-. 

of  anchor  S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock,  marked  {  0  * 

6d—B.  M.  with  chisel .  +  ,  / 

^  [upper  level. J 

28.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  7,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock .  -j-0-000 

29.  On  coping,  lock  No.  7,  between  ends  f-, 

anchor,  S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock,  marked  *{  }- 

M_B.  M.  with  chisel . I  ! 


i  ■ 

[  upper  level.  J 

30.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  8,  at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock .  -f-0-000 

31.  On  coping,  lock  No.  8,  between  ends  of  }  18  •885'] 

anchor,  S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock,  marked  <  0W(^Qeoln  r 

— B.  M.  with  chisel .  +»-^u 

^  l  upper  level.  J 

32.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  9,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock .  -j-0-000 

33.  On  coping,  lock  No.  9,  between  ends  of  f\  r 

anchor,  S.  E. -gate.  E.  lock,  marked  {  r 

— B.  M.  with  chisel .  ^  J 

^  [upper  level.  J 

34.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  10,  at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock .  +0‘-000 

35.  On  coping,  lock  No.  10,  between  ends  [\  19*0001 

of  anchor,  S.  VV.  gate,  lock  W.2  lowe,r  ’e™U 

marked  0-B.  M.  with  chisel . \  uppN  level.J 

36.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  11,  at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock .  -j-0-000 

37.  On  coping,  lock  No.  11,  between  ends  f" ,  J" ? '^i0 

of  anchor,  S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock,  2  lowe.1  V 

marked  ®-B.  M.  with  chisel . [Uppt  level  J 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+37-471 

28-380 

48-600 

39-760 

59- 390 

50-357 

69- 357 

60- 430 

79- 010 

70- 361 

89- 246 

80- 906 
99-406 

90- 314 
109-314 

100-676 

119-326 


No.  38.] 


75 


xr  ^  .  .  Elevation 

JN°.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

38.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  12,  at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock .  +0*000 

39.  On  coping,  lock  No.  12,  between  ends  (,  10  -  090 

of  anchor,  S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock,  {  lowe,rQle™1;  l 

marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel .  +9*1 94  , 

^  upper  level.  J 

40.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  13,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock .  -j-  0-000 

41.  On  coping,  lock  No.  13,  between  ends  f  19 • 1001 

of  anchor,  S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock,  1  lower  level‘  ! 
marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel . 

42.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  14,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock .  _p0-000 

43.  On  coping,  lock  No.  14,  between  ends  of  ,  18*700 

anchor,  S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock,  marked  2  lower ^vel.  I 
f9v— B.  M.  with  p.hispl  +8-668  J 

upper  level.  J 


rer  level.  I 
+8-745  f 
upper  level.  J 


0 — B.  M.  with  chisel 

44.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  15,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.-gate,  E.  lock .  +0-000 

45.  On  coping,  lock  No.  15,  between  ends  f,  18- 800 'j 

of  anchor,  S.  E.gate,  E.  lock,  marked  2  lower  level.  . 

(g) — B.  M.  with  chisel .  +8  -96  ,  ( 

^  L  upper  level.  J 

46.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  16,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock . . .  _j_0-000 

47.  On  coping,  lock  No.  16,  between  ends  [ 18*920 

of  anchor,  S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock,  marked  2  lower  lejel*  L 

(g) — B.  M.  with  chisel .  *,  +8-c<o  , 

L  upper  level.  J 

48.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  17,  at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock .  .  _p0-000 

49.  On  coping,  lock  No.  17,  between  ends  { ,  19  •  020 

of  anchor,  S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock,  >  lower  level 
marked  (g) — B.  M.  with  chisel . 

50.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  18,  at  heel  of 

S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock .  _j_0-000 

51.  On  coping,  lock  No.  18,  between  ends  f,  19*  040 

of  anchor,  S.  W.  gate,  W.  lock,  <j  lowo,r  l 

marked  (g) — B.  M.  with  chisel.  . . .  |  +8-791 

l  upper  level.  ^ 

52.  At  station  18  1-4,  on  coping  of  south 

abutment  of  waste-weir  on  tow-path, 
marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel .  9  •  035 

53.  At  station  57  1-2,  on  N.  end,  berme  abut¬ 

ment  (wing)  of  bridge,  marked  0 — B. 

M.  with  chisel . .  10*156 

54.  At  station  128  1-2,  S.  E.  corner  coping, 

N.  wing  berme  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel.  15-526 


+8-733  f 
upper  level.  J 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+  110*297 

129- 357 

120*193 

139*293 

130- 548 

149- 248 

140-580 

159-380 

150- 413 
169-333 


160-458 

179-478 

170-745 

189- 785 

190- 029 

191- 150 

196-520 


76 


[Assembly 


« 


Elevation 


No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

55.  At  station  129  1-2,  on  N.  end  tow-path 
abutment  of  farm  bridge,  on  projec¬ 
tion  of  fifth  stone  from  top  at  N.  end 
of  wing,  marked  0  and  on  stone  above, 

B.  M.  with  chisel .  -[-12-024 

57.  At  station  1G8  3-4,  on  top  of  coping  of  S. 

wing,  at  end  tow-path  abutment  of 
farm  bridge,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with 
chisel .  11-143 

58.  At  station  169  1-4,  on  top  of  coping  of 

N.  wing,  at  end  berme  abutment  of 
farm  bridge,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with 
chisel .  11-461 

59.  At  station  220  1-4,  on  top  of  coping,  S. 

W.  corner  S.  E.  wing  of  aqueduct, 
marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  13  •  308 

60.  At  station  238,  on  top  of  coping,  N.  W. 

corner  1ST.  W.  wing  of  acqueduct, 
marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  13-189 

61.  At  station  340,  on  projection  on  face  of 

first  stone  under  coping,  east  wing 
tow-path  abutment,  marked  0 — B.  M. 
with  a  chisel .  11*552 

62.  At  station  340,  at  centre  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  on  face  of  sixth  course  under 
coping,  marked  B.  M. — 0  with  chisel.  10*176 

64.  At  station  432  1-2,  on  projection  on  sixth 

course  below  coping,  near  centre  tow- 
path  abutment,  marked  B.  M. — 0 
with  chisel .  9*949 

65.  At  station  461,  on  rock  at  rear  of  tow- 

path,  marked  0 — B.  M . .  11  •  158 

66.  At  station  512  1-4,  on  projection  on  sixth 

course  below  coping,  near  W.  angle 
face  of  tow-path  abutment  (Clute’s), 
road  bridge,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with 
chisel .  11*079 

67.  At  station  521  1-2,  of  face  of  E.  wing  tow- 

path  abutment  of  first  bridge  W.  of 
Clute’s  dry  dock,  end  stone,  second 
course  below  coping,  marked  0 — B.  M. 
with  chisel .  11*294 

68.  At  station  543,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment,  second  bridge  W.  of  Clute’s  dry 
dock,  sixth  course  below  coping  near 
?/  :C.  E.  angle,  marked  0 — B.  M  with  chisel.  10*900 

69.  At  station  568,  on  face  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment,  third  bridge  W.  of  Clute’s  dry 
dock,  filth  course  below  coping  near 
W.  angle,  marked  0 — B.M.with  chisel  10*959 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+193-018 

192-137 

192-455 

194*302 

194*183 

192*546 

191*170 

190-943 

192*152 

192-073 

192-288 

191*894 


191-953 


No.  38.] 


77 


iNo-  Description. 

70.  At  station  598  1-2,  on  face  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment,  road  bridge  at  Whitehead’s  dock, 
on  sixth  course  below  coping  near  cen¬ 
tre  of  abutment,  marked  B.  M. — (9) 
with  chisel . . 

71.  At  station  633  3-4,  on  face  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge,  near  centre  on 
projection  of  footing  course,  sixth  be¬ 
low  coping,  marked  B.  M. — (g . 

72.  At  station  658  1-2,  on  face  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  second  bridge  E.  of  lock  19 
on  projection  on  fifth  course  below 
coping  near  E.  angle,  marked  (9) — B. 

M.  with  chisel . 

73.  At  station  693  1-4,  on  top  of  E.  corner, 

first  stone  under  coping,  E.  wing  of 
tow-path  abutment  of  first  bridge  E. 
of  lock  19,  marked  g  (on  top)  B.  M. 
(on  face)  with  chisel . 

74.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  19,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate  of  S.  lock  (pier  wall) . 


Elevation 
above  C.  B. 


+  9-529 


8-163 


9-710 


11-753 
0-  000 


75.  On  coping  lock  No.  19  near  ends  off,  9 

anchor,  N.  E.  gate,  S.  lock  (pier  4  ovver(Je''®  ‘ 

wall)  marked  (9)— B.  M.  with  chisel.  +7+  I 

^  fupper  level.  J 

76.  At  station  70,  on  N.  corner  of  coping, 

at  end  of  W.  wing  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment,  road  bridge  at  Vischer’s  Ferry, 
marked  (on  top)  (g  and  (on  face)  (g— 

B.  M.  with  chisel .  12-119 

77.  At  station  140,  on  rock,  cut  on  rock  at 

rear  of  tow-path,  marked  B.  M.  (g 

with  chisel .  10.713 

79.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lo£k  No.  20  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock. . .  0-000 

80.  On  coping  lock  No.  20,  at  ends  off,  1^*661°] 

anchor,  N.  E.  gate  N.  lock,  marked  {  owei  *  y 

g — B.  M  with  chisel . |  8-242  . 

fupper  level.  J 

81.  At  station  108+  above  lock  20  on  top  of 

coping  at  E.  end  of  wing  berme  abut¬ 
ment,  road  bridge  at  Fonda’s  basin 
marked  (g  and  (on  face)  B.  M.  with 
chisel .  12-170 

82.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  21,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  S.  lock . . . .  o  •  000 

83.  On  coping,  lock  No.  21,  at  ends  of  f,  19- 720) 

anchor,  S.  E.  gate,  S.  lock,  marked  \  lowef  i6™1:  L 

g—  B.  M.  with  chisel .  \  +8.#59_4  j 

f  upper  level.  J 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 


+  190*523 

189- 157 

190- 704 

192-747 

180-994 

198-214 


201-554 

200-148 

189-435 

208-095 


212*563 

199-853 


219-573 


78 


[Assembly 


Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

84.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  22,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  +0-000 

85.  On  coping  lock  No.  22.  near  ends  of  f,  20 •180') 

anchor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked-!  lower'e^;  [ 

^  [upper  level.  J 

86.  At  station  6-J-  on  N.  E.  corner  of  coping 

on  end  of  tow-path  wing,  N.  end  of 

upper  Mohawk  aqueduct,  marked 0 

and  on  face  of  stone,  B.  M.  with  chisel.  9-418 

87.  At  station  16,  on  top  dowell  in  coping, 

near  end  of  parapet,  tow-path  wing, 
south  end  of  aqueduct  (g),  and  on  stone 
near  it  (g) — B.  M.  with  chisel .  13-089 

88.  At  station  24J,  on  north  wing  of  berme 

abutment  of  first  road  bridge  west  of 
aqueduct,  top  of  coping  marked  (x),  and 
on  face  of  stone,  B.  M.  with  chisel. . .  12-928 

89.  At  station  143,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment,  Vedder’s  bridge,  projection  on 
lower  course  near  W.  angle  marked  (g), 
and  on  stone  above,  B.  M.  with  chisel.  8-556 

90.  At  station  161|-,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge  near  centre  pro¬ 
jection  of  sixth  course  under  coping, 
marked  B.  M. — (g)  with  chisel .  10  •  673 

91.  Station  210,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  R.  R.  bridge  on  stone  near 
W.  end  about  2J-  in.  above  joint  marked 
B.  M. — (g)  with  chisel .  11-031 

92.  Station  230 on  top  of  coping  on  end  of 

W.  wing  berme  abutment  of  road 
bridge,  marked  (g) — B.  M.  (on  top  of 
coping)  with  chisel .  “  10-208 

93.  Station  264,  on  top  of  coping  on  end  of 

E.  wing  of  tow-path  abutment  of  road 
bridge,  marked  (g),  and  on  face  of  stone 
B.  M.  with  chisel .  11-783 

94.  Station  284.  On  top  of  coping  on  end  of 

E.  w'ing  of  berme  abutment  of  Front 
street  bridge  marked  0,  and  on  face  of 
stone  B.  M.  with  chisel .  10-189 

95.  Station  311,  on  S.  W.  corner  of  coping 

of  retaining  wall  E.  of  street  bridge, 
marked  0,  and  on  face  of  stone  B.  M. 
with  chisel .  13-695 

96.  Station  337,  on  third  step  from  bottom 

at  E.  end  of  tow-path  abutment,  State 
street  bridge,  marked  0,  and  on  end  of 
step  B.  M.  with  chisel .  12-014 


Elevation 
below  T.  W. 


+210-979 

231-159 


232- 009 

235-677 

235- 516 

231- 144 

233- 261 

233- 619 

232- 796 

234- 371 

232-777 

236- 283 

234-602 


No.  38.] 


79 


XT  Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

97.  Station  368  1-2,  on  top  of  coping,  S.  W. 

corner  of  parapet  of  waste- weir,  marked 

0,  and  (on  face)  B.  M.  with  chisel. . .  -f-1 1  * 630 

98.  Station  504 1-2,  near  centre  of  face  of  tow- 

path  abutment  of  bridge  at  Navanier’s 
bay  on  projection  of  sixth  course  below 
coping,  marked  (g),  and  on  stone  above 
B.  M.  with  chisel .  9-324 

99.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  23,  at  heel 

of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

100.  On  top  of  coping,  lock  No.  23.  at  end  f\  16-9001 

of  anchor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  -|  lower0le!"l'  l 

marked  (g) — B.  M.  with  chisel . j  V  '  i  I 

^  1  upper  level.  J 

101.  Station  9,  on  face  of  tow-path  abutment 

of  farm  bridge,  near  W.  angle  on  pro¬ 
jection  of  sixth  course  below  coping, 
marked  (g),  and  on  stone  above  B.  M. 
with  chisel .  9-115 

102.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  24,  at  heel 

of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

103.  On  coping  of  lock  No.  24,  at  end  of  { ,  l^’SbO) 

anchor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  Iower  level.  . 

(g)— B.  M.  with  chisel .  V0'3,4 

[upper  level.  J 

104.  Station  49  3-4,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  road  bridge,  on  projection  on 
course  below  coping,  marked  0,  and  on 
stone  above  B.  M.  with  chisel .  12-402 

105.  Station  99  1-4,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge,  on  projection  o„n 
sixth  course  below  coping,  near  E. 
angle,  marked  B.  M. — (g)  (on  the  stone) 
with  chisel .  10-885 

106.  Station  113+88,  on  E.  end  of  Flat  Stone 

Creek  aqueduct,  tow-path  side  abut¬ 
ment,  six  inches  east  of  junction  of 
wing  and  straight  wall  at  foot  of  para¬ 
pet,  marked  (gj,  and  (on  face  of  coping 
of  parapet  above  it)  B.  M.  with  chisel.  10-068 

107.  Station  181  1-2,  near  centre  of  face  of 

tow-path  abutment  of  road  bridge,  on 
projection  of  sixth  course  below  coping, 
marked  B.  M.— (g),  with  chisel .  12-237 

108.  Station  218,  near  W.  angle  face  of  tefw- 

path  abutment  of  farm  bridge,  on  pro¬ 
jection  of  seventh  course  below  coping, 
marked  (g),  and  on  stone  above  B.  M. 
with  chisel .  11-462 

109.  Station  294  1-2,  at  centre  of  face  of  tow- 

path  abutment,  first  bridge  below  lock 


Elevation 
above  T.  \V. 

+234-218 

231-912 

222-588 

239-488 


240-021 

230-906 

247-766 

250-634 

249-117 


248*300 


250*469 


249-694 


80 


No. 


Description. 


Elevation 
above  C.  B. 


lower  level.  ! 
8-949 


No.  25,  on  projection  of  footing  course 
(seventh  below  coping),  marked  0,  aud 
on  stone  above  B.  M.  with  cbisel .  +9-740 

110.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  25,  at  heel 

of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  . . .  0-000 

111.  On  coping  of  lock  25,  at  end  of  anchor,  17-  530  j 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  0 — B.  M.  > 

wifch  cllisel . j  upper  level.  J 

112.  Station  40  1-2,  on  corner  of  coping,  end 

of  W.  wing  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  (g)  (on  top)  and  B.  M. 

(on  face)  with  chisel .  11-531 

113.  Station  74,  on  face  tow-path  abutment 

of  farm  bridge  (near  W.  angle),  on 
projection  of  fourth  course  below  cop¬ 
ing,  marked  (g),  and  on  stone  above, 

B.  M.  with  chisel .  12-321 


114.  Station  118,  on  coping  end  of  W.  wing 

berme  abutment  of  road  bridge,  marked 

(££)— B.  M.  with  chisel .  11-530 

115.  Station  171,  on  coping  of  parapet  Sansai 

Kill  Aqueduct,  at  E.  angle  (junction 
of  wing  with  straight  wall),  marked 
(^) — B.  M.  with  chisel .  12  •  650 

116.  Station  253+80,  on. small  granite  boulder 

rear  of  tow-path  (is  about  fifty  feet  east 
of  line  of  stone  fence  between  orchard 
and  corn  field  on  hill  across  canal), 


marked  0 —  B.  M.  with  chisel .  8  •  386 

117.  Station  285  1-2,  on  flat  white  rock  at  N. 

angle  of  tow-path,  opposite  the  middle 
of  the  bay,  below  lower  end  of  rocky 
bluff  on  berme,  marked  (g) — B.  M.  with 
chisel .  8-747 

118.  Station  347,  on  flat  sand  stone  at  rear 

tow-path  and  at  west  end  of  first  course 
below  Swart’s  bridge,  marked  (g) — B. 

M.  with  chisel .  8-223 

119.  Station  360  3-4,  on  parapet  of  culvert 

(berme  side)  of  N.  W.  corner  of  coping, 
marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  1-240 

120.  Station  398  1-2,  on  top  of  stone  under 

coping  on  E.  wing  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  Klein’s  bridge,  marked  g)  (on 
face)  and  B.  M.  with  chisel .  12-485 

121.  Station  460,  on  coping  E.  wing  tow- 

path  abutment  of  farm  bridge,  marked 

(g),  and  on  face,  B.  M.  with  chisel _  12-492 

122.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  26,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  (g) — B.  M.  0-000 


[Assembly 

Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+247-972 

238-232 

255 • 762 

258- 344 

259- 134 

*58-343 

259-463 

255-199 

255-560 

255-036 

248-053 

259-298 

259-305 


246-813 


No.  38.] 


81 


Elevation, 
above  C.  B. 


No.  Description. 

123.  On  coping  lock  No.  26,  at  end  of  an-  f  1 

chor  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  0 — 

B.  M.  with  chisel . 


> 


|  8-505 

[  upper  level.  _ 

124.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  27,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

125.  On  coping  of  lock  No.  27,  at  end  of  { lowp!t^° 

anchor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  Q  J- 

0 — B.  M.  with  chisel . I  i  If 

^  upper  level.  J 

126.  Station  61  1-2,  on  retaining  wall  over 

berme  end  of  culvert,  five  inches  west  of 

centre  line,  marked  0,  with  chisel. .  .  3-379 

127.  Station  96  1-2,  on  tow-path  end  of  cul¬ 

vert  at  top  of  sloping  coping,  E.  cor¬ 
ner  of  second  stone  from  E.  side, 
marked  0 — B.  M .  with  chisel . 

128.  Station  163  3-4,  on  coping  of  waste-weir 

near  N.  W.  corner  of  top  of  E.  wall, 
marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel . 

129.  Station  203  1-2,  on  top  of  lower  step  at 

W.  end  tow-path  abutment  of  street 
bridge  (east  bridge  at  Port  Jackson  ), 
marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  16-281 

130.  Station  225  1-4,  on  top  of  coping  at  cen¬ 

tre  pier  of  Port  Jackson  creek  culvert 
(T.  P.  side),  marked  0,  and  (on  slope) 

B.  M.  with  chisel .  0-727 

131.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  28,  at  heel  of 

S.  E.  gate,  E.  lock,  marked  0 — B.  M.  0  •  000 

132.  On  top  of  coping  lock  No.  28,  at  end  [■.  r 

of  anchor,  S.  E.  gate,  S.  lock,  marked  owef  > 


2-109 


8-723 


— B.  M.  with  chisel, 


upper  level. 


12-260 


133.  Station  85f,  at  E.  end  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  farm  bridge  on  top  of  3d  stone 
above  ground,  marked  0  and  (on  face) 

B.  M.  with  chisel . 

134.  Station  138,  on  centre  face  of  tow-path 

abutment  farm  bridge,  on  projection 
of  6th  stone  below  coping,  marked  0 — 

B.  M.  with  chisel . ; . 

135.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  29,  at  heel 

of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock . 

136.  On  coping  lock  No.  29,  at  end  of  an-  f, 

nW  'M  U  era  fn  AT  WL-  J  l0Wei’  ^el. 


11-717 

0-000 

16-520^ 


chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  •{ 
0 — B.  M.  with  chisel 


137.  Station  30,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  farm  bridge,  on  projection  of 
[Asem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  11 


9-121  ( 
upper  level.  J 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+  263-683 

255-178 

271-608 

266-543 

265-273 

271-887 

279-445 

263-891 

263-164 

250  034 

283-147 

282-604 

270-887 

287-407 


r  * 


82 


[Assembly 


Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

4th  stone  below  coping,  near  E.  angle, 
marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  +12-491 

138.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  30,  at  heel 

of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0.000 

f  19-370 

139.  On  coping  lock  No.  30,  at  end  of  an-  j  lower  level. 

chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked. .  )  9-157 


[  upper  level. 

140.  Station  18f,  at  foot  of  parapet,  at  end  of 
W.  wing,  tow-path  side  of  Schoharie 
creek  aqueduct,  marked  (g)  and  on  para¬ 


pet  above  B.  M.  with  chisel .  10-205 

142.  Station  123  top  of  lower  step  W.  wing, 

berme  abutment  of  farm  bridge, marked 
0,  and  B.  M.  (on  end  of  stone)  with 
chisel .  13-411 

143.  Station  152},  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment,  near  E.  angle  on  projection  of 
5th  course  below  coping  marked  (*), 
and  (on  stone  above)  B.  M.  with 
chisel .  11-899 


144.  Station  181  J,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge  on  projection  of 
6th  course  below  coping,  near  W.  an¬ 
gle,  marked  (g),  and  (on  stone  above) 

B.  M.  with  chisel .  11  -595 

145.  Station  253},  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge  near  E.  angle  on 
projection  of  5th  course  below  coping, 
marked  (g),  and  (on  stone  above)  B.  M. 


with  chisel .  11-474 

146.  Station  281,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  covered  road  bridge  near  W. 
angle  of  projection  of  4th  stone  below 
coping,  marked  (g),and  (on  stone  above) 

B.  M  with  chisel. .. .  . .  12-070 

147.  Station  306},  top  of  lower  step  of  W. 

wing  berme  abutment  of  farm  bridge, 
marked  (g) — B.  M.  with  chisel .  13  •  485 

148.  Station  345},  on  top  of  lower  step,  E. 

wing  berme  abutment  of  farm  bridge, 
marked  (^)  with  chisel. . . .  11-928 

149.  Station  394,  on  top  of  lower  step,  W. 

wing  of  berme  abutment  marked  0 

with  chisel .  11-331 

150.  Station  482},  on  top  of  coping  at  end  of 

E.  wing  of  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  (^),  and  (on  face  of 
stone)  B.  M.  with  chisel .  12-717 

151.  Station  539,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge,  near  E.  angle  on 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+290-777 

278-286 

297- 656 

298- 704 

301-910 

300-398 

300-094 

300-883 

300- 569 

301- 984 

300- 427 

299- 830 

301- 216 


No.  38.] 


83 


No. 


152. 


153. 


154. 


155. 


156. 


157. 


158. 

159. 

160. 

161. 


Elevation 

Description.  above  C.  B. 

projection  of  4th  course  below  coping, 

marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  +11-359 

Station  613,  on  face  of  top  stone,  end  of 
W.  wing,  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge  on  projection  of  stone,  marked 

0 — B.  M.  with  chisel...,. .  11-896 

Station  664  3-4,  on  top  of  coping  at  end 
of  E.  wing  of  Tokkon  Creek  aqueduct, 
tow-path  side,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with 

chisel .  8-024 

Station  737,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  farm  bridge,  near  E.  angle  on 
projection  of  fourth  stone  below  coping, 

marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel .  10-856 

Station  813  1-2,  on  top  of  second  stone 
below  coping,  at  end  of  E.  wing  of 
berme  abutment  of  farm  bridge  at 
Yatesville,  marked  0  and  (on  stone 

above)  B.  M.  with  chisel .  10-594 

Station  846  1-4,  on  top  of  coping,  N.  E. 
corner,  N.  E.  wing  of  Leonardson’s 
Creek  aqueduct,  marked  0 — B.  M.with 

chisel .  8-122 

Station  935,  on  top  of  coping  of  E.  abut¬ 
ment  of  aqueduct,  N.  W.  corner  (tow- 
path  side)  of  main  wall,  marked  0 — 

B.  M.  with  chisel .  7-979 

Station  1,079  1-2,  on  top  of  lower  step, 

W.  wing,  berme  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel.  12-336 

Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  31,  at  heel 
of  N.  E.  gate,  S.  lock  (on  pier  side) . . 

r 

On  coping,  lock  31,  at  end  of  anchor, 

N.  E.  gate,  S.  lock  (pier  wall)  -< 
marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel . . . 


0-000 
14-760^ 
lower  level. 

8-893  . 
upper  level.  > 


162. 


163. 


164. 


Station  17  1-2,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut 
ment,  Ferry  street  bridge,  on  projection 
of  fifth  course  below  coping  (near  cen¬ 
tre,  old  bench),  marked  0  —  B.  M. 

with  chisel .  10-392 

Station  49  1-4,  on  face,  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  farm  bridge,  projection  on  fifth 
course  below  coping,  near  W.  angle, 

marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel .  11-325 

Station  82  3-4,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  farm  bridge,  projection  of 
sixth  course  below  coping,  near  centre, 

^  marked  B.  M.  —0,  with  chisel .  9-990 

Station  142  1-3,  on  face  of  tow-path 
abutment  of  farm  bridge,  on  projection 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+299-849 

300-395 

296-523 

299-355 

299- 093 

296-621 

296-478 

300- 835 
288-499 

t 

303- 259 

304- 758 

305- 691 

304-356 


84 


[Assembly 


Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

of  seventh  course  below  coping,  near 
W.  angle,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with 
chisel .  4-8-824 

165.  Station  205  3-4,  on  face  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge,  on  projection  of 
fourth  course  under  coping  (near  cen¬ 
tre),  marked  B.  M. — 0 .  9-873 

166.  Station  252,  on  top  of  coping  of  parapet 

at  N.  E.  wing  of  Plattkill  aqueduct 
(N.  E.  corner  of  end  stone),  marked 
0,  and  on  face  B.  M.  with  chisel ....  13  •  194 

167.  Station  314,  on  top  of  coping  at  end  of 

E.  wing,  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0,  and  (on  face)  B.  M. 
with  chisel .  12*412 

168.  Station  370  1-2,  on  rear  upper  corner  of 

first  stone  under  coping  at  end  of  W. 
wing,  berme  abutment  of  farm  bridge, 
marked  B.  M. — 0  with  chisel .  11  •  150 

169.  Station  475  1-4,  on  tow-path  abutment 

of  farm  bridge,  near  centre  of  face  of 
E.  wing,  projection  on  second  stone 
above  ground,  marked  B.  M. — 0  with 
chisel .  10-689 

170.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  32  (at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock) .  0-000 

171.  On  coping  lock  32,  at  end  of  anchor, 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  0 — BN  1  \  ,  J> 

M.  with  chisel .  ^ upper. eve  .  j 

172.  Station  27  3-4,  on  front  corner,  third 

step  from  bottom  on  E.  wing  tow-path 
abutment,  iron  street  bridge,  marked  0 
(and  on  end  of  stone),  B.  M.  with  chisel.  .  11  •  905 

173.  Station  60,  on  top  coping  at  end  of  W. 

wing  tow-path  abutment,  farm  bridge, 
marked  0,  and  on  face,  B.  M.  with 
chisel .  11-145 

174.  Station  90,  on  face  of  tow-path  abutment 

of  farm  bridge  (near  centre)  projection 
of  sixth  course  below  coping,  marked 
0  and  (on  stone  above),  B.  M.  with 
chisel .  9-420 

175.  Station  122,  on  coping  of  parapet,  tow- 

path  end  of  culvert  at  centre,  marked 

B,  M. — 0,  with  chisel. .  , .  4-461 

176.  Station  314  3-4,  on  corner  of  coping,  E. 

wing  wall  of  culvert,  marked  0 — B. 

M.  with  chisel .  6-712 

177.  Station  337,  on  face  tow-path  abutment 

of  farm  bridge  at  W.  angle  projection 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

4-303-190 

304- 239 

307-560 

306-778 

305- 516 

305- 055 
294-366 

311-476 

314-397 

313-637 

311-912 

306- 953 

309-204 


No.  38.] 


85 


No. 

178. 

179. 

180. 

181. 

182. 


183. 

184. 

185. 


186. 


187. 


188. 


189. 

190. 

191. 


_  ,  Elevation 

Description.  above  C.  B. 

on  6th  course  below  coping,  marked 

B.  M. — 0  with  chisel .  .  +1  0-353 

Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  33,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

On  coping  lock  No.  33  at  end  of  an-  f1  *^701 

chor  of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  \  lower  k™1*  [ 

0— B.  M.  with  chisel .  9/0616  f 

flipper  level.  J 

Station  29},  on  coping  of  tow-path  para¬ 
pet  of  culvert  (near  centre),  marked  0 

— B.  M.  with  chisel .  2-414 

Station  65},  on  lower  step,  E.  wing  tow- 
path  abutment  of  road  bridge  marked 

O,  and  on  face  B.  M.  with  chisel _  13-439 

Station  175},  on  face  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  farm  bridge  near  E.  angle  pro¬ 
jection  on  fifth  course  below  coping, 

marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel .  11-421 

Lower  mitre-sill,  Lock  No.  34  at  heel  of 
N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0  •  000 

On  coping  lock  No.  34,  at  end  of  an-  |\  1^*08° 

chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  02  ovvei  y 

— B.  M.  with  chisel  . .  . . r:  8/597 

[  upper  level.  J 

Station  45},  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  farm  bridge  near  W.  angle 
projection  of  7th  course  below  coping, 

marked  B.  M.— 0  with  chisel .  8-774 

Station  94,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  road  bridge  (E.  creek  landing) 
near  centre  projection  of  7th  course 
below  coping,  marked  0,  and  (on  stone 

above)  B.  M.  with  chisel .  10-912 

Station  174  1-4,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 
ment  of  farm  bridge,  near  W.  angle 
projection  of  seventh  course  below 
coping,  marked  0,and(on  stone  above) 

B.  M.  with  chisel .  9-829 

Station  217  1-2,  on  face  of  tow-path 
abutment  of  farm  bridge,  near  centre 
projection  of  seventh  course  below 
coping,  marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel.  9-619 
Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  35,  at  heel  of 
N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

On  coping,  lock  No.  35,  at  end  of  an-  |\  1?’85,0] 

chor,  N.  B.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  -j  lowerIeIec1;  l 

0 — B.  M.  with  chisel . |  9  *065  f 

l  upper  level.  J 

Station  35,  at  centre  of  face,  W.  wing, 
tow-path  abutment,  third  course  above 
ground,  marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel.  11-233 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 


+312-845 

302-492 

317-262 


310.610 


321-635 


319-617 

308-196 

325-276 


325-453 


327-591 


325-598 


326-298 

316-679 

333-529 


335-697 


86 


Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

192.  Station  71,  on  top  of  coping,  E.  wing, 

berme  abutment  of  farm  bridge,  marked 
0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  +13-826 

193.  Station  216  1-4,  on  top  of  coping,  E. 

wing,  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0,  and  (on  face)  B.  M. 

with  chisel .  12-053 

195.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  36,  at  heel 
of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock 


r 


0-000 
18-780] 
lower  level.  I 

|  8-761  f 

(upper  level.  J 


196.  On  top  of  coping,  lock  No.  36  (at  E 

end  of  hollow  quoin  stone),  N.  E 
gate,  N.  lock,  marked  0 —  B.  M 
with  chisel . . . 

197.  Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  37  (at  heel 

of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock) . .  0  •  000 

198.  On  coping,  lock  No.  37,  at  end  of  an-  f\  18-790] 

chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  ower  eve  .  y 

^  (  upper  level.  J 

199.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  38,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

f  18-520^ 

200.  On  coping,  lock  No.  38,  at  end  of  an-  j  lower  level. 

chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked . .  1 ,  9  •  787 

upper  level. 

201.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  39,  at  heel 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock . . .  0-000 

f  19-8301 

202.  On  coping,  lock  No.  39,  at  end  of  an-  J  lower  level. 

chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked . . 


203.  Destroyed 

204.  Station  97  1-4,  on  top  of  coping,  end  of 

E.  wing,  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0,  and  on  face  B.  M. 
with  chisel . 

205.  Station  178  3-4,  on  top  of  coping,  at  end 

of  W.  wing,  berme  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel. 

206.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  40,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock . 


9-306  f 
upper  level.  J 


14-010 


14.463 

0-000 
17-0801 


207.  On  top  of  coping,  lock  No.  40,  at  end  j  lower  level.  I 


of  anchor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock . ) 


208.  Station  73  1-4,  on  top  of  stone  under 

coping  at  end  of  W.  wing,  tow-path 
abutment  of  farm  bridge,  marked  0, 
and  (at  end  of  stone)  B.  M.  with  chisel. 

209.  Station  125,  on  top  of  coping,  end  of  W. 

wing,  tow-path  abutment  of  bridge, 
marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel . 


8-556  f 
(  upper  level.  J 


12-357 


12-802 


[Assembly 

Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+338-290 

336-517 

324-464 

343- 244 

334-483 

353-273 

344- 381 
362-901 

353-114 

372-944 


377- 648 

378- 101 
363-638 

380-718 

384-519 

384-964 


No.  38.] 


87 


■ny  .  .  Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

210.  Station  160J-,  on  top  of  fstone  under 
coping,  W.  end  of  tow-path  abutment 
of  #farm  bridge  (near  corner)  marked 
0  and  B.  M.  (on  end  of  stone)  with 

chisel .  +11-914 

Lower  mitre-sill  of  lock  No.  41,  at  heel 
of  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

On  coping  lock  No.  41,  at  end  of  an-  f, 
chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  \  ower  y 

0— B.  M.  with  chisel .  8-564  | 

f  upper  level.  J 

Station  30,  on  top  of  coping,  end  of  E. 
wing,  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge  marked  0— B.  M.  with  chisel.  12-861 
Station  109,  on  lower  step,  E.  'end  of 
tow-path  abutment  of  Herkimer  road 

bridge,  marked  0,  with  chisel .  9  •  994 

Station  180J,  on  footing  course  at  E. 
end  of  tow-path  abutment  street  rail¬ 
road  bridge,  marked  0,  and  on  end  of 

stone  above  B.  M.  with  chisel .  9-511 

Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  42,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock  . . . . . .  o  •  000 

16-670] 


211. 

212. 

213. 

214. 

215. 


216. 

217. 

218. 

219. 

220. 


221. 


223. 


224. 


225. 


On  coping  lock  No.  42,  at  end  of  an-  , 
chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  J  lower  level.  I 

(§) — B.  M.with  chisel . !  8-716  I 

^  upper  level.  J 

Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  43  at  heel  of 
N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0-000 

On  coping  lock  No.  43,  at  end  of  an-  f,  16-500] 

chor  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  0<j  ower  : 

— B.  M.  with  chisel .  .  81'4311 

L  upper  level. 

Station  31,  on  top  of  coping  at  end  of 
E.  wing  of  tow-path  abutment  of 
farm  bridge  marked  0— B.  M.  with 

chisel . 

Station  67£,  top  of  coping  at  end  of  E. 
wing  tow-path  abutment  of  bridge 
marked  0— B.  M.  (on  face)  with  chisel. 

Station  130,  on  top  of  coping  of  parapet 
of  aqueduct  at  W.  end  marked  0,  and 

(on  face)  B.  M.  with  chisel . 

Station  150^,  on  top  of  coping,  end  of 
E.  wing  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge  marked  0,  and  (on  face)  B.  M. 

with  chisel . 

Station  185J,  on  lower  step  on  E.  end 
of  tow-path  abutment  of  road  bridge 
marked  0,  and  (on  face)  B.  M.  with 
chisel .  11-772 


12-554 


13.124 


12-087 


12-864 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+384-076 

372-162 

389.012 

393-309 

390-442 

389-959 

380-448 

397-118 

388-402 

404-962 

409 • 025 
409-595 

408- 558 

409- 335 

408 • 243 


88 


[Assembly 


Elevation 
above  C.  B. 


No.  Description. 

226.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  44  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  4-0-000 


227.  On  coping  of  lock  No.  44  at  end  of  f, 

_ xt  xr  _ j  )  lower  level. 

9-233  f 

l  upper  level.  J 

228.  Station  45+  at  end  of  E.  wing  tow-path 

abutment  of  farm  bridge,  on  corner 
of  4th  stone  under  coping  marked  0, 
and  on  stone  above  B.  M.  with  chisel.  11-808 

229.  Station  77+  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge,  on  projection  of 
5th  course  from  top  marked  0,  and 
(on  stone  above)  B.  M.  with  chisel. . .  11  -769 

230.  Lower  mitre-sill,  lock  No.  45,  at  heel  of 

N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock .  0  •  000 

231.  On  coping  lock  No.  45,  at  end  of  an-  f-,  20-lo0'| 

chor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked  <{  lowei+e™-  [ 

6?)— B.  M.  with  chisel .  ‘  +  yo? 

^  upper  level.  J 

232.  Station  32,  on  stone  under  coping,  end 

of  E.  wing  berme  abutment  of  farm 

bridge  marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel.  11-534 

233.  Station  47  3-4,  at  W.  end  of  berme  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge,  marked  0 — B.  M. 

with  chisel . 11-573 

234.  Station  96  1-2,  on  top  of  coping  at  end 

of  W.  wing,  berme  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel.  11-906 

235.  Station  139  1-2,  lower  step,  W.  end  of  tow- 

path  abutment  of  farm  bridge,  marked 
0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  12  •  875 

236.  Station  187  1-4,  on  lower  step,  W.  end 

of  tow-path  abutment  of  farm  bridge, 
marked  0,  and  (on  face)  B.  M.  with 
chisel . .  12-734 

237.  Station  218,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  near  W.  angle  on  projection  of 
sixth  course  from  top,  marked  B.  M. — 

0  with  chisel . 11-847 

238.  Station  296  3-4,  on  face  of  tow-path 

abutment  of  farm  bridge  on  projection 
of  seventh  course  from  top  near  E. 
angle,  marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel.  11-247 

239.  Station  328  1-4,  on  face  of  W.  wing  tow- 

path  abutment  of  farm  bridge  near  W. 
angle  projection  of  seventh  course  be¬ 
low  coping,  marked  0  —  B.  M.  with 
chisel .  10-326 

240.  Station  364,  on  face  of  tow-path  abut¬ 

ment  of  farm  bridge,  projection  of  fifth 


19-970 


anchor,  N.  E.  gate,  N.  lock,  marked 
— B.  M.  with  chisel . 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 


+396-471 

416-441 


419-016 

418-977 

407-208 

427-338 

429-934 

429- 973 

430- 306 

431- 275 


431-134 

430-247 

429-697 

428-726 


No.  38.] 


89 


Elevation 

No.  Description.  above  C.  B. 

course  below  coping,  marked  0 — 13.  M. 

with  chisel .  -|- 12*737 

241.  Station  387  1-4,  top  of  lower  step  at  end 
of  W.  wing,  tow-path  abutment  of  farm 
bridge,  marked  0,  and  (on  face)  13.  M. 
with  chisel . . .  13-307 

243.  Station  452,  on  top  of  coping  of  parapet 

at  end  of  E.  wing,  tow-path  side,  Fer¬ 
guson  Creek  aqueduct,  marked  0 — 

B.  M.  with  chisel . 9-330 

244.  Station  495  1-2,  on  lower  step,  E.  wing, 

tow-path  abutment  of  farm  bridge, 

marked  0 — B.  M.  with  chisel .  11-898 

Three  chains  west  of  Oneida  county  line 
(on  Middle  division),  on  lower  step  of 
E.  wing  tow-path  abutment  of  Green 
bridge,  marked  0,  and  (on  face)  0 — 

B  M.  with  chisel .  13.619 

(Mitre-sill,  lock  46)  418-400,  survey  of  1876. 

(Mitre-sill,  lock  46)  416-960,  former  record. 


1-440 


Elevation 
above  T.  W. 

+431-137 

431- 707 

427-730 

430-298 

432- 019 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38. J 


12 


MIDDLE  DIVISION. 


Annual  Report  of  Denison  Richmond,  Division  Engineer  for 
the  Fiscal  Year  ending  September  30,  1884. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  October  1,  1884. 
Hon.  Elnathan  Sweet,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyer  : 

Sir — Obedient  to  the  regulations  established  by  act  chapter  169, 
Laws  of  1862,  I  have  the  honor  of  submitting  herewith  my  annual 
report  upon  the  Middle  Division  of  the  New  York  State  canals  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1884. 

Ihe  division  extends  from  the  east  line  of  Oneida  county  to  the 
east  line  of  Wayne  county,  including  the  Erie  canal  between  these 
boundaries  ;  the  Black  River  canal  and  river  improvement;  the 
Oswego  canal  and  Oneida  and  Seneca  river  improvements  ;  the  Cayuga 
and  Seneca  canal,  and  the  numerous  groups  of  feeders  and  reservoirs 
from  which  the  water  supply  is  obtained. 

.  following  tables  show  the  lengths  of  the  separate  canals,  river 
impiovements  and  feeders,  also  the  water  supply  as  far  as  measured. 

No  change  has  been  made  in  the  list  as  reported  last  year. 


Canals. 

Miles.  Totals 

Erie]  canal,  from  east  line  of  Oneida  county  to  east 

line  of  Wayne  county .  97*02 

Chenango  canal,  from  Erie  canal  to  lock  No.  1 .  *15 

Black  River  canal,  Rome  to  Lyons  Falls .  35*33 

Old  Oneida  Lake  canal,  1  ligginsville  to  first  lock  ....  1*05 

New  Oneida  Lake  canal,  Durhamville  to  Oneida  lake.  5*30 

Oswego  canal,  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego .  38.00 

North  and  south  side-cuts  and  slips  at  Salina .  2*00v 

Slips  at  Liverpool,  Oswego  canal .  .21 

Baldwinsville  side-cut .  *  ’  .75 

Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal,  Montezuma  to  Cayuga  and 
Seneca  lakes .  22*77 

-  202*58 


I  River  improvements.. 

Black  river,  Lyons  Falls  to  Carthage .  42*50 

Onondaga  outlet,  Onondaga  lake  to  Seneca  river  .75 

Oneida  river,  Three  River  Point  to  Brewerton  at 
Oneida  lake .  on  no 


92 


[Assembly 


Miles.  Totals. 

Seneca  river  towing-path,  Mud  lock  to  Baldvvinsville.  5  •  75 

Seneca  river,  Bald winsvilio  to  Jack’s  reefs .  11-75 

Ithaca  inlet,  Cayuga  lake  to  Ithaca. .  2-05 

Seneca  lake  outlet,  from  Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal  to 

Seneca  lake .  -26 

-  83-06 

Navigable  feeders. 

Limestone  Creek  feeder,  Erie  canal  to  Fayetteville. ...  *80 

Butternut  Creek  feeder,  Erie  canal  to  Feeder  dam 

above  Dunlap’s  mills .  2-00 

Nine  mile  creek  (Camillus)  feeder,  Erie  canal  to 

Camillus .  1-00 

Delta  feeder,  foot  of  lock  No.  9,  Black  River  canal  to 

Delta .  1.38 

Black  River  feeder,  Boonville  to  head  of  pond  at 

Forestport  .  12-09 

-  17-27 


Total .  302  91 


Artificial  feeders  not  navigable. 

Chenango  canal,  from  lock  No.  1  to  lock  No.  77. . . . 

Leland  pond  feeder . . . 

Madison  brook  feeder . 

West  branch  feeder . . 

Bradley  brook  feeder  .  . . 

Hatch  lake  feeder . 

Kingsley  brook  feeder . 

Oriskany  creek  feeder . 

Mohawk  feeder  at  Rome . . . . 

Oneida  creek  feeder . . 

Cowassalon  creek  feeder . . 

Chittenango  creek  feeder .  . 

Cazenovia  lake  outlet  (improved) . 

Tioughnioga  river  feeder . 

De  Ruyter  reservoir  outlet . 

Butternut  creek  (Orville)  feeder . 

Nine  mile  creek  (Camillus)  feeder . 

Carpenter  brook  feeder . 

Skaneateles  creek  feeder . 

Putnam  brook  feeder . - . 

Centerport  feeder . 

Owasco  creek  feeder  (including  859  feet  of  iron  pipe) 

New  outlet  of  Third  Bisby  lake. . 

New  outlet  of  Canachagala  lake . . . 


Miles. 

26.72 

•32 

3-00 

5-74 

•65 

-23 

1- 93 
•53 
•05 

3-04 

•38 

•28 

•49 

•70 

•12 

•55 

•65 

•18 

•10 

•20 

•24 

2- 10 
•  06 
.16 


48-42 


Total 


No.  38.] 


93 


« 


Water  Supply. 

Erie  Canal — Frankfort  and  Rome  levels. 

(3tWo  of  Frankfort  level  on  Middle  Division.  The  Rome 

level,  lock  No.  46  to  No.  47  =  55 miles.) 

Cubic  feet 
per  minute. 

Leland’s  pond,  Madison  brook  reservoir,  Eaton  brook  reser¬ 
voir,  Bradley#brook  reservoir,  Hatch’s  lake,  Kingsley 
brook  reservoir,  Oriskany  creek,  feed  through  the  Chenango 
canal  into  Frankfort  level  at  Utica,  half  a  mile  east  of  lock 
No.  46,  and  through  Oriskany  creek  feeder  into  the  Rome 

level,  six  miles  west  of  lock  No.  46 .  6,000 

Mohawk  river,  Black  river,  Forestport  pond,  White  lake 
reservoir,  Chub  lake,  Sand  lake  reservoir,  Woodhull  reser¬ 
voir,  first,  second  and  third  Bisby  lakes,  Canachagala  lake, 

North  branch  reservoir,  South  branch  reservoir,  Twin  lakes, 
feed  through  the  Rome  feeder  and  Black  River  canal  into 
the  Rome  level  at  Rome,  fourteen  miles  west  of  lock  No.  46.  13,000 


Oneida  creek  enters  canal  through  feeder,  thirty  miles  west 

of  lock  No.  46 .  1,000 

Cowassalon  creek  enters  canal  through  feeder,  thirty-one  and 

one-half  miles  west  of  lock  No.  46 .  200 

Cazenovia  lake  reservoir  (for  100  days),  Erieville  reservoir 
(for  100  days),  Chittenango  creek,  enter  canal  through 
Chittenango  creek  feeder,  forty-one  and  one-half  miles  west 

of  lock  No.  46 .  5,641 

De  Ruyter  reservoir  (for  100  days)  enters  canal  fifty  miles 

west  of  lock  No.  46 .  3,891 

Limestone  creek,  natural  flow,  enters  canal  fifty  miles  west  of 

lock  No.  46 .  500 

Jamesville  reservoir  (for  100  days)  enters  canal  fifty-two  miles 

west  of  lock  No.  46 . . .  2,000 

Butternut  creek,  natural  flow,  enters  canal  fifty-two  miles 
west  of  lock  No.  46 .  500 


Total .  32,732 


Short  level,  from  lock  No.  47  to  No.  48  =  rVW  of  a  mile. 
Fed  from  Rome  level. 

Mile  level,  from  lock  No.  48  to  No.  49  ==  of  a  mile. 
Fed  from  Rome  level  through  Short  level. 

Syracuse  level,  from  lock  No.  49  to  No.  50  =  5TJ^  miles. 
Fed  from  the  Rome  and  Jordan  levels. 

Jordan  level,  from  lock  No.  50  to  No.  51  ==  miles. 

Otisco  lake  reservoir  enters  canal  through  Nine-mile  creek 


(Camillus)  feeder,  four  miles  west  of  lock  No.  50 .  5,146 

Nine-mile  creek,  natural  flow,  enters  canal  through  feeder, 

four  miles  west  of  lock  No.  50 .  800 

Carpenter  brook  enters  canal  through  feeder,  ten  miles  west 

of  lock  No.  50 .  200 

Skaneateles  lake  reservoir  feeds  into  canal  at  Jordan,  thirteen 
miles  west  of  lock  No.  50 .  8,766 


Total 


14,912 


94 


[Assembly 


Cubic  feet 
per  minute. 

Port  Byron  level,  from  lock  No.  51  to  No.  52  =  miles. 


Fed  from  Jordan  level  through  lock  No.  51. 

Putnam  brook  feeder  at  Weedsport .  200 

0 wasco  lake  reservoir,  through  feeder  at  Port  Byron .  4,033 

Total . v . * .  4,233 


Montezuma  level.  Lock  No.  52,  to  Wayne  county  line  = 

_9  8_ _  iv.il  pa 

0  0  0 

Fed  from  Port  Byron  level,  through  lock  No.  52,  amount 
from  Lake  Erie .  4,000 


Oswego  Canal. 

Erie  canal  at  Syracuse .  10,000 

Seneca  river . 54,000 

Oneida  river .  20,000 

Total .  84,000 


Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal. 


Seneca  lake .  18,000 

Erie  canal  at  Montezuma. . .  4,000 

Total .  22,000 


Black  River  Canal  and  River  Improvement. 


+3  !h 

©  © 
© 

*<-  Cg 

e  £ 
’1  © 
g-o 
o 

te  © 
So 


Canal. 


White  lake  reservoir . 

Chubb  lake  reservoir  (approximate) . 

Sand  lake  reservoir . 

Woodhull  reservoir  (two  years  in  filling) . 

First,  Second  and  Third  Bisby  lakes  (approx’ate).. 

Canachagala  lake  (approximate) . 

North  lake  reservoir  (can  fill  twice  yearly)  . 

South  lake  reservoir . 

Twin  lakes  (approximate) . . 

Forrestport  pond .  . 

Mohawk  river  through  Delta  feeder . 

Pond  above  Lyons  Falls  dam . 


1,599 


1,854 


1,831 

3,019 


Surface  area  in 
acres. 

Average  area  In 
acres. 

Av.  depth  in  feet. 

Capacity  in 
cubic  feet. 

296 

5 

64,468,800 

200 

4 

34,848,000 

306 

15 

199,940,400 

1,236 

1,118 

18 

876,601,440 

•  •  •  • 

,  ,  ,  ,  , 

3% 

40,000,000 

320 

4 

55, 756,800 

423 

2T7 

28 

337,851,360 

518 

372 

26 

421,312,320 

175 

8 

60,984,000 

River  Improvement. 

Forge  pond . 

First,  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain . . 

1,691 

1,691 

1,691 

1,691 

1,691 

1,772 

1,772 

1,776 

Second  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain . 

Third  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain . 

Fourth  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain . 

Fifth  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain . 

9 

Sixth  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain  . . 

109 

Seventh  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain . 

867 

Eighth  lake  of  the  Fulton  chain . . 

309 

Black  river . 

Moose  river . 

No.  38.] 


95 


Summary  of  Water  Supply. 

Erie  Canal. 

Cubic  feet  per  minute. 
Amounts.  Totals. 


Frankfort  and  Rome  levels .  32,732 

Jordan  level .  14,912 

Port  Byron  level .  4,233 

Montezuma  level .  4,000 

-  55,877 

Oswego  Canal . 

From  Seneca  river .  54,000 

From  Oneida  river .  20,000 

-  74,000 

Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal. 

From  Seneca  river .  18,000  18,000 


Total  water  supply .  147,877 


The  latter  part  of  the  season  of  1883  restored  the  water  supply, 
which  was  so  low  at  the  beginning  of  that  year,  and  the  canals  opened 
in  1884  with  every  reservoir  full  or  only  a  little  down.  This  condition 
of  the  reservoirs  was  fortunate,  as  the  season  has  been  a  dry  one  and 
the  evaporation  excessive. 

No  trouble  from  low  water  has  been  experienced,  except  for  a  few 
days  about  the  middle  of  August  on  the  long  level  when  the  feed  from 
the  Black  river  reservoirs  was  not  received  as  promptly  as  usual  after 
the  gates  were  open,  because  of  the  loss  in  filling  up  the  dry,  natural 
channels  and  intervening  swamps. 

At  this  time  the  water  from  the  Woodhull  reservoir  occupied  nearly 
six  days  in  reaching  the  Erie  canal,  with  a  full  reservoir  and  all  gates 
hoisted,  as  I  am  informed  by  the  superintendent  in  charge. 

The  construction  of  the  proposed  reservoir  at  Forestport  will  give  a 
supply  so  much  nearer  the  canal  that  any  sudden  draft  on  the  long 
level  can  be  promptly  supplied  and  a  more  even  surface  maintained  at 
all  times. 

Considerable  time  is  always  lost  in  sending  special  messengers  to 
the  most  distant  reservoirs  over  bad  roads,  which  could  be  obviated 
and  a  much  better  system  of  communication  established  by  telephone, 
when  the  condition  of  the  water  could  be  regularly  reported  to  the 
assistant  superintendent  and  recorded  for  future  reference,  as  is  now 
done  with  all  other  reservoirs,  and  any  sign  of  weakness  could  also  be 
reported  and  more  quickly  attended  to. 


96 


[Assembly 


Summary  of  Structures. 


Mechanical  Structures. 


CANALS  AND  WATER-WAYS. 


Erie  canal .  . 

Oswego  canal . 

Black  river  canal  ....  . 

Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal . 

Oneida  lake  canal . 

Chenango  canal  used  as  a  feeder 

Black  river  feeder . 

Other  feeders . 

Side-cuts  and  slips . 

River  improvements  . 

Totals . 


Lift  locks. 

Guard  locks. 

Weigh  locks. 

Aqueducts. 

Culverts. 

Waste-weirs  and 

receivers. 

Spill- ways,  sluices, 

over-falls  and 

bulk-heads. 

Stop  and  guard 

gates. 

Bridges. 

Dams. 

Light-houses 

Piers  and  break¬ 

waters. 

1 

12 

82 

14 

7 

162 

5 

1 

1 

5 

15 

19 

75 

43 

7 

6 

10 

109 

10 

66 

... 

... 

9 

1 

12 

3 

... 

33 

5 

i 

4 

4 

6 

1 

7 

2 

4 

20 

77 

1 

40 

1 

3 

4 

13 

1 

1 

4 

7 

16 

O 

67 

24 

2 

6 

1 

.... 

.  .  . 

.  .. 

... 

5 

. . 

.  .. 

18 

'4 

1 

6 

8 

2 

23 

137 

41 

235 

107 

3 

455 

41 

2 

12 

Other  Structures. 

Railroad  tunnel . 

State  shops . 

Division  walls . . 

Feeder  pipe . 


H 

o 


278 

171 

201 

68 

20 

142 

22 

121 

8 

35 


1,066 


1 

8 

3 

1 


Total  structures  on  middle  division 


1,079 


Navigation. 

All  the  canals  on  this  division  were  opened  and  ready  for  naviga¬ 
tion  May  6th,  one  day  earlier  than  the  year  previous.  Navigation 
has  been  uniformly  good.  The  freedom  of  the  division  from  breaks 
and  failures  is  mainly  due  to  the  care  and  watchfulness  of  superin¬ 
tendents  in  charge  who  have  consulted  the  engineer  department  when 
signs  of  danger  of  any  description  were  observed  and  precautionary 
measures  have  been  promptly  taken  as  directed.  A  few  unforeseen 
disasters  have  occurred,  only  two,  however,  interfered  with  the  boat¬ 
ing  interest. 

At  Utica  the  caving  in  of  the  towing  path  required  the  level  to  be 
drawn  down  two  feet,  detaining  loaded  boats  about  twelve  hours. 

At  Lyons  Falls  the  failure  of  a  waste  weir  and  break  through  the 
bank  stopped  navigation  on  the  Black  River  canal  nearly  eight  days. 
These  constitute  the  only  detentions  on  the  division  worth  mention¬ 
ing. 

Break  at  State  Street ,  Utica. 

September  21st  the  ground  in  rear  of  and  including  the  towing 
path  at  State  street,  Utica,  suddenly  caved  in  and  the  water  from  the 
canal  rushed  into  the  cavity.  It  was  at  first  supposed  the  connection 
of  the  city  sewer,  a  brick  arch  with  the  forty-eight  inch  cast  iron  pipe 
that  was  laid  under  the  canal  in  1877,  had  failed.  The  water  was 
quickly  drawn  down  and  a  sheet  [piling  cut-off  made.  About  one 
hundred  cubic  yards  of  material  were  found  to  have  disappeared,  but 
subsequent  examinations  made  as  thoroughly  as  possible  without 


97 


No.  38.] 

endangering  navigation,  indicated  the  city  sewer  to  be  uninjured  and 
the  apparent  sudden  loss  of  material  in  this  view  of  the  case  might  be 
accounted  for  as  follows  : 

The  connection  was  not  made  at  the  time  the  pipe  was  laid  and  it 
was  necessary  when  this  was  done  to  make  a  cut,  of  fifteen  feet.  The 
bottom  being  quicksand  the  filling  over  the  city  sewer  was  composed 
largely  of  the  same  material  which  wasted  through  the  newly  con¬ 
structed  arch  as  the  work  progressed,  on  a  down  grade  to  the  river. 
The  underlying  quicksand  was  thus  drawn  away  at  the  upper  end  of 
the  work  and  a  cavity  formed,  when  the  breaking  of  the  crust  over 
the  same,  where  heavy  blocks  of  granite  had  been  deposited,  caused 
the  caving  toward  the  canal  which  allowed  the  water  to  pour  in.  In 
1879,  a  similar  break  occurred  over  the  connection  of  the  sewer  with 
the  pipe  on  the  berme  side.  At  this  time,  however,  the  city  sewer 
was  found  to  have  failed  and  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  engi¬ 
neer  department  the  city  of  Utica  added  two  or  more  lengths  of  pipe 
which  carried  the  connection  so  far  from  the  canal  that  it  could  be 
uncovered  in  case  any  repairs  were  needed  without  endangering  the 
canal,  or  sewer,  as  a  break  into  it  would  undoubtedly  damage  it  ma¬ 
terially. 

For  the  future  safety  of  the  canal  and  sewer,  I  would  recommend 
the  same  course  be  pursued  with  the  towing  path  side.  The  State  laid 
the  pipe  across  the  canal  and  stopped  at  the  blue  line  boundaries. 
The  sheet  piling  cut-off  allowed  the  canal  to  be  refilled  and  the  hole 
was  then  pumped  out  and  excavations  made  to  examine  the  sewer. 

Clay  and  gravel  was  boated  to  the  spot  and  puddled  back.  Several 
sheet  piling  courses  were  driven  over  and  around  the  pipe  to  hold  back 
the  quicksand. 


Leah  at  Durhamvillc. 

A  failure  of  a  singular  character  occurred  at  Durhamville  where 
the  Oneida  creek  passes  under  the  Erie  canal  through  a  double  arch 
culvert  of  twenty-five  feet  chords,  while  the  banks  at  this  point  are 
about  thirty  feet  high.  It  was  just  after  the  close  of  navigation  and 
when  the  head  of  water  on  the  long  level  had  been  reduced  about 
three  feet,  that  the  water  commenced  pouring  out  at  the  foot  of  the 
high  embankment  near  the  south-east  end  of  the  culvert  wing. 

The  water  was  drawn  off  as  quickly  as  possible,  and  dams  built  each 
side  of  the  culvert  to  maintain  some  water  in  the  level  through  the 
winter.  The  work  of  repair  was  immediately  commenced  and  an  ex¬ 
cavation  made  entirely  across  the  canal,  thirty  to  forty  feet  wide  and 
ten  feet  below  canal  bottom,  where  a  mass  of  loose  stone  filling  and 
old  masonry  was  uncovered. 

Nothing  more  was  done  until  the  frost  was  out  in  the  spring, -when 
it  became  evident  that  the  cause  of  the  leak  was  the  gradual  wearing 
away  of  the  lining  over  the  loose  stone  mentioned,  during  periods  of 
freshets  in  the  creek  ;  and  as  this  loose  material  extended,  no  doubt, 
to  the  bottom  of  the  culvert  and  under  the  embankment,  it  was  de¬ 
cided  to  concrete  over  the  stone,  grouting  where  required  and  then 
refill  with  puddled  clay  and  gravel.  This  was  done  in  a  thorough 
manner  and  no  sign  of  a  leak  has  been  observed  since.  The  repair 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  13 


98 


[Assembly 


was  not  completed  until  just  before  the  time  for  opening  the  canals, 
and  had  it  occurred  earlier  in  the  season,  would  have  stopped  naviga¬ 
tion  for  several  days  at  least. 

Ordinary  repairs  made  during  the  fiscal  year ,  and  repairs  recom¬ 
mended  —  Erie  canal. 

Bottoming  out  was  done  by  all  the  section  superintendents,  especi¬ 
ally  on  the  towing-path  side;  only  the  worst  places,  however,  received 
attention;  when  the  material  was  suitable,  it  was  deposited  on  the 
towing-path  or  used  in  raising  or  strengthening  the  berme  banks. 
Vertical  walls  where  they  had  fallen  down  were  rebuilt  and  the  top 
of  the  slope  walls  more  or  less  repaired.  The  wash  from  steam  and 
excursion  boats,  however,  keep  the  slope  walls  for  two  or  three  feet 
down  from  the  top  in  bad  condition  by  washing  out  the  lining,  and 
finally  the  wall  fails  and  the  wash-out  would  extend  through  the  bank 
and  cause  breaks  if  not  cared  for.  The  section  scows  have  distributed 
large  quantities  of  stone  and  gravel  in  their  endeavor  to  keep  pace 
with  this  loss  of  material,  but  it  is  found  impossible  to  do  so,  and  in 
passing  over  the  canals  it  is  apparent  that  although  much  work  has 
been  done  and  many  dangerous  places  repaired,  the  general  appear¬ 
ance  is  not  much  improved  from  last  year,  and  there  is  little  prospect 
of  keeping  them  perfect  even  if  restored  to  their  original  condition  as 
long  as  these  boats  continue  their  present  rate  of  speed.  A  muddy 
receding  wave  follows  along  the  wall  continuously  from  behind  their 
wheels,  and  at  every  trip  they  must  do  considerable  damage  of  a 
nature  difficult  to  repair. 

More  than  the  usual  amount  of  new  docking  has  been  put  on. 
Particular  attention  has  been  given  to  the  towing-path  this  year, ;  the 
material  has  been  scraped  from  the  back  side  to  the  front,  and  back 
ditches  opened  which  will  allow  better  drainage  and  insure  a  dry  tow- 
path,  and  at  the  same  time  protect  the  paving. 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  Works  also  placed  four  gravel  scows 
on  the  division  specially  built  for  the  purpose,  having  greater  capacity 
than  the  ordinary  section  scow,  and  conveniently  arranged  for  the 
work  of  graveling  and  raising  the  banks.  As  these  boats  are  not  gen¬ 
erally  called  upon  to  do  ordinary  repairs,  the  steady  work  of  improv¬ 
ing  the  banks  show  good  results. 

In  cities  and  villages  the  canal  has  become  a  receptacle  for  offal  and 
filth  of  all  description,  requiring  much  labor  to  remove.  The  refuse 
of  many  manufacturing  establishments  is  emptied  into  the  canal  while 
it  is  filled  and  is  seen  in  unsightly  piles  after  it  is  drained.  The  sew¬ 
age  matter  along  the  basin  or  gulf  in  the  city  of  Utica  is  poured  into  the 
canal  and  contaminates  the  water,  while  the  removal  of  the  solid  por¬ 
tion  became  a  necessity  in  the  spring.  To  remedy  this  a  sewer  of 
sufficient  capacity  should  be  constructed  across  the  canal  to  the  river. 

Locks. 

Lock  52.  In  October  last  a  leak  under  the  foundation  of  lock  52,  at 
Port  Byron,  interfered  with  the  operation  of  the  locks,  and  only  by 
using  the  double  locks  simultaneously  could  boats  be  passed.  The 
service  of  a  professional  diver  from  the  Eastern  Division  was  secured 


No.  38.] 


99 


/ 


« 

and  temporary  repairs  made  by  respiking  the  plank  and  securing  them 
with  new  binders.  After  this  repair  no  further  trouble  was  experienced 

during  the  season.  n  , 

Before  the  opening  of  navigation  this  spring  the  floors  were  removed 

in  both  the  locks,  and  the  spaces  washed  out  between  the  foundation 
timbers  and  across  the  culvert  were  refilled  with  broken  stone  concrete, 
rammed  to  place  with  iron  rods.  It  was  then  replanked  and  refined 
with  new  binders  in  both  chambers;  the  locks  were  then  lepoin ted 
with  Pori  land  cement;  mitre-sills  repaired  and  put  generally  in  first- 
class  order.  A  new  pier  was  built  at  the  loot,  and  the  one  at  the  hear 

16  This  failure,  witli  that  of  lock  48  hist  year,  was  owing  to  the  use  of 
wooden  piers  when  originally  built.  The  plank  had  become  water- 
worn  around  them  and  thereby  loosened.  It  was  decided  to  examine 
all  the  locks  by  boring  through  the  floors,  but  no  other  cavities  o  any 

magnitude  were  found. 

Lock  51.  Repairs  were  made  to  pier. 

Lock  50.  Lock  was  coffer  dammed  and  pumped  out,  when  the  plank¬ 
ing  was  found  to  be  poor.  This  was  partially  renewed  and  mitre-sills 

repaired. 

Lock  49.  New  lower  pier  was  built.  . 

Lock  48.  Concreted  under  tumble  gates ;  mitre-sill  repaired  ;  cun  ei  t 

cleaned  out  and  repointed.  .  , 

Lock  47.  Culvert  cleaned  out  and  repointed,  and  new  tumble  gate 

inserted.  .  ..  .  f  ,,  . 

Lock  46.  Concreting  was  done  among  the  timbers  ot  the  apron  ot 

the  tow-path  lock  and  new  bottom  plank  put  on  ;  apron  in  berine  lock 
was  replanked ;  one  pair  of  upper  gates  was  put  in.  In  addition  to 
the  above,  repairs  were  made  to  the  machinery  and  gates  or  all  tne 

locks. 


Dnyyi  i 


New  face  plank  were  pflt  on  Cowassalon  feeder  dam,  and  apron  was 

also  repaired.  ,  _  n 

Protection  walls  at  Rome  feeder  dam  were  extended  and  completed. 

A  hole  is  washed  out  at  the  foot  of  the  apron  at  the  south  end.  rue 
dam  should  be  protected  with  a  crib  filled  with  stone. 

Limestone  creek  feeder  dam  was  repaired,  but  is  badly  decayed  and 
should  be  rebuilt  of  stone.  A  new  apron  250  feet  long  has  been  built 
at  Oriskanv  dam,  and  the  dam  proper  replanked,  as  it  leaked  badly. 
A  portion  of  the  old  apron  of  this  dam  was  washed  away  as  low  as  the 
bottom  of  the  river  this  spring. 

Waste-weirs  and  bulk-heads. 

Waste-weir  on  Limestone  creek  feeder  was  repaired.  The  wing  walls 
of  Pool’s  brook  waste- weir  were  extended  to  strengthen  bul  khead.  New 
gate  house  has  been  built  at  Fort  Bull  waste- weir. 

Waste- weir  bulk-head  between  bridges  Nos.  32  and  33  needs  repair. 
Waste- weir  east  of  Higginsville  should  be  taken  down  and  rebuilt ; 
walls  are  braced. 

Culverts. 

Nearly  one-half  of  the  eighty-two  culverts  on  this  division  of  the 
Erie  canal  are  single,  double  or  triple  stone  arches,  requiring  lew 


100 


[Assembly 


repairs,  except  to  the  wings  and  parapets;  the  balance  are  mostly  com¬ 
posite  with  masonry  at  ends.  The  parapets  and  wings  of  all  the  cul¬ 
verts  abutting  against  the  slope  of  the  banks  are  easily  affected  by 
frost,  and  the  masonry  and  coping  of  many  of  them  are  more  or  less 
displaced.  A  few  have  been  repaired  this  year. 

The  wings  of  the  culvert  at  Port  Byron,  between  bridges  Nos.  135 
and  136,  should  be  taken  down  and  rebuilt,  as  they  are  in  danger  of 
falling.  This  should  be  done  while  the  water  is  out  of  the  canal.  The 
balance  are  mostly  composite,  having  wooden  trunks  with  stone  breast 
walls ;  the  intention  of  which  was  to  hold  back  the  water  in  the  streams 
sufficient  to  keep  them  always  under  water,  thus  preventing  decay. 
During  dry  seasons,  however,  when  the  streams  are  low,  or  from  dis¬ 
placement  of  the  coping  or  leakage,  they  are  often  left  exposed  to  the 
weather,  and  now  show  some  signs  of  rot  at  the  ends.  When  they  are 
actually  weak  a  settlement  occurs,  and  in  such  cases  they  should  be 
uncovered  and  examined.  The  culvert  known  as  Kirley’s,  near  Oris- 
kany,  is  in  this  condition,  and  may  be  found  so  bad  as  to  require  a 
new  trunk  entire.  The  parapets  and  wings  should  be  relaid,  as  the 
stone  are  displaced.  The  parapet  and  wings  of  Harbor  brook  culvert, 
and  culvert  between  bridges  52  and  53,  are  also  crowded  over  by  frost, 
and  should  be  taken  down  and  relaid.  . 

After  the  water  was  drawn  off  the  Frankfort  level,  sink  holes  were 
noticed  over  the  Nail  creek  culvert  arch  at  the  south-east  side,  and 
upon  digging  down  it  was  found  that  in  the  repair  of  the  original 
break,  which  was  done  hurriedly,  a  mass  of  loose  stone  had  been 
covered  imperfectly  with  concrete.  These  were  taken  out  as  low  down 
as  possible,  and  then  grouted,  after  which  the  clay  was  puddled  back. 
As  both  sides  of  the  culvert  entirely  across  the  canal  have  now  been 
repaired  in  this  manner  no  further  trouble  is  apprehended. 

Ditches  leading  from  many  of  the  culverts  have  been  re-opened  and 
the  culverts  cleaned  out.  The  annual  deposit  in  some  of  the  large 
culverts  is  considerable.  The  starch  factory  culvert,  east  of  Utica, 
has  three  arches,  and  the  openings  were  nearly  closed  up.  The  wooden- 
box  culvert  leading  from  Schwab’s  dry  dock,  Utica,  where  a  break  oc¬ 
curred  last  year,  has  been  permanently  closed  up.  The  culvert  leading 
from  the  dry  dock  at  New  London  was  uncovered  and  repaired.  Nel¬ 
son  brook  culvert  at  Erieville,  a  stone  arch  has  been  rebuilt  from  the 
foundation. 


Aqueducts. 

Crane  brook  aqueduct  had  three  new  gates. 

Deposits  under  Cowassalon  aqueduct  trunk  have  been  removed. 

Minor  repairs  were  made  to  other  aqueducts. 

Eleven  spans  of  the  Montezuma  aqueduct  were  removed  from  the 
west  end  in  1882. 

Nothing  was  done  in  1883  or  in  1884.  As  the  present  trunk  was  all 
rebuilt  in  1873,  and  is  found  to  be  decaying,  it  should  be  gradually 
renewed.  Timber  for  two  spans  has  been  delivered. 

The  stone  work  is  very  perfect,  but  should  be  repointed  to  keep  it  so. 

Port  Byron  aqueduct  needs  new  sides. 

Centerport  aqueduct  needs  new  railing. 

Jordan  aqueduct  needs  new  plank  and  gates.  * 


101 


No.  38.] 

Limestone  aqueduct  needs  new  plank. 

Chittenango  aqueduct  needs  new  stringer  bridge. 

Cowassalon  aqueduct  needs  new  plank  and  guard  rail. 

Oriskany  aqueduct  leaks  at  ends. 

Bridges. 

Most  of  the  bridges  have  had  repairs,  especially  to  the  wood-work, 
Rome  a  few  nlank,  and  others  an  entiie  new  liooi.  ,  -1 

On  section  7  the  bridges  have  all  been  painted  and  numbered  and 
the  abutments  repaired  and  repainted  ;  this  has  greatly  improved  the 

annearance  of  these  structures.  i  mi  „ 

On  other  sections  this  has  not  as  yet  been  so  genota  y  • 
approaches  to  several  of  the  bridges  have  been  raised  and  now  guard 

™Peterboro ‘ street  bridge,  Canastota.  Complaint  was  made  by  the 
village  authorities  of  the  contracted  sidewalk,  forming  pait ,  o  f 
bridge  which  they  claimed  caused  great  inconvenience,  as  the  to 
S  were  freque/tly  blockaded,  more  especially,  the  wes  side  which 
receives  the  greatest  amount  of  travel.  Upon  investigation  this  was 
found  to  bo  the  case,  and  as  the  village  had  recently  improved  their 
street  by  paving  with  Medina  sandstone,  including  the  app loaches  to 
the  bridge f  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works  decided  to  widen  the 
west  side  to  twelve  feet  and  erect  a  new  sidewalk  truss  to  suppoi  • 
The  work  was  done  upon  the  plan  as  approved,  and  has  greatly _acco>n- 
m oda ted  the  citizens  thereby.  Suitable  iron  guard  rails  have  been 
attached  to  the  bridge  and  abutments. 

Bridges  Rebuilt. 

Starch  factory  bridge,  No.  2. 

Hotel  street  lift  bridge,  IJtica,  No.  9. 

Clark’s  farm  bridge,  No.  32. 

Pool’s  brook  bridge,  No.  80. 

Kirkville  bridge,  No.  81. 

Geres  farm  bridge,  No.  110. 

Bridges  that  should  be  Rebuilt. 

Platt  street,  Utica  (No.  17),  should  be  taken  down  and  foot  bridge 

built.  . 

Road  bridge  over  feeder  at  Oriskany. 

Brain ard’s  farm  bridge,  No.  29. 

Parkburst  farm  bridge,  No.  30. 

Kirley’s  farm  bridge,  No.  31. 

Burns’  road  bridge,  No.  43. 

Herrig’s  road  bridge,  No.  46. 

Lenox  basin  bridge,  No.  67. 

*  Fuller’s  bridge,  No.  72.  ■  . ,  M 

May’s  Point  change  bridge,  No.  19,  and  New  London  budge,  No. 

49,  should  have  new  iron  needle  beams.  These  have  been  delivered 

ready  for  insertion.  ^  ,  T  ,  no 

Gere’s  landing  bridge,  No.  100,  and  Beaver  street,  Jordan,  No.  11 J, 

need  new  wooden  needle  beams. 

General  repairs  to  floors  will  be  required  as  heretofore. 


102 


[Assembly 


Oswego  Canal  and  Tributaries. 

Omego  Canal. 

Some  bottoming  out  was  (lone,  followed  by  dredging  after  the  canal 
opened. 

General  repairs  have  been  made  to  all  the  bridges,  and  new  docking 
or  vertical  wall  built  where  necessary  to  protect  the  towing  path. 

Lochs. 

Lock  No.  1. —  New  balance  beams  were  put  on  and  paddles  repaired; 
needs  new  lower  gates;  covered  sluice  around  lock  1  and  lock  2  has 
been  repaired,  should  be  rebuilt  for  about  300  feet. 

Lock  No.  2. —  Gates  were  repaired  and  new  foot  . bridge  rebuilt. 

Lock  No.  3. —  Paddles  were  repaired. 

Lock  No,  4. —  (Side  cut  lock.)  Lower  gates  were  put  in  ;  needs  two 
new  mitre  sills  laid. 

Lock  No.  5. —  Gates  were  repaired  :  pier  at  foot  should  be  rebuilt 
four  feet  down  from  top. 

Lock  No.  6. —  Needs  pointing  and  new  lower  gates;  docking  at  foot 
needs  repairs. 

Lock  No.  7. —  Needs  two  new  mitre  sills  and  repairs  to  floor,  also 
lower  gates;  this  lock  should  be  repaired  immediately  after  navigation 
closes  ;  to  do  so  it  will  require  coffer  dams  above  and  below  the  lock 
as  there  will  be  eight  or  nine  feet  of  water  on  the  foundation  at  a  low 
stage  of  the  river ;  repairs  were  attempted  this  spring  but  the  water 
was  too  high ;  at  best  the  leakage  will  be  so  great  as  to  require  larger 
pumps  than  is  generally  used  on  canal  work. 

Guard  lock  No.  3. —  Docking  at  head  is  poor. 

Lock  No.  8. —  Needs  all  new  gates. 

Lock  No.  11. —  Two  new  gates  were  put  in;  needs  new  docking  at 
foot  of  lock. 

Lock  No.  12. —  Needs  new  upper  gates;  100  feet  of  vertical  wall  was 
built  at  foot  of  lock. 

Lock  No.  13. — Needs  new  balance  beams. 

Lock  No.  15. —  Needs  one  upper  miter  sill. 

Lock  No.  16. —  Needs  repairs  to  pier  at  foot  of  lock. 

Lock  No.  18. —  Needs  all  new  gates. 

Bridges  Rebuilt. 

Clarke’s  bridge  over  south  side  cut. 

Tow-path  bridge  at  Three  River  Point,  six  spans. 

N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  bridge  has  been  raised  as  directed. 

Change  bridge,  No.  11,  has  also  been  raised. 

The  following  bridges  are  old  and  should  be  rebuilt,  viz.:  % 

Berry’s  and  Avery’s  bridges  over  north  side  cut. 

Foot  bridge  over  Liverpool  slip. 

Bridge  street,  Phoenix. 

Change  and  road  bridge,  Phoenix.# 

Hinmanville  road  bridge. 

Pratt  street  bridge,  Fulton. 

Littlefield’s  change  bridge. 


103 


No.  38.J 

The  bridges  generally  need  painting.  Six  spillways  and  several 
sluices  have  been  rebuilt  or  filled  up  when  found  to  be  no  longer  re¬ 
quired. 

Oneida  River  Improvement. 

At  Caughdenoy  fender  piles  have  been  driven  above  and  below  the 
lock.  Docking  at  foot  of  the  lock  rebuilt  and  foundation  of  swing 
bridge  repaired. 

At  Oak  Orchard  fender  piles  have  been  driven  above  and  below  the 
lock  extending  to  the  swing  bridge.  Two  new  lock  gates  inserted. 
The  Oak  Orchard  swing  is  old  and  should  be  rebuilt  this  winter.  The 
timber  is  delivered.  One  of  the  needle  beams  broke  in  August,  letting 
a  man  with  team  and  portable  engine  fall  to  the  bank  of  the  river. 
The  bulk-head  at  end  of  dam  was  rebuilt  and  pier  masonry  relaid. 

The  cribs  protecting  swing  bridge  were  rebuilt  and  refilled  with 
stone. 

Dams  and  Bulk-heads. 

Phoenix  dam. —  Three  new  bulk-heads  are  building  at  the  west  end 
of  the  dam  and  two  across  the  side  canal  at  the  east  end.  Three  other 
bulkheads  at  the  east  end  should  be  rebuilt,  another  year,  which  will 
complete  these  structures. 

Oswego  Falls  dam. —  Three  new  bulkheads  have  been  put  in  at  east 
end  of  dam . 

Fulton  dam. —  The  bulk-head  at  the  east  end  of  the  dam  should  be 
rebuilt  this  fall.  This  bulk-head  is  fifty-five  feet  long  and  the  water 
will  be  about  fourteen  feet  deep.  The  coffer  dam  will  be  located  just 
above  the  bulk-head  and  as  the  space  is  filled  in  by  refuse  from  the 
saw-mill,  located  near  the  dam,  the  services  of  the  State  dredge  will 
be  required  to  clear  the  channel  before  the  dam  can  be  built.  New 
lock-gates  should  be  placed  in  the  guard-lock  connected  with  the 
bulk- head,  or  the  present  ones  protected  from  the  ice  as  they  are  old 
and  rotten.  The  bulk-head  at  the  east  end  is  also  poor  and  should  be 
rebuilt;  two  crib  ice-breakers  should  be  repaired. 

Van  Buren  dam. —  The  old  bulk-heads  have  been  protected  with 
timbers  as  they  are  not  used. 

Minetto  dam.  —  Three  new  bulk-heads  have  been  inserted  at  the 
west  end  of  the  dam  ;  the  old  ones  were  damaged  by  the  ice  and  high 
water  and  came  near  being  carried  out ;  three  crib  ice-breakers  were 
built  five  timbers  high  and  abutments  repaired. 

The  four  bulk-heads  across  the  Mill  companies  race,  at  Oswego,  are 
old  and  decayed. 

Sloping  aprons. 

The  sloping  aprons  at  Phoenix  and  Van  Buren  darns  were  never  com¬ 
pleted.  At  least  one  of  these  should  be  finished  next  year. 

Baldwinsville  Canal. 

Some  repairs  have  been  made  to  dam  aud  lock.  Two  sluices  need 
rebuilding  and  float  bridge  repaired. 


104 


[Assembly 


Oneida  Lake  Canal. 

The  elevated  bridges,  with  their  approaches,  on  this  canal  should  be 
lowered,  as  the  superstructures  become  unsafe,  and  culverts  built  in¬ 
stead,  using  the  abutment  stone. 

Kelley’s  road  bridge,  being  in  a  dangerous  condition,  was  taken 
down  and  temporary  crossing  made  in  the  prism  just  below. 

The  bents  under  Tubb’s  road  bridge  should  be  renewed  if  the  super¬ 
structure  is  to  be  maintained. 

The  bridge  at  South  Bay,  also,  should  be  rebuilt. 

Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal. 

Little  bottoming  out  was  done,  but  the  State  dredge  has  worked  on 
the  canal  and  at  Cayuga  and  Geneva  harbors,  as  the  lakes  have  been 
very  low.  Eel  grass  has  been  troublesome  and  required  cutting. 

Locks. 

Lock  No.  1  requires  two  balance  beams  and  new  docking  at  head  of 
lock. 

Lock  No.  2. —  Two  new  upper  gates  were  put  in,  and  the  lower  gates 
repaired  ;  needs  one  balance  beam,  and  new  docking  at  head  of  lock. 

Lock  No.  3.  —  New  docking  has  been  built  at  head  of  lock,  and  walls 
pointed  above  low  water.  This  lock  leaks  more  than  any  other  on  the 
division,  and  the  taking  down  and  relaying  of  the  walls  has  been  recom¬ 
mended.  I  think,  however,  it  might  be  pumped  out  and  the  planking 
removed,  when  concrete  could  be  worked  under  the  walls  and  between 
the  foundation  timbers  sufficient  to  remedy  the  difficulty.  The  por¬ 
tion  that  is  under  water  now  could  then  be  carefully  pointed.  The 
trouble  with  the  lock  is  the  poor  quality  of  the  cement  used  when 
rebuilt. 

The  lock  needs  four  new  balance  beams ;  the  upper  gates  are  also 
old;  the  high  vertical  wall  at  the  side  of  the  lock  has  been  in  danger 
of  falling  for  several  years,  and  has  been  recommended  to  be  taken 
down  and  relaid. 

Lock  No.  4. —  Gates  have  been  repaired  and  one  side  of  the  lock 
replanked. 

Lock  No.  5. —  New  docking  has  been  built  at  foot  of  lock.  This  lock 
fills  up  badly  with  sediment,  and  should  be  pumped  and  thoroughly 
cleaned  out. 

Lock  No.  6.  —  Needs  repointing;  upper  gates  are  old. 

Lock  No.  7. — Has  had  repairs  ;  all  gates  are  old. 

Lock  No.  8.  —  Walls  have  settled  at  head  of  gates  and  lining  is  old  ; 
will  require  pumping  to  repair. 

Lock  No.  9. —  Needs  pointing  and  a  new  balance  beam. 

Lock  No.  10.  —  Four  new  gates  were  put  in  and  chamber  repaired; 
needs  pointing. 

Lock  No.  11,  at  Montezuma. —  Two  new  gates  were  put  in  ;  the 
facing  of  the  lock  is  poor  and  the  walls  need  pointing ;  the  flume 
around  the  lock  is  so  dilajDidated  that  it  will  require  rebuilding  before 
the  opening  of  navigation  next  year;  the  timber  has  been  ordered  ;  it 
will  take  about  27,000  feet  B.  M. 


No.  38.] 


105 


Bridges. 

Bridges  have  generally  had  repairs,  but  none  completely  rebuilt, 

except  some  small  ones.  .  ,  _  „  , 

The  long  towing-path  bridge  across  the  river  at  Seneca  halls  has 

settled  and  required  shoring  ;  it  should  be  rebuilt,  together  with  the 
end  wooden  abutments;  the  piers  are  in  good  condition. 

The  towing-path  bridge  over  the  slip  at  Seneca  Falls  is  bad  ,  both 
spans  should  be  rebuilt;  the  timber  has  been  purchased. 

The  tow-path  abutment  at  Canal  street  bridge,  Geneva,  is  under¬ 
mined  ;  it  should  be  protected  from  further  damage. 

All  the  iron  bridges  need  painting. 

Dam  at  Waterloo. 

About  forty  feet  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  State  dam  at  Waterloo, 

>  which  holds  back  the  waters  of  Seneca  lake,  was  carried  away  April 
12th.  The  water  poured  through  the  breach  with  great  force,  wear¬ 
ing  away  the  material  and  endangering  the  balance  of  the  dam.  As 
it  was  necessary  to  check  the  flow  as  quickly  as  possible,  stone  were 
boated  from  the  nearest  quarry  and  a  dam  of  loose  stone  constructed 
around  the  break  and  as  near  to  it  as  the  current  would  permit.  This 
was  a  safe  and  comparatively  inexpensive  cut  off. 

Later  in  the  season,  after  Seneca  lake  had  been  drawn  down,  and 
the  break  in  the  timber  work  of  the  dam  was  being  repaired,  it  was 
found  that  the  wood  work  was  so  unsound  and  out  of  line  that  there 
was  danger  of  its  being  carried  away  bodily  with  the  next  high  water 
unless  it  was  materially  strengthened  by  bracing  or  partially  rebuilding. 

The  State’s  portion'of  the  dam  is  190  feet  in  length  with  a  bulk¬ 
head  attached.  The  bulk-head,  with  the  abutment  walls,  were  un¬ 
safe,  as  was  also  the  north  abutment  of  the  dam,  while  the  entire  struc¬ 
ture  leaked  badly.  The  foundation  is  solid  rock,  and  being  in  a  section 
where  good  stone  can  be  procured,  I  would  recommend  the  building 
of  a  stone  dam  immediately  below  and  abutting  against  the  present 
one  ;  also  new  stone  abutments  and  timber  bulk-head  or  flood-gates. 

This  can  be  done  in  the  early  fall  to  the  best  advantage,  while  the 
lake  is  low. 

The  immediate  construction  of  this  dam  is  anticipated,  and  the 
Assistant  Superintendent  of  Public  Works  is  now  rebuilding  the  bulk- 
heak  and  abutments  in  conformity  with  a  plan  that  has  been  furnished 
by  this  department,  showing  proposed  new  structure  entire. 

Miscellaneous. 

The  pile  docking  at  Geneva  has  been  in  bad  condition  for  several 
years,  requiring  annual  repairs.  The  piles  should  be  cut  off  at  low 
water  line  and  a  crib  docking  made* 

About  one-half  of  the  Cayuga  pier  needs  rebuilding  three  to  four 
feet  down  from  the  top.  The  timber  has  been  ordered.  Fifty  fender 
and  guard  piles  should  be  driven  above  and  below  the  railroad  bridge 
to  assist  boats  in  making  up  their  tows  and  entering  the  canal. 

A  new  section  scow  should  be  furnished  for  this  canal. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No  38.]  14 


106 


[Assembly 


BlacJc  River  Canal  and  River  Improvement. 

Considerable  bottoming  out  was  done  before  the  opening,  but  there 
is  still  much  material  above  canal  bottom  requiring  the  levels  to  be 
kept  so  full  as  to  injure  the  sluices  around  the  locks.  The  steam 
dredge  has  been  constantly  at  work  on  the  river. 

June  8th.  The  wooden  spillway  on  the  short  level  at  Lyons  Falls 
was  entirelv  washed  out  and  the  structure  carried  to  the  river  a  total 
wreck.  The  structure  was  twenty  feet  high  including  over-falls,  and 
the  breach  about  fifty  feet  wide.  It  was  necessary  to  rebuild  the 
spillw’ay  to  regulate  the  water  of  this  level,  requiring  much  framing 
and  necessarily  slow  work  in  puddling  back  selected  material.  The 
water  followed  the  natural  channel  to  the  river,  causing  no  land 
damages. 

Locks . 

Bush’s  lock  on  the  Black  river  is  a  timber  structure  large  enough 

to  pass  steamboats.  The  sides  are  badly  decayed  down  to  low  water 

mark  and  the  work  of  rebuilding  has  commenced.  It  is  not  thought, 

however,  that  more  than  one  side  can  be  completed  this  fall.  Four 

new  gates  are  to  be  inserted  and  mitre-sills  repaired.  Otter  creek  lock 

is  a  similar  structure  and  although  its  general  appearance  is  better,  it 

will  no  doubt  be  found  in  bad  condition  when  the  lining  is  removed  ; 

a  new  gate  and  other  repairs  will  at  least  be  necessary  ;  forty-nine  new 

lock-gates  have  been  inserted  in  the  canal  locks  and  about  100  balance 

beams  put  on,  while  most  of  the  locks  have  been  more  or  less  repaired; 

it  is  estimated  that  as  many  new  gates  will  be  required  another  year  ; 

fourteen  locks  on  section  No.  1  and  some  on  No.  2  have  been  repointed; 

the  chambers  of  a  few  have  been  dressed  off  where  thev  were  crowded 

*/ 

over  by  the  action  of  frost ;  new  docking  has  been  put  on  at  the  head 
of  the  locks  from  31  to  74,  inclusive  ;  on  section  No.  1,  particularly, 
the  banks  around  the  locks  and  the  towing-path  generally  have  been 
repaired  with  slate  and  gravel ;  many  of  the  sluices  and  waste-weirs 
have  been  repaired  or  rebuilt ;  other  locks  should  be  repointed  another 
spring. 

Bridges . 

All  the  river  bridges  have  been  replanked ;  the  wrought-iron  bridge 
at  Carthage  has  had  extensive  repairs  ;  a  teamster  and  horses  with 
load  of  timber  broke  through  the  Illingsworth  swing  bridge  in  July, 
owing  to  failure  of  one  of  the  needle  beams ;  new  ones  were  inserted. 
The  Parker  Beach  and  Glendale  bridges  were  repaired;  two  new  spans 
across  the  Beaver  river,  at  Nanmburg,  are  now  building;  twelve  new 
bridges  have  been  built  and  the  following  need  rebuilding:  Forest- 
port,  Stefhann  and  Manchester  bridges  over  the  Forestport  feeder,  and 
the  Yerden  tow-path  bridge  at  Delta,  Farr  bridge,  Crowell  bridge  and 
bridge  near  Western ville,  over  the  canal. 

Dams. 

The  Delta  dam  that  turns  the  Mohawk  river  into  the  Black  River 
canal,  a  few  miles  above  Rome,  is  a  timber  structure  over  200  feet  long 
and  has  had  extensive  annual  repairs  ;  the  spring  floods  having  washed 
away  portions  of  the  crib  apron  ;  this  year  it  was  decided  to  rebuild 


107 


No.  38.] 

the  same  upon  a  more  substantial  plan,  which  has  been  approved  by 
the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  and  the  work  is  now  in  progress  ; 
over  100  piles  will  be  required  to  which  the  solid  timber  apron  will  be 
securely  anchored  ;  the  dam,  proper,  will  also  be  repaired  and  refilled 
with  stone  where  washed  out  ;  the  entire  structure  will  then  be  in 
thorough  repair. 


Miscellaneous. 

The  channel  at  A.  Hall’s  culvert  was  cleaned  out  and  500  lineal 
feet  of  slope  wall  at  the  sides  overhauled  or  rebuilt.  Lansingkill 
feeder  has  been  cleaned  out  and  200  lineal  feet  of  slope  wall  put  in  at 
the  side  of  the  creek  near  Dunnbrook  to  protect  the  towing-path.  A 
new  bulkhead  has  been  built  at  lock  70.  Well’s  creek  aqueduct  should 
be  entirely  rewooded. 


Reservoirs. 

The  wooden  discharge  culverts  to  North  lake  reservoir  were  rebuilt; 
five  in  number. 

Roads  leading  to  the  North  Woods  reservoirs  have  been  repaired  ; 
new  corduroys  built  and  brush  cut. 

Eaton  brook  bulk-head  has  been  rebuilt  and  dam  repaired. 

The  paved  waste  at  Eaton  reservoir  needs  repairs  ;  many  of  the 
stringer  bridges  over  the  feeders  have  been  rebuilt. 

The  Solesville  aqueduct  and  bulk-head  have  been  rebuilt. 

Repairs  have  been  made  to  the  road  and  around  the  dam  at  Otisco 
lake  reservoir. 

Madison  brook  feeder  is  badly  filled  up  and  should  be  cleaned  out 
this  fall. 

The  protection  wall  along  the  pond  at  Bradly  brook  feeder  should 
be  extended. 

One  of  the  valves  leak  badly  at  De  Ruyter,  the  connecting  bolts 
being  broken. 

The  reservoir  will  be  drawn  down  when  new  bolts  can  be  inserted. 

The  well-house  also  needs  repairs  and  a  new  rack  built  at  the  feeder 
dam. 

The  protection  wall  below  the  Owasco  lake  bulkhead  is  undermined. 

Two  new  bulk-heads  should  be  built  at  Skaneateles  dam  ;  this  work 
will  require  the  use  of  a  pump  and  about  100  feet  of  coffer  dam  above, 
and  also  a  dam  below  the  bulk-head ;  it  will  not  be  safe  to  defer  this 
work  another  year,  although  the  water  will  be  higher  than  usual  in 
the  lake  and  not  less  than  eight  feet  deep  above  the  sill ;  when  the 
water  is  out,  the  masonry  should  be  thoroughly  repointed. 

The  channel  through  which  the  water  is  drawn  to  the  bulk-head  is 
an  artificial  one  extending  out  into  the  lake  several  hundred  feet  and 
is  protected  at  the  sides  by  coffer  dams  coursed  with  stone.  The  east 
coffer  which  protects  the  channel  the  most  has  been  uncoursed  or  worn 
away  for  about  300  feet  from  the  upper  end.  The  stone  should  be  re¬ 
placed  as  the  drifting  sand  is  filling  up  the  channel,  while  the  timber 
portion  is  exposed  and  liable  to  be  washed  away. 


108 


[Assembly 


Special  Appropriations. 

Forestport  Reservoir. 

Chapter  453,  Laws  of  1883,  appropriation  $20,000. 

The  construction  of  this  reservoir  now  seems  to  be  assured  with  a 
probability  of  commencing  the  work  this  fall. 

An  additional  appropriation,  however,  will  be  necessary  to  make  a 
reservoir  of  sufficient  capacity  to  secure  a  supply  that  can  be  relied 
upon  to  feed  the  Rome  level  in  case  of  emergency  when  other  sources 
are  exhausted  or  difficult  to  obtain  in  time  for  immediate  relief. 

Late  in  the  fall  of  1869,  a  preliminary  survey  for  this  reservoir  was 
ordered  by  Hon.  Horatio  Seymour,  jr.,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor, 
to  get  such  information  as  could  be  obtained  in  about  ten  days.  From 
notes  then  taken  it  was  estimated  that  a  fifteen-foot  flow  line  would 
inclose  700  acres  giving  an  average  depth  of  seven  feet.  In  1881  an 
accurate  flow  line  was  surveyed  by  C.  L.  Phelps,  twenty-one  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  Forestport  pond  or  crest  of  State  dam  below,  and 
a  map  of  the  same  made.  Accurate  calculations  give  the  amount  of 
land  inclosed  as  792T%%  acres,  as  recommended  in  last  year’s  report  of 
D.  E.  Whitford,  division  engineer. 

I  would  advise  the  dam  to  be  built  at  least  fifteen  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  pond,  this  would  make  the  entire  height  of  the 
dam  to  the  bottom  of  the  river  about  twenty  feet,  and  abutments 
twenty-five  feet ;  a  plan  with  these  dimensions  has  been  prepared  ;  the 
spillway  and  apron  to  be  about  200  feet  in  length,  built  in  the  crib 
form  and  filled  with  stone  ;  the  abutments  to  be  of  stone  and  the  cross 
walls  through  which  the  cast-iron  feed  pipes  are  to  be  laid  to  be  of 
stone  also  ;  to  the  lower  end  of  the  pipes  it  is  proposed  to  attach  the 
most  approved  form  of  valves,  and  for  protection  and  convenience  in 
operating  to  construct  over  the  same  a  suitable  well-house  which  can 
be  reached  by  an  iron  ladder  attached  to  the  face  of  the  cross  wall. 

The  soil  is  sand  intermingled  with  small  stone  and  boulders,  which 
will  require  blasting  to  remove,  these  can  be  finally  used  for  filling 
cribs  and  protection  walls;  clay  for  puddling  can  be  procured  a^short 
distance  from  the  site  of  the  dam  along  the  banks  of  the  river  ;  piles 
can  no  doubt  be  cut  from  timber  within  the  flow  line  ;  good  stone  for 
the  abutments  can  be  quarried  along  the  Sugar  river  and  boated  up 
the  feeder  to  the  pond  and  perhaps  to  the  dam  ;  the  greater  portion  of 
the  flow  ground  will  require  cleaning,  as  it  is  covered  with  second 
growth  timber;  two  roads  cross  the  reservoir  and  will  have  to  be  raised 
and  new  bridge  abutments  built ;  the  lower  bridge  should  have  an 
additional  span  as  the  water-way  is  so  contracted  that  the  abutments 
are  being  undermined. 

With  a  fifteen-foot  dam  as  before  stated  about  700  acres  will  be 
flowed  with  an  average  depth  of  seven  feet,  giving  a  capacity  of 
213,444,000  cubic  feet.  As  the  feeder  at  Rome  has  been  calculated  to 
furnish  13,000  cubic  feet  per  minute,  the  amount  stored  would  be 
sufficient  to  feed  the  canal  eleven  and  one-half  days  if  filled  but  once. 
The  river,  however,  rises  rapidly  from  the  effect  of  summer  rains  so 
that  it  would  be  likely  to  be  filled  several  times  and  can  be  kept  so 
from  the  reservoirs  above  holding  the  water  so  received  twenty  miles 
nearer  the  Erie  canal. 


No.  38.]  1U9 

Lowering  Columbia  and  Fayette  Street  Bridges  over  the  Chenango 

Canal  at  Utica.  . 

Chapter  482,  Laws  of  1884,  appropriation  $3,000. 

This  law  provides  for  rebuilding  the  bridges  or  for  constructing  cul¬ 
verts  in  place  thereof.  Nothing  has  as  yet  been  done  under  this  law, 
but  the  sum  appropriated  will,  I  think,  be  insullicient  to  lower  the 
approaches  and  construct  more  than  one  stone  culvert,  and  it  is  even 
doubtful  if  that  can  be  built  and  the  street  paved  for  the  amount 

named. 


Dredging  Cayuga  Inlet . 

Chapter  491,  Laws  of  1883,  appropriation  $2,500.  ; 

The  work  has  been  done  to  the  extent  of  the  appiopiiation. 

Lengthening  Lock  50. 

Chapter  80,  Laws  of  1884,  appropriation  $30,000. 

The  necessary  measurements  for  the  work  were  taken  before  the 
canals  were  opened,  and  all  plans  and  bills  of  materials  have  been 
made  ready  for  commencing  the  work  as  soon  as  navigation  closes. 

The  new  lock  will  rest  on  a  pile  foundation,  and  be  an  extension  of 
the  berme  lock,  having  same  length  and  width  of  chamber  as  the 
present  one,  which  makes  the  chamber  when  used  as  an  enlarged  lock 
220  feet  between  quoins.  This  will  admit  two  boats  coupled  together, 
and  as  the  lower  gates  of  the  present  lock  will  be  retained  in  their 
present  position  either  lock  can  be  used  for  single  boats  if  desired.  < 

The  device  in  operation  on  most  of  the  Erie  canal  locks  on  this 
division  should  be  attached  to  assist  boats  tow7ed  by  horses  in  entering 
and  leaving  the  lock. 

Completing  Fishways  on  the  Oswego  River. 

Chapter  501 ,  Laws  of  1884,  appropriation  $2,500. 

No  work  has  been  done  under  this  law,  which  is  intended  to  pro¬ 
vide  for  fishways  at  the  Fulton,  Oswego  Falls,  Phoenix  and  Baldwins- 
ville  dams.  The  four  fishways  put  in  last  year  at  the  Oswego,  High, 
Minetto  and  Van  Buren  dams,  on  the  Oswego  river,  were  uninjured  by 
high  water  or  ice,  and  evidences  of  their  efficiency  are  said  to  have 
been  observed  this  summer. 

Engineer  Department. 

The  small  force  employed  during  the  past  year  in  the  engineer  de¬ 
partment  has  been  kept  busy  in  the  office  preparing  and  copying 
maps,  plans  and  bills,  or  in  the  field  supervising  work  in  progress. 
Good  success  has  attended  the  construction  of  all  work  done  under 
their  direction,  while  the  relations  existing  between  the  engineer 
and  superintendent  departments  have  been  mutually  pleasant.  The 
provisions  of  special  laws  and  resolutions  have  made  extia  work  foi 
the  force,  while  some  time  has  been  occupied  in  preparing  maps  and 
in  attendance  at  the  sessions  of  the  court  of  claims.  During  the  fiscal 


110 


[Assembly 


year  this  department  has  been  in  charge  of  Denison  Richmond,  divi¬ 
sion  engineer,  and  David  E.  Whitford  and  R.  R.  Stuart,  assistant 
engineers. 

Following  is  a  tabulated  statement  of  engineering  expenses  : 

The  total  expenditures  are, 


For  ordinary  repairs .  $6,750  52 

For  extraordinary  repairs .  160  20 

Total .  $6,910  72 


Comparative  statement  of  engineering  expenses  on  this  division  for 
the  last  five  years : 


For  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1880  .  $11,162  01 

Eor  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1881  .  14,095  58 

For  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1882  .  9,518  44 

For  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1883  .  9,172  31 

For  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1884  .  6,910  72 


Very  respectfully  yours, 

DENISON  RICHMOND, 

Division  Engineer . 


Statement  showing  the  names,  rank  and  compensation  of  engineers 
on  the  Middle  Division  of  the  New  York  State  canals,  together  with 
the  incidental  expenses  from  October  1,  1883,  to  September  30,  1884, 
inclusive. 

Ordinary  Repairs  —  Erie  Canal. 

Amount.  Total. 


David  E.  Whitford,  division  engineer,  salary 

$2,400 .  $400  00 

David  E.  Whitford,  division  engineer,  travel..,,  78  73 

Denison  Richmond,  resident  engineer,  salary 

$2,000  .  200  00 

Denison  Richmond,  resident  engineer,  travel....  37  81 

Denison  Richmond,  assistant  engineer,  4  days  at 

$5  per  day .  20  00 

R.  R.  Stuart,  assistant  engineer,  34  days  at  $5 

per  day .  170  00 

R.  R.  Stuart,  assistant  engineer,  travel .  24  16 

R.  R.  Stuart,  rodman,  68f  days  at  $3.50  per  day.  240  00 

R.  R.  Stuart,  rodman,  travel . 28  78 

Arthur  Y.  Meeker,  leveler,  39  days  at  $4.50  per 

day .  175  50 

Arthur  V.  Meeker,  chainman,  67  days  at  $2.50 

per  day .  167  50 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  salarv 

$2,400 . “.  850  00 


) 


No.  38.] 


Ill 


Amount. 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  travel....  $153  06 
D  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  130  days  at 

$5  per  day . .  *  *  * : .  1ir, 

D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  travel  ......  11J> 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler .  ’  ^ 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler . 


Total. 


$3,748  01 


Incidental  Expenses. 

Stationery . 

Fuel  and  light . 

Postage  and  telegraph . 

Miscellaneous  . . 


$49  95 
46  55 
.  45  15 
294  05 


435  70 


Total  for  Erie  canal 


$4,183  71 


Ordinary  Repairs  —  Oswego  Canal. 


David  E.  Whitford,  division  engineer,  salary 

$2  400  . 

David  E.  Whitford,  division  engineer,  travel - 

Denison  Richmond,  resident  engineer,  salary 

$2  000  . . . 

Denison  Richmond,  resident  engineer,  travel .... 
R.  R.  Stuart,  assistant  engineer,  5  days  at  $5  per 

day . . . . . 

R.  R.  Stuart,  assistant  engineer,  travel . 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  salary 

$2,400  . ;•••* 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  travel.... 
D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  23  days  at  $5 

per  day . . . 

D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  travel . 

R.  R.  Stuart,  rodman,  12  days  at  $3.50  per  day  . . 

R.  R.  Stuart,  rodman,  travel . 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  30  2-3  days  at  $4.50  per  day. 
R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  travel . 


Miscellaneous 


Incidental  Expenses. 


Total  for  Oswego  canal 


$100 

00 

9 

35 

i 

46 

58 

A 

8 

15 

25 

00 

7 

30 

384 

25 

68 

58 

115 

00 

6 

50 

42 

00 

4 

20 

138 

00 

26 

56 

— 

— 

$981 

47 

30 

00 

$1,011 

47 

Ordinary  Repairs  —  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal. 


Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  salary 

$2,400  . . . ; . ••••• 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  travel .... 


$350  00 
56  92 


112  [Assembly 

Amount.  Total. 

D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  68  days  at  $5 

per  day .  . . . f .  $340  00 

D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  travel .  .  67  65 

R.  R.  Stuart,  rod  man,  11  3-7  days  at  $3.50  per 

day . 40  00 

R.  R.  Stuart,  rodman,  travel .  3  08 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  55  5-9  days  at  $4.50  per  day.  250  00 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  travel .  47  61 


Total  for  Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal .  $1,155  26 


Ordinary  Repairs  —  Black  River  Canal. 

David  E.  Whitford,  division  engineer,  salary 

$2,400  .  $100  00 

David  E.  Whitford,  division  engineer,  travel....  14  21 
Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  salary 

$2,400  . 150  00 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  travel....  37  24 
D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  10  days  at  $5 

per  day .  50  00 

D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  travel .  6  21 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  8  1-3  days  at  $4.50  per  day.  37  50 
R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  travel .  4  92 


Total  for  Black  River  canal .  $400  08 


Ordinary  Repairs  —  Summary. 

Erie  canal .  $4,183  71 

Oswego  canal .  1,011  47 

Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal .  1,155  26 

Black  River  canal . 400  08 


Total .  $6,750  52 


Extraordinary  Repairs  —  Black  River  Canal. 

Making  survey  for  dam  in  Beaver  River. 

Act  chapter  551,  Laws  of  1884. 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  salary  $2,400  per  yr.  $26  30 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  travel .  7  62 

D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  4  days  at  $5  per  day. .  20  00 

D.  E.  Whitford,  assistant  engineer,  travel* .  21  65 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  4  days  at  $4.50  per  day .  18  00 

R.  R.  Stuart,  leveler,  travel  . .  21  15 


Total .  $114  72 


No.  38.]  113 

Making  plan  and  directing  work  for  dam  in  Black  River  above  Forest- 


port  Pond. 

Act  chapter  452,  Laws  of  1883. 

Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  salary  $2,400  per  yr.  $39  45 
Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer,  travel .  6  03 

Total .  $45  48 


Extraordinary  Repairs  —  Summary. 


Survey  for  dam  in  Beaver  river .  $114  72 

Plan,  and  directing  work  for  dam  in  Black  river .  45  48 

Total .  $160  20 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  15 


WESTERN  DIVISION. 


Annual  Report  of  Thomas  Evershed,  Division  Engineer,  for 
the  Fiscal  Year  ending  September  30,  1884. 

Hon.  Elnathan  Sweet,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor : 

Sir — In  pursuance  of  the  regulations  established  by  act  chapter 
169,  Laws  of  1862,  relating  to  the  engineer  department,  I  have  the 
honor  of  presenting  to  you  my  report  on  the  Western  Division  of  the 
State  canals,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  last  past. 

Since  the  abandonment  of  the  Chemung,.  Crooked  Lake  and  Gene¬ 
see  Valley  canals,  this  division  comprises  the  Erie  canal  only,  which 
is  divided  into  four  repair  sections,  numbering  from  8  to  11,  inclu¬ 
sive,  as  follows  : 

Distance 
in  miles. 


Section  8  commences  east  line  of  Wayne  county,  ends  east 

line  of  Monroe  county .  35-924 

Section  9  commences  east  line  of  Monroe  county,  ends  at 

end  of  construction,  section  284  .  39-624 

Section  10  commences  end  of  construction,  section  284  ends 

Sulphur  Spring  Guard  lock .  46-560 

Section  11  commences  Sulphur  Spring  Guard  lock,  ends 

Buffalo  inch  Hamburg  canal .  26-815 


Total  miles .  48-923 


The  canal  slips  and  navigable  feeders  are  as  follows : 

Miles. 

Erie  canal  from  east  line  of  Wayne  county  to  Hamburg  st., 

Buffalo . . .  148-92 

Five  slips  in  the  city  of  Buffalo .  1-60 

Genesee  river  feeder  in  Rochester .  2*25 


Total  miles . .  152  •  77 


Miles. 

Tonawanda  and  Oak  Orchard  feeder .  11.55 

Genesee  valley  canal,  from  Cuba  reservoir  to  old  lock 

Ho.  87 . . .  7-65 

Genesee  valley  canal,  from  Scottsville  to  Rochester .  11-00 


Total  miles . 4- .  30-20 


116  [Assembly 

The  sources  from  which  the  Erie  canal  receives  its  water  supply, 
are 

1st.  Lake  Erie. 

2d.  Tonawanda  creek  at  Pendleton. 

3d.  Tonawanda  and  Oak  Orchard  cre#ek  feeder  at  Medina. 

4th.  Allen’s  creek  through  the  disused  Genesee  valley  canal  at 
Rochester. 

5th.  The  Genesee  river  feeder  at  Rochester. 

'  The  waters  of  Lake  Erie  are,  however,  the  chief  sources  of  supply 
for  the  whole  division. 

It  enters  the  canal  from  the  lake  through  the  different  slips  in  the 
city  of  Buffalo. 

From  this  city  it  passes  through  a  canal  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Niagara  river  for  a  distance  of  twelve  miles  to  the  village  of  Tona¬ 
wanda,  where  it  enters  the  creek  of  that  name  near  its  mouth,  from 
which  point  it  reverses,  in  times  of  ordinary  stage  of  water,  the  natu¬ 
ral  current  of  that  stream  for  a  distance  of  twelve  miles,  when  at  the 
village  of  Pendleton  it  enters  the  “Deep  Cut,”  so  called,  and  fora 
distance  of  seven  miles  passes  through  deep  earth  and  rock  cutting  to 
the  city  of  Lockport,  where  it  descends  by  five  locks  to  what  is  known 
as  the  ‘‘Long  Level,”  between  that  place  and  the  city  of  Rochester, 
passing  through  a  country  whose  slope  is  very  gradual  in  a  northerly 
direction. 

At  a  point  twenty-eight  miles  east  of  Lockport  it  receives  the  water 
from  the  Tonawanda  and  Oak  Orchard  feeder,  wdiich,  however,  affords 
but  little  water  during  the  summer  months,  but  is  quite  useful  in 
assisting  to  fill  the  canal  in  the  spring. 

At  Rochester,  ninety-three  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  it  receives  the 
water  from  Allen’s  creek,  which  is  brought  down  the  disused  Genesee 
Valley  canal  (now  retained  as  a  feeder)  for  a  distance  of  eleven  miles. 

To  give  the  railroad  company  to  whom  the  canal  was  sold  the  free 
use  of  the  bed  of  the  canal  in  the  city  of  Rochester,  they  were  allowed 
to  pass  the  water  of  this  feeder  under  the  bed  of  the  Genesee  river  by 
means  of  a  cast-iron  pipe,  and  empty  it  into  the  Genesee  river  feeder 
on  its  east  bank  near  the  southern  limits  of  the  city. 

The  supply  of  this  feeder  from  Allen’s  creek  is  about  1,200  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  and  is  very  constant  during  the  summer  months. 

Besides  the  above  amount  of  water  thus  passed  into  the  Genesee 
river  feeder,  it  can  be  made  to  furnish  a  large  amount  from  the  river 
itself  by  putting  flush  boards  on  the  dam. 

The  usual  amount,  however,  at  this  point  is  about  1,400  cubic  feet 
per  minute,  which  is  derived  from  a  reservoir  situated  in  Allegany 
county  near  the  village  of  Cuba. 

The  objections  formerly  raised  by  the  inhabitants  of  that  portion  of 
the  city  of  Rochester  through  which  this  feeder  passes,  on  account  of 
its  supposed  unhealth  fulness,  have  subsided  since  the  clear  water  from 
Allen’s  creek  has  been  passed  through  it.  . 

The  bank  of  this  feeder  on  the  river  side  is  low  ;  it  should  be  raised, 
strengthened  and  rip-rapped  in  some  places  to  prevent  the  possibility 
of  flooding  a  portion  of  the  city.  The  estimated  cost  of  doing  this  is 
$12,000.  It  could  best  be  done  by  dredging  out  the  bottom,  and 
placing  the  materials  on  the  bank,  which  would  at  the  same  time 
destroy  the  aquatic  plants  now  growing  in  it. 


No.  38.] 


117 


The  Cuba  reservoir  mentioned  above,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called, 
the  Oil  creek  reservoir,  formerly  supplied  the  summit  level  of  the 
Genesee  Valley  canal. 

The  area  of  water  surface  when  full  is  about  600  acres. 

The  dam  which  holds  back  this  large  amount  of  water  is  2,200  feet 
in  length,  and  is  sixty-five  feet  in  height  where  it  crosses  the  original 
channel  of  the  stream. 

The  water  is  conveyed  through  this  dam  by  means  of  two  cast-iron 
pipes  of  twenty  inches  diameter.  From  these  pipes  it  is  conveyed  in 
a  short  feeder  into  the  old  Genesee  Valley  canal,  here  retained  as  a 
feeder  northward  as  far  as  the  Rockville  reservoir(now  disused),  about 
seven  and  one-half  miles  distant,  at  which  point  it  is  turned  into  a 
creek,  and  finds  its  way  into  the  Genesee  river,  and  by  that  means  to 
the  head  of  the  Genesee  river  feeder  at  Rochester. 

At  a  point  about  two  miles  from  the  above  described  dam  is  a  waste 
weir  110  feet  in  length,  over  which  the  spare  waters  of  the  reservoir 
when  it  is  full  escape  into  a  ravine,  and  thence  find  their  way  into  the 
Oil  creek,  a  short  distance  below  the  village  of  Cuba. 

Last  spring  a  small  .leak  was  discovered  at  one  end  of  this  waste 
weir;  it  was  temporarily  repaired  at  the  time,  and  since  the  water  in 
the  reservoir  has  been  drawn  down  it  has  been  thoroughly  repaired, 
and  the  embankment,  which  had  become  impaired  at  this  point,  has 
been  strengthened  and  rip-rapped  in  a  thorough  manner. 

The  Rockville  reservoir,  which  was  also  used  for  the  supply  of  the 
Genesee  Valley  canal,  is  still  retained  by  the  State,  but  is  not  used  for 
storing  water.  It  has  been  found  to  be  necessary  to  raise  the  em¬ 
bankment  at  a  small  expense  to  prevent  its  being  carried  away  in  case 
of  an  extraordinary  flood ;  this  has  been  accomplished  this  fall. 

The  Consumption  of  Water. 

The  amount  of  water  made  use  of  on  this  division  was  treated  on 
at  length  in  my  report  of  1880 ;  at  that  time  east  of  Rochester  it  was 
very  great ;  it  was  very  much  reduced  thereafter  ;  by  following  the 
suggestions  made  by  me  at  that  time,  which  were  to  see  that  the  mill 
owners  at  Newark  who  make  use  of  the  surplus  water  got  no  more 
than  could  be  readily  spared,  namely  the  amount  in  excess  of  the 
lockages  necessary  to  supply  the  evaporation  and  filtration  below  that 
„  point,  and  that  they  made  use  of  it,  both  night  and  day,  a  few  hours 
at  a  time,  and  not  all  of  it  at  any  one  time  which  floods  the  level  be¬ 
low  in  a  greater  degree  than  is  necessary,  and  to  restrain  the  lock- 
tenders  from  using  any  more  water  in  drawing  boats  into  the  locks 
and  flooding  them  out  again  than  is  absolutely  necessary,  by  following 
the  rule  that  the  lower  paddle  should  not  be  opened  until  the  bow  of 
the  descending  boat  is  in  the  very  jaw  of  the  lock,  neither  should  the 
water  to  flush  it  out  be  used  any  longer  than  is  required  to  pass  the 
stern  beyond  the  lower  mitre-sill. 

Before  these  requirements  were  made  on  the  lock-tenders,  I  found 
more  water  used  for  these  two  objects  than  it  took  to  fill  the  locks. 
They  should  be  at  all  times  strictly  enforced,  as  by  this  means  much 
water  is  saved  and  delays  to  boatmen  avoided. 

The  mitre-sill  of  the  Clyde  lock  is  six  inches  higher  than  that  of 
the  Port  Byron  lock  ;  to  keep  the  water  up  to  seven  feet  in  depth,  on 


118 


[Assembly 


that  of  the  Clyde  lock  gives  a  greater  surface  descent  than  is  required, 
and  a  greater  flow  than  is  necessary  is  the  consequence ;  the  banks  on 
the  Montezuma  level  should  therefore  be  raised  sufficiently  to  allow 
of  the  sides  of  the  aqueducts  which  act  as  spillways  being  raised  to 
correspond  to  the  Clyde  lock ;  this  would  at  the  same  time  facilitate 
the  entrance  of  eastern-bound  boats  into  the  Port  Byron  lock  by  giv¬ 
ing  six  inches  more  water  between  the  bottom  of  the  boat  and  the 
mitre-sill,  and  would  also  save  bottoming  out  the  canal  at  the  western 
end  of  the  level  which  is  now  needed  to  a  considerable  degree. 

The  material  for  raising  these  banks  could  be  best  procured  by 
dredging  out  a  portion  of  the  bottom  of  the  level  where  the  material 
is  of  a  good  quality. 

The  growth  of  eel  grass  on  the  long  level  between  Lockport  and 
Rochester  seriously  impedes  the  passage  of  the  water. 

There  is  only  one  way  to  effectually  cure  this  evil  and  that  is  to 
thoroughly  bottom  out  that  portion  of  the  canal,  either  by  hand  or 
dredge  boat.  In  my  report  of  1881,  I  gave  the  result  of  the  latter 
method  as  practiced  on  the  Illinois  canal ;  in  view  of  the  large  amount 
of  silty  matter  which  has  accumulated  in  the  prism  of  the  canal  on 
this  division,  and  the  difficulty  of  procuring  men  during  the  very 
short  spring-time  season  intervening  between  the  breaking-up  of  the 
frost  and  the  opening  of  navigation  on  the  canal,  it  would  seem  to  be 
very  desirable  to  adopt  some  such  plan  on  this  canal  as  has  been  so 
successfully  used  on  that  of  Illinois. 

Dams. 

There  are  three  dams  proper  on  this  division,  besides  the  two  on  the 
Oil  creek  reservoir  before  described. 

First.  That  across  the  mouth  of  the  Tonawanda  creek  near  its 
mouth.  It  is  composed  of  trees,  brush  and  gravel  below  with  a  course 
of  square  timber  work  on  top  forming  an  apron ;  it  is  112  feet  in 
length ;  there  are  flush  boards  on  the  top  which  brings  the  water  up 
to  the  canal  level,  and  are  let  down  in  case  of  floods,  the  total  rise 
being  about  four  feet.  It  has  also  at  the  north  end  a  bulk-head  con¬ 
taining  twelve  gates,  four  by  five  feet  each,  which  are  raised  in  times 
of  floods  in  the  creek.  It  is  in  excellent  condition,  having  been 
thoroughly  repaired  in  1881. 

9  icond.  The  Tonawanda  and  Oak  Orchard  feeder  dam  across  the 
Tonawanda  south  of  Medina.  It  is  of  the  same  character  as  that  near 
its  mouth.  It  is  150  feet  long  and  raises  the  water  about  three  feet, 
sufficient  to  throw  the  current  through  an  artificial  feeder  into  the 
channel  of  the  Oak  Orchard  creek.  It  is  also  in  good  condition. 

Third.  The  Genesee  river  feeder  dam  situate  at  Rochester.  It  is  510 
feet  in  length,  is  built  of  timber  and  plank  on  a  rock  foundation;  it 
has  eight  wooden  piers  in  the  center  of  the  stream  which  allow  of  the 
passage  of  the  water  between  them  as  though  no  dam  existed ;  these 
spaces  are  filled  in  in  a  temporary  manner  whenever  it  is  required  to 
use  the  water  for  feeder  purposes;  the  object  being  to  prevent  the 
overflow  of  lands  above  as  much  as  possible  during  high  water  in  the 
river.  Four  of  these  piers  are  decayed  and  should  be  rebuilt,  the  rest 
of  the  dam  requires  to  be  planked  over;  the  embankment  on  the  west 
end  should  be  raised  and  the  front  rip-rapped  ;  some  repairs  are  also 
needed  on  the  masonry  which  should  also  be  pointed  up.  The  esti¬ 
mated  cost  of  these  repairs  is  $2,800. 


No.  38.] 


X. 


* 


119 


Lochs. 

There  are  twenty-three  locks  on  this  division  besides  the  weigh  lock 
at  Rochester. 

Fourteen  double  lift  locks  110  by  18  feet  in  the  chamber  with 


various  lifts  as  follows  : 

No.  lock.  Location.  Lift  in  feet. 

53.  One  and  one-fourth  miles  west  of  Clyde .  4.755 

54.  At  lock  Berlin .  7.360 

55.  In  the  village  of  Lyons .  6.251 

56.  “  Poor-house  ”  one  and  one-tenth  miles  west  of  Lyons,  9.848 

57.  In  the  village  of  Newark .  8.028 

58.  In  the  village  of  Newark .  8.004 

59.  In  the  village  of  Newark .  8.002 

60.  Eight- tenths  of  a  mile  east  of  Macedon .  9.886 

61.  In  the  village  of  Macedon . .  6.601 

62.  Two  and  a  quarter  miles  west  of  the  village  of  Pitts- 

ford .  8.807 

63.  “Millers”  in  the  village  of  Brighton .  8.719 

64.  “Sipples”  in  the  village  of  Brighton .  10.108 

65.  “Reservoir”  in  city  of  Rochester .  10.102 

66.  “First  lock  ”  in  city  of  Rochester .  8.859 

67-71.  Five  double  combined  locks  in  the  city  of  Lockport.  57.427 


One  guard  lock  at  Sulphur  Springs,  above  Lockport,  has 
chamber  110  x  20  feet,  with  two  additional  head  gates  of 
similar  character  to  lock  gates.  These  as  well  as  the  lock 
itself  usually  stand  open,  being  only  shut  when  there  is  a 
flood  in  Totiawanda  creek  and  during  the  winter  season. 

One  “ river  lock”  at  Tonawanda  village,  a  lift  lock 
(single)  connecting  the  Niagara  river  with  the  canal.  The 
rise  is  generally  about  four  feet,  dependent  on  the  height 
of  the  water  in  the  river. 

One  double  chambered  guard  lock  at  Black  Rock  112  x 
20  feet.  The  lift,  together  with  the  fall  in  the  harbor,  is 
generally  about  two  and  a  half  feet,  varying  with  the  stage 
of  water  in  the  lake. 

Taking  low  water,  as  per  United  States  engineer  record, 
it  is .  2.425 


Total  lift .  175.182 


By  adding  to  the  above  lift  the  surface  descent  on  the 
different  levels,  we  get  the  total  rise  on  the  division. 

On  the  Montezuma  level,  between  the  Richmond  aque¬ 
duct  over  the  Seneca  River  and  the  lock  at  Clyde  No.  53, 
there  is  0.524  at  present,  which  is  0.328,  or  four  inches  too 

much,  there  should  be .  0.196 

On  the  “  Twelve-mile  ”  level  between  locks  Nos.  59  and  60.  0 . 165 

On  the  “Seventeen-mile”  level  between  locks  Nos.  61 

and  62 .  0.343 

On  the  “  Three-mile”  level  between  locks  Nos.  62  0.063 

and  63  .  0-063 


120 


[Assembly 


Location.  Lift  in  feet. 

On  “  Long  level  ”  between  Rochester  and  Lockport,  locks 

Nos.  66  and  67 . ' .  3.165 

On  level  between  Lockport,  lock  No.  71,  and  Black  Rock 
guard  lock . . .  1.239 


Total  rise  going  west .  180.353 


Weigh  Lock. 

There  is  one  weigh  lock  in  the  city  of  Rochester.  It  is  in  good  con¬ 
dition,  except  the  tumble  gate  at  the  west  end,  which  requires  renew¬ 
ing.  It  is  not  now  used  for  weighing,  but  is  sometimes  used  by 
sinking  boats. 

Repairs  to  foundations  were  made  last  spring  to  the  following  locks: 
In  56,  57,  58  and  65  the  foundation  plank  were,  taken  up  either  in 
whole  or  in  part,  and  the  spaces  between  the  timbers  refilled  with 
concrete. 

The  plank  were  taken  up  and  replaced  by  new,  and  the  locks  made 
tight  in  lock  59  and  the  Lockport  locks. 

In  the  River  lock  at  Tonawanda  the  lining  was  renewed  and  timbers 
placed  across  the  lock  every  two  feet  apart  and  heavily  bolted  to  the 
foundation  timbers  below  to  keep  the  plank  from  rising,  so  that  the 
lock  can  now  be  pumped  out  at  any  time  without  recourse  to  cofier- 
dams  at  each  end  which  have  been  required  hitherto. 

New  mitre-sills  were  inserted  in  locks  Nos.  57,  59,  and  at  locks  Nos. 
56,  60,  and  the  River  lock  at  Tonawanda ;  the  mitre-sills  were  faced 
with  new  timbers  for  the  gates  to  shut  against. 

The  following  locks  were  pointed  up  with  Portland  cement  last 
spring :  53,  54,  55,  57,  58,  59,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71  and 
the  River  lock  at  Tonawanda. 

The  gains  were  cut  afresh  to  receive  the  stop  timbers  in  the  follow¬ 
ing  locks :  62,  63,  64,  65,  66  and  71. 

New  ones  were  made  at  each  end  of  the  river  lock  at  Tonawanda  of 
sufficient  size  to  receive  stop  timbers  to  take  the  place  of  coffer  dams. 

Anew  breast-wall  was  built  at  the  head  of  lock  65  to  prevent  leakage. 

The  wing-walls  at  the  foot  of  the  locks  at  Lockport  were  found  to 
be  very  much  undermined  ;  they  were  thoroughly  repaired  and  under¬ 
pinned. 

A  new  tumble  gate  was  put  in  lock  60. 

New  sets  of  gates  were  inserted  in  locks  56,  60,  67,  68,  71  and  guard 
lock  at  Sulphur  Spring.  At  river  lock,  Tonawanda  and  the  guard 
lock  at  Black  Rock,  two  sets  each. 

New  paddles  were  inserted  in  the  gates  of  locks  54,  56,  57,  58,  59, 
60,  61,  62,  63,  64,  65  and  66. 

The  foundations  to  the  following  locks  need  repairs  by  grouting  be¬ 
tween  foundation  timbers  and  renewal  of  planking:  54,  56,  59,  60 
and  64. 

New  mitre  sills  are  needed  at  locks  57  and  60. 

The  following  locks  require  repointing:  53,  56,  60,  61,  the  guard 
locks  and  the  ship  lock  at  Black  Rock.  In  the  latter  a  good  many  of 
the  coping  stoue  have  been  thrust  back  by  the  concussion  of  the  heavy 
vessels  passing  through  it,  and  other  stone  have  been  broken  up  from 
the  same  cause ;  they  should  be  replaced  and  renewed. 


121 


No.  38.] 

The  gains  should  be  recut  in  the  following  locks  to  receive  stop  tim¬ 
bers,  the  stone  having  been  worn  away  so  as  to  obliterate  them  :  53, 
54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,  60,  61. 

At  lock  60  the  centre  wall  on  the  north  side  requires  to  be  taken  up 
and  relayed  for  some  distance  below  the  upper  hollow  quoin  and 
down  about  six  feet. 

Some  of  the  coping  on  lock  71  has  become  decayed ;  they  should  be 
replaced. 

New  lock  gates  are  needed,  one  pair  each,  at  locks  54,  55,  57,  60 
and  65,  and  two  pair  at  the  guard  lock  at  Black  Rock ;  one  of  the 
guard  gates  at  Sulphur  Spring  also  requires  renewal. 

New  tumble  gates  are  also  required  at  locks  53,  54,  58  and  64,  and 
two  at  lock  56,  and  one  repaired  at  lock  60. 

Quite  a  number  of  new  balance  beams  are  required  on  the  division, 
and  forty-five  new  paddles  at  locks  53  to  66.  The  loss  of  water  in  con¬ 
sequence  of  leakage  through  and  around  the  paddles,  and  between  the 
mitre  sills  and  the  gates,  is  a  serious  impediment  to  navigation,  as  it 
hinders  the  drawing  in  of  loaded  boats  going  west.  The  rendering  of 
these  tighter  deserves  increased  attention.  I  would  recommend  the 
replacing  of  all  the  old  wrought-iron  paddles  with  those  of  wood  and 
iron  combined  as  soon  as  possible;  also  the  renewal  of  the  mitre  sills 
when  worn  away  by  the  action  of  the  water.  I  would  suggest  facing 
them  with  heavy  angle  iron. 

The  mitre  sills  of  the  Lockport  locks,  originally  of  stone,  have  be¬ 
come  split  in  many  cases.  It  would  be  well  to  replace  the  stone  with 
wood,  or  wood  and  iron  combined. 

Aqueducts. 

There  are  four  on  this  division,  viz.:  one  each  at  Lyons  and  Palmyra, 
both  of  which  have  wooden  trunks,  and  one  each  at  Rochester  and 
Medina,  both  of  which  are  wholly  of  stone. 

The  one  at  Lyons  is  in  good  condition  ;  in  that  at  Palmyra  the  floor 
timbers  are  very  much  decayed ;  they  should  be  replaced  by  new  ones. 
Of  the  Rochester  aqueduct  I  beg  to  repeat  what  I  have  already  said  in 
my  former  reports,  viz. :  that  it  should  be  repaired  by  having  its  bot¬ 
tom  covered  with  a  coating  of  cement  mortar  or  asphalt  to  replace  one 
of  a  preparation  of  tar  put  on  it  some  years  ago,  and  which  has  long  since 
been  decayed  and  valueless  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  intended. 
Estimated  cost,  $2,800. 

The  aqueduct  at  Medina  should  have  the  earth  removed  from 
behind  the  parapet  walls  and  over  the  trunk,  when  it  should  be 
grouted  up  thoroughly  and  pointed;  some  concrete  and  other  masonry 
as  well  as  puddled  clay  will  be  needed.  Estimated  cost,  $550. 

Both  these  aqueducts  should  be  attended  to  at  once,  or  they  will 
become  seriously  injured  by  frost  and  other  causes. 

Waste  Weirs. 

There  are  twenty-four  on  this  division.  They  have  been  made  to 
agree  with  the  surface  levels  of,  and  serve  to  regulate  the,  flow  of  the 
water  throughout  the  division.  They  are  for  the  most  part  in  good 
condition. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.] 


16 


122 


[Assembly 


The  wood-work  on  those  at  Newark,  Johnson’s  creek  and  Mavbee’s 
was  renewed  last  spring;  the  masonry  on  the  two  last  was  relaid. 

The  wood-work  of  the  following  requires  to  be  renewed  :  Clyde, 
Lock  Berlin,  Brockville,  Middleport,  Medina  and  Lockport.  The 
masonry  also  to  be  relaid  in  part  and  the  rest  pointed  up  as  well  as 
those  on  the  three-mile  level  and  at  Brockport. 

Bridges. 

* 

There  are  217  bridges  on  this  division  which  belong  to  the  State 
over  the  Erie  canal  and  slips  in  Buffalo.  Of  these,  206  are  of  single 
span,  one  has  two  spans,  four  have  three  spans,  three  are  swing 
bridges  and  two  are  wooden  draw  bridges  over  slips. 

There  are  three  lift  bridges  owned  by  the  city  ot  Rochester,  viz. : 
Allen,  Brown  and  Lyell  streets. 

There  are  also  three  wooden  truss  bridges  over  the  State  ditches  in 
Tonawanda  village  and  five  of  iron  in  or  near  the  same  village,  one 
iron  road  bridge  over  the  Oak  Orchard  creek  feeder  and  one  iron  road 
bridge  over  the  old  canal  at  Knappville. 

There  are  also  fifty-two  small  bridges  spanning  the  State  ditches  in 
Niagara  and  Erie  counties. 

The  following  bridges  have  been  renewed  entirely  of  wood  during 
the  present  year  :  Nos.  7  and  168,  the  latter  of  three  spans  situate 
at  Sulphur  Spring  guard  lock. 

Nearly  all  the  bridges  on  the  division  have  had  repairs  made  on 
them,  notably  :  60,  72,  76,  103,  108,  119,  and  nearly  all  the  bridges 

in  the  cities  of  Buffalo  and  Rochester  have  been  planked  over  anew. 

At  the  following  places  old  wooden  bridges  have  been  replaced  by 
ron  ones: 

i  No.  27,  Peakes,  one  mile  west  of  Newark,  by  one  from  Horselieads 
on  the  Chemung  canal,  lengthened  by  the  insertion  of  two  panels. 

No.  170,  across  the  old  canal  at  Pendleton,  with  one  fitted  over  from 
one  of  the  spans  of  the  Ischua  aqueduct  on  the  Genesee  Valley  canal. 

No.  112,  at  county  line  between  Orleans  and  Niagara,  by  one  com¬ 
posed  of  one  truss  from  Lyell  street,  Rochester,  supplemented  by  a 
new  one. 

The  following  wooden  bridges  will  Rave  to  be  rebuilt  during  the 
coming  fiscal  year  :  Nos.  28,  51,  91,  132,  134,  151,  142,  149  of  one 
span  and  173  of  two  spans ;  44,  45  and  57  which  have  lower  chords 
of  iron  will  require  rewooding.  No.  100  will  be  replaced  with  an  iron 
one  now  in  the  State  yard  at  Rochester. 

Plans  for  an  iron  bridge  to  take  the  place  of  a  temporary  wooden 
one  at  Louisiana  street,  in  the  city  of  Buffalo,  over  the  Hamburg 
canal,  have  been  prepared. 

Plans  are  being  made  for  an  iron  tow-path  bridge  over  the  mouth 
of  the  Scajaquada  creek,  in  Buffalo,  to  be  erected  before  the  opening 
of  navigation  next  spring. 

An  iron  bridge  is  to  be  erected  at  Prospect  street,  Medina,  by  special 
enactment  by  the  Legislature ;  it  will  have  a  span  of  100  feet ;  plans 
for  which  have  been  prepared. 

Repairs  are  needed  to  the  trusses  of  the  iron  bridges  Nos.  18  and 
30,  and  to  the  following  wooden  bridges  :  Nos.  5,  15,  33,  and  to  No. 
163,  Main  street,  Loekport,  a  large  wooden  structure  now  much  de¬ 
cayed. 


123 


No.  38.] 

The  iron  bridge  at  Hamilton  street,  Buffalo,  No.  190,  is  too  low  ;  as 
it  is  frequently  struck  by  light  boats,  it  should  be  raised  fifteen  inches. 

The  swing  bridge  over  the  slip  to  the  Ohio  basin  in  Buffalo  is  very 
much  out  of  order ;  it  requires  considerable  work  on  both  masonry 
and  turntable,  as  well  as  the  superstructure  itself. 

A  much  decayed  wooden  bridge  over  the  Stats  ditch  at  North  Tona- 
wanda  should  be  replaced  by  a  rubble  stone  arch,  the  cost  of  which  I 
estimate  at  $2,100,  after  which  no  further  expense  would  have  to  be 
incurred  for  repairs. 


Masonry  of  Bridges. 

The  stone  for  new  abutments  are  on  the  ground  to  take  the  place  of 
bents,  which  are  much  decayed  at  bridge  No.  45,  in  the  village  of 
Fairport ;  estimated,  $400. 

New  abutments  will  have  to  be  constructed  for  the  road  bridge  over 
the  Tonawanda  creek  at  Pickards,  No.  174;  estimated,  $900. 

New  abutments  must  also  be  built  for  the  new  tow-path  bridge  over 
the  Scajaquada  creek,  Buffalo  ;  estimated  $800. 

Repairs  to  Masonry. 

I  beg  leave  to  report  what  I  have  mentioned  in  my  former  reports 
in  relation  to  the  unfinished  condition  of  the  berme  abutment  of  the 
Culver  road  bridge  No.  62,  in  the  city  of  Rochester,  in  which  the 
wings  are  entirely  wanting.  The  embankment  is  quite  narrow  in 
consequence  and  dangerous  ;  estimated  cost  $450. 

Nearly  all  the  abutments  on  the  division  require  repairs,  the  whole 
of  which  I  estimate  at  $5,500. 

Piles  should  also  be  driven  to  protect  some  of  them  from  being 
damaged  by  boats  under  the  action  of  heavy  winds. 

Culverts. 

There  are  136  culverts  of  various  kinds  on  the  division. 

No.  2,  near  Pitt  lock,  has  a  wooden  trunk  which  has  been  allowed 
to  become  dry  ;  it  has  decayed  in  part ;  it  is  to  be  repaired  before  the 
opening  of  navigation  next  spring. 

No.  36,  on  the  three  mile  level,  is  of  the  same  character ;  it  is  much 
decayed ;  it  should  be  replaced  by  stone  masonry  or  iron  pipes,  which 
would  be  preferable,  as  the  foundation  is  in  quicksand  ;  estimated  cost 
of  pipes,  $4,700. 

The  culvert  leading  from  the  back  ditch  to  the  canal  on  the  moun¬ 
tain  ridge  west  of  Lockport  at  Murphy’s  farm,  has  given  way ;  it 
should  be  repaired  at  once  ;  estimated  cost,  $750. 

A  small  culvert  under  the  Genesee  river  feeder  in  Rochester  has 
given  way  ;  it  should  be  replaced  by  a  wooden  trunk  ;  estimated  cost, 
$350. 

The  masonry  of  all  the  culverts  on  the  division  require  more  or  less 
repairs;  in  many  the  wing. walls  and  parapets  have  been  entirely 
thrown  down  by  the  frost;  they  should  be  replaced,  and  should  have 
broken  or  field  stone  placed  behind  them  as  a  protection  from  the 
action  of  the  frost  in  the  future.  Estimated  cost  of  all  such  repairs, 
$6,000. 


124 


i 


[Assembly 


Stop-gates. 

There  are  six  stop-gates  on  this  division,  viz. :  at  Bushnells  basin 
and  Cartersville,  on  each  side  of  the  heavy  embankments  of  the 
Irondequoit ;  one  at  Adams  basin,  two  near  Holley,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  heavy  embankment  at  that  place,  and  one  near  Medina. 

The  following  repairs  were  made  last  spring  :  The  wood  work  of 
those  at  Medina,  East  and  West  Holley  were  rebuilt,  and  the  masonry 
and  wooden  piers  repaired.  The  wood  work  of  that  at  Adams  basin 
requires  to  be  renewed  and  the  masonry  laid  over  with  additional  stone 
work  ;  estimated  cost,  $300. 

« 

.  Vertical  Wall. 

The  vertical  walls  on  this  division  are  very  much  out  of  order, 
especially  in  Buffalo,  Rochester  and  Albion.  The  elements  during 
the  time  which  has  elapsed  since  they  were  built,  and  the  imperfect 
manner  in  which  they  were  constructed,  have  had  the  effect  which  may 
he  expected  on  such  structures.  When  they  are  repaired  they  should 
be  taken  down  entirely,  fresh  stone  of  a  better  quality  than  those 
originally  used  added,  and  such  alignment  made  use  of  that  when  in 
course  of  time  all  have  been  rebuilt  they  will  present  a  uniform  and 
proper  appearance. 

Last  spring  about  150  feet  of  slope  wall  was  taken  down  at  the  bend 
just  east  of  the  Lyons  lock,  and  vertical  wall  of  excellent  quality  sub¬ 
stituted  therefor,  an  improvement  which  has  long  been  needed;  about 
250  feet  more  will  be  laid  over  next  spring,  the  stone  being  on  the 
ground  therefor. 

About  fifty  feet  on  each  end  of  the  Palmyra  aqueduct  on  the  berme 
side  of  the  canal  should  have  a  twisted  wall  from  vertical  to  slope, 
constructed  of  good  flat  bedded  stones  to  insure  the  same  against 
future  breaks. 

A  piece  of  vertical  wall  on  Commercial  slip  has  fallen  into  the  canal; 
it  should  be  rebuilt  with  heavy  stone  and  should  have  a  good  pile  foun¬ 
dation  with  sheet-piling  behind  it  as  is  usual  in  the  locality. 

Slope  Walls. 

The  slope  walls  on  the  long  level  between  Rochester  and  Lockport 
are  very  much  out  of  shape  by  the  action  of  frost  on  the  peculiar  soil, 
a  mixture  of  clay  and  quicksand,  through  which  the  canal  passes. 

Sheet  Piling. 

The  sheet  piling  on  the  heavy  embankment  over  the  Irondequoit 
was  very  much  decayed ;  the  greater  part  of  it  above  canal  bottom 
was  replaced  by  new  plank  last  spring,  it  is  proposed  to  replace  the 
rest  next  spring. 


Canal  Banks. 

In  several  places  on  this  division  weak  places  occur  from  various 
causes,  and  low  places  occasioned  in  some  instances  by  the  settlement 
of  the  banks  exist.  These  should  be  strengthened  and  raised,  notably 
the  Montezuma  level,  where  the  raising  the  banks  would  serve  two 


125 


No.  38.] 

purposes,  the  saving  of  the  expense  of  bottoming  out  and  giving  more 
space  between  the  bottom  of  the  boats  and  the  bottom  of  the  aque¬ 
ducts  and  the  mitre  sill  of  the  Port  Byron  lock. 

Towing  Path. 

Considerable  improvement  has  been  made  this  year  in  the  state  of 
the  towing  path,  especially  on  Tonawanda  creek  where  it  has  been 
faced  with  stone  for  several  miles,  the  stone  having  been  purchased 
from  the  contractor  on  the  Buffalo  sewer  which  lay  near  the  canal 
and  came  in  very  usefully  for  this  purpose. 

Prism  of  the  Canal. 

The  usual  amount  of  work  was  done  last  spring  in  removing  matter 
of  various  kinds  from  the  canal  bed ;  on  section  eight  much  more  was 
performed.  As  I  have  hitherto  mentioned,  this  does  not  keep  pace 
with  the  accumulation,  and  other  means  must  be  resorted  to.  • 

The  harbor,  canal,  basin  and  slips  in  the  city  of  Buffalo  require  also 
constant  dredging,  as  well  as  that  portion  of  the  canal  between  Black 
Rock  and  the  Sulphur  Spring  guard  lock,  a  distance  of  2 o  miles. 

About  two  years  ago  I  had  soundings  taken  and  a  map  made  snow- 
ins:  the  amount  of  dredging  then  required  to  restore  the  canal,  harbor, 
basins,  etc.,  in  the  city  of  Buffalo ;  it  amounted  to  185,000  cubic  yards 
This  has  arisen  in  a  great  measure  from  two  causes  —  one  the  constant 
emptying  of  all  the  sewage  matter  of  the  city  of  Buffalo  into  the  canal, 
which,  floating  down,  tends  to  All  up  not  only  the  canal  and  harbor  in 
Buffalo,  but  extends  to  the  canal  itself  to  a  distance  far  below  Lock- 
port.  Another  cause  is  the  dumping  of  the  material  dredged  from 
the  harbor  and  slips,  etc.,  in  the  city  of  Buffalo  so  far  to  the  south- 
ward  that  the  westerly  gales  drive  it  inside  the  Black  Rock  or  Bird 
Island  pier.  I  think  that  action  should  be  taken  on  the  subject  of  a 
proper  dumping  ground  that  would  not  interfere  with  the  keeping  the 
canal  and  harbor  clear  of  this  deposit. 

Bird  Island  Pier. 

Three  pieces  of  the  extension  of  this  pier  were  carried  away  last  fall 
by  heavy  storms;  it  was  thoroughly  repaired  this  summer.  That 
portion  has  been  filled  in  front  with  heavy  stone  to  act  as  a  protection 
to  the  crib  work. 

Erie  Brealcwater. 

No  work  of  any  consequence  has  been  done  on  this  pier  this  year  ; 
it  is  in  fair  condition.  Like  all  this  kind  of  structures  a  good  deal  of 
labor  could  be  laid  out  on  it  to  advantage. 

Navigation  of  1884. 

A  break  occurred  on  the  morning  of  June  25th  just  east  of  the 
Palmyra  aqueduct,  which  carried  away  the  berme  bank  for  some  dis¬ 
tance  from  that  structure  and  washed  out  the  bottom  of  the  canal  for 
about  300  feet.  A  boat  loaded  with  wheat  was  caught  in  the  break, 
one  end  resting  on  the  aqueduct;  it  was  removed  by  burning  it  up, 
and  the  break  repaired  and  navigation  was  fully  resumed  July  3d. 


126  [Assembly 

A  small  break  occurred  on  October  29th  on  the  Three-mile  level 
which  detained  navigation  only  a  few  hours,  however. 

With  these  exceptions,  although  quite  a  number  of  heavy  leaks  have 
occurred  and  been  stopped,  no  detention  of  navigation  has  occurred 
during  this  season’s  navigation  thus  far. 

Buffalo  Trunk  Sewer. 

The  commissioners  intrusted  with  this  work  have  made  good  pro¬ 
gress  therewith.  It  will  probably  be  completed  by  early  spring,  with 
the  exception  of  the  outlet  into  the  Niagara  river.  The  tunnel  under 
the  Canal  is  completed ;  the  contractors  are  now  at  work  on  that  por¬ 
tion  in  the  harbor  which  requires  a  coffer-dam,  and  which,  owing  to 
the  depth  of  water,  cannot  be  tunnelled,  after  completing  which  they 
will  connect  each  end  of  a  coffer-dam,  which  will  run  lengthwise  the 
harbor,  with  the  Bird  Island  pier  ;  remove  it  and  form  the  sewer  out¬ 
let  into  the  river,  when  they  will  replace  the  pier  as  to  alignment  with 
heavy  stone  work  instead  of  cribs  of  timber  filled  with  stone  as  at 
present. 

This  work  is  situate  at  Albany  street. 

To  make  the  work  complete,  the  dry-weather  flow  of  the  other  large 
sewer  of  Buffalo,  viz.,  that  which  now  empties  all  its  contents  into  the 
canal  at  Bird  avenue,  is  to  be  brought  along  the  rear  of  the  towing- 
path  in  a  four-feet  brick  sewer  to  the  same  tunnel  at  Albany  street, 
where,  mingling  with  the  main  trunk  sewer,  the  contents  of  each  will 
flow  into  the  Niagara  river. 

Although  but  little  more  than  the  dry-weather  flow  is  intended  to 
be  conveyed  by  these  sewers  into  the  river,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  they 
will  have  the  desired  effect  of  relieving  the  canal  from  the  inordinate 
amount  of  sewage  matter  which  now  flows  down  its  channel,  and 
settling,  forms  such  an  obstruction  to  navigation  in  itself  and  furnishes 
abed  for  the  growth  of  aquatic  plants,  which  still  further  interfere 
with  the  flow  of  the  water,  and  which,  even  as  far  down  as  Middle- 
port,  has  been  a  subject  of  complaint  on  account  of  its  stench. 

I  have  had  the  honor,  at  your  request,  of  taking  charge  of  the  drain¬ 
age  of  the  State  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  at  Buffalo ;  reflooring  the 
basements  and  laying  a  track  for  the  conveyance  of  the  food  to  the 
different  wards. 

It  has  been  let  and  the  work  is  now  in  progress. 

This  division  has  been  under  the  charge  of  Thos.  Evershed,  as 
division  engineer,  during  the  past  fiscal  year. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be 

Your  obedient  servant, 

THOS.  EVERSHED, 

Division  Engineer. 


127 


No.  38.] 


Statement  giving  names,  rank,  number  of  days  and  compensation 
of  engineers  upon  the  repairs  of  the  Western  Division  of  the  New  Y  ork 
State  canals,  with  incidental  expenses,  during  fiscal  year  ending  Sep¬ 
tember  30,  1884. 

[Act,  chap.  169,  Laws  of  1863.1 
Erie  Canal. 


Revairs  from  Oct.  1,  1883,  to  Sept.  30,  1884. 

Amount.  Total. 

Thos.  Evershed,  division  engineer,  ll-12ths  of  a 

year,  salary  $2,400 .  $2,200  00 

Thos.  Evershed,  division  engineer,  expenses. . .  _  453  63 

Jno.  Bisgood,  resident  engineer,  1-8  of  a  year, 

salary  2,000 .  250  00 

Jno.  Bisgood,  resident  engineer,  expenses .  8  03 

Jno.  Bisgood,  assistant  engineer,  250  days  at  $5 

per  day .  1,250  00 

Jno.  Bisgood,  assistant  engineer,  expenses .  143  14 

W.  N.  Radenhurst,  assistant  engineer,  40  days 

at  $5  per  day .  200  00 

W.  B.  Sackett,  leveler,  39  days  at  $4.50  per  day.  175  50 

W.  B.  Sackett,  leveler,  expenses .  19  44 

M.  W.  Wilbur,  rodman,  79  days  at  $3.50  per 

day .  276  50 

M.  W.  Wilbur,  rodman,  expenses .  10  48 

M.  W.  Wilbur,  chainman,  195  days  at  $2.50 

per  day .  487  50 

M.  W.  Wilbur,  chainman,  expenses .  104  50 

A.  Van  De  Mark,  chainman,  88  days  at  $2.50 

per  day .  220  00 

A.  Van  De  Mark,  chainman,  expense..  .  7  98 

-  $5,806  70  ’ 

Stationery .  $53  57 

Fire,  light  and  office  rent .  407  20 

Postage  and  telegraph . 64  06 

Miscellaneous .  21  92 

-  546  75 


Total .  $6,353  45 


The  following  amount  of  work  and  travel  has  been  done  by  the 
regular  engineering  force  on  this  division,  outside  of  their  regular 
duties,  on  ordinary  repairs  during  the  last  fiscal  year. 

Amount.  Total. 


T.  Evershed,  division  engineer,  l-12th  the  year, 

salary  $2,400  . . .  $200  00 

T.  Evershed,  division  engineer,  expenses .  33  93 

John  Bisgood,  assistant  engineer,  25  days  at  $5 

per  day .  125  00 

John  Bisgood,  assistant  engineer,  expenses....  26  42 


128 


[Assembly 


Amount.  Total. 

M.  W.  Wilbur,  chainman,  40  days  at  $2.50  per 


day .  $100  00 

M.  W.  Wilbur,  chainman,  expenses .  36  07 

Total .  $521  42 


Report  on  the  work  done  pursuant  to  a  concurrent  resolution  of  the 
Legislature  relative  to  the  establishment  of  bench  marks  to  fix  and 
determine  the  level  on  Cayuga  and  Cross  lakes. 

The  resolution  is  as  follows  : 

Whereas,  Several  embankments  have  been  made  across  the  outlet 
of  Cayuga  lake  and  the  channel  of  Seneca  river,  by  the  State,  railroad 
companies,  and  public  and  incorporated  bridge  companies  ;  and 

Whereas,  There  are  no  established  levels  or  marks  to  determine 
the  effect  from  year  to  year  of  these  works  upon  the  relative  water 
level  of  Cayuga  lake  and  its  outlet^ 

Resolved  (if  the  Assembly  concur),  That  the  State  Engineer  be  and 
he  is  hereby  directed  to  run  a  line  of  continuous  levels  from  Cayuga 
lake  to  Cross  lake,  establishing  bench  marks  at  high  water-mark  along 
the  line  of  said  levels  as  follows  : 

Bench-mark  No.  1  to  be  established  at  high-water  mark  on  the 
lower  mitre-sill  of  the  lock  at  the  entrance  to  the  Cayuga  branch  of 
the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  canals  which  show  the  level  of  the  Cayuga 
lake.  ' 

Bench-mark  No.  2  shall  be  established  at  high-water  mark  on  the 
lower  mitre-sill  of  what  is  known  as  mud  lock  at  junction  of  the 
Seneca  branch,  with  the  Cayuga  branch  of  said  canals. 

Bench-mark  No.  3  shall  be  established  at  high-water  mark  on  the 
central  pier  of  the  Erie  canal  aqueduct  at  the  crossing  of  the  Seneca 
river. 

Bench-mark  No.  4  shall  be  established  at  high-water  mark  at  the 
central  pier  of  the  crossing  of  the  New  York,  West  Shore  and  Buffalo 
railroad. 

Bench-mark  No.  5  shall  be  established  at  high-water  mark  on  the 
central  pier  of  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  railroad 
companies’  crossing. 

Bench-mark  No.  6  shall  be  established  at  high-water  mark  at  the 
cut  through  Musquito  point  bar. 

Bench-mark  No.  7  shall  be  established  at  high-water  mark  at  the 
water  level  of  Cross  lake  at  a  suitable  place  in  the  discretion  of  the 
engineer  in  charge. 

All  of  the  above  bench-marks  shall  be  established  at  high-water 
mark  and  marked  on  the  map  of  the  outlet  of  the  Cayuga  lake;  and 
in  the  channel  of  Seneca  river  so  that  they  may  be  easily  found  and 
noted  by  an  expert  in  engineering.  Said  map  is  now  on  file  in  the 
office  of  the  State  Engineer. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Engineer,  three  times  in  each  year, 
namely  during  the  first  ten  days  of  each  March,  August  and  Decem¬ 
ber,  to  detail  an  engineer  to  examine  and  report  to  his  office  the  rela¬ 
tive  condition  of  the  water-level  as  compared  with  the  above  established 
benches. 


No.  38.] 


129 


Also  to  report  upon  the  actual  depth  of  water  at  the  point  where 

these  bench-marks  are  established.  ,  -r,  • 

Also  to  take  the  actual  water-level  at  the  point  each  side  of  the  hi  it 
canal  embankment  where  the  old  channel  of. the  Canandaigua  or  Clyde 
river  is  crossed  by  said  embankment.  The  result  ot  the  above  le\  e  s 
and  measurements  shall  be  published  annually  in  the  report  of  the 
State  Engineer  to  the  Legislature,  and  m  the  event  that  the  depart¬ 
ment  of  the  State  Engineer  shall  be  abolished  or  absorbed  by  any 
other  department,  the  duties  above  detailed  shall  be  performed  by  toe 
department  succeeding  to  that  of  the  State  Engined. 

The  work  of  carrying  out  these  requirements  of  the  Legislature  was 
intrusted  to  Denison  Richmond,  division  engineer  of  the  middle  di¬ 
vision  of  the  State  canals,  who  makes  the  following  report: 

The  foregoing  resolution  requires  the  bench  marks  to  oe  established 
at  high-water  mark,  and  at  the  same  time,  in  most  cases  designates 
the  particular  places  where  they  shall  be  made.  To  fulfill  these 
quirements  literally  was  found  to  be  impossible,  but  the  benches  as 
now  established  will  furnish  all  the  data  required  by  the  resolutions. 
The  values  given  at  these  benches  refer  to  the  base  or  datum  line 
established  by  Hon.  George  Geddes  in  1851.  This  course  was  adopted, 
as  testimony  given  by  canal  engineers  since  that  time  before  the  Lodid 
of  Appraisers,  was  based  on  the  values  of  benches  derived  from  said 
base.  While  all  future  records  and  water  profiles  can  hereafter  on 
this  basis,  be  more  readily  connected  and  compared  with  those  on  hie, 
the  datum  line  referred  to  was  made  feet  above  the  surface  of 

Cayuga  lake,  as  found  October  1,  1851,  and  at  that  time  established 
by  three  benches  cut  in  the  face  of  the  rock  at  Cayuga.  In  State 
Engineer’s  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1803,  page 


These  benches,  owing  to  the  disintegration  of  the  rock,  are  now 
obliterated:  but  in  1862,  other  benches  along  the  river  were  estab¬ 
lished  from  these  by  Howard  Soule,  Jr.,  and  were  used  in  connection 
with  the  present  line  of  continuous  levels.  The  bench  on  the  Monte¬ 
zuma  aqueduct  was  in  the  best  state  of  preservation  and  the  most 
permanent,  being  in  a  position  least  liable  to  disturbance  by  frost  or 
accident.  This  was  therefore  made  the  connecting  bench,  although 
the  variations  at  some  of  the  other  benches  were  so  slight  as  to  have 
made  no  practical  difference  which  was  selected.  Great  care  was  ob¬ 
served  in  running  the  original  line  of  levels ;  but  to  prove  the  work  a 
test  was  made,  the  result  of  which  was  most  satisfactory,  lhe  entne 
work,  including  test,  required  about  fifty  miles  of  careful  leveling,  and 
was  done  without  the  employment  of  extra  help.  It  involved  consid¬ 
erable  time  and  expense,  and  to  take  the  required  measurements  tlnee 
times  each  year  will  take  about  nine  days,  as  the  points  are  so  vide  y 
separated  and  difficult  to  reach. 

Following  is  a  description  of  the  benches  which  are  also  marked 
and  graphically  described  on  the  map  indicated  in  the  resolution.  1 
have  also  appended  a  table  showing  measurements  to  date  as  requiied, 
and  also  the  principal  data  bearing  upon  the  subject  compiled  fiom 
the  records  in  this  office  and  reduced  to  the  common  base  as  adopted. 
These  were  prepared  by  Mr.  D.  E.  Whitford,  who  was  in  charge  o^ 
the  work  done  under  the  appropriation  of  1872  and  1873,  and  is 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.]  17 


130 


[Assembly 


therefore  familiar  with  the  old  benches  and  the  records  of  high  and 
low  water  for  the  past  ten  years. 

Bench  marks  established  in  1884  between  Cayuga  and  Cross  Jakes 
in  accordance  with  a  concurrent  resolution  of  the  Legislature. 

These  bench  marks  refer  to  the  datum  line  established  by  Hon. 
George  Geddes  in  1851. 


Value. 


No.  1. 
— 0  008 


Location  sketch. 


Description. 


On  coping  between  the 
anchor  irons,  six  and  one- 
half  inches  from  the  T. 
P.  or  west  lower  hollow 
quoin,  Cayuga  lock. 


No.  2. 
-0-234 

\ 


On  coping  between  the 
anchor  irons,  23  inches 
from  the  berme  or  south 
lower  hollow  quoin,  East 
Mud  lock. 


No.  38.] 


131 


Value. 


Location  sketch. 


Description. 


£0£  */£yv'r 
\&B/v7.  [ 

^r/O/Y. 

t 

<8 


Vi 

I 


On  coping  of  parapet 
wall,  N.  E.  corner  of  pro¬ 
jection,  over  15tli  pier 
from  east  end,  Seneca 
river  aqueduct. 


No.  4. 
—4.799 


* 


S.  E.  corner,  coping, 
10th  pier  from  east  end, 
New  York,  West  Shore  & 
Buffalo  R.  R.  bridge. 


No.  5. 
—4.687 


S.  W.  corner,  coping, 
49th  pier  from  east  end, 
south  track,  New  York 
Central  &  Hudson  R.  R. 
bridge. 


> 


Value. 


No.  6. 

—0.336 


132 


[Assembly 


Location  sketch. 


I 


Description. 


Centre  of  gray  lime¬ 
stone  monument,  E.  side 
of  highway,  54^  feet 
northerly  from  northeast 
corner,  and  in  line  with 
E.  side  of  Mosquito  Point 
bridge. 


West  corner  of  stone, 
supporting  south  end  of 
west  truss,  of  a  foot 
from  side,  and  2TV  feet 
from  end  of  truss  casting, 
iron  road  bridge,  one  mile 
west  of  Cross  lake. 


No.  7. 
—  6.059 


Water  record  of  Cayuga  and  Cross  lakes  and  Seneca  river ,  as  per 

concurrent  resolution ,  1884. 


[Water  surface  given  below  datum  line.] 


Bench 

mark. 

No. 

Miles 

August  5th,  6th 
and  7th. 

December  2d,  3d, 
and  4th. 

LOCATION. 

from 

Cay¬ 

uga. 

W  ater. 

Water. 

• 

REMARKS. 

Surface. 

Depth. 

Surface. 

Depth. 

Cayuga  lake . 

1 

.... 

—8.59 

10.49 

—10.11 

8.97 

Depth  on  lower 
mitre-sill. 

Mud  lock . 

2 

IX 

8.80 

10.42 

10.22 

9.00 

Depth  on  lower 
mitre-sill. 

Erie  canal  aqueduct. 

Canandaigua  river, 
south  of  Erie  canal. 
Canandaigua  river, 
north  of  Erie  canal. 
N.  Y.,  W.  S.  &  B.  R. 

3 

6X 

11.42 

7.03 

12.98 

5.47 

Depth  on  aque’t 
foundation. 

•  •  •  • 

6X 

11.20 

5.60 

12.86 

4.00 

Depth  of  river. 

%  •  •  V 

\ 

6X 

11.58 

5.40 

13.01 

4.00 

Depth  of  river. 

R.  crossing . 

N.  Y.  C.  &  H.  R.  R. 

4 

9 

11.85 

3.75 

7.80 

13.20 

2.40 

6.50 

Depth  on  natu’l 
bed  of  river. 
Depth  in  chan¬ 
nel  dredged. 

R.  crossing . 

5 

10 

12.41 

4.80 

14.19 

3.00 

Depth  on  bridge 
foundation. 

Mosquito  Point . 

6 

15* 

15.92 

0.10 

7.20 

16.81 

Bed  dry. 

6.30 

Depth  on  natu’l 
bed  of  river. 
Depth  in  chan¬ 
nel  dredged. 

Cross  lake . 

7 

25 

17.32 

19.20 

17.55 

19.00 

Depth  at  iron 
bridge. 

Water  record  of  Cayuga  and  Seneca  lakes  and  Seneca  river ,  com¬ 
piled  from  records  in  Division  Engineer's  office  at  Syracuse , 
N.  Y.  ( December ,  1884.) 

[Water  surface  given  below  datum  line  established  by  Geddes  in  1851.] 


f 

LOCATION. 

Miles 

from 

Cayuga 

lock. 

October 
1,  1851. 

Cayuga  lake . 

—8.14 

8.31 

Mud  lock  at  T.  (  up-stream  side . 

P.  bridge _ -j 

( down-stream  side.  4 

Seneca  River  1  up-stream  side . 

aqueduct.. . .  •< 

(down-stream  side.. 
Canandaigua  river,  south  of  Erie 
canal . 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

IX 
■  ••••• 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

6X 

•  •  *  •  •  * 

6X 

6X 

10 

10.73 

Canandaigua  river,  north  of  Erie 
canal . 

N.  Y.  C.  &  H.  It.  R.  R.  crossing.... 

i  head  of  bar . 

11.80 

12.63 

Mosquito  Point.  -I  at  bridge . 

15* 

( foot  of  bar . 

13.12 

13.98 

Cross  lake . .’ . 

25 

August 
25  and 
26,  1862. 

Highest  water 
known. 

May  25, 
26  and 
27,  1875. 

March 
19,  1865. 

April 

10  and 
11,  1873. 

—7.03 

7.16 

—2.70 

3.28 

—2.71 

2.62 

2.79 

3.39 

—9.26 

3.78 

4f 

10.76 

11.58 

3.87 

3.53 

4.11 

0  9  9  0  0  0 

0  0  0  ■  0  0 

3.49 

3.20 

3.55 

*  *  3*81 
3.94 
4.08 
6,09 

•  •  •  •  • 

12.12 

14.20 

12.69 

14.61 

14.78 

17.95 

15.00 

16.93 

REPORT 


OF  ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT,  HUDSON  RIVER  IM¬ 
PROVEMENT,  1884. 

Albany,  Dec .  24,  1884. 
Hon.  E.  Sweet,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor : 

Sir.  —  I  would  respectfully  submit  the  following  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Hudson  River  Improvement  Engineering  Department  for 
the  current  year  : 

The  engineers  of  this  department  were  called  upon  very  early  the 
present  season  by  reason  of  a  large  shoal  formed  in  the  channel  of  the 
river  at  the  overslaugh  bar  which  demanded  immediate  attention, 
it  entirely  preventing  navigation  at  mean  low  water,  from  which  bar 
42,703.82  cubic  yards  of  material  was  removed  before  the  subsiding  of 
the  spring  freshets,  by  Messrs.  Myres,  Payne  and  Seward,  contractors, 
with  whom  contracts  were  entered  into  by  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Works.  After  the  completion  of  the  above  work,  a  general 
reconnaissance  of  the  channel  from  below  New  Baltimore  to  the  upper 
bridge  at  Troy,  by  actual  soundings  and  more  careful  surveys,  was 
made  of  the  following  bars  and  shoals,  viz.,  as  follows  : 

1st.  Below  New  Baltimore  near  the  mouth  of  Schodack  creek. 

2d.  Mulls  Light  shoal. 

3d.  Final  at  Bogart  Light  or  Overslaugh  Bar. 

4th.  Round  Shoals. 

5th.  Lower  end  of  the  Albany  Pier. 

6th.  Bath. 

7th.  Fish  House  Shoal. 

8th.  Hotaling’s  Ice  House. 

9th.  The  cross  over  between  Cuyler  and  Overslaugh  Bars. 

10th.  Middle  railroad  bridge  at  Albany. 

11th.  Esopus  creek  at  Saugerties. 

12th.  Van  Buren  bar  at  Steel  Works,  Troy. 

13th.  Troy. 

14th.  Final  at  Fish  House  shoal. 

15th.  Final  at  Round  shoals. 

16th.  Final  at  Esopus  creek  at  Saugerties. 

Also  tidal  experiments  made  at  Albany  to  determine  the  action  of 
the  ebb  and  flood  tides  which  for  a  more  detailed  report  I  would  refer 
you  to  the  maps,  on  file  in  your  office,  from  the  results  of  these  surveys. 
The  following  contracts  were  entered  into  by  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Works,  viz. :  Dredging  the  channel  at  Fish  House  shoal  with 
P.  W.  Myres,  contractor  for  10,000  cubic  yards,  more  or  less  (esti¬ 
mated),  at  fifteen  cents  per  cubic  yard,  from  which  13,993.91  cubic 
yards  of  material  was  removed ;  Round  shoals  with  P.  W.  Myres,  con- 


136 


[Assembly 


tractor  for  28,000  cubic  yards,  more  or  less  (estimated),  at  seventeen 
cents  per  cubic  yard,  from  which  30,068.40  cubic  yards  of  material 
was  removed.  Also  forEsopus  creek  atSaugerties  with  E.  R.  Seward, 
contractor,  25,000  cubic  yards,  more  or  less  (estimated),  at  eight  and 
three-fourth  cents  per  cubic  yard,  from  which  29,131  cubic  yards  of 
material  was  removed.  Considerable  work  was  also  done  by  State 
Dredge  No.  2,  on  the  Overslaugh  at  the  end  of  the  Albany  Pier,  at 
Troy,  and  in  taking  out  a  sunken  boat  at  nine  mile  tree,  in  all  about 
thirty-seven  days,  which  work  was  not  of  sufficient  magnitude  to 
warrant  the  letting  of  contract  for,  and  which  was  paid  for  by  the 
number  of  hours’ service  actually  performed.  I  would  respecfully  call 
your  attention  to  the  extremely  low  prices  for  which  all  the  contracts 
were  taken  the  past  year,  and  though  the  Hudson  River  Improvement 
Fund  shows  a  balance  of  $8,524.97  that  if  taken  in  comparison  with 
prices  for  which  the  same  class  of  work  has  been  done  in  former  years, 
would  show  a  deficit,  and  as  the  several  bars  or  shoals  of  the  Hudson 
river  accumulate  steadily  and  require  constant  attention  to  preserve 
navigation,  it  would  be  unwise  to  recommend  a  decreased  appropria¬ 
tion  for  its  improvement.  I  would  also  submit  to  you  the  engineer¬ 
ing  expenses  for  the  past  season  amounting  to  $3,484.32  which  for 
detail,  I  would  refer  you  to  the  accompanying  statement. 

Yours  respectfullv, 

CHAS.  Gr.  WITBECK, 

Asst.  Engineer  in  charge  of  the 
Hudson  River  Improvement. 


No.  38. J 


13? 


-H 

c/d 

oo 


5s 

s 

<52 

CO 

5> 

O 

5s. 

<sj~ 

— 

§s 

<52 

•g 


o 

Cc 

<52 


>c> 

c^ 

O'* 

s$ 

Ss 

« 

§< 

C) 

8 

•<s> 

5s 

<5> 

co 

8 

'■Si 

<si 

<52 


i<0 

«C 

■si 

8 

<52 

8 

oo 

5s 

S 

i«C) 

50 

•  OO 

o 

*K> 

5s 

O 

5- 


P 

O 

H 


m 


«w  • 

©  2  "S 

tw  8  o 
to  m  22 


o  fl 
„  0) 
TJ1  C+ 

a?  5 

bti-S 

cs  £ 

£-2 


u 

o 

X2 

P 

h-3 


0) 

s*-> 

P 

f*< 


m 
o  *> 


o 

e 

o 


«J 

a 

a> 

a 

<o 


09 

a? 

c« 

p 

c3 

P 

__ 

P-< 

a; 

X 

> 

0) 

p 

"S 

H 

+-> 

o 

P3 

t» 

&4 

Si 

o 

o 

5W 

o 

>1 

SH 

c3 

’oS 

rJl 


SI 

H 

O 


W  05  -H  t- 
OO  H  CO  ^ 


GO  lO  O  00 


O  WWOOlOO  i>*?> 
C/DOOOO?>-OCO?> 
»c  ^  ‘O  'O  CO  ^  w  w 
40 


CO  05  O  O  O  O  O  •  o 

CO  CD  O  O  O  O  O  •  O 

CO  OD  CO  CO  N  ^  •  02 

40  02  T— I  i— I  02  rH 


O  O  O  O  O  O  •  50 
O  O  O  O  O  O  *02 

H^OCOOO  *00 
CO  W  ^  rl  W  • 

00 


o 

o 

o 

tH 

4© 


o 

o 

05 

02 


00  CO  ^  02  02  CO 

05  CO  02  CO  T— I 
4©=  ’"“I  1—H 


go  e-  co 
GOHIO 

05  O  CO 

o>  02 

m 


C5 


•cH 

C'“ 

2> 

rH 

* 


o  ^  co  *o  C?  GO  1C 
o  J>-  CO1  22-  ^  ^ 

^  02  02  *0>  ?>  02  02 
4/S=  ^  O  O)  H 


ooooooooo 

lOOOOOOOiOiO 

CO  H  35  lO  lO  CO  H  t- C5 
lO  >0  ^  'O  CO  >C  CO  05 
HCOCO'^COCOCOOiH 

40 


c3 


<X> 


CD 

i_.  05  -g 

►»  bo-^  2 


m 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  38.] 


<1  ^  -3  1-5  <1  C/2  O 

18 


02 

CO 

CO 

'CH 

•N 

CO 

4© 


ai 

o  ><o 

»  •  • 

•  O 

9  • 

O  cv 

•  •  • 

•  o 

•  • 

r~< 

•  •  • 

• 

•  »o 

•  • 

bfi 

uo  CO 

•  •  • 

•  • 

•  •  • 

• 

•  • 

H 

•  •  • 

* 

•  • 

»<o 

02 

CO 

go 

40 


02  02 

02 

S  3 

02  <D 

>  o 

O  0) 

£p 


02 

CO 

CO 

05 

4© 


>o 

?> 

CO 

GO 

T— I 

4© 


o 

o 

05 

CO 


»o 

GO 

CO 


05 

04 

05 

i- 

4# 


.  05 

CO 

.  CO 

CO 

•  o 

GO 

•  o* 

CO 

t—H 

40 

o 

1(0 

»<o 

GO 

C- 

•N 

Oi 

4© 


c3 

-M 

o 


<M 

00 

CO 


hC 

a 


Sh 

Ph 


/ 


LEBANON 


UTLAND 


[CLAREMi 


(ALL 


^ALPOLE 


'SWAN  SI 


LOWELL' 


NORTHFIELD 


DEDHAM 


PALMER 
IIELD  , 


iSPRIN 


PROVIDENCE 


/WON 


HARTFORD 


RdOtJVTNI 


NEWP 


NEW 


IEW  HAVEN 


. 


J  ittf 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  39. 


N  ASSEMBLY. 


January  26,  1885. 


ANNUAL  REPORT 

C  Ij?  the  inebriate  home  for  kings  county. 

Honorable  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Hew  York  : 

ccordance  with  the  provisions  of  our  charter  (chapter  483,  sec- 
il  of  the  laws  of  1868),  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  Annual 
’t  of  the  Inebriate  Home  for  Kings  county,  for  the  year  ending 

ire6 were  remaining  in  the  home  January  1,  1884,  127  patients; 
were  admitted  344;  making  a  total  of  471.  ... 

the  31st  of  December,  1884,  there  were  134  patients  remaining 
institution,  viz.,  53  boarders  and  81  indigent  poor 
ing  the  year  4  patients  have  died  in  the  nome;  2  were  traps- 
to  hospitals  and  3  to  the  lunatic  asylum ;  328  left  during  the 
139  of  these  are  engaged  in  business  and  doing  well;  49  unim- 
1;  78  have  been  lost  sight  of ;  55  were  re-admissioos ;  7  have  died 
leaving  the  institution.  .  f  ,, 

)  following  table  s 
884. 


*ry*  • 

rnry 

h... 


Assem.  Doc.  No.  39.  J 


1 

.T  n  1  \7  . 

.  172 

1  Pil 

°  ulJ . 

A  n  rrn  at.  . 

.  164 

Spntember . 

.  165 

1  fiO 

Ootober. . 

.  155 

..  158 

November . 

.  151 

..  166 

December . 

.  146 

1 


2 


[Assembly 


Sociak  Condition. 
Male. 

Married . 

Widower . 

Single . 


Females. 

Married . 

Widows . 

Single . 

j 

i 

t.  v  Grand  total . 


213 

23 

175 


50 

11 

2 


471 


Nativity. 

United  States .  329  Scotland .  9 

Ireland .  89  Germany .  13 

France .  1  Elsewhere .  3 

British  Provinces .  9  - 

England .  18  Total .  471 


Occupation  of  Males. 


Accountant .  1 

Actor .  1 

Agents,  commission .  2 

Agents,  insurance .  2 

Agents,  real  estate .  2 

Architect .  1 

Artists .  4 

Bakers .  2 

Bartenders .  5 

Blacksmiths .  3 

Book-keepers .  ...  8 

Bookbinders .  3 

Book  publisher .  1 

Brasss  worker .  1 

Bricklayer .  2 

Brokers .  7 

Builders . « .  3 

Butchers .  6 

Carpenters,  house .  10 

Carpenters,  ship .  2 

Cartmen .  4 

Chemist .  1 

Clerks .  60 

Coachmen .  2 

Conductors .  2 

Contractors .  2 

Cooks . . . 4 

Coopers .  2 


Cotton  buyer .  1 

Dock-builders .  2 

Druggists .  5 

Engineers .  5 

Engineers,  Civil .  5 

Engravers .  2 

Farmers .  3 

Firemen .  3 

Gardener .  1 

Gilder .  1 

Glass  worker .  1 

Grocers .  5 

Hatters .  2 

Hotel-keepers .  3 

Ice  cream  dealers .  1 

Icemen .  2 

Inspectors .  2 

Janitors .  3 

Jewellers .  2 

Journalists .  4 

Label  cutter .  1 

Laborers .  17 

Lather .  1 

Lawyers .  16 

Liquor  dealers  . .  4 

Longshoreman .  1 

Machinists . . 

Manufacturers .  2 


No.  39.] 


3 


Occupation-  of  Males —  Continued. 


Marble  polisher. . . . 

Marketmen . . . 

Mason . 

Merchants . 

Milkman . 

Musician . 

Naval  officer . 

No  occupation . 

Painter  . . 

Paper  dealer . 

Paper  rulers . 

Paper  stainer . 

Photographers . 

Physicians . . 

Pilot . 

Plasterers . 

Plumbers . 

Porter . 

Pressman . 

Printers . 

Purser . 

Railroad  employees 
Reporters . 


1  Roofers . 

2  Sailor . 

1  Salesmen . 

26  Shade  painter. .  . . 

1  Shoemakers . 

1  Showman . 

1  Stevedore . 

23  Stone  cutters . 

12  Student,  denistry. . 

1  Student,  law . 

1  Students,  medical  v 

1  Surveyors . 

5  Tailors . 

8  Teachers . 

1  Teamsters . 

7  Tinsmiths . 

5  Tow  boy . 

1  Undertaker . 

1  Warehousemen. . . . 
7  Watchcase-makers. 
1 

2  Total . 

2 


Occupation 

Domestic .  12 

Housekeepers .  13 

No  occupation .  35 

Opera  singer .  1 


of  Females. 

Shoe  fitter. . . . 
Shoe  operator. 

Total 


1 

3 

12 

1 

5 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 

3 
2 

6 
2 

4 

5 
1 
1 
2 
2 


408 


1 

1 


63 


Approximation  of  Ages. 


Under  20  years .  ^ 

From  20  to  30  years . .  87 

From  30  to  40  years .  166 

From  40  to  50  years .  Ill 


From  50  to  60  years .  64 

From  60  to  70  years .  11 

Total . .  471 


The  oldest  patient  was  seventy  years;  and  the  youngest  patient  was 
19  years. 

By  a  comparison  of  the  statistics  of  this  year  with  those  of  1883,  it 
appears  that  there  were  a  less  number  under  treatment,  but  the  aver¬ 
age  time  of  stay  was  somewhat  lengthened.  The  number  of  re-ad  mis¬ 
sions  was  considerably  lessened,  which  in  itself  is  a  great  gain,  as  the 
re-admissions  usually  consist  of  those  coming  and  remaining  but  a  short 
time,  simply  to  recuperate  and  with  no  intention  to  reform. 

To  such  a  class  but  little  permanent  good  can  be  done,  and  they  are 
very  objectionable  people  to  have  as  associates  for  others. 

With  the  present  capacity  of  the  building  the  longer  each  remain, 
the  less  the  number  that  can  be  accommodated,  as  the  institution  has 


4 


[Assembly,  No.  39.] 


been  filled  to  its  utmost  capacity  during  the  whole  year,  and  admission 
could  only  be  obtained  by  waiting  for  a  vacancy  to  occur. 

The  trustees  have  already  made  arrangements  to  enlarge  the  build¬ 
ing,  which  will  probably  be  completed  by  spriug,  thus  considerably 
increasing  the  capacity  of  the  institution  for  the  care  and  maintenance 
of  free  patients. 

The  usefulness  and  necessity  of  his  institution  is  thus  abundantly 
proven  —  its  reputation  is  now  world  wide,  and  it  draws  its  inmates 
from  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  also  from  Europe,  and  we 
believe  that  to-day  it  is  the  best  institution  of  its  kind  existing. 

The  necessity  for  such  hospitals  is  now  generally  acknowledged  and 
it  is  stated  by  the  best  authorities,  that  at  least  thirty-eig’ht  per  cent 
of  all  cases  of  inebriety  that  come  under  treatment  in  Inebriate 
Asylums  are  cured. 

Inebriate  hospitals  have  demonstrated  some  facts  at  least  which  can 
not  he  gainsaid,  many  intemperate  men  who  have  entered  them  vol¬ 
untary  and  conformed  to  their  teachings,  have  gone  forth  to  the  world 
stronger  and  better  than  before,  and  are  still  pursuing  sober  and  use¬ 
ful  lives,  in  at  least  the  proportion  as  stated.  One  man  out  of  three 
has  been  saved,  and  this  against  strong  adverse  circumstances  in  most 
cases. 

It  has  been  shown  also  that  there  are  not  a  few  cases  of  incurable 
inebriates,  which  may  remain  quietly  and  soberly  within  an  institution 
for  years  together,  and  thus  shield  themselves  from  risk  of  debauch 
and  their  families  from  annoyance  and  danger. 

It  has  also  been  proven  that  inebriate  asylums  are  a  constant  rebuke 
and  warning  to  the  people  on  the  subject,  which  has  a  deterrent  influ¬ 
ence  in  favor  of  temperance. 

These  facts  taken  together  with  the  fact  that  inebriate  asvlums  and 
homes  record  about  a  third  of  their  cases  restored,  and  that  public 
sentiment  is  strengthening  every  day  in  favor  of  sobriety,  there  should 
be  no  discouragement  from  any  quarter,  nor  rivalry  between  different 
methods,  other  than  that  which  is  borne  of  high  purpose  and  earnest 
effort  to  accomplish  the  most  good  for  the  individual  and  the  general 
public. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

G.  G.  HERMAN, 

President. 

Fort  Hamilton-,  January  ,  1885. 

Annexed  is  the  report  of  the  treasurer  for  the  year  ending  Decem¬ 
ber  31,  1884. 


TREASURER’S  REPORT. 


The  following  is  the  Report  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Inebriate  Home 


Receipts. 

From  board  money . .  .  $34,680  15 

From  comptroller  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn .  39,907  50 

From  county  towns  per  excise  commissioners .  1,924  63 

From  rent .  40  00 


$76,552  28 


Disbursements. 

Maintenance. 

Paid  for  groceries  and  provisions .  $33,633  17 

Paid  for  coal,  wood,  astral  oil  and  gasoline .  4,876  51 

Paid  for  medicine,  surgical  instruments  and  attendance 

in  medical  department .  1,618  67 

Paid  for  clothing . 1,607  21 

Paid  for  expressage,  cartage,  farm,  etc .  1,994  01 

Paid  for  help  and  labor .  2,447  68 

Paid  for  advertising,  printing  and  stationery .  1,054  23 

Paid  for  newspapers  and  periodicals .  116  26 

Paid  for  incidental  expenses .  ...  226  46 

Paid  for  salaries  of  officers .  4,816  76 

Paid  for  rent  of  office .  480  00 

Paid  for  insurance .  389  17 


$53,260  13 

Buildings  and  Improvements. 

Paid  for  furnishing  furniture,  etc .  3,113  81 

Paid  for  building,  repairs  and  improvements .  8,957  30 

Balance  paid  on  account  of  indebtedness .  11,221  04 


$76,552  28 


W m.  M.  THOMAS, 

Examined  and  found  to  be  correct.  .  Treasurer. 

J.  W.  Richardson,  Auditor. 

Fort  Hamilton,  January  ,  1885. 


'  * , 


* 


- 


■ 


\  * 


* 


1 


■  1  _  -'*■  ^ 

. 


.  . 


\ 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  40. 


IN  ASSEMBLY, 

January  27,  1885. 


ANNUAL  REPORT 

OF  THE  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  COOPER  UNION  FOR  THE 
ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK : 

Executive  Chamber,  ) 

Albany,  January  27,  1885.  j 

To  the  Legislature : 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  Annual  Financial  Report 
of  the  Cooper  Union  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and  Art  for  the 
year  1884. 

DAVID  B.  HILL, 

Governor . 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  40.]  1 


9 


♦ 


. 


* 


, 


.a  !'■  . 


>  • 


REPORT. 


To  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York.  : 

The  Trustees  of  the  Cooper  Union  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
and  Art,  as  required  by  the  charters,  ubmit  the  following  report  of  the 
eceipts  and  expenditures  of  the  corporation  for  the  year  ending  De¬ 
ember  31,  1884. 

Receipts. 

« 

Rent  from  stores,  rooms  and  offices .  829,648  15 

Large  hall .  2,866  00 

Miscellaneous  receipts .  2,538  20 

Interest  on  town  of  Pompton  bonds .  15,750  00 

Interest  on  Long  Island  railroad  bonds .  550  00 

Interest  on  Peter  Cooper  endowment  fund .  4,500  00 

Donations .  250  00 


856,102  35 


Expenditures. 

For  free  night  classes .  810,381  42 

For  free  art  school  for  women .  10,758  93 

For  free  reading  room .  2,001  14 

For  free  library . 5,317  02 

For  chemical  department .  175  16 

For  laboratory .  401  92 

For  lecture  expenses .  815  27 

For  care  of  building .  7,034  11 

For  heat  and  ventilation .  5,361  38 

For  repairs  and  improvements. . .  2,234  26 

For  office  expenses .  647  00 

For  stationery .  364  16 

For  printing. . .  729  67 

For  postage . 114  50 

For  rewards  to  employees .  250  00 

For  women’s  centennial  union  fund .  108  00. 

For  gas .  5,327  75 

For  advertising .  9  20 

For  sundries .  193  84 


852,224  73 


4 


[AflSEMLBY,  NO.  40.] 

General  Cash  Statement. 


Dr . 

Balance  in  treasury,  January  1,  1885 .  $3,231  36 

Receipts .  56,102  35 

Money  borrowed .  11,000  00 


$70,333  71 

Or. 


Expenditures .  $52,224  73 

Loans  paid  off. .  11,000  00 

Balance  in  treasury,  January  1,  1885 .  7,108  98 


$70,333  71 

Financial  Condition. 


Current  Assets. 

Balance  in  treasury,  January  1,  1885 .  $7,108  98 

Rents  due .  4,325  01 

$11,433  99 

Current  Indebtedness. 

Loans .  $12,200  00 

Accounts  audited . * .  6,488  51 

$18,688  51 


In  addition  to  the  current  receipts  above  stated,  the  trustees  have 
received  from  the  executors  of  the  estate  of  Peter  Cooper,  deceased,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  which  has  been  invested  in  securi¬ 
ties  as  an  endowment  fund.  The  trustees  have  also  received  fifteen 
thousand  dollars  from  the  township  of  Pompton,  on  the  principal  of 
the  bonds  held  by  them  as  an  endowment  fund. 

City  and  County  of  New  York,  ss. :  Wilson  G.  Hunt,  Daniel 
F.  Tiemann,  Edward  Cooper,  John  E.  Parsons  and  Abram  S. 
Hewitt,  being  duly  and  severally  sworn,  do,  and  each  for  himself  doth 
depose  and  say,  that  they  are  Trustees  of  the  Cooper  Union  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  and  Art,  and  that  the  foregoing  is  a  true  ac¬ 
count  of  all  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  said  trustees  for  the 
year  ending  December  31,  1884,  to  the  best  of  their  knowledge  and 
belief. 

WILSON  G.  HUNT, 

DANIEL  F.  TIEMANN, 
EDWARD  COOPER, 

JOHN  E.  PARSONS. 

Sworn  to,  before  me,  this  ) 

26th  day  of  January ,  1885.  f 

m  .  Daniel  R.  Gardner, 

*-  *-*  Notary  Public  (24),  City  and  County  of  New  York. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  41. 

% 

*  * 

IN  ASSEMBLY, 

January  28,  1885. 


ANNUAL  REPORT 

OF  THE  NEW  YORK  STATE  SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS* 
HOME,  FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  SEPTEMBER  30,  1884. 

New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors*  Home,  ) 
Bath,  N.  Y.,  November  13,  1884.  j 


To  the  Legislature  : 

The  following  annual  report  of  the  operations,  receipts  and  expen¬ 
ditures  of  the  New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors*  Home,  for  the 
year  ending  September  30,  1884,  is  respectfully  submitted. 

The  total  number  of  inmates  at  the  close  of  the  year  was  700,  of 
whom  593  were  present.  The  average  number  present  during  the 
year  was  576. 

The  cost  of  the  purchased  ration  was  18-J-  cents  per  day.  The  cost 
of  clothing  was  $15-^  per  man  for  the  year. 

The  last  Legislature  appropriated  $50,000  for  additional  buildings 
for  the  accommodation  of  400  additional  inmates. 

The  number  of  applications  for  admission  now  pending  indicates 
that  these  buildings  will  be  filled  as  soon  as  completed. 

The  increased  number  of  inmates  now  present  and  cost  of  furniture 
for  the  new  buildings  renders  an  additional  appropriation  for  the  year 
ending  September  30,  1885,  of  $20,000. 

We  respectfully  recommend  an  appropriation  of  $105,746,  for  the 
ensuing  year  for  the  support  of  800  men,  with  ordinary  repairs  and 
improvements. 

We  append  hereto,  as  part  of  our  report,  a  detailed  statement  of  the 
superintendent,  surgeon,  and  quartermaster  of  the  Home. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.]  1 


2 


[Assembly,  No.  41.] 


We  take  pleasure  in  saying  that  in  our  judgment  the  Home  is  ex¬ 
ceedingly  well  conducted,  and  that  the  superintendent  and  other  officers 
are  entitled  to  great  credit. 


Respectfully  submitted, 


*  H.  W.  SLOCUM, 

JNO.  PALMER. 

0.  B.  CADWELL, 
JONATHAN  ROBIE 
WM.  E.  HOWELL, 

J.  F.  QUINBY, 

WM.  F.  ROGERS. 


State  of  New  York,  ) 

County  of  Steuben,  f  ss' ' 

Henry  W.  Slocum,  president,  and  Jonathan  Robie,  treasurer  of  the 
New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors’  Home,  beiug  severally  duly 
sworn,  depose  and  say  that  the  foregoing  statements  are  true. 


Subscribed  and  sworn  before  me,  this 
13th  day  of  November,  1884. 


A.  ^ 

,  1884. 


R.  H.  Gansevoort,  Notary  Public. 


REPORT. 


New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors’  Home,  ) 
Bath,  N.  Y.,  November ,  1884.  ) 

To  the  Hon.  Board  of  Trustees ,  Neiu  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors ’ 
Home :  « 

Gentlemen  —  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of 
the  Home  for  the  year  commencing  October  1,  1883,  and  ending  Sep¬ 
tember  30,  1884,  viz.: 

The  year  has  been  one  of  unusual  peace  and  quiet,  no  complaints  of 
a  serious  character  having  reached  the  superintendent,  and  nothing 
having  occurred  during  the  year  to  break  the  monotony  which  char¬ 
acterizes  the  life  of  the  inmates  here.  They  are  apparently  as  contented 
as  men  can  be,  with  plenty  to  eat,  a  good  shelter,  and  no  regular  occu¬ 
pation. 

There  has  been  no  change  in  the  officers  of  the  institution  since 
last  report,  which  consists  of  a  superintendent,  surgeon,  adjutant 
(assistant  to  superintendent),  and  steward  and  purveyor. 

Number  of  inmates  present  at  last  report,  September  30,  1883 ....  521 
Number  present  and  absent,  September  30,  1883 . .  659 

Changes  Since  Last  Report. 

Gain. 


Number  admitted .  .  299 

Number  re-admitted .  93 

Total  gain .  392 


Loss. 

Number  died .  61 

Number  discharged  on  their  own  application .  160 

Number  summarily  discharged . . .  i .  59 

Number  dropped . 71 


Total  loss .  351 


Net  gain .  41 

Total  present  September  30,  1884  .  593 

Total  present  and  absent  September  30,  1884 .  700 


4  [Assembly 

Average  number  present  during  the  year  ending  September  30, 

1884 . .  ... .  576 

Average  number  present  during  the  year  ending  September  30, 

1883  .  510 

Excess  of  year  1883  and  1884,  over  that  of  1882  and  1883 .  66 

Least  number  present  during  the  year .  485 

Greatest  number  present  during  the  year .  643 


In  addition  to  the  foregoing  44  men  have  received  temporary  aid. 

I  append  herewith  a  list  of  all  men  who  have  been  registered  as  ad¬ 
mitted  to  the  Home  from  its  organization,  to  30th  of  September,  1884, 
showing  the  average  age,  length  of  service  and  nativity.  From  this 
list  it  will  be  seen  that  up  to  the  date  mentioned  above,  2105  men  have 
been  admitted  to  the  Home. 

The  gradual  increase  of  the  number  applying  for  admission  to  the 
Home,  and  the  experience  of  the  winters  of  1883  and  1884,  when  the 
buildings  were  overcrowded,  and  many  were  refused  admission,  de¬ 
monstrating  beyond  all  question  the  necessity  for  more  room,  the 
board  at  its  meeting  of  February  11,  1884,  appointed  trustees  Robie 
Palmer  and  Rockwell  a  committee  “  to  prepare  for  the  Legislature 
a  statement  of  the  needs  and  requirements  of  increased  accommo¬ 
dation  at  the  Home;”  and  at  their  instance,  a  bill  for  that  purpose 
was  introduced  to  the  Legislature,  appropriating  $50,000  for  “addi¬ 
tional  buildings,  sufficient  to  accommodate  at  least  300  men.”  This 
was  finally  passed  near  the  close  of  the  session,  but  did  not  become  a 
law  until  June.  At  the  meeting  of  the  board  of  the  21st  of  Juue,  the 
subject  was  brought  up. 

Mr.  Walter  Dixou,  of  Albany,  and  Mr.  A.  J.  Warner,  of  Rochester, 
appeared  before  the  board  with  plans. 

The  plans  of  Mr.  Dixon  were  preferred,  and  he  was  directed  to  pre¬ 
pare  plans  in  detail,  to  be  submitted  to  the  committee  on  buildings 
and  grounds,  to  which  Captain  Palmer  was  added.  Subsequently  on 
the  17th  of  July  the  committee  met  in  Albany,  aud  having  approved 
Mr.  Dixon’s  plans,  invited  sealed  proposals  for  the  erection  of  the  build¬ 
ings,  to  be  opened  August  6,  to  which  time  the  committee  adjourned. 
They  met  at  that  date  at  head -quarters,  and  proceeded  to  open  the  bids. 
Six  bids  were  received  for  the  construction  of  the  addition  to  the  hos¬ 
pital,  boiler-house  and  barrack  buildings.  The  highest  being  $58,674, 
and  the  lowest  $37,390  being  that  of  Messrs.  Allington  &  Gerity,  to 
whom  the  contract  was  awarded. 

Four  bids  were  received  for  steam  heating,  gas  and  fixtures,  water 
and  sewerage,  the  highest  $9,667,  and  the  lowest  $6,700,  that  of  E.  J. 
Cook  &  Company,  limited,  to  whom  the  contract  was  awarded. 

A  contract,  with  the  security  required  by  the  committee  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  the  same,  was  entered  into  with  the  afore¬ 
named  parties,  which,  with  the  plans  and  specifications  of  the  archi¬ 
tect,  were  subsequently  submitted  to  the  Comptroller,  and  by  him  ap¬ 
proved. 

Ground  was  broken  on  the  addition  to  hospital  about  the  20th  of 
August,  and  I  am  able  to  report  at  this  date,  November  13,  the  hospital 
addition  about  ready  for  occupancy,  the  addition  to  the  boiler-house 
completed,  and  the  boilers  in  place,  and  the  walls  of  the  barrack  build- 


No.  41.] 


5 


ing  up,  and  ready  for  the  roof.  It  is  calculated  that  this  addition  to 
the  Home,  when  completed,  will  make  comfortable  accommodation 
for  1,000  men. 


Internal  Police  and  Discipline. 

The  inmates,  as  the  members  of  the  board  are  aware,  are  organized 
into  three  companies,  A,  B  and  0,  A  company  occupying  one  of  the 
dormitory  buildings.  Each  company  has  its  complement  of  non-com¬ 
missioned  officers,  viz.:  tirst  sergeant,  who  has  the  general  charge  of 
the  company,  assisted  by  a  corporal  on  each  floor,  who  is  responsible 
for  the  good  order  and  police  of  the  floor. 

These  non-commissioned  officers  are  selected  from  the  inmates,  and 
their  positions  are  any  thing  but  desirable,  and  difficult  to  fill  with 
suitable  men.  The  most  thorough  police  of  the  quarters  and  surround¬ 
ings  is  enjoined  and  maintained,  and  every  effort  made  to  impress  upon 
the  inmates  the  importance  of  personal  cleanliness,  for  which  they  are 
liberally  provided  with  every  facility.  As  a  body  the  conduct  of  the 
inmates  has  been  good,  disorders  of  a  grave  character  being  rare.  As 
I  have  said  in  a  former  report,  their  general  conduct  and  cheerful 
obedience  to  orders,  and  observance  of  the  few  restrictions  upon  their 
present  liberties,  will  compare  favorably  with  that  of  any  garrison  of 
regular  troops  I  ever  served  with. 

Religious  Services. 

Religious  services  have  been  conducted  during  the  year,  in  the  after¬ 
noon  on  Sundays,  by  the  ministers  of  the  different  denominations  of  the 
village  alternating  with  each  other.  It  is  believed  that  this  is  more 
satisfactory  than  to  have  a  regular  chaplain.  In  this  connection  I  beg 
to  ask  your  attention  to  the  necessity  for  a  chapel.  The  present  room, 
used  as  such,  will  only  seat  225,  is  inaccessible  to  the  infirm,  and  is 
wanted  very  mncli  for  a  reading-room.  The  room  used  at  present 
for  a  reading-room  is  too  small  for  the  purpose,  and  could  be  utilized 
to  great  advantage  for  the  library,  which  is  verymuch  crowded. 

Sanitary  Condition. 

The  sanitary  condition  is  all  that  good  food,  and  clothing,  careful 
police,  and  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water  for  all  purposes,  good 
ventilation  and  thorough  sewerage  can  make  it. 

Sixty-one  deaths  have  occurred  during  the  year,  fifty-eight  in  the 
hospital  and  three  absent,  but  borne  on  the  rolls  of  the  Home. 

The  hospital  is  complete  in  all  its  appurtenances  and  the  medical 
attendance  all  that  can  be  desired.  The  further  details  I  respectfully 
ask  your  attention  to  the  surgeon’s  report  herewith  appended. 

Insane. 

Notwithstanding  the  most  careful  scrutiny  of  applicants’  papers,  an 
insane  man,  or  a  man  who  developes  insanity  after  entering,  will  get  in. 

At  this  date,  the  Home  is  supporting  one  insane  man  at  the  Buffalo 
Asylum,  and  twelve  at  the  Willard  Asylum,  at  cost  last  year  of  $1,541.06. 


6 


[Assembly 


Library. 

The  library,  which  has  been  formed  almost  entirly  by  voluntary  con¬ 
tributions,  contains  3,556  bound  volumes,  and  442  miscellaneous 
magazines  and  pamphlets.  During  the  year  7,500  volumes  have  been 
issued,  with  a  loss  of  but  one  volume. 

Adjoining  the  library  is  a  comfortable  reading-room,  the  tables  of 
which  are  at  present  supplied  with  eleven  daily  and  twenty-one  weekly 
papers,  English,  and  five  daily  and  seven  weekly,  German.  Most 
of  the  weekly  papers  are  contributed  by  the  publishers. 

Since  last  report  a  valuable  addition  to  the  library,  consisting  of  a 
handsome  black  walnut  case,  containing  182  new  volumes,  has  been 
received  from  Captain  M.  A.  Reed  of  New  York,  past  commander 
of  posts  number  76,  80  and  143,  G.  A.  R.,  an  acknowledgement  of 
which  was  made  by  the  board. 

Buildings  a.nd  Grounds. 

The  grounds  and  buildings,  gas,  water-works,  and  steam-heating  are 
all  in  good  condition  and  repair. 

In  consequence  of  the  outlay  demanded  for  the  actual  maintenance 
of  sixty  more  men  than  last  year,  no  new  improvements  on  the  grounds 
have  been  commenced,  and  the  propagating  house,  and  new  road  di¬ 
rected  to  be  constructed  last  year  are  in  an  unfinished  condition. 

The  water  supply  has  been  abundant  for  all  purposes,  but  without 
the  additional  supply  afforded  by  the  purchase  of  the  Lang  property, 
it  would  not  have  been  ;  proving  conclusively,  if  there  was  any  doubt 
about  it,  the  absolute  necessity  for  that  purchase. 

Clothing  and  Provisions. 

The  inmates  have  been  supplied  during  the  year  with  an  abundance 
of  food.  The  beef  and  bread  is  of  the  best  quality,  while  the  groceries 
have  been  quite  equal  in  quality  to  that  usually  found  in  family  gro¬ 
cery  stores.  The  variety  of  courses  is  limited,  but  care  is  had,  to  vary 
it,  in  its  preparation,  as  much  as  possible. 

The  uniform  is  neat  and  comfortable,  but  the  supply  during  the 
latter  half  of  the  year  has  been  somewhat  limited,  in  consequence  of 
the  greater  number  to  be  supplied  than  last  year. 

Cost  op  Maintenance. 

• 

The  average  cost  of  the  purchased  ration  during  the  year  was  daily, 
18^-  cents;  weekly,  $1.27-J-;  yearly,  $66T3oV-  per  capita. 

This  low  average  is  owing  in  a  great  measure  to  the  abundant  sup¬ 
ply  of  vegetables  furnished  from  the  gardens. 

The  cost  of  clothing  per  capita  was  $15T5o8g-.  The  inmates  are  not 
permitted  to  take  their  clothing  with  them,  when  given  a  furlough,  or 
on  being  discharged,  but  are  required  to -turn  it  in.  When  its  condi¬ 
tion  will  justify,  it  is  cleaned  and  pressed,  and  reissued  as  “worn 
clothing,”  but  is  not  included  in  the  cost  above  stated.  During  the 
year  we  have  had,  with  what  was  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of  the 


No.  41.]  7 

year,  a  large  quantity  of  worn  clothing  for  issue,  but  that  supply  lias 
been  exhausted,  and  we  shall  not  be  able  to  maintain  these  figures  the 
present  year. 

Deducting  the  amount  overdrawn  last  year,  $1,372,74,  from  $80,000, 
the  amount  appropriated  for  the  year,  and  adding  to  it  $108.45,  the 
amount  overdrawn  this  year,  we  have  $78,735.71,  the  actual  cost  of  the 
Home  during  the  year,  and  this  amount  divided  by  576,  the  average 
number  of  men  present,  gives  us  as  a  total  cost  per  man,  $136.69ijr. 

Farm  and  Garden. 

The  vegetable  garden  has  furnished  the  usual  supply  of  fresh  vege¬ 
tables,  while  the  farm  has  been  equally  productive,  besides  affording 
good  pasturage  during  the  season  for  the  beef  and  milch  herd. 

A  detailed  statement  of  the  receipts  and  cost  is  herewith  annexed, 
from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cost  of  running  the  farm  and  gar¬ 
den  was  $2,744.34,  and  the  net  value  of  products,  $6,008.84,  of  which 
amount  we  credit  the  Lang  farm  with  $844.20.  Amongst  the  items 
of  productions  I  will  only  mention  here  3,496  bushels  of  potatoes,  8,500 
heads  of  cabbage,  615  bushels  of  onions,  265  bushels  of  wheat,  1,000 
bushels  of  oats,  282  bushels  of  buckwheat. 

I  would  ask  your  attention  to  a  detailed  statement  appended  to  this 
report  of  Mr.  C.  0.  Leavens,  steward,  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures 
on  account  of  the  farm  and  garden,  also  of  commissary  stores  and 
clothing. 

I  would  state  that  in  the  cost  of  the  ration  is  included  a  monthly 
allowance  of  one  pound  of  tobacco  to  each  inmate,  and  as  well  the 
delacacies,  and  wine  and  spirits  used  in  hospital. 

Finances. 


,  Maintenance ,  etc. 

To  amount  appropriated  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  Sep¬ 
tember  30,  1884 .  $80,000  00 

To  amount  received  from  sales  to  officers,  employees  and 

inmates .  1,082  80 


Total 


$81,082  80 


By  amount  overdrawn  for  fiscal  year  ending 

September  30,  1883 . 

By  amount  expended  in  first  quarter . 

By  amount  expended  in  second  quarter. . . 

By  amount  expended  in  third  quarter . 

By  amount  expended  in  fourth  quarter. . . . 


$1,372  47 
20,718  42 
21,387  46 
21,627  48 
16,085  42 


Total  expended .  $81,191  25 

To  amount  overdrawn . 


108  45 


$81,191  25 


[Assembly,  No.  41.] 


8  • 

Additional  Buildings. 


To  amount  appropriated .  $50,000  00 

By  amount  expended .  61  89 

Amount  unexpended .  $49,938  11 


Head- quarters,  Hospital  and  Quarter -master' s  Storehouse. 


To  amount  unexpended  last  year .  $472  12 

By  amount  unexpended .  472  12 


Respectfully  submitted, 

T.  G.  pitcher; 

Superintendent . 


SURGEON'S  REPORT. 


New  York  State  Soldiers  aid  Sailors’  Home, 

Bath,  Steuben  County,  N.  Y., 

Surgeon’s  Office,  October  1,  1884. 

Gen.  T.  G.  Pitcher,  U.  S.  A.,  Superintendent : 

Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  the  following  report 
relative  to  the  working  of  the  medical  department  at  this  Home  for 
the  year  ending  with  the  30th  of  September  last. 

There  were  in  hospital  at  the  time  of  making  my  last  annual  report 
eighty  patients.  There  have  been  admitted  during  the  year  275.^ 
There  have  been  discharged  as  cured  or  improved  153,  and  fifty-eight* 
have  died,  remaining  in  hospital  this  date  ninety-six  patients. 

During  the  year  there  have  been  compounded  and  put  up  for  patients 
20,826  prescriptions;  of  this  number,  16,412  were  for  patients  in  hos¬ 
pital  and  4,514  were  for  men  in  quarters,  an  average  of  nearly  fifty-seven 
prescriptions  for  each  day  of  the  year. 

Last  fall,  winter  and  spring  there  was  unavoidable  overcrowding- 
in  the  hospital  and  quarters,  and  the  inmates  were  somewhat  older  and 
more  feeble,  still  the  mortality  at  the  Home  has  been  less  than  during 
the  previous  year. 

The  number  of  deaths  at  the  Home  last  year  was  sixty-three;  this  year 
the  number  is  fifty-eight,  two  of  the  latter  deaths  occurring  at  Willard 
Asylum. 

The  names,  ages,  nativities  and  causes  of  death  of  patients  who 
have  died  during  the  year  will  be  found  on  schedules  ‘‘A”  and  “B  ” 
hereto  annexed. 

•  But  seven  patients  have  suffered  with  erysipellas  during  the  year, 
and  those  were  mostly  of  a  very  mild  type,  against  the  twenty-three 
cases  of  that  disease  last  year,  of  a  malignant  type,  with  one  death. 

While  this  disease  was  prevailing  last  year,  the  slightest  wound  would 
take  on  an  erysipelatous  inflammation;  this  year  there  has  not  been  any 
such  tendency. 

There  are  present  in  hospital  but  four  cases  of  insanity;  three  of 
the  cases  are  quite  mild  and  give  us  little  trouble  and  can  be  as  well 
cared  for  as  at  an  asylum;  the  other  case  was  but  recently  admitted, 
he  is  quiet  days,  requiring  but  little  more  care  or  watching  than  the 
other  patients  in  his  ward,  but  is  very  uneasy  and  sleepless  nights  and 
is  getting  worse,  that  it  may  become  necessary  to  send  him  to  an  asy- 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.]  2 


10  [Assembly 

fum,  why  they  have  better  facilities  for  the  care  and  treatment  of  the 
insane,  than  this  Home  affords. 

There  has  not  been  a  single  case  of  typhoid  fever  in  this  Home  since 
I  assumed  the  duties  of  surgeon,  now  over  two  and  one-half  years,  nor 
am  I  able  to  learn  that  there  has  been  a  single  case  of  that  disease  in 
the  Home  since  it  was  opened,  while  Bath  village,  but  two  miles 
away,  has  hardly  been  at  any  time  free  from  it  during  the  past  two 
years. 

It  is  natural  to  ask  why  the  Home  escapes,  while  other  places,  ap¬ 
parently  similarly  situated,  so  severely  suffer.  The  reasons  in  my 
opinion  are  to  be  found  in  the  facts  that  the  drinking  water  used  here 
is  free  from  impurities,  the  sewerage  is  the  best  that  can  be  made,  the 
ventilation  of  the  hospital  and  quarters  is  as  nearly  perfect  as  can  be, 
and  that  personal  cleanliness,  a  large  factor  in  the  prevention  of  all 
diseases,  is  enforced  here. 

The  same  sanitary  rules  that  prevail  here,  enforced  in  all  the  cities 
and  villages  of  this  land  (if  such  a  thing  were  possible),  would  in  my 
opinion  effectually  guard  them  from  the  ravages  of  this  disease. 

The  fact  that  for  a  period  of  about  six  years  with  a  population  of 
from  200  to  700,  we  have  entirely  escaped  the  ravages  of  typhoid  fever, 
which  is  said  to  destroy  the  lives  of  about  one  out  of  five  attacked, 
teaches  a  lesson  that  sanitarians  may  study  with  profit. 

I  think  I  can  state  with  safety  that  all  the  deaths  that  have  occurred 
here  during  the  past  year,  with  one  exception,  were  but  the  culmina¬ 
tions  of  diseases  long  since  contracted  elsewhere;  many  of  the  inmates 
only  coming  here  to  die  and  to  be  buried  among  their  comrades. 

The  food  of  men  in  hospital  has  been  good  and  substantial  and  in  all 
respects  what  it  should  be  for  the  class  of  patients  here.  The  men 
seriously  ill  in  almost  all  instances  being  fed  chiefly  on  pure  fresh 
milk  and  bread  or  milk  and  crackers,  together  with  such  delicacies  as  I 
might  order,  and  which  have  been  furnished  in  abundance. 

In  this  connection  it  may  not  be  improper  to  state  that  I  have  never 
been  refused  any  articles  of  medicine  or  food,  or  any  delicacy  for  the 
sick,  that  I  deemed  best  for  them;  my  requisitions  being  honored  and 
the  articles  furnished  as  soon  as  practicable. 

Before  closing  this  report,  allow  me  to  call  your  attention  to  the 
very  valuable  services  of  Hr.  F.  A.  Wygant,  the  accomplished  hospital 
steward  of  this  Home,  who  has  so  ably  and  efficiently  seconded  my 
efforts  during  the  year. 

In  regard  to  my  other  assistants,  I  desire  respectfully  to  call  your 
attention  to  my  recommendations  at  the  close  of  my  report  of  last 
year. 

Respectfully, 

J.  S.  DOLSON, 

Surgeon . 


No.  41.] 


11 


Schedule  “A.” 


MORTUARY  REPORT  of  the  New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors’ 
Home  Hopsital  for  the  year  ending  September  30,  1884. 


Sh 

0> 

3 

3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 


Name. 


Anthony  Smith  . . . 
Henry  Baggenstoz  . 
P.  Platt  Williams .. 
Edward  Huggins  . . 

P.  P.  Prime . 

Julius  Mast . 

Christian  Deigel. . . . 
James  Crelly . 

Idward  Hays  . . . 


12  G 


John  Agan .. . 
eorge  Miller 


13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 


Henry  Casler. . 
Dennis  Salters 
Peter  Greiner  , 
James  Sickles  . 


Idward  Gross 


Hugh  Patterson 
Joseph  Quigley. 
Henry  Ostrum  . 


Philip  O’Brien 


John  E.  Beaton  . 
James  S.  Seebers 
Mathias  Raddle . 
Daniel  Riely 
John  Keifer. 


Martin  Murphy 
John  Leonard. 
Leonard  Graff . 


Casper  Wetzel. .  . . 

Robert  Shaw . 

Thomas  Kensella. 


6 

bfi 

Nativity. 

Date  of 
death. 

66 

[T.  S. . . . 

1883. 

Oct.  6  A 

55 

Germany 

Oct.  11  A 

55 

cr.  s.... 

Oct.  13  S 

60 

[reland  . 

Oct.  13  C 

82 

U.  S.... 

Oct.  17  A 

64 

Germany 

Oct.  26 1 

70 

Germany 

Nov.  6 1 

37 

U.  S.... 

Nov.  24  G 

72 

Ireland .. 

Nov.  25  C 

49 

U.  S.... 

Dec.  10  C 

57 

Ireland... 

Dec.  16  ( 

61 

Germany 

Dec.  30  J 

45 

U.  S. . . . 

1884. 

Jan.  4  ] 

.  47 

Canada. . 

Jan.  9  ] 

.  71 

Germany 

Jan.  23 1 

49 

U.  S.... 

Jan.  30 1 

.  70 

Germany 

Feb.  2  ^ 

.  67 

Ireland... 

Feb.  4  j 

.  64 

Ireland... 

Feb.  5  f 

.  89 

U.  s.... 

Feb.  12  < 

.  70 

Germany 

Feb.  15  ] 

.  63 

Ireland. . 

Feb.  16 

.  44 

U.  S.... 

Feb.  28 

.  45 

U.  S.... 

Feb.  29 

.  68 

Germany 

March  2 

.  59 

Ireland. . 

March  3 

.  37 

it.  s.... 

March  17 

.  82 

Ireland. . 

March  20 

.  42 

Ireland. . 

March  29 

.  47 

U.  S.... 

March  31 

.  64 

England 

April  4 

.  5£ 

German} 

r  April  4 

.  6£ 

U.  S . . . . 

April  5 

.  7( 

)  Ireland 

April  12 

Disease. 


disease, 
ongestion 
epilepsy, 
eneral  dr< 
disease. 


ease. 


plexv. 

Chronic  bronchitis. 

Consumption. 

Consumption. 

General  dropsy. 

General  dropsy. 

Chronic  bronchitis. 
Insanity  ;  died  at  Willard 
Asylum. 


12 


[Assembly 


Schedule  “A.” —  ( Continued .) 


|  Number. 

Name. 

© 

to 

< 

Nativity. 

Date  of 
death . 

Disease. 

* 

35 

William  H.  Hooper. 

69 

u.  s.... 

April 

16 

Insanity  ;  died  at  Willard 
Asylum. 

36 

Edward  S.  McCarthy 

50 

Ireland  . 

April 

18 

Consumption. 

37 

Jacob  Kiehl . 

55 

Germany 

April 

21 

Rheumatism  and  disease 
of  lungs. 

38 

George  Charles . 

52 

U.  S . . . . 

April 

30 

Tumor  of  bowels. 

39 

Orman  B.  Owens. . . . 

44 

IT.  S.... 

May 

6 

Consumption. 

40 

William  Van  Rhine. 

66 

Germany 

May 

7 

Heart  disease. 

41 

Jacob  Hoffman . 

64 

Germany 

May 

8 

Consumption. 

42 

Jacob  I.  Lewis . 

53 

U.  S  . , . . 

May 

18 

Consumption. 

43 

Ludwig  Frederick. . . 

62 

Germany 

May 

20 

Paralysis  of  heart. 

44 

Thomas  O’llare . 

61 

Ireland. . 

May 

23 

Ossification  of  heart. 

45 

John  Ivan . 

68 

England. 

May 

23 

Paralysis. 

46 

James  W.  Lewis - 

45 

U.  S . . . . 

May 

26 

Consumption. 

47 

Michael  Smith . 

43 

U.  S.... 

June 

5 

Ague  and  exhaustion. 

48 

Michael  Nolan . 

68 

Ireland  . 

June 

6 

General  dropsy. 

49 

James  Wright . 

86 

U.  S  . . . . 

June 

7 

Chronic  diarrheea. 

50 

Richard  Williams. . . 

65 

u.  s.... 

June 

8 

Cancer  of  stomach  and 
epilepsy. 

51 

Charles  W.  Wheeler. 

64 

u.  s.... 

June 

15 

Fistula  and  exhaustion 
due  to  mult. 

52 

Jeff.  McAvoy . 

50 

Canada... 

Julv 

3 

Consumption. 

53 

John  Callahan . 

68 

Ireland  . 

July 

3 

Dropsy  (cardiac)  and  old 
age.. 

54 

Frederick  Rouge .... 

77 

Germany 

July 

24 

Chronic  inflammation  of 
bladder. 

55 

Ed.  W.  Hardenberg. . 

75 

U.  S.... 

Sept. 

7 

Septicaemia. 

56 

Robert  Anderson. . . . 

68 

u.  s.... 

Sept. 

16 

Dysentery. 

57 

James  Neil . 

65 

Ireland  . 

Sept. 

25 

Insanity. 

58 

George  Mathews . 

83 

Ireland  . 

Sept. 

30 

Exhaustion  due  to  diar¬ 
rhoea. 

Schedule  UB.” 

The  ages  of  patients  having  died  at  the  New  York  State  Soldiers  and 
Sailors'  Home  Hospital  during  the  year  ending  September  30,  1884, 
■range  as  folloivs ; 

Between  the  ages  of  30  and  40 
Between  the  ages  of  40  and  50 
Between  the  ages  of  50  and  60 
Between  the  ages  of  60  and  70 
Between  the  ages  of  70  and  80 
Between  the  ages  of  80  and  90 


2 

11 

10 

22 

8 

5 


Total 


58 


13 


No.  41.] 

Gen’l  Thos.  G.  Pitcher,  U.  S.  A.,  Superintendent  New  York  State 
Soldiers  and  Sailors’  Home  : 

Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the  farm 
and  garden  during  the  year,  with  report  of  clothing  received,  issued 
and  remaining  on  hand,  October  1,  1884,  also  report  of  commissary 
stores  received,  issued  and  remaining  on  hand  for  the  same  period, 
showing  the  cost  per  capita. 


Received  from  Farm  and  Garden . 

3,496  bushels  potatoes,  at  30  cents . . . 

8,500  heads  cabbage,  at  7  cents . 

500  heads  celery,  5  cents . 

17  tons  stalks,  at  $5 . 

98  tons  hay,  at  $10 . 

265  bushels  wheat,  at  $1 . 

1,000  bushels  oats,  at  30  cents . 

20  tons  straw,  $5.25  . . . 

1,094  bushels  corn,  at  30  cents . 

282  bushels  buckwheat,  50  cents . 

30  bushels  vegetable  oysters,  at  $1 . 

800  bushels  turnips,  at  40  cents . 

176  bushels  parsnips,  at  50  cents .  . . 

615  bushels  onions,  at  $1 . . . 

368  bushels  carrots,  at  40  cents . 

112  bushels  beets,  at  40  cents . 

50  bushels  parsley,  at  $1 . 

17  bushels  beans,  at  $2 . 

9,689  pounds  fresh  pork,  at  7  cents . ‘ . 

Received  from  garden  from  May  1  to  October  1,  1884, 

vegetables,  etc.,  amounting  to . 

Pasturing  18  cows  and  10  steers,  28  head,  5  months,  at 

$42  per  month . 

11,296  gallons  milk,  at  12  cents . 


$1,048  80 
595  00 
25  00 
85  00 
980  00 
265  00 
300  00 
105  00 
328  20 
141  00 
30  00 
320  00 
88  00 
615  00 
147  20 
44  80 
50  00 
34  00 
678  23 

1,307  43 

210  00 
1,355  52 


Expenses. 


Labor .  $2,158  50 

Pertilizers .  335  00 

Seeds  and  incidentals .  250  84 


$8,753  18 


2,744  34 


$6,008  84 


14 


[Assembly 


«■» 

53 


•s- 

<53 


53 


cs 


CD 

CD 


<J~ 

<53 

r<3 

O 

■so 

53 

o 

I1  • 

•g-2 

53  <53 

53  tC 

'nJ 

^  *CS 
—o  - 

S:  S'1 
O  S3 

<53  <53 
.*'  S> 

<3i 

<53  O 
C3 

<o  -KS 

'£  ^3 

^3>  <C*» 

*>-  *  rO 

^  S 

<53  <'■>■. 

<>  50 

CC  H 
'"^+1 
00  . 
^  00 

-o  rH 
o* 

c  © 

rS  co 

<53 

50 

?3 

r< 

53 

0 

<>* 

o> 


v3 

C<i 

O- 


o 

<>» 

•<s> 

*K) 

o 


<o 


<o 

o. 

<£> 


J 

Total. 

o  CO 

CO  rt 

il 

cm 

¥& 

X  o 
'f  CO 

X 

X  -r 

O'.  o» 

X  0 0 

¥+ 

X 

co 

<±> 

•s?uaD  09 

‘SUAVCPPlJSSaJQ 

:  oo 

•  rH 

1 

cc  CO 

52 

CM 

sjuaoffq  ‘sjaBog 

:  : 

:  o  : 

:°  : 

552 

552 

•sp  gpsaadiun!' 
put?  s[[uaaA0 

:§ 

Ci  O 
O'-  r-t 

s 

•00'9$ 

‘Suiqpp  ‘spng 

S  i 

co  ; 

• 

o 

r-< 

■s?u9D0i‘saadd[ig 

CO  o 
**-  CO 

CO  — 

X  o 

•— h  r—< 

8 

‘.laqqtu  "spoa 

CM  rH 
r-i  *— 

X  X 
CN)  oi 

•sp  fn?  ‘supisng 

:  o 
.  o 

; 

o  o 

CO  CO 

: 

'QZ  *0t  ‘s?S3A 

2  o  : 

2  cm  : 

2  ^  : 

co  r- 

Ol  w. 

N  O 

Oi 

CM 

•Of‘l§  ‘uazop 
1-s.id  ‘sSuppojg 

1,053 

2,410 

3,403 

2,014 

X 

08'l§‘‘S.ul  ‘sooqg 

OOh 

o  w 

c^l 
CO  CO 
CO  CO 

• 

‘sp  fig  ‘S.I9MBJQ 

O  CO 

O  Oi 

O  CO 

1,291 

1,102 

129 

•sptao  fig 
‘spiqs.iapu£[ 

N 

TTI  co 

O  CO 

cO  L- 

■ —  o 

CT3 

CTi 

rr 

‘SJU0O 

111  ‘spuqsjaAO 

COM 
t-MO 
CO*  *-h 

1,088 

1,088 

'09‘6$  ‘spn?d 

NHX 

o  co  CO 
CM  T* 

CO  CO 

Ol 

•cfZS  ‘sasncqa 

:  ^ 

:  03  o 

:  o 

r- 

T~ 

co  co 

: 

'S0’*$  ‘spjpuf 

o  c  o 
cc  c^j  co 

r— < 

X  X 

1-  p- 
CM  CM 

‘00  ‘  IS  ‘SPH 

co 

O 

co  o 

1,120 

880 

240 

-0S‘S$ 

‘S]B09  SS9.I(J 

•s 

0  : 

rH 

•sqeooj9AO 

409 

409 

409 

On  hand  October  1,  1883 . 

Purchased  during  the  year . 

Taton  lin  for  rftissnp. . 

Total . 

Total  issued  during  the  year . 

On  hand  to  date . 

-r  X 

o 

o 

o 


c3 

o 

>1 


v  a t 
*2  ^ 
3  73 

2  o 
G  d 


O  d 
tCfcJD 
a  c3 

J—  J-H 

<D  a) 
>  > 

« 


No.  41.] 


15 


0 

Statement  of  clothing —  (Continued). 


Second  hand  clothing. 

Jackets 

Blouses. 

Pants. 

Shoes. 

Overshirts. 

Undershirts. 

Drawers. 

Vests. 

On  hand  from  first  quarter.. . 

no 

50 

24 

13 

•  • 

•  •  • 

Received,  first  quarter . 

15 

17 

23 

4 

25 

14 

15 

•  •  • 

Received,  second  quarter. . . 

24 

37 

42 

10 

26 

48 

29 

•  •  • 

Received,  third  quarter . 

150 

30 

45 

35 

60 

72 

35 

•  •  • 

Received,  fourth  quarter . 

37 

53 

69 

22 

49 

39 

31 

33 

Total  issued. . 

336 

137 

229 

95 

160 

186 

110 

33 

Statement  of  commissary  stores  on  hand,  purchased  and  issued  during 
the  year ,  commencing  October  1,  1883,  and  ending  September  30, 
1884,  showing  the  cost  per  capita. 


. 

On  hand  Septem 
her  30, 1883. 

Purchased  dur¬ 
ing  the  year. 

Apples,  dried,  barrel.. 
Apples,  green,  bushel. 
Allsmce.  lbs . 

t  •  •  •  • 

12 

1 >949! 
530 
295f 
3,119 

2,373 

14 

Beef,  fresh,  lbs . 

110,904 

5,072^ 

19,275 

3,094 

2 

1,099 

4 

70 

10 

128 

391 

Beef,  corn,  lbs . 

Butter,  lbs . 

Beans,  lbs . 

Beans,  cans.  . 

Bacon,  lbs . 

Baking,  powder,  lbs. . 

Baking  soda,  lbs . 

Cloves,  lbs . 

•  •  •  •  t 

60 

15 

•  •  •  •  • 

148 

32 

65J 

8 

Cranberries,  quarts. . . 
Currants,  lbs . 

Corn,  starch,  lbs.  . 
Cheese,  lbs . 

80 

4,470! 

Chocolate,  lbs . 

Codfish,  lbs . 

5,820 

2,051 

14,420 

72 

24 

Chow  chow,  bottles. . . 
Crackers,  lbs . 

2 

3644 

3844 

86 

8* 

Coffee,  lbs . 

Corn,  cans . 

Cinnamon,  lbs . 

Total  on  hand 
and  purchased. 

Issued  during 
the  year. 

On  hand  Septem¬ 

ber  30,  1884. 

2,373 

1,578 

795 

14 

14 

12 

11 

1 

112,853] 

112,6054 

248! 

5,602! 

5,602! 

19,570f 

19,329 

241* 

6,213 

4,714 

1,499 

.  2 

2 

1,099 

1,097 

2 

4 

2 

2 

130 

130 

25 

154 

94 

128 

128 

539 

491! 

47! 

112 

73 

39 

4,535f 

4,214* 

321 

8 

8 

5,820 

5,228 

592 

2 

2 

2,415! 

2,252 

163! 

14,804! 

14,087 

717! 

158 

127 

31 

32* 

24* 

8 

16 


[Assembly 


Statement  of  commissarys  store's —  (Continued). 


i 

a 

© 

®  co 

C Ci  rH 

•gs, 
Q  ec 

5k 

o 


Eggs,  dozen . 

Flour,  wheat,  lbs  .... 
Flour,  buckwheat,  lbs. 

Fish,  fresh,  lbs . 

Ginger,  lbs . 

Goose,  lbs . 

Hams . 

Hominy,  lbs . 

Jelly,  assorted,  bottles. 
Jelly,  currant,  bottles. 

Lemons,  dozen . 

Lemon,  extract,  bottles 

Lard,  lbs . 

La  Keine,  lbs . 

Mutton,  lbs . 

Mackerel,  lbs . 

Meal,  corn,  lbs . 

Meal,  oat,  lbs . 

Molasses,  gallons . 

Mustard,  lbs . . 

Matches,  boxes . 

Maccaroni,  lbs . 

Oysters,  quarts . 

Onions,  bushels . 

Oranges,  dozens . 

Pork,  fresh,  lbs . 

Pork,  salt,  barrels. . . . 
Peaches,  dried,  lbs.  . . 

Peaches,  cans . 

Potatoes,  Irish,  bushel 
Potatoes,  sweet,  bush’l. 

Pears,  can . 

Pepper,  lbs . 

Prunes,  lbs . 

Kice,  lbs . 

Soda,  washing. .  4 - 

Soap,  hard . 

Soap,  castile,  lbs . 

Shoulders,  lbs . 

Sugar,  brown,  lbs. . . . 
Sugar,  white,  lbs ... . 
Sardines,  boxes . 


20,990 


4 

32 


119} 

479 

3 


15 

69 

20} 

37 

486 

527 

283 

28} 

100 


10 

1 


1,953} 


8 


31 
16} 
246 
39i 
113 
1 , 632} 
•  •  •  •  • 
317 
3,8934 
304 
58 


Purchased  dur¬ 

ing  the  year. 

Total  on  hand 

and  purchased. 

Issued  during 

the  year. 

On  hand  Septem¬ 

ber  30,  1884. 

2,841 

2,841 

2,841 

31,947 

152,987 

152,947 

50 

50 

50 

9,133 

9,137 

9,137 

126 

158 

68} 

89} 

144 

144 

144 

2,814 

2,933$ 

2,695} 

237} 

2,728 

3,207 

2,307 

900 

240 

243 

215 

28 

10 

10 

10 

18 

18 

18 

13 

28 

28 

1,383 

1,452 

1,359 

93 

85} 

106 

106 

21,246 

21,283 

20,905 

378 

6,045 

6,531 

5,993 

538 

2,200 

2,727 

2,137 

590 

3,200 

3,483 

2,458 

1,025 

1,442 

1,4704 

1,361} 

109 

411 

511 

504 

7 

1,421 

1,421 

1,421 

77 

87 

87 

91 

92 

’  92 

qi 

91 

91 

4 

4 

4 

8,827 

8,827 

8,827 

20,248$ 

22,2014 

17,392} 

4,809 

656 

656 

236 

420 

324 

332 

330 

2 

152} 

152} 

152} 

10 

10 

10 

49 

80 

80 

393 

409} 

409$ 

1,168 

1,414 

1,195 

219 

3,5?4J 

3,614 

3,283 

331 

2,141 

2,254 

1,936 

318 

3,618 

5,250} 

4,773} 

477 

n 

n 

iyi 

9,005 

9,322 

9,044 

278 

26,850 

30,743} 

21,503 

9 , 240$ 

1,868 

2,172 

1,965 

207 

115 

173 

130 

43 

No.  41] 


1? 


Statement  of  commissary  stores —  (Continued). 


Kf 

- 
%  • 

» 

• 

i 

On  hand  Septem¬ 

ber  30,  1883. 

Purchased  dur¬ 

ing  the  year. 

Total  on  hand 

and  purchased. 

i 

Issued  during 

the  year. 

On  hand  Septem¬ 

ber  30,  1884. 

Sausages,  lbs . 

344 

344 

344 

Soapaona,  lbs . 

•  •  •  •  • 

1 

1 

1 

Salt,  lbs . 

1,517 

12,930 

14,447 

13,014$ 

1,432$ 

Tea,  lbs . 

307 

2,881$ 

3,188$ 

2,937$ 

251 

Tapioca,  lbs . 

16 

20 

36 

28 

8 

Tobacco,  smoking. . . . 

513 

2,639$ 

3,152$ 

3,152$ 

Tobacco,  chewing. . . . 

527$ 

2,708 

3,235$ 

3,235$ 

Turkey,  lbs . 

719 

719 

719 

Tomatoes,  cans . 

34 

1,570 

1  604 

1,604 

Vermicleli,  lbs . 

11 

12 

23 

23 

Vinegar,  gallons . 

487 

297 

784 

778 

6 

Vanilla,  extract,  b’ttl’s. 

4 

4 

4 

Veal,  lbs . 

101 

4,173 

4,274 

4  274 

Whiskey,  gallons  .... 

631 

81f 

145$ 

83 

52$ 

Wine,  gallons . 

4 

105$ 

106$ 

90 

16$ 

Wheat,  cracked,  lbs . . 

88 

400 

488 

388 

100 

Sage . . 

5 

5 

5 

Pearline . 

701 

701 

88 

613 

Value  of  articles  on  hand,  September  30,  1883 .  $2,318  62 

Value  of  articles  purchased  during  the  year .  37,952  47 

Total .  $40,271  09 

Value  of  issues  during  the  year .  38,247  57 

Value  of  articles  on  hand  September  30,  1884  .  $2,023  52 


Average  cost  of  ration,  18$  cents. 


I  certify  the  foregoing,  to  be  a  true  and  correct  statement,  according 
to  returns  on  file  in  this  office. 

C,  C.  LEAVENS, 

Steioard. 


*  This  average  includes  four  citizen  employees. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No/41.]  3 


LIBRARIAN’S  REPORT. 


I 


New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors’  Home, 
Bath,  Steuben  Count  t,  N.  Y., 

September  30,  1884. 


Gen.  T.  G.  Pitcher,  Superintendent . 

Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the  New 
York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors’  Home  Library,  for  the  year  ending 
September  30,  1884. 

Very  respectfully, 

i  JOHN  KAY, 

!\  Librarian. 

' 

Reading  Room. 

Daily  Papers. 

New  York  Herald,  New  York  Sun,  New  York  Tribune,  New  York 
World,  New  York  Times,  Brooklyn  Eagle,  Albany  Knickerbocker, 
Albany  Argus,  Buffalo  Daily  Courier,  Buffalo  Evening  News,  Phila¬ 
delphia  Record. 

Sunday  Papers. 

Brooklyn  Eagle,  Philadelphia  Eagle. 

Weekly  Papers. 

Poughkeepsie  Eagle,  Peck’s  Sun,  Texas  Siftings,  Boston  Pilot,  Nau¬ 
tical  Gazette,  Harper’s  Magazine,  Leslie’s  Magazine,  Illustrated,  Steu¬ 
ben  Advocate,  Steuben  Signal,  Steuben  Courier,  Steuben  Herald, 
Hornellsville  Times,  Morris  Chronicle,  Salem  Press. 

Catalogue. 

Starin  library,  j-  . 

Miscellaneous . . . 

Literature . 

Political . . . 

Public  documents . 

Congressional  records . . . 

American  archives  (fifth  series) . 

Scientific . . . 

Scribner  (magazine  bound) . 


Volumes. 

.  275 

86 
267 
40 
11 
82 
30 
3 

.  243 

40 


[Assembly,  No.  41.] 


19 


Atlantic  (magazine  bound) . *. .  * . 

Knickerbocker,  bound . 

Putnam,  bound . - . 

Galaxy,  bound . 

Century,  bound . 

Poetry,  bound . 

History . 

Biography . 

Fiction . 

Travels . 

Harper’s  Monthly,  bound . 

Harper’s  Weekly,  bound . 

Harper’s  Miscellaneous,  bound . 

Hon.  D.  P.  Richardson  official  records,  War  of  Rebellion 

Religious  works . 

Bible . 

Illustrated  London  Nfews,  bound . 

Seaside  library . 

April,  1884,  “Reed”  library . 

German  library . 


Volumes. 

41 

20 

7 

10 
4 
45 
313 
210 
400 
.  157 

.  172 

32 
38 
12 
205 
21 
20 

.  232 

182 
358 


Amount  bound  volumes .  3,556 

Miscellaneous  magazines,  pamphlets,  etc .  421 

Total .  3,997 


Donations  made  during  the  year,  as  follows: 

April,  1884,  Captain  M.  A.  Reed  of  New  York  city,  Post  Comman¬ 
der  of  the  G.  A.  R.,  182  volumes  (with  book  case). 

Public  Documents. 

Hon  D.  P.  Richardson,  M.  C. ;  August,  1884,  Hon.  John  T.  Cain, 
M.  C.;  July,  1884,  Hon.  W.  F.  Rogers,  M.  C.;  July,  1884,  Hon. 
R.  P.  Hower,  M.  C. 


German  Booics . 

December,  1883,  Theodore  Feldstein  of  New  York  city,  German 
works ;  August,  1884,  W.  W.  Allen,  Bath,  New  York,  miscellaneous 
papers;  March  31,  1884,  D.  C.  Hanford,  Brookton,  Tompkins  county, 
miscellaneous  papers ;  June  4,  1884,  A.  Stambach,  Post  9,  G.  A.  R., 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  magazines;  June  6,  1884,  G.  G.  Hallenbeck,  maga¬ 
zines;  July  11, 1884,  Nichols,  Bath,  Illustrated  London  News,  for  the 
years  1857  to  1874,  18  years;  July  28,  1884,  Henry  O’Barton,  Cam¬ 
bridge,  N.  Y.,  magazines;  August  23,  1884,  O.  L.  Whitcomb,  Argyle, 
Washington  county,  N.  Y.,  magazines;  May  29,  1884,  Unknown, 
miscellaneous. 

Average  issue  of  books  during  the  year  7,500,  irrespective  of  maga¬ 
zines,  about  150  volumes  weekly.  • 


20 


[Assembly,  No.  41.] 


Weekly  Papers. 

Cayuga  Chief,  Ovid  Independent,  Havana  Journal,  Chenango  Union’ 
Grocers  and  Packers  Journal,  Owego  Blade,  Orange  County  Press, 
Fayetteville  Record. 

Transient  Papers. 

Albany  Union,  Albany  Times,  Auburn  Journal,  Iron  Review,  New 
Jerusalem  Messenger,  Washington  Veddette,  Rochester  Express,  Chris¬ 
tian  Advocate,  Radical  Review,  Auburn  Journal. 

German  Daily  Papers. 

Three  copies,  New  York  Staats  Zeitung;  one  copy,  New  York  Zei- 
tung ;  one  copy,  Brooklyn  Freie  Presse. 

German  Weekly  Papers. 

Der  Long  Islander,  New  York  Wochenblatt,  Rochester  Wochenblatt, 
Deutscher  Evangelist,  Puck,  Um  Die  Welt,  Der  Freischuetz. 


Lost. 

May  5,  1884,  No.  132,  history,  geography  of  New  York  State,  lost 
by  Godfrey  Braumaster,  company  C. 


BY-LAWS 


FOR  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF 
THE  NEW  YORK  STATE  SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS’  HOME. 


Article  I. 

The  meetings  of  the  Board  shall  be  held  in  the  village  of  Bath, 
Steuben  county,  N.  Y.,  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

Article  II. 

The  officers  of  this  Board  shall  consist  of  a  President,  Vice-President, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  who  shall  hold  their  offices  until  others  are 
elected  in  their  stead. 


Article  III. 

The  election  of  officers  shall  take  place  on  the  second  Thursday  in 
January  in  each  year,  which  shall  be  the  Annual  Meeting,  and  quar¬ 
terly  meeting  shall  be  held  on  the  second  Thursday  of  April,  July  and 
October. 

Article  IV. 

Notices  of  meetings  shall  be  mailed  to  each  Trustee  at  least  five  days 
before  each  meeting. 

Article  V. 

Special  meetings  of  the  Board  may  be  called  by  the  Secretary  when 
directed  by  the  President,  or  on  the  written  request  of  three  members 
of  the  Board. 

Article  VI. 

The  President  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  Board,  and  shall 
decide  all  questions  of  order,  subject  to  an  appeal  to  the  Board.  In 
the  absence  of  the  President,  the  Vice-President  shall  perform  his 
duties. 

Article  VII. 

The  Secretary  shall  keep  an  accurate  minute  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  Board  and  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

Article  VIII. 

The  Treasurer  shall  receive  the  moneys  appropriated  for  the  objects 
of  the  Home  as  the  same  shall  be  paid  him  by  the  State  Comptroller, 
or  other  sources,  and  shall  disburse  the  same  upon  the  written  order 


22 


[Assembly 


of  at  least  two  (2)  of  the  Executive  Committee,  or  upon  an  order  of  the 
Board  signed  by  the  President  and  countersigned  by  the  Secretary, 
and  not  otherwise;  and  shall  execute  a  bond  for  the  faithful  perform¬ 
ance  of  his  duties  as  shall  be  required  by  the  Board.  He  shall  present 
to  the  Board  at  each  quarterly  meeting,  a  written  report  showing  the 
condition  of  each  fund  appropriated  for  the  Home. 

Article  IX. 

The  following  standing  committees  shall  be  elected  by  the  Board: 

1.  An  Executive  Committee  to  consist  of  five  members. 

2.  An  Auditing  Committee  to  consist  of  three  members. 

3.  A  Committee  on  Buildings  and  Grounds  to  consist  of  five  mem¬ 
bers. 

Article  X. 

The  Executive  Committee  shall  constitute  a  permanent  Board  for 
counsel,  advice  and  direction,  and  shall  be  vested  with  the  powers  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  in  all  cases  when  the  Board  of  Trustees  shall 
not  have  otherwise  ordered  or  determined.  They  shall  keep  minutes 
of  their  proceedings,  and  shall  at  each  meeting  of  the  Board  make  a 
full  report  of  their  proceedings  since  the  previous  meeting  of  the 
Board,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  President,  the  Executive  Committee 
may  appoint  a  Chairman  pro  tern. 

Article  XI. 

The  Auditing  Committee  shall  examine  all  vouchers  for  expendi¬ 
tures  authorized  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  or  Executive  Committee, 
and  shall  also,  previous  to  the  annual  meetiug,  examine  the  books  of 
the  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  and  making  a  report  to  the  Board. 

Article  XII. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Committee  on  Grounds  to  recommend 
from  time  to  time  the  improvements  to  be  made  upon  the  grounds  to 
the  Board,  or  in  its  absence  to  the  Executive  Committee,  to  examine 
into  and  have  charge  of  such  improvements,  and  to  see  that  the  grounds 
are  kept  in  order,  and  that  the  regulations  of  the  Board  of  the  Execu¬ 
tive  Committee  are  carried  into  effect. 


Article  XIII. 

All  contracts  entered  into  by  this  Board  shall  be  signed  by  a  major¬ 
ity  of  the  Committee  having  authority  to  make  the  same. 

Article  XIV. 

The  order  of  business  of  meetings  of  the  Board,  except  when  other¬ 
wise  ordered,  shall  be : 

1.  Beading  of  the  minutes  of  the  previous  meetiug. 

2.  Communications. 

3.  Beports  of  officers. 

4.  Beports  of  Standing  Committees. 

5.  Beports  of  Select  Committees. 

6.  Motions  and  Besolutions. 

7.  Miscellaneous  business. 


No.  41.] 


23 


Article  XV. 

The  yeas  and  nays  shall  be  called  and  recorded  upon  all  questions 
involving  the  appropriation  of  money,  whether  by  the  Board  or  Exec¬ 
utive  Committee,  and  upon  all  other  questions  upon  the  request  of 
one  trustee.  All  resolutions  shall  be  in  writing,  with  the  name  of  the 
mover  thereon.  All  reports  shall  be  signed  by  a  majority  of  the  Com¬ 
mittee  to  whom  the  same  was  referred. 

The  By-Laws  may  be  amended  at  any  meeting  of  the  Board  by  a 
vote  of  three-fourths  of  the  members  of  the  Board. 


RULES  AND  REGULATION S. 


Officers. 

The  officers  in  charge  of  the  Home  shall  consist  of  a  Superintendent, 
Surgeon,  and  such  subordinate  officers  as  the  Superintendent  may  ap¬ 
point,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  Superintendent  and  Surgeon  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Board 
of  Trustees,  and  shall  hold  their  offices  during  the  pleasure  of  the  Board. 

The  salaries  or  compensation  of  all  officers,  inmates  or  employees  of 
the  Home  shall  be  fixed  by  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

SUPERINTENDENT. 

The  Superintendent  shall  have  charge  of  the  accounts  of  the  Home, 
and  shall  render  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  at  such  times  as  the  Board 
may  fix,  a  full  and  detailed  account  of  its  receipts  and  expenditures. 
He  shall  make  quarterly  returns  in  duplicate  of  all  personal  property 
owned  by,  or  that  may  be  purchased  by  the  Home.  The  said  returns 
shall  be  made  in  the  manner  and  be  accompanied  with  the  vouchers 
required  from  officers  of  the  Quartermasters  and  substituted  depait- 
ments  of  the  U.  S.  Army.  One  copy  to  be  transmitted  to  the  Comp¬ 
troller  of  the  State  by  the  Secretary,  and  the  other  filed  at  the  Head¬ 
quarters  of  the  Home. 

He  shall  also  report  to  the  Comptroller  of  the  State,  on  or  before 
the  10th  day  of  January,  April,  July  and  October,  in  each  year,  a  de¬ 
tailed  statement  of  all'  receipts  and  payments  during  the  preceding 
quarter,  and  of  the  amount  of  money  on  hand.  He  shall  reside  on 
the  premises  belonging  to  the  Home;  and  shall  have  sole  charge  of  the 
inmates,  and  be  responsible  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  their  good 
conduct ;  and  may  establish  such  rules  and  regulations  for  the  disci¬ 
pline,  and  government  of  the  inmates,  not  in  conflict  with  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  as  he  may  deem  proper. 

The  Superintendent  may  appoint  from  to  time  such  subordinate 
officers  as  may  be  necessary,  and  fix  their  duties.  He  shall  als  recom¬ 
mend,  to  the"  Board  of  Trustees,  such  measures  as  he  may  deem  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Home. 


24 


[Assembly 


The  Superintendent  shall  keep  a  record  of  Morning  Reports  in  the 
form  substantially  of  Regimental  Morning  reports  required  in  the 
military  service  of  he  United  States. 

He  shall  also  keep  a  Register  of  inmates  containing  substantially 
the  following,  viz.:  Number,  name,  age,  nativity,  occupation,  date  of 
admission,  residence  at  the  time  of  admission,  residence  at  the  time  of 
entering  service,  date  of  enlistment,  company,  regiment,  date  of  dis¬ 
charge,  causes  of  discharge,  diseases  or  disability,  domestic  relation, 
pensioned  or  not,  rate  of  pension,  remarks;  which  Register  shall  be 
known  as  the  “  General  Register  ” 

He  shall  also  keep  a  Register  to  be  known  as  the  “  Death  Register,” 
in  which  he  shall  enter  substantially  as  follows:  Number,  register 
number,  name,  nativity,  age,  company,  regiment,  cause  of  death,  date, 
place  of  death,  where  buried,  number  of  grave,  and  remarks. 

1  Surgeon. 

The  Surgeon  shall  be  a  competent  Physician  and  Surgeon,  legally 
licensed  to  practice  medicine  and  surgery  under  the  laws  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  and  of  not  less  than  five  years’  practice.  He  shall  not 
be  required  to  reside  at  the  Home,  but  shall  visit  the  same  daily  at  a 
time  to  be  designated  by  the  Superintendent,  and  at  all  other  times 
when  notified.  He  shall  make  weekly  examination  of  the  buildings  of 
the  Home  and  their  sanitary  arrangements  and  condition,  and  make 
such  suggestions  to  the  Superintendent  touching  the  health  of  the  in* 
mates — the  sanitary  condition  of  the  Home,  and  the  police  system  of 
the  grounds,  as  he  may  deem  advisable. 

The  Surgeon  in  charge  shall  furnish  his  own  medical  and  surgical 
instruments,  but  all  necessary  medicines  or  medical  stores  shall  be 
furnished  at  the  expense  of  the  Home. 

Religious  services  shall  be  held  on  Sunday  at  the  Home,  as  such  time 
and  place  as  the  Superintendent  may  designate. 

Admission. 

No  person  shall  be  admitted  to  the  benefits  of  the  Home  until  he 
shall  have  submitted  a  formal  application  in  writing  or  print,  signed 
by  himself,  aud  the  same  shall  have  been  favorably  acted  upon  by  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  Such  application  shall  be  accom¬ 
panied  by  an  honorable  discharge,  or  proof  thereof,  and  evidence  satis¬ 
factory  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  as  follows: 

1.  That  he  served  in  the  army  or  navy  of  theUnited  States  during  the 
late  rebellion,  and  enlisted  from  the  State  of  New  York,  or  shall  have 
been  a  resident  for  one  year  preceding  his  application  for  admission. 

2.  That  he  is  disabled  from  a  wound  or  wounds  received  while  in 
the  service  of  the  United  States,  or  from  sickness,  or  disability,  con¬ 
tracted  therein,  or  needs  the  aid  or  benefit  of  the  Home  in  consequence 
of  physical  disability. 

3.  That  he  has  at  the  date  of  his  application  no  property  or  means 
of  support,  and  that  he  is  unable  to  support  himself  by  his  own  effort 
and  labor. 

4.  That  he  has  no  relative  of  sufficient  ability  to  maintain  him,  who 
are  legally  liable  for  his  support  under  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  New 
York. 


No.  41.] 


25 


5.  Applicant’s  name  in  full,  his  age,  and  occupation,  place  of  nativ¬ 
ity,  and  place  of  residence,  at  the  time  of  application  and  of  entering 

»  the  service. 

6.  The  Company  and  Regiment  or  Vessel  in  which,  and  the  Captain, 
Colonel,  or  officer  under  whom  he  served. 

7.  The  date  of  his  enlistment  and  discharge. 

8.  If  the  applicant  is  a  United  States  pensioner,  he  must  file  his 
pension  certificate  with  his  application,  to  be  retained  by  the  Home 
while  he  remains  an  inmate  thereof. 

9.  If  not  a  pensioner,  the  affidavit  of  the  applicant  that  he  is  not. 

10.  If  the  applicant  is  a  United  States  pensioner,  he  must  file  with 
his  application  a  consent  or  agreement  to  transfer  to  the  Superintend¬ 
ent  immediately  after  receiving  his  quarterly  pension,  the  whole 
amount  received  by  him  as  such  pensioner.  The  money  so  paid  shall 
be  deposited  with  the  Treasurer  of  the  Home,  subject  to  the  disposition 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees;  and  that  he  will  execute  any  necessary 
power  or  voucher  for  receiving  the  same. 

11.  The  applicant’s  agreement  to  conduct  himself  properly,  and 
submit  to  the  rules,  regulations  and  discipline  of  the  Home. 

12.  The  applicant  shall  also  furnish  satisfactory  proof  of  his  identity. 

13.  The  certificate  of  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  or  County 
Judge  or  Clerk  of  the  County  where  the  applicant  resides,  or  a  mem¬ 
ber  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  that  he  has  carefully  examined  the  proofs 
—  that  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief  they  are  true  and  are 
satisfactory  to  him,  and  that  the  applicant  is  a  proper  person  for  ad¬ 
mission. 

14.  No  persons  will  be  admitted  to  the  Home,  who  at  the  time  of 
making  application  are  inmates  of  any  of  the  National  Homes,  or 
who  have  been  discharged  therefrom  within  three  months  previous. 

Conduct  of  Inmates. 

1.  All  inmates  of  the  Home  will  conduct  themselves  at  all  times  in 
a  quiet  and  orderly  manner,  and  observe  strict  courtesy  toward  the 
officers  and  in  their  intercourse  with  each  other.  They  will  discharge 
such  duties  as  may  be  required  of  them  by  the  Superintendent.  Any 
inmate  who  is  habitually  intoxicated,  disobeys  orders,  or  who  refuses 
to  .perform,  without  pay,  any  labor  or  duty  imposed  upon  him  will  be 
summarily  discharged  by  the  Superintendent.  ~ 

2.  Profanity  and  vulgarity  are  forbidden,  and  quarrels  among  the 
inmates  or  employees  will  submit  the  offenders  to  punishment. 

3.  The  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  on  the  grounds  or  in  the  buildings 
is  prohibited,  and  any  inmate  bringing  it  upon  the  grounds  or  into  the 
buildings  will  be  punished. 

4.  No  smoking  will  be  allowed  in  the  buildings  except  in  the  rooms 
designated  by  the  Superintendent  for  that  purpose. 

5.  Scrupulous  cleanliness  in  person  and  dress  is  enjoined. 

6.  Water,  sweepings  or  refuse  of  auy  sort  shall  not  be  thrown  from 
the  windows  or  doors  of  the  buildings,  but  must  be  put  in  places  des¬ 
ignated  by  the  Superintendent. 

7.  Marking  on  the  walls  is  forbidden,  and  defacing  the  buildings, 
trees,  fences,  or  structures  will  subject  the  offender  to  punishment,  and 
render  him  liable  to  the  Home  for  the  damage  done. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.]  4 


26 


[Assembly 


8.  Inmates  shall  not  leave  the  grounds  of  the  Home,  enter  the  barns, 
stables,  shops,  kitchen,  laundry,  or  detached  buildings,  without  per¬ 
mission  of  the  Superintendent. 

9.  Inmates  shall  appear  at  all  times  in  the  uniform  or  dress  estab¬ 
lished  by  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

10.  At  Reveille  the  inmates  shall  rise,  wash  themselves  neatly;  and 
when  assembled  for  breakfast,  before  entering  the  dining  room,  the 
officer  in  charge  of  each  detachment  shall  inspect  his  men  and  report 
any  neglect  to  the  Superintendent. 

11.  A  call  will  be  sounded  fifteen  minutes  before  each  meal  to  allow 
preparation  therefor. 

12.  The  Superintendent  shall  designate  the  hours  for  reading  and 
smoking,  and  during  those  hours  will  allow  all  men  not  on  duty  ac¬ 
cess  to  the  reading  and  smoking  rooms. 

13.  At  Tattoo  all  inmates  shall  retire  to  their  quarters,  and  at  Taps 
all  lights  will  be  extinguished. 

14.  No  inmate  or  employee,  other  than  the  persons  assigned  to  such 
duty,  shall  at  any  time  interfere  or  meddle  with  the  furnaces,  ranges, 
lights, 'sewers  or  water-works  of  the  Home. 

15.  From  the  first  of  April  to  September  30,  Reveille  will  be  sounded 
at  5:30  A.  m.,  and  Retreat  at  6  p.  M.  From  the  first  of  October  to 
March  31,  Reveille  will  be  sounded  at  7  a.  m.,  and  Retreat  at  4:30  p.  m. 

16.  Tattoo  will  be  sounded  at  9  p.  m.,  and  Taps  half  an  hour  later. 

17.  The  Superintendent  will  designate  the  hours  for  meals. 

18.  The  officers  in  charge  of  detachments  will  call  the  roll  of  their 
respective  detachments  respectively  at  Reveille  and  Tattoo,  and  absen¬ 
tees  will  be  reported  to  the  Superintendent. 

19.  All  inmates  must  be  prompt  at  stated  roll  calls,  unless  on  duty 
or  excused  on  account  of  sickness. 

20.  Complaints  of  neglect  or  ill  treatment  must  be  made  in  writing 
to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  through  the  Superintendent. 

Expulsions. 

Any  inmate  of  the  Home  may  be  expelled  by  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
the  Executive  Committee,  or  Superintendent,  for  a  willful  violation  of 
the  rules  and  regulations. 

Re-Admission. 

Whenever  any  inmate  has  been  expelled  from  the  Home  he  may  be 
re-admitted  upon  application  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  or  Executive 
Committee,  upon  satisfying  the  Board  or  Committee,  that  he  will  in 
future  conduct  himself  properly,  and  observe  and  obey  the  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  Home,  and  perform  such  duty  without  compensa¬ 
tion  as  the  Superintendent  shall  deem  proper. 

- 

Discharges. 

1.  Any  inmate  of  the  Home  may  receive  an  honorable  discharge  at 
any  time  upon  his  application  therefor. 

2.  Whenever  the  Board  of  Trustees  are  satisfied  that  any  inmate  has 
sufficient  ability  or  means  to  support  himself  they  may  discharge  him. 

3.  All  discharges  shall  state  the  reason  therefor. 


No.  41.] 


27 


Furloughs. 

Furloughs  may  be  granted  to  inmates  of  the  Home  by  the  Superin¬ 
tendent  whenever  he  may  deem  it  necessary  or  proper. 

The  above  amendments  to  the  rules  governing  the  Home  are  hereby 
approved. 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  15,  1880. 

J.  W.  WADSWORTH, 

*  Comptroller. 

N.  B.  —  The  friends  of  applicants  are  hereby  notified,  that  men  of 
unsound  mind  ought  not  to  be  sent  here,  as  the  Home  cannot  give 
them  the  care  and  attention  such  cases  require. 

T.  G.  PITCHER, 

Superintendent. 


List  op  Inmates  who  have  been  admitted  to  the  Home  from  Date  op  Opening  to  September  30,  1884. 


28 


[Assembly 


s 

s 

02 

Pd 


a  a 

02  o 


CO  i-  co  I-  !-  i-  CO  t-  r-  i- 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

rH  rH  •—*  r  1  rH  rH  i-H  rH  r-*  rH  rH 

»-f  cTeo  r-Tco  of  co  -if  cf  <© 

rtNH^Hr^H^CON 

a  ^  d  2  d  a  >» 

a.7"  u  n  h  o  o<o.^ 


o 

co 

CO 


CM 

co 

00 


it  oi 


o 

M  M  “  O 
00  OO  22  —  I  - 

2*  «2 
n'-'j 

,  f—i  *■ 

CO  ^ 1  <M  r  CO 


CM 

CO 

co 


^  Ci  00 
cc  I;  2  ^  ^ 
co  ^ 

^  -r22 00 

w>  — H  —a 


O 

?o 


1-  Ci 
co  r— 
•—  co 


co  Sod-t^-  co 

-  oo~2 


~C>  g 


CO 

co 

CO 


CM 


*3 


»o  -r 

CM  C»  t-'  .  r/i  »,  ^  . 

.  T  .  .  • _ _  •  <55  o>  •  •  C2  h 

7*  2-Js««3  £-*2  ,  ~.r;  O  ,5*0  3  £ 


tic  3  tr.  u  bo  so  to 


'o'*,'’w'u'o  7 

'/J-rt  »  CO  W  ^ 


1  a  T3  T5  -c  *c  "d  T3  *0  ' 

.  o . 

a  ^  ccaaaaaaa  a^n 
o^ooooaoooo^ai 


^  J  a)  Saa  d  d  d  &  d  c  d  a 

.  r  •“  <-  7,  ^  .  <r,  ^  Y,  •/•  -/•/•  r  T  _ ,  *“  7,  CT  C*  *!*  _ 


333S 


o.2  §  5  o  $  3.22  S  §  £  ”  £5i!  ©  p 

KficcGi-iGGPiPiccGQftGG.— cc 


O  £  o  o  o  3 

5P=== w 


03 


o  o  o  < 
o  o  o  c 


>0000000 

>0000000 


CO  CO  CM  00  CO  C 

rH 


;OC0OOi< 


o  o  o 

CO  co  CO 


§8  8  8 

CM  CO  QO  CO 


<D 


y 


COOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO-COCOCOCOQOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOXV.OOO 

i~  i —  i-  r-  co  t- 1-  i-  i-  i^  i  - 1—  r- 1-  r-  i- n-  1- 1  -  i-  i-  i- i-  n-  r- r-  n-  i-  i-  i- n- »-  i— i- 1-  i- 1- 

CO  CO  O  co  CO  co  CO  CO  CO  co  CO  'CO  CO  co  co  CO  co  co  co  'O  TO  ao  CO  cc  co  co  co  30COQOOOOOCOQOOO  co  CO  oo  CO  00  CO  X  CO  X  CO  CO 


O  O 
f—  r— 

cc  co 


»o  o  o  »o  o  o  *o  oo»o>o  io  »o  o  o  »a  *a  »o  *o  »o  in  o  »o  o  i.c  ic  c  o  >o  o  o  r-  r-  r-  x  x  x  x  x  c  o  c  o  o  x 

CM  CM  ^  CM  (M  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  Ol  CM  CM  Ol  CM  CM  CM  Ol  CM  Ol  C^l  CM  C^4  <M  CM  Ol  Cl  CM  CM  C^J  CM  CO  CO  CO 


OCJOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO  -  - 


y  6  q  o  u  u  o  u  o  o  u  o  u  'j  o  o  o  'j  o  u  ^  -  g  g 
'  oaJO^Doajooooooc'i'C1  o-js--  ci  zi 
- PPPPPPPPQPP^^  ^  ^ 


pQ 

o3 


a  a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a  a 

o  o  o  o  o 

^  £  £  £  & 

o  o  o  o  © 

<Z)  <Z3  r/>  •/)  C0  £  CO  <X  <»  c/2  c/D  a  C/2  ■/) 

aaaaa  — - - *  ~  — * 

a  a  a  a  a 
OOOOC5 


:  ci 


'S'2'2'273  ’■'orz 

3  3  3  3  3  3  3  2  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

00000300233330 

^  is  ^  te  “  ^  ^  S.2.22^;.^  i 

<-!00“33^.3:i 


o  o  o  o  o 


3^3=J3, 


CC3  _ 

S»te»i«m3<«'/ifc3333»i33i.333;j  2.Z3  3g33SCjQ,3»n®St3®»B  3  » 

iiC3CCR«CS!!#®tuia®s<SD®li#  o  33  0)  a>  0/  4/  33  R3Rbi®:RC  3 

®33333-R3RbR33HiRRbRRR>)i.  3.—  3^.333^3^3333^33^333  ci  3 


3  3  |  3  3  3  0 

.2.^  S  -j£  -22 .22  S 

^  n  <-<  3 

*icics-'-cicica3 
OrH’Cg  r;r» 


SC 

3  :_4  r_; 


^2 

X  r- 

a* 


as  co  C0'.5,c 

i'-g-ScG 

j  S  5  ^,5  ^ 


O  0.0  3  0  3  O  C 

&s^«g.Sts - 


.  3 

o  o 


-  J  *  o  2  ’■ 
r ti  tgZZ  tr\  a 


*j  X  *- 


loco 


o 

> 


o  o 
to 

X 


a  c  a  a  22  ^  x  at  a  a  ’x 

a^^  aa'aoaoaae  ^7  a 


a 

o 

-*-> 

ci 

Q< 

a 

o 

o 

O 


a 

S5 


a 

2  °' 
§•5- 

O  c^4 


o 


:  o  ojj 
.  a^  as  co 

:  ci  3  3 

i^HPQ 


%->  n 
a;  *a 
a)  .a 

Bz 

a  a 

ss 


^4  U 

<D  Q)  O  O 

s  a  O  o 

ci  a  ci  ci 


4) 


—  <x>  •'- 


u 

.  :  o> 

:  2  -55  ^  p^ 

■'l  U  0) 


o 

(X  (1) 

CS^J 


p-l  J-l 

OO  .  r~- 

^  ^  v.  a 

0  0^0 a  -  _  _  .  _ _ 

aaaoaaz-iaPo 
a  a  o.a^  a3 a:  a  ccaia  a  ~ 


g" B  S  O  S  g  g  S O 

•  o  p  of  *a 


^  4c  a 

d  5  5  h  ’2  ci  ^ 


.3-7 

-  77  ^ 


o  .a 

|1 

H--  ^ 


O 

o  a 
a  o 
02  05 


Ui  7 

£  2 
o  S 
a  - 
a  a 
h-ffe 


a  pr 

a  a 

o  a 


O  r-  o 

a 

off  o 
a  a  a 
a  c  - 


®  ^  a*a 


o  CJ  c 

a  o 
a  a  a 


o 


5  £  o5 

O  33>  3 

O  c  3  O 

^  r  '■  a  O- 


o 

a 

a 


3  3  2  3  3 


j-g-S  .:7S37  177  :^77  3  :  :  JB-g  !  !  !  i  i7*3  :3  :  :  = 

*aa  •  a  a  a  a  *aa  *caaa  •  *aa  •  »-*a  •  •  •  *  »  ^7  '.  -  •  ^ 

5  3  arfi  rtyj-r, *oi  3  3c»  *  *  *  Fcqso  * 5.~AxA^2.rAmmrf2'./i  *  2  r72cc  = 

.00)  .0c;caj  .000)3;  .  .OO  .  .  c  O  .  .  .  :  .  J)  ?  ®  •  •  a 

3(iiii;pHHSH5HH5HHHCP5HHpPaHt>55P5HO0C3OP5C 


a  a  *  a  rt 

—  C  C  •  •  •  *“  -!  lv  w 

'bc*  S^3Rt»3R!»7>7> 

cp  .  O  .  .  . 

ShOhh^h^^PhhP 


>> 

a?  "O  73  g 


GO 


a 

B-  iu  .  £ 
p5fDO  &  h3 


C/2  Q 

5.2 

<U  > 

^  s 


CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

r— «  •— *  •— ■  rH  i--  rH  r— <  i-H  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  pH  H  rH  rH  rH  r—  rH  rH  r—  r—  r—  i-h  h  rH  rH  rH  r-  r—  rH  ^h  rr  — —  rH  rH  rH 

>  II  I*  I  I  I  I  •  I  I  I  •  I  l  I  |  I  II  I  l  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  •  •  I  I  I  I 

CM  Nr I  OfOOOtO'DXNlMHtDHN  CM  OOO^HnCOHiO  OO-rCMCGCMCM— <  -H  r 

H  rH  rH 

h^CO— <CMCMrHCOCOCMrH 


CM 


A  CM  CM  » 


ii  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i 

CM  N-'T*  COO’fHNCOHO  OO^CMCiCMCM^-  -H 

rH  rH  rH  •  rH 

1  rH  CM  CO  CM  CM  CM  CM  CO  rH  CO  rH  rH  CO  CM  CO  CO  H  CO^CO  rH 


CM 


0> 

bo 


C17aa<OiMOXMOCM7COXa7lHXNXC'10XXH<OOaa'fMOO'X>XOOaXCMNOr:  H-.h  n  o  cm 

cOCOiO'aOTtiCOCOOiCSO^OCOaO^COrtrt.iOCOTf^OCOeCiO'aH^COCOr^'^'COiOCOCO'^COCOCOTfiO'TCO^HH  CO  -*r 


a 

o> 


to 

<D 

Pd 


^  a 


5- 

a 

a  a  a 

OHH 


k .  T.  +*  ¥  ¥  ^  1*. 

O'r,  ^  ^  —  *H 

CSh3°  O  O  C 

^2^  5>h>h>->h 
>  ^  &  & 

^  S  nf  co  CM  00 

CM  H  rH  CM  O  CO 


s-  J  a  Oh 

a^  c  a 


0^00 

02  >  C2  02 

5^0 

^ 

»o  o  a 

rH  CM  r—  H 


>  > 
r-  CJ 

02  Kr 

o 

CO  o 

O  -H 


•  ‘h 

>  c 

ahH 
3  ° 

<12 


>  3 


R4T: 
3  O 
>  OS* 

.  5-  o 

OtT- 

02  ^  ^ 

ifi  o 


H 

3  . 

OS 

^  & 

o  5 


W)«jJ 

!-  ^ 


» 

’s' 


>  .j- 

H  .  3  > 


i  . »  a 


■no 

f  & 

^  02 

02  ir 


°  °  5 

^  &  > 

o«c^ 

>3  00  3! 


<4H 

X3  •  :  :  a 

<*-«  “  "a  ►>  ^  a 

Kt*  a ^ -r 

^a ^  o  a  o 

O  ^  ~  K_.  o  ^  ®  ^ 
7>h>h  >7  o .  > 

^  r  ^  H  -1  r 


O 


0oi'0i>aj^.r0p00!s0^''i»-0c4ji^-0oi:'0>f'. 

CO  tc  CC  70  7  0C  M  CC  OOOCO  —  'aas  GO  nr; 

hhhXO -  -  ‘  “ 


~  x£ 
P  O 

^  £ 

02  02 


il 


^  r 

.  •  •« 
~  o 

»  Ooo  -►« 

^  £  oa»  g 
o  a> 


<M  »"CO!2<0- 
i<H«HH- <to^ 


rr-  —  —  Cl  r 


o 

O 


w 

7H 

H 


kJ 

02  4= 

«— 1  H 

■  or 

*03' 

.So  S 

o  ^’~; 
o»® 
c5 
5so 

Hr;  ^51 


04* 

'  ' 


02 

pbd 

a ! 


«  cn 


1  -*a.H  ^  ^  ^  02  •  rj 

;3>^a  O2r.o2r,c  H H>.H 

175  SsfoiJ  ^  g  235  £-g  a  • 

s  Qcq--Ki<G^Cc5>;— 33  —  = 

__  rK  •  Oh  .  .  ^  ^  -  O  _H  ^  C2 


:  ^ 
:  S 
:  <12 

:5 

•  o 

<X»rH 
O >f^\ 


>.  >  .a .: 


a  a 


m  m  . 

a  *h  s-  ri 

a  02  o)  >>  ^ 


-'S3  C  y>5.=  .3  c 

gi«5£.32£?-FS 


§5 


c5G  - 7)  =- '2>.£  —  S 

3=  . 


>i 

a> 


bC  3 

Hj 


cc 

3 


o 

l-S 


No.  41.  ] 


29 


ci 

i—  o 

cc  oo 


00  CO 

*— •  co  r'-  hou 

,HCOC5  -rH 
00  #>* — 1  I''*  C'Q 

S  ^  •»  <c 

o:G  fci»cr  p  dh 
d-  W)  K  J-  o> 

G  a  S3  £>  G  ,Q  -*• 

£«p%S£ 

r  ,  - 13  •-< 

GJ  "3  *-TT  -*-> 
fcuo'i.r  -C?  tr,  a-o 

■S'gwis'S00  m 

C/3  73  73  13  73  *r?  C 

=  2*5  «>;G  03  G 

g  ^  ®  g:  w  -*->  t-j 

§  §  i  §  i  !i 

P  P  X:  P C£  P  P 


o  n 

H  l'-  I"- 

CC  P  Ji  CO 

S§8'-'rH. 
--2  = 

o  co 

-d 

=  bo 

hn  *  H 

bC.iC  2  qc 

5c  is  rii 

oa  Jo 

»  “  3 .2 

CO  OtP* 

.  •  c  . 

e  g  5  e 

<“3^*30  “i 


■<C£H 


CO 

CO  0 
^  CO 


p 

CO 


Cl 

00 


C  H  . 
*-  X)  CO  : 

00  «— "— « J 


Cl  _ 

Cl  ©  CO 

s  t—  O  Cl  00  cc  00 

'X'I--'COrH^COH 

•  rH  OO  co  ^  00  .  hh  CO 


o 

00 


(M  ^ 

o^pli 

p|^®V% 

*  ►  »  CN  r/M 

r-r  *■  _  _ r_L 

■gig- gpS'-Cot 

«  s-g.2  S’?  »  S 

'-"Cfe 

C 

OO.iOOsC.i 

5: 552:1322552 


-vroo‘rH00  -  ,tc 


,co  »o  _ 
;TrH0lo^g 

rG  lO  °2 
k  z:  ^  a  •  o^mh 

“^a^a'Sa^sa, 

«■£< 

,  ,  r  r  r  r  r  r-  -  <■  ?  «  I 

T3  ©  ©  h*  r,  c*j 

be  to-2  SJ— 
-  Qj  G 


CO 

_  oo 
O  00 

CO  r-H 

00  „ 


Ci 

So 


Cl 

l-~ 

CO 


?o><" 


£3  ’“'r-  oo 

"  -cf^  2  53  . 

*£  i&S  Ssd^2a 

o*  rH  g  S  a;  ,  <d 

,-<£eoS-7°g^~CO-7e©W 
■  —  -  'l_l_'00Tj'_'  _T 


M  bop  te_b£  Xjilj  bjopjp)  j  r 

yo^youUnO^y  >.. 

S  » .2  .g  .2  2  *2  ^.SS.S.S^^  S 

P'g'O'G'S'S'gP'O'G'C.^.^g? 


*-  O  _  ,  rrH  »cfl  — C  ^  ^ 

.S»oS,«5fl>  £  M  60  S“  M 

O  ^>00^0  !J 


w*  ^ 

—  _  to  tj  2 

o'°5«:° 

_ _o«“o§!i§!i|isi 

t/jStwSSoQHSWKSflQQSfiftSWQi— iQczii— iOcq 


SHficfiSCC^. 
^ri>-<oobOOOO 


—  —  O)  SJ  -C 

c  5  10  ,/>  a» 

P  1)  4)  " 


4>; 

.^•c 

a?,  S 


o  o 

N  t>. 

CO  *00 

p  ^ 
co 

Hr- 1 

-*  CO 

•r  >»co 

*s  be"P  ^ 
3 

O  .  o  tJD 
'Tj  03  I-- 

•^5  a>^r  ^ 

'O  4-J  w 

•  a> 

O  ^  0.2 

SQSP 


Ci 

r— 

aO 


CO 

o 

*— 

c3 


'O 

W) 

ic 

y 

c/j 


G 

O 


o  •  • 
o  :  : 

:8  :  : 

.  .  O  •  •  • 

•  •  •  o  •  • 

•  •  *  *  * 

•  : 

•SS  :  : 

■  o  o  •  ■ 

:  *  •  •  •  •  « 

:  :  :  :  :o  t 

:  : 

•S  • 

•  •  •  •  !  ! 

2  •  • 

:°o  :  : 

:  joo  :  :  : 

i  i  •  j 

:  oo  '■t*  •  i 
:  h*  <m  •  : 

:  : co  t  •  :  •  • 

•  ;r— 

:  :  :  :  :co  : 

I  i 

:  ^  : 

:  <n  : 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  .  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

§85 

00 


-'S 


4» 
a*  ^ 

■2  2 
2  o 
atO 

o'P 

rd 

a>  t/3 

a/ 

ftp 


aicicicic-c.ciaicici^g^p^opocicicoc.g^^cicicici^cicici^gai^g^ci^oioicicicicicicicicic.ciciciaio 

SoSoSoSteteSoteSoSoSofcSoSoSStegs^teteSoteggfc&ioggggsgggggsssggsssgsssssgass 

p-h  •— 1  r—i  r-H  p-H  H  •— <  1— <  ph  h  rH  r-  h  h  —H  rH  r— <  r~*  P"  H  r— -  h  n  i-^  ^  ^  r  r 

-  *  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  **  -  •*  *■  •  *■  ••  **  '  *■  *"  *“  •“  ‘-r.r.r^^^^ooVoDVaT^cVoodddH  ^  w  ^  cc  - 

r - - - 


OOOOHH-f  iOO‘fl,'Ot'hMs>Cl 


w-  —  T—  —  —  C'l  c^  CO  co  .  - 


lO^C^CSKMCMOlCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


'  cc  CO  O  «c  H 

HHHC'I 


CGCGGGCGGGGGCGGCGGGGGGGGGCCGGGG; 

■  -  •««««*««  «s««  «.«.«.««  «««««««-« 


cS  si  cs 

—1 


a  a  c.  caccGcccccbcccPccsacss 

C3  si  Ci  sS  si.es  ci  ci  eS.ei.oi.eS.es  si  tS.es  es  ci  ei.es  ci  «  *.e3  ci 


s“:^r 


SC-5^^^,-5 


3  a^2  2  5  25  7?ts  253!i=p.p22p  s^Saisr^cs 

'"50feoooo^6oi^^pH02a2HpiOK'(^-<<lK?i3o-^o 


c3  q  73 

5  S  'S  !2 

=  3oJ 
0)  ;_ 


stJ's  : 

:  P  C  : 
a  p  P 
c  o  o  „  tc  o 
5/1  >  >  V  &  > 

d  -*^  hj  Cj  «*_. 

2  o  a><*-  o  o 
SpCO.  P 

g5S?»2£ 

*  ^  ^  Os  O  5 

h  ?  ci  o—  G 

^OWJPO 


tTr-G 

•  a  G 
:  g  G 
:  o  o 

:  £  £  <v 

•  -*->  -*j  ^ 
Hoop 
—  PiP!^ 

C  '/i  M  y) 

1-  G  G  2 
0)  g  G  53 
mOOM 


I  ^ 
»*G 


-  'h  H 

/  a>  ^ 

:  2*3 
52^ 


_  Si 

S  0)  S-  0) 
•,J  Si  «  s- 
o  a  o 


P 

o 

C/3 

c5 

S 

O 


OG 
o  d  O  G 

P-3UJ 


^  G  O 
~  w  -*_> 

r^Z/2 


<V 

o  G 
-G  z 
a  d 
h 3r*H 


!  <d 


:  a/ 

•rC 

;  w 

.  G 

.  <D 


2^020 
G  *-h  _0  .  o 


*S-r 

J£ 


<D  nj  , _ 

rG  DO 
^  *J  O  o 


D  — 

o  CO 

r* 


o 

C/3 

C3 

G  Sh 

a> 


*-  g 

d»  rX 

^  C3 


„  .  33  :  :  :  :  :  -3  ^  § 
s_o>  si  :  :  :  sp^a 
(D^d  *’G<D  *  *  *  ,C-^22 

.  -*->  G  »  *  Q  -W  U  D  D  D  D- 

22  ’3^SS’o2gs|lgg|2|gSS 

rsopi.,  otoooPa^|Poa0002  '  _ 

BaobiP-^Psb^CTo^b  Cp>  P3  P2  a 

3  3  oa  es  P  «o  Si  Cia  Si-sss«  *!^.P  2  55  2  «8Haa  «5  as  s-  <s  cs  at  w  » 
^  O  W  P  W  h5  cc  ^  U  cc  Ph  P  O -5  ^  h5  tJ  ?  cc  2?  Ph  t-3  M  O  c«  Pm  ^  E-t  O  J  t»  i-P  i-P  <i  h 


i—  5-<  H  ti 

OOIhD 


OHGr-GpVuOHtHGC^rHA 

brOJSGGGo'rGGGC.GO^O 
h  5  D  r*  — <  2*3  .  .  T:  r!  L.  C  31  <ii  C3 


pp»ss22p22o!- 

P  '^'P'P  esp^  at 2 


»H 

<D 

H  Dm  .  • 

ESS 

S  o  2  ■£ 

OG  C*- 

rG  G  G  G 

c/j  wG  rH  r^ 


:  g 


'G'G'G 
G  G  G 


'G  *G  •  *G  G 


>>,H  * 

(H  ”  * 

5  5  g'g  '’g 


.SU  ,  .  .  .  ;  r  ^  H  ;  £j  .  ;  ;  ,r  .  .  .  —  —  .  — 'O  .  •  ^  "2  j  :  G  G  J  |  J  t  :  S  G  G  G  ^M  ;  „  . 

ai-aiaiaiajai  5  *  §ai  3  «tctccccc  wtctcai  S  «ai^  2cco3  «  Sjccc  *  «tcccooccoc  gb-^p  «ccoc  «5'sic  «gq5co‘5^co 

DC 1  .  .  .  .a  .  .  .a;«  . ®  S  .  ;g«  .  .  g  «' f  .  .  .  .  g  g  =  S»  £  .  •  g  go  5  g  -g  •  g  g  • 


cSrS  B  S-5 

5  p.2  2  c 
525E® 

•  2  ■2’o  o  2 


Ci<M  CM  CM  '-l  CMCMCMCM  CM  CM  CM  CMCMCMCMCMIMCMCMCM  CMCMCMCMCM  Cl  Cl  £222222  —  —  S222 

22  22a  —ri----.  r~  HH  ”7  V  b  b  T b  V  T  7^7^^  r7'T  777777  7  77777T7777 

,£  ci  24-0  ooboas  tc  coco  iqi^ctOr-i^Moci'M  mmomo  £  h  22'r2ovc°222l'rHC0<:cS2Sc> 

CMCOCOCOCM-Mr-l'fCOClCCCCiCOCCaeMCI  CCCMCOCMrM  aCM-cM-MCMCOrM-'t'CM  HCJHHHIW  -cMCM^M  CMCOCMM'S'-a'nCM  CM 


iH-»i.r'-srbrn^'-rH'/i^r>-3-MNr-i*^'^Cia)OG'OGOCO’-'NGTf‘'f*tC'X)CCCiOiriMacOXG'^N'f^N*+C5--J  —  'tOOO 
SHj.G55GO.O^Soo!DGNO?CO^cScoSG^?OGOT}rG^OTtrOO*r^CO^O^«OON^'XtO^A*t«<DO^<OOG 


H»2  =  c4j<i 


c'22  c 


bs^  aiiiiii 

D  .  .  L  *~*.  *-■2  2  a.  — 

Oc!H  O  0  O  -  S; 
H  °  = 

O  >  £  fe 

D  rX  you 
Z  s 

p ?5  aoi;S 


2*  2* 

o  3 

>HtM 

o  o 

s 


2^, 

..  s:  a- 
.  o  ~ 

0^5 

rP  b. 

m  S?7^ 

i  Cl 

■•  rc 


*< 

■  »h5 

Gj  »h  r-i 

D  O-U  D  D 

O^DQOO 

>  ^  1>  >  > 

ii1  'G  ^  C3 


'-*—  g  G 


O 

OH 

tc  G 


5<J^«J2222c 

P  P  C  P  Pa 


O  Cl 


£4  ££ 
•StSjsl 

5^ 

hOCi 

H  «-H  Cl 


d-;  ^ 

H  BZ  ^^h4h4-HHSHH-  = 

^  as  ae 
o  o  o 
H  >i>M 

is  & 

13  O  O; 


=%^ 
*-G  o 

Dm  K. 

.2  I 

5^ 


SS  ..O 

S-g^5 

a,®  P.1 

.  r^tS" 
■S 

o  >  > 


a  —  a 
i  cc  —  ci 


as 

as  b 

OtH 

>  O 
^  V 

c  <* 
^7? 


j,  ^asaasacaass- 
paaSs-s-b-s-s-siO 
02  b  oo  o  op  o^, 

—  ^uDuajoo)^ 

COMM<Ol-OOCr 


G  > 
G 

D-  Dh  2^ 
O  O  D- 


D—’  r- 


a;  a;  > 

S  Ci  cO 


as  as  uisas 

S-  t-  O  *“ 

o  o^  o  o 

^  &  E  rs  & 

D  atbr  a>  a> 

23  55^*7  55 

O  CO  co  Ml. 

I'-  CO  rH  H  03 


> 

rt^c 

££rj  m 
Dm  W  <D 

N  55 

£  at 

HI'*-' 

=S5s 

52,0 


2-7. 


a  as 
s-  as  — 
o  b  ° 

555^3 

a^co 

Ci.Nh 


> 

cHHHo 

H^asas  ,. 

s.  S.  uii 

^  O  op  b 
o5h1m5-^h 

^  ^  ^  > 
>  13  C3  03 

^NCO 


CO 


I-~  C— a 

O  CO  co 


aw2wdJ-<2350tiJpM^,OEHWMMSD(WS'fflDiSO-7-7i«mS^WOOOOHMWW-7tdOPMOCqpq  |fcd2&M-7aOM<! 


-4H  : 

<0  D  CS  2 
<D  13  rK  >• 
Dm  4-J  hD  *G 
•  «3 


:  03 


:  fcc 


<D> 


M  O 


G*ga;  « 

*3  03  S  G 

g  r/)  G  G 

5  O-G  g 


b£  :-G  O-: 

,  ..-2  :  D-  r^H 

;  3  ^  i  r 

i;2  =  .®S 

im  ScateCirM 

«  coO 

5  g  2s. 2  p 

>-=ilsl 

-  G  -C  Z  — 


E  to  £2 


p 

o 

73 

G  «3 
tX) 


Q  5 


50 


^  13  73 

“  §5 

bP2 

0,-151 


jG  > 

13  H 

PmP 


_  >. 
r  o 

at  — . 

>  as  n 

Epi 

•  V»  r— 

^  G 

G.h^ 

§^2 


a  o 

.Eb3 


-  at  .P  o  ► 
5PshH-7o5 


p  pap  a 


ci  !S  7j 

ow“ 


*G  G  G 

O  HH  a 


©4* 

^  G 

rH  4) 
G  13 

rG  C 

o:- 


G.G 
c  — 

G  *5 
•Geo 

s 

O 
H  rG 
—  C3 
03  *G 
G  G 

D 

G  Dm 
G  03 

a}*-? 


>»  G  -h> 
O  G  P 

gc  fc 

2'3| 

4'^ 
P.b 
■a  ot 

o  rG  G 


03 

Gg: 

O  13 

rG^ 

G  O 
gCQ 

7)  P 


73 

a>  J 

ii  J3 


: 

d  :  ® 

•P  :  O 

2  c0 

-  be-—  ^ 

o  "g  be  p  g«*5 

2  s -  ®2  p  . 

O  5  •  O  73  1 


Dm 

<D 

:  G. 


2 
1>  H* 


rG  CG 


o 


*  g  ,{_J  Si  .Ococ; 

‘^CCsi'SE  Es—  O  — 


G  •  ^ 

J.Sp 


c/jpg  O)^  ^  -  i-  w 

.  CMr^ssasWaiaoa 
otj.  '»  a  o  as 
fiS'r  JJ"7^>taD 

p  ^cc®bbpppi 

S-—  a>t7'  a  P-  — -j.  o 

.fclHd^^cMAtZZirM; 


—  •  O  O  —  '  at 

••?  i^og^SS 

£?aw$«><-mo5 

oas  s-h  ^ 

-  PE©-,  3h 


o  £ 

rtp 


52  as 

13 


5  a  »■£  ®  ®  .a 

£P  5  5^tt  2  a 


P  o 

G  ^ 

*2^5 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


30 


[Assembly 


03 

X 

S- 

CB 


C 

ed 


c  £ 

®  o 


c 


g 

o' 

>> 

c5 


o 

tO 


o 

to 


3 


©  o  c*.  ©  © 

$  2£  So  oo  {£> 


ss 


^gcoocao  cc  cc^o  «>  <*  cc 

m  i— *  r— •  ^  f— <  »-h  ^  M  *— *  *—• 


o 

s 


Ol 

f. 

<X 


© 

CO 


© 

CO 


© 

CO 

O0 


i 


Cl  - 

cc  c 

occ 


tT  —  t- . 


S| 


>  z;  (M  ^4 

:-j^2>,  ►,=  g*. 

i*g-=*3«a05'5 

;'o  •3'C  -o'  a'1-’  ”C  -a 

j  g  O  4/  11  _  <U  c  0) 
r.  it  tr.  in  tr.~  be  p  *  ,tr  ~ 
."r-'-'r-'~  °  %-  T  si  is 

5  to  to  W  («M  M  cs  ’Z.Jtfil 

!  ©  S  ©  ©  *^  ©  o  ©  ^  ^ 

. r  .  c  -  •  • 

:  c  s  c  s  -  c  s 

■  —  ^r-^^Kr-*^C/2C/2 


03  c  - 

<N  Z  ' 


bS'-c1 


o  © 

tc  & 

i00 

o 

to  © 

;g  ^ 

c- 

c  ^ 
g  to 
O  z> 


*  1=S 


c5  cs 

*H*  ~  U 

O  ©  ,  Q. 

«  a 

^x?.< 

, _ r 

'T 

UM 

ttco  —  ^f 

-’U  ~ 

CO 

“P'S  « 

•  rh  . 

^  o 

5  S  «  g 

£fl 

mpos 

j  j 

•  •  :  5  S 

M  © 

7  X 

o  / 

«H 


2  cS^co^T  ~  ,  c5 

**rr  ^  —  ©  ©  '-r 


;© 
_  c 


a> 

u; 


—  © 
CO 
O  X 

o  ““* 

I-  , 


•  ~H  ©  -=  ^ 

©  <M  O  ^  — 


o 

to 


rJ- 


to 


-©  Si 

©  &c  *® 

CO  -  *%, 


z?  c 


«o 


o—  ~  -jl'  o  -  q.  <-> 

«  2  c  ~  s  co  ©  a7  .2 

•o'"*  cio  5  i<*>  © 


©T  © 

CO 

©  0a» 

02^9 

© 

£co 

,{a  , 

h  - 

©  ^  ©  ‘ 
ii  2.2 

O 

o 

x 

fiflfl 

£5 

X  C  x  V3 

3*0© 


5  S  c  o 

a—.  —  M 

C/3 


C» 


c--  o  a.  a.  — .  o  as  ~.  o>  ~-  a-,  a-.  O',  a-  a;  o  o  o  a.  a-  a-  a-,  a.  a.  a.  a.  a-,  a-  a-  a.  a--  a.  a-  a.  a.  a.  a.  a.  a-  a-  a.  a-  a.  a.  a-  a-  a. 

—  i- —  t' —  —  i  —  —  r' —  f' —  f- —  i  —  i- —  —  t  —  i  —  —  i  —  i  —  r  —  *' —  i  —  —  i^- 1  —  *  jr  *r 

00  00  00  CO  CO  X  X  ■/.  X  ao  X>  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  XX  X,  X  X  X  X ■  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X 

03  co  »o  r-  x"  ©  r-T  «—^  r-T  ^ ^ o’o’o  cotoo<cotCNXC«o>HHiHM^ r-»  ^  ©  o* 

03  03  03  03  03  03  HHrif-rlMrl--/-iM^HHrtHHH 

*)  A  .O  &&£)&&&'&& 
w  o  ®  o  o i/ 


03  03  M  !N  N  (N  M  Cl  M  M  M  (MNMd  MN  MNNMNNN  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03 

ii  j  •  •  •  •  i  T  77  i  r7(  ©  r’T  T4  T  *T  'WT1  i  W  i  "  •  i  i  ©  •  T1  •  ■  •  •  *  .•  • 

C0  03  ©OoCOOQOOoOOO  O  ^  ^  XX  ©— '  —  ©O^CO  I**  ©  ©  ©  "^  •— I  rr  ©  ©  ©  h-  O  ©»-h 

r~'  r~~'  ^  >” <  '—"  >— <  r-H  .  H  M  i— < 

HC0.0  03CCh-^C3C3M  CO  03  ^  CO  CO  03  03  r—«  CO  03  03  03  rH  •— I  CO  CO  CO  ^  I  ^  I— I  r-1  03  ^  03  X  03  —  CO  ^ 


o 

o 

> 

o 

C/2 


o 

bo 

c 


O'f©uCOC(MOHCC'^CC0ICOC3©OO»«'tC3-(WO.NO.^©K©c:©NrtC©C0C'H^,?’O^^ 
'OOCO’TCf  Cir.CiC.CO^OONOO'C^^OOCCCCNOOC^CCCrrcCOC^CCNN'fi’rcC 


p 

o 


t£) 

o 

K 


C  t*—  ©  ’  T“  '~'  t*~ • 

_l  ~  i— a  k_^  r”~'  L_^  -  ~ 


^  o 
©  — 


m  : 

h*r 


^  —  t-i 


o  o 

^  & 

V  3j 

zz 


>>«*- 

>  © 

S'?*  X 

rt) 

:  . .  ®  5 

^  wi  ^ 

CO'  ‘  ’ 


o  Jco 

I’gS 


o  o 


0)  o 

©  © 

■^r  'r*  ©  •— v  w 

■ - -  ©  >— >  c0  — 


o 

c 

& 

o 


■ziz? 


,  o  o 

»< 

&  ^ 

a)  a> 

'ZZ 


“  o 


too 

S  a  13 

zzz 


i. 


a 

iC.  - 

_  >  o 

O  0>*y  iy 

OXOX©  w  —wir^r-w^srju  *c^t^cN 
n-MCCOCOC3MTH-r-03r  T'C'/JTrir 


o  o 

£  is 

o  « 

zz 

*o  O 
i-  r— 


_  a 

t.  -  1-  .  ti 

®  O  O  OJ3  O 

iooo; o 

ZZZZ 3Z 


£J  :< 


<  %-.  ^  £2  c4— >  ^  t»—  V«  ”  2  O  V-  t*—  %— I  ^  .  Cm  2  —  ^  ^1  M 

P  P  P  ©  S  "X.  .  P  P  HH  m<  P  P  P  P  P  P  ”t ^  C-  ©  HH  X  hH  ©  _  rf  HH  C 

HH  hH  HH  hHm  HH  hHH  H  H  .hH  hH  ~  ^h  O  Hh  n  ^ 

.a  .a*^  a.  ^ . .DO  .a^  .  a  ^  t2  ^ 


£> 

z 

o  X  ©  X  ©  CO 


0)  .  - - ,  nj 

**  hi  ^sC  . 

2jt  >  i;  >  1^.  D  O'-^r 

>£*£**£>*£%* 
f  —  03  X  X  X  -r  X  o  COCO 

?0  H  lO  r-t 


5  X  r-1  ©  — •  ^  • 


No.  41.] 


31 


o> 

t'- 

00 


CO 

CM 


CM$© 

CO  CO 

co  oo 

ri  r-H  rH 

T*  2  o 

_  ^  cm 

j-  *c  ^ 

art  acs.3 

*d*vddd 

<DO  03  03  03 
too*— »  t  £  CJQ  hJO 

d-didii 

u  ^  o  u  u 

co  Q«  co  co  co 

*3  ^  d  d  *3 

g d  d  d  d 
5^000 
m5K3m ‘ 


S'!; 


i— « 

88 


o> 

*  I— 

h  oo 


!  >> 


03 


Is'§8 


Cw  — 

5=2^  = 

0«_'n 
x  3  n  >- 

'O^  +->  ^ 

gill 

KOCP 


»-*  ©  ©  O 

00  ^  I--  _,  00 

00  00  oo  ^  CO 

r-  H  M  X  H 

-  ,  /» 

sss;>' 

g&wEg 

d  5  0)  c3 

a1-5 

■73  73  c  §  ’S 
03  03  d  03  ^ 
fcjo  tij  J3  03  tJD 

SSgfrS 

x  x  3X3.2 
•0X3  0^73 

a  a  3  S  a 
°o®  £  o 

SShOw 


m 

oo 

oo 


r  N 

d,  <M 
00  ,  • 
QC  ^ 

H  C3 

OO  ^ 

r— i  ,. 

3  » 

•-  c_> 
d  co 

D? 
U  ^-5 
Sh  . 

«  c 

go 


©  o 

r—  X 
OO  CO 


o 

3  % 


Joo  l>00  » 
a—  c  —  c  m 
<3  a  _r  3  co 

r-T  o>  r3  >.73  _r 
o  S  ^  8J  C  ^ 
ted  fct^a 

i  g 

Su’  8-o'S  * 

--  4)2  03 '3  ,2 
d  •*-j  w-  -*-<  d 

,  ^  ^  ,  r> 

O  r1  r>  *"0 

"  w  c  co  5  X 
O  D  h  (1)  O.S 

>-h  ,-a,  rn  ^  ^ 

^-Pmh^h 


© 

I- 

oo 


03 

d 

d 

d 


03 

ID 

h 

03 
c o 


C 

o 


o 

oo 

00 


© 

00 


CO 


o  o 
cmO  x 

rH  -rH 
sd  ' 

a  it?) 

Sa3  • 
^'j!o 


Is 

•oo 

r“*  CM 

*S 


© 

r— 

oo 


© 

85 


lls 
'3<||&s°s 

-v-'  .  p  fi’o  d 

a;  *■  «3  —  bp  4>  h 
'  —  41  Jj  3  _U)  s3 
<-  _  <U'-3<!i;P 
v  -a  gfl  -  -  o  - 
«a  ®i3  333  «3 

2 iJ'-SSr-s  ®  2=5.2 

.  1_  .  r  U  Si  .  S- 


8?o 

oP^.2 

co  oo  o-i 

S-Nfi 

„  *■  -x  rH 


^cc 
d  *3  ^ 

^  D  ' 

^5£j^X  c^l 

^  ^ 
O  o  ^1 
.22  CO  D 
TJ  »3 'd 


c  d 


:  d 


111=55 

M  »-i  M  ►-h  »— i  ^ 


73  0  73 

ai  2  0) 

fcc  s  u 

h*s 

o 


o 

oo 

CO 


2  O 

X  Z 

r73 
r-  a> 
to 

C  o 
p  w 

d  d 
a>  o 

pH 


o  o 

r  f 

X  CO 


o 


P  O 

dnd 
a)  a> 
^to  tfl 

'o  o 
n 

’^d 
•  • 

£  - 

d  o 


: 

:  : 

:  • 

•  0 
: 0 

:  0  • 

: 0  l 

:oo  •  ; 

; 

:  : 

;  ; 

:x 

*  rH 

:  rf  : 

:  cm  cm  :  • 

JrHrH  ;  • 

:  o  o 
:  x  <m 


C5asa5a>aio>a>ooiaiO>oaipaiCi0^o^2£S£S 


22SSSSSSSS5SSS2SSSSSSSS 

S  S"l2 1  Ji  ^  22's  S  S  c5  c5  85  85" ?5  85" 85  ?>  S  S  S 


3-.3>~0l?>0'.0i0lC:0l«3>0iC;3.Cl35<K3iaiC!0>3.OJi3'.Clff-CipppiJ 

££&£££*  £fe£££*&x»££fe,oS,P£;*1*£%**££SS2 

SaS,3HMrtHHSn«rtMrlr.HHrtHHrtrlHHHHnH^Hi-H 

■Too  o'  o'  o'  -o'  1-'  td  r-T  rH  C-f  <31  Ol'  cT  C4  31  31  C3  CO  2'  J2  «  2"  3 


U  1.  !■  H  ’r  r  r  ^  *H  1-  1- 

fflfjsSKSSejrtSoS 


c  : 
o  !: 
^  2 

u'l  d 
.  «. 
oWs 


*  >i 

•■p  •  d 

:‘P  -  c 
:d  3  * 

•■§« -a 

;73-g  o 
=3-p  H-^ 
d  ^  d  t>v 

d  ^  d  c 

5  c  ".= 

(»  (D^  n' 

•<005  mi 


p 

’SI 

■  »— «  .  r—  . 

■m  d  o  o  • 

5/Sa  -  •"■ 


<u 


33  5^3=  c 

P^PhKphmO 


Pt/^s  d 

03  -r;  0) 


a  53 

c  “ 


“:::>> 

■r «  -H  -  —  -  5  5h  "  •  -2 

33  •33  §3  5  33 

00  .2  30  >  a  a  ' 

■a  .2  ^  o  a  «  p  0 

>>  S  2  ><  2  “  „  „  .„ 

a>75aj<i>Cja;a5""'''^t>  =  = 

i3 


>i 


d  a  :  :  d? 

r- 5  CO  .  I  i) 

._h  w  -  iu  .-  . 

X  o 

S^BCSS?^®® 


o-»  •  .p; 


^  c:  c5  ' 


p.  a; 

<u 


iC§  5-S 


•  >> 
.  Li 

.  O 


S£a  :S 

p  03  m  h  I 

o  o  ’  " 

C3  - 


be 

a) 

23  o 

»Ol£  _ 

cj  tt  3  .  •  03 

5-^33 


•-  .  —  3  H 

«cc—  3-r 


«  5«  2  2  :  a  i» 
53  s  ^  ?  Ss.2 

tt  ^3  •  •  C3  p  ^ 


= *5  m.  r^  ^  ^  ^  5  o  ^  S  ^  d  P  o  S  Ph  P  O  cc  ^  ^  o.cc  q  p  c5  o  o 


.2  5  a  .2 

'-d  o  OM 
c3  ^  rt 

d  >»d 
d .  •  d 
o  3  ^ 


:  :  rH 

.  •  03 

:  •  <v 

d  :•§ 


-  ^.  tc 
•go  ;52 

X  «  ^  ®,_m  rt 

!o«  bj  rt  o  .2 
«  — -  03  - 


‘03 


:  p^m 


03  g 
U  Uj 

^  d!  .  d  d  .  ^  c3  O  ^ 

5«M^M2fqC50Ppa 


03 

■p 

; 

:  P 

\  o  ^ 

:  o  ^ 


— '  m*  *m  ^ 

c3^2  O 


•  ^  Sm  r-i  • 

:  a?  a;  ri  : 
:^-^y  : 
C3  d  rj  : 
03  C2  cP  : 

i  «— •  3  .  -1 

O  03  03  -  d 
5  0  0 

^  H  M  C3  C- 

d55SS^ 


:  d 

:<c 

f :  O 

d  o 


/  d 


CO  L-  ; 

d 


di 

c3  1 


:  ^ 

:  cs  i 


;  ^  d 


03  03 

Li  t-  U  03 
OOO 


:  :  :  :  : 

•: 

:  ; 

j  i 

:  :  : 

;  * 

i 

.  .  *  .  . 

l 

.  • 

sh  •  : 

• 

• 

•  •  •  •  • 

• 

!  ! 

.  * 

03  :  : 

*  . 

. 

H  :  !  v  • 

• 

Sm  I 

:  1 

5C  •  ’— 

-*-H  • 

: 

03  Sh  *03  . 

03  V  — 

H  03  Lh  • 

a  5  a  = 

a  S  . 

03  0> 

ego 


£  a  a  2 


Li  1 

o  o 


PhPc^PPPC 


_  d  2  d  d  ^  l- 
Hp^a-ga^oo 
:3  «  c3 


(M  C<1  Ol  Ol  tQNMMNN 

HHHH  .hhhmhh 

I  I  I  I  I  I  I  •  •  • 

Oir-H^CO 

r—  rH  rH  rH 

H 10  H  M  M  H  O  (M  rHOM 


NMNNIMfllMNMN 

^rrrrHrHrHrHrrrHrHrH 

•  |  |  |  |  |  I  I  I  1 

NCOWOOJHCOWN^ 

^  T*  ' 


C<l  CM  (M  (M  (M  CQ  (M  C<1  c<l  <M  M 

rHr-ir— ^rHrHMirHrHrHr— <rH 


di’eo  co<mcoc^cocOt-hco 
\ 


<M  (N  (M 

ri  rH  rH  rH  r—1  rl  r—<  r— 

III  I  1  I  I  •  .  • 

r-H  CO  rH  H<  Tt<  CO  CTi  *-H  Tf*  CO  T 
r-i  r-H  • 

HCOi-HCO^  CO  H  CO  r-H  rH 


NNMNblfl 

rH  rH  rH  rH  r— I  ih  r~' 

11  III***  J. 

COCQ  O  ^  H  rH  Ol  O  Gi 

rH 

HW«HHNMH(MNN«fl 


S8SS585SI3SSSSSSSS?lSSSSS*o5S5SSSS^te«5S5!eSSSS!?gSag8SS?S83aSS5S 


«H 

£  »-  d 

O  d  d 

iH  0  O 

SfcS: 

br  0>  o 

00  CO  CO 


tH<H<H 

cos 

MM  M 


OOO 


a  > 

ix^ixco s®  S 

>  te 

>  >  >  03 
13  03  03  H 


— 1  dO  c^i 

hhN 


is  > 

SZ  S 

o 

o 


> 

C3  2:  —  ^ 

wmmJ 

to  o 

H  1.  i-JC 
c3  o  O  >- 

•a  £  £  te 

<13  03  03  > 

d  o 

CO  05  — • 


'•M  V-. 

d  d 

HH 

rH  Lh 

o  o 

Si  Si 

£fs 

4)  <U 

o  CO 
Oh 


:  |  j  jSK! 

ice 


V—  Vm  • 

a  a: 
MFHaa  • 
^^MOP 

O  O  rd  ^  3' 

SiSi  00J 
i  ^SiSi  a 


a  pH 
aM 


H  O^ 

5  si  5 

r^  hr  r'  *rl  03 

03  03^^^  03 

—  O 

rH  —1  O 


m  co^S^hw 

h-  00  1 

rH  rH  rH  rH  Ol 


ca  3  c*_;  %-.*  4-1 

Bb-cca^ 

-H^'MMM  • 

X  M  * 

O  X!  MU 

U  4r  (-  fc- 

c-  3  o  O  O 

Sl^SlSlrlj^- 

fe-a  &  £  £ 

1>  13  03  03  03  1-  , 

5i 


<0 


4h4h 

a  a 
a  xmm 

M 

, 

JCS4  1h 

•rte  o  o 

>  5  is 

^  -ri  13  03 

COO  -t 


<1'a 

r 1 

o 

>H 


c  d  d  d  c 

HHHHH n 

HH  M 

k  d 

V  r  V  r  Sl5  A 

OOOOO*!^ 

>  >  >  >■  > 

1*  r-  *>  pr  r'  > 

03  03  03  03  03  !>  ^ 

N  00  N  O  J5  d 
Tf  »0  H  H<  1- N  0 


:  t>>  : 

•  >  l 

;  ?$  <+- 

:^5 

•  m 

:  03  5C 
V-  S- 

pio 
.S'®  ^ 

O?® 

3SP2 


m  a 


M  s 


55° 

Si  Si 

03  03 

CM 

"•?*  Os  cC 
co  hh 


>>  >. 

>  > 

Cj  C3  V+H  H 

'^5d 

C/3  X 

03  0/  5^  5*: 
-»h  -*— 1  Li  »— 

Cj  Cj  o  O 

33«siH 

•33J  ^  ^ 

|l^ 

MM  X  “0 

HH  rH  CM 


rM  >  V- 
H^S 

^  mm 

04- 

o  O 
""SiSi 

■*  >  > 
D  ?  5- 

br  4)  Cl 

OH*  O 
-rnCO 


m 


^  _  .  rn  co  ca  73 

co  •  .  d  dd, 

O^WHHOPPOOPQHmoPmHP  ;3ShWPOmPH<!HmWpPPSmOC3mPS4p3HPWWH-<!HHHSPmCOh? 


■a  • 
o  : 
o^j 

^  d 

•gS 


>-.—  c  :  Ch  a  ;  •  :  oj  :  ^h,  •  -a*  .  .„ 

h  03 hh  h  •  •  .5;  :  d m  •  d  :  ” 

?£!so-gb;§ •-:.§>;§!  i§^a 

s  s' I  S, j | S' 3 1 C3 S I i g  a ^ 

53«§hgg*|St'-grtftai|«|ji 

fi-B0  xW>iM  g-r  kIS® 

x®SS|S£,:||^2  S^-.S 

u2p*hh 

®  sa  3  s  oa  "J’5.41 


us 

:  0) 

1  a 

•  4> 

:  a 

5  is 
a  « 
>.a 
as  a 
>,2 
a  ti 

4)  cS 

Hs; 


a 

3 


bo 


:  :  :  n 

:  :  :  a  c 

:  u  :  o  .5 

a  S-S 

'•a’E'x  a  § 

5c5 

*1  «o  •  • 
x  2 

a  oMg« 

3^03 


4> 


.  :  :  41 

i  yi . 

41  •  a  ?  •  a  Ja  >.  3 
ac  •  o  ,  :"o  o£. 

O  '»*■'  ^  >/  5  T  ^  ^ 

:tt  d.0  '-H 

>>  03 
03  73 
>  P3 


X.  S) 


:  o 

03  73 

SF’S 

5® 


•cS^5  <»¥  3  4- 

03  ^  M  H  d  ^ 

H  L  2““  V  P  d  H 


c3 


s- 
03  03 
d  cj 
03  0 


d  o  • 

CO  CO  . 

co  a  : 

%<  S  : 

H  ttfi  Cl  <J 
O  C  ^  03  .— 
aS=-g>H.a 
M  see  3  C-H 

*1  __1  _ .  H  'H 

■cVESSh 

d  cs  . 


2  *M 

d  03 


-;^h53gdOWH?H<^d^ 


1  —  =0  d 
!  d  ^  C3  « 


■35  a'S 


.  _  <v  . 

:s®- 
CB  g  i  g-f  2 
2 1  >^a?  g 

a;  3  hj>  3 

^  5  r^q 

4^1  - 
41  M  4n  asO 
2  as  _  o  “  • 
w  85‘2  ®  a 

in  a  o  a  a>jj^ 

S>-»iiC40? 


:.2 

a  a 
:  3  o 

•  P  (13 

•  L  2 

co  a 

hn  rH 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted —  Continued. 


C/3 

U 

i-> 

& 

s 

K 


c  s 

£.2 

^  CO 


«3 

55 


03 

O 

> 

f-t 

03 

OQ 


03 

tJD 

<1 


C 

03 


fcJC 

03 


32 


[Assembly 


oo 

oo 


ocS 

r-i  ra 

r-«  ^  03 

Jh  CM  - 


o> 

fe  X  ^ 

~3S 

*"■  r(H 

r-O  „ 
.  r*  CO 


o 

ro 
c c 


r  r  '  I- 1 


O 

©  8 
cc  Xo 
oo 

rH  •" 

ra*.  !Z  cm  - 


O'! 

O  CO 

CC  CO 

CC  r-i 


05 

I- 

CO 


bo 


CO  - 
CO  ?<  hH 

£~1 


I-  r  I. 

^co«f  U 


C3  05  o 

ggi-5  'T 


£  ’*•  P- ' 


2  03  gj  T?  T3  - 

c  -o  X  tr  ~£  r 
‘  %  be 


bJD  5 


■  03  CO  £  ^ 

o'O^g 

,-C^  ^ 

>/g  g  ~  g 

—  «  fcX  03 


co 


2  rH  •  ,  .  £  ►>  g  §5  • 

x>  —  r»-  o  ®3  7h  F  _  ~ 


o 

o>  r 


1  - 

oo 

i 

X  ^ 

s  s 

t- 

X 

CM 

Hf9  C 

rc 

rH 

o  o 

CM^  rr 

r—  7, 

r 

X  ^ 

i?08  2 

O  t- 

£  o 

cf^SS 

C$  Ci  CO 


rn  O  '  ^ 


■"S  u 


•o  W'O 
0^0 

S-M  - 

0/  ”3  C3 

CC  2  X 

c  .X  c 


23  o^- 
IX  X  03 


z:  2  -P 


tt  °  z: 


■0.2-c  «■= 

03  — »  i.  —  03 


tXv^aT  5  5d  q, 

03  H  >.  c>^ 

X 03 

— £  03^;  03 


C3 

*o 


03 

be 


0) 

V? 


c 

o 


g  r*  03  <h  03 

&B  w  B  * 

>4  C  03  s  03 


C  £  - 

o:5 

-T  —  ^  M  ^  ,7  ^  r7  /“S  ^ 

r-i  CO  r-*  ^  Co  HH  CC  rH  M  CO  ^h  rH  rr  M  rn  hh 


r*  2*0  O  e  C3 

S  £  03  5P  S  ?J 

0  —  .3.  03  ^  03 


Li 
03 
.O 
O 

-4— > 

0> 

Q  ^ 
rs  c 

2  O 


2-  =  =cn  S 
•P— _'^eK,_r 

Ck'-^ 

X  •  » 

X  r  5"  -r 

^  r-» 

^  O 

a.  rCM 

O  —  i 

ps.^ 

'U.tt/t522  «&*> 

t 

jTlu  g 

^.te¬ 

o  "3  O  *■?  ^  ■£ 
x  v:  7;  "0  X 

cr  ^  o.  o 

77^ 

O  aT 
/ 

'aZ:^  C3 

ll 

»-s  °cco 

^  7 

•a 'Of 

^  23  -h 

o  C  :  0  C.2  ?  o 


£  1 1  S  o  |  s 

>— -  rJj.  r-  *—  hh  C 


3  O.S 
CC 


O 

c 

00 


03 


:  o 
*  o 


:  ^ 


Oi  O'.  Ci  O'.  C3C3CJC3  CT.  O'.  CS  05  C5  O-  o.  05  C5  05  Oi  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  O.  05  O-  O-  05  O.  O.  o.  05  o.  o  o.  o-  o.  o. 

1-  to  f-  i"  r-  i-  i  -  1—  r-  1  -  1  -  » -  r-  1-  1-  1  -  1-  1—  1-  1-  1-  r-  1  -  1-  r-  1-  1  -  i  -  i  -  1  -  r-  1  -  r -  1-  1-  r-  1  -  t"  i—  r -  1—  1 7  ^ 

00  X  00  co  co  oc  CC  OC  cc  30QCQOOOXOOXCCCD»«XCOOOXOOX'OC  C  O  X  CC  X  X  X  C  C  C  X  C  X  X  X  c  X  X  Cl.  c  0 


*r  t*  -1  «  t«  O  O  O  lC  C  1 


>  o  »o  o  »o  *c  >0  »c  o  o  «o  »o  o  o  o  c  »r.  -o  x  o-  o-  o.  0.0.0-000  »o  *o  o  x  o-  o  o  o 

^riP-p-^>ririi-ir-r'ri'"r'!Hr,r-'-iMMHf-.f-i'-r<'-«WMC')»-rHr-  —  '■'-fCtN 


t-  L-  L<  L^ 

ci  c3  cj  c3 


LLLLLLLb^LLLLLLLLU^^LLLLLLL^LLLLLLLLLLLLLL 

^cbc3?3c3c3c3c3  c5..cS 


O  03 


• 

•  •  • 

» 

• 

:  o> 

. 

• 

. 

T3 

; 

Was  S'C 

'73 

o 

03 

T5 

c 

|TH 

a 

c 

C3 

I  7 

aa 

_ 

bi 

ax 

~ 

CC 

o 

c 

Cl 

J- 

•  X 

X- 

cc 

rZ 

cc 

73 

O 

X 

Ol 

C3 

:  x 

X 

J. 

r~ 

23 

'/a 

>■ 

>>  :  *o  :  "0 


•AJ  g  5 

_  w  .  ..  .  .  .  o  2  S 

o  •  o  —  =  c  o  o  o  :  :  ^  -  o 

&  -  js  ^  M  !-•*  ? 

.O  *J*-  •  rt  r» 


a 


wt:  -  = 


.cccccccc^c. 

^0f/2C^c3c3cbc^c3cjc5c3c5^c50c3c5c3 

.  ©  .  £  '  ^  ‘  ^ 


o'x  — ;  rJ 


w  ^  ^  ^  ...  .  ,  .  __ 

F  —  Jz F~r~£yiSzvi^  “ ^wod  c  j2o5.2  ^  vi ^ vi JC  —  ^ x 
a>"a;'3’3'3'S’3’3'3  •  «  C  ^  "3  .  a>  .  a  F5^  .  .Fli  .  o  j;  o  .  o  . 


3  X 


c  - 

o  — 


-  O  w  X 


<M  CM  04  IM  (M  (M  Ol  CM  Ol 

»-H  — — '  r— (  •— i  i— i  i—  i-^  •—  rH 
I  I  l  I  •  I  I  I  I 

OhhOO^OCNO 

rH  — 

r-.  CO  CO  ^ 


CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 

l-H  »—•  rH  rH  rH  r—  rH  rH  •—  >— r  — H  —  •— i  rH  «—  <—  rH  H  •— 1  •— • 

•  II  1  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  |  I  I  |  I  |  I  I  | 

O  05  rH  CM  CO  m^COlCnXOX'DXCNNho 

rH  rn  rH  rH  rH 

COCO  CO  CM  CO  CM  t^COCMCO^CMCMCO  COtJ<CM  co  Tr*-HCMCOTrCOr-.CMCO  r-  CM.  CO  rs  -h 


CM  CM  CM  Ol  CM 

rH  *— •  r—  — *  rr 
I  I  I  I  I 

HhhhN 


o 

rH 

CM  CM  CO 


tOOHOCOCOCO— lift 


r-  c  O  CC  05  O  h  o-.  >C  05  05  N  O  (N  00  C  05  N  O  C  ’f  C  >C  CO  M  X  O  C  1C  O  05  C  •?  >C  QC  Cl  -  O  Oi  C-. 
’J'  N  O  N  O  C  ^  T?  c  CO’  O  k’j  O  O  C  O  O  O  H  ^  ^  O  O  c  r  r"H  ’T  X  O  c  c:  r  ::  c  .*o  r  O  r  ro 


•  •••••••*••••  ••••  ^  •  •  r  •  •  •  '  •  •  ##■•#•••••_  «••••••••■ 

••••«••••••••••••  o*  •  •  r )  ••  •  •»•••••••••  •••••••••• 

•  •••-•••■  ••••••.  K.  >  •  r  .H  ■••••••>••*•••••  V  ••••••■  ••• 

•  •  •••••••«•••  n  r  .  r-*  .  •  ••  •  •  •  .  •  t  •  •  •  •  •  •  .  •  •  •  •  t  •  t  •  • 

<-  o: .  *.  s.  :  :.  :.  :.  -ZZ  :.  •  'r .  'Z  dz .  :,  :  c3.  :  ^  ,  :.  :  ^  **  t  ‘  L  ?S  ..  :  *ZC  ^ .  :Hf*  :.  ;.  ia 

r  rr  sa— a  *  -a—  Va  ■*— <  1^.  r—  .  r(  ,  r-  >«_>  ”  %—>  W—  H-«  O  'a— •  a— i  a— •  Wa  H*  h  a— <  -,  ■  ^a—  .^r  a—  a— «  r  a—  73  a_  a—  a—,  ax  ax  'a  ax  rH 

hh  r  :  c's  s  c  c  Cm'::  ch  c  c?Q  Ch  s  s  c  cm  iccs>cshS>h  =  .  o  c  g  c  . 

HHM  rHr-Wr-  —  HH  HH  W  ^  r/^  HH  HH  i-h  h—  MMH  ^  ^  hH  *Hph  H  ^  1.HH,Hrth'i-r,H 


Sais: 

o  5 

ShJh 

£  & 
a>  <u 

rH  CO 

CM  O 


o  o  o 
><><>* 

03  C3  C3 

:OOC 

’NN?0 


x-ZZii* 

•-  o  o  o  o 

r*  C3  03  C3  G3 

O  r-  ’O  CC-  *r 


oJa: 

5h  5 

£  & 

X  i) 


£  o 

>-<  a 

»>  C3 
03  y 

r—  co 

HT1  rH 


J—  Sh 

o  o 
><>* 


* '  »  '  ^  "  I  *  -  -  ^  *.* 

OOxC^OOOCiH-OOOs-OOs^O-^-iO^-COCCjr 

oa>s^&0)O.O'5ra)«<Di'5.^oui>cja)>-u!sza''we.!ac.7 

zz-g  z:^2^zz  * 

CM  iT.  . —  O”  NX'-CCCCNNCM  r- 
Hr-a-HHCOMO'.rr—  f  ft - 


$ 

aH 

CZ2 

: 

C3 


-<  £3  >-,  y-p  C3  Mr  ^  Mr  ^3 

—  CO  O  — •  CO  'O  O  05 
H  h  O  r-  C  c:  N  t-  -  o  >c 


HOC  SONiCO 
-  M  N  X  C  ®  t'  CC 


•-  o 

.  ^ 


ss,s«srtoH<xsa,o3<;<;“«:o5p!i<;<:s'j 


C3  ^  " 

Pr3  HA  > 
^i*4  ( 

C3  ,’-  — 
X  C  ^3  (• 
Ph  C3 

*7^  X  , 

>  5  c 

0^3  <13  T3 

PPKHi- 


jfl®#  o  o  ®  o  S  £5^  3  efia£  SS  o  o 


No.  41.] 


33 


o 

CO 

00 


>, 

d 


oo 

CO 


>> 

.*5 


os 

ON 

88* 


_r  oo 


o 

O  <— «  CO 


o 


o 

d 


72 

fcc 

2a 

o 

’J1 


:  88^, 


CO 


-  d.Z2 


e 

3 

02 


3>  C 
S  3 


(_■  •  l' 

o  O 

<^cr.O^ 
r  ,  „ 

r3  22  72  'P 
CUD  JSDtUO 
2a  eo'^c  2a 
0^00 
^  5  22.22 


C  D  C  h 

GGPcGo! 


«o  CO 

oo  <0^23 
ldd.  o 
S  c  d 

jadd.2** 
2  ’""*  ^  ^  ^  ^ 
5  tJ'cT  1 T3  -£  rS 

q,  be  bo  bo  tfl  be 

v  2a  2a  i:  %  2a 

wO  o  O  y  o 

>^;  X  r/5  'X  -/j  C/5 

a>  *3  x5  *3  5  -3 
•*-* 

m  S  c  s  ^  s 

5  O  s  3  p  °  3 

'  Poic GcnXm 


cs 

1- 

CO 


J-  rH 

Q/-0 

Jj' CO 

fcjD^ 

2a  0 

S  B? 

§7 

k3 


as  o 

X-  00 
00  00 

•— <  rH 

OC  c-5  ®  ^  08 

*  ,fe2  ^ 

co 

CS 

pd 

o 

fra 

a 


OS  r— l  .C 
I'-  CJ  ?— i 
00  CO  ^  -  d 

H"*  V.P!^ 
hStJ  J 
«•£  M£= 
flt-3 

f 

5  o--~ 

g«' 


•o 

60 

..  Jo 
s.iS-o.S 
r-3  «-3 


•  s- 
72  T2  C  <15 

SUB  £ 

OQ  "* 


;hKS 

.  2  o  0 
laiPaj 


72 
05 
— ’ 
u 
a> 
w 
a> 

P 


a>SS0 

O  ip-  cc  oo  7r> 

OO  00  rH  r~H 

00  H  - 

•-•  ,00  oo 

► » g  g  ► 

o  it  3  3  o 

r  •■ _ f  r  , 

3’p’S’O'O 
,M>,6B,60t#  bo 
22  23.3  23  £: 

3  O  O  O  O 
Cft  W  Jfl  C/5  K 

72  *w  72  *0  ' 


as 

x- 

oo 


o  as 

CO  N 

co  oo 


:  g  g  s 


3  3  3 


SS 

»— < 

8 

>. 

fr« 

d 

P 

d 

d 

72 

05 


,00 

n2m 

^  ^  o  .  . 

„  .00  N  «  3. 

3  —  00 

BhH 
3  ,  . 

1-5  £>C0 


3>§£ 

psc 
“■3  S 

■os| 

a  St3 

r-1  'n  ci  i 


•  >,00 

JD  — r-H 

O  P 

_ 

,  ,CS 

72^  >. 

^0  b£  c5 

-.  <—  >-H 

o 

V3  c«73 
•^aa  o 

w  Jj 


SStOrtM 

_  ,*-•  ,CO 

a 

*-  *>  *■  '  ^  (K>  rf\ 

■O'&'P  T?  d  rH  ^ 

tJD  tdP  be.  d  -  S-< 
•  *'  •*  .  **,  cj  <— I  <1> 

pd  p— «  p—  K-p  -  .  pd 

a  :->  o  cj  ^  o 

C/>  V2  C/5  C/5  Tp  G  ^_> 

“  tr^o 


►— I  — 1  *— ^  -'  h-H  ^ 

hhO)C/}CC^h  P 


r-  ^  C  ^  ^ 

o  S  o  £  “  «.« 

pQHcaoWai^ccoap 


e  s  « 
o  o 


s 

CC 

as  2 

—•  O 

»  Lp 

«  S 

5^ 

O'O'C 

o.«^ 
C  ^  O 

sii 

a>  H  r; 
C/5  c  d 

i?  d  d 

VAtflW 


•OOOOOO 
:  ds  w  d  o  o  o 

•  CO  Tf  rf  CO  00  oo 


SS  jo 

7*  ■T' 


:  :®  : 

•  .  • 

•  :  0  0  • 

:  0  :  • 

:  :  0 

>  • 

•  :  :  : 

•  :  0  0  • 

:  0  :  ? 

•  :  0 

•  ; 

:  :  00  : 

:  :  -f  00  : 

:  00  :  : 

:  :  cs 

:  : 

:  •  '•  : 

:  :  cs  rn  ; 

;h  ;  ; 

;  ; 

E5  ^  ?  P'*  St"  ?■•  ^  as  os  cs  os  a,  as  as  as  as  as  cs  as  hs  cs  as  as  as  os  os  as  a>  as  cs  as  as  os  cs  as  as  as  as  ss  as  cs  os  as  as  as  a--  as  as  cs  as  as  co  c 

^  n-  r-->  t  ^  t^- 1  x—  1^.  t'- 1  ^  i'-.  i^.  r^-  ^  |  r>-  1^.  i^.  i  -  r—  r^-  r 1-^  i^.  h-  r^.  i--.  it-  r^-  i  -  i  - » i  -  i'-  i  -  r  -  i  -  i  -  i  -  r  -  i  -  i  -  i  -  i 

2  CO  X  X  X  wO  CO  CO  X  X  X  cc  X)  00  C/J  X  cc  Xi  50  cc  X  •<)  X  '/!  CO  00  50  cc  75  ac  X  '<  CC  CC  CC  X  CO  00  CO  X  X  X  'X  X  7.  75  co  X  X  cc  /.  /  ex  00  'C  C 

f-H— ii—C*— l^r-IrHi— (^HHHrHH  —  I— <r-iHHH»— *Hi— I  H  H  pH  i- .HHr-H^^Hi— >p—  rHc^HHrli— iHMnr- ,  r-i  n  f-4  r-i  •—(  ,— ir-.r-l^i—  ^ 


SSw?5^?3e5c3S^SN^MSS^M^N^^^^M^NNSNS?l§SMSN8®coM,Swr''ir,rr‘£;r‘':rMSc3,N'N'’,;0'S,<*or00* 


*— I  *-H  *-H  *-H  — < 

^4  fSt  ^  «5 


t. '«  ^  ^  ^  ti  i.  u  'p- 1-  ^  u  s-  jw  t-  u  t-  ^  ^i  u  p«  f- 1.  u  n  n  ni  s-  j-  n  ’C'H  ’c  ’c*"' 

c3c3c3c3c3dd^?3rJc3c3  c3c3c3  a3  ?3  c3  C3  cj  aj  c3  c!  c$  c3  cj  aJ  c3  *  q,  p,  q.  Cp  q.  c3  ci  c3  5,  Qp  S.  S-  E  Sp  3. 


33  03  ® 

C3  C3  05  -d 

p-5-5  cc  oj 


3  3  C 

5l8iiilil5|61ifeSI4iiS*i*SSSJi  1*88**18; 

-o+j^oa^dOcOC/  2,a)^a  id.d  o-poOtiS.dfe'Mra  too  o  o  Op'd  o" 

.dd  c3d^x5  d  dpO  dd5j3  ^ 
c3  O  O  cj 


~  -  rt  Q 


c3  t-<  j.  +->  f-<  , 

d  ^  o  cd  'P  d 
°  £  as 


T-„  T^S.03  «  5  i  *2  3  rt  Ort’5’1  3  2  «•§§§  1  rt'l  OrtS.M 

JMSq^Occ^^ItMhJh^H^PoifeaiOHlW^Haico^WPS^feQ^^ciOOi-^PLiUcw 


CM  M  M  M  (M  CM 

>“”<  *— •  •— '  l-H 

I  •  •  I  I  I 

X>-  CO  cq  CO  r-H  C<j 


Cl  cl]  £2  2H  £2  C^  Cl  M  M  M  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cld  Cl  Cl  Cl  CS  Cl  CS  Cl  CS  d  Cl  dd 

*7  77.7"^^  7777777  77  777  *r-<  h^^hh  ,_^ 

^7  COCOdCOdO  O  CS  CO  CO  h  O  '•£)  do  r— <  00  OCd  0»0  c^sasppp  »COpCCO  rr  r-H 

^  r-4  »— *  r— (  rH  rH 

HCSiOi— •t-HCOHCOCOCO  HhhNW-  COHHHHCO  d  H  d  CO  ^  CO  Cl  CO  Tf<  CO^COr-COdCOCldH^HCOd  d  d  CS  »-H  iro  *— 1 


>2  >>  >>  >,  b  ^ 

-  >  ^  >  >  7j  — *  <r-  C*__ 

<^las^e3  73?«s^:s 

5  >hhP 

CC  •  C/5  wOn^  M 

jx  a >co  o  o  u  t- 

t-.  -H  ^  O  ~ 

O  d  •  Ci  7$ 
k,^P*j*p  o 

►  £  ? 

^  .7h  d  .ta  ."t^  ^  c  ^  /7 

cnSc^Zmin 


d  d  rn 

**2 


>> 

> 

c3< 

Jz;  G 

1/1  V> 

C5  r7<" 


si  ^ 

>»  — 


d  o  c  o  oM 

"d 

CJ 

^  £  ^.72 

P  co  r-  0  d 
►— >  —1  o  CO  Cm 


•a  (* 

cy  3 

•3S5 

«o 

S3 -3 


X  ^  it  „  „  2C 
c  o  o  a  j-  o 


cj  ?32  rt-T- 

cbO 


d  d  s 


C-*i_ 
SC  3,3 


£  £  £ 
3  3  3 

Ssssiz; 

*c  o  ^ 
— <  *0 


fe  £ 

05  <u 

X-  co 

^  — I 


-  CO 

0>  x  05  ^ 

d  j-  o  d  o 
M^Sh^Sh 

•3  >  £-g  ^ 

>  3  ^  3 


if  2*2*.* 

O  t-  '—  •— 
Sh  o  o  o 
7>h|h>( 

a/zc^zz^z^z!5 


~  ,  ,  ^ 

Jj*  X£ 

2*tl'Sj* 
-00-,. 
OtsHt^  ©!• 

►•-,  k 

£  &  fe 
05  05  >► 


d 

J  o  rr  P  CO 


CO  a> 

cs  co  00  d 


COHCO- 

«-"  x^  00  X- 


72  d 
p  >c 

hH  C3p 
*- 

o  ^  J- 

3  >  ? 

X^p  cs 
•“•  ■*t‘  cc 


:  d 

:PQ 


d  *♦■■•  d  2  ^a 

hCh cm cc 


C^ 


•«  _2* 

oif  o 

ES  >  (S 

05  J>  0/ 

ss^ss 

O  Cl 

^  O  CO 

*-H  Tf  r-^ 


M 

pi^t-p^pbi 
t-  o  j-  t- 

Ohp  o  o 

Sh^SxSx 

&  & 

05  Sr  05  05 

OC'teo 

H  H  16  to 


>.  >. 

T,_  >  > 

a  3  3  eji^ 


’T. 

3 

.W2*2*  *  CD 

:  ^  fc  >-  C  1)-i* 
¥  X  '■  ¥  0  o  M  «;  (T 
*—  o  v-  2.  .  a  3  o 

OLh  3  OI^H  —  TJjh 

Sm^Sh  fe 

6-  E*  O  >  3  3’5'j]  S> 
3a.3S->-,3;33ii 

35ra! 

/'  r/-i  a  3^ 
"3  O  —  3  »—,►—.  (M 

CM3.  COO— —1— 


o 


M 


>sd 
05  cs 


6o2ji' 

;o°  §  g 

*2*  Cf-H 

=  u  I  -  c 

3-Sl^-g 

pc^BarESB 


w  o  ft  cSs  W  cs  n,  ^  ^ r/^  <j  hi  <j  o  •<  -s]  q  w  w  o  <1  w  o  o  W  o  as  o — < 

o  o 


O’-3  2. 


:3E“  . 

■a£:J 

J  5  2^a 

-  ~  ^>M  3  O'— 

—  •  3v-  3, 

-^2*  2.  c.a^C/; 

<5  o£i  3.2  (S .22 ' 

C£C-£°-“ 

3  i  s 

C  rH  o  Oh  U 

l/Ktl 


:*  vS,Sci  e  -3  21  : 

J  03  35  °  3  _:  J3  <B  E 

5  c  g  £"^o  0^33 

-w  5  B''1-  ^  3  ?- 

'.T  —  O—  r/i  P5  —  C3  t-  3 


SsS2llfc“ta 

“•5-3  Sg'S  l's-2^ 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.] 


iS^flvoso 

H0h“ 


3 

o 

^2* 

«  3 

CD  CD 

a  * 

3  3 
o  o 
2=2= 


>> 
u 

S  :  rfi 

05  c/5  ^ 

HH  •—  d 


05 

73 


;  u aa  05^ 


W5  73 

05  U  ' 
—  05.' 


aa  c 

d  05  2^ 

b^Sb  slf  e  - 

a.6cii  3.2  2.  S  3.2 
- 

o  o>  d*d 


d 
.1/3  O 

05  V 5  0) 
032! 
N-.  * 


-So 


H  »g 

p  §0 
s  d-5 

co. 


HW 


d  d 
csr 

d  *- 
>.  d 


a3u: 


■  p 

-P 


atxp  os. 5  1-  £  d.2 

i5^N;>—  05p>;- 

x  o  +2  >  .73  d  ' 

§«SSS^S^§^ 


fc-  _ 

H  g  d* 

*-  Q,  fli 
pC  e/5  c/5  pd 

o  d  o  o 


d  t-  P  Cn 
-  d  cS'O  _  d 
d  M  C  “ 


1  2  S>^  = 

,23  3  a 


a 

E-.J3 

£  ¥3  5 

•£-£  c  2> 

2=  c  s-c 

M.2  £  S 
-K=3c^ 

^2*2*  r-S 
—.2.2  3.a 
H  H  U  05  B 
h>  w  ,d 
*  d  ^  O  O 


t.  a  a 
a  2.  n 

O  °  — 

3  — i, 

53  «7 

7s£  3 
CD  Jp 

y! 


,  Sept.  15,1879 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


[Assembly 


34 


G 

S8 

rH  CT> 

2,032  «20O 

O 

33 

rH 

0 

G 

82 
00  , 

,  1879 

1879 

1S>0 

1879 

1879 

.  1880 

874 

|ls 

52  rH  X 
^  .rH 

1 

TO  ^ 

G  ^  CO 

o> 

'•* 

rH 

CC 

r— < 

a.  ^ 

M  r 
totoH 

C^rH  to^T  rH 

to 

CM 

CC 

-r’5^  ^ 

CO 

22 

»-• 

c3 

"00 

2‘2  ^ 
a  > 
H2-S 

di®isS'|_ 

to  .32  33°' 

CC 

M 

N 

rH 

c. 

0) 

Xfl 

i 

rH 

aT 

■ri 

X 

G 

S 

co 

N  A 

x2 

CM  ^ 

x> 

TO  O 

a  a  9  g-o«tj 

►-5^1—00  — <-,0 

G 

.  O  ^  G 
*-  G 

CS  j-  sS  _ro 

.  .  .  ^ 

t: 

k—  -r 

A.S 

(H 

<D 

■a^B 

,F®  g  a 

'GJ  *0  h  .  •G'O 

3*$  bW°o 

Tfl 

bl> 

Ih 

bC 

a 

»>> 

c3 

££ 
a  - 

7T  T3 
tctc 

5  Sc  H  5)  0  b<3  5d 

*- 

toJ 

br.bti  tta 

u» 

Ph 

r  H  r  C5^2f-rH 

0  oXh^  G  0  0  >, 

5a 

0 

O 

O 

H 

S 

^  E 

"y  oo  o’-1  0'S 

►— 

"o  u'o  S 

to  a  73 
•a  02  02 

03  an 

«  5fi’Ct3  C  M 

T3 

m 

4H 

|H 

X 

O 

O 

T3 

0) 

-*-> 

1- 

Tfl 

O 

H 

t- 

*0  23 
0  o> 

l- 

COCO 

'S'5 

X  X  c/>  X  n-  X  yj 

*a  ‘'S  ”3  ^  'a  '-3 

5 

x  x  cc  y 

^  a. 

c  a® 

O  X  0 

(H  H  ID  QJ  M  H  -H  rj 

lsss®||® 

0) 

X 

<v 

a 

T3 

0) 

O) 

X 

<D 

V 

X 

0) 

<D  -0 
$  ® 

a  a 

0  0 

flflCS^Sfl 

0  s  0  fl  ®  -  3 

0 

X 

a  a  a*a 
a  a  0  3 

c*a 
c  ° 

SHQ 

WmQOPmKA 

Q 

M 

0 

Q 

n 

Pff 

HH  M 

H  cc  S  CO  ^  C/i  M 

M 

kkEO 

p--  M 

a  a 

:SSS  :  :S  :8  : 

:  0 

.  G 

:  : 

' :  0 

i 0 

j  G  G  •  •  •  •  • 

•8  :  5 

:  8  : 

<U  O 

•  G  -H  x  ’  •  G  •  G  : 

•  CO 

•  : 

I  rj< 

•  G  C^l  I  !  •  1  : 

:  x  • 

^  W 

:  </>  :  •  .  : 

• 

•  : 

:  ^  :  *  •  •  ’ 

;  rH  • 

33 


GC  >, 
‘  cS 


**  >-* 
"5'5 

*r-»  x 


i  o 


-a 

<v 


a 

<! 


Ci  c?5  01  C-  Q  Ci  Oi  C>  C>  05  05  GJ  cr>  C;  ^  ^  Ci  o  o  o>  C*  O  Ci  C«  C-  c.  v.  C<  c.  c.  c.  O  C<  X  C“.  G*  C-  G> 

t  *  i  *  i  N  i'“  N  f^*  S  N  l'-  N  N  N  N  I-  l'-  N  Jn.  i'-  I'-  l'-  l'-  h-  h»  I^-  I-  I"  l'-  f-—  I'-  N  I  -  t-  t—  l'-  f  —  N  I  -  r  —  1  -  S  I'- I'*  N  h*  N  h» 

CO  CO  X  CO  00  CO  00  00  X  X  CO  00  00  c©  00  00  X  CO  X  °0  CO  X  CO  X  °C  X  X  X  X  00  X  CC -CO  X  cc  x  00  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  '/.  '/•_ 


OOOO^OCOCOOOONO^OOONfOCQOJr 

r-H  r— t  O']  *— I  HHC^H  H  O'!  0s! 


r  co  ^  « *o  c  o  o  oo  o n  x  a»  c  n  a; «  -  ^  ^  -  x  c  r.  ir.  r.  c-  g 

>— »  G1  GJ  r— •  (N  f-h  NWriMMClNCI- - '  X  —  — i  rr  C  I  r- 


'E'E'E'E'E'E’E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E  i^'E'E  ^>^‘E  >.'E X. 'E 'E ’E 'E 'E 'E ’E 'E 'E 'E  —  —  ‘E’E'E'E  E  —  E  j-'E’E'E'E  E 
D.aaao.o.aaaaaap.p.,®  a  a-®*  to  as  aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 


a 

rt 

to 


*  0) 
02  •- 
a  3 

1| 

«02 


'a  i  *a  to?  *ro 
a  ;ccfl 
p  -  ass 
o  S  o  o  o 
'  EE*** 

to 


a 

TO  02  a. 

s  >>  £ 

TO  TO  ^  "v  ~^>  *a  -u 
Sa--«0<*-'000 

a  5  °a  °a  a  a 


:  a  to  a 

-.22^3^5 

•  r?  Ta 

o 


02  TO  TO 

a  a  c  i_ 


TO  «  TO  „  „  . 

oP  e  a  o  a  a  a 
pp^nqOh^OOO 


:  c3 

s  s 

G  S3 
!_  02 
<y  a 


TO 

>,S 
a  5 


bo  O 

«  TO 

^2S 


■a 

a 

a 

o 

'TO  £ 


:  :  S 

>>  >>  TO 

-^•w.3 
Ssa  a 
S  a  a  3 
a;  o) «  a 
.to -a -a  33 
•aa-aa  to 


:a 

:  bo 

ia 


.So 

+-» 

TO  « 


•aga 

Sa  a 
a  to  a 
° 

,  .  Sf  O  JE 

♦  P  ^  VJ 

c3.,a  cs  x  a> 


c;—  *-• 


f—  n) 

®a 


^-a«!2£.22«2a)o"o 

2£x3%5”5£3£-z£* 

«ccE:3®§S®2®£e“e 
“«®a»Pi;aP«PS3£p 


a  .sc 
a  o 

I- 

,fi  >> 

X  S- 

G  3 
S3*P 


:  m 

:  P 
*  !>> 


c3  O 

£  «  ©  > 
G  o'Sc  — 
c-  G'S 


G  i>  x 

a  >-o 

n  ^  w  r* 


3>hmPSW®dg> 


v-  <u  c 
o  x  a  :a 

to  5  £-a 
o-Sa  o 


?  to  -  a 
^.a: «  3 
.§  o  £S 

llli 


TO 

a 

a 

rO 

O 

O 


>> 


TO 

£ 


:  t» 

ES 
;  02-2  2 

•a  *£  a 

^  h  2  ^  c  ® 
t-  3,0  O  5  c3 


:  *- 
:  <d 
:  ^ 
{_;  g 


t-  G 
•  ij  O 
:»-2  2 
:  o.'G  °3 
:*5  p  3 

^■°(i) 


o  *  h 


u 
<D 

:  J->  !rs  *-•  ul  s—  c3  :  *- 
ojg^x^  0)  ri  a)  (n  a)  h  •  & 

3  a>  a,-^  cOoOo°a)o2occ0OO7 

05  ^iaij^ojiaetfc80S53c«oj”aJo3e«Ortojc«fC3Sc3" 


ir  C 


•  ^- 
:  d 

:  e3  ■ 


^  t-  t- 

a>  cd  a; 


c  o 

>^23 


a»  •  • 

•H  I-  -4-3 

•JG  o  x 

ss  =  = 

a  a  o  - 

2=!1 


fc-  03  © 
0^-5-^- 

^  o  c  c 

~  r*.  -?!  r*. 


G  ° 

<£  *-  '— 
flj  r-  O  O 

r-.  g  ^  *- 
.G  o  O  O 
G  CG  G 

oaj^Eia^SaMcSEraaaK- 


C  0 

s-  g:  u 
a  *-  o 

M  X 

G  G  C3 


:  ' :  :  :  :  'O  t  g*  :  b1 
cppppMSpga^ 
aaaeartp3c223 

?  -5.02  m 

S£i2£8£a3«fcSa-  . 

Hhk- ii-ii— iC0mOhOO^U>P 


o 

o 

> 

(-. 

02 

ta 


(M  MM  OiNNMNWN  <M  <N  <N  (M  (MMMMMMMMMMMM  (M  03  (M  (M  M  M  M  Cl  M  M  M  M  M 

»-H  >—>  r-i  HHHHHrlH  rH  ,— •  r— (  1— <  -HHHr-HHi-inHni-H  r-t^  r— '  r— <  <p—  G*T,’T",T 

'  1  I  I  I  I  l  I  1  l  I  III  1  l  I  I  1  l  I  l  I  ••  «  ••  1  l  •  '  '  1  '  '  '  1  1 

O  to  O  N-hhHCHM  rH  HHH  OC0NC5hC>MH«^HM  rH  r-<  rH  C^-O^OOCCH- 

rH  r-i  »— 1  rH  H  H  r1  rH  rH  rH  pH  rH  rH 

eOHMMMHeOMcOHMM'^  C^iM  M  n  M  M  H  MMM  HrtHrtfCMMHWH^HM  rn  NHhh 


o> 

bo 

<1 


(ji<OOCO^ 

o  <o  <0  <0  »• 


>  c  o  < 

:  Tf  ^  1 


)OH<OH‘a>Oa3h-0«NHCih-COCOK'1,SOMOOCiaMrtN'^H'C?-iO'/)C'l«CO'-  r.  31^ 
i^^NO^tOCCOtOO^’fOOOH'OrtXrfCO’ftriOCrr’t’TOr'HrriO^NOOr,  CC 


bo 

o 

Ph 


a  . 


2a 

£0 

Q)  &■ 

Kr  <V 

<4  hp 
r— 1  'O 


G  G 

MhH 

s  o 

&  & 

CD  <D 

O  t- 

O  (M 


t- 
<D 
0) 

a 

“^r-4— <  VJ 

W  C- G 

J— *  »— <  5“ 1 

000 

>h>h>h 

& 

<y  <D  <D 

iCO'-O'- 
H  t^O> 


M  M  M  M  M  •<h'h 

h  c  fl  fl  C1*-  C  r 

MMMMM^MM 

U  »h  u  U.1Z 

O  o  O  O  o 
>-l  >-l  (-H  >-(  >H 

£  &  £  &  £ 

0)  <D  D  1)  0) 

eo  co  o  os  00 
a  o  o  —  in 


,  ,aa 

a  t-  b 

'a  o  o 

t,.  ^  ^ 
>  «2  02 

AT 

^  I—  I— 
hHH 


>  :  >  :  :  *.m 

f|  .  .c5  .c3  S .  !  c3  oS  •  »r 
h'-hH  g  M  Z  M’  ^  M 

c  c cm  o  a  .  c 

aMM  MaQM^a 

2  a  -  jh  -  aa 
o  fc-ta  t-D  *- 
tH  O 

7>h  cH  a>2 
S  5s  2  fe  ^  & 

O  ?T  W«  O'"  TO2 
ur>(Hc0rM<N 


i-  ■-  u 
o  o  c 

IS  £ 
0,0  0) 

O  ^  CO 
OHO 


Jfloj  : 

m^,*5  a  to  a  a  c 

OOh?hhh 
*T-  22  2jcJ  2^  G  ^ 
^ooo-rooc 

o  a;  a)  0  o?  o  <d 


>o*ococ<:c'.  o^x 

»  — *  — <  C^l  rH  0C  CO  »Cl— 


>> 

> 
c5 

/?4U-1  r  > 

M  C  G  .  Cm  =  C  C  C 
hM^-  r-HHM^r-M 

^  22  22  .  ^  —  22  A2  22  22  ^  22 

v^OC^O^OCCO'-O 

0[r 

17  "j  c  C  oy  a;  o  a;  o  ?  o 

^5555 

OrtC^OCflCOJN  ^  I— 
HhM^w.hhNhNNY 


-  =  >► 


^  2 

c£ 

ES  £ 

G 
O  C 


2- 

22  o 

>-  fc: 
0  << 
G  C< 


tSfq<|gHSfiOOOK<: 


>ility...|  April  15,  1879  1  .  I  lion,  disch’gd,  Aug.  26,1879 


No.  41.] 


35 


_£?occo  oooBoB2o®oc 

rH  rH  CC  ^  rH  i 


-o 


£>  ^  —  ' 

O  ^'5  £  ®  y 

=>«•<.*»♦» 

?  o-.’ 

-i  $?  P.  W> 

^  ”S  "S  ^  ^  ”S 

X  •/;  7j  -3  «) 

jd-3'52  «  <“-5 

w  ^  -*_j  -M  w 

G  C  S  C  y  O  G 

^  M  c  n  71  tfl  C 

o  5  H  O  UOi  2 

ilretzjKPPa} 


p>  § 

$5gg2o> 

■"“  cc  oo  ,fc- 

*■  ^H  rH  00 
JO  ,.  rH 

rH  t-  00  • 

.  H  rH  ^  CM 

k  ,  (h  • 

Q,o 
&£  <~>£v 


» _,  *-  -h* 

.2  c5  d  a 
“H  pH 

‘-c d  'J'p 

b£  fe©  ZX'PC 

i'd-d 

y  O 

.^.2  _ 

d  S  d  d ;5 


o> 

r^- 

oo 


00 

’“‘h 

4  •  00 

) 

)  3  ^ 

■  ^  o' 
,cm 
d  k 
fe© \ 


G  r*  G  £2 

°  5  c  S 

Pc/iPai 


."-  ,®goO 
•a  -a  -c  -o  -o  2  H 

bC&C  bKjSCtB  ,  £ 

'iC  3  3  3  3  ^  p> 
o  o  y  y  u  >,  © 
^  x  'X  jo  co 

- - s“, 

<-o 


!§§§§.?  ”Ss| 

i-*  -  , _ _  »__l  1 —  —  — *  *- 

C&r- 


Wft  ^ 

d  2 
o  G 
to  C 


00 

00 


a 

CJ 

Ph 

•a 

tuo 

2a 

o 


c 

o 


o  o  o 

N  —4  I'-  N 

oo  S  oo  OO 

SSeo  ,i-Tco 
2  <3  H  rt  IN 


o  o> 

h-  N 

oo  00 


a» 

te 


a> 


1  £6 


!o» 


» 

i- 

00 


iSfifitChl  K 


»  Sf^j-C'C 

r,?li2.ft 

^H^HS 
-  „*> 
o  d  d  d  *o F- 
te  fee  fee  tjo  » 
o  •  -  -  -  «o 

(d  «d  fC  id  ^5  /jj 

UOUqS 
<h  X  X  W  OD  w 

25'5'5512 

gedd  c'g 
Jooo  0.2 

A  —  i—  i— i  m  —> 

HhhhhH 


CM  CO 
CM  CM 

^  a> 

■  •— <  •—  N 
I-  fc-00 
Q.G.H 

hh*,-. 

d'  d  J 
■*>*% 
ddz 

y  y^“* 

co  co»cJ 
dd  2 
.  .  »- 
C  r-  d 
S  5  CO 
O  O  y 

1 

Hi*iW 


3 

►-5 

d" 

a> 

fee 

u 

aS 

d 

o 

CO 


05  , 

i—  J 

2  2  ®o» 

®g«o'2g®^ 

P  ,  r  O 

g 

*c  o  >>•?" 

t*C  g,  a t  be 
3  ST  y  P  &*- 
•gi-sPScQO^^-g 
2-p  m’P'P’O'P.2 

"Oj-DSbO^, 

.  (-  .  fc,  >-.  I-  fc.  . 

0®Cbb»i»r; 

ypypyyy® 


03  o>  ^ 

•)  co 

>  00  OO 


88? 


05 

r^ 

co 


o» 

N 

CO 


erdec  ^ 


5bw,‘^  w> 

id  d  *y  rr 
OWpg 

CO  CO  -3.22 

d  d  ^ 
dd^  ^ 

c  c  'O  c 
o  o.2  o 


yj" 

y  cc 

Pi“ 

bi.T'i’Sj 


M  S  w 

^  JS73 
c*  7,  a* 

o  %  o 

sbr: 


o  o 
o  o 


:  S 


Qi  ©3  05  05  ©>  ©i  ©5  0*  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  0505050505050505050.050*  05  05 

XX)XCOOOoOCiOaOC03CcO^COoOCOcOXaOOOXOOXCOCOXCOCOX£CO 

rtrc-r'HriHririrHHrlrtr-HHiHriHHrtrlHHHMHnnM 


O*  05  C5  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05 

h- 1-  r- 1-  i-  r-  i—  t-  r- 

jO  OQ  3Q  r*''  ^  r^x  r*"k  — ^ 


Tf>  co  co  co  • 


,V«s  t-'t-'ao'r*'  sTsTt-'eoVoo  cfpr-r-'w  o>  sT  ®  d>  o  n  oo  ai  *>  ^  r^tN  ® 


J->  r*^B^*5^*^5^5^5  -  -  -  - 

d,c3n^r3^7CcicCci^cCc3 


y 


.  fO  <M  <N  C-t  r-  , 

y 


>  C  J  c-l  ' 


>.>>>.>)>,>. >> >>>,>.>.>>>>>>>. t*.  SjX  ^.'C ‘E  >/£'£  §  bbc  Si'bbbbbbb-c  be  =  O  S  ^  ^  s  « 

‘  -  -  as  «S  oS  es  o3  e5  OJ  OS  a5  sj  p  cS  as  sj^  c3 &p,«  ftftp  s  *  « 5 2 2 5  S  P 2 2^32^5 2>3 

. s^-<s^-<i?as^asssssss>-:s^i-sssassaa 


>-.73  -P 

.-2  p  c 


as 

.2  y 


o  o 
f£  ii- 


•p  5 -a  o  o  c 

r-  P  C 


§§ 

52 


tf>  a)  : 

a  a 

p  P. 


?Jss« 

-p  cop 

y  a  is  if  p  i 
J£S^^S, 
c  >  o  oP 

"p:^:p3, 

i_—  !C  03 

?  y  5  p  -' 

-S55c 


c  o 

3^ 

So 

d  *x 
o  d 


d 

x  d  cJ  c  .  c 

eo^ofiS,s*> 

?  ^  >  x  >5.5  co  o 

l-^isg'-s-s 
^252£|sS'o 
?^=2S SSSs 


*d  ^5  •  •  • 

c.t5  • «  ! 

be-d  3  ^  c 

2-SI'S  ^1 

.  t*— <  2  cO  ^  G 

>■»  O  d  s_  c  G 

b  ^  ^  ^  OJ  -  ^ 

a  S  a  p  "  3  “ 


=  y  2  ?  ps  =  5  2  S  S  S  s  S  a  p  S  »  ®. 

sPpi-3pePPePo-'ost)>i  5^5 
2P*CS><0M0PSP*&iP5i-3Mi-500ftH;p?i 


:-p 

:  p 
:  p 

•=>.2  :  fe 
o  a  :  “ 
3  o  ►.-g 
.  a  m  2 
XSt-P 

>-  p  *2  ai 
3»3p 
p-c2  p 
i— iCh^iO 


:p3 

:  P 

;  p 

bib  2 

y  > 

Zt>  « 

Oj3  P 

«rP 

X  -*_3 

O  3  » 


:  o  : 

d  o  • 

^  h  2^  c 

lilp03- 

-*^>  S3  -4-3  O 

5SS'S 

x  G  x  . 


;  :  c3 

i>,8 


.  ifl  S-S 
..  b*4)P  P 
p2  -  °  g 

§■  °  2  a  ^ 

c  ?!  Co  »  s  °» 

CPPOS-OJJPC 


c3 
c3  G 
*G  d 

fc-  O) 

a^d 

=d 


:6 

:  x 


•  y  X 

a?d-s 

rj  eft  G 

5  as  •;  2 

r-*  o  G  G 
H^iO- 


X  >> 


5  p! 

.2  So 

a  Si  "  S  c 
-MSH’h 
e  es  ~>  y 
y  s2  p 

bppp  o 

3o^qo 


o 

^  ^  y 
C 

d  _  _ 
&  cS  33 
d  Zs.2u 


.  c 
r  co 
y  »> 


:  t- 

•  o 
:^s 
:  53 
5-  5 

y 

d  x 

*-•  x 

‘  ’  y 


° .  *  c 

d  y  y 

1l| 

fc.  y  -^aj  2  — 


I 

:  ^ 

: 

!  c5 
J-  G 
y  c- 


-  -e  *- 


•  t- 

:  y 

.  o3 


;  u 
,  y 


2  s  -  g2  §  |p3  2  s  §  |  i  1 1!|  s|  |1  II  ol  |  |l  s|  I 

1 11*5^  i'sl§. ^  2Si.s|J 


Ii 

y  _« 

G 


y  »  qj  t: 


§2 


gJiii-pfcScg 

-p  5  c  y  *o  sl  slsSaPa  atiiia  St5'^£3rS:^k:‘'S 

h-  C5  ©  •<  O  m  J  O  O  Ph  ©  PI  P3  H  Ph  O  f1*  P*  H  P5  Ph  P  Pi  h5  H  O  ^ 


fr- 

y 

d 

Q. 

03 

*-  J-  u 
y  feC  y  y 
O  ^ 
0+^00 
d  OGJd 
c3d  d  ^ 

d  G-  d  d 


y 

81 

fr-  '— 

c3  03 
Gh  w 


G  O 
>>  G 
03  — 

GT  G 

r  _i 


y 

a 

t-  t-  i  $  > 

y  y  •  2  y 

5—  r->  J—  —  *— 

O  O  O^S  o 
o3  03  -i  O  c3 

ddojdd 


1 


<-> 

ia)£o 
y  r  ►*; 
g^.y.2 

OS  fc-  53 


■cep  c‘ 


Sa3!/j  PoioieCS 

2  •  .  S 


>, 


>>  >7 


P’2  5.2 


p  p  c  p 
as  P 


—  73 
1 


d  ^ 
:dd  c  Stj' 


d  d 
G  G 
es  c3  C 


dd 

£3  G  ;  hh 


2  G  G  W  ^ 


CM  CM  CM 

r— <  r— <  i-H 

I  •  l 

HS  754 

H 

5  CM  CO  rH  CO  CM  CO  CO 


CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

c^i  n  2  2  P 


C-l  Cl  c.  C7  C)  N  N  C4  N  NNNN  NM 

— -  HH  r-<  — •  ^  *— 4  r— 4  rH-*HH 

i  1  V  1  1  1  t  1  •  tiii  .. 

co  0500  H  o  O  O  N  O  OHCMt-  rt'CO 

rH  M  rH  r-i 

CM  O  CO  CM  ^H  ^H  CM  rH  CM  rH  *-i  CO  CO  rH  CM  CM  CM  rH  r-H  rH  CO  CO  CM 


CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

HH  rH  H-4HHHHHHH  H  r-  M 

lONC 


•  ••iiiii» 
rH05  05lCt^C5C0'fO 
rH  *— ( 

rH  rH  CM  CO 


Ol  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

rH  1— 1  — ^  i-H  r-H  —H 
1  •  l  I  I  I 

05  O  •— 1  CM  -h  C'l 
rH  rH 

H  rH  CM  CM  rH  CM  CM 


CCCOe0J0O05C0i0^a5Nr-C5SH^NO^H>f  ^COiJOtDjCj^eOOHNOO^^OCOOiCWfO^OOpOOO^NQOO^HCO 

C  H  w  *•'■;  -w  C  CO  *r  ''i  Lb  *r.  1.^  CC  ?D  O  O  O  O  O  O  rt  iO  *0  o  55  ob  Oj  ^  f  N  H*  'f  O  O  <0  O  CC  Oj  " 


SH'ONOiC'-cocO’irCfi'H'Cb* 


-  ••* 

G  ^  d 

H  M  ^ 

«/ 

sis 


©©©©©•©  c.  ^  ^ 

GHrHrH^HMHH^  Gf-Hti 


cZ* 

»ic 

CO  I-H  CM 


3  c  o  0  5  c 

^  r* 

^  ^  S  -S  ^  fe 

y  y  y  y  y  y 

JC  CO  »ri  l^CO 
00  05  CO  *C  CC  <© 


^  5-  ’— 
G  G  O 

> 

>  a>  y 

o2S 


p'g'g 

£  p^mP 
-  t-caca 

y  ^  ^ 

•*-  !>  d  y  y 

•O  01  rj 

w“5  N  r»  O  CO 


d«r- 


?4— 

rj  •  G^ 

HH  G  .  .HH  G 


^<5 


h  mm 

*<  H  M«  rH 

t-  Ai-  ^ 

•££o£S 
^ 

>  ^  y  > 

>  >  y  y 

c  ^  eooo  — 

h  rH  >C  H  r^  r-  CO 


7- 1-  dd 
oo»? 

eS6 
z:z  " 

§5 


>> 

u 

j  a<!i 

■’rSK1' 

H  OJHH 

r  P  m  P  P 

ROCOCO 


> 

sS 

,z< 

^od1- 


lM  >- 

pH 


>, 

^  >< 

H  es 


p  PM  .PC  ,^-m  C 

__  L_M  M 


^  2 
.  y  g 
rr  y  y  y  y  iiy  y 

Hzzzzz'f  ,p 


05  co  co  05 


caca 

U  i- 

o  e 

>H>H 

y  y 

ZZ 

t—  »rt 


•*-c 
t  c^-^a 

O  ^  t-  Jr 
OO 

y  >T3  >  ** 
•7  ci  y  y 

^;«zz 

h  d 

f-H  CO  05  o 


y 

7 

pn^ 

^  y 
y.-B 
c 
coP 


^ca 

y  > 

CM  ^ 

r-  o 

rH  OC 


G  ?  C 
H  >  H 

•idQ^ 

Mw  «-* 


:  y 

1 


O  c3  O  ^ 

la  *«  ^ 

£^cc 

rH  rH  rH  rH  CM 


p  p  p  ^c 
HH  ChMM,Ch 
M  K 

-Sca-g-S^ca-S 

o  r  o  o  c  t-  o 

G^h 

.  ^  .  k  _  r*  . 

6t 

y  P  y  y  y  ^  y 

Z2ZZZ£Z 

05  co 

CO  05  CO  C  O  v 

hCQhh  rHH 


PH  iU^HOSnHd 


sPHH^^PWErhOS  2s;c5yHHHtfMf*<3 
o 


H»^H  .OSCOCUPaoSHOfeSo 
H 


~  eft 
G  •  G  B  — 


G  d  — 
G  —  y  r 


O  4 

Oi 


“  o  5=3  §  Bit:-®." 

(ir-'CHd<-53r*’r 


5  G  ?s 
:  ^  d 


-§£2 
hh  rh  H  d 


yg  55 2  P25 B  0 
^  CrS  5 

rs H  h>.  w  35  D  . 

-P.'S  >r7PSa< 

*6c£C  ®a  >,-§  y  E 
i-  .  p  c/i  u  2  -  0-^2 
-cocpopry  =3 
°  a  yp  a  s,bPP  c 
^OQuO-sSHOH 


s«C>  ^ 
a  e  2  o 

t-pcec  o 
000s 

0>"Sl-5-^ 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


36 


[Assembly 


»  X 


O 

Pp 


C.fl 
O  o 
P-<  ‘53 


G 

*0 

< 


05 

i-  ^ 

a  of 

co -*-2 

So 
v  . 

Ow 

*->  U) 

o-"v 

©•s 

»*3  x 

5=3 

0)  o 


O 

r-  o> 
co  t— 

r-H  00 


:  o 
: 

:  co 


o  ^ 

o 

-SgS 

Cl  ,  h^"-1 

•/  iO  **  #• 

»  fl.  Zj  V  V 

*-«  x  X  a>  a> 

~££  go 

«  "2  §  s 

o  £7  a  <U 

*G  *G  G?  "3 

O  0>  O  (1)  O 

S555S 


«~'5>2 

.  »  r-H  • 

-w  <»  ..  bo 

OhO  s 

'C’cT  a  'O 
to  be  c  to 

r-2  r— ■  ^  f-2 

rj  O  W  O 
X  .X  Q.  X 

•■5 ‘3^^ 

§  S.'S  i 

hH  „G  /*“s 

WcChS 


o 

co 


O  2 

CO 

co  >, 


_  o 

CO  OOC> 

^JU^sag 

O  IG  O  •  7  "  *  '-C  X  ^ 


is 


•e> 
;  a 


•g  X  tn, 

Si;o 
aa-SS  = 

•Coe’S 
I)  2  o  4) 

5^e« 


^  w  -  w  *^*  .  ' 

H  2.  C  O  «  ^  ,  v 

53  ?i  u 

_r  •■•■*■**  '  p  —  o 
*0  *C  "0  "O  ^  gt  v  -r-  ^ 
tCb/ttj.tXjM:  b£-g  g~ 

7373737)7373^*^  ^ 

X  CO  X  £  X  ry, 


s?  ® 

$$  - 
G-;  $ 
2  ^  rH 
o  —  co- 


CCgCSc 
O  O  C  C  ~  ^ 


Oi 

G  G  4>  0>'C 

rO  X  (ji 

O  11  a.S 


OOEgEOaa.E 

SWooajccWPftP 


«-  C  ^  u.  - 

53 

7  -  •>*>  p ' 

l-'ito  ,2 
5  •  '_,  —  a  . 

213  u^' 

,,Q  X  CO  £  -w  - 

Sapp'S  G  o 

Zb  *"5  T 

—  r-  rH  C< 

.£  5  2.2  £ 

PcoooPPI 


o 

CO 

cO 

as  - 

n  ^ 

co  ^ 


8'g 

P  — 

0J»»O 

0*0 

73 

O  V 


Ph 

o>  — 

*,§ 


ssslssil 

OO  GO  00  ,CC  —  -H 

i-irtH^'H  ,  „ 

^offr-T  -  2^  - 

~  >Z  2  >?c  2 


C  O  i  c3  h  S  ^3 
£z-2s--~ 


tt  £t  w  Sc  3c  Ec  5o 

'  '  •"  *  r 

73  73  ^  73  *0  73  *S 

K  CO-h  *  X  ffl  CD 

"3  *C  "3 

•  •  r1  •  •  •  • 


o  O  S  C  z  o  o 


05 

r- 

GO 


<N 

0> 

C 

*-3 


U 


P 

m 


:  o  o 

:o  o 

*  -r  co 

•  ■M  — 

<0> 


:  o 
:  co 


05  05  05  05  O  05  05  05  05  05  O*  05  05  0>  05  05  05  05  05  05  O*  O  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  O"-  05  O  05  05  05  O  O  C»  05  0>  05  05  C5  05  05  O*  05 

r—  i 1  —  1  —  1-—  n  i'- 1—  i*-  r ~  l'r  N  1  -  1  ■-  t^»  1  ^  1^-  h-  i^»  1  -  i -  i>*  i'-  I'-  1  —  !■»  n  i  —  r—  1  •-  n  n  i—  i—  i  —  1  -  i—  1—  r-^*  r^*  1  —  i'-  n  i  -  1  - 

X»  x  x  X  X  »  2  X  X  CC  X  CC  X  X  X  X  X  CO  X  X  X  X  X  ^  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  cc  •/.  X  X  4  X  X  X  X  X  CC  XX 

05  oTi'-T o  c-f c4" oVcVc  o «o  o  co  e^  V ^fo'eT'-r  —  cT co  oT ^ ***  t-TeToT 01  V’ko* c r5~»r? i>.Vn^<c  Vo  co 

rHH-r-wHMCNHHrir-C^HC'J(Nr-(Nr-z(N(N  r-^  r-H  r-H  (M  r—  ^  r-t  •—•  r-pH^CIf--HM^.-i  —  ^-fHr-MN 

?►,  -r,  k  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ~  22  G  ^5  C  G  G  C  G  G  G  G  ^  H  G  G  G  C  “  G  G  G  G  G  G  G 


El 

cS 


t£  :  a 

<D  ;  x 


,  <y 

CJD 

c3 


^  :S 

O  :  o 

<l> 


2'1'S 

X  g  P 

£  o 

•  $-  p- 


tLrg 

a»  .i=. 
-•  o 
c^: 


'S  :g§ 

p®BO 

o__,P  >- 

CO  rj  •  H 

x  g  ^  .G. 

o  ^rC  r 

^  OhOPPhh 


t-2 

G  G 

F*- 


.2  «-» 
'G  ^ 


t)£  X 

C  G 
G  G 
VO 


c 

§2 
^  a 
ot 

V  o 
x  G 
G  G 

p  QJ 


•a 

"O  1/3 

CP 

3  cj 

®  3 

?  E 

£5 


S£ 

20 


:-a  : 

•  c  1 

®Sri  :  :  :  a  p 

a  9  5  :  :  sc  a  ? 

gjs  ! 

^e:  gP  S  opja 

h  ®  SE  r  ,r  <a 
S  C  Set:  S  l  S 
®  SE  3  »  OE  S 

3C(^P<WOO 


p 
bf  c 

ii  ee 
p  o 

X  X 
X  X 

o  c 

VV 


o 
53 
G5 
c3  o 

ft  ^ 

w 

V  >i. 

t-  t- 

3H 


OJ 

a 


n  « 


2p 


--&S 

g  2 
pP  c; 

«^5  E •— 1 

w  rs  2 

G^  S 

£  -2  >2. 

t-  *-  *G 
1>_G-G  =  G 


ChhOSQ^ 


:  x 
•  O 
~  2 
X  2 

g  2 

5  ^ 

G  ^ 

•-* 

a»  G 

O71 

— <  o  1 


G  O 

GO' 


: 

0)  w  O 
CD  2  G 

g  —  g: 

'  o  r  V 

x  2  O 


•G  O  G- 


D  ^ 

SH 


X 

O  G 


gtfl  .[; 

G  O  g  S  OG,G  -  OG  G 

VCKVO^^OHOVOO 


:  :  :  :  :  C  : 

*•  •  ’•  >>  ‘.^'O 

:  c3  :  '^-  . G 

-  «  :  o  :  g  g 

^  G  :  "G  c  £  o 

r?  fc*  :  a»  —  g  > 

5  ’G  ;  x  cs  o  +3 

G  w  "g  7  ^  *x 
s-  fc-  x  -  g 

~  Q)  .^  -  — 


a 

2 

Cu 

G 

o 

o 

O 


; 

; 

1 

j 

E5 

. 

I 

-*P 

• 

• 

_ 

p 

p. 

E  E 

E  E 

G  p 

a 

a 

ft  ft  CJ  ft  x  CJ 

V  f-  _H  P-  /-H  . 

G 

5- 

c3 

rH 


GOO 
»-GJ^ 
G  G  c$ 


2  5 

e  go  Pif  o  g 
£'2o3^o,9c3'g 

c!  rt--  coM  sS  11  cj 
V 


:  o 

:  G 

:  "3 

3  o 
G  o 


o  o 


ops 


5-  P- 

O  0) 

o  o  o  S  7 

G  c3  c3  c3  t-> 


OJ  .J  j 
O  <d  • 
t-  C  ^  p- 


>+i  p- 


a> 


G  ft  r-  G  : 


ft  G  p. 
<v 


•  :  w 

a»  ‘  2 

p-  G- 


<y  -w  x  O  G  jo  P-  G  O  -G  O  O 
G  .0  W  G  0.0*2  Sc^-P-P- 

P  a  j  ^  op  a*5  c-a$7 
gg-g^ggPgOg 


be  g  6 

G  * 


c  o 

G>  jD 


...  --  - - -  ..  w  w  ..  W  w\»  *-1  --  o  £2  <V  —  r— ,  TO  r-^  w  CO  W  ^  Hi  W 

VPQ^OVcqcmPSW  V  V^P^^OcQ^cqPQcQoSPMPhOVS  W 


G  O  G 
pG  p- 
G  c5  ^ 

WPh 


-  :  p.  . 

:  o  • 

-*-®  .  G  G 

=  2S3 


.  O 

’  m: 
•  p- 
p-  o 

2^ 


>>  * 
.  -*-» 
S.x 
73 


o 


S  ?  •  -  ~  - 


G)  G  P-  —  . 
G  G  G  o  ! 
OHOW, 


;.SjS 

sc^e:  e-2 

3®oEi: 

P-  w  O  G  ^ 

X*-<  ,-h 

—  <;  P3  V^i, 


o 

o 

> 

p- 

a> 

JZ2 


(M  <M<M  C<J<NC<I<N  C<J  MMN  <N  <NM  (N  Cl  Cl  <N  N  M  N  < 

r—>  r— 1  H  HnHH  f-H  f-Hr-H-H  ?—t  r-H  r-i  i-H  ^H  r-^  rH  ?-h  r— «  r-M  r 

1  II  till  I  III  I  |  1  I  l  I  I  I  I 

O  ON  CO  <C  »0  «— I  05  O  — 1  O  G1  r-r-H  dCOHHOCH  J 

r-H  r-H  r-H  rH  H  H  r— ' 

E  W«H  HHWNNNNWHMHNMnH^NENMN 


1  N  <M  C")  C^l  SI  !M  El  Ol  SJ  MDN  (M 

’  ""T  1  1  1  1  1  •  •  * 

■  00  ccn^oci"  esses  ov  ^  M  co 

r-H  rH 

^  CN  <N  <N  nj«tN  ^NCCCICICIG^G 


COOdCOXNN^XOHOOOCHCCiOiOCO^OiOXOCC^CN-'CNCNiCCCa'.t'Ctt^^C^? 

rt'OtO'VO<0’JDCl,^'OCC^cOXcOiC<OGO',TN<'VCOOOOCON',tCN,^NO'^»OOOT}'»CCOr}"^'^0  0 


o 

be 

Hi 


<Sj 

a 

‘Si: 

a 

Ph 


i£ 

E 

o 

N 

& 

a 


Eh'  <r 
G  « 


:  •  >.  >> 

:  >>i3  33 
Ji  CS  <53 
-3>>E 
j;  t>  S  S  3 

syu2 

p3 

p.  p.  oV  P*  t- 

o  0(sj  2000 


:  Vh 

:  G 


fe  £ 

CD  o 

t-  o 

<N  f— 


<u  >  &  &  & 
b.''tUDO) 


Or  ’  ^  co  <N 
OC1HW 


p-  G  G 
H^hO 

^  >  k>  >>  x 

feO  0  C^E3 

{S.a^8 

r-.  CVl  CO  CO 
OONrHHd 


C  X  c  G  G 


^ 

p-  p-  p. 

000 

fe  &  & 

000 

)  'H*  HJ* 

<  o  o 


G 

>■2 
>.  o 

II 

00 


:  >;>» 

:  p-  > 

:  *G  G 

ali^' 

*^|=iOa5M 
o  -  5- V  o 

^OO  rN 
<D  >  >  G  <D 
GlOOPD^CO 


Ph 

G, 


:  e”  *♦— 

P_  r^  G  G  *  h 
G 

-o-Mh--' 

p  p^ 

p-  P-  o  o  o 

®£NNN 
&  |  G  I 

O  O  ly  Itt  ^ 

05  05  ■*?• 
ClClCdrH 


:  3  >>  : 

=m  >  : 

r-  VhesEe^;^:1  ^c3Eh 

—  •  a»2  =H  =  =.2a;  =  - 

pH  —  PH  G^pp  ►- 


•d-<cj 

G  Vi  v  —  —  g 


Jyf  NH  ^  ^  ^ 

O-^  C  V  - 


G  x 
G  a;  ^ 


^  Ac  -  _c  ^  :w  w  ^  ^  ^ 

o  P  c  5-  P  >  P  P  ^  P  ^  P  P 

C^^ocNo^oor-oir^ci-oo 

»__.  2*  »-y.  C/'  O  *--»■  CD  E-» 

,$£*zz^z*zzpS:z££z£zz 

o  -bOONCNXCX^N  eg 

HOHrH<55rHC<r'XTrrHK'*J"^«*"dXG 


o 

o 


W  pMpqoWHoGoMOWKtrl<;SfiS^»Hj  i^sn^MPctsJoMHH-CPPfiOPz 


7-eh  00 


OPQ  :oHO 


W3 

w 

EH 

Hi 

-1 

z 


a 

a 

« 


c3 

E! 

o 


Ti 

CO^ 

5  «S; 

?  C  e£ 

>  e«  « 

^>H  H., 

6  O  Ot 


a^ 


i 


:  c 
o 

.  X 


_  o 

O  r-4  . 

:  :G^  :i^P 

S  •  G^  C  GS^  S 

G*hh  r-  JGPH^P 

3  .r1.^  ow  _  a -33 1 
iip-3|SS|®3 
—  03  a  .g  c 

SeBcCEGTEoJ 


E 

e: 

M 


5*-^  §eh 
Q_5j^ 

s§  -g 
3aa-s 


°<  ®  >>  2  ■■ 

3 ._  a>  D,  • 

o  £  CO  c 

e:  0 

pp  i;  *G 

O  ph  ^  *  G 


r  c 


ScoO 


&:P: 


a  s 
r^m 

GQ  z» 

Cft  3-  O  03  HH 

e>  ”  £  sc.2  £ 

r  -  ®  E  C  3 


C 

_  o 


8  H-S  o 

G  G  O  O  G 


G  «  C 

O  :  ^ 
'G  . 

.  X  -HJ  £ 

r*  v-  7 

tJD  <d  O  2 

G  P-^  CJ 
•—  o  o  o 

p-os: 

• 

03.2  2S 

S®|« 

§|8| 


G 
^  O 

<D  G  >i-p 
•  rj  /— s-r-  .  — . 


:  v 
:  cr 
:  « 


:  *G 

G  O 


rtrt^Pap  E  *-G'' 

sf  £  o‘S,B  = 


aSciPB«fi 


% 

aiS-SSSE-fcS^ 

V 2  ^05-5  O-pp  §  S G7> 


gj-^& 

>  Oh  3 
G  p-  : 

>©  enH. 

S°G«i 

G  X  c  L.H 

a  *  «  a  ► 

G  — -p. 


■G  G  —  "G 


John  Sc 


No.  41.] 


31 


cO  _ 
00  Oi 
oor^ 
rH  oo 


O' 

I— •  O 


>  O 

O 

ZP 

■d-d 

tt  £0 

2s!a 

o  o 

00  03 

'5-5 

c  c 

o  o 

hr*  i-H 
X.  l«H 


^8 


e» 

~;S3 

&2 

■a  >. 

tec- 

r;  3 

y-s 
.2 -3 
■3  «> 

•  J— « 

G  ® 

G  co 

G^> 

</2p 


o  c<j  a>  c3 

oQag  _  I'-oo 
ao  oo  o>  co  oo 

rH  rH  N  rH  h 
-  r  OO  *  •  ,  - 
O^OhO  Jk. 

h-hoc  .xPh 
-  to  -.o » 

G  >C  H  rH  • 

<J  O  ,  •  -H>  £ 

u  ci  >-  <o  A  a 

C3  33  >— <  O  rH  O  “7 

S.S.2Z.S“1 

p.O:  = 

00  /2  *g  .52  *g  ^ 

'■3  d  .2  d  ^  qj 

•  *  Jn  •  •  G 

c  S  y  3  S  c  ^ 

O  2  $  3  s  *  22 
p^p^pk S 


o 

CO 

00 


£gg 

00  GS 


I  ci 

co2^- 

6C«  y'E 
3^  qj  ft 

H£P<J 

_rfl  r  - 

•3  O  -CO 

pG  G  G 

a  o  o 

»  ~3  -n  'Ji 

g^'-S'-S 

G  &  G  G 
O  o  o  o 

HH  <H  rH  rH 
(HHhH 


O 

oo 

00 

-ia 


G^ 

g.-g 

U  7 
CC  Q, 

Sh 

G  *o* 
JSI)  tyo 

G  G 

.  52  « 

^'5 

i| 

OiP 


o> 

So 


<N 

6 

<D 

«s 

•■oo 

03  rH 

tO  r 

r  O 


•G  es 

■°a 

c"d 

o.22 

HH  O 
HH  rH 


Cl 

oo£ 

H°'o'C?? 

d  >.o8  8  7 

O.  oS  — i  —<  co 
4-  s<  ,  -<M 

C - 

_  r  ^4  rH 

T5  *G  —  ^  ^ 

o,h  S 
•g-gH-sS 

^  .52  “G  *G  *G 

i>  w  0) 

w  HH  *->  -*-> 

.  •  *—  S—  ?— « 

h  h  a-  o> 
^  J3  M  !fl  W 
°  p  D  O  oj 

hH  hhA 


O 

00 

oo 


Cl  _ 

*—  Ci 

oo  I—  C1  — 

rH  00  o  rH 
-H?OCO  r 
O  20  CO 

-sgQs 

0.0  g  I-  H 

®  4»a  »  s 

ocfig-SS 

•3 ' d  2  S  73 
tC60ft»M 
_  '  01  ^  G 

G  G  Tin  Ci  P 

O  Q^rH  q 
C^/  »  *—  ^  r/, 

?  -  a-  o»h 


h  _  a>  o  a 

p  ®  4)  1)  3 


88 
oo  00 


a  o 
o  a> 

PP 

'O'V 
U  tc 

GG 

O  0) 
Kt  M 


G  G 
G  G 
MM 


Cl 

r— 

oo 


tX) 

G 


J to 

G 

01 

yj 


^  O 

CO  ao 
co  ao 

ao  rH 

-oi 

rH  ri 

CO  _ 


*C  'G 
u  to 


o  o 
c/1 

'S'G 


G  G  G 
O  O  O 


on  °0  Oh 

2  7  §B3B 

C>  rH  rH 

S  2 
C  l  o  o 

ic>x  Ss-ct: 

s  r  C3  — I  2,  a 
HeragfHH 

r  ,C^  r  r 

G?  .  'G'O 
top;  to  r^'  to  to 

G/G  -  G G 
o  3  oo 
v.  •—  -/,  2  y-  * 

-32-3,5-3 
2  4>  A  e 
5  o  3.22  o  o 

M  H  M  H  «H  IH 


■h*  : 
co  : 

:  0  0  0 
.  O  G  O 

:S  ; 

IS 

:  0 

:  csi 

|  ;  ;  ; 

:  : 

:  0  ;  j 

:  :  0  0  •  :  :  :  : 

:  •  :  :  ?o  •  .  •  . 

.  :  :  :  :  o  •-::::::  : 

0  : 

:  oo  oo  oo 

i 0  : 

: 00 

:co 

III! 

:  :  :  oo 

:oc  1  : 

:  :  oo  00  :  i  i  :  i 

•  •  •  •  •  *  • 

•  •  •  •  •  *  • 

•  •  •  :  :  <m  ::::::::: 

•  '•:::  ::::::::: 

*  rH 

:  : 

• M 

?  •  :  • 

;  •  ;  rH 

:  rn  :  : 

;  Cl  p  Cl  C>  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Ci  Ci  Cl  Cl  Cl  C.  Cl 


Ci  oi  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  G>  Cl  O  ci  ^l  Cl  C5  O  O  co  O  C1  Cl  c.  c.  Cl  Cl  c.  C>  cs  C1  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  C1  Cl  c.  Cl  Cl  Ci  C1  C1  Cl  Cs  2 

tr  tr  57  tr  fc*  ^7  57  *7  i"  •"  ^  i"  t  —  n  i^-  r-—  i^- n  n  »^*  n  f—  i~  Is-  k  t'- r^- 1-  n  i^.  js.  i-^  (>.  i ^  ^  jt  7*  7*  7*  7*  7'  7*  7* 

S  S  2  2—2  £  2  2  !22  X  'J  ^  2  !22  2  x  ^  2  £  “  x  x  x  ^  x  ^  30  x  ao  00  =°  x  x  ^  x  x  x  j.  x  x  x  oo  V.  x  x  S  x  x  Z  Z  oo 

rr  1— 1  r-H  r  rr  — ^  •— •  rH  rH  rH  rH  -H  rH  rH  rr  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  r««  rH  rH  rH  rH  r“  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  r  rH  rH  rH  r  rH  r-  rH  rH  r-n  rH  rH  ^_>  ;  ,  ,_  ,  ;  ^ 


HHHrHHHrHHHHHHH-HrHHHHrHrHrHHMrHrHHHHHHHHMrHr.MMrH«H-iHMrrr2222r2 

rocooioocoocTt^ao^— r  ^TGt-Tco  t^Tf-xT  h-r  o  7  Jjr  oq1  »rf  ?o  -T  r-T  h  ior  n  m  n  n  c  n  c  n  i- ce  r^c^G^^Gco  rsT  co^rG.-r  G\rTirT 

Nrt  HHC<  rir.NM(MHrHHMfl  —  —  ?Sc4CM  Cl  S  N  -NnN,rtNCl0Nfl'!''i!-Ntl 

dl  Ai  05  51  fll  .11  <11  <11  <11  <11  <11  <11  <11  ^1  ill  HI  HI  HI  HI  HI  HI  ,«•» 


:  co 


OOPS 


•’233 
-1  3  o  O 
•2.2  >  > 
o  3*e*j 

2  2  ®  ° 

3  =2J  J2 

~  -  A  X 

O  0)  G  G 
C«3 
P350-K- 


:2  a!  -  2 

iPS'HE 

3^323 

>>§J=  XtZ  ^^-2 

50  t  ■»  .■=.  .3 

•ffe-2  S£2£.2 

H^POU^Ofe 


S  :  s  :  3  3 

I  •■£ 

.S*S3«g 

^>53o. 


•2.*  =8  S  :  j-g  5  oO  o-^  2  £  o 

3  XT  J;  03  'q—  xoxOXIr-'^oOCx*3— -^33  ^3*^ 

•^  ”-'|H  3  x:  5J  .qj  >,  >,2:  >.2:  y  SS  £3  fl>iC2  «  -2i  k 
3«  •  x  22  .=  2:0  ~-3  x'-i  3=  g  X  x  003^  3  3-  £' 

®i£S3£  J)P3:<3££«i2ss  3.~-33  23-3  2  3;  “ 

“POPOOPrPOPOOrtPPOOWiH~‘-''Xr-  —  ~ 


’G'G  G'G  G  -  o 

GGsSGG^GGCG 
22g2  r -si  22ir23i 

Sh  0|_r7'-  ^ 


NNMN.NM  MC^C^J  (M 

HHHhhh  rH  rH  rH  rH 

••••II  III  l 

»C  O  co  |h-  CI  CO  OO’t  o 

rH  rH 

rHN  rH  rH  C3  C<J 


CJ  Cl  Cj  Cl  ci  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  71  Cl  Cl  Cl  ci 

T  7"  rT’  G1  F— '  rH  rH  rH  rH  rr  rH  rH  I-H  rH  rH  r"  rH  rH  h  —  G.  I 

••••'••  iiiii  11  1  111  1  1  1  ,  1  1  7^  , 

^  ^  'O  wl  w  CO  Is*  Cl  h?"  rH  rH  fv^  rH  CC  rH  r- •  rH  Cl  ^  Cl 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

^  CO  ^  C0C0C<IC0C0^rH(Mc^r^rHC^  HHHriHM'HNNtlrHitCOMC^CO  H(NOCOh 


CO 


«£> 


CO 


SSo®88S88SS8S3!?S8g5:SS88S5g3S5?t2?S;88S^SS5®®8®fe5!®SS8M8S8§5:8§?^8S? 


O.'  Oh 

C  3 


£?<J 


HH  ? 


(-  u 

o  o 

>-RH 

SP 
4>  4) 


03 


52  3 

>Sh 

OK  £8^! 

c 

2**5 

Z>  Q) 

HCNX 


>> 

u 

Hi  2  .  £ 

.HIm  ® 

O  *-  fc- 
±4  O  O 
*** 

l** 

N^H 


:  :  >> 

1  :  u* 

•  :  oS 

H  O—  <*  <+H  Vh  <M  ’s— 1 

G  G  =3  G  C  G  £  G 

OOOOOO  ",'iO 

1-  rH?H  >.>!>!  -3  >1 

is  *  £  *  *  *£  * 


t2  >> 

!?sa 

^nr 

CO 

GGG 


33^ 
1  V 


5- 

G 

-'SCC^W'H 

*7  >~H  HH  G  *-H  •  r  C  rMHH,?  -  2  n 


> 

ci 

O 


:  50  : 
:  u.  : 

:  o  : 

.  o  . 

:  g  • 
J-Jm  ' 


•  CO 

•  J- 

■  <v 

:  a> 


o 

*8 
4>  3 

2CP 

5nm«5!ShSop. 


_  o  1_ 

500 

■3  St  ^ 


tr  *2 

°  o 

><>< 

CJ  CJ 

CVJ  Hj. 

cC  O 


P 

PC  1 

> 

^5 


/  r  rH  rH  rH  r- 


O^hhhhhh 

O-l-l-U 

K.OOOO 

S  ^  ^  ^ 

>04®® 

^zzzz 

O^NCON! 
1-1  1-  CO  3".  00  - 


OOO 

>HRh>i 

<U  (1)  <u 

zzz 

OlOM 

oco 


Oi 

8-  O.  S-  1- 
OOOO 

^  ^  ^ 

<v  v  o>  o 

X  C  c  M 

rn  (M  CO  O 


•  jj 

fl>  H  . 

G  HH  ^  7-  ! 

p*r  rH 

»-OS-J-OOCCO 

2^*2  "ZZZZZ 

o  cc  r  2 

(•a'Ci^ocHNOf. 


n  r®  rl 

•if  t  o-“ 
t  0 
H  . 


0->>r  ^  ^ 

z^-z 

COO  O 

nnNX 


o 


G  G'h- 
rH  GrH  C  «0 
*G  Hh  tj 

S  =  4^rj 

o;  SZ  4>  3^ 

£J  £J  2  00  ^  -H 


Hrt4ofcHM«OftMPOHaa'«Bfe  OHWPMHWpqHfceJHBHSHPofcnfiOhWswMfiHSaoM^HcSP 


G  . 
*  — 
to-r 
*G  ^ 
GG 
G  P 

-J- 

»1I 

G‘G‘G 

•gap 


0) 

1^-9 

Otfir  \ 


el  S  bs  <S 

pops 


73  H  . 

h—  cO  >JC 

<u2~  eS  .X!  ! 

if  go  S-J 

Si Oj^s 

C.22-S  _  tC  ®£  _.« 

^■'G^JthGG^hGo 

oJ2  O  0-3  oS 


|d  I  j® S  |c  is  i  it;  j  | a 

]“S  a  5 "3  o.d  5  2  ^  2  /  -J"12 

J hi  33  G  G  ^  O  ^7*G  ij 

g=°  .53  I  ®a=  = c  5  . >  5 

!  §' J  »  Sn  S*  JlrJ  5S  |»6  =  *  g  a*  «  $«nj  <  c 

'G  G  i  u-G  uit  r*  -  C'r:'-'.Ga}a>-;<D^,.2o  0.^7-G  -.  G  s; 

isxa  c  o  >  o—  3  Sx:.-3  »  c  £Fd=:  3  2  t®3  3=  u  a»  t  g  teg-c  c  -  > 

j  >•  0  ^  ^  o  0>.  oPG  G*ir  rj  Ci  G  53  ^  G  ^  'o  O  S'oG 


5  5*5  5 

PHPK 


List  op  Inmates  Admitted —  Continued. 


38 


[Assembly 


X 

xc 

s~ 

c3 

£ 

o> 


O.® 

S8  S  22 

HCO  r 

M  (■'  V* 


66 


CO 


££d  -L  o 

iSis-S1 

2*3 

^  O 

.  J-  . 

C  D  2  ^ 
H  x  C  ^ 
O  £  ~  <D 

M  i-s  -7?  /— s 

nmX'm 


O 

I'-  CO 
OC  OQ  CO 

rHOOOOClH 

r— <  !>.  i— < 

CO  e  - 

•"*  CO  Tt*  ^  t*»  © 

^ 

2  =  S  =J  ,a. 

*2  ^  v 

x  g 

O  ,  ,  d  <y  <D  - 
tP  *C  "C  tf.  >  •©  'C 
5?  bt  bL  £  o  C  ^ 

_  'j  a _ ,  -*r  cd 

O  to  Ml!  W  Utfi 
a>;—;d  <i>  <d  a;*~ 

■£  w  a‘£'£a}  C 

<u  □  c  ^  ‘^’d  c 

w  J?  J?  ®  ai  rj  c| 

O  o  O  (D  u.X  O 


CM 

88 

CM 


O  o 

O- 


§  5  cm 

22  2  08 

w 

»C 

o  >.  >. 

k  *  « 


bJj  q,  &utc 


o  _ 

w  w 
;p  ^ 


o 

.o 


0/ 

CL 


d 

CO 


o 

#5 

j5> 

o 


00 

CO 

—  o 
>1 

a1" 


o 

’o 


o  o 

$$ 

r— 1  •— ' 

geV 
o's  2 

cs  —  = 

C-<^ 


-1  $=$$ 

CC  —  — iCO  —  — 

K  .  ,®  . 

~  2®'ja  x=3~~ 

_••  tt  u  _  w  -J  u  -; 

~3£  f 

u_'_'='_'  ,  »  - 
at  jiji—  tt 

2j  ~  tOtjCo 

•:  «  «  -  *  *  «  » 

•2  5  ■=  g  -5  £  -5  •5 

O^C'OCJXCOC 
*  3  ~2s  5000 

—  —  cc  P  P  ”  “  “ 


s  ® 


$  :  2 

-J  2 

-38 


o  cm 
*  u 


c-x=* 

O'— 


% o  o 

•I-  ®  J2  Q  .^5  -  ^  .-- 


5  5  *>  g*£ 


gx-g 

■  —  .fe  s 
o 

,  w  -■  •“*  '  -fc- 

5-2  "l  tt  £ 

.  CO'  - 


<r  o 
cr  x 
O  <d 


?-  -  c 

5  5° 

COCOS 


CD 

W 

o 


V-  »- 

o  CD 
X  CO 
O/  o 


c 

o 


'  a  o 

•gx.cs 

”£  .  . 

CO  !T  C 

03  = 


-  72 


'  Jr  ct  *  < 

_'  o  Xj  • . 

w  -Q  “  .  ’  w 

(«;  »S? 

jOQ 

o  > - 

“o' 

•_  -5 

5  *)  y  c  ^  o  2 


:  *  .e-o.floo 

'  >  >>  c>  o  y 
1  r  -  w  7 


.  O  ~ 

o- 


a  c 

<u  o 

P-  'w 


o 

o 


:  © 
:  o 


o  :  o 

r— <  •  r-H 

<j>  : 


:  ° 


:  © 
•  o 


'a 

CD 


£ 

<1 


o  o  a>  o  a>  a>  oi  o  ci  o  c 

^  I"  N  N  I^»  I  ^  N  h>  N  )•-  I 

a.aoaooooooooccocoocc 


.  Ci  Ci  Ci  Ci  Ci  c~. 

•  i  —  i-  i-  r-  i- 

?  CO  CO  CO  oo  CO  00 


d  d  d  o  d  o  d  d  d  d  d  d 

h*  P- 1-  i- 1- 1-  i  -  i"- 1  —  i  —  i'-  r- 

cooocooooooooooccoooaooo 


d  d  d  d  d  d  d  d.  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  d 

X  X  X  /j  X  X  X  X  CO  X  o  x  X  X  '4  /.XXX 


^  01  ^5  •_-;  <N  t  -  c:  -r  •= 

1-1  <N  _!  HHr1 


CifO'T,COC^OOCC>CCCit'tCN^IMC.  'T»^0<1: 

ri  f— i  r— i  r— i  r-<  i— •  O?  ^  - 


2?  2— —  £f—  Sf—  2^'— =  x?  ?—  xf-^  si's,  xi-  2^  ^  a.  xi-  c. 

*-3  -o  ^  •<  i-:  i-s  do  ■<  ■<  <  oq  ■<  02  <  >-s  oq  -<•<•<-<  cc  <  02 


•ShXf.NCC^-'NfJXCC.NdO^ 

(>J  CJ  — <  CSlfHC^C^  f— <  ^  r—  ^ 

t£  q,  S'  2f  — 


-D 

c3 

X 


^  X 

C3 

Og^ 

°  ""  ~  ^  2  <3 

r—  W  ^  >-. 

.z:  j-  £  c 

d  3  x  *■  7 

ook^; 


^  2  - 
OJX  > 
^  > 

X 


:  a 

:  o 

I  & 
asl 


c:  x 


:  £ 

X 


—  —  cS 

S-g  £ 

fl'  —  ^  c 
O  Xi  "S’3  o 
«  O  e'XSX! 


f 

;  • 

X 

•*  t- 

:  ^ 

C 

:  a> 

:  c 

•— 

:  > 

•  X 

o 

•  V 

;  -*-> 

.  ri 

7 

> 

5> 

o^- 
^  — 

3 ’53  i  oiSpsSrf 
*2  £.2  «  r  5”  = 


<;5so55 


3  s  s  « x=  3 

^tC-OOr- 


c 

_o 

O. 

33 

O 

o 

O 


t->  £ 

0) 


J—  t- 

oj  a; 


C3  ^  C3  C3 


CD 

y 
c3 

£ 

X  ^ 

g  c  5 

c&a* 

5  £  2  o  . 

SooSS^ 


o 


t- 

:  A4 


ods3‘pS?3?S 

>.OCD^J^rr^H  ^  fli  7- 

o  r*  8)0'-‘0C0gG' 

S  2  £"^^xo  Cs^xx  cp 

o^pa^?* 


c  £o 


J  D  • 

:  <y  : 

u 

:  : 

:  :  u 

: 

*  c2  • 

£ 

o 

• 

•  •  CJ 

•  •  2 

Id  I 

-*-3 

i 

•  •  p-C 

J- 

*5  'r 

t~ 

— 

•  p  j- 

tl  D- 

.  ^ 
c-s 

S—  i  « 

^  t-  P 

•  X 

:  o  — ’ 

:  hr  c  *- 

u 

o  C 

X5  i- 
c3 

h-ISH 


o  e  §3-“ 

1X2  =-^ 


O'oj  -  ac'es-g 


o  “  S  ; 


o  £  S 

cS  >-  >r 


„  2  s  o  S  u  :  52x  "  5  2 

SXd  =  O.T  OO^-'HoZ^S-^ 

•-ot-tX!-x2C.2i---E!->-r 
=  OcO«  =  c3^X-rtw"~=:  — 

—  ii.CcSs-P5x=.o 


>> 

H-i 

-«-i 

c3 


: 'd  : 

: 

:  ;  : 

:  : 

•  ; 

:  :  :  : 

:::::: 

:  : 

I  cS  I 

>>••••• 

•  <  K- 

— .  •  rO 

:  >. 

it  !  : 

:  !  £££  i 

>>  • 

ind . 
land 

•  ci 

!*X 

ill 

g-g  :•§«•§ 
c  d  J  d  2  2 

5 

C 

i£2 

ci 

rz  ZZ 

cj  S  S03 

73  S'd  d 

*w 

255233 

3  2 

^-3  tX)^u^  p 


1  >  a) 


t_ ^ »— _  *— 


a>  .  .  £  CD  .  1)  CD  p 


j-CQ  — 

t-  o 
PwPcL 


£  5  •  9  5  •  £  g  •  5  £  <  £  •  £  •  £  £  S  £  o  d  -  5£ 
IICPhPPhhPOOOhPh^hPOOwSPCm 


o 

o 

> 

I-. 

0) 

c« 


CM  CM  CM  CM  (M  CSJ  CM  CM  CM  (M  M  CM  CM  03  M  CM  CM  M  CM  M  CM  M  CM  CM  CM  M  CM  M  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  M  M  M  M  CM  M  CM 

i  i  i  i  i  ■  i  i  i  i  •  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  •  iii  iii  i  •  i  i  i  i  t  i 

CM  OC  I— >  O  ^  lO  0O?dCO«C^  CO  »—  »—  r- 1  2  !M  ^  H  HN  f-NCO  C  OOi-h  i— <  CO  — «  OOrii- iCO^t^QO© 

iH  f— i  r-i  i~^  r-^  r-^ 

CO  COr-MT*^  CO  ^  CM  COCOr-H>— 'COCOrHCM— 'CO-— 'r-(CMCMCMCMCOr-H  i-icOCOcO^  ^f*CO  *— '  CM  CM  CO  CM 


<D 

CJD 

< 


CXCMCMMNHONMNMcCC.CC-.CCCrO’-d.^dCC-CCO'fTMXtMCXdNNHONTrC-'ddc:^ 

O  C  t  rr  O  CC  C  r  O  «C  f  O  CC  O  O  O  CC  ^  CC  C  r  O  cC  O  CO  Ct  O  CC  C  Cf  »C  N  ^  o  o  >c  ^  o  c  ct  c:  t  o 


a 

<D 


tc 

o 


CCCC3!t2'*“p33!*“3C'— 


fc.  S-.  t. 

O  D  O  O  O 

fe  £  P5 
o  o  o  o  o 
^ZZZZ 

CO  —I  CO  t~  o 
OiOiSOiO 


1 — 11 — '=*3 

20X4  o 
5  5^ 
><!*  ^ 

o 

00  O  1-1 


4£-g 
o  o 

i  & 

<D  03 
^  CM 

d  co 


—  u 
u  O  O 

>  o)  a> 

2ZZ 

cc  ?3 


,  .  -  cS 
X  >  > 
-j  cs  a 

>ao 

C  O  O 

2  ^  £ 
.2  «  a> 
-3ZZ 
-oo 


C5  • 


>> 


mOh 

X<JX^Xs) 

■_  —  u 

o  o  o 
^  &  =5 

3J  li  3 

ZZZ 

d  d  'd 
d  CM  CO 


:  >> 

:fc 


Cm  c Chh^h 


a>1Z  .  . 

*j>"  o 

“ 

^fZ  a; 

=  ®z 

PS 


5^ 
>  o 
>> 

C  0) 

oj'Z 

cl<Z1 


u  d  •-  d  o  i-  o  Or 

jSjSh^iSsS^o^S 

!S*£*5:S:si!>Sd 

3  3  3  Obr  3  - 

ZZZ;Z**Z^*P 
^c©c*f  ccocc  ^d 


-  .  :*< 

Cl  “  —  ' 

o 

=  x<: 


tc  o 

=  >- 
gq 

& 
-x  oj 

g? 


^  M  ^  M  .  D-  M 

,  xc  Xj;  xx  xx  xx  =  xx  < 

_  _  O  IS  o  •  o 


go  o  o  o 
X- 


OINriOrH'OOin^'-lr-ii 


?03030o3  3  0 

«zzzzz„-zzz 

^IC  JhhOHOiCN 

—  co.—  —  co  —  row— f- 


o 

o 


^)_H{4oWPH'^iM^oBOofifiO'<0QMMOoPHP6(HWfefiWc5WcqMOiHmWP'<wogi-iW'< 

6 


tc 

a 

g 

< 

s? 


1879 


No.  41.] 


39 


2  §§38 


o'  CT> 

£3  ^ 

u«# 

s-  a  a 

S^>-3 

-a -a -a 

be  bC  to 

ppp 

o  o  o 

WWW 

'5'5;5 

d  d  d 

o  o  o 


o 

co 

CO 


00 

CO 


CO  • 

_r  cc  co 
g  ft  00  04 

.oo 

-*p  r"‘  ^  — 

O  rft  3 

G£  ft^b 
77 

Jbe  53  S3  tO 

iS  Si 

o  ^  o 
W  v  P<W 
o  a;-* 

a.t:a2'a 

S  a>.s  o 

ajfiQ 


8 

OO 


.ft 

o 

ft 

cl 

s 

73 

<D 


O 

ft  co 

CO  ft  CO 
GO  00  r-t 
H00 

04 

CO  ,04 

&  A 

13  ^  o 

a  §•  3 

ga&S 

■a  P 

bate  be 

oe’-g 

x  x  73 

'Si'S 


o  ®  o  o  o 

~  p  KEH 


-ft 

go 

CO  „ 

r-H^j 

§P* 

_  si 

pj 

-C"3 

>c  a 
.2  o 
C- 


O  H  ^  ■—» 

;=:  ou  co  00  g*  oo 

gs  sgsgs 

fee  -  a  'r  ^  -J  a 
~  ate  a.a  2  ®  a 

i  ^  'P  9^  ft 
P.  be  s  be  £  Sc  Si  to 
:  S-cp^P 

!  X  £  X  w  -fl  w  M 

:  Oft 

^  _  *- 


42  , 

B" 

13  „ 


03', 

*»i 

'"C?  1 
.0)^ 


S  2^  ^  ^  c  d 

Xft£jftX£?_p 

PeofteGHh 


O* 

r- 

00 

S  o- 

*1” 

a-  a, 

"x  oo  ft 

S  pH  , 
be  >,7I 5 
S3  eg  tX) 

73  S3  00 
a>  a/*p 

•»-  v-  . 

O  D  - 

co  co  £ 

a  a/,2 

ft  ft  ft 


O 

oS8 

a>o>  oo  44 
i'-  co  .. 

co  oo  <— i  _ 

•“»  r*  rH 

cC  —  ^  47  'X 

r-  04  .—  O  CO 
13  O  H“— <  ^ 

OO^.fl 

-'—"C  P 

S3  w  Kr.  ft 

to  be  be-®" 

»'•-''  <H  ft 

.ft.ft.ft 

o  o  o  x_- 

X  X  X  -ft  w 

•ft  •  —  »ft  ft  13 

'C'O'O  f 

d  d  d  £  ?> 

C  3  C  ^ 

a  P  -  c/2  P 


eOooooS  <$> 

S8®  2  -o 

h.n'2m'°h® 

-7~2s.fi  7. 

00 


•  .  °075 

_  be  o  >.'-'  ^ 
h  b-i^  >> 

,_s  ^ 

flv-VS-s 

be  tt  .be  st  a  £c  § 

•S'S'S'S-S^’-5 

rjj  x  ^  co  ffujg'd 
Ip  SS  'O  ft  ^  o 

c  s  5  -,,d  c  ^ 

3  3  5  o.i  5  S 
^mcZKPPP 


CO 

co 

CO 

o~ 

<M 

(- 

o 

o 

o 

O 

TS 

1> 


*o 

co  oo 

r— <  CO 

V  ^ 
C  co 

P  04 

</) 

«-T? 


b£ 


tJD 


■5^ 

73  T3 

P  1) 


S  w 
s  o> 

iZ.  rH 


O 

go 

l-H  ryj 

'CO  i—t 

SOS 

^  co  «-• 
o  — t  _- 

i't-r 

p  3^ 

l^.  ■<  0) 
-  ,^> 
”Oa3  o 
tete-g 

iiO 

o  o  _ 

w  w^3 

••“■  •—  fli 

T3  T3  w 
.  .  M 

H  c  O 
p  p  CO 
3  Oa) 


?r: 

......  i 

:  :  :Sg  =  3 

;  ;  ;  ; 

:  :  0  0  0  0  0  ! 

:  ;  • 

:  :  0 

:S  :  i 

:  loo 

•  •  :  : 

i 

•  Hll! 

:  :  :  oi  04  :  : 

:  :  ^  «o  00  00  <0  1 

.  .  • 

*  !  • 

:  i 20 

:  04  :  : 
:»h  :  ! 

:  too 0 

: 

:  :  :  jo  j  j 

: 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

.  .  • 

•  •  * 

•  • 

•  * 

c  o 
o  o 


®»«OOOOOOOOCOXOOXOOCOCOXCOX«CCCCCOWXX22Wa.  a;  w^^^riHpH^rHr-^rH(H-,Mr,r,pHr,r.r-,r-.rH^pH 

-  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  •■  •  *-  -  -  -  '  *■  r--  -  —  — •  -  -  ^  .  —  — tC^tMCOCOCOCO^CcD 


; »  «'  ®  2  ®  s  S'  2  S  S  s  S  P  2  g  SS  S  Is  5;  S  S  S  SS N  S’  (S  S  2  S  c5  53  57 1 


-  C4  C4  04  - 

,p,Q,Ci.^-: 


r  oo'  tT  c?  fc  fcassTs^^g-^1 


MlllllltIIIIIIIiIIIIIIlIIIIIIIIil8§IIIllligg^sggggggg°^ 


(N  <M  (M  <N  !N  04  04  C 


■  Q.-*-i  4j-P4J-P>4J4J+j*J-H4-» 
-  .  ..  .-.  •»  ^  "\  r%  ri  ri  r?  n 


:  «t  “  ie  ; 

•  Sa  to  S 
.ti  a  o  p 
■«  p  c  o 

3cSaf 

o  o  °a  be 

<u  s--o*j  a 
^3J=r:  o  a 
0QOSHC5 


^c-a 
2  <«  -a 

s3S 


r*£o 

5  £  S 

”33  a> 

P«P 


.  W  ryj 

ri  a?  -  •-? 


5 

S 


’2 

Pc. 


:  :  :  g 
"3  :  ^  S 
c  :  c  *Z3  . 

P  r*  P  C3  03 

p  g  ?  S'S- 

is  -J  ?  a  5  ° 

O  2  o^:  >  t 
j-  S3jh^  !>  S3 

oo  p  •/}  - 

s  d  s: 


a  t: 
*p  .p 
C3  c3 


c3  £3  p 

'Jj  O 

&p : 

8v« 


O  ^ 


OPHOOOJ^ftOft 


—  x 

-'  X 

O 


o 

p.5 
2  c 

c  p- 

r-  1/ 


s=  1> 

p  1/ 

O  f= 

O 

O  '*-* 

rC 

X  t- 

C  S3 


O  • 
£«g 


•  >. 
5  a 
•  F  S. 


/j  : 

«3  g 

2S 

£  '>3 


,d>  7 

SftQ 


ii  p.' 


13^ 

hSfft 

U.  33 

2,-d  d 


03  :ro 
p  :  si 
33  :  p 
o  :  c  , 
£  :£ 
W  73+j 
2  22 


■o  o 


c  a  3 

a  a>  3 

HOOSOftO 


C3  c 

<y  P 


o 

.2  ^ 


03 
C 
ft 
o 

0f.> 
0/  ^ 


:  ft  cs 

:f€ 


^  C  x  r_ 
o  43  >*'o 
w  2  oj  c 

aiKoQftoSft 


X  x 

’-4-J  V- 
2  2 
£  ft 
ft  ft 

o.2  «cc 
p  -  5PP 

3  u£  u  u 

ft  4S  x  47 


ft  W) 
ft 

^  — i 

?  p-« 

^  o 

CD 

O  * 


S&2 

gill 

ft  P"  •~' 
i^^S4C/}0 


r 'C  'ft 

3  ft  ft 
3  O  O 

:  P=  jt 

♦->  -4_> 

c  o 

»— • 

"x  £o 
ft  ft 
ft  ft 


:  rs  J 


ft  :  ’. 
.2  s-  p- 
o  13  O 

'x  2‘g 

ft  P- 

kft  ft  ft 

Sho 


u 

9  ; 


:  ft  s- 

*.5  a 

^Jft  g 
Jft  O  ^  O  P» 

3ft  P  P-  ■ 

ftyft  ®3  *-  * 

hSjpoi 


:P 


a  c 

>  X 


: 

•  0) 

:  ^2 
•  ft 

~  •  :g  . 

I  s  s-s  s 

4S'-cP- 
O  o  O.ft  O 
4S  42  4S 
£  ft  ft  c3  c3 

??WU|J 


fc- 

03  P- 


03 


_  _ _ _  ^ 

g£«  a 3 

p  cS  c  -  b- 

e3[".3  a  c3 
P^HC^ 


•p  ;  : 

.  X  .  . 

ift  3  : 
*  o  ^ 
5  o  ft  p 

H  rH  oj 

=  2^2 
-  rft  ^  ft3 

50^3 


ft 

03 

c3  ft 

^  ft  -- 

2  5  5  p 

43  03  O  -— 
-JlTfltflZ* 


03 


5  13  9> 

ft  O 

C -ft 

c3  c3 


P  <—  03 

£  13  g 

S.P.C 

5-  O  ft 

ft  Oft 


£  g*ft  g 
ft  P  r> 


ft  3 

ft  4S 

ft  ft 

ptr-5 


13 
ft  -ft 
13  P 
ft  <y 

O  Q, 
4^  ft 
ft  ft 


03  •  ft  •  ••- 


3  §  £  £  ^'a  frp-s  Si^  2  a  "  « 

-  -  -  -  «,  5  g"S  S-S  I  *  St  5  S-2  S  a2S^ 

3SPPoS6pC5c-ippS<3ta)OPfeOcccoP 


. 

• 

*  I  r 

,:S| 

:  *r 

S  a  a  p 

"®  :  :  :  :  :"2  i  a3  a  ja’ §  !  3  §"2  2  |  3  j  j  :  ;22  «'2  gg  §  5  *:S  j  s  «  :a  i  :  :£~5  :«J23  2|  •  ;-3 

3-/ic«a2o5a2  2co.-2;2cc  2  a^  a  £  2  ScqPoqocoqgc  * i2  S-r^-i  ^  £c®’§>£cC!-gc/  a}CC-2  |  a^  S  ®  I-"  § 


a  c^, 
a  a  g  a 


>>  : 

•a -a  5 -a 


ft  ft 


7:  ft  ftft?  s*2 


. ^  ^  *1313. 

5PPPPpMpt»WpMCPPPb 

NJ  04  <M  OJ  <M  04  Ol  04  04  04  04  Ol  Ol  04 

ar-rir-iHHHHHr>Pi-iH’- 
■  ••■•••■*•  »  •  •  » 

w  H  HrH^  •“* 

r^  04  04  04  04  rH  i-H  “H  i-H  04  COr-HCOCO* 


ft  ft? 
ft  ft 
ft  ^ft 

£  03 
ft  ft 


WNNNMDC.1NNC1H  MN  2 c3 2 2 S S - 2 2  222  222  22 

rT'7_7’7r7'77'Vr72'j;  jJ  .  ••  i^iC-coc-aA  wotA  cAA  ^  o 

H*»OlO  -  CO  O  a-CO  C-lrH  hh  rl  <-< 

<M^eOr-<M-HC^rHeOO><N-.e<5  rtWW««N^N«HN«HNMH«H«N  (N--^ 


Vs95?S9aS$S5SSSS»8SgSi:gSSSSS5;SSS?SSSSSSaSS{3SS!3f258!5S!5!5Sl5SS«S 


a 

X 

13 

"ft 

-*-» 

CQ 

73 

13 


:p-  c 


M  *■£ 
-  :o^S; 
5o^£ 

k*  ^  >  03  . 
>  ^  CD  ►ft 
,  03  . 

■)H(£CCrH« 


>>  :  ft 


ft<j  ZS 
^  >  ft 

a _<ap«  a  3 

— Ipi— i  _  H—  I 

p  p  ^  ■£ .«  p 

ft  ft  S-  ft  ft  ft 

O  O  OH  c  o 

^  ^  ^  -tf 

03  03  03  •  03  03 

l^OONOC o 
CO  r-t  H  M  ^  O 


ft  PH  V-< 

rH  ft  ft  ft 

rHPHHH 

*£  ppp 
^ooS 

ss  &  & 

►  r  13  03  0> 

H<X'r  h- 
r-  «c  CD  Oi 


bt; 

13  ft 


ft  c. 
HHt:  p- 

4<J  44 

OO^h 

®«j>e 
ZZ  Zi£ 
ea-rZ'T 

c  co  ft; 

i—  ^  — « 'X3 


>> 
ft4  > 


=  ft,  -t3.  .vj  2 

ft  K*  —  ~ 


:  *-■ 
'  "ft 


K*  — 

H  ft  ^ 

44  44  if 
o 

rs  ^  % 

a  ®5r 
*** 
CO'Oi' 


h'* 


O  ft 


13 

oi» 

2  O 


ft  a  A 

44  .. 

03  »  44  44 

O  -ft  «■*  A-  ft 

ft  ft  o  o 
^SSOinX 

>  ^  ^ 


S=-o. 


ft  :  : 
>  >,  : 

Q  %*£, 

2^“' 
a  eP 
223 
r:2^ 

x^*  ^ 
ft 

d,  Cco 


^  W<» 


44  44 

o  3 

&  ^ 
03  03 

N  O 
1— 


a1-1  ..P 


ft!  N4-!  %4  ^  ft!  p  ft-  ft-  ft-<  p , 

p  a  chh  ftpr  -m  ft £h' 


77  ft 


44 
ft  O 


H  Obri.O.O 


^  > 
6^£ 
13 

»ri  o 

04  ft 


44  24  44  a- 

'  H  ° 
w  w  Oft 

^  ^  03 
03  03  03  Kr 

CO  ft<  oo  c 

^  rH 


^•Sp-S 

-  5>-0 
Otx  ObH 

^  > 

0/  ^  13 

Ci  C^C 

t  H»G  -  ’ 


44  24  ft 
ft  ft  C 


44 


Mu 

p£  oP^ 

Obn*  o 

£'*'?&>< 
&  .. 
>  P  ojP  l> 
Sb  0)^^  « 
3 


& 

13  Oh 

»!b*a, 

ft  ft  -r  ft  01  r- 

Ol  ^  rH  O  CO  ft  OHO 


^Sfe^oSHPPP 

op 


®  C  :  : 

ci-  •  • 

a  «  S  :f 
oP  a  g 

9  •  “p 

0<5p 

XT7^  - 
c3  P*iW 

a  a  _ 
a  -  a  a 
ooPa 
pP  <5  o 
EhPP'-s 


:  ft  :  i> 
.  P  •  > 

ft  47  >» 
0&HS7  '- 

Aft’P  • 

ft  ^  ft 

££  5.S 

a  2.2  a 


^^oWaooSSpSHAHUaH^AhOH^sa^^KOHOAflHO^flCSHHQASHHS 


;  i) 

bi> 


03 
>>  be 

.  03  ft 

ft  —  03 
03 

r-  C3  X 
OO  43 
tj  o  ft 
t:  ft  73 


-a^O  aa  ®  a 
oq  oa  a 

rf  \  ^  *H  r-  — 

r*  X  ft  !7  •," 

coc«^“ 

-sH^a^sPHo 


c—  : 

o  a  t£ 

g a  aac a 

^IpIoc 


X 

Q, . 

Sp§p 


>’,  : 

i  P  P 

tigi-a  - 

$3i-3a- 

?  “  ®  >,  2  P  a 

e-  ft •  O. 


:-3  3pi_5pp4 

iaaOH<o2«i 


lao-cPa1^-- 
>  a  a  £  -  a  a; 
j  ea®c  o  a-- 
HpraSoi-si-sf 


_P  P 

S-cg 

f3g 

3H  i 

K 

P  £  2 

X  ft  •- 
-  47  CD 

«=  u 

H-SH 


:  P  -3 

:  o  :5p 

;  o  l->  ft 

13  2  ^  ft 

N  *•  77 

ft  .  xS  S3 
2£  h  rs  ^  _ _ . 

^H;*w5  =  c-ria3 
o  c  ^  «  s2  s 

,  2  ®  2  Sp-"  15 

1  S  tf3  «  O 

inOhm 


g  2-^  • 

iS|8  : 

2rts  a> 


i  g1  a  > 


a  a  be  a 

.2  2  =p 

a.„a-ge% 

4p  a= ® a 
aclag-g 

2£rC  a  O 
C04)  00® 
1-5 1-9  02 1-5^0 


P 
be 
a 
•  o 

•_  c  . 

4J  O  >, 

b£Q  O 

g  «  M 
~<<a  a 
n  _,  a 

-flj  —  P 


3PS 

crS?3 


List  of  inmates  Admitted —  Continued . 


40 


[Assembly 


5 


O 

•w 

*5 

< 


O  < 

28? 


«-/  c  O  O 
O  CO  ^  C1!  cc  '/) 
f  -  CO  X  X  CO  00  CO  Ci 
'4)  X  X  —  ^  ^  t- 
h  .*-<  ^  .  _  _x 


ci  .. 
OC  5! 
^c8 


Cl 


^  -'*  -c 

3*1  S3 

w 

S3  o  o 

£00 


o-»»o  <t»-h  ^ 

r—<  Cl  Cl  , 

_~*l  V- 

k  .  O  •  .  ci 

j—  r”  i-. 

a.?j  «  ^  a  s  ^ 

•<«  *5  <;  *?,  **;  r* 


*r“  r* 

ES 

-<  3 

£  ^O 
<U  -w 

g  2 

a  3 


C  £  £  ^  £  ^ 

tO  tt  tO  tlj*  t0U  £ 
r*  ^  r*  ^*r  L~  /•*  V* 
»^Orj  O  O  *0  O  O  ^ 

^  CO  '/.  X  X  ,2  ^ 


o  y  o 

CO  '-0  CO 


5  S.E 

<£a}  — 


£00:004 

waacZaaa 


II 

^  r^T 

Xi 

*•$; 
.£  .0 
o  o 

CO  w 

rr  ^ 
.° 
a  •a 

o  O 

~3 


Ci  X  0> 

h*  ¥j  N 

00  —iGO 

'to’laS 
&~2*2 
.  aj  .  * 

o  -  «  coiSS 

O  S3  0)  Cl  *  1 

l-  >• 

-Z~2~  -3  2 
O  ^  &  0  £ 

fcOj^’o  5 

o  o  V  * 

CO  0C#2^*C 
^  m  —  O  O 

,  .  .  U  'm 

2  S  «  0> 

-  S  N  '/i  x 

O  =  O  0> 

a^cZpp 


00c 

5  'i5x 


c  o  j: 
—• cc 


Ci  ' 
r 

CC  r 


-  53  ' 


ooy 

X  K 

iw  ""  *TC 


Cl 

3? 


=rT-'° 

>  ^3 

'o'-1  « 


©  o  w 
^  55  *t  8  5s<  go  ^ 

-  *■  -  J  rM^» 

?  ^  O)  O  J  J  ,"5*7-  2 

7C“u  v  o  ?'  =  '5<:’© 
«  £  fe  <e  -S  .£ 

a  a  ,5  *7~  «  — 

.  .  t-  • 

£  s:T  'C  c  o  p 


5 '0  73 

!  1“  r< 

o  ©  © 


Cl  ^ 
Cl  c 


C  C5 
—  — 

"S  ^ 


C0>0>0 
X  NNN 

oc  00  ao  x> 


Z2£2<s  ^ 

^  ^  ^  c» 

b  o  J  > 

,2  0)  O  O 

Saaz 

£  P  ©  » 

tcrtc  be  tc 

3 

o  ^  o 

.2-S.2S.2 


ooS£ o  ®  5 


E“"~ 


SO  S  S  o  o 

33  KJj-- 


t 

CO 

:  :  :  :  :  :  : 

:  0  1 

:  S0S8S  : 

•  •  ^  ^  3  8  1  i 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  5c  •  • 

•  •  •  0  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  2  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  w  •  •  •  • 

:  :  :  :  :g§§  : 

0 

0 

•  •!•••* 

jeo  j 

l  l  ^  t}<  -r  0  5 

i  !222c5  |  i 
•  •  •  • 

:  i  i  x  •  : 

•  •  :ao  5  5  5  : 

j  !  :  j  i^00*0  : 

— 

X 

:  :  ci  l.  : 

•  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

c~-  c~.  or.  ~-  c.  or.  cr.  or.  r-.  3-.  ci  c.  or.  ~.  o>  o  o.  ci  O’.  *  O'.  O',  o  O'.  O',  or.  O',  o  a;  O'.  O',  or.  ov  O',  o.  o-  o-  or.  o.  c-.  o',  o.  or.  O',  or.  O',  o'.  O'. 

1 7  N  h*  r-  1'-  I  —  N  I-  N  t-*  N  I'-  I"-  I  -  N  h-  r  -  h-  I—  r-  f-  h»  I—  N  t  -  I'*  ►—  I'-  I'-  I'-  l'-  h-  N  I-  1^  I-  t^*  h»  h»  f-  J-  |—  r  -  f—  I'-  h»  r» 

(Jl  CC  X  X  C  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  XX  X  X  x  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  x 


CM-XXXXOf.f.C  C  CCC3-T  f 


tl.tr - —  —  -  HMMMP3|>.t^X-,»rr.NCCC-Mrt»r,J,OCl'> 

-  — <  — >  (M  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM  rif-idCldClClCCXCC 


-*-3  +-J  4W  -W  -WW-fca- 

oooo ooooooooooooo 

OOOOOO  COOO?OOOCOOO< 


E-*-^  J  -  J  J  J  J  -  J  J  J  ^  b  i  b 

>OOOOOOOOOOoOOOOOOOOOOOj2©0©j5®®® 

:oooooooooomooooooocooo)zzzzzzzz 


o 

O 


•  •  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

:  q  :  : 

; 

:  :  :  :  s 

^ _ *  • 

•  • 

• 

•  2 

•  tu  i  b 

5 

•  •  J  X  X 

ts"  >.« 

r 

^  X  «C  ' 

rH  I--  *“  —  * 


xx  QC  GO 

gpcr<jMpc(^^WW«o3'<QSoW’<S^MSOSBt('46oiH6SW««ort-<'ai^o-<SsWoefiC 


:ob  Rabbett 


No.  41.] 


41 


o 

30 

GO 


r-<  O 

oo  r— 

go  go 

rH  O  r-H 

<->  —  CO  ^ 

•  _  cO  •  u^ 

,a  -oo  04  03  £> 

p£~>  U..S  r 

fa  77  u  (.Hg 
-to  «  *3  - 

•^3  .—  .P  p  ^3 

D  rr  O  h  D  d 

““tS-S -•*.«» 
’g^^-S-g 

x  73  ^3  ^3  x  x 

.  ft  ft  ft  .  . 

c  03  03  03  ^  c 
T  c/3  X  X  p 
®  0)  O  0>  r-j  o 

apppcga 


o 

00 

00 

iH 

Ol 

CO  <*f 


S3 


'  <M 

-jp  ro 

-  o°o 


^  o 
00 
'00 

CO  rH 


CO 
GO 
o  oo 

CO  rH 

00 

^  CO 


ft 

02 

Q 

s 

o» 

o 

a 

p 


CM 
^  CM 


5>g 

bdO  73 


ft  co 
c.^ 
<1  >. 


r-lpd 

u  13 

**  ft 

«  c3 


Is 

rH  CO 
rH  CM 

T  CO 

£S©'2£ 

CO  -  ^ 


__-  2 

o>  ft 
b£.P 

'rH  03 


o 

_  _  rX 

O  .*P  CM  CO 

^  ft  £  CM  — ■ 

gZ  wg3SJ» 
,  ,o  b,  fa3'" 

73 73  ^  ^  PJ  "0  C 
03  03;!Hpi30303r 
bJCbJO  _  p  bJCbJO  O  ^ 


O  co 
oo  oO 

P3  co  r-H 

2^f 
00  ^ 


CO 

CO 

00 


o 

00 

00 


o 

oo 

CO 


-X"  _*  -ft  O  r  CO  rH  <— . 

^  »P  c/3  CO  co  00 


.03  rl 


c3  ' 


or  ’  o 

■73  ^3  7) 

'S  S'? 

ft  .  ft 

5?  c 


03 


£  *> 

ww  Jaobo  bD  c3  be  ^  - 
pp^pre:e:^2 

CJ  O  K.“  O  O  mfh 
X  X  X  ^  "3  ^ 

’•3  *3  ? 

.u  . 

Pl,PP'~1)pp1>& 

JL  d5  r.i"  (D  2  ^  ,1;  0) 

^  HrtXPPcfiHflP 


OUn^O^0^ 

X  73  -/3  73  73  ,J2  ''p 


Br;  H  D  H  (1)  2  O) 

p  fl  «J  S  to  H  ic 

P  P  13  O  13  p  13 


28 

„  ®w 

rn  rHf/r, 

r  -CO 
rH  CO  rH 
rH  <M 

.  .  o 

O  ft  C  l 

'Q  CO  ^3  03 

S  -S 

-  rH 

,  "3  r-O  P 

1  03  »0  03  13 
!  tfi'-'  bJD  o 

fafafar^ 

.2  3  .2  T3 

^3  *-H  'T,  C3 

•  •  ?H 

n  03  S  co 
®.s  P  03 

HpO}fl 


CO 

CO 

oo 


<n  oo 

oo  oo 

00  rH 


o 

oo 

CO  O  _ 

rt'JOj 
.2o8 


gg 

coco^oog  §8 


rH  CO 

op<N 
oo  .  _  • 

^  >s 

o',®  2  «  ' 


■-i»n  fa" 

H  cc  .fa.fa  — .- 


P-~  .«■ 


s 

^  2  ^  •■io)'~,<13p,^2 
o  O  >,0  0  0^ 


fa1  'O  «3  7i  <yj . — i'  «0  _ao  to  ^ 

*  ^  •  »-  .  •  •  •  .  U 

T3  ^  fl  13  r-  rH  H  h  n  03 

03^O'73^M03CG?73 

•r-  ^  P  13  O  j-j  r^  ^O  ^ 


■o  2  _r«5  ?;  s>  o 

rtHHiMWMNtO 

r-'E  u  u2-C~ 
aaart^  , aaT 

rsrz’Orz  r?  £73 

03  03  13  03<13_oa3o 

jac  jm  bjo  bo^beg  bi)^3 

is i i laic  gio 
o  o  u  o  0+: 

X  C/3  X  X  M  ^  X  ^ 

T3'P'P'^rP  1^  13 

.CO  0  •£ 

C  C  H  C  r  p  C  11 

0000^13^- 


;S! 


r^t*  t- 


^  of  ^ 

Ills 

,6®  C3  S  « 

rn  — -1  T-  H-H 

r-  ^  13^ 

O  -*-> 

7v  p,T- 

iP  a;  13  13 
^  tf  ^  t! 

e  03*rt  13 
P  X  oj  X 
O  C3-H  03 


-  p.2  O  03  -  w 

HoQftWpKQOfi 


:  o 
.  o 


000 

000 


(M’t^ 
C^  (M 


3  O 
>  O 


a'.o^c'.cj^osajoiojoiosjjojcjoicj^cioovojicjo^^y.ci^ciojciaioiooooc'?.  CiOCDOi^oo^oooocooo 

N  N  N  1—  I—  h-  |^-  N  I'*  N  t'-  J -  t>»  |>*  f'*  N  jj-  l'-  r^-  N  N  I  ^  N  t^-  N  1^-  I-—  N  (-  N  I  —  r-  (>.  N  I ^  C 73  N  N  )-  I  —  I  -  1^.  |  —  {>.  *>.  f>.  '/  X  7‘  7)  X  X  00.00 

fX3COCOCOCOCOOOfCCOOOCOOOc/j(X)CCoOCOOOOOCOGOOOCOCOCOCOOOGOOOOOGOCOOOOCCOOOCOCOCOrJOOOOOXCOoOoOCOOOOOCOo6oOOOGOOOOO 


t'*  t'”  o  r—  O',  o  oi  n  »o  i—  t^-  r-  t^-  c*  o  r—<  r-  »o  <jj  q»#"  cf  r-T T 

rH  M  r-  (N  M  H  H  ri  rH  M  H  H  CM  C'l  W  Ol  M  C-|  v,  Ji  u'  ^  ^  ^  r 


CO  CO  *G  C  C  O  ^  CO  M  O  iC  O  O  O  C  O  O  C  h  M  o  o  c  o  o  o  t  - 
'Hr-tHWNMNCSHNNWNMNNNMtO 


>  > 


>>>>>>>>>>>^>>>>>>>Juoyooo^duoodydor30odyciyoodt)ddcdC2CCd 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoa)04)13ODOO)C3l3UC3Q3OlirtDQ333DiDOQ3DQ3Q3HH(T<rt'-  r- 

|5^?^ZZ^^^^^l25^^^ZZ^PPPPPRP^PPPRPPPfi»2pPPpqppfiQfir.^^^^ 


:t3  fe 
O  '•  ad 

.5  ©  £  ^  S 

fa  >  a>  C  <u 

r  ^  =  to 

Ofa 


03  •  .  -*->  • 

a  :-g.gS 

o  :  .g  3  co 
fa  •  3 ~-a  • 

.  C  fa  ft  oS  M) 

■r  c  a  a  3  a> 

P  CO  r-  a  £  — C 

°3COg- 

b  §  *-  S  *-  b': 


:  P 
:  x 


:  d 

:  x 


*H  x  —  _ 

^  C  ^ly,  cj  _ _  ^  __  _ _ ^ 

hOh»KhI5!43hS 


:  cs  :  cj  ■ 

:  S  I  S  S 

:  3  :?? 

•  IXJCOI)^ 

83  fa  M  fa  'S 

■—  rH  -r-  O 

F  .  rP  .  •  X 

J?  J-  >H  X 

o 

KofaOfa) 


03 

O 

*->m  ^ 

u>.2 
d  ^ 

f-*  5-. 
P03 

mK 


a  :  :  p  • 

to  tfa  0)  • 
•p  :  c  befa 
cs  4-3  p  a  2 
a  fa  o<a  5 
3.^-0 

S3  to  a1 53  c 
■fat*,  e-r 
^  o^-  2  h 

:  *  §  ®  3 

J-H  X  K  0.^1 

rP  O  P  P  C 


X  t_ 
b£)03 

C  bOy 
peg 

r«  s 


3  : 

.2S  tJ 

;  03  P?  r-  SW 

•  w  h  2  w 
:  cs  p  2  cs 
:  03  P  ^  03 

:.2  a  o.2 

TT  13  +h  7- 

O'+h'-h  X  Hj 

.  O  O  P-^jTh  >> 

a  to  to  2  b  •  ^ 

X  x  -r-  C3 


:  P 

:  p 

;  |  w> 

:  t>  03 

J  03  .^. 
x  o  ^  x  x 
PfagRO^ 


:  w 

,  c 
•  'S3 
:  t> 


,  CO 


:•  fa  tea  • 

:  fa  a  c  c  2 
:  c  a  a  a  >; 

'“300® 

i"  is  £  iSv. 

®  i  ->  j_a  i  i  O 


iss.i  :: 

*  •  I  *  * 

:  x  x  :  : 

•  .  .  03  | 

2  2 

3cS 

■  to  to  J®, 


c3  eS  ■ 


a 

r, 


t/3 


-  »j  o;.H  ~  w  ^tsb  BaoV  St-PCC5»»ianyoi<Ht.t,3ti) 

;^ooa.a>fappSaSprt3P'Paaa.2fafafaLbPa:fafaSfa 
K^-)SSoHSfiOWfi^P4SHOOOPPHPi«SS«OQfa« 


°  oi  ej  esS 
000<p233J 

-  .  >>fa  fa  fa  to  a  a  3  « 

p-^  ctPtototoaaaap 


:  :  a  a 
:  :  a  fafa P 
.  •  <d  a>  P  a 

,2  :-£-gaS« 


sS 

:  x 

•  *H 
.  W 

:  cj 

a 


:  £  <d  ’  a)  a  a  ^  a 


^  2  S  C 

i> 


d  *p  *p 
_,  w  •  P5p  S 
a  Baj  a^S5 
p  g  ,a’£o3 

fappWfaM 


Cg***  *Pj^H*!rO  >3  !rn  *pp  •  *CP  •  *^rH  *P  *P  •  C3  p  P  •  p  *PP  •  *p  •  *P 

facccct/j  tocc  a  oi  ,a Mai _a  g«2  aoJ  a  a 35^3  a^oiai  a  gai  aajiat/iP!^^o2  2a2  22a2c«^oicQ  a 
o  .  .  .p  .S3  .  p  .  .  f  S3  .S3  -  S3P  •  .pp  •  .  p  S3  •  p  .  p  .aPP  •  p  .  p  p  .  .  p  .  .  p  .  S'  p  .jj 

KbbP^POpH&pHOpaPCSHppHHppHOpHpHHlWHHpH&HHpPh^tlOHrlWH&PH 


!  !  a  a  :P 
fa 02 -5,202  « 

13  .  13  P 

5-h» - 5-^ 


1  CQ  <M  N  (M  C<l  Ol  <N  CO  05 

■*  r—H  rH  rHr-HrHrHrHrHrHr-H 
II  I  I  l  l  1  I  1  • 

3  OO  rH  XO’J'OOHOH 

H  *  *  |  — '  * 

IHHMhH 


(MMM  NM  (M  Ol  MiNWN  (NNNMMNNN 

rHr-ir— <  rH  rH  rH  HHhh  rH  rH  rr  i—h  HHrlHHHHr' 

111  II  11  l  1  1  1  1111  ■  1  l  1  l  1  l  l 

r-OCC  rH  00  -h  rH  NhO>X  HOH^  C^NOOXOMC 

...  rH  rH  — 1  — 

rH  03  CO  rH  CO  CO  r-H  CO  CO  C0MNC3HH  (M  CO  H  H  H  H  H  W 


<N 


MNM  (MNNMNIMN^ 

rH  r-H  rH  r-H  i-h  r-H  r— I  rH  r-H  rH 

III  I  1  I  I  I  •  l  l 

rH  CO  00  OOO't'HCOON 

rH  r-H 

HC3C<JH(NCOC<1hCOH  04  (N  rH  CO  c<l  (M 


NW0'.COMin««'0O»O*tC«t0^WS9C0aHN7‘00H7.intOPaM3irt®OOO«HO3OOH(10T(''#N0>Ni0t0iO 

corOfa-crOOfaCOCOa3facC»OCOfaO-t'CQfa‘OcOfafa*OCOCOcr®T}.t^.t£)C(diQ1£}t£,^(t£C^,^.C£,tQlI7.^,(t5.J<.^<c*®.^.<c^c^.o.^<Ct-lioC£)f7>'Tt< 


fa  fa  fa  -3}  v.  ^ 

1-1  a  a  a  > 


fa  3 
out:  fa  12 

Jr  o  o  fa  o 

p  ?  ?  > 

^  03  0;  ^  03 

o 


o  eo  co 

r-H  CO  »-H 


Wfa 
fa  = 
o> 

^6: 
>  (U 

^Sc 


•  rT 

:  p 

:°v- 
i  .  H 

r-faH 

fa 

o 

03 

r-  O 


.  H-t  *-t— • 

^  P  P 

a  w  h 


fa  fa 
boo 

2^52; 

O  04 
ooco 
(M 


4h 

a  a  c  faM 
OfaHQ 

k>  p 
•  >  u 
.  Ofa® 

'  fe  5  55 

>  M  flj 

t  03  Vhr 

'  co 

04  00  Oi 


P 

M 

T3^ 


|| 

& 
>  03 

H£;  »o 
5^0 

5  0  rH 


ufa 

o 

co  r  r 


X 

Bm 

fa^ 

u  fa 

0  2 
P  ts 

y  03 


P  P 


S-  U 
O  O 

03  03 


M  »o 
^  o  o 

HC4rH|H 


03  C3vr 

Rpoo  a 

fa  JO  fafaM 
u  u  u  ujo 
o  o  o  o  u 
jr>-pjr  o 

£  &  &  £  u 
03  O)  03  03  ^ 

*0  h-  o  o  ^ 

X  05  H  H  IC 


p  c 


^  Jbd 

rn  H 

o  o 

PSh 

03  03 

»o  *0 
coco 


*i£ 

<tH  >  .-tu 

a  a  a  ^  c 

,H^'SSH 

fa  tp  jspfa 

P.  03  > 

°t3T^  o 
P  S'ol^ 
iS^gPfe 

t-  a  r-ijz;  to 

Oi-,N  OO 
fa  r— l  Od  1— 1 


<fa  a  a 
Chh 

1— 1 

,  fafa 
fa  u  u 
u  O  o 

t  *  f* 

laa 

c>o  hi 

<M  rH  H 


*  uj  (p 

p  c 
I  Cr^ HH 


r  ’ 

'd  P  > 

CH  c3 


fa -Mu 
.  u  b  o 

r  13  03  >- 
CO  C'l  rr 


p 


wfa 
bo-g 

)S^5 

>PH 

^  S  > 

03  Kr  r 
y  <J  03 

2  s* 

os  —  to 


>>  . 

>fafa 

“accH 
zmmm  a  a 

HH 

a  fa  fa  fa 
0)  u  u  u  fa  fa 
jooojrt 

P  ^ri  I'  — 1  O  O 

<»  b.  > 

'ft  0)  OJ  S  ^  ^ 

SS5S5JZJ 2 

P  CO  rT 

PO)  H*  O 
rH  »-H 


O  CO 

H005 


Or 

£= 

fa<! 

^73fa 
o  ^  H 
tx  d  © 

13  > 

^  r'  03 
<1  03  y 

2*2 


ft 

W^pftCt5pq«<SM52Jft^MMH§03oW  :MfiS-<r3ft-<HppWolrWdoScbftWftfiwW^MH  • 


S  ta  ^  ...  B  . 

ffSKSx:? 

y?£® S «£ 

!—  ctiP 


a—, 

a^  j?fa  ft  a. 2 
ft-=2|  p  a 


bba^SWSW<3SShH? 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.] 


,igw55| 

*  a  tu  3  a  jj 

<i>  cs  u  u  a  a 


«E 


6 


23  )>>  ;  a 
u  p  :  a  c 
a  ■ r.  to  a  a 
a  aft  C  a 
r*-ja  if  cqj 
n  a 

•fet  fa tc 

w'*.'  a,  ^ 

g  p  |  §  a 

u  u  —  fa  — 

o  a  o--i  _ 
mfafa  a  d 


p 

o3 

bo 

O 

rd  13 
:0  > 


r. 

C 

.  S 

13  K*  bo 

r/i 

iLo  <*> 

>r,  .  ^_i  > 

aj  ' 


B&BU0hh|)h 


""  o 
fa  sjjart  tn^ 

prEh  a r  a^, 

ft  .  -  c  g  S-2 
ci  bfa  a  fa  o  a 
p  a  o  pftfa  a 

J5oi-sQOHP 


i  *-  • 

.  0/ 

.  i’o  g 
«  • 

)  p  :  0.2 
ia2«o 
■!»0  .  «. 
c 


fa  b 

ft.  p 

orr 

aO 


njxtfi 
rH  X  o;  03 

C  E  uu 
fa  o  a  a 
ofafafa 
i-sEHOO 


_  u 

e  ofa  P  r 

bu?  « 
>  "t  a  — » a 
a  •  »>>  a  qj 
cb ptn  o 

►*  -P3 

EX  P'>» 
rt  r*^  13 
C3  J-  O  tO 

z:  C.C  a  ft 

P  r  o  ^ 

H-hJ^sO 


1880. 1  .  j  Hoa.  disch’ged.  Sept.  14,  1880 


List  op  Inmates  Admitted—  Continued. 


42 


[Assembly 


w 

id 

u 

c3 

s 

© 

Ph 


CSJ  00 

3B2 

rH 

to  00 


8 

~x  5^* 

■  CD  M  N 


•■QOg 

■iovg 

£f(N  bi  3 

53  —  r-  rH 

pS'y^  «? 

■e 

S-’*5'  .  C 

U'd  C  «5 

02  E  X 

©  .E  ^  2 

QQggh 


s  sg 

H  rH.'_l 

NMCOW..' 
X-  CO  <N 

® 'tfco  .  . 

C  ■—  — i  fe  ■> 

a  ,  _  y  j; 

►-**0  0  3© 

^nS  ;2 

3*  b  >.  8  _r 

te  5  fe  w  ? L 

-  c3  c5  fl>  W) 
pE  E  EQ!c2 
O  J?  *“  Q 
.2 -©33  ® 

lllli 


li 


be  s-» 
J3  53 

<S3 

'd'O 

bcj# 

iis 

o  © 

X  72 

'S'3 

e  e 
o  o 


50 

OC  <M 
OC  X 


o 


O  'r 

oo  r 

go  _  ^ 

-  ©  ©  r** 

’£  Sbu.3 
St-r® 
y  yH 

d  .;£.t  © 

©dd  © 

flJ2S« 

72  E  E  73 

©  ~  —  © 


D  00  CD  rrj  OC  r* 

:s  s5S 

©  O 


-2  ®w 


C 

J-  J, 
*  53 


co  -r 

04  50 

T  .  *  J 

OC  *-  S- 
X  ©  © 


_ _  X  H  00  ©  <V 

^  ©  £s 
QQ  <4  ~~ 

d 


nSs 

>t  J>  9 


tSlH  * 

£~^oo  2 

.  °°  n 

O  ^*5C 

®  o  oiS  2  J. 

r*  ^  s- 


cs 

I 

1C 

>0 

53 


"  O 


•2  ^  _ 
Jaolc^'lio  6#  es  g  w 

yy:3'yy's'z;<=l 

r.  '1.  G  x  2'G’O'G 

SS®GS  S5# 

•  .  :  .  ti  tTtJ 

'--T3c2^^4) 

C  E  02  E  E  X  X  73 

S  c«:  ^  o  j;  w  ^ 


.2  -a  «  2  S 

‘ 


^  ®  e 
c  7D  g 


© 


^  g  C  5  73 

«  O  O  «  j3  ^ 

aiGSw;— 52 


s^Sill 

CO  -tO  CO  ,-3*^ 

w~  ■  y  .  eo  ,  SS 

=  3?-=  =  &^ 

— "  ^  *T?  .  **  *■ 

f?.— .<■!.*!*•*■  -3 

tt/f  JL  ti^5  2p'’5.’5,,5c  a 

r2!  rC  ^  ^3  •—  r-  ^  JO 

o  V  ^  o  ^ 

72  ^  x  X  X  J2  OQ  X  *®  .2 


S  5^5  ^o^o  5  o  co  § 


..... 

:  :© 

E  E 

j  ,*  *  ;  ; 

:  : 0 

©  0 

•  •  •  •  • 

!  I  Hf 

Ph*^ 

^  X 

•  :  ;  1  ; 

:  :  <& 

•d 


s 

T3 

<1 


oooooooooooooooooooooso^a>ooooooooooooooooooooooooo 

X  -50  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  1^  1^  X  X  X  X  x  x  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  CD  «x  X  X  X  X  x  X  X  X  X 
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXo5X'-OXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXXXX 

p-^  p-H  j-H  r— <  P-H  rH  P*H  p^  rH  i-H  r*^  p-H  f-H  j-H  rH  rH  rH  rr  —r  rH  r-H  rH  rH  H  rH  r^  rH  r—  —r  r—  p-r  rH  r—  'Xj  r-«  rH  •—“  ■  I—  rH  rH  rH  rH  r—  rH 

*  » 

c<Tx^ oo  oT c^o  o  c4^ hjT ^  hh  ^ ^  *o  to  to^x^r*  ^  ^  cc  cc  co  V  ^ ^Tor C'f  co  x*^ ^ o’ ol iCx 

^  '  - - - - -  •  *1  ^  ^ 65 


p— <  H  f-H  rH  rH  rH  71 


—  —  —  p-«CSCs4f— «  —  0^01' 


CE2cccce:s  =  cscscflaj3flojocci:i:s3fl£GaG35JiflJS5JGi^ii 

HHHHgrrtrfrt  e*HHc*,  riHc,.tfg)012(D0U^5ibs!5!gil)00a)C/l>OC;CiQJ0C/^a20CJCjCOL^ 


•  53  : 

■a  8  : 

=  •£  : 
s  r  r- 

o  ?  c 

►>  .^,  72 

^T3rs 


pO 

53 


s  s  s 

72  C  77 
*H3  ^ 

c3  £  c5 

S  5  2 

d^5  d 

02  <D 

«  CP^ 
.  o  . 

P  ^  L. 
pd-CCpd 

OOQ 


:  a? 

■si 

o  a 

pC  02 

o  C 
^  02 

Si 

='5 


s 

-£■  'd 

IS  C 

53  3 

E  ° 

V 
3  O 


•a1;  t e  a  s 


G  C 
OC 


:  :  S 

•a  :  a> 

G  :C 
3  G 

1 .2  S  3  %  : 

oiHii  :« 

I3  .  =  “-5^3 


C  :  “ 

5j  G  —  _2 

5  1 1“ oo 
a  ?  S  «  2’£"rf-5  y 

|-«5525-53 

ws^o^g— -P 
.C  ^  • 


>,  72 


c  - 

£  ? 
»-  < 


!«02t-^02t.Q-*o^a2t-^c3S— 
i  r  >jc3*^  tszt^pOC  02 

:OP5oa2»S^&<!P5ccoA;(iHH*<COP3S 


r-  o  rj,  r-  —  Jo  _•  2 
f-s-^rcjCU1- 


02 
72  r 

-I'-H 
53  O 

3  2 


G 

O 

£ 

.2-^ 

Ta  C 

>*pd 


r-  © 

E  x 
x  C3 
— <  © 


n  53 

3  £ 

2.  5 

-  0 
53 
2c3 
w  . 

o  fc- 

a.  3 

r  GQCOr  r  f*  r  C  —  C  r 


—  -O  X  ~ 

S- >?2 

g  3  S  s  2  3 

5G3ssb 


||:.§ 
E 

©  E  ^  E 
£  3  i;‘E 

<sH  vr  r.  — 

hJMm 


-  w  .  D 


E  E  h- 

4;  O  O  C  j 

J  2  £  ^  *  w 

O  .M  H  *^2 

w  »  ®  "S  ti 53  _ 

O,  *  O  O  —  "G 
“—  3  3  G  2 
5.  —  X  x  G  y 

X  a>  G  C  w  C 

X  G  G  3  o 


E 

o 

IS 

c3 

a 

E 

o 

o 

O 


s-> 
•  © 


:>h^ J Jih^Jm  s 

rt2*^©t-«©©^frlE  —  —  ©^02^^©  •  Q2  co  qj  * 
£jiEa2^i^t£qj-2^2^S:a;£  j. 
Cr;0tiC0-co^J|C,0©0'-0!:>0^00 
03^.3  S.G333  0-3  3 
(JmS^sSsejG^acs-sosassiXcsa 

pt.  cq  ^  a  sh  s=*  p;  ft  02  h?  g;  h  ^  ic  h  r;  a  tc  s: 


•  Jh  • 

*-  2  : 

<d  e  : 

i-  ©_^ 
O’Uf 
^  u 
E  *£> 

^OO, 


f- 
u  © 
02  *- 
»H  © 

c 

•§5 


u  £  u 

©  CO  © 

*r.  t- 

013  o 

,0  53  E2 
3h  ci 

jee 


Ogc  . 

f  gSfe 

02  O  r  r- 

E-^3  gi  t 

53  C3;E  -3 

—  hZ  i 


C  fc-  © 
rr  E  ©  E 
•r-2  s-  02 
o^  O'— 
u 

^  C  03  E 

Sacc 


t- 

©  ©  r. 

Ill 

C3  E  — 


u  u  u  -  , 

£££« 

o  o  o-a  i 

333  3 
53  53  53^J  ! 

f— «  ^  - 


>> 

IS 

o3 

Sz; 


S  rt 


d 
•d  E 
E 


PH 

E  3 


-  -GO 


;G 

a  c 


G  35 


3  G333 


:  w 


5  ;  g  5  5  g  5  :G  :  :  :  :5—  :  5  g  :  ’  iGr33  :cSiq  :5g5  :g  :  g  :  5  5  2  g  3  E  E  =  :  5  : 

P!«£  —  —  r-S°2  PcCCQGOCC  « -^CO  G  CuC(Z2GC  0  8  tcbi02  bc~ 32  3  g^CQgccGcoG^^GaG^xijQ^sc 
o  -  ogfewfe  *4)  .  ■  •  -  fey  -  few  •  •  -oSCG  -  Cfe  -  fewfe  .0)  .y  •  ®  ®  £  5  ®  ®  ®  •  .fe  • 
ODOHHOHDOWD&HicSMOSPaoOSKDSiSHSH&SPSSHHisiJjaSMS 


X  © 

^  © 

aj  .ph 

©  > 

bn  f- 

^  © 

x 


(M^  C<1  (M  M  d  M  M  71  C<1  W  NNNN  CSJ  (M 

rH  r-H  — H  rH  p^rHrHrHrHrHrH  rHp-Hr-rH  rH  rH 

III  l  l  I  I  I  I  I  I  till  II 

rH  rH  rH  C>  QJ  rH  H  H  O  O)  »-H  r-  O  OO 

p-H  rH  rn  rH  rH  rH  rH 

CO  H  CO  rH  CO  CO  H  01  HHCON'ff  W  CQ  (N  ' 


NNNN  (MC^(N  71NNMN71NNMNNNMMNMN 

rH  rH  p-H  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  r—  — —  t-H  p-H  p— ■  rH  IT  h  H  rH  it  pH  r—  rH  •— 1  rr 

1*11  |l|  lllllllllllllllll 

HCOf  H  Hr  f-H I  rH  HCHHCTH^O'-r.NJiwVCh* 

rH  i-H  rH  pH  rHH—  p-H  rH 

CO»-H  CO^OCOC^COrH  H}<C^  ^’■^MMMhhNCOvNh 


© 

bo 

< 


WNOHOOONiO^OOOOOOaONHOiflNiCHOO^^C^NOOOOQWNOOOOOOtt^OOCOf  0^^005 
»COCO(Ot»^OCO'0‘CN'^CO'0’VCO'VO<Of'^00->J,0'^H,iOCO'^^W(CfOCOCrtCC'W^'OC,*<Ort 


H-J 

E 

© 

E 

■a 

© 

p$ 


-  -  c  s 

E  Chh 

HH 

id 

id  id  t:  t- 
^00 

tStS^ 

zzll 

©  ©  *~jT 

NO 

—  o  o 
<0  o  —  — • 


a 

« 

cl 


> 

el 

O. 


i*U 

U  p—f 

o  o 

>H>H 

©  © 

0 

CO  CO 


>  E  tc  IS 
c3  ^h  E  *h 

o  HHM 

..  J-idid 

f  o-5- 

Zto  ^ 

<M  O  1- 

HhN^ 


^  f ,  *  H  -  Ch 


y 

o 
0^ 
^  & 

la 

Z£2 


C  C  Ghm 


3U  Oal  3d 

-*  J.  t-  H 
H  O  O  O 

>  ^  ^  ^ 

^  ©  ©  © 

ifJON 
rH  X  X  O 


c  E  -  -  >  — 
O  o-g-g-^'S 

>  y 

02  ©  ©  <~r 

OX  o 

hhHhXN 


: 

:  © 
:  © 


■<j  C*i  Vi  hJ  4J 

E  E  E  E 
•  hhhh 

^ii_uub- 
1-  O  O  O  O 

t  *  *  *  * 

?  ©  ©  ©  © 

®^3;S5Z 

rHb-t'—t— 

C<J  o  ^  o  x 


H.c  E 

id 
W-  id  id 

O  t-  t- 

^  c  o 

^>H 

l  z  z 

^  ©  © 

CNN 

r-71CO 


wrH-  Oi  <T*  «T 

?ESEC 

-HHHM 

ja  —  —  u  u 
jrOOOO 
©N'JhN.Ph 

>  &  ^  -i  ^ 

^  ©  ©  ©  © 

^ONXifl 

hOOiOIN 


•  •  •»•  •  •  •»•••  •  ^ ,  • 

•  :  :  h  ?  .  •  t  t  ;>v. 

0H«—  ©i  CHHiH  —  ^  ~  ©- 

E  E  Em  E  E  Emm  E 


.  „  a> 

id  id  id  id  ► 

5-  ^d  id  id  U  udd  53  U  id 

ot-^--^oot--— O^-- 

©S-S-^O)©^— ’©^ 
f-^  ©  ©  ©  *^r  ©  *E  ©  1 

5aaat”a.§/ia. 

O  tO  X  M  rH  ^ 

ocoooxo^*_o^ 

HrtnCr.H0C^H(J0‘ 


o 

o 


SetOWOM  :CQHa JOfeKSSCsajJHfeliiWoaCW^QSSfeSOO^Sai^H^hHOHCfi 


No.  41.] 


43 


oo 

00 


op  ^  -J*  * 

~-Cco  ^ 

d2<!  c  — 

eS  ,  3  co  eo  p 


M’S  <0  to  0  0  22 

§“§ III  3 


be 


3  co 
oo.® 


3  — '  kVQ  U 

f-«  O  t“5  o  .•■.->  CO  5^ 

V,  u-c'^2  a  5'-'-'“ 
■Sotu'g’T'-s^o-g 
.2-0  g  “  ff-s-a  g  « 


Vj  oo  co  on  CO 
OOK^H^ 

^  ,  ,  .0^ 

.NiOOH  *• 

cNh"  .53 

<*  .  <13  <u*?  ^ 


So  s 

00  00 


s 


>0 , 


1  e  it'd  dfl  ¥  Kti  e 
ij  3-h*h  3  3  a;  a;  g-; '-'•r  G  <!>•-<  3.*-  a>  aid.® 

WptSiBfiPm  t»«Q  KKo^ePc»fi««ftM 


>C0  0,205  0. 

»•  J  3  J  _;.  3  0/0  fc*  33  .  M< 

3-<l-5|-5aj«<2'<<'-5  O^ 

^  ,.  -  •■  , d.  -  -,Q  - 

•■'rt  -rt  d  d  .r  *-d  d  q  d 

.-a  a  M  “j»  5iS  “  -  *> 

a*3^3aa*j—^a.a  O  *a 
o 73  o  a  ossa  o  aw  0 
.2  w  to .22.2  U3  0  to«T3  22 

’°33'°'as  -<:® 73  2  3) 

d  c  s'  s'  s  cs  c  fl  S  d 
BoSSSc  K05S0 

mKmmKpK(bP33 


00 

00 


rd 

o 


*  rH 


d 

to 

h 

o 

CO 


G 

o 

a 


00 

CO 


a 

0> 

G 

d 

d 

« 


c5 


88  8 

3  00 

•-I  o 

.00 

<3  CO 

>>nm~ 

«588-oT 

^  pH 

■floods 

*1  H  *d 

>o  - 

S  S'-**:3 

a»a.a 
0«^  o  o 
OD  T—  .«  03 

'■3  «’5'3 

.  t-  .  . 

c  ^  d  g 

O  o)  h  o 
WPc«^ 


vs 


„r-lO 
00  1—1  — 
co  u-n 

”^0. 

2g^ 

o>  ®>o 

£*•5 

d  d.2£ 

0)  O  ^3 

>-  t-  .. 

Q>  <U  c 
CO  CO  JT 
o  a>  O 

POE 


>  «o 

\s 


CO 

08 


0>  . 

1-1  co 

d  •  V 

^  aT®  to 

®  § 
<30-0 of  g 
Jr  txi  d 
03  >  rl  c3 

Ob 

o  o  »-  _* 

u.  n  ajd 

rssM  « 

d  w  ^  ♦j 

•  • _ ,  *-• 

c  c'd  oj 

oS.2S 

►CcoGQ 


•  O 
•O 


:  ® 
.  ® 


cm  oc  cm 


:® 

:  ® 


:  o 


OOOOOOOOOOOOPOiOPOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOGOPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC 

X  x  00  00  00  00  00  00  oc  00  20  x  00  00  00  00  X  00  00  CO  ^  ^  - - — - - 


00000 


go  CO  00  CO  oo  00  00  co  a  00  CO  00  eg  00  QO  00  CO  co  00  00  co  CO  CO  CO  90  cc  cc  OC.  cc  00  CO  ac  00  Vj  QC  00  an  00  OQ  CC  'C  rf.  rjj  -Sj  X  00  00  X  00  oc  co  cc  cc  CC'  00  00  co 
COCOCOQOC»OOOOX'OOCOOOQOOOQCoCOOOO<X)OOCCOOOCCOOOCOQOCC,X>OOOOXiCOOCOO',X;00'';3  5ooOoOOOOOXCOOOOOOOOOOCOOCOoOOOOO^CC'aC 

HHr*H'-'Hwrir'HHriM«H(-<HrHHH'“MHHHHnMr(HHH«Hr(HnH'-iHrriiHHMr(HH--i'-»-f-MHHriH 

CO  ^  O  O  rH  00  00  00"  aT  O*^  co  CO  CC  h-T  O  o'  CO  0*~  •— "  «—T CO  CO*"  <0  OP  co  co*"  CO*"  iO  o'  cT O*"  o'  O  ^  V  »oT  o  N  •— T  v  <£*■  t^T  t>T  co  cc  c^f  OP 

Mr-(r-ir-p-(rHOJlMC^IN!NM(NC^C^  CO  -^r-r-i^.-.r^r^C^CMCJC^C^C'lC^CMCM  H  rl  ri 


Jjjd  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  ^  b  *-  b  b  u  ^  *-  »- *»-  >-  j-  V- t-  ’C *►-  ’P ‘E 'C  >»>>>*>>>,  >p  u>  >.  >%>>>»  >» 

C3d  to  TO  to  C3  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  Q.  TO  TO  P<p,p<O.C!.P<0-d-P-P<d.P^D.d<P.Q.d.d.d.Q<C.Q.P,P.d  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO  TO 


<D 

a 

•H 

>- 

d 


c 

o 

c-> 

d# 


d 

d  -  _ 

o  £ '^ 


TJ 

c 


•  :  :  a 
:  t>^  !  to 

•  P  tn  X3 

:  —  a  cs  :  :  js  a  3  a 

-  j=>*S3  P  :  logoHii, 

3^  ?  g  :  :  tf.2S  (f.2  I 

.  ajCK.yj  ..jcs+jcjo)  ,'cs 
!  d  if'P'c:  ajOeOi-tfifljr' 

3  2  3  Ci  *2  C  ^  be  P* 

"a322.^3'Sto::i'/1K3'-/c<P! 

dp  e3ks  >  ^.x: 


K,S 

*d  c 

—  0 

•°  s 

a>  ■; 

cS’3- 

d  d  o 

d  gx: 

b  2  ^  2 

b  W  d  d 

TO  X  0)  d 

<:oo 


£-j- 

1  ^  ■“* 

:*I3  to 
:  to  a> 


d  * 

.  r-i  d  <X» 

5f£o2o-gcpo  : jo  •  r 

_  _  >,2  <«®  o3*J‘co2~  "cS 

gaaiS^fcii^JSg^&a-gs 

|5£gsEo3SSfectP-c&S§S 

-  O)  ^S  0)  0)  J3  0?ja  s»3#S>o3''  --  0  ~ 


Ct-3.*3_CC'C1>S-1>E^CGC  c’*2  t.s)Ci.y3®CaCi.PJ'CicC5iK 
DsSjrjp20K3pjS>^iX3es-j3a)Sao0lP,i£3a,ll,-3  7vP3  3^3  «Po  3  Ki®  2p 
P^OPOOPhOCP^O  p5i-  -<Oc5HOPHSppfflffl^PPOKO^;M3JOPOPapB 


a)0c5"c>P!l>K3'02Si3j2 

Sop  “ 


;p  "  pa  e  o J=flj3  «12k2-‘::12 
'CpMocfei-JC'oSoWKcPS 


J- 

a> 


■  t- 
t-  t-  a> 
0/0^- 
_  *—  t—  u  a> 

£  00 o  o- 
v.  3 a  p 
0  sj  eS  0  os 
PhHEH3-)^Ph 


:  t* 

:  <13 

■j  u  :«ti 
43  03  :  g  03 

J*±C 

23  03  71  P 

2£g££ 

O  O  O  .d  O) 

00^00 
x:^:  ^  to  jz 
MMHOCC 


.  t-. 
.  ( V 


5^.2 

:2  5 

'  oa 


5t.Su 
a  43S  03 


t~  u 

13  13 

£  S 

>-.  1- 

TO  TO  ^ 1  ,  .  ^  w 


:  s_ 
:  a> 

:  d 


tr  J— *  ^  S—  *)  #T  »T  »!  f 


d^  ° 
»-.  OO 
TO  O  TO 


<X>  <D 

I— 


a 

--£§5 

ooooo.SSSESoo2^5^-2«9S  _ 

TOTOTOTOTOTOTOTOTOTOdTOOod^^dTO^TOOfc-TOTOOOP^ddTO^zTOOTO.d^^TO 
JhdP,c«P5oSo^HH-3d)HcC!HOHOCQd5  Jc/.feO^HoSd 


p-  u 


>> 

'd  S 

c  03 


d*  >. 

^  T-  1 


>>>,&>> 


t-  G 


dd 
d  c 


►»  : 

-1  §2' 
P  •-  rj  M 


!  d  •  d 
*  G  TO  d  C 

3C03 


-•a 

a 


gfoco-^a  g  Pccajcood  a  Pcood  aco— ^  c-hai  «od  £arjoci'5aj’aa;3,ficc 

a3S.-a^®'K3a;ii.§3i>.O3O3.43a3io3...!0i..g.o2=sa)  ~  ^  -  “JtSPh 

HC5PPaH^H'PPOPQ<HpHHpP£OHpPPPOHpPfePKi 


d 
G  G 


:d  ■  : 

:  c  :  * 

•  :  i  to  : 

£  i««a 

d  •  d  0^  r-  TO 

TONTOcJ  •  ^  ^  •  ULi_A  — 

03  ^  r  05 

_j  UJU - >— ' - t_, - — * - au»^  ULt  - •— •  *— '  ^  r-*  bi.  «— • 

g  G  •  JJ  .<!>'•  •  <v  .  C  ^  G  S  .  g  ^  ^  to  ^ 

^KpHpOU)dcqb«MWO^HHU)&dCQi 


b  d 


MNNCKNMClMMMMCqM  C^J  OJ  (M  OQ  C^l  (M  CM  01  CSJ  (M  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

dr7,dr7,ddr?'7r?'_'r7'r7(r7'  d  d  d  d  d  r-dHHHHHr,H  H  n  M  r  r 

l  •••<■•••»•••  till  l  1  1  •  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  llliillittllll  11  ii 

COu-JlHCOCOHCOOHO^O  OCOrrH  o  OOiQOH^NHO^  0-1  r-^r^.COCMO)nOOnrOOOP  OO  CM  ri 

r~~l  r->  f-H  r—*  f-H  »— I  r— I  r— <  i-H  r— I  1—1  r— •  ■— 

COCOCOCOC<3COMeOrU^<rHCON^t<COC<l<MeOCCCOrHe<li-<rHC3lCOe<)rHC<lCOe<ICO  -^COrHCOCOCO 


CO  ■>»>  if  CO  CO  cq  rH  CO  CO  I-H  1-h^hCOCOCO 


<OTfoc2’0c2'CS^£c3t3:<5ot;Sl'?b3‘ft2Si:o,,rit^,c3Soo'3O5O'iiOCTJt^'H<ooocoo3O>oa>O3^tC’>nHtiOeci-iioOi-<--oc»C'3o<Mif3o 
i3^tCOiOtCl--'fi<CtOin<Or^'H,CCOiOtOCO»OCO'VOCCiOt3iOtf'ifH'COtOHiCO'0'ftOH<COiO*OiO<fl  Iftto  COtO<OCtO(0*OHf'I^iO<OCO 


Sr"  ^-1 

c  a 


5H50 

U.  1- 

o  o 

tW>H 

fe  & 

13  1 

•o 

I'  fl 


k_  ^  a  a 
raHH 

O  3»!5l! 
„iuu 
a  t-  o  o 


K  & 
fe  ?.  03  13 

CC  CO-£i 
CM  CM  h  h 


Sr^  ^ 

c 

G^> 
o  — ^ 

n  O  CM 


.  G  C  c  C 
H  H  H  W  h 

«  s®  | 

»0  f—  00  <30 
CO  Tf  03  05 


_'g  a 

u-i  d  a  t— 1 

C>M  ^ 
hH1^  .,30 
a  u- 

>  Ei 

&  5^ 

.1/  5r  m 

'^55^- 
co 

-CCrH 


<*-  «H_ 

G  G 


cGcd  ^ 

br  G  G  — 


J-  v-  u 

000 

><rH>H 

&  fe 
0^0)0) 

Oiiftl^ 

mMn 


X 

tH  •- 

o  r 

^  fe 
0)  0) 

‘O  CM 
kd  n 


tf  G, 


^  & 
-  03 


pc;  a  :  > 

m  >  cjv: 
uh  t«r^Q  a 
l^i  lt-3  |_( 

^oog 

>-oh> 

*S|S* 

^  ^  CP  CM 


-♦—I  %— I  Ch 

C  G 

a>Mhb^  c 


<v 

■r 

2  5C!  a  5<! 
^000^ 

C  4)  u  D  !> 

't-t-OOO  ^ 
HOOH^tC 


<4- 

cb 

hH  G 

w 

O  V- 

o 

ft 

03  P 
1,  1) 

8- 


a<u 

hhH  Pffi 

f 

^  ®2B  ® 

J  &  &-C  £3 

a)  4)  1>  O) 


0-0- 


0 

W  to 

u 


t,  -_;  a  >.'a  'bc'a 
a  Cm  3-  a  c®  a 

MM  O)  M  a !_, 

•  »  a  3  W 

3C  5C  i-  • Tp  a  t  -  Jd 

<V  <Vhr  C  ^  <1> 


<!PiapMciS«P<lopSooii,BaSBW  iWPWpqOpqQW^o^^ilpci^^f^ 


OOmW  -0&<mO*<0-<  :Ofi 


0;  a 

a  O  a, 

-2^«3-b£ 

c£5|  o2-a  g 

>>-  -gy-3-a  =  ^ 


d  d 


r  *r  <T)  Cd»G  TO  r- 

a  2:  &  u3p  £a 
esa  o  «  o^m  o 
rsOi-ji-jOaHSrc 


a  co  a 


t»  .  _ 

.Sw  a 

| 

~  >  <  o 

•g.£aO 

QJ  fr-  C 

*  c 

O  c  TO  ^ 


£ 

S  o  22.2 

03  E- 


c  0  03 

s«  = 

acw 

£  *  c 

a  ^  a 

op-  O 
l-Spl-S 


03 

2 

a 

C3 
CJ  to; 


r  r  C  *—  d  ^  : 

O' ^  sj  o)  oOr 
ate 


CU  .  ®  btj  ^ 
-MqQ-h  .  *  o 

q;  Mn  W 

,  O  OJd 

d  d  Oftr?  c  xjro  c 

1  to:  G-d-rTOJ  TO  TO  ^ 
dmn^drCr- 


'-'H  -— -  '!l  r  -J  r*  ^ 

13a  -i-03-ca«to£a 

£^E-2£'®a5^'C*-'^ 

CS  Cb-«3  cs£  o 

i-.arPtsOp^SOioW 


oejaoy’Sa^assausii 

PpUi-j^WOr.WWr.P^PP 


.  a 
to  03 .  e« 

5*  *2  a 

a  csj^ 

S8g83s 

*  § 
M‘  — '  TO  *d  l— 
WHmPl,^, 


t- 

so  5-"= 
u  2  3  •a 

2®m£ 

—  Ma  4 

KuQ: 
a  o;  ii  - 

a  — >  co  c 

5  03  o  « 


r3\ 
a  1 

£  £ 

d  c 

s| 

fe 

biQ  e 

cs  _  5 


a  . 

°  a 
o  a 


List  op  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


44 


[Assembly 


A* 

5- 

c5 

£ 

<D 


c  S 
p  ° 


rS 


0) 

o 


CD 

CQ 


O 

CO 

CO 


o 

CO 

x , 


o 

x5Q 


o 

^  o 

.  -28 2 

CO  Cl  f-H  - 

rr  i  _ , _ )  — 

.CO 


.  CO 

i  00 


CO 

22  gaa«>  Jr 

Sd'SSfsL 

o  5  £  t/. 


53  *T  *> 


*"5  — T- 


'  CD  s~ 


*■  o  ■“*  D 

i  £  £ 

T"  —  w 

t?  I-  .  *-  . 

Dr 

w  k  c;  x 

o  <x*  ®  o 

C,HmQh-CC 


^  '  o, 

<l>  §.a  £  ; 


•  £  o  o 


©  o 

V  X 
CO  CO 


— 

CO  . 

CO  ^>-4-3 

r— '  ^  — 

•  — ^  fll 

cor:  oo 

<D  r£  — f 
O  <D 
3  tJD 


•  o  o 

•c  «  !fl 

m  w.  X 

<D  r<  rj 

co  cr  3 

Chi- 


co 

CO 


S  X 
gR  cc 

2?2S2 

•X 

-*4«  • 


’  *  (M 
S-  CO 

<D  CO 


ss 

©5 

<D  O 

£  £ 

CO  '/} 

o  o 

pp 


>  CO  •- 

*5t 


„  1 

Ss  S 

*co  ^ 

^  -4-*  O0 

>.  •  O  or; 

s  _ «;  -  * 


•“  rH 

cTcT 

— ^  f“H 

—  2  cO 

'  -  N 

Cl 


© 

X  Cl 

-r _ _  o 

© 

cc  x 

a^fim 

X 

r-  x 
•■  — 

2;£3c5 

X 

— 

CO  - 

r-^ 

0. 

«Vo'2 

X 

i  s 

'  1 

r-T  ’"“* 

Cl 


.^1 E 

u| 

-  rf  ^ 

S3  25 

£  £ 
i«bo 

o  ^ 

*  0*^3 

« -r  M 

w— 

j  XO 

- 

o 

_-  r-E-alir. 

:55i'5-£fO^ 

w  ,  »  O  J '_."  2*.  w •  •  ■  _  ©  0^  rj 

5**!  j*  to 


w 

02 


tc 

<1 


fctjco"  Sic  rjjxt 

o'^-rOD'nc-i  ,*£  ©  *o 

:.j£  X  ~j£.£  J.x  —  ®  ~ 


93 


-Dr 

5  2  o 
c£pP 


r  r  D 

oJSoS 

ppppp 


;  .  ^  X  .  .  ^  ^  .  *2 .  S 

S£  ^Sc'"5c5S?E^ 

0202  pr&S^CfcPo^OQpcfcP 


©  o 
ci  oo 


g 

Cl 


©  o  o 

CO  x 

co  co 

|H  — < 

£  !T!  id  5f>  ^  ^  ^  X  CO  CO  ©'  f-7  Cl  Cl  OC  ©  — "  CC  CC  ©  ©  oo  ©  O  CC  00  cT  ©  Cl'  CC  CC  CC  rc  I^T  '/  o'  "  r  or  oc  —  o'  — '  o' 

Cl  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  CM  cl  MMr-  »— r-r  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  CM  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  CO  IO  —  ^  ^  P  i  CM  Cl  Cl  Cl  —  P  CO  CO 

**0  »— J  »"%  (>>  ^  iT-;  y*~.  K^>  r— ,  ^  f—  >-i  »T .  «•,  1  »^a  »".  ^-,  **■.  w  -,  0*-i  -^.  *>> 

c3ce-crc5oc5c3cjc;c3n-rr^^:^^^-”-^«^^^-'^7:'0'z:-'Z'Z'Z“'Z'Z'Z'z~T:*z:rz~'^ 


II?! 

:  :  :  : 

;  i  i  i 

• 

;  3 

:  :  >>  : 
•#  *-p  • 

j’g  :  : 

eg. 

c 

:  a> 
“-3 

I  c 

cc  Fi;cc  F^cc  FEco  F^E— — a2::c— — -2  Fi3i;ccE  3 ~  =  = 


.  ^  u-i  q  uj  .nicy^wa;  .  .<^2  •  •  ^  .CDD»ilSD<Dl-;00  ,  u  u  .ww  .a;  .  .  ,«y  .  .  QJ 


Cl  <M  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM  CM  Cl  Cl  CM  Cl  d  M  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  CM 

p222 


d  cl  ci  CM  CM  Cl  Cl  CM  Cl 


CM  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM  Cl 


CM  CM  CO  Cl  C0 


CO  ^COci  —  r^^ci  —  cn-^COcOCMd  —  COCOcO^COi-tCO  -H  H  -  H  CC  !M  N  CC  —  CM  CO  CO  CM 


<D 

t£ 

<1 


CM  —  CO  r^i  -c  —  O  O  OO  C  CO  »C  CO  ©  CO  —  ©  O  O  »-C  '-O  —  CO  O  »0  •—  *©  O  CC-  O  '^f*  O  CM  —  'O  ©  Cl  Cl  b-  O  ©  O  ©  d  co  O.  —  *© 
NO-'u’jiO'icOtCh'Or'COOC^OCiCOTr’i-oOOOTO’rOrcCC'rC'f  «riCrr  TCCCCC 


c 

o 


fcX) 

<D 

K 


o 

O 


a 


> 

c3  —  . 
QHw 

hH 

±S  ££ 

rZT*x 

o  o  s- 

&  &  > 
»®  ^ 

O  O  ^ 4 
— 1  r—  i" 


>.^z 

£  i— 


—  a. 


CCh'^-CmC^C^^ 
I  ^Hr-HHHH  -  M 

*^-2 

_ 

>-|r 

^  & 

0)  o 

2;z 

UJ 

00 


>- 

<D* 


.-.  33 


&oc 


J_ 


co 

-  coc 


Of  r--i 


n-, 

i— i  O  1—1  "5  id 

a  X  i4  t~££  ,^„2iii. 

-  3  '-  'H  ^  ^  ^  o  ■"'li  ,-'l!J'  ’-  o  .  _  _  __ 

0°OOOC'«-OOO^C*-C-*  CbH^  o  ^  oc 

/M  ■  mSL*  X  _  cc  .  — 

O  ©  —  »C  00  »C  —  —  —  Cl  r-  Ci  <r^—>—,C0©  —  CM©  — 
fCMCffQOOrrd^-OOM^H^'HH'HClfHX)'- 


>>  ><*  »/ 
•—  t-  t- 

c  c  c 

>->■>- 

&  £  * 

Cl  o  o 

2;^/ 


<E< 


=>-c 

^  V*  ^ 
X  Ci 


©  X 
J  ©  —  X 


-  -  /.H  - 
hm  c  HH 

KS 

i-  '—  •*-*  o  t- 

>■  >- 1^1  'T'  >- 
>  >  £  ^  > 
-*-  c  > 
O  D  *3  O 

CO  X  CM  P  © 


>< 

x  =  -  - 1_: 

f 

«  ^cc 
i  i  .-  c  ' 

s2lS* 

OOkOO 

CM  *—  — 1  —  f 


fiaooaofia 


Xis^wWHcsW^o  ;»o<i  :popaM-<  iaaaoPiaaKoKQGj  ic“ 


N  o.  41.] 


45 


oc  ~ 

-  HN 
— Tco  oo  oo 

CM  22 

-P  fa  -  - 

£•5  So'* 

ou^S-lS 

-fee  73  fl 

'C  OJ  ’—'  ''“■  bC 

be  M  co',5  5 

s-ss 

O  O  ’— ^  r  « 

co  co  2  T3  GJ 
•~pz*-i  a)  g» 
•gj  g5  *  -w  +-> 
•  •  r  p  ^h 

r-  fl'A  a»  G> 
fl  G  0>  CO  CO 
3  ®ar  a  a> 

egafififi 


§m! 

co  co  ^ 

*“•  GO  ^ 
*■  rH  <75 
~d 
<N  o  . 

bo-a'a, 

g  »(u 

CD  cD  G 

*®  a  *> 

°  O  9 
w  00.^ 

’'fl'-S'3 

e  §  a 

p  °  S3 

c/j?2co 


d 

.CO 

'-O 


CO 

oo 

00 


o 

o 

'C 

G> 

-p> 

p 

(D 

CO 

g> 

p 


CM  00 
'  .000  • 
^  ^  r/)  H  ^ 
M  >  OOO  r<V 

§8  £©^8^ 
rH  g-o'g  >.•« 
o£ I u%V 
co  g3  be  o>  3  ,60 

4  P  "so  a  S3 
(3  ,uS3  4 
PP>  ^  cr4>.“ 

»■  P  «  «■  f  • 

’CtlS'OBc 
.2  £  §.£.2  o 
PPcbPPP 


(M 

00 

00 


G> 

fl 

fl 

>s 

ruT 

G) 


s 


a 

tT 

G> 

oe 

is 

a 


fl 

o 


00 
rH  00 
00  r-» 
00  «. 
rH  (M 
.CM 

^  —I 

ns’C 

a 


oo 

CO  00 

00  oo 


cO  d 

rH  Cl 


cio 

2  oo 


p 

a> 


^jla 

■■p£  -2 
■O  0)  -t3  o. 
-mMco  ttg- 

saso  .s=cq 

O  V  V  o  - 
t/>  <o  c v  &  pi 

•5  "Sp-S  5 

«.  •  ^  •  P 

C  G'O  fl  G> 
/>.  C  o  ^  ^ 

Pa^PcoP 


rH  CO 
b  *f  rH 

a  a.ao 

3  0^0 

G«~8 

G?  -  “ 

<b  *C 

be  be  ■*f 
»fl  >—  be  k* 

O  CD  3  £ 
co  co  O 

*3  'O  ^ 

C  fl  73  xT 

b*  C  fli  /-i-, 


rH  O 

00  CO  o 

2^2o§ 
cc  ^  2 

2'HSdc 

-ggV^gg 

y  .a^H 

C-P 

5  «t»P^J 

*5©  ,  ,rH 

r— *  *0  • 
.•cT'rt  a>  G>  o 

te  bc^o^c  g> 

l:'rci;i:,-:i 

o  o  -  o  «• 
■aGS'fl'O  p 


CO  oo 
CO  00 

00  rH 
rH  , 

,o 
O  <N 


fa  P- 

2  GC- 

r  r 

a>  g* 
be  be'" 


»- 

c3 


*P 

r  gj 

be 


O  y  O  b 

If)  Wj  ^  A 

T7  ^  »rt 


BP,S'®gsssSfiB'SB 
o5.S.2  55S54ioo.2o 
ac»PPc»t»CO!^PKPpP 


co 

oo 

CO 


c^» 

<M 

^3 

p 

s 

PH 

*0 

<v 


rtpS  g  ; 

JS  -  rph 

^T3  »C 

rc,srbi  "S  ^ 
o  c  < 
be  fa  ^,bej 

€€  3  "5  ^ 

</}  Vj  P  Ifi  ' 

'S  ’5  ’-S " 

c  c  c  : 

o  o  2  o  : 

EBWe 


o  •••••••»• 

••»•••• 

o  ...•«•••• 

•  «••••••*  o  • 

:  :  o  ; 
:  .  o  . 

:  : 

« o  •  • 

•  •  o 
:  :o 

:o 
•  o 

•  oo  • 

:  o  o  • 

:  o  • 
:  o  • 

:  o  ; 
:  o  : 

•o 
•  o 

:g 

iccS  i 

<  Q  •••••••  ** 

:::*::  i  :::  x  | 

:  :co  j 

: 00  :  * 

:  •  ^ 

:  :  ^ 

:  ^ 

:  <m 

.flto  : 

•  rH  rH  • 

:  ^  i 

:  to  • 

i 01 

*  co 

Iooodco  : 

•  rH  • 

ooooooooooooooooocooooopp 

OO  OO  CO  CO  CO  CO1  CO  CC  00  OC  CC1  CO  CO  OC’  OC  CO  CO  'O'  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO’  - .  . 

00  OO  00  00  00  CO  OC  CO  30  00  CO'OC  GO  CO  CC  co  CO  CO  co  CO  co  CO  CO'  co  CO  CO  ’O  X 

plr- .r-lr-<— «f-^r-.r-Hi-H^-t  r- “  r-(  «HHH'-"-'rHHr'f-.r-iHH’-'ri 


.-*P-*P4Ppi-P>-*-'-P'-*P-*P-*Pp^4-»-P> 


bib  ti  bib  be  be  be  be  ti  be  be  he  be  be  be  be  be  bio  si  be  be  be  be  be  by  biiS  Q,afl0.aa"  aa  fl2.oaaflaaafl3.aa  aau  P  P  P  P  *» 

asaaflapflaflSflaSpaPPaasspaPnimuajiiMjujSestniDabaiaa/aaojjjbadiOuououa 

<j^^^^^^<;^^«^^^<j^HijH*j<j<j<j<!-<j-«jH«}H!jaaoQaQaa!«oQcci-»oQcoaQi»aiooo<.t»t»caDQaJoQcot»oQaiOOC50000 


:  33 


ssa 


41 


p  <v:^  i_i  ~ 
O  »ln  3  « 
te  «S  «  iS  4> 
.  ,-W  <n  r-  Jj" 
2P  S'p*«  g 
5  x  be  o;  ^ 

c  S  c  c  c  ^  ^ 

fa  C«  S  S  s  0> 
OmOPOPK 


K.  .*22^ 

^s'-S-a^Ss 


Jj®5 

S££Sa« 

P  p  p%> 

<U  a>  4^  OJ 

2g 

t>  .  ■  •  .  «  ~ 

p  /"!  /—  (K  Cl 

^QOOOOr> 


o- 
0)  H 


« '35  «  2  ? 

•»—  .^-  P-  I—-  p- 
0)^1; 
»-  4P  C  S  S 

2a  ^  3  a 
KPOOO 


:  >,73  :  :  TP  3p 

:*?  c  •  :  a  3 
a.-S  a  cj  :  p  o 

:  n  P  r>  O  h  ■  O  r1 

:  ®.S«  ^.2  cs 


•o  ,/5 
cS 


a 

i  :gi=a=ag 
•  .S  ^  c  tj  ®  ’^3  ^ 


:  :  fa  fa  :  :  : 

:  TJ  ^  W)  T7  'O  T3 

:  c  z:  c  p  a 
:  ^  a  ci  z:  P  p 

•  o  c  p  o  o  o 


s- 

.  a» 

is  13 

a  «  ^  a 

^  "1  05 


o» 

Q  '  S- 
,  J^O 

^  i-  o>  r  P3 

cSjr  cj^aib  d 

PeePOOJ 


G)  rj  O  G 

*-  fa  fa  'A 

O  a;  c  D- 
c  p-  a»  r-_ 
-  J  ^  Cj 


■r  a  a) 

i  a. 

3  33.® 
-  a  S3 
^  eS  c3 


f-  ^  u  t-  • 

o»  o>  g>  g>  , 

PZ,pPS- 

o  ^  o  o  o> 
p>.Pjdp>z: 
a  ci  a 


:  ^ 

.  0) 

:  ci 
•  P 

p  33 

c  fl 

be  fl 

c3  p 


;  j 

• 

:  : 

:  :  : 

•  p  •  ; 

!  !  • 

•  »  • 

t 

• 

•  • 

•  •  • 

:  g  :  : 

*  u* 

:  v 

:G5 

S3 

J 

S3 

!  Pi 

P  G 

: 

:  : 

:  fl  :  p 

.  ;  j 

P  P 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

.  M 

^  *M 

. 

H 

• 

<D 

*  H3  P^ 

:  £3  a  cu 

:  4M  . 

<D  0) 

’G 

G> 

* 

*fl 

U  A 

yp  g* 

•  ^  Pi*. 

•  If) 

a *as 

n  *  * 

fl  s- 

PH  , 

fl  7 

M 

:  p 

a  a 

c3  C 

a  at3 

P  PH-  C3  P 

ir.'pif.  a 

P 

fl  fl 

S  a  a 

P 

:  oi  ^  £ 

SS°a.S 
o  £6  ^ 


EihCC 


a  c«  3  — 

PPCJcc 


«  a  a  S 
a  a  n> 

O  O  3,  3 

pa  ai  cr.a 

ci  c3  oj  es 

PPOP 


■;•-  5  a  33 

Sai  a  a> 


a 


9)  ^ 

a  a  c 
O  O 


0)  x 

»S^ 


<u  . 


P  <L>  fl 


G<^.^*flflpflflfaa;d> 

u  w  flC  a  O  OO  «  J!  b  n  a°'»  fl®  O  07i  «  £  ®  b  1<£  o  o 
pa  2a>  a. pa  Cd^aoaC^  “sasa  a  esasa  2  c  asa  o  o  asasa  p  JP 
Ssncsoj^sPsjOijSciPsiPsiPeii'rPPajPPcaitj 

SMPO-AtaPPHcaP&MPOPOOooPpS^fePaaaQOPPOP 


TP 

33  :  C  •  s:  a  .  . 
o>  .a  .  o>  4> 


"P’P'P 


a  a  2 
o;  a)  3 
>~p  t- 
p  a  o> 


"P 


nz'p  : 

:  cs  5  >1 
‘  c 

g>  o> 

S3  S3 


r>t 

P  fl 
c3  c3 


:  ‘fa  G)  'g  eg  :  ;  c  jppes  •  p  •  •  c3  cs  *fl5  •  rccflrt^Gcscj 

•  ^-  O  fl  c  !  fl  ^  Ifl  :  s:  S3  r-  .fl  .  :  rj  H  .  c3  • 

j/JJg  ~  -fa  .-fa  'Zjn^Wxfi  9  g  bi,co  ^  tT  —  S  ~  £  £ 

.pgpfe  .  G  :  C  ^  0)  •  G  .  .  o3  53  .  53  fl  •  •  G  2  a3  G  53 

!— » .r  r-^. . G rK  I—J rK t-) M  ^ ro ro rh  tD  lZJ  !Z) rh r^,  tu rh  K2  tD  lD rh rh  Li:  ro rh rh 


i*-. 


fl  : 

£  >.  >.  >.  >. 


u  p  fl  fa  fl  c  'S  fl 

fl  c3  c5  cS  ^  c3 

d 


nG  fl  'G 
C'C  G 


CBBr.Ss«  aj/j 


a>  O'  0/  c  1 


PpApMpPPpMMMpPPOpMpMpPOMpHPsQOOOPMpPOaPOPPPOMePcCOPiiOOWCJMOtPP 


Cl  Cl  <M  Cl  Cl  Cl 

rH  r-<  »—<  r— (  r-H  r-H 
l  l  I  I  I  I 

I-H  vo  co  co  co  CP 

rH  CO 


M  Cl  (M  Cl  <M  M  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  <M  Cl  Cl  2  ^  2  2  2  2  2  3  Sh  2 

7i  ClBc6<oOOWCONC  OS  0  3-  CO  H  £  S  O  O  O  7-  O  Cl 

Hrlr-  r—  *— •  rH  rH  rPf— 1 

HCOMrHHCOCl^HHtNrf'IMH^MHNClCO 

<OO^OOOCO^^SNHNO‘.iOOprH-i‘C^OOOCHOSfl©OJ«eNNrOMO>^^^0»G«OMCMCOCOeONOC 
c0-^<c-fO7'<cc0fl^‘0c0i0ce0«0T|X)«0'^''0Xt'.'C^»0iC'rp»0'i‘i0'tc0«0«e,^i0‘r:tDCic  <o^«D'tN>C'n’CC 


Cl  <N  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  d  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  d 

rHf-HrHr— •  H  |H  r—  r- <?— '  r-  r-  H  r-  p  |H 

•  '•'  »l  I  •  I  I  I  I  •  I  I 

Cl  fl  O  C  CO  HC'(£iCCHH<Of- 

rH  H  rH  rH 

Cl  rH  Cl  d  Cl  CO  Cl  CO  CO  d 


CO  CO  CO  r 


Ad  i 


Cl  rH  CO  Cl  Cl  H* 

a  •-  '  .  <N 


000«H<C1XO‘-^'P' 
'<rO‘Ofl^,iOfl^'fl 


a  • 


75  c 

■h  >p 


a 

<3 

r* 

& 

4< 

to 


^03 

O  o  I- 

: 

A 

fa 


:  >5 
:  > ' 
■  c5 

<1  y 

^-2 
P-  c3 

&  r 
G.fa 
»  fl 
coB^ 


fl 


P-  P-  ^ 
U 

o 

s 


Si!SS 
a  u 

o  o 

PS 

& 

o>  a; 
MHHn 

S£h 


C,c 

s 

>  J 

«2* 
C-.O  ■ 
o  —  c 


¥■  a 


h" 


Sii 
ta  a 
3  a 


aOS 


O 

'a  OJ 

c^; 

h~  M  : 
to  00  r 


Sli'a  !-  a 
a  c  o  O 
OMJxSh 

H  .,7 
>  a  tf  & 
f  c  O  0) 

J2  °S5!<5 
Zd 
^  w  >f»  eo 
oo  »a  — 1~ 


a.  a  a 
a  mm  a, 

M  i  »a,a 
^asss:  ®  t. 

ad  a  ^  aa  o 

p.  O  C  -r-  K. 

>  ^  ^  .  li 

H  CO  ?£)  X  S 

O  X  rH  t—i 


aM 


a  C 


CHJ^ 


uu 
c  o 

PS 

&  & 
4  4i 

tC  CO 

(N  r- 


£a 

m,®P  c 

g:  ^  g  > 
p;  O^ar  P 

a) 

CO  O'  r  H 

r— '  N  »— 1  r— 


G-  .  . 

G  PH 

m  aM,  . 

Mfl^ 

az  , .  a  a 
a  Si  o  a 
O  2S  ° 
P.®1^  P 

> r  ^.te 
^  >  0/*^ 
CD  P  >.  0) 
br 

Ci  O  C 
rr  CO  •— 1  o 


:pc 


co  : 
a  »-  : 

G» 

<d  : 
^  cfl 


c  fl  c  c 


brj 


i — 1 1 — 1 1 — •  _  _ 

i  u  c 

°  °K°  fa>H 

pp^p  r, 

p.  u  >  & 

not^d 

C\  3.  CO  IH 


a  cm 


►  M 


MM  M  ^r* 

ai^-aaa-S  g 
O  c£  Cj^P 

>  >  ^  >  P  G) 
p  P  o<  p  s. 

OJ  Oy  li7^ 

^5»2g 

M  M  to  M  M  <-i 


<*-•  >  . 

m  .  c pav 

a ^mo  c c 
m  «S  w  m  a 

a  aa  o  c  a  e 

c  2‘UH*i  o  c 

&  5s  a  b 

P  i*  <1>  GJ  P  r 

GJ?hf^0)C 
M_  a  ^H<H| r 


»c  c>  cj 


SP3mP3WP<JP1cC5(=;mmCW 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted —  Continued. 


46 


[Assembly 


c  a 
V  o 
Ph'K 


xs 

as 


3 

■o 


1  sill 


GO  © 
»— <  CO 

_T  ^ 
d) 


#.  o  p  d  ci  A: 


©  f 


og  cs  B  ^  35  , 

^gSo'S-a-g' 


5«_r 


_T3  J 

,-C.^  S 

.  .3.0.0 

,-Bbfl8S883 

“  *  *  *  *'d 

43 


a 

-  •  • 

•O  aS  Sn'3  v  c  fl 

S  »  “  S  *  c  c 
.3  0/  «s  —  as  3  s 
PfiPfificCM 


o  o._ 

^WP 


CO  OQ 

co  ^  5S 
8°cv,\r 

*C00  5- 

"^oc*-0 

a  S  g 

2  ■=>">,«> 

H  T. 

w2v-  g  ^ 

"3  «s  -3-3 
43  -g-  43  43 

-•— '  -+~t  +-i 

»-  .  t-  u. 

43  0  £) 

X  H  ji  co/ 
4/  3  4)  W 

PccPQ 


o  ^ 

CO  CO 
CO  00 


CO  M 
*-  ^ 
O  c3 

3 

as  _. 

8  3* 

P  h« 

o 

"3  73 


u 

4)  X 

8  o 


'f  S8 

28 

—■  CO 

w  cc  —  on 

—  -  s- 
d  •— «  G  ' 
^  ^  -  1 

,'5&g 
a-g  &  § 

r  d  r  ^ 

X  8®  _ 

=  ^  =  2 


c  c 


£  m  C  » 

©pi  S  a> 

£Pc»P 


■•*•  CO 

co  oo  E!  pi  as 

a~J«ra 

-50  ^  „ 

nnh  ~ri\o 

CC  •*“ 

7$  ZG  d  r-<  d 

, _ ,  r  r  ^  _ f  Q1 

—  —  »-  73  S' 

><S  —  •£*  fc  •g  ^ 
o  o  w 

w  «5  *c  ^  ^ 
c;  d  g:  i;  o 
*-j  ^  -*j  -*j 

t—  ,  ,  S-<  • 

O  r-  <-  4  z  4) 
05  7  Z  (B  5  tfl 
d  d  .>  O^O 

PPSPcKq 


sill 

»Srt  % 

—'— •'  'C  M 

^P^-5?gg 

•oSS&S^ 

-',r 

*s , :r- 

i~  1"3— j  .  OS 

*g -*]•«§ 
•gP’v'gSS^ 

•  t-  •  «  ^  ^ 

0  43  r-  r-  43  43 

i  «  B  „  ai  si 

C  0  O  0  0 

"^QcoSCQ 


S 

u 

a> 

■P 


43 

d 

o 

P 

o 


•  •  •  Q  •  •  • 

:  :  :o  :  :  :  : 

•  •  •  •  •  0  •••••• 

•  •  •  •  X  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  w  ••*••• 

•  ••••  •••••• 

::::::  :=  :o  : 

••••«•  .  •  IS  • 

•  •  X  ••••••  ••• 

•  •  g  •••  •••*••• 

I  !  !  gf  I  5  Z  I 

•  :  :  :  :o  :::::: 

::::::  : ic^  i 

•  •  CN  ••*••••••• 

•  •  •••••»•••• 

•  •  •••••••••• 

;  ;  ;  j  ;  • 

«••••  •••••• 

•  •  •  •  •••••• 

•  ••-«•  »••••• 

•  ••••••  •  • 

ooooooooooooc 

OOXOOCOOOQCCCCOCOCOCOOOC 
OOQOQOOOCOCOCOOOCOOOOOOOC 

r— 1  rH  r-H  *— 1  i-H  r— 1  p—  r—H  rH  rH  t 

to  oocTco^-rc^octc’^rodocTooifr  irTr-Tr- ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  o’co  cico  co  c^^rTco  r^oc  cTrTcTc'  o  cT  M'M'weo" 

HrHHHrlHf-HMNNMMNlNC^eO  r-Hi— iF-^r- iHHH^Nr irlH^rHMMWWC^NC^ 

I  *  ^_3  4_J  +J  +J  4J  ij  aj  ^  4_j  +J  -*_j  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

OOOOOOOOOOWCJOOOOOQO  <y  ©  ®  2.  OOOCOOOOOOOCOOOO  o  o  o  c  o  o 

oocooooooocoooooooooZ^2;2;i?teJ!;z^^s5^2;^2?,j5Z2;^zz?;?;S5scz 


>> 

-»p 


c« 

Cfl 


C 

O 

o3 

P, 

2 

o 

o 

O 


Xrl'a'zt 
.ticcc 
.t:  p  p  p 
o  o  c  o 
«  rt  ^  if 

-*->  -»P  4-> 
7:000 
2  ^  pC  ^ 

Q)  X  M  Cfl 

c  c  o  c 

O  P  O  O 

0000 


"3 
•d  P 
c  d 

03  O 
-  * 
S-3 

w  o 

>>pO 

*-  C/3 

d  c 

c*  ^ 
-lC3 


S'C 
:  d 
bid 
a»  o 

^  & 
o  ^ 


.  .3 

;  as  « 

«r j’ 

3; 


2 

(BO  ^ 

as  4-  p 


33 

|  73  73 

,  4P  73 

;  oj  c3 

!  S  3 

:  d  d 


vQq  o  a)  rood 

“'St  S 

—  l-« 


'd 

G 

G  ^  O 

■' 

o 


:  g 

•  OG 


O  *  ~i-  •  ^ 

:  as  CO  g  £  “3  £  -c  M 

*'tlP’P®!3055®“3 
•  ra  BB .  1  ” .  -u . 


O  C 

^-2 


c  p. 

?S 

—  as 


O  > 


.  J  as  o  o  2 

o  >,o.S  atx.s  c 

»-  -  CB  OS 


c3  2b=^ 

E  ■■/-  (1  -n  .  r*  s  »-  as  —  s  B;  _  t;  .„  s-  u  .  CB  S  s;  a 
3C  jJ3u3t;t»3Cs.«)£olS“S“SM^  >_,  ~  as 
o  '-pGZdd  o  Jd  2  2  o  q’O^o’^O  ^  d  ,G 

-oK^opooPPoSesppKpBMP.SpPwoopi 


igs 
1^3 

03 


>,c 

3  S 

—  s— 


0  •  w 

w  33  O  c 

bS^  3 
5  s 

7?  03  9d 

;p<oP 


•d  4-» 
d  7: 
-  G  d 

£o¥ 

S  ^  T3 

^  Op* 

>.^5-^ 

*-  73  G- 

d  G  ^ 

c'  G  G 


:  :  73 


d  •  : 


:  g 


d  d 
o  o 
^  £ 
®  w  «j 
x  OO 


G  G  G  "G  73  73 


o  O  7S 

PPo-< 


c;  a  s 
PC5P 


3> 

CL 

O  c 


(1 

as 

Bsl 

es  s-  us 


5  •  as 

a>!-2!Bfep'o^ 

’^OjZjGsrGJ-'^u  . 

^  o  p  o  S.2  ^ 


*— •  5—i 

o  0) 


03 

*  . 
s-  C3  L-  J-. 


03 

P 

03  ...  . 

CL  03  ^  ^  S-  G 


bfl 


G*  O  _  s-m__  — 

o  o  —  "d  ^“2  '—  C3 

0  CCS  '—•  ra  1_ 


*  rG  d  c3  d  x— 


o 

c3  O 


S 2  S  >  >  2  2  £  2 2  •  > 2  j I 

OdOc^OflOOr^dG^G'^’^ 

P'S  2  a"2  b P "t#  2  b”S  b  33  S'S'S  3; 

»-•  o3  ^Z  ^  c3c3c3“'0^'r<^<,'  ■  ^ 


-4_s  d  w  4_-  --  p—  .pi  --  -v  --  10  'w'  ■--  .v  r^.  w  w  C3  T  w  •<  w  w  a;  p-  v_  wg  _  ug  -v  -q 

^  Or/}  Ph  P  cc  P  OH  P  ^  OO  P  CQ  >■  P  ^  Oi  P  PQ  J  P  WO  S  G-  Q»J  P  c/i 


O  S-  P  L-  eg  1 
O  _d  33  d  0  p 


t- 

O  0) 

,  .  t-  fc*  L 

iiooo 

.0.0  — 

BB  sJ  c*15 


3 
as 

l— 

43  £> 

11 


<L  d 
2£  2 
,  •  t-  C3  G 
0  43  £  *- 

i5I> 

o-SS* 


—  Cs 

"■S 

—  3  as 
as  3 

is  3  - 
>>P 


> 

as 

t-  >  fc.  u 

■JS9C 
oSi!  5^1 

a  C  = 

2-2  3  <” 

P:S  POPi 


> 

-*-> 

•H 

> 

v> 

c3 


'd 

2  * 

2  02  C/2 


:*d 

is  i|? 

d  G  c/2  ' 


G  G3 
d  G 


7Z 

x  d 


P  •  'Po  •  ^  d  •  .  «<3  • 

^PPAo^mSP&PWPPHhP! 


: 


^aie/jeo  2  CO  GO '3,5  02^^03  5^/302^  03  CO  2t/303cOGO„„  .  ~  r, 

s  ^  -~  «*«  .£c  •  •«  .  .S  .  .  .  .®  .8  .e 

CJpWPtD^&tDQ&PPPPPCPP 


3  3  3  as 
.33-0  ; 

,0Q  ti*  a  5^2 

ZZ  13  43  r-  . 

-  ^ru*_  w 

^hh-s-G^o: 


:  'd-d 
•  g  d*d 

5  -  „  • 
=  ~  S” 

^  —  CL  43  4 


X  d 


p9r5.*- 


4) 

O 

’> 

u 

43 

m 


43 

bo 

<1 


G 

4) 

a 

*So 

43 

& 


(M  «N| 


ii  i  i  i  T  i  •  .  i  i  i  i  V  i  ^  ^ 

CT-  CO  XCOHWMOOJ>COOf-CO- 
HH  rH 

COOlCNCO  r-i  CO  CO  ^  ^  H  r- 

a  a 


co  *o  oo  co  r^ 

CN1  ^  HCOrH 


M  -M  CM 

iii  iiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiii 

-  r-(  o  xa-.H^NHi-ascoMJio^occoH^'- *oo 

r-H  r—<  r—\  -—I  «-H 

H*  CO  CO  CO  ^  C^l  M  pH  “Tf  H  ^  p-  N  ^  N  N  N 


OcOCOa^aviftOHNN^NCN^iO^ai^X^O^tOiN'^'/JN-'CN'OcC^iOXN^W^OOCNOOV 

tCCOCOfCOfOifliOMOtOiO'O't^Tj'^COtCO^^O'VO^COcCN^^tOMOft^OC'WO^OOC^ 


0  0  c*4  c*_:  c^_;  | 
HH  3  3  3h 
HHM 

>  >  3ad  ^  3*! 
O  O  >  i-  - 
^Bnooo 


g—  %_ 

G  Cd 


cd  v-  " 
G  G 


C3  43  ^ 

43  43  43 

COCOHNO 

HHCHO’T 


u.im  y. 
u  u  u  M 
O  O  O  d 

p-^kh-2 

£  &  £  > 

43  43  43  ^ 

<N  'X2  C> 

■H  r- 1  H*  -H 

rH  r-  rH  CO 


5  O 
>-i>-i 

6  is 

43  43 
££ 
O  00 
»n  O' 


S3  cEC  53 

^  M  ^  ^ 

p-  G  ^  p- 

c*d  o  d 
fH  C>Ht* 

&  s  ^  & 

0)  73  0  0 

to'-’  CO  to 
-Mnn 


>> 

-.  • 
?  3  3 

p-HH 

3S  O  O 

^  &  . 
>  as  as 

2C  r-  a^> 

Tt*  CC 

•— 4  t— 1 


<Vh  ■ 

G  G  d 


►  g- 

>2 

3  > 

S^rl 


c  . 

H- I 

3  = 


u.2 


as3i 

s_  >  s_  >  •_ 

0  0  0  0  3  0 

Es  ^  £  &  -a  > 

43  43  43  13  d  43 

^ZZ^'gZ 
co  co  r^*  *h  ► — .  <o 


2^ 

>  o 

>> 
1,3  p. 

3  & 
3  as 

-"co 

»  — 


>> 

>  Jij 
3  ^  — 

^i  •_• 

as 

3  s-  > 

^  o  o 

GO^hJji 

£  s:  ^ 
S  i  as 

=  Z£ 

Phhi 


>> 
pb  :  >  . 

cs  :  > 

>  53  v- 


?  Gbi  -Tr 


o  5 

43  43 

:  Cs  »-g 
:  h* 


JC  G  3  :z  -  7  «  g  Cr^H  -M  C 

M  HQH  HH  •—  •—  •— 1 

m  •  «  M  W  /<1  ^ 

'd^^^ci3^; 

^0S-L.S-'Ht-^s:L-  —  fc-gJOt-P-fc- 

t-nOOC^OI-d’sTOCs-OOO 
®  S>H 

.^■ssiSi-oss  *8*  >£isis;s 

>  .4/C343  ^'43^4»:043/^^43l343 

_ZZ2 

NX  N-  Oi  CliO  J 


C 

O 


PBPcC5<lSoOWW^c5WM^feK«>1»MMBqKI 


«B5« 


!SSOC<!  :H»&h 


S«HfQ*<H!4«00 


.H 

Z 


X 


43 

43  d  x-r 

21 

O  > 
C  _  3^2 
d  n  c3 

S  dSd 


3 - 

^  i1;  5, 


-  3 

GJB 


as 


X 


os  5' «  :  c  c  _ 

as  £  ast:.2>;.  o3='5c)2  Hie 

0^  bc2  P  J  2*d^  d^  o  d^  G  d—  ^  d  *d 

*s^.  r-£rJr>^  — -  ^  w 


.  C3 
•  C3 


23-3 


3  as  seCi 
C3 

—  as  _ 

5  -*es  _ 
BS  >  o  S 

—  o  OJ3 
t*  ?  3  o 


m  s  ops  Hp-OlsOpi^C  >-h3  o-3  -<JrXaj  X®  r  —  3  CU  ^COji 

. S3  os^3=r>3o  _ _ ,kb  e®Ug«5B2 

p4„m  «oi  fi  ®  §  t  J  ~  c  B  »  S  t/]  s!^  "O  $  13^5—  S  2 

_  asaj  (SB  —  be  5  3  2  s‘3  3  o  a  2  3.2  2  _—  r/5-r  -.2  -  c—  3  as 


Kr  CC  H  d  d  .G  H  '-*  ™  t*  d  C3  w  di  X  -2 
d  *-  *>  d  ^G  p;  G  p*  ^  ^  G  d  G  -G  C  t-  d  jr 

s“°i2o3uo»B>EoBc£-3«aS 
3  N  as  -  P  as^r  — —  0*2^  3^3  p  O  3|Z  03  >>SB 
ft  M  O  53  <5  O  ^  «  S  r?  S  W  1-s  EH  i-s  EH  Bm  ?  i-s  O  O  O 


d 
G 

43 

2  •  o 
^O'¬ 
er  c 

d  p-  d 

52  G^- 
d 

C72  C 
g.t:  .g 
o>  o 
1?'-: 


O  u.d 

.2  E 

X 

JCl- 

0  b  ^ 

<g  X-* 

hSS 


X  43 

z;  73 
2  43  «3.b 

ilZ  ? 


as  >  3  « 

“  4?ziT3 
43  .*G  X 

t-  43^  C 


X  G  73 

■G*G  G 
.d^S 

c 
t£ 

i- 

o 

4) 


43 

c.b  *“ 

25 


43 

]3) 

c 

o 

c  43 

—  HH 


|o|d« 

Hg-  -  »  £ 

^  d.2  43  C3 

—  G  d  *G  **^ 

d  d  G  d« 

_  H  +  .  gg  5” 


,  O  3 


EooPc;/ 


No.  41.] 


47 


jo  oo 
«°9 


«>  a  a 

fe.  a  a 

irlM 
0J|«5^ 
D  -  „ 
2 '0-3 

■S# 

*«-g 

g  JS  % 

©  -0  G 
■*->  w  G 
u 
© 

M 

^  G  G 


:s  a 


00  OO 

00  00  r-l 

-ts'is 

OO^fH 

-P**  - 
.P  ..d*«2 

p<£  p 
is ,-'  b  a) 

z&s' 

-g_r§  : 

&  c  Sb  §  i 

o^-g^j 

c/>  to  *0  , 

•  p  •  t- 

6©  r-  ©  ? 

S  o  S: 

cZpSo; 


g?geo 

OO 

Vo«r"  2 

r-H  — . T 


03 


^©00 

•eG  ©  — 
o>  ©  © 

-»n>  Q  -*-> 
t-  -  ^  m 
0/  ©  *rj  © 
X  X  0  co 
©  ©.«  © 


CO 

_  00  ^ 
S2S 

oc  „co 

’“'  r-H 

-CO  - 
^  _  CO 

r-H  ^  *— • 
•  U  • 
O  jc  O 
o  03  © 

■figp 


CO  (M  <N 
GO  on  oo 
OC  00  00 

r— <  i—  i-H 

r-  cT  <o  ^ 


OC  . 


— .  ry, 

00  00 

OC  r-H 


'OO 

i-H  CO  H 

OC  ^ 


I-H  -*H 

00  oc  Cl 
oo  00  oo 

■Hr-CO 


gg£x  ^-‘‘CS 

SSSpiQ*^ 

GG^c^ 


,*o  *c  g 

bJC  b£  j^JD 

2:2=5 
o  O  -3 
2 

Sgg 

d*  c  d 
o  c  o 


"  S  os 

—C  l-H  _ 
X-  <-<« 

fc«^5ss|5,3 

•g^p'g'g-SS^'S^ 

*-^<2  •/;  X  W  .G 

©  5  ©  •*-  G  G  © 

Crfc*'o:!fe 


oT 

«0  (N 
<N  *-* 

«o 

r-H 

o 

r-H  ^4 

CO 

1 

s 

^H 

U  P 

©  G 

O  rH 

c 

c3  0h 

§8 

i-H 

l-H 

i“  •  • 

■C  c  s  •_  - 

.2  £,®  o  5  e.® 

RPREkKR 


c 

G  ^  G 

®5-o  2 

(-  b  •  «- 

oj  ®  a  ® 

■n  “  C  x 

Q=id5p 


cs 

CfCto 

Z'c2i 

1  ®o 

W  ,i  r/> 

2-c  3 
*-  •  . 
©  0  0 
C/3  £  ^ 

©  o  o 

M  hH 
M  H-H  HH 


^  o 

rr-T  © 

g§ 

r£-  G 

w  *d 

•  >— 

d  ^ 

©  g 

SP 


8 

J- 

© 

rG 

O 

-*-> 

© 

O 

G 

<D 


-<S<SS8 

r-H 

■e  tT  ts  -a  k_' 

UCOO" 
ib  it  »  »  i; 

.»-  —  —  G* 
•C-CO-C^ 

§  i  §  5*1 

SmSkO 


CCCOMMfC^'tOCNaiJ.OCOOr<MMCOl«»’fNa.050>CHxt"t'<f^’1"«f^iO«CO'-ri«£CSNC5C«fOCC-'’+'/)^?<CCCO 
CV1CS-1C1C^C1C'10QC;JC^C^CJC^COCOCOCO  r-»r-ii— (r-^r^r— <r— »r-Hf— «Hr-*r-— f— •(— (I— »r-l»— 'dC^IC^C^CJC'lCSCSClCOCOOOCO 


>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>  ooddddoiiuoouuooouudduouooutisducodtioooootiu 

OOOOOCOCCOOOOCOODOJ^^ajO'DOl'Ul'^lll'Dl'DKDOODDl'Dl'DDaiiDDDfljaiOl'ODD^D 

Izi^^ZZ^^^teZPPPPPRPPPROROaPPPCPPPPPPRPPPPPPRPPPPPPPPfi 


:S 


:£2-i^j2j-:£ij£ 

:  to  t,  :ts  :  :t«33T3«>^  =  te  •  ; 

;S3  :  c  : 

_  cS  '  ^  d  r-  CS  d  d  05  — -<  Q  C3  O  X  ^ 

^^oC’HpoobsSc.oesog 
&  ^  3  ®  u  5^  2  G 

■  -.  ■ —  . —  j.  .  i  ^  — ^  ^  3  _  (O  — 

«  ®ts5  a-e  «  p2««#,i:®®  = 


•g-s.S  £  2.®  >.2  £ 


«  eS 


a  a 

X  X 
"ej  rt 
£  £ 


OS 


-  - 
§££Wtf 

^  ^  o  .  . 
2  2c»-t- 
-p  os  x:  ^3 
PhPhOOQ 


: 

d  X  ;  ^ 

.2  o  *.2 

a  PR'S 

5  =J=  £ 
^  ^  O  d 


:  S  C 

—*  •»— 1  rj 

o  ac 

.  >  CC  CO 

sss 

e>  O-  d 

,d  ^3  >»  c 

0^  G  d3  2  £  ~ 


c  ^ 

*-H  <L> 

(O  — 


X? 
rO  0> 

s  OS’S 

Ibis- 

d  ~  c  o> , 
2idcc 

d  c- 1-  cd 

^hWo! 


TJ 
G 

E§ 


< V  •  G 

s^i 
£•■2  « 
o-g£ 

OJ’G  G 
d  03  ^G 

4-J  ^  (- 

O  0^  . 

cS  d  *- 


:  >> 


•  a> 

•  "d  _ 

J-G  53  O 
—  C  £-p 

£S5p 

^  4»  cc  5 

KC<Jc5 


d  o.  - 
G.G*d 

«2a^ 
£  >,E  g. 
p  b  p  ® 

0/  G  a*  ."d 
G  G. 


*  0) 

u  £  c  S  &  / 

-  d  c  *- 

-  °  arc 

2P3  fcTb.£^! 

3  « 3® a  a 
3RoSRK 


O  O  fe  w  O 

5  3i#i«a 
a  a  t-  o  a 
RRRRR 


NtlNNNOt)  bl  bB  0)3-1  3)  31  3)  3)  31  3)  31  31  bl  3]  31  3)  3)  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  3)  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  31  3) 

*— •  rH  i-^  i-H  •—*  f-H  f-H  i-H  —  |— H  —H  i— ■  i-H  i— •  ^  i-H  i-H  i— i  i-^  r-^  i-  rH  ^h  r-H  —  i-H  i-H  r-H  rH  i— *  I-^  i— <  »-H  i— «  •— «  r-H  r— <  »-^  — •  — H 

i  i  iiiii  it  ii  a  iiiiiiiiiiiti  •*••••»  iii  iiii  •  i  i  i  i  i 

M  r-»  N  C  O  M  GO  I-H  IM  I-H  r-l  ONNOiOOO'V'COb'HaiN  OO-COiONO  C^r-iiO  NOoON  H  if  M  O  m 

^H  I-H  r-H  rH  rH  ,-H-H  r—  rH 

CJCOdClCO  <NCOrH^HCOCO^^<MCOCQCOCOCO  COCl'— ^ II— l^co^c^  HM  '^CiCJ^CO'^'^XC^OlrH’^COeOCO’^  ^ 


400^0NMCC'.OCHCCNN(£XM<OTfOC5CO^^NCHH'CCiC^1,^CCHCCO«DfOCCNOaH-OCNa5HCCOOOCO 

—  -  - - ^  -  —  -  -  — -  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  -  !->co»o»ci^co\C'«r'^^oooiC‘C^‘iooTr'«rcoo»6iccooocococCic»o»ceO'^' 


0^<CTfir:O^OCO<OC‘OTt<OTf^^cCCO«CONNCO<DOO»0‘Oh-COC’^' 


^p 

;SH 

:o^ 

4.  it  o 

-i!h  £ 

; 

1/  01^ 
SiZi'O 
n  jo 


-  c 

C|— HH  . 

KH  _— 

"£  C  O  -tc 
c 

t>  a?  o  > 

§ 

O  o 

M  I-  r-l  H* 


:◄  : 
CcSc’ 

°3^ 
o  05  0.-2 

^  ^  £  £  ®  fe 

a?  a>  a?  a*  x 

.  .oo«cn  ^ 

N-,^COrHM 


>> 


C  =H 


>  c 
a  — 1 

o 


* 

StSo>- 
5  -J*  ^ 
.£  g  ^5 

Z  3- 

r-  ^  co 

*-hC)ih 


V-'  td  t*_'  «♦-!  r-> 

d  d  G  Gh 

I— I  HH  Hh»-H 

t-  t-  !-  S-  O 

O  O  O  0>u 

^  ^  5 

0  1>  ®  OHr 

0  31«tCiff 
CO  r-  Tj.  O  H 


:  >>  : 

•  u  : 

ifJ 

via  = 
cOH 

Jt  I-  o 

-  ®>H 


O  K 

>  &  Q> 

>  OJHr 

*5s 

SINrH 


a?  : 
<u  • 

JI's-sJ 

c  jHr  c 

Od  fc-  ^ 
•t^d  0U  - 
O  *■*  o 
OSh 

^  fe  ®  te  ^ 
«;  P  a> 
z  01*5 


V- 

G 

M 

HH^: 

•go 
o^ 

^  f£ 
fe  * 

t % 

S5- 

H  -  rH  lO  - 


>» 
:  5- 
oS 


J3  •  •  J- 

>  <*i  <J  H 

oiSiSs^ 

-*3Hh 

!>  5d  ^  C3 

r  >  >r  ^ 

>  o  <D  *d  ^ 

Z'g&PZ 

»oc  •  « 


:  v 
•  © 

:  G 

*♦-  5'- 

--  r*  — 

M 

ua  * 
PT-  2^ 
o  o.o  2 
o 

1  r  .  >r 
&  s: 

a;  ©  ^  ^ 
»iC1P5 


V-‘  %_.'  c 

c  G  GM 
mmhh 

.id  rid  .id  ^ 
l—  t—  t-  0 

O  O  Ck. 

©  ©  ©  y~w 
iO 

O  —  Olnr 

Tt*  ^  C^  I-H 


.  c  G  . 

2  o  o  © 

M  O 

t>«  I-H  I— i 


C  d^* 


cn  d 
a>HH 


2d 

»-'£  2d  «2d2d 
O  o  »-  *- 
K-s.  <ZU1  O  C 

& 

©  ©  ^ 

^  ^;  ©  G  ©  © 

dvo’toic 

h-oihOM 


W^hisjO»HSg<!Sii«SCKOHSaoKOKHKp;SSKSWH(iifihfieKS20<!OghHRHPmJWOOSWw 


a 

fe 

©  Ih  t- 

X2  o  © 

a8f 

bp: 


■Ss 


d;  ^ 

^  a, 


®2  £  57 2  g-5 
5  s--  G  o 

^^.•=  s  ax  « 

<&*?%** 

fc'Sai  ?  ol 

cS  ®  o  fe  0’S 

sp-gHWwii 


>.  I_ 
d 

- 

o 

a.S 

•—  w 

•G  *- 


■© 


© 
G 
G 

. .  i  © 

2  etd 

d  cs^1 
© 


*- 
© 
W 


r-  |H 

■o  —  a® 

5=;^ 


“«3 

C  CO 
o  o>. 

l-5*-S-^ 


C)J 

2  « 
oJ2.= 
5fc  2  a<£  a 
'35 

®*«  o:  Cr1- 
C2M  c 

4)  P  -  *  a  a  «  — 
a  x  .cc  —  tc  a 


X 


fe.  : 
oj  i  ©  : 
o  ®  C>, 

„_§«§£ 


cs^: 
&?« 


I-  G 

lp/3'OfeH^ 

G  rH  — 

^  CS  ©  r  © 

c.®S£^i 

«  w  uj  w—  -  ^  -  w  -  jslfxsoofeo 

4,  a;  u.  4i  or;  4i5x:  o.'"  c  o"0  o  —  a>'C~ 
CPffeOCfepP^HO?<'-sW«E-iOWS 


t-  (- 

-  Ot/2 
>>£  .. 
P  41 
41  U  p 


^  .£^<g  „SJM 

410—  41  P“*C~^i 

be  bc-^  bei-rt  2-P  c  be« 
•-t-c-4i  —  svE^-  — 
ooao-w— £200  — 

A.  At  l.  Al  fll.  a.  ^  jC  *  ‘  * 


■silllsiai 


a) 

£5 

o^ 

R« 


s:s=r 


^«»OfcO=SK 

c  OR  §  c  c-  P-  P  P 
rpi  £  2  Er  s« 

02  25  «  o^  oj>  o  o 


Ih 

© 
fc- 
G 

csH 

tx 

C^J 

HH  O 


© 


G  © 
O  *- 
*"5^ 


© 

■a  5 

0  ” 
•rH  HH 

^  ^3 

o  © 

53  p 
cS  5 
r.  ->» 

MG 


<2  c.l  >. 

c3  Q  u-  O  G 

«^  5  3  03  ©c 
^  .  o^G> 
gSoO  .  o‘C 

2  c  e  — 

r  E  2  o"  = 

fiaSSSS? 

cccuici; 


James  McAdam...- 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


48 


[Assembly 


P 

5- 

cG 

3 

0> 

Ph 


C  2 

<v  o 

^  *a 


<u 


A 

X 

<1 


<o 

CM 


bo 


C 

O 

a 


55  88 

2 

H  • 

,<M  Ai 
.  _r  op 
<M  CO  ‘ 

»—  i-i 

i  ~>  »■  c3 

S** 

rs  %% 

bfi°  fee 

a-5  a 

i-'g 


E|a 

ajg  a 
C0H02 


co  eo 
co  oo 
00  oo 


a 

<1 


S> 

cG 

rCj 

o> 


21 


X  .>3 

rb0£ 

,3 

c n  ^ 

•  p-4  V 

X  03 


£  03 
C  73 

C^P 


T 

§8 

fH 

00 


£  83 

o5  22 


3^3  CO 
.  .;& 
*-<  o  X  r— < 

a*X  M 

<V  *■ 

-fj 


X 

bo 

a 

CJ 

03 


02 


«.trs 

y 

73  72  -0 

G  rj  S 
C  H  W 
a  G3  ^ 
OQttP 


co  co 

22 

•sg&E 

01  p rH  a> 
02^  m  £ 
•2px  o) 

0-gHl5 

X  C/3  x?  X 
O^  03  03 

Ih  .  r-<  «— 
03  03  03 

73  JG  73  X 
03  O  <D  03 


,08 


CO  p 

_Jg 

CO 


CV  •>.  ^ 

5S<j 

3X3X3 

H  03  03 


co 

cop 


x  ©  bo 


Cl 

i 


®8S 


$ 


c£ 


PSf 


OJ  4) 

w  03 

■  H  1) 

aa 


co  r; 

;  Hmh3- 

P 

H 

H 

cT 

53  r>  03 

gso 

oa^i 

'X  r 

P 

03 

r— t 

>> 

p  2  xf 
Sb-git 

Ui  tic 

:©-S 

pp 

03  , 

*03  93' 

X  72 

X 

XG 

/.  —  ^ 

72  72' 

y£ 

0 

03 

H 

X  03  x 

XX  . 

r-4 

(-4 

l— 

•  »—  • 

03  m- 

03 

J—  !_. 

72  X 

13.9 

72 

03 

72 

03 

0 1  s 

00 

P  rH 

O 

Q 

r4^r/} 

=  =5i 

SS  | 
S8~Sl8 
-^131 

X  ti  ^2  r^» 


o  g.g 


o 

o 


CO 


jg  :  j  i 

•  •  •  .  •  4— 1 

•  •  •  ^  •  ab  ••.••••«•••••  • 

•  ••••••••««•#•  0  •  • 

••••,•••••#•#«*  Z  •  • 

:  <m  •  :  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  CVJ  •••••«•••«  •  •  •  •  • 

•••'••  •••••.  *•■  ,T  •  • 

•  ***••••••*••••  •• 

••£  ••••  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

> - 1  I — ■  > - r— 1  mh  r — 1  r—  r—1  r— I 

CO  00  'O  00  CO  co  00  '/3  oc  CO 

cC'  co  co  00  co  co  co  co  co  co 


r— <  r— I  Tf*  C  O  : 
CO  HMr 


H 1  r— <  — <  H  I— I  H  r-H  1— '  >— <  r-H  H  rH  rH  rH  r— 4  rH  — H  r—i  i-H  rH  rH  f— H  r— 4  *— 1  rH  •— <  — H  >—4  r—4  rH  rH  ^  r-H  r^  —4 

OO  CO  CO  co  CO  CO  cc  00  oO  00  CO  00  CO  CO  'C  CO  CO  ‘-O  OO  CO  00  00  00  00  00  7  CO  7.  CO  co  4  cr  -7  '7  CO  CO  co  co 

CO  co  CO'  co  co  00  oo  co  co  co  7D  00  co  oo  co  co  co  CO  co  co  CO  GO  X  CO  00  CO  00  CO  CO  CO  <X)  CO  CO  Vj  co  co  '7  oo 

Hr— ifHrHrtf-Hr— »HrH*— <  r-1  r— irHHrHr-Hf— 4  »—H  rH  r— I  H  *— 1  H  4  — ■’Hr— (  H  r- iMHHr ir>r<f 1  «-h  ^ 

1  o' ‘O  I '  3"  H  r-T r\T cc  erT  o' r-T H  P  P 

H-HNW  r-i  H  H 


>  (M  CJ  W  Tt<  H  [-  N  co  CO  C  O  CO  X  cc  7)  C5  co  ^  co  03  03  J;  o-.  Cl 

<HHHHr-.r-I-Hr-H(— h 


ocflEflafiflaccflEdBccflcsca .  . . .  .  _ _ 

^;cjcic3cjcicartojc3oS33rtrts3ci3csc3rtcaosc;rta)a/a^|i3a)a>'i3a)a-33oaJO<L'—  —  —  — 


•^.  cScjtiBcjeJcioScjci 


A 

S3 


T3  c 

e  ■ 

O  c3 

£  s 

H  53 

^  2 


73  ;  • 

'X  *p  :  : 

c3  P  •  : 

r™4  cy 

^  fly.S 

o  O  C3£ 
?^Cfi  X! 


<U 

;  .2,  >-  S  o 

iHoaa 


C  :  c 

:  73 

•  *r-4 

•  4-» 

33 

73 

P  ^ 

j- §* 

10P0 


73 

P 
c3  f 

s! 

.  o 

P 


:  c5  cs  :  :  :  5 

•  QJ  flj  •  •  •  r-1 

:  o  0x3  : x?  73 

Qjp  a  :  cp 

irHSrfDS 

;csc5§lll 

“  o 
5  e 
o  o 


8*  ’■% 

'»  S  >1  - 


73 


•  Sf  « 

:-■? 

:'b'o  ^3  ^  — 1  _:  _  w  ^  3 

■2  2  <uoo?o^  d^<~  3  2 

■2  23acC«apM>. 0^5“  oSpc 

5  35  £  2  c  3  a  uS  3, S  g  3  =II,cg  S  5  s  b  §*3 

a’-o355B’a3a<i|ao.Baao®°aC'30 
aPH<ooo3cbof>Haa2Jao“‘J 


a  5 

D  Z 


73 

>-  Q,  73 

>  g" 


O 

,0 


73  >  ;  P 

r^  !  hr 


73  X 

G  7j 


S  -  O  y 


art 


aifirttcaaso 


1)  o„ 

C  Xr 

X  73  -I 


O  H  O 
bL^P 


tJD 

-  O  03 
C0  tr 


rs  s  ^ 


03. 

P  O 


2-3  g  C 

;55 


7  ^2 


®X  ~  *1*  r*  —  C.cr 
x  C^i— o  — 


px  ^  • 
o  S’C  ^ 


73  O  S 
tl,  S  rt-  »-* 
^  x  ~S  03 


Pp^c5c> 


a 

*p 

03 

p 

o 

o 

O 


J  j-  : 

|l : 

Ss^g 

rt  fcc.2  a 
O  c,  £Z  " 
tso-S’g-g 

^3  J  o 


a>  . 

X  ^ 

73 

II 

03  Cj 


^  u 

73  9 

•  fl  fc 


t-4 

y 

.  ,  ^  /  fl 

j-<  ~  a  s-4  03 

03  J-  03  rH  03  2 

-r-w-yLGr-G'- 
OCJOQOjjoSO 


U  'r- 
03  03 


J- 

03 

-X  - 

•~.S  si  33 


M 

03 


73 


—  P  03*^  O  H  OP  cj  p  >-4  >— 1  •*— '  —  — ,<1.^ir-_j 

O-rH  03  cSr-H  C3  O  ^P  CO  O  03  d  d  d  O  03,9^  cS 

H  H  P  O  H  O  H  t»  P  P2  H  P  PQ  ,p  S  Q  O  S 


sss-s.igg! 

,  S^°s^  aE-g 
■  *  n  ■"  S  5  d 


,  •  l_,  S-* 

ll-S 

s  O  o 

Ca  c3 

C3  OS  D 

PhHH 


E  t-  (-. 

0)  4J  0) 

a  — 
o  o  o 
"aa 
a  ^  cs 
MrtJH 


a 

ci 
03 

4—  O 

Oh 
P  C3 
03  O 


OOc- 

"5  5  *5  5 

PHcwP 


03  S-  0) 

^  -  p  O  u 

O  y  y  s  o 

P  P  H  ^  X3 
^  O  2  C3  53 

SHrtrtS-a 


oS 

15 


g'*’btr'ca2CQ«3c« 
cu  a  a . 


•  7IS  TS 

:  a  a 

- 

Sg  G . .  03 

o<iaaaaaaHH 


SalGdcca}„  u 

•  03  .  .  •  •  0^  03 

'0p£P!a>aHCS 


>> 

C  c  g 


t  e  :  •  e  :  :  :'wue  ■  =  :c5d  -'b  :  : 

;  p 0202  ptZJCOCC  *  c  P 02 02 02 .2  p022O2«2 

'S..fe...g2S---PSa-£.. 

1Ot2U)d:Pt)tJa(&<OPt>PMa2c5DMPa|i 


2»2022*i 

,  03  .  .  03  . 


^  n  5>fci> 

03  s:  X  ; 


>» 
c  2 


'  03 


M  Cl  M  ^  CM  Ol  M  Cl  Cl  Cl  N  O'!  Cl  W  Cl  (MC1M  (NCl'NCl  CM  (M 

“JHHr-4HHHr—  rHl— IH  H  H  »— ■  — ^  r— <  H  HHHH^— I  -— «rHH  I— t  f— <  f— *  r- "  H  »— <  — ^  H 

•  •  ••■•••••I  lllftl  lllllllll  III  till  II 

C^Jrr  jiiChoOJOCH  HOiNOOJH  M  ^  <C  CO  N  0  00  N  03  ONh  X*Xr— ‘O  0C-  CO 

HHHr— ir-HH  H  f— «  -  + 

H  co  <M  COCOC'ICOhiNHIMCOO^hcOCOHhMCIOC'IMCIMCO  CO 


03 

o 

•rH 

> 

03 

GO 


(M  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

H  H  H  H  r 

OO  <M  CM  00  CC  CO 

rH 

rH  CO  rH  CO  CO  CM  <M  CO 


03 

bU 

<1 


NCOOl-NNMOOcCOOO^COHOfOHOfOOiOOOQMCMH'MOMOO'XiCONOcCcDH'MOOOH 

^OlOCOCO'^O^OfO^cOCO^OO^COO^TfiCOCJCOOrrOOcO^OOOCOCOCONWO'VWOO^O 


CM  CO 
O  CO 


a 

03 

| 

So 

0) 

Ph 


PM 

oa 
>H  g 

t£^ 

03  > 

15  S 

H  I 


'-4—1  P  P 

a  a  c 


ppp 

^  «  u 

o  o  o 
p  ^ 

03  03  03 

as  r— 
i-  ^  o 


>> 

j-H 

c3p  p 
>  fl  C 

X'Zt 

nS°o 

Ph1^  >  > 

^  >  >r  t- 

.  C>  03  03 

CO  00  CO 
H  X  CM  O 


G^C 
M  .  #M 

M  -rt  ZA  ' 

>J  O  oH 

^  *4  fe  ^ 
5  4J  4)  5 


c—  a 

I—  Cm 


■£  M 

fSj 

O)  r*- 

5^ 


15  5  ^  M  ro1 ^  m  ^  o>  -  ^  ^  ^  ^  Z 


S^r '«( 

H  CO  C^l  H  r 


ro 

■  'X 
I  H  05 


p 

H 

CMm 

24  24 
24  u 172 
t-  O  O 
OpnpH 

>  >  > 
^  03  03 

£P55 

.  -  >0  CO 

■X  H 


:  72  : 

:  ^  fcr« 

:  03  £*► 

:  o  r-  C 
3  jG  o3  iG 
P  p.  >  c3  p 
G  >  c 
M  £0  c3  hH 

W  O 

P  P 

t-Pr-Pt— 

O  o  »-  O 

0)  x  03  I>  03 


■(  (M  CO  H 


cct: 

M  M  ^ 
P  M 
S—  P  P 
O  S-  t-  P 

^tStSo 

>^^Pn 

a;  ^  > 

^  03  03  x 

H  x  coo 


cwcflc 

hHHHHH  ‘^h 


isj  P  P  p  p  P  _ 
OPfc-s-fc-t-'-x.P 
SjCOOOCOO- 
*7m>4Ph>i>,>4>H  ® 

17  jJG03  03  03  03  03  03*^' 

^0515^555;^ 

OCOcOOCOcDNifl 

HCMOr-l^COCCOCO 


CG  Ck 


72  ^ 

opt: 
o 

-^|P*4 
02rH  . 

l|l 


:  *-  : 
•  o  • 
:  o  > 
:  c  c3 

,g- np 

G  72 
rv]  O 

.»  gCK 

^p2- 

o  >•- 

7;  y  *- 

CO 

OhM 


*<1  E-- 

73  P 

O  P 
t i**  c  t- 

-_i;5z 

cZr-'T 

Socl-M 


o 

o 


pqtntdiMmoo4>i^HHgMWpaMPqMM!iy-HfepaMOWw!rtfio<;^^pH&40Pa  ;u<j<c<crti  :<CmH 


w 

S 

5 


:  a 
:  & 
:  o 

•  t-, 

iPQ 


a 

oS  ;  cS 

a  a  g 

o  «s  a3  :  • 

ois5fe 


^H 

o 

•g  S3 

h  * 

®oS  .  r-E)0  - 

^  ^  H  Q|  jM  C-4H  C 

S  E  a  a  6  2  S-2 

h  Q  0  0GG.Hk 


73 
72 

c3 

f- 

ij 


72  X 

3  cj 
*2  if 
y.Gc; 

•  .S—  1--^  M  C 
I  H  «-X 


:  >» 

:  ^ 

: 

.  C 

:  03 

:  > 

•  o 

;o  ^ 
:  <~ 

-a‘5-2 

a  .02 


O  <u  O 


5S  a> 

t-"  b  O  do  .Cg  K^r 

c-^tso  ®,wfe(5£  w.. 

-cS-Ei^.rt-r^S-Atd^u 

dOynoCx 

0XJ-OOrCOx:c3ooc^ 

i-5H<!ofloc;SaHOoP> 


s3^“ 
a  o> 

~  a  4, 
a  5"o 
oH  >. 


i  a 


cs  o  o 

-jK'-s 


- . .id 

a  >>  j  _•  to  :  :  £>  b 

;  :  2m 

^  g’a  rt  * 

o  S 

j23  Jh  03  ^  C3  H  72 

o^W  -if  ^  a  .  „ 
rt«^AHOSrt £ 
a  to  cu  a 

p  4)  •  •  —  •  1— 

. .  „  boS 
a  a  a  fcl 
<jWHW 


0)  u  • 

a.a  >• 
ifiS 
<u  rf  5 

0  t-  h3 


hO 
:  03 


O 

S-g 

o 


C3  X 


;  Gy  o 
H.hX 


—  72 

a  o 

O  ff 
72  £ 

O  cO 


i  : 


•  °  H 

>.*  B 

P  £ 
X  O  G 
Cpn 


r^.2 
o  £ 


bo 


o 

> 

x  o 

<-  GG  4-v 
*  bX)M  03 

fti  cS  _ 


c 

a 

jz 

a  p 


o 

O 

Hr  « 


5*2 

d  o 
-?Prt02 


4>  M 

a.a.-aPrt 

03  X  OS'S 


_,  5) 

C  H 

£  C 
i03 


No.  41.] 


49 


CO 

CO 


CM  *-• 

38  *-> 

p. 

-  o 
00  OQ 

>>'0 

cc- 

pft 

S-  o 
,b  X 

©S 

Ph  . 
'O  g 

M 

Sm 


—  CM  M 

So  53  -* 

CO  ^  CO 
i-«  00  CO 

»P  ^  H 
®  *  -.2 

•P'S  ©  73 
be  6E  5  tu 
33,d,g;P 

_ _ _  <L>  o 

w  .52  75  .52  0;  CO  00  75  X 

55;5:3flS3^;o 

>- . i-  • 

C  4>  a 

S  5  to  £3 

©Cm  — 

— p» 


00 
00 

'Ite'g  -s 

<m  Vi  J  ;p  00 

04  .  .«>rH 

.  >>  u  • 

5  p  .2  O  <N 
•?>-:i«iOr-' 
C  _T_ '_'  © 
0  fib fcojaca 

^’S'S’o  I 


a>  g  c:  P'S 

G  a  P  ii 

o>  5©  3-- 
ft  Hh  CO  ft 


^  00 
00  00 
00  *-1 


CO  u. 
.  a> 

P'S 

5  3 

Ha  0) 
*n 
T?  Pu 
a>  a> 

a>  ^ 

S  2 

Qft 


00 

00 


ft 

co^ 

3  _r 

1—1 

«Ta 

S'0 
”3  3 

.©  O 

ftft 


$8 

00 


3  *> 


ft 
< 

T3 
"bo 

h 
TO 
ft 
a? 

03 

•3 

§  jg_ 

ft  ftft 


,rr 

O  u 

r- < 

b-2 

II 

P  O 
TOO 

'O’P 
*>  a) 


co  3 
00 
00 

rH  CM 

•*  «m00 

s  is 

•  I—*  *■ 

-*->  ,00 

« 

o  ►,© 

.  £•= 

«  ®a 

2« 

O  £  a 
■n  i*  a) 

«  PoQ  £y 
73"©  P 
P 

ft  S’ Sr 
o  S£*  73 

.2  2  2  .2 

Q  OO  « 


00 

CO 


cS 


"2  TO 

a-  — 

tO  CO 
©  • 
■a  be 

wp 

s« 

cC 

TO  fT-t 

>-*  s 
•off 

a>  <-< 


ft 


fty 

O  r/j 

>— < 

ftft 


CM 

38 


03 

ss 


a> 

be 

■~ 

03 

ft 

a> 

X 


T3 

a) 

»- 

<v 

X 

d; 

ft 

CO 

CO 


o 

o 

ft 

a> 

ft 

ft 

o 

u-, 

ft 


U 

0> 

CO 

a? 

ft 


cc- 

*0 

r^ 

P*-> 

03 

WH 

ft 

"ft 

o 

U> 

ft 


12 

(V 

CO 

a> 
CM  ft 

ss 

■<CO 

rOO 

^  co 

i  ° 

b2  c3 
ft  »rt 

Sg, 

S  ft 

co  O 
a>  u 
ftft 


00 

00 


s- 

0) 

3 

a> 

-*-s 

ft 

a^ 

w 

ft 

a> 


a> 

c 

!3 

ft 

ft 

6 

ft 

a> 

be 

- 

o3 

'S 

to 


ft  ft 


CM 

$ 


U 
c3  , 


ft  , 
bDo 

o  .ft 

X  ^ 

ft  a 

s-d 

5S 

ccO 


•  •  f^-’l  •  •  • 

•  •  s  •  •  • 

•  .  ft  •  •  • 

s  :  :  :8  : 

:  :S 

:s  ; 

;o  :  :  : 

•  ft  •  •  • 

•  •  •  ft  ••  •  •••»•  • 

•  •  •  X  ••  •  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  O  ••  •  •••••  • 

.  •  •  •  «•••  •  • 

.  •  •  ••••  •  •  3C  • 

•  •••  •••*  *  •  U  • 

.  .  •  •  ••••  •  •  • 

1  s0*  :  :  : 

!  !  •  I 

•  I  •  •  * 

:  '•  i  :co  : 

•  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  • 

:  i00 

:  *°  : 

•  ^  •  •  • 

•  •  »  ■-T*  ••  •  •••••  • 

(  ,  i  ••  •  •••*•  • 

•  ••  ••  •  •••••  • 

•  •  •  •  #•••  •  •  • 
....  ••••  •  •  • 

•  ••  .  •  •  •  .  •  • 

•  •••  ••••  •  •  • 

oooooooooooooocoocoacc-  , 
aoooaoooooooococacwooaox1 

»— •  rH  i-H  f-H  r—i  1— 1  f-H  rH  r-^ 

^cc  00  -1*  -n*  tjT»a*io  o*"  erT  erT  ft 

fHT-t*-H01C^iCMCMCMCM^MCM 


i-T  o  co  co  co  aT  cT  co  jtT  o’  »o  oo 

1— t  1— 1  CM  CM  CM 


rtr3c3c3c3rtc3c3c3c3o3 


^  »-  t-  ^  fc-  u-  t-  t- 

_ ^^.^^^^ftftftftftftftftftftftftftft 


35 


a 


18S1 

1881 

rH 

00 

00 

rH 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

1881 

rH 

$ 

r—i 

rH 

£ 

rH 

rH  rH 

00  oo 
oo  00 

rH  ^H 

ocToT 
CM  CM 

g^CM  CM  CO  CO 

cV»OH 

r— i  rH 

rH  CM  CM  CM 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

"*3* 

h*t 

VicT 

rH  rH 

‘C*C 

P.P4 

« 

"E 

a 

< 

April 

May 

May 

May 

May 

May 

April 

May 

May 

May 

p  p  p  p 

May 

May 

May 

May 

:  C  : 
:  x  -3 
co  ft  C 
C  C3  3 
O 


:  9  a 

;  x  so 


C  «—  c3  ^«  v3  c3 

3-  C  >  :«S^SS§ 

«  !^.2«  !’■§ 

OX  f— 

c»3 j=  >. sai  CaiaS  c 


<K  ! 


•_■  4) 


slfl  S3  — 

^OOOiCihQ^QO^ 


S-3 
»  C 
'5  3 

cj  O 
3  — 

s® 


:  c  •  c 

T3  ai  X5  t« 

._  .  3  -  C’3 
—  -  p  a  p  cs 
ss  «  o  g  o  g 

s-3  ^  ^  § 

ft  <-*  o  ft  o  •— 
e  =s=pSs=«.2 

a)  P  x  X  r- 

c  2  s  H  c  *-‘±2 
®55'S  3=^x2 
OP300C50P^ 


a>  :  ( 

c  :  a 
73  :  s  . 

■M  •  § 

®  *  ®'”^ 
~  xi  ^  v-  a 

^'fc8  °5 

5,5’C  S  ® 

c  d  d  O  '■7 
Jpi 


o.  J  5 
2«  53 
3S2  **3 
d)X>  a 

©•§  5 

t“-s£ 

b  *-  . 
9  202 
c"  9  • 
200 


s 

:  x  • 

111 

:ft  p 

o  ®  o 
he'd  fe 
sj— .  ^ 
£>  ’ 


;  u 
w  41 


!  >>  : 

:  <u  : 

:  c  • 

•  2  k 
:  'o 

•  Vh  73 

o  53 


3  ■/> 

MV7 


S3 

5g 

O 


'd  .[*)  ^ 

©3 

®3  >.  53  tc  — 

®  cS-p 

“4»®C 
g  ^73.2  c3 

P 


53  — 

a  0 
p  c 
P  o 

41  ' 


4)  ojl 

OP 


p  p-° 

P  *4 

P^d 

pSp  P.CCC 
«  p  o  6P_, 
iP  ®  £5  «-' c 

^3  *p  a>  x  c3 
OPZ-'JJO 


o 

X 

ft 

c3 

a 

p 

J=  *- 


XS  A  • 

S?5  : 

u-^ft 

0  !£ 
•  o  ^ 
'w^^ur-a) 

;-®-p  5?  ti  ^ 
—  Q«  P 

!^ft  ai  w  ^  ft 

.ft^2  O  o  r2 
^SftSpd 


5  :«J^3 

H  •  *3 

X  *  •»-?  o 
ft  X 
c3  P  -*-> 

P  *P  ft  an 
5  ^  tttO 
P  ^  *P 

a?  «  a> 

ft  X  -  H 
y  o  2  G 
^  o  ft  -*j 

OkPp 


:  -  :  c  ;  x 

x  :  ft  : 

i>  a  ©73  j  2 
S  §2.s  :  © 

d  >  P  p  •  q 

•  ^  0  e:  is 

<~  Sip 

•So”©  So, 

rs£s- 2  a, 

S  73  77  -jl  « •— 

Sc.Ef  a  ®” 

o  C3  H  C3  ft  ft 

O  P-< 


!  P. 

.  0) 

.  c3 


!  § 

>ft 

:  c3  __ 

?ftPnO 


C  t- 

a)  a> 


:  j- 

u  a) 
.  a)ft 

piit 

2d  - 

P 


U 

a?  h 
”  53 


5  d 

5i  2. 


©.'Pr-o.P/cdcc:  i£  ®  ®  ,•  ® 

"sa^odScOSsSSiidooSo^S^ 
rg-g  =  5  gg  5 1 -3  2  g|  gg  ®  g  fe 

APgOMOAAH«BMOD?PPHPOftO 


t- 

»- 

o 

ft 

oS 


c 

c3  H 

ss 

-*-»  O 
c3  X3 
O  -3 


aj 

ft 

03 

s 

a> 

o 

ft 

GO 


u 

o> 

ft  •  •  r? 

.S  :  §  C 

ft  P  P'G  D 

ft  ©  o  ft  3 

ft  X  %  X  P 

g 


U 

a> 

>fcft£!s 


H  •  »  r 

v  :  :  g 
:  *-> 

O  S 

S2|S 

ooSh 


t-< 

a) 

t- 

o 

ft 

o3 

ft 


O 

ft 

03 

ft 


<V 


P 

03 

a> 

H 


x  « 


>»  : 

P  ;  P 

TO  •  TO 


>>  ft  >> 

G  'P 

03  5  ^  ^ 

G  W  G 


ft  ft  ft  P  X  G  *P 
PPGG^G 


2  92r/i  dad  d5dcdo)'»^od  g-rnS  p  s  JO;2-n  ded 2 
60H&0D05&a&&D0S0H&HHHMaSHpw 


73 

p 

p 

ID 

s- 


•  • 

..... 

T3  •  :  : 

•  • 

p  :  :  : 

•  • 

®  >,  •  : 

«u 

DP 

Ireland.. 

C^JPG 

C3  TO  TO 

73  P  r-  r- 

r.  -TOPS 

5-  “TO  j—  U-t 

©  p  g  ©  © 

OShJO 

German 
U.  S . 

u.  s . 

Ireland. 

Ireland. 

H  P  _J 
i-  —  ^  o 

n  g  S  3 

T"  ~  T  TO 
^  0;  TO  t-. 

u.  s . 

Ireland. 

U.  S . 

CM  CM  CM  CMCICMOICMCMCM  CM  Ol  CM  CM  CM  Ol  CM  CM  CM  CM 

y—*  T—(  v—i  r— «  P-^  f— <  •—•  I-H  r— «  >—<  »-H  ^  •— •  r—  i-H  f-P  "H 

III  I  I  1  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  ..... 

JiOO  -^OOO^^CMCM  HCOOlOH 

F— (  r—  - - - 


CM  CO 


to  ic  »r.  w  o 

COrHr^COCO  CO  T*  CO  CO  H  ^  CO  CO  CO  H  H  CO  CM 


CM 

I 


co 


CM  CM  CM 

HriH 
1  •  * 

o  co  o> 

-  CM  I-H  CM  CO  ^  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  ^  H 


3 

1 

<£> 


NH*Oa,.i^X»OeONH'COOMtOWJ>tOCklNifiCONCr^CMCO  ^  co 

O  lO  CO  to  O  PO  O ’t  N  (O  ^  ■fl'  CC  h-  to  co  'O  O  O  to  o  'XI  O  O  O  iTO  CO^f  O 


•OOOHC  CM 

o  ^  'ft  tc 


(O  O  H*  Ci  >H 
rf  rt*  't  ^  O 


»-H  CM  CO  ^h 

»C  ft  >C  O 


*5 

cO 


CM 

ft 


X 

p- 

a> 

a? 


:  u 
.  a? 

>*3 

u  P 

3ft-^  TO  5*^  ft 

;  p  .  >  c  .  p 
,hj.^-h 

a  © 


-ft 

P  P  P 


J  >  >  >  F  >  !> 

-<*pr  ©  d  ^  0)  >• 

-  1^.  CO  rf«  p-H  ft  rH 


ft  ft 
fc-  t-  t- 

000 
>3  >-!>■< 


t- 

OOO 


ft  •  ;  i 

G  ft  ft  ft 

2  =  a  p 

o  t.  (-  u. 
lx  o  o  o 
•*>**>< 

)*r®  ©  © 


. 

ft  ft  g  ^ 
a® Cmh a 
hOhS  t  HH 

ssssiHs 

u  Ii  t~  •—  O  lH 

OOO  ©lx  o 

>1  >- >- >H  X 

^  ^  £  & 

a;  a>  a>  a>^  o> 

5^  525a«"^5 

NM-rtOr- 
O  CM  tO  H  h  cO 


>> 

p  -S 


X 

a> 


TO 

GO 


T3 

0) 


ft 

P 


ft 

O 

•  • 

& 

© 

55 


viH  vi-X  c 
a  .  c  c2 

h¥hm 

2  ^3 

5- 

t-  is  >~  u  O 

O  {-  C  O'* 

a>  >  a)  <u>^ 

ft  ^H  CO  o 
Tf  00  c.  ft  >— 1 


*  r.  *  f,  1  *P 

ft  ft  ^ 

ft 

H 

t,  p  Cm  a 

>HH  W 

—5  3^ 

Cm  a  . 
H®HJ 

P 

hH 

HH 

^3FJ3<  1-3.1 
34  t.  t-  O  »- 

ftft  ft  m 

t-  U.  fc-  ft 

ft 

p, 

34 

u  o  ©  |x  O 

£xxt> 

>  ^  ^  ^  fe 

^  d  oj>-  a) 

ooo^ 

O 

(- 

5x5^5-^ 

o 

is  ^  ^ 

0)  a>  o  i5" 

o> 

55 

<v 

CO  N  o  N 

CO  CM  rH  ft 

O  »TO  O 
ft  rH  ft  CM 

CM 

N 

N 

ft 

f- 

o 

5« 

© 

55 


2  S5  S 

®  C  «  p 
o  «g  © 
550  Q 
3^  a©  a 

P  —  H-H 

ojr  u  >" 
UPJ  TO  O 
Pk2»2 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.] 


List  op  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


50 


[Assembly 


72 

a 

ci 

s 

© 

PH 


p  a 

©  o 
Ph  '7i 


xj 

© 


B 

xs 


p 

w 

s 


cm 

38 


ty.  r-H 

&  SB 

ss— 

«$£ 

'C  *-< 

<D  ^ 

Ss 

a  u 

O  © 

.2  S 

Pft 


x? 

© 

© 

(fi 

© 

X5 

CM 

CO 


S3 

d 

© 

P=< 


a 

o 

(-4 

P 


00 

CO 


o 

© 

p 

PS 

6 

X5 

bo 

Ut 

05 

.d 

O 


Ph 

d 


cm  : 

x 

co 


Pu 

© 

02 

X5 

02 

tD 

t- 

c5 

rd 

o 

'/) 


~  U 

co'  I 


cs 

6 


CO 

00 


^  co  CO  -o 
<2** 
p*>  .  > 
<*xP* 

—  r-  t/3  * 

3"3 

*  w  O 

£?-gpEf 
2  2 
"o  §■—  ”2 

<C  g  3  73 

gggg 


Gc$S3 

°p6?£ 

-r  'CO 

22s:- 

-  ^  CO 

®<*«o  >» 

i;-X-  U  a 
3  3  3  3 
l-j-S-H  3 

•O'3'C  J$ 

* 

bo  be  tc-d 
*-  j-  *-  3 
P  p  P  w 
rP.Pi=  £ 
O  O  O  SJ 

CO  CO  C/3  jg 

gggg 


••3  "3 

o  y.  5 
_r|S 

s^-° 

5¥ 

aSc? 

*— H  _ 

a!  ’? 

tX-c-3 
3  3  3 
n  2ga 
3  ■§  aa 
CO  %  c  O 

©  .P  *-  J- 

p  ppp 


CM 

§8 


u 

© 

P> 


Q. 

© 

72 

T3 

© 


CO 

x 


'p 

© 


•  •  rj  .  »-•  . 

-^c 

oaj.Sr-  o  ©  o 

PPP  i^k-Pm 


i 


(Q 

9 

to 

<5 

XJ 

© 

■4-t 

u 

© 

© 

P 


§  jS 

cm  :  © 
<*>  < 


CO  CO  CO  cc  CO  oc  CO  CO  00  co  00  X  CO  XXXXXXXXX 

00  CO  co  00  CO  co  cc  oo  CO  CO  CO  co  CO  XXXXXXXXX 

HrHrH  r— <  r-H  rH  r— i  ^  r— t  r-H  rH  «-h  r-H  -•MririM'-rtHrH 


OC  00  © 

fiHN 


CO  ©  h-  r -  00  r 
CM  CM  CM  01  CM 


>»>»>> 

PPP  ~j  p  P  p  P  X  £ 

H^IH  k-H  <r-l  i  ->  ^ 


©  D 

c  a 

35  S3 


P 

►“5 


X'n"l---H'"M-r*',r-*'-H 

hmmC'IMC'IMWM 

ODDflj^jJOOO 

CPCCCPPPP 
33S333333 
>— 51- S»— 5— S^-Si— S'— S’— S'— S 


A® 

a 

J3  fco  o 
3  •£ 

O  "H 


:S 

•  70 


03 
O) 

C 

ii  i-X-u 
v-  3  o  si 
O  >  3  p 
.  3  .»  " 


•— *  —4  r-^  •— t 

•-H 

00 

co  CO  co  -O 

X 

CO 

CC  00  co  CO 

X 

Pc 

— '  •— •  —  •— 

r-4 

„ 

r  r  »  , 

«- 

»© 

1.0  r-  co  X 

X 

c\j 

M  M  (M  CM 

CM 

© 

©  ©  ©  © 

© 

*— I 

P  P  P  P 

*— 

p 

a  a  a  3 

p 

X5 

►X'X'X'X 

X5 

S3 


co 

oo 


NMNrnOXXX  00 
3>  3>,  3 1 3,  t*7  3» 

SS S3S333  3 

'-S^’-S  -S'-S^'-S'-S  '-9 


■« 


I'D 


3  3^ 
3  0  3 


w  ci  ci  o  *3 
S  c  '3  o  •  o 
.o  5  ^  :  £  .  - . 

I'wH-  p  0)  P  O  ^  :  CD  ^  2;  •  J 

^  •  a  o--p  ^  ^  *— ■© 

°  O  rjVeS-^^m  0-;31)®'30^gSs 
•3  X  Tr,  ?  -C  >.oi  XiBH-£'fl3?3  3C 


3 


4)  °3  k  rt  -  p  -  „ 

t£  >7*3  fiT?-  3;i;m  ^ 

«  t.=  g-^a  3  b  3  «  -  P-g  g-p  2tt,  1  " 
3£^  3  330®  3-  3  -a  O 
OGSr-iOPHO^O 


ll’ 


-PS 

•  A 

- -  „  3^3  70 

Go  o 


o> 


S  E 
‘5  s 

p  r- 

gS 

3 

5G 


7.  3  "  - 

III 

~  .*■-.  o 

7-  3  fe 
o  t-< 

32cS 
(»  opp 
c5  9j  «4J 

d>  P  CO._ 

.2^  p  *.2 

G  o  U3 


3  3 


c5  o" 


c3 


rfj  C  rC 

•^4  p  1/ 

te  3a 


C3 
0/ 
r. 

•5 

O  pP  o 


a£  S 
«5s 


.2- 
'55  p 

CD  O 

p:  x 


:  o  -  gt; 
;P.h  o 

•  —  _  c5 

►  5 

•  o  ^ 

7^:5 

^  .  a?  P 

4-crj'Cp: 

3>w-r*J 
CO  'X 


P  o  -< 


•*■3  di  I 

^x:  tc 
p  —  o> 
d^  x- 

*p  .-*^»  d> 

oA  Mcs 
i.raj 

~  O  —  75 

f  'c  “S  55 

w  >.  -P 

a  ;'j?  = 
3  a5  2  5  I 
P  fe  P  ^* 


P  O 

C5^  § 
p  O 

P*M  CD 
C  P  - 

©  p 

Pa 


a 

o 

•H 

-V-1 

P 

a 

p 

o 

o 

O 


CD  4)  - 

^  *h  t-  5 

O  4>  O  O 

•Sg-S  S 


0) 

p 

p 


u 

CD 


l~> 
<D 

t-  UP 

dj  d>  r4 


s- 

d; 

P 


<D  O 

O  © 

P  P|pJ  +j  w  w  w 

02PS72PPO 


S  2  a 

J-  t-  S- 
P  P  P 


J-  J-4 
d>  d> 
>  ^ 
3  ? 

^3 

|Gg 


- 

<D 


(D 
id 
s-  P 


Ih 

0^ 


p 

o 


|g2£S| 

■(_  c  3  °  3  — 

<-  s-  a  a  o 

3  3  3  3  X 


~  .,  fc-  l- 
37^30 

E.ga  a 

_  - ^duSi 

S  OP&GGgQPkGGG 


o 

© 

p 

p 


U  r- 

D  P  d)  s- 
t-  2  O 
O  D  2“  -*G* 

p  2-^2 

P  C  p  -y 

PP^h 


C 

cc 

id 

CJ 

p 

5 


t- 

& 

c 

V 

p 

p 

O 


xj  : 

id  :xj  :  :  :  :  : 

3  : 

lv*H**<«* 

-*G 

;  •  •  • 
XJ  *X5  * 

:  :  >■  c  :  :  : 
■•d  5  :  ;  :  i 

P  ! 

7h  • 

XJ 

■J  M  M  !i  N 

X? 

*  •  .  . 

:  •  • 
-en  J  I 

»0 

-bj  :  a  :  >?  •  :  : 

c  :  ^  :  5  a  :  : 

P  :  sj  :  r-  c-  :  : 

> 

p  •  p  i 

02a  §G0C00202 

tsa  : 

p 

P  •  !  C  •  P  *  X5 

p 

=  =  :  i 

© 

-Hi 

P 

^t/J  «CC 

P02 

p 

«aCQcaii;(zi— ,02  2 

ri 

^p 

CC 

F aoQtc 

©  .  ©  . 
ApiJG 

•  g®  .  .  .  . 

pAopppp 

02  P 

© 

p 

h-t 

©...©.  0  .  P 

© 

(H 

M 

©  ©  .  . 
hhPP 

© 
t- i 

M 

p 

.  .  k  .®o  .  . 
^paQpcSPP 

© 

CM  CM 

CM  CM 

CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM 

<M 

CM  CM  CM 

r—>  rH 

r— '  <—H 

— * 

*—4  r— 1  r-H  i-H  r-H 

»-H 

r— ' 

r-H  »-H  r-H 

o>t- 

X  © 

X 

co  r-  3>  -s<  «o  1— 

CM  HH  CD 

> 

l-H 

© 

CM  H  COCO 

CM  X  CM  CO  r-4  CM 

X  CM 

r-H 

hh^h^N^hO 

^■4 

O  X 

»o 

•H 

•^-hX^^hOX^1 

© 

r  —  10  N  h* 

X  ©  ?£>  1©  CM  CO  'O 

63 

58 

© 

iCfCCtONOH'MiO 

*-H 

1©  ©  CM  O 
•©•©»©  X 

© 

X 

©XX»©^h©XCM 
TflOlOCCH1  4J4©»© 

bfi 

©  co  O  lO 

OCOO^OheO 

©©t^OO»C©O^T' 

© 

X 

CD 

3 

*5) 

<D 

P 


•+J  C4—I 

a  «  a  3 

hB- m 

aaaa 

t-  t-  S-  fc- 

OOOO 

CD  0)  O  CD 

fcfcfc;!?; 

CQ  «0  o>  ^ 
CO  ^  Oi  © 


C4— 4  d*H 

P  P  . 

HHh-( 

id  id  ^ 
*-  >-id 

°  O  ^ 

5t  ^  > 

<D  <D  f 

CO^ 

00  Tf<  <C 


C4-H 

P  >— I  P  >> 

HH  HH  U. 

.  id  ,  J  4^ 

m  s-^a 

«-  O  ^-3 
Oh*  0 

^3^0 


5 

OWN® 
CO  *7  —  (N 


>> 

u 

I'S 

ai- 

2  0 
®>H 

>  CD 
CD  Hr 

^  co 
00  ^ 


id 

s-< 

o 

tH 

& 

0) 

»P 

<N 


M 

idP 
^  © 

O) 

S3^ 


— H  P  P 
hHHH 

O  -  t- 

>00 

t** 

3  tS  ^ 

fe*,- 

r-U^  CO 


>»  t- 

^OG3 

^  c  c  o 
,P>h>h>H 

>  fe  &  ^ 

>  <D  CD  <D 

g^izsss 

^  «r.  co 
co  ^ 


V-J  «*-.  jr  «i 

n  rr 


«c » 


o 

r* 

© 

»- 


C  , — ,  „ 

HH  r2  M 

•D  yr 

id  'g  -  ^ 
*-  2  C  5- 

<D-— Kr  d) 

a.\OH« 


id 

O 

* 

<D 

© 

© 


>9 

s~ 

*p 

> 

p 

a 

id 

© 

© 

55 

CM 


.  •  J 
^  :  *- 
fc-  •  rs 


B>J 3G- 
_  3  3Q*  r- 

HOaJH 3 

o  £  >-  o  o£ 
&  >  s.  ^  ;£  a 
r-  ©  o 

r-H  — •  O  —  TH  00 


id  id 
J-  t- 
©  © 
>*>• 

&  > 
3  3 


o 

O 


<  BOhDhhH  MW  G 


sias^HS-cafe  o  ostcs  w  s 

« 


<csoao 


cc 

W 

a 

-«i 

JZi 


■S* 

a 


{ 

*7  .  •  co 

5  &’-g 

2  3 

3q 


a  a 
c  a 

w  a 
s-  a  - 

3  Of® 


®-o 


aQ5^§a 

K'-^  aiQ^G 

« J ag  £ “3 
s  p>-a  5  SoS^c'3 

>-sGPe<C5  i-sS^si 


J.niBU 
bho# 
i2kJ? 

p>.a  o 


*£ 
®  3 


3 

3 

G 

”3 

3 

ri 


&  id  *-• 


© 


© 


xr  ©  t-  ^  « 

&Z43  $'3 •£  t^-r  ® 
g  .0®!gPg3-£ 

w  >>° 


a 

P 

> 


id  *f 

©  g 
©  P 

£5 


fc  S 

p  P 

:P 


>> 

© 

c 

u 

P 

O 


P 

p 


bo 

P 


t- 

p 

p: 

O 


:  *- 
.  © 

:  tc 

•  u 
.  d; 

••9  :  be 

•  a  •  c  s 
a  3  •»  -  \ 

t.  r  :  3a  3  O  c 

s.ie^oS®# 
C  c  ctj-n?! 
Goa  3"o  3  o  j 
3  o  cas  o  3  £ 
Gi-si-sOSGO< 


No.  41.] 


51 


co 

CO 

CO 


»o 

<M 

,C 

o 

tn 
e 3 


'G 

d 


CM 

CO 


*H 

P 


d 

bo 

J- 

P 

g: 

o 

73 

*3 

pS 

6 


—  CM 
CO  CO 


rv,  CO  £0 

OO 

00  .  d 
~  0.3 
'  d  G 

Sco^> 

■J?  ft  ft 
C/3  Q3  ^3 
3  tX  SC 

p  P  P 
ft 

~  O  V 

•C.2.S2 

^ftft 

8«« 

d  .  . 

POO 


oo 

© 


bCc^i 

p  oo 

^2 

TJ  o 

o>S 

be 

So 

d>1 

C/3 

T?  d 

-H> 

•  J- 

P  d 

•  d 

oa 


3 


co 


,o 

Ci  ^ 

cm  . 
t>>M) 
P  G 

•p  “G 

OJ  d 

tc£? 

P  « 
,£Z  rP 
O  o 

x.w 

tp'p 


«« 

do 


CO 

co 

00 


ip 

CM 


Jh  r-i 

a  '-o 
,o  co 

r*  r~~l 

G  , 

d>  CO 

O  rH 

d  _ 

«r 

'c  a 

d  •< 

-*-> 

u  , 

C3^ 

MM 


O 

in 

P 


bo 

is 

o 


CM 

o° 

-CM 
©  oo 
r-i  oo 


O  © 

o>> 

,  t» 

r  53 

d  3 

.e  * 
o* 
.2  *G 
-p  dl 

t! 


s  cn  d 

fi  Hi  rfi 

5  .  « 

gq  OP 


CM 

CO 

co 


G 

►g 

rp 

a) 

-*-) 

(-4 

d 

C/3 

03 

P 


CM 

00 


a 

Ssg 

8S 

V-* 

d  ^3 

5  ci 

o  d 

V3  C 

Mft 

d> 

©5 


CO  ‘C 

«  ft 


1—1 

|8  5®^, 
'.9° 

CO  CO  ^ 

,  T"H  *“]  oo 

4-j  • 

ex  d 

...  03  d 

^c^CQfi 

r- *  ££  *7ZJ  G 

.  03  ^  0)  03 

«ff  .£?t° 

| 

£  O  ^  O  O 
d  XI  G  «3  2 
03-  pJgig 

ft  .  . 

Tjpj*dpi« 

13  03 


CM 

CO 

CO 


CO 

03 

G 

G 

>1 

*0 

03 

-4-> 

03 

73 

03 


CM  cm 

2°o5“ 

r_r'  .co 
6od 

•  -u  83 
rt  ft"^ 

"oo-S 

^  •p  rp  </3 

t>,  03  d  1:3 

5  £?»•? 

03 
P4 
p4 

o 


— 

i  ai 


t—  l_T 

<«  e8  os 

„'-c-a 
■C  u  o 

03  7)  c/3 


~  •-  .P  t- 


26 

?5 

bj) 

P 

-< 

P 

o 

a; 

bo 

c3 

fil 

03 

7j 


cq  (M 

CO  00 


£i§3 

r 

Hi  03  co 

■*-'  C^l 

d  5=3 

<u  ii  ft 
'0^-3 

SS-g 

'C'3^ 

.  •  H 


POPOO  *P'  PPfiP 


P.  Q.  d 
O  O  co 

t-  J-  d 

P  PPP 


8  : 

© 

© 

;  :  :S 

0  : 
©  • 

oc  : 

CM 

:  :  :  ^ 

:  :  :rH 

*  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

^  i 

f— 1 

00 

oc 

rH 

rH  rH 

00  00 
oc  co 

1— 1  rH 

rH 

00 

00 

r— 1  r->  «— 1  *— < 

CO  CO  oc  CO 
oc  00  'X  00 

f— 1  r—  r—  rH 

rH  rH 

00  00 

OC  00 

r-<  p—  — H 

CO  00  00 
00  00  00 

rH  rH 

co  00 
00  00 

r—  rH 

rH 

CO 

00 

CO  CO 
00  00 

rH 

co 

co 

r— 1 

F— “  rH  — H  rH  pH 

00  oc  cc  00  no 
CO  GO  00  co  00 

rn  rH  H  •— 1  rH 

00 

cm"  co 

r—>  rH 

co" 
*— 1 

O  ©  co"  00" 

HH^ri 

oc"©" 

H  CM 

bi§N 

r  #• 

rH  rH 

CM  CM 

CO 

CM 

ip"  ip" 
CM  CM 

©" 

CM 

►. 

>> 

bp  1>1 

tr.  br, 

>>>>>> 

b^i  ^ 

>.  >> 

t-: 

ti  be 
G  G  G  ^  ^ 

ppp,<<! 

G 

P  P 

p 

G  G  G  G 
i-bb-5*-5-b 

G  G 
H3r"3 

G  G  G 

G  G 

^G 

P  P 

Hi  ^ 

rH 

r- ' 

Hi 

:  p> 

:© 


:© 


©  © 
©  o 


00  00  00  oc  co  co 
oc  CO  oo  00  co  co 


^lOOQOHr- 
<-NJ  HH 


£  bJD  be  bt  be  be 

P  P  P  P  P  P 


00  'O  00  oc  i-O  00  00  OC‘  CTj  co  00  co  CO  00  CO 

COCOCOCOOOOOOOCCOOOCOOOOOCCOOO 


»o  co  ©  ©  ©  <c  i-  co  ©  c^i  t-  i-  h  -  r- 

r-<  r- 4  f.  f— I  r-H  r~<  C'l  C4  O'! 

ti  be  ti  be  be  t},  bi,  th  u  ti,  ti  br.  u  be  be 
ppppppf )b3D3S3S3 


S.5 


U3-3 

ia  c 
e3*o 

j5^r 

—  O; 
rtp: 

t  Cl 
cS  3- 
ftC5 


2  O  H 

5  ^ 

2  O 
SpC 

73 


:  p  :  p 
:  o  :  £ 
I'p  :  ‘3 

d 

Jp'P  P  P 

ssei 

hf  •—  d 
a  c3  o  i  c3 

5  3^5  5 

_uj=i;  ,_•£ 
‘C  m'-0  j2  7 
■<  o<! 


:t3 

:  c 
:  « 


P  G 

-  03  d 
5  rr.  : 

2  p  ~  :  be 

p:  c  a;  ■  a< 

73,^  73  I' — 

■H*  'P  ”5  ^1-. 
"S,  3  ’»  c 

be  c  > 

■£  p  S3  —  b- 

£  O 

ft5 


.  h<- 

.  a;  O 


^5Ph 


r  -  -f-~  X*  G 

'*.220 
+J  ^  < 

2>o^ 

pS.*5 

d  «  —  'Jj 

-=^  2  c 

s  p 


:  73  ^  cj 

:  —  b©  P . 

•  ©  33 

j^S' 

—  G.'  P 
£  2 

*  G^^  ' 
-  d  cp^ 

r’5.^  .• 
be.tr  x  •- 

H  S 

G  £kO 


o  :  s  :  c 


rP  ^  Cji 
«3„  y. 

2  3  5  5 
O  PO 


:© 

;  bo 

be  x 
d  ,*_ .; 

^  o  s 

?~>  ,  ; 

73  c 

d  ir.  ; 

—  O- 


ilU 

:  a;  0)  •p 

;p:^ 


=3=  :.32 

<u|.2  7 
Sp£3 

O;  3 


: -  .2  J 

fip5  5 
g  pj=  3 

o  e  o*“ 

fe  g  fep 
O  >-  C 


:p;  v 

-  •  o  v  o 


:  .p  be  c 

: a;  p 

:S~o 

:  a;  tp  > 
:©  d  ^ 


r-‘  c/  d 

P.C 
r.  ^ 

O  C 


a 

4-> 

rr.  CC3 


.  P-  u 

’QCWSI. 


.5C,  g:  h  o v o  - P d.  o  J  ^ ^  o 
p  ^  dPed  =r  £>,c ,c.2Scp2c>. >. >.—* © 
©  cr  G  ^  ^  n  p  x  «  c  a,  x.  c  P  *3  ^  G  *£  S 

*j  ^  iU  2  >  •—  G^G^  —  G'^G  —  w  ^  p  ^  g 

.2  ^  O  5  v  P  P-5-  d  <d  oG  co  ’P’g'  ^  P 


<  ^  i->  — -  W  C_J  r-  ~  >—  p-  C 

0002^^0  PhOi-joKpS^t-, 


•3  5 

p  c 

d  ^ 

P  *-> 

d  o 

©  rrj 

G 

fi  3 


c  : 

73  : 

lie 

^  ^  73 

G  4/  P 
3—  c3 

e 

ft  G 
e:4> 
ft  eft 
OfiKi 


:  a 

c  2 
P  o 

o  S 
•s  g> 

t*.  p 

G" 

PCQ 


d 

t-  03 
O  -*-* 

■SI 


H 

d 

& 

d 

CQ 


:55g 

;  o 

C  ft  ft 

'753 

i  CC  — M  I— J 


I® 

d'd 

OH 


2  H  d 

»G  d  c 
wg-h 
oS  *-  © 
d  P  c3 

HWO 


bo 


P.G 

iJO 


d 

2 

p 

o 

a 

c 

o 


t—  u 
d  d 
t-  t- 

o  o 
©© 
rt  rt 

uJP! 


t-i 

d 

> 

d 

O 


g  :  a, 

•  d  •  ^3 

!£g2 

0>  ft  ^  „  ei 

fc-G  cj  qj  ^ 

o  G  t-  5  o 
ftptlrft 
P  C  Ck.  P 


d 

S-  U  *J  .j  -*- 

d  d  <d  d  G  d 

*—  J-  d  — 

o  o  ^  G  ©  O 

G  G3.P  -  CG 
a  d  d  d  a  d 


d 

p 

c  *- 
o£ 

C  r/j 


jG 


:  a  P 


u. 

d 

. 

G  G 

P  G 


*  • 

•  • 

T? 

G 

:  : 

1  •  •  •  •  • 

.  •  *  •  •  • 

t  t  i  i  : 

•  • 

P 

;  :  : 

J  Ti 

bn  ;  ; 

:  ^ 

>. 

>.>.  •  •  • 

Jo  *  :  :  i 

U.  S . 

u.  s . 

Ireland. 

Ireland. 

5—* 

d 

N 

HH 

’£ 

OQ 

German 
U.  S . 

u.  s . 

Ireland. 

n.  s . 

Scotlam 

German 

U.  S . 

France . 

Ireland. 

German 

U.  S.... 

Canada 

Canada. 

G 

P 

a 

u 

d 

0 

German 

German 

Ireland., 

U.  S . 

U.  S . 

Ireland. 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 
U.  S . 

u.  s . 

Ireland. 

German 

Holland 

Ireland. 

U.  S . 

Prussia. 

•  G  ^  m  -2  h  d  jS  i-G  d  d 

G  OG  5-  d  q/5  G  Cl^  G 

•  03P2GPP-^GoGP 

WHPJO^HQQPCfeOWH 


H  .• 

©  £ 
d  t- 
P3Ph 


"D  'O 


O  5  d  .  d  d  .5  • 


C^l 

rl 

l 

© 


CM 

CM 

rH 

CM  CM  CM  'N 

rH  rn  rH  -H 

CM  CM 

rH  rH 

CM  CM 

rH  rn 

CM 

CO 

f— < 

rH 

Ti  rl  CO  © 

rH 

ti 

t'-  rH 

1— 1 

CO  CM 

rH  CM 

co  ^ 

rH  CM 

Cl  T* 

CM 

CM  CM 

Ti 

c*q  <M 

rH  rl 
© 


c<t  <N 

r— 1  r— 1 
I  I 

©  O 


oq 

i- 


<M 

© 


Ol  CM 

r— 1  rH 
1  I 

t—  © 


r- 1  f— 1  O  00 

O  »P  © 


co  O  IP  C<1 

Ip  CO  U*  »C( 


©  CM 

Tf  © 


IP  CM  © 

©  COt^ 


CO 
CO  *P 


t- 

*p 


^  ip 
^  © 


00  ^  00  h-  ©  ^ 

»P  lP  Tf  rf  rl  Tfl 


CO  ©  CO  OQ  *P  -1 
ip  ©  Tfl  CO  ©  1^ 


-p  CO  -1  ©  ©  ©>  00  CO  ©  I'-  Ip  CM  n 

^©•PTl©lpCO*P©©COl-©Tl 


.  c 

*-2 

ts 

^5 


p 

>  „  _ 

.3  G  C 

OhH  M 

ftp  ftp  14 


C  O 

&  % 
43  P 

~r  o> 

rl  © 


O 

H 

& 

43 

£ 

CO 

I  - 


p 

ca 

<!'p-. 

.  G  C 


14  H 

unt-t. 

5  Jr  O  O 


te  b.  fe 
oS^ 

ip  »P  »— • 


«G 
C  G 


e-  i- 

o  o 
><>< 

d  d 

©  IP 
CM  <M 


^m6 

a-  t- 

o  o 
-5  & 

d  d 


1  *P  CM 

4  N  »— 1 


C  G 

HH  — I 

u-  t— 

o  o 
HH 

d  d 

S?5S5 

CO  'O 


o 

H 

fe 

d 

H4 


HHHJ 

>*  fe 
0/^1 


14 

0 

H 

d 

5?5 

co 

© 


H 

•  p  •  © 

<*-1  b"’’  5  — 

c  P  r  Q 

fto  »3  eft 

i-1'-’  4.0^ 
Aiftj-S  ftj 
.°.°OT  to 

->H 

^Li! 

0>  d  —  H  03 

»P  H  CM  ©  co 


a,_t  ^_,  >|  |  ^ 

G  C  p  c'p’ft 

I— |H(- t|_i ■  C  G 
_  MM 
ftp  ftp  ftp  p-: 
t-  -  t  1-1414 

000  o  t 


^•<M 


G  Pm  p  a 

■  £2  CC  /w 


*HX 

i/dd^^P*’  di-> 


1—  14  , 


d  d 

CM  •-•  ©00*^^ 
©  co  ©  00  ©  © 

I— •  f-H  r-4  rH  »P  © 


a,  4, 

HCO’t 


^K- 

:& 
•  d 


o 

Hf 


d 

CO  »P  I 


.ft  ;^ft,  . 
c -t:  .  eft 

*  HH  G  ^  HH  C 

-  H-  1-0 

^1414^14 
a  o  H  H  o  h 

*H.°iCH  ® 

"  &  V  >  fc  > 

*  3^r  d  d  iTr  d 

4  — <  r-ft  —  o 

1  M  — I - 'IP 


Hpq  Mo  W  MM  :G3  *^Mfi  MM  M  Mm  O  OmMMM  OMMm-<M  mOmM  \< 


43  43 

&  B 

O  P 

OM 

PM 

.Eg, 

£  o 
MO 


K-,  — 

C.G 

H  H 

o  2 
00 

G  w 
2-2 
*33 

2  c 
o  o 
►pO 


p 

Is 

g: 

a 


P 

P$ 


t». 

X 
d 
>  G 
’  d  c 
14  tf  d 

5 

p  »*■  r 

Hwffi-S 

g 

p 


!  2  S 


be 
c 
G  g 
o  o 
HZ' 

d 


rji 
d  C  •c- 

:  S  o 

;  G©  -- 

:whS 


be 

5l4 

—  d 
>  14  c3 
H  O  n 

d  n 

H?  d 


7:  ^ 

d  Jj 
H  H 
d'P 
©  G 


•2  O'5  M-^M 


73r  r/5 

d  d  ^ 

2  iTJ 

3  c  p 
*G  m- 

002  CJ 


—  be 


“14 

M-  d 

H*C 

p  d 

MM 


d 

be 

p 


P 


C  *- 

o  d 

XJj  © 

G  — 

nr? 

I '5 

O  d 


be 


G2 

o 


sJ  C 

^d  O 


t- 

d 

G3 

d 

o 

JP 


o  g' 


^  d  u 

OHh  p* 


G  -S*  P  - 
p  F 


d  ^FSoH£ 

;  Si:  ^ 


g 


d 

d 


g:  >cg  >■*£  o 


:^4 

3  d 


gs 

i>  M 

es 


MmM< 


KM 


H  2  ®  3 


t—  r  w 

c 


c 

o 

P  r/) 

Z  c 


■a/ 


X  C  *7 

H  O 

fi=« 


d  ,g  —  d 
G  —  2  r 


—  O 

JG 

H 


Fft 

d  r , 


H-  <.  *—  ► 


ft  G oM £ft^ 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted —  Continued. 


52 


[Assembly 


Ad 

1-4 

cS 

B 

0) 

P 


M 

00 

00 


c-> 

o> 

P 

P 

6 


<y 

bfi 

M 

C3 

P 

O 


cc  *9 

on  h 

^  -2  - 
C*  H”1  CO 
23  .  rN 

£,©5  >> 

<G1Z  £ 
-  .  3  P 

Vr,^  hc£ 
JMbC  ~  •§ 

<e  OT'OTS 

S—  <U  © 

^  <^3  ^  4J 

.  ,  J-  f-> 

Si  D  O 
3  X  <Z) 
i  i  Hi/ 

<£a;PP 


00 

oo 


^  COM 
'/  J  00 
CO  CO  CO 


J  o 
J  M 


s?< 

^•£^28 

nPm 

1-1  .  <*)  »• 

rH  ^  I— <  CO 

oK  <u 

feoSS- 

*3  b£*C  X3 
*—  a;  Q) 
a  -4— >  +j 

fc-,3  »-  *- 

U  y  £  0> 

$.22  £  £ 

CQhO 


*S2 


*s-f»S 

i  r-\  r-^ 


M 


M 

00 

00 


o 

Cl 


a* 

P 

o 

-*-> 

o 

O 

•d 

<K 


)  M  ' 

4  00  _  _ 

rfS  5?4n„-S«3 

pttSW-  >»-  «t- 
.  .  ’•  p  MCHN 

rtP5rt«§^:^ 

5  £  £l^’'i‘,,i''  'o<r< 

to  be  bo-e  -a  "  .2: 

b  i;  b  5)  «)  a>~  © 
W  C3  C3  .*_  r-  ■«-» 
r-  jr*  t-  i~  J-.  .  *- 

“.2;.^  £  £  £  |  £ 

caocao 


§» 

CO  oc 

•*rH22 

SgH. 

13b? 

—  es  a> 

_'=  P'S 
cc  ~  s  3 

_  3.  c:  zj 

Z<"~'0 
^■p-p-p 
P  a»  o  a; 

"3  0)  1/  C) 
a,  CO  X  CO 

.2;  o  y  o> 

CmHh 


Cl 

3§ 


CO 

00 


*— 1  X  CO  M 


>» 

c- 


03 

0> 

-*-* 

•— 

0> 

X 

0> 

p 


•g  nS 

C5  03  ■- 1  4) ' 
S'-  ,J3j 
”  -o  S’ 
•M  .  C, 
t»  c-i  £  © 

O  “  §£ 

■g|5 

UZ2  - 
%.<~z 

Cj  T?  03 
X  a;  0>  r/J 


M^Tr^gM 

•  —  •  r-,  ^ 

JO  ~  n  "  ej 

£®g«-:s 

■c  P2  —  ©  Ctf 
,CI-  .  tt  - 

iOV 
.2:  £  Sj'C  S 

tl~  9>  tf 


o 

w  c» 

o  to 


>-  •  rt  .  *- 

^  S  o  C  ^  o 


P  P P  jCi  P  r/i  P  P 


M 

£ 


O 

O 

-*-» 

o 

O 


j- 

X 

u 

p 


s 

CO 


t- 

o 

3 

o 

o 

o 

p 

T3 

O 

t- 

a> 

x 

o 

p 


fl  p 
<u  o 
P  ‘x 


0  0  •  •  • 
00  :  :  : 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 
•  •  •  3E  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

*  *  *  *  X 

•  •  •  •  O 

:©:::::: 

•  •  •  •  •  •  0  •  •  •  • 

•  s  : 

•  •  •  0  • 

ho  :  :  : 

:  ;  ; 

:  :  :  '"':::: 

:  i  :  :c 

:co  :::::! 

•  ;  2  J  ;  2  M  (O  2  2  2  2 

:  2:0  2 

2  2  2  »-h  ; 

X3 


a 

T3 

<1 


COCOOOOOCOOOOOCO 

OOCOCOQOCOCOCOCO 

HHHHMHHM 


COCOOOCOCOCGCOOOCOC 

OOCOCOCOOOQOCCCOCOC 


;COCOOOOQOOOOOOCOCCCOOOOOOC 

)cocccoaccococc'occcccooccco 


CO  CO  CO  CO  0C  CO  X  co  00 
CCCOCOCOGOOOOOOCCO 


X  cc  CO  CO 

xx-x  ao 


r-  r- 1—  c;  ^-hh 

M  M  <M  (N  CO  CO  CO 


HMicottOcci'SfJciNrtMMf'iN-'nrHC.Hrt  M«nrtn«nnn 

,-H  NNMNMCiwNN  Ol  i—  r-. 


hc  be  hr  be  be  bo  be^ 


3  P  P 


a 3 


■<•<'<<)  <1  •<!  02 


*J+J+J+J.3  4JL.4J+J+J*J+J+J*)t.+J+J  . 

Q.p.ac.ao.^'ac.c.aaaaa.Q, a*^  +> **  a*^ ^ 

0)4)D(UDl;^CJl'O(l;OQ;a)(DUU^^ywuy  OOCJOOOOOO 

oQCQcGcooQec-^aiCQc/joaMoQaioQtKajOOOcQOO  OOOOOOOCO 


u 

O 


;-ba 
t5  M 
c  x  H  o- 


=3  S  3 


3 

o 

•  H 

c3 

a 

3 

V 

O 

o 


>> 

> 

’-3 

a5 


1  3  o 

C  i  Jr 

TC° 

b 

«5  ®3  03 


<D 

Ad 

c3  3 


td  a,’  c 
w  o  3 
Oh  ? 

XZmx/i 


•  ^  : 
:  g  : 

:  ^  *-4 

:  c3  o 

I  s  g* 


4) 


b£^) 


r'gd 
5  c4  ® 
^052 


1_  ^  ^  C  O 

•  '  *“  *-  ?5 


U 

a 

P  m 

x  3 


a> 
a> 

.E*-sJs-t- 

o  ^  <U  0) 

-4  J-  ,-.  J-  J- 


>- 

O  o 


■5^  “I  S.®  S-5^  S’?  «•§  ®-3  P-S  g-i-il  «  S 

P-  J  s  Ph  O  O  W  Oh  >J  a.  O  ca  o  H  <  J  -P  ^  O  cc  ?5 


1.  •  ."i. 

4)  :  •  «  <d 

^  - 
o  ^  c 

o  *-  "3  5  o 


u  Sfu  u 
gl  £  2  £ 
o—  o  o 

»JCnPh3 


a  >  ■ 


S-4 

0)  u 
+Z  o  * 
3^  c 

c>  2  2 

2.  o-*j 

S^§ 

OQC OS 


iCC3  C  -  .  ;  ; 

•  S  £  £  £  •  -  •  • 

DChhh^DP 


3*2 

c5  -- 


Ireland... 
U.  « . 

u.  s . 

u.  s . 

Ireland.., 

Germatij- 

U.  S . 

..'Ireland.. 

•U.  S . 

Scotland 

Ireland.. 

Ireland.. 
Ireland.. 
U.  S . 

M 

M 

MM  M  M 

M  M 

1-4 

•— 

r— 1  <—*  1— H  f—> 

<— <  1—4 

O 

OO  C5  N 

05  © 

X  rH 

4^H  —4 

CC  — ‘irt 

M  *-H  rH 

O 

o 


m 


M  <M  M  M  M  MM  M 

H  M  rH  f— 4  »— 1  *— <  rH  r-^ 

II  III  II  I 

COCO  t-  M  C  OO  O 

XMMCCcO^^riM  CO  ^ 


M  M  M  M  M  (M  M 

r— y  »-H  H  H  H 

III  till 

05  co  M  OXO-* 

rH  rH  rH 

CO  — <  r-(  CO  rH  1 


M 

»"H 

X 


0) 

fcfl 

◄ 


0) 

3 

Sc 

0) 

pH 


'  T  C  CO  *C  o  ^  O  M 
•*0h*CD-^'J'c0C-»0 


N^OOCO!0«OOXOCO^OONNXi0  35XCOW 
^‘CNOOCOCOC'O^CfO'^CO^tOO^'VCO’rON 


HCNCOCOhN 

Tf4'^^,XX»O^'C0^ 


X  coo 


>> 

>' 

03  a 
!?CM  c 

FH  >— i  _ 
km  a)  J^! 

O  m.h  c 

£  4>  ® 

KHCiHn 


>> 

x  >— 1 

j-  c~P 

c2  o  O 

•o  ii  £  U 
^  o  a;  t> 
“zz« 


3  3  -e 


v-  s- 
O  O 

<y  a> 

05 

X  C5 


£>> 

~  a  ■*-  ^ 
►>  c  3 
Jhh 

Ad 

o 

& 

0)  0)  ^  <4 


i  U  I 

>>co  ;  £  ; 

JsJ 


:  ! 

bC> 


£  Pi!^  u 

’P  <l>  ?  ^  4) 
Oj-O  4)  <1>^ 

h^r-Ob* 


>£ 
_  53^" 

id  1- 
uid  o 
O  — tx 

>  ^  v 

<y  J>5r 

5*2 

X 


.  X  '  (  1  •  *|  I 

,  *  . ,  *  f,  *  >—>  qj  f|  j  rj 

3  3  .  3  r^  2T  -•  HH 

hHHH  'i^H-  HH 

’“m  2d  x  2d 
2d  *  k .  k  Mt  a.  Ad  p. 
—  t- Ad  2d  u-  c  -*!i  *-  O 

GO^  Ctn  ^  C^. 
O  Ok.r-Hk^^1 

<1>  OJ  >  >  t»ty  ® 

^  rr 

£N-\  ^  ^  ^ 

VTf  HCO  JlrMtCri 


V.V!h  r; 
3  3  3hH 
HHH 

Ad2dAd^ 

o  o 

ztzZ 

o  & 

rH  X  O  X 

MTHi—4 


>,r- 
»-  3 


-  3^ 

5  «  3£  3 
^c5 ^  ^ 

O  ^  -+H 

«2d  3  Ad 
M  ^  p  y  t- 
*->  T*  C  —  O 

r  s  ^  s  ^ 

^  t)  o  3  d 

►r  —  Z  cz 

^  G-1C0  ^X 
X  »0  4-.  X  i-h 


r-  U- 

3  3"< 

HH  . 

Ad  2d 

C  OP 

o 

&  *>* 

CJ  4/  > 

zz  « 

CO  -«;S5 

h*  CO 

r  ^  M 


o 

o 


QHpp  iofeP  wpp^i^pap 


iP  inoewaH 


(ao  -asj  OmS^oSps  pass 


w 

S 

<1 

55 


a 
bo 
3 


o>  w 

X 

■  c.. . 

c~i  1  - 
•:^§5  5| 
&c5W8«a 

hsQoJg S 
JeSS^5 
a?go£2= 

CS  A  CSS  ^  C-b. 

1-bCpb-g^P? 


P  u 

o 

Hr-  ‘ 

AH 

3  x 

3  3 

d  d  « 

3 
O 
P 
H 


3  « 

P£ 

P»-: 


•  d> 

3p 


X 


3d  oi  3 

=  S£aO 

o  ®  S  £  c- 


Oai2» 
—  ^  ^  (- 
'  S 

-•  ’  C 


4)  • 

» 

a>55  ‘ 


o 
o 

c9®w 

®3'C  §«►,!»£  £  .  £  s 

u~  .'Z^-  a^ 

;  "! -  =  =  babllf c!|! ! 

•  B  5-?^-=  ,s  I  £  =•-  S^.2  r  h  o 


OJ 


b=Sb£ 

;  >•  .  £  3 

Oi 


X 

y 

Cd££r4"cs-s)£ogt.505rSSfl 

fiooo®  o21  5SfiO=  O 

O,-:|“:>-sW>-:KcC>'*-H>_b*0i-3O‘'!iE-3SoGW 


o> 
b>.  t- 

£  —  2  c  a 

£  «  S|| 

c  CJ„  wQ 

sS  .  3  • 

X 

2^  o>  y  tf 

3  .x  5-  7^  y 
O  Jr  05  rtO 


3 

y ’> 
*C3  Cd 


3  a)  os 

«s  etc 
_  .ads 
r  >-.ac  =  ® 


5m',;n£  o  5j2 

^“”5~^ePfeb£ 

ii  ^s?-* 

—  =  i. - . 

0  >-  O  ®  33  © 

o^'iO  ^p; 


<4 


ci  *  t; 

-  =  -  -■  C  =  U  £  « 

c«  — —  33  SiO“-5 

6££>°' 


P  3  O 

Cj  D  X 

Eli? 

ii§ 

■I  1  a 


No.  41.] 


53 


co  S3 

00  Sg 

00  OO 

H  I-1 

co' 

72  ».P 

a 

•  ii 

3 


i- 

Q. 

< 

w 


So 
S« 

*S 

'd  o 

03  (/3 

5  SS 


"d 

a> 

fco 

X3 

o 

go 


sr, 

d  'T 

a;  En 

ft  rf 
.3 
T3  t. 

«-g 

■gfe 

GO»CJ 


SO) 
CO 
*3  <D 

CWQ 


-d 
Cl^cO 
00  N  00 
C)  ^  aO  ,-.  ■“< 
CO  CO  ^  rd 
cc  CO  _  O  to 

rH,^rco  S’"4 

O  CO  >.^3  >, 
<M  d  t-  <i  u 
,— .  _,  d  •  d 

•c-e  s  Pi  a 
&  p,  p  •  g 

ft  P  So  3 

'3’3'3^'C 

a>  <u  a>  mi  a> 

-4ft  -*ft  -4_J  ^  -*_> 

f-  J-  »_  rj  ^ 

a)  cb  a)  >3  a> 

CO  CO  CO  3P  CO 

<d  03  o;.—  03 

QPApp 


oo 


_Td 

co*> 


'H* 

SB 


p- 

0) 


CO 
09  CO 
00  00 
CO-  S 

*"■<  -  —4 


<M 


S3 

co 


.  .  COrt«5 

or.  oo  'IN  71  — 

J'-S'0  •  S-C 

03  fe  >  *  ft 
p 

6*3  gi^do 

“^o£'oAt* 

r2  *h  .  ,C,d 

O  ^-d  <w  d  oa 

.2  S.2J  $  S  .S  .3 
OPPfioiPP 


”  n 


CN  ^  O^ 

CO  C  L  ’h 

2-5  d  o< 
,S*-sg^ 

CO  ••  »"  s  r 
'd 'd  'C 
.—  03  03  qj  «D 

£;  bt  be  ex,  bo 

^OOoO 
«  t£  x  x 

SS«B*rf 

ft^Oced 


'O' 

CO  »-  r“fACO 

oo  .  .5> 

-1  3  ,2  &  ©  -  C 
cT1” 

IN  .  ift  .  ,  r-c 

=ftb.tf'g.-So? 

P-d  3  ft  &  ft 

■c’S'S'S  “xj  5 
©tap  “'•od  “ 

«  o'©  o  p'a»o 

”.3 -.52  |  «i£ 

QQQQd5QP 


r-i 

Cl  oo 
_  GO 
CO.dH 

00  P 

^  P*KO 

^Z 

«5M.g 
•°  -p 
Sofr, 

l^TS  O 
u  aj  aj  bo 

p«ftfe 

•3  ox;  o 

03  CO  O'  CO 

5SS3 


Cl 


c 

d 

'd 

03 

rbo 

h 

o 

CA 


P^ 


|S«  « 
fic«d  o 


ft  •  N  ' 

o  <e  co  •—  >> 
(2.  P.CO  «J 
o  b’-'oy 
,.P»*i 
,  ,|Oe  . 
■ox) 1-1  S73 
a)  o  _;  P 

«“•£ 

■g'e^o-s 

W  Cfl'O'O  2 

'■S'- 

.  .  I-  p  • 

gw 

3  .  O  P  . 

ccOPftO 


o 

o 


;  O  O 
:  o  o 


•  •••••••  o  • 

|8  1 

:  :  :  :  \S 

:  :  : 

•  •••••••  03  * 

:o  : 

111::00 

;  ;  ; 

SSSSSSS*  I 

i  —  : 

:  :  :  :  : 

:  :  2 

o 

o 


rH  Cl  Cl  C^  Cl  Cl  Cl  (M  Cl  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


^I^^p-Tco  CO  C^^-T r-T^rH  T— 'b-r  |^T t-T  | -T r^T I -T oo  00  00  00  oo  oo  co  CO  00  00  CO  TO  OO  00  2F,  OR 

3SSwWW  hHm25-,^hhh  —  —  -^^C1C1<N(M  <M(MC1  C^CICICI^OICKN 


o  O  d  o  o 

ooooo 


•  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

0000000000000000000000000 


>■>>>>>■>>>•>>>  -f  d" 

oooooooooooo  ooo 


^  >>>>>>  > 

OOOCOOOO 


—  ^  *— 

U  C3  ®  d 

)  v.  si  s  3  -J 
:opjofi' 
ft  3  E 
:  b  g  p-^  o 
5>>OHW!^ 


g  g  g  g  ® 

M  .x  W  7}^ 


:  ?  S  S  ,.  n  I  ti)«  *  »  >  ^ 
3  Siii'ft'ftft  S'o 


x  .p  ;  .a 


O  «  s  o  5±  J  ft 


:  :  '4 

2  I'P 

.  ! 

:  :  : 

:  *5  a 

:  £  d  3 

:  :.£f 

O'  *3 
P  P 

:  i-d 
:  :  P 

:0  5  o 

=  ?  J 

s  s. 

II 

6 

:  S  § 

e 

ftftftftfl  3ft  o3ftftP^S,-— .  - 

p$fttftfyp303«OWWftro£ftWWWOft'<O 


2  C3  ft  3  ■—  3 
O  C  O  rr  O  G 

>.ft  p  ^  c  ft  - 
t.  a>  3  to  3  ».  P 

3  C  O  p  O  C  O 

m  TO  3  — h  a  r.  c,i.  • —  — -  —  *  —  ^  g'^'g  5  g  gd 

OWP^r'ftWg-O^OftCS  WWft  mCDWc/2WOW 


^2ft.£^- 


ft 

-tJ 


jS  S  c  "2-2 

o£Eo33 

55« 3 

p3HWi-3d7ft 


fi  c  _, 
2  2  2 
cc-eco  £  |~o 

.  •  .OOP 

PPPC5C5W 


:  u  u  o 
d  Jr:  P  o  o  P 
-  3  5  >-  >-  o  , . 

- o  o  OTjft 

2  ft  ft  p  in 

*  cs  c4  3  pi 

Sppco 


•  >» 

m 


.  ^ 

;xjx)  S  E 

;  c  c  p  2 


030 

p  2  o 


•3  ”3 
C  C 


•o  T3 
C  P 


3  S  Pt«cc  3  3  oj  Sec^  S  -aj^^ecco  ^ccoir/3^502 

oPo  .  ,o»»S  .0^2  .oo  .  .§  .  .  .oo  . 
^OMftftWdlMpftMOWpMMpftaPPftMMp 


IN  IN 

r— <  rH 

I  I 

(M  rH  ^  rH  CO 


dd  d 

H  r  H 

d 

rH 

d 

rH 

d 

rH 

l 

<ooa 

rH 

OO 

icS 

O 

d 

Ht*  CO  CO 

w + 

1 

3 

3 

1 

C-l  d  Cl  (M  (M  Cl 

*T  i  •  i  ii 

oc  r-  o  ooj 


ci 

rH 
l 

CO 

1H<0  d 


Cl 

rH 

I 

CO 


■*r  c  r-  co  ci 

TfOCCOH-O 


r-l  «  M  M  CC  Ift  05  CO  H  Cl  CO  fC  N  M  C  C  «C  »C  N 't  N  C 

4t^2c0>^^r»C‘0i0c0«0»0t^'^O'^'*t,'»t<‘0C0c0c0c0»0^r 


u 

03 

M 

a 


c 

(P^j—  o 

o  o  2ft 

p!  O  53  ^ 


’p!r;d3fc.>-PS55 

.3  0^34)4,0^0 


Eft c Eogo 
v.  oS.—  Mft  ojft 
<a  o  CS  OS  OS  45  3 


:  u  :  !  in 

•  03  •  *  O 

.  i-c  •  -  Q 

O  E  2 « cS  ® 
Fo  2  52  S3 


'd'd 

a  c 


:  *d 

:  c 

:  d 


fe^'g’g 

M  G  c  G 


•—  •—  ;r-  ,  .  .  ^  _d  • 

2  5o2QQcQ.ti  ,5  5 

d  03  .03  .  .  .  ^  03  03  03  . 

p  p  £3  p  p  p  p  aj  P  di  m  P 


>» 

C2 
d 

DQ  S(/2 

.  <P  . 

POP 


:-o  :x)  •  • 
5  :  c  .  P  •  • 
0202^73  5 02 «2 
“03  d  .  . 

DPPPmPP 


dci  ddcicidcid 

rH  rH  HHHrHHH 
II  I  I  I  I  I  I  i 

CTi  O  OOCO^OOCOOO 

rH  rH  rH 

CO  CO  rH  drHf-H  rH  '*tl  ^ 


Cl  Cl 

H  rH 
UO  rH 


Cl 

f-H 

I 

o 


Cl 

rH 


ci  co  d  co  ^  o  co  co  h  co 


rH  I<*n  -  to  <0  CO  *H  h-  CO  00 

<£)i0OU’‘0’«M0CC0«0^^ 


^  o  o 

Tf  rr>  O 


8S 


co  »o  rH  oo  co 
H  O  C  CO  ^ 


>> 

w  :  h 
>ft  «S 

S£  > 

o  '2 

ft-s° 

U  oft 

•S^C 

^  p  > 

C^r  ^ 

onh 


c  c 


c  C 


_ _  .  .<» 

HBflBW.  .  = 


ft 

ilft 

too 

>  ^  ^ 

;  o  o 

o  t-  co 


ftftft 

j-  t- 
O  O  O 

is  *  & 

03  (p  03 

iC^*c£; 
uO  00  CO 


^  t-  u 
t-  O  O 

;25-kH 

^  O-  03 
55  IN 

Q2  rH 


1  oH 


ftft 


*d  o  o 
«  o^r- 

>  05  03 

C 

M«hm 


ft  ft 
s-  '—  u 
OOO 
>*>■> 
5:  is  £ 

03  03  0> 
05  CO  Id 


>lg 

cjM 

^  c/: 

03 
X  -*H 
03  c3 
u  -w 

dc/v 

♦ft 

Oi^ 
_  O' 


:  >,>> 


.*EP 

hPco 


c  c 

hHMU, 

O  O  *r 
>H>H  ° 

V  £  fe 

03  03  ^ 

2Sta 


:  >, 

±SSftft$t 

■*-«  ♦ft  p-  i-h^; 
C3  CO  O  O  d 

tf}U;r*ytcC-Z 

-os  te  fex;  . 

O  O  4,  4)  o  & 

pPcohHh 


CiWhHWW<5  hMoBShMh^RQHM 


5  p 


£  t-ftp 

p;  o'  ft  '/.  P  P 

a.  o  _  ft 

S>  «38S 

O  >.x^=  3  O 


>1 

,  -  '03 

-5c2  — 

;C3  d  o 
»h  d  o 


! 

:  03 

•;sp 

J  03 

5^3 


03  W3  ^  d 

.^Oftil'.slo^ 

s  E  CiS-Sft  •'ft 

B  c  «5  O-H 

V:  s* 


>  ft  ft  : 
os  >  >  : 

0  3  3,; 
3^W'g 
•p  x  «H 

3^5^ 

>  d  cjT. 
t*  —  o 

0  o"o  & 
op.-p  o 
P  -  cZ 
9,PPh 


tn 

s- 


P 

,3  -  . 

-ft  •*.<(-, 


t- 


c  c  cH  c  p  ts 


Jj£  -*-5 

p  M  ft  _bC  o 

o  t-.  —  l-i  O 

ft  o  o  o  — 

o 

|  ^  ^  P 

•P  <D  41  «  C 

iz.tzx  o 

<c  ^^o 

cc  -h  co  co 

r-r  Hf  CO  »0  Cl 


P  ft  ft 

a  c  5 

O  >  fe. 
X  ? 
^  03  03 

?!z;^ 

<cco*o 
r-H  -*f  co 


d 
> 
d 

O  Pft 

.-,t_l  p 


OftJ 
ft  O  o 

l^ft  HI 

J>  p 

<U  ?,  o 

?z2;a 

d<4  ^ 
r-  Cl 


.  -4  .  ^  ^ 

♦-.  “^s  ♦-.  c  C  _, 

a  .  c^m.24? 

hH^HH  2  0 

P  ft  ft  p*- * 
,W  ft  u  s-  ? 
t-ft  >-  O  O  >ft 
©  t  ®!>.!x~  t 

ft  eft'll1  o 

tftP*!* 

Sj.Sm®Pb 

03  ^  C3*y^  03  ^ 
oo  ^  o  »n  10  ci 

Cl  05  rH  f-H  CO  CO 


P  P  ;  :PPpPWWWOi-i  WOP  PhMWPPh 


^CP'WpPuWa;  W^ 

r.—  -  w? 


ft  <u  P  -w 
o  d  d  os 
z  'C  ^  ^ 

-  *ft  03  ;d  C 

:p^(So 


2  §--g  S  t-S  £ 

c  o~  8  2-gS^ 

d  0)  o  d ^  ^ ft 

PP^i-sHWlSW 


■  ■  ni  :  .  '  w  ^ ' 

©  •  c  i  lc  ©  fe 

p  M  V  Cft.£P« 


o  »-  t:  ■d  o 


p 

&  s 

03  o  ~ 


U> 

03 

x: 

►.JS 


pp-l'ftpp^dSiSo^ 

2  S  ^  w  c 

^  cl.2  £  C'-r  a,  x: 


c 

d 

wf 

d 

P 

2  c 


tn 

Qi 

♦ft 

d 

o 

ro 


cn 

& 
01 

Ii 

_;X5 

S  C 


ft 


Pdg' 


07=  a 

•  rH  r— •  O' 
»-  03  « 


P  03 


exJ-SeSg? 

3  o  gs=  ©  Oft  3 «£ 


ap  flj  £ 

tj  tr.2 

o  oE 

03  03»C 

CC^ 


o  2  JS  »*S 

^■as'ala® 

ft  btor.CW  l 

^S^es-s' 

•-  L_  H?  CP  d  d.. 

©  I  Iff--  5 

wc^ifjSF.? 


# 


List  of  inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


54 


[Assembly 


go 

s 

<— I 

G 

O) 


1  CO 
)  °° 


d 

.  .  co 

^  r-^  CO 


838 


tc  cr- 

Cl  »- 

s» 

2«-o» 

^  r""1  >>  *■ 

»  »-  1  — 

p—  »c  a  oi 

5  ^  P  r, J  . 
m  >.5^.  <r 
P  ?r4loS 

CjHjrit,  (/} 

X  TZ 

-+P  w  -  w_ 

•  P«  s-  r;  ^  g  ft  g 

ft  O'  O  --  Omm  o  o 

.S8i8.aJjsJ 

COSPilSPGP 


IHM  — , 

I  <N  0 

Sg-  c 

0>  c3 

1“*^ 
ft  .re* 

00-d' 

'C  G  ^  73 
0  o>  o 

u  u  z  tc 


d 

'/- 

CO 


a 

I- 

G 


a 


2S33 

„co  CO 

^  rH 

Ss'gf 

a  u.  4* 

P®  - 

P  c_r 

.  o  to 

2$° 


OG? 

be  a 


Cl 

m 


ci 

88 


Cl  .. 

8  I 


O 

ft 
o 
u 
G 

■5  ^ 

X 

s  ^ 


8§| 

CPtB 


o> 

ft 


1-  -  co 

r-  I-  CO  CO 
•—  CO  M 

G  .coco  . 

'St?  «r  5 

tftj*  2  3  G 

ftft * 

o  ^  ^  • 

•ft  o  o  o 

-  w  w*i*J 

.  .J-S-;- 

J-  o>  o 
G  G  co  x  x 

^  ^  o  i  a> 
C^CX/ft  ft  ft 


~  s 


,oc  p3  q. 


&C 


Cl 

s 


p- 

G 


a 

ft 

G 

a 

G. 

0/ 

02 


ft  a 


Cl 

88 


—  M 
r-  CO 


S3 

X 

N 

X  ^ 

Sg 

X  ^ 
X  *-« 

Cl 

MP 

X  . 
*^G 

-  « 
Y. 

G  ft"  x 


E 

G 

CC 


P- 

o> 

X 


ft 

o 

ft* 

TJ 

o 

— 

t- 

0 

X 

o 

ft 


bo  ft 


u£ 


02 


o  ft 
8.8 
ftft 


oft" 

^  w, 

GP* 

^  O 
G?  *> 
Oft 

'tn  . 

a»  g 
x  G 
o  ^ 
fta^ 


d 

a 


o 

X 

a 


5^ 

lx  1* 

”5*8 

x  co 


OjO 


G  G 
o  o 
ft  X 


GJ 

a> 


a 

GJ 

◄ 


: 0 
:  ^ 

:<** 


So 

-y 


•—•  •—  *-  —•  ^  —  — <  f-«  *-•  —  —  Cl  Cl  Cl  C 1  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  '-M  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl 

CO  00  CO  00  CO  00  X  X  00  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  cc  CO  CO  CO  00  cc  CO  X  x  X  OC  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  x  X  x  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  '/  x  X 

X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X'  x  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  XXX  X  X  X  X  x  X 


coxxc«OHca>5>c.c:rtrt«eoweoeccow«co«p)-H^-^H^M^^p-p 

Cl  Cl  Cl  X  ✓  MHpHf-^r-rtr-riHCi: 


Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  c 


a  a  a  a  y*  °*  O  ^  0  y  O  c  C  2  C  S  C  C  S  C  C  2  S  2  fi  2  C  C  2  £J  C  C  C  C  C  2 

-■a-s-e*--a<s  8  - 


G  G  G  G 

s5  3  ^  C5 


••_:*-  i- 
C5  G  C5*G^h 


>> 

s 

OQ 

ft 


:  rfj 
Xi  bo 
0)  c 


w  -  —  :  tx  :  :  : 

-»  bo  &  •  u  o  .x) 

:S 

_  w  73  ^3 

,-1  >.  ~  r-  ^ 

j-3 

«».  t»  35  ,C  ^5  _ _ 

■ptS'o'SSS  tCc^"  t  S  0  tr/—  P 

««  °e3aT;,S^  tf'"po-3«i 

gg^5:>:3330"3^'0^3‘-^K'-.— 
:  =  =  §  .Sgfiasa 


•a  >> 


•g  ?  On  -  -  C  S  O 

£4  Is  ©.S.2.S.S  ^ 

"S'cici’c3*?a5 


■  •/. 
’  A 
’  G 


:  o  J'G  : 
:  G  *  c  : 
~~  tea  ~ 
-‘r.l  o  c 


-  "a  g 
G  g  p 


"*^  "o  *r  "G 

33  o  c  —  a  33 


CJ  o  3)  oj  ,wc3-*^  c3c3c3c3'*-sa> 

S-'Stn-Srt^BOrtCSCaO^'H 

-  -  t  -  E'3c:35s"-"’£s£ui:!:"£"£BO  -  - 

G  G  G  t3  G  G  G  >w  G  "G  •"?  Gg  ■■'  G  x  G  G  G  G  -*— <  G " l—  G  -3  G  x  G  r-  G 
a>i/09a/a<  •,3ru^i3:t5'-Sa,3:'-ocJ0333.J,ci3it53i3'-' 
- b=  2 .2 b:  j  -=\°  4 a k°  r-  o  -  b  oiB  s  53:3:3:3:  3  s  o®1--  v°  33-=C  — 


eSSS 


OO^ 

Joo2? 


x  0  «-g  p 
'  ^  G  S  G 
o  g  ~  ~ 
s  t«c  -  a 
t-  x  G  *"  ft 

73  0-7  ^  — 


G 

#o 

*-*-» 

c3 

a 

G 

O 

CJ 

O 


c3 

K 


^  G 
O  O  3>  5 
J—  i—  o 
000^ 

g^-g-g 

e3  G  G  G 


O  0/ 
t- 

o  c 

G> 


oJi 

G.  G 


e3  G 


^  C/  cd 

^  G  C  : 

3oof 


t-  *-> 

25 

G  O 


0  c- 

i-  G 

0  9 

G5  ^ 


G  1> 

—  p. 

ft  O 
§■2 


O 

G  5 

t—  O 

box 


u- 

—  *- 


;  o  '— 

-*G  O 


O  s 

O 

OC 


p-  u 
i)  o 
v-  t- 

o 

G  G 


t- 

=4 

t-  G 


.  L.  •  U 

z  t  2  £ 


.  c 


G^>J- 

c  £  £  £  C  g  a  ^ 
-  o 

G  G  *-  G  t-GG  O  40  G 
G  G  G  G  G  G  o3  G 


rz  g  tr  - 

G  G  G  O 


p-  p- 

o  o 

a-S-i  «r9 

OP-3  P  =  P 


o  ^  y 
c*S  3 


ll 

cs'3 

PH 


:T3  ~  ■ 


2.  ^zr.zri  Z  i—  24^ 

aj<u  .  .0)0)  .  .  c  u  ?  «j  .  j  m 

mmPPmmPPPmO^PoO 


>»  >.  >.  >J 

G  G  G’g’2'2  §  G  G  G  G 

GGGGGGGGGGGr 


•  ft  G 

G  •  —  • 

i  S® 

u.  s. 

Irelai 

Irelai 

Sod^oQM 

O  .  33  .  . 

CCr  P  ^ 
•  a  y 
PCh 

Cl  d 

»— ■  —H 

Cl  d 

r— •  »H 

Cl  Cl 

lO  0 

cr.  0 

d  X 

XririXOd^HX 

•>r  ■v  Cl 

>.  X 

G  G 

£  £ 
o  o 


< V 

o 


o> 

C/J 


<v 

bJB 


to 


o 

O 


d  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  C  l  Cl  Cl  Cl  d  <M  Cl  d 

HH  —  M  »—!•—■•—•  f-H  —  — «  — «  »— <  •—<  (-H  f— <  »— *  »— ■  *-* 

till  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  III  I  I  •  I 

rttCKr>.  m  '■/un  c.  7i  CO  75  ’-?*•— x  GNOO 


•  ••■  iiiiiaa 

GCI-N  Cl  X  O  Cs  O  00  CO 

-CO  X  CO  Tf  HH  ,— (  ^  -*f  r-  ^  XXX 


d 

r—l 

6> 


d  Cl  d 

1  1  L 

kaoo.  co 


Od<CO»C*0'»tlXC‘,  -HCPOOXOdXO^: 
•^•X  •’t*0'«r'’r•*J«XOOX•*^^OXO‘0»OX•,'J,l 


iOO’-fOO'— I^XXOX^HOC 
i  »C  ‘O  O  T’  G  O  O  O  O  O  N  h-  G 


af  OOO  OCX  Cl  O  G  N  -7 
G  C  *r  O  Tf  CO  — *  X  r-  -r  O 


o  o  ~ 

*iK 

O  Ir  ^ 


> 

MP* 

>r  P^P 

<!  rfi 

x  o  a  _  , . 

is!  !-  --1  1-  Bsi 

1.  -  o  «  o  o  “ 

<£>&>*>*£ 

C!  3-  93  QJ 


HCC 

mp-mC  CIG  C- 


-  —  o 

fl  ^  Cl  r-. 


K,  x*  . 

^■rP< 

.  -  «  c  - 

Z'Z-t  > 

.5^5  5 

■  rm  <-*  ry 

1  - .  *-  _  ^-4 

d^o 

1  rHMd 


> 

»|  •  ^  ^  *  G  G  r>  * 


<  G  G 


-  Ai 
C  O 


G  ^p  i*  U  p-  fc- 


~  o  c- 


ft  £ 

G  O 

&S5 

GN 


^  <D 


■X  a: 

3 

>-^N 

o  c; 

d  r-H 


o>-«~ 

if  4^ 
3  3  3 

^  &r  ^ 

5)0  0) 

X  •—  o 


>> 

c-  c^,  p_  c  G  ^, 

G  ►—  P-* 

'J3  ~  Zt  ?  ..  ±4 

u*  u  ‘ 
c  c 


75  ir^s;  »  , 

ft  *G  c:  ^  c  ft  *G  ^ 

v>>' 

^  * 

_2  i>  O  OJ  jr  ®  C.  J.  • 

—  c  » 


:  -g 

:  5 


&  ^ 

t  «>  ^  5-  33  3/  T  >  -  Oj 

Ch-  G  »C  O  - 

H-PjvBCr-^X--  ^  —  V3 


>c 

~  u 

x>" 

■si 

ft  ft  t^- 


-  O 

i!5 


OhM 


C 

G 
£  * 


!':Qa*<PPfaO 


a 
o 

rfj  G3 

:  o  bo 


o  •  . 

G 


•-  ►> 
ft  G 
O 


ftoo 


^  o 

-  ^  1— 1  p  G 

o  - 

m  X  X  C  £3 
”«“«»*« 
Ct-IB"’  - 
O  53  cS  « 

G  G  O 

HOP^^^SOPP 


O 

rft 


o  •  c3  'X 

§5  8 
1>° 


2^3 


0) 

^  .  . 

aft  :  :  g  & 

•-  xG  > 

i  O  *“ *  M 

.2x®=^xC 

~  Ju-r^  7-2  = 

c  I  cZr  osO'P 
?£®c£=-2 
ft  ^  g  £ft  C  o  -  t 
O^ftfc-OCGOO 


ft  ;^K^2hh 


ftftft  ft 


o  G  >, 


*r  • 

N  *G 


p.  C 
a  r; 

b£  c 

s  ^ 


o.i  &  ® 

S  3£V  . 
a,  O  o  .  ®  .O 
qCOOJ  b:5:x  „ 
c 
=3 

cl 


s  ®  I 

x  G  Al 

X  — 


gg: 

-pi  a 

ft^)  „ 

G  a  c  a* 

•- °p 

c. 


=  p 
3  c 


G  r^ 

—  c 
a>  > 
x  — 

o  >. 


>.1 


ftft; 


G  c.  a>  a  •-  P 
-  m -’c  b'E 

g^2  *- 
=Sc 


c.  a 

05 

x  o 
O  p* 
►Gft 


O^- 

■*p  a; 
G  Q.  x 

•||| 
86® 
=  c’4® 

?  £  o 
?  o  a 
'-GG 

ftr-H 


o  : 

c  *«. 

jz  x 

s  X  *., 

0“l-x£ 

ft  3  tr 


>. 

X  ^ 


txft  Z  ft 
1^1 


sg,®" 
=  if  :t 
p  ®p  2 
i.  c  c  p 


cs-1 
x.p  2 

O/^S 

Ex® 
a  c  — 
i-si-sH 


•PpC-^ 

— —  _  — 


X  C  — 


.2  ®  ®  ®  _, 
5 


,  5=  s;p 

■  /2  -*  r1-  ® 


No.  41.] 


55 


co 

oo 

oo 


ci 

- 

Prf 

.a 

03 

rH 

73 

03 


03 

o> 


:  »o 

:  cm 


CM 

88 


Q< 

<1 

c& 


*o 

U 

b0 

& 

p 

C/3 


CM 

00 

oo 


fP 

o 

P4 

c3 


73 

tCi 


O  rj 

r— *  — 1 

*c 

p4 


P 

P 

C/J 


CO 

OO 


04 

<D 

m 

6 

03 

bo 

o> 


CM 
Tf  CO 
00  X) 

00  rH 


CO 


fci 


CO  CM 
OQ  OO 
00  00 


'.£>  o 


ao  oo  Sgi 

ofSco'-1  ' 

■7  2S5 

-5  s. 

G  a  j  a>rj  B 
l"i  B!p 


!*£$«' 3  « 

o  .  .  -  _  — i  co  .  a  ,03  . 

§«2* 

^  .  .  C‘  bJj  to  cm  -  .>  .O  . 

soo5i^ro5o^o 


'•5  -d 


Cfl  1-  t-  "O 


'  Ti  O*  *G 

-?  bn? 


•a  ®  o'D.2''-  5  a^'S  a; 

2  w>  2  2  <s«2  ^  5  J6 


j-BOflfl  >1 

o  CJ  n  O  r- 

X  G 


J2 


S  -Sh  M  X  5  ^  W  <y  'n  ^  ^ 

QQPPr^dpftSpSSS 


cm 

00 


<C 

CM 

CO—. 

08  £ 

-H  p, 
rH  . 
5- 

— ^ 
*0  0) 

2.bJD 

i-BJ 

03  £j 
8® 

«fl 


00  <M 
OOoOtM 
r-l  00  00 

»H  00 
<£>  ,r-H 
^  CO  , 
.  rH  |%. 


-h. 

ar?- 

a.  p  a. 
COl-sX5 


3 


§ 

60^ 

73  73  ___ 
03  03  73 
tuc  be  03 
l- 

.22.23  8 

fiHfi 


CO 

Prf 

0; 

fP 

o 

-*-> 

o 

O 

■P 

03 

w 

5-4 

03 

X 

03 

Q 


-2 

•5*8 

r  =* 

>•  bo 

C3  3 

'Prj 

03  03 

-*->  4-> 

5-»  5- 

03  03 
W  Cfl 

a>  o; 

OP 


CN  __ 

28  S 


H"  < 


*P  # 

Oo 
3-M.2  >. 
00  00  <"  C 

"SP3  t 

sa'o§ 

'C  2'^!]! 

G'dy  ^ 

03  03  ^  ^ 


S  ^ 

CM  ^ 

.  OO 

P  ^  ^ 
P2$ 


*£ 

Ot 

nj- 


05*  to'6 


Oi 


T3  +->  Pr 
o  ftg  a  D 
it  o  _7  _  60 

w  73  73  73  U 

rfl  03  O  13  Cfl 


C^l  C^l  M  <M  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  'O  00  CO  00  GO  CO  ->D  CC  00  'X)  CO  CO  'O  > '  CO  r/D  l-i 

C^J'MCMCMC'JCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 


.  t--  rti  tjh  -r  rh  1  -  1^- t'-.  t^.  r^.  t-  ^  Tf  r-«  co  ?4D 

r-  H  rH  r-H  —<  p-h  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  r-,  r-.  rH 


c5  rf  53  ^  b  b  *3  b  b  b  *3  "p  b  *3  b  b  b  b  b  *3  b  *3  b  b  b  b  'p  b  p  s  ^  *c  '*-  *c  *c  *c  ’C  *c  'c  *c  ti  *n  ■n  *£  >»  >>  >»  >> 

^  ^  ^  ^  ^  G  rS  G  c3  C3  C3  C3  cC  cC  c3  si  cS  n  c3  cC  cC  cC  c3  ppppp.Q.QtO-Cl.PCipppftPPpppap.b  rt>  c5  c3  c3 


®s  o 

•  p-  03  £ 

3  «  ° 


asc 
ic.2-.22 
.“  s5 
o  2  S 

“22 
0^3  ^a 

JKK 


^•o 
s  c 

a  33  g  s 

5?  a;  ®  5 
•-•a  ?•- 

C3  to  c3 
5  P  ®  c 

goac 

r-<  >  '!•  G 

O  ^-.  P  03 
?•“ 
PfcOP 


^  s 

a>  ^ 

aa  ■— 


-*-•  X 

cc  a.S 
cS  33  a  « 
.2  o  « 

r  >  ?"« 
r-  f-<  i3  t- 
O-  03PC  c- 


03*ri 

^  3 


03  £ 
C/3  G 
c3  co 


.  O  ^ 

Ph  c 


:  c3 

:  c 


73 

p 

G  a 
o  G 


n  ’  1/3  w 

Sal'S  jo 
^  s  s.s  tc^.^ 
^  *3  S  S  S  S  ^  ^  S 

4  ’  G  *P  fp  fP  fP 

- W  rr-4  .  rn  O  , _ _ 

C/3 


-FpprP  c3  0>  ^  23p;  a,P  o  P  fP  ,°  fP  fC  3? 


:  »-  03  ; 

:  03  r-4  : 

:  -o  ax:  ; 

.•e  B  : 

fiSCrjfiSflBfl 
B!.*.®.t(1  ,/5  M 
^2j'J3  c  i  r  w  2j  2T 23 
ca  03  C5 '  rt  ri  cS  C3  cS 


S’g  B  E3  S3  a 
~  7  ?, « 


F— I  'T'  W  F^— I  C3f—  ^F—-arH  C3  13  ^2  Jp  _CJ  ,P  O  P  F— -  ,  fS  F*H  i-i 

ipSffl^WpptcPSPpSoQoooWPPOPi^PSPSPt 


oS55§2--os‘ 

♦— 1  Gr— 'PPPPrjP 
•0-0403003^^031 
pp:  fP  fP  ^  fP  03  P  u=  L 


c3  c5  p 
M  P  P  >, 

!=|5£2 

;  3  h  t«  7)  ^ 

3KC£5<5<P 


;  s- 
't,  a>  ^  ao 
£  2  a;  S 

^.53  2 

o3  c3  B-  c3 

MP05m 


rr  a  a  r  *  -♦— '  , 

2  2  2  S  c  « 

oocPS2 
B:  X2  32  2  C*.B 
03  c3  c3  C3  C8  C 
PPPl^iOP 


g-d  j-d  i  Sd  i  ;  j  Ig-d-d  |^.Sd  i  Sg-d  ':  :dgd  :d  sdl’g-d  :Sd£Sd  id'cgdd  i  :  :  :H  !^c 

Is  :S  :  :S  :  :  :  '  B  S  2  :feS2  :  :  B  2  :  :pl2  :  2  0  2  B  *  2  :b2S'£-  :*2  :c32a22  =  :  :  :  £  !c2 
P*cfjrt<ny2  alviuim’Ji  pa-w  r  b  mvim  b  b-/jc»  “  Pi5t/2^-a^  STr^aj  s^c*  5t/?Tri^cc  ^wmmvi  Om  as  a 

CC  fli  fli  fli  4  1  7  I)  iii  P  ^  rti  4-4  -s  ,ii  7  m  4,  7  n>  H  ”-7T!  ^  77  T!  ^ .  73  G  5-4  73  73  5-*  'C  u 


73  G  ^ 


-  l.  2  •  -  2  •  v  •*  *S  2  2  -oes'si  •  •  S  2  •  .gSg  .>a?>JS'g  .  S  ?» 8  S  ?»  -c®  .®8Sg®  •  .  •  .  fe  'i'SS 

OmPmDPmPPPPOP2!P^PmPPOmPPmOPPm^POPmPOPOPPPPmPmccOmmPPPPoPmO 


CM  CM  CM  CM  <M  CM  CM  CM  CM 

rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  r-H  rH 

till  I  II  II 

co  t^oo  oo 

rH  rH 

CMCOHrHrHCOCOCOHCM  rH  70  CM  CM  r-H  - 


CM  CM  CM 


Cl 

CM 

CM  CM  CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM 

rH 

l 

rH 

hhh 

r-H 

rH 

r-H 

rH  rH 

rH  r  4  rH 

00 

rH 

CH"t 

rH 

CO 

<D 

00  1- 

»o  <0  0 

CO 

3 

fi 

1 

On  -i<  r-4  CO  CO  FH 

HJ4  CO 

rr-  CM 

1 

4 

3 

2 

i-H  rH  rf  CM  CM 

H?2H!!2l!iG'H:5l3COOC^^CMHMlMOiCOH'OlMh.OOMiCN(NCCH'H4CHHCjCCH'ONiCNNHHHH^CiH(£)(nr4  0a5NC3 
|-.it<|>.0«0'fi7COC07''DHCOiOcCOC07C077  0COHiOOCOOiO'OOiOOCCiJ'iOCiOHt'iCiO^Tj<!£lcOOiC^ir)’j,H7’tiON 


V- 

p'-4 


c^Oh  GPP 


03 

o 

S*<j 

cS 


F^ 

O  s- 
P  O  C 

►  bt  03  03  03 

t—  CTi  »0  »G 
HCC^r. 


u.  a  a 
o  o  o 

fHfH^ 

03  03  O 

O  00  CM 
rH  »73  C3 


s-  —  B 
O  O  c 

is  ^  fe 

03  03 

«— •  *^  CO 


> 

e3  sj 

a 

co  cc  ^ 

03  03 

*3  -P  ^  4. 
Cj  CS  O  r 
WW.  . 

”3  "3 

4-j  i  ^  ’*■' 

'S'2^^' 


v.  ViPtC 

^  p  p  p 
G  GhMH- 


F^F^ 

a  P4 

o  o 

Vh>H 


03  13 
r-H  O 


a  a  a 

o  o  o 
5: 

0)  (U  Oi 

>0  OOvC 


v-'  4-- --B  zj 
B  a  a  E 
HHHrt  ^ 

2 

U  U  !-  ^ 

^0^0  OOr/i 

v*%*« 

a)  <d  a >  zi 
01  e 

to  00  a> 


>-.  >>  >,  >>  : 

>  >  >  > 

U  aS  «s  es  _  — 

CO  CO  CO  'O  H 
03  03  13  03  OiC  JPl 
+J+J+J*j^  ^  ^ 

S  c3  75  c3  P  O  o 

H—  4-1  -4-’  w  CKjKj 

CO  Oi 

-d'O-a-a  ^  fe  fe 

.ti.2.2.2 
b  2  3 

5pp5 


>> 

> 

.  G!. 

Oh  r^r  p 

.  P^M 
HH  73 

_  03  U, 

G  -4H  U 

a  a  c 

“SI 

B^ 

SP  c5 


-4-3  CS 


cS 

4<!M 

>4 

i S >* 

<D  s. 

^  i, 

<nyAr 

to'  1 

rH  CM  C 


ri 

a 

‘“v. 

.  4-j  7: 

•  es  P 

•,HH 

/2 

'"M 
'  G  o» 

•»— \  rH 

?KH 


Oh 

•HHHH-hHPiH  rH 

P  P  p  P  p  P  p  P^h 


!  co 
:  *■« 
:  03 
:  03 
:  P 


CO 


t—  >—  P-S—t—  t—  f—t-. 

00000000 

^h^h>h>h^h^h>h>h 

0303030303030303 
«*5  eo  tC  O-J  0>  O'-  (N  >0 

r-  n  o  o  t-  to  «  o 


> 

ctj  B 

aow  c 

®-S-g  \ 

^  O  oC> 

^fH>H  j 

03  >.  >  fc 
>  >  c 
<-*  03  03  C. 

HlO  h(. 


<4-4  H-JVH 

P  P  P 


3-as-K-a 

’000 

2> 4  >4  >4 

;  fe  eS 

H  03  03  03 

rHt^CM 
^  CM  Tf<  O 


W^HoPoP-iSm 


•  rf) 

v  r 


■3 
o 

o  £  ^  2  "P  ^ 

o  3>Js  g  ■ 

P5U-'  =ScoH 

“■5  35.2  ”H 


S  :  a> 

y  ;  rt> 

03  •  ZC 

g  :p 


o 

co 

fa 


Hapo<JiwpHfePHOh 


p 

cS-v- 

fCh  Pt  V3  I  2  C  r/i  L  - 
1  Q  ^  r  SjS 
;  a;  -^3  Ofl 

1  .  <c7  (7  n  l  r\  h  ^ 


:  03 : 

)  X  * 


e  es 


Gri  G.2 


S.’S  3-S  S^t 

»h1P  -G  O  S-G3 


,  = 

fjFB  cos.  OB  > 

*  -  © 

&*<VC,  fcS-a, 

St! 

B 


®2 

P  b £ S£ 

Bu2  a,  ^  ©  2"G 


>  .  P * 

i°2t'  _ 

GfP  J5 
b*);r  w  < 

3  W*H^ 
/7  03  S-'P 

Pppw 


t-3 

«5  P 


P 

03  w 
O.  •  P 

C  ^  <H 
P  □  13 

Xw  X 
03—  03 

P*rH  C 

§23 


•phoW*«i 


WK 


Ld  iMPp-dOHPWPWwWmo-do;^ 


:  ^ 
.  x 

GfC3  2 


cr  o  >  — 1  •-*  v-  g  r', 
C-cSr'O'^^G^ 
mV;  O  03 .P  7; 

^  S-P  BU!0.2 


:  13 

£ 

ci 


x 

o 

p 

2  73 

r 

C^<4 


fP 

I  —  ».j3  B 
.  53  d>.2  «  .  « 

®  2;  aS-  ®  o 
b:  5  c.  sb  2 

b.  g  2oe  a  n 
_  c 

£"0^2  u®  rio' 

7  ^  r  ^4  « 


.} 


pS 


c 

Hi  p  S 


?  O 

S  O 


Ofjj 

_  ^  75  — t 

r-  x  B  f*5 

r/  P  7  —  ” 

_ 

iB,/3®ua^^,®BOQ^5'CSO 

4  ra  O  H  O  Q  ?  O  !-s  O  H  0 1-5  o  H  H 


t.  W  —  F.  to  x  — 

*  alB  C  *  ®"-- 

X.  «  0~  r 


oJrtP 

Op  M 

—  es 

2 


-4  sis  =_:  5  S.„  x 

jp 
Sm x 

5  2o23-«'/j5«2 

BtfcdSs*jn 

roOt.gflj.ao 

.  7.  _H  .  — rf  /-»  H 


:  a 
:  o 

:S 

b  *  5 

2  gM 

r4  cc5  .  T3 

t  ^  ^ 

rC  ^ 


03  ,P 

‘Oh 


c3  O  aP  c3  G3 


P 

o 

X  w  >, 

-*-»  P-  tT» 

—  d3  03 

r-  -  •'dH  C 
—  P  »2«  75^ 
"H  P  G 

sss^isa 

2§»5JS£fe 

MmPmPooo 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted—  Continued. 


56 


[Assembly 


X 

t-> 

cj 

a 

<v 

Ph 


cs  g 

u  o 

^  X 


71 

x 

OO 


<M 


CM 


CM  . 

§8t5 

'"O 

*-•  • 
£0 

O  T3 
-h  <d 

o-t° 

T3  O 

0>  CO 

S3 


CM 

28 


CM 

>* 

*5 

<u 


8„S 

sis 

*3*f 

be  >>  t-'  08 

3  P  p.^ 

©oo| 

Os  Cj  o> 
WJbCbC.O) 

O  o  CJ  'G 
.X  CO  CO  l> 


3 

X 


00 

CM 


L-> 

A 

*G 

<D 

-•-> 

In 

U 


CO 

8 


$- 

0/ 

G 

S 

o> 

> 

o 

S5 

<L> 


'+  CM  5o 

i§8  2 

rH  M 

r  J  CO 

X  ^  rH 

a  ^ 
,2  v  © 
S«J  2 

««  c4 

od  d 


CM  CM 

28  38 


CM 

CM 


g  38  >.r 

^  i— «  —  o. 


Qj  o 
JS®feO 

GG 

o  o 

CO  CO 


<u 

be 

G 

'J 

CO 


«  pppp 


pp  p 


^  i-h  U 

Is*  8 

es^s- 

J< 

•a  t'C  >> 

C  G  a,  — 

tO^  bO  - 

^  ^ 

o  “  a  73 

CO  0/  CO  0> 

3553  5 


s->  __ 


o  gc?3 


a> 

u 

a> 

P 

a> 


t- 

a 

◄ 

•G 

oj 

a> 

CO 

a> 

P 


od 

•a -a 
y  a, 
be  be 

ip: 

y  y 

c/3  31 

S3 


n  > 

■r.  o 

sa 

f  3 

• 

So 

s-o 

P  v 
P  bo 

|-5%j 
73  O 
43  aj 

55 


:  i  t  8  j 

:  :8  : 

•  ac  •••••• 

•  10  •••••• 

•  •••••  Q  • 

0  ;  :  j 

0  •  •  • 

•  ■  ■  n  •••••  •••••• 

•  •  ■  Hr  ••  •  •  •••••• 

•  •  •  V  ••••»  •••••• 

•  II  cm  : 

:  |  : 

•  30  •••••• 

•  •  :  :  :  :  71  : 

3£>  :  :  : 

•  •  •  CM  •••■•  •••••• 

•  :  ;  <&  : 

•  •••••  • 

•  •  •  •  • 
•  •••••  • 

M  •  •  | 

•  ••  •  •  •  •  •  «••••• 

•  ••  •••••  ••••• 

*G 

0> 


3 

< 


CM  01  CM 
woo  re 
co  co  oo  oo 


71  Cl  71  71  71  71  CM  71  71  CM  71  CM  71  CM  CM  71  M  CM  CM  CM 

xxxxxxxxx  x  cc  oo  co  cc  oo  X  oo  x  co  oo 
'  CO  00  oo  JOOCXOOOOOOOOOOOCCOOCOOOOOOOOOO 


71  CM 

X  CO 
OO  co 


71  71  CM  71  CM  71  CM  71  71  71  71  71  71 
ogcOOOOOOOOOGOOOCO  X  OO  oo  00 
oo  co  oo  OC  00  00  00  X  XX  XXX 


71  CM  71  71  CM  CM 
X  X  X  X  X  X 
X  X  X  X  X  X 


cc  X  -*<  h  ^  h*  74  gi  o*.  a>  wi  a*,  a-  o>  a  as  91  o>  a>  a* 

rH  r-H  CM  CM  CM  71  Cl 


0>  O  a>  75  ai  Oi  Ol  0>  05  0>  C*  C>  0>  O  Os  O  X  00  X  X  00 


cj  c«  oj 


be  be  bo  bo  te  to  be  be  bo  be  bn  bt  be  be  be  bn 

5t  «C: 


3  3 


P  P 


be  to  to  be  be  be  te  te  be  be  be  be  to  be  to  to  be  be  to  be  to 
pp  ppppppppppppp  p  p  p  p  p  p 


pi 

OJ 


;  co 

•  X 
0)  . 
:  C 

.  M  id 


^  co  tJD 
T1 


O 
O*^ 
C 

O  H  p 

Kho 


bc-c? 

G  G 
G  0 
x  o  ^ 

o  r  co 

CO  •  — 

"H  +-» 

—  O+j  o3 

c3  0,0  hTI  O  ^ 

-  p  U  «J  .  p 


:  :  S 

>i  >>  » 


;.a> 


S|SfI.2'S'§g.2’S» 


G  *  kH  C.j 

O  Xj  P 
C  G 

C3  O  ^ 

s*^ 

w  43  — .2  U.W  S'«  E'*  *  (-  p  w—  ~  p 

ri  a  ^  ^  ^  ,  rA  G  41  flj  h  j;  g  O  t-;  u 

<pp£-p  §  =  £«==>-££  =  =  >-'2  =  o=S»  n't 
m  PHSwosHdOc>H-!Pid50oP5C5WWM<)a 


be  :-p  ; 

cj  :  b  : 

P  :  0  • 

X 

0  •  .  P 

,23 

C  ^ 

u  G 

Q»>  3 

WO 


P  te  :  P 

5-  :| 

O  -u  P  x 

^fel^ 

S'Cla. 

3  •  S  3-. 

-3 '5 

p  p  — 

«rP 


-J*  ^ 

G  *G  ,fi 
co-S  G 
c;  ^ 

TJ  ^co 

Grt^ 

G 

H  C/  t- 

0)  rj  03 

tfod 


p:p 

c;  o 

O  C 
,GG> 

t!  u 

g:  3: 
CO 


X  7) 

—  CO 

—  cs 
o  a> 

.G  rfi 

t’3 

O  •*-> 

r-*  m 
G  C3 
<D  C 


»r,  .  2 

P  •  3 

.*G  G  O 
*§  x  5^ 

1) 

C^H° 

*  S  s  * 
-  —  y  p 
SbPP 

a>C5?id 


>>  'O  X 

G  *P 

—  G  G 

g£5 


L  P 
w  a.  a; 
2-3=  p: 

J  J-  L 
c3 

^  G  1-*  »- 
w  G  -G 

OOO 


•  fcC 

2  — 
X  V- 

>*  o 
S  * 

*-  X 

CS  c 
PP 


!ss  i 

G 

O 

=  253 

:  P  4* 

cj 

04 

G 

u  2  a  ^ 

cj  x  G  Oj 

O 

0  c  P  O 

0 

O 

•°  8-° 
p-2.2  p 

gKog 

•  j  >> 

’> 

5'gS’g 

H-» 

b  G  cj 

cj 

53 

.  y  ©  y 
OmOm 

L  L  fj 

<V  O 


t—  l— 

<V  <D 


.  O  C  O  fi  o  o 


S-*  'G 

g«s- 


a. 


c  q,o  cosoogeaS'gbb 
G  GG.GPG  ^  G  Gg 
cSGGcScScSGrJ^cScScS^G’cS 

^ohpppppSppp^hh 


I  ^ 

1  (U 

•  c3 

S3 

u  , 


a; 


G  O 

“i  o 

^  c  C3G 

-PPO 


»H 

a; 
be  c3 


1-  G 

C  G 
G  O 
c3  O 

PP 


Fh 

:  a> 


:  <D 

;  ^  ‘V- 

«-  G  ^  —  - 
£  G  2^,2  TJ 
B  i>  c 

p  *  3-f  «  « 12^33 

i<»  ?  H  aacj  1—  ^  ^4 


„  2  S 
:^2S  S 
h*:  Fa 


S-  x 

4>  P 


pti  CC  Sc*  »fei  01  > 


*G  ^  G  'o  G 
C  1;  —  Cj 

fe  cl  q.  «  a 

.G  O  C3G  cS 
HOOPO 


G 

cS 


t 


G  G 


cj 


^  d-> 

G  G  *  G  G 
c3  cj’C  cj  d 


G  3 

*  G  ^ 

9a5a5j5.5a5  pa!ai  ^  p  S  F3  Pcoc/2  2 

a>  •  •  2i  2J  ^  •  2  ^  ^  a;  o  5  I  •  *5 

CbDHHbODHOP^OOPOOPbo 


p  p 

P  eS 

r—*  r— < 

O  <D 
J-  t- 


>> 

G 

a 


>»>>  . 

G  G  G  G 
cj  cj  , 


22^ 


goo^coF^^Srens^aj 
03  •  g  .Sygy  .»??;  • 


>,  >.  >. 

p  p  p^ 
p  p  p  — 

IEs«® 

w  Cj  O  G  • 

COOSD 


OS  03 

s-s 

> 

p*  fe 

X 


at 

be 

<1 


71  CM  CM 

rH  i— ^  <— ^ 

I  I  I 

o  o  *-» 

l-H  f— «  rH 

CM  CM  H  X 


CM  CM  CM 

rH  rH  r-H 
1  I  I 

■*t*  x  a> 


CM  CM  71 

f-H  *-H  >■— « 
I  I  • 

f-H  OO 


CM 


Tt*  rH  CM  -H  CM  rH  CM 


CM  CM  CM 

71 

71  71 

CM 

CM  CM  CM 

CM  71 

71  CM  CM 

CM 

CM 

*-H  rH  H 

rH 

rH  rH 

rH 

r—  r-H  rH 

r*  ^ 

t-H  rH  r 

r 

1-  rH  CM 

X 

X  O 

CM 

O  30  X 

rH 

a>  0 

rH 

H  X  75 

co 

2 

2 

3 

2 

2 

rH 

3 
5 

4 

CM  H 

CM  H  X 

rH  CM 

O  CM  rH  X 

CM  H-  ^ 

71  »0  H  CO 
ICO^IO 


N7NO7ff00NHHiMHMNOHHW  7.  H 


H  N 

»o  O 


MCiCl-MCCfCcCH^NN 
(O'C  WC  ^  O  *C  rt'l'  X  ’■£  7 


iftC.ON< 
H  7  C  >C  C 


G 

<D 

3 

‘So 

03 

F3 


a  : 

t— (  b— C3 

*r  Cm 

.  .  .  ,J4 
©  40  t. 

^  5  ojS 

0)  >. 

Kr  >  E>  0) 
a>  (Dy 

*C  H* 

H  t-  G> 


:  x  : 
:  * 
:  v  • 
:  <i>  : 

I  pP 
>'bl>JS 
P  cM 
OW40 
^40  O 
ofelH 

& 

0)  0) 

iChh 


G  G  Vh 

c  c  p 

MMM 

4*40  4*1 

3—  »—  S— 

c  c  o 

^  -S  ^ 

v  a>  d 

NCOOO 

«©  Tf<  CM 


a> 
aj 

G 

•rH 

.  .  21 
G  C 

Cm 

KH^1 

4*^'t 

t  ®M 

kj/-1  . 

^vc 

^|s 

£530 


G  G 

hH  rH 

5-  5-“ 

o  o  . 
‘^O 

fecQ 
a>  a> 

*0  o 
CM  h-  *-h 


l^t3  CJ'h 

H-^S 

44  '." 

4*4*  t-4* 

3-,  1-  ©  t, 

O  OSj  C 

>5 

r^- 

OrHCO 


d  2^0 

Pm  C  P 
m  mh 

4*^4*** 

S.2SS 

5h^5h5h 

>  ^  >  t> 

>  0)  > 
0)^  OP  0) 

53^5355 

x  o  o  o 
<0  — 'f^CO 


g  a 


J-  ^ 

o  o 
>->/ 

&  * 
a;  a> 

X  H 


C  tl-  '■*-'  «*- 

hCCC 
H  HH 

O  »-  d.  i_ 
^0.00 


>/>•>/ 

43  ^  51 

•7;  ^  ^  1> 

x  x  0  a> 

HHlfilfi 


>  C  G 
rfMM 

4*dif 

3-  ©  © 

>  &  ^ 
2  03  03 

£5355 

X  H 

a>  x  x 


.  .B£m 

• c  > 

^  >  u  o  c;  •— 
^  *^r  5r  Gf  *“ 

l53-»-Zit  SO 

NOOifli-, 


•  ■  -  P  P  P 
p  Hhhh 


4*4*4* 

U  3-  3-. 
OOO 


C/l-p 
—  4» 


4*-g 

.  £  &  £ 
'  Sj  O  Cr 

553  2;  S3 


&  S 

a;  C>r 

X  X  h*  O  X 


O 

o 


Wwdd  SwpMMOMm-j!<JWWpt,HooHoH«54  Wm  <;odPitJo»p;HWi-i 


H 

S 

H 


q  S  C  C 

B  H  0)  D 

35-^ 

■sS^-S 

P^c1  >M.X 

a*r  <u  »- 

3  «  <U  Cj 

ccPPhFh 


is 


pW 

CJ 

Sg 

G  cj 

rG  G 
O  O 

►o 


0  a;  >.  cj 
2  t-’G  bo 
D  C'- 
kCCh^ 

C*vk  X 

’  CJ  r->  .  r/v 

C/2  ^  OO*^ 

kO 
5  “>  «  ®  n 
,2nnic5 

=  g  g  p  8 

ft  P  P  -C  p 


bc 

OJ  •  \v  :p 
^§3Sg03 
w>|g  &2h 
p  E  2  o  b» 

Mf^^M  P  4* 
HPMWfn  y 

^84*  y.22  y 
t  3  p  n  ^  y 

33  C4  3-  P  *3  U 


_  X 

•  o  *G 
•C  bc^; 


P 

P._ 

C  44 
u  » 
y 

4*M 

P  .P  —  w  5 

‘C2:  0  y 

pqSCUJp 

+J  V3  C/J  00  £3 

•33  y  y  y  , 
V.  T5  02 

bo  p  p  p 
Spp£  2 

<OOOh 


a 
©  © 
22  c 

§1 

•C  o 

yp 

P4= 

y-2 

11 


*G  ^ 

£s 

CO  ^ 

r-  O 

CJ^ 

G  G 


y 
p  y 


y  © 

o 


4rry  u  00 


« 

be^ 

p 

P  ° 


3- 

y 

e 

£§ 

§52 

=S«  PW 


aii65  go 

X  rH  3  X 
y^  p-P  y 

*"•  G  7,  ^ 

2G-—  2 
G  0>^2G 
0rs?5>0 


p 

|pg 

—  2*2  o 
2.5  S  SSJ-55 
£cc  &  y  *  £ 

'V'  C)  G  ^  r 

H  4£  p>fe 

—  Z  y?  _ 

§^8^50 


No.  41.] 


57 


CO  M 
CO  oc  00 
oc  CO  00 

00  r-r  i-H 
H  r  r 

CO 


CO 
CO 
00 

r—  CO 

....  „'S 

COrH  H" 


I-.  1 — 1  • 

<u  "C  "S 
53~ 

*  ^  ^ 
l-H  . 

doo 

w  X  x 

bOtJCbJO 

x'x'x 

CO  OQ  Cfl 

qpp 


•  »o 

-r3  M 
X  ^ 

O  >> 


•P 

O  X 

a*  03 
be  X 
•*  +-> 
.£  t- 
X  X 

£  o 

pp 


CO 

00 


x 

p 

o 

-*-> 

a 

o 

X 

5 


CO 

y. 

00 


o 

CO 


a 

< 


T3 

x 

be 


t— 

>» 

C3 

s 

p 


'3 

X 

to 


x 

CO 


«M 

38 


_ .  CO  • 

♦r  oo  ^ 

Jr  oc-  o  ^ 

17  ~  *5  oo 

<3  r-T  „co 

P  -  x  - 

u  C 

C3^3^S 

3po« 

%  c  «  r 
-  «=.2 


sl 

t^Rc/sd 


S8 

CO 


oo 

(M 


X 

C/3 

X 

P 


CO 

CO 

00 


c3 


'O 

(X 

to 

*r- 

*o 

C/3 


CO 

CO 

00 


>> 

C3 

W-H 

p 

6 

s 

to 


CO 

00 

00 


CO  CM 

?S8 


P  3 

.P 

O  2 

-w  * 

7  > 

Sr  ° 

rH  ^ 

O'© 
C/3  X 


00 


CO 

OO 

00 


a  op 


Mr 

38 


-  _»  cm 

evj  —  X'X 

-P* 

S^o? 

P  P  s-. 

OH 

u>  .  P 

X  X  © 

ppS  G 

O  O  'O  © 

-M  W  D  O 

o  o  S  fcr  « 

00“'  P 

_W  --C 
"3  X  o  ^ 

X  X  r/i  i/3  X 

55ppp  5 


c 

a 


TJ 

X 

be 

P 

x 


be 

< 

x 


X 

w 

X 

p 


8g 

oo  £ 

r—* 

o?8 

-;-‘C 

5  a 

S <j 

Mrt 

od 

•cp 

0>  3J 

to  se 

!ais 

o  o 
•/:  •/) 

PP 


CM 

Si 

p  cf 

.  *- 
x 
^P 
"T  © 

©  "3 

go 

O  T3 

C/3  X 


CM  M  M  M  M  <M 
CC  CO  00  OC  oc  x  wu  i. 

X  4  OC  JO  00  oo  oo  oo 


OOOOOOOOcOOOOCCOX  M  M  M  M  M  M  M  cT  bf  M  M  CM  M  C^Tm  cT  M  M  M  cT  <M  of  <0  X**  cc"  'xT  ^  CD  'O  XMr-f'-l'-h-l'-I-l^ 


^o^^^r-^r-r-n'^co 
r~  Ol  CM  04  M  M  CM  M  (M 


^^^^•^--©^'-XXXXXXXXXOXXOOOXXXXOOXXOOOX'^OO^XXXXXXXX 

<!<!<;<!<ii<i<!<i*<iooooooocooooooooococooooocoooo<!ooooooco 


* _ ■"  4_d  w  -i-J  4-3  -4_J  -  G 

oooooouaP 

OCOOOOOO^J 


■3't  P 


•  73  >>  «  p  § 

to  G-XSW* 

I if; 2 I 

^  x  o  s  - 

!|  III l!l| 

Ijilliis! 

S^r'OO^.OOft 


X 

u  *±  . 

X  ©  ~ 
S-  x^ 
o 

£  u- 

c3  c3  t- 

P^P 


X  X 
fc-  '— 

o  c 

-O  X3 

n  c3 

MH 


^  © 

r  -© 


X  t- 

o  -  — 

r  -  >  Z—i 

Urlr^ 


t-  •—  t- 

x  —  x 
feS  o 
.3  © 

~  d 


X 


c  —  c 
.©  7\£> 
rs  ^  cS 

POP 


X 

i£  <fi  V 3 

5-  ^'^’2 

Jr  ©  ^  P 

o  S  x  o 

•2  2  C5  cs 

Pa.^2 


s- 

X 

c;  t- 
r:  © 
x  c  s- 
a  x  o 
o  o  a 

OD  £ 

Oc«0 


t-  ©  X 

x  ci^j 

r:  x  © 

s  x  © 


’ — 

X  X 


;-  u* 
ci  c3 
PP 


p>  f-. 

£  2  J-6 

9-0 

55  C3  3j  P  ®  2  c  =3 

P  P  P  O  /'■'“<  'Si  P  P 


X 

-t-> 

X  o 
X 

c 
o 


~  O  “ 

<y  P 


u£- 

S  y  S  ® 


acr.coug“ 
►-  ^5  c5  ci)  t*i 

PP^P 


C 

O  m 

t/j  fc- 

c3  X 


x  9 

PP 


t- 

x 

*3  i~ 
~Z  x 
^  Dai 
©  rt 


.  t-  x 

ft-  g-a 

I  0)  X  « 
^  c  X 

1  fe  bed 

2.301 


1-  j-  —  — 

X  X  x  X 

Co'  ■ 

^  p . 

a 


O  O 
PP 
55  c5 

PP 


• 

:  •  • 

*••*  •*  **• 

'3 

”5  :  J 

>,  >.  kA 

•  :?:•!  i'P  : 

.*p 

5 

T2  rr 

©  "2  i3 

T-  3  5,f 

c3  c2  c3 

D  D  D  -r 

•d 

d  '/■ 

and 
and 
5 . 

und 

3 . 

ice 

liar 

lam 

i . 

3 . 

:  a 
•  a 

rf\  r~~ 

c3  ^ 

^  ^ , 


c3 

c  •  05 

CC  ~r\  — 


>.  >.  >> 


5^55  s'©”©  S  2 

Vg  .BgS  .sss  '■£  .gg  .g  .gSo  .  .  :=■?  :  ISSSgT’.S  .  5c  .  :g  -c?  •  '.glfcfeillllg1 

UMPHHQPiOO&HlDHH^HUfeOaDDPSDDbOoOwDPobOSPDO&awPDHWOOOSHHO^t 


CSJ  M  M  M  M  M  M  M  (M  <M  (M 

1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  111 

CCOCOMOOMD  CDO 

COMMCO  HC3COMN  r 


(M  CM  CM  M  MNCMMM  01  M  M  M  M  M  M  Ol  M  M  (M  (M  CM  M  M  M  CM  M  CM  CM 

r-H  rH  r— C  — H  r— (  r-H  — *  •— i  r-H  t-H  *— <  — •  — H  i— i  ■— •  i— •  — '  r— «  *— <  —  r— <  r— •  >-— ■  rH 

till  I  I  I  I  I  I  •  1  1  l  «  l  |  1  1  l  1  I  .  1  1  fill 

50CJC501  TfJ-.Off.Jl  NWXCr-CHICi  ®  O  eo  ®  rH  ®  Of-O-I 

•— «  •— I  I— I  1— C  •— '  fH  rH  *— 

•  COCOCO-^  CO  CM  ^  ■  COMCOCOCO  CO  M  I-H  t—  1-1  O  ^  CO  CO  M  CTO  M  M  CO  r->  CO  CO  CM  M4  CO  i-C  CO  r 


W  C  W  O  O  Tf  CO  CO  O  CKO  O  X  O  ^  lO  '?  O  lO  C  O  O  -*f  CO  O  'D  D  cc  O  O  O  X  O  O  O  C  lO  O  O  O  CO  *<C  CO  Tf  T}>  o  TT  iC3  l»  C  c  cc  ^  N  o 


C  1— 1  rH  ^  HH  ri 


x-Dd 

~  t- 

o  o 


©  ©  > 

Cjr 

¥: 
>5>H  3, 

X  X  > 

55*  S- 


-  •  ^  >  c 

55^3“ 

i&  o 

O  O 

&  fe  s  ®c 


-  X  X  i»7 


>.•- 

c  73 

X  ■ 

CO 

X  C5  - 
*->  *— 
c5C0 

-*-i  *- 

x 

xP 


:  •  >  •  x-  i'+h 

^  >  rt  :  c5*--  a 
c  Jj  j“w  Ch 
(  M  I 

>'£  Zgz**** 


*~!  c3 

_Mo 

i  ®  s 


SZ  *■- 

*  e2h®  ® 

-  I''-  -D  ^  C5  ,*T4 

-h'CoOIHc'IhXm 


^  >  ■*• 
X  ^  X  ! 


c  .  x- 

z?*p  ^  • 

^  ®l2k° 

.  ><  >•< 
x  >  >  > . 
^  ££  x: 

o  'zd  < 

r-c  O  O  -r  C 


Ci_>  t5  v<  c*r 

HC^sa 

H  -^H 

id  C/3 

^-Dd  XDddd 

O^-H5-*4- 

^0*5300 

^*•=*55 


Chh1- 


><4-; 

c3  C 
CHH 

Dd  Dd 

c- 

©  O 

>h>h 


V-C 

c  a 


Dd  Dd  DdDd  j-P 
fc-  x  t-  u-  o 
OOOO^-^ 

O 

&  &  ^  3  2 

XXX  X  ^  t-4 

***^^ « 
l-CMOt- 
O  D5  -H  Cl  ^  00 


3  2.0 

:  §■  0 
s  ^2  S 

S0O“5 


^  -  .  4)  • 

B>,i-«“as» 

P  ca3!«0'3i  5  -  jr  = 
p  p  o  .  ..o-1  p  3 

—  «  d  xf, 

-  -  5  -  2  ?*'-  -  Ur.-® 

®  o o29i  =  > 
OPXcJoXo^ 


PP  C- 
©  ©p 

H0^aPr 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.] 


1,  ^  x  r_  w  ~ 

“^02  0*  >  S.2  2  g  £  ojSd  : 

it  •  J-o^noOco*; 

•  C  J2  P  4J  r  >  _ ,  .  „  rb  P  ^  • 

«®o«  j-0 Oca-p  2  -.9=2; 

IP-'-'  C  -  i  C  •—  •-*  r*  —  a  -  • 

,-*^©S'::'0P©i2>  cpp- - 

l^cJu^OjCC^d^o  OPtl 

*  q  ^  w  pa  i-s  a  o  o  ^ h,  p, ; 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


58 


[Assembly 


c n 
& 
?- 
cS 

£ 

p 

Ph 


co 

op 

OO 


Cl 


p. 

<1 

5 

6 

p 

bfl 


co 

X 

Cl  X 

^CIXX 

:  ^  x 

jc8  1 

X 

»S3 

§g 

7 

X 

X  X 
X  x 

Er  X  X  X  co 
^  X  X  2  X 

d* 

i 

>  < 

eg 

§8 

^  X 

r-t 

CO 

r 

GO 


P 


d* 

rP  °° 
S-o 

P 


0-3 


M  P 


bfl 


P  P 
73  73 

53 


o  , 

Cl  Ci 
h  CM 

g  p 

b  p 

5p 

ar  5 

be  bfl 

o  o 

O  O 

K  73 

'5;3 


S  3 
Wtfl 


CM 

§3  cm 

« X  CM 
co a:  -op 
/  o  <95 

OO  r  <1, 

"S^oO 

o  ^  .  . 

-A65  5 

i-  -j  .a 

§  =6  S 

r_  P  j  d 

o  >  ~  p 

O  O  Ji  CJ 

'P'U  O'd 

P  P  X  P 

5553 


*—  . _ p 


'O  — « oo 

_<  CM  CM  •■ 
i-H  # 

>•  p  ti  b  p 


I-  CC  — • 

-  -  2  P  « 


<o  - 

—  OO 


5  7r  =  S  b 


•  01  — 

•ii 

53r"l<i  ■<  - 


^  P*d  ^  n 


C  —  ooooo 


•—  13 

03  tfl 


13  P 
X  X 


Q  1/  ^  1>  1 

_b£tJjir.b£b£ 

O  P  P  ^  P 
X  X  X  *  /> 


PPPC 


-  "d 

•— • 

53  , 

. 

=o 

o 

r:  p  r  p 

p 

—  i/.^:  so 

tc 

^  1 

a?  par  p 

o 

P  73  P  73 

73 

C-  5  a<i 

O 

J  t- 

•— I  13 
JO 


r  p 

tc£ 

X  13 


D 
-G  P 


Sg, 


S3 


56 


==  = 

£.2 

x 


G 


c3 

ft 

3 

P 

P 

o 


o 


<M  Cl  CM  CM  Cl 


-  «  v.^  >.  .  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM  CM  Cl  Cl  d  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  'M  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  Cl 

X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  co  co  co  r.  CO  co  co  co  cc  oo  CO  00  00  CO  00  GC  X  OC  GO  co  CO 

cc  CO  co  cc  GO  CO  cc  co  co  CO  cc  co  X  X  O  /.  CO  x  73  X  X  oo  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X 


Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  -  _ 

X  X  X  X  X  X  X  XX  X  X X 
X  X  X  X  X  X  X  XXX  x  X 


Cl  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  CM 

X  X  x  X  X  x 


ooooo  oooooo«coco«oooo-^^f 

X  X  X  X  X  CO  X  X  X  X  CO  ^ 


•  — •  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  CM  CM  Cl 


-*J  +J  *_i  -*_5  -*_3 

o  o  o  p  o 

ooooo 


.  *  .  *  .  *  i  *  i  *  ,  *  r*  ^ 

ppppppoooooooocooooooooooo 


—  r-  1-  i—  »—  r- 
Cl  ci  Cl  cm  ci  ci  CM 


>>>>✓>> 
o  o  o  o  o  o  o 


r-  i-  cc  r _T  ~T 

CM  CM  Cl  ^  ^  ^ 


>  >  >  P  P  P 
C  G  O  o  p  p 


:  «  »;•=  :  ci  g  :£? 


5-§-~5’§  s  g'S  pS  g‘§  g-|  =  g  = 

=  5.S  S'CJ.2.gu3  a’S.i  5.2  >  3  >r 

^  .  ~ C  Cl  -L3  C  G3  '•— '  r—  i  -a  “"0  d 


S-. 

P 

^3 

cS 

£ 

p 

o 

m 


_  *-  *-  a 

(13  P  P  73 

r-  O  O  o  <13 

^  ^xi 
c3  ri  cj  r-L  d 

d( 


: 

: 

•  P  .  . 

:  : 

: 

•  jJ  • 

: 

•  »  :  : 

; 

P 

:  73  •  • 
.  73  .  . 

i  : 

i 

:  p  : 

:  ac  : 

U 

*  *  *  * 

I 

Jc3 

^  U  •  P 

;  . 

• 

:  ri  : 

P 

; 

:-o 

•  s- 

i  a  i 

t-<  • 

P 

AC 

:  p  :  : 

• 

*  P 

X 

•  *—  • 

P  ’ 

— 

c3 

.  w/  .  . 

i-i  J- 

S-  ^  -r-  — 

U4->  <H 

2 

•  .1  T-  U 

—  — 

U  J_ 

•_!  rt  i-  • 

n®S5SiSoi2 


cj<S3»«;  ~  5  =  £ 


i*  "  a  s_  t, 
Q.O  OSg 

“a  -  oaa  C 

s  3.-  o  a  s  a 


b  -  §  e  o 
cr.z  ;jr 
ia-sa 
Oix-H 


c3 

a 


c3 


CQ 

6 


co  bco^  p 

.  a>  •  o  « 
POI3h35 


5 

p  pod 

'  t-* 


:  •  i 
:  >>  : 

•'6  |  ;  i 

•  •  •  •  '  (6  •  •  •  •  • 

>»  l 

:  i  :  : 

•d  Sx! 

•  •  da  a  •  •  •  * r~f 

a  : 

■a  •  •  • 

a  a  a 

:  3  -  a  : 

•  ;T5  C  cb  •  •  •  !  S 

p  ^ 

A&xnmmwL  2  ooooo 

=  aiv 

22  cdo iai 

b  |  bb  =  b~’ 

5  •  3  5  5  S  a 


$5  .o>5g  •  '  ■  jd®o  •  •  •  •f>5  • 


ij  cccfltc  poo  P  p  rTr.~ca  r 

T.  -  s-  *-  >-  *a 


D&t3^f3c5  ca-53 


P 

Cl 

CM 

CM  CM 

CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM 

CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM 

CM 

Cl  CM  ^M  CM  Cl 

Cl 

O 

rH 

H 

H  t-H 

r— <1—1  •— '  — •*  r—  r—i  r—t  —• 

— <  —  ■ —  — ‘  ' — p  ■ — 1 

r—t 

•-H  r-  —  —  — 

> 

l-H 

cn 

0  05 

CM  C  05  05  H050N 

»C  to  05  d<  x  05 

CO 

05  X  CM  d*  X 

05 

P 

CQ 

CD 

Cl  X  X  X  CM 

1—05  CM  Cl  CM  X  CM  r— I  X 

rH 

CM  rH  CM  X  CM  rH  d1 

rH  1-^  rH  H 

X  X  CM  CM  CM 

P 

bD 


CM 

X 


C  CM  O  Ci  X 
ONNV  O 


OClCC'-CM^MXCOMMOr-CXXiCCCCM^Xh 
O  'Xi  X  h  'O  O  O  iC  ■’t  N  C  N  O  ^  C  CO  CO  O  M  «3  M  O  O  K  I* 


CMCMXOtCCCO  C-CCOdC 
C  r  'r  O  *r  C  C  COOOO 


G 

P 


bD 

P 

P5 


a 

4-> 

CQ 


a 

& 


:  a  g: 


>> 

p 

+-> 

-4-0 

c3 


M 

-  "  O 

O  O  K,  K,  — 

O 

>  >  ^  ^b1 
S  & 

5rbr^^  aj 

sx^co 

CO  Tf  H  rH  Cl 


a 

at: 

O  O  'E  r«  id 

bb<k2  5  o 

PPC*>> 
^  ^  p  ^  ^ 
p  O 

d  CC  CM 


Ci^'s-,  d*. 

a  Cm 
HH  H 

S-  -  O 
O  O 

bb^ 

St 

O  CM  CC 

Cl  rd  « 


-'tJ  a  a^-  >  a 

-  c-M 

3 

•d  d  *-*  — S-  !— i 

W  o  o  o  —  o 

5  £  ^  ^  ^  ' 

2  ?  2  1  ®  >  ® 

—H  O  •— 1 

-d  Cl  CM  Ci  d  o  CO 


~  S  H  H  H  _35 


^s-a; 
5-^ 
b  S 
&b 

<  CJ 

S55 

—  co 


■A  '— . 

o-<  - 

6d  ^  -i4  <~ 

^  -  *-  < 

||b{Sb 

s  &  ^ 


oo.£ 


>  t>  -  -  - 

>  ^  p  p  p 

xxci-r-r- 
— <  x  ^  ^ 


bp  _ 

CJ  OJ  — 

id  *c*  w 


5  3b  o  o  5  3 

6  ^  ^  ^  &  £ 

o  jjZ;  aj  a>  qj  3J 

X  X  — <  d-  x  d-  O 


X  -  ~  ^ 
J-  t- 

<Joo  b.°.° 

dd  >  QJ  o 

o  o  O  d*  O 


O 

o 


w 

-«5 


pqUJWb)fiOWW<lfiCl50M>(P£lO^M!i(Uioao  t°SMf 

P 

CZ) 


a 

p 

‘-3 

73 

a: 

o 


& 

p 

h5 


p  % 


d  x  a 
’  2  °  a 
:  a  -  o  2 

^  i  >  ,  •  —  •  .  *  7-  P  I  —  j  pj  ■  -  ■  ,_■ 

c3  ^  — .bc^j  pa-1  ^  t-'— ■i.^'r^'*"  a  .  b- 

'S=°ls;plPaa|5felJsia 

>S|2a^«lMS|IJs:“==ej0 

I  0)  r„  5  ■=  .  =s~~  -  r-  »  SoOM-g  »  j§  S  0-0!“ 


> . 
p  « 


^  a  U 
^*2  C3 

"^5 

2  «  o 

=  4>  3j 

Jr.'S 

£  2  u 
500 


-»-i 

s 

o 

CK 


«J 

pc< 


-  >>£  O 

Ic3'=  = 
^Z'7-'£ 

—  ■3  "d 

“  —  S-  r< 

>b33 

r- iPh^^ 


General  debility 


No.  41.] 


59 


S3 

X 

X 

X 

X 

S3 

r-H 

X 

1 

r— < 

r— ' 

<0 

CM  r 

rH 

OC  2 

« 

<D 

X  ^ 

co: 

cc 

^  >> 

X 

£3 

p« 

-  c3 

X 

►*0 

<1 

X  — 1 
r“»<5  rf« 

rf 

eJ 

s-  .  °0 

0  i«v* 

CM** 

HH 

iSaSpH-. 

C3  , 

6 

6 
» ■ . 

Sd‘°" 

a>  f  0 

o> 

tJO 


o 

tc 


O  Ol  ^ 

r  ^  w 


CO 
CO  CO 
CO  00 

CO  -H 


r>^  <y» 


r  -  ° 

bt  to 


CO 

00  CO 

00  && 
I— •  oo  co 

CO  *— » 


oo 

co 

oo 


CM 


j/3  *  ^  t/j  Cj  .'2 

Z2  /~s  c\  ^  — 


a 

<! 

tf 

6 

a> 

^tJD 

a 

C/2 

5 


CO 

CO 

oc 


CO 

*-» 

Cfl 

CD 

<1 

T3 

Q> 


5  00  ^ 


tD 


5  ^ 

£>  y  . 
Og^O 

I— i  f 

i'S'r  ^ 
tx  ^  ^ 

"2: 

-j  <1.  f. 


cj  co 

CO  X  X 

00  co  00 

ooi-"— 

~rf2 

•■pvl  |H 

^  .CO 

k  ■—  j_*  GO  • 

S'  5  £  £  sj  c- 

...-*-  .’~I 

P-»  ~  £P  co 

.  .  fcD-r  .CM 

OOi^O-? 

g  £ 

a>  a,.;-  ^  i>  c; 
fcD  u*r  %  tL^ 


CO 

X 

00 


a 

« 

6 

03 

a> 

CD 


CO 

233 

»— « co 


CO 

00 

00 


o  o  S 

Cfl  X  £ 


^  a'O 

X  i-"  i 


CM 

co 

wrS* 

/-  o.  A 
2-<-«- 
,  . — • 
£ 

b  •  C'-3 

--  "-  S 

!*>-&  3  4> 

•s  a>  “  H 
2to  =  £ 
u^: 

03 

x  x  <d  a» 


•c-cS 

Q.  £^r-« 

<<;  . 

*£ 

co  = 

a>  Q-*  ^ 
fcD^X^ 

*ai  i- 

.g  .g  £  _ 

C  ft  G  ft  ^ 


co 

08 


o 

cm 


p. 

<5 


u 

o 

X 

0> 


«  p; 


p  5, 

■a  .j 
>.,-, 


»- 

pH 

>> 

*3 

*-a 


co  co 

00  CO 

30  CO 


r-  ,— , 

Cl  CM 


O  o 


*c  a> 
2  be 
*-  lei 
S'  o 

GQ 


T3 

- 

jbJC 

'o 

X 

s 


-9  ^wco 

X  38 

_  r-1 

cd^  p^o 

C1CM 

dd^^= 

_  0)0 

w’P  1-  i. 

a>  a»  c3  cs 
tLtL~~ 
%-  ^  ^ 
0030 

<0  x  a>  a> 


co 

co 


a 

6 

^3 

o 

to 


a 

x 


*  Pi  —  ^  ft 


•  o  : 
• 0  : 
:  00  • 


:  ^ 
:o 

io 


NNM 
CO  00  CO 
00  co  co 


CM  01 
X  X 
X  X 


M  Cl 
X  X 
X  X 


<M  CM  CM  CM  CM  C  1  1 
X  /.XXX  X  : 
X  X  XX  XX 


r^T  CM  'M  x>  'C 
,  r-»  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 


;  O  *■ 
I  CM 


O  C>  *;  y  O  w 
o  u  i>  o 


lllSIllllliiliiiiSiSiilSlISSlSlIIlililSi 

-T-^T-'A'aooo  j£  s'  £  £  £  £  s'  ?:  jf  gf. S  ci  sf  “*  S  S  S  S  S  S  S ' ®  ®  ^  ~  0  50  2  2  2  2 

■  '  j  ;  ;  J  ^  -  r  ^  r!  e  C  C  C  E  C  d  i  E  E 

ci?3ii3~iic;J3w™c3c3S^Jli3c3w^*«»»  ^  ^ ^ .  ~*  ••*  *''  »v^  '-,  -v,  m.  It.  m  ^  'r. 


igSSS.Sc:'5SSSSi;£S?£3SS*S§$85SS83558 


Ui-X  C  ^  X  -r  O  C  « 


-C.Tf  C^C.-tCXiCCl 


1^ 


JJ  .0 


_ -  *“  i—  c:  —  ^  ^ 


’.^•^  .  .  *> 

=  ot:oo|  too 
> 


>  >  .  >  > 
v  v<*j  &  <1,  >  >  V  V 


S3  _ 

>  ^ 
^  a» 


eo  ~  M  o  «:•  1  *  o 

C.j^w-K0  00'!,0 


,.^hh 

•is 

PtH  5 

>  5=^ 

✓  c;> 


^  ^ 
S-  3  O  2: 


a> 

CM  <C 


2**x 


>  t-  fc-  fc- 
T*  C  C  C 

§  ^  &  b 

£,  O  D 

H  •— «  O  CM 
r— «  Qi  CM  CM 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


60 


[Assembly 


g 

P 


co 

CO 

CO 


o 

g 

P 

PS 

6 


g 

tc 


CO 

-*«  ^J*  CO 

CO  oc  oo 

CO  CO  »-l 

•-H  r— « 

*•  •  CO 

^  Cl  dl 


5  “S. 

s  << 

e i  isei 

.  tfj  . 

o  V;o 

o  .!£  G 

be  ©  tX) 


G  S  G 
(A  £  X 

P  c£p 


CO 

s 


Cl 

73 


G 


G 

P 


co«? 

is 


.  CO 
"'>00 


dl  - 

|coi  «- 

*"•  oo  f-  3  * 

.  cc  ^  ^  co 

5  ,££;2 

tf,«r  ,  _  — ' 

7- TT  ^ 
“soifl 
•c  jr  M  St  0> 

£  o  o  sy 

^CJ  M  X  ^ 

C&  P  P  P  P 


CO  CO 

co  co 


p 

<;  g 

tJj 


to 

0^2 
—  o 
a.2 

U"3 

73  £ 

x 

Pc/2 


8 


.  Cl 


CO  CO  CO 

£82 


CO  CO 
CO  co 

co  oo 


8 

oc 


X3  CO  . 

g  co-r 

-  or 

gsf^ 

d~d 


Ci  dl  p  dl  3  CO  2 

_ ,  CO  •"< 


G  #  P 

•  p^ 

G 

c  g  jr  o 

=  i; 

G  _T 

P  dl 
•  u 

p>  g 

edd^dd 

G 

o 


-  t/j 


g  • 

V- 

73  ” 

X  * 


g 

tfi 


0/  g  g~  o  o 

tr.  tc  tf. -  u  u 


g  g  g  -  g  g 
X  X  x  g  X  x 


o  £. 

t£  O 

pco 
73  "5 

x  a> 


Pf-Hkn  .  »-M  If 2 


8 

H 

-  8 

si  S 


.a 

©  £ 

•2  -w 

3c,  7T 

v  02 

G  © 
X  0/ 

p  5 


G  o 

P  *53 


:  :  o 

•  .  g  • 

:©:•:: 

•  •  •  o  •  • 

•  s  oo  ;  s  ;  ; 

•  •  • 

•  ^  r*~*.  •  •  •  •  •  • 

i  :  o 

jc  : 

!  !c  I 

••••©•* 

.  :co  :  :  :  : 

•  ;  *C 

'.  w  C  C  •  I  j  j  !  • 

i  :  oo 

Ji>.  .• 

!  :  Tf*  ! 

: co  •  •  :  : 

:  :  :  ice  '•  i 

:  :  o  •  \  •  • 

:  :  :  di 

•  dl  CO  •  •  a  •  •  • 

:  :  <^> 

! '“'  I 

C 

© 


c5 

x 

P 


S3 

O 

o 

O 


C3 

£ 


G 

g 

> 

Ih 

g 

ctt 


G 

t£) 

<1 


CO  CO  co  co 

CO  co  CO 

co  CO  co 


CO  CO 

*"H  rvj 


p2© 

G  G 


©  C  CC  cc  CC  «C  CU-  I-  c  C  c  X  X  X  c.  d.  C-  r-t  —  -  —  ^  r.  I-  I-  I  -  I-  r-  M  -M 

CM  <M  —  — <  f— <  dl  CN  dl  CM  Cl  dl  dl  dl  dl  CO  CO  CO  co  r—  r—  r-<  —  —  dl  dl  Cl  dl  dl  dl  dl 


x> 

g 


^«K55?,c|SssKSsSsji«rtdsj;’5  aac.2.c.aaBftaj 


>.  ’-ft.  >,  >,  >. 

^  ^ 


1  r  I 

!5  § 


c  »  c  *  c 
ZT  P  o 


O  ^  C  — *  G  c3 

5  £  .2  £  g  .2  S 

z:  aj  :  D  _  „  cj  ►  w  .ti  ^  ~ 


•  <d  :  :  : 
^  >  *r  >.*r 
.S'^  CP  £ 
’5-3 


o> 

X  o 


^  w  -k—  q  -iSsc.jS, 


o  ^  J 
Poo 


P  ^  S  5  cC  x  x  r 
5  >  o  c  fc  o*r  r  ^ 
op  >  >.2  —  ^  ^  - 

r  33  ^  ^ P p  ? 


^  ^  ^  zz  o 

X  °  C^.O 


^  ^  i  v  Z  3;  s  ^  -  a 


•C  "O 

X  «T 


SS  K<'Z^O& 


5C5cc 


.  /—•  r-».  ^  ,  -r 

^  -O; 


—  x  p  — ; 


: 

:  :  : 

• 

-td 

,  3 

; 

;  *.  • 

«  :fc 

J.  m  , 

g  : 

-4-J 

r 

•  p.  : 

G 

tJP 

• 

r*  * 

fa 

u  ^ 

G 

g  g  r 

cs  :  ?- 
2.0 

g.E  3 

ftl 

1- 

Jc 

aa 

G  7- 

G 

r  c 

r  r 

*r 

^  cr  s-  s- 

•- 

0^-0) 
O  p. 


:po 


'S'S 

a>  o  . 

hhP 


C/2 

O/ 

u. 

P 

.  o 


CCGQ  FilXX  T?^ 

b  %  s-  o“  5r 


c?  C 


(M  COCO  CO 


dl  dl  dl 

CO  CO  o 

CM  COCO  <M  r 


dl  dl  dl  dl  dl 

till  I 

CO  OO  CM  d- 
(COCOdlCOCO^'-Cr 


dl  dl  dl  dl  dl  dl  dl  dl  dl 

*- *  —  P-H  f-H  — •*  r-H 

I  I  I  I  ■  I  I  I  « 

dl  X  N  X  CC  C  d  id  'jO 

I  rH  CO  dl  dl  *—'  dl  *— •  dl  ' 


dl  di  di  r i  ci  di  di  di  di  cm 

■  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  *  t 

dl  OQif  CO  t—  dl  dl  CO  O 

*— i 

<o^codid3didi^*— i^-cocodi 


co  o  CO  dl 

O  O  O 


C  r-  "-  H  c  C  X  C  N  X  cc  d  iC.  cc  *■£  C  d  N  CC  N  C  dl  *r  r.  C  -  CC  Cl  N  N  M  d  C  C^  CC  I'  M  C 

>C  C  X  f  O  C  T  ^  ‘C  C  C  T  C  C  iCC  co  C  C  ift  O  t  C  iC.  c  »  C.  d  N  c  n  I-*  c  o  O  I-  C  l> 


tB 

01 

re*! 


Xp 

p  o 


o 

>  - 
**  ^  c 

O  •-  *a- 

-  O 

^p> 

I—  dl  GO 


S3 

**-•  C  *> 

HH 

XhH  - 

HH 

rtd  W 

l-H 

^  ~  — 

O 

s~  C  X 

;* 

"2^5 

>  &  r 

G 

© 

co 

dl 

"t  0  p- 

:  « 

M  X  p  P  >V*  K/ 

o  o 


h  h 
o  S 


>  •* 
**  ZJ 

T- 

dl  CO 


'T'F 

c  c 

s:  & 

V  d 


4jC  _ 


ZiT  Z-<  _  .  .  r-1 

—  ^a. 

^?WiS§s 

S  oo?  S  ba:^^s!:t.V>=7 

G,/  >~7'-  Gl  GJ  G^  ►T-  G-  G)  w  G  ^  ^  t-  ^ 

^  r  -  O'  ^  ^  dj  ► — «  ►-»  P  I  Hr  '  fl )  {!)  ft 


-  >y  i  CJ  i.  3.  ~ 

ooScsoooso,*^ 

M  —  r-  r*  CO  X  Cl  -•  X  d  O  —  X  O  dl  O  pH 


cs  ^  '■*— 
= 

x^ 

G  ^AC 

o  s7  3 

II  ^  I 


-;  C-* 

c 

•i|7 

-S»  ? 


-r  — •  I-*  dl  —•  < 


3  c  c 


r  ?  ? 

co  o  di 


G  G 


S—  p—  *”  »— • 

^ 

\**if 

t-  3 

c 

^  ►_  ^ 

>  ^  f.  0) 

S  5^55 

cc  T-  — 


o 

o 


<joph  fi  owoW« 


^ti5i2sSasScWS«J<CPc*>! 


H<!  J9;o^a.P=,QCi«W 


<> 

< 

|2? 


P^*  — 

—  t-  X 

C  r;  x 

c3  ^  p 
37^ 


c  a  <v 

■g-gfc 


c 

*- 

G 

P 

G 


S= 

c3 


o  2  JrO 

Cj  ^  G 

X  G  —  • 

Cv 

^  X 
^5-  G 

£?d  t-'-r 

=  5 

G  S3  G  — 


G 

3  a; 


S3 

r* 

- 

be  i;  •  :  G 

_  hr*"  p  P" 


5^  2— S S  j 
>"^=  EiSo 
®2CS 


-*->  Z3 
CC  c 


G 

5  ^  £? 
2io 

G  G 


—  —  o»— 

G  .G  •-*  ^ 

^  £  cS 


*—  5-  ' 
G  C3" 


o  G 

«  g 

G 


C5G»  f^r 


5Qi^ 


W  aj 

>,  =  -  -=  5  »■=£  ^=.5^  5  2 

O  S3  S3  jz;  —  ^  O  —  '—  SZ  _£  S3 

c5  o jF  % 

OP 


X 

P  X 

•  o 

5  p 

:  zz  p 


C  v 


-  G 
G  '*"  ► 


-  s 

F  c3 
r--7j 

ct  t- 
g 


o 

73  c 


X  E 

X  _ _ 


G  os 
e  ^ 


•S? 


’:  J  ?.  ;  >. 

'  -  ft  - 


x:  g  * 

to 

S  3 

.-  G 


:^W^ZO?CPWK 


.i-r3  c  g 

p  ••  >  ^  zc  —  • 

3  G'*". 

c-^  -,  X  —  E^ 

2. Stic  So 
u  —  s-  P  ^  -r  •—  c 
2—  c  os  £  P  —  x: 
xE-_E^z  «-?>  ° 

i-POOXP^^-5 


tc 

—  o 


:  G  S3  G 
-  —  r  x 

5  2  o 

.  "5  Kf  ^ 

>  -2  £f  G 
>—  c  e 
1^0^ 


No.  41.] 


61 


CO 

S8 

'OO 

L:  co 

^  rH 

>»  . 

cr> 
P  r-H 

1-5  .e 
■eg 

be  cS 

%h  wh 

•g^ 

■■35 

.  »h 
r*  <D 
P  C/3 

P  ^ 


H* 

CO 

rCO 

r- r— ' 

Cl  - 

£  2 
c3  G 
5S  G 

03  ^ 

0>  <D 
-*-> 
a-  a. 
o/  o> 

c/3  c/3 
03  03 

pp 


CO 

CO 

oo 

H*  ^ 

'/.  ' 

00  CO 


CO  OP 

^  p 

kO 

“o 

2o 

T3  T3 
03  0) 

pp 


00 

oo 


CO 

CM 

be 

g 

< 

PS 

o 

bo 

P 

o 


CO 

00  CO 

00  r“4 


CO 

oo 


CO 

4  00 


1” 

H  bJO 

.  p 

v  CO  *H  "N  ^ 

UP  00 

•Ep-o^P 
5”  £o'c5 
’Os^Ss 

fe-e-o-g-e 
^  ^  .2  ^  2* 
PPPPP 


o 

CM 


U 

C$ 


*G 

0) 

be 

r-r 

o 

CO 

•  H 

T3 

g 

G 


5! 

oo 

— H 

S3  oT 

r 

»-  as 

CMt^ 

CO  _ 

?  ,o 

Sffco 

.Jp 

<  a 

73.2 

(V'p 

-*-j 

u  • 

03  rj 
C/3  G 

*  P 

Pc/2 


co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

coco 

§0 

r-H 

s°o8 

_/~r-H 

CO 

58 

r-H 

hT 

r— < 

G 

rH 

r-H 

CM 

0>  . 

02 

CM 

rH 

>> 

be 

P 

0) 

G 

G 

n 

03 


G 

>“b 

P 

o 

*o 

a; 

bo 

P 

o 

(A 


G 

◄ 

PS 

o 

'G 

O) 

bo 


-  Q. 

co  03 

c5“ 

.  be 
Op 

'S  s 

03  -r-. 

be'o 

P  J 

*s 


P  PcZ 


Q. 

03 

Xfl 

r£ 

be 

P 

o 

C/3 

5 

g 

G 

t/3 


u 

a3 


'G 

bo 

P 

o 

in 


s 

G 

C£ 


8 


a-  - 
P.O 

1  -*J 

•  CO 

*G 
03  *G 

be  a> 
**  *-> 
P  u 
o  <i> 

.2  g 

pp 


o 

o 


CO  CO 
CO  X 

co  oo 


H<  rf 


>»>» 

C5  C3 


CO 

CO 

CO 


>> 

G5 


CO  .CO  CO  CO 
00  X  00  00 
CO  oo  CO  oo 


oo  co  co 

r-H  r-H  O'  1  CM 


c3  G  ci  cz 

HMHM 


co  co  CO 

CO  CO  CO 
CO  CO  CO 


CO  ^  -r 
CM  CM  CM 


>,  >-  >> 
G  G  G 


CO  CO 
ac  00 
00  oo 


»o  »o 

CM  CM 


k>  k> 

G  G 


cocococococococo 

00  X.  00  CO  CO  OC  00  00 

co  co  oo  co  oo  oo  oo  co 

MriHrir-HHi- 

r  r  r  r  r  r  r 

o  »o  .o  »r.  co  x  cm  ci 

CM  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM 

>■.  ►>  ►.  X  >>  X  c  c 

ssosicsssh 

^  »*H  ^r(  *r1 


S  : 

:  :=g  : 

g  :g  : 

:  :  o 

nr  : 

1  lOh  *. 

;  ;  co  ; 

Ht*  :  x  ; 

:  :  N 

CO  CO  co  CO  co 
CC  X'  co  oo  00 

X  X  X  X  X 

f-^  r  rH  r—  rH 

1883 

1883  1 

18S3 

1883 

CO  CO 
CO  X 
X  X 

rr  ,-h 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 
00  X  CC  X  X 
X  X  00  X  X 

r-  r— i  rH  t— I  r— i 

CO  CO  CO  X  CO 
X  X  X  X  X 
X  X  X  X  X 

r— <  rH  ’—4 

C0)  co  co 

XXX 

XXX 

r— i  r-H  r~i 

C0) 

$ 

rH 

O'!  C  l’  to’  OO  CO 

x  X  00  X 

co  co' 

*—  rH 

co'  «cf  O  »G  »rT 

r-H  r— i  rH  r— '  r-H 

iff  Cl  Cl  c  g' 

iHHhCICM 

OO  o 
CM  Cl  Cl 

ci 

CM 

O'  03  03  C3  03 

G  G  G  G  G 

03  03  03  03 

G  G  G  G 

03  03 

G  G 

0)  03  03  03  03 

G  G  G  G  G 

03  03  03  03  03 

G  G  G  G  G 

O)  03  03 

GGG 

03 

G 

pi  e  3  e  3 


33S3 


J  0 
t-s*? 


33333 

Hj  r-j 


_  G  G  G  G 

1-5  r-j  r-^>-5 


G  G  G 


G 

►“5 


:  P 

:  g 

G 


:  G  C 
£  8.2 
.“.a-S 

Z2  j-  2 

S  e  §  j-c; 
e  •  -  S  5  v 

^  C  -  J-  >. 

.  C  *“ 

0S  J0  3=  °c 
OOO  M 


:  e 

:  c/3 


:  c/3 

;#g 
•*S : 


,  rjj 

! SB 
:.2  c 


*  G  _*  r— ■ 

:  o  «  g  .  .  , .  „ 

•«  s  ®  3td  ?  o  c  a 

P3  i’-a-PajP^  .  0  0  0~ 

D.«  >  .0  .2  r-  £  5 .2  _ 

)Gc^cl)£G>w(:^^rCO^G^.lr30 
G'Or/yr^rti.^^XCTJ-  —  £1  zi  ~  ^ 

S  =  g  o  ®  J-£ £  *  £  £~ 

S*ST  &'«<£■§  =  c  £  C  a:  pX  i.  p  £ 

P  0^  53  Q,'  •■—  *fh  p  G  —  '—pP  c3  M3 

p^pps-a  fi^o  ao  ophMqk 


P 

G 

s'  § 

•S2  & 
+-* 

2  o 
^p 

G  r/^ 
03  C 

P  G 
PO 


C/3  . 

s-  • 
a)  : 

£ri 

P  2 

G 

«4-p 


iSfg 


C/3  O 

e-° 


c3 

£ 

G 

0^ 

3=  « 

"F 

5s 

oS 


•■& h 
:  bC.2  •, 
uo  CO 

‘w  V- 
^  C  G 
G  V3  G 
G  Op 

PPO 


:  c/3  • 
co  : 
.  a)  ; 
c  g  : 

.S'S  : 

to  X  *J 

il 

■*-  s«8 

°  «  (= 
tc  ~  « 

.7-j  «1  N 

c  a;  o 

PupR 


33 

o 

£  ?s 

C/3 


G 
G 
P 
G 

;  x  p  *H 


G-’  P 

'  G  ‘ 


G 


G  o  y  <—  -w 


G 

_  a; 

S'!" 

i  C  r; 

P  G  -r“ 

3^0 


^  5-0 

33  i- 

PS^ 


:  :  £  ^ 

:  ai  £  ^  ^ 

■  0  ^  bt 

m  ~  nt;  £  t. 

•hOpcJO 
^3  ~  ^  o  m“ 

o  *j  O  P  OJ 

C  *-  rr  G  X  1  S- 

gg||§5| 

PKujpo  m 


•  :  :  p  ;  oj'G 

o5  :^'P  i  2  P 

x  a)--  o  : ^  o 

cj  */G  *>  •  x  » . 

S  13  o3  g  »- 

P.2-S  <2  a 

;  -g  —  *_  ■g 

ki  cj  ^  2 

O^  *-  U  p  03  '*  P  ■ 
c  s-  O-  '/3—  G  73 

G  c  G  —  2  C 

P  03  ^  p  P  G  G 

i^Soo  wo 


G  : 

G  | 

P.2 
be  * 
r 


•“  G 


>- 

03 

c  :  03 

^P  5 

g^'g 

00^3 


o 

03 

G 

P 


P 

.5f  :  * 

^  :  o 
>  -P 
^  J-  G 
03^-  O'  g 

o  £  003 

P  -P  o 

c3k  CP 


be 
G  G  ?-. 

03  G  03 

r—  G  G 

>  g  £ 

SoiH 


03 


t- 
03 
»- 
£  O 
£p 
G  G 
^  P 


G  •  *  *  u 

:  g  u  ?-«  »-  o 

03  03  .  *.-h  a.  03  03  03 

*-*-•, yOp^-Ur- 

pp  £  g.Spp'S 

G  Gpp  G  G  G  G 

hWogiJJW 


h  i- 


•—  >—  rH 

G  03  O  O^r? 

p-2^-2  “ 

4)  a  C3 

HM02-3S 


£  c  F  £ 
-oSo 

■ca  -P3 
OiStSS 
Pm-3!ii  J 


0) 

c2 

G  C/3 

So 

O'  p 
•G  A 
fcP 


03 

P 

^  G 

03  2 

G  *— 
o  o 
P  o 
G 


•  P 


G  G 

So° 

2-‘5 


03 

P 

G 

£ 

-*j 

03 


S- 
03  03 


pr/)GGPCH 


P  P  P  O  O 

f-  .-op 

«  «ii  «  « 

OOOtHtJ 


^  P 

03  tj 

.SB 

1l 

«» 


U 

03 

o 

p 

G 

P 


g  o.-’S 

I-*  o  G 
G  G  G 


03  £  O 

O&hHI 


>. 

0 

C3 


<U 

o 


U  H 

... 

•  •  • 

•  .  • 

Sgj  • 

•  •  G 

I'd 

GGG  : 

:  :  « 

:  G 

0  0  0rjl 

0002  tic 

023 

V  ’Z  <V  . 

Moaia 

aaa 

.  03 

pp 

CJ  0 

G  G  G  •  G  -r  ^ 

GGG  tG^-jG  .  .  . 

f  ^  Prjj  Tj-PPc/j 

£^(13  *G^O  .  .03  .  .  . 

OhCPWhhP 


~3  G 

03  C  .  . 

hSP^ 


U 

03 
> 
_  o 
ctj  p 
.  G 

aa 


j 


2§ 


•d  £ 

c  * 

0  0  Jl  0  0 

a  £  ■~pz 

hJDhO 


t». 

0 

rt 


o 

o 

02 


•  ~s 

-  •  ^  :  C 
£ 02  >”02^ 
5  .  O  •  <U 

oas^aa 


X  ^ 

1 1 

be  C 

C  0) 

SO 


G 

G 


CM 

i 

1— 

r-r  CO  CO 


CM 

<Ji 


CM  CM 

rH  r-H 
I  t 

co  t- 


CM 

r-H 

I 

o 


CM  CM 

r—  r— 1 

^  oo 

CM  CO  t-i 


CM  01  CM  CM 

r-H  r-H  r— • 

III  I 

Ohh  ^ 

H  H  CO  'O  ,_I  o 


CM 

r-H 

03 

co  rH  CM  00  CM 


CM 

i-^ 

i 

O 


OC  r-H  .O 

nr  O  CO 


CM  Is-  G  CO 

'O  I'-  <£> 


•0  CM  CM 

»C  »C  ■G 


G  Ci 

iO  lO 


00  Hj.  CT.  —  G  CM  40  «o 

iQvirtCOCiC 


G  C 

»0  l- 


Hf  ^  G 


^1  Cl  CM 

CM 

CM  Cl 

Cl  CM  Cl 

CM 

rH  —  i 

M 

r-H  rH 

hHh 

rH 

N  O  OO 

— H 
rH 

co  ci 

Cl  ci  x 

O 

l  CM 

pH  Cl 

CM  CM  H  GO 

r-H  rH  r-H  C«0  <— < 

Hf  X 

:  G  »G  CO 

o  o 

CT.  CM  CO  CM  Qi 

CO  G 

'-tl-O 

HT  1- 

nr  HT  o  -r  O 

X  CC  rf  1^  O 

o  o 

CO 


:  :  :  : 

t||| 

:  :  k  j 

:  :  :  ; 

f. .... 
Art. 
iller 

A.. 

«j  :  a  a 

p 

G. 

P 

o 

>< 


HpS 

C  O  M 
Oc^»- 


P 


Gv 


5 


^ ; 

p 

t- 

ot 


p: 

•O  G  x 
^  "2  i<  5 

O' 


•  - 
V-  —  w  ^ 

Ghh  g<^ 

HH  HH  tc 

P  ^  03 
P  P 
*,-  O  *-•  G 
Oa 


03 


P 

o 


•l-r  ‘G 


:  P 

"  o 


r*  03  :  ; 

s  g  >.  >- 

p  P  >  > 

be  ^  g 

^  ^  x  73>-H I 

P  03  0, 
Pl-^*-P 
5-  O  ^  C5 

O 


O  C  ^  -*-1  O 

k  t;  ^  |  5  5  ^ 

•  03  0>  r^  .p  03 

H£aa 


.  .  +  «4-l 

P  X  X  ^  a- 

GhH^HH  G 

HH  hH 

p  cep  , 
p  <D  s-  P 

p  O  O  a. 

2a;2 

^J-sJSs 

03  ^  ^  03 

— <  ti  W 

G  CO »— S  T  ci 

Nr-h^HO 


P’h 
G  G 


PP 
a- 
O  O 

aa 


a- 

03 


G 

» 

P 

a* 

o 

>-< 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted —  Continued. 


62 


[Assembly 


a 

a 

£ 

a> 

M 


c  a 

aj  o 


B 


,*=> 

si 


O 

o 

■*—> 

C5 

& 

2 

C3 

o 

O 


CO 

(M 


co 

co 

CO 


A  C 
A 

.co  . 

■  c  . 

o«o 

'C!  ^  * 

S  G  O 

,c  i'Ja 
OB  o 
.22  «j  2  cv 

PPft  Q 


U 

03 

A 

£ 

a> 

o 

13 

P 

73 

13 

a> 


co  co 

o8oc« 

<c£j7 

r-H  <M  O 


+-  w  . 

O  C3  .o 

°3s 

"§,.M  Sc 
a-Fa 
o^o 
oo. S3  <n 

b^b 

£  SP 

P  3. 
VjUjO 


I -. 

<u 

ff 

P 

53 

■«-> 

A 

O; 

OQ 

73 

o 


rO 

CO 


f- 

A 

◄ 

c£ 

6 

73 

^be 

a 

o 


^Aco 

•O'f.rT 

sH.a 

§  Sf  -a 

ppp 

odd 

•p'P'O 

b/.tXiJ:L 

t/i  X  CO 

ppp 


CO 

28 1 

rH  ^ 

1 

*0 

co 

CO 

co 

r-H 

cV 

.  Cl 

rH 

be  eg 

rH 

Jco 

06 

P  / 

^22 

0 

Wo?: 

co 

00 

00 


CO 
„  “M 


CO 
u  te 


o  o 

X  CO 


og> 

bjC<J 


073 

X  o 


be  5 


—  CO  •  . 

A-— '  33 
co  o 

-  ?k  ~ 

CO  »-H  . 

~2 

^  <e  oO 
a-B  ob 


CO  . 

00 

^  o 

•Zfl 


Cl 


co 


o  ^ 
X  ~ 


w  O 
O  X 


P  ^h  P  Hi  r-  P 


73“° 

O  73 

*  X 

PP 


O 

o 


X- 


o  o  o 

w  C  o 


:  o  o 
:  o  o 


CO  Cl  •  O 


>  o 
3  o 


C C  O 
CO 


co  co  co  co  CO  co 

CO  GO  X  CO  CO  CO 

co  oo  co  oo  oc  00 


CO 

orj 

CO 


COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 
co  oo  co  co  x  co  CO'  co 
co  x  co  co  co  'O  CO  co 


CO  COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO  COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO  cococo  co 

CO  co  CO  CO  oc  x  00  X-  CO  CO  CO  X  CO  CO  X  CO  X  x  X  X  x  co  co  XX  CO 

co  co  co  co  co  co  o  x  ro  x  oo  co  a.  x  65  x  oo  oc  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  co 


£}  C>  Cl  d  d  Cl  O'!  d  d"d  cfcfo  <C<©  O 
C>1  M 


1  Cl 

03  «D  i 

g  c  ziff-p,-. 
3  3  3  P  P  3 

h-J,  Hj 


>,  >-  >> 


>,  ><  r>-  K',  >, 

"psapp  ps  p 


cr.  o  ~  ~  cr.  cr.  oi  ~  o.  o.  ov  ms.-;  ;:k-* 

<“•  —  H  C^  M  N  CJ  Cl  Cl 
3>i  b*v  ^  >.  ^ 


^  *r  O 
Cl  M  Cl 


>, 


M 


a  p 


ppp' 


B.BI 
-njP 
w  P  a> 

^  ni  _3 


73  "5 
be  53 

5  a3 

PO 


:  be  . 

:  ~  >. 
■  P 
iPP 
:.S£3 

'  »-  03 

X  73  O 

0^  fl-— 
c  cc 

ls.i 

POO 


.  «i  - 
:  W>c 

:  3  3 
3  'r-  O 

S  > 

03  ^ 


be 


■-  o 

—  X 

“o 
p  a 


.  •  *73 

:  >.  c  i-  c 

•  *P>  ^  O'  r: 

X  —  3!  S 

be  ;.,r:  o—  o 

pi  :P  fe  g  fe 

•  ^  O  ^  7-; 

:t3  c 

4-^  . "  ^  1;  ;  +-  /,  p  “ 

oxo-^  ;  P  o  ^  o  ~  ^ 

‘.,-3  ^  r-  P  r*“<  ^  *— 


s  .  _P 

c  c  be 

X  x  r 


x  3- 
S  O  M 


o 


'P  ci 

»rH 


gtlg* 

O&hOPPhOO 


p  e  a 
0)  .  ' 


6  S5o» 


1-1  ■*— 
X  C 
c  p 

5  5 


o 

«  >• 
o  o 

o73 


tn  — 

P  A 


03  X 

X  ^ 

C3  — • 

o 

X^J  . 

•5.2  o 
2  cs  ^ 


p  ■  *-• 

2  •  2 

§!«! 
S  P  C  C2 

P  X 


bo  : 
0/  • 

■cl 

073 


P  P  ° 
-  5.o 


^  P- 
x  O 

7  c  P 


x  3; 


P  S-  1^  ~~  * 

2  o  w  ••  7  3  X  O  * 


hJ 


53  ^ 


P  o 
x  .0  o 
ppp 


p  x  c  2 


c  o 


/  X  P 

p  «fi® 


-  w  , 

Cl  C7  •»-  fll  7^ 


.Sc 

c3  c^3 

PO 


QJ  13 


s  p  O  q 


C3  C3 

PP 


^  (3 

PP 


O 

P 

CC 

P 


P 


13 
P 
2 

;  5  t-  oj  £ 

"  3.  ^  P  d>  5— 1 

P  S-^P  £  AO  O 

OkE^C^S1 

Or:t-p-3opO 

OPP^PQPP 


C3 

P 


O 
A  P 
C3  c3 

PP 


1) 

P 


C 

p  c 

p  13 


O  03 

PP 


f— < 
13 

P 
.  c5 

-  .  -  O  u  P 
a)  r  ^  5  5 


13 

o  5 


s- 

3.2 


5-  P 


C3 

PP 


ppp; 


.  0. 
'Out 


2  t-  o» 

So  5 


o  • 
•r  *-*P  *- 

W  O  o  13 


rbrcPO'ppo 

a2  o*-  ^ 


3:00 

AAA 


xPr^SCPP^^  PPP 


>< 

’> 

P 


P 

13 

s 

s 

a- 

fA 


K-i  -"i 

C  3. 

C5  S3 


0-  <14 


-,  O 

:  ^>^3  :  :  :  _ 

H  r- 
c3 

p? 

ssEs  •  -b b  c 

*A  r-< 

P 

C  F  2  e3  :cs5 

a  a 

P  &-* 

ci 

iS  £  £Tt«J  «iS-5b 

c/5 

Ci  13 

*13 

?;  a;  <r  c  .?£c 

• 

CO 

t-< 

M 

AcJOHWhH 

T3  B 
P  P 
rt  si 


_•  >, 

«  si  p&  p 

-  a  « 

W  U-  *  y  y  C  3  .  1>  B 

hhPcckjhSSDhh 


C  C3 


W-. 
ai  -  O 


o  o  -r’ 
b  "  ®- 
ichOi 


5  *02  Fa 
J  «  .  I  £ 

iCDOi 


P  x 
5  JL> 


!«i!5 


13 

Cl  (N  Cl  Cl 

r— 1  t—H  rH  r-i 

CD  03  O  O 

> 

rH 

13 

1-i  *}<  ca  OS  <M 

CO 

Age. 

OONr-riCdO 
O  KO  CO  Tf  -J*  <X> 

Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl 

r— 1  r“ 1  f“H  f-H  r“H  H  I- < 

I  )  I  I  I  I  I  I 

o  OC  CO 

1— I  *— 1  ^  Cl  Tt*  CO  CO 


M 

t-H 

I 

O 


Cl  Cl  Cl 

I  I  I 

Cl  —  CO 

iH 

^  Cl  Cl  r 


Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl 
1— <  •“ *  r— «  f— •  rH 

Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl 

Cl  d  Cl 

d  Cl 

r—  r-i 

CO  Cl  X  X  lO 

Cl  O  03  X 

rH 

Cl  CO  co 

X  CO 

Cl  co  t-t  Cl  cl 
Cl 

d  1-h  ci  c^i  ci  co 

rH 

CO  •— * 

rH  rH  x 

CXCIO  I^XCIM 
iT.C^iONCNtO 


Cl 

<£> 


MXOOCOCOOHC^O 
ic  «:  'f  c  o  i^r  c  c  -7  c 


o  x  c  »o  Cl  O  *C  I 
o  tc  o  o  *«o  CO  »1  < 


c<£0 


-:'£'S 

o  c 


.  * .  •s“.  ^  'tE 

^  p'p  -p  c  p 

C  3H  c  Chh 


&  & 

13  13 


—  X 

t^cox 


££  M  44 
t-  .,  S-* 

o  P  o  o 

&  & 

13  >  13  13 

fcPfefc 

h?;co 

'■#  r—  o 


o 

13 

Cl 


PPP 

L-  *-  :— 

O  C  O 

^  b  & 

O  1’  13 

!z; 

Cl  Cl  ‘O 
OC  lO  o 


o  I-  v.  o  o 

^  ji.  >  &  5- 

0)  !>  >  0-  <U 

r/^C  = 
eo  to  co  o  o 

— <  -C  —  r-i  1— 


> 

e3 

O 

A! 

(- 

o 

E: 

<K 

S5 


«f-«  V-. 

c  P 

►-<hH 

PP 
O  o 
>hE- 

^  Es 

13  13 

•O  C7 
r  -  'f 


> 

cS  .'P 

as  OJ  ,. it ZP  , . 

s-<  *-  a  : - 

O  ti  4.  O 

5  r  .  j  .  .. 

<p  1>  5  0iC»  > 

„  s  ?:  „  k-  «2, 


>  :  a 

P  V— •  ^  i4_  V— ■  *“"* 
p^-i  p  bm  > 


ci  ei 
KUO 


.*  o.  <_ 

cArHN  ^-i'c0  1— '  »0  •— 1  O  o 


X  ^ 

P  OP  j-  ^  */•  _ 
COC^OOk,^ 

&-F  &  B  &  ii  S  > 

0.  O  ly  l<  Cy  > 
J.  -rr-p 


O- 

o  - 

— 


^  A 
o  o 


p 
p  > 
>—  =3 


71  P«A 
C  3: 

>TiS- 

13  • 

hiNh 


C 

O 


sq^WM^^O  H  Wii-SMfeOPt 


be 

p 

o 

O 


^  iOPOAJOhh  FiOO 


W 

■< 

& 


t-> 

13  N 


A  ^  C 
O-^ 
.  O 


op: 

^pT 


X 

13 

P 

P 

13 


t_  s-  Jc 

1)  13 

5— 


7  £  5 


►•^2  si’  5  c  «  c 


-3-F 


<c  Z 

b£>F 


eS  C  D 


“'MSlooW 

IS??8£S 

js1I1=I 

OOBI-.BOO 


o  O  r_»— i  c; 

53s  r;  .  _ 

M  ^  o  w  O  P  <<< 

•—X  ^  X  73 

53C30313*J(13C3^ 

*p  be  be  x  bi  a  a 

^At-t-uuCrj 
o  tj  o  :coOy 
A  PA  13  13  ^  0  A  A 

H  ^.^OOWOHPi 


X 

c3 

£ 

o 


13 

-— 

13 

H 


a  a 

7re 


p  p 


:  P  c 

:  13  % 

.  UH  C3 

13 


P 
A  - 

a  x  t2 

o  *r  P 

13  £  g 


o 

X 

>.  A 


3 

P 

d'e 

13  A 


-oa\c;c 


W  - -  . — ■ 

—  .  rK  C  A. 


rA  >-H  . 


J-. 


13 

A 

O 

« 


13  . 

£  £ 

i-s? 


■r. 

c 

C  esxi 
sit*  O 

- 1  — 


b  is 


c  1  O 

eS  e: 

S£  P 

pi  Off, 

>0  c 


H 


p-*j 

13  O 

o 


ci  x 
P  13 


P  2: 
1  1—^ 
be  o 
bi^| 
^3 


p  *“  P 
t  O  A 

P  P* 


!  x>  ^  o; 
:  P  S  *r  c- 

:  a-E-pP  : 
—  :p  cj  o. 


.p  a 

:^'5  2 


»  33  G 

;Ph 


P  Eh 


£63 

H-  O 

13  a  S 

v  r  r-  w 

if  pt: 

O  O  S3 
O  A  p 

CHO 


No.  41. J 


63 


X  _ 
X  X 

^ 

X 

X  -*« 

•— •  X 

r  X  X 

rH  X 

X 

X  X 

r'X) 

.r 

X  _ 

X  ^_“ 

•*?*  ^ 

OJ  * 

^  o 

r— ' 

-  ^  CM 

O 

JCM 

g?  So 


d  •  co  .J  -c  ^ 

p  fc£X  £p  J 

5  55  rr- 

<i  /A  '  ^ 

o  •  •  • 

— »  w  — *  *\H  ^  ^ 

i-g  socd 

®  3=  « - - 

1  £  ^ 

OP  !■ 


S85r 

'X  p-  d 


38 


X  ,r 

ooS 

^  CO 

*  rH 

S 


rM 

CM 


tt 

P 

<1 

c4 


-  s 


d 

o 


d 


o 


a 

O 


o 

Z* 


CO 

CO 

oo 


o 

d 

P 


cS 

f-H 

*5 


'J  o  y 
CW  j)  -/j  a)  x 


tf  t£ 

X'P'- 

I— 

'd 

—  ^  ‘ 
3g 

f-H 

6 

6 

d 

< 

f-H 

9 

3—1 

d 

d 

d 

si  .2 

CS 

r  r 

dS 

r 

r 

dJ 

dS 

rrb 

tc 

d  d 

tc 

tc 

d 

d 

tc 

tc 

^bC 

s 

-*— 3  *H 

*r* 

-4-3 

ia 

-- 

2 

r 

i  f  d  d 

rp 

a)  d 

d 

o 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

l§s 

ftcfloj 

0) 

o 

X  X 
d  G> 

oa 

X 

« 

X 

s 

X 

d 

P 

X 

d 

p 

X 

P 

X 

5 

X 

P 

X 

p 

CO 

08 


a 

d 

m 


a> 

tc 


d 

X 

'O 


*  CO  'H* 

x  /  f 

)  x  x  CO 


«xCiCO 

^  —  »—  W3 


S3 

00 


30  CO 
00  00 


d  d  05 
GfcCtfp! 

"  f-H 

odd 

bcw>15j 


X  -. 

p3«Oon 

d 

P  ^x' 

ro  i-CM 

sS-Sfc 
•  S  2 
O  S  g 

'3 


CO  *• 
CM  V,  CO 
•  .  ^ 
>  >  • 
5.®  a. 

33 

,  ,co 

T3  3J-J 

- 1  r 


d  a> 


tc  to* 


CO 


*dr  r 

!/3  0)  i 


d  d  £ 

X  A  .t* 

P  Pr 


CT> 

d 

C 

3 

'd 

d 


o 

o 


:  o 
:  o 


-r  C^  co  X*X  CO  CO 
66  x  >c  x  x  x  x 
x  x  -6  x  x  x  x 


»n 

CM  CO  ’""• 

>i  >»  bi)  tic  be  be  1C 

3333333 

~-i«<« 


COXCOCOCOC-OCOCO  £?  •£  £3  *3  •?  S?  oo 


y  x  x  x  6c  x  x  x  x  6c  x  x 
x  x  x  x  2  5  2  ;£  2  5  5  5 

r-T^T^.n  o'" d rtTco" 

rH  rH  -H  HriHM-iNN 


X  x 


O  X  X  X  X  X  ^  y 

c  X  X  X  2  5 


CO  CO  CO  CO  co  CO  CO 
<x  x  x  x  x  x  x 

CO  X  X  X  X  X  X 


X  X 


X  X 
X  X 


X  X  X 

XXX 


tc  tc  tc  tc 
d  d  -  5 
<)<!•<<! 


to  be  bo  bo  bo  be  be  bi 

r->  —  p  p  p  P  p  p* 


04 

J  J  ^  *J  J  u  w 
p.  2.  ~  Q,  p,  P  —* 
a>  d  3  a>  ^  d  d 

yj  ji-i  /i  n  co  >2 


5  co  X  X  x  x  X  X  X co  X  X X 


xxxxxxxxxxc 

9S29  2B59  2SX96gggggJ 


X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X 
XXX  X  X X  X X  < 

r— I  — ^  rH  «-H  <-H  — 1  I 

»  <  r  r  ,  r  , 

oo  oo'  x'-e/ee'-/j 


-*->  W 
pi,  p  -~N| 

d  d  d 


.  -»  w  »  « —  ■*—  •— » 

S'S'irS'S'S'S'  S*  S’  5  oo'  ®  o  ooo  o  o  o  o  o  o 

</j  jar/i  Xi  03  -/}  71  TiOJ  CQOiO.  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  ./3 


„2.3.3b3.2.3b,3.  —  S.3- 

OOOOOOObOOO 


— 

i. 

03 


*  tti  »*»3 

:  a  :  P 

:5  2  o 
:o.i^ 


!  *D 

:  to 


•  4-> 

:  a; 


to  : 


ill; 


o 


^  •*-*  0)  x» 
p  st: 

g  £  3  §  a-g  .j 

C3  b*.  •*-*  d  d  X 

CLia3^c5rt'>1o 


—  '  3j  •£ 

,2  0.2.3  o  o 

*->  ^  *-  fi  ^ 

ss  i_  x-zrz 

—  —  c  —  -—b»  : 

3  9  3  S  ^  ,.  i  *  >  3  o  3  J)  ®br 

1  D  -  33  —  cS  i  rn  -  -  3  3-  re  =  5  •r' 

—  «p  r>  ^  ^  q  p  £.3  pj  .  U  p 

i 


:  ^ 
.  '+— 

:  O 


x  : 

It- 

SS  s  =  d  s 


:-d 

:  <u 
:  > 


•  -*->  D 

:  o  v 

•  .^  d 


:*d 


?^.2  3X.2.S 

;  _ ,  ~Z  _  —  bb  33  ; 33  •-  *3  — 
;  -1  +->  3J  £j  Cd  .^-  --  -- 


p  o.-d  p  d  -  r,  • -  p  ^ *«— 
s  -  JE)  =  ?  33  5r>  :5Co»«£« 

*«®a  2.2  £=£’S.“  S  ®“Te7 

^=“-^•33  xS-r- 


w«  :r-*  'J  ••  = 

»-•  p  d  '-4-*  -*-j  •  ^  p  —  —  r  ^ 

sSsStfw^^-gsl  \% 

sci-922 


"e 

g 

h  CM 


o  —  ^  t-  ^ 

>1®  5^  o 

QJ  >■ 

<y  w  >  ^  > 

•^••p  ^  0)  ^ 

2  eo  i—  —  « 


—  fH 
f-H 

>/ 

=  n  ,3=  -  r  13  -  t: 

t— i  r-!  21 .  ~  ^ 

bb  H1- 1 1  ,11 

—  fH  —  -p 
fH  i— t  d 

*< 

dC  - 
—  o 

bb  •-  bb  bb  bb 

^  dd  _ 
t-  o 

®2 

'Tk 

C  O  O  'p  'P  O  p 

>  >3 

—  !> 

5^ 

33  33  >  83 

S?s«J»5 

Ho  Jo 

» - ,  T»*  CO 

nJ 1  ^  -r 


bf ’S  if  ~  3b  bb  3i5 

>4  £££1®®®  ^ 


.  bb  bb  ,  .  bb 


a>  a>  ^  >  o  < 
7^55®^® 

C-1CCC  "  CO  ^ 
r-i^'OCOO'Nt^CO 


>  CJ  ^  ^ 

iy  q;  >  o^74 

^  ^  Zi  o. 
hcr^  r-  cr-  — < 
f— .  »—  O  X  O  -H 


^  fe-^1 


.; .; ■,  >  D  i3  o 

gS^or.-r 

^PnHnO'O 


o 

d 


o  p  o 
Jh  ®^H 

£  u-  £ 

1>  ^.03 


•  I— I  rfi 

>  bb  bb  bb  S3  bb 

C5  s-  bb  •-  u  o:  u 

Q  O  I-  O  O  3i  o 

O  33 

Sj  13  *  S3  33  13  S3 

SsqfljjqjB.'Sa 

^x^coo^co  _  — 

f-H  ■ — <  lO  *“■'  r— <  CM  X  ,— * 


feOpsaiMO^  scsH^a-i  o<  Hod  o<*3h 


C  •_' : 


.  :  -oc  a, 

;  I  ii=  P- 

:£  i'Ob= 
•  t3 

=  E  “ 

O  33—J  33 

go 

'-sc:-11 
e-3b=  see 

-3  -  o  —  — 
-;Oi^?>-<; 


'/) « 

x  — 


-■=? 
=  f« 

•»  ~i  — 

r!—  33 

-3  ;j  Sfl 

S'C2 

-p  W  p 
>  «  « 


:  :  >, 
>■% 

'■  §  c 

:  2  o  ^ 

ijOo 

’  «— 4 

><■< 


d 

dr 
u  d 

jii  d  ^ 
d  ^ 


cr>r  I 

•;  > 
OiS]^ 

bb  -  2 

•-  ae 
'—  2/  — 
-*p  X  P 
S3  O  *- 


J 

-  °d 

p  35 
S  3  r 

.O  i 

a>  « 


— 

—  t- 

i)  ^ 


S3  O 


oHn 


*-  .  - 

.  v  ^  ^  v 

.p  d  ^  n 
^  p^^'g 

g  2  gl  .Ss 

-Mp  •*-. 

2.®  3  g—  > 

d  ^  ^ p  p  .3  d  - 


©:<m5S  ^ ^ 


c3  d 


X 

:  o  *  d 
:  di  ^  d 
:  x  d  .'— 


•g  x  :  s  g 

d  n  a>  c  s3d^ 
2dp S OS  . 

y  •> ,®5  ;» 

1/2  ^  >  i—  -o  —  te 

2i  tf  S  5 

id  i  >  S3  2 

o  o  PiJrS  C5 


:  c 
:  o 

d  *— 
X  J- 

x  p 
C*^ 
Sii 

^  tc 

d  u 

r  o 
O  3J 

^>a 


d 

c3 
d  > 
u  pi 


,e|S 

1.62 
^  p  p 
X  S’p 
d.d  d 
dr  d 
d 

r 


:  >. 

;r 
>- 


u 
d 
_  d 


•  d 

a?  & 
d  o 
cS  u 


*  —  P  O  fl5  Tld? 

;  2  «  r 


2  Su«  . 

s—  — 


«2§ 


:  g= gc  = 

;  rj  >  5  ^3  >. 

•Obnd'' 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


64 


[Assembly 


73 


G 

13 

PS 


C  G 

o,  o 

P  C/J 


P  P 
f  '/. 

CO  oo 


g 

P 

PS 
6 


<v 

to 


o 

s- 

cS 

rs. 

GJ 

13 

to 

•G 

o 

73 


/ 

CO 


G 

k-H 


T3 

03 

to 


o 

cc 


00 

co 


V 

00 


^  « 


G 

o 


•o 

a; 

to 


o 

73 


P  02 


P  P 


JbO 

P 

a 


02 

n- 


r 

00 


G 

*— < 

PS 

6 


0; 

to 


o 

73 


38 

cm 

X 

5£ 

PS 

o 

GO 

o 

to 


Wa8 

a:  — 

00  . 


00 

CO 


o 

o 


o 

© 

CM 


o 

Cl 


oo 

^  © 

» 

© 

© 

CM 

5 

^  il 

Sp 

G 

PrG 

C  . 

03 

~C£ 

.  — ‘ 
r.-*  03 

”  ho 
Ho 

si  'ti 

tL 

r- 

Tj 

X 

o  . 

"G  P 
o- 

g? 

5^tdD 

. — i  iG 

Vo 

rG  G 

03  ^ 

P  P 

Cc« 

I 

§  :  8  : 

co  :  ^  : 

:  ;  ; 

:  m  : 

©  © 
©  © 


a» 


<33 

73 


co  co  co  CO  co  co 
co  cc  oo  oo  X  oo 
cc  cc  oo  x-  oc  oo 

r—+  r— »  <— (  <— 1  r— « 

]883 

1883 

CO 

00 

co 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  co 
CO  CO  CO  00  CO  CO  co 

JL  CO  9C  00  CO  CO  2 

1883 

CO  CO  CO 
00  cc  co 
oo  00  30 

»-H  r-«  rH 

CO 

CO 

CO 

r-H 

CM  CM  Ol  OJr <M  CM 

oi  cm' 

CM 

cm'  cm  cm  cm'  ©  ©  © 

© 

—  -H 

•—> 

CM  CM  CM  CM 


•— <  H>->H'0?£<£CO«OC<OC‘t03>00  ©  ©  © 


•  • 

Q.  2,  C-  ©-tH 

o  a<  a>  a 

aioQoccnOO 


0.0 

OO 


o 

O 


O  1>  O  O  O  O 

0000002 


o 

O 


o  o  o 

OOO 


o 

O 


-*— •  -w  -*—  «— i  -*-*  ♦—  ♦-<  -w  —  «—  •«— 

C300  1>00L3<L30C3CJL30L>0_ 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 


•rJ  -»-J  «_J  -*J  fc-  -*_J  -w  *—  — ’  ' 

o  o  u  ooo 

■  ■  OOO 


:  :  :  :  G  : 

>>  :  >> :  g  : 

p  ;  ^  •  ,c  : 

r^i  •  :g  g  H  c: 

©  •  ©  G  G 

•  •©  -*->  P 

-  53  o  s 

s  ~  £  £•£  £ 

oCTo-cr 

<U  4i 

OfiOPSOCS 


-  •  :  ~  »  c  o 

G  -Q  •  G  **~‘  *h 

9  to  :?rtO®r- 


G  X  ~  13 

G-~  G  x 

CO  G 

h  G  ^  a  X 

2.22  5.2G 

f  -*->  n,-*- 

.22  G  «?  G  x>  ©J  G  p  ~  rs 


>>  : -g 

o  :  to 

©  :‘£ 


Z2  P  x 


:  0/  - 
•  c  g 
:P  o 
:  2.  > 
73 


3  ^  >  S  .  .  _ 

1 '  -V-  ^  £  X 

G  G  ®  p  ©  ^ 


G 

#o 

p 

G 

Cu 

G 

o 

a 

O 


t- 

a 

S.2 

T!  U  O 

r“  T— i 

G  G  G 

O^H 


££.  03 


t- 
O 
u  •— 

<D  O 

G  G 

PP 


•  • 

•  • 

a  • 

•  •  .... 

•  •  I  .  •  •  • 

.  .!  I  l  .  . 

:  a;  .  :  :  :^ 

•  :  u  :  .  .  : 

:  :  g-m  :  :  : 

c 

:  2  •  i  •  i 

.  —  .  :  :  t-  g 

:  -G  :  •  *a  I)  G 

G 

•  •  v  X  •  •  • 

G 

13  *  * 

• 

'•  *±  _ :  1  j .  • 

*  g  :  ‘!1^~ 

o 

G 

»- 

CL 

s 

L  L 

G  13  O 

t- 

03 

t- 

S  a>  o  «  ® 

G  G  X 

5  S  ^  g  c  £ 

S—  t- 

p  13 

'G 

G 

<-» 

c 

os£-=  Sog 
"§  5  csjf 

13 

03  *-•  j- 
r«  O  O 

t- 

O 

-G 

5  S  o  c  S  3 

esS  c3  3  cj 

soso^oi 

o  3 

G 

E 

G 

CTG3G3 

W- 1 

o 

G 

J- 

G  G  G 

£  ---p, 

— '  G 

p 

p 

p 

OhOh-3 

P 

020^--^  ®S 

PP 

>> 

*> 

*w 

G 

S5 


>,  >> 

P  G  G 

G  G  G 

G  G  G  • 

^G  G  Cj/3 

03  03  •  U 

hOOPHO 


1c, 
111 


•g 

Oco 

o 

c^P 


02 

P 


G 


G'g 

G  G 

13  .5  G  .  1’  13 


G 

•G 

G 

G 

G 

o 


.  13  . 

P 


J  G 

^  GG  *G  •  -  ;  j^'GG  -  G 

■x  rt rtai J5aicft-rc2 i^cc  s 
o  oo.u.o..c5o.a>..li, 
ooOrPoooosatPOttooo  f 


P  P 


oqo3  S  a 


. 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  0-1  CM  CM 

CM  CM 

>— 1  r— i  —  i— i  rH 

— 

’— •  r—  r— '  •— '  «-H 

f— '  rH  •— « 

•—  — «  "" .  «  ^  ^ 

i—  r—t 

©  ©  ©  ©  CO 

CO 

©  CO  •— «  H  o> 

r-  P  © 

©1^  ©  co  — <  -rr  ©  P  X) 

©00 

> 

rH  f— « 

<— 1  — <  r- 

CO  CO  CO  — <  CO 

CO 

CO 

CO  — I  r-i  CC  CC  CO 

CO 

co  co  ^ 

Ol 

CM  CO  CM  CO  CO 

CMr^COCO  CM  CM  CM 

eo 

m 

©  »Q  CO  ©  CM  CO  Ifj 

t—  © 

H* 

©  i-H  ©  ©  CO  -Tf  © 

© 

»o 

co  *c  x»  r-  co 

©  »G  ©  O  OC  00  ©  O  © 

i—  »o 

tX) 

N  ’T  >1  ^  O  ©  N 

o  o 

»c  ©  o  n  >o  b 

© 

©  © 

o 

©  H"  ©  CO  © 

ec  <£  CC  *c  rr  >0  T  O 

■H*  © 

*<1 

- - 

::::::: 

•  *  1  1  •  •  .  *  » 

•  » 

•  • 

•  ••tit* 

•  ;••»•• 

•  )  •  •  •  •  fff  •  • 

*  I  p  ;  p  p 

•  : 

•  P 

Inf.. 

airy 

ivy., 

\4  \ 

...  («_i  . 

i  >{§  P  ^  ®  :  : 

p  >  .  >  :  :  :_•  :p 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

03 

3 

to 

03 

PS 


o 

O 


<+— <  %_i  t 

c  c1-1 


c^1 

1-1  C4 

.'  >-i 


■  —■  I 

*!l^sS 

1  fe  5 

i  op9^< 


G  5,1  i  C7,+-  G  t 

-H 


o  o 
!^>-l 
>  ;>  a> 

V*  >  >-r 

03  03 


W  \U  •  '  W  .  .  _ 


& 

° 

^  (o 


1  C'l 


o> 

^  £ 
>  <v 
SS5 
Zg; 

5C  S 


o 

>H 

o 

o 

00 


O  a> 
co-gs-g-ggg 

S'te 

c  s  i)  5  ^  d  a> 


oo  oc  r-N  r-  co 

CM  ©  CM  P  CO  ©  ^ 


S<!OhHo<!  oM  O  MoS 


P 

PlGP 

P 

c 

c  c 

G 

M 

P  *3i- 1 

P 

AC 

AC  OAC 

AC 

O 

or,  o 

o 

>*  Str 

& 

13 

13  c  13 

1) 

Zto?, 

o 

©  © 

© 

©HO 

CM 

l-H 

MH 

P2KQ 

<< 

tf'-tf'ti  c  cs  :  c  “ 


•=z  szt-d  =  = 


^!noM.s"^lz' 

f'N'ONCMC^X'Pl  '^©r^©' 
'TOCC-H-- 1  M  00  ©  ©  —  CMf 


co 

W 

S 


CS 

'S  — 
tt'  3 
“_£= 

=  oPi 
Ocor; 
c 

o  J-  O) 
—  —  ^  2 
aoiS 
c  aj~  O 
«r  C  r 

Ph^h 


03  • 


.  >> 

13 

|| 

-;o 

,g.2s 

■|S^ 

o  b'h 
o  £  rf 


o  • 

-*-J  fl 

— 

t:  ^ 

5  >> 

G  5- 

£5 

HP 


03 

o 

p 

G 

o 

3 

◄ 


G 

Or  X 

^*5 

J-  G 
*-  O 
1>#G 
P>-5 


g:  o 
G  G 
.g-jt 

SO 

3^ 


-*iO 
G 
to 

.  .  W  3 


03 

.*“  13 

G  'S 


03 

to 

G 

a 

03 


■G 

03 


PSP  <{ 


^  o 

U  03  -»-> 
03  C  t- 
I"  G  ® 


rC—  G 

G 


G 

IS 

G 

5 

i 


c*>  —  »-z:  g 


r- 

*  05 


>>  G  j 

1/  —  - 


'  C  X 

.  .G  X 

.  5b3 


0> 

P  C 


G  tfi 

ur£  ? 


5 


S^**25  C-r 


— 

0/  “* 


3^«fcS=ruC  =  ^=o 


Gp 

PO 


g; 


03 

03 

> 

jc  3 


*r.2 

pP 

or 


No.  41.] 


G5 


cc 

oo 


u 

o. 


ft 

<D 

bo 

ft 

O 


CO 

& 


> 

o 

a 

Tt* 

CC  -3 

cc  5} 

ooft 

frS 

S'3. 
«  3 

*ft  G 

Oxi 


”*r  -r  ”-r 

cc  cc  x  cc  go 
CC  OC  CC  CC'  00 


co 

00 

00 


<£  O' 
CC  I— H  , 


ft. 

<1 


•- 

a> 

C/3 


3 

s 

C^l 

3  0.3 
s<:p 

f**. 

u 

13 

csi  g? 

rn 

d 

ft 

6 

go! 

tj 

0 

> 

0 

bo 

0 

ft 

0 

X 

13 

.  i- 

S  ^  7 

*-  rys^O 

5 

5 

mPP 

£  si 


r— t  n 

&  3 

So 

ftiCd 


CO  r  * 

oc  t-  e 

r— "  •— >  w 

c,j-33j 

.  h  ^  O  d 

SC  .  M  bO 

5.5  Occ 

ft  cs  a;  .i  .£ 

13  w  t£ft 

*-  p.  ft  •  • 

U  13  o  fi  fl 
“  £  M  E  = 
OGQcca}  CQ 


OO 


<u  a> 
b£  be 

Wa 

o  o 

CC  CC 


OO 

CC 


O 

rH 

ft 

ft 

1/ 

co 

d 

O 

ft 

13 

bo 

is 

o 

CO 


<H*  7C 

00  c c  ^ 

O0  CO  CO 

^  ^  CO 


O  cc  f* 
»— <  C 1  ^ 


rt  H-*  t- c- 

5  c  * 00 

^  ft  ft  '-^ 
be  .J*& 

i°-g§ 

SajJ.SS  C 
Jg  &TC3  * 


£  C/3  O 

OjPcGP 


882 


88 

R 


cc 

00 


CO 

CM 


c3 


ft 

O 


03 

Q 


:  -,o 


.  o 
•  ^ 


:  o 
•  o 


■«-»  c2 

ftHH 

a 

!;<« 
co  . 

^  X 
•  X 

•3P 

OS'-* 

13  . 

5*6 

*  CO 

O  ^ 

0  ft 

33 -C 

X  ^ 

ft 

0  0 

p-g 

OT3 

0  2 

X  13 

(Zip 

PP 

*  •  •  • 

:  :  S  : 

.‘I  cm  : 

•  •  : 

•  I  •  ! 

XXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXCOXXXXXXXX 

or  S  a§  cc  oc  oc  V  >0  oc  00  oc  oc  CC  X  cc  x  cc  co  X  x  cc  cc  cc  oc  cc 

xxxxxxaSxxoOXaq  xxXxxXXxooxxxao 

jft t—  t^T t^T  r^*  r-  w>  qT  cT erT c*^oo 


XXXXXXXXXC 

rH  »— *  r— '  r— *  rH  <— *  •"  *r-i  i — i  « — ■ 

icT  ,c  iff  *c  ptT  its  c~-  o*.  o  c^  o*  f'- 


CO  CO  CO 

888888 


<c  tc  o 

CM  CM  C* 


co  co  co  co  co  co  co  co  eoxx 
X  x  X  X  X  X  X  X  x  X  c 
XXXXXXXX  XXX 


COCC'-1^'**^ 
X  X  X  X  X  00 
00  X  X  X  X  X 


-r-  «*  ^  -t*  -rf  -?• 

X  X  X  X  X  X 
X  X  X  c/  J  X  X 


PC  O  ~  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 
*M  C4  CM  ^  ~  1— 1  »— 


CM  CM  CM  —  — 
Hr^H  CM  CM 


o  o  o  o  o 


OOOOOOOOOO  o  o 

oooooooooccz 


>>•’>»•>>>>• 

0000000000000 

iziZZZZZZZZZZZZ 


>>>00000  000 

OCOoOOOO  <0130 

zzzocaso  coa 


O  O  s  z  £  £ 
£  “  C3  es  rt  53 


c  e  c  a  c  c 

c3  c3  S3  c3  c3  aS 
1— s  l-s  »-5  l-b  >— S 


“  >.  3 
i-sau# 

3t?3.£ 

"Z-liL  G  ~>- 


s-  O  3  r.  bo 
3  4i£  3  3 


«  M  O  M  M 


■gvC  *33 


•  <0 

: 

,  +* 
:  3 
.  o 


.  a-  -~ 

3  p  c3 


c  5  2  |5  . _  .  . _  _ _ 

2  *  ~-rA  ~.vi c co *rr  c: 

OO^)  .O  •  C3 


1  13 


£  £  : 

»  x  : 

Grtrxx 

g^CO'O 

O  p  . 

r,  O  •  • 

1— <  rr  ft 

PPPP 

c3  C  S 


•  c3 

65^  005  PPPDOmhh  PPP 


A  AAA  ^  ^ 

•  •  o  ?  0  0 

5  o  P  t- 


>.  : 

ft  : 

b  :  • 

2c 

e  : 

cj  ; 

3  •  • 

C  3 

ft  CO 

c^ai 

®g 

ft  rH 

g  .«  .  . 
toPOPP 

CM  D1 

»-H  1— » 

•  I 

O  CM 

CM  fsj  CM  X  ''f  CM 


CM  CM  CM 

■  1  1 

cr  pc  d> 

-»  i 

rr  CM  CM  CM 


CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM 

__  ^  r— •  f— •  —H  rH 

III  till 

X  CM  O  X  CCD”? 

x^f  •— (XXCMXCMCM^XCMX  ^ 


CM 

rH 

CM  D-l  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM 

222 

CM  CM 

H 

CM 

rH 

CM  CM 

r— <  r-^ 

1  1 

1 

X 

CM  CM  -4*  0  d> 

X  O  X 

rH 

OC  PC  CM 

CM 

CM 

«C  P5 

•CCCC4 

H  H'  W  H  r-  CO  *— * 

X  CM  X 

rH  X  X  CM 

^  X  X 

CM 

88$SPf258P3SfeS5  fcSS  SS5^^Js8S  SSr:  ^S'g^SS 


>> 

P- 

.'  ^  p-'  cj  p-  ^ 


c<h  cf  •’.  :,  c  >  s  - 
-1  =  m'3'3'3*^  3hh  - 


i-i 

•S  o 

o>- 

^  is 

C3»^ 

^ 
r  ."TO. 
PC  «—  CM  • 


d  0-7^  O 

j2>h  5  3  cO^O^ 


-  r  ^ 


o  •- 


os.>>>o>a. 

^VZZZZgZ- 


13  ^ 
^03 


C  O  Cl 


«  X  CM  CM  : 


r-  X 


s  Ch  =  S  S  C  Chh  c  c 

H  H  rH  HHHHH  h-HH 

^  It 

Xt  Jt  PjC 

5-'-.rlp-0i-.-.L-t-P-Q*—  t- 

Ok,  OOOO  O  O 

«v  O  O  o  O  0>5r  O  o 

Z^ZZZZZ^ZZi 

<35  C-l  t-  b-  t~  -h  f~  O  >rt  3-1 


fe  O 


o  a> 


^z;  zz^rz 


’o 
?!  ?5  f. 


S'"  3 


555 

«5m 

■3^-3 

O 

C^’S 
P5P 

tc 


o^r‘ 

C3-^—  > 

■4-S  S?  ^ 

"iz, 


P53' 

iftr-vCM 
1— •  XH^  1— 


:  :  :  :"S 

:  jCrj  :« 

i  :  ^  ^ 

5  c 

— <  JS 

-  ^  «  O  u 

>HT3 

O  >  >. 

Cl  X 


H  X  ft  0*1 ^  ^ 


.  eft 

«pp  C 

*53^ 

^  > 

>  13  > 

>  y  13 

x  o 

X 


<<k 


%_:  v-  p_:  •*-■ 

:  c  c  S 


»*  .  •— 
rr  ^ 


.^ft  : 
^  5  %  M's 

<J  '  P  t— I 

3jC  •-  ^  O  U 
t  ©  3>l  O 

^7^  r 


k.  ^  t-  u  t-.  u 
O  «-  O  O  O  o 

bs®«3 

z£zzz;z 

f.«Z  =  o> 

f-1  X  X  CM  • 


CM  CM  ft 


<aoscacPfiHSPa  p3^c«Paa*oca«  cpm  pk  jKP^o 


MfiP  PhSWO 


s.  • , 

C3  ■  • 
bO’X  ; 

K' 

<  ?■ 

O 

G~m 

•5  ^ 

O 


:  o 


I  •/  ^  :  :*r  e 

k  >  :  :  :  o  e 

'Sfl  Kr  :  :  >  ^ 

h  ^  j  w  a. 

c3  r-  •—  •  ?c  ■-•  e  1 

a-r^  i:  fE  ^  5 

rJl  ft  - 

h£ jefirO  ._ 

s:^  13^  2 

5)*5 

5jo  ^  o*; 


o  >. 

>  13 

— 1  ~z 
o  E 

r—  •- 

<*;  ^-> 

CO 

13 

gf  *03 

1  °i 

!d5 


x  :  : 

a3  >1  C? 

Cl^p 

c|^ 

asl 

13 

•9  -.2 
o  £  x 

n  zz  o 

co  ft 


be 

c 


X 

C 

13 

E  w 
Op, 
13  citjd 

rKn 

^  H 

^3,5 


=  cSft 
O  P-- 


»/■  p 
"-3  13  13 


13  1^  ' 


G 

G 

ci 


?  J33i5‘eS03b  1-1 

•3  _ r  'f.  a.  rr  *1*  .  ZS  , 


\ 

+■.  ~ 
C  O 

S  2  >. 

■3  OS  t 

5*^  S 

a.<P 


r:  =  P 

”12 

£  2| 

Prk 

rr  J.  -t  (T5  r" 


io 
3  C 
33 
3  ^ 


b3 

P  3  . 

ct*- 
co- 
-c  —  £ 

—  033 


'3^  i' 

to  O  O 


'■3  3-. 

!22P 

;  r- 

!-gc  = 


>» 

ft 

H 

p* 

c3 

o 


G 


;£-5P  4-2 


-st 

■  -  cl 


-  c  -i  c  S  • 

c3  cl 


J2ft^ 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41. | 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted—  Continued. 


66 


[Assembly 


X 

iA 

u 

oS 

a 

■<v 

G5 


j- 

< 

pi 

6 

T5 
<D 
tt ) 

gj 

o 

1/3 


x  xx 


„  *o 

.  ^  • 

.C  G  G, 

C*  G  <i> 

,'C'O 

'r;  ^ 

boJttltO 

%5a5a 

o  ^  <-> 

X  ,w  /«» 

?o  'w  *o 

566 


CM 

CM 


cs 

s 

c4 

6 

cD 

to 


D> 

X 


CO 


3  I 


2Sn. 

X  >-c 


33  - 

pm 


ri  a> 

n  s 

-  3 

p'-i 

»2"3 

St 


op 


S;~ 

Si  34 


3  2  3  -*-4 

—  ,M  H  —  *Z 
^  -V  <4  J"5 


x  CO 

00" 

r"lo? 

r*-»  "“• 

r— <  QJ 

rj 

t  5 

P"5 


1-X  _ 

|2|: 

-o~ 1 
cX  >  >> 

«a» 

\  ®  1.2 


IS 


d?  P  0>  *.  •“*  .  .jj  ,-4  •  r  -  y  q 

,tL  5  -ta  3 _r  5  jj  •  ?,  M  ee^®^° 

O  3  ® 

35.2-2 
'•5S;~  ~ 

g  S«* 

aiaa66 


-r 

00 

CM 

CM 

♦-» 

a 

ft 

CO* 

CM 


&  tt  tic 


.2*0  — i'C  a>*c 

C/  'G  O  M  hr 


—  <d 
3  M 
^tc  d 

•  S-  •  I-  >«  Vr  d 

G  — '  O  t)  (jj,  ej  CJ  ZJ 

S  S'  .2.2.2  «.« 

ouPOPfiO  CO 


11^28  J 


<D 

X 


<T  *9* 
£2 


CO 

C  >> 

&  G 

s 

.  tc 

Oi 

o 

Sz 

tc~z 

'a  G 
x  ^ 


5(2 


o 


a> 

X 

a 

Q 


00 

CO 

d 

0/ 

w 

co 

?! 


to 

*3 


G  g 

<d  o 


>  o 

>  o 


-a 

CD 


g 

dj 


•v  ^ ^ -r ’t 

00  cc  CO  0C-  00  00  CO 
CO  00  co  oo  cc  co  cc 


on  oo  co  cc  00  co  oo  CO  X  X  CO  GO  OC  00  OO  00  CO'  CO  CO  CO  CO  00  co  00  oo  X  oo 

rH  h  r-4r  ^  h  r-r  ^  m  p-i  h  i-T r*  *c  id  id  »d  o  o’ »d i-  cdcdcdcdcdco  d c  c  c  c  o  cT  cT  *o  co  co”co 

CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM 


-r-r-r'-r-r-r'-?*— ‘'f-r-r*-?* 

X  X  X  X  X  X  x  X  X  X  X  X 
X  X  XX  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X 


:  <£  c  c  c  —  r- 
i  H  H  r-i  — -  CM  CM 


CCCC3C3  3  3  S=  3  3 
SSSSSSS 
t"S  >-3  *"*  >-S  ""S  >”5  ^  1—3  •— » 


B,e.0,0.0,a,0,a.3.a,3.3,a.3; 


3  3  3  3  3  3 


3aj333300030000000000 _ _ _ , _ 


333333333E.E5. 

V—*—  *—«►—»—  — —  —  •—  ^0t  ^ 


32 

3 


|6 

-do. 

-1-  X  X 
pi-j  ^  C3  C 
•Ci)  O  O  C3 

*— ro>g  o 

.. .  -3 ^ 
o  £*j  ^ 
cc  ®  ‘ 


3  .  60 

o  :  <l> 

•  H  • 

X  • 

C  ^ 

S'®  60' 

-r-  -4— 


x  J  b  o' 

X  C 

q»,2s 

coi 


t-(!-3C5i-K 


EE” 
c5  9 

-hCSh3 


~a 

2.^ 
S’C 
p.v- 
^  o 

rh  X 
d  X 
C3  Q 


O 

5s 


:  ttc 

•  CJ  i— 

:d  x 


X 

tc 

G 


.5.2 

3*5 

3  3  G 

PT3  5 


E  3  E 


o.2 

^3 

2g 


aS 


rt  :  a  sc 

cc  to  o 

>^59|S 
-■  C  o- «  «  c 
'  ^ - 3 


S  ^  - 

23(2p?^p3G30P3»5»3MfiPi5eHSC:p5fi 


3 

X 

x  fli  « 

O  c  £  *x  c3  5 

^3  Ssa  5 

d  O  O  o 

^  r-  3J  /“• 


-  X 
O  S3 

f  > 

5»8 

o  o 

o.S 

'  fc- 


—  t-  t-  — 

Good 

o  > 


>  c 
< 


tx 


G  x  d  S3 


3.5 

x 

G  ^ 

os 


o  cc 


-3 
5  3 


X  •  X  o  X  * 

I  G  *^  *^-  *-^ 
'd  d  ^  G— •  G  O  cs 
g  o  cs  *r!  e:  g.  cz  ' 

d  x 


d  d  '"i  l-  ■ 


s  §  a. 


P  p3  F 
tUt 

%  a  ~  x. 
Z  |££ 
5S55 


?-2 


soe^^K^  —  ^  ^  oi 


3 

o 

’-£ 

G 

A 

G 

o 

o 

O 


£^l2s££i3 

OC^OcCOSi 
33  S3  ^33  O 
3  3  -3  3  3  3  63 
►Jh-JGPHJS&JJGG 


u 

02  (-. 
h-  O 
2^ 


X 


e  c  u 


0.5  S  a>  cc 

0'S  3  3  o  ° 


6  j. 

o  g*o  ,  . 

o  t.  u*  ~  J- 

r!r—  ?SG^OOO 

S  O*^  2i®  -  ”  -  . 
-0^33335 


2 g^  -  g:2''-'c'0 

GGcsijGG—  GGo°GGGww^^ 

1-q  »  Etc  S  M  a<  W  J  fe  cc  pc  o  hJ  ^  h3  hJ  o 


t- 

o 

G2 


G 
G  ° 


-r  G  G  o 


t-  h-  „ 

"  G  G  G  G 

"G  rv.  i*v*  .  ’i  "* 


h-  t- 

O  O 


O  -3  G 

||i 

G  (D  l-> 
l-HC/j&H 


t—  3 
C3i 
--4  3 


^  a 


J  5  =—  !-  o 

G  d  c  '■*  C2 

55^(«oa 


-w 

S3 

G 


d3  *G  T3  •  d? 

G  G  G  •  G 

.  *o  "o  o  .  "o  . 


G  dJ 
dJ  G 


G  G  5  G 


c  i- 

G  2 


s-  S-  h- 


adai  5^  Eaico^ocrtc/iocrccc^^  E^czi^ad  S  Sad  g  «  « 

.36c!  .  .*  .o",  ,  .o«S«  .«  -  “  r.i4> 

_  *■*  t  .  w  .  L.  .  L. _  . _  .  . _  l—  1—  . _  t_  ^ 


j~o:  EaQajor 

h- 


SMtDL)  &DOMO&t=£p£&Di=&4:H*-OME3wPOfit3C5MH3 


>.>» 

3  3 

oc  |  Esc* 


;ppppppp566 

— 


X  O 

S-2 

03  > 

X 


CM  CM  Cl 

riHH 


<  CM  CM  CO  rH  TT  CO 


CM  Cl  CM  CM  Cl  CM  Cl  CM  CM  CM  Cl  CM  Cl  Cl  Cl  CM 

HHrHHH  r— 1  •— i  rt  r— i  r—t  HHrl 

co  cm  d  d  CO  d^o  o  Cl  CM  CO  co  CM  o 

Cl  CO  Cl  CO  CM  co  CM  *  COCMCO’^rHCOCOCO’^CO'^'^i-HCMCO 


CM  CM  Cl  CM 

■— «  — ^  r— •  •” * 

II  ii 

c  r-  o «— « 

r— < 

CO  CM  h  i-4  f-H  i 


co  co 


a> 

to 

<1 


rH  ci  r^OGiCMcoco 
^<OCOOCO-TjiTj<Tr 


O  N  O  '-O  O  tO  C  NCO  CO  N  N  O  C  3  h  Cl  O  'O  CO  4f  O  CC  O  C  M 
'Tf'^TfcoiO'n’iOiOTft^cO'^O'^O’^'O^oO'Tr^OTr'r^-'^co 


N  -  O  «c.  X  c  C  CM  r-  o  O 

^  iC.  't  O  N  C  O  O  <5  ^  O 


G 

<D 

s 

•& 

3 

P3 


<3  <3  . 
3  c 't; 
MM  c 

MM  t. 

°  °  b 

££ 

<d  a> 


ceG 

hH  G 
M 

63, 

o  ^ 


<1-1  a 
6- 
3^  3 


lx  00  ir  O 

.E’pH 

i  & 

CD  .  C>  <D 


_  ,_,  — ,  _  h-)  C3  -o 


:>. 

> 

6^526 

33  233  $3! 
O  —  O  G  o 
^  3'H,^'>I 
^  CO  ^  T3  ^ 
#31)00; 

<0  Th  CO  J — \  t^“ 

O  O  ^ 


G  G 


C+M  W 

G  G 


> 

G^3  iA 
W  O  O 
•2>H>4 

c  &  & 

3®# 

t»  rH  « 
H»M 


33  33 

S  o 

3  O 

tt 


C4-.*  r-  ^*<^ 

3  M  £  P 
M  r^M 
330 

33  3  ^  33 

3  O^*  3 

°Ho-° 

fc>4 

CDj^r  ^  D 


Jm  ;<ic 


CD- 


X 

H  --  X  »— «  —l  M 


2* 


33  ■£ 
3  o 

f: 

C7i 


G  5- 

G. 

<D  <D  CDr< 

Gijz  X 
X  CM  T?4  M 


:  >»  : 

:>>:>» 

:  >  : 

•  >  :  > 

C*M  jJ 

<«M  PJ 

G^;  C 

i-h 

X 

—  X  X 

^  CD^ 

L.  «—  ' 

.5  0)^4  0 

_  .  -J 

ZA 

O  Go 

!* 

o>ao® 

o^vc^es 

C"5  TT  TT 


22  G  O  G  w 


§w 

3  -3 

—  j; 

^•3 

CO. 


S,  ^  3 
dco 

^  CD 


C  G 
^  d  ^ G  m 
—  »— 

■^"-^6336 

o4®  o  c  3  o 

>«  0><>-^>4 

OZCCI^N 
X  ClHifJC 


o 

O 


fqpqQPp 


Q3  W6<5 


CME3iMMMaHaa 


M  — 


p  ;asoaaa,H 


c  J^3 

0  3  3 

go  3 

G  ci 

.G  G  G 

0,G  a- 


:  o 
:  > 

•  o 

•  Im 

:  to 

15 


•  a  3 

Oil—,  >>,3  a 

3=p  3S1  5 

2  _3^ 

G 


be  _ 

sacS^S 

SJ  &  '3  "3S  33 
3  3  c«  33  O 
^•EJ=  3- 

.2  3.5  g-s 

M  M  M  r“  ^ 


3 

3  ,, 

M  3  ;  x 

®  3  MC 

3  C.C=’3 

c  SP1„ 

^  -33 

SSa.2 

dr  G  ^  b 
b  b  x 
d  g  o  ^ 


£.50 


h  G 


D. 


<D 


3  Bt 
P  O  3 

op  q 
3  o>. 
-5^? 


S^'js  5  3?5  3=  «6' ._  cE.S  = 

_ _ 1  rrt  r^"i  c_  — .  ^  ' 


G  O 

tO  G-G 


C 

->1® 

§tf-= 


£  £ 


G 

D 

d  b 

*  S  d 

G  ^3;  G  ^  ^ 


_^  =  , - .  tO  —  fe-Sp--  a;—  3 

3-5  SOCS33-  x  3  3  333J-3sj 

sS5S-gflBrfe25lSE*5-g5E 

33 -go  gpp--g  3  3  g  3.^-g-g  3.3  0 

PhZoQ^»-5Pi^^3S-5<!-<C3P^SH 


3 

o  3 


o 

O 


w*— 

0*251=®-!- 

3=  P5  2.—1  2  .Ml, 

oao2stflSBS2 

>  G  bCO  O  > 
d  d  ^  G  >>  ^  O  G  'G  d  G 
cH^ciQp3i-5<3a2£HO 


No.  41.] 


67 


oC 

oc 


P. 

-< 

PS 

6 

<d 

be 

i: 

o 

M3 


1^ 

,M 

r 

oo 

s 

oc 

rH 

CC  . 

« 

-o 

oo 

© 

CM 

C  *P 

o 

r~ 

>» 

G  o 

c3 

M 

T3  o 

r— • 

M 

O  X 

o 

O 

5a 

p 

P 

M  *7*  ^ 

GO  00  CO  co 
-  oo  00  GO 


Hq/cCO 

a 

*5E« 

O  3  3o 
’3’3'C'S 

»MO 

bB_bO_bC  to 

'k'jass'h 

o  o  o  o 

u:  M  M  a; 

55q5 


S£  » 


N 
©  . 

£  — 

«*■§ 

6-M 

a 

73  O 

GJ  X 

jao’-S 

P 
o  P 

X 


ss 

CO 


a 

m 


v 

to 


ills 
©  ** 
rf^.S 


CD."  — 
IT  O  Z,  -* 


66  5 

73TJ"0 
O  0)  O 
tx  .tCfcJD 


o 

tC 

is 

o 

to 


-  s 


P:/2 


P 

CO 


6=p:,p  p 
O  O  u  *  CS 

x  x  x  ^ 

PPP  CO 


ob 

oo 


>> 
e 3 


■p 

0> 


o. 

c 

CO 

PS 

6 

73 

0) 

U 

is 

CJ 

CO 


:s 

I  tj*  -^r  t  co 


3  © 
-  © 


:  © 
:  © 


:  ©  © 
:  ©  © 


:  •  g  [  j  j  j 

:::::©  :  :  : 

!  !  m  •  •  •  • 

— 

M 

00 

00 

00 

oo 

co 

CO 

t- 

k. 

p- 

a 

< 

< 

OOOOOCOCTC^^^ 

oc  ce  oc  oc  GO 


^  ^  ^  "7*  ”**  "-a* 

AJ  OC  00  co  co  oo  ao 
OC  oc  00  CO  30  oc  CO 


SSSSSSSSSSSiSSSSsSaiwSSaSSgiajjgglg 

COOOOCXCCCO'JCOOCOX^C^XX^O^^GCVO^CGC^C^^^^i^^ 
eo'w 00  *  00  x  00  oc  oc  OC  co *  co  oo  co  *  co  o' o  o  ©  ©  ©  o  ©  ©  ® «g *  «  ff 

•c  ?  -r  t*  =  -c  S  -E C '6  T.  T.  V.  V  T.  ^  t  T,  V.  V  T.  T*  >.  >>  >.  >.  >,  >>  >,  >>  ►>  >?  >>  5?  jj  b  b  b 

s.SaEaisac.c.ac.S.aSs.aaaaaaajsasssasssatirt^ 


i38883B38^i38i^§B88§S 

r-HHr.rtHrtH'^r-Hnr'H 


.  ooooooooooo 

bbbcoccdcacacfl 

,2 ,2  >2  aasasssassa 

SSSl— ~l— a— ^1— 5l— s  1—3  I— s  ^-s  i— » 


P  3 

O  O 

u* 
_  © 
s-p 

3  » 
c  e 
c  2 

oc 


ga£ 

*7  r* 


:<« 

:t3 

S  o  ! 

x  ^ 


53  P 

sr 


a?  P 

S  O 


:  :  .t:  ♦i  es 

3  C.H  O  & 

>  .i£  © '—  E" 

s-g'o  o  3 

3  2  — 3 

;  s  2  >,= 

>  p  5  £  . 
:  “  c£i- 
•5  ©  c-,e 


© 

c 

o 

-♦—  _ 

«  5 
«  - 
•p  c 
c  U 
o  s 
OCu 


1  :  >.  : 

•  •  W  • 

2  g 

<ss«S 

3S23 

>.3  2  £ 

£-  w  C  2 

H?  c  2 

^  I*  — 


>> 


:  jp 

.  a 


c3  cC  c3 


POP' 

Up'H 

^0^0© 

^•“3cSt^ 


:  :t3 
:  :  P 
-*J  o  P 
©  x  o 

t£  c3  > 
o  ^ 

X  X  ,  1 

-P  o 

O'. 

a.  “S 

X  c  « 

o 


x  • 
W)-© 


o 

C3 


•  o  :  : 

*  te  :  • 
^  c  ■  ^ 

P _ _  7J  P 

3^-3 

O  o 


:  c3 
:8 
•P3 


:-o 


;  S  : 

i  o  bb 


e* 

P  O 


•  •  •  •  • _ ■ _ ■  i-'  *  _ 

:  i-i  :  :  'OKI  —  s  : « 

:  s  :acec*  -  = 

:  3  :  usss  3 

o'?  b  :  3  C  C  o  M  !  o  :  cs  o  o  o  c 

m  >  ?  :  Ti  -r:  t:  P  35  P  :  P-  »»  P-  'rt 

^  U  3  P.H  ~ta  ^^3  r*  -U  r/i  eg 

c3©*JviO;e0^.r«o?acc©“  ©*®C3 
-  OS  o.a  >»*s  B  E©  °  >,,£.22  hxaa=^=  2 

-  ^  -  p  a  o 

P^: 


fee 


-  o 
:  x 

—*  »-* 


£S§£c§*Epg2§J§gS||j.21£~5_^d^ 

HSO*<5^J>Op23pScSop2c5PhmOOOPS  CPShPOPSPS^ 


:  P  d  :  ^  p  p  ^  o 
O  >  co  o  *ZZ  60  *  x  <3 

O  O  r+u~Jr  ^  P  >.73 

24P:  2  o  >  ^  P  ° 
aa 


•■a 
u  c 
2  3 
S  ° 
•°  fe 


^  CJ 

'  3  5  c  Me 
•ow-Sct* 
cc©ea2  ©  © 


j'O 

—  '  ; 
©>©’>, 
>,SZ  to  IV 

5cS2 


>- 

o 

J- 

o 

03 


.  *-<  . 
t-  d  : 
GJ  —  *- 
U73  £  ^ 
^73--  P 

p:  j-  c 

p;s5^ 


p  a? 
P 

x  g 


t-  • 

.  o 
■*-> 

e  > 
So 

t-s 


Cw-P  J3 


S-H 

a>  :  a? 

2  o  2 
p  p  p 
o  c  o 
o©  o 

Jp 

a.t-J02 


t-  *- 

5  2 

03  © 
t;  Xt  © 
«  3  3 


Bgi^l 

P  C  y  ©  = 
S  * 


•'■‘SC*-1- 


:  o) 

:  bo 

:  p 

•  2  t- 

S’3  ©^2  3  ©  . 

-fcj  t-  ;—  *—  2  J-.  5-<  ” 


:  © 


a  . 

53  > 


5'3  p 
icc« 


C  ri  ^  Q  i  .  i  .  ’  .  6  4^  f  ;  .  I—  wc  !—■  t— « 

E  °  o  S  P  o  o  o.£  ^  o  o  O-P  o  o  o 

S  2-  §  e-6  o'2’2:S 

*,  S  M  02  to  J  -4  J  <5  ^-3  Pi  ^  ^  X  H 


1-  ^ 

0)  Q>  p 

>-  s-  C 

o  o  ^ 
P3P2 
o3  a 

^3-3 


^  ©  ©  S  - 
S|iSag 

S.E^  fc  «  £ 

O  o3  c5  a>  ci  ^ 


•  i  • 

*-  t-  t- 


"S  *- 

O  G) 


o  a 

S  B¥  2  5 

>  >-  S-22  t- 
c3  c3  3  cS  03 


<0  •  ’2 

o  :  2 

Pec  3 


a  ;2  :  :33c£5  :*E  :  :©c  :  2  :  c  e  cd  :cc©c  •  c  •  •  ;P?  :  2«ai-»i  :  ^  :  legs 

(5-2-/3  0Q  c  5  ©  53  5 3  3ccaiai  3  3  3  3ai  3  3  3  3co  3ccccec  5  Pec  3  3ee^  gcc  3ecec  P  C5«J 
.S  .  •p©33©o  ,^-S  .  .©©  .  .  .©©©§  .  ©©§2  -8  •  »  -Sfc  •  ££££2  •£  •  -©©2^; 

SaP&SHHHH^lH^&HHSODHH^G&HHOHDH&ODOOC)  h,  -  HW  il  C  H  C  C  C  Q  H  & 


=  30 


•'  2  6  ~  6  •© 

igeppp 


:  c’ 

5«  P 


•3  ■© 


_  _  73  5S 
C  C  CTJ 


_ 63-3  •-© 

:  c  p-3  c  :  c 


■  >.  >. 

;  5  5 


■3  -3-3  "3  5S 

p  p  p  c-g 


>.^3 

53  E3 


(M 

t-H 

i 

C^l 


CM 

I 

cc 


CM 


CM  CM  CM 

r-<  .j— 

u7  CM  © 


C^l 

•-H 

O 


CM 


M<MC<IN<NN  N  NN  NN  ^=2253  2 

*—  •—  T*  r7'  ’P  ’~~*  P  *7  ii  i  i  i  i  i 

3C60oeo>o  ©  ©o  om  r^©©MN 

HWH'»-M«-N«N-'rt«-«|INN«NWNMN'5,Nin  W^W^NeOHNW^M  3WNh  N50— iCON>-<-'CO 


2S  g  S8S$SSSSS8SS!3!5SSS3S3SSS§33SgSSlSS8?a358SSS  SS?SSS5So©Sx© 


P'6 
— 
I— I 

igs 

*  fe- 

?sr. 


P 

HH 

4iS 

t- 

O 

& 


•  >  *  *  I  *  * 

uJ  V-*  ,  <*4  ^  ^  * :  < 


ad  a«i  a  -r  a<4 
2  ^  a  ^  ^  >  2; 
o  o  ©  ©  ©,°  p 

&  &  ^  ^  |  ^ 
o  ©  ©  ©  ©  J2  © 

©  ©  ec  rt  ©  -t*  © 
co  —  ©  — 


aiiu 
t-  o 

>^' 
>  3 

- '  1C  . 
©  N  ■ 


S  © 


i:=<! 

©||6 

^  0)  0)  > 
jSfcfcS 


C3 

P  Pz 

>— 

X 

C 

OOP 
^  GC 

’*  &-g 

Gj  G> 


3  3 
m  PZH 

se  uj 

5-“  ©  ^ 

T-S* 

=  ©2z 
S2 


;  •  .  ^  >» 

:  •  !  ^  ^  .  . 
<4-J  V-I  ’•*—  rt  cl  G— 

p  c 

hhh  mh 

.  .  XX  ^ 

te 

:ll^©©l^ 

:zz*-5'1*o 


C  P  2, 
31  aMHH1 

UU_  o  O  © 
o 

x>-  ^  ^ 

>  >  o  o>  <y 
£ 

CM  *-i  —  r-4 


a  p  p 

:  ^ hmh 
-h  ^  ^  64 

r-  U  P-  t- 

p-2  c  o  o 

3CC>Ht>l^ 

Sj  &  £  Es 

a  a)  <y  o 
3c?5Z?7 
P> 

CO 


F  CO  ' 
O  ©  f 


. •  c 

CPC  Cm 
HHnH  ^ 

^64  64  64^ 
^  ^  fc-  o 

o  ©  o  o-x 

&  ^  &  &  S 

GJOO  O^JT 

feJZ5{?5!Z5^ 

iO  CO  CM  ©  © 
©  ©  CO  ©  — • 


V-  M 

k4  C  p 
Cmm 
M 

..64  64 
64  a-,  t- 
33  0  0 
j2>hJh 
>  fe 

^  s  © 

COlOO 


S  p  p  p 

qHHH 

64  64  64 
r  -  t*  - 
o  o  o 

>  o  o  o 

^  ^  ©© 
O  O  -r 


X 

P 

o 

o 

to 

53 


64 

S-4 

O 


o 


^ftPSMOSSSPfl^SO^CtTgCQ  ioo 


p  »-i 
4p  9 


p 

ti 


P 

o 


a 

P 


:  o) 
:  x 


o^:  o 

s©p. 

Pr4  w ; 

Hd  r 

p  O  2 

o  *  - 


:  P  :64  :  :  , 
•  3  :  u  ;  :  i 

<o  -P  '  '£  :  :  ■. 
P  ea  2  -c  ;  —  < 

•=>•=  £  >.7; 

'COM^ 

po|  2  = 
•^^=3  = 


3  ^ 


>,  ° 
©22 

O'.  3 

3^ 


j  a 

r-  P  P  P 

2  3  6  © 


p  •  ©■© 
>-<  ©^; 
S  ■Aw'e 

*  -  ©6 

1)  =  5© 


s°  p 

V  3 

©  3  ^ 

g«o  2 


O 

jP  P^i 

»3  i^-a-g  3  a'Esaas-c  =  =0  g  3  sa^^«P5“5«h 

asEr^-S'lp-s-oacuauSo  'S22p£©£-2©’E2'“ 

9k  O  c3  >«.g  r  7  a  D  u  O  u  O  7"-  cJcifcPtaO  53  —  «P»--^t-j7c5  0^7'“*^C 

6,Hh?SShbs-<OOin 


;  < 


.44  ©5 
>>  o  o 

u  -r*  •— 


>»  : 
o  a  • 

o  §  g. 

o£  53 

US^-g 

)  X  " 

!  C3  i 


k. 

:.o 


^  -  o  J 

*73  ^  O  _ « 

P  StE  5 


«r  g 

—  ^7  64^ 
O. 


P  9  Ski  fe  *-  O  P 

r-  — - 


!  c3 
!  O 


X  ^ 

;  o  - 


"3“  ~j  •*+  t_ 


SCa 
!  x 

c 

k 

o 


o 

>.  s 

o 

c3 

H© 

*1 

1'  o 

aS__ 

4&H 


>>7? 
O  O 

o 

dT 

P^ 

X  M 

53  — 


O  P  — 

S!j  ® 


k  r  ^ 

5  =  © 
i ESi; 

—  >3  a 


-C. 


55  •r2©’^  _ 

3o 

<n*s'  S 

>©  2  J  ®  ® 
_  *r“  — • 


Benjamin  Hollister 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted —  Continued. 


08 


[Assembly 


QO 


3 

OC 


tO 

ft 

6 


cp 

bD 


o 

v: 

s 


C. 

CP 

02 

O 

to 


CJ 


X 

x 


02 


IP 

to 


2  O 
^  x 

ft 


X  -r  X 
XXX 
rH  CO 

%rT 

ft  X  •""* 

N  , 

toi?a 

^  2  CP 

<^02 

dco 

O  C>  CP 
tCt iCtO 

’Tp  "cp  Tp 

xxx 

ftftft 


X 


2. 

cp 

c/2 


cp 

to 


X 

X 


Cl 

to 


O 

23 

IP 

to 


0) 


08 


CP 

2 


CP 

QQ 


2  2 
CP  o 

ft® 


:  :o  :  : 

•  •  2P  •  • 

:  :  :§8  : 

:SS3  : 

•  :S>  j  | 

;  :  :r-o  i 

|^XN  j 

S  :BS 

x  :<m  x 


:  :  :  o  o  o  :  :  ; 

•  •  •  o  •  •  • 

«  ■  •  ,-*c 

•c  •  •  •  •  • 

:  :  jccc  j  j  : 

;;!©••• 

:  i  i  ° 

•©••••  • 

*  *  *  x  •  •  • 

•  •  ■  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  ;  ^  ;  • 

:  :  :  ci 

r  o  •  i  i  i  : 

T3 

CP 


g 

<1 


-f  -*•  -f*  rr 

X  X  X  X  X  X 
X  X  X  X  X  X 


x  x  ot  X  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  cc  x  x  x  x  x  o  y:  x  o  x  x  x  x 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXOCXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 


20  O  C 

Cl  Cl  Cl  C 


CP  C  CP  CP  CP  CP 


2  2  2 


2  2  2 


r^r^r^.r^f^f^.^.r^t'-i'-r^xxxxeoxxxxccxxxxxxxxo  ooooc  2  2 
Cl  CJ  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  X  Cl  Cl  <M  Cl  C$  Cl  M  Cl  Cl  CJ  Cl  X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X 

•—I* 

£►>  X  t>)  t»-.  2>j  X  £►>  ^  ^  X  PP  P*.  P',  i',  1>.  X  ^  X,  X  P*,  »*■.  1*  .  b">  X  P»j 

2  *2  *22222222^2^22^2^2^^2^2  2  2  ^2  jT  5  22  2  2  2  2  2^222^22^2*22*2 


o 

CO 


>> 

2 


2 

.O 

ft 

ci 

a 

o 

CP 

O 


CP 

CP 

> 

u. 

CP 

CQ 


• 

•  • 

;  sj 

\ _ 

t-  :  : 

: 

;  ; 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

:  gp 

• 

gp  :  : 

•  • 

• 

•o 

• 

^  :  : 

- 

o  :  :  t- 

t-o 

: 

Ci  %  • 

;  ^ 

*“  fcJ  ui 

o  : 

t- 

•*->  !  *  CP 

»  . 

CP  4-J 

• 

•  /— 

c 

•  . 

:  gp 

r  O  CP 

22  : 

CP 

*2  •  iis 

GP 

-2 

. 

_L£ 

u~ 

CP 

C3  • 

O 

«  a 

2  >-  .  oi  2  t, 

u 

CP  2  . 

s-  «  ^ 

GP  ^  2 

o 

p  i- 

-w 

-1-3  i-  '- 

flj  c  c 

*r  5 

jr  ci  ci  !- 

c; 

s- 

CP 

!, 

2  t-  t- 

—  CP  CJ 

C  t- 

CJ 

C  2  °  ° 
.5^0  0 

ciJB  ~  * 


oil  S  £ 

OOOtj 
cS  O  JS  § 

JCPodcz: 


£o^ 
Co 

r3  ci 


-  o5c£oC  =  a;-^c  C..5 

t—  -*-i  2  ^4  i-2  O  —  f2  ^  C  2  J—  5-<  -2 


CP  c  c 


*-  o 

i.GC 


O  Gp  C 

o  c  o. 

coo 

ftcflacw 


-  ■—  t- 

P  O  CP 

:  o  o 


-cpcpabrr^- 

C-—  ^CCOC' 
O  O  CO 


^2  - 


3D  *2  ~  OQ  J  S  S 


NNNNNM  'M 

*7  'T  V  i  T  i  i 

^--ONCCCO 

r-H 

x  ci  x  xh  x  ^  ■ 


Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl 


X  Cl  Cl  X  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  O  Cl 

r—  —  •— <  f— 1  f— *  I-H  f-H  i— 4  rH  »“-•  ^— •  <—  H  r“>  r— 4 

till  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I 

X  O  r->  O  OiOOC^NQCC'OO  o  o 

H’-N’^O-^V^NNXCPCO^WCl-^Cl^  Cl  Cl^Cl^  — 


Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  X  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  X  Cl 

>  I  I  •  I  I  I  I  •  •  I  I 

*2  x  ci  x  —  »n  —  ci  —  o  ~  — 


— *  ci  <m  h  . 


CP 

to 


2 

CP 


bJC 

CP 


CC^-NONinOCCN'CCHCNClh-’. 
■rr  x  x  x  tt  x  o  x  x  -'r  x  x  c  c  r1  c  x  x  c 


x  o  x  x  o 


C  C  OOXOX*— '  X  C  iJP  C  N  N  •!*.  X  >C  M  V  k*  OO 
X  X  X  X  ^  J>-  X  X  X  X  T  X  ""T  X  X  ■'r  X  X  X  -*i“  X  -Tr 


2  2  ^  7L  ft  C  ^ " 


> 


t> 

«3 


-4— i  ;  •  C—  ►”  <jJ  w  V-  *“  uJ 

2  ?  2ft^  gftft  2  5  -r  2C  Z^xl-O  >XJ*Oft 
hH  2  2^2  CH«  ,_w  2  2  C  2  2  2 


W  .  u,  4_ 

2  x  2  2  >  2 

—  -HHi”M 


8. 1884 


No.  41.] 


69 


Cl 

00 

if* 

0C 

36 

00 

rH 

r 

O 

«© 

rH 

t— 

1-4 

bi 

2 

Cl 

. 

4^ 

4-3 

©4 

© 

m 

4-J 

2. 

© 

CC 

Q, 

© 

CO 

PS 

# 

tf 

PS 

PS 

. 

# 

6 

O 

O 

*2 

© 

OC 

6 

*2 

© 

© 

bD 

• 

*2 

© 

be 

s— 

H 

aS 

tf 

© 

|« 

!P 

tJD 

© 

73 

5 

2 

tf 

© 

73 

5 

2 

tf 

© 

73 

5 

3 

00 

rH 

8f 

H 

© 

tf 

s 

© 

4-> 

P- 

© 

GO 

T3 

0) 

4-> 

(-4 

© 

CO 

© 


i8 

:oc 


OOOOOOCoScO^OOOOOOQOOOQO^O 
2222222^222^222 

oooo oo oo oo oo oooo oTaT oo oo ooogoooo^ggo^ ^92?,  « 22  <oo  ,o  :o  *o  o  k.  ^ o  o  ^ 

4J  J  +j  +J  +J  -.3  -*J  -*J  -P  -♦->  -*J  4J  4-1 

»a£’6’e-P’9«£'£r£'£-S‘£-:? 


if*  **•  '*P 

00  CO  CO 

co  cc  sc 


>n  «o  ic 
ci  c  i  ci 


tibibibibcbibifcobiblbbcblobibibcbibpbp&cbibpbpbpbpbBbibipbpbibpbcbibi)  Q,aaac.afias.  ft  ft  ft  ft  ft  a  ft  ft 

OO)(U(UOOC;0OO;O;SJ^C  ©  ©  © 

^j<j.<l|.««<4.<4<j.^.<J.^.<J.<<.<<.<J-«J.<J-«!45^  ■<)•<(  HHH  HHH  HHH  HHH  CQMOQaQEQCOSQOQOiaJOfciOQaiOQ  COSCSO 


-**  H* 

CO  oo 
00  00 


O  o 
Cl  Cl 


&a 
0)  © 

02  OQ 


-5  2  : 

S§  ! 

Ill 

G^-g 

ou« 

•fs-gg 

-£§ 

SS£ 


°  x 
©  02 
J-  © 

P  2 


2. 2 
u.  — 


•  S  — 
fgg 

:D  ©  7^ 
£tf 
c3  ^  -2 

©q<j  o 

73 


V 

£*3  0)  «;.2  © 

p-E  £/s 
h>  >  tf is*  ° 

^<ogc3  tc 
y  02  2  2  *-  73 

o  .  ud  ej  c 
tf  O^CbPaw J 


;  a> 

03  :  •  73 

^  2  ■  C3^ 

ci  w  jj  a>  p 
O  W  M 

2*3  2 

tf  <3  ©  ^  O 

-Sft&i* 

f-3dC5 

g^sss 

assays 


:-d 
:  a 


g 
m  -SS 

■.^15 

cb  £  S 


:-o 
:  G 
:  cb 
:ft 


i-o 


.aa 


r  x 
»  £>- 
aaai 


:  o 
:&  . 

X  *J  I  „H 
$  ©  *  £ 
i  £  03  C 
cb  5  go 

lalsS 


ais 

r/1  ^  rf> 


1  CO 

:-d 


2 

■SS^.S^  -o 

-h>  ^  -h  ^  :  fH 

2  +e  c3  -*f  73  *£  . 

c -:  eg”  o-2  — 

3  m  S  io.gf<  S  ^ 
»Si)C2Ph 

•ft  oa=  Gft  © 


3C3 
«•: 


.—  tf  *“■ 
"  «  2 


•■  >> 


r-  yw  «  cy  £  ^ 

o  >  r-  >  5  4)  as 
te  „,  G.aa.'S  t»  o 

u  •-‘-'o§-g’ob«_'“G 

^.s5llles?Rs 

^  «  m  n  .  ob  ©  .H  o  "G  © 


i,  ^  a>  o 
O  O  MS 
s-  t-  eS.f. 
o  or  ■c 
ft  ft  j-  x 
cb  eb  cj  cb 
Ja300 


(m 

•-  oj 
<u  aa 

t.  ,-*f  cS 

0)  •„  c 

02 


"XI 


:  ^ 
•  02 
:^3 

:  s 


3oiptorinS^2i»a  .  «  P.„  a)  s 

i»Ca)CtoCiaC3t<«i/nc2® 
a3-a3pa3<KCI-2<up3>aaL2-£3=3<i»5-fl 
!rtOPaCSPaMtl3fiaO  OgP5>Oa-K 

»•»••.••••  •••••■• 

•  ••••••••a  •••••»  • 

•  ••••••••a  •  a  a  a  a  a 

.....a..aa  •  •  •  •  •  S*T  • 

.  •  a  a  a  >4  • 

•  ?  a  •  •  •  •  ••  «  •  •  *  *  fH  * 


fcD 

02 

r:  =3 
o  a 


O  2  ! 


:  02  ^ 
: 

•  c3^ 

:  ^  C 
..^  c3 

S'®  5 

si  b£  C 

•3  5  « 


«3 


c  , 

t:  /) 


^a3  a< 
=  as 
aa  s"  «  >,o 

;CJE  HO 


o 

.2 

Tc 

02 

Q-  I 
02 

62 
02  X 


«?» 


a 

a 


u  u-> 

02  02 


t—  s_  ••■-1  ^  _ 

02  ^  .*.5  ^  h  ^ 

_5S -sllll-Sl.'l  obgjgE 

eb  O  Sa3-a  3  53"a,5  tS'C  O  3  rth,;  a>  ^a3^3  a)  bo  3  rt 

J  Pi  o  V2  H  W  H  H  S  (-2  03  O  SQ  a3  >  x  23  VI  w  GO  J  H  Efa  •<  J  J 


a  g  i  g  2-g  ia  „ 

g  s  2  s  a  c  2  o 


t— < 

a J  02 

S  g  2 

£5 -1.-3^ 

jii  o  cO  c3  C  rj  cO  73 

OOfehJHoj^  J 


<1> 


02 
♦J 

c 
02 
a 

2  S3  s 
q.2  ^ 


02 
S-.  -4-5 
02t-DC!- 
U  02  U  l  32 

©0.0  o.‘-d 
aa  0X3  S2 
S  O  S  3  o 
i-JShSUcC 


O  t, 


'O'O 

c  C  :  :  g  ;  •  -  ai  s  g 

;t»  3(/ 

a;  .a)  .'o'o  ,  ,o  .  .o^ocd 


cq  ci  ci  ci  ci 


fCCC*-^COCO*^CC^CCCl»-HfOrHCO^-*0  T-H 


o  © 
.2  c? 

-4-i 

a  C 

(-«  C2 

p  — 
o  V-  • 

:  02  o' 

-O  73 
t-  73 

#  o 
o  ; 


02 

*-  c3 

©  2 
S-4  P 

O  02 
X2  O 
P  -3 

»-2cQ 


2  2 
B  .6 

ej 

J  ^ 


"2  2 


p 

0) 


c 

W 


Cl  Cl  Cl  <M  Cl  Cl  Cl 

ci  ci 

Cl  ci 

MC1N 

Cl  Cl 

Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl 

Cl 

Cl 

Cl 

rH  r—t  M  •— t  rH  rH  rH 

HH  »H  rH 

f— '  rH  rH 

r—  rH 

rH  n  *— <  •— * 

1  • 

1 

ON  O  M2  H<  0> 

—  i-H 

If*  CO 

CO  'H 

O  Cl  0 

rH  rH 

N-  O 

iHOOM 

rH 

<0 

H 

1  i—i  C0CtI4<>-<'ftet3bbN 

— *  H*  H*  rH  rH 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3 

rH  CO  Cl  Cl  CO 

rH  H  rH 

C3 

Cl 

O  iT  N  73  »C  N  OO  CO  'f  *C  M  CO  M  C  O  ©  '-C  O  *-^  C  N  Cl  ‘Q  Cl  N  N  O  ''JJ  O  C 

SNOO?.f;Oici'fO«CNOWtOOC.OO'/)>OCOt-OONtO^<00>00 


OC  COCDcoClCOCl^rHOCOO^r 
i-o  o  o  o  *r  o  o  « o  o n o  o 


cr>  >c  i—  oo  co 

TJ4  O  <£>  1^ 


>i 
> 
o3 

zo'H 

73 

e; 

eS  *3i  u 

-^>  c  O 
02  c  |x 

<  ■  4  2 

<Z  £  ct 

■goo 

=  >Z 
S3  >— CO 


C  c  O  c/3 

HHH® 

.*.*  w  J 

t-  V-  l—  rf. 

o  o  CJJ 
0» 

£  p:  fe2S 

02  02  02  2 

cc  r-  o 
coc- 


>  > 
rt  cb t*-* 

^;z  = 

a>  oJ4 
*J“a 

cb  cb  c 

-4-^ 

S  £  S 

S 


—  V-i  4—4  Vh  O  ^ 

^22  2hh  C 

HHH  Hi 
M 

o  H  H  H  O  J-. 

kL  O  O  Ok,  O 

fe  -  -  -  & 


C  C  .*H*3 


aa  aa  ■* 
■STTaaaaaa 

OO1-*-!- 

►.  dH  s  o  O 
®  f  ^  ^  ®  ^  ®  ®  ^  ^ 


:  fe  &  . 

D  o( 


►^r  O  02  C2  Kr  02  _  _ 

~  P-  3  CO  Cl  CO  O 


tC  ^  ^  co 

»Ci  CO  1^-  O  h-  C( 

r— <  -»r  Ci  O  ~  - 


aa* 

g  O 

*3; 
>  > 
>  <D 
02  ror 


>  . 

n  4—  4—  H-i 

’f  aaaaaa 

t-  !_  t- 

booo 

£><><>* 

•g  ^  &  £ 
®oo® 

==5^*5 

►ftorooo 

^2  J-—  i— |  i— a 


>>  C 

>M  | 

«3  w  H  >  +a  H  <— 
Izs  C  CM  C 

m  S  aa 

o  gaaaaaa^aa 
g  E  —  £.  >-  o  (-> 


=ba3  o  o  o  _  _ 

CO  >4 

S  «s  ®  aa  a3!>-  ®> 

b'-o^o^OH 


2  C 


Cg 


aaaa 
t-  t-  aa 

j2(Ss 

o  o 


aa 

u 

o 

>4 
£ 

®(C 

Z 


4<  S  ^ 
HC03 


•  : 

\~  S 

cb  i  55 

»,s^-s  - 

MMO-Sj'g 

■gaaaaaaK* 

53  »-  H 
^  O  ©  O  H 

S°:H>4kH  g 

O  £  S  &  ^ 
0)  02  02  •'*' 
giz^;^ 
P«®«-H 


73,!  x  :'tZ 

°  gOSm 
'•S^aa 
•SoaaS 

s.  £>*  & 

W  >  ©  >  02 

cn  oo  —  to 

HJ.r-'£H 


i*. 

> 

-  «ti 

m 

aa  G^s 
o^o 

<U 

^•g2; 


o 


o 

tH 

s 

o 


o 

>4 

6e 

o 


c 

2 

c 

02 

H 

cc 

2 

6 

© 

t— 

© 


|c»jS 
^  §  t  O 

a=es“ 


oowooot:2ofeUJp;w^ 


bf  - 

So  o  5 
S**j  i-j 


5  £ 

2§  :g 

vl«C 

c  -So 

ftgi.g  o 

^  03 

GgC 

w  Ga3 

H  03  O 


cS 
© 

a 
© 
wP  »- 
,  © 
*- ’  (-4 

©  ~~ 
■*^a—  aj 


© 
•a© 
>>#02 

*2  t- 
O  © 

io  ^ 


bfl 
.  2 
•  © 


© 

-  ST 
tf. 


'T--4J  CH 

~  2*  33  S  '-  ^ 
>.5  “oH-tf!  • 
ao  o  ^  co  G 

°.2o  =  c£ 
EHOO>-37h 


2  c3 

2  S 
35 

■n  i 
-H  C3 


«OUJ 


dsoas 


OOC<iO^ClWCQ  o 


Ma 


-  c 

—  —  "ft  5 

O  SJ  S  o; 

i  =bS^  ^ 

O  ®a 

—  5  S.S 
2  ©  ^  -2 

:  ^ti=  5  = 

•  >  g  u 


q;  C  •— •  *H 

-^tc 


55 1£«  c  £ 
Ho35“ ^ 

■-  -.is  o 


73  H 

a  ► 

s  o 

^  °  73 


tJD 


•  © 


d  c3^ 


CflP^ 
r5*  n  -. 


-r-  .  ^  — 

2  Y*  © 

H  *-  gi 
2 

©  i5 


cb 


!  o  «bao  as 
IgAUfi 


ft 
ft 

£  «k 
aaft"  . 
®>D-o  o>  ■_ 

H  ,a  b  b  5 
^  ^4  cS  c3  cs 

-  2 

©  o  ^2: 


73 

&  X 
^  o 
©*2 
M  »rj 

^  5 


C5  pjc 


ft 

w 

t- 

2 

o 


73  *2 

T.  S 
«  £: 
ftft 

ow 


u 

o 

jwE 


_o 

<33  — 
•"*  »“ 
C.C 
2  O 


—  © 

©  ,Q  .  - 

;  c  :  s-  c  ©  cb  G 
:  cbK  g  oft=  g 
>0  .  ISOt-  Gft 

'  «  a."  — •  G  G  ^  T" 
O-aiG-.i. 


«  g  (4 


GO 

b* 

Ox 

GO  ^ 

©  5 

lift 


2 

!— 

o 

o 

’©' 


© 


2 

2 

O 

© 


u 

© 


r  ^  H  P 


2  T 


*  O  « 

Hj  Q 


List  of  Inmates  Admitted  —  Continued. 


70  |  Assembly,  No.  41.  | 


5 

£ 

<D 


c  a 
o  o 
Ph  oq 


o 


a 

T? 

<; 


t/ 

xxccao 
oc  00  cc  00 


1C  lO  ^  o 
CM  CM  CM  CM 


oTo  o  o 
mmuixfi 


*'3*  : 

o3  —  "k  il' 

8  S  £>:=  _ 
jzSZ  =ss  2 
.2 

^S-aga 

«.!  a<  -£  §  « 
tX)  c5  O  & 

P-O# 


o 


a 

o 

*-3 

c5 

C< 

a 

o 

o 

O 


£  *- 
c3 


J~ 

O 

pSS 

c3 

r- 

P  '— 

sis 


_  <3  c3 

bocq 


Nativity. 

U.  S . 

u.  s . 

Germany. ... 
Germany. ... 

O 

<N 

o 

r7l 

> 

CO 

t- 

c 

CO  ^  co  «— 

m 

a5 

^  O  00  o 

t£ 

'T*  o 

<3 

C 

<D 

6 

*5) 

o 


> 

a 

O 

t- 

o 

> 

r~ 

o 

52* 

c 


c  £  i* 

K-h-  c3 

O  c  *- 

O  V  > 

S' Si 


o 

U 


<5 

£ 


a 

pC 

o 


C 
c3 

^3)3 

-2-S 

O  G)  c 

o  -*-^  “ 
OO^ 


RECAPITULATION. 


New  York. 

Volunteers. 

Infantry .  1,401 

Cavalry . 184 

Artillery. .  241 

United  States. 

Infantry .  43 

Cavalry . . .  1 

Artillery .  17 

Navy . . . , .  126 

Other  States. 

Maine .  2 

New  Hampshire . «. .  2 

Vermont .  2 

Massachusetts . 10 

Rhode  Island .  2 

Connecticut . 10 

Pennsylvania .  13 

District  Columbia . 2 

Maryland .  2 

Ohio .  11 

Illinois .  10 

Wisconsin .  8 

Michigan .  5 

Missouri .  3 

Indiana .  ...  4 

Iowa . 2 

California .  2 

Oregon . 1 

Washington  Territory .  1 


Total  from  New  York  State .  1,826 

Total  from  United  States  Army .  61 

Total  from  United  States  Navy .  126 

Total  from  other  States . . .  92 


Total  admitted .  2,105 


72 


[Assembly 


Honorably  discharged .  565 

Summarily .  262 

Deserted  and  dropped .  327 

Died .  251 

Present .  593 

Absent .  107 


Total .  2,105 


The  nativity  of  inmates  was  as  follows: 

United  States .  783 

Ireland .  707 

Germany .  364 

England,  Scotland  and  Wales .  140 

Canada .  42 

Other  countries .  69 


Total .  2,105 


Average  age,  52  years,  9  months,  26  days. 

Average  length  of  service,  2  years,  5  months,  10  days. 


Table  showing  the  number  and  class  of  diseases  for  which 
Inmates  were  admitted  to  the  ‘‘  Home  ”  since  its  opening  to 
THE  PRESENT  DATE  SEPTEMBER  30,  1884. 


Gunshot  wounds . 353 

Rheumatism .  485 

Heart  disease .  51 

Hernia .  151 

Eye  disease .  22 

Ophthalmia .  5 

Dropsy .  5 

Loss  of  leg .  29 

Loss  of  arm .  31 

Phthisis .  42 

Old  age .  20 

Lung  disease . .  28 

Fistula .  7 

Chronic  diarrhoea .  34 

Injury  to  leg .  50 

Paralysis .  62 

Varicose  veins .  32 

General  debility  .  151 

Injury  to  shoulder .  7 

Injury  to  side .  10 

Injury  to  knee .  ....  13 

Injury  to  hand .  23 

Injury  to  arm .  11 

Blindness .  22 

Partial  blindess .  16 

Hemorrhoids .  12 

Stricture .  6 


Sunstroke . 

.  . .  12 

Pleurisy . 

...  8 

Shell  wounds . 

...  37 

Epilepsv . 

...  11 

Injury  to  spine . 

. . .  13 

Disease  of  stomach . 

1 

Asthma . 

. . .  41 

Pneumonia . 

4 

Malarial  fever . 

4 

Bright’s  disease . 

...  2 

Cancer . 

Scurvy  . 

...  2 

Loss  of  foot . . 

6 

Catarrh . . 

2 

Frozen  feet . . 

...  3 

Neuralgia . ' 

...  2 

Blood  poisoning . 

2 

Typhus  fever . 

5 

Liver  complaint . 

Senility . 

2 

Lumbago . 

4 

Varicocele . 

•> 

Erysipelas . 

3 

Cvstitis . 

1 

Concussion . . . 

..  2 

Injurv  to  elbow . 

1 

Injury  to  collar  bone . 

1 

No.  41.] 


73 


Chronic  dysentery . 

Vertigo . 

Injury  to  hip . 

Fracture . 

Tumor . 

White  swelling . 

Kidney  disease . 

Dyspepsia ." . . . 

Injury  to  back . 

Paraplegia . 

Injury  to  head . 

Injury  to  breast . 

Fracture  of  thigh . 

Fracture  of  skull . 

Internal  injury . 

Bronchitis . 

Arrow  wound . 

Prolapsusani . 

Measles . 

Loss  of  use  of  legs  and  feet. . 

Premature  old  age . 

Deafness . 

Inflammation  of  bladder. . . . 

Abscess.. . .  . .  . . 

Bayonet  wound . 

Loss  of’ eye . 

Ulcers  on  leg . 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  41.] 


Lacerated  Anger .  1 

Hemorrhage  of  lungs .  2 

Fractured  ribs .  2 

Ulcers .  5 

Incontinence  of  urine .  1 

Atrophy .  1 

Nervous  debility  . . .. .  6 

Loss  of  use  of  hands .  1 

Insanity .  1 

Acute  orchitis .  l 

Consumption .  7 

Hemorrhage,  diabetis .  1 

Compound  fracture  of  right 

A  bula .  i 

Secondary  syphilis. .. .  1 

Piles .  6 

Congestion  of  lungs .  3 

Saber  wound  . . .  2 

Salt  rheum .  i 

Fever  and  ague .  1 

Disease  of  right  testicle .  1 

Hemiplegia .  5 

Gastritis .  l 

Loss  of  Angers  both  hands. .  1 

Enlarged  prostate .  1 

Loss  of  both  feet,  frozen _  1 

Kicked  by  a  horse .  l 


10 


18 

3 

11 

1 

4 

1 

23 

8 

19 

2 

6 

2 

2 

2 

1 

40 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

16 

4 

4 

3 

10 

9 


SECOND  REPORT 


OF  THE 


CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION 


OF  THE 


State  of  New  York. 


TRANSMITTED  TO  THE  LEGISLATURE  JANUARY  28,  1  885. 

— 

( 

4 


ALBANY: 

WEED,  PARSONS  AND  COMPANY, 

LEGISLATIVE  PRINTERS. 

1885. 


•  ■  ■ 


'  . 

( 


.  -IIW 

V 


* 

:  . 


* 


. 

,  , 


‘ 


. 

* 


' 


. 


» 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


No.  42. 


IN  ASSEMBLY, 

January  28,  1885. 


To  the  Legislature : 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  Second  Annual  Report 
of  the  Civil  Service  Commissioners. 


DAVID  B.  HILL. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Governor’s  message  transmitting  report 


Page. 
.  7 


Report  of  the  Commission  : 

Introduction . . 

Enlargement  of  the  State  service . 

Civil  Service  examiners .  . 

Amended  law  for  cities . 

City  of  Brooklyn . . . 

City  of  New  York . . 

Competitive  examination . ;  •  . . . . 

The  relation  of  competitive  examinations  to  public  education . 

The  theory  of  the  statute . . . : - *  *  * ,  '  W  '  l; 

Regulating  the  exercise  of  power  of  appointment  given  by  the  Consti 

tution .  . 

Opinions  of  the  attorney-general . .  . * . 

Political  assessments . . 

Extension  of  the  system  to  other  States . - . 

Review  of  the  Work . 


9 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

19 

22 

27 

29 

31 

31 

31 

32 


APPENDICES. 


Appendix  A  : 

Chief  examiner’s  report, 


35 


Appendix  B : 

Amendments  to  rules  and  schedules,  and  statistics  of  examinations. . . . 
Changes  of  distribution  among  the  schedules  under  rule  5 . 

Additions  to  the  schedules . _ .  -  •  •  ;  •.*  •  •  •  •  *  \*  *  *  * '  * 

Exceptions  from  the  restrictions  as  to  residence  and  citizenship  imposed 

by  rule  35 . . . 

Regulations  for  the  examination  of  health  officers . . . . 

Provisional  rule  concerning  the  employment  of  persons  in  State  prisons 

List  of  appointments  Schedule  . . 

List  of  appointments  Schedule  . . 

Number  of  appointments  Schedule  D . - :  . ;  •  • : . 

Statistical  summary  of  persons  admitted  to  competitive  examination .  .  . 
Distribution  in  the  schedules  of  the  employes  in  each  department  . . . 

Additions  to  the  classified  service . 

Correspondence . 


59 

59 

59 

59 

60 
60 
61 
61 
62 
62 

63 

64 

65 


4  [Assembly 


Appendix  C  :  ,  Page. 

Letters  to  the  judiciary  committee  of  the  Assembly;  suggestions  in  ref¬ 
erence  to  bill  before  said  committee .  65 

Letters  to  Z.  R.  Brockway,  Sup’t  Elmira  reformatory  ;  relative  to  ap¬ 
pointments  in  the  reformatory . * .  67 

Letter  to  Governor  Cleveland  relative  to' age  of  applicants...  .  .  69 

Letter  from  E.  Henry  Lacombe,  asst,  corporation  counsel,  New  York 
city,  relative  to  appointment  of  employes  in  the  New  York  city 

courts .  70 

Reply  to  E.  Henry  Lacombe . .  71 

Circular  note  of  the  commission  to  the  chief  judges  of  the  city  of  New 

York . ; .  71 

Reply  of  Chief  Judge  Daly . 72 

Reply  of  Chief  Judge  Sedgwick .  74 

Letter  to  James  C.  Carter,  president  bar  association,  New  York  city, 
asking  assistance  of  the  association  in  the  examination  of  court  em¬ 
ployes  .  75 

Circular  letter  to  mayors .  75 

Letter  to  the  attorney-general,  relative  to  the  increase  of  salaries  of  clerks 

in  his  department . 76 

Letter  to  the  comptroller,  relative  to  appointments  made .  77 

Letter  to  the  State  engineer  and  surveyor,  relative  to  placing  certain 

positions  in  his  department  in  schedule  B .  78 

Reply  of  State  engineer  and  surveyor .  79 

Letter  to  Dr.  Stephen  Smith,  State  commissioner  in  lunacy,  relative  to 

appointment  as  examiner. .  .  80 

Letter  to  Dr.  S.  0.  Yanderpoel,  relative  to  the  examination  of  health  offi¬ 
cers .  81 

Letter  from  Dr.  John  P.  Gray,  relative  to  the  examination  of  asst,  phy¬ 
sicians.  . . 81 

Circular  note  to  principals  of  normal  schools  and  others .  85 


Answers  to  circular  letter  by  William  L.  Bostwick,  F.  B.  Palmer,  E.  P. 
Waterbury,  T.  L.  Caldwell,  J.  H.  Hoose,  William  J.  Milne,  E.  A. 
Sheldon,  Cady  Staley,  Francis  B.  Palmer  and  George  Wm.  Curtis...  86 


Appendix  D : 

Attorney-general’s  opinions. 

Right  of  women  to  compete .  98 

Board  of  excise,  New  York  city .  100 

Application  of  the  Civil  Service  act  to  the  city  of  Buffalo .  101 

Appendix  E: 

Special  report  on  the  police  and  fire  departments .  105 

* 

Appendix  F: 

Copies  of  city  regulations: 

New  York . * .  123 

Brooklyn .  155 

Albany . .’ .  175 

Troy. .  182 

Long  Island  City .  183 

Yonkers.. .  184 

Ogdensburg . ., .  188 

Syracuse . i .  188 

Auburn .  189 

Rochester . 190 

Binghamton .  191 

Utica. . .  192 

Cohoes .  193 

Poughkeepsie .  194 

Kingston .  195 


No.  42.] 


0 


w 


Appendix  G-: 

City  reports: 

New  York .  196 

Brooklyn . 202 

Utica . * .  210 

Auburn .  210 

Cohoes .  211 

Appendix  H : 

State  act,  rules,  regulations,  etc .  212 


* 


I 


# 


SECOND  REPORT 


OF  THE 

CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION. 


State  of  New  York, 

Office  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission, 
Albany,  January  26,  1885. 


To  his  Excellency,  the  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York  : 

Sm— The  New  lork  Civil  Service  Commission  has  the  honor  to 
submit  its  Second  Annual  Report,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  the  Act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State 
and  to  announce  that  the  extension  of  the  system  ordered  by  the 
amendatory  Acts  passed  by  the  Legislature,  at  its  last  session  (Chap¬ 
ter  357,  passed  May  24,  1884,  and  Chapter  410,  passed  May  29 
1884),  has  in  great  part  been  carried  out. 

The  number  of  persons  subject  to  Civil  Service  regulations  to  be 
made  or  approved  by  this  Commission  is  as  follows : _ 


In  the  service  of  the  State . 

In  that  of  the  City  of  New  York. . . 
In  that  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn.  . . . 
The  estimated  number  in  other  cities 


3,600 

5,540 

1,418 

1,765 


Making  a  total  of 


12,323 


Enlargement  of  the  State  Service. 

The  duties  of  the  Commission  have  largely  expanded  by  the  dis¬ 
covery,  from  time  to  time,  that  numerous 'and  important  public 
employees,  who  were  at  first  believed  to  be  in  municipal  or  other 
loca  service,  have  been  judicially  declared  to  be  in  the  State  service. 

lhese  adjudications  the  Commission  has  deemed  controlling  for 
Civil  Service  purposes,  and  has  consequently  taken  the  necessary 
action  to  apply  the  State  Rules  to  all  such  positions 

Those  brought  under  the  State  Rules  by  the  decisions  referred  to 
are  the  persons  employed  by  Excise  Boards  ;  the  officers  and  em¬ 
ployees  of  the  various  courts,  both  of  general  and  local  jurisdiction, 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  2 


10 


[Assembly 


in  cities ;  and  the  physicians  required  to  he  appointed  under  the 
general  health  laws  of  the  State,  designated  as  “  Health  officers.” 

Classification,  methods  of  examination,  and  the  selection  of  special 
Boards  of  Examiners,  for  these  added  positions  became  necessary, 
and  have  received  appropriate  action  by  the  Commission. 

The  Commission  has  been  conscious  at  all  times  that  the  change 
introduced  by  Civil  Service  methods  must  necessarily  be  gradual, 
and  cannot  with  propriety  progress  faster  than  the  changes  can  be 
supported  by  intelligent  public  sentiment.  A  n  instantaneous  change 
from  the  license  of  the  patronage  system  to  the  highest  conceptions 
of  Civil  Service  methods,  was  not  always  practicable.  The  transition 
period  demands  wise  and  prudent  action,  and  a  discreet  recognition 
of  the  fact,  that  the  opinions  and  prejudices  that  have  grown 
up  under  a  different  system  of  long  standing,  cannot  at  once  be 
supplanted,  but  will  yield  as  the  evidence  of  better  modes  accum¬ 
ulates. 

With  this  conviction  the  Commission  has  sedulously  aimed  to  se¬ 
cure  the  co-operation  of  public  officers,  and  of  persons  holding  po¬ 
sitions  of  authority  and  influence. 

It  has  conferred  with  and  invited  expressions  from  the  heads  of 
departments  in  the  State  government ;  the  officials  in  charge  of  the 
asylums,  reformatories,  and  prisons  of  the  State ;  the  mayors  and 
other  officials  of  cities ;  the  members  of  the  judiciary  ;  the  various 
associations  of  the  bar  ;  the  medical  profession  and  civil  engineers  ; 
the  State  Board  of  Health,  and  other  boards ;  the  principals  of 
normal  schools ;  the  presidents  of  colleges,  and  numerous  others, 
whose  experience  and  standing  rendered  their  views  desirable. 

The  Commission  has  received  valuable  suggestions  and  assistance 
from  these  various  sources,  and  in  the  main  has  met  a  fair  degree  of 
co-operation  on  the  part  of  public  officials,  and  acquired  important 
and  useful  information. 

In  April  the  Commission,  in  view  of  decisions  by  which  the 
employees  connected  with  the  courts  of  the  City  of  Kew  York 
have  been  adjudged  to  be  in  the  service  of  the  State,  and  not  of 
the  Municipality,  asked  from  the  Judges  information  and  advice; 
and  the  full  and  valuable  responses  of  Chief  Judge  Daly  of  the 
Common  Pleas,  and  of  Chief  Judge  Sedgwick  of  the  Superior  Court, 
will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 

Judge  Daly  remarked,  in  concluding  his  letter :  “  I  beg  leave  to 
say  that  the  Commission  may  always  feel  assured,  to  use  your  own 
language,  of  the  co-operation  and  moral  support  of  the  judges  of 
our  Court ;  ”  and  Judge  Sedgwick  said,  in  closing :  “  You  will  have 
perceived  that  what  legal  questions  may  be  involved  in  the  matter 
that  may  have  been  referred  to,  there  is  none  that  has  a  practical 
bearing,  or  which,  as  we  think,  should  now  delay  you  in  proceeding 
under  the  act  of  1883,  according  to  your  own  opinions  as  to  the  ap¬ 
plication  of  the  provisions  of  the  act.” 

The  Commission  next  asked  the  Bar  Association  of  the  city, 
through  its  President,  James  C.  Carter,  Esq.,  to  appoint  a  com- 


No.  42.] 


11 


mittee  of  conference,  with  a  view  to  the  adoption  of  a  scheme  of 
classification  and  examinations,  with  the  assistance  and  approval  of 
that  body. 

The  Bar  Association,  after  the  summer  recess,  acted  upon  this 
request,  and  appointed  as  their  committee  of  conference,  Cephas 
Brainard,  Esq.,  chairman ;  Elial  F.  Hall,  Esq.,  Charles  W.  Dayton, 
Esq.,  and  a  conference  was  held  in  the  City  of  New  York,  attended 
by  this  committee  of  the  Bar  Association  and  the  Board  of  Exam¬ 
iners  appointed  for  the  Court  officials  headed  by  the  Hon.  Win.  II. 
Arnoux,^  two  members  of  the  Board  of  examiners  for  the  Court  of¬ 
ficials  of  Brooklyn,  two  of  the  State  Commissioners  and  the  chief 
examiner ;  and  a  basis  of  action  was  agreed  upon,  and  the  work  of 
preparation  is  now  in  progress. 


Civil  Service  Examiners. 

The  fee  allowed  by  the  Act  to  examiners  not  in  the  service  of  the 
State,  is  five  dollars  per  day,  a  sum  which  is  generally  quite  inade¬ 
quate  to  require  those  whose  services  it  is  important  to  secure,  gen¬ 
tlemen  of  high  character  and  accomplishments,  whose  impartiality 
is  free  from  the  slightest  suspicion.  The  conferring  of  certificates 
of  eligibility  to  office  is  a  judicial  act,  and  the  position  of  examiner 
is  one  of  great  dignity  and  importance. 

Happily  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the  competitive  exam¬ 
inations.  have  been  properly  understood  by  those  whose  assistance 
as  examiners  has  been  asked,  and  that  assistance  has  been  promptly 
rendered  in  nearly  every  case  without  compensation,  but  solely 
from  motives  of  patriotism  and  honor  which  are  entitled  to  acknowl¬ 
edgment. 

The  Boards  of  Examiners  in  the  State  and  Municipal  Service 
are  as  follows :  , 

State  Examining  Boards. 

Albany.  Auburn. 


Hiram  E.  Sickles,  Chairman, 
Chas.  W.  Cole, 

Willis  E.  Merriman, 

Richard  G.  Milks, 

Jno.  G.  Clifford,  Sec’y. 


The  Warden, 

Hon.  John  D.  Teller, 
Orlando  Lewis,  Esq. 

Clinton. 


Utica. 

Edward  Curren,  Esq., 

Wm.  Kernan,  Esq., 

Jos.  S.  Lowry,  Esq. 

Syracuse. 

Alfred  Wilkinson,  Jr.,  Esq., 
W.  S.  Andrews,  Esq., 
Francis  E.  Leupp,  Esq. 


The  Warden, 

John  B.  Riley,  Esq., 

Hon.  W m.  P.  Mooers. 

New  York  Courts. 

Hon.  Wm.  H.  Arnoux, 
Hon.  Jacob  F.  Miller, 

Chas  A.  Davison,  Esq., 
George  W.  Green,  Esq., 
Delos  McCurdy,  Esq. 


12 


[Assembly 


Rochester. 

Lewis  P.  Ross,  Esq., 

J.  P.  Varnum,  Esq., 

Wm.  F.  Peck,  Esq. 

Buffalo. 

Hon.  Jas.  O.  Putnam, 

Leonard  Chester,  Esq., 

T.  Guilford  Smith,  Esq. 

Elmira. 

Hon.  Seymour  Dexter, 

Dr.  Wm.  C.  Wey, 

Francis  Hall,  Esq. 

For  Local  Health  Off 

Samuel  B.  Ward,  M.  D., 

Charles  E.  Jones,  M.  D., 

Alfred  L.  Carroll,  M.  D., 

E.  H.  Parker,  M.  D. 

The  scientific  and  medical  gentlemen  who  assisted  in  the  exam¬ 
ination  for  the  post  of  assistant  physicians  in  the  State  Hospital  at 
Poughkeepsie ,  were  as  follows  : 

Dr.  Stephen  Smith,  Chairman. 

Prof.  Henry  Drisler,  Examiner  in  General  Education. 

Dr.  James  S.  Leaning  and  Dr.  Darwin  E.  Hudson,  Examiners  in 
General  Medicine. 

Dr.  Allan  McL.  Hamilton,  Examiner  in  the  Anatomy,  Physiology, 
Pathology  of  the  Nervous  System. 

Dr.  Theodore  H.  Kellogg,  Examiner  in  Insanity. 

Dr.  A.  Nelson  Bell,  Examiner  in  Preventive  Medicine. 

Dr.  Lewis  Balch,  Examiner  in  Surgery. 

Dr.  A.  E.  Macdonald,  Examiner  in  Administrative  Qualities. 

The  Amended  Lawt  fok  Cities. 

Under  the  original  “  Act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  of  the  State,”  only  seven  cities — those  containing  fifty  thousand 
inhabitants  and  upwards — were  subject  to  its  provisions  ;  and  in 
those  cities  very  limited  authority  was  given  to  mayors,  and  the 
exercise  of  that  authority  was  entirely  optional.  Authority  similar 
to  that  of  mayors  was,  however,  given  to  various  heads  of  depart¬ 
ments.  The  imperfection  and  incongruity  of  this  system  were 


Brooklyn  Courts. 

Edward  M.  Ivins,  Esq., 

Harrington  Putnam,  Esq., 
Frederick  P.  Bellamy,  Esq. 

Batavia. 

John  H.  Ward,  Esq., 

Horace  H.  Hutchins,  M.  D., 
Carlos  A.  Hulls,  Esq. 

For  Excise  Board ,  New  York 

City. 

S.  Hastings  Grant, 

Walter  D.  Edmonds, 

Thomas  Boese. 

For  the  New  York  House  of 
Refuge. 

B.  B.  Atterbury, 

Wm.  S.  Keilly, 

Nathaniel  Jarvis,  Jr. 


No.  42.] 


13 


sufficiently  obvious,  and  attention  was  called  to  the  subject  in  the 
last  report  of  the  Commission. 

The  Legislature  wisely  concluded  to  remedy  these  defects,  and 
to  make  the  system  thorough  and  harmonious,  by  rendering  it  man¬ 
datory  in  cities  :  and  by  vesting  in  the  mayors  sole  authority  to 
establish  regulations  for  every  department  of  municipal  government, 
except  only  "the  educational,  which  the  Commission  had  recommended 
should  be  excepted,  on  account  of  its  peculiar  character  and  its  quasi 
status  as  part  of  the  educational  system  of  the  State. 

The  extension  of  Civil  Service  methods  to  all  the  cities  of  the 
State  was  not  favored  by  the  Commission,  for  the  reason  that  in 
the  smaller  cities  the  offices  to  be  affected  were  too  few  in  number, 
and  too  unimportant  to  present  any  urgent  necessity  for  this  reform 
in  its  incipient  stages ;  but  the  Commission  refrained  from  making 
any  suggestion  to  the  Legislature  on  the  subject. 

After  the  law  was  enacted  the  Commission  promptly  proceeded 
to  give  effect  to  its  provisions,  but  endeavored  to  do  so  in  a  liberal 
and  conciliatory  spirit,  in  order  to  have  the  benefit  of  the  friendly 
co-operation  of  municipal  authorities. 

The  provision  of  the  amendatory  acts  requiring  the  approval  of 
municipal  regulations  by  the  State  Commission,  while  judicious  in 
itself,  largely  increased  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  Com¬ 
mission. 

It  soon  became  apparent  that  to  secure  uniformity  in  municipal 
regulations  and  harmony  with  the  rules  of  the  State  Service,  and  in 
some  instances  to  have  any  action  taken,  it  was  necessary  for  the 
Commission  to  take  the  initiative  by  preparing  regulations  to  be 
submitted  to  the  mayors  for  their  adoption.  This  was  accordingly 
done,  and  the  various  mayors  with  reasonable  promptitude  and  public 
spirit  have  adopted  the  general  scheme  of  regulations  recommended 
by  the  Commission,  and  after  formal  approval  by  the  Commission, 
have  promulgated  them  in  their  respective  cities. 

The  only  cities  that  have  failed  to  comply  with  the  statute  are  : 
Hudson,  Watertown,  Oswego,  Rome,  Elmira,  Schenectady,  Newburg, 
and  Lockport.  (Buffalo  Regulations  nearly  ready.) 

The  municipal  regulations  established  by  the  separate  cities,  and 
which  in  obedience  to  the  acts  are  given  in  the  Appendix,  are  in 
entire  harmony  with  the  State  rules  in  all  essential  matters.  The 
classifications,  the  schedules,  the  rules  for  entrance  to  the  service, 
and  for  examinations  and  promotions,  are  in  substance  identical  with 
the  State  Rules  so  far  as  the  nature  of  the  service  permits. 

The  Police  and  Fire  Departments  of  cities  have  no  equivalents 
in  the  State  Service,  and  the  regulations  for  those  departments  have 
been  prepared,  upon  careful  consideration,  by  gentlemen  in  the 
cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn  who  have  brought  to  the  work 
great  intelligence,  earnestness,  and  good  judgment.  The  able  re¬ 
port  of  a  special  committee  of  the  Civil  Service  Reform  Associ¬ 
ation  of  New  York,  relative  to  the  Police  and  Fire  Departments, 


14  [Assembly 

prepared  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Commission  will  be  found  in  the 
Appendix. 

Under  the  regulations  now  existing  for  admission  to  the  police 
service,  and  for  promotion,  if  fairly  applied,  very  conspicuous 
reform  in  the  interest  of  good  order  and  greater  efficiency  seems 
assured  in  that  important  branch  of  the  service.  The  elimination 
of  patronage  and  favoritism  by  these  regulations,  and  the  substi¬ 
tution  of  ascertained  merit  as  the  sole  ground  of  appointment  and 
promotion,  cannot  fail  to  elevate  the  standard  of  the  force,  and  to 
stimulate  its  members  with  the  honorable  incentive  to  good  con¬ 
duct  and  efficient  service  afforded  by  the  certainty  of  the  reward 
of  merit. 


City  of  Brooklyn. 

The  first  Annual  Report  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of 
Brooklyn  (Appendix  H.)  gives  an  interesting  and  satisfactory  ac¬ 
count  of  the  work  accomplished  since  its  first  regulations  were 
prescribed  by  Mayor  Low,  on  December  15,  1883,  and  the  observa¬ 
tions  and  suggestions  of  the  Brooklyn  Commissioners  exhibit  a 
careful  study  of  the  philosophy  of  the  system  as  developed  in  their 
experience.  Whatever  the  imperfections  in  the  application  of  the 
new  methods,  those  methods  they  regard  as  a  great  and  unmistaka¬ 
ble  improvement  upon  the  previous  methods  of  selecting  the  em¬ 
ployees  of  the  city. 

The  pressure  for  appointments  upon  the  officers  of  the  depart¬ 
ments  has  very  largely  disappeared.  The  humiliating  sense  of  per¬ 
sonal  favor,  and  the  demoralizing  weight  of  political  obligations 
have  begun  to  abate,  and  there  is  being  gradually  established  an 
impression  of  free  and  open  fairness.  These  Commissioners  have 
been  brought  to  the  conclusion  that  an  open,  free  competition  is  the 
essential  condition  in  the  reform  of  the  civil  service,  and  that  such 
a  competition  can  be  advantageously  used  for  nearly  all  classes  of 
the  municipal  servants. 

The  Brooklyn  Commissioners  are  disposed  to  make  the  examina¬ 
tions  as  thorough  and  rigorous  as  is  consistent  with  the  obtaining  of 
eligible  lists  sufficiently  numerous  for  the  needs  of  the  city  service ; 
but  in  these  examinations  literary  and  clerical  qualifications  have  not 
been  regarded  as  of  the  first  moment,  but  rather  those  which  will 
easily  test,  as  required  by  the  act,  “  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness 
of  the  person  examined  to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  service  to 
which  they  seek  to  be  appointed.” 

In  the  places  of  policemen,  firemen,  watchmen,  and  the  like, 
physical  strength,  endurance,  and  agility  have  been  rated  as  of  first- 
class  importance  ;  in  such  places  as  those  of  draughtsmen,  inspectors 
of  buildings,  plumbing,  streets,  or  sewers,  practical  familiarity  with 
the  work  done.  In  the  case  of  levelers  and  rodmen  in  the  engi¬ 
neer’s  bureau,  scientific  training  very  high  ;  and  practical  experience 
as  of  lesser  weight.  In  the  case  of  foremen  of  street  repair  gangs, 


No.  42.] 


15 


requiring  vigorous,  persistent  and  practical  ability  to  perform  their 
full  share  of  work,  and  to  do  it  well,  actual  successful  experience 
was  held  the  chief  requisite.  A  competitive  examination  for  “  fore¬ 
men  of  street-repair  gangs,”  described  in  the  report,  embraced  the 
practical  details  of  the  work,  the  use  of  tools,  the  treatment  for 
foundations,  the  candidate’s  former  occupation  and  employment, 
etc.,  and  the  result  created  great  confidence  in  the  extension  of  the 
competitive  test  to  all  like  places. 

Of  the  competitive  examination  in  the  engineer’s  bureau  notice 
was  given  to  many  technical  schools  and  colleges,  and  a  most  intel¬ 
ligent  set  of  men  presented  themselves  for  examination. 

The  Commissioners  propose,  as  part  of  every  examination,  a  series 
of  questions  to  the  candidates  and  those  who  vouch  for  them,  calling 
for  specific  and  detailed  information  about  occupation,  experience, 
habits,  character  and  reputation. 

They  think  that  the  examinations  will  attract  a  larger  number  of 
competent  candidates,  as  the  fairness  and  the  permanency  of  the 
system  are  understood,  and  lingering  doubts  are  dispelled  that  politi¬ 
cal  and  personal  considerations  have  weight  with  civil  service  examin¬ 
ers,  as  in  the  past,  in  executive  officers. 

In  regard  to  pass  examinations,  which  the  experience  of  the  exam¬ 
ining  board  has  found  “  very  unsatisfactory  at  the  best,”  and  among 
the  features  of  which  is  named  the  imputation  which  a  rejection  of 
an  appointee  might  seem  to  cast  both  upon  him  and  upon  the  officer 
who  nominated  him,  “  they  recommended  open  competition  as  far 
as  was  practicable,  and  as  to  places  where  competition  could  not 
.  wisely  be  tried,  to  leave  to  the  appointing  officer  an  undivided  respon¬ 
sibility.” 

The  number  of  positions  in  Schedule  A  exempt  from  examination 
is  ninety-three.  Those  in  Schedule  B,  filled  solely  by  competitive 
examinations,  are  divided  as  follows : 


Clerks,  book-keepers,  copyists .  165 

Various  positions  in  the  departments  of  city  works .  125 

Positions  in  the  police .  714 

Positions  in  the  fire  department .  331 

Positions  in  the  health  department .  34 

Remaining  positions .  49 


Total . .  1,418 


The  total  salaries  paid  to  the  holders  of  these  positions  is 
$1,466,686. 

Appendix  III  of  the  Brooklyn  Report,  giving  the  number  of 
persons  who  have  entered  the  competitive  list  with  their  education, 
average  age,  etc.,  shows  that  of  the  persons  who  succeeded  in  reach¬ 
ing  the  eligible  list,  215  received  a  common-school  education,  148  a 
scientific,  and  36  a  collegiate  education. 


16 


[Assembly 


Among  the  gentlemen  who  have  served  as  examiners  in  the  Brook¬ 
lyn  service  from  December  15,  1883,  have  been  the  following: 

In  Schedule  B,  Messrs.  Ethan  Allen  Doty,  John  0.  Orr  and 
Edmund  F.  Clyne  : 

In  Schedule  C,  Edward  M.  Shephard,  Frederick  Cromwell,  and 
John  H.  Shuman  : 

For  Draughtsmen ,  Levellers ,  and  Rodmen — Professor  Geo.  W. 
Plympton,  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  Professor  Alfred  W. 
Compton,  of  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  the  late 
Isaac  Newton,  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Aqueduct  Department  in 
New  York. 

The  experts  upon  the  other  examinations : 

For  Building  Inspectors — Bichard  B.  Eastman,  Esq.,  Architect. 

For  Foreman  of  Street  Repair  Gangs — D.  L.  Smith,  Esq.,  of  the 
New  York  Water  Purveyor’s  Office. 

For  Plumbing  Inspectors — Mortimer  J.  Lion,  Esq.,  President  of 
*the  Brooklyn  Plumbers’  Association. 

For  Sewer  Inspectors — C.  H.  Myers,  Esq.,  of  the  New  York 
Department  of  Public  Works. 

For  Watchmen — Edwin  A.  Lewis,  M.  D.,  Police  Surgeon  of 
this  city. 

For  Street 
York. 

For  admission  to  the  Police — Messrs.  Charles  F.  Henry,  John 
Bueger,  and  William  II.  Brownell.  The  report  of  the  Brooklyn 
Commission  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 

The  Beport  is  signed  by  Ethan  Allen  Doty,  Chairman  of  the 
Commission. 


Inspectors — J.  Bickard,  Esq.,  of  the  City  of  New 


Edward  M.  Shephard. 

j 

John  H.  Schumann, 
Edmond  F.  Cly"ne, 
Wm.  H.  Brownell, 
Charles  F.  Henry, 


John  Bueger, 

J.  Fred.  Moore,  M.  D., 
Henry"  M.  Lewis,  M.  D., 
Isaac  H.  Carey", 

J.  Augustus  IJealy*, 

Commissioners. 


City"  of  New  York. 

A  report  given  in  the  Appendix,  from  Messrs.  Everett  P. 
Wheeler,  Edwin  L.  Godkin,  and  E.  B.  Robinson,  composing  the 
Advisory  Board,  dated  December  10,  1884,  addressed  to  Franklin 
Edson,  Mayor,  and  approved  by  his  Honor,  was  made  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  a  request  from  this  Commission.  It  gives  a  brief  but 
comprehensive  view  of  the  progress  of  the  Civil  Service  system  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  from  its  partial  beginning  in  1883  under  the 
early  regulations  of  the  Mayor,  which  continued  in  force  until  the 
29th  of  August,  1884,  to  its  complete  establishment  under  the  man- 


17 


No.  42.] 

datory  provisions  of  the  amended  act.  Under  the  present  regu¬ 
lations,  sixty-six  in  number;  which  were  approved  by  this  Commission 
on  the  23d' of  August,  1884,  the  city  was  divided  into  seven  sched¬ 
ules,  which  are  as  follows  : 

A.  Deputies  authorized  to  act  for  their  principals,  and  persons 
necessarily  occupying  a  strictly  confidential  position. 

B.  Clerks,  copyists,  recorders,  book-keepers,  and  others  rendering 
clerical  service. 

C.  Policemen  of  the  Police  and  Park  Departments  and  the  uni¬ 
formed  force  of  the  Fire  Department. 

D.  Persons  whose  duties  require  expert  knowledge  not  included 
in  E. 

E.  Physicians,  chemists,  nurses,  orderlies,  and  attendants  in  City 
hospitals  and  asylums. 

F.  Persons  not  included  in  the  above  and  not  laborers. 

G.  Laborers. 

There  are  three  Boards  of  Examiners,  each  composed  of  three 
persons  for  positions  in  Schedules  B  and  C,  one  for  positions  in  D, 
and  one  for  those  in  E  and  F ;  all  under  an  Advisory  Board  ap¬ 
pointed  to  have  the  general  supervision  of  the  working  of  the  system, 
and  to  aid  the  Mayor  in  its  administration. 

The  great  majority  of  these  places  are  thrown  open  to  public 
competition,  but  it  has  not  yet  been  found  practicable  to  subject 
to  such  competition  all  places  demanding  special  experience,  such 
as  those  of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  the  City  hospitals  and 
asylums. 

In  its  details  of  the  scheme  relating  to  police  and  firemen,  the 
report  may  prove  of  interest  not  only  to  the  inhabitants  of  that  city, 
but  of  cities  in  this  and  other  States. 

After  the  filling  out  by  the  applicant  of  a  schedule,  with  a  de¬ 
tailed  statement  of  his  health,  occupation,  and  experience,  and  the 
approval  of  his  physical  condition  by  an  official  surgeon,  he  is  ex¬ 
amined  in  reference  to  his  physical  aptness  and  dexterity.  The 
report  says  :  “  This  portion  of  the  examination  is  new.  Experience 
has  seemed  to  indicate  that  a  purely  medical  examination,  while  it 
tends  to  reject  all  persons  of  defective  physical  organization,  fails  to 
indicate  those  who  have  distinct  physical  excellence,  and  it  seems 
clear  that  one  is  as  important  as  the  other.  A  policeman  might,  for 
example,  be  in  perfect  health,  yet  if  the  condition  of  his  frame  were 
such  that  he  could  not  run,  that  he  could  not  shoot  with  accuracy, 
that  he  could  not  hold  his  own  in  a  scuffle  with  a  burglar,  he  would 
be  an  undesirable  member  of  the  force.  He  is  also  required  to  sub¬ 
mit  references  from  responsible  persons  as  to  his  habits  and  repu¬ 
tation,  and  in  the  case  of  a  policeman  the  captain  of  the  precinct 
in  which  the  applicant  resides  is  required  to  make  personal  inquiry 
of  them  and  to  report  the  results  of  such  inquiry.  In  the  case  of 
firemen  this  duty  of  inquiry  is  devolved  upon  the  chiefs  of  battalion. 
All  these  statements  are  laid  before  the  Examining  Board  for  their 
consideration. 

[Assern.  Doc.  No.  42.] 


3 


18 


[Assembly 


“  The  applicant  is  then  examined  as  to  his  experience  in  any  posi¬ 
tion  tending  to  qualify  him  for  the  branch  of  the  service  which  he 
seeks  to  enter,  and  then  as  to  what  perhaps  might  be  called  his 
intellectual  qualifications.  He  must  be  able  to  read,  to  write,  to 
make  a  clear  statement  of  the  substance  of  matter  orally  communi¬ 
cated,  to  answer  intelligently  as  to  the  requirements  of  the  rules  of 
the  police  or  fire  department  relating  to  the  duties  of  the  position 
applied  for;  and  he  is  further  to  be  questioned,  if  he  seeks  appoint¬ 
ment  as  policeman,  with  reference  to  the  location  of  streets,  public 
buildings,  and  other  subjects  respecting  which  strangers  in  the  city 
naturally  inquire.  In  the  case  of  firemen  these  questions  are  directed 
to  the  location  of  streets,  and  the  location  and  construction  of  build¬ 
ings  with  special  reference  to  precautions  against  fire.  Having  all 
these  data  before  them  the  Examining  Board  is  now  required  to  make 
up  a  statement  of  results.” 

The  fundamental  rule  in  reference  to  examinations  is  that  they 
shall  be  held  “on  such  matters  as  will  fairly  test  the  relative  capacity 
and  fitness  of  the  persons  examined  for  the  particular  duties  with 
which  they  seek  to  be  charged.”  Ho  candidate  is  placed  on  the 
eligible  list  unless  his  standing  is  seventy  on  a  maximum  of  one  hun¬ 
dred,  and  the  selection  made  from  three  or  sometimes  five  names 
sent  to  the  appointing  person  is  subject  to  the  test  of  probation.  In 
the  case  of  promotion,  if  no  person  shall  be  found  in  the  service  suit¬ 
ably  qualified,  it  is  thrown  open  to  public  competition.  The  Ad¬ 
visory  Board  remark  that  competitive  examinations  eliminate  the 
elements  of  favoritism  and  partisanship  from  appointments  to* office 
as  far  as  possible,  and  suggest  that  the  skill  and  judgment  of  the 
Examining  Board  may  be  and  are  aided  by  the  services  of  experts, 
and  that  at  least  one  member  of  each  Board  which  have  to  determine 
the  fitness  of  all  persons,  for  whose  duty  expert  knowledge  is  required, 
should  be  himself  familiar  with  the  subject  or  qualified  for  his  duty 
by  practical  experience. 

The  Advisory  Board  further  remark,  that  “  the  inevitable  effect 
of  the  old  system  was  to  concentrate  power  in  the  hands  of  political 
leaders,  and  to  make  the  whole  official  corps  a  band  of  mercenaries 
who  supported  the  fortunes  and  followed  the  banners  of  political 
leaders. 

“  Nothing  could  be  more  opposed  to  the  whole  spirit  and  genius 
of  American  institutions.  Our  Government  in  theory  is  based  on 
an  equality  of  privileges  and  rights.  No  legislation  can  give  equality 
of  natural  endowments,  and  consequently  none  can  give  an  equality 
of  acquisitions  or  possessions.  But  what  this  Government  first  of 
all  Governments  undertook  to  do  was  to  give  every  citizen  an  equal 
opportunity  before  the  law.  Nothing  can  be  more  hostile  to  this 
than  the  idea  that  no  man  can  obtain  an  appointment  who  has  not 
some  political  backing,  who  has  not  some  influential  friend,  who 
either  from  motives  of  friendship  or  for  reasons  of  interest  is  disposed 
to  press  his  appointment  upon  the  appointing  power.  And  nothing 
can  be  more  conducive  to  an  unfaithful  and  inefficient  discharge  of 


No.  42.] 


19 


duty  than  the  feeling  on  the  part  of  an  official  that  his  continuance 
in  office  must  depend  not  upon  his  faithful  service  but  upon  his 
fealty  to  the  men  who  appointed  him  or  who  keep  him  where  he  is.” 

The  number  of  positions  to  be  filled  by  selection  from  those  who 
have  passed  in  competitive  examination  is  5,540,  classified  as  follows  : 


Fire  Department .  819 

Police  Department .  2,741 

Department  of  Public  Works . ‘  368 

Finance  Department .  HI 

Counsel  to  the  Corporation ....  .  21 

Department  of  Taxes  and  Assessments . 43 

Health  Department .  121 

Department  of  Docks .  1^2 

Office  of  The  City  Record . 

Department  of  Street  Cleaning .  76 

Department  of  Public  Parks. . .  156 

Department  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction .  836 

Mayor’s  Office .  13 

Municipal  Service  Boards . * .  3 


5,486 


The  returns  as  to  the  education  of  applicants  were  incomplete, 
from  some  omission  in  the  earlier  schedules. 

The  present  examiners  of  the  New  York  City  Commission  are  : 

For  Applicants  in  Schedules  B  and  C , 

A.  B.  MacDonough,  J.  Seaver  Page,  Wyllys  Hodges. 

In  Schedule  B, 

Arthur  H.  Dundon,  Dan’l  B.  Smith,  James  Moir. 

In  Schedules  E  and  F, 

*  F.  Herring  Burchard,  M.  D.,  F.  Tilden  Brown,  M.  D.,  Thos.  H. 
Manley,  M.  D. 

The  report,  in  view  of  the  difficulties  which  have  attended  the 
task  of  the  late  Mayor,  by  whom  the  scheme  was  voluntarily  in¬ 
augurated,  and  his  very  able  Board  of  Advisers,  is  full  of  promise 
for  the  future  under  the  administration  of  his  successor. 

Competitive  Examinations. 

The  act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State 
by  section  2,  requires  that  the  rules  to  be  prepared  by  the  Governor 
with  the  aid  of  the  Commission,  shall  provide  for  open  Competitive 
Examinations  for  testing  the  fitness  of  applicants  for  the  public 
service.  “  Such  examinations  shall  be  practical  in  their  character, 


20 


[Assembly 

and,  so  far  as  may  be,  shall  relate  to  those  matters  which  will  fairly 
test  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons  examined,  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  that  service  into  which  they  seek  to  be 
appointed.” 

It  is  further  provided  by  the  same  section  that  u  there  shall  be 
non-competitive  examinations  when  competitive  may  not  be  found 
practicable,”  and  these  provisions  are  now  embodied  in  the  regula¬ 
tions  both  of  the  State  and  of  the  cities. 

As  the  system  broadens  in  its  operation  and  becomes  better 
understood,  the  principle  of  competitive  examination  seems  to  ad¬ 
vance  steadily  in  the  public  favor,  as  one  that  should  supersede  to  a 
greater  extent  than  at  present  appointments  by  nomination.  A  chief 
difference  between  competitive  and  pass  examinations  has  been  well 
described  in  the  remark,  that  “  the  examiners,  instead  of  conferring  a 
certain  guarantee  of  goodness,  are  required  to  select  the  best.” 

In  England  both  parties,  from  actual  experience,  long  since 
reached  this  conclusion,  despite  the  strong  objection  made  to  the 
introduction  of  so  “  democratical  ”  a  scheme,  as  it  was  called,  and 
one  which  endangered  the  privileges  and  prestige  of  the  artistocracy 
by  putting  all  applicants  on  an  equal  footing.  The  system  now 
rests  on  the  public  approval  of  the  view  expressed  by  John  Stuart 
Mill,  that  the  principal  object  which  any  honest  reformer  desires  to 
effect  by  political  changes,  namely,  that  the  administration  of  public 
affairs  should  be  in  the  most  competent  hands  as  regards  the  per¬ 
manent  part  of  the  administrative  body,  could  be  answered  by  the 
competitive  system,  so  far  as  it  is  possible  for  any  human  contrivance 
to  effect  it,  and  that  its  adoption  would  form  an  era  in  history. 

The  competitive  method  is  supported  by  reasons  so  obvious  and 
cogent,  that  argument  in  its  favor  seems  almost  superfluous.  Com¬ 
petition  is  the  law  of  nature,  and  is  universal  in  its  application.  It 
prevails  in  every  department  of  human  activity,  and  is  the  test  by 
which  men  are  measured  in  every  profession,  calling,  and  sphere. 
It  is  the  only  absolutely  democratic  rule,  and  therefore  consonant 
with  the  spirit  of  our  institutions,  founded  on  the  political  equality 
of  men.  By  eliminating  the  elements  of  favoritism,  nepotism,  and 
partisan  recompense,  it  stimulates  manly  aspirations,  develops  inde¬ 
pendence  in  thought  and  character,  protects  the  equal  rights  of 
every  cititizen,  and  secures  fair  play  against  selfishness  and  presump¬ 
tuous  mediocrity. 

The  force  of  the  arguments  in  its  favor  induced  even  the  British 
Crown  to  surrender  its  immemorial  prerogative  of  unrestricted 
appointment  more  than  thirty  years  ago,  and  to  open  its  whole  pub¬ 
lic  service  to  competition.  And  so  satisfactory  have  been  its  results, 
that  it  has  become  the  fixed  policy  of  the  Empire,  approved  alike  b}T 
the  Crown  and  its  subjects. 

If  the  policy  is  adapted  to  a  monarchical  country,  it  must  in  the 
nature  of  things  be  vastly  more  appropriate  in  ours,  where  distinc¬ 
tions  are  not  recognized  and  prerogatives  are  distasteful. 

The  highest  patriotism  requires  that  the  official  service,  which 
consists  solely  of  public  trusts,  shall  be  filled  upon  some  principle 


No.  42.] 


21 


essentially  democratic  in  its  nature,  one  that  is  likely  to  secure  the 
best  trustees,  and  that  will  tend  to  preserve  our  institutions  in  their 
simplicity  and  purity. 

This  principle  is  found  in  the  methods  of  Civil  Service. 

The  very  simple  formula,  that  under  a  free  government  where 
equality  of  political  rights  exists  the  people  have  the  right  to  be  served 
in  official  positions  by  those  best  fitted  to  serve  them,  whose  service 
can  be  procured  for  the  compensation  allowed,  and  that  the  fitness 
for  such  positions  should  be  ascertained  by  disinterested  persons  act¬ 
ing  under  the  sanction  and  the  restraints  of  law,  expresses  the 
essence  and  the  sum  of  Civil  Service  Reform,  and  it  may  now  be 
said  that  the  principle  has  become  the  accepted  policy  of  our  great 
State,  and  in  the  broader  sphere  of  national  affairs. 

Among  the  notable  effects  of  the  competitive  system  which  are 
observable  from  the  highest  position  to  which  it  applies  in  the  State 
government,  to  the  lowest  in  the  hospitals  and  asylums,  is  the  fact 
that  the  incumbents  are  conscious  of  a  new  dignity  and  self-respect, 
as  “  public  servants  who  have  obtained  their  situations  in  an  inde¬ 
pendent  manner  through  their  own  merits.” 

A  chief  objection  to  competitive  examinations,  that  they  may 
introduce  as  officials  in  a  department  persons  who  are  strangers  to 
the  Chief,  and  whose  personal  fitness  for  the  place  can  only  be 
tested  in  part  by  an  examination,  is  answered  by  the  provision  of  the 
Act,  that  a  term  of  probation  shall  pass  before  any  absolute  appoint¬ 
ment  or  employment  can  be  made. 

This  term  has  been  fixed  at  three  months,  and  the  officer  under 
whom  the  probationer  shall  serve  during  that  time  is  to  report  in 
writing  to  the  appointing  officer  the  facts  showing  his  character  and 
qualifications. 

This  feature  of  the  system  affording  ample  opportunity  for  ob¬ 
servation,  and  requiring  a  record  of  the  facts,  allows  the  use  of  the 
same  means  available  under  the  patronage  and  nomination  systems, 
to  test  the  moral  and  practical  fitness  of  an  applicant  for  the  place, 
and  fully  protects  the  appointing  officer.  And  the  prospect  of  pro¬ 
motion  on  the  part  of  the  appointee  encourages  habits  of  order  and 
diligence,  and  affords  a  permanent  stimulant  to  excellence  in  his 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  position. 

It  is  provided  by  the  fourth  rule  that  the  power  to  remove,  exist- 
ing  by  law,  on  the  part  of  any  officer,  is  not  impaired  by  the  rules. 
Such  a  power  in  the  cases  of  incompetency,  irregularity,  miscon¬ 
duct,  indolence,  or  any  other  cause  interfering  with  the  proper  dis¬ 
charge  of  the  duties  of  the  department,  is  regarded  as  essential  to 
the  fair  working  of  the  system  established  by  the  Act ;  and  the 
danger  of  an  abuse  of  this  power  which  was  justly  feared  when  the 
removing  officer  could  without  restriction  fill  the  vacancy  lie  had 
created  seems  greatly  lessened  when  the  vacancy  is  to  be  filled  from 
the  three  highest  under  the  restraints  of  law.  In  all  such  cases  it 
would  seem  advisable  to  remove  restraints  which  may  still  exist 
upon  the  power  of  removal. 


22 


[Assembly 


The  Commission,  in  its  desire  to  accomplish  without  delay  and 
with  the  least  possible  friction  the  inauguration  of  the  system  es¬ 
tablished  by  the  Act,  has  occasionally  deferred  in  the  matter  of 
classification  to  the  opinions  of  heads  of  departments,  as  notably  in 
the  case  of  assistant  physicians  in  Lunatic  Asylums,  where  the  head 
of  the  institution,  on  whom  rests  the  chief  responsibility,  has  deemed 
it  unsafe  to  dispense  with  the  right  of  nomination  and  to  open  the 
place  to  outside  competition.  An  opposite  opinion  has  recently 
been  practically  expressed,  and  as  it  would  seem  most  successfully, 
in  the  Hudson  River  State  Hospital  at  Poughkeepsie,  where  the 
managers  availed  themselves  of  a  competitive  examination  to  fill 
two  positions  of  importance. 

In  considering  the  propriety  of  applying  competitive  examination 
(or  if  that  were  impracticable,  non-competitive  examination)  to  the 
positions  of  principals  and  teachers  in  the  Normal  Schools  as  has 
been  done  with  success  in  other  countries,  the  Commission  addressed 
a  circular  (Appendix  C)  to  the  heads  of  the  Normal  Schools  and 
others  officially  connected  with  the  public  instruction,  to  which  some 
replies  were  received. 

Under  the  conservative  views  which  have  guided  its  action  in 
other  cases,  and  in  the  belief  that  the  officials  connected  with  the 
Normal  Schools  are  not  yet  prepared  to  apply  the  system  of  com¬ 
petition  to  those  institutions,  the  Commission  has  deemed  it  expe¬ 
dient  for  the  present  to  place  the  instructors  in  those  schools  in 
Schedule  A,  which  exempts  them  from  examination  under  the 
rules  of  the  Civil  Service,  and  leaves  the  local  boards  at  liberty  to 
make  their  selections  upon  such  examinations  as  they  may  deem 
adequate,  as  they  have  done  in  the  past  with  results  which  appear 
to  have  been  generally  satisfactory  and  free  from  imputation  of 
partisan  bias. 

The  Relation  of  Competitive  Examinations  to  Public 

Education. 

The  satisfactory  experience  of  the  last  year  in  regard  to  com¬ 
petitive  examinations,  and  the  indications  that  this  is  the  feature 
of  the  civil  service  scheme,  against  which  whatever  opposition  shall 
be  made  will  be  chiefly  directed,  seem  to  emphasize  the  importance 
of  the  suggestions  which  the  Commission  presented  in  its  first  report 
(pages  19,  20  and  21)  touching  the  close  connection  between  the 
competitive  scheme  and  popular  education  given  at  the  public  expense, 
and  the  importance  of  maintaining  a  certain  harmony  between  the 
training  given  by  the  State,  and  the  requirements  by  the  State  for 
admission  to  the  public  service. 

The  idea  sometimes  entertained  that  competitive  examinations 
are  simply  an  incidental  and  optional  feature  of  the  system,  an  idea 
expressed  in  the  cry  “  Support  Civil  Service  Reform,  but  down  with 
the  competitive  examinations”  is  one  in  no  way  justified  by  the 
spirit  or  letter  of  the  Act,  and  one  quite  inconsistent  with  a  right 
appreciation  of  the  system. 


23 


No.  42.] 

“  The  act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  civil  service,”  and  which 
defines  the  duties  and  powers  of  the  Commission,  enjoins  open  com¬ 
petitive  examinations  for  testing  the  fitness  of  applicants  for  the 
public  service ;  and  it  is  only  in  cases  where  competition  may  not 
be  found  practicable,  that  the  Act  provides  for  non-competitive  ex¬ 
aminations. 

When  the  Commission  was  preparing  to  inaugurate  the  system, 
the  practical  methods  of  Civil  Service  Reform  were  but  little  un¬ 
derstood,  save  by  the  few  who  had  studied  the  subject  and  were 
familiar  with  its  working,  partially  in  our  national  service  and  more 
generally  abroad. 

Crude  and  inexact  ideas  were  dogmatically  expressed  in  con¬ 
demnation  of  competitive  examinations;  and  occasionally  burlesque 
examination  papers  perpetrated  as  a  pleasant  jest,  or  perhaps  with 
the  intention  to  deceive,  imposed  upon  the  credulity  of  some  who 
were  imperfectly  informed  of  the  new  system.  In  consulting  the 
heads  of  departments  and  institutions,  touching  the  duties  and 
proper  classification  of  their  subordinates,  they  occasionally  deemed 
it  impracticable  to  introduce  competitive  examinations  without  in¬ 
jury  to  the  public  interest;  and  under  such  advice  from  those  whose 
concurrence  in  the  scheme  was  almost  essential  to  its  successful 
working,  the  Commission  in  some  cases  yielded  to  the  requests  thus 
made,  as,  for  example,  in  the  Normal  Schools  and  the  Board  of 
Excise,  where  it  has  avoided  for  the  present  placing  the  teachers 
and  inspectors  in  Class  B.,  for  competitive  examination. 

But  the  Act  which  defines  the  policy  of  the  State,  and  the  du¬ 
ties  of  the  Commission,  makes  competitive  examinations  the  rule, 
and  non-competitive  examinations  the  exception ;  and  it  would 
seem  from  the  experience  of  the  Commission  that  the  better  the 
subject  is  understood,  the  more  decidedly  is  the  Act  approved..  The 
fact  that  the  rules  adopted  by  a  Republican  mayor  in  the  city  of 
Brooklyn,  and  those  .framed  by  a  Democratic  mayor  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  have  in  each  case  with  judicious  skill  been  amended 
and  enlarged  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  Act,  goes  far  to 
justify  the  belief,  that  competitive  examinations  are  to  be  the  basis 
in  practice  as  well  as  in  theory,  of  the  Civil  Service  System  in  this 
State,  and  of  the  States  which  have  already  begun  to  follow  the 
example  of  New  York. 

It  seems  noteworthy,  that  in  the  second  year  of  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  System,  there  have  been  developed  some  rather  novel  methods, 
suggested  in  each  case  by  the  occasion,  and  admirably  adaptable 
to  competitive  examinations,  to  determine  actual  fitness  for  the 
posts  to  be  filled.  This  was  the  case  as  regards  the  highest  scien¬ 
tific  attainments  requisite  in  the  treatment  of  the  insane,  as  shown 
by  the  report  of  the  Chief  Examiner  touching  the  State  Hospital 
at  Poughkeepsie  ;  and  again,  in  regard  to  the  practical  experience 
essential  to  the  good  management  of  city  streets,  required  by  a 
foreman  of  a  “  street-repair  gang,”  as  wras  successfully  tested  at 
Brooklyn ;  and  yet  again,  to  test  the  carefully  defined  traits  — 


24 


[Assembly 


moral,  mental,  and  physical  —  with  the  new  tests  of  strength,  capac¬ 
ity,  agility,  and  endurance,  which  will  hereafter  be  required  from 
the  incoming  policemen  of  the  two  cities. 

It  is  rapidly  becoming  clear  that  the  system  of  competitive  ex¬ 
aminations  is  easily  applicable  to  almost  every  subordinate  post, 
however  high,  in  every  branch  of  the  public  service,  State  or 
municipal.  In  Ireland,  the  four  national  examiners  of  the  public 
schools  are  selected  by  competitive  examination,  and  a  note  of  the 
subjects  for  examination  gives  an  idea  of  the  varied  scientific  and 
scholarly  attainments  in  which  the  applicants  must  be  versed. 

The  class  of  persons  in  this  State  interested  in  this  subject  has 
been  increased  during  the  past  year,  by  the  opinion  already  alluded 
to  of  the  Attorney-General,  that  women  “  have  the  right  to  apply 
for  examination  under  the  Civil  Service  rules,  wdtli  a  view  to 
appointment  in  the  service  of  the  State.”  This  decision  is  in  har¬ 
mony  with  the  rule  in  the  National  Civil  Service  Commission, 
which  recognizes  the  equal  right  of  women  to  compete  for  places. 

The  close  relationship  of  competitive  examinations  to  popular 
education  has  been  a  constant  topic  of  remark  and  discussion  with 
the  Civil  Service  reformers,  first  of  Great  Britain,  and  then  of  the 
United  States. 

In  England  when,  in  1870,  after  a  long  struggle,  the  competi¬ 
tive  system  was  made  general,  the  public  schools  were  by  law  for 
the  first  time  required  to  be  supported  by  general  taxation  ;  and  it 
was  said  that  “  in  England  the  opening  of  the  Civil  and  Military 
Service,  in  its  influence  upon  the  National  Education,  was  equiva¬ 
lent  to  a  hundred  thousand  Scholarships,  and  exhibitions  of  the 
most  valuable  kind.” 

At  home  our  Civil  Service  reformers  have  noted  with  pride 
and  interest  the  statistics  which  have  identified  the  competitive 
system,  not  as  was  rashly  predicted,  with  the  higher  collegiate  edu¬ 
cation,  which  was  confined  to  the  few ;  but  with  the  common 
schools,  whose  advantages  were  intended  for  the  many.  Governor 
Cleveland  gave  a  seasonable  reminder  of  the  reciprocity  of  the  two 
systems,  when  he  said  in  his  last  annual  message  to  the  Legisla¬ 
ture,  that  “  the  children  of  our  citizens  are  educated  and  trained  in 
schools  maintained  at  the  common  expense,  and  the  people  as  a 
whole  have  a  right  to  demand  the  selection  for  the  public  service, 
of  those  whose  natural  aptitudes  have  been  improved  by  the  educa¬ 
tional  facilities  furnished  by  the  State.” 

The  pride  and  affection  with  which  the  people  of  the  State  justly 
regard  their  Common  School  System  must  be  enhanced  when  they 
remember  that  the  common  school  opens  the  way  to  the  knowl¬ 
edge,  the  character,  and  the  practical  experience,  which  will  give 
to  its  pupils  an  equal  chance  to  compete  for  employment  in  the 
Public  Service,  and  will  thus  contribute  to  the  excellence  of  the 
service,  the  comfort  and  interest  of  the  people,  and  the  dignity  of 
the  State. 


No.  42.] 


25 


Of  persons  examined  in  this  State  and  in  the  cities  of  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  the  proportion  educated  in  the  common  schools  lias 
been  seventy-two  per  cent.  In  the  National  Service,  of  those  who 
have  entered  through  competitive  examinations  sixty-five  per  cent 
were  educated  in  the  common  schools  alone  (first  report  U.  S.  C.  S. 
Com.,  p.  31).  The  average  age  of  those  examined  in  this  State  has 
been  thirty-two  years,  a  fact  which,  while  not  without  significance 
as  indicating  the  practical  common  sense  character  of  the  exam¬ 
inations,  as  testing  capacity,  experience,  and  fitness,  disposes  of  the 
fear  which  has  been  sometimes  indulged,  that  in  competitive  exam¬ 
inations  success  would  be  monopolized  by  young  men  fresh  from 
their  studies  and  without  experience. 

Both  the  education  and  the  age  in  these  cases  seem  to  justify  the 
conclusion  that  our  common  schools,  when  rightly  conducted, 
although  giving  instruction  only  in  the  primary  branches,  do  so  de¬ 
velop  and  improve  the  character  of  the  pupil,  inculcating  the  prin¬ 
ciples  of  Christian  morality,  exercising  and  strengthening  his  think¬ 
ing  powers,  and  inducing  a  manly  and  intelligent  exercise  of  his 
judgment,  that  the  training  of  the  public  schools,  wit'll  the  habits 
they  encourage  of  order,  punctuality,  obedience,  self-respect,  and  a 
sense  of  personal  responsibility,  enables  the  pupils  thus  instructed 
to  compete  in  the  qualifications  which  the  State  demands  for  her 
Civil  Service,  on  an  equal  footing  with  those  whose  larger  wealth 
or  social  position  has  afforded  them  the  advantages  of  a  higher 
education. 

#  In  this  State  the  opening  of  thousands  of  places  in  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  to  a  fair  and  equal  competition,  and  the  abundant  proof  that 
the  common  school,  fitly  conducted,  is  found  equal  to  the  task  of 
training  its  pupils  for  success  in  that  competition,  affords  both  to 
the  State  and  to  individual  citizens  a  new  interest  in  the  popular 
education  provided  by  tax  payers,  that  it  may  have  as  far  as  possible 
a  standard  of  uniform  excellence,  marked  by  the  more  approved 
methods,  in  order  that  it  may  keep  pace  at  once  with  the  advancing 
requirements  of  the  State,  and  with  the  necessity  of  supplying  the 
education  and  training  essential  to  fit  for  those  requirements  the 
rising  generation  of  the  people. 

Of  the  popular  education  of  this  State  given  under  its  authority 
in  the  public  and  normal  schools  which  are  supervised  by  the  De¬ 
partment  of  Public  Instruction  and  School  Commissioners  for  each 
county,  some  statistics  are  given  in  the  report  of  the  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction.  During  the  year  1883  the  common  schools 
had  1,041,089  scholars,  the  normal  schools,  6,270.  The  teachers  in 
the  common  schools  were:  Men,  6,723;  women,  24,847;  makino-  a 
total  of  31,570.  (Report  1884,  p.  19.) 

The  very  interesting  reports  of  the  Department  of  Public  In¬ 
struction,  with  the  special  views,  statements  and  recommendations 
of  School  Commissioners,  blend  with  eulogies  of  the  system  a  frank 
disclosure  of  grave  defects,  both  general  and  local,  with  thoughtful 
suggestions  for  their  correction;  and  apart  from  the  courses  of 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  4 


26 


[Assembly 


study,  some  of  the  reports  go  to  confirm  the  startling  fact  announced 
by  that  distinguished  expert,  Dr.  Cornelius  R.  Agnew,  to  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  that  “  all  over  our  State  there  are  schools  in  which 
the  effects  of  overcrowding  and  insufficient  food,  and  other  pre¬ 
ventable  causes  of  disease,  are  telling  disastrously  on  the  health  of 
their  inmates,  and  so  are  seminaries  or  seed-places  from  which 
legions  of  children  go  out  to  recruit  the  ranks  of  long-lived  pau¬ 
pers.”  One  School  Commissioner  writes  (from  Lowville,  Lewis 
county,  December  1,  1883),  “  This  school-house  murdered  one 
teacher  and  fastened  disease  upon  another  for  life.” 

After  the  last  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc¬ 
tion,  the  Legislature  enacted  a  law,  providing  that  after  the  1st  of 
January,  1885,  no  certificate  should  be  granted  to  any  person  to 
teach  in  the  public  schools  who  had  not  passed  a  satisfactory  exam¬ 
ination  in  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the  effect 
of  alcoholic  drinks,  stimulants,  and  narcotics,  and  directing  the 
proper  local  authorities  to  provide  for  the  instruction  of  all  pupils 
in  the  same.  (Laws  of  1884,  chap.  30.) 

In  its  first  report,  the  Commission,  in  obedience  to  the  instruction 
to  make  any  suggestions  it  may  approve  for  the  more  effectual  ac¬ 
complishment  of  the  purposes  of  the  Act,  discussed  (pages  19,  20, 
and  21)  the  close  connection  between  the  Civil  Service  scheme  and 
popular  education  given  at  the  public  expense,  and,  after  observing 
that  “  education  by  the  State  furnishes  an  argument  for  insisting  on 
intelligence  as  well  as  capacity  on  the  part  of  those  who  are  to  serve 
the  public  in  official  positions,  and  to  be  compensated  for  their  ser¬ 
vices  at  the  general  expense,  falling  alike  on  all  classes  of  citizens,” 
the  Commission  remarked:  “Justice,  both  to  the  State  and  the 
rising  generation  of  citizens,  demands  that  whenever  education  is 
given  at  the  public  expense,  it  should  be  such  as  to  accomplish  the 
object  which  alone  could  justify  the  expenditure.” 

It  declared  that  it  was  “  deeply  impressed  with  the  importance 
of  more  careful  attention  to  the  education,  the  health  and  moral  and 
physical  training  of  the  children  of  the  State,  who  are  in  schools  or 
institutions  supported  at  the  public  expense;”  and  “  that  the 
rising  generation  should  have  the  benefit  of  whatever  systems  or 
methods  will  most  certainly  secure  to  them  the  best  moral,  intel¬ 
lectual  and  physical  instruction,  to  fit  them  not  merely  for  the  ordi¬ 
nary  duties  of  citizens,  but  to  prepare  them  to  enter  the  public 
service,  if  they  should  desire  to  do  so.” 

Whether  we  look  to  the  advantage  of  the  State  and  the  cities  in 
the  improvement  of  the  standard,  intellectual  or  physical,  to  be 
attained  in  the  public  service  by  competitive  examinations  ;  or  to 
the  reasonableness  of  satisfying  the  people  of  the  State  with  the  suf¬ 
ficiency  of  the  education  afforded  by  the  State,  it  seems  clear  that 
both  the  State  Government  and  the  people  should  recognize  the  truth, 
that  to  make  the  Civil  Service  system  an  entire  success,  all  good 
citizens  should  cordially  lend  their  aid  and  influence,  and  each  in  his 


1 


27 


No.  42.] 

own  neighborhood  can  do  much  to  secure  in  the  education  given 
under  the  authority  of  the  State  a  uniform  excellence ;  so  that  all 
parents  whose  children  are  educated  at  the  public  expense  may  feel 
that  they  enjoy  a  fair  and  equal  chance  for  success  in  the  competitive 
examinations  for  the  public  service ;  and  that  the  system,  so  far 
from  being  partial  and  unequal,  merits  the  eulogium  pronounced 
upon  it  by  Mayor  Low,  when  he  said,  in  his  recent  message : 
“  There  is  a  fairness  and  openness  about  it  peculiarly  American,  and 
smacking  of  all  that  is  best  in  the  American  love  of  fair  play,  and 
the  American  demand  for  equal  treatment  of  all  citizens.” 

The  Theory  of  the  Statute. 

The  Legislature  in  the  enactment  of  the  Civil  Service  statute 
established  a  plan  largely  executive  in  its  nature.  It  provided  the 
instrumentalities,  and  gave  certain  general  directions,  but  intrusted 
the  execution  to  the  executive  power.  It  was  foreseen  that  many 
steps  must  in  the  first  instance  be  tentative,  and  that  some  mistakes 
would  inevitably  be  made.  Power  for  the  summary  correction  of 
mistakes  was  indispensable  to  give  reasonable  flexibility  to  the  new 
methods.  This  was  deemed  preferable  to  arbitrary  and  rigid  enact¬ 
ments  that  could  only  be  changed  by  the  slow  processes  of  legisla¬ 
tion.  The  Legislature,  therefore,  lodged  in  the  Executive  authority 
of  the  State  power  to  apply  the  system  it  had  created  by  making  the 
classification  and  the  rules,  with  the  right  to  amend  them  from  time 
to  time,  as  occasions  might  arise.  The  same  theory  was  applied  to 
cities,  and  like  power  conferred  upon  the  Mayors,  the  executive 
heads  of  those  divisions  of  government. 

For  the  State  at  large,  a  Commission  was  provided  for,  to  be  se¬ 
lected  by  the  Governor,  and  to  hold  office  at  his  will,  and  also  to  be 
non-partisan  in  its  composition  and  its  action.  The  function  of  the 
Commission  was  to  aid  the  Governor,  as  he  might  request,  in  pre¬ 
paring  suitable  rules  for  carrying  the  law  into  effect,  and  to  perform 
the  other  detail  work  specified  in  the  act,  as  directed  by  the 
Governor. 

The  whole  authority  of  the  Commission  is  subordinate  to  the 
superior  power  of  the  Governor.  The  Commission  may  recommend 
rules  and  modifications,  but  no  rule  has  vitality  until  approved  and 
promulgated  by  the  Governor.  The  authority  given  to  the  Com¬ 
mission  by  the  amendatory  Act  of  1884  to  approve  city  regulations 
before  they  can  become  operative,  is  exercised  in  behalf  of  the 
Governor  to  preserve  harmony  between  those  regulations  and  rules 
established  by  the  Governor. 

In  confiding  this  power  to  the  Governor,  the  Legislature  only  laid 
down  certain  general  principles  to  be  observed,  which  were  deemed 
fundamental,  leaving  the  executive  officer  intrusted  with  the  power 
free  to  exercise  his  own  best  judgment  within  the  boundaries 
of  those  principles. 


28 


[Assembly 


The  first  and  leading  principle  declared  in  the  Act  is  that  the  rules 
shall  provide,  so  far  as  the  conditions  of  good  administration  will 
permit,  for  open  competitive  examinations  for  testing  the  fitness  of 
applicants  for  the  public  service,  and  that  such  examinations  shall  be 
practical  in  their  character,  and,  so  far  as  may  be,  shall  relate 
to  those  matters  which  will  fairly  test  the  relative  capacity  and  fit¬ 
ness  of  the  persons  examined  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  service 
into  which  they  seek  to  be  appointed. 

The  statute  thus  devolves  upon  the  executive  authority  power  to 
create  rules  under  the  limitations  and  for  the  purposes  so  clearly  ex¬ 
pressed.  Large  discretion  is  involved  in  the  exercise  of  this  power, 
and  also  the  incidents  of  correcting,  amending  and  improving  the 
rules,  as  experience  shall  indicate  changes  to  be  necessary  or 
expedient. 

This  power,  for  wise  reasons,  should  remain  intact  in  the  hands 
of  the  Executive.  Any  legislation  taking  it  from  the  Executive,  or 
placing  its  exercise  under  greater  restriction,  would  seriously  impair 
the  system,  destroy  its  unity,  retard  its  improvement,  and  imperil 
its  success  at  the  time  when  its  advantages  are  beginning  to  be 
realized. 

Experience  has  shown  that  constant  legislation  is  not  the  best 
mode  to  correct  supposed  errors  of  judgment  on  the  part  of  re¬ 
sponsible  agents  charged  with  important  duties  that  are  in  a  meas¬ 
ure  experimental.  Enlightened  public  sentiment,  and  the  good 
sense  of  the  agents  themselves,  can  be  safely  trusted  to  bring  about 
all  necessary  changes  and  improvements  where  the  power  to  do  so 
exists. 

It  is  a  wise  provision  that  the  Commission  has  no  power  to  make 
appointments  or  removals,  or  even  to  recommend  persons  for  ap¬ 
pointment.  Any  authority  of  that  character  would  be  fatal  to  its 
usefulness,  and  an  unwarrantable  interference  with  sound  principles- 
of  administration.  Its  sole  duty  in  its  subordinate  sphere  is  to  as¬ 
certain  the  fitness  or  qualifications  of  applicant  for  the  service.  The 
appointing  power  of  all  public  officers  remains  unimpaired,  and  should 
so  remain.  But  the  field  of  selection  is  limited  to  those  who  have 
been  ascertained  to  be  qualified.  This  rests  on  the  solid  foundation 
that  it  is  conducive  to  the  public  welfare. 

The  Commission  is  of  opinion  that  no  additional  legislation  is 
demanded  at  present,  either  in  the  form  of  amendments  to  the  ex¬ 
isting  statute,  or  new  enactments.  Any  changes  in  the  statute  now 
would  seem  to  be  unnecessary  and  undesirable.  The  statute  is 
sufficiently  comprehensive  and  explicit  for  all  practical  purposes, 
its  provisions  are  becoming  better  understood  by  experience,  a 
harmonious  system  is  being  rapidly  evolved,  and  all  needed  changes 
and  improvements  in  methods,  or  adjustment  of  working  agencies 
can  be  instantaneously  made  by  Executive  action.  Further  legis¬ 
lation,  while  useless  for  any  good  purpose,  would  add  new  ditticul- 
ties  of  interpretation,  and  increased  embarrassments  to  the  exe¬ 
cution  of  the  law. 


N o.  42.]  29 

Kegulating  the  Exercise  ,  of  Power  of  Appointment  Given  by 

the  Constitution. 

A  question  of  much  interest  and  importance  has  arisen  more  than 
once,  whether  in  cases  where  the  power  of  appointment  is  given 
to  a  public  officer  by  the  Constitution,  the  exercise  of  the  power 
may  be  regulated  by  the  Legislature  in  respect  to  the  qualifications 
of  the  appointees. 

The  Commission,  after  careful  consideration,  is  of  opinion  that  this 
question  must  be  answered  in  the  affirmative. 

A  delegated  power  to  appoint  a  public  officer  is  an  authority  to 
select  a  qualified  person  for  the  position. 

If  the  power  delegated  is  not  in  terms  unlimited,  some  limita¬ 
tions  are  necessarily  implied.  It  does  not  follow  that  under  a 
power  vested  in  an  officer  to  appoint,  he  may  appoint  himself,  or 
some  person  who  is  physically  or  mentally  incapable,  or  an  alien 
or  infant.  It  is  implied  that  he  shall  appoint  a  qualified  person, 
suitable  for  the  position,  and  capable  of  serving  the  public.  A 
naked  power  to  appoint  does  not  embrace  as  incidental  to  it  the 
right  to  determine  the  qualifications  of  the  appointee  any  more 
than  it  does  the  right  to  fix  the  compensation  and  to  prescribe  the 
duties. 

Under  a  government  of  law  with  the  source  of  power  in  the 
people,  the  right  to  regulate  the  exercise  of  power  by  public  officers 
inheres  in  the  law-making  body  when  not  expressly  located  else¬ 
where.  The  Constitution  is  the  paramount  law,  it  is  true,  but  it  is 
nothing  more  than  a  law  emanating  from  the  same  source  as 
statute  law,  only  in  a  different  manner.  The  Constitution  does  not 
exclude  the  exercise  of  legislative  power,  except  when  it  so  de¬ 
clares. 

When  the  Constitution  is  silent  the  legislative  power  is  not  re¬ 
strained.  When  the  Constitution  prescribes  qualifications  for  office, 
or  gives  in  terms  unlimited  discretion  to  an  officer  to  appoint,  the 
Legislature  cannot  interfere.  But  in  cases  where  the  Constitution 
neither  creates  the  office  to  be  filled,  nor  prescribes  the  qualifications, 
but  simply  recognizes  the  existence  of  a  statutory  office,  and  gives 
a  naked  power  to  another  officer  to  fill  it  by  appointment,  the 
whole  subject  of  qualifications,  tenure,  compensation  and  duties 
remains  with  the  Legislature  for  its  regulation.  It  has  not  been 
taken  from  that  body.  It  is  within  the  ordinary  sphere  of  legis¬ 
lation.  And  the  Legislature  may  act  or  not  in  its  discretion  given 
by  the  Constitution. 

It  is  conceded  that  the  power  to  appoint  cannot  be  impaired 
by  legislation,  but  regulation  of  the  exercise  of  a  power  does  not 
impair  the  power.  It  only  defines  the  manner  in  which  it  shall 
be  exercised.  That  is  the  function  of  legislation,  and  such  details 
are  not  usually  embraced  in  the  fundamental  law.  The  power  to 
prescribe  qualifications  must  reside  somewhere.  There  is  no  officer 
above  the  law  or  independent  of  the  law.  The  law-making  body 


30 


[Assembly 


instead  of  the  will  of  an  individual  must  declare  what  class  of  per¬ 
sons  shall  be  deemed  qualified  to  hold  office.  This  leaves  the 
power  free  to  be  exercised  from  the  class  possessing  the  requisite 
qualifications.  It  is  conceded  the  Legislature  might  prescribe 
irrational  qualifications  having  no  relation  to  the  office  to  be  filled, 
such  as  the  color  of  the  eyes  or  hair,  or  name  of  the  person,  and 
such  regulations  might  be  disregarded  as  capricious,  and  a  dis¬ 
franchisement  or  denial  of  right  secured  to  citizens  by  the  Con¬ 
stitution. 

But  qualifications  relating  to  fitness  for  the  service,  such  as  citi¬ 
zenship,  age,  capacity,  and  intelligence,  concern  the  public  welfare, 
and  are  legitimate  subjects  of  legislative  control,  in  the  absence  of 
express  constitutional  restriction. 

Some  views  expressed  by  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  the  case  of 
the  People,  ex  rel.  Furman  ei  al .,  vs.  Clute,  50  N.  Y.  451,  upon  the 
question  of  legislative  power,  are  pertinent  and  suggestive.  In 
reference  to  statutory  offices  the  court  says :  “  The  authority  which 
confers  a  power,  and  may  take  it .  away  may,  in  bestowing  it,  limit 
and  restrict  its  exercise  as  it  sees  fit,  so  far  as  it  is  not  specially 
prohibited  therefrom  ;  and  may  within  that  limit  say  for  how  long, 
in  what  manner,  and  upon  what  objects  it  shall  be  exerted.  Cer¬ 
tainly,  if  the  Legislature  may  say  to  the  voter,  You  shall  not  vote 
for  any  one  for  this  office,  but  it  shall  be  appointive ;  it  may  say, 
You  shall  not  vote  for  any  one  for  this  office  who  is  not  free  from 
this  disqualification  which  we  now  declare.  .  .  .  The  Legis¬ 

lature  may  not  put  upon  any  elector  a  personal  restriction  from 
voting  for  any  officer  who  may  be  elective,  or  whom  it  may  declare 
elective,  save  such  restriction  as  is  imposed  by  the  Constitution,  for 
from  that  it  is  especially  prohibited.  But  it  may ,  in  the  exercise 
of  its  judgment,  for  the 'public  good ,  limit  the  number  from  whom 
the  elector  may  select ,  for  thus  to  legislate  is  within  the  general  and 
sovereign  poiver  of  legislation  which  it  constitutionally  possesses .’  ’ 

If  the  constitutional  right  of  an  elector  in  the  use  of  the  ballot 
may  be  limited  in  respect  to  the  number  from  whom  his  selection 
for  public  office  may  be  made,  it  is  no  less  clear  that  for  the  same 
high  purpose,  the  public  good,  the  number  from  whom  appoint¬ 
ments  may  be  made  may  also  be  limited.  The  power  to  appoint 
is  not  more  sacred  or  important  than  the  right  to  vote.  Both  are 
protected  by  the  Constitution,  but  if  the  right  to  vote  can  be  regu¬ 
lated  by  the  general  and  sovereign  power  of  legislation,  the  right 
to  appoint,  which  is  certainly  no  higher,  must  be  subject  to  the  same 
control. 

The  case  of  Menges  vs.  The  City  of  Albany,  56  N.  Y.  374,  has 
reference  only  to  the  exercise  of  judicial  power  by  the  courts  for 
judicial  purposes,  and  does  not  relate  to  selections  for  public  office 
in  respect  to  which  the  public  welfare  is  concerned.  This  case  does 
not,  therefore,  impair  the  doctrine  enunciated  in  the  case  of  Clute. 


No.  42.] 


31 


Opinions  of  the  Attorney-General. 

The  Attorney-General  has  been  asked  a  few  times  for  advice,  and 
has  furnished  three  ofhcial  opinions  on  questions  of  public  interest. 

One  of  these  relates  to  the  right  of  women  to  compete  in  the 
examinations,  and  for  official  appointments ;  another  to  the  location 
in  the  public  service  of  the  employes  of  Excise  Loards,  and  the 
third  to  the  powers  and  duties  of  Mayors  in  respect  to  municipal 
regulations.  These  opinions  appear  in  the  Appendix. 

Political  Assessments. 

One  of  the  incidental  objects  contemplated  by  Civil  Service  reform 
from  the  outset  has  been  the  abolition  of  the  abuse  of  political  assess¬ 
ments  upon  public  officials. 

This  abuse  had  reached  such  scandalous  proportions  that  the  pub¬ 
lic  treasury  was  considered  a  source  from  which  partisan  committees 
might  replenish  their  campaign  revenues,  and  leading  men  boldly 
maintained  the  proposition  that  there  was  an  implied  contract  on  the 
part  of  a  man  accepting  a  public  appointment  to  contribute  a  per¬ 
centage  of  his  salary  to  the  uses  of  the  party  under  which  he  held 
office.  This  conception  that  public  offices  belong  to  party,  to  be 
utilized  for  partisan  ends,  instead  of  being  trusts  for  the  public  wel¬ 
fare,  is  the  vital  error  of  the  spoils  system. 

From  this  mistake  have  sprung  the  abuses  in  practice  that  have 
demoralized  political  parties,  and  often  brought  discredit  on  public 
administration,  and  which  have  made  the  demand  for  refoim  so 
urgent  and  widespread. 

The  statute  contains  a  provision  (section  11)  intended  to  correct 
this  evil,  and  to  protect  public  officials  from  being  the  prey  and  the 
instruments  of  partisan  managers.  And  the  same  spirit  pervades  all 
the  rules,  regulations,  and  methods  brought  into  existence  undei  the 

statute. 

The  Commission  has  made  inquiry  to  ascertain  to  what  extent 
there  has  been  an  abatement  of  the  practice  of  political  assessments, 
and  is  gratified  to  report  that  the  information  received  indicates  that 
the  evil  has  very  greatly  declined,  and  that  public  servants  feel  a 
degree  of  independence  of  partisan  oppression,  and  a  security 
founded  on  character  and  efficiency  that  have  not  been  felt  before  in 
a  generation. 

Extension  of  the  System  to  Other  States. 

Since  the  last  report  a  Civil  Service  Act  has  been  passed  by  the 
Legislature  of  Massachusetts,  which  in  its  general  features  is  based 
upon  our  State  law.  It  applies  to  the  service  of  the  State  and  of 
all  of  its  cities,  twenty-four  in  number.  The  application  of  the 
new  system  to  the  service  of  the  cities  as  well  as  to  that  of  the 
State  is  under  the  sole  direction  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission, 
a  provision  that  secures  not  only  uniformity  of  procedure,  but  also 
great  economies  in  the  administration  of  the  law. 


32 


[Assembly 


A  highly  competent  Commission  has  been  appointed  by  the 
Governor  and  Council,  and  the  rules  prepared  by  this  Commission 
have  been  recently  promulgated.  They  closely  follow  the  rules 
for  this  State,  but  in  addition  to  the  regulation  of  the  permanent 
service,  they  provide  for  the  registration  of  persons  desiring  em¬ 
ployment  as  laborers  by  the  city  of  Boston,  and  for  their  selection 
from  the  register  without  reference  to  partisan  considerations. 

A  Civil  Service  bill  has  been  recently  introduced  in  the  Legis¬ 
lature  of  Indiana,  and  similar  bills  have  been  prepared  for  intro¬ 
duction  into  the  Legislatures  of  Illinois  and  Maryland,  when  they 
convene. 

Governor  Pattison,  of  Pennsylvania,  in  his  recent  annual  mes¬ 
sage,  urges  the  preparation  and  passage  of  such  a  law.  There 
may  have  been  similar  movements  in  other  States  that  have  es¬ 
caped  our  observation,  but  the  general  and  growing  interest  in  the 
regulation  and  improvement  of  the  public  service  is  evinced  in  the 
action  taken  in  the  important  States  above  named. 

Review  of  the  Work. 

Recalling  the  fact  that  two  years  have  not  elapsed  since  the 
passage  of  the  ‘  ‘  Act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
of  the  State  of  Yew  York,”  May  4,  1883,  the  Commission  feel  at 
liberty  to  express  their  satisfaction  at  what  has  been  thus  far  ac¬ 
complished  since  their  appointment.  ISTo  violation  of  the  eleventh 
section  of  the  amended  Act  touching  political  assessments  has  been 
brought  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Commission. 

The  classification  of  the  Service  of  the  State,  a  task  of  no  slight 
difficulty,  the  preparation  of  the  rules  and  partial  appointment  of 
State  Examiners,  after  conferring  with  the  heads  of  departments 
and  Institutions,  stated  in  its  first  report,  have  been  supplemented 
during  the  past  year,  under  the  Amendatory  Acts,  by  important  and 
substantial  progress  ;  the  improvement  of  the  classification  of  the 
State  Service  with  the  preference  given  by  law  to  honorably  dis¬ 
charged  Union  soldiers  and  sailors,  the  increase  of  positions  in 
the  competitive  -list,  the  practical  inauguration  of  competitive 
and  other  examinations  under  unexceptionable  Boards  of  Examiners, 
the  approval  by  this  Commission  of  the  elaborate  regulations  pre¬ 
pared  by  experts  for  the  cities  of  Brooklyn  and  New  York, 
including  those  for  the  Firemen  and  Police,  and  the  approval  of 
regulations  similarly  in  harmony  with  those  of  the  State,  for  the 
cities  of  Rochester,  Auburn,  Yonkers,  Long  Island,  Poughkeepsie, 
Utica,  Binghamton,  Cohoes,  Ogdensburg,  Kingston,  Albany,  Troy, 
and  Elmira. 

The  enlargement  of  the  sphere  of  Civil  Service  methods,  and 
the  rapid  progress  in  extending  the  competitive  schedules,  seems  to 
have  been  due  to  the  growing  conviction  amoug  the  people  that  in 
public  as  in  private  life  competition  is  the  true  test  of  merit,  that 
the  right  to  compete  is  a  natural  right  of  each  citizen,  a  right  to 
which" the  State  by  its  popular  education  contributes  large  advan¬ 
tages.  At  the  same  time  our  people  recognize  the  fact  that  in  the 


No.  42.] 


33 


rmblic  business,  in  the  benefits  and  expense  of  which  they  are 
alike  interested,  the  State  is  entitled  to  the  highest  merit  attainable 

UDSubstantial  progress  has  also  been  made  in  the  practical  use  of  the 
methods  adopted °by  numerous  examinations  for  a  variety  of  posi¬ 
tions  in  all  departments  of  the  service,  followed  by  appointments  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  from  the  persons  examined. 

There  may  also  be  remarked  the  largely  increased  interest  m  the 
subject  on  the  part  of  the  people  at  large,  and  among  the  officials 
in  the  public  service,  the  diffusion  of  a  better  knowledge  of  the 
principles,  and  the  nearly  universal  acceptance  of  the  truism  that 
publioP  trusts  are  not  legitimate  subjects  of  patronage,  but  1 
positions  in  any  other  well-ordered  business,  should  be  held  by 
those  who  caii  best  administer  them  for  the  public  welfare,  and 
that  a  properly  regulated  Civil  Service  is  the  best  agency  yet 
devised  for  bringing  the  administration  of  public  affairs  to  business 

P'  Th? Commission  believes  that  the  preliminary  work  of  organiza¬ 
tion  and  preparation  for  the  application  of  OivilSemce  methods  m 
the  State1  at  large,  and  in  the  cities,  a  task  both  difficult  and  em¬ 
barrassing,  has  been  brought  to  the  point  where  its  usefulness  can 

^The  great  diversity  in  the  character  of  the  State  service,  and 
also  in  the  municipal  service,  the  vast  number  of  persons  employed, 
the  variety  in  the  kind  and  degree  of  qualifications  requued 
different  positions,  have  rendered  the  duty  of  proper  classification, 
of  distribution  under  appropriate  schedules,  and  of  methods  of  :  - 
animation  and  selection  of  Boards  of  Examiners,  a  work  of  serious 
delicacy  and  responsibility,  in  which  the  excellent  antecedent  ivon 
under  the  National  Act  afforded  little  assistance,  on  account  of  the 
restricted  sphere  of  application  of  the  national  rules.. 

The  Civil  Service  Statute  and  the  rules  and  organization  to  apply 
its  methods  became  operative  when  all,  or  nearly  all,  positions  m  the 
State,  and  in  the  cities,  were  occupied  by  incumbents  pi  e\  unisly 
selected.  The  methods  have  no  application  to  those  incumbents, 

except  for  promotion.  . 

These  methods  can,  therefore,  only  be  applied  to  new  appoint¬ 
ments  as  positions  become  vacant  by  death,  resignation,  or  removal. 
These  processes  are  proverbially  slow,  except  the  latter,  winch  las 

been  biennially  rapid  in  the  past.  . 

The  fruits  of  Civil  Service  methods  will,  therefore,  only  become 

gradually  apparent,  but  of  its  beneficial  results  there  can  be  no  doubt. 
There  can  be  no  mistake  in  the  fundamental  principle  that  lias  for  its 
obiect  the  selection  of  the  best  and  most  competent  men  for  the 
public  service,  and  the  corollary  from  that  principle  is  unquestion¬ 
able,  that  the  selection  of  public  servants  for  the  subordinate  posi¬ 
tions  should  not  be  abandoned  to  the  unrestrained  will  of  the  head 
of  an  office,  and  the  machinations  of  partisan  committees,  but  should 
be  made  by  disinterested  and  competent  men,  under  fixed  and  im¬ 
partial  rules  guaranteeing  fair  play  to  merit. 

[Assem  Doc.  No.  42.]  5 


34 


[Assembly,  Ho.  42.] 

Higher  grade  employes,  better  service,  reduction  in  the  number 
employed,  and  large  economy  in  expenditure,  are  among  the  prom¬ 
inent  results  already  partially  realized,  to  become  obvious  in  due  time. 
The  relief  of  public  officials  from  importunities  for  place,  and  protec¬ 
tion  of  employes  from  political  assessments,  are  accomplished  facts. 

Meanwhile  a  reasonable  degree  of  patience  on  the  part  of  the  pub¬ 
lic,  and  intelligent  support  by  the  Legislature,  full  and  honest  criti¬ 
cism  by  the  press,  and  the  prompt  correction  of  any  discovered  errors 
by  those  intrusted  with  the  practical  duties  of  the  reform,  and 
absolute  good  faith  in  its  application,  will  certainly  and  in  the  nat¬ 
ural  evolution  of  results  bring  the  system  theoretically  and  practically 
to  the  complete  and  efficient  agency  for  good  expected  from  it  by 
the  friends  of  good  government. 

This  report  would  be  incomplete  if  the  Commission  should  fail  to 
refer  to  the  relation  of  your  Excellency’s  predecessor,  Governor 
Cleveland,  to  Civil  Service  reform  in  this  State.  As  the  official  head 
of  the  system  under  the  law,  he  has  done  more  than  merely  to  give 
perfunctory  executive  assent.  His  official  action  and  the  weight  of 
his  influence  have  alike  been  affirmatively  exerted  to  promote  the 
reform.  The  Commission  has  received  from  him  at  all  times  most 
courteous  consideration,  and  in  its  efforts  to  apply  and  enforce  the 
law  has  been  sustained  by  his  cordial  support  from  the  time  of  its 
appointment  to  the  close  of  his  administration.  It  is  only  justice  to 
the  retiring  Governor  to  say  that  the  successful  establishment  of 
Civil  Service  methods  in  the  State  of  Hew  York  during  his  adminis¬ 
tration,  and  the  acceptance  of  the  reform  by  the  public,  are  largely 
due  to  his  intelligent  interest  in  the  subject,  his  fidelity  to  its  prin¬ 
ciples,  and  his  prompt  and  courageous  action  through  all  the  stages 
of  its  progress. 

In  its  last  annual  report  the  Commission  referred  to  the  value  of 
the  services  of  the  Chief  Examiner,  and  to  his  diligent  and  discreet 
performance  of  official  duty. 

It  is  only  just  again  to  commend  his  conscientious  and  very  effi¬ 
cient  work,  and  to  make  mention  of  the  great  assistance  he  has  ren¬ 
dered  the  Commission,  and  the  reform  in  which  it  is  engaged. 

All  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

JOHH  JAY, 

AUGUSTUS  SCIiOOHMAKER, 
HEHRY  A.  RICHMOND. 


APPENDIX  A. 

CHIEF  EXAMINER’S  REPORT. 


State  of  New  York,  ) 

Office  of  Civil  Service  Commission,  New  York.  \ 

Hon.  John  Jay,  President  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission , 
Albany ,  N.  Y.  : 

Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  in  regard  to 
the  examinations  held  during  the  past  year  and  also  in  regard  to 
such  other  duties  as  during  that  time  have  been  devolved  upon  me 
by  the  Commission. 

Competitive  Examinations. 

The  first  competitive  examinations  under  the  rules  were  begun  at 
Albany  on  January  ‘24,  1884.  They  were  five  in  number  and  re¬ 
spectively  for  the  positions  of  first,  second  and  third  grade  clerks, 
messengers,  orderlies  and  prison  guards.  Although  ample  notice  of 
these  examinations  was  given  by  advertisement  in  all  the  Albany 
journals,  only  forty  competitors  presented  themselves.  The  greater 
number  of  these  were  persons  who  had  applied  for  positions  in  the 
State  departments,  in  the  belief  that  all  the  heads  thereof  who  took 
office  on  the  first  day  of  January  would  make  their  appointments 
before  the  rules  went  into  effect  upon  the  fourth  day  of  that  month. 
In  some  cases  the  original  applications  of  these  aspirants  were  turned 
over  to  this  Commission,  so  that  probably  not  more  than  one-quarter 
of  the  competitors  at  this  examination  were  original  applicants  under 
the  rules.  This  paucity  of  applications  seems  at  first  sight  inexplic¬ 
able,  but  it  lias  been  experienced  in  the  early  stages  of  the  merit 
system  of  appointment  wherever  it  has  been  established. 

It  was  so  in  Great  Britain,  in  the  Customs  service  at  New  York 
and  under  the  United  States  rules  of  1872  and  1883. 

This  early  reluctance  to  enter  for  competition  originates  in  the  gen¬ 
eral  ignorance  of  the  methods,  combined  with  a  lack  of  faith  in 
their  sincerity  of  purpose  and  fairness  in  their  execution.  I  have 
heard  at  various  times  many  expressions  of  this  incredulity,  which  is 
not  attributable  to  any  lack  in  the  system,  but  to  the  long  existence 
of  patronage  as  the  only  means  of  replenishing  the  public  service. 
Personal  importunity  and  selfishness  and  party  influence  and  sub- 


36 


[Assembly 


servience  had  been  for  so  long  a  time  the  potent,  indeed  the  sole  fac¬ 
tors  in  appointments,  that  the  people  wer.e  educated  to  the  belief 
that  their  only  chances  to  enter  their  own  service  were  by  a  concen¬ 
tration  of  these  ignoble  forces  upon  the  appointing  power.  This 
low  view  of  the  public  service  had  so  long  obtained  that  compara¬ 
tively  few  could  believe  that  any  change  for  the  better  had  been  ac¬ 
complished.  It  has  been  found,  however,  that  each  successive  com¬ 
petition  attracts  a  larger  number  of  applicants  and  the  process  of 
popular  education  on  this  point  will  gradually  extend  until  the 
whole  people  will  recognize  the  restoration  of  their  equal  rights  to 
public  employment. 

Although  there  were  some  fairly  competent  candidates  in  these 
first  examinations  there  was  not  such  a  general  competition  as  the 
Commission  had  desired.  Nearly  all  these  first  candidates  resided 
at  Albany  or  its  vicinity  and  the  remainder  of  the  State  had  no  rep¬ 
resentation.  Preparations  were  accordingly  made  for  a  series  of  ex¬ 
aminations  in  April,  and  simultaneously  at  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
Kingston,  Albany,  Plattsburgh,  Utica,  Watertown,  Syracuse,  Roch¬ 
ester,  Buffalo,  Elmira  and  Ithaca.  It  was  thought  that  this  arrange¬ 
ment  would  accommodate  all  parts  of  the  State,  so  that  competitors 
from  every  locality  could  attend  the  examinations  without  great  ex¬ 
pense.  The  main  objection  to  examinations  for  the  same  grade  be¬ 
ing  held  at  several  places  is  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  a  uniform 
grading  of  the  competitors  by  the  distinct  boards  of  examiners.  This 
difficulty  was  surmounted  by  having  the  general  board  of  examiners 
prepare  all  the  questions  which  were  the  same  for  all  the  places.  At 
each  of  these  there  were  appointed  as  representatives  of  the  Com¬ 
mission,  two  citizens  of  such  prominence  and  high  character  as  would 
be  to  all  concerned  a  guaranty  that  impartiality  and  fairness  would 
govern  all  the  proceedings.  The  representatives  had  charge  of  all 
local  preparations,  received  the  competitors  and  distributed  the  ques¬ 
tions,  made  all  necessary  explanations  and  settled  all  questions  and 
disputes. 

The  papers  of  questions  with  full  instructions  for  the  guidance  of 
the  representatives  were  sent  to  them  in  sealed  parcels  so  as  to  be  re¬ 
ceived  the  day  before  the  examinations  began,  which  was  set  for 
April  24.  Immediately  after  the  examinations  ended,  the  representa¬ 
tives  returned  to  the  Commission  under  seal  all  the  papers  which 
were  submitted  to  the  general  board  of  examiners  for  marking  and 
the  grading  of  the  competitors.  A  uniform  standard  of  gradation 
was  thus  insured  while  the  labor  of  marking  and  grading  was  re- 

O  O  O 


duced  to  a  minimum.  This  plan  of  procedure  was  in  all  respects 
satisfactory,  and  should  be  followed  in  all  general  examinations  held 
hereafter.  Although  none  of  the  gentlemen  who  acted  as  representa¬ 
tives  had  had  any  experience  in  such  examinations  not  an  error  or 
delay  occurred  in  any  of  their  proceedings. 

At  these  examinations  one  hundred  and  fifty-four  candidates  ap¬ 
peared,  all  of  whom  completed  the  tests,  except  three,  who  with- 


drew  before  the  close.  From  the  results  of  these  examinations,  am¬ 
ple  eligible  lists  were  prepared  for  tilling  vacancies  in  all  the  grades 
concerned. 

There  had  been  previously  held  on  February  23,  a  series  of  exam¬ 
inations  at  Albany  for  the  positions  of  messenger,  orderly  and  prison 
guard,  which  were  attended  by  forty-seven  competitors. 

The  most  interesting  competitive  examinations,  as  dealing  with 
professional  qualifications,  were  those  to  fill  vacancies  in  the  Hudson 
Fiver  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

The  trustees  of  that  institution  in  the  exercise  of  their  discretion 
under  the  twenty-first  rule,  offered  for  open  competition  the  positions 
of  first  and  third  assistant  physician  at  annual  salaries  respectively 
of  three  thousand  and  one  thousand  dollars,  with  maintenance  in 
both  cases. 

The  first  of  these  positions  is  in  function  and  in  compensation  the 
highest  yet  presented  for  competition  in  this  country.  With  a  view 
to  the  attraction  of  those  best  fitted  to  serve  the  State  in  these  im¬ 
portant  places,  the  Commission  removed  the  restrictions  as  to  resi¬ 
dence  and  citizenship  imposed  by  the  twenty-fifth  rule. 

The  examining  board  comprised  eight  physicians  and  one  pro¬ 
fessor  as  follows : 

Dr.  Stephen  Smith,  chairman. 

Prof.  Henry  Drisler,  examiner  in  general  education. 

Dr.  James  S.  Learning  and  Dr.  Darwin  E.  Hudson,  examiners  in 
general  medicine. 

Ot 

Dr.  Allen  McL.  Hamilton,  examiner  in  the  anatomy,  physiology 
and  pathology  of  the  nervous  system. 

Dr.  Theo.  H.  Kellogg,  examiner  in  insanity. 

Dr.  A.  Kelson  Bell,  examiner  in  preventive  medicine. 

Dr.  Lewis  Balch,  examiner  in  surgery. 

Dr.  A.  E.  Macdonald,  examiner  in  administrative  qualities. 

Out  of  sixteen  applicants,  thirteen  presented  themselves  for  the 
examination,  which  was  held  at  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  New 
Y  ork  on  the  22d,  23d  and  24th  days  of  October. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  last  day,  the  candidates  were  examined 
at  the  Ward’s  Island  Insane  Asylum  by  Dr.  Macdonald.  Each  can¬ 
didate  was  taken  separately  into  one  of  the  asylum  wards  and  re¬ 
quired  to  examine  a  patient,  make  a  diagnosis  of  his  case,  draw  up  a 
legal  commitment  of  a  lunatic,  and  to  prescribe  and  perform  other 
clinical  duties.  As  may  be  deduced  from  the  high  professional 
standing  of  the  several  examiners,-  the  examination  on  each  subject 
was  thorough.  A  stated  limit  of  time  was  given  for  answers  on 
each  question,  the  questions  being  printed,  and  all  answers  except 
some  at  Ward’s  Island,  being  in  writing.  Two  of  the  candidates 
withdrew  from  the  competition  on  the  first  day. 

The  relative  weights  given  to  the  several  subjects  ’were  adjusted 
as  follows  for  the  principal  position  : 


38 


[Assembly 


1.  General  education .  4 

2.  General  medicine . 4 

3.  Anatomy,  physiology  and  pathology  of  nervous  system .  4 

4.  Insanity . 5 

5.  Preventive  medicine .  2 

6.  Surgery .  2 

7.  Administrative  qualities . 4 


Total .  25 


The  two  candidates  for  this  position  standing  above  the  minimum 
were  marked  82.20  and  71.56,  and  the  higher  one  received  the  ap¬ 
pointment  subject  to  the  usual  term  of  probation,  and  entered  upon 
his  duties  about  the  middle  of  November.  There  was  only  one  suc¬ 
cessful  candidate  for  the  lower  position,  and  he  has  been  recently  ap¬ 
pointed  on  probation. 

These  examinations  attracted  the  general  attention  of  the  medical 
profession.  Their  absolute  success  will  depend  upon  the  further  test 
of  practical  fitness  as  evinced  during  the  probationary  period. 

Non-Competitive  Examinations. 

Sixty-one  of  these  for  positions  in  Schedule  C  have  been  held  to 
date,  a  larger  part  of  them  for  positions  in  the  department  of  the 
State  Engineer.  These  latter  have  been  made  as  practical  as  possi¬ 
ble,  as  will  be  evident  by  the  two  following  schemes. 

For  Additional  Assistant  Engineer  on  Canals. 

1.  Arithmetic.  2.  Geometry.  3.  Applied  or  practical  geometry. 
4.  Plane  trigonometry.  5.  Mensuration.  6.  Use  of  instruments. 
7.  Mechanics.  8.  Practical  construction. 

For  Additional  Levelman  on  Canals. 

1.  Arithmetic,  including  evolution.  2.  Plane  trigonometry.  3. 
Mensuration.  4.  Use  and  adjustment  of  instrument.  5.  Tabulation 
of  field-notes.  6.  Making  profile  draughts. 

For  rodmen,  the  subjects  were  more  simple,  and  for  an  engineer 
on  the  “  Hudson  River  Improvement”  work,  the  examination  was 
largely  in  hydrographic  surveying. 

The  experience  in  these  examinations  led  me  to  suggest  to  State 
Engineer  Sweet,  that  the  positions  of  assistant  engineer,  levelman 
and  rodman  be  transferred  to  Schedule  B,  all  examinations  there¬ 
after  being  competitive.  In  this  opinion  Mr.  Sweet  heartily  ac¬ 
quiesced,  and  the  positions  named  have  recently  been  placed  in 
Schedule  B,  by  resolution  of  the  Commission. 

In  an  examination  for  the  position  of  female  assistant  physician 
at  the  Willard  Asylum  for  the  Chronic  Insane,  in  addition  to  ques- 


No.  42.] 


39 


tions  in  general  education  and  general  medicine  there  were  pro- 
pounded  some  on  gynsecology  prepared  by  Dr.  Mary  Putnam  Jacobi, 
of  New  York  city.  The  subjects  in  an  examination  for  matron  ot 
the  same  asylum  were  almost  exclusively  those  touching  the  piacti- 

cal  duties  of  the  position.  , 

Up  to  December  the  15th,  there  had  been  admitted  to  employ- 

ment  in  the  State  asylums  for  the  insane,  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  persons  who  had  passed  an  examination .  as  provided  by  the 
twenty-eighth  and  twenty-ninth  rules  for  positions  m  Schedule  D. 
It  is  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  asylum  superintendents  that  these 
examinations  have  beeu  productive  of  great  benefit  to  the  service. 
This  class  of  employes  embraces  the  attendants  and  nurses,  who 
have  the  direct  personal  charge  of  the  insane  and  discharge  duties 
important,  delicate,  exacting  and  often  repulsive  or  dangerous,  at  a 
rate  of  wages  no  higher  than  that  paid  for  ordinary  domestic  service. 
The  obvious  difficulties  in  procuring  and  retaining  fit  persons  m 
these  places  were  considered  by  some  to  be  a  reason  why  tlm  addi¬ 
tional  impediment  of  a  formal  examination  would  be  ^inadvisable. 
This  fear  has  been  dissipated  by  the  results,  since  no  additional  em¬ 
barrassments  have  been  encountered  in  securing  applicants  In 
addition  to  furnishing  satisfactory  vouchers  as  to  character,  habits 
and  temper,  the  applicants  are  examined  in  reading,  writing  and  the 
four  fundamental  processes  in  arithmetic.  Complete  records  ot  all 
vouchers  and  tests  are  kept,  to  which  were  added  in  case  of  those  ad¬ 
mitted,  the  subsequent  promotions  or  other  changes  in  position  and 
the  causes  for  dismissal.  This  uniform  plan  at  all  the  asylums 
secures  a  full  record  of  the  service,  and  by  insuring  under  the  law 
all  possible  safeguards  as  to  the  character,  temperament  and  capacity 
of  this  important  class  of  employes,  it  is  a  protection  to  the  supei- 
intendents  in  the  discharge  of  their  official  trusts.  Another  important 
point  that  has  been  developed  is  the  subjective  influence  of  the  ex¬ 
amination  upon  the  employes  themselves.  It  has  impressed  them 
with  a  sense  of  the  gravity  of  their  duties,  and  encouraged  an  esprit 

du  corps  that  has  increased  their  usefulness. 

In  spite  of  their  low  compensation,  they  feel  that  their  function 
is  not  domestic,  but  official,  and  with  a  recognition  of  their  respon¬ 
sibilities  as  functionaries  they  are  more  amenable  to  discipline.  In 
some  of  the  asylums  the  attendants  selected  under  the  rules  aie 
regularly  instructed  in  training  schools  for  nurses,  and  have  re¬ 
sponded  with  intelligence  and  ambition  to  these  means  of  impiove- 


ment.  . 

This  education  of  trained  nurses  for  the  insane  possesses  a  public 

interest  that  extends  beyond  the  asylum  walls,  and  tends  to  supply 
a  want  long  deplored  by  those  so  unfortunate  as  to  need  such  sei- 
vice  for  demented  ones  near  and  dear  to  them. 

Similar  plans  of  examination  are  in  preparation  for  the  asylums 
for  idiots  and  the  blind,  and  for  the  House  of  Refuge,  where  simi¬ 
lar  good  results  may  be  expected. 


40 


[Assembly 


In  regard  to  the  efficacy  of  Civil  Service  methods  as  applied  to 
the  positions  in  Schedule  D,  there  have  been  some  doubts  expressed 
in  institutions  where  the  rules  have  not  yet  been  fully  put  in  opera¬ 
tion.  The  employing  officer  is  apt  to  believe  that  no  Board  could 
make  a  better  selection  than  he  could  when  uncontrolled ;  but  the 
experience  in  the  asylums  indicates  advantages  other  than  those 
touching  capacity  merely,  and  which  are  of  inestimable  value  in 
securing  the  object  of  the  law  ‘‘to  regulate  and  inq  rove  the  Civil 
Service.  ” 

There  are  now  being  prepared  schemes  of  examination  for  the 
clerks,  attendants,  etc.,  in  the  courts  of  New  York  and  Kings 
county,  covering  nearly  three  hundred  and  fifty  positions ;  for  the 
employes  of  the  New  York  Excise  Commissioners,  numbering  about 
fifty,  and  for  over  one  thousand  health  officers  distributed  through 
the  entire  State.  This  addition  of  over  fourteen  hundred  positions 
to  the  classified  Civil  Service  has  been  made  under  the  decisions  of 
the  courts,  not  known  to  the  Commission  when  the  rules  were  pro¬ 
mulgated,  but  these  had  been  prepared  with  such  comprehensive 
consideration  as  to  require  no  amendment  to  meet  this  great  and 
unexpected  expansion  of  the  classified  service. 

The  scheme  for  the  examination  for  the  court  clerks  will  be  based 
upon  that  prepared  for  other  clerks  in  the  service  (see  Buies,  etc., 
pages  47  and  48),  to  which  will  be  added  such  legal  subjects  as  may 
be  pertinent  to  the  duties  of  special  clerkships.  Stenographers,  in 
addition  to  examination  in  general  intelligence,  will  be  required 
to  take  short-hand  notes  of  discourses,  and  instantly  read  them 
promptly  and  correctly,  and  also  to  take  notes  of  matter  read  to 
them,  and  to  accurately  transcribe  the  same  in  long-hand.  Inter¬ 
preters,  in  addition  to  possession  of  general  education,  will  be  re¬ 
quired  to  speak  fluently  and  write  correctly  two  languages  besides 
the  English,  and  be  conversant  with  the  geography  and  history  of 
the  countries  whose  language  they  speak.  Attendants  will  be  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  examination  prescribed  for  messengers,  etc.  (See  Rules, 
etc.,  page  48.) 

No  scheme  for  the  examination  of  the  excise  inspectors  in  New 
York  has  yet  been  completed. 

The  peculiar  nature  of  their  functions  and  the  temptations  to 
which  they  are  exposed  make  the  examination  as  to  character  and 
habits  the  prime  factor  in  the  selection  of  these  officials.  It  was 
stated  by  the  president  of  the  Excise  Board  that  the  average  official 
term  of  these  inspectors  is  only  six  months,  so  frail  were  they  in 
resisting  their  opportunities  for  excessive  drinking  and  other  vicious 
indulgences. 

The  careful  consideration  given  to  this  subject  will,  it  is  hoped, 
evolve  some  plan  whereby  a  more  sturdy  and  self-denying  class  of 
appointees  may  be  secured  for  these  dangerously  seductive  places. 

The  State  Board  of  Health,  through  its  president  and  secretary, 
has  urged  upon  the  Commission  the  framing  of  such  a  practical  ex¬ 
amination  as  would  insure  for  the  positions  of  health  officers  the 


41 


No.  42.] 

“  competent  physicians”  that  the  statute  enjoins  for  the  discharge 
of  such  vital  duties.  The  qualifying  term  “  competent,”  as  used  m 
the  statute,  must  be  construed  in  the  light  of  their  duties  as  refer¬ 
ring  to  competency  in  matters  ot  sanitation  and  hygiene.  It  is 
conceded  by  the  medical  authorities  that  a  physician  may  be  fairly 
expert  in  the  diagnosis  and  cure  of  diseases  and  not  be  versed  in 
the  laws  and  precautions  that  govern  the  prevention  of  diseases,  or 
that  arrest  their  spread  or  dissemination.  It  is  further  admitted 
that  Generally  the  medical  colleges  have  hitherto  neglected  this 
branch  of  medical  science,  and  that  the  mere  possession  of  a  diploma 
does  not  imply  proficiency  in  sanitary  knowledge.  .  While,  there¬ 
fore,  a  special  examination  wTill  alone  test  such  proficiency,  a  con¬ 
sideration  of  the  above  defects  will  govern  for  the  present  the 
standards  of  qualifications  to  be  determined  for  these  positions,  and 
the  examinations  will  be  necessarily  elementary  in  many  cases ,  but 
the  very  inclusion  of  the  health  officers  in  the  classified  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice,  subject  to  the  rules,  will  attract  public  attention  and  profes- 
sional  solicitude  to  their  grave  functions  and  the  necessity  of  proper 
preparation  for  them.  The  interest  thus  excited  must  stimulate 
education  in  sanitary  or  preventive  medicine  among  both  under¬ 
graduates  and  practitioners.  >  . 

The  whole  subject  assumes  at  this  time  a  more  than  ordinary  im¬ 
portance,  since  the  probable  approach  of  the  cholera  makes  the  neg¬ 
lect  of  any  precautionary  measure  a  public  crime. 

So  far  as  the  work  of  the  Commission  is  concerned^  the  practical 
difficulty  arises  from  the  dispersion  of  this  class  of  officers  through- 
out  the  entire  State,  and  the  low  compensation  allowed  them,  which 
would  not  justify  their  examination  at  any  distance  from  their  resi¬ 
dences.  This  lias  been  practically  met  by  providing  that  the  exam¬ 
inations  shall  be  held  by  the  judge  of  each  county  ;  but  the  low  late 
of  compensation,  coupled  with  the  liability  to  examination,  may 
deter  the  acceptance  of  these  positions  in  some  instances,  though  I 
cannot  but  believe  that  this  reluctance  will  be  surmounted  by  that 
professional  beneficence  and  devotion  to  duty  characteristic  of  medi¬ 
cal  men  as  a  body.  Hesitancy  to  encounter  an  examination  usually 
vanishes  also  with  the  novelty  of  the  idea. 

It  may  be  that  experience  will  improve  or  modify  the  plans  for 
these  examinations  as  at  first  established,  but  in  the  meantime  there 
appears  an  excellent  opportunity  to  improve  the  present  service. 

At  the  Elmira  Reformatory  there  has  been  encountered  some 
trouble  in  securing  competitors  for  the  position  of  guard.  These 
officers  have  an  exacting  and  tedious  duty,  with  few  privileges,  and 
receive  only  $30  per  month  with  board.  This  is  not  vci _y 
attractive  to  competent  persons,  particularly  in  the  months  when 
there  is  an  active  demand  for  farm  and  other  labor..  The  Commis¬ 
sion  has  recently,  by  resolution,  removed  the  restrictions  imposed 
by  the  thirty-fifth  rule,  so  that  applications  may  be  received  from 
residents  in  the  adjoining  parts  of  Pennsylvania.  But  an  efficient 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  0 


42 


[Assembly 


and  stable  service  can  be  secured  only  by  an  increase  of  pay  to  these 
guards,  as  also  to  the  overseers  who  receive  only  $40  a  month  and 
board  for  very  responsible  duties. 

Certain  contracts  for  prison  labor  having  expired  or  been  aban¬ 
doned  in  two  of  the  prisons  the  Superintendent  of  State  Prisons  has 
felt  constrained  to  employ,  on  State  account,  the  convicts  thus  re¬ 
leased  from  work.  As  it  became  necessary  for  this  reason  to  pro¬ 
visionally  employ  overseers,  instructors  and  skilled  tradesmen  to 
supervise  and  supplement  the  labor  of  these  convicts,  the  Superin¬ 
tendent  requested  the  Commission  to  provide  for  the  examination 
of  this  additional  force.  For  this  purpose  the  Commission  has  ap¬ 
pointed  boards  of  examiners  for  Auburn  and  Clinton  prisons  and 
eleven  persons  have  been  examined  by  them  to  this  date. 

Relative  value  of  Competitive  and  Non-Competitive  Examina¬ 
tions 

The  Civil  Service  statutes  enjoin  selections  for  the  'service  by 
open  competition  except  “  when  competition  may  be  found  imprac¬ 
ticable.”  The  Commission  in  the  preparation  of  the  rules  recognized 
certain  existing  conditions  as  not  favorable  to  an  immediate  resort  to 
competition  in  all  grades  of  the  service.  Before  such  a  comprehen¬ 
sive  measure  could  be  safely  adopted,  both  the  people  and  the  great 
body  of  their  official  servants  had  to  be  educated  in  both  the  princi¬ 
ples  and  methods  of  the  system.  There  also  existed  the  difficulty, 
indeed  the  impossibility, of  immediately  procuring  capable  and  trained 
examiners,  and  there  was  also  required  a  certain  time  to  organize 
the  machinery  for  carrying  into  execution  such  a  broad  and  thorough 
plan. 

The  Commission  did  not,  however,  abandon  its  purpose  to  extend 
competition  to  the  farthest  possible  limit. 

Several  months  before  the  rules  for  the  State  service  were  com¬ 
pleted,  I  prepared  at  the  request  of  Mayor  Low,  and  with  the  per¬ 
mission  of  the  Commission,  a  body  of  regulations  for  the  service  of 
the  city  of  Brooklyn,  and  in  comments  on  and  explanation  of 
the  same  contained  in  my  communication  to  the  Mavor  of  June  28, 
1883,  in  reference  to  Schedule  C,  wherein  appointing  officers  could  at 
discretion  select  competitive  or  non-competitive  examinations,  I 
said :  “  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  qualifying  examinations 
and  limited  competition  are  simply  temporary  expedients  to  be 
adopted,  pending  systematic  arrangements  to  extend  open  competi¬ 
tive  examinations  as  the  sole  means  of  access  to  the  service  in  every 
capacity  except  elective  positions,  or  those  where  the  appointment 
is  specially  vested  by  law  in  the  chief  officer  of  the  State  or  city.” 

“  The  radical  objection  to  qualifying  examinations  or  limited 
competition  is  that  they  are  simply  modifications  of  patronage  and 
therefore  incurably  defective,  while  they  also  deprive  the  service  of 
the  largest  area  of  selection  and  exclude  from  it  all  those  who  have 
no  influence.  In  practice  the  pass  examination  has  hitherto  degene¬ 
rated  into  a  perfunctory  compliance,  by  which  the  examiners  re- 


43 


No.  42.] 

fleeted  the  will  of  the  appointing  power.  An  independent  hoard 
mio-ht.  for  a  while  successfully  resist  such  a  tendency,  hut  the  con¬ 
centration  of  influences  adverse  to  the  public  interests  would  be 
encouraged  by  the  opportunity  and  tend  to  embarrass  the  examiners 
in  the  discharge  of  their  duties.  It  may  be  safely  assumed  that  so 
Ion0,  as  there  remains  in  the  business  administration  of  Nation,  state 
or  municipality,  the  slightest  taint  of  patronage,  there  is  danger  of 
relapse  into  that  deplorable  condition  from  which  every  patriotic 
citizen  desires  to  rescue  the  public  service.  The  provisional  system 
of  merely  qualifying  or  limited  examinations  should,  therefore,  be 
gradually  abandoned  as  the  means  for  holding  competitive  examina¬ 
tions  expand  until  admission  to  the  entire  service  is  free  to  all  citi¬ 
zens  upon  equal  terms,  demanding  fitness  as  the  sole  test  in  conso¬ 
nance  with  the  fundamental  principles  of  our  government. 

The  plan  prepared  as  above  mentioned  was  adopted  almost  with¬ 
out  change  by  Mayor  Low,  and  one  very  similar  prepared  for  Mayor 
Edson  was  soon  after  adopted  for  the  service  of  the  city  of  New 

York,  so  far  as  the  law  then  authorized. 

Subsequently  when  the  State  rules*  were  being  prepared,  the 
Commission  made  similar  schedules  and  included  in  the  open  com¬ 
petitive  schedule  the  great  mass  of  clerkships  and  similar  positions, 
and  those  of  orderly,  messenger,  prison  guard,  and  teacher  m  the 
charitable  and  corrective  institutions.  All  of  these  could  be  easily 
managed  through  concentration  of  their  numbers  at  a  few  points 
and  by  the  experience  as  to  similar  examinations  in  the  customs 

service. 

The  Commission’s  first  report  said  “there  were  other  subdivisions 
to  which  the  principle  of  open  competition  might  be  thought  appli¬ 
cable  but  in  each  case  there  were  reasons  to  the  contrary  which 
seemed  to  have  sufficient  cogency  to  induce  further  consideration. 
These  reasons  generally  arose  from  the  special  or  expert  qualifica¬ 
tions  required  for  the  duties  of  the  several  positions,  and  it  seemed 
desirable  to  delay  the  application  of  open  competition  to.  these  as 
also  to  the  lower  ranks  of  the  service  until  further  experience  had 
been  gained.”  The  Commission  has  considered  it  the  best  policy  to 
make  the  application  of  the  system  progressive  as  the  means  of  ad¬ 
ministering  it  were  perfected.  .  . 

In  the  mean  time  the  very  capable  board  of  municipal  examiners 
in  Brooklyn  has  gained  an  experience  and  confidence  that  led  to  the 
extension ‘of  competition  to  the  selection  of  foremen  and  inspectors 
in  the  Department  of  Public  Works,  thus  fully  supporting  the  views 
expressed  in  the  original  plan  submitted  to  Mayor  Low.  The  work 
accomplished  by  the  Brooklyn  Examining  Board,  not  only  in  the  ex¬ 
tension  of  competitive  tests,  but  also,  in  the  critical  study  of  the 
public  service  and  its  needs,  form  an  important  chaptei  in  the  his¬ 
tory  of  the  great  movement  to  improve  that  service. 

Mr.  Edward  M.  Shepard,  chairman  of  that  board,  read  before  the 
American  Social  Science  Association  at  Saratoga,  in  September  last, 
a  paper  on  “  the  extension  of  reform  methods  to  the  Civil  Service  of 


44 


[Assembly 


States  and  cities,55  which  in  research,  analysis  of  defects  in  past 
methods  of  appointment  and  of  the  practical  remedies,  both  in  prin¬ 
ciple  and  detail,  is  an  important  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
political  reform.  Mr.  Shepard  answers  forcibly  and  conclusively 
the  main  objections  advanced  by  those  who  oppose  the  new  methods 
of  appointment  or  doubt  their  etiicacy. 

The  results  of  the  experience  gained  both  in  Brooklyn  and  New 
York  have  been  practically  expressed  in  the  regulations  recently 
prescribed  by  the  Mayors  of  those  cities,  under  the  amendment  to 
the  statute.  These  regulations  subject  to  open  competition  nearly 
the  whole  service  of  the  respective  cities,  as  is  shown  by  the  statisti¬ 
cal  tables  accompanying  the  papers  appended  to  your  report. 

The  solution  of  the  problem  as  applied  to  the  State  service  has 
not  been  so  easy.  The  dispersion  of  the  service  over  a  large  area, 
with  concentration  of  any  considerable  numbers  at  a  few  points 
only,  renders  difficult  the  preparation  of  eligible  lists  that  will  serve 
for  all  localities. 

An  applicant  for  position  of  prison  guard  may,  for  domestic 
reasons,  desire  a  place  at  one  of  the  prisons  only  where  a  vacancy 
may  not  occur  for  a  long  while,  and  this  question  of  locality  affects 
the  disposition  of  applicants  throughout  the  entire  service,  and  is  an 
embarrassment  not  encountered  in  the  cities.  As  the  number  of 
experienced  boards  of  examiners  is  increased  throughout  the  State, 
there  will  be  larger  facilities  for  meeting  the  special  requirements 
bv  an  increase  in  the  number  of  eligible  lists.  The  Commission  has 
added  to  the  competitive  schedule  one  hundred  positions  within  the 
past  two  months,  and  has  had  under  consideration  a  further  increase. 

There  has  been  a  tendency  to  question  the  practicability  of  extend¬ 
ing  competition  to  positions  where  the  duties  are  professional  or 
technical,  upon  the  presumption  that  these  demand  qualifications 
not  readily  tested  by  an  examination  under  the  rules.  Such,  how¬ 
ever,  is  not  the  opinion  of  State  Engineer  Sweet  who,  as  before 
stated,  has  acquiesced  in  competitive  examination  of  candidates  for 
place  in  his  department.  Even  where  the  positions  are  those  requir¬ 
ing  skill  in  handicrafts  or  what  are  known  as  the  “  trades,55  an 
examination  may  be  so  framed  as  to  measure  the  relative  skill  of 
competitors.  On  this  point  I  would  quote  at  length  the  opinion  of 
the  British  Civil  Service  Commissioners  in  their  seventeenth  report. 
(1872.) 

“  There  is  one  class  of  competitions  to  which  we  desire  to  draw 
particular  attention ;  and  we  do  so  the  more  readilv,  because  their 
success  has  been  most  satisfactory,  though  they  have  reference  to 
situations  to  which,  it  is  sometimes  asserted,  the  principle  of  compe¬ 
tition  cannot  properly  be  applied.  In  several  of  the  departments 
there  exist  situations  of  a  technical  or  professional  character,  for 
which  the  scientific  or  theoretical  knowledge  that  can  best  be  tested 
by  examination  is  less  essential  than  practical  experience  connected 


I 


No.  42.]  45 

with  the  art  or  profession  in  question..  In  these  cases,  if  any,  the 
method  of  personal  selection  or  nomination  might  appeal,  at  nist 
sight  to  have  an  advantage  over  any  form  of  open  competition. 

“  But  it  is  obvious  that  under  the  former  system,  however  con¬ 
scientiously  administered,  it  must  be  a  matter  of  accident  whether 
the  best  qualified  person  comes  within  the  view  of  the  individual 
with  whom  the  selection  rests  ;  whereas  by  inviting. public  competi¬ 
tion  candidates  can  be  brought  forward  whose  merits  could  never 
otherwise  become  known.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  as  easy  undei  a 
system  of  competition  as  any  other  to  secure  that  the  person 
appointed  shall  possess  the  requisite  practical  experience,  if  it 
be  made  a  condition  of  the  competition  that  no  one  shall  be  held 
eligible  who  cannot  furnish  proof  of  having  gone  through  a  profes¬ 
sional  or  technical  training  of  a  certain  kind,  and  for  a  certain  time. 

“  Accordingly  the  method  of  selection  by  public  competition 
among  experts  has  been  adopted  in  a  variety  of  cases  with  gieat 
success,  though  some  of  them  were  such  as  to  try  somewhat  seveielj- 
the  soundness  of  the  principle.” 

The  Commissioners  then  give  the  details  of  one  of  these  cases, 
where  the  candidates  Avere  required  to  be  practically  competent  to 
superintend  the  supply  and  repair  of  all  articles  of  furniture  and 
fittings,  etc.,  for  the  public  buildings  and  royal  palaces,  and  where 
from  thirty-seven  applicants  there  were  selected  two,  who  in  actual 
service  “  proved  in  every  respect  admirably  qualified  for  the  peculiar 
and  difficult  duties  which  they  have  to  discharge.” 

The  general  views  expressed  above  were  reiterated  by  the  Com¬ 
missioners  in  a  letter  to  the  Treasury  on  June  24,  1879,  and  have 
been  practically  enforced  in  the  extension  of  competitive  tests. 

*  Amon»  the  positions  now  filled  by  open  competition  are  the  following  requir¬ 
ing  expert  qualifications  :  Architectural  and  Engineering  Draughtsmen  ;  Assist¬ 
ant  in  Greenwich  Observatory  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Observatory  ;  Assistant 
at  Greenwich  for  photographic  and  spectroscopic  observations  ;  Assistants  in  the 
Nautical  Almanac  office,  and  in  the  British  Museum  ;  County  Surveyors  ;  Con¬ 
sular  Interpreters  ;  Practical  Mechanician  in  the  Stamping  office  ;  Resident 
Engraver  in  the  Mint;  Superintendent  of  Works  at  Kingston  Harbor;  Tele¬ 
graphists  ;  Assistant  Engineer  of  Public  Works  ;  Assistant  Curator  in  the  Museum 
of  Practical  Geology ;  Assistants  and  Keepers  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
both  in  the  science  and  art  branches  ;  Assistant  Naturalist ;  Assistant  Librarian, 
Royal  School  of  Mines  ;  Examiners  of  paper  and  binding  in  stationery  office  ; 
Chemist  in  War  Department;  Examiners  for  office  of  Works;  Assistant  in 
Kew  Herbarium  ;  and  for  promotion  in  the  Naval  Dockyards,  the  leading  men  in 
every  branch  of  trade,  as  painters,  riggers,  rope-makers,  etc.,  being  tliirty-six 
trades  in  all. 


46 


[Assembly 


SOME  PLAUSIBLE  OBJECTIONS  TO  COMPETI¬ 
TION. 

The  opponents  of  open  competition  as  a  means  of  selection  for 
the  Civil  Service  have,  from  time  to  time,  advanced  certain  objections 
to  it,  which  though  in  great  part  specious  and  sophistical,  have  by 
dint  of  repetition  gained  some  credence.  Although  the  subject  is 
in  these  respects  trite  and  nothing  new  may  be  advanced  in  dissi¬ 
pating  these  fallacies,  I  trust  the  Commission  will  not  consider  it  in¬ 
opportune  if  I  here  reiterate  the  confutation  of  the  more  ordinary 
objections. 

In  the  early  stages  of  the  movement  for  reform  the  point  gener¬ 
ally  made  was  that  no  new  remedy  was  needed,  since  even  if  it  were 
admitted  that  there  were  evils  in  the  public  service,  these  could  be 
readily  cured  by  appointing  none  but  capable  and  honest  men. 
This  proposition  is  irrefutable  since  no  one  has  ever  affirmed  that 
dishonest  or  incapable  men  should  be  appointed,  and  yet  very  grave 
abuses  have  long  been  rife  in  the  Civil  Service.  As  in  so  many  other 
matters,  universal  acquiescence  in  incontestible  principles  is  not  all- 
sufficient  ;  there  must  be  both  safeguards  and  penalties.  Even  if 
the  official  be  immaculate  we  exact  from  him  official  oaths  and  bonds 
and  hold  him  to  rigid  accountability  for  his  official  trusts.  Long  ex¬ 
perience  has  shown  that  officials  do  not  invariably  appoint  capable 
and  honest  subordinates,  and  the  causes  of  this  are  such  as  cannot  be 
reached  by  mere  injunctions.  The  hostile  critics  of  competition, 
when  they  concede  the  existing  abuses  in  the  unrestrained  exercise 
of  the  power  of  appointment,  proposes  as  a  sufficient  remedy  the 
u  pass”  examination  which  is  a  qualified  exercise  of  patronage  and 
has  absolutely  failed  as  a  remedy  wherever  tried. 

It  retains  all  the  odious  features  of  the  unmitigated  “  spoils  ” 
system  and  particularly  its  anti-democratic  features  whereby  the  ser¬ 
vice  of  the  country  is  monopolized  bv  a  privileged  class.  But  at  the 
very  worst,  why  resort,  say  these  critics,  to  the  competitive  system 
which  is  unnatural,  unbusiness-like,  scholastic,  revolutionary,  imprac¬ 
ticable,  etc.,  etc. 

The  functions  of  non-political  civil  servants,  who  compose  about 
nine  per  cent  of  the  administrative  service,  are  simply  of  a  business 
nature,  and  have  no  more  to  do  with  their  political  or  religious  sen¬ 
timents  than  if  they  were  employed  by  private  parties.  It  is,  there¬ 
fore,  plainly  only  a  question  of  fitness  for  the  business  duties  of  the 
several  positions  that  is  to  be  considered,  and  there  is  a  single  instru¬ 
mentality  that  always  shapes  that  consideration  and  the  final  selec¬ 
tion  of  the  person  to  be  appointed. 

Granting  that  an  officer  is  unrestrained  bv  law  or  rule  in  making 
selections  for  places  under  him,  and  no  matter  what  may  be  his  mo¬ 
tive  in  the  selection,  it  is  imperatively  governed  by  the  principle  of 
competition.  This  holds  good  as  to  the  filling  of  hundreds  of  thou- 


47 


No.  42.] 

sands  of  such  places,  National,  State,  or  municipal.  Whether  the 
selection  is  made  on  account  of  personal  relations,  command  of  in¬ 
fluence,  partisan  activity,  powers  of  importunity  or  inherent  fitness 
for  the  duties,  the  individual  appointee  obtains  his  place  because  in 
the  estimation  of  the  appointing  officer  he  stands  highest  in  the  pecu¬ 
liar  quality  that  urges  the  appointment.  It  is  a  plain,  downright, 
unequivocal  competition,  but  one  that  is  not  permanently  recorded, 
because  in  most  cases  the  qualification  that  governs  the  selection  is 
not  one  the  appointing  officer  would  be  willing  to  avow. 

But  such  an  important  exercise  of  official  power  as  that  of  ap¬ 
pointment  should  be  as  much  a  matter  of  record  as  the  vouchers  for 
the  disbursement  of  public  moneys.  A  citizen  may  expend  his 
own  funds  or  employ  his  own  servants,  without  accounting  to  any¬ 
body  for  his  action,  but  the  official  is  executing  a  trust  for  the 
people  and  should  by  his  records,  open  to  all,  be  able  to  prove  his 
fidelity  to  his  employers  in  all  his  official  acts.  It  is  strange  that 
the  most  violent  opposition  to  fixed  rules  for  the  employment  of 
public  servants  comes  from  those  who  profess  the  greatest  anxiety 
to  enforce  a  rigid  accountability.  Now  of  all  the  motives  that 
mi «ht  govern  an  official  in  the  selection  of  his  subordinates,  that  of 
obtaining  the  fittest  person  is  the  only  one  he  would  be  willing  to 
record,  because  it  is  the  only  one  he  should  consider. 

How  shall  the  fittest  man  who  is  willing  to  serve  be  obtained  ? 
Shall  this  important  field  of  inquiry  be  confined  to  the  acquaintance¬ 
ship  of  the  chief  official  and  that  of.  his  friends?  And  within  any 
field  of  selection,  narrow  or  broad,  how  is  the  superiority  ^of  the 
fittest  man  to  be  determined  so  that  it  may  be  of  record  officially  ? 
There  is  but  one  solution  of  these  queries  and  it  is  that  the  open 
competition  gives  the  broadest  scope  of  choice,  determines  with  sub¬ 
stantial  accuracy  the  relative  fitness  of  all  who  apply,  and  puts  on 
record  all  the  transactions  with  their  details. 

In  the  nature  of  things  there  must  be  competition  and  it  is  the 
sole  purpose  of  Civil  Service  laws,  rules  and  commissions  to  regu¬ 
late  the  competition  so  as  to  secure  the  best  service  for  the  people. 
Such  a  regulated  competition,  open  on  equal  terms  to  every  citizen 
and  with  its  findings  formally  recorded,  is  the  only  method  of  ap¬ 
pointment  that  absolutely  precludes  the  exercise  of  patronage,  that 
exclusive  and  baneful  privilege  so  odious  and  foreign  to  every  prin¬ 
ciple  of  a  democratic  government. 

The  oft-repeated  argument  that  the  method  is  not  business-like, 
since  private  employers  do  not  have  recourse  to  it,  is  fallacious, 
because  such  employers  do  adopt  it  without  record  of  the  details. 
Every  private  business  concern  chooses  for  its  service  the  fittest 
subalterns  it  can  obtain,  and  the  natural  law  of  self-interest  compels 
this  rule,  so  that  wherever  it  is  departed  from,  it  is  because  the 
action  of  the  interest  is  weakened  by  the  complicated  agencies  re¬ 
quired  in  great  corporations,  widely  separating  the  employe  from 
the  employer;  and  to  the  extent  of  this  separation  there  are  possi¬ 
bilities  of  mal-administration.  The  oft- repeated  maxim  that  the 


48 


[Assembly 


public  service  should  be  conducted  on  business  principles  means 
that  accuracy,  promptitude,  honesty,  economy  and  efficiency  are  as 
essential  in  public  as  in  private  affairs,  but  the  methods  of  securing 
these  qualities  cannot  be  exactly  the  same.  The  merchant  has  a 
direct  personal  and  pecuniary  interest  in  his  private  affairs  which 
leads  him.  to  make  a  careful  selection  of  his  employes,  but  in  the 
public  service,  there  must  be  substituted  some  more  complicated 
agency  in  the  form  of  laws,  regulations,  reports  and  inspections. 
In  the  selection  of  subordinates  the  great  and  universal  law  of  com¬ 
petitive  examination  obtains  in  both  the  private  and  public  business, 
but  in  the  latter  there  must  be  formalities  that  are  substituted  for 
pecuniary  interests,  in  order  that  the  great  business  principles  above 
named  may  be  applied  in  the  highest  degrees. 

Some  advance  the  query,  how  can  competition  measure  honesty 
and  fidelity  or  test  moral  qualities  ?  These  are  indispensable  quali¬ 
fications  in  any  public  position,  but  their  attainment  cannot  be  se¬ 
cured  by  one  method  more  than  another. 

An  officer  with  unrestrained  power  to  appoint  has  to  depend  upon 
the  testimonials  of  others  as  to  the  moral  integrity  and  discretion  of 
those  whom  he  appoints.  It  is  quite  as  easy  to  obtain  trustworthy 
testimonials  by  a  special  board  and  according  to  fixed  rules  and  to 
have  such  vouchers  scrutinized  and  verified  by  skilled  examiners. 
But  no  system  of  selection  can  infallibly  test  moral  character  nor 
insure  it  in  those  selected  ;  for  these  dependence  must  rest  upon  the 
ordinary  motives  that  sway  mankind,  the  innate  moral  principle, 
more  or  less  fortified  by  education,  the  fear  of  punislimen  or  dis¬ 
grace,  the  honor  and  self-respect  of  the  employes  ;  all  these  are  guar¬ 
anties  against  indiscretion  and  dishonesty  which  no  particular  method 
of  selection  can  re-enforce. 

A  fear  is  now  and  then  expressed  that  the  selection  of  subordi¬ 
nates  in  the  public  service  by  competitive  methods  will  establish  a 
“  privileged  class.”  The  absurdity  of  such  an  apprehension  is  obvi¬ 
ous  and  ridiculous.  An  aristocracy  of  comparatively  few  clerks,  mes¬ 
sengers,  prison  guards,  policemen,  etc.,  with  moderate  salaries  and 
removal  at  any  time  by  their  superiors,  would  not  be  very  dangerous 
to  the  body  politic.  The  man  so  unambitious  as  to  crave  the  nar¬ 
row  career  of  a  government  employe  would  not  probably  put  on  the 
style  and  airs  of  a  nabob  or  patrician  or  become  a  conspirator  against 
the  common  weal.  This  fear  that  an  aristocracy  will  be  founded  by 
these  official  tenants  at  will  is  expressed  generally  by  those  who  fa¬ 
vor  a  privileged  class  of  partisan  mercenaries  intent  on  “  stratagems 
and  spoils,”  or  an  aristocracy  of  political  bosses,  who  shall  dispense 
as  their  rightful  patronage  the  minor  offices  constituted  for  the 
exclusive  service  of  the  people.  The  partisan  janizaries  and  cen¬ 
turies  intrenched  in  the  public  offices  form  the  privileged  class  that 
is  to  be  feared.  But  the  reduciio  ad  absurdum  is  the  apprehension 
that  an  aristocracy  will  be  engendered  by  a  method  of  selection  that 
is  of  the  very  essence  of  an  enlightened  democracy.  Competition 


No.  42.] 


49 


open  to  every  qualified  citizen  upon  equal  terms,  without  regard  to 
race  religion,  or  political  opinions,  places  the  access  to  the  civi  sei- 
vice’uuon  a  basis  as  purely  democratic  as  is  the  election  ot  officers 
i  nonular  suffrage.  It  is  this  feature  that  must  commend  the 
competitive  system  to  every  patriotic  citizen,  who  believes  in  those 
principles  of  popular  right/  and  equality  that  he  at  -ry  ounda- 
Ln  0f  all  our  political  institutions,  i  lie  son  of  the  poorest  and 
most  obscure  citizen  can  compete  for  a  clerkship  on  equal  terms  with 
the  son  of  the  richest  or  most  illustrious,  and  m  the  contest,  w  ealth, 
influence  and  importunity  count  for  nothing ;  a  contest  where  to  the 
victor  belongs  the  reward  of  superior  merit,  a  principle  mcompaiab  y 
higher  than  one  so  often  quoted  “to  the  victor  belong  the  spoils 
If  there  were  no  other  valid  argument,  the  friends  of  the  compe 
five  or  merit  system  could  stand  upon  its  democratic  aspects,  its  e  i- 

fmvement ,  of  equal  rights  and  “  fair  play.  . 

In  connection  with  the  “  privileged  class  ”  arg ument  is the ^asser¬ 
tion  that  under  the  merit  system  the  official  will  be  indifferent,  in 

subordinate,  discourteous  and  insolent  to  the  public  transacting  busi¬ 
ness  with  them.  This  assertion  does  not  take  into  account  that  in¬ 
tegral  part  of  the  merit  system  which  disavows  any  absolute  tenure, 
but  leaves  the  power  of  summary  dismissal  without  restraint.  Tins 
provision  gives  the  best  possible  security  for  good  discipline  and  in¬ 
sures  the  service  against  the  continuance  ot  that  arrogance  and  im¬ 
pertinence  exhibited  to  the  public  by  appointees  who  were  so  secme 
through  their  personal  and  partisan  influences  that  no  superior  daie 
to  remove  them.  The  clerk  in  a  public  office  who  could  rely  upori 
his  stron v  “backing”  could  indulge  in  almost  any  conduct  not  fe 
nious  and  feel  certain  that  the  severest  penalty  for  it  would  be  an 
admonition  ;  the  power  that  procured  his  ^pomtment  could  com^e 
his  retention.  In  the  merit  system  the  official  incumbent  must  de 
pend  upon  Ills  own  good  conduct  and  efficiency,  since  no  extianeous 
Influence  got  him  his  place  or  can  insure  Ins  continuance.  In  fact 
the  only  effectual  means  of  enforcing  official  discipline ms ;to >give  he 
head  of  the  office  the  summary  power  of  removal  and  at  the  sane 
time  protection  from  the  duress  and  potency  of  outside  influences 
such  as  are  wielded  under  the  patronage  system. . 

To  some  of  those  who  have  overlooked  the  points  above  given,  t  e 
fixed  tenure  in  office  with  removal  for  proven,  cause  on  y  ias 
occurred  as  the  proper  remedy  for  abuses  in  the  civil  service ;  this, 
it  has  been  well  said,  is  putting  the  guard  at  the  hack  door  and  not 

thItf means  that  no  particular  care  is  to  be  taken  in  the  select'0"  <j>f 
officials,  but  when  selected  they  are  to  be  dismissed  only  by  a  ii  di- 
cial  process,  which  in  the  municipal  government  of  New  York  has 
nracticallv  failed  to  insure  justice  to  the  public  interests,  lheie  can 
be  misdemeanors  and  impertinences  difficult  to  judicially  pro\  e,  aiu 
ashrewd  employe  may  keep  within  the  very  verge  of  such  proof. 
The  abolition  of  patronage  accomplished  by  open  competition 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  7 


50 


[Assembly 


destroys  the  general  motive  for  illegitimate  removals,  i.  e.,  to  find 
a  place  for  some  favored  one.  It  lias  been  happily  proposed  to  sub¬ 
stitute  the  principle  of  “  appointment  for  cause  only  55  for  that  of 
“  removal  for  cause  only.” 

One  specific  change  often  urged  is  that  in  practice  competitive 
tests  do  not  indicate  the  fittest,  and  alleged  instances  of  its  failure  in 
this  respect  are  cited.  The  method,  in  common  with  other  human 
agencies,  is  not  infallible  and  should  not  be  judged  by  its  exceptions, 
but  if  so  judged  it  certainly  would  not  suffer  in  a  comparison  with 
the  patronage  or  spoils  method.  As  an  instance  of  its  failures  out¬ 
side  the  public  service  the  valedictorians  of  college  classes,  claimed 
to  be  the  very  flower  of  competition,  are  contrasted  with  those  low 
in  their  classes  who  have  subsequently  achieved  more  wealth  and 
fame.  If  the  competition  had  been  one  that  tested  capability  for 
such  successes,  there  would  be  some  force  in  the  contrast,  but  on  the 
other  hand  the  college  examinations  are  and  should  be  essentially 
scholastic. 

It  is  also  possible  that  the  valedictorian  may  have  his  use  in  the 
world,  and  become  pre-eminent  in  some  sphere  of  activity  less  bril¬ 
liant  and  prominent  than  that  of  his  classmate.  The  competitive 
grading  at  the  West  Point  Military  Academy,  which  for  nearly  a 
century  has  distributed  in  the  order  of  their  merit  the  members  of 
the  graduating  classes  to  the  several  branches  of  the  service,  has  not 
been  abandoned  because  some  who  graduated  low  became  famous 
generals  in  the  recent  war. 

“  Would  the  late  Alexander  T.  Stewart  or  Commodore  Vander¬ 
bilt  have  passed  in  a  competitive  examination  for  a  clerkship  ?  ”  is 
the  form  that  these  caviling  queries  often  take,  the  deduction  being 
implied  that  if  such  successful  business  men  could  not  pass,  the  prin¬ 
ciple  of  competition  is  false.  The  obvious  answer  is,  that  these  men 
might  have  made  very  poor  government  clerks  ;  that  the  ambition 
and  conscious  power  that  made  one  a  great  merchant  and  the  other 
an  owner  of  vast  railroads  would  never  have  been  content  with  the 
restricted  range  of  an  office  desk.  But  had  the  public  required  in 
its  service  one  having  the  highest  mercantile  qualities  or  the  insight 
of  a  successful  investor,  Messrs.  Stewart  and  Vanderbilt  might  have 
entered  the  competition  with  the  highest  assurances  of  success. 

Somewhat  analogous  to  the  foregoing  are  the  complaints  that  the 
higher  grades  of  officers  are  not  selected  also  by  competitive  tests, 
and  which  are  the  same  as  were  urged  in  England  thirty  years  ago 
by  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  the  defender  in  Parliament  of  the  patronage 
system  as  a  prerogative  of  the  aristocracy.  He  said,  “If  competitive 
examination  be  so  efficient  a  means  of  securing  the  best  men,  why 
not  choose  by  it  your  Lord  Chief  Justice  as  well  as  your  junior 
clerks  ?  ” 

To  this  it  was  well  replied  “  that  the  examination  was  proposed 
as  a  test  of  untried  men  —  or  if  that  answer  be  not  enough,  we  may 
add  that  the  Chief  Justice  is  in  fact  appointed  as  the  result  of  an 
open  competition  of  the  most  satisfactory  kind,  in  which  his  pro- 


51 


'  No.  42.] 


fessional  brethren  had  done  their  best  to  get  before  him ;  ”  and  the 
contest  had  been  conducted  under  the  public  observation. 

It  is  common  to  speak  of  these  examinations  as  mere  “  school¬ 
master’s  tests  ”  that  limit  successful  application  to  boys  and  young 
men  just  from  the  schools.  The  real  fact  is  that  the  tenor  of  the 
examinations  thus  far  in  this  country  has  been  so  pitched  as  to  give 
the  advantage  to  men  of  mature  age.  The  average  age  of  those 
placed  upon  the  eligible  lists  during  four  years  of  these  examina¬ 
tions  in  the  New  York  Customs  service  was  thirty-one  years.  The 
United  States  Commissioners  report  the  average  age  of  the  3,542 
candidates  examined  last  year  at  thirty-one  years,  and  the  average 
age  of  the  candidates  thus  far  in  the  State  examinations  is  thirty- 
two  years,  and  probably  the  same  is  true  as  to  the  examinations  in 
Brooklyn  and  New  York  for  the  municipal  service. 

This  is  certainly  a  high  average  in  years  for  the  “  babes  and  suck¬ 
lings”  some  journals  have  feared  would  monopolize  the  service.  In 
all*these  examinations,  great  care  has  been  taken  in  selecting  ques¬ 
tions  and  problems  that  would  not  be  bookish,  but  such  as  represent 
the  ordinary  concerns  of  life,  and  which  every  intelligent  citizen 
should  be  conversant  with.  Experience  in  these  has  shown  that 
while  the  recent  school-boy  may  answer  glibly  such  questions  as  may 
be  found  in  the  text-books,  he 'is  at  disadvantage  when  the  questions 
are  so  framed  as  to  represent  the  practical  affairs  of  business ;  lie  is 
better  versed  in  abstract  arithmetic  than  in  its  concrete  application. 
So,  too,  in  questions  given  as  a  test  of  general  intelligence,  as  in 
o-eo^raphy  and  history,  the  practical  features  are  better  comprehended 
by  the  man  than  the  boy.  That  this  is  so  does  not  weaken  the 
force  of  the  opinion  that  the  examinations  might  better  be  based 
upon  the  educational  status  of  the  young  man  just  from  the  com¬ 
mon  school,  since  it  is  highly  probable  that  he  would  in  a  short  time 
prove  to  be  a  better  clerk  than  the  elder  man. 

He  would  have  no  erroneous  methods  to  unlearn,  no  stubborn 
habits  and  pride  of  opinions  that  resist  discipline. 

If  the  younger  man,  “  with  all  the  world  before  him,”  has  such  a 
contracted  ambition  as  to  decline  all  other  avenues  to  business,  and 
accept  the  tame  career  of  a  government  clerk,  the  probabilities  are 
that  he  would  prove  a  more  efficient  and  tractable  subordinate  than 
the  elder  man,  who,  having  failed  in  private  ventures,  enters  the 
civil  service  very  often  as  a  temporary  make-shift.  There  is  no  rea¬ 
son  why  in  a  well-ordered  public  service  the  same  general  principles 
should  not  obtain  in  this  respect  that  are  adopted  in  private  business. 
In  the  banks,  great  insurance  companies  and  other  concerns  that  in 
their  magnitude  and  affairs  closely  resemble  the  government  offices, 
the  lower  positions  are  filled  by  the  young  men  who,  gradually 
trained  in  the  business,  are  advanced  as  their  capacities  and  the  oppor¬ 
tunities  jointly  offer. 

Another  allegation  is  that  the  competitive  system  excludes  those 
who  have  not  had  the  benefit  of  the  higher  and  more  costly  means 
of  education.  Now  the  fact  is  that  in  the  five  years  of  competitive 


52 


[Assembly 


examination  m  the  United  States  service,  the  number  of  those  hav-’ 
ing  only  a  common-school  education  has  been  seventy  per  cent  of 
the  whole  number,  and  in  the  State  service  it  has  been  seventy-two 
per  cent. 

These  ratios  probably  correspond  with  the  proportion  in  private 
business  concerns,  and  proves  that  all  classes  of  citizens,  whatever 
the  nature  of  their  education,  have  equal  opportunities.  Could  any 
system  be  more  thoroughly  democratic? 

Other  critics  have  affirmed  that  competition  would  encourage 
a cramming”  and  that  a  superficial  knowledge  would  win  the  prizes 
over  real  and  solid  attainments.  Like  all  other  objections,  this  was 
advanced  long  since  when  the  first  movement  was  made  to  reform 
the  British  service.  Thirty  years  ago,  the  eminent  statesman  and 
historian,  Macauley,  and  his  colleagues,  emphatically  expressed  their 
conviction  that  with  competent  and  trained  examiners,  “  it  is  utterly 
impossible  that  the  delusive  show  of  knowledge  which  is  the  effect 
of  the  process  popularly  called  cramming,  can  ever  be  successful 
against  real  learning  and  ability.”  Since  this  was  said,  the  competi¬ 
tive  method  has  been  developed,  until  it  covers  nearly  the  whole 
service  of  the  empire,  and  with  its  growth,  there  have  sprung  up 
special  tutors  and  schools,  and  special  text-books  for  training  those 
desiring  to  enter  the  service,  and  the  result  has  been  no  appreciable 
injury  to  the  service,  but  on  the  other  hand  a  benefit  in  the  interest 
in  a  broader  and  more  exact  education,  stimulated  by  the  new  incen¬ 
tives  offered  by  a  public  service  open  to  all  ranks  and  conditions 
upon  the  single  basis  of  superior  fitness. 

Much  has  been  said,  particularly  by  appointing  officers,  regarding 
the  confidential  relations  that  subordinates  bear  to  the  head  of  an 
office  or  department.  This  is  generally  an  absurd  claim,  as  the  cases 
where  any  such  confidential  relation  actually  exists,  form  only  an . 
infinitesimally  small  fraction  of  the  service.  There  are  rare  con¬ 
tingencies  where  a  private  secretary  or  other  confidential  employe 
may  be  essential,  but  the  vast  bulk  of  the  public  business  is  business 
that  is  and  should  be  public  in  every  sense,  and  nothing  can  be  more 
ridiculous  than  the  assertion  that  there  are  mysteries,  reservations 
and  secrets  that  are  to  be  cloaked  and  suppressed  ;  in  fact,  such  con¬ 
cealment  always  suggests  danger  to  the  public  interests.  The  term 
“  private  secretary  ”  is  often  abused  to  find  an  excuse  for  nepotism, 
and  the  whole  claim  of  confidential  relation  is  made  more  laughable 
by  the  recollection  that  under  the  patronage  system  these  highly 
important  places  were  generally  filled  without  even  a  shadow  of  the 
precautions  and  safeguards  that  the  Civil  Service  rules  now  throw 
around  the  selections. 

And  there  has  been  a  similar  exaggeration  as  to  the  value  of  what 
is  called,  in  a  general  way,  “  business  experience,”  which  cannot  be 
measured  by  examination  and  must  be  taken  upon  testimonials  more 
or  less  trustworthy.  There  are,  of  course,  certain  kinds  of  training 
or  experience  gained  in  private  affairs  that  may  be  serviceable  in 
public  transactions  of  the  same  nature.  Thus,  an  experienced  bank- 


53 


No.  42.] 

'  teller  might  be  very  efficient  in  a  like  position  in  a  public  treasury ; 
or  a  person  might  have  had  valuable  and  approved  experience  m 
some  public  place  that  wouM  especially  fit  him  lor  a  similar  place. 
But  the  general  term  “  experience  ”  is  very  misleading  when  it  is 
nr  offered  as  a  prime  factor  in  estimating  qualifications  for  the  Civil 
Service,  and  those  who  have  had  to  do  with  the  appointments  know 
of  no  term  that  has  been  so  abused,  when  employed  m  the  usual  y 

vague  wav,  without  specific  application.  e  -  , 

There  are  those  also  who  censure  any  educational  tests  for  sucli 
positions  as  those  of  messenger,  orderly,  watchman,  or  where  the 
duties  are  those  of  an  artisan.  It  is  admitted  that  in  these  employ¬ 
ments,  character,  physical  qualities,  and  m  some  cases  manual  ski  , 
are  the  paramount  requirements ;  but  beyond  this  a  certain  amount 
of  education  is  advantageous  not  only  in  itself,  but  also  as  an  evi¬ 
dence  of  trained  intelligence.  As  illustrating  this,  may  be  given 
the  account  of  the  great  Willimantic  Thread  Works  in  Connecticut, 
bv  a  recent  English  traveler  and  investigator.* 

J  In  answer  to  an  inquiry,  Colonel  Burrows,  the  manager  of  these 
great  factories,  asks,  “  Why  is  it  that  the  Willimantic  thread  will 
Tift  more  ounces  of  dead  weight  and  is  smoother  than  any  othei  . 

Every  manufacturer  can  buy  the  same  cotton  and  the  same  sort  ot 
machinery  to  work  it.  Why,  then,  the  superiority  of  our  products  ? 
Simply  because  they  are  made  by  people  who  know  more  than  any 
other  people  in  the  world  engaged  in  the  same  work.  They  put 
more  brains  into  their  work -than  others  do.  They  are  intelligent 
enough  to  know  the  value  of  care,  intelligent  enough  to  be  con¬ 
scientious  about  employing  it,  and  intelligent  enough  to  know  now 
best  to  apply  it  with  skill  to  produce  the  best  results.  I  hat  is  why 

it  pays  us  directly  to  increase  their  knowledge.” 

Eor  three  years  there  were  posted  in  all  the  entrance  halls  of  these 
mills  the  notice  that  “  no  person  who  cannot  read  and  write  will  be 
employed  in  these  mills  after  July  4,  1884,”  and  since  that  date  this 

rule  has  been  enforced.  ,  .  ,u. 

In  these  great  factories  employing  thousands,  and  which  m  then 
beneficent  and  profitable  management  exhibit  one  phase  of  the  pro¬ 
gressive  solution  of  the  great  “  labor  question,”  it  is  found  that  even  in 
work  that  is  wholly  mechanical  and  monotonous  educated  intelligence 
has  a  practical  and  commercial  value.  Indeed  there  is  no  kind  ot 
human  labor  that  is  not  improved  and  exalted  by  a  higher  intelli¬ 
gence  in  its  discharge,  and  this  intelligence  is  vivified  and  trained  by 
education  in  the  schools.  The  occasional  examples  of  ignorant  per¬ 
sons  who  render  certain  services  with  fidelity  and  zeal  do  not  attect 
the  truth  of  the  general  proposition,  since  they  are  rare  exceptions, 
and  there  remains  the  certainty  that  education  would  have  increased 
the  usefulness  of  these  few  exceptions.  The  aristocratic  conservatism 
that  Ion ^  resisted  popular  education  upon  the  pretext  that  more 
knowledge  by  the  poorer  classes  would  produce  discontent  and  untit 

*  Old  World  Questions  and  New  World  Answers  by  Daniel  Pidgeou,  F.  G.  SM  Assoc. 
Inst.  C.  E.— London  and  New  York,  1885. 


54 


[Assembly 


4 

them  for  the  drudgery  of  the  world’s  work  has  been  happily  re¬ 
placed  by  a  broader  humanity  and  a  higher  conception  of  the  obliga¬ 
tions  of  the  body  politic  to  all  its  members.  Universal  education,  to 
the  extent  even  of  compulsion,  is  now  accepted  as  the  most  urgent 
duty  of  the  State,  and  it  would  be  indeed  a  rash  or  thoughtless  man 
who  should  say  that  the  training  of  the  common  school  made  the 
watchman  more  stupid  or  the  fingers  of  the  mechanic  less  facile,  or 
that  such  training  is  not  useful  in  these  and  every  other  vocation  in 
life. 

In  addition  to  these  general  objections  to  the  competitive  examina¬ 
tions,  there  are  frequent  challenges  of  the  system  based  upon  in¬ 
dividual  cases.  It  is  occasionally  asserted  in  conversation  or  in  the 
public  journals  that  some  one  has  been  rejected  in  the  examinations, 
though  eminently  fitted  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  situation  sought, 
and  the  charge  is  often  made  with  such  circumstance  and  force  as 
to  gain  credence  in  the  absence  of  denial.  Ho  doubt  the  accuser 
often  believes  he  has  good  cause  for  complaint,  and  in  rare  cases  the 
cause  may  be  good.  All  human  agencies  are  at  times  fallible,  and 
now  and  then  an  individual  competitor  may  accidentally  be  under¬ 
rated  by  the  examiners. 

In  practice  all  personal  considerations  are  reduced  to  the  minimum, 
and  the  grading  of  the  several  papers  is  made  under  regulations  and 
invariable  methods ;  but  in  the  best  devised  plans  errors  of  estima¬ 
tion  may  occasionally  occur. 

For  such  errors  the  regulations  provide  an  accessible  and  prompt 
remedy  by  the  opportunity  given  to  every  competitor  to  examine, 
personally  or  by  agents,  his  papers  and  the  markings  thereon,  and  to 
have  detected  errors  made  by  the  examiners,  corrected  by  the  Com¬ 
mission  upon  protest. 

Where  the  charge  of  injustice  is  made,  however,  by  a  friend  of  the 
competitor,  it  generally  arises  from  an  ignorance  of  all  the  facts  or 
from  that  imperfect  knowledge  men  usually  have  concerning  the 
abilities  of  their  friends.  In  every  case  within  my  ken,  where  pro¬ 
testing  friends  have  examined  the  answers  made  by  a  presumptively 
aggrieved  competitor  and  the  marking  thereof,  they  have  professed 
astonishment  at  his  mistakes  or  his  ignorance.  A  man’s  associates  mav 
for  years  enjoy  his  social  qualities  and  not  suspect  bis  ignorance  of 
the  “rule  of  three,”  or  that  he  cannot  spell  correctly  the  simple 
every-day  words  in  his  mouth ;  or  again  his  signal  abilities  in  some 
one  direction  mav  blind  them  to  his  deficiencies  in  all  others. 


When  the  accusation  of  injustice  comes  from  the  disappointed  com¬ 
petitor  himself,  there  is  usually  a  striking  illustration  of  self-de¬ 
ception.  Again  and  again  I  have  heard  the  protesting  competitor 
declare  that  he  had  answered  properly  every  question,  and  when  con¬ 
fronted  bv  these  answers  and  the  correct  solutions  sadlv  confess 

e/  */ 

that  he  had  overrated  himself.  The  revelations  in  these  cases  that 
have  come  to  my  personal  knowledge  have  illustrated  an  inherent 
defect  in  the  patronage  system,  where  an  appointment  was  based 
upon  the  personal  representations  of  the  appointee  or  the  estimates 


55 


Ho.  42.] 

of  his  ability  given  by  friends.  Hereafter  when  any  plausible  ac¬ 
cusation  is  publicly  made  that  the  methods  of  examination  are 
incurably  defective  or  their  administration  is  unfair,  because  ot 
individual  failures  to  pass,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  accuser  will  call 
for  the  complete  record  and  abide  by  its  public  demonstration.  It  is 
due  to  the  reputation  of  the  examiners  that  their  explanatory  or  de¬ 
fensive  evidence  should  be  as  public  as  the  accusation  against  them. 

Subjects  in  Examinations. 

"Recently  the  public  attention  has  been  attracted  to  the  subjects 
on  which  competitors  are  examined  and  to  the  particular  questions 
propounded  to  them.  A  part  of  this  attention  is  due  to  an  intelli¬ 
gent  interest  in  the  proper  application  of  the  new  methods  am  a 
part  has  been  aroused  by  the  publication  of  fabricated  questions  for 
the  purpose  of  depreciating  the  merit  system.  Scarcely  _  a  day 
passes  without  some  public  declaration  that  stokers  are  examined  m 
leology  and  astronomy,  or  policemen  required  to  give  the  num¬ 
ber  of  pints  of  water  in  the  Mississippi  or  the  latitude  of  Hong 
Ivono-  Absurd  as  are  these  inventions,  their  frequent  repetition 
would  indicate  that  they  gain  some  credence  with  the  ignorant, 
which  is,  undoubtedly,  the  purpose  of  their  fabricators.  , 

In  the  initiatory  steps  of  a  new  system  there  must  be  something 
tentative  which  may  be  modified  as  experience  is  gained.  Much  in 
this  direction  has  already  been  accomplished,  and  the  examination 
papers  are  now  much  more  satisfactory  than  at  the  outset,  and  im¬ 
provements  will  continue  to  be  made  as  examiners  become  more 
skilled.  Whatever  defects  have  existed  m  the  examination  papeie, 
they  have  not  been  of  a  character  to  injure  the  service. 

The  general  principles  that  have  governed  the  preparation  ot  ex¬ 
aminations  for  the  State  service  have  been,  viz. :  n  ,  , 

1st  To  require  for  every  position  vouchers  as  to  moral  character, 

sobriety  and  industrious  habits,  and  of  satisfactory  physical  con- 

1 2d.  To  demand  for  the  lower  positions  the  ability  to  read, 
write  and  perform  the  four  fundamental  processes  in  arithmetic ; 
in  tine  to  have  the  rudimentary  education  of  the  tree  schools. 

3d.  To  make  the  examinations  measure,  so  far  as  may  be,  tne 
qualifications  of  the  position  sought,  and  with  this  purpose  m  view, 
to  test  general  intelligence  as  evinced  by  information  on  such  sub¬ 
jects  as  form  a  part  of  the  ordinary  education  open  to  all  citizens. 

'  4th.  Where  the  first  position  sought  is  of  a  senes  of  grades,  the 
lowest  one,  above  which  the  vacancies  are  to  be  filled  preferably  by 
promotion,  to  make  the  examination,  so  far  as  possible,  test  the  intel¬ 
lectual  capacity  and  aptitude  of  the  competitors  to  advance  m  pro¬ 
ficiency  and  become  worthy  of  promotion.  .  ->  .  i 

These  general  outlines  will  indicate  why  certain  subjects,  wine 
do  not  superficially  appear  to  be  pertinent  to  the  duties  of  a  certain 
position,  may  be  invaluable  as  tests  of  trained  intelligence,  requisite 


56 


[Assembly 


not  only  for  the  narrow  duties  of  the  place  immediately  in  view,  but 
also  for  those  to  which  the  incumbent  may  be  transferred  or  obliged 
to  assume  in  the  varied  exigencies  of  the  business  in  every  public 
office. 

So  far  in  the  State  service,  competition  has  been  confined  to  the 
educational  examination,  but  the  Brooklyn  municipal  examiners  have 
extended  it  to  matters  of  character,  habits,  reputation  and  business 
experience.  The  results  of  this  interesting  experiment  will  be  of 
great  value,  and  if  successful,  the  method  will  undoubtedly  be  gen¬ 
erally  adopted. 

In  the  published  schemes  for  clerkships  the  range  of  subjects 
remains  the  same  as  at  the  date  of  the  last  report,  except  that  to  the 
optional  list  has  been  added  “  expert  penmanship.”  Handwriting 
remains  as  one  of  the  obligatory  subjects  and  carries  a  large  relative 
weight,  but  in  order  to  supply  a  demand  from  several  offices  for  ex¬ 
pert  penmen  to  be  selected  under  the  third  section  of  the  seventeenth 
rule,  candidates  are  now  permitted  to  exhibit  their  skill  with  the  pen 
as  a  distinct  accomplishment. 

Spelling  is  tested  by  accuracy  in  writing  down  the  words  in  mat¬ 
ter  dictated,  and  grammar  by  the  general  correctness  in  this  respect 
of  the  answers  to  the  questions  on  all  subjects,  or  by  original  com¬ 
position,  as  in  letter- writing.  These  methods,  being  a  true  measure 
of  practical  acquirements,  are  superior  to  those  which  require  the 
correction  of  misspelt  words,  or  of  false  syntax  in  given  sentences, 
both  of  which  tend  to  become  scholastic. 

There  has  also  been  added  to  the  obligatory  subjects  for  messen¬ 
gers,  orderlies,  etc.,  “  writing  down  from  memory  the  substance  of 
matter  orally  communicated.”  As  the  principal  duties  of  employes 
in  these  grades  are  to  carry  out  verbal  orders,  or  to  convey  verbal 
messages,  the  above  test  of  their  intelligence,  perception  and  memory 
is  valuable. 

The  very  comprehensive  scheme  of  subjects  for  asylum  physicians 
has  been  given  under  another  head.  A  committee  of  the  Bar  Associa¬ 
tion  of  New  York  city  has  aided  in  the  determination  of  subjects  for 
examination  of  clerks  and  officers  of  the  courts.  A  similar  com¬ 
mittee,  appointed  by  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  is  in 
consultation  with  the  Commission  in  the  preparation  of  standards  of 
qualification  for  the  several  grades  of  engineers  in  the  State  service, 
and  in  determining  the  subjects  and  scope  of  examination  for  testing 
such  qualifications. 

Whenever  desired  by  them,  the  competitors  have  been  examined 
in  such  optional  subjects  as  have  been  placed  on  the  respective 
schemes,  and  several  have  availed  themselves  of  this  chance  to  demon¬ 
strate  proficiency  in  special  branches  of  education. 

For  clerkships  the  optional  subjects  selected  have  been  book-keep¬ 
ing  and  the  French  and  German  languages.  In  an  examination  for 
places  in  the  Immigrant  Depot  at  Castle  Garden  competitors  were 
tested  in  the  German,  Swedish,  Norwegian,  French,  Italian  and 


57 


No.  42.] 

Spanish  languages.  The  successful  competitor  for  the  place  of 
third  assistant  physician  at  the  Hudson  Kiver  Hospital,  was  ex¬ 
amined  optionally  in  Latin,  German,  French,  and  in  practical  mi¬ 
croscopy,  standing  high  on  all,  and  maximum  on  the  last  subject. 

Examining  Boards. 

The  full  statements  accompanying  the  report  of  the  Commission 
exhibit  in  the  ample  lists  of  examiners  the  great  enlargement  of  its 
means  for  holding  examinations  not  only  at  the  capital  but  at  all 
places  in  the  State  convenient  to  any  considerable  number  of  posi¬ 
tions  under  the  rules.  The  functions  of  the  examiners  under  the 
civil  service  law  are  essentially  judicial  and  great  care  has  been  taken 
to  select  for  these  positions  citizens  of  such  high  reputation  as  would 
be  a  guaranty  of  absolute  fairness  in  the  conduct  of  the  examinations. 
The  discriminating  care  taken  by  the  Commission  in  this  respect  has 
been  reflected  in  the  excellent  condition  of  the  records  and  in  the 
fact  that  not  a  single  allegation  of  injustice  as  to  the  conduct  of  the 
examination  or  in  the  grading  of  the  candidates  has  yet  been  made. 
The  notably  high  class  of  citizens  who  have  accepted  the  position 
of  examiner,  in  most  cases  as  a  gratuitous  public  duty,  justifies  the 
request  of  the  Commission  that  induced  the  amendment  to  the  law, 
permitting  persons  not  in  the  State  service  to  render  these  impor¬ 
tant  duties.  In  every  case  where  the  citizen  invited  to  act  as  exam¬ 
iner  or  representative  could  do  so  without  injury  to  other  trusts,  he 
has  accepted  the  appointment  as  an  obligation  of  citizenship,  and 
this  in  itself  is  a  signal  proof  of  the  great  popular,  interest  in  the 
regulation  and  improvement  of  the  civil  service  under  the  law. 

To  these  public-spirited  gentlemen  and  to  the  capable  general 
board  at  Albany  I  am  greatly  indebted  for  counsel  and  assistance  in 
the  examinations  during  the  past  year. 

Their  unselfish  devotion  to  the  highest  public  interests  is  convinc¬ 
ing  proof  that  in  their  hands  there  will  be  no  retrogression  in  the 
work  allotted  to  them  in  the  future. 

Civil  Service  of  Cities. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Commission  I  have  given  a  great  deal 
of  time  to  the  regulations  for  the  municipal  service  and  have  been  in 
frequent  consultation  with  the  mayors  of  the  several  cities,  particu¬ 
larly  of  Brooklyn  and  New  York,  and  also  with  the  respective  ex¬ 
amining  boards. 

I  have  already  spoken  of  the  important  work,  especially  in  the  ex¬ 
tension  of  competition,  accomplished  by  the  examining  board  of 
Brooklyn.  The  very  able  advisory  board  at  New  York  has  given 
great  time  to  the  preparation  of  regulations  for  that  city,  as  also  to  a 
thorough  classification  of  the  service  and  the  elaboration  of  methods 
of  examination.  Its  report  as  also  that  of  the  Brooklyn  examining 
board  gives  in  detail  the  transactions  in  the  two  cities  during  the 

o  o 

•  [Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  8 


58 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 

past  year.  I  have  visited  several  other  cities  and  believe  that  their 
mayors  are  now  generally  prepared  to  enforce  the  regulations  as  re¬ 
quired  by  the  statute. 

The  beneficent  results  of  a  plan  that  rescues 'the  public  service 
from  partisan  greed  and  abuses,  and  from  selfish  perversions  through 
patronage,  will  be  more  patent  in  the  great  cities  than  elsewhere. 
The  methods  prescribed  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  for  the  examine 
tion  of  candidates  for  the  police  force,  based  upon  the  report  made 
at  your  request  by  a  committee  of  which  Mr.  Edward  Cary,  of  New 
York,  was  chairman,  are  the  most  thorough  and  satisfactory  tests  of 
qualification  for  executive  places  yet  devised  anywhere. 

When  relieved  from  certain  features  of  dependence  upon  the 
police  board  and  certain  antagonistic  legal  provisions  which  now 
weaken  their  force,  these  methods*  will  in  time  raise  the  police  force 
of  these  cities  to  the  highest  degree  of  efficiency. 

The  growth  of  a  healthy  public  interest  in  municipal  reform  has 
been  aided  by  the  full  application  of  the  civil  service  law  to  the 
cities  and  that  interest  will  sustain  and  encourage  the  officers  in- 
•  trusted  with  the  enforcement  of  the  regulations. 

In  closing  this  report  I  beg  leave  to  return  my  thanks  for  the 
kind  consideration,  courtesy  and  cordial  support  in  my  official  work 
extended  to  me  by  yourself  and  your  associates. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be  verv  respectfully  yours, 

SILAS  W.  BURT,  * 

Chief  Examiner. 


APPENDIX  B. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  RULES  AND  SCHEDULES,  AND 
STATISTICS  OF  EXAMINATIONS. 


Changes  op  Distribution  among  the  Schedules  under  Rule  V. 

Transfers  from  Schedule  C  to  Schedule  A. 

# 

Principals,  professors  and  teachers  in  normal  schools  ;  chief  clerks 
of  courts. 

Transfers  from  Schedule  0  to  Schedule  B. 

Class  II.  Civil  engineers  and  surveyors ;  chemists. 

Class  III,  Subdivision  II.  Superintendents  and  assistant  super¬ 
intendents  in  charge  of  public  buildings  under  the  general  superin¬ 
tendent. 

Class  IV,  Subdivision  III,  Grade  I.  Rodmen  and  levelmen. 
Grade  II.  Assistant  engineers  below  the  rank  of  resident. 

Class  VI,  Subdivision  II.  Physicians. 

Transfers  from  Schedule  D  to  Schedule  B. 

Class  III,  Subdivision  IV.  Steam  engineers. 

Class  VI,  Subdivision  IV.  Steam  engineers. 

Transfers  from  Schedule  C  to  Schedule  E. 

Class  VII,  Subdivision  III.  All  assistant  physicians  and  patholo¬ 
gists  in  insane  asylums,  except  those  in  the  lowest  grade. 

Additions  to  the  Schedules. 

A.  Counsel  and  cashier  of  the  Excise  Board  of  New  York;  law 
assistant  of  surrogate  of  New  York. 

B.  Class  III,  Subdivision  III.  Interpreters  in  courts. 

C.  Class  II.  Health  officers. 

Class  III,  Subdivision  I.  Court  stenographers ;  excise  inspectors. 

Exceptions  from  the  Restrictions  as  to  Residence  and  Citizen¬ 
ship  Imposed  by  Rule  XXXV. 

By  request  of  the  trustees  of  the  Hudson  River  State  Hospital 
such  restrictions  were  removed  as  to  applicants  for  the  positions  of 


60 


[Assembly 


assistant  physicians  in  that  institution  by  resolution  of  the  Commis¬ 
sion  September  8,  1884.  The  reasons  for  this  action  were  in  the 
desire  of  the  trustees  to  secure  the  most  highly-qualified  applicants 
in  the  United  States. 

Upon  the  representation  of  the  superintendent  of  the  Elmira 
State  Reformatory  that,  on  account  of  difficulty  in  securing  candi¬ 
dates  for  the  position  of  guard,  he  desired  to  open  this  position  to 
residents  in  the  neighboring  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  the  restrictions 
were  removed  by  resolution  of  the  Commission  December  5,  1884. 


State  of  New  York,  ) 

Office  of  Civil  Service  Commission,  f 

Regulations  for  the  examination  of  health  officers. 

For  the  purpose  of  providing  for  the  selection  of  competent  phy¬ 
sicians  as  health  officers  pursuant  to  the  statutes  for  the  preservation 
of  the  public  health,  there  shall  be  a  State  Board  of  Examiners  con¬ 
sisting  of  five  physicians  to  be  designated  by  the  Commission,  who, 
subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  Commission,  shall  prepare  the 
examination  papers,  and  after  the  examination  of  applicants,  shall 
pass  upon  the  standing  and  fitness  of  the  persons  examined  as  shown 
by  the  papers,  and  report  the  results  of  their  examination  to  the 
Commission. 

The  examination  papers,  when  prepared,  shall  be  printed  and  trans¬ 
mitted  to  the  county  judge  of  every  county  where  examinations  are 
to  be  held,  and  the  examination  shall  be  before  and  under  the  super¬ 
vision  of  the  county  judge,  who,  when  the  examination  shall  be 
completed,  shall  immediately  transmit  the  papers  to  the  Commission 
at  Albany. 


State  of  New  York,  ] 

Office  of  Civil  Service  Commission.  ) 

Provisional  rule  concerning  the  employment  of  persons  required  in 
the  management  of  convict  labor  on  State  account  in  the  prisons 
of  the  State. 

In  case  the  superintendent  of  prisons  shall  determine  to  em¬ 
ploy  convicts  in  the  State  prisons  at  any  skilled  labor  upon  State 
account,  and  shall  require  persons  in  the  management  of  such  labor 
in  addition  to  the  regular  prison'officials,  all  such  persons  shall  be 
classed  in  Schedule  C.  and  shall  be  examined  before  appointment  by 
a  board  of  examiners  for  each  of  the  prisons  to  consist  of  the  agent 
and  warden  and  two  citizens  not  officially  connected  with  the  prisons. 
But  this  provisional  rule  shall  cease  whenever  a  permanent  system  of 
prison  labor  shall  be  established  by  lawful  authority. 

Approved  October  14,  1SS4. 

GROVER  CLEVELAND, 

Governor. 


i 


No.  42.] 


61 

LIST  OF  APPOINTMENTS. 

Schedule  B. 

Comptroller’ s  office. 

John  J.  Walsh,  Albany,  third  grade,  February  8,  1884. 

Win.  K.  Brown,  Albany,  third  grade,  February  15,  1884. 
Michael  A.  Nally,  Albany,  third  grade,  February  16,  1884. 
Frank  H.  Brandon,  Coxsackie,  third  grade,  February  20,  1884. 
Henry  A.  Yanderpoel,  Albany,  third  grade,  February  20, 1884. 
Geo.  D.  Ferris,  Albany,  third  grade,  February  20,  1884. 

John  R.  Powers,  Canandaigua,  third  grade,  February  20, 1884. 

O.  Y.  B.  Taylor,  Roxbury,  third  grade,  March  5,  1884. 

Prine  Cavert,  Rhinebeck,  third  grade,  March  5,  1884. 

John  J.  Murphy,  Albany,  messenger,  January  1,  1885. 

Castle  Garden. 

John  C.  Niglutch,  New  York,  second  grade,  June  12,  1884. 
General  inspector  of  rifle  practice. 

R.  M.  R.  Nelson,  New  York,  second  grade,  May  31,  1884. 

Elmira  Reformatory. 

J.  S.  Houghtaling,  Elmira,  prison  guard,  May  23,  1884. 

P.  O.  Rickey,  Elmira,  prison  guard,  May  23,  1884. 

S.  L.  Meddaugh,  Elmira,  prison  guard,  May  23,  1884. 

Edward  Toole,  Mt.  Morris,  prison  guard,  June  2,  1884. 

James  F.  Beecher,  South  Granville,  prison  guard,  J uly  1, 1884. 

Civil  Service  Commission. 

John  C.  Birdseye,  Jr.,  Pompey,  second  grade,  June  1,  1884. 


Schedule  C. 

Comptroller's  Office. 

Charles  E.  Martin,  Malone,  State  prison  clerk,  January  17. 
Alexander  Kennedy,  Albany,  assistant  auction  agent,  January  17. 
John  J.  Moriarty,  New  York,  auction  agent,  Met.  Dist.,  Jan.  25. 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor. 

Thomas  Murphy,  Mechanicsville,  inspector,  February  14. 

Thomas  Foley,  Albany,  inspector,  February  14. 

G.  Y.  Rapp,  Canajoliarie,  leveler,  February  14. 

Charles  G.  Douw,  Poughkeepsie,  leveler,  February  14. 

G.  C.  Baldwin,  Fort  Edward,  rodman,  February  14. 

C.  H.  Barber,  Greenwich,  rodman,  February  14. 

Lawrence  Gaul,  Albany,  rodman,  June  3. 


62 


[Assembly 


Martin  Schenck,  Whitehall,  rodman,  August  2. 

C.  L.  Johnson,  Kingston,  assistant  engineer,  February  14. 

Frank  Lamouree,  East  Albany,  chainman,  February  14. 

John  C.  Slattery,  Albany,  chainman,  February  14. 

Chas.  G.  Whitbeck,  West  Troy,  surveyor  Hud.  Riv.  Imp’t.,  June  3. 
G.  V.  Rapp,  Whitehall,  assistant  engineer,  August  2. 

Frank  Lamouree,  Whitehall,  rodman,  August  2. 

George  I.  Bailey,  Albany,  leveler,  September  11. 

G.  I).  Baltimore,  Troy,  leveler,  October  24. 

Charles  A.  Sweet,  Albany,  assistant  engineer,  November  14. 

O.  F.  Ballston,  Albany,  assistant  engineer,  November  14. 

Martin  Schenck,  Albany,  leveler,  November  14. 

M.  A.  Wilbur,  Albany,  rodman,  November  14. 

Asylum  for  Insane  Criminals ,  Auburn ,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  Thomas  L.  Wells,  Flatbush,  assistant  physician,  June  2. 

Willard  Asylum ,  Willard ,  N.  Y. 

P.  M.  Wise,  M.  D.,  Willard,  superintendent,  November  19. 
Henry  E.  Allison,  M.  D.,  Waterloo,  first  asst,  physician,  Nov.  19. 
Juliet  W.  Wyman,  Dansville,  matron,  January  6. 

Asylum  for  Idiots ,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

James  C.  Carson,  M.  D.,  New  York,  superintendent,  December  1. 

Hudson  River  State  Hospital,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

Frederick  Peterson,  first  assistant  physician,  November  18,  1884. 
Charles  E.  Atwood,  third  assistant  physician,  December  25,  1884. 

Supreme  Court,  Kings  County. 

Joseph  W.  Carroll,  court  attendant,  January  16,  1885. 

Number  of  positions  in  Schedule  D  filled  under  the  Civil  Service 
rules  from  January  4,  1884,  to  January  1,  1885,  386. 

Statistical  Summary  of  Persons  Admitted  to  Competitive 


Examinations. 

Birthplace. 

In  State  of  New  York .  191 

In  other  parts  of  the  United  States . . .  17 

In  foreign  countries . . .  28 


Total .  236 


Occupation. 

Mechanics  and  laborers .  66 

Clerks . .  43 

Lawyers . . . - .  11 


Eighteen  other  kinds  of  business 
Unemployed . 

Total . 


92 

24 


236 


Average  age  of  candidates  thirty-two  years. 

Had  been  previously  in  civil  service,  2 ;  had  been  previously  in 
United  States  military  service,  6  ;  had  been  previously  in  United 
States  naval  service,  1. 

Education. 


Common  school 

Academic . 

Collegiate . 


160 

73 

3 


Total 


236 


Examined  for  clerks,  grade  1 . 

Examined  for  clerks,  grade  2 . 

Examined  for  clerks,  grade  3 . 

Examined  for  messengers . 

Examined  for  orderlies . 

Prison  guards . 

Total . 

Average  standing  79.015. 

Humber  that  finished  examination 
Humber  who  withdrew . 


5 

50 

88 

8 

42 

43 


236 


230 

6 


Total 


236 


Humber  who  passed  examination 
Humber  who  failed . 


170 

66 


Total 


236 


Distribution  in  the  Schedules  of  the  Employes 

PARTMENT. 


A.  B. 

Executive  chamber .  2  4 

Secretary  of  State .  1 

Attorney-General .  3  6 

Treasurer .  4  3 

Comptroller .  2  19 

Engineer  and  Surveyor . 1  14 

Banking  Department .  1  3 

Insurance  Department . . .  4  .  15 

Superintendent  Public  Works. .  5  46 

Superintendent  Public  Instruction. . .  1  7 


in  each  De- 
C.  D. 


•  • 
6 
6 


19  696 


64 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 


A. 


Indian  Reservation . 

Superintendent  State  Prisons .  1 

Sing  Sing . 

Auburn . 

Clinton . . 

Railroad  Commision .  1 

Civil  Service  Commission .  2 

Superintendent  Public  Buildings . 


Board  of  Health . 

Board  of  Charities .  1 


Commissary-General . 

Adjutant-General  . 

Inspector-General . 

Department  Rifle  Practice 


Court  of  Appeals .  2 

State  Survey . . .  1 


Adirondack  Survey. . . 

State  Library . 

Bureau  Labor  Statistics 
State  Museum . 


Onondaga  salt  springs  .  1 

Willard  Asylum .  1 

Utica  Asylum .  1 

Binghamton  Asylum . 

Buffalo  Asylum .  1 

Middletown  Asylum . 

Auburn  Asylum . 

Asylum  for  Idiots,  Syracuse . 

Hudson  River  State  Hospital .  1 


House  of  Refuge,  Randall’s  Island 

Western  House  of  Refuge . 

Elmira  Reformatory . 

Asylum  for  Blind,  Batavia . 

Emigrant  Hospital,  Ward’s  Island  . . 
Castle  Garden .  1 


B. 

13 

1 

79 

53 

45 

4 
1 

47 

6 

5 
2 

4 

5 
2 
1 
4 
7 

12 
•  • 
1 


•  • 

9 

10 

4 

3 

3 
1 
9 

4 
22 
16 
29 
13 

7 

19 


C. 
8 
•  • 
3 
3 
3 


•  • 
1 
1 

21 
•  • 
1 


•  • 

5 


•  ■ 

6 

4 

56 

4 

4 
3 
2 
2 
2 

5 
1 
9 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 


D. 


36 


168 

80 

37 
35 
51 
18 
28 

38 
11 
10 

2 

5 

39 

4 


38  571  183  1,258 


The  following  positions  have  been  included  in  the  classified  ser¬ 
vice  since  the  original  promulgation  of  those  rules,  and  are  addi¬ 


tional  to  the  above : 

Court  officers  and  clerks . . .  350 

New  York  Board  of  Excise .  50 

Health  officers  under  general  act . „ .  1,000 


1,400 


APPENDIX  C. 

CORRESPONDENCE. 


To  the  Honorable  the  Judiciary  Committee  of  the  Assembly : 

In  response  to  the  request  of  your  Honorable  Committee,  the 
Civil  Service  Commission  has  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
suggestions  in  reference  to  a  bill  before  your  Committee,  “  defining 
anT  restricting  the  powers  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  m 
regard  to  certain  qualifications  in,  receiving  and  considering  applica¬ 
tions  for  appointment  to  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State. 

I.  The  bill  has  been  drawn  under  a  misapprehension  of  the  exist¬ 
ing  law,  and  the  powers  of  the  Commission  under  it.  The  Governor 
of" the  State  alone  has  the  power  to  establish  a  classification  of  the 
Civil  Service,  and  to  promulgate  the  rules  to  regulate  it  (§§  2,  6  of 

the  act).  . ,  _  _  , 

The  function  of  the  Commission  is  to  aid  the  Governor,  as  he  may 

request,  in  preparing  suitable  rules  for  carrying  the  act  into  effect. 
2.  The  Commission  properly  and  necessarily  perform  the  work,  but 
the  Governor’s  approval  can  alone  give  it  vitality.  This  is  similar 
to  the  National  Civil  Service  in  which  the  rules  are  established  by 

the  President.  .  .  ,  £  , 

The  fixing  of  the  rules  by  the  chief  executive  officer  instead  ot  by 

a  statute,  seems  wise.  Flexibility  in  rules,  and  the  power  to  speedily 
modifv  them  to  meet  emergencies,  and  to .  correct  mistakes,  are 
indispensable  in  the  early  stages  of  an  administrative  refoim  like 
Civil  Service.  Like  power  has  been  conferred  upon  the  J  udges  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals  with  regard  to  rules  for  admission  to  the  bar. 
The  delegation  of  such  a  power  is  purely  a  question  of  policy  and 

expediency.  •  .  ,  .  .  ,  „ 

II.  The  bill  in  question  is  not  in  harmony  with  the  intent  ot  the 

Civil  Service  Act,  but  is  opposed  to  its  principles,  and  if  it  should 
become  a  law  would  tend  to  defeat  the  object  of  that  act,  and  em¬ 
barrass  its  execution.  It  would  substitute  an  arbitrary  statute  for 
mere  rules  which  may  be  changed  or  modified  in  the  disci  etion  of 
the  executive  as  the  necessities  of  the  service,  justice  to  the  people, 
and  enlightened  public  sentiment,  may  seem  to  require. 

III.  The  system  of  appointment  to  subordinate  positions  in  the 
public  service  established  by  the  Civil  Service  Act,  which  had  neaily 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  9 


i 


66 


[A88EMBLY 


the  unanimous  sanction  of  the  Legislature,  irrespective  of  party,  is 
based  upon  two  great  fundamental  principles  —  first,  the  right  of  the 
State  to  the  highest  attainable  excellence  in  those  who  are  to  fill  its 
positions  of  trust  —  and  second,  the  equal  right  of  its  citizens  to 
compete  for  those  positions  upon  the  ground  of  merit.  Civil  Service 
is  a  practical  application  of  the  Jeffersonian  test  of  honesty  and 
capacity  for  public  trusts.  Rules  are  only  instrumentalities  for 
ascertaining  with  certainty  and  impartiality,  these  necessary  qualifi¬ 
cations. 

1Y.  Of  the  qualifications  constituting  fitness  —  physical,  moral, 
mental  and  personal  —  the  first  especially,  and  others  in  some 
degree,  depend  upon  age.  The  vigor  of  body  and  mind  re¬ 
quired  for  useful  service  do  not  ordinarily  co-exist  with  the  ten¬ 
derness  and  inexperience  of  extreme  youth,  or  with  the  feebleness  of 
advanced  age.  Some  limitations  in  respect  to  age  of  persons  enter¬ 
ing  the  service ,  therefore,  are  necessary.  And  rules  in  such  matters 
must  be  founded  upon  the  average  or  general  experience  of  mankind, 
and  not  upon  exceptions  or  rare  instances. 

This  has  accordingly  been  done  in  respect  to  many  offices  both 
under  the  National  and  State  governments.  In  the  military  ser¬ 
vice  the  maximum  age  is  forty-five ;  in  civil  offices  of  an  elective 
character  the  minimum  age  is  twenty-one  and  in  some  cases  higher. 
Under  the  Civil  Service  rules  the  minimum  age  is  fixed  at  twenty- 
one.  It  may  be  that  for  some  unimportant  positions,  like  messenger, 
the  minimum  might  probably  be  lower.  But  a  modification  of  the 
rules  can  readily  adjust  that.  A  maximum  age  has  not,  as  yet,  been 
fixed  by  any  rule.  In  a  synoptical  statement,  prepared  for  conven¬ 
ience,  the  maximum  is  tentatively  stated  as  forty-five,  in  analogy  to 
the  military  rule,  but  when  a  rule  shall  be  authoritatively  adopted 
and  promulgated,  it  may  be  found  expedient  to  fix  it  higher.  Sug¬ 
gestions  on  that  or  any  other  subject  would  always  be  gladly  re¬ 
ceived. 

If  the  Legislature  should  see  fit  to  prescribe  limitations  of  age,  it 
has  the  undoubted  right  to  do  so,  but  to  admit  as  applicants  persons 
of  all  ages  or  any  age,  would  be  inexpedient  and  calculated  to 
encourage  unreasonable  aspirations,  and  unnecessarily  increase  the 
labors  of  examining  boards  and  of  the  Commission. 

Y.  The  second  section  of  the  bill  establishes  a  privilege  as  an  ex¬ 
ception  to  the  general  rule  as  to  who  may  be  admitted,  not  only 
without  competitive  examination,  but  without  any  examination  what¬ 
ever  as  to  their  present  fitness  for  the  service.  It  assumes  that  per¬ 
sons  who  have  once  held  positions  in  the  service  to  the  satisfaction 
of  a  head  of  a  department,  have  a  right  superior  to  the  rest  of  the 
people  to  enter  the  service  again.  It  is  an  assumption,  at  variance, 
both  with  the  right  of  the  State  and  the  rights  of  the  people  at  large. 
The  fact  that  a  former  employe  was  certified  to  be  satisfactory  to  a 
former  employer,  does  not  prove  his  fitness  for  the  same  post  or  a 


67 


No.  42.] 

similar  post  at  the  present  time,  or  at  some  future  time ;  and  the 
fact  that  he  has  held  office  in  the  past  gives  him  no  superior  right  to 
hold  it  in  the  future.  It  introduces  a  new  element  entirely  opposed 
to  the  principles  of  Civil  Service,  as  a  reason  for  appointment,  viz. : 
reward  for  former  service. 

The  oreat  aim  of  Civil  Service  is  to  separate  appointments  from 
all  connection  with  political  affiliations,  favoritism  or  patronage,  and 
base  them  simply  on  fitness  for  the  post  with  an  equal  right  to  every 
citizen  of  the  proper  character,  age  and  qualifications  to  compete  roi 

them  on  grounds  of  absolute  equality. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

By  direction  of  the  Commission. 

January  28, 1884.  JAMEg  ^ 

Secretary. 


New  York,  February  4,  1884. 

Z.  R.  Brockway,  Esq.,  General  Superintendent  New  York  State 
Reformatory ,  Elmira ,  N .  Y.  : 

_ Your  communication  of  the  30th  ult.  to  the  Civil  Seivice 

Commission  has  been  referred  to  me  for  answer.  .  ,  .  , . 

The  varied  character  of  the  State  Service,  and  the  indefinable 
inter-relations  of  its  parts,  or,  I  might  say,  with  more  cogency  m 
regard  to  the  greater  portion,  the  absolute  lack  of  relations  between 
its' parts,  have  made  the  immediate  establishment  of  the  new  system 
at  all  points  simply  impossible.  Thus  the  general  relations  to  be 
enforced  through  the  Superintendent  of  Prisons  fails  as  to  your  in¬ 
stitution,  which  is  outside  of  his  department.  But  there  is  no 
apparent  reason  why  similar  regulations  should  not  be  made  directly 

applicable  to  the  Reformatory.  ,  ,  , 

In  reward  to  the  prisons  the  points  now  established  are,  that  the 

orhdnal  appointment  shall  be  to  the  position  of  guard,  the  keepers 
to  be  selected  from  the  guards,  and  the  higher  paid  keepers  pro¬ 
moted  from  the  ordinary  grade  of  keepers.  It  is  unnecessary  to  ex¬ 
plain  to  you  the  reason  for  this  course  of  gradual  training,  since  1 
may  presume  that  it  will  accord  with  the  views  of  one  so  experi¬ 
enced  in  the  service  as  you  are.  , 

The  guards  are  selected  by  competitive  examination  ot  those  who 
have  perfected  their  applications  in  the  form  prescribed  by  the 
rules.  I  have  directed  a  copy  of  the  blank  application  to  be 
sent  to  you;  and  I  believe  it  will  explain  fully  to  you  the 
requirements  as  to  physical  condition  and  vouchers  for  character  and 
temperament.  The  age  is  not  to  be  less  than  twenty-five,  nor  more 
than  forty  years. 


68 


[Assembly 


The  educational  test  is  confined  to  the  ability  to  write  legibly 
matter  dictated,  to  spell  tolerably  and  perform  accurately  problems 
in  elementary  arithmetic.  The  physical  test  is  severe  as  you  will 
see  by  the  blank  forms. 

Persons  employed  in  all  the  State  institutions  in  any  of  the  posi¬ 
tions  belowT  the  grade  of  prison  guard  are  examined  at  present  by 
provisional  boards  at  the  various  asylums,  etc.,  selected  by  the  Com¬ 
mission  from  such  of  the  higher  officials  in  these  institutions  as  are 
recommended  by  the  Superintendent  as  competent  to  act  as  ex¬ 
aminers.  There  are  seven  such  boards,  besides  the  central  examin¬ 
ing  board  at  Albany. 

Please  inform  me  if  you  consider  your  guards  and  keepers  as  of 
the  same  class  as  those  in  the  prisons,  and  whether  they  should  be 
subjected  to  the  same  conditions. 

Our  act  is  entitled  “  An  Act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil 
Service,  etc.”  In  many  of  the  State  institutions  the  service  has  been 
reputably  rendered  and  administered  through  the  high  character  of 
those  intrusted  with  the  responsibility.  But  there  was  absent  such 
a  regulation  as  would  make  the  system  of  selection  for  employment 
uniform  and  formal,  with  ample  records,  and  which  would  tend  to 
give  it  permanency  and  protect  it  from  the  abuses  arising  from  that 
purely  partisan  interference,  which  has  long  tended  to  reach  every 
public  concern. 

The  system  leaves  the  power  of  removal  unrestrained  as  it  should 
be  to  insure  subordination  and  discipline. 

The  high  reputation  you  have  as  an  administrator  would  give 
great  value  to  your  suggestions  on  any  point  connected  with  the 
general  service,  while  as  to  matters  in  your  own  institution  I  would 
respectfully  request  your  opinion  in  full. 

I  am,  sir,  with  great  respect, 

Yery  sincerely  yours, 

SILAS  W.  BURT, 

Chief  Examiner. 


-  Hew  York,  March  21,  1884. 

Z.  R.  Brockway,  Esq.,  Sup't  State  Reformatory ,  Elmira ,  N.  T.; 

Dear  Sir  —  I  have  yours  of  the  18th  instant.  The  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  Commission  meets  on  the  24th,  when  the  persons  recommended 
by  you  will,  without  doubt,  be  approved  as  a  board  of  examiners  for 
positions  in  Schedule  D. 

I  have  mailed  you  to-day  a  copy  of  the  rules,  regulations,  etc., 
for  the  use  of  the  Board  and  would  like  to  have  its  attention  par¬ 
ticularly  directed  to  rules  27  to  29  and  to  general  regulations 
9  and  31. 


No.  42.J 


69 


1  fully  appreciate  your  remarks  concerning  the  reluctance  of  ap¬ 
plicants*  to  submit  to  an  examination  or  to  conform  to  any  method 

or  rule  different  from  the  accustomed  ones. 

This  disadvantage  has  been  encountered  wherever  the  new  sys¬ 
tem  has  been  introduced,  but  it  soon  disappears  when  a  full  knowl¬ 
edge  of  the  system  is  gained.  I  also  agree  with  your  axiom  that  the 
position  should  seek  an  occupant  rather  than  be  sought  but,  like  so 
many  other  axioms,  it  is  “more  honored  m  the  breach  than  in  the 
observance.”  I  can  conceive  no  greater  exaltation  of  the  pub  ic 
service  than  that  attained  by  a  free  selection  of  subordinates  by  admin¬ 
istrators —  capable,  pure,  unselfish,  and,  rarest  of  all,  absolutely  ree 
from  outside  interferences  or  the  imputation  of  persona  ends  —  but 
such  a  millennial  state  is  so  far  off,  that  we  must  still  submit  to 
existing  conditions  and  strive  by  general  rules  of  action  to  contro 

abuses.  ... 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

SILAS  W.  BURT, 

Chief  Examiner . 


Albany,  March  13,  1884. 


To  his  Excellency,  Governor  Cleveland  : 

gIK _ The  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission  deemed  it  advis¬ 

able  to  recommend  to  your  Excellency  that,  the  maximum  age  for 
admission  to  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State,  excepting  prison  guards 
and  keepers,  be  fixed  at  fifty  years,  and  that  the  minimum  age  for 
messengers  be  fixed  at  eighteen  years.  The  Buies  as  adopted  do 
not  fix  a  maximum  age,  and  the  minimum  for  messengers  under  the 

existing  rules  is  twenty-one  years. 

It  seems  to  the  Commission  that  the  two  changes  recommended 
are  desirable  and  will  tend  to  disarm  opposition  and  will  not  impair 

the  service. 

The  resolutions  of  the  Commission  are  as  follows : 

Resolved,  That  the  maximum  age  for  application  for  clerical  po¬ 
sitions  in  Schedule  B  of  the  State  Civil  Service  Classification  be 
fixed  at  fifty  years  at  the  time  of  application. 

Adopted,  February  26,  1884.  .  „  , 

Resolved ,  That  the  minimum  age  for  messengers  shall  be  fixed 


at  eighteen  years. 

Adopted,  March  7,  1884.  ,  , 

The  Commission  respectfully  requests  your  Excellency  s  approval 
of  the  foregoing  resolutions  and  that  they  be  embodied  in  the  Buies. 

Very  respectfully, 

By  order  of  the  Commission, 

C.  B.  ANGLE,  Secretary . 


70 


[Assembly 


Executive  Chamber,  Albany,  March  14,  1884. 

I  hereby  approve  the  foregoing  resolutions,  and  direct  that  the 
rules  be  modified  as  therein  provided. 

(Signed)  GROVER  CLEVELAND. 


Law  Department,  Office  of  the  Counsel  to  the 
Corporation,  New  York,  March  14,  1884. 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission , 
Albany ,  New  York  ; 

Dear  Sir  —  Will  you  please  inform  me  whether  clerks,  court 
criers  and  attendants  in  the  city  court  (formerly  the  Marine  Court) 
in  this  city  are  considered  by  your  Commission  as  falling  within  its 
regulations,  and  whether  such  Commission  is  prepared  to  examine 
applicants  for  those  positions  ?  The  Civil  Service  Act  provides, 
that  after  the  expiration  of  eight  months  from  its  passage,  no  person 
shall  be  admitted  to,  or  promoted  in,  either  of  the  classes  arranged 
by  the  Governor  as  covering  the  various  subordinate  officers  and 
clerks  in  the  public  service  of  the  State  until  he  has  passed  an  exam¬ 
ination  before  the  Civil  Service  Commission. 

The  city  court  is  one  of  the  courts  of  this  State.  (Code  of  Civil 
Procedure,  §  2  ;  Landon  v.  The  Mayor ,  7  Jones  &  Spen.  467 ;  53 
N.  Y.  627 ;  Whitmore  v.  The  Mayor ,  67  id.  22 ;  Quinn  v.  The 
Mayor ,  44  id.  266.) 

It  would  therefore  seem  that  such  clerks  and  attendants  should  be 
considered  as  in  the  public  service  of  the  State,  and  as  such  included 
in  those  who  are  to  pass  an  examination,  provided  they  are  included 
in  any  of  the  classifications  made  by  the  rules.  What  purports  to 
be  a  copy  of  these  rules  and  regulations  is  before  me,  and,  by  refer¬ 
ence  to  rule  20,  I  see  that  schedule  “  C”  is  described  as  including  a 
large  number  of  different  positions,  among  which  are  enumerated 
court  criers  and  attendants.  I  am,  however,  informed  that  your 
Commission  does  not  consider  the  clerks  and  other  officers  of  the 
Surrogate’s  Court  in  this  county  as  coming  within  the  classes  to  be 
examined,  and,  therefore,  before  expressing  an  opinion  as  to  the  in¬ 
terpretation  to  be  put  upon  the  Act  and  Regulations,  would  like  to 
be  advised  as  to  the  views  of  the  Commission  itself. 

If  not  too  much  trouble,  would  you  please  inform  me  what  courts, 
if  any,  in  this  county  are  deemed  by  the  Commissioners  to  be  in¬ 
cluded  within  the  provisions  of  rule  20  ? 

The  enumeration  of  the  courts  in  this  county  will  be  found  in 
sections  2  and  3  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

Will  you  please  also  send  for  the  use  of  this  department  copies  of 
the  approved  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Civil  Service,  and  greatly 
oblige,  Yours  very  truly, 

E.  HENRY  LACOMBE, 

Assistant  to  the  Counsel  to  the  Corporation. 


No.  42.] 


71 

State  of  New  York, 

Office  of  Civil  Service  Commission, 
Albany,  March  24,  1884. 


E.  Henry  Lacombe,  Assistant  to  the  Corporation  Counsel,  New 
York  city  : 

SlR  _  Your  communication  of  March  14th,  relating  to  the  ap- 
intment  0f  employes  connected  with  certain  courts  m  the  city  o 
’New  York  haTLen  received  and  duly  considered  by  the  Civil 

^Iir  answer, "tlie'^ommission  would  respectfully  state  that  under 

4  ^ion  of  the  C°f  of 

SSd .«.»!»«  of  *.  ci,  c»;B  o 

the  city  of  New  York  must  be  regarded  in  the  Civil  Service  of  the 
State,  and,  therefore,  subject  to  the  classification  and  rules  of 

^*The  decision  referred  to,  relates  to  clerks  of  district  courts ;  hut  the 
principle  of  That  decision  Unbraces  the  clerks,  criers  and  attendants 

°f  The  Supreme  Cmmt/the  Oyer  and  Terminer,  the  Superior  Court, 
the  Common  Pleas,  and  the  Court  of  General  Sessions. 

The  county  clerk  and  deputies  appointed  by  him  are  not,  1 
opinion  of  the  Commission,  subject  to  the  rules,  for  the  reason  that 
they  are  county  officers  and  only  ex-officio  court  cleiks. 

^  I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully  yours, 

(SiS“ed)  J0HN  Jpllident.  ' 


Circular  note  of  the  Commission  to  the  Chief  Judges  of  the  city 
of  New  York. 


State  of  New  York, 


l 


Office  of  Civil  Service  Commission,  , 

191  Second  Ave.,  New  York,  April  11,  1S84.  ) 

The  Honorable  Chas.  P.  Daly,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Picas ,  New  Y ork  city . 

Dear  Sir  — The  Civil  Service  Commission  are  advised  by  their 

associate,  the  Hon.  Augustus  Schoonmaker,  the  late ' 
pral  of  the  State,  that  the  courts  (including  the  Court  ot  Appe<  b) 
have  decided  that  the  courts  of  New  York  city  constitute  no  part  of 
the  municipal  government,  but  form  part  of  the  ] udicial  system  of 
the  State.  \  Whitmore  v.  The  Mayor,  67  N.  \  .  21,  and  Rowland  v. 

T> The^clerkJcexceptdeputies  of  the  county  clerk),  attendants  and 
criers?  would  seem/therefore,  to  be  in  the  State  Civil  Service,  and 


72  [Assembly 

applicants  for  these  positions  will  consequently  have  to  be  examined 
under  the  rules  of  the  State  Civil  Service  Commission. 

I  beg  leave  respectfully  to  ask,  on  behalf  of  the  Commission,  in  case 
this  view  is  approved  by  the  Justices  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
that  we  may  be  advised  : 

First.  Of  the  number,  duties  and  compensation  of  the  officials  re¬ 
ferred  to. 

Second.  Of  the  qualifications  required  for  their  positions. 

Third.  Of  the  character  of  the  examinations,  whether  in  the 
opinion  of  the  court,  they  should  be  competitive  or  non-competitive. 

Fourth.  Of  any  suggestions  which  the  judges  may  be  willing  to 
make  on  the  subject. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  add,  that  the  Commission  earnestly  hopes 
for  the  co-operation  and  moral  support  of  the  judges. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  dear  sir, 

With  great  respect,  faithfully  yours, 

JOHN  JAY. 


Reply  of  Chief  Judge  Daly  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  : 

New  York,  April  28,  1884. 

Dear  Sir  —  In  reply  to  your  inquiries,  I  beg  leave  to  state  that 
there  is  a  clerk  appointed  by  the  court  who,  by  the  statute,  appoints 
his  deputies,  of  which  there  is  one  principal  deputy  and  ten  others. 
There  are  fifteen  attendants,  or,  as  we  call  them,  officers,  the  Court 
of  Appeals  having  decided  {Sweeny  v.  The  Mayor ,  etc .,  5  Daly, 
274 ;  affirmed  58  N.  Y.  625),  that  they  are  officers  with  the  powers 
of  constables  and  marshals,  and  three  stenographers.  The  officers 
and  stenographers  are  appointed  by  the  court. 

We  have  no  crier.  When  that  office  was  created  the  court  con¬ 
sisted  of  a  single  body  or  session  of  which  he  was  the  crier. 

It  now  consists  of  five  parts  :  the  Special  Term,  the  Equity  Term, 
two  Trial  Terms,  and  the  General  Term,  or  appellate  branch.  This 
being  the  case  we  have  ceased  to  appoint  a  crier  and  directed  that 
his  duties,  in  each  part,  be  discharged  by  the  officers  attending  it, 
thereby  dispensing  with  an  unnecessary  office  and  the  salary  inci¬ 
dent  to  it. 

The  clerk  is  the  chief  ministerial  officer  of  the  court.  His  duties 
embrace  a  variety  of  duties  which  would  occupy  a  great  deal  of  space 
to  enumerate.  In  general  terms  he  has  charge  of  all  records,  docu¬ 
ments  and  papers  of  the  court.  The  entry  of  all  records,  orders, 
judgments,  or  other  matters,  are  made  by  him  or  his  deputies;  and 
as  we  hold  him  responsible  for  the  strict  and  accurate  discharge  of 
every  duty  pertaining  to  his  office,  he  has  to  maintain  a  constant  su¬ 
pervision  over  all  his  deputies. 

The  qualifications  required  of  him  are  such  as  may  be  inferred 
from  this  general  statement  of  the  nature  of  his  duties. 

He  has  to  be  acquainted  with  all  the  statutes  of  the  State  or  of 
the  United  States  that  regulate  or  in  any  way  affect  the  discharge  of 


73 


No.  42.] 

his  duties  as  clerk.  He  must  also  be  familiar  with  all  the  provisions 
of  the  Code,  and  have  a  considerable  amount  of  specific  legal  mfor- 

m  The  duties  of  his  deputies  are  chiefly  clerical.  The  principal  deputy 
acts  throughout  the  day  in  the  main  office  to  leceive  papeis,  tax 
costs,  and  to  receive  and  answer  all  communications  relating  to  the 

general  business  of  the  office.  . 

Each  of  the  live  parts  when  sitting  has  a  deputy  who  acts  as  its  clerk 
keeping  its  minutes,  swearing  jurors  and  witnesses  and  preparing  its 
calendars.  The  remaining  deputies  are  employed  in  the  routine  busi¬ 
ness  of  the  general  office,  each  having  particular  duties  or  depart¬ 
ments  assigned  to  them.  .  . 

The  three  stenographers  attend  in  the  five  different  branches  ot 
the  court  as  their  services  are  required.  Their  office,  I  assume,  suf¬ 
ficiently  indicates  the  nature  of  their  duties  and  their  qualification. 

The  duties  of  the  officers  or  attendants  are  stated  in  the  decision  to 
which  you  refer  (. Rowland  v.  The  Mayor ,  etc.,  83  N.  Y.  376),  to  be  “  m 
aid  of  the  proper  business  of  the  court  *  *  ;  among  others,  to  be 

present  at  its  sittings,  to  execute  its  commands,  to  secure  due  order 
in  its  proceedings  and  attend  upon  jurors.”  They  also  acc^as  mes¬ 
sengers  of  the  judges  in  court  and  out  of  court,  in  the  judges’  official 
communication  with  each  other,  in  the  transmission  of  opinions, 
papers  and  other  business  pertaining  to  the  courts  which  brings  them 
in  very  close  personal  relation  with  the  judges. 

The  annual  salary  of  the  clerk  is  $6,000  ;  of  the  chief  deputy 
$2,000.  One  of  the  others  receives  $2,000,  and  the,  rest  $2,500  an¬ 
nually.  The  difference  in  these  salaries  arises  from  the  fact  that 
some  of  them  come  under  the  act  of  1882,  known  as  the  Public  Bur¬ 
den’s  Bill,  and  others  do  not. 

Each  attendant  or  officer  receives  $1,200  annually,  lliese  sal¬ 
aries  are  uniform,  because  no  officer  has  been  appointed  since  the 
passage  of  the  above  act.  Each  of  the  stenographers  receives  $2,500 
annually,  and  all  the  above  salaries  are  fixed  by  statute. 

This,  I  think,  embraces  the  information  you  requested  in  your 
view  that  these  appointments  came  under  the  Civil  Seivice  Act  of 
1883.  If  it  is  not  sufficiently  full  or  explicit,  it  will  afford  me  great 
pleasure  to  give  it  more  in  detail,  or  any  additional  inf 01  mation 
desired;  and  in  conclusion,  I  beg  leave  to  say  that  the  Commission 
may  always  feel  assured,  to  use  your  own  language,  of  the  “  co-opera¬ 
tion  and  moral  support  ”  of  the  judges  of  our  court. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  great  respect, 

Very  truly  yours, 

CHAS.  P.  DALY. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  10 


74  [Assembly 

Keply  of  Chief  Judge  Sedgwick  of  the  New  York  Superior 
Court : 

Judges’  Chambers,  New  Court  House,  ) 
New  York,  April  29,  1884.  f 

Dear  Sir  —  I  have  the  honor,  for  all  the  judges,  to  say  in  answer 
to  your  letter  of  April  12,  1884,  that  the  Superior  Court  of  the  city 
of  New  York  was  created  by  statute  that  specified  its  powers  and 
jurisdiction.  The  judges  of  the  court  were  by  section  9,  chap.  137, 
Laws  of  1848,  directed  to  appoint  its  clerk,  by  section  39  of  the  Code 
of  1849  to  appoint  its  crier,  by  chap.  529  of  Laws  of  1853  to  appoint 
the  officers  necessary  to  attend  the  court,  and  by  section  256  of  the 
Code  of  1849  to  appoint  the  stenographers  for  the  several  terms  of # 
the  court.  The  12th  section  of  the  sixth  article  of  the  Constitution, 
ratified  December  6,  1869,  declared  that  the  Superior  Court,  etc., 
and  other  named  courts  “  are  continued,  with  the  powers  and  juris¬ 
diction,  they  now  severally  have.” 

The  clerk  of  the  court  appoints  his  deputy  and  assistants  by  vir¬ 
tue  of  the  statutes. 

The  clerk  has  an  annual  salary  of  $6,000.  His  qualifications  are 
a  knowledge  of  such  part  of  the  practice  of  the  law  as  relates  to  the 
recording  of  the  proceedings  in  the  court  and  of  the  duties  enjoined 
on  him  by  various  statutes,  principally  by  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
an  ability  to  exact  from  his  assistants  and  the  attendants  of  the 
court  a  full  performance  of  their  duties,  and  a  sense  of  the  import¬ 
ance  of  preserving  sacredly  records  in  his  charge. 

The  deputy  clerk  should  have  like  qualifications.  His  annual  sal¬ 
ary  is  $5,000. 

There  are  thirteen  assistant  clerks.  Eight  of  them  have  annual 
salaries  of  $2,500,  one  an  annual  salary  of  $2,000,  two  annual  sal¬ 
aries  of  $1,500,  and  two  annual  salaries  of  $1,200.  They  have  dis¬ 
tributed  to  them  various  duties,  such  as  preparing  calendars,  attend¬ 
ing  as  clerks  in  court,  calling  and  fining  jurors,  administering  oaths 
to  witnesses,  directing  officers  in  charge  of  juries,  entering  proceed¬ 
ings  in  books,  taxing  costs,  filing  papers,  searching  the  records,  meet¬ 
ing  applications  to  the  office  for  papers  or  information. 

The  qualifications  are  principally  of  a  clerical  kind. 

The  qualifications  of  stenographers  are  indicated  by  the  name  of 
their  position. 

The  attendants  of  the  court  are  fourteen  in  number.  Nine  of  them 
have  an  annual  salary  of  $1,200,  and  five  of  $1,000.  Their  principal 
duty  is  to  attend  the  sessions  of  court.  Their  qualifications  cannot 
be  stated  with  much  definiteness,  as  they  relate  to  the  personal  char¬ 
acter  and  conduct  of  the  individual,  such  as  honesty,  sobriety,  steadi¬ 
ness,  good  temper,  habits  of  obedience  and  good  propriety  of  con¬ 
duct.  I  am  not  able  to  make  any  suggestions  that  would  seem  to  me 
to  be  valuable  to  you  in  regard  to  examination  for  qualifications. 

You  will  have  perceived  that  what  legal  question  may  be  involved 
in  the  matter  that  has  been  referred  to,  there  is  none  that  has  a 


practical  bearing  now,  or  which,  as  we  think,  should  now  delay  you 
in  proceeding  under  the  act  of  1883,  according  to  your  own  opinions 
as  to  the  application  of  the  provisions  of  the  act. 

I  have,  for  the  judges  and  myself,  the  honor  to  be, 

Very  respectfully  your  obedient  servant, 

JOHN  SEDGWICK. 


State  of  New  York,  ) 

Office  of  Civil  Service  Commission,  > 
Albany,  May  20,  1884.  j 

The  Honorable  James  C.  Carter,  President  of  the  Bar  Associa¬ 
tion  of  New  York  city  : 

Dear  Sir  —  The  numerous  clerks  and  attendants  employed  in 
the  courts  of  record  in  the  city  of  New  York  have  by  decisions  of 
the  courts  been  adjudicated  to  be  in  the  State  service. 

This  renders  necessary  an  examination,  under  the  Civil  Service 
Rules,  of  persons  who  may  be  applicants  for  those  positions. 

The  State  Civil  Service  Commission  must,  therefore,  appoint  a 
board  of  examiners  for  those  positions,  and  prescribe  the  qualifica¬ 
tions  and  examinations  required. 

As  the  Commission  desires  to  act  in  harmony  with  the  judges  of 
the  different  courts  and  the  bar  of  the  city  in  the  performance  of 
this  duty,  it  will  be  glad  to  have  the  co-operation  and  assistance  of 
the  Bar  Association  in  this  matter. 

The  Commission,  therefore,  respectfully  requests  the  Bar  Associa¬ 
tion  through  you  as  its  president,  to  appoint  a  committee  of  its  mem¬ 
bers  to  confer  and  advise  with  the  Commission  on  this  subject. 
Early  action  by  the  Bar  Association  in  this  regard  will  be  esteemed  a 
favor. 

Very  respectfully, 

JOHN  JAY, 

President. 


9 


Circular  Letter  to  Mayors. 

(• 

State  of  New  York, 

Office  of  Civil  Service  Commission, 
Albany,  June  13,  1884. 

To  His  Honor  the  Mayor  of  the  City  of - : 

Sir  —  By  recent  enactment  of  the  Legislature,  regulations  for 
admission  to  the  Civil  Service  are  made  mandatory  in  all  the  cities 
of  the  State.  A  copy  of  the  original  Civil  Service  Statute,  as 
amended  by  the  last  Legislature,  is  herewith  inclosed  for  your  in¬ 
formation  and  convenience  of  reference. 


76 


[Assembly 


By  the  provisions  of  the  act  as  amended,  you  will  observe  that 
the  Mayors  of  all  cities  are  required  to  establish  and  promulgate 
regulations  for  the  Civil  Service  of  their  respective  cities,  within  two 
months  from  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  amendatory  act,  and 
after  the  termination  of  three  months  from  the  passage  of  the  act, 
no  appointments  can  be  made  except  from  those  examined  pursuant 
to  the  regulations,  or  of  those  exempted  by  the  regulations. 

And  as  a  valid  appointment  of  persons  eligible  under  the  regula¬ 
tions  is  essential  to  authorize  the  payment  of  salaries  or  compensa¬ 
tion,  the  importance  of  prompt  action  is  apparent. 

It  is  also  desirable  that  the  regulations  for  the  various  cities  of  the 
State  should  be  as  nearly  uniform  as  the  charters  and  circumstances 
of  the  different  cities  will  permit ;  in  fact,  the  statute  requires  the 
regulations  for  cities  to  conform  to  the  general  principles  prescribed 
for  the  State  service.  \ 

The  act  was  passed  on  the  29th  day  of  May,  1884,  and  the  two 
months  in  which  regulations  are  required  to  be  made  will  expire  on 
the  29th  day  of  July,  1884. 

The  State  Commission  having  aided  the  Mayors  who  have  already 
established  regulations  under  the  original  act,  and  having  in  view  the 
importance  of  securing  uniformity  throughout  the  State,  will  gladly 
extend  the  same  courtesy  to  all  the  other  Mayors,  and  assist  them,  so 
far  as  such  assistance  may  be  desired,  in  the  classification  and  regu¬ 
lations  required  by  the  new  and  unfamiliar  duties  imposed  by  the 
statute. 

If  agreeable  to  you  to  avail  yourself  of  the  advisory  aid  of  the 
State  Commission,  you  will  greatly  facilitate  its  co-operative  labors, 
by  transmitting  to  the  office  of  the  Commission  at  Albany  at  once  a 
statement  setting  forth  every  position  in  the  municipal  service  of 
your  city,  arranged  under  the  respective  departments  of  your  city 
government,  the  tenure  of  office,  the  duties,  the  salaries  or  mode  and 
amount  of  compensation,  and  the  mode  of  appointment. 

Positions  in  the  educational  department  need  not  be  reported,  as 
they  are  excepted  by  the  statute,  but  all  other  departments  are  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  law,  and  must  be  provided  for  by  the  regulations. 

Any  communication  you  may  desire  to  address  to  the  Commission 
on  the  subject  referred  to,  for  information  or  advice,  will  receive 
prompt  attention. 

Very  respectfully, 

JOHN  JAY, 

President. 


Commissioner  Schoonmaker  to  the  Attorney-General  (approved 
by  the  Commission). 

Kingston,  July  31,  1884. 

Dear  Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
communication  of  the  30th  inst.  with  reference  to  the  increase  of 
salaries  of  clerks  in  your  department,  and  inquiring  whether  such 


No.  42.] 


77 


increase,  under  legislative  authority,  is  to  be  deemed  promotion 
under  the  Civil  Service  rules. 

I  assume  this  increase  of  compensation  is  made  under  the  clause 
in  the  Appropriation  Act  (Chap.  243,  Laws  of  1883),  which  appropri¬ 
ates  a  lump  sum  and  authorizes  the  Attorney-General  to  fix  and 
designate  the  salaries  of  the  several  persons  employed  in  his  office 
out  of  the  appropriations  therefor  made  in  the  act,  and  also  under 
the  clause  in  the  Supply  Bill  of  the  present  year  providing  for  de¬ 
ficiencies. 

Your  communication  does  not  state  the  amount  of  the  proposed 
increase  of  salary  in  each  case,  so  that  it  does  not  appear  whether 
such  increase  will  or  will  not  affect  the  grade  of  the  clerk  as  defined 
by  Rules  7  and  30  of  the  Civil  Service  rules. 

If  such  increase  does  not  in  fact  raise  the  salary  to  a  higher  grade, 
no  question  of  promotion  can  arise.  For  illustration,  in  the  case  of  a 
clerk  receiving  §1,500  per  annum,  an  increase  of  salary  to  any  sum  less 
than  $1,800  per  annum  is  not  promotion  under  the  Civil  Service  rules. 

It  may  be  partial  or  capricious,  or  without  good  cause,  but  it  is  not 
promotion,  and  if  made  under  legislative  authority  it  is  valid. 

But  in  a  broader  sense  I  think  the  authority  given  by  the  Legis¬ 
lature  to  distribute  a  specified  sum  among  the  clerks  and  other  em¬ 
ployes  of  your  office  as  compensation  for  their  services  is  not  pro¬ 
motion. 

It  involves  no  change  of  duties  ;  no  vacancies  are  filled  ;  no  one  is 
any  higher  or  lower  than  he  was  before. 

The  Legislature,  for  reasons  satisfactory  to  itself,  increases  the 
compensation,  leaving  the  status  of  the  clerks  in  all  other  respects 
unchanged.  I  discover  no  promotion  in  this,  in  the  Civil  Service 
sense. 

I  disapprove  the  practice  of  lump  appropriations  to  be  distributed 
by  heads  of  departments,  and  regard  them  as  liable  to  abuses,  but 
that  is  a  legislative  matter. 

These  in  brief  are  my  views  of  the  question,  and  you  are  at  liberty 
to  exhibit  them  to  the  Comptroller. 

Yery  truly  yours, 

A.  SCHOONMAKER. 


Albany,  August  I,  1884. 

Hon.  Alfred  C.  Chapin,  Comptroller ,  Albany : 

Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  the  Railroad  Commis¬ 
sioners  have  been  authorized  to  appoint  provisionally,  without 
examination,  an  expert  official  to  examine  and  calculate  the  maxi¬ 
mum  safe  bridge-strains  of  the  various  bridges  of  the  railroads  of 
this  State. 

The  necessity  for  the  work  has  been  represented  as  urgent,  and 
the  high  technical  qualifications  for  it  are  so  rare  that  it  is  at  present 


78  [Assembly 

difficult  to  find  a  competent  board  of  examiners.  It  is  believed  that 
after  the  usual  summer  vacation  the  American  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers  will  give  aid  to  the  Commission  in  devising  suitable 
schemes  of  examination  for  this  and  other  grades  in  that  profession. 

The  Dairy  Commissioner,  recently  appointed  under  chapter  202, 
Laws  of  1884,  has  been  intrusted  with  novel  duties  requiring  expert 
assistance  of  various  kinds,  and  at  the  outset  somewhat  tentative  as 
to  methods. 

Until  a  definite  course  of  action  is  adopted,  and  some  experience 
in  the  best  methods  for  administering  the  law  is  gained,  it  will  be 
impossible  to  define  the  precise  functions  of  the  several  officials 
employed  by  the  Commission,  or  to  determine  the  scope  of  requisite 
qualifications. 

Under  these  circumstances  the  Civil*  Service  Commissioners  have 
authorized  the  Dairy  Commissioner  to  make  provisional  appoint¬ 
ments  terminable  whenever  his  department  is  so  organized  as  to  ad¬ 
mit  of  qualifying  examination  of  the  employes. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

SILAS  W.  JBUKT, 

Chief  Examiner. 


* 

Albany,  August  2,  1884. 


Hon.  Elnathan  Sweet,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor ,  Albany , 

A .  1^" . . 


Sir — The  recent  non-competitive  examinations  of  persons  nomi¬ 
nated  for  positions  of  assistant  engineer  and  rod  man,  on  the  Cham¬ 
plain  canal  improvement,  confirm  me  in  my  opinion,  formed  after 
similar  examination  in  February  last,  that  all  the  positions  of  like 
character  in  the  State  service  should  be  filled  through  open  competi¬ 
tive  examinations. 

The  most  of  the  persons  thus  far  certified  by  non-competitive  ex¬ 
aminations  as  being  qualified  have  been  merely  passable,  i.  e .,  have 
only  reached  the  point  where  it  seemed  possible  to  certify  them. 
This  is  ascribable  to  natural  causes,  since  the  area  of  selection  being 
narrowed  to  those  who  presume  that  personal  influence  can  prevail 
in  obtaining  appointment,  the  great  mass  of  trained  men  refrain 
from  making  application. 

I  believe  that  your  own  observance  will  lead  you  to  agree  with  me 
that  as  a  general  proposition  the  interests  of  the  public  service  would 
be  subserved  by  opening  the  access  to  the  minor  positions  to  those 
best  fitted  without  regard  to  personal  and  partisan  considerations. 
Of  course  the  positions  so  treated  would  be  below  the  grade  where 
original  responsibility  would  be  incurred  or  the  highest  professional 
qualities  required. 

In  the  British  service  and  recently  for  the  positions  of  leveler  and 
rodman  in  the  Brooklyn  service  open  competition  has  been  success¬ 
ful  in  securing  highly  qualified  appointees,  and  the  same  method  will 


79 


No.  42.] 

% 

doubtless  soon  be  applied  not  only  to  the  service  of  New  York  city, 
but  also  to  that  of  all  the  other  cities  in  the  State.  It  is  probable 
that  the  American  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  will  be  requested  to 
aid  in  the  establishment  of  uniform  standards  of  qualification  for  the 
various  grades  and  thus  aid  in  making  the  quality  of  service  both  ef¬ 
ficient  and  stable. 

I  write  this  to  invite  your  consideration  of  the  matter,  since  the 
Governor  will  probably  be  requested  to  withdraw  the  positions  in 
question  from  Schedule  C  and  place  them  in  Schedule  B  under  the 
Civil  Service  rules. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully, 

v  •  SILAS  W.  BURT, 

Chief  Examiner . 


State  of  New  York,  . 

Office  of  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  - 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  August  18,  1884.  ) 

S.  W.  Burt,  Esq.,  Chief  Examiner ,  New  York  Civil  Service. 

Sir — Your  letter  of  the  second  instant  relative  to  the  advisability 
of  subjecting  applicants  for  the  subordinate  positions  in  this  depart¬ 
ment  to  competitive  instead  of  non-competitive  examinations,  was 
received  during  my  absence  from  town.  In  reply  I  would  say  that 
I  approve  most  heartily  of  your  suggestion. 

It  has  been  a  matter  of  surprise  to  me  that  trained  young  engi¬ 
neers  do  not  apply  for  these  positions,  but  I  suppose  it  is  owing  to 
the  fact  that  the  appointments  to  them  have  been  political  and  the 
tenure  of  them  insecure. 

The  result  has  been  that  it  is  now  difficult  to  find  educated  and 
accomplished  engineers  sufficiently  familiar  with  our  canals,  and 
with  practical  canal  engineering  to  be  properly  equipped  for  filling 
the  higher  responsible  positions  in  this  department. 

The  remedy  doubtless  is  to  fix  a  high  standard  of  admission,  as 
the  natural  result  of  civil  service  rules  is  security  of  tenure  for  the 
fittest. 

I  will  gladly  render  any  assistance  in  my  pcftver  in  establishing 
proper  standards  of  qualifications. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

E.  SWEET, 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor. 


80  [Assembly 

# 

New  York,  September  26,  1884. 

Dr.  Stephen  Smith,  State  Commissioner  in  Lunacy ,  31  West 
Forty-second  Street ,  New  York  city : 

My  Dear  Sir —  Your  letter  addressed  to  me  at  Albany  has  been 
forwarded  to  me  here. 

I  appreciate  the  motives  that  have  led  you  to  decline  to  act  as  an 
examiner  of  candidates  and  nominees  for  positions  in  the  asylums, 
since  your  paramount  official  function  is  the  inspection  of  these  in¬ 
stitutions.  I  believe,  however,  that  there  are  such  grave  reasons 
why  you  should  be  a  member  of  the  examining  boards  that  you  may 
be  induced  to  withdraw  your  declination  upon  the  assurance  that 
such  arrangements  will  be  made  as  will  not  impair  your  independence 
and  usefulness  as  an  official  critic. 

The  Civil  Service  Commission  has  felt  that  in  the  examinations 
for  the  higher  positions  in  the  service  and  particularly  for  those 
where  both  professional  or  expert  skill  and  administrative  ability 
were  necessary  there  should  be  as  members  of  the  several  boards 
State  officials,  having  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  requirements  for 
the  positions. 

Efficient  service  in  these  demands  not  only  a  certain  scholastic  and 
technical  attainment  but  also  a  special  aptitude  for  the  executive  duties 
in  each  position,  and  such  aptitude  can  be  tested  only  by  an  official 
acquainted  with  the  particular  requirements  of  the  respective  places. 

But  the  prime  reason  for  insisting  upon  your  presence  upon  all 
examining  boards  for  the  higher  grades  of  service  in  the  asylums 
originates  in  the  desire  of  the  Commission  to  sustain  and  enforce  a 
consistence  and  harmony  in  procedure  and  a  uniform  standard  of 
qualification  for  similar  positions  in  the  different  institutions.  I 
believe  you  will  agree  with  the  Commission  that  such  a  constancy  ol 
procedure  and  uniformity  is  not  only  essential  to  the  best  adminis¬ 
tration  in  the  asylums  but  is  a  prime  object  in  the  regulation  and 
improvement  of  the  Civil  Service  required  by  the  act  constituting  the 
Commission.  The  State  asylums  have  been  established  as  distinct 
and  isolated  institutions  and  unlike  any  other  branch  of  the  State 
service,  have  no  general  supervisory  executive  head. 

Without  reference  to  the  wisdom  of  this  policy  it  is  apparent  that 
such  an  isolation  imposes  upon  the  Commission  a  direct  responsibility 
in  the  establishment  of  uniform  standards  of  qualification. 

As  the  State  Commissioner  in  Lunacy  you  are  the  sole  official 
whose  functions  extend  to  all  the  asylums  and  are  of  such  character 
as  to  give  you  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  both  their  common  and 
special  needs.  In  orde*that  you  may  aid  the  Commission  in  secur¬ 
ing  the  best  results  in  the  examinations  without  impairing  your  offi¬ 
cial  independence  it  is  proposed  that  you  act  as  chairman  of  all  boards 
of  examiners  for  the  higher  service  in  the  State  asylums  for  the 
insane,  and  that  as  chairman  you  shall  not  prepare  any  questions  nor 
make  any  markings  or  gradings,  but  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of 
such  boards,  with  power  to  aid  the  Chief  Examiner  in  prescribing 


81 


£eS:  aSal 

t0TWsCwouldTHeveyon  from  all  participation  in  or  responsibility 

four  in  the  afternoon. 

I  am,  sir,  with  great .  respect, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

SILAS  W.  BURT, 

Chief  Examiner. 


Albany,  November  12,  1884. 

Dr.  Samuel  O.  Vandeepoel,  36  West  Thirty-ninth  St.,  New  Yorh 
city : 

o_p  A  f  a  meeting  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  held  on  the 
1  ofwnst.  a  communication  from  Dr.  Alfred  Ludlow  Carroll,  exec¬ 
utive  office  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  under  date  o  '  ovcra  ei 
fii*84  was  read  calling  the  attention  of  the  Commission  to  the  fact 

h.uSs™°„f  ,i,f  ciii«,  *»-{anssar  sss 

are  in  the  State  service  and  therefore  subJepYhe  for  a  method  of 
lations,  and  suggesting  that  provisions  be  made  for 

I,'  ^Commission  at  the  earliest  practicable  day  a  plan  for  the 

of  the  State.”  A,  ,, 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully^you^^ 

Chief  Examiner. 


State  Lunatic  Asylum,  ( 
Utica,  1ST.  Y..  November  IT,  1884.  \ 

Mv  Deak  Sib  —  At  the  time  of  the  competitive  examination  for 
assistants  at  the  Hudson  Kiver  Asylum,  and  at  the  reception  ot  your 

[Assem.  Doc.  Ko.  42.]  H 


82  [Assembly 

letter  subsequently,  I  was  not  able  to  do  any  thing  beyond  a  part  of 
my  own  work  here. 

I  had  submitted  to  an  operation,  the  convalescence  from  which  I 
thought  would  be  brief.  The  operation  was  much  more  severe  than 
I  contemplated,  and  I  can  hardly  say  that  I  have  yet  convalesced. 

I  regret  that  I  was  not  able  to  confer  with  you  previous  to  the 
preparation  of  a  scheme  o^ examination  or  join  in  the  examination 
of  applicants. 

After  the  appointment  of  an  examining  board  last  spring  (Drs. 
Smith,  Moore  and  myself),  and  the  reception  of  your  letters  of  June, 
calling  my  attention  to  the  importance  of  a  general  scheme  as  a  basis 
of  examination,  I  gave  the  matter  considerable  thought  and  drew 
up  such  a  scheme.  Dr.  Moore  being  at  the  time  in  Europe,  I  went 
to  New  York  for  a  conference  with  Dr.  Smith,  both  of  us  hoping  to 
see  you  there  at  the  same  time.  You  were,  however,  absent.  In 
your  letters  of  June  you  referred  to  the  examination  made  by  our 
board  for  an  assistant  at  the  State  Asylum  for  Insane  Criminals,  and 
stated  that  another  application  would  soon  come  up  from  the  Hud- 
,  son  River  Asylum.  I  heard  no  more  upon  the  subject  until  I  saw 
the  advertisement  in  the  New  York  Medical  Record,  by  its  managers-, 
for  applicants  for  two  assistantships,  and  subsequently  the  notice  in 
the  public  papers  of  the  appointment  of  examiners  for  the  special 
purpose,  among  whom  but  one  of  the  original  board,  Dr.  Smith,  was 
named.  Your  letter  of  October  27  sufficiently  explains  the  matter 
and  shows  that  the  publication  in  the  newspaper  was  premature  and 
did  not  fully  represent  the  action  of  the  Commission. 

I  have  carefully  read  the  questions  used  at  the  competitive  exami¬ 
nation  inclosed  by  you.  Dr.  Macdonald  forwarded  a  set  of  questions 
relating  to  the  part  of  the  examination  assigned  to  me,  and  which, 
on  account  of  my  illness,  he  had  conducted. 

Inasmuch  as  a  competitive  method  was  requested  by  the  author¬ 
ities  of  the  Hudson  River  Asylum,  I  do  not  see  that  your  Commis¬ 
sion  could  take  any  other  course  than  to  adopt  it. 

For  the  position  of  assistant  physician  in  a  State  asylum,  it  seems 
to  me  that  the  competitive  method  has  disadvantages. 

The  statutes  require  that  the  superintendent  shall  nominate  to  the 
board  of  managers  the  assistant  physicians,  and  that  the  managers 
shall  appoint.  This  would  seem  to  suggest  that  the  superintendent 
should  have  the  power  of  selecting,  with  the  approval  of  the  man¬ 
agers,  the  officers  immediately  associated  with  him  and  with  whom 
he,  as  the  executive  head,  shall  conduct  the  institution.  Can  he  shift 
the  responsibility  of  such  selection  either  to  the  managers  or  a  Com¬ 
mission  and  assume  only  the  acceptance  of  those  provided  for  him  ’( 
Taking  the  statutes  and  the  rules  of  -  the  Civil  Service  Commission 
together,  should  he  not  select  one  or  more  persons  by  name  and  refer 
them  to  the  Commission  under  a  competitive  examination  to 
determine  whether  they  have  the  qualifications  required  by  the  posi¬ 
tion  and  the  rules  of  the  Commission,  and  subsequently  present  the 
name  of  the  one  best  accredited  by  him  in  nomination  to  the 
managers  ? 


83 


No.  42.] 

The  relation  of  the  assistant  physician  to  the  superintendent  is 
intimate  and  vital  to  every  interest  of  the  institution. 

The  superintendent,  who  has  the  prime  responsibility,  should 
have  assistants  whose  character,  competency  and  fidelity  he  could 
unconditionally  trust  in  carrying  out  the  principles  involved  m  ad¬ 
ministration  of  the  trust  he  holds  and  for  which  lie  is  responsible. 

The  policy  of  institutions  should  be,  and  has  been,  to  secure 
responsibility  under  tried  experience.  This  is  essential  to  insure 
fitness  in  all  high  places.  Where  there  is  more  than  one  assistant 
physician,  the  lowest  position  should  be  filled  by  primary  examina¬ 
tion,  and  those  above  by  promotion.  Any  institution  m  existence 
for  a  few  vears  under  such  a  system,  well  administered,  would  h 
competent  and  experienced  officers  in  subordinate  positions  101  pio- 

m  In°my  -judgment,  no  first  assistant  should  be  appointed  who  had 
not  had  practical  experience  and  to  the  extent  of  practical  knowl¬ 
edge  of  administration  in  a  State  asylum.  <  . 

The  statute  declares  that  “  the  first  assistant  physician  shall  per¬ 
form  the  duties  and  be  subject  to  the  responsibilities  of  the  super¬ 
intendent  in  his  sickness  or  absence.5’ 

Therefore  at  any  moment  he  may  be  called  to  discharge  all  tlie 
duties  of  the  superintendent.  It  seems  to  me  of  the  first  importance, 
at  the  outset  of  Civil  Service,  to  make  no  mistake  on  this  point. .  i 
cannot  think  that  any  one  who  appreciates  the  responsibility  which 
attaches  to  the  organization  and  administration  of  a  State  asylum 
would  appoint  a  supervisor  of  a  department  whose  character,  ability 
and  fitness  for  the  place  had  not  been  tested  by  experience.  How 
much  more  a  first  medical  officer,  whose  duty  is  to  super vise  super¬ 
visors  of  every  department  and  assume  at  any  time  the  functions  of 

the  whole  administration.  .  . 

It  seems  to  me,  whether  competitive  or  non-competitive  examma- 
-  tion  is  selected  by  the  superintendent  to  fill  such  positions,  lie  shou  d 
know  enough  personally  of  the  character  of  the  applicant  ffi  a  gene¬ 
ral  way  to  determine,  before  an  examination  was  asked,  if  the  can¬ 
didate  was  entirely  satisfactory  if  he  passed  the  examination.  In 
my  experience  I  have  had  applicants  who  would  have  passed  an  ex¬ 
amination  most  creditably,  but  who  had  drawbacks  not  easily  de¬ 
scribed,  which  would  have  rendered  them  unsatisfactory  to  me  but 

entirely  acceptable  to  some  one  else. 

I  can  readily  see  how  examinations,  competitive  and  non-competi¬ 
tive,  may  answer  in  securing  clerks,  book-keepers,  etc.,  in  connection 
with  officers  of  State,  where  the  appointing  and  dismissing  power 
is  single,  and  only  capacity  and  integrity  are  required  to  discharge 
certain  defined  work.  Such  persons  are  not  charged  or  likely  to 
be,  with  the  administrative  duties  of  the  department.  Besides,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  medical  officers  of  an  asylum  are  in 
constant  association  as  a  family  and  equally  in  their  duties.  It  is 
important  to  success  that  the  superintendent  should  exercise  such 
judgment  in  selecting  his  staff  as  would  insure  harmony  and  unity 


84 


[Assembly 


of  purpose  and  action,  when  they  are  required  together,  “  to  carry 
out  the  plans  and  instructions  of  the  superintendent  in  the  best 
manner  they  are  able.”  While  it  is  true  that  there  cannot  be  suc¬ 
cess  in  an  asylum  without  a  responsible  executive  head,  it  is  equally 
true  that  to  insure  this  he  must  have  a  staff  of  men  whom  he  can 
direct  separately  or  as  a  unit,  and  who  feel  and  appreciate  this  and 
cordially  and  intelligently  co-operate ;  such  administration  requires 
knowledge  of  the  candidate,  independent  of  educational  and  pro¬ 
fessional  qualifications.  The  superintendent  (and  managers)  might 
waive  all  the  deep  responsibility,  and  say:  Give  me  such  men  as 
you  may  consider  qualified,  and  I  will  do  the  best  I  can  with  them. 

But  as  I  understand  the  system  of  Civil  Service  in  its  relations 
to  asylums,  it  is  co-operative  with  their  constituted  authorities  in  the 
aim  to  secure  higher  qualifications  and  the  elevation  of  the  asylum 
service  and  to  aid,  by  legal  sanction,  the  purposes  which  have  been 
heretofore  left  largely  to  custom  and  the  individual  action  of  super¬ 
intendents ;  that  the  aim  is  to  do  this  without  intrusion  into  the  ju¬ 
risdiction  or  responsibility  of  the  managers  or  superintendent.  . 

That  the  managers  and  the  superintendent  are  to  be  held  to  the 
full  exercise  of  their  powers  and  responsibilities  in  the  administra¬ 
tion  of  their  trust,  and  responsible  for  the  character  and  results  of 
such  administration.  The  course  recently  taken  by  the  trustees  or 
managers  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Philadel¬ 
phia,  in  filling  the  vacancy  of  office  of  medical  superintendent  caused 
by  the  death  of  Dr.  Kirkbride,  is  an  instructive  lesson.  This  is  one 
of  the  oldest  and  best  known  asylums  of  the  country.  Dr.  Kirk¬ 
bride  stood  in  the  very  front  rank  of  this  branch  of  the  profession. 
The  managers  might  have  found  a  man  in  Philadelphia  or  in  the 
State  who  could  pass  an  examination  for  the  position.  They  were 
not  willing  to  confide  the  responsible  interests  of  a  great  charity  to 
any  but  experienced  hands,  to  one  trained  and  tried  in  administra¬ 
tive  work.  They  came  to  this  State  and  took  one  of  the  men  trained 

•j 

under  its  lunacy  system — Dr.  Chapin,  of  Willard. 

In  regard  to  a  point  which  Dr.  Smith  talked  to  me  about :  whether 
the  questions  of  the  examinations  should  be  made  public  or  not,  my 
judgment  would  be  against  it.  A  general  scheme  of  qualifica¬ 
tions  might  be  published,  but  it  seems  to  me  the  questions  ought  not 
to  be  made  public  any  more  than  the  answers.  This  would  save  a 
great  deal  of  indiscriminating  criticism  and  some  heart-burnings. 

The  judgment  of  the  Commission  or  their  examiners  in  regard  to 
any  successful  applicant,  is  all  that  the  public  needs  to  know  or  is 
really  interested  in  knowing.  I  might  suggest,  and  I  do  this  with 
all  deference,  that  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  might 
be  added  to  the  original  examining  board,  and  when  an  applicant 
was  presented  by  the  superintendent  of  any  institution  for  exami¬ 
nation,  the  Commission  might  add  an  additional  member  suggested 
by  the  board  of  the  institution,  to  act  in  that  particular  case  as  the 
representative  of  that  institution.  Such  a  board  of  examiners,  un¬ 
der  the  chief  examiner,  would  doubtless  command  the  confidence  of 


85 


JSIo.  42.] 

the  public  and  the  institutions.  I  shall  hope  to  see  you  within  a  few 
days  in  New  York. 

Yours,  very  truly, 

Col.  Silas  W.  Burt,  >  JOHN  P.  GRA1. 

Chief  Examiner  Civil  Service  Commission. 


Circular  note  to  Presidents  of  Colleges,  Principals  of  Normal 
Schools,  and  others. 

State  of  New  York,  ) 

Office  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission, 

Albany,  Nov.  18,  188E  ) 

0 

To  Hon.  Wm.  L.  Bostwick,  Ithaca ,  N.  Y. : 

Dear  Sir  —  The  Normal  schools  being  State  institutions,  the 
Principals  and  Teachers  in  those  institutions  are  in  the  public  sci- 
vice  of  the  State.  Some  classification  of  those  positions  under 
Civil  Service  rules  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  regulate  the  mode  of 
filling  them. 

Three  modes  are  provided  by  the  rules. 

First.  To  place  them  in  Schedule  A,  which  permits  appointments 

without  Civil  Service  examination. 

Second.  To  place  them  in  Schedule  B,  the  positions  in  which  are 
conferred  by  the  appointing  power,  by  selection  from  those  persons 
graded  highest  as  the  result  of  open  competitive  examination. 

Third,  To  place  them  in  Schedule  C,  under  which  the  examina¬ 
tions  may  be  non-competitive.  ^  _  . 

Competition,  as  the  fairest  mode  of  ascertaining  merit,  is  the.  ul¬ 
timate  aim  of  Civil  Service  reform,  and  seems  the  only  practical 
plan  to  supersede  favoritism. 

The  tendency  towards  competition,  both  in  the  State  service  and 
in  the  service  of  cities,  for  all  positions  filled  by  examination,  is 
rapid  and  strong,  and  embraces  here,  as  in  Europe,  the  higher  posi¬ 
tions  of  dignity,  scholarship  and  professional  skill. 

The  competitive  mode  has  been  adopted  by  the  National  Educa¬ 
tion  Office  of  Ireland,  for  the  four  inspectorships  of  the  National 
schools,  and  the  National  Commissioners  report  “  that  great  advan¬ 
tages  arise  from  testing  the  candidates  by  competitive  examination, 
and  add  that  “  they  hope  the  Civil  Service  Commission  will  kindly 
have  such  examinations  held,  as  hitherto,  when  vacancies  occur. 

Recently,  in  the  State  service,  a  board  of  examiners,  consisting  of 
eminent  physicians,  held  a  competitive  examination  for  the  place  of 
assistant  physician  in  the  Hudson  River  State  Hospital  for  the  In¬ 
sane,  at  Poughkeepsie ;  a  post  with  a  salary  of  $3,000  and  mainte¬ 
nance.  It  was  attended  by  thirteen  competitors,  some  of  them  men 
of  large  experience ;  and  a  thorough  examination  on  papers  prepared 


86  [Assembly 

by  eminent  experts,  was  concluded  by  a  practical  test  at  Ward’s 
Island,  in  the  cases  of  actual  lunatics  and  their  proper  treatment. 

In  classifying  the  positions  in  the  Normal  schools,  the  Commission 
desires  to  act  with  caution  and  prudence,  and  to  consider  carefully 
any  objections,  should  any  be  made,  to  opening  the  positions  (ex¬ 
cepting  perhaps .  that  of  principal)  to  competitive  examinations. 
Any  examinations  should  manifestly  be  under  the  joint  supervision 
of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  and  the  Regents 
of  the  University,  or  such  persons  as  they  may  approve. 

I  beg  leave,  on  behalf  of  this  Commission,  to  ask  you  to  favor  us 
with  your  views  on  this  subject ;  indicating  the  class  in  which  you 
think  professors  and  teachers  in  the  Normal  schools  should  be 
placed,  and,  adding  if  you  please,  the  reasons  for  your  opinions. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir, 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

JOHN  JAY,  President . 


University  of  the  State  of  New  York.  | 
Board  of  Regents,  Ithaca,  Nov.  25,  1884.  ) 

Hon.  John  Jay,  President  of  the  Commission ,  Albany ,  N.  Y. : 

My  Dear  Sir — Replying  to  vour  circular  of  inquiry,  dated  Nov. 
18,  would  say,  my  judgment  is,  that  principals  of  Normal  schools 
should  be  appointed  without  special  regard  to  Civil  Service  examina¬ 
tions.  For  the  reason,  that  principals  should  be  chosen  for  their 
reputation  and  experience  as  instructors  and  their  recognized  execu¬ 
tive  ability.  Teachers  in  Normal  schools,  should  come  under  the 
requirements  of  Schedule  C. 

The  gift  for  imparting  instruction  is  not  always  accompanied  with 
the  highest  scholarship  displayed  in  competitive  examination.  How¬ 
ever  examinations  should  be  required  as  evidence  of  thorough  quali¬ 
fication  to  instruct  in  those  subjects  taught  in  our  Normal  schools. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

WILLIAM  L.  BOSTWICK. 


Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  1,  1884. 

Hon.  John  Jay,  President  Civil  Service  Commission ,  Albany, 
N.  Y.  : 

Dear  Sir — Your  communication  of  November  18  past,  was  duly 
received.  Supposing  the  meeting  of  principals  of  Normal  schools 
called  at  Albany  for  December  9,  to  supersede  the  request  for 


87 


No.  42.] 

other  answers  to  your  letter  I  shall  not  trouble  you  with  further 
written  reply  unless  you  express  your  desire  for  it. 

Yours  sincerely, 

F.  B.  PALMER, 

Principal  State  Normal  School. 


State  Normal  School,  ) 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Pet ^  4,  1884.  j 

Hon.  John  Jay,  President  Civil  Service  Commission ,  etc.  : 

Dear  Sir— I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
circular  of  November  18,  with  request  that  I  “  favor  you  with  my 
views regarding  its  subject,  and  that  X  indicate  the  mode  in  which 
appointments  should  be  made  of  members  of  the  faculty  of  a  State 
Normal  school. 

Favoritism. 

The  examinations  are  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  favoritism  in 
appointments.  What  I  shall  say  will  be  in  reference  to  the  State 
Normal  school  at  Albany.  As  a  graduate  of  the  school ;  as  having 
been  a  member  of  its  executive  committee  ;  as  its  president ;  as  the 
compiler  of  its  history  and  the  history  of  its  alumni  of  forty  years, 
in  which  work  I  had  free  access  to  ail  documents  and  records  relat¬ 
ing  to  its  affairs  and  its  management ;  I  feel  that  I  have  become 
somewhat  acquainted  with  the  singleness  of  motive  that  has  actuated 
the  members  of  the  executive  committee  who  during  that  long  pe¬ 
riod  have  had  it  in  charge. 

In  all  my  knowledge  thus  acquired  of  its  history,  in  the  traditions 
of  the  executive  committee,  nothing  is  known  of  an  appointment 
or  a  change  based  upon  any  thing  but  an  anxious  desire  to  put  into 
place  the  person  best  fitted  in  all  ways  for  the  duties  of  the  position. 

That  the  appointing  power  has  been  well  placed  and  wisely  and  suc¬ 
cessfully  used  is  proved  in  the  printed  history  which  I  herewith  sub¬ 
mit,  and  to  which  I  respectfully  call  your  attention. 

That  the  appointments  have  been  judiciously  made  is  indicated  by 
the  length  of  service  of  the  appointees.  TXie  present  faculty  may 
be  used  as  an  illustration.  It  consists  of  thirteen  persons.  Of 
these,  one,  with  a  vacation  to  lead  the  Normal  school  company  in 
the  war,  has  been  in  continuous  service  for  twenty-nine  years  ;  three 
have  each  served  fifteen  years ;  one,  thirteen  years  ;  one,  nine  years  ; 
one,  six  years  ;  one,  two  years  ;  her  predecessor,  still  a  member,  has 
served  six  years  ;  one  two  years,  filling  a  vacancy  caused  by  the  death 
of  one  who  died  at  the  close  of  six  years;  one,  one  year  —  she  was 
appointed  and  then  spent  a  year  in  Europe  fitting  herself  for  the 
duties  of  the  position.  The  present  President  follows  one  who  re¬ 
signed  by  reason  of  age,  after  a  term  of  fifteen  years.  The  executive 


88 


[Assembly 


committee,  as  at  present  constituted,  has  not  made  an  appointment. 
It  will  be  seen  that  a  sort  of  Civil  Service  examination  has  been  in 
force  when  I  say  that  every  member  of  the  faculty,  with  the  excep¬ 
tion  of  the  professor  of  music,  is  a  graduate  of  the  school,  and  by 
act  of  the  legislature,  passed  April  11th,  1849,  may  be  supposed  to  be 
competent  teachers : 

“  Every  teacher  shall  be  deemed  a  qualified  teacher  who  shall  have 
in  possession  a  diploma  from  the  State  Normal  school.” 

At  that  time  this  was  the  only  Normal  school  in  the  State. 

t 

Qualifications. 

A  teacher  in  a  normal  school  should  possess  a  general  knowledge 
of  books,  and  a  particular  knowledge  of  those  subjects  which  he  will 
be  expected  to  teach  —  so  far,  his  information  can  be  tested  by  ex¬ 
amination  ;  but,  other  qualifications  are  of  vital  importance. 

The  teacher  in  a  normal  school  should  be  one  who  has  studied  the 
human  mind  as  the  instrument  and  the  object  of  education  ;  of  ex¬ 
cellent  principles,  and  purity  of  character  ;  of  unsullied  reputation; 
with  full  appreciation  of  the  great  responsibility  of  teaching  teachers  ; 
of  such  personal  appearance  and  manners  as  to  be  the  model  which 
students  must  sensibly  and  insensibly  form  themselves ;  with  the 
power  to  impart,  as  clearly  distinguished  from  ability  to  acquire 
knowledge ;  who  can  recall  the  difficulties  he  himself  overcame  in 
acquiring  his  own  education,  and,  so,  ready  to  anticipate  the  troubles 
of  others  in  like  case,  and  by  a  hint  to  aid  them  to  find  a  way  out 
of  a  labyrinth  ;  possessing  entire  sympathy  with  the  school,  its 
methods  and  its  students;  having  the  power  to  excite  interest  and  to 
arouse  enthusiasm  ;  of  ability  to  govern  by  himself  having  power  of 
self  control,  and  by  appeal  to  reason,  to  affection,  to  conscience;  en¬ 
dowed  with  that  indescribable  something  known  as  tact. 

In  conclusion  :  the  normal  school,  under  its  executive  committee, 
may  be  regarded  as  substantially  under  the  same  kind  of  govern¬ 
ment  as  colleges  under  their  board  of  trustees.  It  is  a  serious  ques¬ 
tion  whether  more  faithful  and  intelligent  administration  can  be 
secured  by  imposing  on  the  executive  committee  restrictions  as  to 
appointments. 

Already,  all  needful  restrictions  are  imposed  by  the  law,  and  by 
the  executive  committee,  itself.  Some  of  these  could  not  be  so  well 
secured  by  the  general  regulations  which  the  Civil  Service  Commis¬ 
sion  might  establish.  For  instance,  it  is  wholesome  and  desirable  in 
making  appointments  in  this  normal  school,  that  so  far  as  possible, 
they  be  made  from  the  alumni  of  the  school,  thus  regarding  them 
as  in  the  line  of  promotion  ;  to  open  the  positions  to  unrestricted 
general  competition  would  not  be  an  advantage. 

The  president  of  the  school,  and  he  believes,  the  executive  com¬ 
mittee  of  the  same,  are  in  full  sympathy  with  reforms  in  modes  of 
administration  in  general.  The  appointments,  on  the  theory  that 
they  are  now  practically  made  under  a  Civil  Service  examination, 


89 


No.  42.] 

might  be  placed  under  jour  “  Schedule  A”  ;  or  appointments  could 
be  made  bj  the  executive  committee,  conditioned  that  the  appointee, 
before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  the  place,  should  pass  a  satisfac¬ 
tory  Civil  Service  examination. 

Respectfully, 

E.  P.  WATERBURY, 

President. 


Yassar  College,  President’s  Office,  ) 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  December  9,  1884.  j 

Hon.  John  Jay,  President ,  etc. : 

Dear  Sir  —  In  reply  to  your  circular  of  inquiry  I  can  only  say 
that  it  would  seem  to  me  to  be  of  advantage  to  the  appointing 
power  if  applicants  for  the  post  of  teacher  in  the  Normal  schools 
could  show  their  literary  qualifications  by  such  examination  as  is 
best  adapted  to  test  them.  Certainly  appointments  would  be  likely 
to  be  made  on  a  more  definite  basis  than  when  testimonials  and  gen¬ 
eral  information  in  regard  to  the  candidate  are  the  only  reliance. 

I  see  no  reason  why  the  method  of  examination  may  not  be  em¬ 
ployed  as  the  chief  reliance  in  determining  the  qualifications  of  can¬ 
didates.  Of  course  such  examinations,  or  the  regulations  for  them, 
would  proceed  most  naturally  from  the  appointing  power,  or  from 
the  educational  authorities  of  the  State,  and  might  be  made  compet¬ 
itive  or  not  as  they  should  decide. 

I  have  not  sufficient  acquaintance  with  the  Normal  schools  to 
give  more  than  these  general  impressions,  and  not  at  all  to  give  any 
judgment  fortified  by  argument,  such  as  you  probably  desire. 

Yours  verv  truly 

T.  L.  CALDWELL. 


State  Normal  and  Training  School,  ) 
Cortland,  December  11,  1884.  j 

ILon.  John  Jay,  President  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission 
Albany ,  N.  Y. : 

Dear  Sir  —  Your  circular  letter  of  18th  of  November  asks  me 
to  indicate  the  class  of  positions  under  Civil  Service  rules  in  which 
I  think  professors  and  teachers  in  the  Normal  school  should  be 
placed,  adding  my  reasons  for  my  opinion. 

I  have  discussed  the  subject  with  members  of  our  local  board 
and  of  our  faculty.  We  are  all  quite  agreed  in  the  following  opin¬ 
ion,  to-wit : 


If  the  Normal  schools  of  the  State  are  included  within  the  pur¬ 
view  of  the  statute  passed  May  4,  1884,  relating  to  the  Civil  Service 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  then  the  position  of  teachers  and  profes¬ 
sors  in  these  schools  should  be  classified  in  Schedule  A,  “  which  per¬ 
mits  appointments  without  Civil  Service  examinations.” 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  12 


90  [Assembly 

Our  reasons  for  this  opinion,  based  upon  the  experience  of  sixteen 
years  in  the  Cortland  Normal  School,  are  the  following: 

1.  The  local  board  of  this  school  has  been  prompted  in  all  of  its 
administrative  acts  by  strictly  non-partisan  purposes. 

2.  Those  peculiar  and  special  qualifications,  which  constitute  the 
crowning  excellence  of  the  teacher  and  measure  his  value  to  the 
school,  are  those  whose  nature  and  power  cannot  be  tested  satisfac¬ 
torily  by  Civil  Service  examinations. 

Some  of  these  qualifications  may  be  enumerated  thus : 

Integrity  of  character,  nature  and  firmness  of  his  moral  purposes, 
that  trait  of  mind  by  which  his  processes  of  reasoning  are  not  eccent¬ 
ric,  but  are  habitually  inclined  to  move  correctly  ;  calmness,  firmness 
and  strong  common  sense  exhibited  under  emergencies ;  fertility 
in  resources,  and  aptness  to  teach  and  enforce  truth  upon  students  ; 
power  of  personality  and  capability  of  inspiring  students  with  am¬ 
bition  to  rise  to  high  intellectual  and  moral  manhood  ;  adaptation  to 
perform  successfully  such  executive  or  other  special  work  as  may  be 
assigned  to  him  by  the  organization  or  by  the  purposes  of  the 
school ;  loyalty  to  his  obligations ;  disposition  to  unite  cheerfully 
with  his  associate  teachers  to  promote  the  common  welfare  of  the 
school. 

Entertaining  deep  sympathy  with  the  objects  of  the  Civil  Service 
Commission,  appreciating  most  highly  the  labors  of  the  distin¬ 
guished  gentlemen  who  compose  the  Board,  and  thanking  the  Presi¬ 
dent  of  the  Board  for  his  courtesy, 

I  have  the  honor  to  remain,  most  respectfully  yours,  . 

J.  H.  HOOSE,  Principal. 


State  Normal  School,  ) 

G-eneseo,  N.  Y.,  December  13,  1884.  f 

Hon.  John  Jay,  President  of  Civil  Service  Commission : 

Sir  —  An  early  reply  would  have  been  sent  to  your  recent  letter, 
had  I  not  expected  to  express  to  you  orally  my  views  upon  the 
questions  presented,  and  I  trust  that  the  dela}^  in  replying  to  your 
communication  may  not  be  construed  as  implying  any  lack  of  readi¬ 
ness  to  accede  to  your  most  courteous  request. 

I  may  be  pardoned,  perhaps,  for  saying  that  I  am  in  most  hearty 
sympathy  with  the  spirit  of  Civil  Service  Reform,  and  with  the 
ends  sought  to  be  obtained  by  your  Honorable  Commission.  It  will, 
therefore,  be  evident  that  any  objections  which  I  may  urge  against 
such  examinations  as  are  proposed  for  determining  the  competency 
of  principals,  professors  and  teachers  in  normal  schools,  are  pre¬ 
sented  by  me,  not  as  an  opponent  of  Civil  Service  Reform,  but  as  by 
one  desirous  of  securing  the  most  efficient  service  possible  in  these 
institutions.  Allow  me,  then,  to  give  you,  as  briefly  as  may  be,  my 


1 


91 


No.  42.] 

views  upon  the  plans  proposed  by  your  Honorable  Commission  for 
examining  the  persons  to  whom  reference  has  been  made. 

The  JSormal  schools  may,  without  any  impropriety,  be  termed 
professional  schools,  and  the  work  of  the  instructors  in  them  is  to 
prepare  persons  to  become  teachers  in  the  public  schools  of  the 
State.  The  successful  accomplishment  of  such  a  work  by  the 
teachers  demands,  among  other  qualifications,  first,  exhaustive  and 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  subjects  taught  in  schools;  second ,  a 
thorough  understanding  of  the  nature  of  the  human  mind,  and  the 
laws  irf  accordance  with  which  it  can  be  properly  developed  ;  third , 
a  knowledge  of  the  correct  methods  of  teaching,  based  upon  the 
principles  of  mental  development. 

There  can  be  no  difficulty  whatever  in  determining,  by  suitable 
examinations,  the  proficiency  of  any  candidate  in  the  three  respects 
specified  above.  Indeed,  knowledge  of  subjects  to  be  taught,  of  the 
laws  of  intellectual  advancement,  and  of  the  proper  methods  of  pre¬ 
senting  truth,  so  as  to  secure  the  best  and  most  efficient  mental  cul¬ 
ture,  can  be  determined  only  by  examination,  consequently  there  is 
no  reason  why  your  Honorable  Commission  may  not  discover,  by 
proper  examinations,  the  ability  of  the  applicants  in  the  respects 
indicated. 

Again,  it  is  well  known  that  a  person  may  be  renowned  for  thor¬ 
ough  and  accurate  scholarship,  for  his  familiarity  with  the  philoso¬ 
phy  of  education,  and  with  the  most  approved  methods  of  teaching, 
and  yet  be  utterly  incompetent  to  instruct.  Multitudes  of  instances 
might  be  enumerated  in  support  of  this  statement,  but  it  is  needless 
to  mention  them,  since  every  one  can  recall  such  persons  among  his 
instructors  or  acquaintances.  Scholarship,  philosophy  and  methods 
are  alike  worthless  to  them,  because  they  lack  the  tact  or  ability  to 
apply  practically  the  principles  which  they  can  discuss  and  illustrate 
in  conversation  or  in  an  ordinary  examination. 

It  is,  however,  possible  for  the  examiners  to  determine,  by  prac¬ 
tical  tests,  the  candidate’s  ability  as  an  instructor.  He  may  be  re¬ 
quired  to  exhibit  his  skill  as  a  tfeacher  by  actually  doing  the  work  in 
the  presence  of  those  who  are  to  determine  his  fitness  for  the  posi¬ 
tion  he  desires  to  secure.  Consequently,  though  the  examination 
for  determining  this  qualification  may  be  attended  with  serious 
embarrassment,  it  is  nevertheless  ptossible  to  determine  with  reason¬ 
able  accuracy  the  teaching  ability  of  any  one  who  may  seek  an 
appointment. 

There  are,  however,  other  qualifications  —  and  they  are  by  far 
the  most  important  —  which  no  examination,  however  searching, 
can  determine.  Personal  worth  cannot  be  estimated  from  testimo¬ 
nials  furnished  by  the  candidates,  nor  by  their  answers  given  to 
questions  upon  ethics  ;  the  power  to  control  pupils  in  school  cannot 
be  assumed  because  the  candidate  show’s  a  familiarity  with  the  prin¬ 
ciples  of  self-government  or  school  government.  Neither  the  power 
to  control,  the  power  to  awaken  mind,  the  moral  influence  of  the 
teacher,  in  short,  none  of  the  elements  which  contribute  to  the  for- 


92 


[Assembly 

mation  of  the  moral  and  personal  forces  in  the  teacher,  can  be  de¬ 
termined  by  any  examination  whatsoever.  And  yet  these  elements 
should  have  far  greater  weight  in  determining  his  competency  than 
literary  attainments  or  professional  skill. 

The  end  sought  for  in  education  is  the  moral  elevation  of  the 
masses,  and  such  intellectual  activity  as  is  awakened  by  the  educa¬ 
tion  given  in  schools  furnishes  a  basis  upon  which  the  teacher  of 
moral  worth  and  personal  influence  for  the  right  may  produce  last¬ 
ing  impressions  for  good.  A  teacher  who  has  the  qualifications  for 
such  a  work  is  certainly  serving  well  the  commonwealth  ;  but  the  evil 
influence  of  a  teacher  of  intellectual  ability  and  acumen,  especially 
in  a  Normal  school,  where  he  is  a  teacher  of  teachers,  can  hardly  be 
estimated. 

It  is  unnecessary  for  me  to  specify  the  qualifications  which  no  ex¬ 
amination  can  determine,  and  yet  it  is  evident  that  they  are  many 
times  more  essential  to  the  teacher’s  true  success  than  literary  attain¬ 
ment,  pedagogical  science  or  professional  skill.  All  that  is  included 
in  the  terms  personal  influence  —  the  power  to  awaken  interest,  to 
arouse  enthusiasm  in  study,  those  kindly  and  sympathetic  impulses 
which  are  useful  not  only  to  restrain  from  evil  but  to  build  up  in 
righteousness,  the  unseen  but  not  unfelt  power  of  purity  and  integ¬ 
rity,  the  culture  and  refinement  which  smooth  and  soften  the  rough¬ 
ness  and  rudeness  of  youthful  years,  the  remembrance  of  the  expe¬ 
riences,  desires,  hopes,  purposes  and  feelings  of  the  young  which 
makes  the  teacher  a  friend  and  guide  to  his  pupils — -all  these  elude 
the  investigation  of  the  most  rigid  examiners.  And  yet  they  are 
the  very  elements  in  man  which  determine  his  power  for  usefulness 
as  an  instructor. 

It  seems  to  me,  therefore,  clearly  impossible  for  an  examiner  to 
determine  by  any  examination  the  fitness  of  a  person  for  the  work 
of  teaching,  and,  consequently,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  princi¬ 
pals,  professors  and  teachers  in  Normal  schools  should  be  classed  in 
Schedule  A  of  the  Civil  Service  list.  It  seems  to  me  that  any  other 
classification  cannot  but  produce  serious  embarrassment  in  the  ad¬ 
ministration  of  our  school  discipline  and  instruction,  by  preventing 
us  from  securing  the  most  competent  persons  that  can  be  found  to 
fill  the  vacancies  which  may  occur. 

At  a  meeting  of  our  local  board  of  trustees  held  a  short  time  ago 
I  mentioned  that  you  had  most  courteously  asked  me  to  express  to 
you  my  views  upon  the  proper  classification  of  teachers  in  Normal 
schools. 

An  informal  discussion  of  the  matter  followed  in  which  every 
member  present  expressed  the  conviction  that  the  interests  of  the 
schools  would  be  best  promoted  by  classifying  the  teachers  with 
those  who  are  appointed  without  a  Civil  Service  examination. 

If  it  should  be  decided  that  the  persons  to  be  selected  as  teachers 
in  Normal  schools  must  be  chosen  from  those  who  have  passed  a 
Civil  Service  examination,  I  would  most  respectfully  urge,  that  the 
examinations  be  non-competitive,  for  I  am  certain  that  a  competitive 


No.  42.] 


93 


examination  would  very  frequently  compel  us  to  appoint  the  most 
incompetent  of  all  the  applicants.  I  would  also  earnestly  recommend 
that  all  persons  who  are  graduates  of  the  Normal  schools  of  the 
State,  be  considered  as  eligible  for  appointments  without  further  ex¬ 
amination. 

In  conclusion,  permit  me  to  say,  that  unanimity  of  purpose  and 
hearty  co-operation  among  all  the  teachers,  are  absolutely  essential 
to  the  successful  work  of  a  school. 

So  necessary  are  such  conditions,  that  one  or  two  instructors  have 
sometimes  been  known  to  utterly  disorganize  a  school,  and  to  neu¬ 
tralize  all  the  beneficial  results  which  a  score  of  others  have  been 
laboring  assiduously  to  achieve.  It  is  simply  to  avert  such  disasters 
by  securing  a  corps  of  instructors  who  will  work  harmoniously  and 
for  the  same  ends,  that  I  recommend  the  appointment  of  teachers 
for  our  Normal  schools,  without  a  Civil  Service  examination. 

With  the  hopes  that  the  objections  that  have  been  raised  to  the  ex¬ 
aminations  may  seem  as  reasonable  to  your  Honorable  Commission 
as  to  me,  I  remain, 

Yours,  most  respectfully, 

WM.  J.  MILNE. 


Oswego,  December  15,  1884. 

Honorable  John  Jay,  President  Civil  Service  Commissioners : 

Sir — In  answer  to  your  circular  letter  asking  my  opinion  in  re¬ 
gard  to  the  classification  that  should  be  made  of  the  teachers  in  the 
Normal  schools  by  your  Commission,  I  would  say,  if  we  belong  to 
the  Civil  Service  list,  and  are  subject  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
your  Board,  that  it  would  be  best  that  we  should  be  arranged  in  the 
first  class,  and  for  the  following  reasons  : 

First.  The  object  of  the  Civil  Service  Act,  as  I  understand  it,  is 
to  see  that  appointments  in  the  Civil  Service  are  made  on  the  ground 
of  qualifications  and  fitness  for  the  work  to  be  done. 

So  far  as  I  have  known,  the  appointments  of  teachers  in  the  Nor¬ 
mal  schools  have  always  been  made  on  these  conditions  alone ;  and 
as  the  spirit  of  the  act  has  always  been  carried  out,  there  seems  no 
necessity  for  any  change  in  the  manner  of  appointment. 

Second.  Some  of  the  most  essential  qualifications  of  teachers  are 
entirely  beyond  the  reach  of  any  formal  examination,  nearly  all  of 
the  worst  elements  are  of  this  character.  How,  for  instance,  are  we 
to  determine  in  regard  to  the  power  of  the  candidate  to  awaken  en¬ 
thusiasm,  to  win  the  love  and  confidence  of  his  pupils,  to  create  an 
abiding  interest  in  study  or  awaken  a  love  for  the  beautiful,  to  culti¬ 
vate  habits  of  neatness  and  order,  to  control  without  resort  to  objec¬ 
tionable  measures?  Patience,  gentleness,  frankness,  honesty,  cour¬ 
age,  love  and  sympathy  for  children,  and  many  other  moral  charac¬ 
teristics  are  of  quite  as  much  importance  as  a  knowledge  of  subjects 
to  be  taught,  of  methods  of  teaching  or  principles  of  education,  and 


94 


[A  SSEMBLY 

yet  we  could  hardly  hope  to  test  them  through  any  formal  exami¬ 
nation.  We  can  only  satisfy  ourselves  in  regard  to  them,  as  we  know 
the  life  and  character  of  the  teacher. 

Third.  The  instructors  in  the  Normal  schools  are  teachers  of 
teachers,  and  should  be  the  highest  type  of  excellence  in  the  pro¬ 
fession.  Teachers  of  this  class  are  not  novices,  and  are  not  as  a  rule, 
waiting  for  positions.  They  have  to  be  sought  for  and  induced  to 
change  positions  and  enter  the  Normal  school  work.  They  have  a 
reputation  that  places  them  above  the  necessity  of  the  ordinary 
school  examinations. 

They  are  known  by  their  lives,  their  personal  character,  and  their 
success,  and  they  would  refuse  any  position  that  would  subject  them 
to  a  written  or  formal  examination. 

It  seems  to  me,  therefore,  best  that  our  teachers  should  be  arranged 
in  the  first  list,  which  would,  practically,  leave  the  appointments  to 
be  made  as  they  now  are,  on  the  ground  of  known  fitness  for  the 
position  to  be'  filled.  To  require  any  formal  examination  would 
tend  to  embarrass  rather  than  to  help,  and  make  more  efficient  the 
Normal  schools. 

1  am  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  the  plans  and  works  of  your 
Commission,  and  shall  always  be  glad  to  do  any  thing  in  my  power 
to  help  forward  the  good  work  you  have  in  hand,  and,  with  this 
view,  if,  in  your  opinion,  it  would  be  better  that  the  teachers  in  the 
Normal  schools  should  be  examined  under  the  rules  of  your  Com¬ 
mission,  then  I  would  suggest  that  they  be  placed  in  the  third  rather 
than  in  the  second  list,  for  reasons  already  stated. 

W ith  the  highest  esteem,  I  am  yours  very  truly, 

E.  A.  SHELDON, 

Prin.  0.  S.  N.  <L  Tr.  School. 

P.  S.  —  At  a  meeting  of  the  Normal  School  Board,  held  Decem¬ 
ber  15,  the  inclosed  letter  was  read,  and  on  motion  of  Hon.  George 
B.  Sloan  unanimously  approved,  as  expressing  the  sentiments  of  the 
Board. 

E.  A.  S. 


Union  College,  ( 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  19,  1884.  j 

Dear  Sir  —  In  reply  to  your  circular  concerning  the  application 
of  the  Civil  Service  rules  to  the  selection  of  teachers  for  the  State 
Normal  Schools  would  say  that  I  favor  placing  them  in  Schedule  B. 

This  would  secure  the  best  material,  and  at  the  same  time  avoid 
the  tendency  to  always  select  graduates  of  a  school  for  its  teachers, 
even  though  they  may  not  always  be  the  most  desirable  candidates. 

Very  truly  yours, 

To  Hon.  John  Jay.  CADl  STALEY. 


No.  42.] 


95 


State  Normal  School,  \ 
Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20,  1884.  J 

Hon.  John  Jay,  President  of  Board  of  Civil  Service  Commis¬ 
sioners  : 

Dear  Sir —  Duly  appreciating  and  approving  the  valuable  ser¬ 
vice  of  your  honorable  Commission,  it  is  with  diffidence  I  submit 
my  views  in  response  to  your  request  for  an  opinion  as  to  the  place 
Normal  school  teachers  should  occupy  under  the  Civil  Service  rules, 
with  reasons  therefor. 

In  the  first  place,  I  will  consider  competitive  examinations.  As 
I  understand  it,  these  examinations  have  two  objects  5  1st,  to  secure 
competency,  2d,  to  avoid  favoritism.  In  respect  to  competency,  it 
is  held  that  superior  capacity  in  such  matters  as  are  subject  to  ex¬ 
amination  shall  constitute  an  absolute  claim  to  appointment  against 
every  other  consideration,  subject  to  a  choice  between  say  three  of 
about  equal  standing. 

So  far  as  such  tests  are  concerned, .  teachers  have  been  subject  to 
examination  again  and  again  from  childhood.  Inferior  capacity  and 
qualifications  are  almost  an  impossibility.  The  question  is  whether 
the  highest  test  in  formalities  that  have  recognized  standards  of  merit 
are  to  lie  accepted  as  conclusive  against  every  consideration  in  regard 
to  which  there  can  be  no  exact  test  for  want  of  a  recognized  stand¬ 
ard.  For  very  many  positions  the  elements  of  merit  that  can  be 
tested  by  examination  are  all-impoytant,  and  others  are  of  compara¬ 
tive  indifference,  but  for  other  positions  persons  passing  the  highest 
tests  of  the  school  have  been  failures.  As  a  rule,  those  who  pass 
such  tests  become  superior  specialists  but  not  superior  where  a  prac¬ 
tical  judgment  is  required.  La  Place,  as  minister  to  Napoleon  I, 
whose  “Infinitesimal  philosophy”  brought  his  department  into  dir¬ 
est  confusion,  was  a  conspicuous  example  of  the  truth  in  such  mat¬ 
ters,  and  in-  no  way  an  exception  to  the  general  rule. 

The  history  of  West  Point  graduates,  of  graduates  from  other  in¬ 
stitutions,  argues  conclusively  to  the  same  effect. 

The  question  that  follows  on  this  is,  should  teachers  be  sought  to 
do  routine  work,  or  for  broader  characteristics  of  mind  and  more 
varied  and  versatile  ability  ?  It  seems  to  me  the  teacher  should  be 
removed  as  far  as  possible  from  those  formalisms  that  would  be  the 
only  things  to  be  taken  into  account  for  examination. 

If  this  position  is  correct,  we  are  not  to  seek  for  the  highest  schol¬ 
arship,  but  sufficient  scholarship  coupled  with  moral  character,  tact, 
a  right  temper,  fidelity,  personal  worth,  and  influence,  the  ability  to 
call  forth  interest  and  mould  character,  sympathize  with  fellow- 
teachers,  with  the  work  and  with  pupils,  a  good  presence  and  good 
habits,  sometimes  successful  experience  in  the  very  acquisition  of 
which  one  will  lose  ability  to  pass  a  technical  examination.  Any 
one  of  these,  according  to  the  requirements  of  a  particular  situation, 
might  be  essential  to  success,  and  yet  they  must  all  go  for  naught, 


96  [Assembly 

together  with  a  host  of  social  and  other  advantages,  which,  it  might 
be  said,  ought  not  to  be  required. 

To  guard  against  favoritism  of  some  sort  or  other  is  very  difficult, 
but  judging  from  what  acquaintance  I  have  with  the  schools  there 
would  not  be  less  but  rather  more  if  the  restrictions  of  honor  were 
taken  from  those  held  accountable  for  appointments,  and  positions 
were  hedged  about  with  formal  attempts  to  guard  against  it.  This 
condition  of  things  depends  upon  the  esteem  in  which  our  educa¬ 
tional  system  is  held  by  our  people,  but  any  attempt  to  devise  some¬ 
thing  to  take  the  place  of  the  esteem  should  rather  follow  than  pre¬ 
cede  the  loss  of  it. 

The  objections  to  non-competitive  examinations  seem  fewer  and 
of  very  much  less  weight.  Still  I  do  not  see  that  there  is  any  gain. 
They  would  not  guard  against  favoritism  and  there  seems  to  be  no 
call  whatever  to  guard  against  unscholarly  teachers.  Teachers  of 
successful  experience  are  almost  uniformly  sought  and  while  this  is 
the  best  test,  the  best  fitted  would  decline  a  call  that  was  coupled 
with  conditions  of  examinations.  They  would  say  they  would  re¬ 
main  in  positions  they  were  sure  of,  and  that  without  trouble. 

This  and  other  objections  seem  not  to  be  counterbalanced  by  any 
good  to  come  from  a  Civil  Service  examination. 

Besides,  such  examinations  would  make  a  class  distinction  between 
normal  teachers  and  other  teachers,  which  I  should  be  sorry  to  see 
grow  up,  as  it  would,  in  a  way,  be  assuming  that  the  Normal  schools 
had  more  of  a  political  character  than  others,  a  character  they  are 
now  free  from,  but  which  they  might  easily  take  on.  The  Superin¬ 
tendent  of  Public  Instruction  might  require  certificates  of  a  certain 
grade  if  he  deemed  it  wise  and  I  see  no  evil  to  come  from  it.  I  do 
not  understand  that  the  Civil  Service  law  allows  anv  thing  but  actual 

%j  O 

Civil  Service  examinations. 

For  the  above  reasons  it  would  be  my  judgment  that  the  Normal 
teachers  should  be  classed  in  Schedule  A,  or  regarded  as  subject  to 
appointment  without  examination. 

I  may  add  that  it  is  the  prevailing  judgment  of  the  local  board  of 
this  school  that,  if  the  Normal  schools  are  subject  to  the  Civil  Service 
law,  the  teachers  should  not  be  subject  to  examination. 

Very  respectfully  submitted, 

FRANCIS  B.  PALMER. 


From  the  Hon.  George  William  Curtis. 

West  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  22, 1884. 

Dear  Sir — I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
circular  of  inquiry  in  regard  to  the  appointment  of  principals  and 
teachers  to  the  Normal  schools,  and  in  reply  I  beg  to  say  that  I  see 
no  good  reason  why  the  selection  of  teachers  should  not  be  made  by 


97 


4 


No.  42.]  *  • 

competition.  They  are  not  specialists  in  any  sense  that  might  mahe 
such  examination  inconclusive,  nor  is  there  any  reason  to  suppose 
that  the  most  suitable  and  desirable  teachers  would  not  engage  in  the 

competition.  t  e 

I  think  the  case  of  the  principal  is  somewhat  different.  It  is  not 
clear  that  for  such  a  position  the  most  fitting  persons  would  care  to 
enter  into  competition,  and  as  the  appointment  would  be  usually  a 
promotion,  the  general  purpose  of  the  examination  would  have  been 
already  attained.  If  however,  positions  generally  corresponding  to 
that  of  principal  are  submitted  to  competition  my  suggestion  would 
not  be  pertinent. 

I  am,  dear  sir,  very  respectfully  yours,  . 

(Signed)  GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS. 

To  Mr.  Jay,  President  Civil  Service  Commission. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  13 


APPENDIX  D. 

Attorney-General’s  Opinions. 


State  of  New  York,  ) 
Office  of  the  Attorney-General,  j- 
Albany,  March  19,  1884.  j 

Hon.  John  Jaj,  President  of  the  State  Civil  Service  Commission , 
No.  191  Second  Avenue ,  New  York  city : 

Dear  Sir  —  lam  in  receipt  of  your  favor  of  the  17th  instant 
requesting  my  opinion  upon  the  question,  whether  under  the  Laws 
of  this  State  women  are  eligible  to  appointment  in  the  official  ser¬ 
vice,  and,  therefore,  entitled  to  compete  with  men  in  the  examina¬ 
tions  under  the  Civil  Service  rules,  with  a  view  to  appointment  in 
the  service. 

In  reply  I  would  state :  Chapter  354  of  the  Laws  of  1883,  en¬ 
titled  “  An  Act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service  of  the 
State  of  Nqw  York,”  authorized  the  Governor  to  appoint,  by  and 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  three  persons  as  Civil 
Service  Commissioners.  By  that  act  it  was  made  the  duty  of  the 
Commission  to  aid  the  Governor  in  preparing  suitable  rules  for 
carrying  the  act  into  effect,  and  after  such  rules  had  been  promul¬ 
gated,  the  act  made  it  the  duty  of  all  the  officers  of  the  State  of 
New  York  to  aid,  in  all  proper  ways,  in  carrying  the  rules  and  mod¬ 
ifications  thereof  into  effect  in  all  of  their  departments  or  offices  to 
which  said  rules  might  relate. 

In  the  absence  of  any  law  of  the  State  prohibiting  the  employ¬ 
ment  of  females  in  the  public  departments  as  clerks,  or  in  the  per¬ 
formance  of  clerical  duties,  recourse  must  be  had  to  the  rules  of  the 
Civil  Service  Act,  so  called,  to  determine  whether  that  act  was  in¬ 
tended  to  forbid  the  employment  of  women  to  perform  such  duties. 
By  reference  to  the  different  sections,  as  also  the  rules  which  have 
been  promulgated  by  the  Commission  and  approved  by  the  Gover¬ 
nor,  it  will  be  seen  that  in  many  instances  the  term  “his”  or  “him” 
is  used  exclusively ;  but  in  section  5  it  is  provided  “  Any  commis- 
missioner,  examiner,  copyist  or  messenger  herein  mentioned,  or  any 
other  person  who  shall  willfully  or  corruptly,  by  himself  or  in  co¬ 
operation  with  one  or  more  persons,  defeat,  deceive  or  obstruct  any 
person  in  respect  to  his  or  her  right  of  examination  according  to 
any  such  rules  or  regulations,  etc.” 

In  Schedule  B,  Rule  8,  the  term  “or  clerks  and  other  persons"  is 
used  in  the  different  subdivisions  of  that  rule,  and  also  the  term 


99 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 

(( clerks  and  like  employes”  In  the  same  rule,  in  class  6,  subdi¬ 
vision  5,  the  term  “teachers”  is  used.;  and  in  class  7  of  the  same 
rule,  “ asylums,  hospitals  and  similar  institutions  is  used,  aud  in 
subdivision  7  the  term  “teachers”  is  again  used.  In  Rule  20, 
Schedule  C,  class  6,  subdivision  2,  “  principal  matrons  ”  are  included, 
and  also  in  subdivision  5,  class  7,  of  the  same  Schedule  C  “matrons 
of  asylums”  are  included;  and  in  Schedule  D,  subdivision  8,  class 
7.  “attendants,  nurses”  are  included, . thereby  implying  that  females 
have  the  right  of  examination,  according  to  the  rules  and  regulations 

of  said  Commission.  . 

In  1871,  Hon.  M.  B.  Champlin,  then  Attorney-General,  m  an 
opinion  addressed  to  Hon.  John  T.  Hoffman,  Governor  of  the  State, 
as  to  the  eligibility  of  females  to  the  appointment  to  the  ofhce  of 
notaries  public,  stated  that  in  his  opinion,  under  existing  laws, 
women  were  ineligible  to  election,  or  appointment,  to  any  civil  of¬ 
fice  within  this  State,  and  in  support  of  his  conclusions  referred  to 
the  provisions  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  “No  person  shall  be  capable 
of  holding  a  civil  office,  who  at  the  time  of  his  election  or  appoint¬ 
ment  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and 

shall  not  then  be  a  citizen  of  this  State.” 

He  further  stated,  that,  in  order  to  be  eligible  to  hold  a  civil 
office,  the  person  must  be  invested  with .  the  general  fundamental 
rights  of  suffrage,  among  which  must  be  included  the  right  to  exer¬ 
cise  the  elective  franchise,  as  regulated  and  established  by  the  Con¬ 
stitution  and  laws  of  the  State.  .  . 

While  I  am  not  in  the  attitude  of  dissenting  from  that  opinion, 
nor  is  it  necessary  for  me  to  do  so,  in  order  to  reply  to  your  inquiry, 
I  am  of  the  opinion  that  there  is  a  distinction  between  a  public  offi¬ 
cer  or  civil  officer  and  a  public  employe ;  and  the  distinction  seems 
to  be  laid  down  in  section  14  of  the  Civil  Service  rules,  at  the  lat¬ 
ter  part  of  the  section,  as  follows:  “The  phrase  ‘ public  officer' ’ 
shall  be  held  to  include  all  public  officers  in  this  State,  whether  paid 
directly  or  indirectly  from  the  public  treasury  of  the  State,  or  from 
that  of  any  political  division  thereof,  or  by  fees  or  otherwise ;  and 
the  phrase  ‘  public  employe  ’  shall  be  held  to  include  every  person 
not  being  an  officer  who  is  paid  from  any  said  treasury.” 

The  classification  of  persons  under  the  Civil  Service  rules  seems 
to  include  females,  and  any  person  not  charged  with  the  duties  of 
an  executive,  judicial  or  administrative  officer,  under  the  Laws  of  the 
State,  who  is  hereby  appointed  to  perform  clerical  duties,  the  com¬ 
pensation  for  their  services  to  be  paid  from  the  State  treasury, 
should,  I  think,  be  classed  as  a  public  employe,  and  1  am  of  the 
opinion  that  females  have  the  right  to  apply  for  examination  under 
the  Civil  Service  rules,  with  a  view  to  appointment  in  the  service  of 
the  State. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

D.  O’BRIEN, 

A  ttorney-  General . 


100  [Assembly 

Albany,  September  12.  1884. 
Hon.  Denis  O’Brien,  Attorney- General : 

Dear  Sir  —  The  Civil  Service  Commission  respectfully  requests 
your  opinion  whether  the  appointees  of  the  Excise  Commissioners 
of  the  city  of  New  ork  are,  for  Civil  Service  purposes,  to  be 
deemed  in  the  public  service  of  the  city  of  New  York,  or. in  the 
State  service. 

The  corporation  counsel  of  New  York  regards  them  as  in  the 
State  service,  as  will  be  observed  by  an  opinion  of  his  herewith  sub¬ 
mitted,  and  that  seems  to  be  the  view  of  the  courts.  The  Commis¬ 
sion,  while  also  inclined  to  that  view,  would  like  to  be  fortified  by 
your  opinion  before  taking  final  action.  Your  opinion  may  be  sent 
to  our  Albany  office. 

Very  respectfully, 

A.  SCHOONMAKER,  Corner. 


State  of  New  York. 

Office  of  the  Attorney-General, 
Albany,  September  15,  1884. 

Hon.  A.  Schoonmaker,  State  Civil  Service  Commissioner : 

Dear  Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
favor  of  the  12th  inst.  inclosing  an  opinion  of  the  counsel  to  the 
corporation  of  the  city  of  New  York,  upon  the  question  :  “  Whether 
the  Excise  Board  of  the  city  of  New  York  is  in  the  State  service, 
or  in  the  New  York  city  service,”  and  desiring  me  to  express  an 
opinion  upon  the  same  subject. 

Excise  legislation,  regulating  and  controlling  the  sale  of  liquors 
by  the  General  Government,  was  commenced  as  long  ago  as  the 
“  Long  Parliament  ”  in  1643,  and  our  State  Government  has  exer¬ 
cised  the  same  power  in  reference  thereto  almost  since  its  inception, 
without  its  constitutional  right  so  to  do  ever  having  been  seriously 
questioned.  The  Legislature  provides  for  the  appointment  of  Ex¬ 
cise  Commissioners,  directs  how  they  shall  be  appointed,  prescribes 
their  duties  and  fixes  their  terms  of  office.  It  creates  the  office  itself. 
It  must,  therefore,  be  a  State  office  and  an  Excise  Commissioner  a 
State  officer,  whose  duty  it  is  to  enforce  the  State  laws  regulating  the 
sale  of  liquors.  It  follows  as  a  natural  sequence,  therefore,  that  em¬ 
ployes  of  Excise  Commissioners  are  in  the  employment  of  the  State 
and  in  the  “  State  service.” 

Yery  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

D.  O’BRIEN,  Attorney -General. 


No.  42  J 


101 


State  of  New  York, 

Office  of  the  Attorney- General, 
Albany,  January  1,  1885. 

Hon.  Jonathan  Scoyille, 

Mayor ,  Buffalo ,  N.  Y. :  . 

My  Dear  Sir  —  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of 
your  communication  of  the  27th  instant,  in  which  you  request  my 
opinion  upon  various  questions  in  regard  to  the  application  to  the 
various  departments  and  to  the  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Buffalo, 
of  section  8,  of  chapter  354  of  the  Laws  of  1883,  entitled  An  act 
to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  of  hi  ew  L  oik. 

In  substance,  the  inquiry  is  whether  this  statute  can  be  applied  to 
appointments  in  your  city  and  in  the  various  departments  organized 

under  your  municipal  government : 

1st,  to  the  Police  Department  ;  2d,  to  the  Fire  Department ; 
3d,  to  the  Water  Department ;  and  4th,  to  the  Board  of  Health. 

The  object  which  the  Legislature  had  in  view  in  enacting  this 
statute  was  to  elevate  the  Civil  Service  in  municipal  governments 
and  to  increase  and  secure  its  efficiency.  Whether  the  Legislature 
has  or  has  not  secured  the  purpose  that  it  had  in  view  when  it  passed 
the  law,  it  is  now  too  early  to  express  any  opinion,  even  if  it  were 
within  my  province  to  do  so.  The  wisdom  and  propriety  of  this 
enactment  will  be  better  determined  hereafter  by  observation  and 
experience  as  to  the  practical  working  of  the  statute  itself.  It  is, 
doubtless,  the  duty  of  all  executive  and  administrative  officers 
charged  with  the  duty  of  construing  or  executing  this  law,  to  give 
to  it*a  fair  and  reasonable  construction,  rather  than  to  nullify  it  by 
any  strained  or  unnatural  interpretation. 

The  Legislature  certainly  intended  to  apply  the  provisions. of  the 
Civil  Service  act  to  certain  municipal  officers  in  the  several  cities  of 
this  State,  and  such  construction  should  be  given  to  it  as  will  best 
promote  and  carry  out  the  intention  which  the  Legislatuie  had  in 

view. 

Section  8  of  the  original  statute,  passed  in  18S3,  was  amended  by 
chapter  410  of  the  Laws  of  1884, 'and  that  part  of  it,  which  relates 
to  the  questions  embraced  in  your  communication,  reads  as  follows  : 
u  The  mayor  of  each  city  in  this  State  is  authorized  and  is  hereby 
directed  to  prescribe  such  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons 
into  the  Civil  Service  of  such  city  as  may  best  promote  the  efficiency 
thereof,  and  ascertain  the  fitness  of  candidates  in  respect  to  charac¬ 
ter,  knowledge  and  ability  for  the  branch  of  the  service. into  which 
they  seek  to  enter,  and  for  this  purpose  he  shall  from  time  to  time 
employ  suitable  persons  to  conduct  such  inquiries  and  make  exami- ' 
nations,  and  shall  prescribe  their  duties  and  establish  regulations  for 
the  conduct  of  persons  who  may  receive  appointments  in  the  said 
service.  And  the  regulations  so  to  be  prescribed  shall,  among  other 
things,  provide  and  declare  as  in  the  second  subdivision  of  the  second 
section  of  this  act,  is  provided  and  declared  in  reference  to  admission 
to  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State. 


102 


[Assembly 


‘  Within  two  months  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  each  of  said  mayors,  in  and  by  such  regulations,  to  cause  to 
be  arranged  in  classes  the  several  clerks  and  persons  employed  or  be¬ 
ing  in  the  public  service  of  the  city  of  which  he  is  mayor,  and  he 
shall  include  in  one  or  more  of  said  classes,  so  far  as  practicable 
for  the  purposes  of  the  examination  herein  provided  for,  all  subor¬ 
dinate  clerks  and  officers  in  the  public  service  of  the  said  city,  to 
whom  his  power,  under  this  act,  extends.  *  *  * 

“  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  those  in  the  official  service  of  any  such 
city  to  conform  to  and  comply  with  any  regulations  made  pursuant 
to  this  act,  and  to  aid  and  facilitate  in  all  proper  ways  the  enforce¬ 
ment  of  all  regulations  and  the  holding  of  all  examinations  which 
may  be  required  under  the  authority  conferred  by  this  section.  But 
the  authority  by  this  section  conferred  shall  not  be  so  exercised  as  to 
take  from  any  policeman  or  fireman  any  right  or  benefit  conferred 
by  law,  or  existing  under  any  lawful  regulation  of  the  department 
in  which  he  serves.  And  all  examinations  herein  authorized  shall 
be  public,  and  all  regulations  shall  be  published,  and  with  all  the 
proceedings  and  papers  connected  with  said  examinations  shall 
be  at  all  times  subject  to  the  inspection  of  said  commission  and  its 
agents  ;  and  said  commission  shall  set  forth  in  its  reports  the  charac¬ 
ter  and  practical  effects  of  such  examinations,  together  with  its  views 
as  to  the  improvement  and  extension  of  the  same,  and  also  copies  of 
all  regulations  made  under  the  authority  hereby  conferred.”  . 

It  is  provided,  however,  in  this  same  section  that  certain  officers 
and  their  subordinates  shall  not  be  subject  to  these  regulations. 
The  officers  and  persons  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this  law 
are  as  follows :  1st.  Officers  elected  by  the  people.  2d.  The  subor¬ 
dinates  of  such  officer,  for  whose  errors  or  violation  of  duty  such 
officer  is  financially  responsible.  3d.  The  head  or  heads  of  any  de¬ 
partment  of  the  city  government.  4th.  Persons  employed  in,  or 
who  seek  to  enter,  the  public  service'  under  the  educational  depart¬ 
ments  of  any  city.  5th.  Any  subordinate  officer  who,  by  virtue  of 
his  office,  has  personal  custody  of  public  moneys  or  public  securities 
for  the  safe-keeping  of  which  the  head  of  an  office  is  under  official 
bonds. 

As  to  all  these  persons  it  is  plain  that  the  section  is  not  to  be  ap¬ 
plied  ;  and,  finally,  the  act,  by  its  very  terms,  declares  that  no  regu¬ 
lation  shall  be  made  “  to  contravene  an  existing  statute  relating  to 
entrance  to  the  said  service.” 

The  Civil  Service  act,  as  I  understand  it,  and  the  regulations  to 
be  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  by  the  mayors  of  the  several  cities  of 
the  State,  were  solely  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  and  testing 
the  fitness  of  persons  desiring  to  enter  the  Civil  Service  of  these 
several  cities.  It  does  not  in  any  respect  change  the  method  of  ap¬ 
pointment,  or  affect  the  appointing  power.  The  appointments  are 
still  to  be  made  by  the  same  power,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  be¬ 
fore  the  passage  of  the  statute. 

The  law  itself,  and  the  regulations  required  to  be  made  under  it, 


No.  42.]  103 

was  not  intended  to.  contravene  any  existing  statute,  but  is  supple¬ 
mentary  thereto  and  in  aid  thereof. 

The  Legislature,  in  passing  the  act,  empowered  the  mayors  of 
cities,  and  made  it  their  duty,  to  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  and  testing  the  fitness  and  efliciency  of 
persons  desiring  to  enter  the  public  _  service  under  the  municipal 
government;  and,  in  my  opinion,  it  is  possible  to  do  this,  and _  to 
comply  with  the  law,  without  in  any  way  nullifying  or  contravening 
any  existing  statute  relating  to  appointments  in  the  city  of  Buffalo 
The  Legislature  has  not  attempted  to  hamper  the  executive  of 
cities  by  prescribing  the  particular  rules  and  regulations  which  lie  is 
to  make;  that  matter  is  left  to  his  own  wisdom  and  discretion  but 
subiect  to  tlie  approval  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  the  State. 
The  mayor  may  appoint  such  examiners  and  agents  and  instruments 
as  may  seem  to  him  best  fitted  to  carry  out  the  purpose  of  the  law, 
namely,  to  ascertain  and  determine  the  moral  character,  capacity  and 
fitness  of  persons  desiring  to  enter  the  service  of  the  city  for  the 
particular  position  or  place  for  which  he  applies. 

I  have  been  unable  to  discover  any  practical  difficulty  m  applying 
the  principle  of  this  law  to  the  various  departments  ot  the  city  gov¬ 
ernment  of  your  city  referred  to  in  your  communication. 

First.  As 'to  the  Police  Department.  By  section  3,  of  chaptei 
436  of  the  Laws  of  1880,  as  amended  by  chapter  3o0,  of  the  Laws 
of  1883,  it  is  provided :  That  the  management  and  control  of  the 
Police  Department  of  the  city  of  Buffalo  are  vested  m  a  board  of 
commissioners,  to  be  known  and  designated  as  the  Board  of  1  olice 
of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  and  to  be  composed  of  the  Mayor  officio, 
and  two  other  persons  to  be  appointed  by  the  Mayor ;  the  membeis 
of  such  board  are  to  be  known  as  Commissioners  of  Police;  and  by 
section  8  of  the  same  act,  such  board  is  empowered  to  appoint  the 
police  force;  and  by  section  15,  chapter  436,  of  the  La.ws  of  1880, 
it  is  declared  that:  The  government  and  discipline  of  the  1  ohce 
Department  shall  be  such  as  the  Board  of  Police  shall  prescribe. 
And  the  said  board  are  hereby  empowered  in  their  discretion  to 
enact,  adopt,  modify  and  repeal,  from  time  to  time,  rules  and  regu- 
lations  for  the  management  and  administration  ot  the  said  I  once 
Department,  and  for  the  government  and  discipline  of  the  police 
force  and  of  the  subordinates  under  their  control,  m  which  shall  be 
prescribed  the  mode  of  appointments  to  and  removal  from  office, 
and  in  which  shall  also  be  defined  the  duties  of  the  members  ot  the 
police  force.  *  *  *  The  orders,  rules  and  regulations  authorized 

by  this  act,  when  duly  made,  enacted  or  adopted  by  the  said  board, 
shall  have  the  same  force  and  effect  as  if  herein  specially  enacted, 
provided  that  the  said  rules  and  regulations  shall  not  be  in  conflict 
with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  with  the  laws  of  this  State  or  ot 

the  United  States.”  ,  ,  ,  .  , 

The  obiect  of  the  Civil  Service  act,  as  I  have  already  observed, 

was  to  establish  a  standard  of  qualification  for  a  Civil  Service  posi¬ 
tion.  Upon  a  comparison  of  the  Civil  Service  act,  and  the  statute 


104 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 

providing  for  the  formation  of  the  government  of  the  Police  Depart¬ 
ment  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  I  find  nothing  in  either  which  conflicts 
with  the  other.  There  is  no  provision  in  the  latter  statute  which 
prescribes  what  persons  may  be  appointed  to  the  police  force  of 
Buffalo.  It  cannot,  therefore,  be  said  that  the  Civil  Service  act 
contravenes,  so  far  as  entrance  to  office  is  concerned,  any  pro¬ 
vision  of  the  Police  act  of  the  city  of  Buffalo.  All  the  various  pro¬ 
visions  of  the  Police  act  of  your  city  may  stand,  have  full  force  and 
effect,  and  be  entirely  consistent  with  the  Civil  Service  act,  which 
authorizes  the  Mayor  to  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  calculated  to 
test  the  qualifications  or  special  fitness  of  applicants  for  positions 
upon  the  force. 

The  Civil  Service  act  does  not  attempt  to  prescribe  regulations  re¬ 
stricting  the  removal  of  appointees  to  Civil  Service  positions.  It 
was  evidently  the  policy  of  the  Legislature  to  regulate  appointments 
alone,  on  the  theory  that  the  regulation  of  appointments  would,  at 
the  same  time,  go  far  toward  preventing  improper  removals  from 
office.  It  goes  no  further  than  to  authorize  the  Mayor  to  prescribe 
rules  and  regulations  which  will  provide  a  list  of  candidates  from 
which  appointments  to  the  police  force  of  the  city  of  Buffalo  must 
be  made,  under  and  in  conformity  with  all  laws  and  regulations  now 
in  force  in  said  citv. 

These  principles,  and  this  reasoning,  are,  if  any  thing,  more  forci¬ 
bly  applicable  to  the  matter  of  appointments  to  the  Fire  Depart¬ 
ment,  the  Water  Department  and  the  Board  of  Health  of  the  city  of 
Buffalo.  The  provisions  of  the  statute  relative  to  such  boards  are 
much  less  definite  as  to  appointments  than  is  that  providing  for  the 
Police  Department.  It  must  be  assumed  that  the  Mayors  of  cities, 
in  prescribing  such  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  under 
the  Civil  Service  of  their  cities,  as  may  best  promote  the  efficiency 
thereof,  will  have  due  regard  to  the  fact  that  special  qualifications  are 
required  for  service  upon  each  of  the  various  boards  of  the  city,  and 
that  the  principles  and  methods  resorted  to  for  ascertaining  such  qual¬ 
ifications  will  be  suitable  and  efficient,  in  each  particular  case.  No 
general  competitive  examination  upon  abstract  questions  would  be 
considered  a  proper  test  of  efficiency  for  special  duties. 

The  qualifications  of  a  good  policeman  must  be  widely  different 
from  those  of  an  officer  of  the  Board  of  Health,  and,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  the  standard  of  qualification  in  each  case  must  be  widely 
different. 

It  is,  therefore,  my  opinion,  that  the  Civil  Service  act  may  be 
made  applicable  to  the  various  departments  of  the  city  government 
of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  in  such  manner  as  not  in  any  wise  to  contra¬ 
vene  or  nullify  any  statutory  provision,  applicable  to  that  city,  and 
relating  to  entrance  to  the  Civil  Service  thereof. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

D.  O’BRIEN, 

A  ttorney-  General. 


APPENDIX  E. 


SPECIAL  REPORT  ON  THE  POLICE  AND  FIRE  DE¬ 
PARTMENTS. 


The  Civil  Service  of  Cities.  Police  and  Fire  Departments.  A 

Report  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  JT.  Y.  Civil  Service 

Reform  Association ,  Made  at  the  request  of  the  Civil  Service 

Commission  of  the  State. 

On  May  26,  1884,  the  Civil  Service  Commission  passed  the  fol¬ 
lowing  resolution. 

Resolved:  That  this  Commission  respectfully  recommends  to  the 
Committee  of  the  New  York  Civil-Service  Reform  Association  on 
“  Civil  Service  Examinations  ”  the  immediate  examination  of  exist¬ 
ing  rules  regulating  appointments  to  the  Police  Force  and  also  to 
the  Fire  Department  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  also  regulating 
the  conduct  of  persons  who  receive  appointments,  with  reference 
primarily  : 

1st :  To  the  adaptation  of  those  rules  to  competitive  examina¬ 
tions,  and  what  changes,  if  any,  should  be  made  for  that  purpose. 

2d :  To  the  sufficiency  of  those  rules  for  ascertaining  the  physi¬ 
cal,  mental,  moral,  and  special  qualifications  and  fitness  of  applicants 
for  those  branches  of  the  service,  and  what  changes  or  additions,  if 
any,  appear  to  be  desirable  in  that  respect. 

3d :  To  the  adequacy  of  existing  rules  in  respect  to  the  'Conduct 
of  persons  in  the  service,  specially  with  regard  to  vigilance,  sobriety, 
courtesy,  and  discipline,  and  what  changes  can  advantageous!)7  be 
made. 

And  further  that  the  Committee  report  in  full  upon  those  points, 
with  the  reasons  for  their  recommendations. 

A  true  copy. 

SILAS  W.  BURT, 

Secretary  pro  tern. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  14 


106 


[Assembly 


THE  CIVIL  SERVICE  OF  CITIES. 

The  Committee  on  Examinations,  in  accordance  with  the  above 
request,  would  respectfully  submit,  with  the  approval  of  the  Execu¬ 
tive  Committee  of  the  Civil  Service  Eeform  Association,  the  follow¬ 
ing  report : 

The  Committee  have  made  a  careful  examination  of  the  rules 
and  regulations,  as,  also,  of  the  statutes  governing  the  Police  Depart¬ 
ment  of  the  city  of  Hew  York,  the  Fire  Department  of  the  same 
city,  the  police  system  of  Brooklyn  and  that  of  Buffalo,  and  have, 
had  the  advantage  of  consultation  with  officers  thereof,  as  well  as 
with  a  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Underwriters  of  Hew  York.  In 
connection  with  the  latter  a  sub- committee,  consisting  of  Messrs. 
Stapler  and  Davison,  have  prepared  the  recommendations  concern¬ 
ing  the  Fire  Department,  embodied  herein. 

The  essential  purpose  of  what  are  known  as  the  reform  laws  of 
this  State  is  to  secure  the  best  public  service.  To  accomplish  this, 
the  first  step  is  to  separate  the  service  from  politics  in  its  administra¬ 
tive  branches,  and  to  make  appointments  and  promotions  therein  for 
fitness  only,  practically  tested.  The  specific  means  provided  by  the 
reform  laws  to  carry  out  this  purpose  are  open  competitive  examina¬ 
tions,  wherever  practicable,  and  probation.  The  appointments  ex¬ 
cepted  from  competitive  examinations  are  such  as  are  not  likely  to  be 
controlled  by  improper  influences,  and,  in  great  part,  are  surrounded 
by  conditions  that  give  substantial  security  for  good  selections. 
Chapter  410  of  the  Laws  of  1884,  passed  May  29,  require  the 
Mayor  of  each  city  in  this  State  to  prescribe  rules  and  regulations 
substantially  the  same  as  those  previously  prescribed  for  admission  to 
the  State  Civil  Service;  such  rules  and  regulations  are  to  take  effect 
upon  the  approval  of  the  Hew  York  Civil  Service  Commission  ;  the 
classification,  by  the  Mayors  of  cities,  of  the  persons  employed  in 
the  public  service  of  the  city,  which  is  the  preparatory  step  to  the 
application  of  the  rules  and  regulations,  is  to  be  made  within  two 
months  from  the  passage  of  the  act,  that  is  to  say,  by  July  29  ;  after 
the  termination  of  three  months,  that  is  to  say,  after  August  29,  no 
one  can  be  admitted  to  or  promoted  in  the  service  thus  classified  or 
to  be  classified,  “  until  he  has  passed  an  examination  or  is  shown  to 
be  exempted  from  such  examination  in  conformity  with  such  regula¬ 
tions.”  The  police  and  fire  departments  of  the  various  cities,  which 
were  exempted  from  the  operation  of  the  law  of  1883,  are  included 
in  that  of  the  law  of  1884.  This  extension  of  the  field  of  reform  to 


No.  42.] 


107 


the  entire  municipal  service  of  the  State,  and  especially  to  the  police 
and  fire  departments,  is  of  the  greatest  importance.  It  is  undoubt¬ 
edly  surrounded  by  difficulties.  Not  any  of  these,  however,  are  in¬ 
surmountable,  and  we  are  fortunate  in  having  strong  evidence  in 
what  has  already  been  done,  that  the  principle  of  the  reform  is  prac¬ 
tically  efficient  in  overcoming  them. 

In  the  police  force  it  is  plain  that  the  public  ought  to  have  the 
very  best  service,  and  equally  so  that  the  chief  obstacles  to  that  end 
have,  in  our  large  cities,  arisen  from  the  interference  of  politics  with 
the  requirements  of  the  service.  A  careful  examination  of  the 
statutes  governing  the  Police  Department  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  of  the  rules  and  regulations  adopted  by  the  Commissioners,  will 
show  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  faulty  composition  of  the  Com¬ 
mission  with  its  four  members,  a  system  is  provided  for,  which  is 
admirable  in  its  general  features,  and  capable  of  being  made  highly 
efficient.  Not  only  the  tenure  for  good  behavior  of  the  members  of 
the  force,  its  general  organization,  and  the  standard  of  conduct  re¬ 
quired  by  the  rules,  but  the  declared  conditions  of  appointment  and 
promotion,  the  discipline  demanded,  and  the  details  of  administra¬ 
tion  as  they  appear  in  the  rules,  leave  little  to  be  desired.  The  de¬ 
fects  in  practice,  which  are  well  known,  arise  from  the  influence  of 
partisan  politics,  which  in  no  branch  of  the  service  is  more  mischiev¬ 
ous.  The  device  of  a  Commission  of  four  members,  to  be  equally 
divided  between  the  two  principal  rival  parties,  has  increased,  instead 
of  preventing,  the  evils  from  this  source.  The  facts  are  too  familiar 
to  require  recital.  It  is  now  generally  admitted  that  in  this  respect 
the  force  is  nearly  every  thing  that  it  ought  not  to  be.  The  system 
put  into  full  operation  by  the  law  of  1884  has  for  its  specific  purposes 
the  emancipation  of  the  force,  as  far  as  practicable,  from  politics. 
The  Commission  is  left  untouched ;  but  the  reform  system  pro¬ 
poses  to  make  the  conditions  of  appointment  and  promotion  such 
that,  honestly  and  intelligently  enforced,  they  will  shut  out  politics, 
and  secure  the  best  attainable  men  at  the  entrance  to  the  service, 
and  give  them  the  strongest  inducements  for  zealous  efforts  to  excel 
at  every  stage  thereof.  This,  the  chief  end  of  the  system,  should 
be  kept  steadily  in  view  at  each  step  in  its  application.  Not  the 
least  valuable  of  the  results  that  may  be  expected  is  that,  if  the 
system  be  thoroughly  and  suecesfully  applied,  the  Commissioners  will 
themselves  be  freed  from  the  demoralization  that  has  been  hereto¬ 
fore  witnessed,  and  will  feel  a  keener  sense  of  responsibility  for  the 
real  excellence  of  the  force,  and  a  wholesome  pride  in  its  more 
efficient  conduct. 

The  peculiar  and  important  powers  intrusted  to  the  police  force 
are  liable  to  corresponding  abuse.  It  has  great  influence  direct  and 
indirect  upon  elections,  upon  the  exercise  of  the  suffrage,  the  purity 
and  independence  of  which  are  absolutely  necessary  to  the  even  tol¬ 
erable  working  of  our  municipal  system.  The  supervision  and  regu¬ 
lation  of  the  disorderly  or  criminal  classes  ;  the  practical  administra- 


108 


[Assembly 


tion  of  the  laws  governing  the  liquor  traffic,  with  its  manifold  dan¬ 
gers  to  the  peace  and  order  of  the  city  ;  the  discretion  which,  in  fact 
if  not  in  law,  exists  with  reference  to  the  suppression  of  gambling, 
and  of  that  most  insidious  and  widespread  evil,  prostitution  in  its 
various  forms  and  grades  ;  these  are  sources  of  possible  abuses  in  the 
police  force  of  the  gravest  degree,  and  of  a  kind  that  can  only  be 
guarded  against  by  the  most  careful  and  exacting  system  of  selection 
of  its  members.  It  no  longer  admits  of  argument  that  the  essential 
principle  of  this  system  must  be  open  competition.  This  proposition, 
irresistibly  enforced  by  a  candid  examination  of  the  conditions  of  the 
problem,  is  reinforced  by  the  results  of  experience.  Disregarding 
the  history  of  the  police  of  London,  which  is  extremely  instructive 
on  this  point,  we  have,  in  the  results  of  open  competition  under  the 
law  of  1883,  in  Brooklyn  and  in  Buffalo,  ample  evidence  that  it  is 
capable  of  accomplishing  all  that  is  expected  of  it.  It  excludes 
political  favoritism,  and  provides  security  for  the  equal  and  common 
right  of  all  citizens,  who  desire  to  do  so,  to  obtain  entrance  to  the 
service  in  the  ratio  of  their  fitness  for  it.  It  gives  to  the  public  the 
greatest  facility  for  securing  the  best  men.  It  makes  the  public 
familiar  with  the  qualifications  of  the  force,  and  greatly  increases 
public  confidence  in  its  independence,  fidelity,  and  trustworthiness. 
It  awakens  in  the  force  itself,  from  the  start,  a  strenuous  emulation 
for  excellence  ;  and  when  applied,  as  it  must  be,  to  promotions  as 
well,  it  gives  well-grounded  hope  of  advancement  for  merit  and  merit 
only,  establishes  on  a  firm  basis  the  self-respect  of  the  men  and  their 
respect  for  the  force  to  which  they  belong,  and  thus  aids  powerfully 
and  directly  in  the  maintenance  of  discipline  and  efficiency. 

The  general  method  of  applying  the  principle  of  open  compe¬ 
tition  is  embraced  in  the  following  suggestions,  which  are  in  great 
part  based  upon  the  Regulations  of  the  Police  Departments  of  Brook¬ 
lyn  and  Buffalo,  with  some  modifications  and  additions  designed  to 
meet  more  fully  the  requirements  of  the  service. 

All  applications  for  appointment  to  any  position  in  the  Depart¬ 
ment  shall  be  made  upon  blanks  furnished  by  the  Department.  The 
first  of  these,  to  be  presented  by  the  applicant  in  person,  should  be 


substantially  as  follows : 

City  of . 188  . 

To  the  Commissioners  of  Police : 

The  undersigned  states  that  he  is . years  of  age,  respect¬ 
fully  asks  an  appointment  as . in  the  Police  Depart¬ 


ment,  city  of . ,  and  refers  you  to  the  following  testimonials. 

Signed,  . 

Each  of  the  undersigned  respectfully  represents  to  the  Commis¬ 
sioners  of  Police,  city  of . ,  that  he  can  and  does  hereby 

testify  that  he  knows  the  above  applicant  personally,  and  that  he  is 


a  man  of  good  moral  character,  of  sober  and  industrious  habits,  that 
he  has  never  known  him  to  be  guilty  of  or  convicted  for  anv  crim¬ 
inal  or  disorderly  conduct  or  act,  and  each  of  the  undersigned  further 
says  that  he  consents  that  this  certificate  may  be  made  public. 

Name.  Residence. 

The  second,  which  should  be  required  to  be  filled  out  and  signed 
in  the  presence  of  an  officer  of  the  Police  Department  who  should 
also  sign  as  witness,  should  be  substantially  as  follows : 

(N.  B.  This  statement  of  applicant  must  be  filled  out  and  signed  in  the  pres¬ 
ence  of  an  officer  of  the  Police  Department,  who  will  also  sign  as  witness.  ) 


City  of .  .• . 188  . 

Statement  of . . . 


Where  were  you  born  ? . 

In  what  year  ? . Month  ? . Day  ?  . 

Where  do  you  live  ?  (street  and  number) . . 

How  long  have  you  lived  in . ?  . 

If  not  born  in  the  United  States,  have  you  been  naturalized  ?  . . 

When  %  . Where  ?  . 

Are  you  married  or  single  or  widower  ?  . 

What  family  have  you  %  . 

Have  you  been  convicted  of  any  crime  ?  . 

What'  is  your  regular  occupation  ?  . 

What  was  your  last  occupation  ?  . 

Have  you  ever  been  a  policeman  ?  . 

If  so,  where  ?  . . And  when  ?  . 

Have  you  paid,  or  promised  to  pay,  or  given  any  money  or  other 
consideration,  to  any  person,  directly  or  indirectly,  for  any  aid  or 

influence  toward  procuring  your  appointment  ?  . 

(a)  Have  you  been  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  U.  S.  ?  . 

If  so,  when  ?  .  . , . In  what  capacity  ?  . 

Witness,  .  . 

Signature  of  Applicant. 


Police  Department  of  the  City  of 


ss. 


being  duly  sworn,  both  depose  and  say, 


110 


Assembly 


I  signed  the  above  statement,  and  the  same  is  true  to  the  best  of  my 
knowledge  and  belief. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  . .  day  ) . 

of  . 18  j  *Signature  of  Applicant. 


'^Signature  of  Officer  administering  Oath. 

(a)  If  the  applicant  has  been  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States 
he  should  furnish  the  name  and  address  of  one  or  more  of  his  surviving  officers, 
if  practicable  ;  in  any  case  he  should  give  satisfactory  evidence  of  honorable  dis¬ 
charge. 


These  blanks,  properly  filled  out,  with  the  testimonials  attached  to 
the  first,  will  afford  the  basis  of  investigation  as  to  the  character  of 
the  applicants,  which  should  be  made  as  thorough  as  possible.  On 
this  point  it  is  to  be  remarked,  in  the  first  place,  that  competitive  ex¬ 
amination  cannot  in  itself  completely  test  the  character  of  applicants, 
and  must  not  be  relied  upon  to  do  so,  but  as  under  the  laws  of  this 
State  and  the  Rules  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  each  appoint¬ 
ment  is  to  be  made  from  among  the  highest,  and  not  of  the  single 
one  standing  highest,  on  the  eligible  list,  there  is  left,  as  there  should 
be,  scope  for  the  responsible  discretion  of  the  appointing  power. 

And  in  the  second  place,  there  is  under  this  system  every  means  left 
open  for  ascertaining  character  that  can  be  properly  or  usefully  em¬ 
ployed  under  any  other  system.  In  Buffalo  the  following  rule  is 
adopted :  “General  character,  to  include  habits  and  reputation,  is  to 
be  ascertained  in  such  manner  as  the  Examining  Board  may  deter¬ 
mine.”  In  Brooklyn  the  Captain  of  the  Precinct  in  which  the  ap¬ 
plicant  resides  is  required  to  “make  diligent  and  confidential  inquiry 
concerning”  him,  and  the  Commissioner  avails  himself  of  such  other 
sources  of  information  as  he  can,  especially  of  direct  and  explicit  in¬ 
quiry  from  the  signers  of  the  applicant’s  testimonials,  and  this  in  no 
case  should  be  omitted.  But  the  specific  methods  to  be  applied  in 
this  matter  must  be  left  to  the  mayor  of  each  city  to  determine. 

The  next  step  in  the  system  is  the  physical  examination  of  appli¬ 
cants,  which  is  of  the  highest  importance.  In  this  it  is  considered 
possible  to  secure  a  more  practical  test  of  fitness  for  the  service  than 
has  yet  been  attained,  even  under  the  most  improved  methods.  The 
surgeons  should,  as  of  course,  obtain  accurate  information  as  to  the 
points  covered  by  the  following  questions: 

Applicant’s  Statement. 

Name . 

Date  of  birth . 

Occupation . 


No.  42.] 


Ill 


Have  you  any  disease  now  ?  . 

What  diseases  have  you  had  during  the  last  seven  years  ?  . 

Do  you  know  of  any  hereditary  disease  in  your  family  ?  . 

If  your  parents,  brothers,  or  sisters,  or  any  of  them,  are  dead,  of 

what  disease  did  they  die  ?  . 

Have  you  ever  had  fits  ?  . 

Have  you  ever  had  any  fracture  or  dislocation  ?  . 

Have  you  ever  received  any  injury  to  the  head  or  spine  \  . 

Are  you  subject  to  piles?  . 

Have  you  been  vaccinated  ?  . 

Have  you  ever  had  rheumatism  ?  . 


Applicant. 


112 


[Assembly 


§ 

•<s> 

co 


<>. 


© 

rfl 

-M 


u 

<v 

o 

& 

o 

*3 

o 

•M 

nd 

© 

3 

© 

a 

+3 

>, 

a 

t3 

© 

C<>- 

§i 

3  m 

X  © 

©  Si 
© 
3a 
©  +j 

2  © 

J2  +3 

,  e d 

U  43 

©  03 
>  - 
©  o 
_  © 

Z  — 

-tj'd 

O  S 

>— <  »*> 

P  - 

^  c 

a  5 

^9 

a  tj 

W3 

a 

fcH  © 

yjQ 

◄ 

W 


B 

a 

a 

M 

K 

£ 


43 

03 

© 

a 

O 

SH 

O 

© 

o 

a 

© 

(i 

© 

^-t 

S 

3 

© 

si 


ffl 

43 

33 

bfi 

© 

w 


43 

a 

bfi 

'© 


Eh 

O 

<J 

M 

H 

a 

X 

H 

<1 

H 

CO 


ffl  :Q 


r~ 

03 

bn 

□ 

3 


Si 

o 

3 

o 

•r* 

3 

s- 


a 

5  *•  S 
53« 


o 

33 


u  3 

q  tx 

>  a> 

o  P3 

■g  -3 

3 


-4J 

.W 

*3 

■d 

a 

cd 

cd 

<U 


03 

C 
cd 
tt) 

K  *h 

cd  o 

c n 

a 
H 


© 


© 

c n 
cd 
© 
c/3 


03 

& 


a 

u 

*e*n  •<—• 

<*  a 

«  g 

p  £ 
a 

o 

55 

hi 

X 


a 

3 

2  P 


© 

33 


cm  2 

a?  o 

a  g 
tf  53 
H  •© 

a  © 

H  ^ 

CO  03 


© 


<}£ 


S'- 

t>. 

n3 

3 

© 

4-5 

C/2 

T3 

3 

3 

© 

© 

- 

fc- 


w‘i  d 

I 

03 

© 

5> 

'd  ■ 

o 

o 

3 

© 

33 

435 

O 


o 

<M  C>- 

3  13 

P  S 


hi 

o 

03 

3 

O 

a 

© 

•  r*H 

r&  £*- 
3  03 
—  © 

^  511 

3-2 
3  Q 
© 
g  a 
©  a 

33  < 
**  B 
®" 


©  *3 

3  a 

„w  3 
4J  B 

53| 

X  g> 

©  3 

rd  ^ 

+H  g 

hi  33 
C  -h> 

Pi  2 

W  P5 

e- 

< 

pi  © 

<1  T3 

3  § 

o  o 


a 

c3 

til) 

Pi 

o 

o  .2 
^3 

o 

<D 

(fl 

cd 
<D 
GO 


fl 
O 

•pH 

-*-3 

cd 

a 

5  =3 

3  .9 

>. 
3 
rt 


H 

X 

Eh 

co 


© 

Si 

© 

f3 

^SV. 

©  03 
03 


*<  1  3 


Q 

o 

O 

o 

H 

P 

C5 

hi 

CO 

H 

a 

Eh 

C/2 


73 

O 

O 

be 

b£ 

C 

"(-. 

© 


© 

r3 

+5 


<!  qo 


<5  «  d 


<5  « 


3 
C 
»•— < 
4-> 

3 

Si 

O 

4-3 

© 

© 

a 

W 


ffi 

o 

p 

o 

o 

o 

eh 

Fh 

Oci 
W  3 

hs  O 

PS 

£>  c3 

co  .a 

1^. 

H  ^ 

55^ 

<3 

o  g 

hi  0 

a  «• 

a. 9 

P  § 

H23 

CO 


a 


O  p> 

W  r— < 

*3  c3 

■a  © 

0  X 

g  3 


9 

© 

4-5 

03 

>. 

CO 


o 

> 

P4 

© 

55 

'd 

3 

?3 


cd 

s- 

a 

© 

-3 

41 


co 
Z 
O 

hi 

Eh 

O 

z 
p 
a 

a 
« 

s 

hi  ed  © 

w 

CO  HH 

<j  a 


cd 

s- 

a 

© 


(V. 

rd 

© 

0! 

© 

m 


3 

© 

© 

a 

SI 

© 

> 

© 

'd 

Si 

O 

O 

c3 

3 

a 

co 

Si 

O 


>»  h 
—  © 
d)  r* 

£  o 
M  o 

23  03 
©  >> 

•g  © 
ic'd 


>. 

s-  - 

2  03  • 

•a 

a  =  © 


s- 

c 


.  03 

43a 

03  js  3 
cc  «3  3 

©  ©a 
ca  _ 

a  ©  £ 
a  2 

03  43  J) 

.2.9  03' 

©©  >1 

033  © 

^3  ^3  1— 1 

5 

CO 

-d?” 


cd 


© 


© 


rt.2  U 

a  « o 


^03" 

bfi 

O—i- 

hi  -o 

q^— 

a  2  cd 

at  “ 

<l»s 

P^l 

Wfa 
H  >  « 

a 

hH 


o.a  s  a 


•u 

© 

Si 


O’ 

^H 

P*  S 
Op 

>>3 

Si  3 

3  q 

43  3 

g  2 
gP 

2  a 


©  o 

a  s- 

*3  © 
—  03 
© 

» oT 


03 

aa 

at  w 

g© 

>>§ 


cd  -2 

Z  3 

<5.2 

D-g 

^H  3 

XX 
a 
a 


03 


a 

s 

EH 

co  • 
< 

X 


o 

© 

>> 

3 

cd 

0 


'd 

cd 


bJO 


> 

cd 


bfi 

a 

> 

cd 

a 


© 

© 

© 

!2 

"> 

© 

>. 

3 

a 

>> 

a 

03 


Eh 

Z 

<1 

O 

hH 

a 

a 

a 

d 

a  © 

na 

a 
co  >, 
a  © 
o 
p 


© 

3 

a 

c 

43 


3 

© 

43 

Jd 

3 

9 

•1 

43 

« 

«-i 

o 

© 

03 

3 

C0~ 

EH 

1-1 

a 

< 


4 


No.  42.] 


113 


®  ©  i  i 

3«.S  3 

w 

ot  c  ot  03 
® 

gcS 
Eh  —  *»  e 
I  t-’O.S 
'.  © 

H 

KVh  « s 

o«©  p  2 
3  si  a 
k  o  us  a 
©p  s„ 
a^Ha! 

Z  te  p  • 

«gj§| 

p  p*h  03 1: 

Pn  _r>  d 

gaiSiBg 

S5?  s! 

CO  1>  c«n 


43 

f£  Jt 

tijn 
•*— 1  d 

®  CiOOlCOaQvOOlOO 
hr  3  CO  ■*«  r#  lO  lO  SO  CO  t-  »-  oo 

^  r— 1  H’i  r-i  ^  nH  r-i  rH  hH 

o 

3&H 

•M 

3 


© 

© 

.  J3  t— 00  05  O  <— I 

-e  ©  • 

-£  p 
3“* 

© 

®U0101010U0500«0«0<0 

fa 


© 

a* 

45 

va 

O 

© 

<TH 

o  •  03 

o 

©  03 

P  45  © 

2j©§3 

O  45 

©  -P  3 

3  C 

4aQ  1— 1 

©  c3 

5.  © 

a 

3?  *  38  * 

■^HHOlO®Ot*l*CO 

cocococococococoeo 


a 

o. 

© 


o 

5. 

•fH 

U 


o  © 

»  H 

ail 

P  «H 

E-2 
—  o 

C  *5 

IP  +3 

S  © 
© 

+-  .S 

a 


W 

© 

.  ,CNCOO!OH  |  HNMH< 

45  o  rHi— I  I 

-3  P 
tX)  M 

’© 

a  *i 

©>OlO  lOifSiOSOSOCOCOSO 

P=< 


'O 

© 

’A 

© 

c 

r* 
«— • 

:d 

03 

,G 

43 

o 


*3 

G 

© 

-*-> 

43 

cd 


03 

>» 

cd 

Q< 


O 

O- 


cd 

C3 

< D 

S- 

cd 


43 

cd 

?-. 

•  F-4 

a 

© 

rO 

© 

© 

— 

o 

4a 

45 

S3 

© 

© 


*3  I 

•F^  ^ 

5a  V 

®  w 

®  © 
p  c 
©  Jp 

P3  3 

£  *s 
.  © 
P  P 

.2  r3 

©  s 
©  © 
•r*3 

©  >, 
5*  *3 


© 

© 

3 

e3 

© 

*3 

O 

O 

tx 

© 

cO 

© 

33 

u 

S3 

tUD 

© 

5a 


© 

JP 

Eh 


HJ  C 
33- 
tX  « 

©  2 
£  a 

© 

33  £ 

+5  5- 
45  © 

3  © 

33  T3 


3 


c 

54 

© 

5a 

*> 

03 

©E  ® 

c3 

o 

a 

•  H 

o 

<(H 

’-4-3 

o 

,D 

w 

OT  ^ 

o 

© 

cC 

OT 

>> 

OT  —  _* 
•r-'C  d 

Q, 

c3 

© 

3 

S3 

<13 

ri 

cd 

& 

43  G 
—  C  cd 

f'FH 

<x> 

S-( 

o 

© 

2 

■d  >.-a 

<4-1 

c 

•4^ 

OT 

c3 

<13 

•3 

O 

o 

bX) 

fH 

•53 

•fH 

4^ 

OT 

3 

a 

*|S 

©  d  £ 

<ra  £  © 

C/3 

S3 

tx 

4^> 

O  ©q_, 

OT 

o» 

c 

+2 

ca 

-*-> 

<33 

O 

m 

93 

'P 

p 

*c 

<13 

u 

5 

C3 

®  o 

2d  ot 
G 

03  G  ^ 
OT  ^.S 

<D 

c 

03 

© 

•a 

03 

OT 

04 

OT 

®  2~ 

fC 

Ih 

5a 

C-H 

03 

cd 

FH  03 

+3 

tc 

a 

03 

5 

^5 

d 

c3 

to 

© 

5a 

•F^ 

«4H 

o 

•F* 

© 

a 

© 

<13 

fG 

-«-3 

43  G  ^ 

cd 

5F.2  © 

c 

a 

i* 

CCS 

<13 

fO 

o 

.F4 

•u 

ccS 

u 

© 

P3 

45 

© 

+3 

a 

03 

>> 

2> 

© 

rH 

a 

G 

4J 

G 

-  3  © 

p  cr® 
p  o  tt 

3  45  © 

<13 

4-J 

2 

a 

3 

03 

© 

*3 

3  Fa  33 

03 

T3 

2 

o 

OT 

s 

<D 

5a 

© 

4-3 

3 

Sf  ^ 

a 

•  fh 

OT 

•fH 

>> 
45 
•  fH 

fC 

■3 

fH 
*— < 

*•2  o 

—  o 

OT 

33  C/3 

CD 

«FH 

03 

j2 

o 

4^> 

"d 

S  O 

>4  H"- 

0-°  P 

”3 

S 

a 

03 

o.  © 

2-T3 

33 

-C 

o 

w 

OT 

•d 

>»  ""H 

—  3 

© 

p: 

O 

Eh 

T3 

•X- 

* 

-*-» 

OT 

*5 

G 

G 

rt 

®  £ 

+*■  4a 

F^ 

II 

w 

CCS 

0/ 

a 

o 

©T3 

Z  OT 

P  © 

73  2 

43  ~ 

tn  G 

03  0 
O  03 

2  — 

Cd 

j§s 

co 

d  rt 

d  o 

OT 

5-3 

©  rQ 

©® 

C  CO 

cd  o> 
bi^ 
u 

O  © 

.Q 

+H  3 
4a  © 

CP 

c  M 

.2  = 

'-<-©  — 

•P-  J- 

d  53 

-  © 

«  © 
r\ 

U 

© 

°  CO  ° 

©  Qj  Q 

tx©  . 

3 


© 

3 


© 

45 


-  ® 
*5  -© 
©  *H 


45^ 

3^3 


© 

52 


i*  © 

(h 

;  © 


3 

O 

sxg 


o 

a 


'‘•p- 

©■S  © 

ill 

u  £-3 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.] 


8 

15 


°  as 

03  ^ 
O  •  — 

*E  <© 

•—  03 
3  03 
0*^3 

.2  fl 

0)  03 

t-1 

73  O) 
ca 
O 

-*-»  O) 


w 

<© 

c» 


a 

c3 


C3  43 

03  r4 
3  ^ 

*4 

45  FQ 

T3  S 

Cw 

a  _ 

B  3 

2  s 

H3 
<©  03 
>  O 
c3  ©> 

F—  c 

I— (  <3 

45 

J  S 

.  oT 
ka.ti 
cS  o 
“  P 
^32 

C 
ci 


3^ 

5- 

O 


C/3 


03 

03 

O 
0,33 
03 

^33 

.*5 

p  e3 

5  2 

03 

.2  i 

03 

P2  'rt 

3 

O 

03 

F-< 

<D 

a. 


2 

fcO  • 
c  a 
■3  O 


C3 

3 

O 

45 


03 


03 

2 

03 

o 

=4-1 

03 

.Q 

03 

r2 

‘E 

© 

«3 

fQ 

3 

03 


a 

3 

c2 

ce 

o 

S25 


oo 

oo 


?  T3 

O  g 

o  w 
©  _ 
.tn  O 


© 

> 

o 

P=> 

c3 


t-. 
O 

©  ZD 

f3 


.3  O 


F-  F.FQ 

3  §  « 

^  O  c3 


O  Z5 
3-Z3 
i3  «o 

03  Ch 

3  O 

•«  O 

©  45 

>  J2 

o  _g  -a 

P-“  3 

63  2  * 


CC 

© 

5a 

3 

M 

O 

3a 

X 

© 


© 

f3 


C3  «3 
C45  O 

O  33 
ai 


* 

© 

© 

3 
c3 
33 

5a 

O 

© 

ri^ 

© 

.2  ’B 

o 

rB'a 

©  33 

.S3 

a  rt 

3 
X 
© 


f>5 

r-} 

bo 


CO 


I* 

5! 

s  g 
3  e 

c4-<  iz: 

<© 

L* 

c3  •  r— > 

°^3 
>->  3 
<3  3 

^3  O 
(© 
03 

S2 

45 

© 

t> 

2  w 

f3  •— 

*  © 

If3 

•  45 
45  C3 

e3  >2 

££ 

Fra 

hH  T3 

^  I 


© 

(— j 

fl  . 

'3  c 

45  O 

03  *  f— 

-a  a— > 

M  2 

3 

O  -3 

^  s 

c3 

©  X 

Up  © 
2  a3 

Pa-^ 

^©4 

>5  O 

3  o 

03  © 
>5  03 
P3  f- 
3a  — 
•  3 


.  3 

"  45  fQ 

;  f«  a3 

W  Pr 
•  Fa  03 


.2  > 
.2^ 
3a1a 

°.  © 

.  p3 

.  +H> 

•  45 

3  ^ 

33  ^ 
3  T3 
a  3 
„  o3 

to 

3 

rH 
5a 
03 
© 


T3 

O 

O 

to 


ZD 


o 

M 

W 

W 

W 


GO 

00 


33 
3 
e3  c3 

"S  ^ 

U)° 

"cm  ® 

S.2 

^■2 

©  - 

o  © 
o  — 
t  o*3 


5a 

c 


03  5a 

«3  © 

rC  3a 


F^P 

5a 

O 

>H 

£ 

© 

fc 


t 


114  [Assembly 

It  is  to  be  borne  clearly  in  mind  that,  on  the  one  hand,  the  physi¬ 
cal  examination  should  be  directed  to  testing  the  applicant’s  condi¬ 
tion  and  capacity  for  good  service  rather  than  to  any  special  acquire¬ 
ments,  and,  on  the  other,  this  test  should  be  made  as  complete  and 
conclusive  as  possible. 

In  addition  to  this  system  of  examination,  which  is  substantially 
that  now  prescribed  in  New  York,  there  has  been  developed,  largely 
by  the  intelligent  labors  of  Prof.  D.  A.  Sargent  of  the  Hemenway 
Gymnasium  of  Harvard  University,  a  simple,  practical,  and  scientific 
system,  which  brings  out  clearly  the  general  physical  capacity  of  the 
man  examined,  together  with  his  special  points  of  superiority  or  de¬ 
ficiency.  The  direct  examination  consists  of  a  series  of  body  meas¬ 
urements,  taken  after  a  uniform  plan,  and  a  corresponding  test  of 
the  strength  of  each  of  the  parts  measured,  as  nearly  as  possible. 
The  strength  of  lungs,  back,  chest,  legs  and  arms,  is  taken  by  means 
of  ingenious,  but  simple,  spirometers  and  dynamometers,  made  for 
the  purpose  and  carefully  adjusted.  The  sums  of  the  tests  for 
strength  are  then  compared  with  the  sums  of  the  measurements  of 
development  of  the  corresponding  parts.  What  a  man  can  do  is 
thus  contrasted  with  what  he  ought  to  be  able  to  do,  and  the  ratio 
between  the  two  fixes  his  relative  standing.  The  measurements 
which  would  be  practically  sufficient  in  the  case  of  applicants  for 
the  police  force  are:  Height,  standing  and  sitting;  girth  of  the 
head,  of  the  chest  in  repose  aud  expanded,  of  the  waist,  of  the  right 
and  left  thigh,  of  the  right  and  left  upper  arm  and  forearm  ;  the  depth 
of  the  chest,  and  the  stretch  of  the  arms.  The  tests  of  strength 
and  capacity  required  should  include  the  capacity  of  the  lungs,  the 
strength  of  the  lungs,  and  the  strength  of  back,  chest,  legs,  upper 
arm,  and  forearm.  In  addition  to  the  information  thus  gained, 
the  surgeons  should  ascertain  the  applicant’s  power  to  handle  his  own 
weight,  in  running,  and  in  pulling  up  or  pushing  up  his  weight. 

The  system  above  outlined,  though  more  thorough  than  any  yet 
enforced,  is  not  difficult  of  application,  and  has  been  so  widely  and 
carefully  tested,  not  only  at  Harvard  but  elsewhere,  that  the  value 
of  the  knowledge  obtained  of  an  applicant’s  capacity  for  good  physi¬ 
cal  service  and  for  endurance  is  established.  Its  use  in  the  police 
force  would  not  only  secure  men  of  superior  strength,  quickness, 
and  physical  efficiency,  but  men  of  sounder  health,  less  liable  to  fall 
upon  the  sick  list,  or  to  incur  risk  of  accident  or  injury,  or  to  become 
a  charge  upon  the  pension  list. 

It  is  greatly  to  be  desired,  however,  that  any  system  of  examina* 
tion  for  admission  to  the  service  of  the  police  should  be  followed 
by  a  course  of  training  which  should  furnish  a  further  test  of  quali¬ 
fication,  and  should  be  in  the  nature  of  probation.  In  the  city  of 
New  York  this  could  be  practically  established  under  Rule  116  of 
the  Commissioners,  which  provides  for  dismissal  of  any  member 
of  the  force  for  “  incapacity  —  mental,  physical  or  educational.” 
While  “ dismissal”  at  present  is  a  form  of  punishment,  to  be  pre¬ 
ceded  by  conviction,  it  would  be  easy  to  provide  a  term  of  training 


115 


No.  42.] 

and  trial,  at  the  close  of  which  the  applicant  could  be  dropped  with¬ 
out  the  discredit  of  punishment.  During  such  a  term  it  would  be 
practicable  to  ascertain  special  fitness  for  the  peculiar  work  of  the. 
force  —  the  command,  for  instance,  of  the  man  over  Ins  own  nerves 
and  muscles,  the  quickness  and  correctness  with  which  lie  could  seize 
and  follow  the  sense  of  an  order,  Ins  power  of  sustained  attention 
and  alertness,  his  coolness  and  general  self-control  In  this  school 
also,  the  exercises  of  running  and  swimming  and  the  use  ot  tire- 
arms,  all  demanded  in  the  force  of  New  York,  could  be  required, 
and  essential  failure  to  show  adaptation  for  them  would  be  sound 
reason  for  rejecting  the  man  under  trial.  The  knowledge  o  ie 
applicant’s  fitness  for  service  thus  gained  would  be  very  valuable, 
and  could  not  be  fairly  got  from  any  preliminary  examination,  lhe 
results  of  the  physical  examination  should  be  classified,  and  a  proper 
weight  assigned  to  each  class ;  the  sum  of  the  weights  should  be  10. 
Each  should  be  marked  on  a  scale  of  100  (representing  the  maxi¬ 
mum),  and  the  average  should  be  got  by  multiplying  the  standing 
of  the  applicant  in  each  qualification  by  the  value  of  said  qualifica¬ 
tion,  and  dividing  the  united  products  by  10.  .  ,. 

With  the  understanding  that  all  applicants  must  attain  a  standing 
of  at  least  50  in  each  division  of  physical  examination,  and  an 
average  standing  of  TO  on  all,  measured  on  a  scale  of  100,  their 
actual  standing  in  physical  qualifications  should  enter  into  the  gene¬ 
rating  of  their  fitness  for  appointment.  They  should  then  be  sub¬ 
mitted  to  further  examination  as  to  general  qualifications,  substan¬ 
tially  as  follows : 

General  Qualifications. 

1  General  character :  To  include  habits  and  reputation,  and  to 
be  ascertained  in  such  manner  as  the  examining  board  may  deter- 

mine.  .  v  n, 

2.  Experience:  Obtained  either  m  actual  service  as  a  police  officer 

or  in  other  occupation  tending  to  qualify  for  such  service. 

3.  Obligatory  subjects : 

a.  Reading  from  print  and  manuscript. 

b.  Handwriting,  as  shown  by  copying  from  manuscript. 

c.  Writing  from  dictation. 

d.  Spelling,  as  shown  in  writing  from  dictation. 

e.  Arithmetic  :  Addition,  subtraction,  multiplication  and  division, 

applied  to  whole  numbers. 

/.  Police  rules  and  regulations. 

q.  Questions  relating  to  city  government,  location  of  streets,  etc.. 

The  relative  weight  given  to  the  several  obligatory  subjects  in 
making  up  the  average  standings  will  be  as  follows : 

a.  Reading .  ^ 

b.  Handwriting  . .  ^ 

c.  Writing  from  dictation .  ^ 

d.  Spelling . 1 


116  [Assembly 

e.  Arithmetic . 1 

f.  Police  rules  and  regulations .  2 

g.  City  data .  1 

Total  of  weight .  10 


In  making  up  the  general  average  of  the  standing  of  the  applicant, 
the  relative  value  of  each  qualification  and  subject  will  be  as  fol¬ 


lows  : 

Physical  qualifications .  40 

General  character .  15 

Experience .  10 

Obligatory  subjects .  35 


Total  of*values .  100 


The  general  average  will  be  ascertained  by  multiplying  the  ascer¬ 
tained  average  standing  of  the  applicant  in  each  qualification  by  the 
value  attached  thereto,  and  dividing  the  united  products  by  the  sum 
of  the  values,  100. 

No  person  whose  standing  on  any  of  the  qualifications  or  obliga¬ 
tory  subjects  enumerated  above  is  less  than  50,  or  whose  ascer¬ 
tained  average  on  all  is  below  70,  to  be  entered  on  the  eligible  list. 

Under  the  head  of  “  Police  Pules  and  Regulations,”  it  is  practi¬ 
cable  to  test  with  considerable  accuracy  and  to  the  great  advantage 
of  the  service,  the  natural  or  acquired  fitness  of  the  applicants  for 
their  work.  They  should  be  given  a  reasonable  time  before  the  ex¬ 
amination,  a  copy  of  selected  rules  and  regulations  covering  the  more 
important  branches  of  their  future  duty.  Cases  should  be  described 
to  them — preferably  actual  cases  taken  from  correct  reports,  readily 
accessible  in  the  press' — and  they  should  be  required  to  state  their 
view  of  what  the  rules  would  require  of  them  in  such  cases.  This 
inquiry  should  include  a  report,  such  as  a  policeman  would  be 
obliged  to  make,  of  such  an  occurrence.  While  this  test  would  nec¬ 
essarily  give  only  indications  of  the  aptitude  of  the  applicant,  these 
indications  would  be  of  the  greatest  value,  and,  as  all  applicants 
would  be  subject  to  the  same  conditions,  the  relative  fitness  of  each 
would  be  clearly  attested. 

For  appointments  in  the  police  department  of  clerical  duty,  the 
principle  of  open  competition  should  be  applied  in  the  same  manner 
as  is  now  prescribed  for  clerical  appointments  to  the  Civil  Service  of 
the  State.  For  appointments  as  “  doorman  ”  a  simpler  examination 
should  be  used,  but  the  principle  of  open  competition  should  be 
strictly  adhered  to,  and  the  rules  should  explicitly  provide  that  pro¬ 
motions  from  this  grade  to  that  of  patrolman  should  not  be  made. 
The  rules  should  state  that  “  any  false  statement  knowingly  made 
by  any  person  in  his  application,  and  any  connivance  by  him  in  any 
false  statement  made  in  any  certificate  which  may  accompany  his 
application,  or  willful  complicity  in  any  fraud  designed  to  improve 
his  standing  upon  examination  shall  be  regarded  as  imperative  cause 


No.  42.] 


117 


for  the  final  rejection  of  such  application,'’  or  for  “  his  dismissal,  if 
discovered  after  his  appointment.”  It  should  be  called,  further,  to 
the  attention  of  applicants,  that  false  statements,  willfully  and.  cor¬ 
ruptly  made  by  any  person  concerning  the  standing  of  an  applicant 
under  the  Civil  Service  acts  are  an  offense  against  the  law,  and  are 
punishable  in  the  courts.  It  should  also  be  stated  in  the  rules  and 
regulations,  and  brought  clearly  to  the  knowledge  of  applicants, 
that  “  neither  the  political  opinions,  party  affiliations,  nor  the  party 
services  of  an  applicant  shall  be  considered  by  any  examining  board  ; 
nor  shall  such  opinions,  affiliations,  or  services  be  drawn  to  the  at¬ 
tention  of  any  examining  board,  or  any  of  its  members,  by  any  per¬ 
son,”  and  that  “  any  violation  of  this  rule  by  any  applicant,  or  with 
his  consent  or  acquiescence,  shall  be  imperative  cause  for  the  rejec¬ 
tion  of  such  applicant,  or  for  dismissal,  if  subsequently  discovered.” 
On  these  points  there  should  be  no  room  for  mistake  or  misappre¬ 
hension.  Every  one  interested  should  be  made  to  understand  that 
political  influence  will  not  help,  but  will  hopelessly  defeat,  the  ap¬ 
plicant.  This  goes  to  the  vital  principle  of  the  whole  system  and 
should  be  unflinchingly  enforced. 

Promotions  within  the  police  force  should  be  made  exclusively 
from  the  next  lower  grade  by  competitive  examination,  that  is,  to 
the  post  of  roundsman  from  the  patrolmen,  to  sergeant  from  rounds¬ 
men,  to  captain  from  sergeants,  to  inspectors  from  captains,  and  to 
superintendent  from  inspectors.  This  is  required  not  only  because 
the  knowledge,  training,  and  experience  of  each  grade  furnish  the 
best  qualifications  for  the  higher  grade,  but  because  the  fact  that  pro¬ 
motion  along  the  whole  line  depends  on  proven  superiority  in  each 
grade  will  be  the  strongest  possible  incentive  to  the  attainment  of 
such  superiority.  It  is  possible,  though  not  probable,  that  in  rare 
instances  a  better  man  for  certain  positions  may  be  had  from  outside 
the  service,  or  from  a  grade  lower  than  the  next,  but  any  inconven¬ 
ience  that  might  arise  from  this  source  would  be  much  more  than 
offset  by  the  wholesome  and  powerful  influence  of  rigid  adherence 
to  the  principle  of  regular  advancement.  In  examinations  for  pro¬ 
motion,  the  tests  of  general  intelligence  should  be  subordinated  to 
the  tests  supplied  by  examination  as  to  the  special  qualities,  and  by 
the  record  of  the  applicants.  The  annexed  blank  used  by  Col.  John 
N.  Partridge,  commissioner  of  police  in  Brooklyn,  with  reference 
to  promotions  for  roundsmen  and  sergeants  is  submitted. 


L 


118 


[Assembly 


REPORT 

ON  THE  EXAMINATION  OE 


for  promotion  to .  . in  the 

Police  Department. 

. 188.. 

N.  B.  —  In  examining  Roundsmen  for  promotion  omit  No.  6. 

“  “  Patrolmen  “  “  “  Nos.  14  and  15. 

(^Highest  possible  marking  on  any  subject,  100) 


1.  Writing  from  dictation . . . 

MARKS. 

CJ 

2.  Handwriting . 

3.  Spelling . 

4.  Knowledge  of  the  “  Rules  and  Regulations  ” . 

5.  Fines  and  penalties  last  years . 

6.  Arrests  for  last  12  months . 

7.  Veracity . . 

8.  Habits  as  to  use  of  liquor . 

9.  Ability  and  energy . 

j  #  # . 

10.  Coolness  and  judgment  in  emergencies . 

11.  Deportment  towards  citizens . . . 

12.  Language  (profane  or  vulgar) . 

13.  Physique  and  endurance . . 

14.  Character  for  maintaining  discipline  among,  and  get- 
tin  good  work  from,  patrolmen . 

O  O  7  -L  # 

15.  Knowledge  of  laws  and  ordinances  relating  to  police 
duties . . . 

Average . 

Remarks 


i 

i 

EXAMINEES. 


It  may  be  remarked  that,  in  the  matter  of  “  arrests  ”  by  patrol* 
men  applying  for  the  post  of  roundsman,  the  nature  of  the  arrests 
and  the  final  disposition  made  of  prisoners  are  considered  carefully, 
as  well  as  the  mere  number. 

In  the  city  of  New  York,  certain  special  duties  are  assigned  to 
the  ‘  ‘  Sanitary  Company,”  who  are  not  only  charged  with  supervision 
and  regulation  of  matters  likely  to  be  dangerous  to  health  or  life, 


119 


No.  42.] 

but  also  with  the  examination  of  engineers  of  steam  boilers.  For 
these  duties  it  is  clear  that  there  should  be  a  special  examination. 

In  regard  to  the  Fire  Department,  a  careful  examination  of  the 
existin0,  rules  of  the  department  shows  that  the  application  of  the 
principle  of  competitive  examination  to  admissions  to  the  uniformed 
force  will  further  increase  the  efficiency  of  a  department  which  pre¬ 
sents  in  its  present  organization  much  that  is  admirable  and  worthy 
of  hi o-h  commendation.  Under  existing  rules,  there  is  an  opportun¬ 
ity  for  admissions  to  the  force  being  kept  entirely  under  the  control 
of  political  influence.  It  is  highly  desirable  that  this  should  be 
changed  by  placing  all  applicants  in  the  same  position  before  an  ex¬ 
amining  board,  admissions  to  the  force  to  be  governed  solely  by  the 
test  of  a  competitive  examination  upon  those  subjects  most  likely  to 
show  the  fitness  for  the  service  in  the  force.  The  duties  to  be  per¬ 
formed  by  a  member  of  the  uniformed  force  of  the  Fire  Department 
are  such  as  call  for  the  possession  of  physical  soundness,  strength, 
agility,  nerve,  and  general  intelligence.  The  examinations  should,  as 
far  as  possible,  be  such  as  to  show  the  relative  merit  of  the  applicant 
in  the  particulars  named  ;  good  character,  of  course,  should  be  re¬ 
garded  as  a  necessary  condition  to  employment  in  the  service ;  great 
care  should  be  exercised  in  this  particular,  since  the  presence  of  men 
in  the  force  whose  characters  are  not  reputable  would  greatly  tend  to 
demoralization  and  inefficiency.  Under  the  existing  regulations  of 
the  Fire  Department,  the  entire  active  force  is  known  as  the  uni¬ 
formed  force,  and  is  composed  of  officers  and  privates.  The  privates 
are  graded  into  three  classes,  first,  secondhand  third.  A  new 
appointee  to  the' force  takes  his  place  in  the  third  class  at  a  salary  of 
$800  ;  service  of  two  years  entitles  him  to  pass  the  second  class  and 
to  receive  the  salary  of  $900  ;  and  a  service  of  four  years  to  enter 
the  first  class  at  the  salary  of  $1,000.  There  is  also  connected  with 
the  department  a  school  known  as  a  school  of  instruction,  which 
all  applicants  for  admission  to  the  uniformed  force,  after  having 
passed  the  requisite  surgical  examination,  are  obliged  to  attend  for 
ten  days  on  probation,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the  instructor  for  the 
school'  of  instruction  reports  to  the  Commissioners  whether  the 
applicant  is  competent  to  become  a  member  of  the  force,  and  further 
whether  he  is  or  is  not  qualified  to  become  a  member  of  the  life¬ 
saving  corps,  the  life-saving  corps  being  composed  of  those  who  show 
a  special  fitness  for  performing  the  more  dangerous  duties  incident 
to  the  employment  of  a  fireman.  If  the  report  is  favorable  to  the 
applicant,  he  receives  an  appointment  and  is  required  to  pass  an 
additional  ten  days  in  the  school  of  instruction  before  entering  upon 
his  active  employment  in  the  force.  If  his  stay  in  the  school  of  in¬ 
struction  shows  that  he  is  fitted  to  become  a  member  of  the  life-sav¬ 
ing  corps  above  referred  to,  he  is  assigned  to  duty  as  a  member  of 
such  corps.  The  rule  requiring  a  candidate  to  serve  a  probationary 
period  in  the  school  of  instruction  is  an  admirable  one,  and,  if  prop¬ 
erly  enforced,  may  be  made  one  of  the  best  methods  of  determining 
a  candidate’s  fitness  for  admission  to  the  force,  but  it  is  clearly 


120 


[Assembly 


requisite  that  the  opportunity  of  admission  to  the  school  of  instruc¬ 
tion  be  open  to  all  applicants  who  possess  the  moral,  physical,  and 
mental  qualifications;  so  that  such  admission  should  not  be  confined 
solely  to  those  who  bring  such  political  influence  to  bear  upon  the 
Board  of  Commissioners  as  to  force  a  recognition  of  the  applicant’s 
claims. 

The  forms  and  rules  as  to  applications  may  be  the  same  as  are 
suggested  for  the  Police  Dej^artment. 

While  the  methods  of  physical  examination  already  in  use  in 
the  Fire  Department  are  thorough,  and  appear  to  be  more  than 
usually  well  adapted  to  the  puiq:>ose,  the  recommendations  made  with 
regard  to  the  Police  Department  apply  in  this  case  as  well,  and  the 
methods  therein  proposed  are  urged  strongly  for  the  Fire  Department. 
It  will  be  understood  that  in  the  period  of  probation  and  training 
the  exercises  required  will  be  different,  and  such  as  are  adapted  to 
the  fire  service.  The  remaining  examinations  should  be  modeled  on 
those  suggested  for  the  police.  They  need  not,  however,  embrace 
any  questions  as  to  the  city  government,  and,  in  that  part  relating 
to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  department  which  the  applicant 
seeks  to  enter,  there  should  be  a  test  of  the  applicant’s  readiness  in 
making  such  reports  of  occurrences  at  fires  and  in  the  stations  of 
the  fire  companies  as  are  required  in  the  service.  These  may  be  made 
either  in  writing  or  orally.  If  orally,  the  report  should  be  taken 
down  by  a  stenographer,  in  order  that  there  shall  be  a  trustworthy 
record  for  reference  and  preservation.  In  making  up  the  general 
average  of  the  standing  of  the  applicants,  the  following  relative 
values  are  recommended,  in  place  of  those  suggested  for  the  police : 


Physical  qualifications 
General  character.  . . . 

Experience. . . 

Obligatory  subjects. . . 


33 

15 

24 

28 


100 


It  is  recommended  that  the  boards  of  examiners,  to  be  appointed 
by  the  mayor,  to  whom  shall  be  referred  all  applications  for  admis¬ 
sion  to  either  department,  shall  be  made  up  in  a  manner  to  carefully 
avoid  any  fair  implication  of  political  partiality.  With  reference  to 
the  Fire  Department,  it  is  strongly  urged  that  the  examiners  be 
chosen  from,  or  on  consultation  with,  the  Board  of  Underwriters. 

The  question  of  promotion  in  the  Fire  Department  is  an  impor¬ 
tant  one.  While  the  principle  of  competition  should  undoubtedly  be 
observed,  it  should  be  applied  with  great  care  with  the  purpose  of 
giving  full  weight  to  the  conduct  of  the  applicants  in  the  service. 
For  this  purpose  a  record  as  accurate  as  possible  should  be  kept  of 
each  man’s  conduct  and  actions,  and  the  examiners  for  promotion 
should  be  instructed  to  take  into  consideration  all  the  circumstances 
showing  capacity,  as  to  physical  qualities  or  as  to  courage,  devotion 


121 


No.  42.] 

and  fidelity.  Sucli  questions  as  refer  to  reading,  writing,  and  knowl¬ 
edge  of  the  simpler  forms  of  arithmetic  should  be  strictly  limited  to 
testing  general  intelligence  ;  and,  in  rating  the  value  of  the  answers, 
the  answers  to  these  should  be  subordinated  in  a  marked  manner  to 
the  evidence  afforded  of  the  applicant’s  efficiency  in  actual  work.  It 
should  be  clearly  borne  in  mind  that  competition  is  not  confined  to 
answering  questions,  and  that  it  is  simply  testing  the  relative  fitness 
of  all  applicants  in  the  most  practical  and  conclusive  manner.  For 
promotion  the  service  itself  is  the  most  valuable  method  of  competi¬ 
tion,  and  its  results,  intelligently  ascertained  and  weighed,  should  de¬ 
termine  the  action  of  the  appointing  power. 

In  making  appointments  either  for  admission  or  promotion,  the 
appointing  power  should  select  from  the  five  persons  standing  high¬ 
est  on  the  competitive  examinations. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  rules  governing  admissions  to  both  the  Po¬ 
lice  and  the  Fire  Departments,  together  with  the  rules  governing  the 
conduct  of  the  force,  should  be  prepared  in  pamphlet  form,  for  free 
distribution,  on  application  at  the  proper  offices.  The  fullest  prac¬ 
ticable  publicity  is  at  once  the  right  of  citizens  and  an  advantage  to 
the  department. 

In  submitting  these  recommendations  the  committee  would  call 
attention  to  the  fact  that,  while  the  principle  of  open  competition, 
on  which  they  rest,  is  now  made  mandatory  in  the  law  of  the  State, 
and  is  amply  sustained  by  experience  in  this  State,  in  a  number  of 
our  cities  in  the  Federal  service  and  in  the  Civil  Service  of  Great 
Britain,  its  application  to  the  various  branches  of  the  municipal 
service  must  depend  on  special  requirements,  and  must  be  modified 
and  perfected  as  those  requirements  become  known  in  practice. 

EDWARD  CARY, 

CHAS.  A.  DAVISON, 

E.  L.  GODKIN, 

CARL  SCHURZ, 

H.  B.  B.  STAPLER. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  16 


\ 


f 


APPENDIX  F. 


COPIES  OF  CITY  REGULATIONS. 


•  City  of  New  York,  ) 

Mayor’s  Office,  August  22,  1884.  \ 

In  the  exercise  of  the  authority  conferred  upon  the  mayors  of  cities  by  chap¬ 
ter  410  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  for  1884,  passed  May  29,  1884, 
the  following  regulation  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  Civil  Service  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  and  for  the  conduct  of  persons  who  may  receive  ap¬ 
pointments  in  the  said  service,  are  hereby  prescribed  and  established  to  take 
effect  on  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eighty-four. 

FRANKLIN  EDSON, 

Mayor. 

NEW  YORK  CITY  CIVIL  SERVICE  REGULATIONS. 


Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  service  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  with  the  following  exceptions,  namely:  u  Officers  elected  by  the  people, 
and  the  subordinates  of  any  such  officer,  for  whose  errors  or  violation  of  duty 
such  officer  is  financially  responsible,  and  the  head  or  heads  of  any  department 
of  the  city  government,  and  persons  employed  in,  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  pub¬ 
lic  service  under  the  authority  of  the  board  of  education,  and  any  subordinate 
officer,  who  by  virtue  of  his  office  has  personal  custody  of  public  moneys  or  pub¬ 
lic  securities,  for  the  safe  keeping  of  which  the  head  of  an  office  is  under  official 
bonds.” 

Regulation  2. 

Schedule  A  shall  include  all  deputies  of  officers  and  commissioners  dulv 
authorized  to  act  for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  necessarily  occupying  a 
strictly  confidential  position. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  clerks,  copyists,  recorders,  book-keepers  and  others 
rendering  clerical  services. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  policemen,  both  in  the  police  department  and  depart¬ 
ment  of  parks,  and  the  uniformed  force  in  the  fire  department. 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  for  whose  duty  special  expert  knowledge 
is  required  not  included  in  Schedule  E. 

Schedule  E  shall  include  physicians,  chemists,  nurses,  orderlies  and  attend¬ 
ants  in  the  city  hospitals  and  asylums. 

Schedule  F  shall  include  all  persons  not  included  in  the  foregoing  schedules, 
and  not  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

Schedule  G-  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  ®r  day  workmen. 


124  [Assembly 

Each  schedule  shall  also  include  the  persons  specified  under  that  head  in  the 
classification  hereto  annexed,  marked  Appendix  A. 

Regulation  3. 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  qualifications  of  persons  seeking  or  named 
for  positions  in  the  departments  and  offices  of  the  municipal  government,  there 
shall  be  a  board  of  examiners  for  all  positions  in  Schedules  B,  C,  D,  E  and  F. 

This  board  shall  be  composed  of  six  citizens  designated  by  the  mayor  and  of 
the  secretary  of  the  boards. 

The  secretary  shall  be  chairman.  The  mayor  may  at  any  time  substitute  an¬ 
other  citizen  in  the  place  of  any  one  so  designated,  and  the  members  of  such 
board  shall  receive  compensation  only  for  the  time  when  actually  occupied  in  the 
performance  of  their  duties  as  examiners,  as  shown  by  the  minutes  of  such 
board.  The  mayor  will  employ  a  suitable  person  who  shall  act  as  the  secretary 
and  executive  officer  of  the  examining  board  and  of  the  supervisory  board.  The 
rate  of  compensation  of  the  members  of  such  board  and  of  the  secretary  shall  be 
fixed  by  the  mayor  who  will  employ  assistance,  procure  suitable  officers,  and 
incur  such  other  expenses  as  may  be  required  for  the  efficient  performance  of  the 
duties  imposed  upon  him  by  the  eighth  section  of  chapter  354,  of  the  Laws  of 
the  State  of  New  York  for  the  year  1883,  as  amended  by  chapter  410  of  the 
Laws  of  the  said  State  for  the  year  1884. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  board  of  examiners  by  such  of  its  members  as  it  shall 
designate,  to  conduct  all  examinations  called  for  under  these  regulations,  except 
as  herein  otherwise  provided,  and  to  ascertain  the  fitness  of  candidates  for  the 
service  of  the  city,  with  regard  to  character,  knowledge  and  ability  for  the 
branch  of  the  service  into  which  they  seek  to  enter,  and  to  determine  the  rela¬ 
tive  excellence  or  standing  of  the  persons  examined,  and  to  certify  the  same  as 
herein  prescribed. 

The  secretary  of  the  boards  shall  keep  minutes  of  all  their  proceedings,  and 
all  necessary  records  of  the  examination,  standing  and  certification  of  applicants, 
and  a  complete  record  of  all  persons  employed  in  the  several  departments  to 
which  these  regulations  apply,  and  of  all  appointments,  promotions,  dismissals, 
resignations  and  other  changes  of  any  kind  therein.  When  not  in  attendance 
upon  the  boards,  the  secretary  shall  act  under  the  direction  of  the  mayor. 

In  addition  to  the  board  of  examiners  hereinbefore  prescribed,  there  shall  be 
a  supervisory  board  to  be  composed  of  three  citizens,  designated  by  the  mayor, 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  : 

First — To  aid  the  mayor,  at  his  request,  in  preparing  suitable  regulations 
for  the  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  said  act. 

Second  —  To  conduct  such  inquiries  as  it  may  deem  expedient  respecting  the 
examinations  in  these  regulations  provided  for  ;  to  control  such  examinations 
and  the  general  administration  of  the  system  created  by  these  regulations,  and 
to  decide  from  time  to  time,  subject  to  revision  by  the  mayor,  all  questions 
arising  under  these  regulations  or  the  construction  thereof,  and  to  make  an  an¬ 
nual  report  to  the  mayor,  showing  its  own  action,  the  regulations  and  the  ex¬ 
ceptions  thereto  in  force,  the  administration  thereof  with  such  suggestions  as  it 
may  deem  necessary  for  the  more  effectual  accomplishment  of  the  purposes  of  the 
said  section  and  of  said  regulations. 

The  vouchers  for  the  pay-rolls  and  all  other  expenses  incurred  in  carrying 
these  regulations  into  effect  shall  be  certified  by  the  secretary  to  the  mayor. 

Regulation  4. 

Appointments  to  positions  in  Schedule  A  may  be  made  without  examination ; 
but  the  appointing  officer  shall  file  with  the  secretary,  within  five  days  after  mak¬ 
ing  any  such  appointment,  a  formal  notification  thereof,  setting  forth  the  full 
name  of  the  appointee,  the  date  and  place  of  his  birth,  length  of  his  residence  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  nature  of  previous  employment,  whether  he  has  ever 
been  in  official  service  before,  and  if  so,  when  and  where  ;  the  date  of  beginning 
of  such  service  and  term  for  which  appointed,  salary,  name  of  person  in  whose 


125 


No.  42.] 

place  appointed,  and  such  other  statistical  information  as  the  advisory  board 
may  deem  proper  for  registration. 

Regulation  5. 

Vacancies  in  Schedules  B,  C,  D,  E  and  F,  not  filled  by  promotion,  shall  be 
filled  by  selection  from  those  who  have  passed  highest  in  open  competitive  ex¬ 
aminations,  subject  to  the  conditions  herein  expressed,  except  as  hereinafter 
provided. 

»  Regulation  6. 

Applications  of  competitors  for  positions  included  in  Schedules  B,  D,  E  and 
F  must  be  addressed  to  the  “  Secretary  of  the  Municipal  Service  Boards,  New 
York  city,’’  and  must  be  accompanied  with  the  following  papers: 

FmaT  —  The  affidavit  of  the  applicant  showing  that  he  is  eighteen  years  of 
age,  and  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  giving  his  place  of  residence,  with  the 
street  and  number  thereof,  if  any  ;  the  place,  nature  and  extent  of  his  education, 
and  of  his  business  training  and  experience,  and  stating  whether  he  has  ever 
been  in  the  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  New  Tork,  or  in  the  military  or  naval 
service  of  the  United  States,  and  if  so,  when  and  where. 

Second  —  A  list  of  the  optional  subjects  upon  which  he  desires  to  be 
examined,  if  any ;  and  a  statement  whether  such  application  is  limited  to  any 
particular  office  or  offices  in  the  service. 

Third —  The  certificate  of  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  reputable  citi¬ 
zens  of  the  city  of  New  York,  that  they  have  been  personally  acquainted  with 
the  applicant  for  at  least  one  year,  and  believe  him  to  be  of  good  moral  charac¬ 
ter,  of  temperate  and  industrious  habits,  and  in  all  respects  fit  for  the  service  he 
wishes  to  enter,  and  that  each  of  them  is  willing  that  such  certificate  should  be 
published  for  public  information,  and  will,  upon  request,  give  such  further  infor¬ 
mation  concerning  the  applicant  as  he  may  possess. 

In  case  the  applicant  reside  out  of  New  York  city,  two  of  the  citizens  making 
such  certificate  may  be  residents  of  the  same  place. 

The  requirements  as  to  citizenship  and  certificates  of  character  may,  in  case  of 
persons  applying  for  positions  under  Schedules  E  and  F,  be  modified  or 
dispensed  with  in  the  discretion  of  the  supervisory  board. 

Registers  of  all  applicants  shall  be  kept  by  the  secretary  of  the  boards.  When 
the  applicants  on  a  register  are  in  excess  of  such  number  as  can  be  conveniently 
examined  on  the  same  day,  the  applicants  shall  be  notified  to  appear  in  their 
order  on  the  register.  Whenever  the  demands  of  the  service  may  require,  the 
proper  board  of  examiners  shall  direct  the  secretary  to  notify  the  applicants  of 
record,  or  such  number  thereof  as  can  conveniently  be  examined,  to  appear  for 
examination,  giving  place,  date  and  hour  for  such  examination. 

I 

Regulation  7. 

Applicants  for  the  following  positions  must,  before  being  admitted  to  examina¬ 
tion,  present  satisfactory  evidence  as  to  the  following  facts : 

First  —  If  the  position  to  be  filled  be  that  of  physician,  surgeon,  chief  of  staff 
of  hospital,  medical  officer,  medical  superintendent,  inspector  of  vaccination,  or 
sanitary  inspector,  that  the  applicant  is  duly  authorized  by  the  laws  of  the  State 
of  New  York  to  practice  medicine  aud  surgery. 

Second  —  If  the  position  to  be  filled  be  that  of  chemist  or  analyzer,  that  the 
applicant  has  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  sciences,  or  its  equivalent,  from 
some  institution  duly  authorized  by  law  to  confer  such  degree. 

Regulation  8. 

In  positions  where  the  duties  are  professional,  technical  or  expert,  the  candi¬ 
dates  will  be  required  to  show  what  preliminary  training  or  technical  education 
they  have  undergone  to  qualify  them  for  such  situations  before  they  can  be  ad¬ 
mitted  to  examination. 


126 


[Assembly 


Regulation  9. 

Schedule  B. 

The  general  examination  for  admission  to  positions  in  Schedule  B  shall  be  in 
writing,  and  on  the  following  subjects  : 

Obligatory : 

1.  Handwriting  (as  shown  in  next  subject). 

2.  Writing  from  dictation. 

3.  English  spelling  (as  shown  in  previous  subjects). 

4.  Arithmetic,  viz. :  addition,  subtraction,  multiplication  and  division  — 

as  applied  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions. 

5.  Making  a  condensed  summary  of  a  document. 

6.  Information  relating  to  the  city  of  New  York  and  its  government. 
Optional : 

7.  Copying  from  manuscript  and  indexing. 

8.  Arithmetic  applied,  viz. :  Practical  problems  in  proportion,  percentage,  in¬ 
terest,  discount  and  average. 

7.  Letter  writing  on  subjects  connected  with  New  York  city  affairs  ;  gram¬ 
matical  correctness,  clearness  and  brevity  of  expression  will  be  considered. 

10.  Book-keeping. 

11.  Expert  penmanship. 

12.  Type  writing. 

13.  Stenography. 

Every  applicant  must  be  examined  in  the  six  obligatory  subjects,  and  may  be 
examined  further  in  such  of  the  optional  subjects  as  he  may  select. 

Regulation  10. 

The  relative  weight  given  to  the  several  obligatory  subjects  in  making  up  the 
average  standings  in  Schedule  B  shall  be  as  follows: 


1.  Handwriting .  30 

2.  Writing  from  dictation . 15 

3.  English  spelling .  10 

4.  Arithmetic .  20 

5.  Making  a  summary . 15 

6.  New  York  city  information .  10 


Total  of  weights .  100 


Regulation  11. 

In  all  examinations  each  subject  shall  be  marked  upon  a  scale  of  100,  which 
number  represents  the  maximum  possible  attainment. 

Regulation  12. 

The  process  of  ascertaining  the  absolute  standing  of  each  competitor  shall  be 
as  follows: 


No.  42.] 


127 


t 


Schedule  B. 

New  York  City  Municipal  Service, 

June  30,  1885. 


RESULT  OF  EXAMINATION  OF  ADAM  ROBERTS. 


Subjects. 


1.  Handwriting. . . 

2.  Writing  from  dictation. . . . 

3.  English  spelling . 

4.  Arithmetic . 

5.  Making  a  summary . 

6.  New  York  city  information. 


Total  product - - 

Divide  product  by  sum 
average  standing.. 


of  weights  or  general 


8.  Letter  writing 


Standing 

on 

subject. 

Weight 
given  to 
subject. 

Product 
of  stand¬ 
ing  and 
weight. 

83 

30 

2490 

90 

15 

1350 

68 

10 

680 

72 

20 

1440 

70 

15 

1050 

59 

10 

590 

•  • 

•  • 

7600 

•  • 

100 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

•  • 

76 

•  0 

85 

which  any  competitor  is  ex- 

aminea  snail  De  marKeu  uu  a  socuc  ui  °  ~  e  ° 

form  as  there  shown.  A  similar  form  shall  be  used  in  stating  the  result  of  ex¬ 
amination  for  appointment  to  positions  under  Schedules  C,  D,  E  and  F. 

Regulation  13. 


ELIGIBLE  LIST. 

An  eligible  list  shall  be  prepared  by  the  secretary,  from  time  to  time,  as  the 
needs  of' "the  service  require,  for  each  of  the  different  grades  of  every  class  in 
Schedules  B,  C,  D,  E  and  F.  Upon  each  eligible  list  shall  be  placed  only  such 
persons  as  have  been  found  by  the  examining  board  to  be  duly  qualified  for  the 
positions  for  which  such  eligible  list  is  prepared.  The  candidates  shall  be  placed 
upon  the  eligible  list,  stating  the  order  of  merit,  as  shown  by  the  respective  per¬ 
centages  of  their  aggregate  markings  upon  their  examinations,  excepting  that 
where  the  candidate  has  been  honorably  discharged  from  the  military  or  naval 
service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war,  he  shall  be  preferred  over  other 
candidates  equal  in  rating  with  himself.  Where  an  examination  for  any  grade 
takes  place  before  the  eligible  list  for  that  grade  is  exhausted,  a  new  eligible  list 
shall  be  prepared  after  such  examination,  to  take  the  place  of  the  former  eligible 
list.  The  persons  upon  the  former  eligible  list  who  have  not  been  examined  for 
the  new  eligible  list  shall,  unless  a  period  of  two  years  from  the  date  of  tlieir 
original  examination  has  elapsed,  be  placed  respectively  upon  the  new  eligible 
list°  in  the  position  to  which  the  percentages  of  their  aggregate  markings  upon 
their  former  examinations  would  entitle  them  if  such  markings  had  instead  been 
given  them  upon  the  new  examination. 

Regulation  14. 

The  actual  conduct  of  every  examination  shall  be  under  the  responsible  direc¬ 
tion  of  the  board  of  examiners,  or  of  its  designated  members,  free  from  the 
interference  or  participation  or  influence  of  the  appointing  officer,  or  of  any  per¬ 
son  other  than  the  supervisory  board,  the  secretary,  assistant  examiners  or  ex¬ 
perts  directly  employed  by  the  board  of  examiners  or  by  the  supervisory  board. 
The  supervisory  board  shall  have  power  to  authorize  or  order  the  employment 


128 


« 


[Assembly 


of  an  expert  to  assist  any  board  of  examiners,  whether  in  a  special  case  or  in 
connection  with  the  examination  for  any  special  grade,  position  or  office.  The 
selection  of  such  expert  shall  be  made  by  the  board  of  examiners,  with  the 
consent  and  approval  of  the  advisory  board.  All  examinations  shall  relate  to 
such  matters  as  will  fairly  test  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons 
examined  to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  service  to  which  they  seek  to  be  ap¬ 
pointed.  Excepting  as  these  regulations  otherwise  provide,  the  board  of  exam¬ 
iners  may,  in  the  examinations,  give  such  relative  importance  to  the  different 
subjects  or  matters  of  examination  as  to  them  may  seem  fit.  Any  applicant  re¬ 
ceiving  less  than  a  minimum  .general  rating  of  seventy  per  cent  shall  not  be 
placed  upon  the  eligible  list.  At  or  before  the  commencement  of  every  exam¬ 
ination,  the  weight  to  be  given  to  every  subject  included  in  the  examination  and 
the  minimum,  if  any,  allowable  upon  each  subject,  shall  be  announced  to  the 
applicants.  The  appointing  officer  shall  state  to  the  supervisory  board,  upon 
its  request,  the  general  qualifications  or  attainments,  physical  or  mental,  or  both, 
and  the  experience  he  deems  necessary  or  proper  in  the  position  for  which  an 
eligible  list  is  to  be  formed,  and  also  within  what  limits  of  age  the  persons  on 
such  list  should  be. 

-  Regulation  15. 

The  aggregate  results  of  each  examination  shall  be  entered  in  form  as  follows 
upon  a 

Register  of  Eligible  Candidates. 


Relative 

general 

standing. 

Name  of  competitors. 

General, 
or  on  ob¬ 
ligatory- 
subjects. 

Absolute  standings  on 
subjects. 

optional 

1 

Charles  O’Malley . 

89 

80 

70 

79 

2 

Peter  Davis . 

87 

84 

78 

3 

Carl  Schmidt . 

86 

•  • 

87 

4 

David  Thompson . 

83 

87 

88 

7i 

76 

5 

James  Brown . 

83 

89 

85 

6 

Terence  Murphy  . 

82 

82 

90 

87 

74 

hr 

i 

Edward  Green . 

81 

94 

85 

81 

8 

Richard  Roe . 

80 

#  u 

9 

Max  Adler . 

80 

78 

88 

10 

Adam  Roberts . 

70 

85 

•  • 

•  • 

Regulation  16. 

Appointments. 

Whenever  a  vacancy  shall  occur  within  any  grade  of  any  class  in  Schedules 
B,  C,  D,  E  and  F,  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  appointing  officer,  the  business  of 
the  city  requires  to  be  filled,  and  which,  under  these  regulations,  the  appointing 
officer  cannot  himself  fill  by  promotion,  he  shall  notify  the  secretary  of  the  va¬ 
cancy,  and  shall  state  whether  the  position  to  be  filled  is  a  minor  clerkship,  or 
whether  any  of  the  special  qualifications  denoted  by  the  optional  subjects  are 
essential,  and  if  so,  which.  The  secretary  thereupon  shall,  as  soon  as  practica¬ 
ble,  certify  to  the  appointing  officer  for  appointment  from  the  eligible  list  ap¬ 
propriate  to  such  position  as  it  may  then  exist,  the  three  persons  having  the 
highest  standing  on  such  eligible  list,  indicating  such  of  them,  if  any,  as  have 
been  honorably  discharged  from  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United 
States  in  the  late  war.  If  the  appointing  officer  shall  signify  that  attainment  in 
one  or  more  of  the  optional  subjects  is  essential,  the  secretary  shall  return  the 
names  of  the  three  persons  whose  standings  on  the  denoted  optional  subjects  are 
the  highest  (not  being  below  the  minimum  of  seventy).  The  examining  board 


129 


No.  42.] 

may  at  any  time  hold  a  competitive  examination  to  fill  a  vacancy  of  this  kind, 
if  in  their  judgment,  the  eligible  list  does  not  contain  three  persons  well  quali¬ 
fied  to  fill  the  vacant  position.  The  certificate  of  the  secretary  shall  state  the 
percentage  of  the  maximum  obtained  by  each  of  the  three  persons  on  lus  ex¬ 
amination  and  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  citizens  certifying  to  his  charac¬ 
ter  and  habits.  The  appointing  officer  shall  thereupon  appoint  to  the  vacant 
position  one  of  the  three  persons  so  certified  to  him  by  the  secretary ,  and  s  1a 

at  once  notify  the  secretary  of  the  appointment.  0pQn  v,P 

All  positions  filled  by  selections  based  on  optional  or  special  subjects  shall  be 
specially  noticed  in  the  published  list  of  appointments  and  in  the  official  regis¬ 
ter  of  qualifications  and  schemes  for  examination,  as  being  special  positions  in 

^ThU  reculaUon'shalfnot  apply  to  any  of  the  positions  for  which  provision  is 
otherwise0  made  in  Regulation  31  or  may  hereafter  be  made  pursuant  to  Regu- 

lati°n  32‘  '  Regulation  17. 

A  circular  letter,  in  the  following  form,  shall  be  sent  by  the  secretary -to per¬ 
sons  who  have  given  recommendations  for  those  who  are  placed  on  the  ehg  - 

ble  llSt  :  Municipal  Service  — City  of  New  York,  ) 

,  188  .  i 

-.Appended  to  the  application  of . ••  • 5 

his  p-ood  character  and  habits.  . 

As  his  name  is  on  the  eligible  list,  I  would  respectfully  request  you  to 
answer  the  following  questions  in  writing  after  each,  sign  your  name  at  the  loot 

and  return  the  paper  to  me  at  your  earliest  convenience. 

™  *  ■  Very  respectfully  yours, 

?  1 

How  long  have  you  known . •  •  *  • 

How  long  has  he  resided  in . . . 

Is  he  temperate,  truthful  and  industrious  ? 

Is  his  general  reputation  in  the  community  good  ?  > 

What  do  you  know  as  to  his  health,  character,  associates,  and  habits  with  ret- 
ence  to  his  fitness  for  the  employment  he  seeks  from  the  city  of  New  lork? 

Would  you  hesitate  on  account  of  his  capacity,  condition  of  health,  charac  , 
associates  or  habits,  to  employ  him  in  your  own  private  business,  had  you  occa¬ 
sion  for  such  services  as  he  desires  to  render  the  city  ?  ...  ..  , 

Are  you  willing  to  allow  your  answers  to  these  questions  to  be  published  . 

•  Signed  at  ,  the  day  of  ,  188  .  . 

No  nerson  from  whom  recommendations  are  required  shall  be  appointed  to 
any  position  for  which  an  examination  is  required,  unless  satisfactory  answers 
are  returned  to  these  questions  by  the  persons  who  have  given  such  recom¬ 
mendations. 

Regulation  18. 

Schedule  C. 

411  applications  for  appointments  to  any  position  in  Schedule  0  shall  be  made 
upon  blanks  furnished  by  the  respective  departments  included  in  that  schedule. 
The  first  of  these  to  be  presented  by  the  applicant  in  person,  shall  be  substan¬ 
tially  as  follows : 

City  of  New  York, . .  188  • 

To  the  Commissioners  of  Police  (or  of  the  Fire  Department,  or  of  the  Department 

The  undersigned  states  that  he  is . . . years  of  age,  respectfully  asks 

city  . .  and  refers  you  to  the  following  testimonials. 

y  .  Signed . . . 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  17 


130 


[Assembly 


Each  of  the  undersigned  respectfully  represents  to  the  commissioners  of . 

. city  of  New  York,  that  he  can  and  does  hereby  tes¬ 
tify  that  he  knows  the  above  applicant  personally,  and  that  he  is  a  man  of  good 
moral  character,  of  sober  and  industrious  habits,  that  he  has  never  known  him 
to  be  guilty  or  convicted  of  any  criminal  act  or  disorderly  conduct,  and  each  of 
the  undersigned  further  says  that  he  consents  that  this  certificate  may  be  made 
public,  and  is  willing  to  furnish  any  other  information  respecting  the  applicant 
which  he  may  possess. 

Name.  Residence. 

The  second,  which  must  be  filled  out  and  signed  in  the  presence  of  an  officer 
of  the  department  from  which  the  appointment  is  sought,  who  shall  also  sign  as 
witness,  shall  be  as  follows  : 

(N.  B. — This  statement  of  applicant  must  be  filled  out  and  signed  in  the  presence  of  an 
officer  of  the  department,  who  shall  also  sign  as  witness.) 

City  of . 188  . 

Statement  of . 

Where  were  you  born  ? .  . 

In  what  year  ? . month  ? . . . day  ? . 

Where  do  you  live  ?  (street  and  number)  . . . 

How  long  have  you  lived  in  New  York  city? . . . 

If  not  born  in  the  United  States,  have  you  been  naturalized  ? . when? 

where  ? . . .  . 

Are  you  married  or  single  or  widower  ? . 

What  family  have  you  ? . 

Have  you  been  complained  of,  indicted  for  or  convicted  of  any  criminal  offense? 

. and  if  so,  when  and  where  ? . .  . . 

What  is  your  regular  occupation  ? 

What  was  your  last  occupation  ? . 

Have  you  ever  been  a  policeman  (or  fireman,  as  the  case  may  be)? . 

If  so,  where  ? . and  when  ? 

Have  you  paid,  or  promised  to  pay,  or  given  any  money  or  other  consideration, 
to  any  person,  directly  or  indirectly,  for  any  aid  or  influence  toward  procur¬ 
ing  your  appointment  ? . 

(a)  Have  you  been  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  ? . 


If  so,  when  ? . in  what  capacity?. 

Witness . „ .  Signature  of  applicant 


.  Department  of  the  city  of  New  York,  ss.: 

. .  ..being  duly  sworn,  doth  depose  and  say:  I  sign'ed 

the  above  statement,  and  the  same  is  true  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  be¬ 
lief. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this _ day  [ . 

of .  18  .  \  ^Signature  of  applicant. .  .• . 


*Signature  of  officer  administering  oath. 

(a)  If  the  applicant  has  been  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States,  he 
should  furnish  the  name  and  address  of  one  or  more  of  his  surviving  officers  if  practicable. 
In  any  case  he  shall  give  satisfactory  evidence  of  honorable  discharge. 

Regulation  19. 

The  general  character  of  the  applicant,  including  habits  and  reputation,  is  to 
be  ascertained  in  such  manner  as  the  examining  board  may  determine  ;  but  in 
all  cases  the  captain  of  the  precinct  in  which  the  applicant  resides,  if  he  be  an 
applicant  for  a  position  as  a  policeman  in  the  police  department,  or  in  the  de¬ 
partment  of  parks,  or  the  chief  of  battalion  most  convenient  to  his  residence  if 
he  be  an  applicant  for  a  position  in  the  fire  department,  shall  make  diligent  in- 


No.  42.] 


131 


quiry  concerning  him  and  especially  make  direct  and  explicit  inquiry  of  the 
signers  of  the  applicant’s  testimonials,  and  shall  report  the  result  of  such  in¬ 
quiries  to  the  examining  board. 

Regulation  20. 

In  reference  to  his  physical  qualifications,  every  applicant  for  position  in 
Schedule  C  shall  present  to  the  examining  board  a  statement  in  which  he  shall 
answer  in  writing  the  following  questions : 


Applicant' s  Statement. 

Name . 

Date  of  birth . 

Occupation . 

Have  you  any  disease  now  ? . . 

What  diseases  have  you  had  during  the  last  seven  years  ? 


Do  you  know  of  any  hereditary  disease  in  your  family? . 

If  your  parents,  brothers,  or  sisters,  or  any  of  them,  are  dead, 

did  they  die  ? .  . . . . 

Have  you  ever  had  fits  ? . _ . . . 

Have  you  ever  had  any  fracture  or  dislocation  ?..... . 

Have  you  ever  received  any  injury  to  the  head  or  spine  ? . 

Are  you  subject  to  piles  ?  . 

Have  you  been  vaccinated  . . 

Have  you  ever  had  rheumatism? . 


of  what  disease 


Applicant. 


The  board  shall  transmit  such  statement  to  the  examining  surgeon  in  the  ap¬ 
propriate  department,  who  shall  be  designated  by  it  for  that  purpose,  and  he 
shall  examine  the  applicant  in  reference  to  the  matters  designated  in  the  tollow- 
ino-  schedule,  fill  up  the  same  in  accordance  with  the  result  of  such  examination, 
and  return  the  application  and  schedule  to  the  examining  board. 


% 


I 


132 


[Assembly 


§ 

*<<> 

0? 


<» 


<s> 

i 

I 


c c 
© 

33 

C  - 

a 


a 

o 

«H 

43 

d 

n 

■  I— I 

a 

M 

W 

73 

V 

o 

n, 

o 


3 

O 

c3 

*h 

•»-h 

a 

w 

c 


3 

Vi 


w 

O 

M 

K 

£ 


© 

33 

43 


u 

© 

o 

s 

O 

rt 

u 

2 

© 

3 

© 

,3 

43 

>> 

35 

73 

© 

QCV. 
•*-»  |  1 

|  3 

©  03 

M  © 

©  Hi 
© 
Cj3 

©  +3 

®  © 
33 

^  95 

H.  +3 

©  © 
>  _ 
©  O 

H  ” 

<J'3 

o  5 

H  CO 

HQ  - 

^  c 

CU  Q 

wtj 

H  © 
ajP 
◄ 

W 


o 


43 

© 

© 

33 

o 


© 

o 

3 

© 

n, 

© 


3 

© 

n. 

5 


PQ 


33 

tc 

•pH 

© 

H 


33 

if 

"© 

£ 

Eh 

U 

«3 

X 

H 

H 

03 

Eh 

Eh 

◄ 

Eh 

C 0 


Hi 

o 

ew  ® 

©  o 

b£  S 

3  cS 

3  .fc 


t  8 
©  « 


Hi 

© 

>  © 

o  S5 


3  *? 
tit  ° 


o~. 

>, 

13 

d 

© 

43 

C 0 

13 

a 

d 

© 

© 

u 

fe 


i 

w 

© 

> 

13 

O 

O 

5 

© 

33 


« 

C 

d 


C  3  ^ 

•-  3  O 

— <  >»  © 
73  W  r« 

'Oh 
3  ^ 
sj  _r  o 


u 
d 
© 

©  3 


3 


OS 


© 
© 
CS 
© 

c  .2 
.  S  Q 

&  £  «w 

§  i  ° 

©  03 

©  c 

PS  o 

_  •^"- 

© 

05? 


{? 

t— 

as 

HH  Hi 

a  © 


b  'fltv. 

O  C  © 

pH  ^ 

.  £1 
P*>  etf 
3  ^3 


u 

o 

<tH  O- 

3  13 
&  S 

!g 

43  'H 

©  73 
3  C 

J©  3 

a  — 

*-  c3 
cc  ^ 
©  3 

ctj  Sf 

©  os 

33  „ 

*"  S 

V-.  — 
C  43 

as  £ 

h  a 

Eh 


3 

S3 

5C 

Hi 

O 

.2 

2 

43 


H  3  3'S 
«  S3  ~® 

-3 


© 


0-3S& 

33  Hi 

J13  JO  ^3 
>-i  <3tS 


co 


o 
<1 
as 
<3 
W 
o 

H 
K 

^  © 
co  j: 

•“I  < 


© 

3 

_o 

ts 

d 

o 

2 

3 

>i 

3 

d 

© 

Hi 

© 

33 

43 

CV. 

©  © 

S-H  —* 

<1  © 


« 

o 

o 

o 

Eh 

K 

& 

l-H 

CO 

H 

a 

Eh 

«3 


«v- 

'O 

o 

o 

t£ 

tsO 

3 

•  pH 

Sh 

© 

pa 

© 

pG 


Id  i  <i  i  pq  i  d  i  <  '  m 


h;  cq  d  <3  a  d 


h*3  pq 


>. 

4^> 

a 

© 

s 


© 

Hi 

o 

43 

o 

© 

a 

« 

H 

i£ 

o 

d 

o 

o 

Eh 

Eh 

Ocv. 

Sc 
S-2 
S  d 

CQ.tS 

za 

So 

a  5? 
a2 

<j33 

CO 


No.  42.] 


133 


p* 

CD 

p 

*-i 

CO 

• 

O 

• 

*“3 

• 

e+m 

p-  o 
cd  o 

p^ 

*  $ 
CO  P. 


P  55 

*  P 

Cu  p 


W 

W 

W 

W 

w 

*1 


0 
ts 
SJ 
L  ^ 

3  ^ 

O  (Tf  P* 
^  p*  p 

p  c^- 


crq 

o 

o 


CD 

to 

>-s 

l-l" 

p  . 
aq  1 

S  ~  ' 
P  to  ' 
Cb  c 

^  P- 


P-  . 

CD  . 


P' 

P 

<1 

CD 

P* 


m 

•  t__t  • 

crq  co 


g  p 

CD 

a,  c«- 
.  1-1 

P 

<T>- 

pr 


cr^ 

P  M 
P  P 

O? 

<5-§ 

■*  2 

Cr*  ti*  P 

CD  *< 


P  -P  W  CTC} 


o  a> 

O  5* 
SLg- 
o  *<f 

-•D  ,-, 

£■ c 
p  55 

CD 


P* 

H— * 

CD 

X 
P 

p  B 

2  3' 


CL'  CD  Q 
<X>  P>  .  cx. 
X  CD  CTC^ 

S^oM. 
Si  p 

S.e 


B 

S’ 

p 
— '  • 
o 
p 


n- 

O 

co 


P 


cr 1 

CD 


O 

O 

o 

"I 

CL, 

p 

p 

CD 

CD 


P' 
CO  CD 

^  p 

O  CT 

2  0 

P  <! 

CD 

<”*■ 

O  2 

CD 

03  O 

p  o 

Pl 


o 

O'  CD 

S  g 


CO 

p 

a 

CO 


cb 

00 


1.  ’  _ 

p*  *—  • 

•  1 — ‘  • 

.  CO 

p 

• 

P 

p  p 

co 

pi 

• 

P  f 

et-  . 

O  Cl, 

p 

• 

P-c 

p*  : 

P  p 

P  M 

• 

• 

P1 

Z  0 

^CD 

• 

• 

3- 

g-U 

0  p 
*— *  • 

m  O 

3*2 

_  p 
►—  • 

*— <  c 

Pl 

p 

M 

>— « » 

cr 

CD  y 

3  5- 

CD 

ea 

tzS 

o 

n- 

P 

■-1 

hj 

p 


5:  3 

,  p  p 
Cu  p 

r-t- 

cr  o' 

CD  p 

i-n  . 

O 
"J 
CD 

B 

CD 


C/2 


»;  o  a 


c+ 

O 

P 

o 

p" 

I — <  • 

p 

oq 

B 

"P 

CD 

■"3 

CO 

o 

p 

p 


CP 

CD 

*mU  • 

.aq 

Cu 

c, 

,^T 

CO 

3 

O 

•s 

p 


co 


B  cr 

£3  rp 
pu 

£3  HH 

2-  - 
p  2 

0  m 
CD  P 

P-  ^ 

s  l 

p 

w*  a 

03  CD 

P  & 
Cu  <n 
•s 

£.  P 

-'  CD 
P  _ 
c-t-  P 

h-(  P 

g  ^ 

3  £ 

S'  “ 

CD  £*• 
P3  ^ 
2  P' 

CO  CD 
O 


P«>P 
CD  P 
co 

G  2. 

2.  CD 
cr  co 


CD 


134 


[Assembly 


Affidavit  to  be  signed  and  sworn  to  by  applicant. 

City  and  County  of  New  York,  ss  : 

I . being  duly  sworn,  depose  and  say,  that 

I  have  returned  true  answers  to  the  inquiries  of . touching  my 

personal  and  family  health,  history,  habits,  and  antecedents;  and  that  I  am  the 
person  described  in  the  above  record  of  examination. 


Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me,  this  ( 
. day  of . 188.  .  ( 


Notary  Public  (or  Commissioner  of  Deeds). 

Certificate  of  Examining  Surgeon. 

I  hereby  certify  that  I  have  this  day  carefully  and  thoroughly  examined,  in 

accordance  with  the  above  instructions, . and  find  that  he  is 

. sound  in  limb  and  body,  is . able  bodied . . . of  a 

robust  constitution,  has . good  eyesight  and . good  hear¬ 
ing,  and  in  my  opinion  is . . .  . physically  qualified  to  sustain  the  labors 

and  exposures,  and  perform  the  duties  of  a . and  that  the  above  is 

a  truthful  record  of  the  examination. 

Signed . . . 

New  York, . 188. . 

Regulation  21. 

The  examining  board  shall  designate  some  suitable  person  who  shall  also  test 
the  strength,  activity  and  physical  capacity  of  the  applicant  by  suitable  examina¬ 
tion  into  the  strength  of  his  lungs,  and  the  strength  of  his  back,  chest,  legs  and 
arms.  These  tests  shall  be  submitted  to*  and  approved  by  the  supervisory 
board,  and  shall  include  the  applicant’s  swiftness  and  endurance  in  running. 
In  case  of  applicants  for  positions  on  the  uniformed  force,  either  of  the  police 
department  or  department  of  public  parks,  his  skill  in  the  use  of  the  club, 
and  in  firing  at  a  mark  shall  also  be  tested.  Such  examiner  shall  report  in 
writing  to  the  board  of  examiners  the  result  of  such  examination. 

Regi^tion  22. 

No  applicant  shall  be  admitted  to  examination  who  is  not  physically  sound- 

Regulation  23. 

Applicants  for  positions  shall  then  be  submitted  for  further  examination  as  to 
general  qualifications. 

General  Qualifications. 

1.  General  character:  To  include  habits  and  reputation,  and  to  be  ascertained 
in  such  manner  as  the  examining  board  may  determine  with  the  aid  directed  by 
Regulation  18. 

2.  Experience :  Obtained  either  in  actual  service  as  a  police  officer  (or  fire¬ 
man,  as  the  case  may  be),  or  in  other  occupation  tending  to  qualify  for  such 
service. 

3.  Obligatory  subjects: 

a.  Reading  from  print  and  manuscript. 

b.  Handwriting,  as  shown  by  copying  from  manuscript. 

c.  Writing  down  from  memory  the  substance  of  matter  orally  communicated. 

d.  Arithmetic:  addition,  subtraction,  multiplication  and  division,  applied  to 

whole  numbers. 

e.  Rules  and  regulations  relating  to  the  duties  of  the  position  applied  for. 

f.  In  the  case  of  applicants  for  positions  as  policemen,  questions  relating  to 

city  government,  location  of  streets,  public  buildings,  railroad  depots 
and  other  subjects  respecting  which  strangers  in  the  city  natural^  in¬ 
quire.  In  the  case  of  applicants  for  positions  as  firemen,  these  ques- 


No.  42.] 


135 


tions  should  be  directed  to  the  location  of  streets,  and  the  location  and 
construction  of  buildings,  with  especial  reference  to  precautions  against 

fix*6 

The  relative  weight  given  to  the  several  obligatory  subjects  in  making  up  the 
average  standings,  will  be  as  follows : 

a.  Reading .  2 

b.  Handwriting . . .  j_ 

c.  Writing  from  memory . . .  '  ^ 

e.  Rules  and  regulations  relating  to  duties  of  position . 

f.  City  information  (or  knowledge  of  buildings) . . 

Total  of  weights . 


Regulation  24. 

t  i  •  nth0  o-pneral  average  of  the  standing  of  applicants  for  positions 
ie  Schedule P the  Elaine  vXTof  each  qualification  Pand  subject  shall  be 

as  follows :  . 

.  4 

Physical  qualifications .  2 

General  „ character .  i 

Experience .  .  3 

Obligatory  subjects .  . 

.  10 

Total  of  values .  . 


The  treneral  average  shall  be  ascertained  by  multiplying  the  ascertained  aver¬ 
age  stan din"  of  the  applicant  in  each  qualification  by  the  value  attached  ther  , 
J  i  dividing  the  united  products  by  the  sum  of  the  values,  by  10. 

^  whose  standing  on  any  of  the  qualifications  or  obligatory  subjects 

eoulS^^Vrpt  elperienie  is  lesshan  60  or  whose  ascertained  aver- 
age  on  all  is  below  70,  shall  be  entered  on  the  eligible  list. 

Regulation  25. 

tt  a  tu0  of  “  Rules  and  Regulations,  ”  the  examiners  shall  endeavor 

tnV^Thl  Lmral  or  acquired  fitness°of  the  applicants  for  their  work.  They 

Sail  he  riveD  a  reasonable  time  before  the  examination,  a  copy  of  selected  rules 
shall  be  given  a  reasons  important  branches  of  their  future  duty. 

and  re8ulfi°ns  c°  °  them  —  preferably  actual  cases  taken  from  correct 
Cases  shall  be  desc  b  d  t  P  t£eir  view  o{  what  the  rules  would 

XW themSch This  inquiry  shall  include  a  report  such  as  a  po- 
Kan  or  fireman  would  be  obliged  to  make  of  such  an  occurrence. 

*  • 

Regulation  26. 

Promotions  to  all  positions  included  in  Schedule  C  shall  be  made  from  the  next 
lower  grade  by  competitive  examination.  The  subject  of  such  examination  shall 

be  as  follows : 


1.  Writing  from  dictation . 

2.  Handwriting . . . . . •  - - 

3.  Knowledge  of  the  “  Rules  and  Regulations 

4.  Fines  and  penalties  last  three  years . 

5*.  Arrests  for  last  twelve  months . 

6.  Veracity . 

7.  Habits  as  to  use  of  liquor . 

8.  Ability  and  energy . . . . . 

9.  Coolness  and  judgment  in  emergencies . 

10*  Deportment  toward  citizens . 


136 


[Assembly 


MARKS. 

11.  Character  for  maintaining  discipline  among,  and  getting  good 

work  from  subordinates . . . 

12.  Physical  condition,  including  activity  and  endurance . 

13.  Knowledge  of  laws  and  ordinances  relating  to  his  duties . 

14.  Memory  for  persons,  places  and  dates,  and  general  knowledge  of 

localities  . . 

15.  United  States  infantry  tactics,  and  manual  of  the  use  of  the  club, 

as  authorized  by  the  department . 


Average 


In  examining  gate-keepers,  roundsmen,  and  all  persons  employed  in  the  fire 
department  for  promotion,  Nos.  5,  10,  14  and  15.  shall  be  omitted,  and  on 
examining  gate-keepers  and  patrolmen  for  promotion  No.  11  shall  be  omitted. 

The  standing  of  applicants  for  promotion  in  reference  to  subjects  1,  2,  3,  12, 
13,  14  and  15  shall  be  determined  by  examination.  Their  standing  in  reference 
to  subjects  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  and  11  shall  be  determined  by  the  records  of  the 
department,  in  which  each  man’s  conduct  and  actions  shall  be  entered. 

Regulation  27. 

During  the  period  of  probation  provided  for  by  these  rules,  all  persons  ad¬ 
mitted  on  such  probation  to  positions  in  Schedule  C  shall  pass  such  portion  of 
their  time  as  the  department  shall  require  in  the  School  of  Instruction,  and  no 
person  shall  receive  an  appointment  to  a  position  in  either  department  unless 
at  the  end  of  the  period  of  probation  the  Instructor  of  the  School  of  Instruc¬ 
tion  shall  report  to  the  Commissioners  that  such  applicant  is  competent  to  be¬ 
come  a  member  of  the  force.  In  the  case  of  persons  applying  to  become  mem¬ 
bers  of  the  Life  Saving  Corps  of  the  fire  department,  no  person  shall  receive 
such  appointment  unless  at  the  expiration  of  such  period  of  probation  the  in¬ 
structor  shall  report  to  the  commissioners  of  the  fire  department  that  such 
applicant  is  competent  to  become  a  member  of  the  Life  Saving  Corps. 

Regulation  28. 

The  capacity,  mental,  physical  and  educational,  of  every  member  of  the  uni¬ 
formed  force  of  the  police  and  fire  departments  and  the  department  of  public 
parks  shall  be  inquired  into  once  every  three  years  during  his  term  of  service, 
and  his  fitness  to  continue  in  the  service  be  determined  thereby. 

Regulation  29. 

Schedule  D. 

The  board  of  examiners  shall  examine  every  applicant  eligible  under  these 
rules  for  a  position  in  Schedule  D,  and  shall  give  a  certificate  of  qualification  to 
such  person  only  when  satisfied — 

First.  That  he  (or  she)  is  within  the  limits  of  age  prescribed  for  the  situation 
named. 

Second.  That  he  (or  she)  is  free  from  any  physical  defect  or  disease  likely 
to  interfere  with  the  proper  discharge  of  his  (or  her)  duties. 

Third.  That  his  (or  her)  character  is  such  as  to  qualify  him  (or  her)  for  such 
employment;  and 

Fourth.  That  he  (or  she)  possesses  the  requisite  knowledge  and  ability  to 
enter  upon  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  such  situation  or  employment. 

The  fourth  article  of  the  certificate  shall  be  determined  by  the  examining 
board  from  the  results  of  the  competitive  examination  of  the  different  persons 
applying  for  the  position  to  which  the  appointment  is  to  be  made.  This  exami¬ 
nation  shall  have  reference  to  the  special  qualifications,  expert  or  otherwise,  re¬ 
quired  for  that  particular  position  and  shall  be  practical  in  its  character. 


No.  42.] 


137 


Regulation  30. 

The  general  examination  for  admission  to  the  subordinate  places  in  Schedule 
D  (being  Part  2  of  the  classification  hereto  annexed)  shall  be  in  writing,  and  on 
the  following  subjects  : 

1.  Handwriting  (as  shown  in  examination  papers). 

2.  Arithmetic,  viz. :  addition,  subtraction,  multiplication,  and  division. 

3.  Questions  relating  to  the  city  of  New  York. 

4.  Questions  relating  to  the  technical  knowledge  required  for  the  position 
sought  by  the  applicant. 

5.  Experience  tending  to  qualify  him  for  that  position. 

In  addition  to  this  the  health  and  physical  vigor  of  the  applicant  shall  be 
tested,  as  hereinafter  required. 

The  relative  weight  to  be  given  to  these  several  subjects  in  making  up  the 
average  standings  shall  be  as  follows : 

1.  Handwriting  . 

2.  Arithmetic .  1 

3.  New  York  city  information .  I 

4.  Technical  knowledge . 

5.  Experience .  2 

Total  of  weights . 10 

No  person  shall  be  admitted  as  a  competitor  for  appointment  to  any  of  the 
superior  positions  in  Schedule  D  (being  part  1  of  the  classification,  hereto  an¬ 
nexed)  who  shall  not  produce  to,  and  leave  for  a  reasonable  time  with,  the  ex¬ 
amining  board,  a  diploma  or  certificate  from  some  reputable  institution,  show¬ 
ing  that  he  has  pursued  in  such  institution,  with  credit,  for  two  years,  a  course 
of  study  adapted  to  qualify  him  for  the  position  which  he  seeks,  or  for  which 
his  appointment  is  desired. 

He  may,  however,  produce  in  lieu  of  such  diploma  or  certificate,  certificates 
from  one”  or  more  professional  men  in  good  standing,  to  the  effect  that  he  has 
pursued  with  them  or  under  their  direction,  and  with  credit  to  himself,  a  course 
of  study  similar  to  that  before  mentioned,  for  at  least  three  years. 

Those  admitted  to  competition  for  the  superior  positions  in  Schedule  D  shall 
be  examined  in  writing  on  the  following  subjects: 

1.  The  technical  knowledge  required  for  the  position  to  be  filled,  and  respect¬ 
ing  which  the  examination  is  held. 

2.  Experience  tending  to  qualify  the  applicant  for  that  position. 

In  addition  to  this,  the  examining  board  shall  make  inquiries  in  writing  of  the 
persons  with  whom  the  applicant  has  studied,  or  by  whom  he  has  been  em¬ 
ployed,  on  the  following  subjects : 

3.  Efficiency  and  accuracy  in  his  own  work. 

4.  Character  for  maintaining  discipline  among,  and  getting  good  work  from, 
his  subordinates. 

The  relative  weight  to  be  given  to  these  several  subjects  shall  be  as  follows : 


1.  Technical  knowledge .  50 

2.  Experience .  20 

3.  Efficiency  and  accuracy  in  work .  15 

4.  Character  for  maintaining  discipline,  etc  .  15 


100 

Regulation  31. 

Schedule  E. 

The  names  of  applicants  for  positions  as  nurses,  attendants  and  orderlies  for 
the  city  hospitals  and  asylums,  heads  of  training-schools,  matrons  and  helpers, 
shall  be  registered,  and  when  a  sufficient  number  have  applied  they  shall  be 

[Assern.  Doc.  No.  42.]  18 


138 


[Assembly 


summoned  for  examination.  The  examiners  shall  make  inquiry  regarding  the 
age,  condition  of  health,  moral  character,  sobriety,  personal  habits,  temper  and 
temperament  of  each  applicant.  The  educational  test  shall  be  the  ability  to 
read,  write  legibly  and  work  simple  problems  in  addition  and  subtraction. 

The  board  shall  place  upon  a  register  the  names  of  the  applicants  passed  by 
them  as  eligible,  such  names  being  placed  in  the  order  of  excellence  of  the  ap¬ 
plicants —  there  being  distinct  registers  for  each  class  of  position. 

Whenever  there  are  vacancies  in  the  positions  mentioned  in  this  regulation 
that  cannot  be  filled  by  promotion,  the  appointing  officer  shall  notify  the  secre¬ 
tary  of  the  examining  board,  giving  the  names  and  number  of  the  positions  to 
be  filled,  and  the  institution  or  institutions  in  which  the  vacancies  exist.  The 
secretary  shall  then  summon  the  five  applicants  whose  names  stand  highest  on 
the  proper  register  to  appear  at  such  place,  day  and  hour  as  the  Commissioners 
may  have  directed.  The  head  of  the  institution  in  which  the  vacancy  exists 
shall  then  and  there  select  from  the  applicants  so  summoned  and  present  a  per¬ 
son  for  employment  for  the  vacant  position.  If  there  be  more  than  one  vacancy 
in  any  class,  there  shall  be  summoned  by  the  secretary,  in  addition  to  the  five 
as  above,  one  person  for  every  such  additional  vacancy,  and  the  selections  shall 
be  made  in  the  order  of  time  in  which  the  vacancies  occurred. 

Whenever  the  secretary  sends  out  such  notices  to  appear,  he  shall  send  a 
check  list  of  the  same  to  the  Commissioners,  giving  names  of  applicants  sum¬ 
moned,  their  grading  upon  their  examination,  and  class  of  position  for  which 
eligible.  The  name  of  an  applicant  summoned  five  times  and  not  selected, 
shall  be  dropped  from  the  register.  The  name  of  an  applicant  peremptorily  re¬ 
jected  by  the  appointing  officer  shall  be  dropped  forthwith. 

i  Regulation  32. 

It  shall  be  in  the  power  of  the  supervisory  board,  to  institute  non-competi¬ 
tive  examinations  for  the  following  positions:  Physician,  surgeon,  chief  of 
staff  of  hospital,  medical  officer,  medical  superintendent,  stewards  of  hospitals, 
asylums  and  almshouses,  assistant  medical  superintendent  in  the  asylum  for  the 
insane,  principal  matrons,  heads  of  training  schools,  morgue  superintendent. 

Regulation  33. 

In  any  case  where  vacancies  shall  occur  in  the  Department  of  Charities 
and  Correction,  and  there  shall  not  be  a  sufficient  number  of  applicants  for 
the  positions  so  becoming  vacant  to  enable  the  examining  board  to  hold  a 
competitive  examination,  a  non-competitive  examination  may  be  had  of  such 
applicants  as  may  present  themselves ;  but  no  appointment  to  fill  such  vacan¬ 
cies  shall  be  made  of  any  person  not  certified  by  the  examining  board  to 
be,  in  their  judgment,  competent  to  fill  the  same. 

,  Regulation  34. 

Prison  Guards. 

Applicants  for  the  position  of  guards,  watchmen  or  keepers  in  prisons  and 
workhouses  shall  not  receive  an  appointment  until  they  have  successfully 
passed  a  physical  examination  by  a  prison  physician. 

The  physician  making  such  examination  shall  answer  the  following  inquiries  : 

1.  Is  the  candidate  of  sound  physical  condition  ? 

2.  Is  his  respiration  full  and  free  ? 

3.  Is  his  voice  clear  and  distinct  ? 

4.  Is  his  sight  good  ? 

5.  Is  his  hearing  sharp  and  quick  ? 

6.  Is  the  action  of  his  heart  natural? 

7.  Is  he  free  from  nervous  complaints  ? 

8.  Is  he  free  from  headaches  and  fits  ? 

9.  Is  he  free  from  rupture  ? 


139 


No.  42.] 

10.  Is  he  free  from  varicose  veins  ? 

11.  Is  he  free  from  all  internal  complaints  ? 

12.  Are  there  any  circumstances  connected  with  health  or  strength  that 
can  in  your  opinion  tend  to  render  the  applicant  unfit  for  prison  service,  as  a 
guard  or  keeper  ?  If  so,  please  state  them. 

Certificate. 

The  following  certificate  must  be  given  in  such  cases  by  the  examining  physi¬ 
cian  to  all  applicants  approved  by  him:  .  , 

j  .  _  . do  hereby  certify  that  I  have  examined 

. . the  above  applicant,  and  having  in  view 

all  "and  several  the  answers  to  the  above  questions,  I  do  further  ^certify  that  I 
find  him  physically  fit  for  the  prison  service  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

(Signature). 

Dated  at . this . day  of) 

'  . 188..  f 

Regulation  35. 

Probation. 

All  employment  in  positions  under  any  of  the  schedules,  except  Schedule  G, 
shall  be  provisional,  and  such  provisional  service  shall  continue  six  months,  ex¬ 
cept  in  Schedule  C,  when  it  shall  be  for  one  month,  during  which  period  the  per¬ 
son  so  employed  may  at  any  time  be  peremptorily  discharged  from  service.  If 
during  that  period  (subject  as  to  policemen  and  firemen  to  regulation  27)  the  con¬ 
duct  and  character  of  the  appointee  are  found  satisfactory  to  the  appointing  offi¬ 
cer,  he  shall,  at  the  close  thereof,  receive  an  appointment,  but  otherwise  his 
employment  shall  cease.  Any  one  failing  to  receive  appointment  at  the  end  of 
six  months,  shall  be  ineligible  for  one  year  for  appointment  in  the  municipal  ser¬ 
vice  in  any  department. 

Regulation  36. 

Every  officer  under  whom  any  person  shall  serve  during  any  part  of  the  pro¬ 
bation  provided  for  by  these  regulations,  shall  carefully  observ  e  the  quality  and 
value  of  the  service  rendered  by  such  person,  and  shall  report  to  the  proper  ap¬ 
pointing  officer,  in  writing,  the  facts  observed  by  him,  showing  the  character 
and  qualifications  of  such  person,  and  of  the  service  performed  by  him,  and  such 
reports  shall  be  preserved  on  file. 

Regulation  37. 

Whenever  the  special  qualifications  required  for  a  position  are  such  that,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  examining  board,  advice  and  assistance  from  experts  are  re¬ 
quired,  the  supervisory  board  may  designate,  from  among  the  persons  in  the  em¬ 
ploy  of  the  department  to  which  "the  applicant  seeks  admission,  some  suitable 
person  to  aid  the  examining  board  in  determining  such  qualifications. 

Regulation  38. 

Every  false  statement  knowingly  made  by  any  person  in  his  application  for 
examination,  and  every  connivance  by  him  at  any  false  statement  made  in  any 
certificate  which  may  accompany  his  application,  shall  be  regarded  as  good  cause 
for  the  removal  or  discharge  of  such  person. 

Regulation  39. 

No  one  dismissed  from  the  service  for  misconduct  shall  be  eligible  to  appoint¬ 
ment  in  any  capacity  in  any  department  of  the  municipal  service  within  three 
years. 

Regulation  40. 

All  appointments  made  under  these  regulations,  except  under  Schedule  G, 
shall  be  published  in  the  City  Record  within  five  days,  giving  in  each  instance 
the  names  of  the  citizens  who  have  certified  the  character  of  the  person  ap¬ 
pointed. 


140 


[Assembly 


Regulation  41. 

No  person  in  the  public  service  is  under  any  obligation  to  contribute  to  any 
political  fund,  or  to  render  any  political  service,  and  no  person  shall  be  removed 
or  otherwise  prejudiced  for  refusing  to  do  so. 

Regulation  42. 

No  person  in  said  service  shall  use  his  official  authority  or  influence  to  coerce 
the  political  action  of  any  person  or  body. 

Regulation  43. 

Notice  shall  be  given  in  writing  by  the  appointing  power  to  the  secretary  of 
the  person  selected  for  employment  or  appointment  from  among  those  who 
have  been  examined,  of  the  place  of  residence  of  such  persons,  of  the  rejec¬ 
tion  of  any  such  persons  after  probation,  of  transfers,  resignations,  and  re¬ 
movals,  and  of  the  date  thereof,  and  a  record  of  the  same  shall  be  kept  by 
said  secretary. 

Regulation  44, 

No  temporary  appointment  shall  be  made  of  any  one  not  on  the  eligible  list 
for  permanent  appointment,  except  as  follows  :  In  the  prisons,  reformatories  and 
asylums  temporary  substitutes  may  be  appointed,  without  examination,  for  not 
exceeding  thirty  days,  but  such  temporary  appointment  can  be  made  only  once. 
In  the  office  of  the  receiver  of  taxes  temporary  appointments  may  be  made 
without  examination,  as  they  have  been  heretofore  commonly  made  during  the 
busy  season  for  the  collection  of  taxes.  Every  temporary  appointment  under 
this  regulation  must  be  reported  to  the  secretary  within  five  days,  with  the 
reason  for  the  same. 

Regulation  45. 

No  person  on  the  eligible  list  shall  be  certified  more  than  five  times  to  the 
same  appointing  officer,  except  at  his  request,  nor  shall  the  name  of  any  person 
remain  on  the  eligible  list  more  than  two  years  from  the  date  of  examination. 
No  person  while  remaining  eligible  on  any  list  shall  be  admitted  to  a  new  ex 
animation  for  a  position  in  the  same  schedule. 

Regulation  46. 

All  officials  connected  with  any  office  in,  or  for  which  any  examination  is  to 
take  place,  shall  give  the  supervisory  board  and  the  boards  of  examiners  such 
information  as  may  be  reasonably  required  to  enable  them  to  select  competent 
and  trustworthy  examiners ;  and  the  examination  by  such  examiners,  and  the 
work  incident  thereto,  shall  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  public  business  to  be 
performed  at  such  office. 

Regulation  47. 

Persons  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  service  in  the  army  or 
navy  of  the  United  States,  in  the  late  war,  shall  be  preferred  for  appointments 
to  positions  in  the  civil  service  over  other  persons  of  equal  standing  as  ascer¬ 
tained  under  these  regulations,  and  the  person  thus  preferred  shall  not  be  dis¬ 
qualified  from  holding  any  position  in  the  civil  service  on  account  of  his  age,  nor 
by  reason  of  any  physical  disqualification,  provided  such  disability  does  not 
render  him  incompetent  to  perform  the  duties  of  the  position  applied  for. 

Regulation  48. 

No  question  in  any  examination,  or  proceeding  by,  or  under  these  regula¬ 
tions,  shall  call  for  the  expression  or  disclosure  of  any  political  or  religious 
opinion  or  affiliation,  and  if  such  opinion  or  affiliation  be  known,  no  discrimina¬ 
tion  shall  be  made  by  reason  thereof  by  the  examiners  or  the  appointing  power. 
The  examiners  shall  discountenance  all  disclosure  of  such  opinion  by  or  concern¬ 
ing  any  applicant  for  examination,  or  by  or  concerning  any  one  whose  name  is 
on  any  eligible  list  awaiting  appointment. 


No.  42.] 


141 


Regulation  49. 

The  examining  board  or  the  secretary  may  give  a  certificate  to  any  person 
examined,  except  under  schedule  G-,  stating  the  grade  which  such  person 
attained  and  the  proficiency  in  the  several  subjects,  shown  by  the  markings. 

Regulation  50. 

Defective  applications  shall  be  suspended  and  applicants  notified  to  amend  the 
same,  but  no  such  notice  shall  be  given,  or  opportunity  granted,  a  second  time. 
Whenever  the  application  shows  that  the  applicant  is  not  within  the  prescribed 
limits  of  age,  or  otherwise  not  qualified  under  the  regulations,  or  is  manifestly 
unfit  for  the  service,  the  application  shall  be  rejected. 

Regulation  51. 

Promotion. 

Promotions  from  the  lower  grades  to  the  higher  shall  be  on  the  basis  of  merit 
and  competition. 

Regulation  52. 

Except  as  herein  otherwise  provided  the  positions  in  the  various  schedules 
shall  be  filled,  when  vacant,  by  the  promotion  of  those  in  the  service  in  similar 
or  lower  grades  in  the  department,  office  or  institution  in  which  the  vacancy  or 
vacancies  may  occur.  Promotions  shall  be  made,  subject  to  the  provisions 
of  these  regulations,  by  the  officer  or  officers  having  the  power  of  appointment. 
If,  in  the  judgment  of  such  officer  or  officers,  there  be  none  tound  in  the  similar 
or  lower  grades  fit  to  perform  the  duties  in  such  vacant  positions,  in  that  case, 
and  in  no  other,  the  positions  may  be  filled  in  the  same  manner  as  is  prescribed 
by  these  regulations  for  filling  the  positions  in  the  lowest  grade  of  the  same  sub¬ 
division  and  class. 

Regulation  53. 

Promotion  shall,  in  all  cases,  be  based  upon  the  positive  merit  of  the  person 
promoted,  and  upon  his  superior  qualifications  as  shown  by  his  previous  service. 

No  person  in  the  service  who  has  not  passed  an  examination  under  these 
regulations  or  those  heretofore  prescribed  shall  be  promoted  or  transferred 
to  any  position  for  which  examination  is  required  without  passing  an  examina¬ 
tion  under  the  regulations,  of  the  same  character  as  would  an  applicant  for  ap¬ 
pointment  to  that  position  in  the  service. 

Fitness  for  promotion  shall  be  determined  by  the  actual  work  of  the  persons 
named  therefor,  by  the  certificate  of  their  immediate  official  superiors  that  their 
efficiency  and  conduct  during  their  past  service  have  been,  in  all  respects,  satis¬ 
factory,  and  entitle  them  to  favorable  consideration,  and  by  examination. 

Regulation  54. 

No  recommendation  of  any  person  for  promotion  shall  be  entertained  unless 
made  in  the  regular  course  of  duty  by  his  immediate  official  superiors,  and  the 
presentation  of  any  recommendation  other  than  that  of  such  superiors  will  be 
considered  an  unwarrantable  interference  with  the  public  service,  and  the  per¬ 
son  so  recommended  may  be  required  to  show,  before  being  certified  for  pro¬ 
motion,  that  such  recommendation  was  not  made  by  his  request  or  with  his  con¬ 
nivance.  • 

Regulation  55. 

Examiners  of  persons  named  for  promotion  shall  personally  question  them 
concerning  their  office-work  and  its  purposes,  in  order  t.o  ascertain  if  they  have 
a  general  and  intelligent  knowledge  of  the  business  in  the  department  in  which 
they  are  employed,  and  may  require  the  persons  examined  to  give  a  written  de¬ 
scription  of  the  work  done  by  them,  and  its  relation  to  the  duties  of  others. 

Regulation  56. 

Subject  only  to  the  qualifications  required  to  be  ascertained  in  accordance 
with  these  regulations,  the  power  of  appointment,  and  the  responsibility 


142 


[Assembly 


of  selection  are  in  all  cases  in  the  appointing  officer.  The  power  of  any  officer 
to  remove  is  not  impaired  by  any  thing  contained  in  these  regulations. 

Regulation  57. 

Complaints  of  injustice  or  unfairness  on  the  part  of  any  examiner  or  examin¬ 
ing  board,  or  of  any  one  acting  under  the  supervisory  board,  shall  be  considered 
by  such  board,  which  reserves  the  right  to  revise  the  marking  and  grading  on 
the  papers,  or  order  a  new  examination,  or  otherwise  act  as  substantial  justice  in 
the  premises  may  require. 

Regulation  58. 

Conduct  of  Examinations. 

Applicants  shall  be  admitted  to  examination  upon  the  production  of  the  official 
notification  to  appear  for  that  purpose.  Each  applicant  shall  receive  a  number, 
which  shall  be  indorsed  upon  his  notification  when  Droduced,  and  the  notifications 
so  indorsed  shall  be  sealed  in  an  envelope.  Each  applicant  shall  sign  his  exam¬ 
ination  papers  with  his  number,  omitting  his  name,  and  the  envelope  shall  not 
be  opened  until  all  the  examination  papers  have  been  received  and  the  markings 
and  gradings  made. 

Regulation  59. 

All  examinations  shall  be  in  writing,  except  such  as  refer  to  physical  qualities 
or  expertness,  and  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided. 

Regulation  60. 

The  sheets  of  questions  shall  be  numbered  and  shall  be  given  out  in  the  order 
of  their  numbers,  each,  after  the  first,  being  given  only  when  the  competitor  has 
returned  to  the  examiners  the  last  sheet  given  to  him.*  In  general,  no  exami¬ 
nation  shall  extend  beyond  five  hours  without  intermission ;  and  no  questions 
given  out  at  any  session,  to  any  candidate,  shall  be  allowed  to  be  answered  at 
another  session.  Each  applicant  must  complete  his  examination  on  the  oblig¬ 
atory  subjects  before  taking  up  any  of  the  optional  subjects. 

Regulation  61. 

Each  examiner  shall  exercise  all  due  diligence  to  secure  fairness  and  prevent 
all  collusion  and  fraud  in  the  examinations. 

Regulation  62.  - 

The  time  allowed  for  completing  the  examination  shall  be  announced  before 
the  first  paper  is  given  out.  For  the  obligatory  subjects  the  examination  shall 
be  confined  to  a  single  day. 

Regulation  63. 

Marking. 

The  examination  papers  shall  be  reviewed  by  each  examiner  separately, 
except  where  otherwise  directed  by  the  supervisory  board,  and,  in  any  case  of 
disagreement,  the  average  of  the  markings  made  on  any  question  or  paper  by 
all  shall  be  the  final  marking  on  such  question  or  paper  subject  to  the  regulation 
as  to  revision. 

Regulation  64. 

Handwriting  shall  be  judged  by  its  legibility,  uniform  and  correct  formation 
of  letters  and  ease  of  execution.  Upon  a  comparison  of  the  handwriting  of  all 
the  competitors  the  best  and  worst  shall  be  first  agreed  upon,  and  the  two  ex¬ 
tremes  of  the  scale  thus  fixed;  the  others  shall  be  marked  relatively  to  such 
extremes.  In  writing  from  dictation  or  copying  from  manuscript,  the  omission, 
repetition  or  substitution  of  words,  the  erasures,  blots  and  other  evidences  of 
carelessness  shall,  proportionately  to  their  numbers,  reduce  the  marking  below 
100.  Spelling  shall  be  marked  with  reference  to  the  ratio  the  misspelled  words 
bear  to  the  whole  number  of  words  dictated.  Making  abstracts  or  summaries  of 
documents,  and  letter-writing  shall  be  marked  as  in  handwriting,  by  agreeing 
upon  the  best  and  worst  examples  and  having  marked  them,  then  proportion¬ 
ately  marking  the  others. 


No.  42.] 


143 


Regulation  65. 

Every  paper  in  any  examination  not  formally  certified  by  the  examiners  shall 
be  signed  with  his  initials  in  ink  by  each  examiner  who  has  reviewed  and  * 
marked  it. 


Regulation  66. 

The  regulations  for  admission  to  the  civil  service  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  to  any  branch  thereof  heretofore  prescribed  or  established,  and  the  appoint¬ 
ment  of  examiners  thereunder  made,  are  hereby  annulled  and  withdrawn,  pro¬ 
vided,  however,  that  the  examiners  heretofore  appointed  shall  continue  in  office 
until  their  successors  are  appointed,  and  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall 
affect  any  examination  heretofore  held,  or  any  grading  had  thereunder,  or  any 
eligible  list  heretofore  formed,  or  any  appointment  heretofore  duly  made  in 
pursuance  of  such  regulations  hereby  annulled  ;  and  every  eligible  list  duly 
formed  under  such  regulations  shall  in  all  respects  be  deemed  to  be  formed 
under  the  foregoing  regulations  and  to  be  an  eligible  list  for  the  class  specified 
in  the  classification  hereto  annexed  most  nearly  resembling  the  same. 


New  York  Civil  Service  Commission, 

August  23,  1884. 


The  foregoing 
Commission. 


regulations  are  approved  by  the  New  York  Civil  Service 

JOHN  JAY, 

President  of  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission. 


APPENDIX  A. 


Schedule  A  shall  comprise  Subdivision  II  of  Class  1  of  each  Department  in 
the  appended  classification,  Chaplains,  Subdivision  I  of  Class  2  of  the  Law 
Department,  Assistant  Attorneys  in  the  Fire  Department',  and  Private  Secretary 
of  the  Commissioner  in  the  Department  of  Street  Cleaning,  and  Subdivision  I 
of  Class  2  of  the  Department  of  Charities  and  Correction. 

The  election  officers  now  in  office,  and  the  Inspectors  of  Election  and  Poll 
Clerks,  are  exempt  from  examination  as  required  by  chapter  357  of  the  Laws  of 
1884.  Special  Patrolmen,  appointed  pursuant  to  section  269  of  the  New  York 
City  Consolidated  Act,  are  also  exempt  from  examination. 

Schedule  B  shall  comprise  Subdivision  I  of  Class  1  of  each  Department  in  the 
appended  classification. 

Schedule  C  shall  comprise  Class  3  of  the  Police  Department,  the  Fire  Depart¬ 
ment  and  the  Department  of  Public  Parks,  in  the  appended  application. 

Schedule  D,  Part  I,  shall  comprise : 

In  Department  of  Taxes  and  Assessments  (Class  2)  Subdivision  II,  except  first 
and  second  grades. 

In  Department  of  Public  Works  (Class  2)  Subdivision  II,  fifth,  sixth  and 
seventh  grades. 

In  Department  of  Docks  (Class  2)  Subdivision  II,  fourth  and  fifth  grades. 

In  Health  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I  and  II,  and  persons  in  Subdi¬ 
vision  III  who  do  not  come  within  Schedule  E,  but  must  yet  hold  diplomas  as 
Physicians. 

In  Department  of  Public  Parks  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I,  except  first  and 
second  grades,  and  III. 


144  [Assembly,  No.  42.] 

In  the  Aqueduct  Commission  (Class  2)  Subdivision  I,  except  first,  second  and 
third  grades. 

,  Schedule  D,  Part  II,  shall  comprise : 

In  Finance  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivision  II. 

In  Department  of  Public  Works  (Class  2)  first  four  grades  of  Subdivision  II 
Subdivisions  III,  IV  and  YI. 

In  Department  of  Docks  (Class  2)  Subdivision  II,  grades  one  to  four,  inclu¬ 
sive,  Subdivisions  III  and  VIII,  and  Inspectors  in  Subdivision  VI. 

In  Department  of  Charities  and  Correction  (Class  2)  Subdivision  XI,  and  the 
Photographer  of  the  Unknown  Dead. 

In  Department  of  Street  Cleaning  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  II,  III  and  VII. 

In  the  Health  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivision  VI,  and  persons  in  Subdi¬ 
vision  III  who  do  not  come  in  Schedule  E  or  Part  I  of  this  Schedule. 

In  Fire  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  II,  III  and  V. 

In  Police  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I  and  III. 

In  Department  of  Public  Parks  (Class  2)  first  and  second  grades  of  Subdi¬ 
vision  I,  Subdivisions  II  and  V. 

In  Aqueduct  Commission  (Class  2)  first,  second  and  third  grades  of  Subdivision 
I,  Subdivisions  II  and  IV. 

Schedule  E  shall  include : 

In  the  Department  of  Charities  and  Correction  (Class  2)  Subdivision  III,  ex¬ 
cept  Chaplains;  Subdivision  IV  and  Assistant  Matrons,  Apothecaries  and  Drug¬ 
gists. 

In  Health  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivision  IV  and  Physicians,  Chemists 
and  Analyzers,  Surgeons  in  the  Police  and  Park  Departments,  and  Medical  Offi¬ 
cers  in  the  Fire  Department. 

Schedule  F  shall  comprise: 

In  the  Mayor’s  Office  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I,  II  and  III. 

In  Finance  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I  and  III. 

In  Department  of  Taxes  and  Assessments  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I,  III,  IV, 
and  V. 

In  Law  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  II  and  III. 

In  Department  of  Public  Works  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I,  V  and  VII. 

In  Department  of  Docks  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I,  IV,  V,  VI,  VII  (except 
Inspectors)  and  IX. 

In  the  Department  of  Charities  and  Correction  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  II,  V, 
VI,  VIII,  X  and  XII  and  teachers. 

In  Department  of  Street  Cleaning  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I,  V,  VI  and  VIII. 

In  Health  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  V  and  VII. 

In  Fire  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  IV  and  VI. 

In  Police  Department  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  II  and  IV. 

In  Department  of  Public  Parks  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  IV  and  VI. 

In  the  office  of  the  Supervisor  of  the  City  Record  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I 
and  II. 

In  the  office  of  the  Commissioners  of  Accounts  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  I  and  II. 

In  the  Aqueduct  Commission  (Class  2)  Subdivisions  III  and  V. 

Schedule  G-  shall  comprise  that  Subdivision  of  Class  2  of  each  Department  in 
the  appended  classification  containing  laborers. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  CIVIL  SERVICE  OF 

THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 


MAYOR’S  OFFICE. 


CLASS  1. 
Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Secretary  ;  chief  clerk;  marshal  ;  registrar. 


CLASS  2. 


Subdivision  I. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 

Subdivision  II. 

Keeper  in  dog  pound  ;  assistant  keeper  in  dog  pound. 

Subdivision  HI. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  IV. 


Laborers. 

FINANCE  DEPARTMENT. 


CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

First  Grade  —  Clerks,  and  like  employes,  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  less  than  $1,000. 

Second  Grade  —  Clerks,  and  like  employes,  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $1,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,200. 

Third  Grade  —  Clerks,  and  like  employes,  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $1,200  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,500. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Clerks,  and  like  employes,  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $1,500  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,800. 

Fifth  Grade  —  Clerks,  and  like  employes,  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $1,800  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,000. 

Sixth  Grade  —  Clerks,  and  like  employes,  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $2,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,500. 

Seventh  Grade  —  Clerks,  and  like  employes,  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $2,500  or  more. 

Subdivision  II. 

Deputy  comptroller  and  assistant ;  heads  of  bureaus  ;  general  bookkeeper  ;  city 
paymaster. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  19 


146 


[Assembly 


CLASS  2. 
Subdivision  I. 

Messengers ;  doorkeepers ,  watchmen. 

Subdivision  n. 

Skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  HI. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 


Laborers. 


Subdivision  IV. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  TAXES  AND  ASSESSMENTS. 


CLASS  1. 


Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Secretary  ;  deputy  commissioners,  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $3,000 
or  more. 

CLASS  2. 


Subdivision  I. 

Deputy  commissioners,  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than  $3,000. 

Subdivision  EE. 

Surveyors. 

First  Grade  —  Deputy  surveyor. 

Second  Grade —  Surveyor. 

Subdivision  III. 


Assessors. 


Subdivision  IV. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 

Subdivsion  V. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  VI. 


Laborers. 


LAW  DEPARTMENT. 

•  '/ 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Assistants  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $4,000  or  more  ;  chief  clerk  ; 
public  administrator ;  corporation  attorney. 

CLASS  2. 

Subdivision  I. 

Assistants  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than  $4,000. 

Subdivision  II. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 


No.  42.] 


147 


Subdivision  III. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  IV. 


Laborers . 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS. 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Deputy  Commissioner  ;  chief  clerk  ;  chief  engineer ;  consulting  engineer  ;  water 
register ;  water  purveyor ;  engineer  in  charge  of  sewers  ;  superintendent  of  street 
improvement ;  superintendent  of  streets  ;  superintendent  of  lamps  and  gas  , 
superintendent  of  repairs  and  supplies  ;  superintendent  of  incumbrances. 

CLASS  2. 

Subdivision  I. 

Superintendent  of  water  supply  ;  superintendent  of  pipe  yard  ;  superintendent 
of  baths ;  assistant  superintendent  of  baths. 

Subdivision  II. 

First  Grade  —  Chainmen  and  flagmen. 

Second  Grade — Rodmen. 

Third  Grade  —  Levelers. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Transitmen. 

Fifth  Grade —  Assistant  engineers. 

Sixth  Grade  —  First  assistant  engineer. 

Seventh  Grade  —  Resident  engineer ;  topographical  engineer. 

Subdivision  III. 

Draughtsmen. 

Subdivision  IV. 

Inspectors. 

First  Grade  —  Inspectors  of  meters  ;  inspectors  of  waste  of  water  ;  inspectors  of 
regulating  and  grading;  inspectors  of  paving  ;  inspectors  of  sewers. 

Second  Grade —  Assistant  general  inspectors. 

Third  Grade  —  General  inspectors. 

Subdivision  V. 

Messengers  ;  keepers;  watchmen;  janitors  ;  elevator  attendants  ;  keepers  and 
attendants  on  public  baths. 

Subdivision  VI. 

Engineers  and  skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  VII. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  VIII. 

Laborers. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  DOCKS. 


CLASS  1. 
Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 


148 


[Assembly 


Subdivision  II. 

Secretary  ;  engineer  in  chief. 


CLASS  2. 


Subdivision  I. 

Superintendent  of  section  ;  superintendent  of  machinery  ;  master  mason;  master 
dock  builder;  foreman  of  piling  and  wood  work. 

Subdivision  II. 

First  Oracle  —  Chainmen. 

Second  Grade  —  Rodrnen;  sounders. 

Third  Grade  —  Levelers;  hydrographers. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Assistant  to  engineer  in  chief  ;  surveyor  ;  assistant  surveyor. 
Fifth  Grade  —  First  assistant  engineer. 


Draughtsmen. 
Dock  masters. 


Subdivision  III. 
Subdivision  IV. 
Subdivision  V. 


Captains  of  floating  property. 

Subdivision  VI. 

Foremen  ;  inspectors  ;  roundsmen  ;  time  keepers. 

Subdivision  VII. 

Messengers  ;  doormen  ;  watchmen  ;  office  keeper. 

Subdivision  VIII. 

Mechanical  engineers  and  skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  IX. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 


Laborers. 


Subdivision  X. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  CHARITIES  AND 

CORRECTIONS. 


CLASS  1. 


Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  IE. 

Secretary ;  general  bookkeeper  and  auditor  ;  purchasing  agent ;  general  store¬ 
keeper. 


CLASS  2. 

Subdivision  I. 

Wardens  of  prisons,  asylums,  almshouses  and  workhouses  ,  medical  superin¬ 
tendents  of  asylums  and  hospitals  ;  chiefs  of  staff  of  hospitals  ;  superintendents 
of  workhouses;  and  superintendent  of  out-door  poor  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Deputy  wardens  of  prisons;  stewards  of  hospitals,  asylums  and  almshouses; 
assistant  medical  superintendent  of  asylum  for  the  insane. 


No.  42.] 


149 


Subdivision  III. 

t 

Physicians;  assistant  physicians  ;  chaplains;  principal  matrons  ;  heads  of  train¬ 
ing  schools. 

Subdivision  IV. 

Nurses,  orderlies  and  attendants  in  hospital  and  asylums. 

First  Grade  —  Such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than  $200. 
Second  Grade  —  Such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $200  or  more. 

Subdivision  V. 

First  Gh'ade  —  Guards  and  watchmen  in  prisons  and  workhouses. 

Second  Grade  —  Deputy  keepers  and  keepers  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $600  or  less. 

Third  Grade  —  Keepers  in  prisons  and  workhouses  receiving  an  annual  com¬ 
pensation  of  more  than  $600. 

Subdivision  VI. 

Watchmen  in  hospitals,  asylums  and  almshouses. 

Subdivision  VII. 

Teachers  and  assistant  matrons. 

Subdivision  VIII. 

Morgue  superintendent ;  superintendent  of  drug  department ;  superintendent 
of  stables. 

Subdivision  IX. 

Chemist;  photographer  of  the  unknown  dead. 

Subdivision  X. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 

.<  Subdivision  XI. 

Engineers  and  skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  XII. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  XUI. 

Laborers. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  STREET  CLE  ANING. 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department 

Subdivision  II. 

Deputy  commissioner  ;  chief  clerk  ;  superintendent. 

CLASS  2. 

Subdivision  I. 

Assistant  superintendent;  district  superintendents;  superintendent  of  tugs  and 
scows  ;  superintendent  of  stables. 

Subdivision  II. 

First  Grade  —  Assistant  district  inspectors. 

Second  Grade  —  District  inspectors. 

Subdivision  III. 


nspectors  at  dumping  places. 


150 


[Assembly 


Subdivision  IV. 

First  Grade  —  Assistant  foremen. 

Second  Grade  —  Foremen. 

Subdivision  V. 


Captains  of  tugs;  pilots. 

Subdivision  VI. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment ;  time  collector. 


Subdivision  VIE. 

Engineers  and  skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 


Subdivision  VIC. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 


Laborers. 


Subdivision  IX. 


HEALTH  DEPARTMENT. 


CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Secretary  ;  sanitary  superintendent ;  attorney  and  counsel ;  register  of  records. 


CLASS  2. 


Subdivision  I. 


Assistant  sanitary  superintendent ;  deputy  register  of  records;  chiefs  of  division. 

Subdivision  II. 


Sanitary  inspectors. 

Subdivision  III. 


Physicians  ;  chemists  and  analyzers ;  inspectors  of  milk  ;  inspectors  of  meat  ; 
inspector  of  offensive  trades  ;  inspector  of  new  buildings  ;  general  and  special  in  • 
spectors  ;  inspectors  of  vaccination. 

Subdivision  IV 

First  Grade  —  Orderlies,  waitresses  and  helpers  in  hospitals. 

Second  Grade  —  Matrons  and  nurses. 


Subdivision  V. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 

Subdivision  VL 

Engineers  and  skilled  machanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  VIE. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  VIII. 


Laborers. 


FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 

CLASS  1. 
Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 


No.  42.] 


151 


Subdivision  II. 

Secretary  ;  inspector  of  combustibles  ;  fire  marshal ;  inspector  of  buildings  ; 
attorney ;  book-keeper. 

CLASS  2. 


Subdivision  I. 

Medical  officers  ;  assistant  attorneys. 

Subdivision  n. 

First  Grade  —  Examiners  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than  $1,200. 
Second  Grade  —  Examiners  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $1,200  or  more. 

Subdivision  III. 

First  Grade  —  Assistant  operators. 

Second  Grade  —  Operators. 

Third  Grade  —  Chief  operator. 

Fourth  Grade — Superintendent  of  telegraph. 

Subdivision  IV. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 

Subdivision  V. 

Engineers  and  skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 


Subdivision  VI. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  VII. 


Laborers. 


CLASS  3. 


Uniformed  force. 


Subdivision  I, 

First  Grade  —  Firemen. 

Second  Grade —  Assistant  foremen. 

Third  Grade  —  Foremen. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Chiefs  of  battalion. 

Fifth  Grade  —  Assistant  chiefs  of  department. 
Sixth  Grade  —  Chief  of  department. 


Subdivision  II. 

First  Grade  —  Assistant  engineers  of  steamer. 
Second  Grade  —  Engineers  of  steamer. 


POLICE  DEPARTMENT. 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  n. 

Chief  clerk  ;  chief  of  elections. 

CLASS  2. 

Subdivision  I. 

First  Grade  —  Operators. 

Second  Grade —  Superintendent  of  telegraph. 

Subdivision  II. 


Messengers  ;  janitor. 


152 


[Assembly 


Subdivision  III. 

Engineers  and  skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen . 

Subdivision  IV. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 


Laborers. 

The  police  force. 

First  Grade  —  Patrolmen. 
Second  Grade  —  Sergeants. 
Third  Grade  —  Captains. 
Fourth  Grade  —  Inspectors. 
Fifth  Grade  —  Superintendent. 

Doormen . 


Subdivision  V. 

CLASS  3. 
Subdivision  1. 


Subdivision  II, 
Subdivision  III. 


Surgeons. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  PARKS. 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Secretary  ;  superintendent ;  engineer  of  construction  ;  topographical  engineer ; 
superintendent  of  twenty-third  and  twenty-fourth  wards. 

CLASS  2, 

Subdivision  I. 

First  Grade  —  Chainmen. 

Second  Grade  — Rodmen. 

Third  Grade  —  Assistants. 

Fourth  Grade  — Assistant  engineers  ;  assistant  engineer  and  draughtsman. 

Subdivision  II. 

Draughtsmen ;  computers. 

Subdivision  III. 

Meteorologist ;  architect. 

Subdivision  IV. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 

Subdivision  V. 

Skilled  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  VI. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  VII. 

« 

Laborers. 

CLASS  3. 

Park  police. 


No.  42.] 


153 


’v. 


Subdivision  I. 


First  Grade  —  Gatekeepers. 
Second  Grade — Patrolmen. 
Third  Grade  —  Roundsmen. 
Fourth  Grade — Sergeants. 
Fifth  Grade  —  Captain. 

Surgeon. 


Subdivision  II. 


SUPERVISOR  OF  THE  CITY  RECORD. 


CLASS  1. 
Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  EL. 

Supervisor  of  the  City  Record. 

CLASS  2. 


Subdivision  I. 

Messengers  and  persons  of  like  employment. 


Subdivision  n. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere 


Laborers. 


Subdivision  III. 


COMMISSIONERS  OF  ACCOUNTS. 

CLASS  1. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

CLASS  2. 

Subdivision  I. 

Messengers,  and  persons  of  like  employment. 

Subdivision  II. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  III. 

Laborers. 

AQUEDUCT  COMMISSION. 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  I. 

Clerks,  as  in  finance  department. 

Subdivision  II. 

Secretary  ;  chief  engineer  ;  consulting  engineer  ;  executive  engineer. 

CLASS  2, 

Subdivision  I. 

First  Grade  —  Cliainmen  and  rodmen. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.] 


20 


154 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 


Second  Grade  —  Levelers. 

Third  Grade  —  Transitmen. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Assistant  engineers. 

Fifth  Grade  —  Resident  engineers. 

Sixth  Grade — Division  engineers. 

Seventh  Grade  —  Engineer  in  charge  of  construction  ;  engineer  in  charge  of  sur 
veying. 


Draughtsmen. 


Subdivision  II. 


Subdivision  HI. 

Messengers,  and  persons  of  like  employment. 


Subdivision  IV. 

Mechanical  engineers  and  skilled  laborers. 

Subdivision  V. 

All  persons  in  this  department  not  classified  elsewhere. 

Subdivision  VI. 


Laborers. 


MUNICIPAL  SEEVICE  EXAMINING  BOAED. 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  IE. 

Examiners  and  secretary. 

[In  the  foregoing  classification  each  department  is  classified  by  itself.  Class  I 
in  each  department  includes  assistants  and  deputies  of  executive  and  administra¬ 
tive  officers  and  all  clerks  and  other  persons,  of  whatever  designation,  rendering 
services  similar  to  those  of  clerks.  The  remaining  persons  in  each  department 
are  embraced  in  class  II.  In  the  departments  having  a  uniformed  force,  however, 
the  police  department,  the  fire  department,  and  the  department  of  public  parks, 
class  III  is  added  to  comprise  this  body.] 


< 


t 


APPENDIX  F. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  REGULATIONS  OF  THE  CITY  OF 

BROOKLYN. 


[Prescribed  by  Hon.  Seth  Low,  Mayor,  15th  August,  1884.  Approved  by  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  Commission  of  the  State  of  New  York,  26th  August,  1884.  Date  upon  which  the  regu¬ 
lations  take  effect,  12th  September,  1884.] 

Mayor’s  Office, City  Hall,  ) 

Brooklyn,  August  15, 1884.  } 

In  pursuance  of  the  eighth  section  of  chapter  354  of  the  Laws  of  1883,  as 
amended  by  chapters  357  and  410  of  the  Laws  of  1884,  I,  Seth  Low,  Mayor  of 
the  city  of  Brooklyn,  hereby  prescribe  the  following  regulations  for  the  admission 
of  persons  into  the  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn  ■  and  do  establish  the 
following  regulations  for  the  conduct  of  persons  who  may  receive  appointments  in 
the  said  service.  The  regulations  following  shall  take  effect,  after  receiving  the 
approval  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  the  State  of  New  York,  fifteen  days 
after  the  regulations  with  such  approval  are  filed  in  the  office  of  the  city  clerk. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city  of 
Brooklyn,  with  the  following  exceptions,  specified  in  the  above-named  Act,  viz. : 

“Officers  elected  by  the  people  and  the  subordinates  of  any  such  officer  for 
whose  errors  or  violation  of  duty  said  officer  is  financially  responsible,  and  the 
head  or  heads  of  any  department  of  the  city  government  and  persons  employed 
in  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  public  service  under  the  educational  department  of 
any  city,  and  any  subordinate  officer  who  by  virtue  of  his  office  has  personal 
custody  of  public  moneys  or  public  securities,  for  the  safe  keeping  of  which  the 
head  of  an  office  is  under  official  bonds.” 

Appendix  A,  entitled  “  Excepted  Positions,”  specifies  the  officers  so  excepted. 

Regulation  2. 

The  several  clerks  and  persons  employed,  or  being  in  the  public  service  of 
Brooklyn,  are  hereby,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  the  said  Act,  first  classified 
as  follows  (the  excepted  class  being  heretofore  stated  in  Regulation  1  ): 

Schedule  A  shall  include  all  persons  who  are  not  employed  as  laborers  or  day 
workmen,  and  who  are  not  to  be  appointed  upon  competitive  examination. 
The  positions  in  Schedule  A  are  specified  in  Appendix  B,  which  is  to  be  deemed 
part  of  these  regulations,  entitled  ‘‘Positions  in  Schedule  A.” 

There  shall  also  be  included  in  Schedule  A,  in  the  event  of  an  epidemic  or  other 
similar  emergency  in  which  the  public  health  is  seriously  endangered,  such  experts 
and  special  inspectors  as  the  commissioner  of  health  may,  with  the  written  ap¬ 
proval  of  the  Mayor,  appoint.  Such  appointment  shall,  however,  continue  only 
during  the  existence  of  such  epidemic  or  similar  emergency. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  all  persons  who  are  to  be  appointed  upon  competitive 
examination.  The  positions  in  Schedule  B  are  specified  in  Appendix  C,  which 
is  to  be  deemed  part  of  these  regulations,  entitled  “Positions  in  Schedule  B.” 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 
The  positions  in  Schedule  D  are  specified  in  Appendix  D,  which  is  to  be  deemed 
part  of  these  regulations,  entitled  “Positions  in  Schedule  D.” 


156 


[Assembly 

Any  new  position  in  any  of  the  departments  or  any  position  omitted  from 
these  schedules  and  the  said  appendices  (and  not  within  the  excepted  class),  is 
also  to  be  deemed  included  in  these  regulations;  and,  if  occasion  should  arise, 
such  position  will  be  assigned  by  the  mayor  to  its  proper  schedule,  under  the 
provisions  of  regulation  26.  Until  so  assigned,  any  such  position  shall  be  deemed 
to  be  in  Schedule  B,  and  in  the  class  and  grade  therein  containing  positions 
most  nearly  like  such  new  or  omitted  position. 

Regulation  3. 

The  several  clerks  and  persons  employed  or  being  in  the  public  service  of 
Brooklyn,  and  included  in  Schedule  B,  are  hereby,  pursuant  to  the  provisions 
of  the  said  act,  further  arranged  in  classes  as  shown  in  the  Appendix  E,  which 
is  to  be  deemed  part  of  these  regulations,  entitled  “  Classification  of  the  positions 
in  Schedule  B,  for  the  purposes  of  examination.” 

Regulation  4. 

For  the  purpose  of  conducting  the  inquiries  and  making  the  examinations 
mentioned  in  section  8  of  the  said  law  as  amended,  the  mayor  shall  employ 
eleven  suitable  persons,  citizens  of  Brooklyn  (two  of  whom  shall  be  physicians), 
who  shall  constitute  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  Brooklyn  (hereinafter  for 
brevity  also  called  “the  Commission”)  and  each  member  of  which  shall  be 
known  as  a  Civil  Service  Commissioner  of  Brooklyn.  Not  more  than  six  of  the 
commissioners  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party;  and  no  one  of  them  shall 
be  otherwise  in  the  employ  of  the  city.  Each  commissioner  shall,  before  enter¬ 
ing  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  take  and  file  with  the  city  clerk  an  oath, 
in  the  general  form  prescribed  for  other  city  officers. 

The  mayor  may  at  any  time,  by  filing  with  the  city  clerk  a  written  notifica¬ 
tion  of  the  change,  employ  another  citizen  in  the  place  of  any  one  so  employed, 
who  shall  thereupon  cease  to  be  such  commissioner.  The  commissioners  shall 
serve  without  pay. 

The  commissioners  shall  from  their  number  choose  a  chairman  to  act  during 
their  pleasure ;  and  they  may  from  time  to  time,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
mayor,  designate  committees  from  their  own  number  to  conduct  any  of  the  va¬ 
rious  examinations  and  classes  of  examinations.  The  schedule  of  rating  of  the 
candidates  and  the  certificate  or  certificates  upon  each  examination  and  of  rec¬ 
ommendation,  shall  be  signed  by  the  committee,  if  any,  conducting  the  exami¬ 
nation,  and  by  the  chairman  of  the  Commission.  During  the  absence  or  ina¬ 
bility  to  act  of  the  chairman,  a  temporary  chairman  chosen  by  the  Commission 
from  their  own  number  may  in  all  respects  act  as  chairman. 

The  mayor  will  detail  or  employ  a  clerk,  who  shall  act  as  the  secretary  of  the 
Commission. 

The  Commission  may  employ  assistant  examiners  or  experts,  and  may  other¬ 
wise  incur  expenses  not  to  exceed,  in  the  aggregate,  fifteen  hundred  dollars 
per  annum. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commission  to  conduct  all  examinations  held  under 
these  regulations,  and  to  ascertain  the  fitness  of  candidates  for  the  service  of 
the  city  in  respect  of  character,  knowledge  and  ability  for  the  branch  of  the  ser¬ 
vice  into  which  they  seek  to  enter,  and  to  estimate  and  determine  the  relative 
excellence  or  standing  of  the  persons  examined,  and  to  certify  the  same  as  herein 
prescribed. 

The  secretary  of  the  commission  shall,  under  the  direction  of  the  commission, 
keep  minutes  of  their  proceedings,  and  all  necessary  records  of  applicants,  their 
examinations  and  standings,  and  a  complete  record  of  all  persons  employed  in 
the  several  departments  to  which  these  rules  apply,  and  of  all  appointments,  pro¬ 
motions,  dismissals,  resignations  and  changes  of  any  sort  therein.  When  not  in 
attendance  upon  the  commission,  the  secretary  will  act  under  the  direction  of 
the  mayor.  All  official  action  taken  by  the  mayor  under  these  regulations  shall 
be  recorded  in  writing  under  his  own  signature,  and  shall  be  filed  among  the 
papers  of  the  commission. 


No.  42.] 


157 


Regulation  5. 

For  thirty  days  after  the  qualification  of  any  new  officer  or  head  of  depart¬ 
ment,  he  shall  be  at  liberty  to  make  dismissals  from  his  clerical  force  throughout 
all  the  schedules,  except  where  prohibited  by  law  ;  but  all  such  dismissals  shall 
be  certified  by  him  within  five  days  to  the  commission  herein  provided  for,  as 
well  as  to  the  city  clerk  as  now  provided  by  law.  [Section  7,  chapter  377,  Laws 
1880.]  After  thirty  days  from  his  qualification,  an  official,  when  making  a  dis¬ 
missal,  shall  file  his  reason  for  such  action  with  the  commission  as  well  as  with 
the  city  clerk.  Every  change  in  the  municipal  service  shall  be  reported  in  writ¬ 
ing  within  five  days  to  the  commission  by  the  official  in  whose  department  the 
change  takes  place. 

Regulation  6. 

Appointments  to  positions  in  Schedule  A  may  be  made  without  examination; 
but  the  appointing  officer  shall  file  with  the  secretary  of  the  commission,  within 
five  days  after  making  any  such  appointment,  a  formal  notification  thereof  in 
writing,  setting  forth  the  full  name  of  such  appointee ;  date  and  place  of  birth ; 
length  of  residence  in  Brooklyn;  nature  of  previous  employment;  whether  he 
has  ever  been  in  official  service  before,  and  if  so,  when  and  where ;  date  of  be¬ 
ginning  of  service  and  term  for  which  appointed ;  a  specific  description  of  the 
duties  of  the  position  ;  salary ;  name  of  person  in  whose  place  appointed,  and 
such  other  statistical  information  as  the  commission  may  deem  proper  for  regis¬ 
tration  :  the  same  to  be  duly  certified  by  the  appointing  officer. 

In  these  regulations  the  term  “appointing  officer”  shall  be  construed  to  in¬ 
clude  any  person,  board  or  commission  having  the  power  to  appoint  to  any  posi¬ 
tion  not  excepted  from  these  regulations  in  the  Civil  Service  of  Brooklyn. 

Regulation  7. 

Subject  only  to  the  limitations  imposed  by  these  regulations,  the  power  of  ap¬ 
pointment  and  the  responsibility  of  selection,  and  of  ascertaining  the  character 
of  the  appointee  are  in  all  cases  in  the  appointing  officer.  The  power  to  remove 
(existing  by  law)  on  the  part  of  any  officer  is  not  impaired  by  any  thing  con¬ 
tained  in  these  regulations. 

Regulation  8. 

Every  vacancy  in  Schedule  B  not  filled  by  promotion  shall  be  filled  by  selec¬ 
tion  from  those  who  have  passed  highest  in  open  competitive  examinations,  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  conditions  expressed  in  the  following  regulations. 

Regulation  9. 

Applications  of  competitors  for  positions  included  in  Schedule  B  must  be  ad¬ 
dressed  to  the  “  Secretary  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  City  Hall,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,”  and  must  be  accompanied  by  the  following  papers : 

First.  The  affidavit  of  the  applicant  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
giving  his  address  and  stating  the  place,  street  and  number  of  his  residence  for 
the  last  preceding  year,  his  age  and  place  of  birth;  the  extent,  place  and  nature 
of  his  education,  and  also  of  his  business  training  and  experience,  and  whether 
he  has  ever  been  in  official  service  before,  and  if  so,  when  and  where ;  and  also 
whether  he  were  honorably  discharged  from  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the 
United  States  —  in  such  case  the  discharge  or  a  duly  authenticated  copy  thereof 
to  be  submitted  with  the  application. 

Second.  The  certificates  of  not  less  than  three  or  more  than  five  reputable 
citizens  of  Brooklyn,  each  certifying  that  he  individually  has  been  personally 
acquainted  with  the  applicant  for  at  least  one  year,  and  believes  him  to  be  of 
good  moral  character,  of  temperate  and  industrious  habits,  and  in  all  respects 
fit  for  the  service  he  wishes  to  enter,  and  that  such  citizen  is  willing  that  his 
certificate  should  be  published  for  public  information. 

In  case  the  applicant  reside  out  of  Brooklyn,  two  of  the  citizens  making  such 
certificates  may  be  residents  of  the  applicant’s  place  of  residence. 


158 


[Assembly 


Third.  The  certificate  of  a  practicing  physician,  in  good  standing,  that  he 
has  examined  the  applicant  and  found  him  free  from  any  disease  or  physical  de¬ 
fect  that  would  impair  his  ability  to  render  good  and  faithful  service  to  the  city. 

Regulation  10. 

Defective  applications  will  be  suspended,  and  applicants  notified  to  amend 
the  same;  but  no  such  notice  will  be  given  or  opportunity  granted  a  second  time. 
Whenever  the  application  does  not  show  that  the  applicant  is  within  the  pre¬ 
scribed  limits  of  age,  and  is  otherwise  qualified  under  the  regulations,  the  ap¬ 
plication  will  be  rejected. 

Regulation  11. 

Registers  of  all  applicants  shall  be  kept  by  the  secretary  of  the  Commission. 
When  the  applicants  on  a  register  for  any  one  position,  or  for  several  positions 
for  which  one  examination  may  be  had,  are  in  excess  of  such  number  as  can  be 
examined  conveniently  on  the  same  day,  the  applicants  will  be  notified  to  ap¬ 
pear  for  examination  in  their  order  on  the  register. 

Regulation  12. 

All  applicants  for  appointment  in  the  police  department  as  patrolmen,  door¬ 
men  and  bridgekeepers —  that  is  to  say,  in  Schedule  B,  Class  8,  Grade  A  — 
will  be  listed  as  follows,  viz.  :  The  first  list  will  include  only  those  who: 

First.  Have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  residents  of  Brooklyn  at 
least  four  years  next  prior  to  the  date  of  their  application. 

*  Second.  Are  not  less  than  twenty-six,  or  more  than  thirty  years  of  age. 

Third.  Are  not  less  than  five  feet  eight  inches  or  more  than  six  feet  three 
inches  in  height,  and  whose  weight  and  chest  measurement  shall  be  certified  by 
the  department  surgeons  to  conform  to  height  as  per  following  table  : 

Average  chest 
measurement 
to  be  not  less 
than  the  fol¬ 
lowing,  and 
Weight  must  be  to  have  ex- 

not  less  than  pansion 


For  height  of  5  ft.  8  in . . 

For  height  of  5  ft.  9  in . 

.  140  lbs. 

.  145  lbs. 

34  in. 

34  1-2  in. 

For  height  of  5  ft.  10  in . 

. .  150  lbs. 

35  in. 

For  height  of  5  ft.  11  in . 

For  height  of  6  ft.  . . 

.  155  lbs. 

.  160  lbs. 

35  1-2  in. 

36  in. 

For  height  of  6  ft.  1  in . 

For  height  of  6  ft.  2  in . 

.  165  lbs. 

.  170  lbs. 

36  1-2  in. 

37  in. 

For  height  of  6  ft.  3  in . . 

.  175  lbs. 

37  1-2  in. 

Fourth.  Have  certificates  of  character 

and  habits,  satisfactory  to  the  com- 

mission;  and 

Fifth.  Are  certified  to  by  the  surgeons  of  the  department  as  being  of  good 
health  and  sound  body  and  mind,  and  without  hereditary  tendency  to  any 
disease  liable  to  impair  their  usefulness  as  patrolmen. 

The  second  list  will  include  those  who : 

First.  Are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  have  been  residents  of  Brook¬ 
lyn  at.  least  two  years  next  prior  to  the  date  of  their  application. 

Second.  Who  are  not  less  than  twenty-one  or  more  than  thirty  years  of  age, 
and  whose  stature,  physique,  character,  and  other  qualificatians,  are  as  required 
by  paragraphs  three,  four  and  five  above  for  the  first  list. 

Applicants  in  the  first  list  will  be  first  summoned  for  examination,  if  a  suffi¬ 
cient  eligible  list  be  formed  therefrom,  applicants  in  the  second  list  will  not  be 
summoned ;  but  if  not,  then  applicants  in  the  second  list  will  be  summoned  for 
examination. 

This  regulation  shall  not  contravene  the  provisions  of  the  statute,  as  stated  in 
regulation  22,  with  relation  to  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  late  war,  honorably 
discharged. 


No.  42.] 


159 


Regulation  13. 

Before  an  appointment  as  required  by  regulation  25  upon  the  uniformed  fire 
force  (Schedule  B,  Class  9,)  is  definitely  made,  the  fire  commissioner  may  require 
that  the  person  whom  he  contemplates  appointing  of  those  certified  to  him  from 
the  eligible  list,  shall  serve  without  pay  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  days  in 
the  repair  shop  of  the  fire  department  or  with  some  fire  company.  And,  if  at 
the  end  of  such  period  the  fire  commissioner,  from  the  report  of  the  officer  in 
charge  of  the  repair  shop,  or  company,  or  from  other  trustworthy  information, 
becomes  satisfied  that  such  person  is  incompetent  for  the  duties  of  the  position 
to  be  filled,  the  fire  commissioner  may  in  such  case  refuse  to  such  person  an 
appointment  as  provided  in  regulation  25.  Without  the  consent  of  the  fire 
commissioner  such  person  shall  not  again  be  certified  to  him  for  appointment. 

The  fire  commissioner  when  he  needs  at  one  time  to  make  several  appoint¬ 
ments  may  require  the  commission  to  certify  to  him  from  the  eligible  list  for 
appointment  names  exceeding  by  two  in  number  the  number  of  appointments  to 
be  made.  In  all  other  cases  the  commission  will  certify  in  response  to  the  ap¬ 
plication  of  the  fire  commissioner  in  accordance  with  regulation  19. 

Regulation  14. 

Applicants  for  the  positions  included  in  Schedule  B,  Classes  12,  13  and  14,  as 
shown  In  Appendix  E,  must,  in  addition  to  the  requirements  hereinbefore  men- 
tioved,  present  satisfactory  evidence,  as  follows: 

First.  If  the  position  to  be  filled  be  that  of  sanitary  inspector  (Class  12),  that 
the  applicant  is  duly  authorized  by  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  to  prac¬ 
tice  medicine  and  surgery. 

Second.  If  the  position  to  be  filled  be  that  of  chemist  (Class  13),  that  the  ap¬ 
plicant  has  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Sciences,  or  its  equivalent,  from 
some  institution  duly  authorized  by  law  to  confer  such  degree. 

Third.  If  the  position  to  be  filled  be  that  of  Veterinary  Inspector  (Class  14), 
that  the  applicant  has  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Veterinary  Surgery,  or 
its  equivalent,  from  some  institution  duly  authorized  by  law  to  confer  such 
degree. 

Regulation  15. 

Whenever  any  vacancy  occurs  in  the  position  of  Sanitary  Inspector  (Schedule 
B,  Class  12,  Grade  B),  it  shall  be  filled  by  the  promotion  of  the  Assistant  San¬ 
itary  Inspector,  who  has  been  longest  in  the  service  of  the  department,  and  will 
reside  within  the  district  where  the  vacancy  exists. 

Regulation  16. 

The  Commission  shall  not  permit  the  fact  that  any  applicant  is  authorized  to 
practice  his  profession  by  one  school  of  medicine,  rather  than  another,  to  have 
any  influence  in  deciding  his  standing. 

Regulation  17. 

An  eligible  list  shall  be  prepared  by  the  Commission  from  time  to  time,  as  the 
needs  of  the  service  require  upon  competitive  examinations  for  each  of  the  dif¬ 
ferent  grades  of  every  class  in  Schedule  B,  as  shown  in  Appendix  E.  Upon  each 
eligible  list  shall  be  placed  only  such  persons  as  have  been  found  l3y  the  Com¬ 
mission  to  be  duly  qualified  for  the  positions  for  which  such  eligible  list  is  pre¬ 
pared.  The  candidate  shall  be  placed  upon  the  eligible  list  in  the  order  of  merit 
as  shown  by  the  respective  percentages  of  their  aggregate  markings  upon  their 
examinations,  excepting  that  where  the  candidate  has  been  honorably  discharged 
from  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war,  lie  shall 
be  preferred  over  other  candidates  equal  in  rating  with  himself.  Where  an  ex¬ 
amination  for  any  grade  is  had  before  the  eligible  list  for  that  grade  is  exhausted, 
a  new  eligible  list  shall  be  prepared  after  such  examination,  to  take  the  place  of 
the  former  eligible  list.  The  persons  upon  the  former  eligible  list  who  have  not 
been  examined  for  the  new  eligible  list  shall,  unless  a  period  of  two  years  from 
the  date  of  their  original  examination  has  elapsed,  be  respectively  placed  upon 


160 


[Assembly 


the  new  eligible  list  in  the  position  to  which  the  percentages  of  their  aggregate 
markings  upon  their  former  examinations  would  entitle  them,  if  such  markings 
had  instead  been  given  them  upon  the  new  examination.  After  remaining  two 
years  from  the  date  of  his  examination  eligible  to  appointment,  the  name  of  any 
person  shall  be  stricken  from  the  eligible  list. 

Regulation  18. 

The  actual  conduct  of  every  examination  shall  be  under  the  responsible  direc¬ 
tion  of  the  Commission  or  of  its  designated  members,  free  from  the  interference 
or  participation  or  influence  of  the  appointing  officer,  or  of  any  person  other 
than  assistant  examiners  or  experts  directly  employed  by  the  Commission.  All 
examinations  shall  relate  to  those  matters  which  will  fairly  test  the  relative  ca¬ 
pacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons  examined  to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  service 
to  which  they  seek  to  be  appointed.  Excepting  as  these  regulations  otherwise 
provide,  the  Commission  may,  in  the  examinations,  give  such  relative  impor¬ 
tance  to  the  different  subjects  or  matters  of  examination,  whether  mental  or 
physical, or  to  experience,  occupation  or  training,  as  to  them  may  seem  fit.  The 
Commission  or  its  members  conducting  any  examination  shall  fix  as  to  such  ex¬ 
amination  a  minimum  general  rating  not  below  70  per  cent  of  the  maximum ; 
and  any  applicant  receiving  less  than  such  minimum  shall  not  be  placed  upon 
the  eligible  list.  At  or  before  the  commencement  of  every  examination,  the 
weight  to  be  given  to  every  subject  included  in  the  examination  and  the  general 
or  average  minimum  and  the  minimum,  if  any,  allowable  upon  each  subject, 
shall  be  announced  to  the  applicants.  The  appointing  officer  may  prescribe  to 
the  Commission,  and  upon  their  request,  he  shall  state  to  the  Commission,  so  far 
as  is  consistent  with  these  regulations,  the  general  qualifications  or  attainments, 
physical  or  mental,  or  both,  and  the  experience  he  deems  necessary  or  proper  to 
be  possessed  by  the  persons  filling  the  position  for  which  an  eligible  list  is  to  be 
formed,  and  also  of  what  age  such  persons  should  be. 

Physical  examinations  of  applicants  for  positions  in  the  uniformed  police  force 
(Schedule  B,  Class  8,)  shall,  under  the  authority  and  supervision  of  the  commis¬ 
sion,  be  conducted  by  the  surgeons  of  the  police  department  or  any  of  them. 
Physical  examinations  of  applicants  for  positions  in  the  uniformed  fire  force 
(Schedule  B,  Class  9),  shall,  under  the  authority  and  supervision  of  the  commis¬ 
sion,  be  conducted  by  the  surgeons  of  the  fire  department  or  any  of  them.  The 
surgeons  of  those  departments  so  acting  shall  not  be  entitled  to  compensation 
beyond  their  salaries,  the  services  rendered  upon  such  examinations  being 
deemed  part  of  their  official  duties  as  surgeons  in  such  departments.  If,  how¬ 
ever,  in  any  case  of  the  physical  examination  of  applicants  for  positions  in  the 
uniformed  police  or  fire  force  the  commission  deem  it  necessary  or  proper,  they 
may,  with  the  approval  of  the  mayor,  employ  for  the  conduct  of  such  examina¬ 
tions,  physicians  or  surgeons  not  in  those  departments. 

Regulation  19. 

Whenever  a  vacancy  shall  occur  in  a  position  within  any  grade  of  any  class 
in  Schedule  B  which  in  the  opinion  of  the  appointing  officer  the  welfare  of  the 
city  requires  to  be  filled,  and  where  under  these  regulations  the  appointing 
officer  cannot  himself  fill  such  vacancy  by  promotion,  the  appointing  officer  shall 
notify  the  commission  of  the  vacancy.  The  commission,  thereupon,  and  in 
every  case  where  an  appointing  officer  shall  notify  the  commission  of  a  vacancy 
in  any  position  within  any  grade  of  any  class  in  Schedule  B,  shall  as  soon  as 
practicable  certify  to  the  appointing  officer  for  appointment  from  the  eligible  list 
appropriate  to  such  position  as  it  may  then  exist,  the  three  persons  having  the 
highest  standing  on  such  eligible  list,  indicating  such  of  them,  if  any,  as  have 
been  honorably  discharged  from  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United 
States  in  the  late  wrar.  The  certificate  of  the  commission  shall  state  the  per¬ 
centage  of  the  maximum  obtained  by  each  of  the  three  persons  on  his  examina¬ 
tion,  and  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  citizens  certifying  to  his  character  and 
habits.  The  appointing  officer  shall,  thereupon,  appoint  to  the  vacant  position, 
one  of  the  three  persons  so  certified  to  him  by  the  commission,  and  shall  at  once 


No.  42.] 


161 


notify  the  commission  of  the  appointment;  excepting,  however,  that  m  the  uni¬ 
formed  fire  force,  the  appointment  shall  not  be  made  until  after  the  temporary 
service  without  pay  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  days  as  provided  in  regu  <  - 
tion  13  if  such  temporary  service  be  required  by  the  fire  commissioners. 

1  Where  an  eligible  list  is  exhausted  except  as  to  one  or  two  candidates  the 
commission  mayt  in  its  discretion,  certify  such  remaining  one  or  two  candidates 
without  waiting  to  enlarge  the  eligible  list  by  further  examination,  unless  the  ap¬ 
pointing  officer  require  that  three  names  be  presented  to  him.  In  such  case  the 
commission  must  forthwith  hold  a  further  examination  so  as  to  be  able  to  certify 

three  candidates. 

Regulation  20. 

If  the  appointing  officer  shall  require  in  any  position  within  Class  1  of  Schedule 
B  attainment  in  one  or  more  especial  subjects  designated  by  him,  the  commission 
shall  return  from  the  eligible  list  of  persons  for  positions  m  such  class  the  names 
of  the  three  persons  whose  standing  is  the  highest  in  the  especial  subjects  so 
designated,  and  the  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  appointment  of  one  of  those 
three  persons;  but  the  commission  may  at  any  time  hold  a  competitive  exami¬ 
nation  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  a  position  in  such  class  requiring  such  attainments  in 
one  or  more  of  the  especial  subjects,  if  in  the  judgment  of  the  appointing  officer 
no  one  upon  the  eligible  list  is  well  qualified  to  fill  the  vacant  position.  In  such 
case  the  appointment  shall  be  given  to  one  of  the  three  passing  highest  m  the 
competition;  and  an  eligible  list  for  such  position  and  for  like  positions  shall  be 
made  from  such  competitive  examination,  and  shall  from  time  to  time  be  re¬ 
plenished  from  like  examinations. 


Regulation 

Priority  of  date  in  examination  will 


21. 


give 


no  advantage;  the.  names  of  the 


three  eligible  persons  standing  highest  will  be  certified  for  appointment  without 

regard  to  dates  when  examined.  ,  ., 

No  person  on  an  eligible  list  shall  be  certified  for  appointment  more  than  three 

times  to  the  same  appointing  officer,  except  at  the  latter’s  request;  nor  sha  tie 
name  of  any  person  remain  on  an  eligible  list  more  than  two  years  from  the  date 
of  the  original  examination. 

Upon  receiving  a  temporary  appointment  or  an  appointment  to  position  tem¬ 
porary  in  its  character,  the  candidate’s  name  shall  be,  during  the  time  he  holds 
such  appointment,  suspended  from  the  eligible  list  from  which  he  is  appointed 

Where  the  employment  of  a  person  in  any  grade  of  Schedule  B  is  terminated 
because  the  work  upon  which  he  is  engaged  is  suspended  and  the  head  of  the 
department  so  certifies  to  the  commission,  and  further  certifies  that  such  person 
has  faithfully  and  satisfactorily  performed  the  duties  of  Ins  position  during  Ins 
employment  (which  certificate  the  head  of  the  department  shall  give  in  proper 
cases) T  then  the  person  shall  thereupon  resume  upon  the  eligible  list  from  which 
he  was  appointed  the  position  thereon  to  which  his  original  marking  or  rating 
entitled  him,  and  may  be  thereafter  certified  for  appointment  in  all  respects  as 
if  he  had  been  nlaced  upon  such  eligible  list  on  the  date  of  such^fonner  termi¬ 
nation  of  his  employment,  the  two  years  provided  in  regulation  27,  and  in  this 
regulation  not  to  be  deemed  to  begin  until  such  date;  _  .  . 

Upon  receiving  a  permanent  appointment  to  a  position  permanent  in  its  char¬ 
acter,  the  candidate’s  name  shall  be  stricken  from  the  eligible  list  from  which  he 
is  appointed. 

Regulation  22. 

Persons  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  service  in  the  army  or 
navy  of  the  United  States,  in  the  late  war,  shall  be  preferred  for  appointments 
to  positions  in  the  Civil  Service,  over  other  persons  of  equal  standing  as  ascer¬ 
tained  under  these  rules,  and  the  person  thus  preferred  shall  not  be  disqualified 
from  holding  any  position  in  the  Civil  Service,  on  account  of  his  age  or  by  reason 
of  any  physical  disability,  provided  such  disability  does  not  render  him  incom¬ 
petent  to  perform  the  duties  of  the  position  applied  for.  [§  4,  Chap.  410,  Laws 
1884.] 

[Assera.  Doc.  No.  42.]  21 


162 


[Assembly 


Regulation  23. 

If  the  rate  of  compensation  for  a  position  within  any  grade  of  Schedule  B  be  in¬ 
creased  beyond  the  rate  or  limit  of  rate  of  compensation  for  that  grade  as  specified 
in  Appendix  E,  the  position,  by  virtue  of  such  increase,  shall  be  deemed  placed  in 
the  grade  in  the  same  class  of  Schedule  B,  which  contains  positions  entitled  to  the 
compensation  as  so  increased ;  and  the  person  holding  the  position  in  the  former 
grade  shall  not  be  transferred  with  or  to  the  position  when  so  placed  in  the 
higher  grade,  unless  he  be  promoted  in  pursuance  of  these  regulations.  But 
nothing  in  these  regulations  contained,  in  cases  where  in  the  judgment  of  any 
appointing  officer,  by  reason  of  increase  in  efficiency  or  merit,  or  by  reason  of 
length  of  service,  the  compensation  of  any  person  holding  such  a  position  in 
any  grade  of  Schedule  B  ought  to  be  increased,  shall  prevent  such  appointing 
officer  from  making  such  increase  within  the  limit  of  the  maximum  so  specified 
for  such  grade. 

Nor  shall  any  thing  in  these  regulations  be  deemed  to  prevent  an  increase  of 
salary  by  virtue  of  length  of  service  where  such  increase  is  provided  by  law. 

Regulation  24. 

Where  a  person  upon  an  eligible  list  shall  decline  to  accept  an  appointment, 
whether  temporary  or  permanent,  to  a  position  permanent  in  its  nature,  and 
upon  request  of  the  commission  shall  not  explain  such  declination  satisfactorily 
to  the  commission,  the  commission  may  strike  his  name  from  the  eligible  list. 

Regulation  25. 

All  appointments  to  positions  within  Schedule  B,  except  upon  the  uniformed 
police  force  and  upon  the  uniformed  fire  force,  shall  be  upon  a  probationary 
term  of  two  months.  Any  one  failing  to  receive  permanent  appointment  (the 
position  itself  being  permanent),  for  good  cause,  at  the  end  of  two  months,  shall 
be  ineligible  for  one  year  for  a  new  examination  for  the  same  position  under 
these  regulations.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  appointing  officer  refusing  such 
permanent  appointment  at  the  end  of  a  probationary  term,  to  certify  to  the  com¬ 
mission  the  cause  of  his  refusal,  in  order  that  the  commission  may  decide 
whether  the  person  to  whom  he  has  refused  such  permanent  appointment  be  so 
ineligible  for  one  year.  , 

Regulation  26. 

All  new  or  omitted  positions  shall  be  deemed  to  be  in  Schedule  B,  as  provided 
in  regulation  2,  unless  the  assignment  of  such  positions  to  some  other  schedule 
be  made  by  the  mayor.  To  procure  such  an  assigntnent  to  Schedule  A,  applica¬ 
tion  must  be  made  to  the  mayor  in  writing  by  the  appointing  officer  before  mak¬ 
ing  any  appointment,  and  the  assignment  shall  be  made  in  writing  by  the  mayor 
in  a  communication  to  the  Civil  Service  Commission.  Unless  such  application 
to  the  mayor  be  made  by  the  appointing  officer  in  advance  of  the  appointment, 
there  shall  be  no  transfer  to  Schedule  A,  except  by  amendment  in  due  form  of 
these  regulations. 

No  temporary  appointment  to  a  position  within  Schedule  B  shall  be  made  of 
any  one  not  eligible  for  permanent  appointment,  excepting  that  in  case  of  exi¬ 
gency,  upon  the  certificate  of  the  chairman  of  the  commission  that  there  are  no 
candidates  upon  an  eligible  list  for  the  position,  and  with  the  approval  of  the 
mayor  such  temporary  appointment  may  be  made,  and  the  appointee  may  hold 
office  thereunder  until  an  eligible  list  is  prepared,  and  such  eligible  list  shall 
thereupon  be  forthwith  prepared,  and  the  position  shall  then  be  filled  from  such 
eligible  list. 

In  the  event  of  the  appointment  of  special  patrolmen,  pursuant  to  the 
provisions  of  the  city  charter,  such  special  patrolmen  may  be  appointed  with¬ 
out  examination  and  without  reference  to  the  qualifications  laid  down  in  these 
regulations. 

Regulation  27. 

All  appointments  made  under  these  regulations  shall  be  published  at  least 


No.  42.] 


163 


once  in  the  corporation  newspapers,  together  with  the  names,  in  each  instance, 
of  the  citizens  certifying  the  good  character  of  each  appointee. 


Regulation  28. 

Transfers  of  persons  included  in  the  same  grade  of  any  class  in  Schedule  B 
mav  be  made  from  one  office  or  department  to  another,  by  the  mutual  consent 
of  the  heads  of  such  offices  or  departments,  providing  that  the  annual  rate  of 
compensation  in  the  place  to  which  the  person  is  transferred  shall  not  exceed 
the  annual  rate  of  compensation  applicable  to  that  grade.  Every  such  transfer 
must  be  reported  to  the  Commission  for  record  within  five  days  from  the  date 
thereof.  No  transfer  will  be  permitted  from  a  position  enumerated  in  any  class 
within  Schedule  B  to  a  position  enumerated  m  any  other  class  within  Schedule 
B  or  from  Schedule  A  or  Schedule  D  to  any  position  in  Schedule  B,  except  y 
virtue  of  the  application,  examination  and  other  proceedings  which  are  in  these 
regulations  prescribed  for  admission  to  the  position  to  which  the  transfei  is 

be  made. 


Regulation  29. 

All  new  positions  other  than  of  laborers  or  day  workmen,  created  at  any  time 
by  the  needs  of  the  service  in  any  department,  must  be  filled  by  competitive  ex¬ 
amination,  unless  the  Mayor  shall,  in  accordance  with  regulation  26,  place  such 
positions  in  Schedule  A.  Nothing  herein  contained  shall,  however  prevent  the 
Commissioner  of  Police  and  Excise  from  detailing  members  of  the  uniformed 
police  force  to  such  duties,  in  his  department,  as  in  his  opinion  they  may  advan¬ 
tageously  perform;  or  the  Commissioner  of  the  Fire  Department  from  detailing 
members  of  the  uniformed  fire  force  to  such  duties  in  his  department,  as  in  his 
opinion  they  may  advantageously  perform. 


Regulation  30. 

Every  false  statement  knowingly  made  by  any  person  in  .  his  application  for 
examination,  and  every  connivance  by  him.  at  any  false  statement  made  in  any 
certificate  which  may  accompany  his  application,  or  willful  complicity  in  any 
fraud  designed  to  improve  his  standing  upon  examination,  shall  be  good  cause 
for  refusing  such  person  an  examination  or  any  rating  upon  an  examination,  or 
for  striking  his  name  from  any  eligible  list,  or  for  the  removal  of  such  person 
from  any  position  to  which  he  may  have  been  appointed. 


Regulation  31. 

No  one  dismissed  from  the  service  for  misconduct,  whether  prior  or  subse¬ 
quent  to  the  promulgation  of  these  regulations,  shall  be  admitted  to  examina¬ 
tion  for  appointment  in  any  capacity  in  any  department  of  the  municipal  service 
within  two  years  from  the  date  of  dismissal. 


Regulation  32. 

No  recommendation  or  question  under  the  authority  of  these  regulations  shall 
relate  to  the  political  opinions  or  affiliations  of  any  person  whatever;  neither 
shall  political  opinions  be  discovered  or  considered  by  the  Commission  in  their 
examinations,  or  considered  by  the  appointing  officer  in  determining  Ins  selec¬ 
tion  among  candidates  certified  for  appointment.  The  commission  shall  not  re¬ 
ceive  or  consider  any  communication  as  to  the  qualifications  or  merits  or  any 
candidate  for  a  position  except  such  as  are  herein  permitted,  and  except  such 
communications  as  they  may  invite  by  way  of  verification  of  statements  made 

by  the  candidate.  ,  _  „  ,  , 

No  recommendation  of  any  person  who  shall  apply  for  office  or  place  under 

these  regulations,  which  may  be  given  by  any  senator  or  member  of  assembly, 
or  officer  confirmed  by  the  senate,  or  judge  of  any  court,  except  as  to  the  char¬ 
acter  or  residence  of  the  applicant,  shall  be  received  or  considered  bv  any  per¬ 
son  concerned  in  making  any  examination  or  appointment  under  these  iegu  a- 
tions.  [§  9,  Chap.  854,  Laws  of  1883.] 


« 


164 


[Assembly 


Regulation  33. 

No  promotion  from  one  grade  to  a  higher  grade  of  the  same  class  in  Schedule  B 
shall  be  made,  except  with  the  consent  of  the  mayor,  without  examination,  until 
after  the  person  promoted  has  for  at  least  six  months  occupied  the  position  in 
the  lower  grade.  No  promotion  or  transfer  shall  be  made  from  one  class  to  an¬ 
other  in  Schedule  B  otherwise  than  upon  competitive  examination. 

Regulation  34. 

No  person  shall  be  appointed  or  promoted  to  be  a  foreman  in  the  uniformed 
fire  force  (Schedule  B,  Class  9,  Grade  C),  who  shall  not  have  been  a  member  of 
such  uniformed  force  for  at  least  two  years  immediately  preceding  such  appoint¬ 
ment.  No  person  shall  be  appointed  or  promoted  to  be  a  district  engineer  in 
the  fire  force  (Schedule  B,  Class  9,  Grade  D),  who  shall  not  have  been  a  member 
of  the  uniformed  force  for  at  least  four  years  immediately  preceding  such  ap¬ 
pointment,  and  in  the  last  two  years  of  which  he  shall  have  served  in  the  grade 
next  below  that  of  district  engineer. 

Regulation  35. 

Promotion  shall  not  take  place  from  one  grade  to  a  higher  grade  in  the  follow¬ 
ing  classes  of  Schedule  B,  except  upon  merit  and  a  competitive  examination, 
which  examination  may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  appointing  officer,  be  conducted 
by  appropriate  subordinates  in  his  department  to  be  designated  by  him.  In  such 
case,  the  forms  and  procedure  of  examinations,  the  preparation  of  eligible  lists 
and  the  certifying  of  names  therefrom  by  the  examiners  shall,  as  nearly  as  prac¬ 
ticable,  be  similar  to  those  employed  by  the  Commission  in  similar  cases. 

Class  1  —  Clerical,  book-keeping  and  like  positions. 

Class  8  —  Uniformed  police  force. 

Class  9  —  Uniformed  fire  force. 

In  determining  such  merit  and  upon  such  competitive  examination  for  promo¬ 
tion.  especial  weight  shall  be  given  by  the  Commission  or  examiners,  so  far 
as  is  practicable,  to  the  merit  of  the  work  done  by  the  applicant  in  the  position 
from  which  he  seeks  promotion,  and  in  weighing  such  merit,  length  of  service 
may  be  considered.  Such  merit  shall  be  determined  from  the  records  and  papers 
of  the  office  or  position  in  which  he  has  been  employed,  so  far  as  they  show  his 
diligence,  punctuality,  steadiness,  and  other  merit ;  and  from  his  work  in  such 
office  or  position  so  far  as  it  remains  or  can  be  inspected;  and  from  such  other 
evidence  of  such  merit  as  the  Commission  or  examiners  may  deem  it  proper  to 
consider. 

Except  as  herein  otherwise  provided  or  limited,  promotions  from  one  grade 
to  another  grade  in  any  other  class  of  Schedule  B  rest  with  the  appointing  offi¬ 
cer,  who  shall  make  the  promotions  upon  the  basis  of  merit,  of  which  he  shall 
be  the  sole  judge  from  his  knowledge  of  the  applicants  in  the  positions  in  which 
they  may  have  theretofore  served,  excepting,  however,  that  the  appointing  officer 
may,  if  he  please,  open  the  promotion  to  competitive  examination  under  the  di¬ 
rection  of  the  Commission.  In  the  latter  case  competitive  examination  for  pro¬ 
motion,  unless  otherwise  directed  by  the  appointing  officer,  shall  be  limited  to 
the  persons  in  the  grade  next  below  the  grade  to  which  the  promotion  is  to  be 
made.  Excepting  in  respect  to  this  limitation,  the  same  rules  heretofore  pre¬ 
scribed  for  competitive  examinations,  for  eligible  lists  and  for  appointments 
therefrom  in  Schedule  B  shall  apply  to  competitive  examinations  for  pro¬ 
motions. 

Regulation  36. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commission  at  the  beginning  of  every  calendar  year 
commencing  with  1888,  to  prepare  the  Civil  List  of  Brooklyn  for  the  j^ear.  That 
list  shall  contain  the  name  of  every  person  in  the  employ  of  Brooklyn,  or  re¬ 
ceiving  compensation  from  the  city  on  the  first  day  of  January,  together  with  the 


165 


jSTo.  42.] 

title  of  his  office,  the  salary  or  compensation  thereto  attached,  a  brief  specifica¬ 
tion  of  the  duties  of  the  office,  whether  the  office  be  elective  or  appointive,  and 
if  appointive, then  by  whom  the  appointment  is  made, and  the  term,  if  any,  of  the 
office.  The  Civil  List  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  commission  as  one  of  its 
records. 

The  persons  entered  upon  the  Civil  List  (whether  on  1st  January,  or  during 
the  year),  shall  be  thereon  classified  as  follows:  First,  persons  holding  positions 
not  within  the  operation  of  these  regulations ;  second,  persons  holding  positions 
in  Schedule  A ;  third,  persons  holding  positions  in  Schedule  B ;  fourth,  persons 
holding  positions  in  Schedule  D  ;  fifth,  persons  receiving  compensation  from  the 
city,  but  subject  to  the  Civil  Service  regulations  of  the  State.  The  persons  holding 
positions  in  each  of  the  said  three  Schedules  A,  B  and  D,  shall  in  the  Civil  List 
be  numbered  in  such  class,  there  being  a  separate  numbering  for  each  class. 

No  payment  of  salary  or  compensation  shall  after  1st  February,  1885,  be  made 
to  any  person  holding  a  position  in  either  of  the  Schedules  A,  B  and  D,  unless 
his  name  be  upon  the  Civil  List,  and  unless  the  requisition  or  warrant  for  such 
payment  show  the  schedule  and  schedule  number  of  such  person  appearing  upon 
the  Civil  List.  This,  however,  shall  not  prevent  the  payment  of  laborers  or  day 
workmen  not  yet  upon  the  Civil  List,  whose  pending  employment  has  com¬ 
menced  not  more  than  one  month  before  the  payment. 

No  payment  shall  be  made  by  the  city  or  any  of  its  officers  to  a  person  hold¬ 
ing  a  position  subject  to  the  Civil  Service  regulations  of  the  State,  and  the  laws 
in  pursuance  of  which  the  same  were  made,  until  it  appears  that  his  appointment 
was  made  before  such  regulations  took  effect  or  has  been  made  agreeably  to  the 
same. 

Every  appointment  made  on  or  after  the  first  day  of  January  in  each  year 
shall  be  immediately  entered  upon  the  Civil  List,  under  the  proper  division,  and 
a  number  assigned  thereon  to  the  appointee.  And  every  death,  resignation,  re¬ 
moval  or  promotion  of  any  person,  whose  name  is  on  the  Civil  List,  shall  be 
not-ed  thereon. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  officer  of  the  city  to  render  to  the  commission 
every  proper  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  the  Civil  List. 

Regulation  37. 

The  commission  shall  have  power  to  correct  any  error  and  amend  any  sched¬ 
ule,  list,  or  other  paper  or  record,  where  it  appears  that  any  error  or  injustice 
has  been  done,  provided,  however,  that  after  an  eligible  list  is  prepared  and  cer¬ 
tified,  it  shall  not  be  altered  except  upon  notice,  by  mail  or  otherwise,  as  the 
commission  may  direct,  to  all  persons  whose  standing  will  be  unfavorably 
affected  by  the  alteration. 

Regulation  38. 

In  case  any  appointing  officer  shall  become  satisfied  that  the  character  or 
reputation  of  any  person  on  an  eligible  list  is  such  as  to  make  it  unfit  or  im¬ 
proper  to  appoint  him  to  a  postion  in  the  Civil  Service  of  Brooklyn,  he 
shall  so  state  to  the  commission.  And  the  commission  shall  have  power,  in 
every  case  where  they  are  satisfied  that  the  character  or  reputation  of  any  ap¬ 
plicant  for  a  position  or  any  person  on  an  eligible  list  is  such  as  to  make  his 
appointment  to  a  position  in  the  Civil  Service  unfit  or  improper,  to  strike 
the  name  of  such  person  from  the  roll  of  persons  for  examination,  or  from  an 
eligible  list,  providing  that  before  they  shall  so  strike  his  name  from  such  roll 
or  list,  they  shall  advise  him  of  the  general  grounds  upon  which  they  are  about 
to  proceed,  that  he  may  make  such  explanation  as  he  may  deem  proper;  but 
nothing  in  this  regulation  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  give  to  any  person  the  right 
to  a  proceeding  in  the  nature  of  a  trial  before  the  commission. 

Regulation  39. 

No  examination,  eligible  list,  certificate  or  proceeding  of  the  commission 
shall  be  prejudiced  or  affected  by  reason  of  any  omission,  informality  or  irregu¬ 
larity  relating  to  any  application  or  examination  thereon,  unless  the  person 


166 


[Assembly 


complaining  or  aggrieved  shall  notify  the  commission  prior  to  the  completion  of 
the  examination  of  such  omission,  informality  or  irregularity,  and  unless  after 
such  notice  the  commission  shall  determine  such  omission,  informality  or  irregu¬ 
larity  to  be  material. 

Regulation  40. 

All  the  schedules,  eligible  lists,  examination  papers,  minutes  and  other  papers, 
memoranda  and  records  of  the  commission  shall  be  public  and  open  to  the  in¬ 
spection  of  any  citizen  upon  reasonable  application.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  secretary  of  the  commission,  upon  tender  of  the  cost  of  making  the 
copies,  to  furnish  to  any  citizen  certified  copies  of  any  of  the  said  schedules, 
lists,  examination  papers,  minutes,  papers,  memoranda  or  records;  provided, 
however,  that  the  papers,  memoranda  and  other  records  relating  to  any  particu¬ 
lar  examination  shall  not  be  made  public  until  after  the  eligible  list  upon  such 
examination  is  prepared  and  certified. 

Regulation  41. 

No  person  in  the  public  service  is,  for  that  reason,  under  any  obligation  to 
contribute  to  any  political  fund  or  purpose,  or  to  render  any  political  service, 
and  no  person  shall  be  removed  or  otherwise  prejudiced  for  refusing  so  to  do. 

Regulation  42. 

No  person  in  the  public  service  has  the  right  to  use  his  official  authority  or 
influence  to  coerce  the  political  action  of  any  person  or  body. 

Regulation  43. 

The  regulations  for  admission  to  the  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn 
and  to  any  branch  thereof  heretofore  prescribed  or  established,  and  the  appoint¬ 
ment  of  examiners  thereunder  made  are  hereby  annulled  and  withdrawn  ;  pro¬ 
viding,  however,  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall  affect  any  examination 
heretofore  held,  or  any  grading  had  thereunder,  or  any  eligible  list  heretofore 
formed,  or  any  appointment  heretofore  duly  made  in  pursuance  of  such  regula¬ 
tions  hereby  annulled ;  and  every  eligible  list  duly  formed  under  such  regula¬ 
tions  shall  in  all  respects  be  deemed  to  be  formed  under  the  foregoing  regula¬ 
tions,  and  to  be  an  eligible  list  for  the  class  specified  in  Appendix  E  most  nearly 
resembling  the  same.  All  applications  for  examination  for  admission  into  any 
of  the  departments  of  the  city  government,  heretofore  duly  filed,  shall  likewise 
be  unaffected  by  these  regulations,  and  shall  be  considered  as  duly  made  here¬ 
under. 


APPENDIX  A. 

Excepted  Positions. 


The  mayor  ;  the  members  of  the  board  of  aldermen  ;  the  comptroller  ;  the  aud¬ 
itor  ;  the  city  treasurer  ;  the  collector  ;  the  registrar  of  arrears  ;  the  counsel  to 
the  corporation  ;  the  president  of  the  board  of  assessment ;  the  assessors  ;  the 
commissioner  of  police  and  excise  ;  the  excise  commissioners  ;  the  police  j  ustices  ; 
the  commissioner  of  health  ;  the  fire  commissioner  ;  the  commissioner  of  build¬ 
ings  ;  the  commissioner  of  city  works;  the  president  of  the  Brooklyn  park  com¬ 
missioners  ;  the  Brooklyn  park  commissioners  ;  all  officers,  members  and  em¬ 
ployes  of  or  under  the  board  of  education,  and  those  who  seek  to  enter  the  public 
service  thereunder  ;  the  members  of  the  board  of  elections ;  the  city  clerk  ;  ex¬ 
perts  and  special  inspectors  appointed  in  emergencies  by  the  commissioner  of 
health,  in  accordance  with  regulation  2. 


A 


No.  42.]  167 

APPENDIX  B. 

Positions  in  Schedule  A. 


Mayor’s  Office. 

Private  secretary;  assistant  secretary,  and  secretary  to  tlie  civil  service  commis¬ 
sioners. 

Board  of  Aldermen. 

Clerks  ;  messenger  ;  sergeants-at-arms. 

n  Department  of  Finance. 

Deputy  comptroller  ;  bond  clerk  ;  coupon  clerk  ;  superintendent  at  Wallaoout  ; 
clerk  of  accounts ;  book-keeper  ;  warrant  clerk  ;  salary  warrant  clerk  ;  assessment 
clerk  ;  dockmasters  having  custody  of  money. 

Department  of  Audit. 

Deputy  auditor. 

Treasury  Department. 

Deputy  treasurer. 

Department  of  Collection. 

Deputy  collector  j  assistant  cashier  ;  two  stamp  clerks. 

Department  of  Arrears. 

Deputy  registrar  ;  cashier. 

Department  of  Law. 

Assistants  to  the  counsel  to  the  corporation. 

Department  of  Assessment. 

Secretary. 

Department  of  Police  and  Excise. 

Deputy  commissioner;  counsel  ;  fire  marshal ;  superintendent  of  steam  boilers; 
excise  cashier ;  superintendent  ;  inspector  ;  drill  captain  ;  searcher  female  pris¬ 
oners.  s 

Department  of  Health. 

Deputy  ;  counsel  ;  secretary. 

Department  of  Fire. 

Deputy  commissioner  ;  superintendent  of  repair  shops  ;  chief  engineer  ;  assist¬ 
ant  chief  engineer  ;  janitrix. 

Department  of  Buildings. 

Deputy  commissioner. 

Department  of  City  Works. 

Commissioners'  Office  —  Deputy  commissioner  ;  secretary  ;  clerk  to  commis¬ 
sioner  ;  chief  accountant. 

Engineers'  Bureau —  Chief  engineer  ;  first  assistant  engineer  ;  assistant  engin¬ 
eers  :  consulting  engineer. 

Bureau  of  Extension  and  Distribution  —  Water  purveyor;  deputy  water  pur¬ 
veyor. 

Bureau  of  Water  Rates  —  The  registrar  ;  the  chief  clerk. 

Bureau  of  Sewers  —  Superintendent. 

Bureau  of  Streets —  Superintendent  of  streets  ;  general  superintendent  of  street 
repairs. 

Bureau  of  Supplies —  Superintendent. 

Department  of  Parks. 

Secretary ;  chief  engineer. 

* 


168 


[Assembly 


City  Clerk’s  Office. 

Deputy  city  clerk  ;  license  clerk. 

Board  of  Elections. 


Clerks. 


City  Hall. 

Keeper  ;  assistant  keeper. 

The  Civil  Service  Commissioners  and  Examiners. 
Sealers  of  Weights  and  Measures. 


1 


APPENDIX  C. 

Positions  in  Schedule  B. 


Mayor’s  Office. 

One  temporary  clerk. 

Department  of  Finance. 

Clerks,  except  assessment  clerk,  warrant  clerk,  salary  warrant  clerk  and  coupon 
clerk ;  one  messenger  ;  one  clerk  at  Wallabout ;  dockmasters  not  having  custody 
of  money. 

Department  of  Audit. 

One  chief  clerk  ;  clerks  ;  one  book-keeper  ;  one  messenger. 

Board  of  Audit. 

One  accountant ;  clerks: 

Department  of  Collection. 

One  chief  clerk  ;  clerks  ;  messengers. 

Department  of  Arrears. 

Book-keeper ;  clerks. 

Department  of  Law. 

One  law  clerk  ;  clerks  ;  one  stenographer  ;  one  searcher  ;  one  constable. 

Department  of  Assessment. 

Clerks  ;  one  messenger. 

Department  of  Police  and  Excise. 

One  deputy  chief  clerk  ;  one  accountant ;  one  property  clerk  ;  one  superintend¬ 
ent  clerk  ;  one  stenographer  ;  surgeons ;  one  telegraph  superintendent  ;  tele¬ 
graph  operators  ;  telegraph  linemen ;  inspectors  steam  boilers ;  one  clerk  to 
inspectors  ;  one  excise  secretary  ;  clerks  ;  one  messenger  ;  captains  ;  sergeants  ; 
detectives;  roundsmen  ;  patrolmen;  doormen  ;  bridge  keepers. 

First  District  Police  Court. 

Clerks  ;  one  interpreter. 

Second  District  Police  Court. 

One  clerk  ;  one  interpreter. 

Third  District  Police  Court. 

One  clerk  ;  one  interpreter. 

Police  Court  (City  Hall). 


Clerks. 


* 


No.  42.] 


169 


Department  of  Health. 

One  register  ;  clerks  ;  sanitary  inspectors;  assistant  inspectors  ;  special  vaccin¬ 
ators  ;  one  chemist  ;  one  meat  inspector  ;  one  special  inspector  ;  one  veterinary 
inspector  ;  inspectors  of  plumbing  ;  one  messenger;  one  driver. 

Department  of  Fire. 

One  surgeon  ;  one  assistant  surgeon  ;  one  veterinary  surgeon  ;  one  superintend¬ 
ent  of  supplies  ;  one  book-keeper  ;  one  clerk  to  chief  engineer  ;  one  hostler  ;  one 
superintendent  of  telegraph  ;  one  inspector  of  telegraph  ;  one  telegraph  operator; 
one  blacksmith  ;  wheelwrights  ;  blacksmith’s  helpers  ;  one  watchman  ;  general 
helpers  ;  one  helper  ;  bell  ringers  ,  district  engineers  ;  foremen  ;  engineers  ; 
driver  ;  firemen. 

Department  of  Buildings. 

Clerks ;  inspectors. 

City  Clerk’s  Office. 

Two  clerks  ;  one  clerk  ;  two  clerks  ;  one  clerk. 

Department  of  City  Works. 

Commissioner’s  Office  —  One  book-keeper  ;  one  messenger. 

Engineer's  Bureau —  Chief  clerk  ;  clerks.;  architect  and  draughtsman  ;  draughts¬ 
men  ;  levelers  ;  rodmen  ;  inspectors  ;  foremen  ;  engineers  ;  assistant  engineers  ; 
one  keeper  new  reservoir  ;  clerk  and  telegrapher. 

Bureau  of  Extension  and  Distribution  —  One  surveyor  ;  one  accountant ;  one 
meter  clerk  ;  one  permit  clerk  ;  one  assistant  clerk  and  messenger  ;  one  clerk  of 
resurvey  ;  inspectors  of  resurvey  ;  one  inspector  of  manufactories  ;  one  meter  in¬ 
spector  ;  inspectors  of  taps  and  connection  ;  inspectors  of  plumbing  ;  inspectors 
of  water  for  shipping  ;  inspectors  of  extra  water  and  cut  off ;  one  inspector  at 
foundry  for  nine  months  of  year  ;  inspectors  of  pipe  laying  ;  one  assistant  inspec¬ 
tor  of  pipe  laying  ;  one  keeper  of  pipe  yard  ;  keeper  of  P.  H.  reservoir  ;  one 
tapper  ;  one  foreman  repairs  west  dist.  ;  one  foreman  repairs  east  dist.  ;  one  yard 
engineer  ;  machinists  ;  one  carpenter  ;  valvemen  ;  one  caulker  ;  one  paver. 

Bureau  of  Water  Rates  —  One  entry  clerk  ;  bill  clerks  ;  stamp  and  bill  clerks  ; 
one  plumber’s  permit  clerk  ;  temporary  clerks. 

Bureau  of  Sewers  —  One  chief  clerk  :  one  assessment  clerk  ;  one  assistant  as¬ 
sessment  clerk  ;  inspectors  of  connections  ;  district  inspectors  ;  one  draughtsman  ; 
one  foreman  of  repair  yard  ;  one  paver. 

Bureau  of  Streets —  One  complaint  clerk  ;  one  permit  clerk  ;  one  gas  clerk  ; 
one  messenger  ;  inspectors. 

Bureau  of  supplies  —  One  clerk. 

Department  of  Parks. 

Clerks  ;  one  general  foreman  ;  one  draughtsman  ;  tinsmiths  ;  one  head-keeper  ; 
sergeants  ;  station  officers  ;  one  head  carpenter  ;  foremen  ;  one  mechanical  en¬ 
gineer  ;  keepers. 

Truant  Home.. 


One  superintendent  ;  physician  ;  teachers  ;  farmer  ;  watchmen. 

Public  Baths. 


Keepers  ;  watchmen. 
One  keeper. 
Watchmen. 


Dog  Pound. 
City  Hall. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.] 


22 


170 


[Assembly 


APPENDIX  D. 

Positions  in  Schedule  D. 


Department  of  City  Works. 


Engineer's  Bureau  —  Laborers  ;  teamsters  ;  rollers  ;  temporary  laborers  ;  tem¬ 
porary  mason  helpers. 

Water  Purveyor's  Bureau  —  Drivers  of  horses  and  carts  ;  teamsters  ;  laborers. 
Bureau  of  Licenses  —  Drivers  of  horses  and  carts  ;  laborers. 


Laborers. 

Cleaners. 

Cleaners. 


Department  of  Parks. 
City  Hall. 

Municipal  Building. 
Public  Baths. 


Matrons. 


Dog  Pound. 

Assistant  keeper ;  dog-catchers. 

Truant  Home. 

ooks  ;  laundress ;  house  maids  ;  seamstress  ;  matron. 


APPENDIX  E. 


Classification  of  Positions  in  Schedule  B,  for  the  Purposes  of 

Examination, 


Note  :  Unless  otherwise  mentioned,  the  rate  of  compensation  specified  is  the  annual 
rate,  or  the  limits  of  the  annual  rate,  of  compensation,  at  the  date  of  these  regulations. 
If  the  compensation  be  at  a  daily  rate  or  other  rate  than  an  annual  rate,  or  if  the  employ¬ 
ment  be  for  less  than  a  year,  then  the  rate  or  limit  of  rates  given  is  the  compensation 
which  would  be  paid  for  a  year,  if  the  employe  were  employed  for  the  entire  jear  at  the 
same  daily  or  other  rate. 

1.  Clerical,  Book-keeping,  and  like  positions. 

Grade  A  —  All  clerks,  book-keepers  and  like  employes  in  all  departments  of  the 
Civil  Service  (not  in  this  appendix  elsewhere  classified),  whose  compensation  is 
$1,000  or  less. 

Grade  B  — All  clerks,  book-keepers  and  like  employes  in  all  departments  of  the 
Civil  Service  (not  in  this  appendix  elsewhere  classified),  whose  compensation  is 
more  than  $1,000,  but  not  exceeding  $1,250. 

Grade  G—  All  clerks,  book  keepers  and  like  employes  in  all  departments  of  the 
Civil  Service  (not  in  this  appendix  elsewhere  classified),  whose  compensation  is 
more  than  $1,250,  but  not  exceeding  $1,500. 


No.  42.]  171 

Grade  D  —  All  clerks,  book-keepers  and  like  employes  in  all  departments  of  the 
Civil  Service  (not  in  this  appendix  elsewhere  classified),  whose  compensation  is 
more  than  $1,500,  hut  not  exceeding  $1,750. 

Grade  E  —  All  clerks,  book-keepers  and  like  employes  in  all  departments  of 
the  Civil  Service  (not  in  this  appendix  elsewhere  classified),  whose  compensation 
is  more  than  $1,750,  but  not  exceeding  $2,000. 

Grade  F  —  All  clerks,  book-keepers  and  like  employes  in  all  departments  of 
the  Civil  Service  (not  in  this  appendix  elsewhere  classified),  whose  compensation 
is  more  than  $2,000. 

Class  2.  Dockmasters. 

Grade  A  —  Dockmasters  not  having  custody  of  money,  department  of  finance, 
$1,000  or  less. 

Grade  B  —  Dockmasters  not  having  custody  of  money,  department  of  finance, 
more  than  $1,000. 

Class  3.  Law  Clerks. 

Grade  A  —  One  law  clerk,  first  police  court,  $1,200  ;  one  law  clerk,  police  court 
(city  hall),  $1,200. 

Grade  B  —  One  law  clerk,  first  district  police  court,  $1,800;  one  law  clerk, 
second  district  police  court,  $1,800  ;  one  law  clerk,  third  district  police  court,  $1,- 
800  ;  one  law  clerk,  police  court  (city  hall),  $1,800. 

Grade  G—  One  law  clerk,  department  of  law,  $2,500. 

Class  4.  Stenographers. 

Grade  A  —  One  stenographer,  department  of  law,  $1,000  or  less. 

Grade  B—  One  stenographer,  police  department,  over  $1,000,  but  not  over 
$1,500. 

Class  5.  Searchers. 

Grade  A  — One  searcher,  department  of  law,  $500. 

Class  6.  Interpreters. 

Grade  A  —  One  interpreter,  first  district  police  court,  $375. 

Grade  B  —  One  interpreter,  second  district  police  court,  $1,200  ;  one  interpreter, 
third  district  police  court,  $1,200. 

Class  7.  Messengers  and  Constables. 

Grade  A  —  One  messenger,  health  department  ;  one  constable^law  department, 
and  one  messenger,  bureau  of  streets,  department  city  works,  $500  or  less. 

Grade  B  —  One  messenger,  department  of  collection;  one  messenger,  depart¬ 
ment  of  assessment ;  one  messenger  to  commissioner  city  works,  over  $o00,  but 
not  exceeding  $900. 

Grade  G —  One  messenger,  department  of  collection  ;  one  messenger,  police 
department  ;  one  messenger  and  assistant  clerk,  bureau  of  extension,  department 

city  works,  over  $900. 

Class  8.  Uniformed  Police  Force. 

Grade  A  —  Five  hundred  and  fifty  patrolmen,  doormen  and  bridge-keepers, 
$750  to  $1,000. 

Grade  B — Thirty-four  roundsmen,  $1,100. 

Grade  G — Sixty-six  sergeants,  $1,500. 

Grade  D  —  Thirteen  captains,  $2,000.  (Promotion  from  sergeants  at  pleasure 
of  commissioner.) 

Class  9.  Uniformed  Fire  Force. 

Grade  A  —  Two  hundred  and  twenty-one  firemen,  $700  to  $1,000. 

Grade  B — Twenty  engineers  and  twenty-five  drivers,  $1,000. 

Grade  G — Twenty-six  foremen,  $1,300. 

Grade  D  —  Six  district  engineers,  $2,000. 

Class  10.  Surgeons. 

Grade  A  —  One  surgeon,  fire  department,  $1,000. 


172 


[Assembly 


Grade  B  —  Three  surgeons,  department  of  police,  Si, 250. 

Grade  C — One  surgeon,  fire  department,  $1,500. 

Class  11.  Special  Vaccinators. 

Grade  A  —  Six  special  vaccinators,  department  of  health,  $900. 

Class  12.  Sanitary  Inspectors. 

Grade  A  —  Fourteen  assistant  sanitary  inspectors,  department  of  health,  $1,000. 

Grade  B  —  Three  sanitary  inspectors,  department  of  health,  $1,350. 

Class  13.  Chemists. 

Grade  A  —  One  chemist,  department  of  health,  $900. 

Class  14.  Veterinary  Surgeons. 

Grade  A  —  One  veterinary  surgeon,  fire  department,  $1,500  or  less. 

Class  15.  Veterinary  Inspectors. 

Grade  A  —  One  veterinary  inspector,  department  of  health,  $900. 

Class  16.  Meat  Inspectors. 

Grade  A  —  One  meat  inspector,  department  of  health,  $900. 

Class  17.  Draughtsmen. 

Grade  A  —  One  draughtsman,  park  department  ;  two  draughtsmen,  engineer’s 
bureau,  department  city  works  ;  one  draughtsman,  bureau  of  sewers,  same  de¬ 
partment,  $1,500  or  less. 

Grade  B — One  architect  and  draughtsman,  and  one  other  draughtsman,  engiu 
eer’s  bureau,  department  city  works,  over  $1,500. 

Class  18.  Levellers  and  Rodmen. 

Grade  A — Five  rodmen,  engineer’s  bureau,  department  city  works,  $1,000 
and  less. 

Grade  B  —  Three  levellers,  same  bureau,  over  $1,000,  but  less  than  $1,600. 

Class  19.  Inspectors  of  General  Construction. 

Grade  A  —  One  inspector  construction  and  repairs  of  piers,  etc.,  engineer’s 
bureau,  department  city' works  ;  one  inspector  water  construction,  new  buildings 
at  stations,  etc.,  same  bureau  ;  one  inspector  repairs  to  pumps,  filling  wells,  lay¬ 
ing  cross-walks,  etc.,  same  bureau  ;  one  inspector  repairing  streets  torn  up  by 
gas  companies,  same  bureau  ;  one  inspector  paving  and  cleaning  railroad  streets 
between  tracks,  same  bureau,  $1,300  and  less. 

Class  20.  Inspectors  and  Surveyors  of  Sewer  Construction. 

Grade  A  —  Three  inspectors  sewer  construction,  engineer’s  bureau,  department 
city  works  ;  four  district  inspectors  bureau  of  sewers,  same  department ;  two 
inspectors  of  pipe  laying,  bureau  of  extension,  same  department  ;  one  assistant 
inspector  of  pipe  laying,  same  bureau,  $1,300  and  less. 

Grade  B  —  One  surveyor,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city  works,  $1,500. 

Class  21.  Water  Inspectors. 

Grade  A  —  Two  inspectors  of  resurvey,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city 
works ;  one  inspector  water  for  shipping,  same  bureau  ;  two  inspectors  extra 
water  and  cut-off,  same  bureau,  $1,100  and  less. 

Grade  B  —  One  inspector  of  manufactories,  bureau  of  extension,  department 
city  works  ;  eighty-one  meter  inspectors,  same  bureau. 

Class  22.  Inspectors  of  Connections. 

Grade  A  —  Three  inspectors  of  connections,  bureau  of  sewers,  department  city 
works  ;  one  caulker,  bureau  of  extensions,  same  department,  $900  and  less. 

Grade  B — Three  inspectors  of  taps  and  connections,  bureau  of  extension,  de¬ 
partment  city  works  ;  one  inspector  of  taps  and  connections,  same  bureau  ;  eight 
valvemen,  same  bureau,  over  $900,  but  not  over  $1,100. 

Grade  C —  One  tapper,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city  works,  $1,200. 


No.  42.] 


173 


Class  23.  Inspectors  of  Plumbing. 

Grade  A  —  One  special  inspector,  vaults,  etc.,  department  of  health,  $900  or  less. 

Grade  B  —  Five  inspectors  of  plumbing,  department  of  health  ;  and  two  in¬ 
spectors  of  plumbing,  bureau  of  extension,  department  of  city  works,  $1,200  or  less. 


Class  24.  Inspectors  of  Buildings. 
Grade  A  —  Twelve  inspectors  of  buildii 


/-if  K 11  i  1  i  f 


Class  25.  Foundry  Inspectors. 

Grade  A  —  One  keeper  of  pipe  yard,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city 
works,  $900. 

Grade  B  —  One  inspector  at  foundry,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city 
works,  $1,800. 

Class  26.  Inspectors  of  Street  Obstructions. 

Grade  A  —  One  inspector  of  erection  of  telegraph  poles,  etc.,  bureau  of  streets, 
department  city  works;  three  inspectors  of  street  cleaning,  etc.,  same  bureau, 

$1,200. 

Class  27.  Inspectors  of  Lamps. 

Grade  A _ One  inspector  of  lamps,  bureau  of  streets,  department  city  works, 

$1,000  and  less. 

Class  28.  Inspectors  of  Coal. 

Grade  A  —  One  inspector  of  coal,  engineer’s  bureau,  department  city  works, 
$1,000  and  less. 

Class  29.  Inspectors  of  Repairs  to  Baths. 

Grade  A  —  One  inspector  of  repairing  and  painting  public  baths,  engineer’s 
bureau,  department  city  works,  $1,000  and  less. 


Class  30.  Superintendents  of  Supplies. 


Grade  A  —  One  superintendent  of  supplies,  fire  department,  $1,500. 

Class  31.  Foremen  and  Superintendents  of  Repairs. 

Grade  A  —  Ten  foremen  on  street  repairs,  engineer’s  bureau,  department  city 
works  ;  one  foreman  on  repairs  to  pond  banks,  etc.,  same  bureau  ;  two  foremen, 
park  department,  $1,000  or  less. 

Grade  B  —  Three  foremen  on  repairs  to  dangerous  holes  and  repairing  over 
water  connections,  etc.,  engineer’s  bureau,  department  city  works  ;  one  foreman 
repair  yard,  sewer  bureau,  department  city  works  ;  oue  keeper  new  reservoir,  en¬ 
gineer's  bureau,  same  department,  over  $1,000,  but  not  more  than  $1,250. 

Grade  C  —  One  general  foreman,  charge  of  parks,  park  department ;  one  fore¬ 
man  repairs,  western  district  and  one  foreman  repairs  eastern  district,  both  bureau 
of  extension,  department  city  works,  over  $1,250,  but  not  exceeding  $1,700. 

Grade  D  —  One  general  superintendent  repairs,  engineer’s  bureau,  department 
city  works,  $1,700. 

Class  32.  Steam  and  Machine  Engineers. 


Grade  A  —  One  engineer  charge  of  engine  at  repair  shop,  fire  department  ;  one 
engineer  at  well,  park  department ;  seven  assistant  engineers  at  pumping  stations, 
engineer’s  bureau,  department  city  works  ;  one  yard  engineer,  bureau  of  exten¬ 
sion,  same  department,  $1,100,  or  less. 

Grade  B  —  Five  engineers  pumping  stations,  engineer’s  bureau,  department 
city  works  ;  one  assistant  engineer  at  Mt.  Prospect  engine  house,  same  bureau  ; 
eleven  assistant  engineers,  running  Ridgewood  engines,  same  bureau  ;  three  in¬ 
spectors  steam  boilers,  police  department,  $1,100  or  more,  but  not  exceeding  $1,400. 


174 


[Assembly 


Grade  C —  One  engineer,  Mt.  Prospect  engine  bouse,  engineer’s  bureau,  depart¬ 
ment  city  works;  one  assistant  engineer,  engines  at  Ridgewood,  same  bureau,  over 
$1,400,  but  not  over  $1,800. 

Grade  D  —  One  chief  engineer  in  charge  of  Ridgewood  engines,  $2,500. 

Class  33.  Machinists. 

Grade  A  —  Three  machinists,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city  works, 
$1,000  and  less. 

Class  34.  Carpenters. 

Grade  A  —  One  carpenter,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city  works,  $1,100 
and  less. 

Grade  B  —  One  bead  carpenter,  park  department,  over  $1,100,  but  under  $1,300. 

i 

Class  35.  Wheelwrights. 

Grade  A  — Two  wheelwrights  in  fire  department*  $1,000  or  less. 

Class  36.  Tinsmiths. 

Grade  A  — Two  tinsmiths,  park  department,  $1,000  or  less. 

Class  37.  Blacksmiths  and  Helpers. 

Grade  A  —  Three  general  helpers,  fire  department,  $600  and  less. 

Grade  B  —  One  blacksmith’s  helper  or  blacksmith,  fire  department,  over  $600, 
but  not  over  $750. 

Grade  C —  Two  blacksmith’s  helpers  or  blacksmiths,  fire  department,  over  $750. 
but  less  than  $1,000. 

Grade  B —  One  blacksmith,  fire  department,  $1,000  or  over. 

Class  38.  Park  Keepers  and  Watchmen. 

Grade  A  —  One  watchman  at  repair  shop,  fire  department,  $600  and  less. 

Grade  B  —  Thirty-five  park  keepers,  park  department,  over  $600,  but  under 
$800. 

Grade  G — Two  station  officers  and  three  sergeants,  park  department;  one 
keeper  P.  H.  reservoir,  bureau  of  extension,  department  city  works  ;  watchmen 
at  city  hall,  over  $750,  but  not  exceeding  $900. 

Grade  D  —  One  head  keeper,  park  department,  $1,250  and  over. 

Class  39.  Bell  Ringers. 

Grade  A  —  Twelve  bell  ringers,  fire  department,  $900. 

Class  40.  Drivers. 

Grade  A — One  driver,  health  department  ;  one  hostler,  fire  department,  $600 
and  less. 

Class  41.  Pavers. 

Grade  A  —  One  paver,  bureau  of  extension,  department  of  city  works,  $1,100 
and  less. 

Class  42.  Truant  Home  Superintendents,  Teachers,  etc. 

Grade  A  — One  superintendent,  $1,200  and  less 
Grade  B  —  Two  teachers,  $800  and  less. 

Grade  G  —  One  physician,  $400  and  less  ;  one  farmer,  $400  and  less. 

Grade  D  —  Two  watchmen,  $600  and  less. 

Class  43.  Bath  Keepers  and  Watchmen. 

Grade  A  —  Three  keepers,  $800  and  less. 

Grade  B  —  Three  watchmen,  $600  and  less. 

4 

Class  44.  Dog  Pound  Keepers. 

Grade  A  —  One  keeper,  $800  and  less. 

SETH  LOW, 
Mayor. 

;Seal  of  Mayors  office,; 

:  Brooklyn.  : 


No.  42.] 


175 


The  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission,) 

August  26,  1884.  f 

The  foregoing  Civil  Service  regulations  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn  are  approved  by 
the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission.  JQHN  JAy 


; Seal  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission: 
of  the  State  of  New  York. 


City  Clerk’s  Office,  ) 
Brooklyn,  August  28,  1884.  \ 

I  do  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  is  a  true  copy  of  the  original  approved 
by  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission,  filed  in  this  office  on  the  ^8th  day  of 
August,  1884,  and  of  the  whole  of  said  original.  ^  ^  CUMMINGSi 

Assistant  City  Clerk. 


:Seal  of  the  city: 
;  of  Brooklyn.  : 


APPENDIX  F. 


PThe  regulations  for  the  following  cities  were  based  upon  a  suggested  series  prepared  by 
the  CommSsion  and  a“  therefore  m  most  respects  identical.  Those  for  the  city  ot  A  bany 
are  printed  in  full  and  the  changes  in  the  others  are  indicated  so  as  to  avoid  repetitions 
All  the  Albany  regulations  are  contained  in  those  of  the  other  cities  except  in  cases  w  ei 
the  omission  is  distinctly  stated.  These  omissions  change  m  many  cases  the  special  num¬ 
bers  of  the  subsequent  regulations  as  compared  with  those  for  Albany,  but  the  chan  e  of 
numbers  is  disregarded,  the  object  of  this  publication  being  to  give  the  substance  of  the 
regulations,  whi^i  is  accomplished  in  full  by  this  plan  without  unnecessary  repetition.] 

ALBANY  CITY  CIVIL  SERVICE  REGULATIONS. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State,  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof  I,  A.  Bleecker  Banks,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Albany,  hereby  prescribe  t 
following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of  the 
city  of  Albany,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the  New  lork 

Civil  Service  Commission  : 


Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Albany,  with  the  following  exceptions,  required  by  the  statute,  namely : 

pIRST  —  Officers  elected  by  the  people,  viz. :  the  mayor ;  aldermen ;  justices 
of  the  city  court;  justices  of  the  police  court;  police  commissioners ;  school  com¬ 
missioners. 

Second  —  The  subordinates  of  any  of  such  officers,  for  whose  errors  or  viola¬ 
tion  of  duty  said  officer  is  financially  responsible;  mayor’s  first  clerk. 

Third _ The  head  or  heads  of  any  department  of  the  city  government,  viz.  : 

1.  —  Officers  appointed  by  the  mayor,  viz.:  assessors;  corporation  counsel; 
excise  commissioners;  park  commissioners. 


176 


[Assembly 


2.  —  Officers  appointed  by  the  common  council  on  the  nomination  of  the 
mayor,  viz.:  city  chamberlain  ;  city  engineer  and  surveyor ;  city  physician  ;  city 
marshal ;  inspector  of  weights  and  measures  ;  overseer  of  the  poor ;  receiver  of 
taxes;  street  commissioner;  superintendent  of  the  alms-house. 

3.  —  Officers  elected  by  the  common  council,  viz.  :  clerk  of  the  common 
council  ;  fire  commissioners;  members  of  the  board  of  health;  water  commis¬ 
sioners. 

Fourth —  Persons  employed  in  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  educational  depart¬ 
ment  of  the  city. 

Fifth  —  Any  subordinate  officer  who,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  has  personal 
custody  of  public  moneys  or  public  securities,  for  the  safe  keeping  of  which  the 
head  of  an  office  is  under  official  bonds,  viz.  :  assistant  corporation  counsel ; 
deputy  chamberlain  ;  deputy  receiver  of  taxes ;  deputy  overseer  of  the  poor. 

♦ 

Regulation  2. 

No  person  in  the  public  service  is,  for  that  reason,  under  any  obligation  to  con¬ 
tribute  to  any  political  fund  or  purpose,  or  to  render  any  political  service,  and 
no  person  shall  be  removed  or  otherwise  prejudiced  for  refusing  so  to  do. 

Regulation  3. 

No  person  in  the  public  service  has  the  right  to  use  his  official  authority  or 
influence  to  coerce  the  political  action  of  any  person  or  body. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Albany  shall  be  classified  as  follows : 

Schedule  A. 

1.  All  deputies  of  officers  and  commissioners  duly  authorized  by  law  to  act 
for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  whose  official  relations  are  necessarily  strictly 
confidential  to  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they  serve. 

2.  Clerks  of  boards  and  commissions  who  are  by  law  required  to  be  members 
of  boards  and  commissions  on  which  they  serve,  viz.  :  secretary  of  the  police 
commissioners  ;  secretary  of  the  fire  commissioners. 

3.  Subordinate  officers  who,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  have  personal  custody 
of  public  moneys,  for  the  safe  keeping  of  which  the  head  of  the  office  is  under  a 
special  bond. 

Schedule  B. 

First  —  Mayor’s  office  :  mayor’s  second  clerk. 

Second  —  Assessors’  office:  clerks. 

Third  —  Chamberlain’s  office :  clerks. 

Fourth  —  Office  of  the  clerk  of  the  common  council:  deputy  clerk. 

Fifth  — Engineering  department:  draughtsmen,  rodmen. 

Sixth  —  Fire  department:  assistant  engineers,  supervising  engineers,  superin¬ 
tendent  of  fire-alarm  telegraph,  assistant  superintendent  of  fire-alarm  telegraph, 
operators  of  fire-alarm  telegraph,  janitors,  superintendent  hose  depot,  assistant 
superintendent  hose  depot,  engineers  of  steamers,  hosemen,  laddermen,  drivers, 
foremen,  firemen,  tillermen,  clerk  to  commission. 

Seventh  —  Office  of  the  overseer  of  the  poor :  assistant  overseer  of  the  poor, 
examiners. 

Eighth  —  Police  department:  captains,  sergeants,  patrolmen,  roundsmen,  sta¬ 
tion-house  keepers,  court  officers,  detectives,  clerks. 

Ninth  —  Park  department:  head  gardener,  clerk. 

Tenth  —  Receiver  of  taxes  office :  clerks. 

Eleventh  —  Street  department:  superintendents  of  streets,  clerks. 


177 


No.  42.] 

Twelfth.  Water  department:  secretary,  clerks,  chief  engineer,  assistant  en¬ 
gineers  firemen,  coal  passers,  foremen,  caulkers,  tappers,  watchmen,  oilers. 
g  THiRTEE“TH.  The  janitor  of  the  city  building  :  bell  ringers,  commissioners 

°f  (Schedule  B  includes  all  clerks,  copyists,  recorders,  stenographers,  book-keep¬ 
ers  and  others  rendering  clerical  services,  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A,  and 
all  policemen,  firemen,  messengers,  orderlies,  court  attendants,  guards  and  keep¬ 
ers  in  station-houses,  and  all.  persons  employed  or  appointed  in  the  public  ser 
vice  and  not  specially  included  in  Schedules  A,  0  and  JJ.) 

Schedule  C. 

1  Chief  of  police,  chief  engineer  of  the  fire  department,  deputy  engineer  and 
surveyor,  district  physicians,  engineer  and  secretary  of  park  commissioners,  su¬ 
perintendent  of  the  water-works,  surgeon  of  the  police  department,  veterinar, 

surgeon  of  the  fire  department.  .  c  .  -j 

2.  Schedule  C  includes  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional,  and 
all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business  and  occasionally  render  public 
service  for  a  nominal  compensation. 

Schedule  D. 

First.  Park  department:  laborers. 

Second.  Street  department:  laborers,  cartmen,  teamsters. 

Third.  Water  department :  general  laborers,  day  workmen. 

Fourth.  Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day 

workmen. 

Regulation  5.  » 

The  appointments  to  positions  comprised  in  Schedule  A  may  be  made  without 
examination  under  these  regulations,  but  such  examinations  may  be  had  upon 
the  request  of  the  appointing  officer.  Appointing  officers  must  notify  the  mayor 
in  writing  of  all  appointments  to  such  positions  within  five  days  after  the  same 
are  made,  setting  forth  the  full  name  of  such  appointee,  date  and  place  of  birth, 
leno-th  of  residence  in  Albany,  nature  of  previous  employment,  whether  he  lias 
ever  been  in  official  service  before,  and  if  so,  when  and  where,  date  of  begin¬ 
ning  of  service  and  term  for  which  appointed,  salary,  name  of  person  in  whose 
place  appointed;  the  same  to  be  duly  certified  by  the  appointing  officer. 


Regulation  6. 

Appointments  shall  be  made  or  employment  shall  be  given  in  the  positions  in 
Schedule  B  by  selection  from  those  persons  graded  highest  as  the  results  oi  open 
competitive  examinations,  provided  that  vacancies  in  the  higher  positions  in 
this  schedule  may  be  filled  by  the  promotion  of  those  holding  lower  positions 
in  the  office,  department  or  institution  where  such  vacancies  occur,  and  who 
have  passed’ an  examination  under  these  regulations.  The  competitive  examina¬ 
tions  shall  be  practical  in  their  character,  and  with  a  paramount  regard  to  those 
matters  which  will  fairly  test  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons  ex¬ 
amined  for  the  service  which  they  seek  to  enter.  Applications  of  competitois 
for  positions  included  in  Schedule  B  must  be  addressed  to  the  secretary  of  the 
municipal  service  examining  board,  city  hall,  Albany,  and  the  applicant  must 
state  therein,  on  oath,  and, in  his  own  handwriting  :  1,  his  full  name,  residence, 
giving-  street  and  street  number ;  2,  his  term  of  residence  in  the  city  ;  3,  ms  cit¬ 
izenship;  4,  his  date  of  birth;  5,  his  place  of  birth;  6,  his  previous  employment  in 
the  public  service,  if  any  ;  7,  his  business  or  employment  for  the  last  preceding 
five  years;  8,  the  extent,  place  and  nature  of  his  education;  9,  if  in  the  military 
or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war,  give  name  of  organization 
or  vessel  to  which  attached,  date  of  enlistment  or  commission,  position  or  tank, 
date  and  cause  of  discharge  from  the  service,  and  any  physical  disability  incurred 
in  such  service ;  10,  such  other  information  may  be  furnished  as  the  mayor  may 
reasonably  require,  touching  the  applicant’s  fitness  for  the  public  service. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.1  23 


178  [Assembly 

The  application  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  a  practicing  physician 
of  good  repute,  that  he  has  examined  the  applicant  and  found  him  free  from  any 
physical  defect  or  disease  that  would  be  likely  to  interfere  with  the  proper  dis¬ 
charge  of  his  duties  in  the  position  in  the  Civil  Service  sought  by  such  applicant, 
and  by  the  certificate  of  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  reputable  citizens 
of  the  city,  that  they  have  been  personally  acquainted  with  the  applicant  for  at 
least  one  year,  and  believe  him  to  be  of  good  moral  character,  of  temperate  and 
industrious  habits,  and  in  all  respects  fit  for  the  service  which  he  wishes  to  enter, 
and  that  they  are  willing  that  such  certificate  shall  be  published  for  public  informa¬ 
tion,  and  will,  upon  application,  give  such  further  testimonials  in  regard  to  such 
applicant  as  may  be  required.  The  applicant  must  also  state  in  his  application 
the  position  he  seeks. 

Regulation  7. 

Defective  applications  will  be  suspended,  and  applicants  notified  to  amend  the 
same;  but  no  such  notice  will  be  given  or  opportunity  granted  a  second  time. 
The  date  of  the  reception  of  all  applications  shall  be  indorsed  thereon  and  en¬ 
tered  of  record,  and  if  the  applicants  for  admission  are  in  excess  of  the  number 
that  can  be  examined  at  a  single  examination,  they  will  be  notified  to  appear  in 
their  order  on  the  respective  records. 

Regulation  8. 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  qualifications  of  persons  seeking  or  named 
for  positions  in  the  departments  and  offices  of  the  municipal  government,  to 
which  these  regulations  apply,  there  shall  be  two  boards  of  examiners,  namely  : 
One  for  all  positions  in  Schedule  B,  and  one  for  all  positions  in  Schedule  C.  Each 
of  such  boards  shall  be  composed  of  three  citizens  of  Adbanjq  designated  by  the 
mayor,  and  not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party. 
The  mayor  may  at  any  time  substitute  another  citizen  in  the  place  of  any  one 
so  designated,  by  filing  with  the  city  clerk  a  written  notification  of  such  change, 
and  will  detail  or  employ  a  clerk  who  shall  act  as  the  secretary  of  the  examining 
boards.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  boards  of  examiners  to  conduct  all  exami¬ 
nations  called  for  under  these  regulations,  to  ascertain  the  fitness  of  candidates 
for  the  service  of  the  city,  in  respect  to  character,  knowledge  and  ability  lor 
the  branch  of  the  service  into  which  they  seek  to  enter,  and  to  estimate  and 
determine  the  relative  excellence  or  standing  of  the  persons  examined,  and  to 
certify  the  same  in  such  manner  and  form  as  may  be  prescribed.  The  secretary 
of  the  boards  shall  keep  the  minutes  of  their  proceedings  and  all  necessary 
records  of  applicants,  their  examinations  and  standings,  and  a  complete  record 
of  all  persons  employed  in  the  several  departments  to  which  these  rules  apply, 
and  of  all  appointments,  promotions,  dismissals,  resignations  and  changes  of  any 
sort  therein.  When  not  in  attendance  upon  the  examining  boards,  the  secre- 

y  will  act  under  the  direction  of  the  mayor. 

Regulation  9. 

Whenever  the  demands  of  the  service  may  require,  the  examining  board  will 
notify  the  applicants  on  record,  or  such  number  thereof  as  can  be  examined  con¬ 
veniently  at  one  time,  to  appear  for  examination  giving  place,  date  and  hour  for 
such  examination. 

Regulation  10. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  mayor,  the  boards  of  examiners  will  prepare  lists 
of  subjects  of  examination  for  admission  to  the  several  positions  in  Schedule  B, 
and  such  list  shall  comprise  obligatory  subjects  upon  which  each  applicant  must 
be  examined ;  to  such  lists  of  obligatory  subjects  there  may  be  added  certain 
other  subjects  in  which  the  applicant  may  be  examined  or  not,  at  his  option. 
The  general  standing  of  each  applicant  shall  depend  solely  upon  his  relative 
proficiency  in  the  obligatory  subjects;  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  gen¬ 
eral  average  standing,  certain  relative  weights  will  be  given  to  the  obligatory 
subjects,  which  weight  shall  be  adjusted  to  the  relative  importance  of  the  sub¬ 
jects. 


No.  42.] 


179 


/ 


Regulation  11. 

No  person  whose  standing  on  any  obligatory  subject  is  less  than  fifty,  or  whose 
ascertained  average  standing  on  all  the  obligatory  subjects  is  less  than  seventy, 
will  be  entered  upon  the  eligible  list. 

Regulation  12. 

The  names  of  the  persons  who  have  passed  above  the  minimum,  as  set  forth 
in  the  previous  regulation,  will  be  entered  upon  a  register  in  the  order  of  their 
excellence,  and  opposite  each  name  will  be  entered  the  standing  ot  such  person 
in  each  optional  subject  in  which  he  may  have  been  examine  . 

Regulation  13. 

1  Whenever  any  officer  having  the  power  of  appointment  to,  or  employment 
in  any  position  in  Schedule  B  shall  so  request,  the  board  of  examiners  shall  cer¬ 
tify  to  him  the  names  of  three  eligible  persons  who  are  graded  highest  on  the 
proper  register,  indicating  such  of  them,  if  any  as  have  been  honorably  dis¬ 
charged  from  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  L mted  States  m  the  late  war. 

2  From  the  three  persons  whose  names  are  so  certified,  the  officei  sha  1  ma  e 
a  selection  to  fill  the  vacant  place,  subject,  however,  to  the  provisions  of  law;, 
tfivino-  preference  to  persons  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  the  mn- 
Ftary'or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war.  . 

3.  Whenever  such  request  shall  indicate  that  proficiency  m  any  of  the  speci¬ 
fied  optional  subjects  is  of  prime  importance  in  the  position  to  be  filled,  the  boar 
of  examiners  will  certify  the  names  of  the  three  persons  in  the  eligible  list  hav¬ 
ing  the  highest  standing,  not  below  the  minimum  of  seventy,  in  such  optional 
subject.  The  mayor  shall  have  power  to  order  a  new  or  special  examination 
whenever  there  are  no  persons  on  the  eligible  list  sufficiently  qualified  m  such 

optional  subjects.  , 

4.  In  the  selection  from  the  persons  wffiose  names  are  certified  as  above,  the 
appointing  or  employing  officer,  upon  his  written  requisition  therefor,  will  be 
furnished  with  the  application  and  examination  papers  of  all  the  persons  so  cer¬ 
tified  and  in  the  exercise  of  his  responsible  power  of  selection,  he  may  summon 
personally  before  him  the  certified  persons,  for  such  verbal  inquiry  as  he  may 
deem  proper.  All  papers  furnished  upon  requisition  as  above  must  be  returned 
to  the  secretary  of  the  examining  board. 


Regulation  14. 

Whenever  physical  qualifications  are  of  prime  importance  to  the  proper  dis¬ 
charge  of  the  duties  in  any  position,  applicants  must  pass  an  additional  examina¬ 
tion^  to  their  physical  condition  and  capacity,  and  be  certified  as  qualified  in 
such  respects  before  recorded  on  the  proper  eligible  list  for  selection  lor  the  po¬ 
sition,  or  before  certification  by  the  board  of  examiners  as  qualified  lor  such  se¬ 
lection. 

Regulation  15. 

1.  No  person  on  any  register  shall  be  certified  more  than  three  times  to  the 
same  officer,  except  upon  the  request  of  such  officer,  nor  shall  any  one  remain 

eligible  more  than  two  years  on  any  register. 

2.  Upon  satisfactory  evidence  produced  to  the  mayor  that  any  person  whose 

name  is  on  any  eligible  list  is,  by  reason  of  character,  habits  or  past  reputation, 
unfit  for  admission  to  the  public  service,  the  name  of  such  person  shall  be  for¬ 
mally  striken  from  such  eligible  list.  ^  . 

3.  No  person  who  has  entered  upon  any  examination  for  a  position  m  Sched- 
ule  or  Schedule  C  shall  be  admitted  within  one  year  from  the  date  thereof  to 
a  new  examination  for  the  same  grade  of  position. 


180 


[Assembly 


Regulation  16. 

The  positions  in  Schedule  C  may  be  filled  by  the  appointing  officer,  in  his  dis¬ 
cretion,  in  respect  to  the  method  of  examination ;  the  discretion  of  the  officer  in 
such  cases  shall  be  limited  as  follows: 

1.  He  may  select  from  the  three  persons  graded  highest  as  the  result  of  an 
open  competitive  examination ;  or  2,  he  may  name  to  the  mayor  three  or  more 
persons  for  competitive  examination,  and  appoint  the  one  graded  highest  in  such 
examination;  or  3,  he  may  appoint  or  employ  any  person  named  by  him  who. 
upon  a  non-competitive  examination,  shall  be  duly  certified  by  the  examining 
board  as  qualified  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  position. 

Regulation  17. 

Upon  the  non-competitive  examination  into  the  qualifications  of  a  person 
named  to  the  mayor  for  a  position  in  this  schedule,  the  examining  board  will 
give  a  certificate  to  such  person  only  when  satisfied  (1st)  that  he  is  within  the 
limits  of  age  prescribed  by  the  position  or  employment  to  which  he  has  been 
named  ;  (2d)  that  he  is  properly  certified  as  free  from  any  physical  defect  or  dis¬ 
ease  which  is  likely  to  interfere  with  the  proper  discharge  of  his  duties;  (3)  that 
his  character  is  such  as  to  qualify  him  for  such  position  or  employment;  and  (4th) 
that  he  possesses  the  requisite  knowledge  and  ability  to  enter  on  the  discharge 
of  his  official  duties.  An  officer  naming  to  the  mayor  a  person  for  examination 
will  at  the  same  time  transmit  his  certificate,  that  after  due  inquiry  he  is  satis¬ 
fied  that  the  character  and  habits  of  the  person  named,  fit  him  for  the  public  ser¬ 
vice,  and  will  append  to  the  certificate  such  formal  vouchers  or  credentials  as  to 
character  as  he  may  desire  to  have  considered  or  to  put  on  file.  In  the  determi¬ 
nation  of  the  character  or  habits  of  the  nominee,  the  certificate  thereof  by  the 
nominating  officer  will  be  considered  as  essential. 

Regulation  IS. 

Whenever  a  vacancy  in  this  schedule  in  any  department,  office  or  institution  is 
to  be  filled,  the  officer  having  the  authority  to  fill  the  same  shall  notify  the  mayor 
which  of  the  three  methods,  in  his  discretion,  under  regulation  16,  he  selects; 
and  if  the  choice  be  by  an  open  competition,  the  examining  board  will  proceed 
as  for  an  examination  under  Schedule  B ;  but  if  the  choice  be  by  a  limited  com¬ 
petition,  or  by  the  appointment  of  a  person  to  be  duly  certified  by  the  examin¬ 
ing  board  as  qualified,  the* officer  aforesaid  shall  name  in  such  notification  the 
person  or  persons  to  be  examined,  and  the  mayor  shall  thereupon  instruct  the 
proper  board  of  examiners,  and  shall  notify  the  person  or  persons  so  named  of 
the  time,  place  and  special  regulations  for  the  examination. 

Regulation  19. 

As  to  appointments  coming  under  Schedule  D,  no  examination  shall  be  required, 
but?  all  changes  in  the  employes  shall  be  reported  to  the  board  of  examiners,  in 
order  that  the  record  of  the  municipal  service  may  be  at  all  times  complete. 

Regulation  20. 

Every  original  appointment  or  employment  in  Schedules  B  and  C  shall  be  for 
a  probationary  term  of  two  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time,  if  the  conduct  and 
capacity  of  the  person  shall  have  been  found  satisfactory,  the  probationer  shall 
be  absolutely  appointed  or  employed,  but  otherwise  his  employment  shall  cease. 

Regulation  21. 

Promotions  will  in  all  cases  be  based  upon  the  positive  merit  of  the  person 
promoted  and  upon  his  superior  qualifications  as  shown  by  his  previous  service. 

Regulation  22. 

No  temporary  appointment  shall  be  made  of  any  one  not  eligible  for  perma¬ 
nent  appointment.  In  case  where  the  mayor  is  authorized  by  law  to  make 
special  appointments  for  an  exigency,  he  may,  if  there  shall  be  no  eligible  list 
from  which  he  can  select,  make  such  appointments  without  examination  for  not 
exceeding  two  days. 


No.  42.] 


181 


Regulation  23. 

Transfers  of  clerks  and  others  included  in  Schedules  B  and  0  may  be  made 
h-om  one  office  or  department  to  another,  by  the  mutual  consent  of  the  heads  of 
such  offices  or  departments  ;  every  such  transfer  must  be  reported  to  the  mayor 
for  record,  within  five  days  from  the  date  thereof.  No . transfer  will  be  per 
mitted  from  a  position  enumerated  in  Schedule  B  to  a  position  in  Schedu  e  ,  or 
from  a  nosition  enumerated  in  Schedule  C  to  a  position  in  Schedule  B,  except 
by  virtue  of  the  examination  which  may  be  prescribed  for  the  position  to  which 
they  are  to  be  transferred. 

Regulation  24. 

No  question  in  any  examination  or  proceeding  shall  call  for  the  expression  or 
disclosure  of  anv  partisan  political  opinion  or  affiliation  of  any  person  whatever, 
nor  shall  any  discrimination  be  made  by  reason  thereof ;  and  the  examiners  sha 
discountenance  all  disclosure  before  them  of  such  partisan  opinion  or  affiliation 
by  or  concerning  any  applicant  for  examination  or  by  or  concerning  any  person 
on  any  register  awaiting  appointment  or  employment  In  the  selection  nom¬ 
ination  or  "appointment  of  persons  to  fill  positions  in  Schedule  B,  C  and  D,  no 
regard  shall  be  paid  to  the  partisan  political  opinions,  affiliations  or  actions  of  any 
person  so  selected,  nominated,  appointed  or  promoted. 

Regulation  25. 

Every  false  statement  knowingly  made  by  any  person  in  Ins  application  for 
examination,  and  every  connivance  by  him  at.  any  false  statement  made  in  any 
certificate  which  may  accompany  his  application,  or  any  willful  comphcit)  y 
him  in  any  fraud  to  improve  his  standing  upon  his  examination,  shall  be  regar 
as  good  cause  for  removal  or  discharge  of  such  person  during  his  probation. 

Regulation  26. 

Persons  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  service  in  the  army  or  navy 
of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war  shall  be  preferred  for  appointments  to  posi¬ 
tions  in  the  public  service  over  other  persons  of  equal  standing  as  ascertained 
under  these  regulations,  and  the  person  thus  preferred  shall  not  be  disqualified 
from  holding  any  position  in  the  Civil  Service  on  account  of  his  age  nor  by  lea- 
son  of  any  physical  disability,  provided  such  disability  does  not  render  him  in¬ 
competent  to  perform  the  duties  of  the  position  applied  tor. 

Regulation  27. 

Subject  only  to  the  qualifications  required  to  be  ascertained  in  accordance  with 
these  regulations,  the  power  o£  appointment  and  the  responsibility  of  selection 
are  in  all  cases  in  the  appointing  officer.  The  power  to  remove  existing  by  law 
on  the  part  of  any  officer  is  not  impaired  by  any  thing  contained  in  these  regu¬ 
lations. 

Regulation  28. 

No  one  dismissed  from  the  service  for  misconduct  shall  be  admitted  to  exami¬ 
nation  for  appointment  in  any  capacity  in  any  department  of  the  municipal  ser¬ 
vice  within  two  years  from  the  date  of  such  dismissal. 

Regulation  29. 

\fter  these  regulations  shall  take  effect  no  person  in  the  Civil  Service  of  the 
city  of  Albany,  whose  position  is  subject  to  the  regulations,  shall  be  entitled  to 
compensation  unless  appointed  pursuant  to  these  regulations. 

Regulation  30. 

These  regulations  shall  take  effect  on  and  after  the  date  of  their  approval  by 
the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission. 


182 


[Assembly 


City  of  Albany,  ) 

Mayor’s  Office,  November  20,  1884.  j 

In  the  exercise  of  the  authority  conferred  upon  the  mayors  of  cities  by  chap¬ 
ter  410  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  for  1884,  passed  May  29,  1884, 
the  preceding  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  Civil  Service  of 
the  city  of  Albany,  and  for  the  conduct  of  persons  who  may  receive  appoint¬ 
ments  in  said  service  are  hereby  prescribed  and  established,  to  take  effect  on  the 
twenty-first  day  of  November,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hun¬ 
dred  and  eighty-four. 

[l.  s.]  A.  BLEECKER  BANKS, 

Mayor. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK: 

Office  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  November  21,  1884.  ] 

The  foregoing  regulations  for  the  city  of  Albany,  having  been  duly  examined, 
are  hereby  approved  bv  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission. 

JOHN  JAY, 

President. 

[l.  s.]  Attest: 

Clarence  B.  Angle, 

Secretary. 


TROY. 

Mayor’s  Office,  October  24,  1884. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State,  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  thereof,  I,  Edmund  Fitzgerald,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Troy,  hereby  prescribe 
the  following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of 
the  city  of  Troy,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the  New 
York  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Troy,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely :  All 
elective  officers  and  the  subordinates  of  any  such  officer,  for  whose  errors  or  vio¬ 
lations  of  duty  said  officer  is  financially  responsible  ;  and  the  heads  of  every  de¬ 
partment  of  the  city  government,  and  persons  employed  in,  or  who  seek  to  enter 
the  public  service  under  the  educational  department  of  the  city  and  all  subor¬ 
dinate  officers  who,  by  virtue  of  their  office,  have  personal  custody  of  public 
moneys  or  public  securities,  for  the  safe  keeping  of  which  the  head  of  the  office 
is  under  official  bonds. 

Regulations  2  and  3  the  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Troy  shall  be  classified  as  follows  :  Schedule  A ; 
the  mayor’s  private  secretary  and  the  mayor’s  messenger.  Schedule  B  shall  in¬ 
clude  all  clerks,  copyists,  book-keepers  and  others  rendering  clerical  services, 
and  not  included  in  Schedule  A  ;  clerks  in  the  office  of  the  comptroller,  all  po¬ 
lice  officers,  station-house  keepers  and  clerks  appointed  by  the  boards  of  police 
and  excise  commissioners;  the  superintendent  of  fire  alarm  telegraph,  the  chief 
engineer  and  assistant  engineers  of  the  fire  department,  and  all  firemen,  engineers, 
clerks,  drivers,  and  other  persons  appointed  by  the  board  of  fire  commissioners; 


183 


N o.  42.] 

the  superintendent  of  public  burial  grounds,  the  superintendent  of  public  clocks, 
the  sealer*  of  weights  and  measures,  the  pound-keeper,  health  officer  registrar  o£ 
vital  statLties,  el?rk  of  the  board  of  health,  city, c  erk  city  supermtem lent,  c ^y 
hall  ianitor  and  engineer,  city  physicians,  superintendent  of  the  poor,  cier 
the  board  of  charitifs,  sanitary  inspectors,  superintendent  ot  water  works,  and  * 
clerks  engineers  firemen  and  other  persons  appointed  by  the  board  ot  water 
commissioners ;  and  all  persons  employed  in  the  public  service  of and ^crty,  o 
appointed  by  any  board  or  officer,  and  not  included  in  regulation  1,  and  Schedule 

A  of  this  regulation.  _  «  Aiv.tmv 

Regulations  5  to  15,  inclusive  of  both,  the  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

tl  16  to  19  inclusive  (of  Albany  Regulations)  omitted. 

il  16  same  as  Albany  20. 

<•  17  “  21. 

a  18  “  22. 

Regulation  19. 

Transfers  of  clerks  and  others  included  in  Schedule  B  may  be  made  from  one 
office  or  department  to  another,  by  the  mutual  consent  of  the  heads  of  such  offi¬ 
ces  or  departments  ;  every  such  transfer  must  be  reported  to  the  mayor 

record  within  five  days  from  the  date  thereof.  ,  n 

Regulation  20  same  as  Albany  24  (omitting  Schedules  C  and  D.) 

8  '  21  25. 

22  “  26. 

23  “  27. 

«  24  “  28. 

Regulation  25. 

After  these  regulations  shall  take  effect,  no  person  in  the  Civil  Service 
the  city  of  Troy,  whose  position  is  subject  to  the  regulations,  shall  be  entitled 
to  salary  or  compensation,  unless  appointed  pursuant  to  these  regulations.  And 
It  is  hereby  mTe  the  duly  of  every  board  and  officer  of  said  city,  with  whom 
is  vested  by  law  the  power  of  nominating  or  appointing  any  of  the  clerks,  offi 
cers  or  public  servants  named  in  Schedule  B,  to  notify  the  mayor  of  said  city 
and  the  examining  board,  of  any  appointment  or  nomination  which  it  is  pro- 
nosed  to  make,  and  of  any  vacancy  connected  with  their  departments  or  offices 
which  mav  exist  to  the  end  that  all  applicants  for  such  positions,  01  to  fill  '  a 
ranctes,  may  undergo  the  examination  prescribed  by  these  rules,  before  such 
nomination,  appointment  or  selection  shall  be  made. 

Approved  November  18,  1884. 


ti 

u 


LONG  ISLAND  CITY. 

Mayor’s  Office,  August  29,  1884. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State,  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof  I  George  Petry,  mayor  of  Long  Island  City,  hereby  prescribe  the  foi¬ 
ling  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of  said 
city,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the  New  Y  ork  Civil  Ser- 

vice  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  Long 
Island  City° with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely  . 

All  elective  officers  whose  titles  and  the  special  titles  of  the  civil  officers, 
other  than  elective,  excepted  under  the  provisions  of  section  eight  of  the  statute, 

and  which  appear  in  Schedule  E,  annexed. 

Regulations  2  and  3  the  same  as  those  of  Albany. 


184 


[Assembly 


Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  Long  Island  City  shall  be  classified  as  follows  : 

Schedule  A  shall  include  all  deputies  of  officers  and  commissioners  duly  au¬ 
thorized  by  law  to  act  for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  whose  official  relations 
are  necessarily  strictly  confidential  to  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they  serve. 
Schedule  annexed. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  all  clerks,  copyists,  recorders,  stenographers,  book¬ 
keepers  and  others  rendering  clerical  services,  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A, 
and  all  policemen,  firemen,  messengers,  orderlies,  court  attendants,  guards  and 
keepers  in  jails  and  prisons,  and  all  persons  employed  or  appointed  in  the  public 
service  and  not  specially  included  in  Schedules  A,  C  and  D.  Schedule  annexed. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional  and 
all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business  and  occasionally  render  public 
service  for  a  nominal  compensation.  Schedule  annexed. 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 
Schedule  annexed. 

Regulations  5  to  29,  inclusive  of  both,  the  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  30  omitted. 

Approved  September  29 ,  1884. 


YONKERS. 

Mayor’s  Office. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof,  I,  William  G.  Stahlnecker,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Yonkers,  hereby  pre¬ 
scribe  the  following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  ser¬ 
vice  of  the  city  of  Yonkers,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the 
New  York  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Yonkers,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes  :  all  elective 
officers,  police  commissioners,  water  commissioners,  school  trustees,  clerk  to  the 
board  of  education,  and  his  assistants,  principals,  teachers,  librarians  and  janitors 
employed  in  the  educational  department  of  the  city.  Inspectors  of  election,  poll 
clerks,  the  deputy  receiver  of  taxes,  the  fire  commissioners,  the  excise  commis¬ 
sioners. 

Regulations  2  and  3  the  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Yonkers  shall  be  classified  as  follows  : 

Schedule  A  shall  include  the  following  officers  of  the  city  :  all  officers  nom¬ 
inated  by  the  mayor,  and  confirmed  by  the  common  council,  to-wit,  the 
city  clerk,  the  city  treasurer,  the  city  surveyor,  the  city  attorney,  the  receiver 
of  taxes,  the  health  officer,  the  assessors,  the  commissioner  of  charities,  the 
street  commissioner,  commissioners  of  deeds,  pound  keepers,  scavengers,  con¬ 
stables,  fire  wardens,  all  officers  appointed  by  the  common  council,  to-wit,  the 
page,  the  commissioners  to  assess  for  street  improvements  and  sewers,  the  wharf¬ 
inger,  and  all  officers  appointed  by  the  city  judge,  to-wit,  the  clerk  of  the  city 
court,  and  the  marshal  of  the  city  court. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  all  clerks,  copyists,  book-keepers  and  others  render¬ 
ing  clerical  service  to  the  city  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A,  and  all  policemen, 
hostlers,  door-keepers  and  all  persons  employed  in  the  police  department  of  the 
city,  except  police  surgeon,  and  all  persons  employed  and  appointed  in  the  pub¬ 
lic  service  of  the  city,  and  not  specially  included  in  Schedules  A,  C  and  D. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  all  persons,  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional,  to- 


No.  42.] 


185 


wit,  the  inspector  of  boilers  and  examiners  of  engineers  in  the  city  of  Yonkers 
the  engineers  of  the  water  department,  and  assistants,  the  inspector  of  water 
meters  and  the  police  surgeon. 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day-workmen. 

Regulation  5  same  as  Albany  8. 

Regulation  6  same  as  Albany  5. 

Regulations  7  and  8  same  as  Albany  6. 

Regulation  9. 

Registers  of  all  applicants  shall  be  kept  by  the  secretary  of  the  examining 
board.  When  the  applicants  on  a  register  are  in  excess  of  such  number  as  can 
be  examined  conveniently  on  the  same  day,  the  applicants  will  be  notified  to 
appear  for  examination  in  their  order  on  the  register. 

Regulation  10. 

Examinations. 

Whenever  the  demands  of  the  service  may  require,  the  examining  board  will 
notify  the  applicants  of  record,  or  such  number  thereof  as  can  be  examined  con¬ 
veniently  at  one  time,  to  appear  for  examination  giving  place,  date  and  hour  for 
such  examination. 

The  general  examination  for  admission  to  positions  in  Schedule  B  will  be  on 
the  following  subjects : 

Obligatory. 

1.  Handwriting,  as  shown  by  copying  from  manuscript. 

2.  Writing  from  dictation. 

3.  English  spelling,  as  shown  in  writing  from  dictation. 

4.  Arithmetic,  viz.,  addition,  subtraction,  multiplication,  and  division — all 
applicable  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions. 

5.  Abstracting  or  digesting  documents  or  letters  into  summaries. 

6.  Questions  relating  to  Yonkers  —  concerning  the  local  government,  the  loca¬ 
tion  of  streets,  etc. 

Optional. 

7.  Arithmetic  applied,  viz.,  practical  problems  in  proportion,  percentage,  in¬ 
terest,  discount  and  average. 

8.  Letter  writing  on  subjects  connected  with  Yonkers’  affairs,  grammatical 
correctness,  clearness  and  brevity  of  expression,  will  be  considered. 

9.  Book-keeping. 

10.  Special  qualifications  for  employment  in  any  specified  department  of  city 
government. 

Regulation  11. 

Every  applicant  must  be  examined  in  the  six  obligatory  subjects,  and  will  be 
examined  further  in  such  of  the  optional  subjects  as  he  may  designate. 

Regulation  12. 

The  relative  weight  given  to  the  several  obligatory  subjects  in  making  up  the 


average  standings,  will  be  as  follows: 

1.  Handwriting .  3 

2.  Writing  from  dictation .  1 

3.  English  spelling . 2 

4.  Arithmetic  .  2 

5.  Abstracting .  1 

6.  Yonkers’  data . .. . . .  1 


Total  of  weights 


10 


Regulation  13. 

Each  subject  will  be  marked  upon  a  scale  of  100,  which  number  represents  the 
maximum  possible  attainment. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  24 


186 


[Assembly 


Regulation  14. 

The  process  of  ascertaining  the  absolute  standing  of  each  competitor  will  be  as 
follows : 

Schedule  B,  Examination  No.  26. 

Yonkers’  Municipal  Service,  ) 
July  30,  1884.  f 

Result  of  Examination  of  Adam  Roberts; 


Subjects. 

Standing 

on 

subject. 

W eight  given 
on 

subject. 

Product  of 
standing  and 
weight. 

1.  Handwriting . 

93 

3 

279 

2.  Writing  from  dictation .... 

90 

1 

90 

3.  English  spelling . 

67 

2 

136 

4.  Arithmetic . 

72 

O 

144 

5.  Abstracting . 

70 

1 

70 

6.  Yonkers’ data . 

79 

1 

79 

Total  product . 

. 798 

Divide  product  by  sum  of  weights,  10,  or  general  average  standing,  79. S. 

8.  Letter  writing,  85. 

Regulation  15. 

The  standing  on  each  of  the  optional  subjects,  in  which  any  competitor  is  ex¬ 
amined  will  be  marked  on  a  scale  of  100,  and  will  be  recorded  on  the  preceding 
form  as  there  shown. 

The  aggregate  results  of  each  examination  will  be  entered  in  form  as  follows 
upon  a 

Register  of  Eligible  Candidates. 


Relative  Names 

general  of 

standing.  competitors. 

General  or 
obligatory 
subjects. 

1  to  6. 

Absolute  standing 
on  optional 
subjects. 

7  8  9  10. 

1. 

Charles  O’Malley.. . 

.  89 

80 

70  .. 

79 

2. 

Peter  Davis . 

.  87 

#  . 

84  78 

m  m 

3. 

Carl  Schmidt . 

.  86 

•  •  •  • 

87 

4. 

David  Thompson . 

.  83 

87 

88  71 

76 

5. 

James  Brown . 

. .  83 

89 

•  •  •  ■ 

85 

6. 

Terence  Murphy . 

.  82 

82 

90  87 

74 

7. 

Edward  Green . 

.  81 

94 

85 

81 

8. 

Richard  Roe . 

.  80 

#  # 

•  «  .  • 

,  , 

9. 

Max  Adler . 

.  80 

7S 

•  •  •  • 

88 

10. 

Adam  Roberts . 

.  79.8 

85  . . 

#  , 

Regulation  16. 

No  person  whose  standing  on  any  obligatory  subject  is  less  than  fifty,  and 
whose  ascertained  average  standing  on  all  the  obligatory  subjects  is  less  than 
seventy,  will  be  entered  on  the  eligible  list. 

Regulations  17  same  as  Albany  13 
“  18  “  14. 

Regulation  19. 

Priority  of  date  in  examination  will  give  no  advantage ;  the  names  of  three 
eligible  persons  standing  highest  will  be  certified  for  selection  without  regard  to 
dates  when  examined. 

No  person  on  the  eligible  list  shall  be  certified  for  selection  more  than  three 
times  to  the  same  appointing  officer,  except  at  the  latter’s  request,  nor  shall  the 


No.  42.] 


187 


name  of  any  person  remain  on  the  eligible  list  more  than  one  year  from  the  date 
of  the  original  examination. 

Regulation  20. 

Appointments  to  positions  in  Schedule  0  shall  be  made  by  the  head  of  the 
office  or  department  subject  to  a  qualifying  examination  only,  or  in  the  discre¬ 
tion  of  such  official,  they  may  be  offered  for  open  competition,  or  for  limited 
competition  of  such  persons  as  may  be  named  by  the  head  of  the  department, 
but  no  person  shall  receive  an  appointment  to  any  position  in  this  schedule,  ex¬ 
cept  upon  the  certificate  of  the  examining  board  that  such  person  has  been 
found  to  be  duly  qualified.  All  examinations  under  this  rule  shall  be  conducted 
under  the  auspices  of  the  examining  board,  and  shall  relate  to  those  matters 
which  will  fairly  test  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons  examined 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  service  for  which  they  are  named,  or  into  which 
they  seek  to  be  appointed.  For  such  purpose  the  examining  board  shall  be 
satisfied,  and  shall  so  certify  that  the  person  named  or  applying  is: 

First  —  Within  the  limits  of  age  prescribed  for  the  situation  or  employment 
for  which  named  or  applying. 

Second  —  That  he  is  free  from  any  physical  defect  or  disease  likely  to  inter¬ 
fere  with  the  proper  discharge  of  his  duties. 

Third  —  That  his  character  is  such  as  to  qualify  him  for  such  situation  or  em¬ 
ployment. 

Fourth  —  That  he  possesses  the  requisite  knowledge  and  ability  to  enter 
upon  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  such  situation  or  employment. 

Regulation  21  same  as  Albany  19. 

“  22  “  20. 

Regulation  23. 

Temporary  Appointments. 

No  temporary  appointments  shall  be  made  of  any  one  not  eligible  for  perma¬ 
nent  appointment. 

Regulation  24. 

New  Positions. 

All  new  positions  created  at  any  time  by  the  needs  of  the  service  in  any  de¬ 
partment  must  be  filled  by  examination,  either  competitive  or  qualifying,  as  the 
mayor  shall  determine. 

Regulation  25. 

Promotions  from  the  lower  grades  to  the  higher  shall  be  on  the  basis  of  merit 
and  competition. 

Regulation  26  same  as  Albany  25. 

“  27'  “  28. 

Regulation  28. 

No  recommendation  or  question  under  the  authority  of  these  regulations  shall 
relate  to  the  political  opinions  or  affiliations  of  any  person  whatever ;  neither  shall 
political  opinions  be  considered  by  the  appointing  officer,  in  determining  his  se¬ 
lection  among  candidates  certified  for  appointment. 

Regulation  29  same  as' Albany  24. 

Regulations  7  to  12,  inclusive  of  both,  and  15,  16,  17,  18,  21,  22,  23,  26,  27, 
29  and  30  of  Albany  Regulations  omitted. 

Approved  October  10,  1884. 


188 


[Assembly 


OGDENSBURG. 

Mayor’s  Office,  August  4,  1884. 

In  the  exercise  of  the  authority  conferred  on  mayors  in  all  the  cities  of  this 
State  by  the  eighth  section  of  chapter  354  of  the  Laws  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
passed  May  4,  1883,  as  amended  by  chapter  357,  passed  May  24,  1884,  and 
chapter  410,  passed  May  29,  1884,  I,  William  L.  Proctor,  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Ogdensburg,  hereby  prescribe  the  following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  per¬ 
sons  into  the  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Ogdensburg. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  not  apply  to  officers  elected  by  the  people  nor  to  the 
following  officers,  viz.,  the  chief  of  police,  the  assessor,  the  chief  engineer  of  the 
fire  department  and  his  assistants,  the  treasurer,  the  city  clerk,  and  the  street, 
park  or  water  commissioners. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Ogdensburg  shall  be  classified  as  follows: 

Schedule  A  shall  include  all  deputies  of  officers  and  commissioners  duly  au¬ 
thorized  by  law  to  act  for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  whose  official  relations 
are  necessarily  strictly  confidential  to  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they 
serve.  (Have  none.) 

Schedule  B  shall  include  all  copyists,  stenographers,  book-keepers,  and  others 
rendering  clerical  services  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A,  and  all  messengers, 
orderlies,  court  attendants,  policemen,  guards  and  keepers  in  jails  and  prisons, 
and  all  persons  employed  or  appointed  in  the  public  service  and  not  specially 
included  in  Schedules  A,  C  and  D. 

Schedule  0  shall  include  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional  and 
all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business  and  occasionally  render  public 
service  for  a  nominal  compensation. 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

Regulations  5  to  29,  inclusive  of  both,  are  the  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  30. 

The  right -is  reserved  by  the  mayor  to  alter  or  modify  these  regulations  as  in 
his  judgment  the  needs  of  the  service  may  require,  such  changes  or  modifica¬ 
tions  to  take  effect  after  one  week’s  publication  thereof  in  one  newspaper  pub¬ 
lished  in  said  city. 

Approved  September  25,  1884. 


SYRACUSE. 

Mayor’s  Office. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof,  I,  Thomas  Ryan,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Syracuse,  hereby  prescribe  the 
following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of  the 
city  of  Syracuse,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  tile  New  York 
Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Syracuse,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely: 

All  elective  officers;  all  positions  in  the  educational  department  of  the  city. 

All- positions  not  purely  clerical  filled  by  appointment  by  the  common  council, 
viz.,  city  clerk,  city  treasurer  and  tax  receiver,  city  attorney,  city  surveyor  and 
engineer,  superintendent  of  the  streets,  city  physician,  janitor,  lamp  repairer, 
weigher  of  hay,  members  of  the  board  of  health. 

Regulations  2  and  3  the  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

O 


No.  42.] 


189 


Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Syracuse  shall  be  classified  as  follows : 

Schedule  B  shall  include  the  clerk  of  the  police  court,  the  clerk  of  the  board 
of  fire  commissioners,  the  chief  of  police,  the  captain  of  the  night  watch,  the 
chief  engineer  of  the  fire  department,  all  firemen  and  policemen,  and  all  persons 
employed  or  appointed  in  the  public  service  and  not  specially  included  in  Sched¬ 
ule  D, 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 


Regulation  5  same  as  Albany  6. 


ll 

6 

it 

u 

7. 

It 

7 

ti 

ii 

8. 

ll 

8 

il 

ii 

9. 

u 

9 

it 

a 

10. 

< 

10 

ll 

ii 

11. 

n 

11 

a 

ti 

12. 

it 

12 

u 

ti 

13. 

it 

13 

ti 

u 

14. 

u 

14 

ti 

ti 

15. 

ti 

15 

it 

it 

19. 

Regulations  16,  17  and  18  of  Albany  omitted. 
Regulation  16  same  as  Albany  20. 


it 

17 

it 

ii 

21. 

it 

18 

ii 

h 

22. 

ti 

19 

a 

a 

23  (omitting  last  sentence). 

it 

20 

a 

ii 

24. 

a 

21 

ii 

ll 

25. 

ii 

22 

a 

il 

26. 

it 

23 

a 

ll 

27. 

ti 

24 

.  ii 

ll 

28. 

u 

25 

ii 

ll 

29. 

Albany  regulation  30  omitted. 
Approved  December  1,  1884. 


AUBURN. 

Mayor’s  Office. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State,  I,  Cyrenus  Wheeler,  Jr.,  mayor  of  the 
city  of  Auburn,  hereby  prescribe  the  following  regulations  for  the  admission  of 
persons  into  the  public  service  of  the  city  of  Auburn,  to  take  effect  from  the  date 
of  their  approval  by  the  “New  York  Civil  Service  Commission.” 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Auburn,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes;  namely,  all 
elective  officers,  and  persons  employed  in,  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  public  ser¬ 
vice  under  the  educational  department  of  the  city,  and  the  following  officers  ap¬ 
pointed  by  ballot  by  the  common  council  as  provided  by  the  city  charter ; 
namely,  the  city  attorney,  the  street  superintendent,  the  city  surveyor,  the 
keeper  of  the  city  hall,  one  or  more  sealers  of  weights  and  measures,  one  or 
more  scavengers,  the  city  sexton,  ten  commissioners  of  deeds,  three  fire  commis¬ 
sioners,  the  commissioners  of  Soules’  cemetery,  six  members  of  the  board  of 
health,  also  three  commissioners  of  excise,  appointed  by  the  mayor  under  the 
statute  law. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany . 


190 


[Assembly 


Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Auburn,  shall  be  classified  as  follows:  Schedule 
A  shall  include  all  deputies  of  commissioners,  duly  authorized  by  law  to  act  for 
their  principals,  and  all  persons  whose  official  relations  are  necessarily  strictly 
confidential  to  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they  serve ;  namely,  the  clerk  of 
the  commissioners  of  excise,  the  clerk  of  the  board  of  fire  commissioners,  the  su¬ 
perintendent  of  charities,  also  physicians  to  the  board  of  health,  the  charities  and 
police,  the  sexton  of  Soules’  cemetery,  and  the  chief  of  police. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  all  clerks,  copyists,  recorders,  stenographers,  book¬ 
keepers,  and  others  rendering  clerical  service  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A, 
and  all  policemen  and  persons  employed  or  appointed  to  the  public  service,  and 
not  specially  included  in  Schedules  A  and  D. 

Schedules  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

Regulations  5  to  15  (inclusive  of  both)  saftie  as  those  of  Albany. 

Albany  regulations  16,  17,  18,  23,  27  and  30,  omitted. 

Regulation  16  same  as  Albany  19. 


u 

17 

ii 

ii 

20. 

u 

18 

ii 

ii 

21. 

u 

19 

ii 

ii 

22. 

u 

20 

ii 

ii 

24. 

u 

21 

ii 

ii 

25. 

a 

22 

ii 

a 

26. 

It 

23 

ii 

ti 

28. 

il 

24 

U 

ii 

29. 

Albany  regulation  30  omitted. 
Approved  October  3,  1884. 


ROCHESTER. 

Mayor’s  Office,  August  20,  1884. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof,  I,  Cornelius  R.  Parsons,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Rochester,  hereby  pre¬ 
scribe  the  following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public 
service  of  the  city  of  Rochester,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by 
the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Rochester,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely : 
All  elective  officers  and  the  subordinates  of  the  city  treasurer  and  persons 
employed  by,  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  public  service  under  the  board  of 
education. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Rochester  shall,  except  as  above  stated,  be 
classified  as  follows:  Schedule  B  (part  3),  all  elective  officers  of  the  police  and 
fire  departments. 

Schedule  B  (part  2),  all  other  subordinate  officers,  clerks  and  assistants. 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

Albany  regulations  5,  16,  1 7,  18,  23  and  30  omitted. 

Regulation  5  same  as  Albany  6. 

“  6  “  “  7. 

u  7  “  8. 

“  8  “  1  9. 


191 


No.  42.] 


Regulation  9  same  as  Albany  10. 


a 

10 

a 

it 

11. 

l  i 

11 

ii 

u 

12. 

u 

12 

1 1 

it 

13. 

i i 

13 

1 1 

n 

14.  ; 

u 

14 

1 1 

it 

15. 

u 

15 

1 1 

u 

19  (except  latter  part,  but  all  changes  in  the 
employes,  etc.). 

n 

16 

1 1 

tt 

20. 

a 

17 

ii 

u 

21. 

i  i 

18 

u 

tt 

22. 

i i 

19 

1 1 

u 

24. 

n 

20 

a 

.  tt 

25. 

ii 

21 

u 

it 

26. 

i i 

22 

1 1 

it 

27. 

it 

23 

u 

it 

28. 

ll 

> 

24 

1 1 

u 

29, 

Regulation  25. 

The  right  is  reserved  by  the  mayor  to  alter  or  modify  these  regulations  as,  in 
his  judgment,  the  needs  of  the  service  may  require,  due  notice  thereof  being 
given  to  the  New  York  State  Board  of  Civil  Service  Commissioners. 

Approved  September  25,  1884.  ✓ 


BINGHAMTON. 


Mayor’s  Office. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof,  I,  George  A.  Thayer,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Binghamton,  hereby  prescribe 
the  following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of 
the  city  of  Binghamton,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the 
New  York  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Binghamton,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely  : 

All  elective  officers  and  heads  of  departments  :  positions  in  the  educational 
department,  and  any  subordinate  officer  who,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  has  personal 
custody  of  public  moneys  or  securities,  for  the  safe-keeping  of  which  the  head  of  - 
an  office  is  under  official  bonds,  and  the  following  officers  appointed  by  ballot  by 
the  common  council,  as  provided  by  the  city  charter,  namely :  The  city  attorney, 
the  superintendent  of  streets,  the  treasurer  and  tax  receiver,  recorder,  city  sur¬ 
veyor,  fire  marshals,  commissioners  of  deeds,  city  sexton,  six  members  of  the 
board  of  health,  and  four  police  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  mayor  under 
the  act  to  establish  a  police  force  for  the  city  of  Binghamton  ;  also,  three  com¬ 
missioners  of  excise,  appointed  by  the  mayor  under  the  statute  law. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Binghamton  shall *be  classified  as  follows: 

Schedule  A  shall  include:  city  clerk,  health  officer,  chief  of  police,  chief 
engineer  of  fire  department,  first  assistant  engineer  of  fire  department,  second 
assistant  engineer  of  fire  department,  registrar  of  vital  statistics,  sealer  of 
weights  and  measures,  clerk  of  excise  board,  clerk  of  police  board. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  assistant  chief  of  police,  policemen,  clerks,  copyists, 
recorders,  stenographers,  book-keepers  and  others  rendering  clerical  services,  and 


192  t  [Assembly 

all  messengers,  and  all  persons  employed  or  appointed  in  the  public  service,  and 
not  specially  included  in  Schedule  C. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional, 
and  all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business,  and  occasionally  render 
public  service  for  a  nominal  compensation. 

Regulations  5  to  18  (inclusive  of  both)  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Albany  regulation  19  omitted. 

Regulation  19  same  as  Albany  20. 


( ( 

20 

u 

h 

21. 

l  l 

21 

1 1 

u 

22. 

l l 

22 

a 

u 

23. 

l l 

23 

n 

f  c 

24. 

n 

24 

1 1 

If 

25. 

l  l 

25 

1 1 

ll 

26. 

n 

26 

1 1 

If 

27. 

a 

27 

1 1 

fl 

28. 

ll 

28 

a 

ll 

29. 

Albany  regulation  30  omitted. 
Approved  December  15,  1884. 


UTICA. 

Mayor’s*  Office,  October  10,  1884. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof,  I,  James  S.  Sherman,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Utica,  hereby  prescribe  the 
following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of  the 
city  of  Utica,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the  New  York 
Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positons  in  the  public  service  of  the  city  of 
Utica,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely:  All 
elective  officers  and  heads  of  departments,  positions  in  the  educational  depart¬ 
ment,  and  any  subordinate  officer  who,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  has  personal  cus¬ 
tody  of  public  moneys  or  securities,  for  the  safe-keeping  of  which  the  head  of  an 
office  is  under  official  bonds  ;  city  engineer  and  surveyor,  street  commissioner, 
corporation  counsel,  clerk  of  school  board,  members  of  board  of  health,  excise 
commissioners,  town  auditors,  police  and  fire  commissioners. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Utica  shall  be  classified  as  follows: 

Schedule  A  shall  include  the  city  clerk,  and  the  health  officer. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  the  charity  clerk,  keeper  of  city  hospital,  two  sani¬ 
tary  inspectors,  deputy  clerk  of  city,  chief  of  police,  assistant  chief,  policemen, 
chief  of  fire  department,  assistant  chief  of  fire  department,  firemen,  engineers, 
stokers,  drivers,  pipemen,  clerks,  recorders,  stenographers,  book-keepers  and 
others  rendering  clerical  services,  and  all  messengers,  orderlies,  court  attendants, 
guards  and  keepers  in  jails  and  prisons,  and  all  persons  employed  or  appointed 
in  the  public  service  and  not  specially  included  in  Schedule  C. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional,  and 
all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business  and  occasionally  render  public 
service  for  a  nominal  compensation,  viz. :  clerk  of  excise  board,  clerk  of 
board  of  police  and  fire  commissioners,  keeper  of  city  clock,  sealer  of  weights 
and  measures. 

Regulations  5  to  18  (inclusive  of  both)  same  as  those  of  Albany. 


No.  42.] 


193 


Regulation 

19  same  as 

Albany  20. 

u 

20 

U 

“  21. 

(< 

21 

u 

“  22. 

u 

22 

f  »' 

“  23. 

ll 

23 

n 

“  24. 

u 

24 

(i 

“  25. 

u 

25 

<c 

“  26. 

It 

26 

u 

“  27. 

•  ( 

27 

u 

“  28. 

u 

28 

CL 

“  29. 

Albany  regulation  30  omitted. 
Approved  October  17,  1884. 


COHOES. 

Mayor’s  Office, 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  thereof,  I,  Alfred  LeRoy,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Cohoes,  hereby  prescribe  the 
following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of  the 
city  of  Cohoes,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the  New  York 
Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Cohoes,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely  : 

Fire  commissioners,  members  of  the  board  of  health,  water  commissioners, 
commissioners  of  excise,  president  of  the  board  of  education,  clerk  of  the  board 
of  education,  superintendent  of  public  schools,  teachers  in  the  public  schools, 
city  chamberlain. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Cohoes  shall  be  classified  as  follows  : 

Schedule  A  shall  include  all  deputies  of  officers  and  commissioners  duly  au¬ 
thorized  by  law  to  act  for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  whose  official  rela¬ 
tions  are  necessarily  strictly  confidential  to  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they 
serve. 

(There  are  at  present  no  positions  included  in  Schedule  A.) 

Schedule  B  shall  include  all  clerks,  copyists,  recorders,  stenographers,  book¬ 
keepers  and  others  rendering  clerical  services  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A, 
and  all  policemen,  firemen,  messengers,  orderlies,  court  attendants, _  guards  and 
keepers  in  jails  and  prisons,  and  all  persons  employed  or  appointed  in  the  public 
service  and  not  specially  included  in  Schedules  A,  C  and  D. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional  and 
all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business  and  occasionally  render  public 
service  for  a  nominal  compensation,  namely  : 

City  attorney,  police  surgeon,  health  officer, 
s  Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

Albany  regulation  30  omitted. 

Approved  October  3,  1884. 

[Assem.  Doc.  Ho.  42. 


25 


194 


[Assembly 


POUGHKEEPSIE. 

Mayor’s  Office. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State,  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof,  I,  Ezra  White,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Poughkeepsie,  hereby  prescribe  the 
following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of  the 
city  of  Poughkeepsie,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the  New 
York  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Poughkeepsie,  with  the  following  exceptions,  required  by  the  statutes,  namely: 

First  —  Officers  elected  by  the  people,  viz.:  The  mayor;  aldermen;  justices 
of  the  peace ;  recorder ;  school  commissioners ;  alms  house  commissioners  and 
constables. 

Second  — The  head  or  heads  of  any  department  of  the  city  government,  viz. : 

1.  Officers  appointed  by  the  mayor,  viz.:  Assessors  ;  city  attorney;  city  treas¬ 
urer;  city  chamberlain;  city  sealer;  superintendent  of  streets;  police  commis¬ 
sioners  ;  excise  commissioners  and  water  commissioners. 

2.  Officers  elected  by  the  common  council,  viz. :  Members  of  the  board  of  health. 

3.  Persons  employed  in,  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  educational  departments  of 
the  city. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Poughkeepsie  shall  be  classified  as  follows  : 

Schedule  A. 

1.  All  deputies  of  officers  and  commissioners,  duly  authorized  by  law  to  act 
for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  whose  official  relations  are  necessarily 
strictly  confidential  to  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they  serve. 

2.  Clerks  of  boards  and  commissions  who  are  by  law  required  to  be  members 
of  boards  and  commissions  on  which  they  serve,  viz. :  Secretary  of  the  police 
commissioners;  secretary  of  the  board  of  health. 

3.  Subordinate  officers  who,  by  virtue  of  their  office,  have  personal  custodies 
of  public  moneys,  for  the  safe  keeping  of  which  the  head  of  the  office  is  under  a 
special  bond. 

Schedule  B. 

First  —  Chamberlain’s  office:  Clerk. 

Second  —  Fire  department:  Assistant  engineers  ;  engineers  of  steamers ;  fire¬ 
men  of  steamers. 

Third  —  Alms  house  department:  Superintendent  of  the  alms  house  ;  assist¬ 
ant  superintendent  of  the  alms  house. 

Fourth —  Police  department:  Sergeant;  roundsmen;  patrolmen;  police 
constables . 

Fifth  —  Water  department:  Secretary;  clerks;  chief  engineer;  assistant 
engineers;  firemen  ;  coal  passers  ;  foremen;  caulkers;  tappers ;  watchmen  ;  in¬ 
spectors. 

Sixth  —  The  janitor  of  the  city  building ;  bell  ringers ;  commissioners  of  deeds. 

(Schedule  B  includes  all  clerks,  copyists,  book-keepers  and  others  rendering 
clerical  services,  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A,  and  all  policemen,  firemen, 
messengers,  court  attendants,  and  all  persons  employed  or  appointed  in  the 
public  service  and  not  specially  included  in  Schedules  A,  C  and  D.) 

Schedule  C. 

1.  Chief  of  police  ;  chief  engineer  of  fire  department;  superintendent  of  tbe 
water  works ;  surgeon  of  the  police  department ;  physician  to  alms  house. 


195 


No.  42.] 

2.  Schedule  C  includes  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional,  and 
all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business  and  occasionally  render  public 
service  for  a  nominal  compensation. 

Schedule  D. 

First  —  Street  department :  Laborers  ;  cartmen  ;  teamsters. 

Second  —  Water  department :  General  laborers ;  day  workmen. 

Third  —  Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day 
workmen . 

Regulations  5  to  30  (inclusive  of  both)  same  as  Albany  regulations,. 

Approved  December  29,  1884. 


KINGSTON. 

Mayor’s  Office,  January  29,  1885. 

Pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  this  State  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service 
thereof,  I,  Charles  Bray,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Kingston,  hereby  prescribe  the 
following  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  public  service  of  the 
city  of  Kingston,  to  take  effect  from  the  date  of  their  approval  by  the  New  York 
Civil  Service  Commission 

Regulation  1. 

These  regulations  shall  apply  to  all  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city 
of  Kingston,  with  the  following  exceptions  required  by  the  statutes,  namely  : 

All  elective  officers  and  the  commissioners  of  the  alms  house,  the  excise  com¬ 
missioners,  and  the  health  commissioners. 

Regulations  2  and  3  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  4. 

The  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  Kingston  shall  be  classified  as  follows : 

Schedule  A  shall  include  all  deputies  of  officers  and  commissioners  duly  au¬ 
thorized  by  law  to  act  for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  whose  official  rela¬ 
tions  are  necessarily  strictly  confidential  to  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they 
serve.  The  following  positions  are  in  Schedule  A:  The  city  clerk,  the  city 
treasurer,  the  corporation  counsel,  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  health. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  all  copyists,  recorders,  stenographers,  book-keepers 
and  others  rendering  clerical  services  and  not  included  in  Schedule  A,  and  all 
policemen,  firemen,  messengers,  orderlies,  court  attendants,  guards  and  keepers 
in  prisons,  and  all  persons  employed  or  appointed  in  the  public  service  and  not 
specially  included  in  Schedules  A,  C  and  D,  and  shall  include  the  following 
named  officers:  City  engineer,  clerk  board  of  excise,  and  all  engineers  of  fire 
engines. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  all  persons  whose  duties  are  strictly  professional, 
and  all  persons  who  are  employed  in  private  business  and  occasionally  render 
public  service  for  a  nominal  compensation.  Superintendent  of  streets,  chief 
engineer  of  fire  department,  and  his  assistants,  city  sealer  of  weights  and  meas¬ 
ures,  and  superintendent  of  water  works. 

Schedule  D  shall  include  all  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

Regulations  5  to  29,  inclusive  of  both,  same  as  those  of  Albany. 

Regulation  30  of  Albany  regulations  omitted. 

Approved  January  29,  1885. 


APPENDIX  G. 

CITY  REPORTS. 


Hon.  Franklin  Edson,  Mayor  of  the  city  of  New  York: 

In  compliance  with  your  request,  we  submit  the  following  report  in  response 
to  the  communication  of  the  State  Civil  Service  Commission  dated  November 
13,  1884. 

On  the  15th  day  of  December,  1883,  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons 
into  the  Civil  Service  of  the  city  of  New  York  were  prescribed  by  the  mayor  to 
take  effect  January  1,  1884.  The  regulations  applied  to  all  persons  in  the  ser¬ 
vice  of  the  city  with  the  exception  of  elective  officers  and  members  of  the  police, 
health,  fire,  educational  and  law  departments  and  all  officers  who  have  the  cus¬ 
tody  of  public  moneys  for  which  any  head  of  an  office  has  given  bonds  and  is 
responsible  thereunder,  and  all  officers  appointed  by  the  mayor  and  confirmed  by 
the  board  of  aldermen. 

The  persons  in  the  service  of  the  city  subject  to  these  regulations  were  divided 
into  four  schedules. 

Schedule  A  included  deputies  duly  authorized  to  act  for  their  principals,  per¬ 
sons  actually  occupying  a  strictly  confidential  position  and  stenographers. 

Schedule  B  included  persons  rendering  clerical  service. 

Schedule  C  included  all  persons,  not  laborers  or  day  workmen,  not  included 
in  the  previous  schedules. 

Schedule  D  included  persons  employed  as  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

No  examination  was  required  for  those  included  in  Schedule  A.  The 
examination  for  admission  to  Schedule  B,  and  for  nurses,  attendants  and  order¬ 
lies  was  competitive.  The  examination  for  admission  to  other  positions  in  Sched¬ 
ule  C  was  a  pass  examination  and  no  examination  was  provided  for  appointments 
coming  within  Schedule  D. 

To  conduct  the  examinations  under  these  schedules  three  boards  of  exami¬ 
ners  were  created  ;  one  for  positions  in  Schedule  B,  one  for  all  applicants  for  po¬ 
sitions  in  Schedule  C,  except  those  named  for  positions  as  nurses,  attendants 
and  orderlies  in  the  city  hospitals  and  asylums,  and  one  for  the  last  mentioned 
class  of  positions.  Appointments  to  all  positions  under  Schedules  B  and  C  were 
to  be  provisional  only,  and  such  provisional  service  was  required  to  continue  not 
longer  than  six  months.  If  during  that  period  the  conduct  and  character  of  the 
appointee  were  found  satisfactory  it  was  provided  that  he  should  receive  an  ab¬ 
solute  appointment,  but  otherwise  his  employment  should  cease. 

These  regulations  continued  in  force  until  the  29th  day  of  August,  1884. 
Making  suitable  allowances  for  the  difficulties  always  experienced  in  the  intro¬ 
duction  of  a  new  system,  the  character  of  the  examinations  held  pursuant  to 
these  rules  was  practical  and  adapted  to  ascertain  the  fitness  of  the  applicants 
for  the  places  which  they  sought/  The  effect  of  these  examinations,  so  far  as 
relates  to  positions  in  Schedule  B  was  to  throw  open  to  general  competition  all 
clerkships  in  the  different  departments  included  within  these  rules,  and  to  pro¬ 
vide  an  efficient  way  of  determining  the  qualifications  of  applicants.  So  far  as 
the  class  of  positions  included  in  Schedule  C  is  concerned,  the  effect  of  examina¬ 
tions  was  to  exclude  a  number  of  incompetent  applicants.  Their  tendency  was 
to  raise  the  tone  of  the  service  by  affording  a  guarantee  both  to  the  appointing 
power,  and  to  applicants  for  positions,  that  no  appointments  would  be  made 
without  preliminary  inquiry  into  the  fitness  of  the  person  for  the  place  he  sought. 


197 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 

These  rules  remained  in  force  until  the  29th  of  August,  1884.  On  the  29th  of 
July,  1884,  in  pursuance  of  the  requirements  of  the  amended  Civil  Service  act, 
the  mayor  caused  to  be  arranged  in  classes  the  several  clerks  and  persons  em¬ 
ployed  in  the  public  service  of  the  city,  including  in  such  classes  as  far  as  possi¬ 
ble,  all  subordinate  clerks  and  officers  in  the  municipal  service  to  whom  his 
power  under  the  act  extended.  On  the  22d  of  August,  1884,  the  mayor  pre¬ 
scribed  sixty-six  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  Civil  Service  of 
the  city,  and  for  the  conduct  of  persons  who  should  receive  appointments  in  the 
service,  to  take  effect  on  the  29th  of  August,  1884.  These  regulations  were 
approved  by  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission  on  the  23d  of  August.  Un¬ 
der  them  the  service  of  the  city  was  divided  into  seven  schedules.  These  sched¬ 
ules  are  as  follows : 

Schedule  A  includes  all  deputies  of  all  officers  and  commissioners  duly  author¬ 
ized  to  act  for  their  principals,  and  all  persons  necessarily  occupying  a  strictly 
confidential  position. 

Schedule  B  includes  clerks,  copyists,  recorders,  book-keepers  and  others  ren¬ 
dering  clerical  services. 

Schedule  C  includes  policemen,  both  in  the  police  department  and  department 
of  parks,  and  the  uniformed  force  in  the  fire  department. 

Schedule  D  includes  all  persons  for  whose  duty  special  expert  knowledge  is 
required  not  included  in  Schedule  E. 

Schedule  E  includes  physicians,  chemists,  nurses,  orderlies  and  attendants  in 
the  city  hospitals  and  asylums. 

Schedule  F  includes  all  persons  not  included  in  the  foregoing  schedules  and 
not  laborers  or  day  workmen. 

Schedule  G-  includes  laborers. 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  qualifications  of  persons  seeking  positions 
in  the  city  service,  three  boards  of  examiners  are  provided,  one  for  positions  in 
Schedules  B  and  C  ;  one  for  positions  in  Schedule  D,  and  one  for  positions  in 
Schedules  E  and  F.  Each  of  these  boards  of  examiners  is  composed  of  three 
persons.  In  addition  to  them,  an  advisory  board  consisting  of  three  persons 
has  been  appointed  to  have  the  general  supervision  of  the  working  of  the  new 
system  and  to  aid  the  mayor  in  its  administration.  The  great  majority  of  places 
under  these  schedules  as  to  which  examinations  take  place  at  all  are  thrown 
open  to  public  competition.  It  has  not  been  found  practicable  as  yet  to  subject 
to  such  competition  all  places  requiring  for  their  proper  discharge  special  experi¬ 
ence,  such  as  those  of  the  physicians  and  surgeons  in  the  hospitals  and  asylums 
of  the  city. 

So  far  as  the  examinations  under  Schedule  B  are  concerned,  the  examinations 
do  not  differ  material^  from  those  held  under  the  previous  rules,  nor  from  those 
lieTd  for  clerical  positions  in  the  service  of  the  United  States.  The  examinations 
for  places  under  all  the  schedules  except  C  are  required  to  be  in  writing.  The 
name  of  the  applicant  is  not  given  to  the  examining  board,  but  he  is  known 
during  the  examination  by  a  number.  No  questions  are  allowed,  the  answers 
to  which  would  indicate  his  political  affiliations.  The  boards  of  examiners  are 
empowered  to  employ  experts  to  aid  them  in  determining  the  qualifications  of 
candidates. 

The  general  scheme  of  examination  for  policemen  and  firemen  is  this:  In  the 
first  place,  a  schedule  is  provided,  which  must  be  filled  by  the  applicant,  con¬ 
taining  a  detailed  statement  as  to  his  health,  his  occupation  and  his  experience. 
Having  made  this  preliminary  statement,  he  is  to  be  examined  by  an  official 
surgeon.  A  schedule  is  provided  which  the  surgeon  must  fill  up  in  answer  to 
questions  on  the  various  points  in  the  applicant’s  physical  condition  as  to  which 
inquiry  is  desirable.  The  general  object  of  the  surgical  examination  is  to  sift  out 
all  the  applicants  who  by  reason  of  any  physical  defect  would  probably  fail  to 
endure  the  severe  strain  to  which  firemen  and  policemen  are  sometimes  exposed. 
After  the  examination  by  the  surgeon,  the  applicant  is  examined  in  reference  to 
his  physical  aptness  and  dexterity.  This  portion  of  the  examination  is  new. 


198  [Assembly 

Experience  has  seemed  to  indicate  that  a  purely  medical  examination,  while  it 
tends  to  reject  all  persons  of  defective  physical  organization,  fails  to  indicate 
those  who  have  distinct  physical  excellence  and  it  seems  clear  that  one  is  as  im¬ 
portant  as  the  other.  A  policeman  might,  for  example,  be  in  perfect  health,  yet 
if  the  condition  of  his  frame  were  such  that  he  could  not  run,  that  he  could  not 
shoot  with  accuracy,  that  he  could  not  hold  his  own  in  a  scuffle  with  a  burglar, 
he  would  be  an  undesirable  member  of  the  force.  He  is  also  required  to  submit 
references  from  responsible  persons  as  to  his  habits  and  reputation,  and  in  the 
case  of  a  policeman  the  captain  of  the  precinct  in  which  the  applicant  resides  is 
required  to  make  personal  inquiry  of  them  and  to  report  the  results  of  such  in¬ 
quiry.  In  the  case  of  firemen  this  duty  of  inquiry  is  devolved  upon  the  chiefs  of 
battalion.  All  these  statements  are  laid  before  the  examining  board  for  their 
consideration.  The  applicant  is  then  examined  as  to  his  experience  in  any  po¬ 
sition  tending  to  qualify  him  for  the  branch  of  the  service  which  he  seeks  to  en¬ 
ter,  and  then  as  to  what  perhaps  might  be  called  his  intellectual  qualifications. 
He  must  be  able  to  read,  to  write,  to  make  a  clear  statement  of  the  substance  of 
matter  orally  communicated,  to  answer  intelligently  as  to  the  requirements  of 
the  rules  of  the  police  of  the  fire  department  relating  to  the  duties  of  the  posi¬ 
tion  applied  for;  and  he  is  further  to  be  questioned,  if  he  seeks  appointment  as 
policeman,  with  reference  to  the  location  of  streets,  public  buildings  and  other  sub¬ 
jects  respecting  which  strangers  in  the  city  naturally  inquire.  In  the  case  of 
firemen  these  questions  are  directed  to  the  location  of  streets  and  the  location 
and  construction  of  buildings  with  special  reference  to  precautions  against  fire. 

Having  all  these  data  before  them  the  examining  board  is  now  required  to 
make  up  a  statement  of  results.  In  apportioning  the  weight  to  be  given  to  the 
different  subjects  respecting  which  inquiry  has  been  made  they  allot,  on  a  scale 
of  ten,  to  physical  qualifications,  four;  to  general  character,  two  ;  to  experience, 
one;  and  to  the  other  subjects,  three.  Under  the  head  of  Rules  and  Regulations, 
it  is  required  that  the  examiners,  having  given  the  applicants  opportunity  to 
study  the  rules  of  the  department,  should  state  to  them  cases,  preferably  actual 
cases  which  have  occurred,  and  ask  the  applicant  what  he  would  do  under  the 
circumstances  indicated,  and  what  his  powers  would  be  should  he  be  appointed 
policeman.  The  names  of  applicants  are  entered  on  a  list  in  the  order  of  fitness 
as  shown  by  the  results  of  all  these  inquiries. 

The  number  of  places  included  in  the  operation  of  these  rules  is  so  great  and 
the  necessary  difficulties  incident  to  the  adoption  of  a  new  system  on  so  large  a 
scale  so  considerable,  that  there  has  been  some  delay  in  the  examinations  and 
some  have  not  been  as  complete  as  in  future  it  is  expected  they  will  be.  The 
character  of  positions  in  the  service  of  the  city  is  so  diverse,  that  the  framing  of 
proper  questions  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  qualifications  of  the  applicants 
for  each  class  of  positions  is  not  an  easy  task.  But  it  is  to  be  remembered  that 
the  same  difficulties  existed  under  the  previous  system.  In  all  cases  it  was  as¬ 
sumed  that  some  inquiry  was  made  in  regard  to  the  qualifications  of  applicants 
for  any  particular  place.  If  no  such  inquiries  wrere  made  it  certainly  was  a  vio¬ 
lation  of  duty.  If  made  they  were  presumptively  intended  to  be  something  in 
the  nature  of  an  examination,  adapted  to  ascertain  the  qualifications  of  the  ap¬ 
plicant.  The  difference  between  the  two  systems  is  that  in  one  case  the  inqui¬ 
ries  are  conducted  by  a  board  specially  assigned  for  the  purpose  and  in  pursu¬ 
ance  of  a  prescribed  system.  In  the  other  case  they  were  conducted  without 
system  and  very  often  by  persons  feeling  no  special  responsibility  in  regard  to 
the  result. 

The  fundamental  rule  in  reference  to  examinations  is  that  the  board  of  ex¬ 
aminers  shall  ascertain  the  fitness  of  candidates  with  regard  to  character,  knowl¬ 
edge  and  ability  for  the  branch  of  the  service  which  they  seek  to  enter  and  the 
relative  excellence  and  standing  of  the  persons  examined  by  examination  on 
such  matters  as  will  fairly  test  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons 
examined  for  the  particular  duties  with  which  they  seek  to  be  charged. 

In  reference  to  the  various  schedules,  different  subjects  are  pointed  out  to 
which  inquiry  should  especially  be  directed,  but  the  rule  just  quoted  is  the  con- 


No.  42.] 


199 


trolling  rule  and  the.  one  that  in  all  cases  should  guide  the  examiner.  It  is  pro¬ 
vided  that  no  candidate  shall  be  placed  upon  the  eligible  list  unless  his  standing 
is  seventy  on  a  maximum  of  one  hundred.  From  the  highest  on  the  list  in  some 
cases  five  and  in  some  cases  three  persons  are  sent  to  the  appointing  power  and 
from  these  persons  so  sent  his  selection  is  made.  This  selection  is,  however, 
subject  to  the  test  of  probation  provided  for  in  these  rules  as  under  the  previous 
rules. 

In  reference  to  promotions  it  is  provided  that  they  shall  be  on  the  basis  of 
merit  and  competition  ;  that  persons  suitably  qualified  already  in  the  service 
shall  have  the  preference,  but  in  case  no  person  is  found  in  the  service  who  in 
the  opinion  of  the  appointing  power  is  qualified  to  fill  the  superior  place,  it  is  to 
be  thrown  open  to  competition  from  among  those  not  in  the  service. 

It  is  too  soon  as  yet  to  speak  with  precision  of  the  practical  results  of  the  ex¬ 
aminations  under  these  revised  regulations.  In  many  cases  very  few  applicants 
have  presented  themselves,  and  the  range  of  selections  has  been  on  this  account 
too  limited.  The  old  system  of  appointment  solely  in  the  discretion  of  the  ap¬ 
pointing  power  has  prevailed  so  long  that  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  character 
and  effect  of  the  new  rules  should  as  yet  be  imperfectly  understood.  Doubtless, 
too,  as  the  examining  boards  acquire  experience,  their  range  of  questions  will 
be  more  exactly  adapted  to  test  the  qualifications  of  applicants. 

There  is  no  magic  in  competitive  examinations.  They  eliminate  the  elements 
of  favoritism  and  partisanship,  from  appointments  to  office,  as  far  as  possible. 
But  as  to  the  determination  of  the  comparative  fitness  of  the  applicant,  every¬ 
thing  depends  upon  the  skill  and  judgment  of  the  examining  board.  They  may 
be  and  are  aided  by  the  services  of  experts.  But  it  is  desirable  that  at  least  one 
member  of  each  board  which  has  to  determine  the  fitness  of  all  persons  for  whose 
duty  special  expert  knowledge  is  required,  should  be  himself  especially  familiar 
with  the  subject  matter  of  the  examination,  or  qualified  for  his  duty  by  practical 
experience. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  the  inevitable  effect  of  the  old  system  was  to 
concentrate  power  in  the  hands  of  political  leaders  and  to  make  the  whole  offi¬ 
cial  corps  a  band  of  mercenaries  who  supported  the  fortunes  and  followed  the 
banners  of  political  leaders.  Nothing  could  be  more  opposed  to  the  whole 
spirit  and  genius  of  American  institutions.  Our  government  in  theory  is  based 
on  an  equality  of  privileges  and  rights.  No  legislation  can  give  equality  of  nat¬ 
ural  endowments,  and  consequently  none  can  give  an  equality  of  acquisitions  or 
possessions.  But  what  this  government  first  of  all  governments,  undertook 
to  do,  was  to  give  to  every  citizen  an  equal  opportunity  before  the  law.  Nothing 
can  be  more  hostile  to  this  than  the  idea  that  no  man  can  obtain  an  appoint¬ 
ment  who  has  not  some  political  backing,  who  has  not  some  influential 
friend,  who  either  from  motives  of  friendship  or  for  reasons  of  interest  is 
disposed  to  press  his  appointment  upon  the  appointing  power.  And  nothing 
can  be  more  conducive  to  an  unfaithful  and  inefficient  discharge  of  duty 
than  the  feeling  on  the  part  of  an  official  that  his  continuance  in  office  must 
depend  not  upon  his  faithful  service  but  upon  his  fealty  to  the  men  who 
appointed  him  or  who  keep  him  where  he  is. 

The  system  of  examination  embodied  in  the  Municipal  Civil  Service  Regula¬ 
tions  has  at  least  the  merit  of  giving  to  every  citizen  of  good  character,  so  far  as 
practicable,  an  opportunity  to  compete  on  equal  terms  for  employment  in  the 
service  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Annexed  are  schedules  containing  answers  to  the  specific  questions  submitted 
by  the  State  commission  as  far  as  it  has  been  practicable  to  prepare  them,  and 
covering  the  period  from  the  first  of  January  to  the  first  of  December  1884. 
The  answer  to  question  No.  2  is  incomplete,  because  many  of  the  persons  em¬ 
ployed  who  are  subject  to  examination  under  the  regulations  are  paid  by  the 
day  and  are  not  employed  continuously,  and  it  would  therefore  be  impracticable 
to  prepare  an  exact  answer  to  the  question  as  to  their  annual  compensation, 
without  an  analysis  of  all  the  pay  rolls  in  the  comptroller’s  office. 

As  to  the  fourth  question,  respecting  age  and  previous  education  of  applicants, 
it  is  impossible  to  give  a  complete  answer.  Under  the  regulations  which  went 


200 


[Assembly 


into  effect  on  the  first  of  January,  it  was  not  required  that  applicants  should 
state  their  age,  and  in  many  instances  it  was  not  required  that  they  should  state 
their  previous  education.  There  is  consequently  no  complete  information  avail¬ 
able  on  these  two  points.  As  far  as  possible  such  information  is  given  in  the 
annexed  schedules. 

The  analysis  of  the  positions  included  within  the  scope  of  the  Civil  Service 
rules  is  prepared  from  official  reports  made  by  the  several  departments  of  the 
Civil  Service  Commission,  and  transmitted  to  the  Legislature  January  31,  1884. 

Some  changes  have  taken  place  since  that  time,  but  their  number  is  inconsid¬ 
erable. 

The  positions  under  the  Aqueduct  Commission  are  not  included  in  the  an¬ 
nexed  schedules,  because  the  regulations  relating  to  the  work  of  that  commission 
are  in  progress  of  revision,  and  the  answers  respecting  such  positions  cannot 
therefore  be  accurately  given. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Dated  at  New  York,  December  8,  1884. 

EVERETT  P.  WHEELER, 

EDWIN  L.  GODKIN, 

E.  R.  ROBINSON. 

Approved,  Franklin  Edson,  Mayor ,  December  10, 1884. 


SCHEDULE 

Containing  Answers  to  Specific  Questions  of  Civil  Service  Commission. 

1.  Number  of  positions  (exclusive  of  laborers  exempt  from  examination) 

under  the  regulations . . .  118 

2.  Number  of  positions  subject  to  examination  under  the  regulations, 

with  the  aggregate  annual  amount  of  compensation  of  all  such  positions  5,540 
The  amount  of  compensation  is  not  given  for  the  reasons  stated  in  the  fore¬ 
going  report. 

3.  Number  of  such  positions  subject  when  vacant  to  be  filled  by  selection  from 
those  who  have  passed  in  competitive  examinations,  giving  separately  the  number 
of  positions  as  clerks,  policemen,  firemen,  etc.,  so  far  as  may  be  conveniently 


classified. 

Fire  department .  819 

Police  department . 2,741 

Department  of  public  works .  368 

Finance  department.  . .  114 

Counsel  to  the  corporation . .  21 

Department  of  taxes  and  assessments .  43 

Health  department .  121 

Department  of  docks .  162 

Office  of  the  city  record . . . 

Department  of  street  cleaning . 76 

Department  of  public  parks .  156 

Department  of  public  charities  and  correction .  836 

Mayor’s  office.  . .  .  16 

Municipal  service  boards . 3 


5,484 


4.  Number  of  persons  who  have  entered  the  competitive  examinations,  giving 
their  average  age  and  their  education,  viz.:  whether  common  school,  academic 
or  collegiate,  i.  e.,  the  numbers  of  each. 


No.  42.] 


201 


Common  school  education .  135 

Academic  education . . . .  28 

Collegiate  education .  34 

Not  given .  Ill 


758 


Their  age  cannot  be  given  since  in  their  application  papers  they  merely  state 
that  they  have  reached  the  age  of  eighteen  years. 

5.  Number  of  those  examined  who  have  passed  the  minimum.. .  600 

6.  Number  of  those  selected  for  employment,  giving  their  average  age  and 
their  education  as  above. 

For  positions  other  than  nurses,  orderlies  and  attendants. 

Common  school  education .  3 

Academic  education .  1 

Collegiate  education .  4 

Not  given .  1 


14 


Nurses,  orderlies,  and  attendants  not  given  :  their  age  cannot  be  given  for  the 
reason  above  stated. 

205 

7.  Number  of  those  discharged  during  or  at  end  of  probationary  period.  None 

8.  Number  of  positions  to  be  filled  when  vacant  by  non-competitive  ex¬ 
amination  .  .  , . , . .*. .  .  54 

9.  Number  of  persons  subjected  to  non-competitive  examination,  and  number 
passed  as  qualified  and  subsequently  employed: 

Passed . . . .  350 

Rejected . . .  56 


406 

=- 

Appointed .  182 


10 .  Number  of  those  discharged  during  or  at  end  of  probationary  period .  None 
11  .  Names  of  the  examiners  giving  the  Schedule. 

Schedules  B  and  C.  —  A.  R.  Macdonough.  J.  Seaver  Page,  Wyllys  Hodges. 
Schedule  D.  —  Arthur  H.  Dundon,  Dan.  B.  Smith,  James  Moir. 

Schedules  E  and  F.  —  F.  Herring  Burchard,  M.  D.,  F.  Tilden  Brown,  M. 
D.,  Thomas  H.  Manley,  M.  D. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.] 


26 


FIRST  REPORT. 


Brooklyn,  December  26,  1884. 

To  the  Hon.  Seth  Low,  Mayor: 

Sir — The  Civil  Service  Commission  of  Brooklyn  beg  leave  to  submit  to  you 
its  first  annual  report.  This  report  will  include  the  period  from  the  15th  of  De¬ 
cember,  1883,  when  the  mayor  prescribed  the  first  Civil  Service  regulations. 
The  present  commission  was  not,  indeed,  appointed,  and  the  present  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  regulations  were  not  adopted  until  September,  1884;  but  for  the  sake  of 
completeness  in  our  historical  record  we  deem  it  better  that  our  report  should 
commence  with  the  definite  inauguration  of  the  reform  in  Brooklyn. 

The  year  has  in  this  matter  been  one  of  experiment,  of  trial  and  of  growth. 
We  are  not  now  prepared  to  suggest  any  further  changes  in  the  Civil  Service 
regulations,  or  in  the  methods  of  examination.  We  are,  however,  by  no  means 
certain  that  we  have  reached  the  best  methods  of  regulating  admission  to  the 
Civil  Service  of  the  city.  We  are  sure,  indeed,  that  larger  practice  in  the  actual 
administration  of  the  new  system  will  lead  not  only  to  more  perfect  detail,  but 
doubtless  to  material  changes  in  methods.  We  readily  admit  that  faults  and 
errors  may  be  detected  in  the  Civil  Service  work  so  far  done  in  Brooklyn ;  but 
we  believe  that  the  faults  and  errors  have  been  no  greater  than  those  necessarily 
incident  to  any  radical  change  in  administration.  Whatever  the  imperfections 
in  the  application  of  the  new  methods,  they  have  been,  we  are  convinced  more 
and  more  by  our  experience  and  observation,  a  great  and  unmistakable  improve¬ 
ment  upon  the  previous  methods  of  selecting  the  employes  of  the  city.  The 
pressure  for  appointments  upon  officers  who  are  busily  engaged  in  the  perform¬ 
ance  of  the  work  of  their  departments  has  very  largely  disappeared.  The  hu¬ 
miliating  sense  of  personal  favor,  and  the  demoralizing  weight  of  political  obli¬ 
gation,  which  have  hitherto  attended  appointments  to  mere  business  places  in 
the  city  government,  have  at  least  begun  to  abate.  There  is  being  gradually  es¬ 
tablished  an  invaluable  impression  of  free  and  open  fairness.  And  the  persons 
selected  under  the  Civil  Service  examinations  have  been,  we  believe,  on  the 
whole,  though  possibly  with  some  exceptions,  of  an  intelligence  and  efficiency 
superior  to  the  average  prevailing  since  the  service  or  the  city  became  as  numer¬ 
ous  and  as  varied  as  it  now  is. 

Our  experience  and  observation  bring  us  also  larger  and  larger  assurance  that 
an  open  free  competition  is  the  essential  condition  of  the  reform  of  Civil  Service  ; 
that  where  such  competition  is  not  practicable,  it  is  better  to  leave  to  the  ap¬ 
pointing  officer  an  undivided  and  an  unlimited  responsibility  ;  and  that  such  a 
competition  can  be  advantageously  used  for  very  many  places  to  which  it  has 
not  been  supposed  to  be  applicable,  and,  indeed,  for  nearly  all  classes  of  the  mu¬ 
nicipal  servants. 

We  have  at  the  outset,  in  the  application  of  the  new  method,  been  naturally 
somewhat  timid  in  fixing  a  very  high  or  rigorous  standard.  We  incline  to  be¬ 
lieve  that,  so  far  as  we  have  erred,  the  error  has  been  in  fixing  too  low  rather 
than  too  high  a  standard  for  the  examinations.  There  has  been  so  much  and  so 
varied  misinformation  about  Civil  Service  reform,  and  prejudices  have  been  so 
rife  about  the  scholastic  and  impracticable  nature  of  the  examinations  which  it 
was  imagined  were  held,  that  we  have  been  very  naturally  tempted  to  open  theV 
door  as  generously  as  possible .  But  upon  the  examinations  it  is  to  be  remem¬ 
bered  that  all  are  treated  alike;  no  one  fails  of  an  appointment  by  reason  of  the 
severity  of  the  examination  unless  some  one  else  has  gotten  the  appointment 
through  his  superior  ability  to  endure  it  ;  where  many  men  are  in  other  things 
equal,  the  difficulties  of  the  examination,  although  completely  surmounted  by 
none  of  the  competitors,  will  still  bring  the  ablest  and  most  capable  men  to  the 
head  of  the  eligible  list.  And  the  city  is  certainly  entitled  to  the  very  best  ability 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 


203 


and  capacity  which  are  willing  to  enter  its  service.  We  are,  therefore,  inclined 
hereafter  to  make  the  examinations  as  thorough  and  rigorous  as  is  consistent 
with  the  obtaining  of  eligible  lists  sufficiently  numerous  for  the  needs  of  the 
city  service. 

It  is  here  proper  to  add,  however,  that  the  severity  of  the  test  does  not  refer 
solely,  or  even  chiefly  to  literary  qualifications.  The  regulations  prescribe  and 
good  sense  plainly  dictates  that  “  the  examinations  shall  relate  to  those  matters 
which  will  fairly  test  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons  examined 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  service  to  which  they  seek  to  be  appointed.”  In 
but  a  small  number  of  the  places  for  which  we  have  examined  competitors,  have 
we  believed  literary,  or  even  clerical  qualifications  to  be  of  the  first  moment. 
Nor  have  we  rated  them  as  such.  In  a  large  number  of  places,  especially  those 
.  of  policemen,  firemen,  watchmen  and  the  like,  physical  strength,  agility  and 
endurance,  and  freedom  from  physical  imperfection,  have  been  deemed  and 
rated  as  of  chief  importance.  In  places  like  those  of  draughtsmen,  inspectors 
of  building,  plumbing,  streets  or  sewers,  we  have  considered  practical  familiarity 
with  the  very  work  to  be  done  as  being  the  chief  point.  Upon  the  examina¬ 
tion  of  candidates  for  levellers  and  rodmen  in  the  Engineer’s  Bureau  of  the  De¬ 
partment  of  City  Works,  the  chief  engineer  desired  that  the  appointees  should 
be  men  scientifically  trained,  so  that  they  might  grow  into  the  places  of  respon¬ 
sible  civil  engineers  ;  and  it  was  proposed  that  they  should  commence  their  work 
at  the  simplest  practical  details.  On  that  examination,  therefore,  we  rated  tech¬ 
nical  training  very  high,  and  a  practical  experience  as  of  comparatively  little 
weight.  In  the  case  of  foremen  of  street  repair  gangs,  inasmuch  as  the  main 
quality  required  was  a  vigorous,  persistent  and  practical  ability  to  compel  labor¬ 
ers  to  perform  their  full  share  of  work,  and  to  do  it  well,  we  considered  actual 
successful  experience  shown  to  have  been  had  in  similar  work  as  the  chief 
requisite  upon  the  examination. 

Our  examinations  have,  of  course,  been  very  unequal  during  the  year.  We 
have  ourselves  been  learning  in  a  new  field.  In  the  earlier  examinations  we 
did  not  rate,  as  we  afterwards  came  to  think  we  ought,  the  experience  and  rep¬ 
utation  of  the  candidates  as  shown  by  their  own  statements  and  those  of  the 
persons  recommending  them,  as  of  material  importance  in  reaching  the  relative 
standing  upon  the  eligible  list.  We  at  first  were  content  if  the  certificates  as  to 
character  merely  met  the  terms  of  our  general  rule  as  to  admission  to  the  exam¬ 
ination.  We  made  testimonials  no  part  of  the  competition.  We  have  reached 
the  conclusion,  however,  that  for  many  places  the  evidence  thus  obtained  when 
properly  scrutinized  and  under  some  limitations,  would  with  a  private  employer, 
and  ought  for  that  reason  with  the  city,  to  have  great  weight.  We  have, 
therefore,  latterly  addressed,  and  propose  in  future  addressing,  as  part  of  every 
examination,  to  the  candidates  and  to  those  who  vouch  for  them,  a  series  of 
questions  calling  for  specific  and  detailed  information  about  occupation,  experi¬ 
ence,  habits,  character,  reputation.  These  questions  will  assume  as  little  as  pos¬ 
sible  a  categorical  form  so  as  to  call  for  testimony  in  a  spontaneous  form.  The 
information  thus  obtained  as  to  each  candidate  is  to  be  graded  precisely  as  a 
literary  examination  would  be  graded.  In  places  like  those  of  watchmen,  po¬ 
licemen,  firemen,  and  other  places  where  habits,  character  and  reputation,  are 
of  the  utmost  importance,  this  part  of  the  examination  would  have  a  large  pro¬ 
portional  rating. 

In  each  division  of  the  examination,  in  physique,  experience,  practical  knowl¬ 
edge,  reputation  and  literary  merit,  a  minimum  percentage  is  fixed,  below  which 
if  the  candidate  fall,  he  cannot  be  placed  upon  the  eligible  list  however  well  he 
may  have  done  in  the  other  divisions  of  the  examination  ;  and  on  each  examina¬ 
tion  a  general  minimum  of  percentage  is  fixed  for  admission  to  the  eligible  list. 

The  commission  ventures  to  suggest  also  that  the  result  of  the  establishment 
of  the  competitive  system  will  probably  be  to  reduce  somewhat  the  number  of 
officers.  .  The  personal  pressure  to  fill  vacancies  being  withdrawn,  it  will  doubt¬ 
less  be  discovered  that  some  of  them  the  public  interest  do  not  require  to  be 
filled,  and  that  municipal  economy  will  be  promoted  by  leaving  the  vacancies 
unfilled. 


[Assembly 


204 

Before  leaving  this  preliminary  discussion  there  are  two  other  points  wre  feel 
bound  to  notice.  W e  do  not  believe  that  the  Civil  Service  examinations  have 
yet  attracted  as  many  competent  candidates  as  they  will  attract  hereafter  and  as 
the  system  becomes  better  known.  We  believe  excellent  men  have  not  com¬ 
peted  for  many  places  from  "want  of  information  as  to  the  system,  from  doubt  of 
its  permanence,  and  last  and  probably  not  least,  from  a  lingering  and  traditionary 
belief  that  political,  if  not  indeed  personal  considerations,  have  the  same  sort  of 
weight  with  Civil  Service  examiners  that  they  have  in  the  past  been  popularly 
supposed  to  have  with  executive  officers.  Some  of  the  certificates  as  to  char¬ 
acter  presented  to  us  bear  testimony  to  the  powerful  survival  of  this  idea.  We 
do  not  need,  we  believe,  to  say  to  the  mayor  that  our  examinations  and  ratings 
have  been  scrupulously  impersonal  and  free  from  political  or  partisan  bias.  But, 
we  do  think  it  most  desirable  that  it  should  be  widely  and  definitely  known  that 
the  introduction  of  such  considerations  into  the  applications  of  candidates,  or 
into  the  testimonials  sent  by  those  who  vouch  for  them,  do  the  candidates  rather 
harm  than  good.  What  the  commission  wish  is  the  completest  information  ac¬ 
cessible  about  the  candidate  of  the  very  kind  which  would  probably  weigh  with 
a  private  employer ;  and  the  commission  and  the  candidates  as  well  are  hin¬ 
dered  by  the  offer  of  any  other  information. 

The  first  Civil  Service  regulations  for  Brooklyn  were  prescribed  by  the  mayor 
on  the  15th  of  December,  1883.  Besides  the  officers  excepted  from  the  operation 
of  the  present  regulations,  as  will  be  hereafter  mentioned,  there  were  excepted 
from  the  first  regulations  all  positions  in  the  police,  health,  fire  and  law  depart¬ 
ments.  The  remainder  of  the  civil  service  of  the  city  was  by  those  regulations 
divided  into  four  schedules :  Schedule  A,  which  included  deputies  and  officers 
occupying  a  strictly  confidential  position  ;  Schedule  B  which  included  persons 
rendering  clerical  services;  Schedule  C  which  included  all  positions  within  the 
rules  not  included  in  either  of  the  Schedules  A,  B,  or  D,  and  Schedule  D  which 
included  laborers  and  day  workmen.  Positions  in  Schedules  A  and  D  were 
exempt  from  examination  ;  positions  in  Schedule  B,  unless  filled  by  promotion, 
were  to  be  filled  solely  by  competitive  examination.  Appointments  to  positions 
in  Schedule  C  were  to  be  made  subject  to  a  qualifying  examination  by  the  Civil 
Service  examiners;  but  the  appointing  officers  could,  if  they  pleased,  subject  the 
positions  in  Schedule  C  to  an  open  competition  or  a  limited  competition.  It 
will  be  observed,  therefore,  that  the  only  positions  definitely  subjected  to  com¬ 
petition  were  clerkships  in  departments  other  than  those  of  the  police,  health, 
fire,  law  or  education.  Those  clerkships  were  129  in  number;  and  only  that 
number  of  places,  therefore,  were  subject  to  competition.  On  the  27th  of  De¬ 
cember,  1883,  the  mayor  by  additional  regulations,  specified  more  distinctly  and 
in  detail  the  municipal  positions  within  the  several  schedules.  On  the  15th  of 
December,  1883,  the  mayor  appointed  as  members  of  the  examining  boards  for 
positions  in  Schedule  B,  Messrs.  Ethan  Allen  Doty,  John  C.  Orr.  and  Edmond 
F.  Clyne;  and  for  positions  in  Schedule  C„  Edward  M.  Shepard,  Frederic  Crom¬ 
well,  and  John  H.  Schumann. 

The  first  competitive  examinations  were  held  on  the  28th  of  December,  1883, 
and  on  the  28th  of  February,  1884,  for  clerical  positions  in  Schedule  B,  whose 
annual  salaries  were  $1,000  or  less,  and  over  $1,000  but  less  than  $1,500.  Copies 
of  the  examination  papers  are  printed  in  the  appendix  to  this  report.  There 
were  127  candidates  upon  these  examinations,  and  of  these  seventy-one  passed 
the  examination,  receiving  at  least  the  minimum  of  seventy  per  cent.  At  these 
examinations  candidates  were  examined  at  their  option  in  higher  arithmetic,  let¬ 
ter-writing  and  book-keeping.  Copies  of  the  optional  papers  are  also  to  be 
found  in  the  appendix.  At  the  beginning  of  each  examination  every  candidate 
was  required,  and  the  practice  has  been  continued  to  fill  out  a  preliminary 
sheet,  the  form  of  which  is  given  in  the  appendix.  After  signing  that  sheet  the 
candidate  is  known  and  marked  simply  by  his  examination  number,  and  the 
sheet  is  not  referred  to  until  his  papers  have  been  marked.  The  object  of  this 
provision  is,  of  course,  to  secure  an  impersonal  fairness  in  the  rating  of  papers. 
In  the  rating  of  testimonials  and  of  physique,  however,  this  precaution  obviously 
cannot  be  fully  observed. 


No.  42.] 


205 


Only  seven  appointments  to  Schedule  C  were  made  subject  to  a  qualifying  ex¬ 
amination.  The  examining  board  rejected  none  of  the  appointees  nominated  to 
them  for  such  examination.  The  dates  and  positions  with  the  names  of  such  ap¬ 
pointees  are  given  in  the  appendix.  The  examiners  at  once  found  that  a  quali¬ 
fying  examination  was  very  unsatisfactory  at  the  best.  The  great  amount  of 
official  machinery  required  for  many  separate  examinations,  the  nearness  of  the 
appointing  officers,  the  imputations  which  a  rejection  of  an  appointee  might 
seem  to  cast  both  upon  him  and  upon  the  officer  who  appointed  him,  the  vastly 
greater  ease,  certainty  and  fairness  with  which  examiners  could  say  who  were 
best  out  of  a  class  than  to  say  whether  a  single  individual  were  sufficiently  com¬ 
petent — these  and  other  considerations  speedily  rendered  the  examiners  for 
Schedule  C  unwilling  to  continue  the  “pass”  examinations.  They  therefore 
urged  the  mayor,  for  that,reason  if  for  no  other,  to  extend  open  competition  as 
far  as  was  prudent,  and  as  to  places  where  competition  could  not  wisely  be  tried 
to  leave  to  the  appointing  officer  an  undivided  responsibility. 

Upon  our  mere  suggestion  the  commissioner  of  buildings,  Mr.  Gaylor,  very 
willingly  assented  when  he  needed  to  appoint  building  inspectors,  to  throw  the 
place  open  to  competition,  as  the  regulations  permitted  him  to  do,  those  places 
being  within  Schedule  C.  On  the  3d  of  March,  1884,  an  open  competitive  ex¬ 
amination  was  therefore  held  for  building  inspectors.  This  examination  is  of 
interest  in  the  history  of  the  reform  as  being  the  first  municipal  examination  of 
which  we  know  for  places  of  this  practical  kind,  the  qualifications  for  which  it 
had  been  almost  universally  supposed  could  not  be  determined  in  an  examination. 
Thirty-one  candidates  were  examined,  of  whom  thirteen  reached  the  eligible 
list.  The  success  on  this  examination  led  to  a  competitive  examination  for 
street  inspectors,  inspectors  of  plumbing  and  foremen  of  street  repair  gangs  on 
the  17th  of  April,  1884.  The  examination  for  foremen  of  street  repair  gangs 
was  deemed  an  extreme  application  of  the  competitive  test,  and  its  result  was 
awaited  with  much  interest  and  no  little  anxiet}7-. 

The  qualifications  of  a  good  foreman  were  obviously  not  such  as  could  be  well 
detected  by  any  scholastic  or  literary  test.  The  question  was  really  what  knowl¬ 
edge  the  men  had  of  the  work  of  repairing  streets,  and  what  executive  ability 
they  would  exhibit  in  directing  day  laborers.  The  examination,  therefore,  called 
in  the  first  place  for  an  account  of  the  man’s  former  occupation  and  employment, 
and  what  work  he  had  done,  and  where  and  for  whom  he  had  done  it.  The  ex¬ 
hibit  thus  made  by  the  candidate  of  his  experience  was  marked  as  having  a 
weight  of  60  out  cff  250.  The  candidate  was  next  examined  as  to  practical  de¬ 
tails  of  the  work,  the  tools  necessary  to  a  complete  gang  of  laborers,  the  use  of 
sand  in  laying  pavements,  the  treatment  of  a  foundation,  the  work  which  a 
paver  should  do  in  a  day,  and  other  like  practical  questions,  and  was  finally  ex¬ 
amined  in  simple  arithmetic,  measurements,  and  other  like  things  necessary  to 
enable  him  to  make  proper  computations  and  the  simple  reports  required  by  the 
department.  The  result  of  this  part  of  the  examination  was  marked  as  having  a 
weight  of  190  out  of  250.  The  result  of  the  examination  for  foremen  was  very 
successful,  and  created  in  the  examiners  very  great  confidence  in  the  extension 
of  the  competitive  test  to  all  like  places.  On  the  29th  of  May,  1884,  a  competi¬ 
tive  examination  was  held  for  draughtsmen,  levellers  and  rodmen  in  the  En¬ 
gineer’s  Bureau  of  the  Department  of  City  Works.  Notices  of  this  examination 
were  sent  to  many  technical  schools  and  colleges,  and  a  most  intelligent  body  of 
men  presented  themselves  for  examination.  Professor  George  W.  Plympton, 
of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  Professor  Alfred  G.  Compton,  of  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  and  the  late  Isaac  Newton,  the  chief  engineer  of  the  aque¬ 
duct  department  in  New  York,  acted  as  experts  upon  this  examination. 

The  experts  upon  the  other  examinations  were:  for  building  inspectors, 
Richard  B.  Eastman,  Esq.,  architect;  for  foremen  of  street  repair  gangs,  D.  L. 
Smith,  Esq.,  of  the  New  York  water  purveyor’s  office;  for  plumbing  inspectors, 
Mortimer  J.  Lyon,  Esq.,  president  of  the  Brooklyn  plumbers’  association  ;  for 
sewer  inspectors,  C.  H.  Meyers,  Esq.,  of  the  New  York  department  of  public 
works;  for  watchmen,  Edwin  A.  Lewis,  M.  D.,  police  surgeon,  of  this  city ;  and 
for  street  inspectors,  J.  Rickard,  Esq.,  of  the  city  of  New  York. 


206  [Assembly 

On  12th  July,  1884,  a  competitive  examination  was  held  for  watchmen  in  the 
department  of  city  works.  Upon  this  examination  the  examiners  first  tried  the 
experiment  of  rating  the  testimonials  furnished  by  those  who  vouched  for  the 
candidates.  These  testimonials  were  procured  by  addressing  a  circular  series  of 
questions  to  each  person  so  vouching.  The  result  of  the  use  of  this  circular 
upon  this  examination,  and  upon  the  later  examination  for  street  inspectors,  con¬ 
vinced  the  examiners  that  it  was  a  most  valuable  addition  to  the  examination  ; 
that  the  results  of  the  inquiries  so  made  of  the  persons  giving  testimonials  could 
be  satisfactorily  rated ;  and  that  in  positions  like  watchmen,  inspectors  and  other 
officers  where  absolute  integrity  and  great  care  are  main  qualifications,  this  part 
of  the  examination  should  be  given  a  very  large  proportion  of  weight.  Upon 
this  examination  the  examiners  also  first  tried  the  experiment  of  rating  the  physi¬ 
cal  merit  of  the  candidates  numerically.  It  had  hitherto  been  supposed  suffi¬ 
cient,  to  simply  discover  by  physical  examination  iri  the  case  of  policemen  and 
firemen,  whether  the  men  were  sound.  No  effort  had  been  made  to  grade  the 
men  who  were  sound,  so  that  the  other  qualifications  of  the  candidates  being 
equal,  the  city  might  secure  the  men  of  the  best  physique.  This  the  examiners 
sought  to  do  upon  the  examination  for  watchmen,  and  with  success.  No  can¬ 
didate  was  passed  who  was  not  marked  in  physique  at  least  70  out  of  100.  The 
proportional  importance  given  to  physique  upon  this  examitation  was  100  out 
of  250 ;  to  the  reputation  and  character  of  the  candidate  as  shown  by  his  testi¬ 
monials  50  out  of  250 ;  to  the  fitness  of  the  occupation  and  experience  of  the 
candidate  50  out  of  250  ;  and  to  the  knowledge  of  reading,  writing  and  simple 
arithmetic  of  the  candidate  50  out  of  250. 

On  13th  November,  1884,  and  after  the  establishment  of  the  present  regulations, 
and  the  appointment  of  the  present  commission,  an  examination  for  patrolmen 
was  had,  as  will  appear  from  the  copies  of  the  papers  used  upon  this  examina¬ 
tion,  which  are  printed  in  the  appendix.  No  grading  was  upon  this  examination 
attempted  in  physique,  or  in  character  or  reputation.  Upon  future  examinations, 
however,  the  commission  will  give  ample  attention  and  a  distinct  rating  to  these 
elements,  instead  of  devolving  them  entirely  upon  the  appointing  officer,  whose 
selection  is  under  the  regulations  limited  as  to  each  appointment  to  the  first 
three  names  upon  the  eligible  list. 

On  8th  March,  1884,  the  commissioner  of  police,  Mr.  Partridge,  prescribed  reg¬ 
ulations  under  the  act  of  1883,  for  admission  to  the  police  force.  He  appointed 
as  examiners  Messrs.  Charles  J.  Henry,  John  Rueger  and  William  H.  Brownell. 
The  examinations  provided  by  the  police  regulations  were  not<;ompetitive.  Ex¬ 
aminations  were  held,  and  41  successful  candidates  were  placed  upon  the  eligible 
list.  The  eligible  list  so  formed  remained  until  it  was  exhausted  by  appoint¬ 
ment  therefrom,  and  a  new  eligible  list  under  the  new  regulations  was  formed 
upon  the  examination  already  mentioned,  which  was  held  on  13th  November, 
1884. 

On  March  8th,  1884,  the  Commissioner  of  Health,  Dr.  Raymond,  prescribed 
regulations  pursuant  to  the  same  power  given  him  by  the  act  of  1883.  These  regu¬ 
lations  provided  for  competitive  examinations  for  the  various  clerkships  in  the 
department,  and  for  qualifying  examinations  in  the  other  positions. 

The  commissioner  appointed  as  examiners  the  secretary  of  the  board  and  the 
sanitary  inspectors. 

It  is  proper  to  say  thut  the  competitive  examinations  held  for  positions  requir¬ 
ing  special  qualifications,  like  inspectors,  foremen  and  the  like,  had  a  success 
which  induced  the  mayor,  when  prescribing  new  regulations  under  the  ampler 
powers  given  by  the  Civil  Service  act  of  1884  (chapter  410),  to  greatly  extend 
the  operation  of  the  competitive  test,  and  to  abolish  the  qualifying  examinations. 

The  success  of  these  competitions  had  also  become  known  beyond  Brooklyn 
and  were  very  largely  instrumental  in  causing  the  extension  of  the  competitive 
test  in  the  new  regulations  for  New  York  city  and  for  the  other  cities  of  the 
State.  It  is  a  matter  of  very  great  and  justifiable  satisfaction  that  the  experi¬ 
ments  which  the  liberal  and  progressive  temper  prevailing  in  the  municipal  ad¬ 
ministration  of  Brooklyn  made  possible,  have  had  the  largest  and  we  believe 
the  most  enduring  results,  and  have  lain  well  at  the  foundation  of  the  present 
Civil  Service  policy  in  the  municipalities  of  the  State. 


No.  42.] 


207 


On  the  15th  August,  1884,  the  mayor  prescribed  the  new  Civil  Service  reg¬ 
ulations,  which  included  the  police,  fire,  health  and  law  departments,  which 
had  been  excepted  from  previous  regulations.  The  new  regulations  were  ap¬ 
proved  by  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  the  State  on  26th  August,  1884,  and 
took  effect  on  12th  September,  1884.  Under  these  regulations  the  positions  in 
the  municipal  service  not  excepted  by  the  terms  of  the  statute  were  divided  into 
three  schedules.  Schedule  A  included  positions  of  a  peculiarly  confidential,  trust 
or  professional  character,  and  positions  having  important  executive  responsibility, 
and  requiring  varied  and  peculiar  experience.  There  were  also  included  in 
Schedule  A,  certain  appointees  of  the  board  of  aldermen,  the  board  of  elections, 
and  also  the  Civil  Service  Commissioners  and  examiners,  and  sealers  of  weights 
and  measures,  and  one  or  two  others  whom  it  seemed  impracticable  to  place  in 
Schedule  B.  Schedule  B  included  all  other  positions  excepting  those  of  laborers 
or  day  workmen.  And  Schedule  D  included  laborers  and  day  workmen.  Ap¬ 
pointments  to  the  positions  in  Schedules  A  and  D  are  under  the  regulations  made 
without  examination.  All  of  the  positions  in  Schedule  B  are  subject  to  an  open 
free  competition. 

For  convenient  reference  we  give  in  Appendix  1,  a  list  of  the  positions  in  the 
city  government  excepted  from  the  operation  of  the  Civil  Service  law  ;  and  in 
Appendix  2  a  list  of  the  positions  which  by  the  regulations  are  placed  in  Sched¬ 
ule  A,  and  which,  as  such,  are  filled  by  appointment  without  examination.  All 
other  places  in  the  city  government,  excepting  those  given  in  these  two  appen¬ 
dices  and  excepting  laborers  and  day  workmen,  are  now  filled  solely  by  compet¬ 
itive  examination. 

The  number  of  positions  included  in  Schedule  A  and  as  such  excepted  from 
examinations  by  the  regulations,  is  93.  Of  these,  however,  the  eleven  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  Commissioners  are  paid  no  compensation,  and  the  sealers  of  weights  and 
measures  are  paid  entirely  by  fees. 

The  number  of  positions  included  in  Schedule  B,  and  as  such  filled  solely  upon 
competitive  examination  are  1,418,  the  total  salaries  paid  to  the  holders  of  these 
positions  being  $1,466,686.  The  1,418  positions  in  Schedule  B  are  divided  as 


follows: 

Clerks,  book-keepers,  copyists . . .  165 

Various  positions  in  the  department  of  city  works .  125 

Positions  in  the  police .  714 

Positions  in  the  fire  department .  .  331 

Positions  in  the  health  department .  34 

Remaining  positions .  49 


1,418 


The  number  of  laborers  and  day  workmen  employed  during  the  year  (omitting 
December)  was  698.  Of  these  512  >vere  suspended  from  work  or  discharged. 
We  suppose  the  average  number  in  employment  at  one  time  was  350.  The 
total  average  service  of  the  city  during  the  past  year  was  therefore: 

Positions  excepted  from  the  Civil  Service  law : 

The  mayor  and  heads  of  departments,  members  of  commissions,  and  police 

justices .  32 

Aldermen, .  19 

Members  of  board  of  education .  45 

Teachers  and  employes  under  the  board  of  education . 1,722 

Positions  in  Schedule  A,  of  particular  trust  oi  executive  responsibility  and 

not  subject  to  competition .  93 

Positions  in  Schedule  B,  to  which  appointments  are  made  solely  upon  com¬ 
petitive  examination . 1,418 

Average  number  of  laborers  and  day  workmen .  350 

Making  the  average  total  number  of  persons  in  the  service  of  Brooklyn.  . .  3,679 


208 


[Assembly 


Inasmuch  as  the  Civil  Service  regulations  require  this  commission,  at  the  be¬ 
ginning  of  1885,  to  prepare  the  civil  list  of  Brooklyn,  containing  the  name  of  every 
person  in  the  employ  of  Brooklyn,  or  receiving  compensation  from  the  city  on 
the  first  day  of  January,  together  with  the  title  of  his  office  ;  the  salary  or  com¬ 
pensation  thereto  attached,  a  brief  specification  of  the  duties  of  the  office  and 
other  like  data,  the  commission  will  trust,  in  its  next  annual  report,  to  give,  with 
more  completeness,  the  general  data  relating  to  the  persons  in  the  municipal  ser¬ 
vice  than  it  is  now  able  to  give. 

Appendix  3  contains  a  table  showing  the  number  of  competitors  in  the  compet¬ 
itive  examinations  so  far  held  for  each  class  of  positions,  the  sort  of  education, 
if  any,  which  the  competitors  had  had,  and  the  average  age  of  the  competitors, 
and  also  showing  the  number  of  competitors  who  were  successful  in  reaching  the 
eligible  list,  with  the  same  data,  and  also,  in  aggregate,  the  places  of  birth  of  the 
persons  upon  such  lists. 

Appendix  4  gives  the  various  eligible  lists  formed  upon  the  competitive 
examinations  so  far  had,  with  the  age  and  numerical  rating  of  the  different  per¬ 
sons  upon  such  lists. 

Appendix  5  shows  the  number  of  promotions  made  under  the  Civil  Service 
regulations,  which  were  made  upon  competitive  examinations,  and  by  whom 
those  examinations  were  conducted. 

Appendix  6  shows  the  number  of  persons  whose  names  were  stricken  from 
eligible  lists;  the  number  or  persons  appointed  from  eligible  lists,  who  were  dis¬ 
charged  from  the  positions  to  which  they  were  appointed  during  or  at  the  end 
of  their  probation  as  not  being  satisfactory ;  who  were  discharged  because  the 
work  upon  which  they  were  engaged  was  finished,  and  who  left  their  positions 
simply  of  their  own  wish  —  in  each  case,  the  classes  being  indicated.  Appendix 
7  gives  the  various  papers  of  questions  used  upon  the  various  examinations. 

Appendix  8  shows  the  total  number  of  appointments  of  laborers  or  day  work¬ 
men,  being  the  civil  employes  included  in  Schedule  D,  and  their  removal  or  sus¬ 
pension  by  reason  of  cessation  of  work  made  since  the  1st  of  January,  1884,  the 
table  also  showing  the  number  of  such  appointments,  removals  and  suspensions 
made  during  each  month  to  the  1st  of  December,  1884. 

Appendix  9  contains  a  list  of  the  appointments  made  under  the  regulations 
now  superseded,  subject  to  a  qualifying  examination  by  the  examiners  in  the 
old  Schedule  C. 

The  entire  expenditure  upon  the  Civil  Service  work  for  the  first  3rear  has  been 
$1,330.44;  and  there  are  some  outstanding  charges,  which  may  amount  to  $75. 
Appendix  10  shows  the  detail  of  this  expenditure. 

The  commission  feel  bound  in  conclusion  to  express  to  the  mayor  their  very 
high  appreciation  of  the  services  of  Joseph  W.  Sutphen,  Esq.,  designated  by  the 
mayor  to  act  as  secretary  to  the  commission.  In  the  absence  of  settled  forms 
and  methods  of  procedure,  amid  the  embarrassments  connected  with  inaugurat¬ 
ing  a  new  experiment,  and  during  the  establishment  of  new  and  radically  differ¬ 
ent  methods  in  municipal  administration,  Mr.  Sutphen ’s  patience,  industry  and 
highly  intelligent  loyalty  to  the  general  plan  of  the  reform  have  been  invaluable  . 
to  the  commission  and  to  the  reform  itself. 

Respectfully, 

ETHAN  ALLEN  DOTY, 

Chairman  of  the  commission. 
EDWARD  M.  SHEPARD, 

JOHN  H.  SCHUMANN, 

EDMOND  F.  CLYNE, 

WM.  H.  BROWNELL, 

CHAS.  J.  HENRY, 

JOHN  RUEGER, 

J.  FRED  MOORE,  M.  D., 

HENRY  M.  LEWIS,  M.  D., 

ISAAC  H.  CARY, 

A.  AUGUSTUS  HEALY. 

Comviissioners. 


/ 


No.  42.] 


209 


•si 

<s> 

5S» 

Ss 

£> 

53 

*N 

si 

o 

•■s> 

-sc> 

<o 

5^ 

•<s> 

<< 

•Si 

•<5 

■vo 

•<s> 


si 

o 

*<>> 

•Si 

e 

•I 


<s> 

5S 

•  <s* 

‘Kj 

*  ^S> 

HO 

<^> 


53 

CO 

X 

I— I 

O 

z;  „ 
w  & 

Ph  I 
pj  6 

xi 

■Si 

Ss 

<0 

■Si 

<© 

o. 

'S) 

s> 

53 

<< 


cy 

CO 

si 

<0 

=0 

Ss 

<s> 

fci 


sO 


Si 

si 

si 

•  <© 

§ 

o> 


55 

O 

HH 

H 

<1 

55 

H- 1 

3 

<1 

X! 

H 


=  2 


'S  g 
ao 


o 

_  .  © 
©  -*  © 
©©  © 
©  ©  ft 
D,  ©  © 
m  *- 


«.S«‘  < 
■S^gef,' 
-5.  .5  2; 


;  © 

;a 

i©  2  ~ 

^2*0  3 

S-  ^ 


—  ©  a  ©  ©,H 

M  lPM  *  .  _ ■  'O 

®  3  o—  i-  ©  O 

OP^(XQs333i 


©  W 

t-  © 

o  o 

©  *J 

©  © 

©  © 

QQS  c 

CO  CO  ®  m 

=  .5  5  2 

©  ©^  o 

>  ©  G  G 
«'•  U  M  G 

©  S)£>«C 

CQ  CO  F*  &-» 


©-•4:.a.a,G.c43x:.a 

CQ'0'0+Jp+J*J4J*J+J+J 

HNCO^iOOt-COOJOH 


co 

73 

-*-» 

o 

H 


•jbj  os  pajutoddB  AifB 
-ojob  sjojtjadttioo 
jujssaoons  jo  aaqiun^ 

M«5si0irH<Mei5iC5MNiH 

Ol  *-i 

iO 

05 

•sjo^podiuoo  ^rijssao 
-ons’;o  so^b  jo  'Jxujit 

Years. 

21  to  61 

36  to  48 

34  to  58 

32 

26 

21  to  28 

19  to  23 

40  to  50 

64  to  72 

30  to  46 

26  to  42 

• 

• 

• 

•sjowadiuoo  [njssoo 
-ons’  JO  9SB  9SBJ9AV 

©t-03r-l  C3COCOCO-HC3 

X1 

•uoijBonpa 

ogi^uaios ^uia'bcj  euiBg 

*H  .  .  •  T— <  CO  03  •  *  • 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

05 

rH 

•UOll^^npa  9JB 
-iSapoo  iJtiiABq  ouiBg 

05  .  •  •  -C^rH  •  |  • 

•  •••  ,«.• 

rH 

•uoiiBonpa  oiui 
-apBOB  SUlABq  9UJBg 

SB1-1  :  :  Ith  .  :  : 

CO 

CO 

‘UOJJBO 
-np9  iooqos  uoaiiiioo 
SaiABq  s.iojij9duioo 
injssaoons  jo  aaqiuuK 

OOCit--**  •  •  -COt-CO-© 

♦  NHrt  1-10 

cc 

rH 

•jsil  oiqi^qa  eqj 

SuiqOB9J  III  I11JSS90 
-ons  qjoay  oq.YY  Joqain^ 

HCOl-^HHOOCCCOH 
i.—  r-i  rH  rH  CO 

iO 

rH 

•jiniq 

8Sb  ai  ©ouoaoflia 

Years. 

21  to  74 

24  to  68 
30  to  73 
21  to  51 

J-19  to  38 

40  to  68 

25  to  75 
29  to  54 

26  to  46 

•oSb  oSbjoay 

93  t—  CO  lO  lO  t-  -+1  CO 

ciiOtOiOiOOit—  -^vO'^tMCO 

X 

• 

•uoij 

-Bonpo  iooqos  uoiu 
-uioo  guiABq  aeqam^ 

BSS1*  •;  : 

t- 

H 

CO 

•aoijBonpo  oini 
-apBOB  adiABq  aoqdin^ 

C5-H  -  .CO  •  • 

;  ; 

LO 

o 

•uoxjBonpo  ogiq. 
-aoios  SiiiABq  aoquin^ 

.  .  .  .  C5  O  CO  •  • 

•  .  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

CO 

•uoijBonpo  ©jbiSoi 
-loo  "^aiABq  Joqainjs[ 

rH  •  •  •  CO  ^  ^  .... 

rH  •  •  •  rH  rH  •  •  •  • 

•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

o 

CO 

*SJO 

-aijoduioo  jo  joqinnj^ 

0*0003  rHOlOl  COO*  CO 

i-( 

rH 

h! 

33 

O 

K 

•  ••«•••••••  * 

•  •••«•«••••  • 

•  «•••••••••  • 

•  •••*■•*  * 

•  •  «•••••••  • 

.«•••••••••  * 

•  ••••••••••  • 

:  :  m  •:::::::  '  : 

•  *  «•••••••  • 

HHnW 


*0 

r— I 


CO 

* 

O 

o 

CO 

cG 

© 

© 

* 

CO 

4-3 

co 


© 

I  < 

45 

'Sb 

*© 

© 

rO 

© 

6X1 

G 

•  H 

43 

© 

t3 

© 

© 


a 

o 

Si 

<© 


© 

A 

© 

•  r© 

u 

43 

CO 


as  .a 

43 -33 

'2  c.- 

Ci— i  ©  © 

^  o  © 

■©©2a 

©  ©  rt  G 
s-  «« 

£|£^S5 


co 

© 

o 

Ei 


03 

© 

'G 

© 

© 

© 

O 

3 

m 

O 

43 

if 

© 

c 

o 

© 

© 

ft 

© 

43 


43 

*3 

s 


S3 

O 

© 

© 

© 

cO 

ft 

© 

43 

Eh 


t—  i-H  CO  CO  r 

coco 


CO 

© 

4-3 

C3 

■M  • 

co  :  ►>■ 

f  tO 

2  e  - 
<D  G 

s3  as 


&H' 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.] 


27 


210 


[Assembly 


CITY  OF  UTICA. 


Mayor’s  Office. 

1.  Number  of  positions  (exclusive  of  laborers)  exempt  from  examination  under 
the  regulations,  21. 

2.  Number  of  positions  subject  to  examination  under  the  regulations,  with  the 
aggregate  annual  amount  of  compensation  of  all  such  positions,  108,  $41,415. 

4.  Number  of  persons  who  have  entered  the  competitive  examinations,  giving 
their  average  age  and  their  education,  viz.,  whether  common  school,  academic 
or  collegiate;  i.  e .,  the  number  of  each.  Engineers,  2;  stokers,  5;  drivers  in  fire 
department,  3  ;  education,  common  school. 

5.  Number  of  those  examined  who  have  passed  the  minimum,  10. 

6.  Number  of  those  selected  for  employment,  giving  their  average  age  and 
their  education  as  above;  none  selected  as  yet. 

7.  Number  of  those  discharged  during  or  at  end  of  probationary  period,  none. 

8.  Number  of  positions  to  be  filled  when  vacant  by  non-competitive  examina¬ 
tion,  2. 

10.  Number  of  those  discharged  during  or  at  end  of  probationary  period, 
none. 

11.  Names  of  the  examiners,  giving  the  schedules;  Hon.  Theodore  S.  Sayre, 
Thomas  F.  Baker,  Arthur  H.  Ballou. 

12.  Copies  of  the  examination  papers  used  in  the  several  examinations.  The 
examination  was  oral,  one  applicant  at  a  time  being  examined  and  all  being" asked 
the  same  questions. 

J.  S.  SHERMAN, 

December  17,  1884.  Mayor. 


CITY  OF  AUBUKJST. 

Mayor’s  Office,  ) 

Auburn,  N.  Y.,  December  4,  1884.  \ 

1.  Number  of  positions  (exclusive  of  laborers)  exempt  from  examination  under 
the  regulations  ;  3  commissioners  of  excise. 

2.  Number  of  positions  subject  to  examination  under  the  regulations,  with 
the  aggregate  annual  amount  of  compensation  of  all  such  positions;  28,  $17,660. 

3.  Number  of  such  positions  subject  when  vacant  to  be  filled  by  selection  from 
those  who  have  passed  in  competitive  examinations,  giving  separately  the  num¬ 
ber  of  positions  as  clerks,  policemen,  firemen,  etc.,  so  far  as  may  be  conveniently 
classified,  17  policemen. 

4.  Number  of  persons  who  have  entered  the  competitive  examinations,  giving 
their  average  age  and  their  education,  viz.,  whether  common  school,  academic 
or  collegiate  ;  i.  e.,  the  number  of  each,  14;  average  age,  33  years  and  25  days ; 
of  these  13  received  a  common  school  and  a  business  college  education. 

5.  Number  ot  those  examined  who  have  passed  the  minimum,  9. 

6.  Number  of  those  selected  for  employment,  giving  their  average  age  and 
their  education  as  above.  One,  age  31  years,  common  school  and  business  col¬ 
lege  education. 

7.  Number  of  those  discharged  during  or  at  the  end  of  probationary  period; 
none,  but  one  has  been  appointed  under  regulations  and  has  been  on  duty  but 
4  days. 

8.  Number  of  positions  to  be  filled  when  vacant  by  non-competitive  examina¬ 
tion,  11;  optional,  however,  with  officers  or  board  of  appointment. 

9.  Number  of  persons  subjected  to  non-competitive  examination,  and  number 
passed  as  qualified  and  subsequently  employed  ;  none. 

10.  Number  of  those  discharged  during  or  at  end  of  probationary  period; 
none. 


No.  42.]  211  ' 

11.  Names  of  the  examiners,  giving  the  schedules:  Bradley  A.  Tuttle,  chair¬ 
man;  George  Underwood  and  Charles  O’Brien,  associates;  Millard  H.  Olmsted, 
secretary. 

12.  Copies  of  the  printed  examination  papers  used  in  the  several  examina¬ 
tions.  Papers  not  printed,  examination  in  writing  so  fai*. 

>  Very  respectfully  yours, 

C.  WHEELER,  Jr., 

Mayor. 


THE  CITY  OF  COHOES. 

The  whole  number  of  positions  in  the  public  service  of  the  city  of  Cohoes,  N. 
Y.,  subject  to  Civil  Service  regulations,  and  so  far  classified  as  to  show  the 
number  in  the  various  departments  of  the  service,  together  with  the  salaries 
paid  to  the  persons  holding  the  positions  embraced  under  the  regulations  are  as 
follows : 

SCHEDULE  A. 

There  are  at  present  no  positions  included  in  this  department. 

SCHEDULE  B. 

Positions. 

City  clerk . 

Superintendent  of  streets  and  public  grounds . 

Overseer  of  the  poor . . . 

City  engineer  and  surveyor . 

Superintendent  of  the  city  cemetery . 

Sealer  of  weights  and  measures . 

Pound  master . . 

Superintendent  of  water  works . . . 

Captain  of  police . 

Sergeant  of  police . 

Acting  sergeant  of  police  and  nine  patrolmen,  court  officer  $900 

each .  . 

Station-house  keeper . 

Chief  engineer  of  the  fire  department . . . . 

Clerk  of  board  of  fire  commissioners . 

Clerk  of  the  board  of  commissioners  of  excise. .  „ . 

Recorder  of  the  city  of  Cohoes . 

SCHEDULE  C. 

City  attorney . 

Surgeon  of  police . 

Health  officer... . . . . . 

1.  Number  of  positions  (exclusive  of  laborers)  exempt  from  examination 
under  the  regulations:  78,  including  teachers  in  public  schools,  of  whom  there 
are  55.  This  does  not  mean  elective  offices. 

2.  Numbers  of  positions  subject  to  examination  under  the  regulations  with 
the  aggregate  annual  amount  of  compensation  of  such  positions  ;  29,  $20,550. 

3.  Number  of  positions  to  be  filled  when  vacant  by  non-competitive  examina¬ 
tion. 

ALFRED  LeROY, 

Mayor. 

Dated  December  22,  1884. 


Salary. 

$800 

00 

800 

00 

800 

00 

500 

00 

50 

00 

No  salary. 

No  salary. 

$700 

00 

1,  100 

00 

1,  000 

00 

9,  900 

00 

500 

00 

900 

00 

50 

00 

150 

00 

2,  000 

00 

600 

00 

100 

00 

600 

00 

I 


APPENDIX  H 


STATE  ACT,  PULES,  REGULATIONS,  ETC. 


Organization  of  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Commissioners. — John  Jay,  New  York;  Augustus  Schoonmaker,  Kingston. 
Henry  A.  Richmond,  Buffalo. 

Officers,  Etc. — President,  John  Jay;  Chief  Examiner,  Silas  W.  Burt;  Sec¬ 
retary,  ClareDce  B.  Angle ;  Stenographer, - ;  Messenger  and 

Clerk,  John  C.  Birdseye. 

General  office  in  Capitol,  Albany. 

General  Board  of  Examiners  at  Albany. — Hiram  E.  Sickels,  Chair¬ 
man  ;  Charles  W.  Cole,  Willis  E.  Merriman,  Richard  G.  Milks,  John  G.  Clifford, 
Secretary. 


the  civil  service  statutes. 


An  Act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
(Chap.  354),  passed  May  4,  1883,  as  amended  by  chapter  357,  passed  May  24, 
1884,  and  chapter  410,  passed  May  29,  1884. 

Section  1 .  The  governor  is  authorized  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  senate,  three  persons,  not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  be 
adherents  of  the  same  party,  as  Civil  Service  Commissioners,  and  said  three  com¬ 
missioners  shall  constitute  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission.  They  shall 
hold  no  other  official  place  under  the  State  of  New  York.  The  governor  may 
remove  any  commissioner;  and  any  vacancy  in  the  position  of  commissioner 
shall  be  so  filled  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  as  to  conform  to  said  conditions  for  the  first  selection  of  commissioners. 
The  three  commissioners  shall  each  receive  a  salary  of  two  thousand  dollars  a 
year.  And  each  of  said  commissioners  shall  be  paid  his  necessary  traveling 
expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  as  a  commissioner. 

§  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commission : 

First.  To  aid  the  governor,  as  he  may  request,  in  preparing  suitable  rules  for 
carrying  this  act  into  effect ;  and  when  said  rules  shall  have  been  promulgated, 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  officers  of  the  State  of  New  York,  in  the  departments 
and  offices  to  which  any  such  rules  may  relate,  to  aid,  in  all  proper  ways,  in 
carrying  said  rules,  and  any  modification  thereof,  into  effect. 

Second.  And  among  other  things,  said  rules  shall  provide  and  declare,  as 
nearly  as  the  conditions  of  good  administration  will  warrant,  as  follows : 

1.  For  open,  competitive  examinations  for  testing  the  fitness  of  applicants  for 
the  public  service  now  classified  or  to  be  classified  hereunder.  Such  examina¬ 
tions  shall  be  practical  in  their  character  and,  so  far  as  may  be,  shall  relate  to 
those  matters  which  will  fai  rly  test  the  relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  per¬ 
sons  examined  to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  service  into  which  they  seek  to  be 
appointed. 


213 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 

2.  All  the  offices,  places  and  employments  so  arranged  or  to  be  arranged  in 
classes  shall  be  filled  by  selections  from  among  those  graded  highest  as  the  re¬ 
sults  of  such  competitive  examinations. 

3.  There  shall  be  a  period  of  probation  before  any  absolute  appointment  or 

employment  aforesaid.  . 

4.  Promotions  from  the  lower  grades  to  the  higher  shall  be  on  the  basis  of 

merit  and  competition. 

5.  No  person  in  the  public  service  is  for  that  reason  under  any  obligation  to 
contribute  to  any  political  fund,  or  to  render  any  political  service,  and  no  per¬ 
son  shall  be  removed  or  otherwise  prejudiced  for  refusing  to  do  so. 

6.  No  person  in  said  service  has  any  right  to  use  his  official  authority  or  influ¬ 
ence  to  coerce  the  political  action  of  any  person  or  body. 

7.  There  shall  be  non-competitive  examinations  when  competition  may  not  be 

found  practical.  "  .  . 

8.  Notice  shall  be  given  in  writing  by  the  appointing  power  to  said  commission 
of  the  person  selected  for  appointment  or  employment  from  among  those  who 
have  been  examined,  of  the  place  of  residence  of  such  persons,  of  the  rejection 
of  any  such  persons  after  probation,  of  transfers,  resignations,  and  removals,  and 
of  the  date  thereof,  and,a  record  of  the  same  shall  be  kept  by  said  commission. 
And  any  necessary  exceptions  from  said  eight  fundamental  provisions  of  the 
rules  shall  be  set  forth  in  connection  with  such  rules,  and  the  reasons  therefor 
shall  be  stated  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  commission. 

Third.  Said  commission  shall,  subject  to  the  rules  that  may  be  made  by  the 
governor,  make  regulation  for,  and  have  control  of  such  examinations,  and, 
through  its  members  or  the  examiners,  it  shall  supervise  and  preserve  the 
records  of  the  same ;  and  said  commission  shall  keep  minutes  of  its  own  proceed¬ 
ings. 

Fourth.  Said  commission  may  make  investigations  concerning  the  facts,  and 
may  report  upon  all  matters  touching  the  enforcement  and  effect  of  said  rules 
and  regulations,  and  concerning  the  action  of  any  examiner  or  board  of  ex¬ 
aminers  hereinafter  provided  for,  and  its  own  subordinates,  and  those  in  the 
public  service,  in  respect  to  the  execution  of  this  act ;  and  in  the  course  of  such 
investigations,  each  commissioner  and  their  secretary  shall  have  power  to  ad¬ 
minister  oaths. 

Fifth.  Said  commission  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  governor  for  trans¬ 
mission  to  the  legislature,  showing  its  own  action,  the  rules  and  regulations  and 
the  exceptions  thereto  in  force,  the  practical  effects  thereof,  and  any  suggestion 
it  may  approve  for  the  more  effectual  accomplishment  of  the  purposes  of  this  act. 

*§  3.  Said  commission  is  authorized  to  employ  a  chief  examiner,  a  part  of 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  under  its  direction  to  act  with  the  examining  boards  so 
far  as  practicable,  whether  at  Albany  or  elsewhere,  and  to  secure  accuracy,  uni¬ 
formity  and  justice  in  all  their  proceedings,  which  shall  be  at  all  times  open  to 
him.  The  chief  examiner  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  a  salary  at  the  rate  of 
thirty -six  hundred  dollars  a  year,  and  he  shall  be  paid  his  necessary  traveling  ex¬ 
penses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty.  The  commission  is  authorized  to 
employ  a  secretary,  who  may  be  one  of  its  own  number,  who  shall  receive  a 
compensation  of  one  thousand  dollars  per  annum,  and  who  shall  also  be  paid  his 
necessary  traveling  expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty,  and  also  a 
person  to  act  as  stenographer  and  copyist,  wffio  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  a 
compensation  of  one  thousand  dollars  a  year,  or  in  its  discretion  may  from  time 
to  time  employ  stenographers  and  copyists  at  an  expense  not  to  exceed  in  the 
aggregate  the  sum  of  fine  thousand  dollars  a  year.  The  commission  may  appoint 
a°messenger,  to  act  also  as  clerk,  at  a  salary  not  exceeding  nine  hundred  dollars 
a  year,  and  may  dismiss  him  at  pleasure.  The  commission  may,  at  Albany  and 
in  any  other  part  of  the  State  where  examinations  are  to  take  place,  designate 
and  select  a  suitable  number  of  persons  in  the  official  service  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  after  consulting  the  head  of  the  department  or  office  in  which  such 
person  serves,  or  in  its  discretion,  persons  not  in  the  official  service,  to  be  mem- 

- - - - - # - - - — - _ 

*As  amended  by  section  1  of  chapter  357,  passed  May  24,  1884. 


214 


[Assembly 


bers  of  boards  of  examiners,  and  may  at  any  time  substitute  any  other  person  in 
or  out  of  such  service  in  place  of  any  one  so  selected.  Any  person  not  at  the 
time  in  the  official  service  of  the  State,  or  of  any  political  division  thereof  serv¬ 
ing  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  examiners,  shall  be  entitled  to  compensation  for 
every  day  actually  and  necessarily  spent  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  as  examiner 
at  the  rate  of  five  dollars  a  day,  but  the  aggregate  compensation  of  any  such  ex¬ 
aminer  shall  not  exceed  one  hundred  dollars  in  any  year.  It  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  officers  of  the  State  of  New  York,  or  of  any  political  division  thereof,  at 
any  place  outside  of  the  city  of  Albany  where  examinations  are  directed  by  said 
rules  or  by  said  board  to  be  held,  to  allow  the  reasonable  use  of  the  public 
buildings,  and  to  light  and  heat  the  same,  for  holding  such  examinations  and  in 
all  proper  ways  to  facilitate  the  same. 

*§  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  trustees  of  public  buildings,  designated  by 
chapter  three  hundred  and  forty-nine  of  the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and 
eighty-three,  to  cause  suitable  and  convenient  rooms  and  accommodations  to  be 
assigned  or  provided,  and  to  be  furnished,  heated  and  lighted  at  the  city  of 
Albany  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  said  commission  and  said  examinations,  and 
said  commission  may  order  the  necessary  stationery,  postage  stamps,  an  official 
seal  and  other  articles  to  be  supplied,  and  the  necessary  printing  to  be  done  for 
its  official  use.  And  the  cost  and  expense  thereof,  and  the  several  salaries, 
compensations  and  necessary  expenses  of  the  commission,  upon  the  same  being 
stated  in  detail  and  verified  by  affidavit  as  the  comptroller  may  direct,  shall  be 
paid  monthly  from  any  money  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

t§  5.  Any  commissioner,  examiner,  copyist,  or  messenger  herein  mentioned, 
or  any  other  person  who  shall  willfully  and  corruptly,  by  himself  or  in  co-oper¬ 
ation  with  one  or  more  persons,  defeat,  deceive,  or  obstruct  any  person  in  respect 
of  his  or  her  right  of  examination  according  to  any  rules  or  regulations  pre¬ 
scribed  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  who  shall  willfully,  corruptly, 
and  falsely  mark,  grade,  estimate,  or  report  upon  the  examination  or  proper 
standing  of  any  person  examined  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  aid  in 
so  doing,  or  who  shall  willfully  and  corruptly  make  any  false  representations  con¬ 
cerning  the  same,  or  concerning  the  person  examined,  or  who  shall  willfully 
and  corruptly  furnish  to  any  person  any  special  or  secret  information  for  the 
purpose  of  either  improving  or  injuring  the  prospects  or  chances  of  any  person 
so  examined  or  to  be  examined,  shall  for  each  offense  be  deemed  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor. 

§  6.  Within  four  months  after  the  expiration  of  the  present  session  of  the 
legislature,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  cause  to  be  arranged  in  classes 
the  several  clerks  and  persons  employed  or  being  in  the  public  service,  for  the 
purposes  of  the  examination  herein  provided  for,  and  he  shall  include  in  one  or 
more  of  such  classes,  so  far  as  practicable,  all  subordinate  places,  clerks  and  offi¬ 
cers  in  the  public  service  of  the  State. 

§  7.  After  the  termination  of  eight  months  from  the  expiration  of  the  present 
session  of  the  legislature,  no  officer  or  clerk  shall  be  appointed,  and  no  person 
shall  be  admitted  to  or  be  promoted  in  either  of  the  said  classes  now  existing, 
or  that  may  be  arranged  hereunder  pursuant  to  said  rules,  until  he  has  passed 
an  examination,  or  is  shown  to  be  specially  exempted  from  such  examina¬ 
tion,  in  conformity  herewith.  No  elective  officer,  and  no  person  merely  em¬ 
ployed  as  a  laborer  or  workman,  shall  be  required  to  be  classified  hereunder ; 
nor,  unless  by  the  direction  of  the  senate,  shall  any  person  who  has  been  nomi¬ 
nated  for  confirmation  by  the  senate  be  required  to  be  classified  or  to  pass  an 
examination. 

I  §  8.  The  mayor  of  each  city  in  this  State  is  authorized  and  is  hereby  directed 
to  prescribe  such  regulations  for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  Civil  Service 
of  such  city  as  may  best  promote  the  efficiency  thereof  and  ascertain  the  fitness 
of  candidates  in  respect  to  character,  knowledge  and  ability  for  the  branch  of  the 

*  As  amended  by  section  2  of  chapter  357,  passed  May  24,  1884. 

t  As  amended  by  section  1  of  chapter  410,  passed  May  29,  1884. 

X  As  amended  by  section  2,  chapter  410,  passed  May  29,  1884. 


215 


No.  42.] 

service  into  which  they  seek  to  enter,  and  for  this  purpose  he  shall  from  time  to 
time  employ  suitable  persons  to  conduct  such  inquiries  and  make  examinations, 
and  shall  prescribe  their  duties  and  establish  regulations  for  the  conduct  of  per¬ 
sons  who  may  receive  appointments  in  the  said  service.  And  the  regulations 
so  to  be  prescribed  shall,  among  other  things,  provide  and  declare  as  in  the 
second  subdivision  of  the  second  section  of  this  act  is  provided  and  declared  in 
reference  to  regulations  for  admission  to  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State.  Within 
two  months  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  of  said 
mayors  in  and  by  such  regulations  to  cause  to  be  arranged  in  classes  the  several 
clerks  and  persons  employed  or  being  in  the  public  service  of  the  city  of  which 
he  is  mayor,  and  he  shall  include  in  one  or  more  of  such  classes,  so  far  as  pi  ac- 
ticable  for  the  purposes  of  the  examination  herein  provided  for,  all  subordinate 
clerks  and  officers  in  the  public  service  of  the  said  city  to  whom  his  power  under 
this  act  extends.  After  the  termination  of  three  months  from  the  passage  of  this 
act  no  officer  or  clerk  shall  be  appointed,  and  no  person  shall  be  admitted  to  or 
be  promoted  in  either  of  the  said  classes  now  existing  or  that  may  be  arranged 
hereunder  pursuant  to  said  rules,  until  he  has  passed  an  examination,  or  is  shown 
to  be  exempted  from  such  examination,  in  conformity  with  such  regulations. 
Such  regulations  hereafter  prescribed  and  established,  and  any  subsequent  modi¬ 
fication  thereof,  shall  take  effect  upon  the  approval  of  the  New  York  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  Commission.  Officers  elected  by  the  people,  and  the  subordinates  of  any 
such  officer  for  whose  errors  or  violation  of  duty  said  officer  is  financially  re¬ 
sponsible,  and  the  head  or  heads  of  any  department  of  the  city  government,  and 
persons  employed  in  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  public  service  under  the  educa¬ 
tional  departments  of  any  city,  and  any  subordinate  officer  who,  by  virtue  of  his 
office,  has  personal  custody  of  public  moneys  or  public  securities,  for  the  safe 
keeping  of  which  the  head  of  an  office  is  under  official  bonds,  shall  not  be  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  regulations  prescribed  pursuant  to  this  section,  nor  shall  any  regula¬ 
tions  contravene  an  existing  statute  relating  to  entrance  to  said  service.  It  shall 
be  the  duty  of  all  those  in  the  official  service  of  any  such  city  to  conform  to  and 
comply  with  any  regulations  made  pursuant  to  this  act,  and  to  aid  and  facilitate 
in  all  reasonable  and  proper  ways  the  enforcement  of  all  regulations  and  the 
holding  of  all  examinations  which  may  be  required  under  the  authority  conferred 
by  this  section.  But  the  authority  by  this  section  conferred  shall  not  be  so  ex¬ 
ercised  as  to  take  from  any  policeman  or  fireman  any  right  or  benefit  conferred 
by  law,  or  existing  under  any  lawful  regulation  of  the  department  in  which  he 
serves/  And  all  examinations  herein  authorized  shall  be  public,  and  all  regula¬ 
tions  shall  be  published,  and,  with  all  the  proceedings  and  papers  connected 
with  said  examinations,  shall  be  at  all  times  subject  to  the  inspection  of  said 
commission  and  its  agents  ;  and  said  commission  shall  set  forth  in  its  reports  the 
character  and  practical  effects  of  such  examinations,  together  with  its  views  as 
to  the  improvement  and  extension  of  the  same,  and  also  copies  of  all  regulations 
made  under  the  authority  hereby  conferred.* 

§  9.  No  recommendation  of  any  person  who  shall  apply  for  office  or  place 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  which  may  be  given  by  any  senator  or  member 
of  assembly,  or  officer  confirmed  by  the  senate,  or  judge  of  any  court,  except  as 
to  the  character  or  residence  of  the  applicant,  shall  be  received  or  considered  by 
any  person  concerned  in  making  any  examination  or  appointment  under  this 

tiCtj 

(§  10  repealed  by  §7  of  chap.  357,  passed  May  29,  1884). 

t§  11.  No  officer,  agent,  clerk  or  employe  under  the  government  of  the  State 
of  New  York  or  any  political  division  thereof  shall  directly  or  indirectly  use  his 
authority  or  official  influence  to  compel  or  induce  any  other  officer,  clerk,  agent 
or  employe  under  said  government,  or  any  political  division  thereof,  to  pay  or 
promise  to  pay  any  political  assessment.  Every  said  officer,  agent  or  clerk,  who 
may  have  charge  or  control  in  any  building,  office  or  room  oocupied  for  any 
purpose  of  said  government,  or  any  said  division  thereof,  is  hereby  authorized 


*See  section  3  of  chapter  410,  passed  May  29,  1884. 
t  As  amended  by  section  3  of  chapter  357,  passed  May  24,  1884. 


216 


[Assembly 


to  prohibit  the  entry  of  any  person,  and  he  shall  not  consent  that  any  person 
enter  the  same  for  the  purpose  of  therein  making,  collecting,  receiving  or  giving 
notice  of  any  political  assessment;  and  no  person  shall  enter  or  remain  in  any 
said  office,  building  or  room,  or  send  or  direct  any  letter  or  other  writing 
thereto,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  notice  of,  demanding  or  collecting,  nor  shall 
any  person  therein  give  notice  of,  demand,  collect  or  receive  any  such  assess¬ 
ment;  and  no  person  shall  prepare  or  make  out,  or  take  any  part  in  preparing 
or  making  out,  any  political  assessment,  subscription  or  contribution  with  the 
intent  that  the  same  shall  be  sent  or  presented  to  or  collected  of  any  officer, 
agent  or  employe  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  under  the  government 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  or  that  of  any  political  division  thereof,  and  no  per¬ 
son  shall  knowingly  send  or  present  any  political  assessment,  subscription  or 
contribution  to  or  request  its  payment  of  any  said  officer,  agent  or  employe. 

*  ^  12.  Any  person  who  shall  be  guilty  of  violating  any  provision  of  the  last 
section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall,  on  conviction  there¬ 
of,  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  less  than  fifty  dollars  and  not  exceeding  one  thou¬ 
sand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  a  term  not  exceeding  six  months,  or  by 
both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

§  13.  No  recommendation  or  question  under  the  authority  of  this  act  shall  re¬ 
late  to  the  political  opinions  or  affiliations  of  any  person  whatever. 

§  14  Whoever  while  holding  any  public  office,  or  in  nomination  for,  or 
while  seeking  a  nomination  or  appointment  for  any  public  office,  shall  corruptly 
use  or  promise  to  use,  whether  directly  or  indirectly,  any  official  authority  or  in¬ 
fluence  (whether  then  possessed  or  merely  anticipated),  in  the  way  of  conferring 
upon  any  person,  or  in  order  to  secure  or  aid  any  person  in  securing  any  office 
or  public  employment,  or  any  nomination,  confirmation,  promotion  or  increase 
of  salary,  upon  the  consideration  or  condition  that  the  vote  or  political  influence 
or  action  of  the  last-named  person,  or  any  other,  shall  be  given  or  used  in  be¬ 
half  of  any  candidate,  officer  or  party,  or  upon  any  other  corrupt  condition  or 
consideration,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  bribery  or  an  attempt  at  bribery.  And 
whoever,  being  a  public  officer,  or  having  or  claiming  to  have  any  authority  or 
influence  for  or  affecting  the  nomination,  public  employment,  confirmation,  pro¬ 
motion,  removal,  or  increase  or  decrease  of  salary  of  any  public  officer,  shall 
corruptly  use  or  promise  or  threaten  to  use  any  such  authority  or  influence,  di¬ 
rectly  or  indirectly,  in  order  to  coerce  or  persuade  the  vote  or  political  action  of 
any  citizen,  or  the  removal,  discharge  or  promotion  of  any  officer  or  public  em¬ 
ploye,  or  upon  any  other  corrupt  consideration,  shall  also  be  guilty  of  bribery 
or  of  an  attempt  at  bribery.  And  every  person  found  guilty  of  such  bribery  or 
of  an  attempt  to  commit  the  same,  as  aforesaid,  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof, 
be  liable  to  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more 
than  three  thousand  dollars,  or  to  be  imprisoned  not  less  than  ten  days  nor  more 
than  two  years,  or  to  both  said  fine  and  said  imprisonment  in  the  discretion  of 
the  court.  The  phrase  ,l  public  officer”  shall  be  held  to  include  all  public  offi¬ 
cials  in  this  State,  whether  paid  directly  or  indirectly  from  the  public  treasury 
of  the  State,  or  from  that  of  any  political  division  thereof,  or  by  fees  or  other¬ 
wise;  and  the  phrase  “public  employe  ”  shall  be  held  to  include  every  person 
not  being  an  officer  who  is  paid  from  any  said  treasury. 

§  15.  A  majority  of  the  members  of  said  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  but 
a  less  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day.  Said  commission,  when  organized, 
shall  immediately  inquire  into  the  methods  of  appointment,  removal,  terms  of 
service,  duties,  compensation  and  numbers  of  all  clerks,  employes  or  subordi¬ 
nate  officers  of  any  nature  whatsoever,  either  to  this  State  or  of  cities  or  coun¬ 
ties  therein,  having  a  population  exceeding  fifty  thousand  inhabitants,  who  are 
not,  by  existing  laws,  appointed  by  the  governor  ofthe  JState  or  by  the  mayor  of 
any  city,  or  elected  by  the  people ;  and  whether  the  action  of  political  parties  or 
the  public  acts  of  official  servants  are  in  any  wise  affected,  and  if  so  to  what  degree, 
by  the  present  methods  of  such  appointments,  tenure  of  office,  removals  and 
compensations,  and  whether  the  public  interest  would  or  would  not  be  advanced 


*  As  amended  by  section  4  of  chapter  357,  passed  May  24,  1884. 


217 


No.  42.] 

by  prescribing  competitive  tests  of  standards  of  appointment  for  any  or  all  of 
such  subordinate  public  servants,  in  addition  to  those  who  are  hereinbefore  in¬ 
cluded,  and  if  so,  the  nature  and  extent  of  such  tests  or  standards  ;  and  whether 
any  abuses  exist  in  connection  with  the  existing  practices  touching  said  appoint¬ 
ment,  tenures,  compensations  or  removals  that  require  reform,  or  that  may  be 
abated  by  legislation  or  otherwise.  Said  commission  may  also  further  extend 
its  inquiries  so  far  as  to  enable  it  to  report  whether  any,  and  if  so  what  legisla¬ 
tion  is  expedient,  relative  to  the  methods  and  amounts  of  compensation  of  all 
county  officers  and  their  subordinates  in  this  State. 

*§  16.  Said  commission  shall  have  like  power  to  secure,  by  its  subpoena,  the 
attendance  and  testimony  of  witnesses,  and  the  production  of  books  and  papers 
pertinent  to  the  investigations  and  inquiries  hereby  authorized,  to  that  prescribed 
in  and  by  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-three  of  the  laws  of  eighteen  hundred 
and  eighty-two,  for  the  commission  thereby  constituted  in  the  execution  of  its 
duties  as  in  said  act  last  mentioned ;  and  witnesses  and  officers  to  subpoena  and 
secure  the  attendance  of  witnesses  before  said  commission  shall  be  entitled  to 
the  same  fees  as  are  allowed  witnesses  in  civil  suits  in  courts  of  record.  Such 
fees  need  not  be  prepaid,  but  the  comptroller  shall  draw  his  warrant  for  the  pay¬ 
ment  of  the  amount  thereof  when  the  same  shall  have  been  certified  to  by  the 
president  of  the  commission,  and  duly  proved  by  affidavit  or  otherwise  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  said  comptroller  ;  and  all  State,  county,  town,  municipal  and 
other  officers  and  their  deputies,  clerks,  subordinates  and  employes  shall  afford 
the  said  board  all  reasonable  facilities  in  conducting  the  inquiries  specified  in  this 
act,  and  give  inspection  to  said  board  of  all  books,  papers  and  documents  be¬ 
longing,  or  in  any  wise  appertaining  to  their  respective  offices,  and  also  shall  pro¬ 
duce  said  books  and  papers,  and  shall  attend  and  testify  when  required  to  do  so 
by  said  commission. 

§  17.  Said  commissioners  hereinbefore  named,  or  in  case  of  vacancy  from 
among  their  number  by  declination,  resignation  or  otherwise,  a  successor  com¬ 
missioner  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  shall  qualify  by  filing  with  the  sec¬ 
retary  of  State  an  oath  to  perform  faithfully  the  duties  of  such  commissioner. 
Each  commissioner  shall  receive  the  compensation  hereinbefore  provided,  to¬ 
gether  with  his  actual  traveling  expenses  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as  such 
commissioner,  the  said  salaries  and  expenses,  together  with  the  other  neces¬ 
sary  expenses  of  said  board,  to  be  approved  by  the  comptroller  and  thereafter 
paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  this  State  ;  and’ the  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars, 
or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys 
in  the  State  treasurv  not  otherwise  appropriated  for  the  purposes  stated  in  this 
act. 

*  As  amended  by  section  5  of  chapter  357,  passed  May  24,  1884. 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  28 


SUPPLEMENTARY  PROVISIONS. 


CHAP.  357. 

AN  ACT  to  amend  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four  of  the  laws  of  eighteen 

hundred  and  eighty-three,  entitled  ‘‘  An  act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil 

Service  of  the  State  of  New  York.’’ 

Passed  May  24, 1884  ;  three-fifths  being  present. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly, 
do  enact  as  folloios  : 

Section  1.  (Amends  section  three  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four, 
Laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-three.) 

§  2.  (Amends  section  four  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four,  Laws  of 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-three.) 

§  3.  (Amends  section  eleven  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four,  Laws  of 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty- three.) 

§  4.  (Amends  section  twelve  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four,  Laws 
of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-three.) 

§  5.  (Amends  section  sixteen  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four,  Laws 
of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-three.) 

§  6.  The  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  unex¬ 
pended  balance  in  the  treasury,  to  meet  any  expense  incurred  by  section  five  of 
this  act ;  which  expense  the  treasurer  shall  pay  on  the  warrant  of  the  comp¬ 
troller. 

§  7.  Section  ten  of  said  act  is  hereby  repealed.* 

§  8.  The  election  officers  now  in  office,  and  the  inspectors  of  election  and 
poll  clerks  shall  be  exempt  from  examination  in  accordance  with  the  act  hereby 
amended,  or  the  amendments  thereof,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commis¬ 
sioners  and  mayors  of  cities  so  to  provide  in  regulations  made  under  said  act. 

§  9.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


CHAP.  410. 

AN  ACT  to  amend  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four  of  the  laws  of  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-three,  entitled  “  An  act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil 
Service  of  the  State  of  New  York.” 

Passed  May  29,  1884  ;  three-fifths  being  present. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly,  do  enact 
as  follows : 

Section  1.  (Amends  section  five  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four, 
Laws  of  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty  three.) 

§  2.  (Amends  section  eight  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty -four.  Laws  of 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-three.) 

*  Refers  to  section  ten  of  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-four,  Laws  ofAeighteen  hun¬ 
dred  and  eighty-three. 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 


219 


§  3.  Where  before  the  passage  of  this  act  the  mayor  of  any  city  herein  men¬ 
tioned  has  prescribed  regulations  pursuant  to  the  power  given  him  by  the  act 
hereby  amended,  such  regulations  shall  be  deemed  to  be  established  and  pre¬ 
scribed  and  to  be  operative  as  if  established,  prescribed,  and  approved  under  the 
provisions  of  the  said  act  as  hereby  amended ;  and  the  examiners  who  before 
the  passage  of  this  act  have  by  the  mayor  of  any  such  city  been  appointed  or 
designated  under  the  provisions  of  the  said  act,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  appointed 
and  to  have  all  the  powers  and  duties  which  they  would  have  if  appointed  under 
the  provisions  of  the  said  act  as  hereby  amended. 

§  4.  In  grateful  recognition  of  the  services,  sacrifices  and  sufferings  of  persons 
who  served  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war,  and  have 
been  honorably  discharged  therefrom,  they  shall  be  preferred  for  appointment 
to  positions  in  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  and  of  the  cities  affected  by  this  act 
over  other  persons  (of  equal  standing)  as  ascertained  under  this  act  and  the  act 
hereby  amended,  and  the  person  thus  preferred  shall  not  be  disqualified  from 
holding  any  position  in  said  Civil  Service  on  account  of  his  age  nor  by  reason  of 
any  physical  disability,  provided  such  disability  does  not  render  him  incompetent 
to  perform  the  duties  of  the  position  applied  for. 


% 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK: 

Executive  Chamber,  ) 
Albany,  June  30,  1884.  f 

In  the  exercise  of  the  authority  conferred  upon  the  governor  by 
Chapter  354,  Laws  of  1883,  entitled  “  An  act  to  regulate  and  im¬ 
prove  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  of  New  York,”  and  the  acts 
amendatory  thereof, 

I,  Grover  Cleveland,  governor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  do 
hereby  promulgate  the  following  rules  for  the  regulation  of  the 
Civil  Service  of  the  said  State,  and  all  officers  and  persons  in  the 
Civil  Service  of  the  State  and  persons  seeking  to  enter  said  service 
will  govern  themselves  accordingly. 

Done  at  the  Capitol  in  the  city  of  Albany,  this  the  30th  day  of 
June,  in  the  vear  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eighty-four. 

GROYER  CLEVELAND. 

Rule  1. 

In  these  rules,  and  the  regulations  thereunder,  the  term  “  Com¬ 
mission  ”  indicates  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  the  terms  “class,”  “subdivision  ”  and  “  grade”  are  those 
established  by  the  classification  of  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State,  ap¬ 
proved  by  the  governor,  September  3,  1883,  and  the  positions  now 
comprised  in,  or  hereafter  entered  in,  such  classification  shall,  in  the 
aggregate,  he  taken  as  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  referred  to 
herein,  and  the  term  “  public  service  ”  shall  be  taken  to  comprehend 
all  persons  in  the  service  of  the  State,  without  regard  to  such  classi¬ 
fication. 

Rule  2. 

No  person  in  the  public  service  is,  for  that  reason,  under  any  obli¬ 
gation  to  contribute  to  any  political  fund  or  purpose,  or  to  render 
any  political  service,  and  no  person  shall  be  removed  or  otherwise 
prejudiced  for  refusing  so  to  do. 

Rule  3. 

No  person  in  the  public  service  has  the  right  to  use  his  official  au¬ 
thority  or  influence  to  coerce  the  political  action  of  any  person  or 
body. 

Rule  4. 

For  the  purpose  of  indicating  the  manner  in  which  selections  shall 
be  made  for  filling  the  positions  in  the  Civil  Service,  when  vacant, 


221 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 

such  positions  shall  be  enrolled  by  class,  subdivision,  grade  or  name 
in  some  one  of  the  five  schedules,  designated  respectively  as  A,  JB,  C, 
D.  and  E,  which  schedules  are  hereunto  annexed  and  form  a  part 
of  these  rules.  The  right  is  reserved  to  transfer,  hereafter,  any  po¬ 
sition  from  one  schedule  to  another,  as,  from  time  to  time,  the  con¬ 
ditions  of  good  administration  or  the  general  interests  of  the  public 
service  may  require,  in  which  case  prompt  publication  of  any  such 
transfer  will  be  made  to  all  concerned. 

Rule  5. 

Schedule  A  shall  include  the  deputies  of  principal  officers,  duly 
authorized  by  law  to  act  for  their  principals ;  all  officers,  clerks  and 
others  whose  official  relations  are  necessarily  strictly  confidential  to 
the  head  of  the  office  in  which  they  serve ;  officers  or  others  under 
official  bonds  as  security  for  the  collection,  custody  or  disbursement 
of  public  moneys,  or  who,  by  virtue  of  their  position,  have  the  cus¬ 
tody  of  public  moneys  for  the  safe-keeping  of  which  any  officer 
must  give  bonds,  and  such  other  positions  as  may  now  or  hereafter 
be  included  in  this  schedule,  according  to  law,  and  such  schedule 
shall  comprise  the  following  positions : 

CLASS  1. 

Subdivision  II. 

In  the  governor’s  office,  the  private  secretary,  the  pardon  clerk  and  the  stenog¬ 
rapher  ;  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  State,  the  deputy  secretary  ;  in  the  office 
of  the  comptroller,  the  deputy  comptroller  and  confidential  clerk  ;  in  the  office 
-of  the  treasurer,  the  deputy  treasurer,  the  chief  clerk,  the  book-keeper  and  the 
pay-clerk  ;  in  the  office  of  the  attorney -general,  the  two  deputies  and  the  con¬ 
fidential  clerk  ;  in  the  office  of  the  state  engineer  and  surveyor,  the  deputy  ;  the 
deputy  superintendent  of  public  instruction  ;  the  deputy  superintendent  and 
special  examiners  of  the  banking  department  ;  in  the  insurance  department,  the 
'  deputy,  the  chief  clerk,  the  actuary  and  the  private  secretary  ;  in  the  department 
of  public  works,  the  three  assistant  superintendents,  the  special  agent  and  the 
financial  clerk  ;  the  clerk  of  the  superintendent  of  prisons  ;  the  clerk,  deputy 
clerk  and  reporter  of  the  court  of  appeals  ;  the  secretaries  of  the  railroad  com¬ 
mission,  the  board  of  health,  the  board  of  charities,  the  commissioners  of  emi¬ 
gration,  and  the  Civil  Service  Commission  ;  the  chief  examiner  of  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice;  the  treasurers  of  asylums  ;  the  game  and  fish  protectors,  and  the  superin¬ 
tendent  of  public  buildings  ;  principals,  professors  and  teachers  in  normal  schools  ; 
chief  clerks  of  courts  ;  counsel  and  cashier  of  excise  board  of  New  York, 

Rule  6. 

V  • 

The  appointments  to  positions  comprised  in  Schedule  A  may  be 
made  without  examinations  under  these  rules,  but  such  examinations 
may  be  had  upon  the  request  of  the  appointing  officer.  Appointing 
officers  must  notify  the  commission,  in  writing,  of  all  appointments 
to  such  positions  within  five  days  after  the  same  are  made. 

Rule  7. 

Schedule  B  shall  include  the  following : 


222 


[Assembly 


CLASS  1. 

All  clerks  and  other  persons  of  whatever  designation,  rendering  services  similar 
to  those  of  clerks  in  any  branch  of  the  State  services,  in  the  following  grades  : 

Subdivision  I. 

First  Grade  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of 
less  than  $1,000. 

Second  Grade — Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $1,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,200. 

Third  Grade  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of 
$1,200  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,500. 

CLASS  2. 

Civil  engineers  and  surveyors;  chemists. 


CLASS  3. 

* . 

Subdivision  II. 

Superintendents  and  assistant  superintendents  in  charge  of  public  buildings 
under  the  general  superintendent. 

Subdivision  III. 

Office  messengers  and  orderlies  in  the  courts,  offices  and  public  buildings  at 
Albany.  Interpreters  in  courts. 

Subdivision  IV. 

All  steam  engineers. 

CLASS  4. 

In  department  of  public  works. 

Subdivision  II. 

Inspectors  of  boats  and  cargoes. 


Subdivision  m. 

First  Grade  —  Rodmen  and  levelmen. 

Second  Grade —  Assistant  engineers  below  the  rank  of  resident. 


CLASS  6. 


In  prisons  and  reformatories. 

Subdivision  II. 


Physicians. 


Subdvision  HI. 

First  Grade  —  Guards  in  prisons  and  reformatories. 


Subdivision  IV. 


Steam  engineers. 

Subdivision  V. 

First  Grade  —  Teachers  In  reformatories  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of 
less  than  $500. 


CLASS  7. 

In  asylums,  hospitals  and  similar  institutions  and  by  the  commissioners  of 
emigration. 


No.  42.] 


223 


Subdivision  VIE. 

First  Grade  —  Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than  $500. 

Rule  8. 

Appointments  shall  be  made  or  employment  shall  be  given  in  the 
positions  in  Schedule  B  by  selection  from  those  persons  graded 
highest  as  the  results  of  open  competitive  examinations. 

Rule  9. 

The  competitive  examinations  shall  be  practical  in  their  character, 
and  with  paramount  regard  to  those  matters  which  will  fairly  test  the 
relative  capacity  and  fitness  of  the  persons  examined  for  the  service 
which  they  seek  to  enter.  The  examinations  shall  be  held  at  such 
times  and  places  as  the  Commission  may  designate,  and  ten  days’ 
previous  notice  of  each  examination  will  be  mailed  to  all  eligible  ap¬ 
plicants  of  record.  Special  regulations,  in  which  the  particular  con¬ 
ditions  (if  any)  of  the  examination  will  be  specified,  will  be  issued, 
when  deemed  expedient  by  the  Commission,  prior  to  the  examina¬ 
tions. 

Rule  10. 

All  regular  applications  for  admission  to  such  competitive  examina¬ 
tions  will  be  on  blanks  in  a  form  prescribed  by  the  Commission  and 
the  applicant  must  state  therein  on  oath,  and  in  his  own  handwrit¬ 
ing  :  1.  His  full  name,  residence  and  post-office  address.  2.  His 

term  of  residence  in  this  State.  3.  His  citizenship.  4.  His  date  of 
birth.  5.  His  place  of  birth.  6.  His  previous  employment  in  the 
public  service,  if  any.  7.  His  business  or  employment  for  the  last 
preceding  five  years.  8.  His  education.  9.  If  in  the  military  or 
naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war,  give  name  of  or¬ 
ganization  or  vessel  to  which  attached,  date  of  enlistment  or  com¬ 
mission,  position  or  rank,  date  and  cause  of  discharge  from  the  sei- 
vice,  and  any  physical  disability  incurred  in  such  service.  10.  Such 
other  information  must  be  furnished  as  the  Commission  may  reason¬ 
ably  require,  touching  the  applicant’s  fitness  for  the  public  service. 

The  application  must  be  accompanied  (1)  by  a  certificate  of  a  prac¬ 
ticing  physician  in  good  repute,  that  he  has  examined  the  applicant 
and  found  him  free  from  any  physical  defect  or  disease  that  would 
be  likely  to  interfere  with  the  proper  discharge  of  his  duties  in  the 
position  in  the  Civil  Service  sought  by  such  applicant ;  and  (2)  by  the 
certificate  of  not  less  than  three,  nor  more  than  five  reputable  citi¬ 
zens  of  this  State,  that  they  have  been  personally  acquainted  with 
the  applicant  for  at  least  one  year,  and  believe  him  to  be  of  good 
moral  character,  of  temperate  and  industrious  habits,  and  in  all  re¬ 
spects  fit  for  the  service  which  he  wishes  to  enter,  and  that  they  are 
willing  that  such  certificate  shall  be  published  .for  public  informa¬ 
tion.  The  applicant  must  also  state  in  his  application  the  grade  or 
subdivision  in  the  schedule  he  seeks  to  enter,  and  whether  he  limits 
such  application  to  any  particular  department,  office  or  institution. 


224 


[Assembly 


Rule  11. 

Defective  applications  will  be  suspended  and  applicants  notified 
to  amend  the  same,  but  no  sucli  notice  will  be  given  or  opportunity 
granted  a  second  time.  Whenever  the  application  shows  that  the 
applicant  is  not  within  the  prescribed  limits  of  age,  or  otherwise  not 
qualified  under  the  rules  and  regulations,  or  is  manifestly  unfit  for 
the  service,  the  application  will  be  rejected. 

Rule  12. 

The  date  of  the  reception  of  all  applications  shall  be  indorsed 
thereon,  and  entered  of  record  by  the  Commission,  and  if  the  appli¬ 
cants  for  admission  to  any  grade  or  subdivision  are  in  excess  of  a 
number  that  can  be  examined  at  a  single  examination,  they  will  be 
notified  to  appear  in  their  order  on  the  respective  records,  provided 
that  persons  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  the  military 
or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war  shall  have  pre¬ 
cedence  in  such  notification. 

Rule  13. 

For  the  purpose  of  making  examinations  of  applicants  from  time 
to  time  as  may  be  required,  the  Commission  will  designate  and 
select  at  Albany  and  other  places  a  suitable  number  of  persons  to  be 
members  of  boards  of  examiners,  and  will  duly  commission  such  per¬ 
sons  as  examiners ;  and  the  Commission  may  at  any  time  substitute 
any  other  person  in  place  of  any  one  so  selected.  When  persons 
selected  as  examiners  are  in  the  official  service  of  the  State,  the  head 
of  the  department  or  office  in  which  such  persons  serve  shall  be  con¬ 
sulted  ;  and  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  as  examiners  the  persons 
so  selected  from  the  official  service  will  be  responsible  solely  to  the 
Commission,  and  will  act  under  its  regulations  and  direction. 

Rule  14. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Commission  the  chief  examiner  will 
prepare  a  list  of  subjects  of  examination  for  the  several  grades  and 
subdivisions  in  this  schedule  upon  which  each  applicant  must  be  ex¬ 
amined.  To  such  list  of  obligatory  subjects  there  may  be  added  cer¬ 
tain  other  subjects  in  which  the  applicant  may  be  examined  or  not, 
at  his  option.  The  general  standing  of  each  applicant  shall  depend 
solely  upon  his  relative  proficiency  in  the  obligatory  subjects.  For 
the  purpose  of  determining  the  general  average  standing,  certain  rel¬ 
ative  weights  will  be  given  to  the  obligatory  subjects,  which  weights 
shall  be  adjusted  to  the  relative  importance  of  the  subjects. 

Rule  15. 

No  person  whose  standing  on  any  obligatory  subject  is  less  than 
fifty,  or  whose  ascertained  average  standing  on  all  the  obligatory 
subjects  is  less  than  seventy,  will  be  entered  upon  the  eligible  list. 


No.  42.] 


225 

Rule  16. 

The  names  of  the  persons  who  have  passed  above  the  minimum, 
as  set  forth  in  the  previous  rule,  will  be  entered  upon  a  register  in 
the  order  of  their  excellence,  and  opposite  each  name  will  be  entered 
the  standing  of  such  person  in  each  optional  subject  in  which  he  may 
have  been  examined. 

Rule  17. 

1.  Whenever  any  officer  having  the  power  of  appointment  to  or 
employment  in  any  grade  or  subdivision  in  this  schedule  shall  so  re¬ 
quest,  the  Commission  shall  certify  to  him  the  names  of  three  eligi¬ 
ble  persons  who  are  graded  highest  on  the  proper  register,  indi¬ 
cating  such  of  them  (if  any)  as  have  been  honorably  discharged  from 
the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war. 

2.  From  the  three  persons  whose  names  are  so  certified  the  officer 
shall  make  a  selection  to  fill  the  vacant  place,  subject,  however,  to 
the  provisions  of  Rule  44,  giving  preference  in  appointments  to  cer¬ 
tain  persons. 

3.  Whenever  such  request  shall  indicate  that  proficiency  in  . any  of 
the  specified  optional  subjects  is  of  prime  importance  in  the  position 
to  be  filled  the  Commission  may  certify  the  names  of  the  three  per¬ 
sons  in  the  eligible  list  having  the  highest  standing  (not  being  below 
the  minimum  of  seventy)  on  such  optional  subject.  The  Commis¬ 
sion  shall  have  power  to  order  a  new  or  special  examination  when¬ 
ever  there  are  no  persons  on  the  eligible  list  sufficiently  qualified  in 
such  optional  subjects,  or  whenever  an  appointing  officer  shall  apprise 
the  Commission  that  any  special  qualifications  are  required  for  the 
position  vacant.  All  positions  filled  by  selections  based  on  optional 
or  special  subjects  will  be  specially  noted  in  the  published  gazette  of 
appointments,  and  in  the  official  register  of  qualifications  and  schemes 
for  examination  as  being  special  positions  in  respect  of  such  qualifi¬ 
cations. 

4.  In  the  selection  from  the  persons  whose  names  are  certified  as 

above  by  the  Commission,  the  appointing  or  employing  officer,  upon 
his  written  requisition  therefor,  will  be  furnished  with  the  applica¬ 
tion  and  examination  papers  of  all  the  persons  so  certified,  and  in  the 
exercise  of  his  responsible  power  of  selection  he  may  summon  per¬ 
sonally  before  him  the  certified  persons  for  such  verbal  inquiries  as 
he  may  deem  proper.  All  papers  furnished  upon  requisition  as 
above  must  be  returned  to  the  Commission  with  the  notice  of  selec¬ 
tion.  * 

% 

Rule  18. 

Whenever  physical  qualifications  are  of  prime  importance  in  the 
proper  discharge  of  duties  in  any  position,  applicants  must  pass  a 
physical  examination  and  be  certified  as  qualified  in  such  respect  be¬ 
fore  record  on  the  proper  eligible  list  for  selection  for  such  position, 
or  before  certification  by  the  Commission  as  qualified  for  such  selec¬ 
tion. 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  29 


226 


[Assembly 


Rule  19. 

1.  No  person  on  any  register  shall  be  certified  more  than  three 
times  to  the  same  officer,  except,  upon  request  of  such  officer  ;  nor 
shall  any  one  remain  eligible  more  than  one  year  on  any  register. 

2.  Upon  satisfactory  evidence  produced  to  the  Commission  that 
any  person  whose  name  is  on  any  eligible  list  is,  by  reason  of  his 
character,  habits  or  past  reputation,  unfit  for  admission  to  the  Civil 
Service,  the  name  of  such  person  shall  be  formally  stricken  from  such 
eligible  list. 

3.  No  person  who  has  entered  upon  any  examination  for  a  posi¬ 
tion  in  Schedule  B  or  C  shall  be  admitted,  within  one  year  from  the 
date  thereof  to  a  new  examination  for  the  same  grade  or  subdivision. 

Rule  20. 

Schedule  C  shall  include  the  following  sections : 

CLASS  1. 

Clerks  in  State  prisons. 

CLASS  2. 

All  persons  of  special  qualifications  (except  tliose  employed  in  the  department 
of  public  works,  the  salt  works,  prisons,  reformatories,  asylums  and  other  char¬ 
itable  and  corrective  institutions),  including — Directors  or  curators  of  museums; 
geologists,  botanists  and  entomologists  and  their  respective  assistants  ;  librarians; 
and  their  assistants  ;  sanitary  experts  ;  inspector  of  quarantine  hospitals;  medical 
superintendent  of  emigrants  ;  health  officers. 

CLASS  3. 

Subdivision  I. 

Court  criers  and  attendants  ;  court  and  other  marshals  ;  stenographers  of  courts  ; 
excise  inspectors. 


CLASS  4. 

Subdivision  I. 

Superintendent  of  repairs. 

Third  Grade  —  Resident  engineers. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Division  engineers. 

« 

CLASS  5. 

On  the  Onondaga  salt  works. 

Subdivision  I. 

First  Grade — Engineers  (except  the  chief  engineer),  overseers  of  pumps  and 
supervisors  of  aqueducts  and  reservoirs. 

Second  Grade  —  Chief  engineer. 

Subdivision  II. 

First  Grade  —  Assistant  inspectors,  of  salt  or  of  barrels. 

CLASS  6. 

In  the  prisons  and  reformatories. 

Subdivision  I. 

Wardens  and  agents  of  prisons  ;  superintendents  of  reformatories. 

Subdivision  IL 


Chaplains;  principal  matrons. 


No.  42.] 


227 


CLASS  7. 

In  asy]ums,  hospitals  and  under  the  commissioners  of  emigration. 

Subdivision  L 

Superintendents  of  insane  asylums. 

Subdivision  II. 

Superintendents  of  asylums  other  than  those  for  the  insane. 


Subdivision  IIL 

Assistant  physicians  and  pathologists  in  insane  asylums  in  the  lowest  grade  in 
each  asylum. 


Subdivision  IV. 
Physicians  other  than  those  in  insane  asylums. 


Subdivision  V. 

Stewards  of  asylums,  matrons  of  asylums. 


Rule  21. 

The  positions  in  Schedule  C  may  be  filled  by  the  appointing  officer 
in  his  discretion  in  respect  to  the  manner  of  examination.  The  dis¬ 
cretion  of  the  officer  in  such  cases  shall  be  limited  as  follows  :  (1)  he 
may  select  from  the  three  persons  graded  highest  as  the  result  of  an 
open  competitive  examination  ;  or  (2)  he  may  name  to  the  Commis¬ 
sion  three  or  more  persons  for  competitive  examination,, and  appoint 
the  one  graded  highest  in  such  examination ;  or  (3)  he  may  appoint 
or  employ  any  person  named  by  him  who  upon  a  non-competitive 
examination  shall  be  duly  certified  by  the  Commission  as  qualified 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  position. 

Rule  22. 

Competitive  examinations  for  positions  in  Schedule  C  will  be  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  same  general  provisions  as  prescribed  in  Rules  8  to  18, 
both  inclusive.  If  the  competition  be  an  open  one,  the  public 
notice  thereof  shall  denote  the  special  qualifications  in  which  com¬ 
petitors  shall  be  examined.  Before  admission  to  a  limited  compe¬ 
tition,  the  nominees  must  file  with  the  Commission  the  certificates 
required  by  Rule  8. 

Rule  23. 

1.  Upon  the  non-competitive  examination  into  the  qualifications 
of  a  person  named  to  the  Commission  for  a  position  in  this  schedule, 
the  Commission  will  give  a  certificate  to  such  person  only  when 
satisfied : 

1st.  That  he  is  within  the  limits  of  age  prescribed  for  the  position 
or  employment  to  which  he  has  been  named ; 

2d.  That  he  is  properly  certified  as  free  from  any  physical  defect 
or  disease  which  would  be  likely  to  interfere  with  the  proper  dis¬ 
charge  of  his  duties ; 


228  [Assembly 

3d.  That  his  character  is  such  as  to  qualify  him  for  such  position 
or  employment ;  and 

4th.  That  he  possesses  the  requisite  knowledge  and  ability  to 
enter  on  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties. 

2.  An  officer,  naming  to  the  Commission  a  person  for  examina¬ 
tion  will  at  the  same  time  transmit  his  certificate  that  after  due  in¬ 
quiry  he  is  satisfied  that  the  character  and  habits  of  the  person 
named  fit  him  for  the  Civil  Service,  and  will  append  to  the  certificate 
such  formal  vouchers  or  credentials  as  to  character  as  he  may  desire 
to  have  considered  or  put  on  file.  In  the  determination  of  character 
or  habits  of  the  nominee,  the  certificate  thereof  by  the  nominating 
officer  will  be  considered  as  essential. 

Rule  24. 

In  determining  the  limits  of  age  and  the  subjects  and  scope  of  the 
examination  into  the  qualifications  for  each  position  as  defined  in 
the  fourth  clause  of  the  preceding  rule,  the  head  of  the  department, 
office  or  institution  where  such  position  is  to  be  filled,  shall  be  con¬ 
sulted  by  the  Commission,  or  where  the  position  is  common  to 
several  offices  of  institutions,  the  several  heads  thereof  shall  be  so 
consulted,  and  the  regulations  finally  adopted  for  each  position  shall 
be  published  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  Commission.  Differences 
arising  under  this  rule  between  the  heads  of  departments,  offices 
and  institutions  and  the  Commission  shall  be  reported  to  the  gover¬ 
nor,  whose  decisions  in  such  cases  shall  be  final  and  conclusive. 

Rule  25. 

Whenever  a  vacancy  in  this  schedule  in  any  department,  office  or 
institution  is  to  be  filled, ‘the  officer  having  the  authority  to  fill  the 
same  shall  notify  the  Commission  which  of  the  three  methods  in  his 
discretion  under  Rule  21,  he  selects,  and  if  the  choice  be  bv  an  open 
competition,  the  Commission  shall  proceed  as  for  an  examination 
under  Schedule  B,  but  if  the  choice  be  by  a  limited  competition  or 
by  the  appointment  of  a  person  to  be  duly  certified  by  the  Commis¬ 
sion  as  qualified,  the  officer  aforesaid  shall  name  in  such  notification 
the  person  or  persons  to  be  examined,  and  the  Commission  shall 
thereupon  instruct  the  proper  board  of  examiners,  and  shall  notify 
the  person  or  persons  so  named,  of  the  time,  place  and  special  regu¬ 
lations,  for  the  examination  ;  and  the  chief  examiner  shall  supervise 
the  preparation  of  proper  questions  and  other  inquiries  to  test  the 
qualifications  of  such  person  or  persons. 

Rule  26. 

The  examiners  for  positions  in  Schedules  C  and  D  will  be 
selected  in  the  same  manner,  and  subject  to  the  same  rules  and  regu¬ 
lations,  as  the  examiners  provided  for  in  Rule  13. 

Regular  boards  of  examiners  may  be  authorized  to  conduct  exam¬ 
inations  of  persons  duly  cited  to  appear  before  them  for  positions  in 


229 


No.  42.] 

any  schedule.  Whenever  the  peculiar  duties  devolved  upon  any 
position  or  class  of  positions  may  so  require,  special  examiners  will 
be  designated  and  commissioned.  All  examiners  for  the  Civil  Ser¬ 
vice  will  promptly  report  to  the  Commission  any  violation  of  the 
provisions  of  the  fifth  section  of  the  Civil  Service  Act. 

Rule  27. 

Schedule  D  shall  include,  the  following  positions,  viz. : 

CLASS  3. 

t 

Subdivision  III. 

Keepers  and  janitors  of  public  buildings,  arsenals,  bureaus,  etc. ;  watchmen, 
firemen,  porters  and  porteresses  in  public  buildings  at  Albany. 

Subdivision  IV. 

All  persons  engaged  in  expert  mechanical  duties  in  public  buildings  or  arsenals. 

CLASS  4. 

All  persons  employed  in  the  department  of  public  works  not  otherwise  classi¬ 
fied. 

Subdivision  IV. 

First  Grade  —  All  those  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than  $500. 

Second  Grade  —  All  those  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or  more. 

CLASS  5. 

Subdivision  HI. 

All  persons  employed  in  the  Onondaga  Salt  Works  not  otherwise  classified. 

CLASS  6. 

In  the  prisons  and  reformatories . 

Subdivision  IV. 

All  persons  employed  as  expert  mechanics  in  prisons  and  reformatories. 

Subdivision  VI. 

All  persons  employed  not  otherwise  classified  and  excepting  laborers. 

First  Grade  —  Such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than 
$500. 

Setond  Grade —  Such  persons  receiving  an  annual  salary  of  $500  or  more. 

t 

CLASS  7. 

In  asylums  and  other  similar  institutions,  and  by  the  commissioners  of  emigra¬ 
tion. 

Subdivision  VI. 

Engineers  and  expert  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  VIH. 

First  Grade  —  Attendants,  nurses  and  orderlies. 


230 


[Assembly 


Subdivision  IX. 

All  other  persons  employed  in  asylums  and  by  the  commissioners  of  emigra¬ 
tion  not  otherwise  classified. 

First  Grade  —  All  such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than 
$500. 

Second  Grade — All  such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or 
more. 

Rule  28. 

The  positions  in  Schedule  D  must  be  filled  by  such  persons  as 
upon  proper  non-competitive  examination  shall  be  certified  as  quali¬ 
fied  to  discharge  the  duties  of  such  position  by  an  examiner  or  ex¬ 
aminers  selected  or  appointed  for  that  purpose  by  the  Commission. 
The  head  of  any  office,  department  or  institution,  in  which  there 
may  be  a  vacancy  or  vacancies  in  any  position  or  positions  in  this 
schedule,  may  name  for  examination  a  person  for  each  vacancy.  The 
Commission  may  provide  by  special  regulation,  that  in  any  institu¬ 
tion  where  a  number  of  persons  are  employed  in  the  same  grade, 
the  employing  officer  may  name  for  examination  more  than  one  per¬ 
son,  in  order  that  there  may  be  a  list  of  qualified  persons  from  which 
to  make  an  immediate  selection  in  case  of  vacancy.  Such  nomina¬ 
tions  may  be  made  to  the  Commission,  or  to  an  examiner  or  board  of 
examiners  as  the  Commission  may  prescribe  by  regulations. 

Rule  29. 

Examinations  for  positions  in  Schedule  D  shall  be  in  all  the  four 
classes  of  qualifications  defined  in  Rule  23,  and  their  scope  and 
details  shall  be  determined  in  the  manner  directed  in  Rule  24. 
The  examiner  or  examiners  will  be  instructed  by  the  Commission  in 
general  or  special  regulations  as  to  the  standard,  scope  and  methods 
of  examination,  the  methods  of  certification  and  the  character  of 
the  records  and  reports  to  be  made. 

Rule  30. 

Schedule  E  shall  include  the  following  positions: 

CLASS  I. 

Subdivision  1. 

All  clerks  and  other  persons  of  whatever  designation  rendering  services  similar 
to  those  of  clerks  in  any  branch  of  the  State  service. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $1,500  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,800. 

Fifth  Grade — Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of 
$1,800  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,000. 

Sixth  Grade — Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of 
$2,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,500. 

Seventh  Grade — Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
of  $2,500  or  more. 

CLASS  5. 

Persons  employed  in  the  Onondaga  Salt  Works. 


No.  42.] 


231 


Subdivision  II. 

Second  Grade  —  Receivers  and  inspectors  of  salt  or  of  barrels. 

Third  Grade  —  Chief  inspector  of  salt  and  chief  inspector  of  barrels. 

CLASS  6. 

Persons  employed  in  prisons  and  reformatories. 

Subdivision  III. 

Second  Grade—  Keepers  in  prisons  or  reformatories  receiving  an  annual  com¬ 
pensation  of  $900  or  less. 

Third  Grade  —  Keepers  of  prisons  or  reformatories  receiving  an  annual  com¬ 
pensation  greater  than  $900  except  the  principal  keepers. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Principal  keepers. 

Subdivision  V. 

Second  Grade  —  Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or  more, 
but  less  than  $1,000. 

Third  Grade  —  Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $1,000  or  more. 

CLASS  7. 

Persons  employed  in  asylums  and  other  similar  institutions  and  by  the  com¬ 
missioners  of  emigration. 

Subdivision  III. 

All  assistant  physicians  and  pathologists  in  insane  asylums  except  those  in  the 
lowest  grade. 

Subdivision  VII. 

Second  Grade  —  Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or  more. 

Subdivision  VIII. 

Second  Grade  —  Supervisors  of  asylums  and  wards. 

Rule  31. 

The  positions  in  Schedule  E  shall  be  filled,  when  vacant,  by  the 
promotion  of  those  in  the  service  in  the  lower  grades  of  the  same 
subdivision  in  the  department,  office  or  institution  in  which  the 
vacancy  or  vacancies  may  occur.  Promotions  shall  be  made,  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  provisions  of  these  rules,  by  the  officer  or  officers  having 
the  power  of  appointment.  If,  in  the  judgment  of  such  officer  or 
officers,  there  be  none  found  in  the  lower  grades  fit  to  perform  the 
duties  in  such  vacant  positions,  in  that  case,  and  in  no  other,  the 
positions  may  be  filled  in  the  same  manner  as  is  prescribed  by  these 
rules  for  filling  the  positions  in  the  lowest  grade  of  the  same  subdi¬ 
vision  and  class.  Promotions  shall  be  made  by  successive  grades ; 
in  case  of  vacancy  in  any  position  in  this  schedule,  it  shall  be  filled 
by  a  selection  from  the  next  inferior  grade,  if  there  be  any  person 
in  such  grade  fit  for  promotion,  and  if  there  be  no  such  person,  then 
the  promotion  shall  be  made  by  selection  from  the  next  inferior 
grade,  and  so  on  until  all  the  inferior  grades  are  exhausted,  and  no 
person  therein  found  fit,  when  the  position  shall  be  filled  by  ap¬ 
pointment  as  above  provided. 

Rule  32. 

Promotion  will,  in  an  cases,  be  based  upon  the  positive  merit  of 


232 


[Assembly 


the  person  promoted,  and  upon  his  superior  qualifications  as  shown 
by  his  previous  service.  There  shall  be  kept  in  every  department, 
office  and  institution  proper  comparative  records  of  the  efficiency, 
punctuality,  attention  and  general  good  conduct  of  all  persons  em¬ 
ployed  therein.  No  person  in  the  service  when  these  rules  take 
effect  can  be  promoted  without  passing  an  examination  under  the 
rules,  of  the  same  character  as  would  an  applicant  for  appointment 
to  a  similar  position  in  the  service.  Examinations  for  promotion 
shall  be  based  upon  the  actual  work  of  the  persons  named  therefor, 
as  exhibited  in  the  records  of  the  office  where  they  have  been  em¬ 
ployed,  and  upon  the  certificate  of  their  immediate  official  superiors, 
that  their  efficiency  and  conduct  during  their  past  service  has  been 
in  all  respects  satisfactory  and  entitles  them  to  favorable  considera¬ 
tion. 

Rule  33. 

No  recommendation  of  any  person  for  promotion  shall  be  enter¬ 
tained  or  received  unless  made  in  the  regular  course  of  duty  by  his 
immediate  official  superiors,  and  the  presentation  of  any  recommend¬ 
ation  other  than  that  of  such  superiors  will  be  considered  an 
unwarrantable  interference  with  the  public  service,  and  the  person 
so  recommended  may  be  required  to  show,  before  being  certified  for 
promotion  that  such  recommendation  was  not  made  by  his  request 
or  'connivance. 

Rule  34. 

No  temporary  appointment  or  employment  shall  be  made  of  any 
one  not  eligible  for  permanent  appointment  or  employment,  except 
that  in  the  prisons,  reformatories  and  asylums,  temporary  substitutes 
may  be  appointed  without  examination,  for  not  exceeding  thirty 
days,  in  cases  of  disability  by  reason  of  sickness  or  otherwise,  but 
such  temporary  appointment  can  be  made  only  once ;  and  every 
temporary  appointment  under  this  rule  must  be  reported  to  the 
Commission  within  five  days,  with  the  reason  for  the  same. 

Rule  35. 

No  person  shall  be  appointed  to  any  position  in  the  Civil  Service 
unless  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  State  and  has  been  a  resident  thereof  for 
at  least  one  year  previous  to  the  date  of  his  application  or  nomina¬ 
tion.  But  this  restriction  shall  not  apply  to  the  following  positions 
in  Schedule  D,  to-wit :  The  first  grade  of  subdivision  4  of  class  4  ; 
subdivision  3  of  class  5  ;  the  first  grade  of  subdivision  6  of  class  6, 
and  the  first  grade  of  subdivision  8,  and  the  first  grade  of  subdi¬ 
vision  9  of  class  7.  Any  other  exceptions  from  such  restriction 
made  by  special  regulation  of  the  Commission  shall  be  reported  by 
it  to  the  Legislature  with  the  reasons  therefor. 

Rule  36. 

In  the  selection,  nomination  or  appointment  of  persons  to  fill  posi- 


233 


No.  42.] 

tions  in  Schedules  B,  C  and  D,  or  promotion  of  persons  to  positions 
in  Schedule  E,  no  regard  shall  be  paid  to  the  partisan  political 
opinions,  affiliation  or  action  of  any  person  so  selected,  nominated 
appointed  or  promoted. 

Rule  37. 

No  transfer  or  promotion  shall  be  made  from  a  position  in  a  sub¬ 
division  in  any  schedule  to  a  position  in  another  subdivision  in  that 
schedule,,  or  to  one  m  any  other  schedule  except  by  virtue  of  the 
examination  and  certification  prescribed  under  these  rules  for  admis¬ 
sion  to  such  last-named  subdivision.  Transfer  without  examination 
may  be  made  from  a  position  in  one  department,  office  or  institu¬ 
tion  to  a  similar  position  in  another  department,  office  or  institution 
upon  the  mutual  consent  of  the  heads  of  the  respective  departments, 
offices  or  institutions. 

Rule  38. 

Any  application  for  a  position  in  the  Civil  Service,  made  in  con- 
traventmn  of  the  provisions  of  the  ninth  or  thirteenth  section  of  the 
Civil  Service  Act,  must  be  rejected. 

* 

Rule  39. 

No  question  in  any  examination  or  proceeding,  by  or  under  the 
Commission  or  examiners,  shall  call  for  the  expression  or  disclosure 
ot  any  partisan  political  opinion  or  affiliation  of  any  person  what¬ 
ever^  nor  shall  any  discrimination  be  made  by  reason  thereof;  and 
the  Commission  and  its  examiners  shall  discountenance  all  disclosure 
before  either  of  them,  of  such  partisan  opinion  or  affiliation  by  or 
concerning  any  applicants  for  examination,  or  by  or  concerning  any 
person  on  any  register  awaiting  appointment  or  employment. 

Rule  40. 

Every  original  appointment  or  employment  in  the  Civil  Service 
shall  be  for  a  probationary  term  of  three  months,  at  the  end  of 
which  time,  if  the  conduct  and  capacity  of  the  person  appointed  or 
employed  shall  have  been  found  satisfactory  the  probationer  shall  be 
absolutely  appointed  or  employed,  but  otherwise  his  employment 

Every  officer  under  whom  any  probationer  shall  serve  during  anv 
pmt  of  such  probation  shall  carefully  observe  the  quality  and  value 
of  the  service  rendered  by  such  probationer,  and  shall  report  in 
writing,  to  the  proper  appointing  officer,  the  facts  observed  bv  him 
showing. the  character  and  qualifications  of  .such  probationer  “and  of 

the  service  performed  by  him ;  and  such  reports  shall  be  preserved 
on  tile.  1 

Rule  41. 

Every  false  statement  knowingly  made  by  any  person  in  his  appli- 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  30 


234 


[Assembly 


cation  for  examination,  and  every  connivance  by  him  at  any  false 
statement  made  in  any  certificate  which  may  accompany  his  appli¬ 
cation,  or  any  willful  complicity  by  him  in  any  fraud  to  improve  his 
standing  upon  examination,  shall  be  regarded  as  good  cause  for  re¬ 
moval  or  discharge  of  such  person  during  his  probation. 

Rule  42. 

If  for  any  sufficient  reason  it  shall  be  impracticable  to  supply  the 
names  of  persons  who  have  passed  a  competitive  examination  in  due 
season  for  any  appointment  or  employment  in  any  position  in  Schedule 
B,  a  provisional  appointment  may  be  made  of  a  person  who  has 
passed  a  non-competitive  examination  under  the  direction  and  regu¬ 
lation  of  the  Commission  ;  but  the  next  report  shall  give  the  reason 
for  such  resort  to  non-competitive  examination. 

.  Rule  43. 

1.  All  persons  having  the  power  of  appointment  to  or  employ¬ 
ment  in  any  position  in  the  Civil  Service  must  give  notice  in  writing 
to  the  Commission  of  the  name  and  place  of  residence  of  any  person 
selected  for  appointment  or  employment  in  any  position,  of  the  re¬ 
jection  of  any  such  person  after  probation,  and  of  the  transfers, 
promotions,  resignations  and  removals,  discharge  or  death  of  all  per¬ 
sons  serving  under  them,  with  the  dates  thereof. 

2.  Any  officer  who  appoints,  employs  or  promotes  a  person  to  or 
in  a  position  in  the  Civil  Service,  the  compensation  for  which  is  paid 
from  the  State  treasury,  or  the  account  for  which  is  subject  to  audit 
by  the  Comptroller,  shall  officially  notify  the  Comptroller  of  such 
appointment,  employment  or  promotion  before  certifying  or  render¬ 
ing  any  account  for  the  services  of  such  person.  Where  the  pay¬ 
ment  for  the  services  in  any  position  in  the  Civil  Service  is  not  pay¬ 
able  from  the  State  treasury  nor  subject  to  audit  by  the  Comptroller, 
the  notification  as  above  of  any  appointment,  employment  or  promo¬ 
tion  to  or  in  such  position,  shall  be  duly  made  to  the  fiscal  officer 
empowered  by  law  to  pay  the  account  for  such  services. 

Rule  44. 

Persons  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  service  in  the 
army  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  in  the  late  wTar,  shall  be  preferred 
for  appointments  to  positions  in  the  Civil  Service  over  other  persons 
of  equal  standing  as  ascertained  under  these  rules,  and  the  person 
thus  preferred  shall  not  be  disqualified  from  holding  any  position  in 
the  Civil  Service,  on  account  of  his  age  nor  by  reason  of  any  physical 
disability,  provided  such  disability  does  not  render  him  incompetent 
to  perform  the  duties  of  the  position  applied  for. 

Rule  45. 

Subject  only  to  the  qualifications  required  to  be  ascertained  in 
accordance  with  these  rules,  the  power  of  appointment  and  the  re- 


235 


r 


% 


No.  42.] 

spon  sibil  ity  of  selection  are  in  all  cases  in  the  appointing  officer.  The 
power  to  remove  (existing  by  law)  on  the  part  of  any  officer  is  not 
impaired  by  any  thing  contained  in  these  rules. 

Rule  46. 

The  Commission  will  cause  to  be  published  at  such  regular  periods 
as  it  may  deem  proper,  a  gazette  of  all  appointments,  promotions, 
resignations,  removals  and  other  changes  in  the  Civil  Service,  and  in 
case  of  appointment  may  publish  the  names  of  the  persons  certify¬ 
ing  the  good  character  of  the  appointee. 

Rule  47. 

The  Commission  will  make  appropriate  regulations  for  carry  in  o’ 
these  rules  into  effect,  and  may  prescribe  blank  forms  for  all  appli¬ 
cations,.  certificates,  records  and  returns,  required  under  the  rules  or 
regulations  made  in  pursuance  thereof. 

State  of  New  York,  ) 

Office  of  Secretary  of  State ,  j  ss' : 

I  have  compared  the  preceding  with  the  original  Rules  for  the 
Civil  Service  on  file  in  this  office,  and  do  hereby  certify  that  the 
same  is  a  correct  transcript  therefrom,  and  of  the  whole  of  said  orig¬ 
inal  Rules.  & 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  of  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State, 
at  the  city  ot  Albany,  this  8th  day  of  July,  in  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eighty-four. 

JOSEPH  B.  CARR, 
Secretary  of  State. 


GENERAL  REGULATIONS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  CIVIL 

SERVICE  COMMISSION. 


The  Chief  Examiner. 

1.  The  chief  examiner  shall,  so  far  as  practicable,  attend  the  ex¬ 
aminations  held  by  the  several  boards  of  examiners  for  positions  in 
Schedules  B  and  C. 

He  shall  take  care  to  secure  accuracy,  uniformity  and  justice  in 
the  proceedings  of  all  examiners  and  boards  of  examiners  under  the 
rules  and  regulations,  and  such  proceedings  and  all  papers  appertain¬ 
ing  thereto  shall  at  all  times  be  open  to  him.  He  shall  also  from  time 
to  time  inspect  the  proceedings  and  papers  connected  with  exami¬ 
nations  for  the  Civil  Service  of  cities  held  pursuant  to  the  eighth  sec¬ 
tion  of  the  Civil  Service  Act,  and  shall  make  report  of  such  inspec¬ 
tions  to  the  Commission. 

2.  He  shall  prepare  and  submit  to  the  Commission  proper  schemes 
for  examinations,  and  forms  for  blanks  and  records. 

He  shall  take  care  that  the  rules  and  regulations  are  complied 
with  and  shall  bring  any  case  of  their  infraction  or  of  injustice  or 
irregularity  observed  by  him  to  the  attention  of  the  Commission. 
It  shall  be  his  duty,  from  time  to  time,  to  confer  with  the  heads  of 
departments,  offices  and  institutions  in  the  State  service,  concerning 
the  regularity,  sufficiency  and  convenience  of  the  examinations  for 
the  service  under  them.  He  shall  perform  such  other  appropriate 
duties  as  may  be  specified  in  these  regulations,  or  otherwise  assigned 
to  him  by  the  Commission. 

The  Secretary. 

\ 

3.  The  secretary  shall  keep  the  minutes  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Commission,  and  have  charge  of  and  be  responsible  for  the  safe¬ 
keeping  of  the  books,  records,  papers  and  other  property  in  its  office. 
He  shall  make  the  proper  certification  of  those  eligible  for  appoint¬ 
ment  or  employment  in  positions  in  Schedules  B  and  C.  He  shall 
generally  conduct  the  correspondence  of  the  Commission  and  per¬ 
form  such  other  appropriate  duties  as  it  may  assign  to  him. 

The  Stenographer. 

4.  The  stenographer  shall  perform  such  appropriate  duties  as 
may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the  Commission,  or  under  its  direction, 
by  the  chief  examiner  and  secretary. 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 


237 


Examiners. 

5.  Regular  boards  of  examiners  will  consist  of  three  members,  one 
of  whom  shall  act  as  secretaiw,  and  two  of  whom  may  conduct  an  ex¬ 
amination  in  the  necessary  absence  of  the  third.  The  secretary 
shall  keep  a  complete  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  board  and  of 
all  the  examinations  held  by  it,  in  such  form  as  the  Commission  may 
prescribe. 

6.  The  chief  examiner  shall,  subject  to  the  Commission,  issue 
authority  for  holding  examinations  for  positions  in  Schedules  B  and 
C,  and  shall  prepare  questions  and  supervise  other  preliminary  ar¬ 
rangements  for  such  examinations. 

7.  The  boards  of  examiners  will  conduct  the  examinations  and 
estimate  and  mark  the  standing  of  the  persons  competing,  or  in  a 
non-competitive  examination  shall  estimate  the  qualifications  of  the 
person  examined,  and  in  both  cases  shall  transmit  all  the  papers  with 
their  report  to  the  Commission. 

8.  Whenever  the  special  qualifications  required  for  a  position  are 
of  an  expert  or  professional  character,  the  Commission  will  give  to 
the  examining  board  such  advice  and  assistance  from  competent 
sources  as  may  be  expedient  and  available. 

9.  Boards  of  examiners  for  positions  in  Schedule  D  shall  examine 
such  persons  as  are  named  to  them  in  writing  by  any  officer  author¬ 
ized  to  employ  persons  m  the  positions  in  that  schedule,  and  shall 
only  certify  such  as  satisfy  the  qualifications  for  such  positions  as  pre¬ 
scribed  by  the  rules  and  regulations.  They  shall  report  to  the  Com¬ 
mission  the  names  of  persons  examined  by  them  with  other  perti¬ 
nent  information  on  forms  furnished  for  that  purpose,  and  will  keep 
on  file  the  minutes  of  their  proceedings,  with  all  papers  connected 
therewith,  which  shall  at  all  times  be  subject  to  the  inspection  of  the 
Commission  and  its  agents. 

10.  Special  boards  will  be  selected  and  special  regulations  for  ex¬ 
aminations  will  be  issued  by  the  Commission  in  such  cases  as  it  may 
deem  expedient. 

11.  No  examiner  or  person  serving  under  the  Commission  must 
attempt  to  influence  the  selection,  nomination  or  appointment  of  any 
person  for  the  Civil  Service. 

12.  Care  must  be  taken  by  examiners  to  preserve  order  and  deco¬ 
rum  at  examinations  and  to  prevent  such  visitors  as  they  may  admit, 
by  conversation  or  otherwise  to  obstruct  or  distract  those  being  ex¬ 
amined. 

13.  Examiners  must  not  disclose  for  public  information,  unless  by 
consent  of  those  examined,  more  than  the  general  results  of  examina¬ 
tions,  without  the  details  of  answers  given. 

14.  Any  person  after  receiving  official  notification  of  his  standing 
as  ascertained  by  a  competitive  examination,  may  in  person,  or  by 
duly  authorized  agent,  inspect  in  the  presence  of  the  chief  examiner 
or  the  secretary  of  the  Commission,  his  examination  papers  and  the 
markings  thereon. 


238 


[A  SSEMBLY 


15.  Complaints  which  show  any  injustice  or  unfairness  on  the 
part  of  any  examiner  or  examining  board,  or  by  any  one  acting  under 
the  Commission,  will  be  considered  by  the  Commission,  which  re¬ 
serves  the  right  to  revise  the  marking  and  grading  on  the  papers,  or 
order  a  new  examination,  or  otherwise  act  as  substantial  justice  in 
the  premises  may  require. 

16.  For  the  purposes  of  examinations,  examiners'are  authorized  by 
the  last  clause  of  the  third  section  of  the  Civil  Service  Act,  to  re¬ 
quest  the  use  of  suitable  rooms  in  public  buildings  and  the  lighting 
and  the  heating  of  the  same.  In  all  cases  the  requisition  for  such 
accommodation  should  be  in  writing,  reciting  the  provision  of  law 
above  referred  to  and  denoting  the  amount  of  room  required,  and 
should  be  addressed  to  the  State,  county,  city,  town  or  village  officer 
having  custody  of  the  public  building.  School  rooms  are  generally 
those  best  adapted  for  examinations. 

17.  Accounts  of  examiners  (who  are  not  otherwise  in  the  civil  ser¬ 
vice)  for  services  and  for  reimbursement  for  necessary  expenditures, 
should  be  rendered  in  the  forms  prescribed  and  sent  to  the  Commis¬ 
sion  for  approval  before  payment. 

Applications  for  Positions. 

18.  Applications  for  admission  to  competitive  examinations  for 
positions  in  Schedule  B  will  be  directed  to  the  “  Civil  Service  Com¬ 
mission,  Albany,  N.  Y.”  Blank  forms  for  such  applications  and  for 
the  requisite  certificates  will  be  furnished  upon  request,  which  should 
specify  the  position  in  the  service  sought  by  the  applicant.  All 
applications  for  positions  in  Schedules  A,  C  and  D  must  be  made  to 
the  head  of  the  department,  office  or  institution  wdierein  the  position 
is  sought. 

19.  The  Commission  cannot  advise  persons  as  to  vacancies  in  the 
service,  nor  furnish  any  information  as  to  the  duties,  salaries,  course 
of  promotion,  or  other  conditions  of  positions,  except  such  as  may  be 
found  in  printed  regulations.  No  advice  can  be  given  as  to  the 
course  of  preparation  that  applicants  should  follow,  nor  can  speci¬ 
mens  of  the  examination  papers  be  furnished. 

20.  All  application  papers  and  accompanying  certificates  will 
remain  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  Commission,  and  under  no  circum¬ 
stances  or  conditions  will  the  originals  be  returned  to  the  applicant. 

Examinations. 

I.  Competitive . 

21.  Applicants  will  be  admitted  to  examination  upon  the  produc¬ 
tion  of  the  official  notification  to  appear  for  that  purpose.  Each  ap¬ 
plicant  will  receive  a  number,  which  will  be  indorsed  upon  his  notifi¬ 
cation  when  produced,  and  the  notifications  so  indorsed  shall  be 
sealed  in  an  envelope;  each  applicant  will  sign  his  examination 
papers  with  his  number,  omitting  his  name,  and  the  envelope  shall 


No.  42.] 


239 


not  be  opened  until  all  the  examination  papers  have  been  received 
and  the  markings  and  gradings  made. 

22.  All  examinations  shall  be  in  writing,  except  such  as  refer  to 
physical  qualities  or  expertness. 

23.  The  sheets  of  questions  will  be  numbered  and  will  be  given 
out  in  the  order  of  their  numbers,  each  after  the  first  being  given 
only  when  the  competitor  has  returned  to  the  examiners  the  last 
sheet  given  to  him.  In  general,  no  examination  shall  extend  beyond 
five  hours  without  intermission ;  and  no  questions  given  out  at  any 
session,  to  any  candidate,  can  be  allowed  to  be  answered  at  another 
session.  Each  applicant  must  complete  his  examination  on  the  ob¬ 
ligatory  subjects,  before  taking  up  any  of  the  optional  subjects. 

24.  Each  examiner  will  exercise  ail  due  diligence  to  secure  fair¬ 
ness  and  prevent  all  collusion  and  fraud  in  the  examinations. 

25.  The  time  allowed  for  completing  the  examination  will  be  an¬ 
nounced  before  the  first  paper  is  given  out.  For  the  obligatory  sub¬ 
jects  the  examination  should  be  confined  to  a  single  day,  but  the  ex¬ 
aminers  may  extend  such  time  in  special  cases  of  emergency. 

Marking. 

26.  The  examination  papers  shall  be  reviewed  by  each  examiner 
separately,  and,  in  any  case  of  disagreement,  the  average  of  the 
markings  made  on  any  question  or  paper  by  all  shall  be  the  final 
marking  on  such  question  or  paper  subject  to  the  regulation  as  to 
revision. 

27.  The  papers  of  all  the  competitors  in  each  subject  should  be 
examined,  compared  and  marked  before  the  papers  in  another  sub¬ 
ject  are  taken  up. 

28.  The  marking  of  each  question  or  subject  shall  be  made  on 
a  scale  of  100,  which  maximum  shall  represent  accuracy  or  the 
highest  possible  attainment ;  and  0  shall  represent  absolute  igno¬ 
rance.  Handwriting  will  be  judged  by  its  legibility,  uniform 
and  correct  formation  of  letters  and  ease  of  execution.  Upon  a 
comparison  of  the  handwriting  of  all  the  competitors,  the  best  and 
worst  should  be  first  agreed  upon,  and  the  two  extremes  of  the  scale 
thws  fixed ;  the  others  should  be  marked  relatively  to  them.  In 
writing  from  dictation  or  copying  from  manuscript,  the  omission, 
repetition  or  substitution  of  words,  the  erasures,  blots  and  other 
evidences  of  carelessness,  will  proportionately  to  their  numbers  re¬ 
duce  the  marking  below  100.  Spelling  will  be  marked  with  refer¬ 
ence  to  the  ratio  the  misspelt  words  bear  to  the  whole  number  of 
words  dictated.  Making  abstracts  or  summaries  of  documents,  and 
letter-writing  will  be  marked  as  in  handwriting,  by  agreeing  upon 
the  best  and  worst  examples,  and  having  marked  them,  then  pro¬ 
portionately  marking  the  others. 

In  each  of  the  other  subjects,  each  question  shall  be  marked  on 
the  scale  of  100,  and  the  sum  of  such  markings  divided  by  the 
number  of  questions  in  that  subject  shall  be  the  competitor’s  stand¬ 
ing  on  such  subject. 


240 


[Assembly 


Grading. 

29.  The  absolute  or  average  general  standing  of  each  competitor 
will  then  be  made  up  in  form  as  follows,  in  accordance  with  the 
respective  weight  accorded  to  each  subject  by  the  regulations,  thus: 


EXAMINATION  OF 


SUBJECTS. 

Weight 
given  to 
subject. 

Standing 

on 

subjects. 

Product  of 
weight  and 
standing. 

1.  Writing  from  dictation . . . 

2 

80 

160 

2.  Handwriting . 

3 

75 

225 

3.  Spelling.  .  . 

1 

78 

78 

4.  Arithmetic . 

2 

92 

184 

5.  Reporting  in  writing  from  memory . 

’2 

88 

176 

Total  product . 

823 

Divide  by  sum  of  weights  or . 

10 

General  average  standing . . 

82.3 

OR  EXAMINATION  OF 


SUBJECTS. 

Weight 
given  to 
subject. 

Standing 

on 

subjects. 

Product  of 
weight  and 
standing. 

1.  Writing  from  dictation.  ...  . 

3 

96 

288 

2.  Copying  from  manuscript . . 

2 

97 

194 

3  Handwriting . 

4 

85 

340 

4  Spelling.  V . . 

3 

88 

264 

5  Arithmetic . 

4 

93 

372 

6  Geography  and  history . 

1 

80 

80 

7  Constitutional  questions . 

1 

63 

63 

8  Making  a  summary . 

2 

72 

144 

Total  r>  rod  net, . 

1,745 

T)ividp  hv  sum  of  weights  . 

20 

(IptifiTfll  n vpra irp  standinc- 

87.28 

Optional  Subjects. 

‘R^^lr.kpp•nino■  .  .  . . 

80 

Stennpwardi  v . 

92 

It  will  be  Observed  that  the  standing  on  each  subject  is  multiplied 
by  the  weight  given  that  subject  and  the  product  placed  in  the  third 
column,  and  the  sum  of  these  products  divided  by  the  sum  of  the 
weights  gives  the  general  average  standing. 

If,  in  the  marking,  it  is  founS  that  the  standing  of  a  competitor 
on  any  subject  falls' below  fifty,  the  further  marking  of  the  papers 
of  such  competitor  may  be  dropped  (Rule  15),  and  such  fact  re¬ 
corded  on  the  face  of  the  paper  in  red  ink. 


241 


No.  42.] 


30.  The  grading  of  the  several  competitors  being  completed,  their 
names  will  be  enrolled  in  the  order  of  their  excellence,  as  deter¬ 
mined  by  such  examination,  upon  a  register  of  eligible  persons  in 
form  as  prescribed  by  the  Commission. 

31.  Every  paper  in  any  examination  not  formally  certified  by  the 
examiners  will  be  signed  with  his  initials  in  ink  by  each  examiner 
who  has  reviewed  and  marked  it. 

32.  Priority  of  date  in  examination  will  give  no  advantage  in 
position  on  the  eligible  list.  The  names  of  the  three  persons  high¬ 
est  in  general  average  standing  on  the  list  for  any  grade  will  be  cer¬ 
tified  for  selection  without  regard  to  dates  of  examination,  and  sub¬ 
ject  only  to  the  preferences  of  competitors  on  record  for  certain 
departments  or  offices,  or  to  the  certificate  of  the  appointing  officer, 
that  an  optional  subject  is  of  prime  importance. 


Non-competitive. 

33.  Schedule  C.  The  boards  of  examiners  before  whom  shall 
appear  any  person  named  for  a  position  in  Schedule  C,  subject  to  a 
non-competitive  examination,  will  report  to  the  Commission  the 
facts  regarding  such  person  furnished  to,  or  ascertained  by,  them 
upon  the  first  three  points  as  required  by  Rule  23.  Upon  the  fourth 
point  as  required  in  said  rule,  they  will  examine  the  person  so  ap¬ 
pearing  in  the  several  subjects  prescribed  by  regulations  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  Rule  24.  Such  examination  will  be  in  writing,  and  the 
standing  on  each  subject  will  be  marked  in  the  manner  herein  di¬ 
rected  for  competitive  examinations. 

The  grading  of  such  person,  together  with  the  examination  papers 
and  the  report  on  the  other  points  of  inquiry,  shall  be  transmitted  to 
the  Commission,  as  soon  after  the  examination  as  practicable. 

34.  Schedule  I).  The  boards  of  examiners  for  positions  in  Sched¬ 
ule  D  shall  take  evidence  of  the  qualifications  of  persons  properly 
appearing  before  them,  as  the  same  are  defined  in  Rule  29,  and  regu¬ 
lations  pursuant  thereto.  So  far  as  may  be  practicable  such  exam¬ 
inations  shall  be  in  writing.  If  the  board  is  satisfied  that  any  per¬ 
son  so  appearing  is  duly  qualified  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  posi¬ 
tion  for  which  named,  a  certificate  of  qualification  will  be  granted  by 
the  board  in  such  form  as  the  Commission  may  prescribe.  Officers 
having  the  authority  to  employ  persons  in  the  positions  included  in 
Schedule  D  may  directly  name  persons  to  any  such  board  for  examina¬ 
tion.  Quarterly  reports  on  the  first  days  of  January,  April,  July  and 
October  in  every  year  will  be  made  by  such  boards  to  the  Commis¬ 
sion,  giving  names  of  all  persons  examined,  the  positions  for  which 
named,  and  whether  or  not  certified  as  qualified.  Intermediate  re¬ 
ports  of  a  similar  nature  will  be  made  when  specially  required. 

Nor  Promotion. 


- 1 


35.  Examiners  will  carefully  inspect  the  work  performed  during 
the  previous  year  by  the  persons  named  for  promotion  as  regards  its 
[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  31 


« 


242 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 

accuracy  and  neatness,  and  should  personally  question  them  concern¬ 
ing  their  office  work  and  its  purposes,  in  order  to  ascertain  if  they 
have  a  general  and  intelligent  knowledge  of  the  business  in  the  de¬ 
partment  where  they  are  employed.  No  part  of  the  examination  * 
need  be  by  written  answers  to  written  questions,  but  the  examiners 
may  require  the  persons  examined  to  give  a  written  description  of 
the  work  done  by  them  and  its  relation  to  the  duties  of  others. 

General. 

36.  As  soon  as  practicable  after  an  examination  the  papers  of  the 
candidates  will  be  marked,  and  their  standings  ascertained  and  com¬ 
municated  to  them  by  the  secretary  of  the  Commission  by  mail. 
Prior  to  that  time  no  inquiries  addressed  either  to  the  examiners  or 
the  Commission  will  be  answered.  No  letters  explanatory  of  errors 
presumed  to  have  been  made  in  an  examination  will  receive  any  at¬ 
tention. 

37.  The  Commission  cannot  undertake  to  answer  inquiries  relating 
to  cases  which  are  not  officially  before  it  for  decision,  nor  can  it  de¬ 
cide,  except  in  cases  of  actual  candidates  on  its  registers,  questions 
respecting  the  application  of  the  rules  and  regulations. 

38.  Particular  answers  cannot  be  given  to  inquiries  which  are  an¬ 
swered  expressly  or  by  implication  in  published  regulations  and  sim¬ 
ilar  documents. 

39.  The  schemes  of  qualifications  and  subjects  of  examination  of 
the  same  for  positions  in  Schedules  C  and  D  will  be  published  from 
time  to  time  for  general  information. 

In  regard  to  many  such  positions,  the  nature  and  extent  of  such 
examinations  will  not  be  determined  until  after  a  vacancy  in  the  po¬ 
sition  occurs. 

No  information  can,  therefore,  be  given  in  regard  to  such  posi¬ 
tions  other  than  is  published  as  above  mentioned. 


9 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  CIVIL  SEEVICE. 

[Approved  by  the  Governor  on  September  3,  1883.] 


The  letters  A,  B,  C,  D  and  E,  in  brackets,  indicate  the  schedule  under  the  rules,  in  which 
the  class,  subdivision  or  grade  is  included. 

CLASS  1. 

All  assistants  and  deputies  of  executive  and  administrative  offi¬ 
cers,  and  all  clerks  and  other  persons  of  whatever  designation  ren¬ 
dering  services  similar  to  those  of  clerks  in  any  branch  of  the  State 
service. 

Subdivision  I. 

First  Grade.  [B.]  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  less  than  $1,000. 

Second  Grade.  [B.]  — Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  $1,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,200. 

Third  Grade.  [B.]  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  $1,200  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,500. 

Fourth  Grade.  [E.]  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  $1,500  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,800. 

Fifth  Grade.  [E.]  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  $1,800  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,000. 

Sixth  Grade.  [E.]  —  Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  $2,000  or  more,  but  less  than  $2,500. 

Seventh  Grade.  [E.]  — Clerks  and  like  employes  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  $2,500  or  more. 


Subdivision  II.  [A.] 

Deputies  and  assistants  of  principal  officers  or  heads  of  departments  ;  the  pri¬ 
vate  secretary  of  the  governor  ;  the  clerk  and  reporter  of  the  court  of  appeals  ; 
the  secretaries  of  State  boards  and  commissions  (but  not  assistant  secretaries,  they 
being  rated  as  clerks)  ;  the  chief  examiner  of  the  Civil  Service  ;  treasurers  of 
asylums  ;  game  and  fish  protectors  ;  superintendent  of  public  buildings. 

CLASS  2,  [C.] 

All  persons  of  special  qualifications  (except  those  employed  in  the 
department  of  public  works,  the  salt  works,  prisons,  reformatories, 
asylums  and  other  charitable  and  corrective  institutions),  including 
directors  or  curators  of  museums  ;  geologists,  botanists  and  entomo¬ 
logists  and  their  respective  assistants ;  librarians  and  their  assistants  ; 
civil  engineers  and  surveyors ;  chemists ;  sanitary  experts ;  princi¬ 
pals,  professors  and  teachers  in  normal  schools ;  inspector  of  quaran¬ 
tine  hospitals;  medical  superintendent  of  emigrants;  health  officers. 


244 


[Assembly 


CLASS  3. 

All  persons  engaged  in  duties,  other  than  those  of  clerks,  in  the 
courts  and  public  offices  and  buildings  at  Albany  and  the  State 
arsenals,  except  as  laborers,  and  not  included  in  the  preceding  classes. 

Subdivision  I,  [C.] 

Court  criers  and  attendants ;  court  and  other  marshals ;  stenographers  in 
courts ;  excise  inspectors. 

Subdivision  II.  [C.] 

Superintendents  and  assistant  superintendents  in  charge  of  public  buildings 
under  the  general  superintendent. 

Subdivision  III.  [B.  and  D.] 

Interpreters  in  courts ,  keepers  and  janitors  of  public  buildings,  arsenals, 
bureaus,  etc.  ;  office  messengers  ;  orderlies  in  public  buildings  ;  watchmen  ;  fire¬ 
men  ;  porters  and  portresses. 

Subdivision  IV.  [D.] 

Steam  engineers  and  all  other  persons  engaged  in  expert  mechanical  duties  in 
public  buildings  or  arsenals. 

CLASS  4. 

All  persons  employed  in  the ‘department  of  public  works  other 
than  the  assistant  superintendents,  collectors  of  statistics  and  clerks 
(who  are  included  in  Class  1),  and  excepting  laborers. 

Subdivision  I.  [C.] 

Superintendents  of  repairs. 

Subdivision  II.  [B.] 

Inspectors  of  boats  and  cargoes. 

Subdivision  III.  [C.] 

First  Grade  —  Rodrnen  and  levelers. 

Second  Grade  —  Assistant  engineers  below  the  rank  of  resident. 

Third  Grade  —  Resident  engineers. 

Fourth  Grade  —  Division  engineers. 

Subdivision  IV.  [D.] 

All  others  employed  in  said  department  not  otherwise  classified. 

First  Grade  —  All  those  receiving  an  annual  compensation  less  than  $500. 

Second  Grade  —  All  those  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or  more. 

CLASS  5. 

All  persons  employed  in  the  Onondaga  salt  works,  except  the  deputy  superin¬ 
tendent  (Class  I). 

Subdivision  I.  [C.] 

First  Grade  —  Engineers,  except  the  chief  engineer,  overseers  of  pumps  and 
supervisors  of  aqueducts  and  reservoirs. 

Second  Grade  —  Chief  engineer. 

Subdivision  II. 

First  Grade.  [C.] —  Assistant  inspectors  of  salt  or  of  barrels. 


245 


No.  42.] 

Second  Grade.  [E.]  —  Receivers  and  inspectors  of  salt  or  of  barrels. 

Third  Grade.  [E.]  —  Chief  inspector  of  salt  and  chief  inspector  of  barrels. 

Subdivision  III.  [D.] 

All  others  employed  and  not  otherwise  classified. 

CLASS  6. 

All  persons  employed  in  prisons  and  reformatories,  except  those  included  in 
Class  I.  [C.J 

Subdivision  I.  [C.] 

Wardens  and  agents  of  prisons  ;  superintendents  of  reformatories. 

Subdivision  II.  [C.] 

Physicians  ;  chaplains  ;  principal  matrons. 

Subdivision  III. 

First  Grade.  [B.]  —  Guards  in  prisons. 

Second  Grade.  [E.]  —  Keepers  in  prisons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of 
$900  or  less. 

Third  Grade.  [E.J  —  Keepers  of  prisons  receiving  an  annual  compensation 
greater  than  $900,  except  the  principal  keepers. 

Fourth  Grade.  [E.]  —  Principal  keepers. 

Subdivision  IV.  [D.] 

Steam  engineers  and  others  employed  as  expert  mechanics  in  prisons  and  re¬ 
formatories. 

Subdivision  V. 

First  Grade.  [B.]  —  Teachers  in  reformatories  receiving  an  annual  compensa¬ 
tion  of  less  than  $500. 

Second  Grade.  [E.]  —  ^Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or 
more,  but  less  than  $1,000. 

Third  Grade.  [E.]  —  Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $1,000  or 
more. 

Subdivision  VI.  [D.] 

All  other  persons  employed  in  prisons  and  reformatories,  except  laborers. 

First  Grade  —  Such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than  $500. 

Second  Grade  —  Such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or 
more. 

•  CLASS  7. 

All  persons  employed  in  asylums  for  the  insane,  idiots,  the  blind  and  deaf  and 
dumb,  and  in  similar  institutions,  and  by  the  commissioners  of  emigration,  ex¬ 
cept  those  included  in  Class  I  and  laborers. 

Subdivision  I.  [C.] 

Superintendents  of  insane  asylums. 

*  Subdivision  II.  [C.] 

Superintendents  of  asylums  other  than  those  for  the  insane. 

Subdivision  HI.  [C.] 

Assistant  physicians  and  pathologists  in  insane  asylums. 

Subdivision  IV.  [C.] 

Physicians  other  than  those  in  insane  asylums. 

Subdivision  V.  [C.] 


Stewards  oT  asylums. 


246 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 


Subdivision  VI.  [D.] 

Engineers  and  expert  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 

Subdivision  VII. 

First  Grade.  [B.]  —  Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than 
$500. 

Second  Grade.  [E.]  —  Teachers  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or 
more. 

Subdivision  VIII. 

First  Grade.  [D.]  —  Attendants,  nurses  and  orderlies. 

Second  Grade.  [E.]  —  Supervisors  of  asylums  and  wards. 

Subdivision  IX.  [D.] 

All  other  persons  employed  in  asylums  and  by  the  commissioners  of  emigra¬ 
tion. 

First  Grade  —  All  such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  less  than 
$500. 

Second  Grade  —  All  such  persons  receiving  an  annual  compensation  of  $500  or 
more. 


In  the  above  classification  the  inclusion  of  any  specified  official  in 
any  class,  subdivision  or  grade  shall  not  apply  to  any  person  acting 
as  or  termed  as  a  deputy  or  assistant  of  such  official,  nor  to  any  per¬ 
son  acting  for  or  as  such  official  in  case  of  absence,  vacancy  in  office 
or  otherwise. 

The  term  “  deputy  ”  or  “  assistant  ”  is  not  recognized  in  this  classi¬ 
fication,  unless  such  designation  is  authorized  by  law. 

Where  any  person  receives  a  compensation  rated  not  by  the  year, 
but  by  the  day,  week  or  month,  the  classification  of  such  person, 
when  dependent  upon  compensation,  will  be  based  upon  his  or  her 
equivalent  annual  compensation. 

The  classes  indicate  the  several  grand  divisions  of  the  service.  The 
subdivisions  are  intended  to  mark  the  distinct  kinds  of  qualification 
necessary  in  each  class,  and  the  grade  in  the  subdivisions  are  designed 
as  steps  for  advancement  by  formal  promotion. 

The  omission  in  the  above  classification  of  any  official  designa¬ 
tion  or  appellation  of  a  position  in  the  service  will  not  exclude  such 
position  from  the  classification,  as  it  will  be  comprised  in  the  class  to 
which  it  belongs  by  the  general  specification  of  such  class. 


FOR  EX¬ 


REGISTER  OF  QUALIFICATIONS,  SCHEMES 
AMINATIONS  AND  LIMITS  OF  AGE. 


Schedule  B. 

Under  the  provisions  of  Civil  Service  Rule  14,  the  following  schemes  have  been 
prepared  for  the  several  grades  and  subdivisions  in  Schedule  B. 

Clerkships,  positions  as  collectors  of  canal  statistics  (Class  1,  Subdivision  I, 
Grades  1  and2).  Salaries  less  than  $1,200  per  annum. 


Clerkships,  positions  as  inspectors  of  canal  cargoes  (Class  4,  subdivision  II.) 
Age  not  less  than  21  years,  nor  more  than  50  years.* 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 


Obligatory  Suujects.  weights# 

Writing  from  dictation  (about  one  page  of  foolscap) .  3 

Copying  from  manuscript  (about  one  page) .  2 

Handwriting .  ^ 

Arithmetic  (viz. :  4  examples  in  numeration  ;  4  in  addition  ;  6  in  fractions  ; 

and  4  in  reduction  of  weights  and  measures) .  3 

Geography  (viz.:  4  questions  regarding  the  State  of  New  York,  and  2  re¬ 
garding  the  United  States) .  1 

Total .  15 


Optional  Subjects. 

Expert  penmanship. 

Elements  of  book-keeping.  .  ■ 

Special  qualification  for  any  department  of  the  Civil  Service  specified  by  the 

applicant. 

Clerkships  and  like  positions  (Class  1,  Subdivision  I,  Grade  3).  Salaries  of 
$1,200  per  annum  or  more,  but  less  than  $1,500. 

Age  not  less  than  21  years  nor  more  than  50  years.* 

Obligatory  Subjects.  weights! 

1.  Writing  from  dictation  (about  one  page  of  foolscap) . 

2.  Copying  from  manuscript  (about  one  page . 

3.  Handwriting .  ’ 

4.  Spelling . .  . . . :  • 

5.  Arithmetic  (1  example  in  addition  ;  3  in  fractions  ;  2  in  reduction  ;  3  in 

proportion  ;  4  in  interest  and  discount) .  4 

6.  Geography  and  history  (4  questions  of  each  relative  to  New  York,  and  2  of 

each  relative  to  the  United  States) .  1 

7.  Constitution  (3  questions  concerning  that  of  New  York  ;  and  2  that  of  the 

United  States) . 1 

8.  Making  a  condensed  summary  of  a  document  (not  exceeding  G  folios) .  2 

Total .  20 


*  Limitation  of  age  does  not  apply  to  persons  honorably  discharged  from  the  military 
or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the  late  war. 


248 


[Assembly 


Optional  Subjects. 

Expert  penmanship. 

English  composition  or  letter  writing. 

Book-keeping. 

Shorthand-writing. 

Type-writing. 

Foreign  languages. 

Special  qualification  for  any  department  of  the  Civil  Service  specified  by  the 
applicant. 

N.  B.  About  all  the  clerkships  in  the  State  departments  at  Albany  are  in  this 
grade.  Clerks  admitted  by  the  examination  for  the  first  and  second  grades  can¬ 
not  be  subsequently  promoted  to  the  third  grade  unless  able  to  pass  the  examina¬ 
tion  for  that  grade. 

Office  messengers  and  orderlies  in  public  buildings  (Class  3,  part  of  Subdi¬ 
vision  III). 

Age  not  less  than  21  years,  nor  more  than  45  years.* 


Guards  in  prisons  (Class  6,  Subdivision  III,  Grade  1). 
Age  not  less  than  25  years,  nor  more  than  40  years.* 


Obligatory  Subjects.  weights! 

1.  Writing  from  dictation  (about  one  page  of  foolscap) .  2 

1.  Handwriting .  3 

3.  Spelling  . '. .  1 

4.  Arithmetic  (5  examples  in  numeration  ;  4  in  addition  ;  2  in  subtraction; 

2  in  multiplication,  and  3  in  division) .  2 

5.  Writing  down  from  memory  the  substance  of  matter  orally  communicated.  2 


N.  B.  —  Candidates  for  the  positions  of  office  messenger  or  orderly  must  be 
in  approved  physical  condition  for  active  duties. 

Applicants  for  position  of  prison  guard,  in  addition  to  the  other  requirements 
specifically  named  in  Rule  10,  must  furnish  satisfactory  vouchers  that  they  are  not 
of  an  irascible  or  passionate  disposition  and  are  of  a  kind  and  humane  disposition. 
They  must  not  be  less  than  five  feet  nine  inches  in  stature  when  unshod,  and  be¬ 
fore  being  admitted  to  service  must  pass  a  physical  examination  by  tl\e  prison 
physician. 

Teachers  in  reformatories  (Class  VI,  Subdivision  V,  Grade  1). 

Teachers  in  asylums,  etc.  (Class  VII,  Subdivision  VII,  Grade  1). 

[The  schemes  of  examination  for  these  positions  have  not  yet  been  prepared 
and  will  probably  be  varied  to  meet  the  special  requirements  of  the  respective  in¬ 
stitutions,  and  so  far  as  practicable  and  necessary  will  be  based  upon  the  exami¬ 
nations  for  “  State  certificates,”  under  the  direction  of  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Department  of  Public  Instruction.] 

In  addition  to  the  obligatory  subjects  above  given  to  clerkships,  certain  clerks 
employed  by  the  commissioners  of  emigration  are  obliged  to  be  conversant  with 
the  German  language,  and  weight  is  given  to  proficiency  in  other  modern  Euro¬ 
pean  languages. 

Schedule  C.  , 

In  positions  in  this  schedule  where  the  duties  are  professional,  technical  or  ex¬ 
pert,  the  nominees  or  candidates  will  be  required  to  show  what  preliminary  train¬ 
ing  to  technical  education  they  have  undergone  to  qualify  them  for  such  situa¬ 
tions  before  they  can  be  admitted  to  examination. 

I.  Additional  assistant  engineer  on  canals.  1,  Arithmetic  ;  2,  geometry;  Sup¬ 
plied  or  practical  geometry;  4,  plane  trigonometry;  5,  mensuration  ;  6,  use  of  in¬ 
struments  ;  7,  mechanics  ;  8,  practical  construction. 

II.  Additional  leveler  on  canals.  1,  Arithmetic  to  evolution  ;  2,  plane  trigo- 

*  Limitation  of  age  does  not  apply  to  persons  honorably  discharged  from  the  service  of 
the  United  States  in  the  late  war. 


No.  42.] 


249 


nometry  ;  3,  mensuration  ;  4,  use  and  adjustment  of  instruments;  5,  tabulation  of 
field  notes  ;  6,  makino-  profile  draughts. 

Court  Officers  and  Clerks. 

!•  Stenographers — Candidates  for  positions  as  stenographers  shall  be  subject 
to  a  general  examination  similar  in  character  to  that  required  in  the  case  of  clerks 
receiving  an  equal  amount  of  salary  and  the  following  : 

Obligatory  Subjects'.  Relative 

weights. 

1.  Accuracy  in  taking  notes  of  spoken  or  dictated  matter  at  the  rate  of  at  least 

150  words  per  minute .  5 

2.  Correctness  in  transcribing  such  notes,  regard  being  had  to  spelling  (3)  and 

penmanship  (3) . •  •  •  • . . .  @ 

3.  Accuracy  in  the  immediate  rendering  of  spoken  or  dictated  matter,  which 

they  shall  be  required  to  takedown  and  read,  back,  aloud,  immediately _  5 

4.  Arithmetic  (fundamental  rules,  proportion,  interest,  and  discount) .  2 

5.  Elementary  history  and  geography  of  New  York  State  and  the  United  States.  1 

6.  Constitution  of  New  York  State  and  the  United  States .  1 

20 


Optional,  Foreign  Languages. 

2.  Interpreters  —  Applicants  for  positions  as  interpreters  shall  be  subject  to  a 
general  examination  similar  in  character  to  that  required  in  the  case  of  clerks  re¬ 
ceiving  an  equal  amount  of  salary.  They  shall  be  subject  to  a  special  examina¬ 
tion  with  a  view  to  ascertain  their  fitness  for  the  position  applied  for  (a)  In  speak¬ 
ing  and  writing  fluently  and  grammatically  two  (2)  languages  other  than  English, 
(b)  In  the  rudiments  of  the  history  and  geography  of  the  countries  in  whose  lan¬ 
guages  they  offer  to  be  examined.  Their  examination  shall  cover  the  following  : 

Obligatory  Subjects.  Relative 

weights. 

1.  Rendering  into  English  (speaking)  dictated  or  spoken  matter  in  two  (2)  foreign 

languages  (each  5) . . .  10 

2.  Write  translation  from  same  (2)  foreign  languages  of  printed  matter  or 

manuscript  (not  exceeding  0  folios) .  g 

3.  Elementary  history  and  geography  of  the  foreign  countries  in  whose*  *lan"- 

guages  the  candidate  offers  to  be  examined .  4 

20 

— 

Optional  Subjects  —  Any  additional  foreign  language. 

3.  Court  attendants  —  Will  be  examined  same  as  messengers,  orderlies,  etc. ,  as 
above. 

4.  Employes  whose  functions  are  purely  clerical  —  Same  as  1st  and  2d  class 
clerks  above. 

5.  Clerks  whose  functions  are  more  or  less  judicial  or  discretionary  —  candi¬ 

dates  for  the  positions  in  this  class  shall  be  examined  with  a  view  to  ascertain 
their  knowledge  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  for  a  position  in  which  they  ap¬ 
ply,  and  their  knowledge  of  the  practice  of  the  law  pertaining  to  the  special  du¬ 
ties  which  they  may  be  called  upon  to  perform.  • 


Obligatory  Subjects.  Relative 

weights. 

1.  The  practice  of  the  law  relative  to  the  particular  duties  which  they  may  be 

required  to  perform . <5 

2.  Questions  relating  to  the  jurisdiction  of  tiie  court  for  a  position’  in  which 

they  apply . g 

3.  Writing  from  dictation  (about  one  page  of  foolscap) .  2 

4.  Copying  from  manuscript  (about  one  page) . 2 

5.  Handwriting .  q 

6.  Spelling. . . ’  *  *  ] .  g 


[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.] 


32 


250  [Assembly,  No.  42.] 

7.  Arithmetic  (fundamental  rules,  fractions,  reduction,  discount,  interest  and 


proportion) .  3 

8-  Geography  and  history  (New  York  State  and  United  States) .  1 

9.  Constitution . .  1 


10.  Making  a  condensed  summary  of  a  document  (not  exceeding  six  folios). _  2 

25 


Optional  Subjects. 

Expert  penmanship,  English  composition  or  letter  writing,  book-keeping,  short¬ 
hand  writing,  type  writing,  foreign  languages,  special  qualifications  for  the  de¬ 
partment  specified  by  the  applicant. 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  EXAMINERS. 


i 


[The  instructions  and  special  regulations  prepared  for  the  examinations  held  throughout 
the  State  on  April  24,  1884,  being  generally  applicable  to  all  competitive  examinations  for 
the  State  service,  they  are  given  below  with  few  changes.] 

In  order  that  the  proceedings  at  all  places  may  be  uniform,  the 
following  instructions  are  given  for  the  guidance  of  those  selected 
by  the  Commission  as  examiners  to  conduct  the  competitive  exami¬ 
nations  for  the  State  service. 

1.  All  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  examination-room  and 
its  proper  furniture  should  be  completed  several  days  prior  to  the 
date  of  examination.  Reference  is  made  to  the  last  clause  of  section 
three  of  the  Civil  Service  Act,  wherein  permission  is  granted  to  use 
certain  public  buildings.  The  desks  should  be  arranged  so  that 
competitors  cannot  communicate  with  each  other  or  copy  each  other’s 
papers  without  observation.  There  should  be  at  least  twenty-five 
square  feet  of  table  for  use  of  the  examiners,  and  this  should  be  so 
placed  that  supervision  may  be  had  of  every  desk.  On  the  evening 
prior  to  the  examination  each  desk  should  be  provided  with  a'  stand 
supplied  with  ink,  two  pen-holders  with  pens  and  a  blotting  pad.  It 
will  be  of  great  advantage  to  secure  the  services  of  a  competent  and 
trustworthy  person  to  receive  the  candidates  at  the  door  of  the  ex^ 
amination-room  and  who  might  also  assist  the  examiners  during  the 
entire  day,  particularly  in  distributing  the  papers  to  candidates. 
The  attention  of  all  concerned  is  respectfully  invited  to  the  fifth  sec¬ 
tion  of  the  Civil  Service  Act,  which  makes  penal  certain  offenses. 

2.  The  blank  questions  in  sealed  envelopes  will  be  sent  by  mail  or 
express  from  the  office  of  the  Commission  so  as  to  reach  each  place 
of  examination  at  least  twenty-four  hours  before  the  date  of  exami¬ 
nation  and  should  be  deposited  witli  seals  intact,  in  some  secure 
place.  An  accompanying  package  will  contain  the  stationery  and 
envelopes,  each  inclosing  a  desk  card. 

3.  On  the  day  of  examination  the  chosen  assistant  should  attend 
early  at  the  door  of  the  examination-room  with  the  package  of  en¬ 
velopes  containing  desk-cards.  It  will  be  convenient  to  have  a  stand 
or  small  table  on  which  to  place  these  cards.  Each  notified  applicant 
must  present  to  the  attendant  as  a  warrant  for  his  appearance  the 
official  notification  signed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission,  and 
no  one  should  be  admitted  who  does  not  present  such  notification. 
The  attendant  will  give  the  applicant  one  of  the  envelopes,  from  which 
the  applicant  will  take  the  card  inclosed,  and  indorsing  upon  his 


252 


[Assembly 


notification  the  number  on  the  card  will  put  the  notification  in  the 
envelope,  seal  it,  and  return  it  to  the  attendant.  The  applicant  re¬ 
taining  the  card  will  then  be  admitted  to  the  examination-room  as 
an  accepted  candidate.  No  applicant,  presenting  himself  after  10 
o’clock,  a.  m.,  should  be  admitted,  since  no  matter  what  may  be  the 
cause  of  delay,  his  admission  after  that  hour  would  derange  the 
proceedings. 

4.  At  10:05  a.  m.,  the  examiners  should  announce  the  beginning 
of  proceedings,  and  should  request  the  candidates  to  separate  them¬ 
selves  into  three  groups  :  One  to  contain  all  candidates  for  positions 
as  orderly  or  messenger  in  public  buildings  and  prison  guards ;  the 
second  to  contain  all  candidates  for  the  first  and  second  grade  clerk¬ 
ships;  and  the  third  to  contain  all  candidates  for  third  grade  clerk¬ 
ships.  For  convenience,  each  group  should  then  be  seated  by  itself, 
as  the  examination  for  each  is  distinct.* 

5.  All  being  properly  seated  and  order  restored,  one  of  the  exami¬ 
ners  should  ask  if  all  the  candidates  have  carefully  read  the  regula¬ 
tions  for  examination  sent  to  them  with  their  notification,  and  also 
if  all  are  provided  with  ink  and  pens.  In  the  meantime  the  other 
examiners  should  break  the  seals  and  open  the  package  of  exami¬ 
nation  ‘papers,  which  will  be  found  in  four  parcels,  one  containing 
questions,  etc.,  for  third  grade  clerkships,  printed  on  white  paper ; 
one  for  second  and  third  grade  clerkships,  on  hlue  paper ;  and  one 
for  orderlies,  prison  guards,  etc.,  on  yellow  paper ;  and  the  fourth 
marked  “optional,”  containing  questions  on  optional  subjects,  and 
which  parcels  should  not  then  be  opened.  The  papers  from  the 
several  parcels  should  be  kept  distinct  on  the  table,  and  each  color 
will  be  found  to  contain  several  sets  of  questions,  numbered  from 
one  upward,  in  each  series. 

6.  The  first  paper  from  each  series,  viz. :  ‘‘writing  from  dictation,” 
will  be  distributed  to  each  candidate  in  the  respective  groups.  In 
the  white  parcel,  on  a  large  card,  will  be  found  printed  the  matter 
to  be  dictated  (which  is  to  be  read  to  and  written  down  by  all  the 
candidates).  After  notice,  one  of  the  examiners  wdll  begin  to  read 
the  matter  to  be  dictated  slowly  and  one  phrase  at  a  time,  so  that  it 
may  be  fairly  copied,  and  to  avoid,  if  possible,  a  repetition  which  is 
apt  to  confuse  the  writers.  Great  care  should  be  taken  to  read  de¬ 
liberately,  with  distinct  utterance,  until  the  whole  has  been  read. 
Then  for  review  and  proper  punctuation,  the  whole  should  be  again 
read  with  ordinary  rapidity. 

7.  The  exercise  in  dictation  is  the  only  one  in  which  all  the 
groups  join  in  unison,  and  after  its  completion  all  the  papers  should 
be  taken  up.  The  second  papers  in  each  series  should  then  be 
given  out  to  the  candidates  in  the  respective  groups,  and  thencefor¬ 
ward  the  successive  papers  in  numerical  order,  but  only  one  at  a 
time.  Each  candidate,  when  he  completes  a  paper,  is  to  be  fur- 

*Of  course  grouping  will  be  unnecessary  when  the  examination  is  for  a  single 
grade  only. 


No.  42.] 


253 


nished  with  the  next  one,  without  regard  to  the  progress  of  others 
in  the  group.  The  completed  papers  are  to  be  taken  up  before  the 
next  ones  are  given  out.  In  distributing  the  second  paper,  viz. : 
“  Copying  from  manuscript,”  to  the  two" groups  of  candidates  for 
clerkships,  one  of  the  lithographed  drafts  of  letter  will  be  given  as 
the  matter  to  be  copied. 

S.  Only  general  explanations  should  be  given  to  candidates,  and 
these  should  be  limited  to  methods  of  procedure.  No  information 
or  aid  in  solving  questions  should  be  permitted  from  any  source, 
and  vigilance  should  be  exercised  to  prevent  the  use  of  any  book  or 
manuscript  for  such  purpose,  or  copying  from  the  papers  of  another 
candidate.  No  candidate  should  be  allowed  to  leave  the  room 
while  engaged  upon  a  paper.  One  examiner  should  always  be  pres¬ 
ent  in  the  examining-room. 

9.  The  examiners  will  preserve  order  and  decorum,  and  no  con¬ 
versation  or  unusual  noise  by  the  candidates  should  be  permitted. 
They  should  not  allow  any  visitors  admitted  by  them  to  distract  the 
attention  of  the  candidates.  No  such  visitor  should  be  admitted, 
except  by  invitation  of  the  examiners,  and  not  more  than  two  at 
any  one  time.  The  natural  nervousness  of  candidates  under  exami¬ 
nation  is  apt  to  be  increased  by  the  consciousness  that  they  are  ob¬ 
served,  or  their  work  scrutinized  by  those  not  officially  in  charge, 
and  great  discretion  should  be  exercised  in  the  admission  of  visitors, 
■who  should  not  be  permitted  to  inspect  the  answers  in  the  presence 
of  the  candidates.  (Special  care  must  be  taken  that  nothing  regard¬ 
ing  the  work  of  the  candidates  is  procured  for  publication.  The 
examiners  hold  all  the  papers  in  trust  for  the  Commission. 

10.  If  a  candidate  declines  to  complete  all  the  papers  and  with¬ 
draws  from  the  examination,  he  must  deliver  to  the  examiners  his 
desk-card,  on  which  the  time  of  his  withdrawal  should  be  marked. 
Also  as  each  candidate  completes  all  the  papers  he  will  deliver 
his  desk- card,  on  which  the  time  of  completion  should  be  marked. 
All  these  desk-cards  will  be  retained  by  the  examiners. 

11.  Each  candidate  on  leaving  will  inform  the  examiners  what 
optional  subjects,  if  any,  he  desires  to  be  examined  in,  and  they  will 
name  a  time  and  place  for  him  to  appear  for  such  purpose. 

12.  The  time  occupied  in  the  examination  on  obligatory  subjects 
must  not  exceed  eight  hours.  If  this  space  be  reckoned  from  the 
distribution  of  the  first  paper  (10:10  a.  m.),  with  an  allowance  of  twen¬ 
ty  minutes  for  luncheon,  the  close  of  the  examination  would  be  at 
6:30  r.  m.  ,  or  about  sunset.  (N.  B.  —  The  time  as  expressed  herein 
for  the  beginning  and  close  of  proceedings  is  the  exact  or  solar  time, 
and  not  the  standard  railroad  time,  recently  adopted.)  Should  there 
occur  an  accidental  delay  in  opening  proceedings,  or  their  suspension 
through  any  unforeseen  cause,  the  examiners,  in  accordance  with  the 
twenty-second  General  Regulation,  will  see  that  the  full  period  of 
eight  hours  is  allowed,  but  in  no  case  should  such  allowance  of  eight 
hours  be  exceeded.  Ten  minutes  before  the  time  for  closing  the  ex¬ 
amination,  notice  of  such  closing  should  be  given  to  the  candidates, 
and  at  the  close  all  papers,  finished  and  unfinished,  will  be  taken  up. 


254 


[Assembly,  No.  42.] 


Optional  Subjects. 

13.  While  it  is  presumed  that  only  a  small  number  of  candidates 
will  desire  to  be  examined  on  optional  subjects,  the  interest  of  the 
public  service  will  be  subserved  by  giving  full  opportunity  to  all  who 
desire  such  privilege.  The  examination  on  these  subjects  being  com¬ 
paratively  brief,  it  may  be  held  on  the  evening  of  the  day  of  general 
examination  or  the  next  day  and  in  a  smaller  room. 

A  special  package  of  papers,  for  examination  on  such  of  the  op¬ 
tional  subjects  as  could  be  prepared  in  advance,  will  accompany  the 
other  papers.  These  are  for ‘‘Elements  of  Book-keeping,  ”  “Book¬ 
keeping,  ”  “  Foreign  Languages,  ”  and  “  Stenography,  ”  and  full  di¬ 
rections  are  given  at  the  head  of  each  paper. 

For  the  other  subjects  the  following  plans  will  be  pursued  : 

Expert  penmanship.  This  is  an  accomplishment  of  prime  im¬ 
portance  in  some  positions  and  of  great  value  in  all  of  them.  The 
candidate  will  copy  the  paper  for  “  Stenography, 55  and  may  also  ex¬ 
hibit  his  skill  in  pen-printing  and  other  styles  useful  or  ornamental  in 
engrossing,  copying,  recording,  preparing  tabular  statements,  etc. 
The  time  occupied  will  be  denoted  on  the  papers  by  the  examiners. 

Type-writing.  It  is  presumed  that  a  type-writing  machine  is  ac¬ 
cessible  at  each  place  of  examination.  The  candidate  will  be  given 
a  copy  of  these  instructions  and  directed  to  copy  from  the  first  page 
the  paragraphs  marked  1  and  2  (that  is  from  “all  the  necessary,  ” 
etc. ,  to  “  desk-card”).  Only  one  trial  is  to  be  allowed,  and  the  time 
occupied  in  type- writing  will  be  written  at  the  foot  of  the  page,  and 
signed  by  one  of  the  examiners. 

English  composition  or  letter -writing .  The  examiners  will  se¬ 
lect  a  subject  for  an  essay  or  letter,  writing  the  subject  at  the 
head  of  the  sheet  of  foolscap  paper.  The  candidate  will  then  in 
their  presence  write  the  essay  or  letter,  which  should  not  exceed  two 
pages  in  length.  The  time  occupied  should  be  recorded,  and  certi¬ 
fied  at  the  foot  of  the  paper. 

Special  qualification  for  any  department  of  the  public  service. 
The  candidate  will  give  in  writing  the  details  of  the  special  experi¬ 
ence  or  training  which  he  claims  would  be  valuable  in  the  service. 
If  such  proficiency  is  capable  of  practical  test,  such  as  a  facility  in 
adding  correctly  and  rapidly  long  columns  of  figures  or  in  casting  in¬ 
terest,  or  in  making  general  averages,  the  representatives  may  test 
such  qualifications  and  certify  their  estimate  of  the  same  to  the  Com¬ 
mission. 

Care  must  be  taken  that  all  such  papers  are,  for  the  purposes  of 
identification,  marked  with  the  candidate’s  desk  number,  as  on  the 
papers  for  obligatory  subjects. 

Marking  and  Grading. 

In  addition  to  the  instruction  given  in  General  Regulations  26  to 
32,  special  directions  as  to  marking  and  grading  will  be  given  to  ex¬ 
aminers  when  deemed  necessary  by  the  Commission. 


SPECIAL  REGULATIONS  FOR  EXAMINATIONS. 


Civil  Service  Commission,  j 
Albany,  March  31,  1884.  j 

As  provided  by  Civil  Service  Rule  9,  the  following  special  regu¬ 
lations  are  issued  for  the  guidance  of  applicants  who  may  appear  as 
candidates  in  the  competitive  examinations  for  the  State  Service. 

1.  Applicants  must  present  themselves  punctually  at  the  times 
and  places  specified  in  their  official  notifications.  No  one  will  be 
admitted  except  upon  the  production  of  such  notification  signed  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Commission.  Under  no  circumstances  can  any 
applicant  be  admitted  after  10  o’clock,  a.  m.* 

2.  Before  entering  the  examination-room  each  applicant  will  be 
presented  with  an  envelope,  from  which  he  will  take  a  card  in¬ 
scribed  with  a  number,  and  he  will  retain  this  card  and  indorse 
plainly  the  same  number  on  his  notification  and  place  the  notification 
in  the  envelope,  seal  it  and  return  it  to  the  person  in  attendance, 
and  will  then  be  admitted  as  an-  accepted  candidate.  The  number 
on  the  card  is  known  as  the  u  desk  number,”  and  such  number  and 
the  name  of  the  city  where  the  examination  is  held  must  be  put  at 
the  top  of  every  paper  used  by  the  candidate  in  the  examination. 
This  number  is  necessary  as  a  means  of  identifying  the  papers  with 
the  name  of  the  candidate  when  the  envelope  is  opened.  The  name 
of  the  candidate  must  not  appear  on  any  examination  paper.  The 
desk  number  is  so  important  that  the  attention  of  each  applicant  is 
particularly  directed  to  the  necessity  of  a  correct  and  plain  indorse¬ 
ment  of  the  number  on#  the  notification  before  it  is  put  in  the  en¬ 
velope  and  sealed. 

3.  The  examination  will  be  in  charge  of  the  examiners  appointed 
by  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  who  will  decide  all  matters  and 
preserve  order.  They  must  be  obeyed  in  all  respects,  and  are  au¬ 
thorized  to  expel  any  one  guilty  of  unseemly  or  disrespectful  conduct. 

4.  The  proceedings  will  begin  by  the  separation  of  the  candidates 
into  three  groups  —  one  of  applicants  for  positions  as  orderlies  and 
prison  guards ;  one  for  first  and  second  grade  clerkships ;  and  one 
for  third  grade  clerkships.  Each  group  will  be  seated  by  itself. 

5.  Candidates  will  be  furnished  with  paper,  pens  and  ink,  but 
those  who  are  accustomed  to  use  any  particular  pen  are  advised  to 
brings  it  with  them.  Pencils  must  not  be  used,  and  all  the  writing 
and  figures  must  be  in  ink.  In  writing  from  dictation  and  copying 
from  manuscript,  stylographic  pens  must  not  be  used. 


*  This  is  by  exact  or  solar  time  and  not  standard  railroad  time. 


256 


[Assembly 


6.  The  questions  used  in  the  examination  are  printed  with  suffi¬ 
cient  space  after  each  for  an  appropriate  answer,  and  the  answer 
must  be  written  in  that  space.  A  single  sheet  of  foolscap  paper  is 
given  each  candidate  for  experimental  calculations,  but  in  solving  the 
arithmetical  problems,  the  entire  process  must  be  given  in  the  space 
provided.  A  simple  answer,  without  such  process,  will  not  receive 
a  maximum  mark,  even  if  correct.  It  is  for  the  interest  of  the  can¬ 
didate  that  the  full  operation  be  thus  shown,  since  the  examiners 
may  thus  detect  any  errors  occurring  through  inadvertence,  which 
might  otherwise  be  attributed  to  ignorance  of  methods. 

7.  Ho  candidate  can  be  allowed  to  leave  the  examination -room 
until  he  has  completed  or  given  up  the  paper  on  which  he  is  en¬ 
gaged.  No  changes  or  corrections  in  papers  can  be  made  after  they 
are  given  up  to  the  examiners. 

8.  No  conversation,  disturbing  noise  or  actions  will  be  allowed. 
Whenever  a  candidate  has  completed  a  paper,  and  wishes  the  next 
one,  or  desires  any  explanation,  he  wTill  hold  up  his  hand,  and  one  of 
the  examiners  or  their  attendant  will  visit  his  desk. 

9.  Candidates  are  warned  not  to  bring  with  them  for  consultation 
any  books  or  manuscripts ;  any  use  of  such  assistance,  either 
in  the  examination-room  or  elsewhere  during  the  examination,  will 
be  considered  such  a  violation  of  the  regulation  as  mav  lead  to  the 
rejection  of  the  offender’s  papers. 

10.  The  same  penalty  will  be  incurred  by  any  candidate  who 
copies  from  the  papers  of  another  or  permits  his  own  papers  to  be 
copied,  or  who  receives  or  gives  assistance  of  any  kind,  or  who 
writes  upon  his  papers  any  irrelevant  or  disrespectful  remarks. 

11.  Candidates  are  recommended  to  bring  their  luncheons  with 
them,  and  to  eat  them  in  the  examination-room.  For  the  con¬ 
venience  of  those  coming  from  a  distance,  it  is  desirable  to  complete 
the  examination  in  a  single  day,  and  the  time  consumed  in  going  out 
for  a  meal  would  seriously  abridge  a  candidate’s  available  time  for 
work. 

12.  The  time  allowed  for  the  obligatory  examination  is  eight 
hours,  with  an  additional  allowance  of  twenty  minutes  for  luncheon. 
This  time  cannot  be  extended,  but  the  examiners  will  not  include 
any  general  delay,  interruption  or  suspension  of  the  proceedings 
through  accidental  causes.  In  this  connection  candidates  are  ad¬ 
vised  as  a  precautionary  measure  to  carefully  study  the  schemes  of 
examination,  in  order  to  make  an  approximate  allowance  of  time  for 
each  subject.  The  eight  hours  is  ample  for  the  longest  task,  i.  e ., 
the  third  grade  clerkship  scheme,  but  candidates  are  often  apt  to 
waste  so  much  time  in  reviewing  and  recasting  their  work,  and 
generally  without  advantage ,  that  they  are  hurried  in  the  later  sub¬ 
jects,  and  so  often  do  themselves  an  injustice  which  cannot  be  re¬ 
paired. 

Ten  minutes  before  the  time  of  closing,  notice  will  be  given,  and 
at  the  expiration  of  that  time  all  the  papers,  finished  and  unfinished, 
will  be  taken  up. 


No.  42.] 


257 


13.  In  order  that  applicants  may  have  a  clear  understanding  of  the 
scope  of  the  examinations  for  the  several  positions  open  for  compe¬ 
tition,  their  attention  is  directed  to  the  published  schemes  for  ex¬ 
aminations.*  By  a  careful  study  of  these  each  applicant  can  esti¬ 
mate  the  amount  of  time  he  can  allow  for  the  respective  subjects 
and  so  not  be  harried  in  any  of  them. 

14.  Finally,  all  candidates  are  advised  that  earnest  and  determined 
endeavor  to  'honestly  do  the  best,  without  worry  or  undue  anxiety, 
will  produce  the  highest  possible  result.  The  ordeal  of  these  ex¬ 
aminations,  except  in  their  necessary  confinement,  is  not  exacting 
or  in  any  way  difficult  to  those  who  have  availed  themselves  of  the 
free  education  the  State  proffers  to  all. 

*  See  page 

[Assem.  Doc.  No.  42.]  33 


INDEX  TO  BLANK  FORMS. 


Form  No.  Page. 

1.  a.  Application  paper,  Schedule  B . 259 

1.  b.  Application  paper,  Schedule  B.  for  prison  guards . 261 

2.  Return  of  defective  application  for  correction . 263 

3.  Acknowledgment  of  receipt  of  application . 263 

4.  Notice  that  application  is  rejected . 264 

5.  Notice  to  appear  for  examination .  264 

6.  a.  Result  of  examination  of  individual .  265 

7.  Result  of  examination  of  all  appearing . 265 

8.  Notice  of  failure  to  pass. . . 266 

9‘  Notice  of  eligibility .  266 

10.  Request  of  appointing  officer  to  certify  three  names . 267 

11.  Certificate  of  names  to  appointing  officer . 267 

12.  Notice  of  selection  by  appointing  officer . .* . 267 

13.  Notice  of  appointment  for  probationary  term . 268 

14.  Notice  that  probation  has  not  been  satisfactory . 268 

15.  Notice  of  re  appointment  after  probation. . 268 

16.  Requisitions  for  papers  by  appointing  officer . 269 

17.  Circular  letter  from  appointing  officer  to  persons  who  have  given  recom¬ 

mendations . 269 

19.  Nomination  for  non-competitive  examination . 270 

20.  Report  of  non-competitive  examination . 270 

21.  Certificate  of  qualification,  Schedule  C . . . 270 

25.  Request  for  and  certificate  of  examination  for  positions  in  Schedule  D. .  270 

26.  Quarterly  report  of  examiners,  Schedule  D. . . 271 

30.  Reply  to  applicants  other  than  for  Schedule  B . 271 


BLANK  FORMS. 


Form  No.  1  -  a.  —  Application  Paper. 
NEW  YORK  CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION. 


Directions. 

1.  All  the  statements  in  the  application  are  to  be  made  under  oath. 

2.  Every  false  statement  knowingly  made  by  the  applicant  in  this  paper,  or 
connived  at  by  him  in  any  certificate  which  may  accompany  the  same,  is  good 
cause  for  removal  during  probation.  All  appointments  are  first  made  for  the 
probationary  term  of  three  months. 

3.  The  application  paper  must  be  filled  by  the  applicant  in  his  own  handwriting. 

4.  Send  application,  properly  filled  out  and  the  certificate  signed,  to  the  “  New 
York  Civil  Service  Commission,  Albany,  N.  Y.” 

5.  No  recommendations  or  certificates  besides  those  provided  at  the  end  of  this 

blank  will  be  received. 

6.  A  failure  to  fill  the  blanks  properly,  or  to  send  satisfactory  certificates,  will 
cause  the  application  to  be  returned  for  correction,  but  no  such  opportunity  will 
be  given  a  second  time.  Applications  which  show  that  the  applicant  lacks  the 
qualifications  as  to  age,  health,  residence,  etc.,  or  that  he  is  manifestly  unfit  for 
the  service,  will  be  rejected. 

7.  The  receipt  of  the  application,  in  proper  form,  will  be  acknowledged  by  the 
Commission. 

8.  The  applicant  will  be  notified  of  the  first  examination  which  may  be  deemed 
conveniently  located  for  him  to  attend,  after  his  application  is  received.  He 
should  give  notice  of  any  change  in  his  post-office  address. 


Application. 

Desiring  to  enter  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  of  New  York  as  a  in  the 

at  ,  I  make  this  application,  and  declare  the  following  to  be  facts 

concerning  myself,  viz.: 

(1.)  My  full  name  is 

(2.)  My  post-office  address  is 

(3.)  My  legal  residence  is 

(4.)  I  am  a  citizen  of  the  State  of  New  York.  (N.  B.  — If  a  naturalized  citizen, 
give  date  of  naturalization.) 

(5.)  I  have  been  a  resident  of  the  State  of  New  York  since 

(6.)  My  present  occupation  or  business  is 

(7.)  To  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief  I  was  born  at  on  the 

day  of  18  ,  I  am  therefore  years  of  age. 

(8.)  I  believe  and  represent  myself  to  be  a  person  of  good  health,  and  without 
mental  or  physical  incapacity  or  infirmity,  of  which  I  am  aware,  which  in  any 
way  disqualifies  me  for  a  full  discharge  of  official  duty  in  the  service  which  I 
seek  to  enter. 

(9.)  My  principal  occupation  and  my  residence  during  each  of  the  last  five 
calendar  years  were  as  follows  : 


Residence. 


Occupation. 


1879, 

1880, 

1881, 

1882, 

1883, 

(10.) 

for  what  position.? 


Were  you  ever  examined  for  the  Civil  Service  ?  If  so,  where,  when,  and 


260 


[Assembly 

(11.)  Were  you  ever  in  the  Civil  Service?  If  so,  state  wliat  service  and  the 
cause  of  your  leaving  it? 

(12.)  My  education  was  received  chiefly  in  (here  state  school,  academy  or  college, 
and  length  of  course). 

(12.)  I  have  the  following  qualifications  or  experience  which  would  be  useful 
in  the  public  service. 

(14.)  If  you  were  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the 
late  war,  give  name  of  organization  or  vessel  to  which  attached,  date  of  enlist¬ 
ment  or  commission,  position  or  rank,  date  and  cause  of  discharge  from  the  ser¬ 
vice,  and  any  physical  disability  incurred  in  the  service. 

(Signature  of  Applicant.) 

State  of  New  York,  County  of  ,  ss.  : 

And  on  this  day  of  188  ,  said  having  been  duly  sworn  (or 

affirmed)  before  me,  stated  that  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief  the  several 
statements  in  the  foregoing  application  contained,  whether  in  writing  or  print, 
are  true. 

(Signature  of  Officer.) 

(Official  Title.) 

Physician’s  Certificate. 

Given  at  ,  on  ,  188  . 

I,  ,  a  practicing  physician,  resident  in  the  above-named  place,  do  hereby 

certify  that  I  have  examined  the  applicant  and  believe  him  to  be  free  from 

any  physical  defect  or  disease  which  would  be  likely  to  interfere  in  any  respect 
with  the  proper  discharge  of  his  duties,  should  he  be  selected  for  the  service  of 
the  State  of  New  York. 

(Signature  of  Physician ) 

(N.  B.  —  Whenever  deemed  expedient  for  the  interests  of  the  service,  and 
particularly  for  positions  other  than  clerks,  an  applicant  who  has  proven  himself 
as  otherwise  eligible  for  appointment  will  be  liable  to  a  physical  examination  by 
a  physician  in  the  service  of  the  State,  or  acting  on  its  behalf.) 

Certificates  of  Character. 

Directions.  — Not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  persons  must  vouch  for  the 
character  of  the  applicant,  and  they  must  be  citizens  of  good  character  and  stand¬ 
ing  in  the  community  where  they  and  the  applicant  reside,  and  must  have  been 
personally  acquainted  with  him  for  at  least  one  year.  Should  the  applicant  receive 
an  appointment,  the  names  of  such  citizens  may  be  publicly  announced.  Sections 
9  and  13  of  the  Civil  Service  Act  read  as  follows  : 

§  9.  No  recommendation  of  any  person  who  shall  apply  for  office  or  place  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  which  may  be  given  by  any  Senator  or  Member  of 
Assembly,  or  officer  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  or  judge  of  any  court,  except  as  to 
the  character  or  residence  of  the  applicant,  shall  be  received  or  considered  by  any 
person  concerned  in  making  any  examination  or  appointment  under  this  act. 

§  13.  No  recommendation  or  question  under  the  authority  of  this  act  shall  re¬ 
late  to  the  political  opinions  or  affiliations  of  any  person  whatever. 

N.  B.  —  The  persons  who  sign  the  following  vouchers  are  notified  that  they 
may  be  required  by  appointing  officers  to  give  over  their  own  signatures  further 
information  concerning  their  knowledge  of  the  applicant. 

( Voucher  No.  1).  I  (being  more  than  twenty-five  years  of  age,  and  not  a  kins¬ 
man  of  the  applicant)  have  been  a  resident  of  for  years  past.  I  have 

been  personally  acquainted  with  the  applicant  above,  and  I  state  upon  my 

honor  that  I  have  read  the  application  of  said  applicant,  and  believe  each  of  the 
statements  made  therein  to  be  true  ;  and  that  I  believe  him  to  be  of  good  moral 
character,  of  temperate  and  industrious  habits,  and  in  all  respects  fit  for  the  ser¬ 
vice  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  that  I  am  willing  this  certificate  shall  be  pub¬ 
lished  for  public  information. 

(Signature.)  (P.  O.  Address.) 

(Occupation.) 

(Also  four  more  vouchers  like  above.) 


No.  42.] 


261 


Form  No.  1-b.  —  Application  Paper. 

NEW  YORK  CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION. 

Directions. 

1.  All  tlie  statements  in  the  application  are  to  be  made  under  oath. 

2.  Every  false  statement  knowingly  made  by  the  applicant  in  this  paper,  or 
connived  at  by  him  in  any  certificate  which  may  accompany  the  same,  is  good 
cause  for  removal  during  probation.  All  appointments  are  first  made  for  the 
probation  term  of  three  months. 

3.  The  application  paper  must  be  filled  by  the  applicant  in  his  own  handwriting. 

4.  Send  the  application,  properly  filled  out  and  the  certificates  signed,  to  the 
“  New  York  Civil  Service  Commission,  Albany,  N.  Y.” 

5.  No  recommendations  or  certificates  besides  those  provided  at  the  end  of  this 
blank  will  be  received. 

6.  A  failure  to  fill  the  blanks  properly  or  to  send  satisfactory  certificates  will 
cause  the  application  to  be  returned  for  correction,  but  no  such  opportunity  will 
be  given  a  second  time.  Applications  which  show  that  the  applicant  lacks  the 
qualifications  as  to  age,  health,  residence,  etc.,  or  that  he  is  manifestly  unfit  for 
the  service,  will  be  rejected. 

7.  The  receipt  of  the  application,  in  proper  form,  will  be  acknowledged  by  the 
Commission. 

8.  The  applicant  will  be  notified  of  the  first  examination  which  may  be  deemed 
conveniently  located  for  him  to  attend,  after  his  application  is  received.  He  should 
give  notice  of  any  change  in  his  post-office  address. 

Application. 

i 

Desiring  to  enter  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  of  New  York  as  a  in  the 

at  ,  I  make  this  application,  and  declare  the  following  to  be  facts  con¬ 

cerning  myself,  viz.  : 

(1.)  My  full  name  is 

(2.)  My  post-office  address  is 

(3.)  My  legal  residence  is 

(4.)  I  am  a  citizen  of  the  State  of  New  York.  (N.  B.  — If  a  naturalized  citizen, 
give  date  of  naturalization.) 

(5.)  I  have  been  a  resident  of  the  State  of  New  York  since 

(6.;  My  present  occupation  or  business  is 

(7  )  To  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief  I  was  born  at  on  the 

day  of  18  .  I  am  therefore  years  of  age. 

(8.)  I  believe  and  represent  myself  to  be  a  person  of  good  health,  and  without 
mental  or  physical  incapacity  or  infirmity,  of  which  I  am  awrare,  which  in  any  way 
disqualifies  me  for  a  full  discharge  of  official  duty  in  the  service  which  I  seek  to 
enter. 

(9.)  My  principal  occupation  and  my  residence  during  each  of  the  last  five  cal¬ 
endar  years  were  as  follows  : 

Residence.  Occupation. 

1879,  ; 

1880,  ; 

1881,  ; 

1882,  ; 

1883,  ; 

(10.)  State  whether  married  or  single?  If  married,  give  number  of  children  ? 

(11.)  Were  you  ever  in  the  Civil  Service?  If  so,  state  what  service  and  the 
causes  of  your  leaving  it  ? 

(12.)  My  education  was  received  chiefly  in  (here  state  school,  academy  or  col¬ 
lege,  and  length  of  course). 

(13.)  If  you  have  had  the  superintendence  or  command  of  men,  or  other  experi¬ 
ence  that  would  be  useful  as  a  guard  or  keeper  in  prisons,  mention  it  ? 

(14.)  If  you  were  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  in  the 
late  war,  give  name  of  organization  or  vessel  to  which  attached,  date  of  enlist¬ 
ment  or  commission,  position  or  rank,  date  and  cause  of  discharge  from  the  ser¬ 
vice,  and  any  physical  disability  incurred  in  the  service. 

(Signature  of  Applicant.) 


262 


[Assembly 


State  of  New  York,  County  of  ,  ss.  : 

And  on  tliis  day  of  188  ,  said  having  been  duly  sworn  (or 

affirmed)  before  me,  stated  that  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief  the  several 
statements  in  the  foregoing  application  contained,  whether  in  writing  or  print, 
are  true. 

(Signature  of  officer.) 

(Official  title.) 

Certificates  of  Character. 

Directions.  —  Not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  persons  must  vouch  for  the 
character  of  the  applicant,  and  they  must  be  citizens  of  good  character  and  stand¬ 
ing  in  the  community  where  they  and  the  applicant  reside,  and  must  have  been 
personally  acquainted  with  him  for  at  least  one  year.  Should  the  applicant  re¬ 
ceive  an  appointment,  the  names  of  such  citizens  may  be  publicly  announced. 
Sections  9  and  13  of  the  Civil  Service  Act  read  as  follows: 

§  9.  No  recommendation  of  any  person  who  shall  apply  for  office  or  place  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  which  may  be  given  by  any  Senator  or  Member  of 
Assembly,  or  officer  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  or  judge  of  any  court,  except  as  to 
the  character  or  residence  of  the  applicant,  shall  be  received  or  considered  by  any 
person  concerned  in  making  any  examination  or  appointment  under  this  act. 

§  13.  No  recommendation  or  question  under  the  authority  of  this  act  shall 
relate  to  the  political  opinions  or  affiliations  of  any  person  whatever. 

N.  B.  —  The  persons  who  sign  the  following  vouchers  are  notified  that  they  may 
be  required  by  appointing  officers  to  give  over  their  own  signatures  further  infor¬ 
mation  concerning  their  knowledge  of  the  applicant. 

Voucher  No.  1. 

I  (being  more  than  twenty-five  years  of  age,  and  not  a  kinsman  of  the  applicant) 
have  been  a  resident  of  for  years  past.  I  have  been  personally  ac¬ 
quainted  with  ,  the  applicant  above,  for  years,  and  I  state,  upon  my 

honor  that  I  have  read  the  application  of  said  applicant,  and  believe  each  of  the 
statements  made  therein  to  be  true,  and  that  I  believe  him  to  be  of  good  moral 
character,  of  temperate  and  industrious  habits,  not  of  an  irascible  or  passionate 
disposition,  but  of  a  kind  and  humane  disposition,  and  in  all  respects  fit  for  ser¬ 
vice  as  a  guard  or  keeper  in  the  prisons  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  that  I  am 
willing  this  certificate  shall  be  published  for  public  information. 

(Signature.)  (P.  O.  Address.) 

(Occupation.) 

(Also  four  more  vouchers  like  the  above. 

Physical  Condition. 

i 

Applicants  for  the  position  of  prison  guard  will  not  receive  an  appointment  un¬ 
til  they  have  successfully  passed  a  physical  examination  by  a  prison  physician. 
In  order  that  an  applicant  may  be  reasonably  satisfied  that  he  will  pass  such  a 
physical  examination  before  incurring  the  trouble  and  expense  of  appearing 
before  the  Examining  Board  for  inquiry  into  his  education,  he  should  submit 
himself  to  some  competent  physician  at  or  near  his  residence,  and  request  an 
examination  and  certificate. 

As  a  suggestion  to  the  physician  making  such  preliminary  examination,  his 
attention  is  invited  to  the  following  inquiries,  the  answer  to  which  should  be 
affirmative,  except  the  last,  which  should  be  negative. 

1.  Is  the  candidate  of  sound  physical  condition  ? 

2.  Is  his  respiration  full  and  free  ? 

3.  Is  his  voice  clear  and  distinct  ? 

4.  Is  his  sight  good  ? 

5.  Is  his  hearing  sharp  and  quick  ? 

6.  Is  the  action  of  his  heart  natural  ? 

7.  Is  he  free  from  nervous  complaints  ? 

8.  Is  he  free  from  headaches  and  fits  ? 

9.  Is  he  free  from  rupture  ? 


No.  42.] 


263 


10.  Is  he  free  from  varicose  veins  in  the  legs  ? 

11.  Is  he  free  from  all  internal  complaints  ? 

12.  Are  there  any  circumstances  connected  with  health  or  strength  that  can  in 
your  opinion  tend  to  render  the  applicant  unfit  for  prison  service,  as  a  guard  or 
keeper  ?  If  so,  please  state  them. 


Certificate. 

I,  ,  a  practicing  physician,  resident  at  ,  do  hereby  certify  that  I  have 
examined  ,  the  above  applicant,  and  having  in  view  all  and  several  the 

above  questions,  I  do  further  certify  that  I  find  him  physically  *  for  the 
prison  service  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

(Signature.) 

Dated  at  ,  this  day  of  ,  188  . 


Form  2.  —  Return  of  defective  application  for  correction. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK  : 

Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  ,  188  .  \ 

Sir  —  Your  application  paper  is  herewith  returned  for  correction,  because  it 
does  not  conform  to  the  directions.  The  particulars  referred  to  are  indicated  by 
pencil  marks  upon  the  margin. 

Please  perfect  your  application  as  required,  and  return  it  to  this  office.  Under 
the  rules  a  second  opportunity  for  correction  cannot  be  given. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 


Civil  Service  Rule  XI. 


Secretary. 


Defective  applications  will  be  suspended  and  applicants  notified  to  amend  the 
same,  but  no  such  notice  will  be  given  or  opportunity  granted  a  second  time. 
Whenever  the  application  shows  that  the  applicant  is  not  within  the  prescribed 
limits  of  age  or  otherwise  not  qualified  under  the  rules  and  regulations,  or  is 
manifestly  unfit  for  the  service,  the  application  will  be  rejected. 


Form  3.  —  Ackn  wledgment  of  receipt  of  application. 

Application 

No. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK : 

Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  ,  188  .  f 

Sir  —  Your  application  for  a  position  as  a  in  the  at  ,  being  in 

class  ,  subdivision  ,  grade  ,  has  been  received  and  found  to  con¬ 

form  with  the  rules.  Your  name  has,  therefore,  been  placed  on  the  proper 
register  of  persons  entitled  to  notice  of  examination.  Such  notice  will  be  sent 
to  you  by  mail  ten  days  previous  to  the  first  examination  held  after  this  date  for 
the  grade  above  named.  The  registration  of  an  applicant  as  entitled  to  examina¬ 
tion  confers  no  other  right,  and  your  attention  is  called  to  the  regulations  below. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 


Secretary. 


*Here  add  the  words  “fit”  or  “unfit”  as  the  case  may  require,  and  at  the  end  any 
further  remarks  deemed  desirable. 


264 


[Assembly 


Civil  Service  Regulations  19  and  20. 

19.  The  Commission  cannot  advise  persons  as  to  vacancies  in  the  service,  nor 
furnish  any  information  as  to  the  duties,  salaries,  course  of  promotion  or  other 
conditions  of  positions,  except  such  as  may  be  found  in  printed  regulations.  No 
advice  can  be  given  as  to  the  course  of  preparation  that  applicants  should  follow, 
nor  can  specimens  of  the  examination  papers  be  furnished.  20.  All  application 
papers  and  accompanying  certificates  will  remain  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  Com¬ 
mission,  and  under  no  circumstances  or  conditions  will  the  originals  be  returned 
to  the  applicants. 


Form  4.  —  Notice  that  application  is  rejected. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK  : 

Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  ,  188  .  ) 

Sir  —  I  am  directed  by  the  Civil  Service  Commission  to  inform  you  that  your 
application  shows  that  you  are  not  qualified  for  service  in  the  position  sought  by 
you,  viz. :  in  class  ,  subdivision  ,  grade  ,  for  the  following  reasons  : 


Your  application  is,  therefore,  rejected  under  the  provisions  of  Rule  XI,  and 
cannot  be  again  accepted  until  you  are  in  all  respects  qualified. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 


Civil  Service  Rule  11. 


Secretary. 


Defective  applications  will  be  suspended  and  applicants  notified  to  amend  the 
same,  but  no  such  notice  will  be  given  or  opportunity  granted  a  second  time. 
Whenever  the  application  shows  that  the  applicant  is  not  within  the  prescribed 
limits  of  age  or  otherwise  not  qualified  under  the  rules  and  regulations,  or  is 
manifestly  unfit  for  the  service,  the  application  will  be  rejected. 


Form  5.  — Notice  to  appear  for  examination. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK : 

Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  ,  188  .  j 

Sir  —  You  are  hereby  notified  that  a  competitive  examination,  under  the  rules' 
and  regulations  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  of  applicants  for  admission  to 
positions  in  class  ,  subdivision  ,  grade,  ,  will  be  held  at  city 

of  ,  on  the  day  of  ,  188  ,  beginning  at  o’clock  a.  m.  You 

must  be  present  at  the  hour  named  or  it  will  not  be  practical  to  examine  you. 

A  failure  to  attend,  unless  satisfactorily  shown  to  have  been  occasioned  by 
sickness  or  other  sufficient  cause,  will  debar  you  from  further  notice  of  examina¬ 
tion  under  your  present  application. 

This  notification  must  be  presented  to  the  examiners  as  your  authority  to 
appear. 

Very  respectfully, 


Secretary 


No.  42.] 


265 


Form  6a.  —  Result  of  examination  of  individual. 

Examination  No. 

Result  of  examination  of 


SUBJECT. 

Relative 
weight  given 
to  subject. 

Standing 
on  subject. 

Product  of 
standing  and 
weight. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

Sum  of  weights . . . 

4 

Total  product . 

General  average  standing . 

* 

Optional  Subjects.  Standing. 

12. 

13. 

14. 


Form  7.  —  Result  of  examination  of  all  appearing. 


Examin.  Board. 

No.  RESULT  OF  EXAMINATION  NO. 


Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 


SCHEDULE  B, 
Class 
Subdiv’n 
Grade 


To  the  Civil  Service  Commission  : 

At  an  examination  held  at  on  the  day  of  ,  188  ,  there  appeared 
applicants,  and  the  following  is  a  true  statement  of  the  standing  of  such 
applicants  as  marked  by  us  : 

Dated  at  ,  188  . 


Examiners. 


NAMES. 

General 

average 

standing. 

Standings  on  Optional  Subjects. 

Remarks. 

11. 

12. 

‘  13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

• 

t 

[A  ssera.  Doc.  No.  42. J 


34 


266 


[Assembly 


Form  8.  —  Notice  of  failure  to  pass. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK  : 

Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  ,  188  .  f 

Sir  —  I  have  to  inform  you  that  at  the  examination  held  at  on  the 

day  of  ,  188  ,  for  positions  in  class  ,  subdivision  ,  grade 

you  failed  to  pass  the  minimum  of  in  and  therefore  your  name  cannot 

be  placed  on  the  register  of  those  eligible  for  appointment. 

Very  respectfully  yours. 


Secretary . 


Civil  Service  Rule  15. 

No  person  whose  standing  on  any  obligatory  subject  is  less  than  50,  or  whose 
ascertained  average  standing  on  all  the  obligatory  subjects  is  less  than  70,  will  be 
entered  upon  the  eligible  list. 


Form  9.  —  Notice  of  eligibility. 

Class. 

Subdivision. 
Grade. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK  : 

Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  ,  188  .  j 

Sir  —  At  the  examination  held  at  on  the  day  of  ,  188  ,  you 
passed  above  the  minimum  of  seventy,  and  your  name  has  therefore  been  placed 
upon  the  proper  register  of  applicants  eligible  for  appointment.  Whenever  your 
name  is  reached  in  the  order  of  its  general  standing,  it  will  be  certified  with  two 
others  to  such  heads  of  departments,  offices  and  institutions  as  give  notice  of  va¬ 
cancies  in  the  grade  for  which  you  are  eligible.  Should  you  be  selected  for  ap¬ 
pointment  you  will  be  so  advised  by  the  appointing  officer.  Under  these  condi¬ 
tions  your  name  will  remain  on  the  register  for  one  year  from  the  date  of 
examination,  and  if  not  selected  during  that  period  it  will  be  dropped  from  the 
register. 

Your  standing  and  extracts  from  the  rules  and  regulations  are  given  below. 

Very  respectfully, 

Secretary. 

Perfect  standing,  one  hundred. 

Your  general  average  standing  was 

On  optional  subjects  your  standing  was 

Extracts  from  Rules  and  Regulations. 

Rule  18.  Whenever  physical  qualifications  are  of  prime  importance  in  the 
proper  discharge  of  duties  in  any  position,  applicants  must  pass  a  physical  exam¬ 
ination  and  be  certified  as  qualified  in  such  respect,  before  record  on  the  proper 
eligible  list  for  selection  for  such  position,  or  before  certification  by  the  commis¬ 
sion  as  qualified  for  such  selection. 

Rule  19.  No  person  on  any  register  shall  be  certified  more  than  three  times  to 
the  same  officer,  except  upon  request  of  such  officer;  nor  shall  any  one  remain 
eligible  more  than  one  year  on  any  register.  No  person  while  remaining  eligible 
on  any  register  shall  be  admitted  to  a  new  examination  for  the  same  grade  or 
subdivision. 

Rule  40.  Every  original  appointment  or  employment  in  the  Civil  Service  shall 
be  for  the  probationary  term  of  three  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time,  if  the  con¬ 
duct  and  capacity  of  the  person  appointed  or  employed  have  been  found  satisfac¬ 
tory,  the  probationer  shall  be  absolutely  appointed  or  employed,  but  otherwise  his 
employment  shall  cease.  *  *  * 


Exam.  Board. 
No.  6. 


No.  42.] 


267 


Regulation  19.  The  commission  cannot  advise  persons  as  to  vacancies  in  the 
service,  nor  furnish  any  information  as  to  duties,  salaries,  course  of  promotion, 
or  other  conditions  of  position,  except  such  as  may  be  found  in  printed  regula¬ 
tions  *  *  * 

Regulation  32.  Priority  of  date  in  examination  will  give  no  advantage  in  posi¬ 
tion  on  the  eligible  list.  *  *  * 


Form  10. —  Request  from  appointing  officer  to  certify  three  names. 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 

Office  of  ,  ) 

,  188  .  J 

,  Secretary  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  : 

Sir  — A  vacancy  now  exists  in  the  position  of  in  this  ,  at  an  annual 

salary  of  $  ,  being  in  class  ,  subdivision  ,  grade  ’  .  I  have 

therefore  to  request  that  you  will  certify  to  me  the  names  of  the  three  eligible  ap¬ 
plicants  for  such  grade,  standing  highest  on  the  register.* 

Very  respectfully. 


To 


Form  11. —  Certificate  of  names  to  appointing  officer. 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 

Office  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,) 

Albany,  ,  188  .  J 

Sir  —  In  response  to  your  notice  of  a  vacancy  in  your  in  class  ,  sub¬ 
division  ,  grade  ,  dated  ,  188  , 1  have  the  honor  to  certify  to  you, 

in  accordance  with  the  Civil  Service  Rules,  the  following  three  names  from  the' 
register  of  persons  eligible  to  such  grade,  having  the  highest  general  standing  : 


NAMES. 

P.  0.  Address. 

Standing. 

- 

To  the 


I  have  the  honor  to  be  your  obedient  servant. 


Secretary . 


Form  12.  —  Notice  of  selection  by  appointing  officer. 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 

Office 

„  ...  ,188 
To  ,  Secretary  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  : 

Sir  —  Of  the  three  names  certified  to  me  by  you  on  the  day  of 

,  of  ,  for  appointment  for  a  probitionary  term 
,  subdivision  ,  grade 

Very  respectfully, 


•f 


188  ,  I  have  selected  Mr. 
of  three  months  in  class 


*  Indicate  here  if  proficiency  in  an  optional  subject  is  of  prime  importance. 


268 


[Assembly 


Form  13.  —  Notice  of  appointment  for  probationary  term. 


Civil  Service- 


State  op  New  York. 

Office  of 
,  188 


1 


To 

Sr*  -This  is  to  inform  you  that  under  the  provisions  of  the  Civil  Service  Rules, 
I  ha  elected  yon  for  appointment  to  the  position  of  in  this  for  a 

probationary  term  of  three  months  from  the  date  when  you  begin  service.  Should 
your  conduct  and  efficiency  during  such  probationary  term  prove  satisfactory,  you 
wilt  at  its  close  receive  a  regular  appointment,  otherwise  your  employment  will 
cease.  The  salary  attached  to  such  position  is  at  the  rate  of  $  per  annum. 

This  conditional  appointment  does  not  preclude  prompt  discharge  from  service 
at  any  time  during  such  probationary  term,  in  case  of  misconduct  or  inefficiency. 

A  prompt  reply  is  requested,  stating  whether  this  appointment  is  accepted,  and 
giving  the  earliest  date  when  you  can  present  yourself  for  service. 

Very  respectfully, 


Form  14.  —  Notice  that  probation  has  not  been  satisfactory. 

Class 

Subdivision 

Grade 

Civil  Service — State  of  New  York. 

Office  of  ,  [ 

,  188  .  \ 

Sir  —  I  have  to  inform  you  that  your  during  your  employment  in  this  de¬ 
partment  for  a  probationary  term  of  three  months  has  not  been  found  satisfactory, 
and  that  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  your  original  appointment,  as  prescribed 
in  the  fortieth  Civil  Service  Rule,  your  employment  in  this  office  will  cease  on  the 
day  of  ,  188  . 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

Rule  40. 

Every  original  appointment  or  employment  in  the  Civil  Service  shall  be  for  a 
probationary  term  of  three  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time,  if  the  conduct  and 
capacity  of  the  person  appointed  or  employed  shall  have  been  found  satisfactory, 
the  probationer  shall  be  absolutely  appointed  or  employed,  but  otherwise  his  em¬ 
ployment  shall  cease  *  *  * 


Form  15.  —  Notice  of  re-appointment  after  probation. 

Class 

Subdivision 

Grade. 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 

Office  of  , ) 

,  188  .  f 

Sir — Upon  the  report  of  the  officer  under  whom  you  have  immediately  served 
in  this  department  that  your  conduct  and  capacity  as  a  ,  during  the  proba¬ 

tionary  term  of  three  months,  has  been  found  satisfactory,  you  are  hereby  reap¬ 
pointed  without  term,  as  a  clerk  in  this  department,  at  an  annual  salary  of  $  , 

beginning  on  the  day  of  ,  188  . 

Rule  40. 

Every  original  appointment  or  employment  in  the  Civil  Service  shall  be  for  a 
probationary  term  of  three  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time,  if  the  conduct  and 
capacity  of  the  persons  appointed  or  employed  shall  have  been  found  satisfactory 
the  probationer  shall  be  absolutely  appointed  or  employed,  but  otherwise  his  em¬ 
ployment  shall  cease.  • 


No.  42.] 


269 


Every  officer  under  whom  any  probationer  shall  serve  during  any  part  of  his 
probation  shall  carefully  observe  the  quality  and  value  of  the  service  rendered 
by  such  probationer,  and  shall  report  in  writing  to  the  proper  appointing  officer, 
the  facts  observed  by  him,  showing  the  character  and  qualifications  of  such  pro¬ 
bationer  and  of  the  service  performed  by  him ;  and  such  reports  shall  be  pre¬ 
served  on  file.  *  • 


Form  16.  —  Requisition  for  papers  by  appointing  officer. 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 

Office  of  , ) 

,  188  .  S 

To  the  Secretary  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  : 

Sir — In  accordance  with  the  fourth  paragraph  of  Rule  17,  I  hereby  make 
requisition  for  the  application  and  examination  papers  of  and  which 

will  be  treated  as  confidential  and  returned  to  your  files  within  five  days  from 
receipt. 


Form  17.  —  Circular  letter  from  appointing  officers  to  persons  who  have 

given  recommendations. 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 


To 


Office  of 


188 


1 


Sir  —  Appended  to  the  application  of  for  a  position  in  the  Civil  Service 
as  a  ,  filed  with  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  is  your  general  certificate  of 
his  good  character  and  habits. 

As  his  name  is  on  the  eligible  list,  I  would  respectfully  request  you  to  answer 
the  following  questions  in  writing  after  each,  sign  your  name  at  the  foot  and  re¬ 
turn  the  paper  to  me  at  your  earliest  convenience. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 


How  long  have  you  known  ? 

How  long  has  he  resided  in  ? 

Is  he  temperate,  truthful  and  industrious? 

Is  his  general  reputation  in  the  community  good  ? 

In  your  judgment  are  liis  health,  character,  associates  and  habits  such  as  fit  him 
for  the  Civil  Service  of  the  State  of  New  York  ? 

Would  you  hesitate  on  account  of  his  capacity,  condition  of  health,  character, 
associates  or  habits  to  employ  him  in  your  own  private  business,  had  you  occasion 
for  such  services  as  he  desires  to  render  the  State  ? 

Signed  at  ,  the  day  of  ,  188  . 


Form  19.  —  Nomination  for  non-competitive  examination. 

4 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 

Office  of  , ) 

,  188  .  [ 

To  ,  Secretary  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission : 

Sir — Under  the  provision  of  Civil  Service  Rule  25,  I  hereby  name  of 

for  non-competitive  examination  for  the  position  of  in  this 
being  in  class  ,  subdivision  ,  grade 

I  transmit  herewith  such  testimonials  of  his  qualifications,  conformable  to  the 
rules,  as  I  have  in  my  possession  and  request  (*) 

Very  respectfully, 

*  Here  please  state  if  an  immediate  examination  is  requested. 


4 


270 


[Assembly 


Form  20.  —  Report  of  non-competitive  examination. 


Exam’g 

board 

No. 


SCHEDULE  C. 

i  Class 
Subdiv’n 
Grade 

Civil  Service — State  of  New  York. 


,  188  . 

To  the  Civil  Service  Commission  : 

We  have  the  honor  to  report  that  in  accordance  with  your  directions  and  under 
the  rules  and  regulations  for  the  Civil  Service,  we  have  examined  Mr.  of 

and*  him  qualified  to  enter  upon  the  discharge  of  official  duties  as 
The  certificates  and  documents  setting  forth  the  details  of  such  non-competitive 
examination  are  transmitted  herewith. 

We  are  very  respectfully, 

Board  of  Examiners. 

Form  21.  —  Certificate  of  qualification,  non-competitive  examination. 


schedule  c. 
Class 

CERTIFICATE  OF  QUALIFICATION.  Subdiv’n 

Grade 

Civil  Service —  State  of  New  York. 

No. 

Office  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 

Albany,  ,  188  .  J 

This  is  to  certify  that  by  a  non-competitive  examination  under  the  direction  of 
the  Commission,  and  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  for  the  Civil 
Service,  Mr.  of  has  been  found  qualified  to  enter  upon  the  discharge 
of  duties  as  a 


Secretary. 


Form  25.  —  Request  for  and  certificate  of  examination. 

SCHEDULE  D 

'  Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 

Office  of 

,  188  . 

To  the  Board  of  Examiners  : 

You  are  respectfully  requested  to  examine  for  the  position  of  in 


’1 


SCHEDULE  D. 

Class 

Subdiv’n  , 

Grade 

Civil  Service  —  State  of  New  York. 


Board  of  Examiners  No. 


188 


This  is  to  certify  that  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  for  the  Civil 
Service  has  been  examined  and  found  qualified  for  the  position  of  in 


Board  of  Examiners. 


N.  B.  — No  certificate  of  those  found  not  qualified  is  to  be  issued.  Their  re¬ 
jection  and  cause  for  same  must  be  recorded  in  the  minutes  of  the  proceedings. 


*  Enter  here  as  may  be  required,  the  words  “  do  not  find  ”  or  “  find.” 


No.  42.] 


271 


Fc)rm  26. 

State  op  New  York  —  Civil  Service. 

Quarterly  Report  —  Schedule  D. 

Report  of  persons  examined  for  position  in  Schedule  D,  in  the  at 
during  the  quarter  ending  ,  188  . 


Date  of 
examination. 

Name  of 
person  examined. 

For 

what  position. 

Marking. 
(“Qualified”  or 
“  not  qualified.”) 

Date  of 
certificate. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

To  the  Civil  Service  Commission, 


Albany,  N.  Y. 


Chairman  of  Ex.  Board. 


Form  30.  —  Reply  to  applicants  other  than  for  Schedule  B. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK  ; 

Civil  Service  Commission,  ) 
Albany,  ,  188  .  J 

^  Sir — I  would  respectfully  inform  you  that  the  position  mentioned  in  your 
letter  of  ,  is  in  class  ,  subdivision  ,  grade  ,  and  under  the 

Civil  Service  Rules  is  comprised  in  Schedule  .  Applicants  for  position  in 

that  schedule  cannot  be  received  by  the  Commission. 

Civil  Service  Regulation  18  provides  that  “  All  applications  for  positions  in 
Schedules  A,  G  and  D  must  be  made  to  the  head  of  the  department,  office,  or 
institution  where  the  position  is  sought.” 

The  inclosures  in  your  letter  are  returned  herewith. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 


Secretary. 


INDEX  TO  ASSEMBLY  DOCUMENTS,  1885. 


A. 

*  Number. 

Assembly,  boarding-house  list .  37 

joint-rules  of  Senate  and .  7 

members  of,  list  of. . .  1 

rules  and  orders  of . ; .  6 

standing  committees,  list  of .  10 

B. 

Binghamton  Asylum,  Trustees  of,  report  of .  18 

Buffalo  Insane  Asylum,  report  of. ... .  .  21 

Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  report  of .  26 

C. 

Central  New  York  Institution  for  Deaf-Mutes,  report  of .  17 

Civil  Service  Commission,  report  of .  42 

Communications  from: 

Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment .  145 

Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor,  in  response  to  resolution .  47 

Commissioner  to  reporta  new  system  of  management  of  State 

charitable  institutions . , .  68 

Comptroller,  relative  to  printing  of  State  institutions .  97 

of  city  of  New  York,  in  response  to  resolution .  107 

relative  to  maps .  74 

relative  to  money  paid  for  legislative  printing . . . .  61 

relative  to  expenses  of  investigating  committees .  62 

relative  to  lapse  in  U.  S.  Deposit  Fund .  160 

Dairy  Commisioner,  in  response  to  resolution .  48 

Eire  Department,  city  of  Brooklyn,  in  response  to  resolution.  57 
Police  and  Excise  Commissioners,  city  of  Brooklyn,  in  re¬ 
sponse  to  resolution .  58 

•  Police  Department,  city  of  New  York,  in  response  to  resolution.  54 
President  of  Fire  Department,  city  of  New  York,  in  response 
to  resolution .  53 


2 


Number. 

Railroad  Commissioners,  in  response  to  resolution .  64 

transmitting  communication,  from  Attorney-General. . .  65 

transmiting  a  bill .  66 

in  response  to  a  resolution .  105 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  in  response  to  resolution .  124 

relative  to  maps .  73 

State  Entomologist,  in  response  to  resolution .  77 

Superintendent  Adirondack  Survey . 59,  158 

Superintendent  Banking  Department,  in  response  to  reso¬ 
lution  .  52 

Superintendent  of  Insurance,  in  response  to  resolution .  50 

Superintendent  Public  Works,  in  response  to  a  resolution.  . .  147 
Superintendent  Public  Works,  relative  to  legislative  printing.  46 
Superintendent  Public  Works,  relative  to  Cayuga  and  Seneca 

Lake  canal .  159 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  in  response  to  a  reso¬ 
lution  . 51 

Superintendent  of  State  Prisons .  151 

Supervisory  Board  of  Commissioners  of  New  York  city,  in 

response  to  a  resolution . 108 

Young  Men’s  Independent  Club,  Brooklyn .  150 

Comptroller,  report  of . 3 

reply  of,  relative  to  legislative  printing .  61 

reply  of,  relative  to  investigating  committees .  62 

report  of,  on  finances  of  the  canal .  4 

Cooper  Union,  financial  report  of .  40 

D. 

Dairy  Commissioner,  communication  from .  48 

E. 

Eclectic  Medical  Society,  report  of. .  44 

i 

G. 

General  Orders,  list  of.  55,  56,  &3,  69,  70,  71,76,78,83,84,90,  94,  95, 

98, 101,  102,  103,  106,  109,  111,  112,  116,  121,  127,  128,  131, 134,  138 

Governor’s  message . 

Governor,  report  of,  relative  to  pardons . .  34 

J. 

Joint  Rules  of  Senate  and  Assembly . . . . .  7 

L. 

Le  Conteulx  St.  Mary’s  Institution,  annual  report  of .  13 


3 


M. 

Number. 

Members  of  Assembly,  list  of . . .  1 

Memorial  Ladies’  Health  Protective  Association .  123 

N. 

New  York  Institution  for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  report  of .  22 

New  York  State  Asylum  for  Idiots,  report  of .  19 

New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors’  Home,  report  of .  41 

O. 

Onondaga  Salt  Springs,  Superintendent  of,  report  of. .  32 

Oswego  City  Library,  report  of .  14 

Q. 

Quarantine  Commissioner,  report  of .  81 

R. 

Reports :  * 

Board  of  Central  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  33 

Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics .  26 

Central  New  York  Institution  for  Deaf-Mutes .  17 

Civil  Service  Commission . 42 

Commissioner  of  Fisheries,  oyster  investigation .  85 

Committee  on  Grievances,  in  relation  to  standing  committee.  49 

on  Privileges  and  Elections . . .  87 

of  Ways  and  Means,  relative  to  soldiers  of  1812 .  146 

Comptroller . * .  3 

on  Finances  of  the  Canals .  4 

on  Expenditures  of  the  Canals . .  .  100 

Conrad  Poppenhusen  Association .  35 

Cooper  Union . 40 

Directors,  Brooklyn  Institute .  93 

Dwight  H.  Olmstead,  Commissioner  of  Land  Transfer .  140 

Eclectic  Medical  Society .  44 

Executive  Committee  of  State  Normal  School .  20 

Forestry  Commission .  36 

Game  and  Fish  Protector,  District  No.  1 .  88 

District  No.  3 .  80 

District  No.  6 .  89 

District  No.  9 .  75 

Inebriates’  Home,  Kings  county .  39 

Institution  for  Improved  Instruction  of  Deaf-Mutes .  25 

Le  Conteulx  St.  Mary’s  Institution .  13 

New  York  Hospital  aud  Bloomingdale  Asylum .  117 

New  York  Infant  Asylum .  43 

New  York  Institution  for  the  Blind .  27 


4 


Reports —  (Continued.) 

New  York  Institution  for  Instruction  of  Deaf-Mutes .  22 

New  York  State  Asylum  for  Idiots. . .  19 

New  York  State  Soldiers  and  Sailors’  Home .  41 

New  York  State  Survey .  30 

Pardons  from  the  G  overnor  . .  34 

Quarantine  Commissioner . ' .  81 

Railroad  Commissioners,  special . 115,  149 

communication  from,  relative  to  printing .  64 

transmitting  communication  from  Attorney-General.. . .  65 

transmitting  a  bill .  66 

Secretary  of  State  on  Pauperism .  45 

Secretary  of  State  on  Statistics  of  Crime . .  .  29 

Society  for  Protection  of  Destitute  Catholic  Children,  Buffalo.  92 

Special  Committee  to  investigate  the  State  Survey .  137  * 

Special  Committee  to  investigate  Tontine  Insurance .  155 

State  Agricultural  Society .  130 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor  on  Canals. . .  38 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  low  lands  on  Flint  creek.  ....  31 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor  on  Navigation  and  Bridge  Co’s.  86 

State  Geologist  . . 161 

State  Homoeopathic  Asylum  for  Insane .  16 

St.  Joseph’s  Institute  for  Deaf-Mutes .  28 

State  Museum  of  Natural  History .  23 

Sub-Committee  of  the  Whole  . .  96,  104,  113,  118,  120,  122, 

126,  132,  135,  136,  141, 143,  144,  148,  153,  154,  157 

Superintendent  of  Adirondack  Survey .  79 

Superintendent  of  Banking  Department .  5 

Superintendent  Banking  Department,  relative  to  Savings 

Banks . .- .  82 

Superintendent  of  Insurance . 67 

Superintendent  of  Onondaga  Salt  Springs .  32 

Superintendent  of  Public  Buildings .  72 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  annual .  8 

Superintendent  of  Public  Works,  annual .  9 

Superintendent  of  Public  Works  on  Trade  and  Tonnage  of 

Canals . •  60 

Superintendent  of  State  Prisons,  annual .  11 

Tenement-House  Commission .  24 

Trustees  of  Binghamton  Asylum . 18 

Trustees  of  Buffalo  Insane  Asylum . . . .  21 

Trustees  of  Oswego  City  Library .  14 

Trustees  of  Wadsworth  Library,  annual .  12 

Trustees  of  Willard  Asylum .  15 


5 


S. 

Number. 

Secretary  of  State,  report  of,  on  Statistics  of  Crime .  29 

report  of,  on  Pauperism .  45 

Special  Committee  to  investigate  State  Survey,  report  of .  137 

Special  Committee  to  investigate  Tontine  Insurance,  report  of  . .  155 
Special  General  Orders,  list  of. . .  91,  99,  110,  114,  119,  125,  129, 

133,  139,  142,  152,  156 

State  Agricultural  Society,  report  of .  130 

State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  report  of,  on  Canals .  38 

response  of,  relative  to  Maps .  .  73 

report  of,  on  Navigation .  86 

State  Geologist,  report  of .  161 

State  Homoeopathic  Asylum  for  Insane,  report  of .  16 

St.  Joseph’s  Institute,  report  of .  28 

State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  report  of .  23 

Superintendent  of  Adirondack  Survey,  communication  from  ....  158 

report  of . 79 

Superintendent  of  Banking  Department,  report  of,  relative  to 

Savings  Banks . 82 

report  of . 5 

Superintendent  of  Insurance,  report  of .  67 

Superintendent  of  Public  Buildings,  report  of . . .  72 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  annual  report  of .  8 

Superintendent  of  Public  Works,  annual  report  of .  9 

communication  from .  46 

communication  from,  relative  to  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Lake 

canal . 159 

report  of,  on  Trade  and  Tonnage  of  Canals .  60 

Superintendent  of  State  Prisons,  annual  report  of .  11 

communication  from .  151 

T. 

Tenement-House  Commission,  report  of . 24 

W. 

Wadsworth  Library,  Trustees  of,  report  of. .  12 

Willard  Asylum,  report  of .  15 


■ 


* 


' 


% 


*1 


02-1 7  STD 


wwwxolibnsystem.com 


