



OF THE 


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RAL HISTORY 





OF 




PENNSYLVANIA. 










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BY benjamin smith BARTON, M. D. 



PART FIRST. 





■V. 




PHILJDELP HI A:_ 




PRINTED, FOR THE AUTHOR, BY WAY 4: GROFF, “ '.4 

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AND SOLD^IN PHII^ELPHlA, BY T. DOBSON, AND IN NEW-YORK, BY T. & J, SWC 


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FRAGMENTS 

OF THE 

NATURAL HISTORY 

OF 

PENNS YLVANIA. 



By BENJx\MIN SMITH BARTON, M. D. 

CORRESPONDENT-MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF TFIE ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND*, MEMBER 
OF THE AMERICAN PFIII.OSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY 
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OF BOSTON ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE 
MASSACHUSETTS FIISTORICAL SOCIETY ; MEMBER OF THE PHY¬ 
SICAL SOCIETY OF JENA j ONE OF THE FOREIGN MEMBERS 
OF TFIE LINN^AN SOCIETY OF LONDON j 

AND 

OF MAFERIA MEDICA, NATURAL HISTORT AND BOTANT, 

I N T H E 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



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PART FIRST. 



NeGLECTA, - SPARSA COLLIGIT, UTILIA SELIGIT - 

BAGLiri. 

QuiE PRiESENTI OpUSCULO DESUNT SUPPLEAT ^TAS. 

Quintilian. 


1 

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PHILADELPHIA: * ‘ 

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PRINTED, FOR THE AUTHOR, BY WAY & GROFF, 




































TO 



THE LINN^AN SOCIETY, 

THE FOLLOWING 

FRAGMENTS 

(WHICH ARE INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE, IN SOME DEGREE, 

THE 

NATURAL HISTORY 

OF 

A COUNTRJ 

EXTREMELY INTERESTING TO PHILOSOPHERS, 

AND 

HITHERTO VERY IMPERFECTLY EXPLORED) 

ARE, WITH GREAT RESPECT, INSCRIBED BY 

THE society’s FRIEND AND BROTHER-MEMBER, 

benjamin smith barton. 

Philadelphia, ^ 

April i8th, 1799. j 


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INTRODUCTION. 


§. I. 

T 

A HE firfl: ten pages of the following Fragments will, probably, be thought the mofl interefting part of this 
little work. They exhibit a rude and imperfedb Iketch of the Natural Hijiory-Figure in the neighbourhood of Phi¬ 
ladelphia : a pidure which, if it were drawn by an able hand, could not fail to prove interelling to the lovers of 
fcience, in every part of the world. Each of thefe pages is divided into five columns. The firfl refpeds the day 
of the month when the birds mentioned in the fecond column arrived, or were firfl feen, in the vicinity of Philadel¬ 
phia. In the fecond column, I have given what may be called the fcientific Latin name of each bird. In this part 
of my fubjed, I have always preferred the name of Linnseus, when I could difcover that the bird had been defcribed 
by this great naturalifl. But feveral of the birds, which are here mentioned, were not known to Linnaeus: at 
lead, I do not find that they have a place in any of the editions of his immortal work, the Syfiema Nature, I have, 
therefore, been obliged to adopt other names, and, in a few inflances, to impofe them myfelf. I have often 
adopted the names of ProfelTor Gmelin, the laborious, and often fuccefsful, editor of the new edition of the Syfiema 
Nature.* When this is the cafe, I have affixed to the fcientific name, the letter G, thus (G.) I have in this co¬ 
lumn, fometimes made ufe of the fcientific names of my ingenious and good friend, Mr. William Bartram, a 
gentleman who has contributed much to our knowledge of the natural produdions of North-America. To the 
names which I myfelf have impofed, I have affixed the word (mihi.) But I by no means pretend to affert, that all 
the birds thus marked are new, or have not been defcribed by naturalifls. 

§. 11 . 

In the third column, I have given the Englifh fcientific and the Engliffi provincial names. The former are chiefly 
taken from the Arilic Zoology^ of my excellen't friend Mr. Pennant, becaufe this is a work of fuch extenfive merit, 
that I prefume it is in the hands of almofl every naturalifl; and becaufe the names impofed by this gentleman are, 
with a very few exceptions, jiifl and fignificant. By the Englifh provincial names, I mean the names by which thefe 
birds are befl known in Pennfylvania, and in various other parts of the United-States. Thefe provincial names are 
always enclofed within a parenthefis, as in the inflances (Pewe), (Turtle-Dove'), &c. They are defignated in the 
fame manner in the lift of Refident Birds, &c. in Sedion III. The greater number of thefe names are ufed in 
Pennfylvania. 

§. III. 

The fourth column relates to the “ Progrefs of Vegetation.’’ The greater number of the vegetables which I have 
here enumerated are natives of Pennfylvania. Some, which are not natives of this flate, are natives of other parts 
of the United-States ; whilfl others have not, hitherto, been found to grow fpontaneoufly in any part of America. 
In general, the plants are defignated by their Linnaean names. In a few inflances, I have adopted the names of the 
late Mr. Aiton, in his Hortus Kewerfis ; thofe of Marfliall, and other botanifls. All the plants which I have men¬ 
tioned are found, either wild, or growing in gardens, in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, where the remarks on 
the time of their flowering and leafing have been made. 


§. IV. 

The fifth and lafl column contains “ Mifcellaneous Obfervations.” In this part of my Sketches, I have done 
but very little. Want of time has prevented me from throwing into this column, many interelling fads, fome of 
which will be prefented, perhaps to greater advantage, to the. public, in my future publications. The few Ther- 

f The fecond edition. 

b 


* Printed at Leipfic, in 1788. 


London; 179s. 










mmim 



( VI ) 

mometrical and Barometrical obfervations, which occur under this head, are given on the authority of my ever- 
venerated maternal uncle, the late David Rittenhoufe, Efq. Thefe obfervations were made in Philadelphia. 

§. V. 

It mud not be imagined, that I communicate thefe ilcetches to the public as exhibiting even the names of all the 
migratory birds of Pennfylvania. I am perfuaded, that many of thefe birds have efcaped my notice. This is, per- 
liaps, Specially the cafe with the birds of the genera Anas, Tringa, and of the extenfive order of Pafferes, 
wTich I fufpea are conflant in their migrations from the north to the fouth, and from the fouth to the north. A 
good many of the birds which are mentioned by Mr. Pennant as natives of New-York have not hitherto, to my 
knowledge, been obferved in Pennfylvania; but it can hardly be fuppofed that thofe fpecies which are com?non in 
New-York (if we except fuch as delight in the vicinity of the fea-coaft) are uncommon, or never feen, in Pennfyl¬ 
vania. Plere, however, I mufl obferve, that I cannot but fufped, that Mr. Pennant, Mr. Latham, and other able 
ornithologifts, have fometimes defcribed as dillina fpecies, birds which merely differ in fex, or in age, and in their 
colouring, for which thefe animals, at diderent feafons of the year, arc fo remarkable. 

§. VI. 

Befides the conflant migratory birds, there are others, which may be denominated occqfional migratory, or vifit- 
ant, birds of Pennfylvania. Such, not to mention feveral others, are the Columba pafferina, or Ground-Pigeon, 
the Fringilla bicolor, or Bahama-Finch, and a fpecies of Pfittacus, or Parrot. 

§. VII. 

The two firft of thefe birds were feen in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, between thirty and forty years ago. 
The Pfittacus, iriofl probably the Pfittacus pertinax, Illinois Parrot, or the Pfittacus carolinenfis, Carolina Parrot, 
has been occafionally obferved in Shareman’s Valley, on Shareman’s Creek, a branch of the river • Sufquehanna, 
within twenty miles of the town of Carline.=*= This laft fad feems to contradid the obfervation of Mr. 
William Bartram, who fays, “ The parakeet (Pfittacus carolinenfis) never reach fo far north as Pennfylvania, which 
to me is unaccountable, confidering they are a bird of fuch fingular rapid fight, they could eafily perform the jour¬ 
ney in ten or twelve hours from North-Carolina, where they are very numerous, and we abound with all the fruits 
which they delight in.^’f It is well known, that the late M. de Buffon had limited the range of the whole of the 
Parrot-kind to exadly twenty-five degrees on each fide of the equator.J Mr. Pennant has fhown that the eloquent 
French naturalift was, in this inftance, mi(laken.§ My obfervation is an additional objedion to the hypothefis. I 
may add, that a very large flight of parakeets, which came from the weftw^ard, was feen, a few years ago, about 
twenty-five miles to the north-weft of Albany, in the ftate of New-York. The arrival of thefe birds in the depth 
of winterII was, indeed, a very remarkable circuinftance. The more ignorant Dutch fettlers were exceedingly 
alarmed. They imagined, in dreadful confternation, that it portended nothing lefs calamitous than the deftrudion 
of the world.^ 

§. VIII. 

I fufped It will be found, that, in general, our fouthern birds migrate farther north in the trad of country weft 
than in that eaft of the great ranges of our mountains. With refped to the birds, I hazard this merely as a con- 

* A friend of mme has informed me, that the Parakeet feen in this valley is the fame fpecies which is frequently met with in the neighbourhood of the river Ohio. This 
lafl is fuppofed to be Pfittacus pertinax. 


•f Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Eaft and Weft Florida, &c. P. 301. Philadelphia: 1791. 

t Hiftoire Naturelle dfs Oifeaux. Tom. XI. P. 113 and 114. Duodecimo-edition. Paris; 1780. § Ar6tic Zoology. Voi.. T. P. jj In January, 1780, 

^ Thisfa6l was communicated to mehy Egbert Benfon, Efq. of the State of New-York. 






je6;ure: but it is a cor4je£i:ure which derives fupport from many interefling fadls which I have collefled, and which 
will be mentioned and explained in my Geographical View of the Trees and Shrubs of Norih-Amcrica. In that work, 
I fliall fhow, that the fouthern trees and fhrubs (that is, thofe vegetables which attain to their greatefl perfeciion in 
the fouthern climates of our continent, particularly of the United-States) are, in general, found much farther 
north in the weftern than they are in the eaflern parts of our country. This fadt feems to fhow, and the point is 
put beyond any manner of doubt, by thermometrical obfervations, that the weftern climate, in the fame lati¬ 
tudes, is more temperate than the eaflern. Of courfe, it were natural to fuppofe, that the fouthern birds, to whom 
heat is fo genial, would often be folicited farther north in the weftern than in the eaflern diflrict. This, with refpedt 
to fome birds, is actually the cafe. Mr. Jefferfon has obferved, that Perroquets even winter on the Sioto, in the 
39th degree of latitude.”"*^ I have certain information, that thefe birds winter ftill farther north than is here mentioned. 

§. IX. 

. Birds, in migrating, are fond of following the courfes of rivers, and other large flreams of water. This circum- 
ftance, in my opinion, partly explains the reafon, why fome of the birds of the fouthern parts of the United-States, 
and alfo fome of the South-American birds, which have never, or very rarely, been difcovered in the Atlantic coun¬ 
tries of North-America, are not uncommon in the countries weft of the Alledianev-Mountains. Thefe fouthern 
birds, following the courfes of the Miffiffippi, and its branches (the Ohio, the Illinois, &c.) are fpread or difperfed 
through the rich and extenfive territories that are wafhed by thefe waters. Whether or not this explanation be 
admitted, the fadl is certainly as I have flated; and to the naturalifi: it cannot but appear interefling. The Pfittacus 
pertinax is one of the birds of Brafil; and the Mufcicapa Tyrannus, which is held in fo much efleem by the Nau- 
dowcflies, and other weftern Indian tribes, is a native of Surinam, and of the country bordering on the river Plata. 

§. X. 

It is, I think, in general, a juft obfervation, that our Spring and Summer birds of paflage continue with us 
about fix months, and are abfent for the fame length of time. Accordingly, thofe birds which arrive early in the 
fpring difappear early in the autumn, and thofe which arrive late in the fpring do not difappear until late in the au¬ 
tumn. Our late fprings are commonly fucceeded by late and warm autumns, which, by keeping alive the numerous 
fpecies of infedls, which are the favourite food of almoft all our fummer birds of paflage, detain thefe birds for a 
confiderable time among us. 

§. XL 

The greater number of the Spring and Summer birds of paflage, which I have mentioned, build and breed in 
Pennfylvania.t Perhaps, they all breed in fome part of this extenfive ftate, with the exception of the Vultur 
Aura (Turkey-Buzzard), and a few others, which do not vifit us until towards the clofe of the fummer. It has lately 
been afcertained, that the Ampelis Garrulus, or Prib-Chatterer (Cedar-Bird) does breed in Pennfylvania; and I 
doubt not, that the fame will, in time, be difcovered to be the cafe with the Emberiza Oryzivora (Rice-Bird, 
Reed-Bird), and others whofe nefts have not hitherto been feen in Pennfylvania. It is not unlikely, however, that 
fome of thefe birds of paflfage continue their migration farther northward, to New-York, New-England, Vermont, 
&c. and there breed and raife their young, returning fouthward, through Pennfylvania, in the fall. 

§. XII. 

It is an interefling fad, for which we are indebted to Mr. William Bartram, that very few of our birds of paflage 
from the fouth build or rear their young in the fouth or maritime parts of Virginia and Carolina, Georgia and 

* Notes on the State of Virginia. Page 139. The original edition. 

t See Appendix I. where I have defignated with an aflerilk (*) thofe birds which are hewn to breed In Pennfylvania. The greater number of them thus marked 
breed ■within a few miles of Philadelphia. 






Florida.’’* This circumftance leads to a fufpicion, that the principal caufe (I will not, out of complaifance to any one, 
call it a neceffary inflin^l) which leads or impels thefe birds to migrate to the northward, is that they may make 
choice of a proper climate, abounding in their favourite food, to perform their amours, to build their nefts, and to 
rear their young. Much light might be thrown upon this curious fubjed,' if natural hiftory were cultivated in the 
United-States, with a portion of that innocent and ufeful zeal with which it is cultivated in Europe : with only a fmall 
portion of that ardent zeal which fo flrongly charaderizes the Americans in their purfuit of gain. But, as yet, 
little attention is paid to the ftudy of nature in the United-States. In our colleges, it is not taught as an indifpen- 
fable branch of polite or ufeful knowledge, but is obliged to yield its laurels to languages which are withered or dead, 
and to Itudies which are ufelefs or ignoble.f 


§. XIIL 

It has been fuppofed, that many of the birds which I have enumerated, pafs, on their return to the fouth, during 
the autumnal months, through the countries which are fituated to the w^eft of the great ranges of our mountains. 
That this is fometimes the cafe, I do not doubt: but it is not the general order of the migration of our birds. My 
opinion, indeed, is oppofed by the authority of fome very refpedable naturalifls, whofe fentiments deferve to be 
mentioned in this place. “ The birds (fays the late Mr. George Edwards), which pafs through the country north¬ 
ward in the fpring, being never obferved to return the fame way, Mr. Bartram fuppofes that they go to the fouthward 
in autumn by fome other paffage beyond their inland mountains.”! This notion is likewife adopted by Mr. Pennant. 
Speaking of the Motacilla vermivora, or Worm-eater, this able zoologill fays, “ It does not appear in Pemifyhania 
till Jidy^ in its paflage northward. Does not return the fame way; but is fuppofed to go beyond the mountains 
W'hich lie to the weft. This feems to be the cafe with all the tranfient vernal vifitants of Pennfyl-vaniaP^ In the 
above quotation, Mr. Edwards fays, the birds are ‘‘ never” obferved to return the fame way that they went. 
This is, certainly, a miftake. Our fwallows, which are migratory birds, as I think I have rendered very probable 
in the Appendix,|| are generally feen on their return fouthward, in the autumn, far to the eaft of the firft ranges of 
our mountains. But independently of the fwallows, the fame may be faid of many other fpecies of birds. Indeed, 
I believe it may confidently be faid, that moft of the paflenger-birds, which pafs by us, in the fpring, return, in the 
autumn, fouthward, the fame way they w'ent. This obfervation certainly applies to the Anas canadenfis (Wild- 
Goofe), the Colurnba migratoria (Wild-Pigeon), the Fringilla triftis (Yellow-Bird), Motacilla Sialis (Blue-Bird), 

Loxia Curviroftra (Crofsbill), Fringilla-(Hemp-Bird), and at ieaft fifty others, which are conjiantly obferved 

on their migrations fouthward, in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia. Thefe autumnal flocks fometimes confift 
of many thoufands of individuals together; and it has been obferved, that birds of different fpecies fometimes mi¬ 
grate in the fame bodies. 

§. XIV. 

It muft not be imagined, that the birds which I have enumerated arrive uniformly, every year, at the times 
which are prefixed to their names, in the firft column. I have long been perfuaded, that the uniformity of the ar¬ 
rival of the migratory birds, in any given country, is not fo great as many naturalifts have imagined. The atten¬ 
tion which I have paid to this curious fubjedf in Pennfylvania, has convinced me, that my fufpicion was w^ell founded. 
The migration of birds is not a “ determinate inftinct,^” but an act of volition, or will. Hence, the feafons and 

* Travels, &c. Page 287, 

f I ever have been a friend to the ftudy of the two anelent languages, the Greek and the I.atin, which are taught in our fchools. They are abfolutely neceflary to 
the complete attainment of fome faiences, fuch as natural hiftory (including botany), and medicine; and I think with Erafmus, that a phyftcian Ihould be afhamed not 
to know them. But too much time is difiipated in the acquifition of thefe languages. If I do not greatly miftake, this truth begins to be acknowledged among us. 
Vidio mellora. If only one-fixth part of the time which is confumed in acquiring the Greek and Latin languages (particularly the former), were appropriated to the 
ftudy of natural hiftory, in lefs than twenty years, the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral productions of the United-States would be pretty well inveftigated. 
But wdiat, in the cultivation of a fcience fo extenfive, and fo difficult, can be expected from the labours of two or three Individuals, unaided by the public, and tra- 
melled by profeffional engagements and purfuits 

j Gleanings of Natural Hiftory, Part TI. P. 302. § Ardic Zoology Von. II. P. 100, loi. jj See Page 16. Dr. Adam Fergufon. 





















other circumflances will greatly regulate the arrival of birds in, and their fdght or removal from, a particular 
country. Sometimes, there is a difference of three weeks or a month between the arrival, or appearance, of the. 
fame fpecies, in two different years. This will appear from the following inflances, which are feleded from many 
others. 

s* ^v. 

From an infpedion of thefe Tables, it will appear, that the Alauda alpeflris, or Shore-Lark, the Alauda rubra, 
or Red-Lark, the Fringilla triflis, or Golden Finch, and fome others, were not obferved, in the vicinity of Phila. 
delphia, earlier than the twelfth of March, 1791 : whereas the fame birds were feen, in the fame neighbourhood, as 
early as the twenty-eighth of February, the following year, on their paffage northward. 

I have placed the Anas canadenfis (Wild-Goofe) between the 15th and the i8th of April, 1791, but in the year 
1794, thefe birds were obferved, on their migration from the fouth, as early as the 3d of March. In the firfl men¬ 
tioned year the Ardea Herodias, or Great Heron, was not obferved before the 15th or i6th of April; but in the 
latter year, numbers of thefe birds were feen as early as the ift of April. Many other inflances might be mentioned. 


§. XVI. 

How much the movements of birds from one country to another depend upon the flate of the feafons, will ap¬ 
pear from different parts of this little work; particularly from the Third Section. Here we find, that during our 
mild winters, feveral of thofe fpecies of birds which, in general, are undoubtedly migratory, continue the winter 
through in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia. Such, which I have denominated the Occasional, or Acci¬ 
dental, Resident Birds, are the Ardea Herodias, or Great Heron, Columba carolinenfis, or Turtle-Dove, the 
Turdiis Pc^^glottos^and feveral others: I doubt not many more than I have mentioned. The Columba migratoria, 
Paffenger-Pigeon, commonly returns from the northward late in the fall, and continues with us a few days, or 
weeks, feeding in our fields upon the feed of the buckwheat,* or in the woods upon acorns. But if the feafon be 
a very mild one, they continue with us for a much longer time. This was the cafe in the winter of 1792—1793, 
when immenfe flocks of thefe birds continued about the city, and did not migrate farther fouthward, until the weather 
became more fevere in the month of January. The winter of 179^2—1793? was one of the mildefl that had ever 
been remembered in Pennfylvania. It is a common obfervation in fome parts of this flate, that when the Pi¬ 
geons continue with us all the winter, we fhall have a fickly fummer and autumn. There is, perhaps, fome foun¬ 
dation for this notion. Large bodiesf of thefe birds feldom do winter among us unlefs the wdnter be very mild ; and 
the experience of fome years has taiight us, that fuch winters are often followed by malignant epidemics. The mild 
winter of 1792—1793? was fucceeded by a dreadful malignant fever, which deflroyed between four and five thoufand 
people in Philadelphia; and I am affured, that the fame fever in 1762 was preceded by an extremely open winter, 
during which the pigeons remained about Philadelphia, and in other parts of the flate. In the hands of a poet, a 
Lucretius, or a Virgil, this coincidence between the accidental hiemation of the pigeons and the appearance of the 
yellow-fever might be wrought up into a fyflem of beautiful extravagance. 


§. XVII. 


If birds, in their migration from one country to another, were impelled by a determinate,” or neceffary inflincl, 
the periods of their arrival and departure would be more uniform and fixed. But we have feen, that there is a 
confiderable difference in thefe refpecls, even in two years immediately in fucceffion. Such great regularity in the 
migrations of thefe animals by no means accords with thofe accommodating habits, which the naturalifl difcovers in 
his inveftigation of the manners of all animals; thofe habits which have been given to them, as to us, by a Cre- 


• Polygonum Fagopyrum. 


f I fay “ large bodies,” for I believe individuals of thefe birds continue with us almoft every winter. 





( X ) 


ator whofe works fo loudly proclaim his wlfdom, and the extent of his benevolence and attention to the innume* 
Table living objeds which he has formed* 


§. XVIII. 

It is highly probable, that the periods of the migrations of birds will be found to be more or lefs uniform in pro¬ 
portion as the climates* of the countries to which they migrate are more or lefs variable in their temperature. It is, 
perhaps, upon this principle, that we are to explain the difference of the times of the arrival and departure of the 
birds of Pennfylvania, and other parts of North-America. The climates of thefe countries are extremely variable ; 
I fuppofe more fo that mod other countries that are known to us. If, as has been fuppofed by many writers, the 
hand of man, by clearing and by cultivating the furface of the earth, contributes effentially to the greater uniformity 
m the temperature of climates,- it is reafonable to conjedlure, that the time will come, when the periods of the 
migrations of our birds will be more conflant and fixed. For in North-America, efpecially the United-States, the 
progrefs of population, and of clearing and cultivating the earth, is more rapid and immenfe than in any other 
portion of the world. 


§. XIX. 

It would be a very curious fubjedt of inquiry,—What changes have taken place in the periods of the arrival and 
difappearance of the paffenger-birds, in thofe countries in which obfervatrons have long been made by the ancient 
poets, and by naturalifls ? Perhaps, an invefligation of this queflion would, in fome degree, illuflrate the changes 
which climates are faid to have undergone. Thus, the time of the Swallow’s coming into Italy, is particularly 
mentioned both by Columella and by Pliny,* and it may be gathered alfo from a beautiful paffage in the Georgies 
of Virgil.f Do the periods mentioned by thefe writers correfpond with the periods of the arrival of this bird, in 
the fame country, at prefent ? If the climate of Italy, within the laft feventeen or eighteen hundred years, has 
altered as much as it is, by many ingenious men, thought to have done, it is not likely that the Swallow now vifits 
that country at the fame time it did formerly, in the days of Virgil, and the naturalifls whom I have mentioned. I 
am forry that I cannot, without fame trouble, afeertain the queflion. 

§. XX. 

The fourth column of the tables will enable the curious naturalifl to form fome idea of the temperature of our 
climate (^by flowing the time of leafing, flowering, planting, &c. of a confiderable number of vegetables, both 
native and foreign); at the fame time, that it will point out, in a number of inflances, the coincidence between 
this progrefs in vegetation and the arrival and difappearance of the migratory birds. This lafl has long been deemed 
an interefling fubjecl by naturalifls, though I am inclined to think, that they have often imagined, that this coinci¬ 
dence is greater than it really is. 

§. XXL 

I will not deny, that there is a very remarkable conformity between the vegetation of fome plants and the arrival 
of certain birds of paffage. This, perhaps. Is efpecially the cafe in thofe countries the climates of which are the 
mofl legular in their feafons. Linnasus has obferved, that the AVood-Anemone (Anemone nemorofa) blows in 
oweden on the ai rival of the Common Sw^allow,| and that the Marfh-Marygold (Caltha paluflris) blows when the 

* Columella fays, the Swallow vifits Italy about the- twentieth or twenty-third of February. The following are his own words: “ Decimo Calendas Martii lea 
definit occidere, vend fcptentrionalcs, qui vocantur ornithic, per dies triginta effe folent, turn et hirundo advenitd’ In another place, he fays, “ Septimo Calendas 
M-artu ventofa tempeftas, hirundo coufpicitur.” ^ De R, Rujlka, Pliny fays, this bird appeared on the twenty-fecond of February : » Oftavo calendas Martii hirun- 
dinis vifus.” 


t Georgic. IV. 30J—307. J Hirundo urbica. 



N 


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Cuckoo fmgs.* The amiable Mr. Stillingfleet remarked nearly the fame coincidence In England, Dr. Darwin ob- 
ferves, that the "" word Coccux in Greek fignifies both a young % and a cuckoo, which is fuppofed to have arifeii 
from the coincidence of their appearance in Greece.’^ Many inftances of a fimilar coincidence might be pointed 
out between the flowering of our Pennfylvanian vegetables and the arrival of certain birds. Thus it is obferved, 
that the Wood-Cock (Scolopax Gallinago) commonly vifits us when the American Elm (Ulmus amcricana) is in full 
blolTom: that is between the 8th and 18th of March. 


§. xxir. 

/ 

It is well known, that the ancients were of opinion, that the arrival of certain birds of paflage afforded one of 
the bed and fafefl diredions for the planting of different kinds of vegetables, and for other agricultural purpofes. 
Thus Virgil, who was at once a naturalifl: and poet, tells us, that the befl time for planting vineyards (in Italy) is 
when the White bird, or Storck, appears: . 

Optima vinetis fatio^ cum vere ruhenti 
Candida venit avis longis invifa colubris. 

Georgic. Lib. II. 319—320. 

I could point out, in the happy compofitions of this great poet, other inftances of a fimilar kind. The following 
is too beautiful to be omitted. The poet of Mantua is here defcribing the method and the time for killing a fteCr 
for the purpofe of obtaining from its putrid gore a flock of bees, as was pradifed by the ancient Egyptians. | He 
tells us this muft be done early in the fpring, before the meadows are painted with the colours of flowers, and be¬ 
fore the Swallow builds its neft upon the rafters. 

Hoc geritur^ zephyris primum impellentibus undaSy 
Ante novis rubcant quam prata colorihusy ante 
Garrula quam tigfiis nidum fufpejidat hirundo. 

Georgic. Lib. IV. 305—307, 

§. XXIII. 

•Although In Pennfylvania, and many other parts of the United-States, the arrival of our birds does not appear 
to be as uniform as it is in many of the countries of the old world ;§ the arrival of feveral fpecies is, neverthelefs, fo 
regular, that it may be confidered as the fignal for commencing certain agricultural operations. Thus, the Mufcicapa 
fufca, which we call Pewe, Is one of the earlieft Spring birds of paffage, vifiting the neighbourhood of Philadel¬ 
phia about the middle of March. We have feldom hard frofts after the arrival of this bird, which feems to give a 
pretty confident affurance to the farmer, that he may very foon begin to open the ground and plant. It is an old ob- 
fervation, in Pennfylvania, that when the Whip-poor-will fCaprimulgus virginianus) arrives, it is time to go bare¬ 
footed ; that is, the fpring feafon is pretty far advanced, and fufficiently warm to admit of laying afide the ufe of 
flioes, without much inconvenience. This adage originated in the days of gTeater fimplicity than the prefent. 
Some of our Indians believe, that this bird is a meflenger fent to call their attention to the planting of the ground. 
Accordingly upon the arrival of the Whip-poor-will, they fay to one another, the PVeeco/isH is come: it is planting 

* Anisnitates Academics. Vo L. IV. f Botanic Garden. Part II. Canto 1 . note. 

t It appears to have been a very general opinion among the ancients, that Bees were produced from the putrid bodies of animals. A very curious paffage In the 
14th chapter of the book of Judges fhows the high antiquity of this notion. After Sampfon had killed the young L.ion, “ he turned afide to fee the carcafe of the 
lion : and behold there was a fwarm of Bees and honey in the carcafe of the Hon.” The Greeks believed, that thefe infeiSls arofe from putrid bullocks, and hence they 
gave them a name expreffive of this fuppofed origin. According to Archelaus, bees proceed from bullocks, and wafps from horfes. So rude were the opinions of 
the ancients refpeding the origin of thefe infedls. It is certain, however, that putrid carcafes are often vifited by bees, and it is not unlikely that from thefe carcafes, 
they may be able to procure honey. It was, doubtlefs, from obferving, that fvvarms of bees frequent the dead bodies of animals, that the ancient Egyptians had rc- 
courfe to fuch bodies for the pupofe of repairing the total lofs of their honey-making infetfls. The manner of doing this is beautifully related by Virgil, who traces 
back the praiflice to its lirft lource. See Georgic. Lib, IV, beginning at line 281. 


§ See Page 10. 


i] This is the Delaware-Indian name for this bird. 








timej” and while the bird is uttering the found of whip-poor-will, or weecolis, they will repeat the word Hacki- 
heek^'^ which is “ plant the ground.” 


§. XXIV. 

I am of opinion, that all the birds which are mentioned in the tables, with the exception of the Alauda magna 
(Meadow-Lark), Tetrao virginianus (Partridge), and a very few others, are migratory birds, or birds of palTage. But 
I do not expert that this opinion will be univerfally received by naturalifts. In almofl every country in which natu¬ 
ral hiftory has been cultivated, the places of retreat of birds at the times of their difappearance has been a matter 
of difpute. The queftion concerning the Swallows is not yet fettled ; and in this country the notion which I deem 
an erroneous one with refpeft to thefe birds is gaining ground.* The fportfmen find ftill greater difficulty in difco- 
vering the place of retreat of their favourite “ Rail,” the Rallus virginianus ;t whilfl fome of the Indians affiire us, 
that the Vultur aura (Turkey-Buzzard) paffes its winters in the hollows of trees, &c. 

§. XXV. 

Some ingenious gentlemen, with whom I have converfed on the fubjed, are even of opinion, that but a very 
few of our birds are, flridly fpeaking, birds of paffage. They imagine, that fome of thefe birds, at the coming 
on of cold weather, pafs into a torpid ftate, whilfl others merely take ffielter from the inclemency of the wea¬ 
ther, in clofe thickets, in the hollows of trees, rocks, &c. without becoming torpid. This opinion may be fup- 
portcd by plaufible arguments. Some fpecies of Swallows have occafionally been found in a torpid date. In mild 
winters, feveral of thofe birds which are thought to be commonly migratory, are feen among us; and even after 
the difappearance of fome fpecies, fuch as the Motacilla Sialis, or Blue-Bird, one or two warm days in the winter 
time will bring them back again. This notion is likewife favoured by the torpid (late into which fo many of our ani¬ 
mals pafs, and continue, during the winter feafon ; fuch as different fpecies of Lizards, Tortoifes, Frogs, Serpents, 
and Infers. Nor is it merely the animals with cold blood (Sanguis frigidus) that become torpid. Some of our 
quadrupeds fall into a fimilar ftate. Such are the Ardlomys Monax, or Maryland Marmot (befl known in the United- 
States by the names of Ground-Hog, and Wood-chuck), and fome of the fmaller animals of the order Glires, par¬ 
ticularly fome fpecies of Dipus, or Jerboa. Other fpecies, again, that do not become torpid, keep themfelves con¬ 
fined in clofe quarters, during the greater part of the winter-feafon. Such are fome of the fpecies of Squirrel, the 
Didelphis Opoffum (Opoffum), and others. 


§. XXVI. 

Thefe various facls, it muff be confeffed, feem to give fome degree of plaufibility to the notion, that our birds 
hicmatc^l or take up their winter-quarters among us, and that they do not migrate to a diftance. Still, however, I 
cannot but adopt the latter notion. The complete difclofure of the fadl, that the ferpents, frogs, fome quadrupeds, &c. 
become torpid, is rather an argument againft the torpid ftate of our birds. Why fiiould it be fo much more difficult to 
difeover the latter than the former in a torpid ftate, if they adually went into this ftate ? Ten thoufand ferpents may 
be found in the torpid ftate as readily as a fingle Swallow, or Humming-Bird. § It is recorded in fome part of Mr. Bof, 
well’s ponderous Life of the late Dr. Samuel Johnfon, that in a converfation which took place on the fubjedl of the an, 
nual difappearance of Woodcocks, in England, the doflor obferved, that the difeovery of a few of thefe birds, in the 
fummer time, only proved that the fpecies does, in general, emigrate from the country. Exceptioprobat regulamf faid 
the literary Hercules. I muft confefs, that to me this feems good fenfe. In like manner, the difeovery of a few Swallows, 
a few Turkey-Buzzards, a fingle Humming-Bird, or a few birds of any other fpecies, deemed migratory, in a tor- 

* See Appendix I. P. l6. f See Appendix I. P. 17. 

t Nuturalifls, if not minute critics, will perhaps exctife the ufe of this word, which is at lead: fignificant, and is certainly not far-forced: a word derived from th« 
J.atin verb Hiemo or Hyemo, which is ufed by Cxfar and by Cicero, and which was defended by Erafinus, in an epiftle to Toiihall. 


§ See Appendix I. P. iS, 












pid or other ftate, during the winter-feafon, feems rather to ftrengthen, than to weaken, the argument, that thefe 
birds are, in general, migratory birds. If all thefe birds continued among us, many of them would be found. 
The labours of one century, or more, in cutting down the timber of the foreft, in blowing rocks, in draining mill¬ 
ponds, and marfhes, would furnifh more than five or fix inftances (and they not always quite fo well authenti¬ 
cated as we could wifh) of Swallows, occ. being found during the winter-feafon, in a benumbed date. 

§. XXVIL 

The argument derived from the torpid date into which fo many of our animals arc obferved to fall upon the ap¬ 
proach of winter, is of lefs weight than may, at firft fight, be imagined. Thefe animals are much lefs capable of 
migrating than the birds. If they were capable of making long journies to more favourable climates, I do not doubt 
they would make them. For I am perfuaded, by a variety of experiments and obfervations which I have made, and 
may, perhaps, be induced to communicate to the public at fomc future period, that mod of our hybernating ani¬ 
mals go with reludance into this date. I am even of opinion, that the date of torpidity of many animals is a date 
of pain and fuderance. This obfervation, at lead, feems to hold good with refpe£l to thofe animals (and I believe 
they conditute the greater number of the hybernating animals) which divide the winter between deeping and wak¬ 
ing : which, in other words, under the induence of cold and other caufes, fall into a kind of profound deep, during 
which the functions of the heart and the lungs are condantly performed; and even that of the domach and intef- 
tines, in fome mcafure, goes on : and during all which time, fuch animals are fenfible to the induence of mecha¬ 
nical and other dimuli. This clafs of hybernating quadrupeds often, during the courfe of the winter, fpontaiieoudy 
awake from their dumber, take food, and fall into dumber, again. I do not, however, imagine, that animals, which 
are fo torpid as to be incapable of being roufed by the application of the mod powerful dimuli, can be faid to be in a 
date of pain and fuderance. But I believe, that the number of thefe continual deepers is very fmall, even in the 
colded climates. 


§. XXVIII. 

We are certain, that the torpid date of many animals is altogether an accidental circumdance: that is, it is not 
necedary to the fpecies. I will not affert, with my learned and ingenious friend, Mr. Fabricius, that it is nqt natural 
to, nor coeval with, the fpecies. It would be difficult to prove this pofition : but the pofition which I have advanced 
may be maintained. Animals of the fame fpecies have often a very extenfive range over the world. Thus, the Urfus 
Lotor, or Raccoon, extends from Lake-Superior to the Wed-India-Idands, and the warm parts of South-America. 
The Opodum has a range not much lefs extenfive. I trace the Rattle-Snake (Crotalus horridus) as far north as the 
Bay of Saguena, on Lake-Huron, and it is known in the country of Brafil. In fuch extenfive trads of country, thefe 
animals are expofed to very different degrees of temperature : on the one hand, to a great alternation of heat and 
cold; on the other hand, to a perpetual fpring and dimmer. We ought not, therefore, to expe£l: to find any of 
them torpid in the whole of this extenfive range. In faft, feveral of thofe animals which become torpid in the 
northern parts of our country do not fall into this date in the fouthern and warmer climates.* As cold, however, 
is not the only caufe of the torpidity of animals, we mud not be furprized to find indances of animals becom¬ 
ing torpid in climates that are warm. Extreme heat, like extreme cold, feems to predifpofe the animal fydem to 
this date, particularly, perhaps, when there is a deficiency of food. 

§. XXIX. 

We fee that quadrupeds and fome other animals do occafionally, during fevere winters, migrate to more fouthern 
climates. I am affured, that the Bears migrate, in great numbers, every autumn, acrofs the Miffiffippi, going fouth 
(perhaps to the mountains of New-Mexico), in fearch of a milder climate. In the fpring, they return again by 


• Sec my account of the Dipus Americanus, or American Jerboa, in tlie 4th volume of the Tranfadions of the American Philofophical Society. 








fame rout. This migration of the bears is particularly obferved at Manchac, on the Miffiffippi, about the latitude of 
_. Many other quadrupeds perform fimilar migrations, both in the old and in the new world. 

§. XXX. 

Nothing feems more improbable than that a clafs of animals, fuch as the greater number of birds, which are ca¬ 
pable of rapid and immenfe flights, fhould continue in a country in which the winter’s cold is generally very intenfe, 
and in which, at the fame time, the principal articles of their food are not to be procured. But I am far from deny¬ 
ing, that foine birds do pafs their winters with us, either in a torpid (late, or otherwife. Some fpecies continue with 
us pretty regularly: and individuals of many fpecies do occafionally continue with us. I have already obferved, 
that “ during our mild winters, feveral of thofe fpecies of birds which, in general, are undoubtedly migratory, 
continue the winter through in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia.”* It muff be evident, therefore, that extreme 
cold is the great caufe which compels thefe animals to retire fouth. But it is not the only caufe. A deficiency of 
their proper food is another, not much lefs extenfive. The greater number of our birds of the order of pafferes 
feed upon infeds, and the feeds and berries of vegetables. Thefe, particularly the former, are not to be procured 
in the winter-feafon, in quantity fufficient to anfwer the demands of the immenfe number of birds which vifit us at 
other feafons of the year. If our climate were more moderate than it is, and if an abundance of food were at 
all times to be procured, the number of our Refident Birds would, doubtlcfs, be much greater than it is. It is 
evident, that a failure of their food is one of the great caufes of the migrations of birds. Thus no fooner has the 
Zizania aquatica (Reed), which is one of the principal foods of the Rice-Birds, filed its feed, than thefe birds difap- 
pear, returning fouthwards.f 


S. XXXI. 

Independent on the mildnefs of the feafon, and the continuance of an abundance of their favourite kinds of food, 
individuals (and in feme inftances large flocks) of many different kinds of migratory birds pafs their winters with us. 
Dr. Darwin obferves, that ‘‘ thofe fwallows that have been hatched too late in the year to acquire their full ' 
ilrength of pinion, or that have been maimed by accident or difeafe, have been frequently found in the hollows of 
rocks on the fea coaffs, and even under water in” a torpid ftate, from which they have been revived by the warmth 
of a fire.”! I fuppofe the learned dodlor has not completely afeertained the fad:, that fuch fwallows were adually 
hatched later than others, or that they had been maimed by accident or difeafe. But it is highly probable, that the 
circumftances which he mentions are fome of the caufes which compel thefe and many other kinds of birds to pafs their 
winters in climates, and in lituations, very different from thofe in which the fpecies at large, are, at fuch times, found. 

§. XXXIL 

Birds, in migrating, often lofe themfelves, particularly, perhaps, when they get into the currents of flrong winds, 
to which they muff: fometimes be obedient. The large flight of Parakeets,§ which vifited the neighbourhood of Al¬ 
bany, in the winter of 1780, was no doubt carried thither by a flrong weflerly wind. Such wanderers, it is pro¬ 
bable, often go into a torpid flate. It is faid, that great numbers of Parakeets (I fuppofe the Pfittacus carolinenfis) 
are fometimes, in the winter-feafon, found torpid in the hollow's of trees, in North-Carolina. Admitting 
the fad, is it not likely, that thefe birds have been wanderers, like the New-York flock juft mentioned? Accidents 
of this kind are more frequent than is perhaps imagined. And I do not doubt that to fuch accidents we muft aferibe 
fome of the inftances of fwallows and other birds being found, in the winter-feafon, in a flate of hybernation. It 
will be faid, that this idea favours the notion, that birds are capable of entering into this flate according to their 
fituation. I do really fuppofe fo. Perhaps all birds, all quadrupeds, in fhort all animals, are capable of this ftate. Nor 
are vegetables exempted from it. Thofe aquatic plants which, at the approach of winter, withdraw' themfelves to the 
bottom of the w'ater, and, on the opening of the fpring, emerge from their watery bed, may be denominated Hyeer- 


Stt page Ix. §. XVI. 


f Sec the Tables. Page 8 . 


t Zoonomla, Vol. I, Sc^Jt. XVI. 


§ See Page vi. §. VII. 










■NATiNG Vegetables. Perhaps this name might likewife be applied to thofe vegetables, which are natives of 
warm, fouthern countries, but gradually accommodate themfelyes to the rigorous winters of northern climates. I 
think, it was the late Mr. John Hunter who firft ventured to conjecture, that man himfelf is not incapable of be¬ 
coming torpid. ProfefTar Fabricius is of the fame opinion.* Nor is it at all improbable. In his internal flruCiure, 
in the temperature of his blood, man differs in no very effential circumftances from fome of thofe animals, which, 
in certain climates, almoll conftantly pafs into the torpid Hate. 

S- XXXIII. 

It is important for our purpofe, in the difculTion of the queflion of the difappearance of birds, that many of 
thofe fpecies which are believed to be migratory are annually feen on their paifage; in the fpring from the fouth to 
the north, and in the autumn from the north to the fouth. Some of thefe paffengers migrate in immenfe flocks, 
whilfl: others go and return more individually. Mr. Bartram has feen, in the autumn, large flocks of all our four 
fpecies of Swallows, on their return fouthward from Pennfylvania, through Carolina, Florida, &c. and in the fpring 
on their return to the northward again.f The immenfe migrations of the Paflenger-Pigeons are well known to every 
body in this country. I have already hinted at the great flights of Ffingilla triflis, Motacilla Sialis, Loxia Cur- 
yirollra, Fringilla ——-— (Hemp-Bird), and Anas canadenfis, which are annually cbferved on their paflage to the 
fouth.| I.might mention a number of other fpecies which move in fimilar bodies. I fball content myfelf with men¬ 
tioning one. This is the Brown Crane of Pennant. This fpecies is found in Mexico. It is deferibed by Hernandez, 
who calls it, Toquilcoyotl.^ They arrive in Florida and Carolina, from the fouth, in the months of Hebruary and 
March. The flocks, which are immenfe, are heard and feen very high in the air. Their phalanx is in the form of 
the letter > . They pafs over Pennfylvania, the Jerfies, New-York, &c. and continue their rout as far north as Hudfon’s 
Bay, where they breed, and in the autumn retire to the fouth again. It is curious, however, that in their return, they 
do not move in the fame form in which they came. They now form two or three circles interfering each other, often 
changing the figure of the body, and forming again, as they are joined by other fquadrons. Milton*s deferiptiou 
tof the flight of the Common Crane|| of the did world equally applies to our fpecies. 

“ Part loofely wing the region: part more wife, 

In common, rang’d in figure wedge their way, 

Intelligent of feafons, and 'fet forth 
'Their aery caravan, high over feas 
Flying, and over lands with mutual wing 
Eafing their flight. So fleers the prudent Crane 
Her annual voyage, borne on winds j 

The air flotes as they pafs, fann’d with unnumber’d plumes.” 

Paradise Lost. Book VII. 425—432. 


§. XXXIV. 

1 fear,, I fliall be thought to have taken up too much time in endeavouring to prove, that the greater number of 
our birds which difappear on the approach of winter, retire to fouthern and milder climates. Indeed, I am of opinion, 
that the migration of our birds is a fadl fo well eflablifhed in the natural hiftory of thefe animals, that it will not, in 
general, be doubted, except by thofe perfons who are propenfe to doubt on every fubjedl. In Afia, in Africa, and 
in Europe, where obfervations on this fubject have long been made, the migration of many fpecies has been com¬ 
pletely eflablifhed. In our own times, it has been particularly obferved that many fpecies vifit different countries of 
Europe in the fpring, and leave them in the autumn, in the fame manner as other fpecies vifit and leave us at the 
fame feafons of the year. 


• I am forry, that I have not now an opportunity of examining Mr. Fahricius’s memoir. I fpcak, from memory, of his opinions: but I hope I do not err. 
f See Appendix l.,P. 16. t Sec Page vlii. f. XIII. § Pag 44. Cap. cxlviii. U Ardea Grus of Linnsus. 







§. XXXV. 


But It is fald, we are unable to determine to what particular country thefe American birds of palTage emigrate. 
This, with refpecf to many fpecies, is flridly true. The obfervation, however, does not apply to all the migratory 
birds which I have mentioned. 


§. XXXVI. 

It is pretty certain, that fome of our migratory birds do not remove to a very great diftance. Of this number 
are thofe fpecies which even in the depth of winter make their appearance among us when we have a few 
days of warm and open weather. The Blue-Bird is one of thefe birds.* It is probable that it does not often re¬ 
move far. Perhaps, it goes to the fea-coaft, where the temperature is more equable. Perhaps, however, thefe 
birds might, with more propriety, be confidered as Refidents. They, certainly, fometimes continue with us the 
whole winter. They may eafily find a fecure retreat from the winter’s cold in the neighbourhood of the fea, and 
in clofe thickets of wood. PofTibly, thofe fpecies which are feen among us in mild winters, do not commonly re¬ 
tire as far fouth as the others. But this is only conjefture. We are certain that the Turdus Polyglottos, the Ardea 
Herodias, and feveral others, which occafionally winter in Pennfylvania, do not winter in the fouthern Hates. 

§. XXXVII. 

The greater number of our migratory birds feem to remove to a very confiderable diflance from us. It is proba¬ 
ble, that they pafs their winters in the Carolinas, Georgia, theFloridas, Mexico, Surinam, Brafil, and all the warm 
parts of South-America, and the Weft-India-Iflands. That, in general, they remove farther fouth than the fouth¬ 
ern parts of the United-States may fafely be inferred from the very fmall number of our birds that is known 
to hiemate in this part of the country. Thus, the Swallows are no more obferved to winter in the fouthern Hates 
than they are in Pennfylvania. And my friend Mr. Bartram aflures me, that he does not know more than three 
of the Spring Birds of Paflage that regularly winter in that part of the Union. Thefe are the Mufcicapa carolinenfis 
(Cat-Bird), Columba carolinenfis (Turtle-Dove), and the Turdus minor, or Little Thrulh. They winter as far 
north as Cape-Fear, in North-Carolina. I do not fuppofe, however, that this is the whole liH of the paflenger- 
birds of Pennfylvania that continue the winter through in the fouthern Hates. Some have, probably, efcaped Mr. 
Bartram’s obfervation. At any rate, it will not be doubted, that during very mild winters many fpecies con¬ 
tinue in thefe Hates, fince, during fuch winters, feveral fpecies remain in Pennfylvania. I amaflured, that the Rice- 
Birds often pafs the whole winter in South-Carolina; and fome gentlemen, with whom I have converfed on the 
fubjed, are even of opinion, that the fpecies regularly hiemate in that Hate. This, however, I prefume is a mif- 
take. Mr. Catefty fays the Mocking Bird hiemates in Carolina. That it does fo occafionally, there can be little 
doubt: but it is pretty certain, that, in general, it is a migratory blrd.f I fufpedl that, befides the three fpecies men¬ 
tioned by Mr. Bartram, the following birds pretty regularly hiemate in fome of the fouthern Hates, particularly 
South-Carolina, and Georgia, and in the country of Florida : Oriolus phoeniceus, Gracula Quifcula, Picus auratus, 
Picus erythrocephalus, Fringilla pecoris, Alauda alpeHris, Charadrius vociferus, Rallus virginianus, Scolopax Gal- 
hnago, and a good many of the anferes, 

* Sec Sedlon III. Page la. 

t Ardiic Zoology. Vol. II. page l6. It is a curious faA, that previous to the cold winter of 1779-1780, or 1783-1784 (T am not pofitive which), the 
Mocking-Bird more commonly remained in the vicinity of Philadelphia and other parts of Pennfylvania, during the winter-feafon, than it has done fince that time. I 
am inclined to think, that the extreme feverity of the feafon I allude to has frightened thefe birds away, I am fcnfiblc, however, that this mode of explaining the fa(ft 
will not appear fatisfadlory to thofe naturalifts who believe, that the inftin^l of animals is a vh impelhns, a“ determinate” fomething; and that they never acr^ulreany 
knowledge by experience. Very dilferent is my opinion, as I fuall fully fhow in a work on the Inftind of animals, in which I have been, for fome time, engaged. 








§. XXXVIIL 


It appears from the works of Hemandezf, PifojJ feveral other writers, that many of the palTenger birds of 
Pennfylvania, and other parts of the United-States, are alfo natives of Mexico, Brafil, and other fouthern parts of 
America. I (hall here mention a few of thefe birds ; viz. the Vultur Aura, Pfittacus pertinax, Oriolus phoeniceus, 
Oriolus Baltimore? Gracula Quifcula, Gracula Barita, Picus principalis, Picus carolinus, or Carolina Woodpecker, 
Alcedo Alcyon? Trochilus Colubris, Columba migratoria, Columba carolinenfis, Columba pafferina, TurdusPoly- 
glottos, Turdus minor, Motacilla aurocapilla, Ampelis Garrulus, Emberiza Oryzivora, Emberiza Ciris,* or Painted 
Bunting, Tanagra cyanea, Tanagra rubra, Mufcicapa Tyrannus, or Fork-tail-Flycatcher, Motacilla Sialis, Mufcicapa 
Ruticilla, Motacilla cserulea, Motacilla Guira,* or Guira Warbler, Platalea Ajaja,* or Rofeate Spoon-Bill, Ardea 
canadenfis, or Brown Crane, Ardea Nydicorax? Tantalus Loculator,* or Wood-Ibis, Tantalus ruber,* or Scarlet 
Ibis, Charadrius Hiaticula,* or Ringed Plover, Charadrius Himantopus, or Long-Legged Plover, Flaematopus 
Oftralegus, or Pied-Oyller-Catcher, Anas fponfa, and many others. § This circumftance renders it very probable, 
that many of our migratory birds pafs their winters in thefe fouthern climates. How much is it to be wilhed, that 
fome intelligent naturalifts would furnifli us with a lift of the migratory birds of Mexico, Brafil, the Weft-India- 
Iflands, &c. noting down, with care, the times of their difappearance from thofe countries, and the periods of 
their return to them. This would throw great light upon the difficult queftion which I am examining. Mean¬ 
while, I have little doubt it will be found, that feveral of thefe birds vifit us about the time they leave the warm 
countries juft mentioned. Some of the birds which I have mentioned, in the above lift, are known to migrate from 
and to Mexico, Brafil, and the Weft-Indies. 

§. XXXIX. 

My learned and candid friend Mr. Pennant (whofe name I never mention but with pleafure and with gratitude ; 
whofe works have contributed much to my information, and whofe example has ftimulated me to the ftudy of na^ 
tural hiftory) thinks there is the “ greateft probability,” that numbers of the birds of Kamtfchatka are common to 
North-America, and that they pafs there the feafons of migration.” j| I may obferve, on the other hand, that 
it is likely that many of the North-American fpecies pafs into Afia and Europe, making between thefe continents 
and the new-world regular migrations. I think (for I write from memory) that it is Profeffor Bifeke who has lately 
Ihown, that feveral of the North-American birds annually vifit the neighbourhood of Mittau, in Courland. Among 
others, I particularly recolle<ft that this writer mentions the Loxia Cardinalis, or Cardinal Grofbeak. In the farther 
inveftigation of the fubjed of the migration of birds, we ftiall difcover, that many fpecies (many more than is 
generally imagined) are common to the old and to the new-world; and that feveral fpecies are occafionally palfing 
into countries which before they had not vifited, I am not afraid, that genuine naturalifts will fuppofe, that the 
regularity of migration, which I have mentioned, between the two continents, is altogether imaginary. I certainly 
do not carry my birds as far, in fearch of food, of refting places, and of better climes, as did Cotton Mather, 
of New-England, who fancied that the Wild-Pigeons, on leaving us, repaired to fome undifcovered Satellite, 
accompanying the Earth at a near Diftance.”^ 

Rerum Medicarum Novas Hifpaniae Thefaurus, feu Plantarum, Aninialium, Mineralium Mexicanorum Hiftorla, &c. &c. Romae, 1651. Folio. 

I GulieJmi Pifonis, Medici Amftelaedamenfis, De Indiae Utriufque Re Naturali et Medica Libri Quatuordecim. Amftel^dami, 1658. Folio. 

§ In this lift: I have not given the Englifh names of any of thofe birds which occur in the Tables. I have annexed the mark of doubt to a few which, perhaps, 
are not entirely the fame fpecies in the United-States and in Southern America. Thofe which are dcfignated with an aftcrilk are not known in Pennfylvania. Mr. 

pennant fAr^ic Zoology. Vol. II. P. 107.) mentions the Motacilla Guira as a native of New-York.-The Emberiza Ciris has never (that I can learn) been feen 

farther north than Cape-Fear in North-Carolina, and not more than one mile from the fait water. The Spoon-Bill is fometimcs (though rarely) feen about the 
mouth of Cape-Fear-River. They are common about St. Aguftine, in Eaft-Florida, and even as far north as the Savanna-River. Mr. William Bartram. 

)) Ardic Zoology. Vol. II. P. 314. 

5 Sec the Philofophical Tranfadions, Abridg’d, Sec. Vol. V. Part II- P. l 6 x. 








( xvlil } 





< 4 * 


The following TABLES are divided into two Sedions. The firfl: fe6:ion contains an enumeration of the Spring 
and Summer Birds of Paffage. All thefe, with the exception of a very few, which may be called Resident Birds, 
come from the fouth. The greater part of them are known to build and breed in Pennfylvania. At the clofe of 
the fummer and in the autumn, they retire again to the fouth, and vifit us in the Spring. 

The fecond feftion is devoted to the Autumnal and Winter Birds of Paffage. Thefe paffengers may be di¬ 
vided into two claffes : viz. I. The Spring and Summer Birds of Paffage, which are nov/ on their return to the 
fouth. In ftridt propriety, thefe ought not to be confidered as Autumnal and Winter Paffengers: for they leave us 
in cold weather, either becaufe they are incapable of fupporting the feverity of the winter-feafon, or becaufe they 
cannot, during this feafon, procure a fufficiency of their proper and favourite food. Perhaps, for both thefe caufes. 
II. The fecond clafs comprehends the real Autumnal and Winter Birds of Paffage. Thefe, compared with the Spring 
and Summer Birds of Paffage, are very few in number. They all come from the north, and either winter with us 
or in the fouthern ftates. In the fpring (frequently very early in the fpring), they retire northerly, where they 
build, breed, and rear their young. 




ERRATA. 


In the Introdudion, page ix. §. XVI. for Fringilla melodia, read Turdus Polyglottos,or Mocking-Bird. 

page xvi. §. XXXVI. (in a few of the copies), the laft line, for uniformly, read always. 

In the Tables, page 2, for Scolopax Candida. (Plover.) read Tringa Squatarola ? Grey Sandpiper 1 (Plover.) 

P^g^ 3 > for Golden-Crowned Trulh, read Golden-Crowned Thrulh. 

In Appendix I, page 16, under the head of Hirundo purpurea, for, when it fuppofed, &c. read, when it is fuppofed, &c. 













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( ) 

SECTION III. Of the RESIDENT BIRDS of Pennsylvania. 

By the Resident Birds, I mean thofe birds which, in general, continue in Pennfyhania the whole year ; which build 
their nejis, rear their young, and are commonly thought to continue, near the diflricl in which they themfelves were reared, 
1 Jhall enumerate thefe birds in the order of the Linncean arrangement, 

ACCIPITRES. RAPACIOUS. 

Falco Leucocephalus. White-Headed Eagle. (Bald-Eagle.) This, in the opinion of fome perfons, is the fame 
bird as the next fpecies. But I cannot adopt this notion. 

Falco regalis of Bartram. Bravels. Great Grey Eagle. This is our larged Eagle. 

Falco aquilinus of Bartram. Travels, Great Red-Tailed Hawk, This is the larged fpecies of Hawk hitherto dif- 
covered in Pennfylvania. The tail is of a red brick colour. 

Falco columbarius. Pigeon-Hawk. 

Falco glaucus of Bartram. Travels, Bluifh Hawk. A beautiful fpecies. Colour a pale fky-blue. Tips of the 
wings black. Feeds upon its prey, as it flies along with it. 

Strix virginiana. Great Horned Owl. 

Strix Afio. Red Owl, Little Owl. (Screech-Owl.) 

Strix varius of Bartram. MS. Hen Owl. This is a large fpecies without ears. It is next in fize to the Strix virginiana, 
or Great Horned Owl. Of a clay or dirt colour, fpotted with darker brown. 

Lanius Excubitor. Great Shrike. (Gud Bird ? Nine-Killer.) For fome intereding information concerning this 
bird, fee Tranfadlions of the American Philofophical Society, Vol, IV. 

* Lanius Collurio ? Red-Backed Shrike. This fpecies comes to us from the northward, in Odober or November. 
In very mild winters, days in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Is always with us in the fpring, on its return to the 
north. Does not breed with us : does not fing in the autumn, but does in the fpring. 

PICiE. PIES. 

Corvus Corax. Raven Crow. (Raven.) Corvus carnivorus of Bartram. Travels, Larger than the next fpecies. 

Corvus Corone. Carrion Crow. (Crow.f) This is the Corvus frugivorus of Bartram. Travels, 

Corvus cridatus. Blue-Crow. (Blue-Jay, Jay-Bird.) 

Picus pileatus. Pileated Woodpecker. (Wood-Cock). 

* Picus erythrocephalus. Red-Headed-Woodpecker. Continues about Philadelphia, in mild winters. In very 
cold winters, it goes farther fouthward. 

* Picus auratus. Golden- Wing-Woodpecker. Some few of thefe birds are feen among us, in the warmer or 
milder winters. In general, they migrate farther fouthward. 

Picus villofus. Hairy Woodpecker. Sefe^ah of the Wyandot-Indians. 

Picus pubefcens. Downy Woodpecker. Sho-ah of the Wyandot-Indians. 

Sitta. Black-Headed Nuthatch. (Sap-Sucker.) 

Certhiafufca of Bartram. MS. Brown-Creeper. I believe this fpecies is not defcribed. The general colour is a nut- 
brown: fpeckled with black or deep dulky; fome white fpots on the firft coverts. Edwards (ISat. Hi/l. vol. I. 
26.) has a bird a good deal like this. I mean his Little Brown and White Creeper. 

f There Is another fpecies of Corvus which differs from both the fpecies here mentioned. It Is larger than the Common Crow (Cofvus Corone) and makes 
more like that of the Raven, or Corvus Corax. It keeps upon the fea-coaft. Mr. Bartram (Travels) calls this fpecies Corvus maritimus. I ha\e n 





GRALLiE. CLOVEN-FOOTED. 

* Ardea Herodias. Great Heron. In very mild, open winters. 

* Charadrius vociferus. Noify Plover. (Kildee, Kildeer). In very mild winters. 

GALLINiE. GALLINACEOUS. 

Meleagris Gallopavo. Wild-Turkey. I doubt if this be the fame fpecies as the domeflicated kind, which is now 
fo commonly met with in various parts of the world. But I do not, in the leaf!:, doubt that the domefticated 
kind was firll brought from America into Europe. Indeed, I believe with Mr. Pennant, that America is exclu- 
fively its native country. The Delaware Indians call the Wild-Turkey, Pe-le^-oo^ or Blae-u, 

Tetrao umbellus. Ruifed Grous. (Grous). 

Tetrao cupido. Pheafant of Pennfylvania. (Pheafant). Pah-ha-cku of the Delawares. 

Tetrao virginianus. Maryland Partridge. (Partridge, Quail). Fo-po-cus of the Delawares* 

PASSERES. PASSERINE. 

* Columba migratoria. PalTenger-Pigeon. (Wild Pigeon.) See the Introduction, §. 

* Columba carolinenfis. Carolina-Pigeon. (Turtle-Dove). It is only during our very mild winters, that this fpecies 
of Columba continues with us the whole year. 

Alauda magna. Crefeent Stare. (Meadow-Lark). Commonly continues with us during the whole year. In very fe- 
vere winters, migrates farther fouth. 

Turdus migratorius. Red-Breafted Thrufh. (Robin). Tfchis-go-ckus of the Delawares. 

* Turdus Polyglottos. Mimic Thrufh. (Mocking Bird). 

Ampelis Garrulus. Prib Chatterer. (Cedar-Bird.) 

Loxia Cardinalis. Cardinal Grofbeak. (Virginia Nightingale.) 

Loxia Curviroflra. Crofsbill. (Shear-Bird.) In moderate winters flays with us; but generally goes farther fouth. 
Commonly comes to us, from the northward, about the beginning of September. 

Motacilla Sialis. (Blue-Bird.) Stays with us in mild winters. In general, dikippears upon the fetting in of the 
very fevere weather. A few days, however, of foutherly wind and open warm weather, it is obferved, will 
bring them back to us, even in the depth of winter. 

Motacilla Troglodytes ? (^Marfli-Wren.) Commonly continues with us the whole year 5 in the winter time, taking 
fhelter in our houfes, flables, &c. 

Parus bicolor. Toupet Titmoufe*. 

Parus atricapillus. Canada Titmoufe. Little Pied Titmoufe. 

* Parus virginianus. Virginian Titmoufe. This fpecies fometimes continues with us all the winter. 

NOTE. 

In flriCl language, there are very few of our birds entitled to the name of Residents. Pennfylvania, like every 
other portion of the United-States, is fubjeCl to great extremes of heat and cold; and thefe extremes are known 
to have a decided influence upon the difpofitions of animals. During our coldefl winters, therefore, many of 
thofe birds, which I have confidered as refidents, migrate to the fouth. This was the cafe in the ever-memorable 

. winter of 1779 and 1780, when very few of the ufually refident birds continued with us: and many of thofe, 
which did continue, periflied with the feverity of the cold. 








OCCASIONAL, OR ACCIDENTAL, RESIDENTS. 

There is a propriety in the divifion of the Refident Birds, into fuch as coidmonly continue ill the country the wnole 
year through, and fuch as only occafionally continue. The latter may be called Occasional, or Accidental, 
Residents. They feldom continue with us except in open, mild winters. Thefe, in the preceding lift, are 
marked with an afterifl^.* I have had the lefs hefitation in blending them together, becaufe it is highly probable, 
that in a tradl of country fo extenfive and various as the ftate of Pennfylvania, fome of the birds, which about 
Philadelphia are only occafionally refident, may be more generally fo in other parts of the country. 

OCCASIONAL VISITANTS. 

Some of the birds which are obferved in Pennfylvania may, with propriety, be thrown into a feflion called Occa¬ 
sional Visitants. Of thefe I have already made mention in the Introduflion to thefe Fragments. Thefe 
Occafional Vifitants are fuch birds as occafionally come to Pennfylvania, either from the more northern or from 
the more fouthern parts of North-America. With all the caufes which induce them to vifit us, I am not fuftici- 
ently acquainted to fpeak on the fubjed, with confidence* The following, however, are certainly fome of thefe 

• caufes, viz. feverity of cold, fcarcity of food, and intenfity of heat. 

I. The birds which are driven by the feverity of cold all come to us from the northward. Thefe occafional vifit¬ 
ants are pretty numerous, during our -very fevere winters, when fom6 of the birds of Canada and Labrador are 
feen among us. The two following fpecies of Strix deferve to be mentioned under this head, viz. the Great 
White Owl (Strix Nydea ?). This fpecies is never feen in the vicinity of Philadelphia, except in thofe winters 
which are very fevere, long, and clofe. This and the following fpecies (See the Tables) were feen about Phila¬ 
delphia, at the clofe of the winter of 1791-92, which was one of our fevered; winters. The Tawney-Faced 
Owl (Strix ftridula ?) is a very beautiful fpecies. It makes its appearance, in the day-time, near houfes and barns, 
watching for mice, or for thofe weakly birds which have been compelled by the feverity of the cold to take fhelter 
there. 

II. It may readily be imagined, that a fcarcity of food, particularly of their favourite food, is one of the caufes 
which induce birds to make occafional vifits to other countries than their own. I am even of opinion, that this 
has been the original caufe of fome of thofe migrations which are now regular and extenfive. 

III. I have mentioned intenfity of heat, or very warm weather, as one of the caufes which fometinies impel or induce 
birds to migrate to us. It is probable, however, that this caufe more frequently operates in a lecondary manner; 
that is, by producing a fcarcity of food. All the Occafional Vifitants that fall under this fedion come from the 
fouthward. See the Introduction, where I have mentioned fome of thefe vifitants. 

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST of BIRDS. 

The following deferve a place in an hiftory of the birds of Pennfylvania. They are all, except the Pfittacus, found 
in the vicinity of Philadelphia, or within eighty miles of it. 

ACCIPITRES. 

1. Falco OfTifragus? Sea-Eagle. I mention this on the authority of my ingenious friend Mr. G. S. Oppelt, of 
Nazareth, in Pennfylvania. Fie fays it agrees with the Falco Oftifragus, “ only that the cera is not lutea but 
obfcura.” The one which he examined meafured feven feet from wing to wing. Killed near Nazareth. MS- 

2. Strix Aluco. Speckled Owl. On the authority of Mr. Oppelt. 

3. Strix Naevia. Mottled Owl. On the authority of Mr. Oppelt* 

4. Strix paflerina. Little Owl. 

PICiE. 

5. Pfittacus pertinax ? Illinois Parrot ? Either this or fome other fpecies of tire genus deferves to be mentioned 
among the birds of Pennfylvania. It has been feen in Shareman’s Valley. See Introdua:ion, §. VII. 

D 







GRALLiE. 


6. Scolopax nutans ? Nodding Snipe ? Seen and killed in the winter-time, near Nazareth, in Pennfylvania. On 
the authority of Mr. Oppelt. Mentioned by Mr. Pennant, as having been obferved in Chateaux Bay, on the 
coafl of Labrador, in September. Arctic Zoology. Vol. II. P. 167. 

7. Charadrius Himantopus. Long-Legged Plover. On the authority of Mr. Oppelt. 

8. Haematopus Oltralegus. Pied-Oyfter-Catcher. 

PASSERES. 

9. Loxia ludoviciana. Red-Breafled Grofs-Beak. 

10. Fringilla purpurea. Purple Finch. This is one of our birds of paflage. Early in the fpring, fometimes in 
February, it comes up from the fouth, and returns from the north, going fouthward, in Oflober. 

11. Fringilla-. (Hemp-Bird.) This is one of our migratory birds. It is not the Fringilla cannabina of 

Linnmus; but, like it, feeds on the ripe hemp-feed. Is often feen about Philadelphia. On the authority of Mr. 
Williany Bartram, who thinks it an undeferibed fpecies. 

12. Hirundo Subis. Canada Swallow,! Great American Martin.On the authority of Mr. Oppelt, who ob¬ 
ferved it in the neighbourhood of Bethlehem. Has never been feen about Philadelphia. Yet it is probable, 
that it is a bird of paffage. Perhaps, it paffes from the north to the fouth, and.returns to the north, through 
the country weft of the great ranges of our mountains, which is certainly the rout purfued by fome of the migra¬ 
tory birds that are feldom, or never, feen in the Atlantic parts of the United-States. Perhaps, this is no other 
than the Tapera of Brafil, the Hirundo Tapera of Gmelin. 

13. Caprimulgus europaeus. European Goatfucker. (Night-Hawk). In Maryland, If I miflake not, it is called 
Bull-Bat. Pifehk ? of the Delaware-Indiaiis. This, or a variety of it, is certainly a native of Pennfylvania. 
So that now all the fifteen fpecies of this genus (mentioned by Gmelin) are known to be natives of America; 
and all, with the exception of the Caprimulgus europaeus, are, as far as is yet known, exclufively confined to 
this portion of the world. This is an interefling fad, which does not favour the opinion of thofe writers who have 
imagined, that all animals and all vegetables were originally created in the old world, from whence they have 
been fpread over every portion of the earth : an opinion which ought never to have been advanced by philo- 
fophers; and which it is not likely will prevail among thofe naturalifls who obferve with attention, and deliver 
their fentiments without referve or timidity. § 

, f Latham, t Edwards. 

§ See New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America. Pages cl, cli, clil, civ. Philadelphia; 1798.’ 







1 . APPENDIX: 



CONTAINING 


OBSERVATIONS 


On the greater number of the Birds, which are mentioned in the 

preceding Tables, f 







)i ktiici; 


^ mi ilk 


* O RIO L U S phoenlceus. I cannot altogether admit of the propriety of placing this bird among the P/V^, 
as Linnceus and other naturalifts have done. The female appears to be an Einberiza, or Fringilla. This bird is 
the Sturniis predatorius of Mr. William Bartram* See his Travels, 

* Mufcicapa fufca. This is the Mufcicapa nunciola of Bartram* Travels, 

* Alauda rubra. The Alauda migratoria of Bartram* Travels* Alauda fufca of the fame gentleman* The fpe- 
cific name rubra is an improper one : for the bird has no red feathers. 

^ Alauda alpeftris. This is the Alauda campellris of Bartram. Travels, 

* Fringilla domeflica (mihi). Motacilia domeflica, or Regulus rufus of Bartram. Travels, In very mild winters, 
this focial domeftic little bird continues with us. It is the earlieft of our fpring fmging birds. Its note is tre¬ 
mulous and agreeable. Catefby has figured it, Vol. I. P. 35. 

* Fringilla ferruginea. I fufpeQ: this is the Fledge-Sparrow of Lawfon, P. 144. It is the Fringilla rufa of Bar¬ 
tram. Travels, Edwards calls it Little Sparrow. PI. 354. In New-York it is called the Shepherd. 

* Fringilla albicollis. Fringilla fufca of Bartram. Travels, 

* Fringilla melodia. In mild winters, this bird continues in Pennfylvania, affociating with the Snow-Birds- Does 
not appear to be defcribed. 

* Paffer paluftris of Bartram. This appears to be a fpecies of Fringilla. I do not find that it is defcribed. 

Fringilla exilis. This a good deal refembles the Motacilia Regulus, or Golden-crefted Warbler. Perhaps, they 
are the fame. 

* Fringilla triflis. In different parts of the United-States, this bird is,known by a variety of names, fuch as Gold- 
Finch, Yellow-Bird, Lettuce-Bird, Sallad-Bird, Flax-Seed-Bird. 

Sitta canadenfis. I have been miftaken in calling this the Sitta canadenfis. It is a diflindl fpecies: perhaps Le Tor- 
chepot de Canada of Briffon. Tom. 3. P. 592, 593, 594. PI. 29. Fig. 4. Sitta peregrina of Bartram. MS. 
Sitta varia, ventre rubro of Bartram. Travels, I think Mr. Pennant, to whom I fent a drawing and defcription 
of it, confidered it as a new fpecies. 

* Picus auratus. I am informed, that this bird is known, in Maryland, by the name of Difh-Waflier. Linnaus 
fays this fpecies does not climb trees 5 but this is a miflake: and it builds its neft, like the other fpecies, in the 
holes of trees. 

* Gracula Quifcula ? Several refpedable authors, and among others Mr. Pennant,| have confounded the bird thus 
noted in the Tables with the Gracula Quifcula of Linnaeus. But they are certainly diflind fpecies. I do not 


f Thofe fpecies which are known to breed in Pennfylvania are defignated by an afteriik. 


f Arctic Zoology. Vol. B p. 308, 309. 








know that the Gracula Quifcula has ever been feen immediately about Philadelphia. It is commonly feen on or 
near the fea-coaft and not often twenty miles diftant from it. It loves the neighbourhood of the fea, and of 
brlckilh water. The Gracula which I mention, in the Tables, is v^y common about Philadelphia, where it 
affociates with the Red-Wing Oriole, or Oriolus phoeniceus, and with Crows (Corvus Coronel, committing 
Meat depredations on the mays in the fields; and in the Southern States, on the rice that is ftacked in the barn 
yards. Builds on trees, pretty high up, and feems, for this purpofe, to give a preference to the evergreens, fuch 
L tall Pine-trees, &c. Our Gracula is either the Gracula Barrita, Boat-Tail-Grakle, or very nearly allied to it. 

* Fringilla pecoris. This bird certainly belongs to the fame genus as the Oriolus phoeniceus, whether that be 
Emberiza or Fringilla. It follows cows and horfes, pulling afunder their excrements, in order to get at the feeds. 
It alights on their backs, eating flies and other infeds from them. In feme parts of Pennfylvania, it is belt known 
by the name of Cow-Bird. It is the Sturnus ftercorarius of Bartram. Trave/s. 

* MotacillaSialis. This is one of our earliefl: finging birds. Its note is highly agreeable. It is the Tfchi-hoa-pe-ke-lis 

of the Delawares. SeeP. li* Sed:. HI. 

* Scolopax Gallinago. Scolopax americana rufa of Bartram. Travels. It is the Me-me-u of the Delaware-Indians. 

* Charadrius vociferus. This fpecles is obferved to increafe in proportion as the country becomes cleared. Is very 
feldom feen remote from the habitations of man. 

* Scolopax minor. Scolopax minor arvenfis of Bartram. Travels. of the Delaware-Indians. 

* Hirundo purpurea. Pons-pau-cloo-moefe, or “ the bird that never refts,” of the Mohegan-Indians. I am of opi¬ 
nion that this and the three other fpecies of Swallow, which I have mentioned, are migratory birds. I am not 
ignomnt, that an oppofite opinion is gaining ground among us. See Dr. Belknap’s Hijlory of New Hampjh.re, 
Vol. III. p. 174. My friend, Mr. William Bartram, allures me, “ that he has feen, in the fpring, large flocks of 
all our Swallows, upon their palfage from the fouth, and in the autumn, on their return fouthward from Penn- 
fylvania, through Carolina, to Florida, where, however, neither of them winter; but continue farmer on fouth- 
ward.” MS. penes me. I cannot but confider the teftimony of this gentleman, in matters of this kind, as of 
high value. Indeed, all my enquiries convince me, that our fwallows are migratory birds. lam, however, far 
from denying, that fwallows have occaftonally been found in the hollows of decayed trees, in different parts of our 
country, during that very feafon, when it^fuppofed thefe birds are in a more foutherii climate. I will not even 
deny, that they have been found under the mud of rivers, &c. Thefe, however, muff be confidered as extraordinary 
inftances, which very rarely occur. They only ferve to Ihow the accommodating powers of birds, which fome- 
times continue in a country the whole year through, and in other times migrate from thefe countries. It is not 
difficult to account for fome of the inftances of Swallows being found in trees, &c. In thefe inftances, I prefume, 
the birds have been compelled to take up their habitations here, after their return from the fouth, having been 
furprized by very cold weather. The Swallows are, certainly, very impatient of cold.f No wonder, therefore, 
that in a climate fo variable as that of Pennfylvania, thefe birds fliould fometimes retire into trees, &c. to feek flielter. 
I have obferved, that feveral weeks after the firft appearance of the Swallows in the fpring, the coming on of a 
cold day, has occafioned in them great diftrefs. The following fad will ftrikingly illuftrate what I am faying. 
The beginning of the month of April, 1773, was unufually warm. In the vicinity of Philadelphia, the clover, 
in fome of the fields, was five or fix inches high. The Martins (Flirundo purpurea) were feen about the city: at 
this time, there came on fuddenly a very fevere fpell of cold weather. It deftroyed many of thefe birds, feveral 
of which were feen^ to drop down, benumbed or dead, among the clover. 

If any fpecies of our fwallows continues with us the whole year, I think it moft likely to be the Hirundo-, 

or Little Bank-Martin. I have been informed, that in feveral Inftances, this fpecies has been found in a torpid 

t My very refpedbable and learned friend Dr. John Walker, Profelfor of Natural Hiftory In the Univerfity of Edinburgh, ufed to inform his clafs, that he “ Once 
knew a cold night (in Scotland) to overtake the Martins (Hirundo urbica), the Swifts (Hirundo Apus), and the Swallows (Hirundo ruftica), which benumbed them 
to fuch a degree, that they feemed dead, but when they were brought into a warm room, they recovered, and after the fun rofe, they all took to the wing. Not one 
of them was deftroyed by the cold.” 











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( 17 ) 


ilate, In the holes of banks. I am alfo told, that above thirty years ago, a number of thefe birds were found in 
a Gum-tree (Nyfla fylvaticaf), about four miles from the town of Lancafler. This was in the depth of winter. 
They were all torpid, but fome of them, upon the application of heat, recovered. 


Of the four fpecies of Pennfylvania fwallows, (viz. Hirundo purpurea, the Hirundo ruflica ? the Hirundo- 


and the Hirundo pelafgia) the firft, or Purple Martin, is the one which commonly vifits us the earlieft, viz. at 
the end of March, or beginning of April. The Houfe-Swallow and the Little Bank-Martin come next, and the 
Chimney-Bird laft of all. This, at leaft, is the general order of the appearance of the four fpecies. 


Hirundo ruflica ? This is not the Hirundo ruflica of Europe. It wants a name. It may be called Hirundo hor- 
reorum, from its fo generally frequenting our barns to build its nefl. But this name is liable to obje£lions. I 
do not know any of our Indian names for this fpecies. One of tbefe (if not too long) would be the befl fpecific 
name we could give to it. 


* Hirundo- 


Little Bank-Martin. This is not the Hirundo riparia of Linnaeus. It has, however, very 


much the manners or habits of that bird. I have never feen the Hirundo riparia in any part of America. Kalm, 
Pennant, Gmelin, and other writers affert that it is a native of this continent. Dr. Belknap (P. 173) mentions 
the Hirundo riparia in his lift of the birds of New-Hampfliire: but I do not doubt that he means our Little 
Bank-Martin. I know (without any particular allufion to my excellent deceafed friend) how the nomenclature 
of natural hiflory has been conducted in America. 


Falco pifcatorius. This is Catefby’s and Bartram’s name. It is the Ni-me-nccs of the Delaware-Indians. 


* Certhia Pinus. 

* Fringilla graminea. This is the Paffer campeflris of Bartram. MS. 


^ Motacilla casrulea. Perhaps, this bird is more properly a fpecies of the genus Parus. It forms a very curious 
nefl of the mofs which grows upon rocks, trees, &c. 


Ardea Herodias. See Section III. p. 12. 

* Alcedo Alcyon. Tis^ke-man-nh f of the Delaware-Indians. 


^ Colymbus feptentrionalis. Flocks of thefe birds frequent our large rivers, diving for fifli. Their voice Is mufical, 
efpeciaily when a foutherly wind blows flrong. This is the Colymbus muhcus of Bartram. 'Travels, It is as 
large as a goofe. 


* Colymbus migratorius of Bartram. This is near the fize of a goofe. Colour black. Bill red. Their principal 
food is eels and other fifh. They vifit the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, when the frofls are paffed. They ge¬ 
nerally fly in companies of two, three, or four together, and but a little above the furface of the water. 

^ Colymbus Podiceps. This is fometimes called the Water-Witch. 

* Anas fponfa. This beautiful fpecies is the Gi-gi-tfchi-mu-ls of the Delaware-Indians. It builds its nefl In the holes 
of trees. Attempts have been made to domeflicate it: but hitherto, they have not, I believe, been fuccefsful. 

Columba carolinenfis. See Section III. P. 12. It is the of the Delaware-Indians. 


Columba migratoria. Thefe birds commonly pafs the winter-feafon in the forefls of Carolina, Georgia, and the 
two Floridas; and pafs over the Gulph of Mexico to the Bahama-Iflands. Upon their return fouthward in the 
autumn, they fometimes flay wdth us a confiderable time, and they have been known, during our mild winters, to 
oontinue with us, as I have already obferved. See Section III. P. 12. and Introdudion, P. ix. §. XVI. 


f of Marfhall; Nyfla integrifolia of Alton. 



- ' " 




It 



















* Turdus rufus. Builds Its neft of loofe ftlcks, ufiiigno cement. In this refpea, it agrees with the Turdus Poly- 
glottos, or Mocking-Bird, but differs from the Turdus migratorius, or Robin. This laft ufes a kind of mud or 
mortar, in making its neft. 

* Ardea Nyaicorax. The Ardea clamator of Bartrara. Travels. 

* Motacilla Troglodytes ? This is the Motaciila paluftris, or Regulus minor, of Bartram. Travels. In many re- 
fpeas, this liule bird agrees with the Motaciila Troglodytes of Linnaeus: the Wren of the Engimi. I am not 
quite certain, whether they are not both the fame fpecies; but, I believe, they are different. Our bird conftruas 
a very curious neft, refembling in fliape a bottle, or pitcher. The materials which it makes ufe of are dry grafs, 
among the living grafs of meadows. The Motaciila Troglodytes ? of which I am fpeaking, is a fpecies of Certhia, 
or Creeper. It certainly belongs to the fame genus as the Certhia familians mentioned below, and the Certhia 
floridana, afterwards taken notice of. 

* Ardea virefeens. Commonly called S-e-Poke. 

* Certhia familiaris (mihi). I now fufpecl:, that this is no other than the Certhia familiaris of Linnaeus, the Euro¬ 
pean Creeper of Pennant; Le Grimpereau of Buffon. Mr. Pennant mentions this as an inhabitant of North- 
America, and tells us, that it is found in Sweden, “ and never quits the country.”! This to the American na- 
turalift, is an intereflihg fadt; for the Creeper is with us undoubtedly a bird of paifage. a bird of paflage, in 
a much milder climate than that in which it is a continual refident! ! But many fads like this will be difeovered in 

the progrefs of natural fcience. 

* Hirundo pclafgia. This is the Hirundo cerdo of Bartram. T’ravels, 

* Caprimulgus virginianus. This is the We-coo-lis of the Delaware-Indians. Although it feeds entirely upon infeds, 
its ilefh is faid to be delicious. I have been informed, that fome of thefe birds have been found in a torpid ftate, 
in hollow trees, in Jerfey. But I cannot entirely depend upon the fad; and I have little hefitation in faying, 
that this bird, as well as the Swallows, to which it is allied, is a bird of palTage. For fome notices concerning 
the fuperftitious opinions of our Indians refpeding this bird, fee my letter to Dr. Prieftley, in the Tranfadions 
of the American Philofophical Society, Vol. IV. 

* I.anius Tyrannus. This I rather confider as a fpecies of Mufcicapa. It may be called Mufcicapa rex. It eats 
both infeds and fruit. Is very deftrudive to bees,- and to grapes. 

* Oriolus Baltimore. As far as I know, this is the only Pennfylvania bird that builds a penfile or hanging neft. 
Mr. Pennant is miftaken in faying that the Oriolus phoeniceus, or Red-Wing Oriole, which I have already men¬ 
tioned, builds fuch a neft. “ The Red-Winged Orioles, (fays he) build their nefts in buihes, and among the reeds, 
in retired fwamps, in form of a hang-neft ; leaving it fufpended at fo judicious a height, and by fo wondrous an 
inftind, that the higheft floods never reach to deftroy it.”| Hernandez feems to have known this bird (the Red- 
Whng) very well. lie deferibes it under the name of “ Acolchichi, feu avis rubeorum humerorum.” Pag. 14. 
Cap. IV. 

* Mufcicapa carolinenfis. This is the Lucar lividus of Bartram. travels. This bird feems to be neatly allied to that 
tribe of birds which is called, by Edwards and Briflbn, Manakin. Bcfides infeds, it feeds on many forts of 
ripe fruit. 

* Parus luteus. This is Bartram’s name. Thraveh, Catefby hits figured and deferibed this bird under the name 
of Parus Carolinenfis luteus, or the Yellow Titmoufe. Page 63. Plate 63. 

Mufcicapa fufea (Catefby). The Mufcicapa cantatrix of Bartram. Travels, 

* Trochilus Colubris. I have not been able to learn that the Humming-Bird winters in any, not even in the 
warmeft, parts of the United-States. I cannot hefitate to confider it as a bird of paffage. A gentleman, how- 


t Araic Zoology. Vol. I. P. 334 t Ardic Zoology. Vol I. P. 300. 












ever, (whofe name I do not recoiled) wrote a little paper to prove, that thefe birds continue with us ail the 
winter: why ? becaufe one of them was one frofly day, in the month of Odober, found a good deal benumbed in a 
church, in fome part of New-England ; I think in Connedicut. 

Turdus Trichas. This bird is moll improperly arranged by Linnaeus under his genus of Turdus. 

*= Picus erythrocephalus. This is the Me-ma-koch-cus of the Delaw^are-Indians. See Sedion III. P. 11. 

* Motacilla aurocapilla. This is very properly confidered as a fpecies of Turdus, or Thrulh, both by Edw^ards and 
by Pennant. It is the Turdus minimus, vertice aurio, of Bartram. Travels, 

* Tanagra rubra. This and the Summer-Red-Bird of Catelby (Vol. I. P. 56.) both belong to the fame genus. 
Their note and their manners are the fame. They both eat the fame food, viz. fruit and infeds. 

* Mufcicapa olivacea. I do not think, with Mr. Pennant,t that this is the fame bird as the Whip-Tom-Kelly of the 
Well-Indies. Our bird has no fuch note ; but a great variety of foft, tender, and agreeable notes. It inhabits 
forefls, and does not, like the Wefl-India bird, build a pendulous nell.” 

*= Mufcicapa Ruticilla. Ruticilla americana of Bartram. Travels, 

* Turdus minor. Turdus melodes of Bartram. Travels, This is, perhaps, the moll mufical of all the birds of 
the United-States, notwithllanding the alTertions of Catefby and other writers to the contrary. 

* Mufcicapa viridis. This is a bird of very fmgular form, manners, and language. I am not fatisfied as to its ge¬ 
nus. It feems to be allied to the Manakin of Edv/ards and BrilTon. 

^ Falco fparverius. In the month of March, it builds its nell in hollow trees, and feeds its young with mice, frogs, 
and fmall birds. 

Tanagra cyanea. This is fometimes called in Pennfylvania, Indigo-Bird. It is the Linaria cyanea of Bartram. 
Travels, 

* Cuculus americanus. Cuculus Carolinenfis of Bartram. Travels, This bird is better figured by Buffon (P/. 
Enlum,) than by Catelby. 

* Alauda magna. See Sedion III. P. 12. 

* Tringa macularia (G). Tringa maculata of Bartram. Travels, 

* Motacilla chryfoptera. Parus alls aureis of Bartram. Travels, 

* Motacilla petechia. Mr. Pennant is millaken in faying that this pretty fpecies does not breed in Pennfylvania. 

* Mufcicapa rapax of Bartram. I take this to be the LelTer Crelled Fly-Catcher of Mr. Pennant: the Mufcicapa 
acadica of Gmelin. It is a very ufefui little bird, defcroying numbers of the common houfe-fly and other trou- 
blefome infeds. It continues with us until late in September, when it retires foutherly to pafs the winter. 

* Ardea cinerea. 

* Rallus virginianus. This is the bird which is fo well known in Pennfylvania by the name of Rail. It is a quef- 
tion much difputed among our fportfmen, whether this be a bird of paflage, or whether it continues among us. 
I have no doubt, that it is a bird of palfage. It is well known in Carolina and Florida, where it commonly con¬ 
tinues late, devouring the feed of the Zizania, Rice, and other aquatic plants. Whether it hiemates in thefe 
countries, or goes Itill farther to the fouth, I do not know. 

* Ardea parva of Bartram. I cannot find that this fpecies is defcribed. It builds its nell in the grafs of meadows. 
It is the fmallell fpecies of the genus that is known to me. 

^ Alauda Calandra. This is the Calandra pratenfis of Bartram. Travels, The Calandra floralia of the fame 
gentleman. 


t ArtSic Zoology. V. II. P. 79. 







* Motacilia Vermivora. Mr. Pennant is mirtaken when he afTerts, that this bird does not appear in PennfylvaniaL 
till July, in its paffage northward.”! 

Certhia floridana (mihi). This bird I do not find figured or defcribed. It is mentioned by Mr. Bartram (^Travels J,, 
under the name of Motacilia coroliniana, or Regulus magnus. It is nearly twice the fize of the Houfe-Wrcn,. 
or Certhia familiaris ? Like it, its voice is loud and mufical. The upper fide of the Certhia floridana is of a nut- 
brown colour, delicately marked with tranfverfe waved lines, of a darker colour. The throat, bread, and belly 
are,of a yellowifli clay colour. A line of the fame colour pafles, in form of an arch, over each eye. The bill is 
long, and a little bent downwards. This is a common bird in Carolina and Florida. It only occafionally vifits 
Pennfylvania, viz. in long and warm fummers. Is much more common in the Jerfeys. 

Vultur Aura. This bird rears its young in the fouthern dates, before its arrival among us. I cannot learn, that it 
ever breeds in Pennfylvania. I have been informed, that thefe birds have occafionally been found, in the winter- 
feafon, in the hollows of trees, and in the crevices of rocks, in different parts of the United-States, even to the 
north of Philadelphia. It is the Wi-nan-ge-u and A-ma-tfchi-pii-is of the Delawares, Sot-feh-tah of the Wyandots> 
and Guf-foo of the Mohegans. 

* Ardea alba. Ardea immaculata of Bartram. Travels. 

Ardea aequinodialis. Ardea alba minor of Bartram. Travels. It is Pennant’s Red-Billed Egret. 

Emberiza oryzivora. If I do not midake, this bird in Conne^licut is called the Strawberry-bird. On the autho¬ 
rity of Mr. Catefby,.it has been believed by the mod refpedable naturalids (Pennant and others), that the male 
and female Rice-Birds migrate feparately, at different feafons. Thus, it is imagined, that the males make their 
appearance in the vicinity of Philadelphia in the fpring, and the females in the autumn, or the clofe of fummer. 
Some fads which have come under my notice induce me to fufped, that this is a vulgar error: one of the many 
midakes with which "natural hidory is crouded and deformed. But, at prefent, I can only throw out the fufpicion. 

* Parus bicolor. This is the Par us cridatus of Bartram. Travels. This fpecies feeds both upon infeds and upon 
feeds, picking the kernel out of the hulk. In Pennfylvania, it is called Tom-tit. 

Parus virglnianus. Parus cedrus of Bartram. This bird feeds upon feeds and berries, particularly upon the re- 
finous berries of the Juniperus virginiana, or Red-Cedar. Commonly comes to us, from the northward, about 
the time thefe berries are npe,J and feems peculiarly fond of harbouring itfelf among thefe trees. Generally 
continues with us as long as the berries and infeds (upon which alfo it feeds) lad, and then goes northerly. 
Sometimes, however, it continues with us all winter. 

* Ampelis Garrulus. In fome parts of New-England, this fpecies is called Cherry-Bird. Like the Parus virginia- 
nus, it is very fond of the ripe berries of the Red-cedar. It is alfo very fond of the ripe fruit of the Diofpyros 
virginiana, or PeiTimmon. Builds its ned in trees of a moderate fize, about the end of May, or the beginning 
of June. 

Fringilla cannabina ? I am not quite certain whether this be the Fringilla cannabina of Linnmus. It is certainly 
very nearly allied to this fpecies. Large flocks of thefe birds vifit us tow'ards the end of the fall, or the begin¬ 
ning of the winter. They often fly at very great heights in the air: fo high that they cannot readily be feen, 
though their noife is didindly heard. Either tliis fpecies or one very nearly allied to it is found as far fouth as 
the country of the Cheerake-Indians, who call it 0 -na-clo-nei-ta. If this be the Fringilla cannabina, it has an ex- 
tenfive range in North-America, for it is found in the northern parts of this continent. It is one of the fpecies 
which is common to the old and new world. It is not improbable, that it performs regular migrations from the 
one continent to the other. 

* Scolopax Gallinago. I have already mentioned this fpecies,§ and have taken notice of the regularity of its arrival 
among us.|| It is, certainly, a bird of pafiage. This feems to be the fame fpecies which is fo common in En- 


I Ardic Zoology. Vol. II. P. loo,- 


■See Introdudlon. P. viii, | See the Tables, P. 7. § See Appendix I. P 16. 


[} See Introdudllon. P. xu 











!gland, and m other parts of Europe, and concerning whofe difappearance the learned have fo much difputed. 
There are pretty good reafons for believing, that thefe birds perform regular migrations between Europe and 
America. It is remarkable, that they are more numerous on the weflern than on the eaftern fhore of Britain. 
They are ftill more numerous in the weft of Ireland than in the weft of Scotland. For one Wood-Cock on 
the eaft-coaft of Scotland there are twelve in the weft, and for one in the weft of Scotland there are twelve in 
Ireland.”* Lord Kenmor^ about the laft of September, failed from Lifbon to Falmouth, in England, and for 
ten or twelve days was becalmed on the coaft of France. Every day, he faw from ten to twenty Wood*cocks paf- 
fing from the weft towards the land. Thefe it was imagined, came from the continent of America. But I do 
not fuppofe that all our Wood-cocks thus migrate to Europe. It is pretty certain, that thefe birds when they 
vifit us in the fpring come from the fouth, and in the autumn they return to the fouth again. How far fouth 
they proceed, I am unable to determine. They are known in Florida, where it is not improbable, that many of 
them pafs the winter-feafon. 

Fringilla pinus (mihi). This is one of our fpring birds of paffage, and I think is not defcribed. It commonly continues 
with us until the middle or the end of April, at which time the Apple and the Pear trees are in bloom. Thefe blof- 
foms, during fome particular feafons, are remarkably infefted by a fpecies of Chermes, which proves very deftruc- 
tive to the fruit. By feeding on thefe devouring infers, the Fringilla pinus is one of the moft ufeful of our birds. 
This bird, the Fringilla triftis, my Fringilla exilis, and the Fringilla cannabina? together with the Fringilla Car- 
duelis of the old world, all belong to the fame natural genus, or family. They feem, in fome refpedls, to con- 
ftitute a genus diftindt from the Fringilla. 


AS thefe Fragments profefs to contain fome ufeful obfervations,! I think this a proper place to obferve, that many 
of the birds of Pennfylvania, and other parts of the United-States, are fo extremely ufeful to man, by deftroying 
infers and reptiles of various kinds, that they ought ftudioufly to be preferved, if not by the Laws, at leaft by the 
Good-Sense, of the country. It would require many obfervations to give a complete lift and hiftory of thefe 
Useful Birds. I am not in poffeflion of a fufficient quantity of fads for this purpofe: but fome obfervations 
I can offer, as materials for future inquirers. 

It may, in the firft place, be obferved, that infeds appear to be the firft food of almoft all the birds of our country. 
The more I have inquired, the more I have been convinced, that almoft all birds live, in fome meafure, upon infeds. 
Even thofe fpecies which confume confiderable quantities of feeds, berries, and fruit, alfo confume large quantities 
of infeds : and there are reafons to believe, that others whofe principal food is the nedar of plants alfo live partly 
upon thefe infeds. Thus Mr. BrandisJ found the veftiges of infeds in the ftomach of the Trochilus, or Hum¬ 
ming-Bird, one of the laft birds one would have fufpeded of feeding on animal food. 

The greater number of our fmaller birds of the order of Paferes^ feem to demand our attention and protedion. 
Some of them feed pretty entirely upon infeds, and others upon a mixed food, that is, infeds and the vegetable 
feeds, &c. Many of them contribute much to our pleafure by the melody of their notes. I believe the injury they do 
us is but fmall compared to the good they render us. I fhall mention, under fix different heads, a few of the ufe¬ 
ful birds of this and fome other orders. 

I. Mufcicapa acadica of Gmelin ? This is the Leffer Crefted Flycatcher of Pennant. It is called in Pennfylvania 
the Leffer or Wood-Pewe. This little bird builds in woods and in forefts. After the young have left the nefts, 
the parents condud them to the gardens and habitations of men. Here the whole brood dwells in trees near the 
houfes, where they are fed with the common houfe-fly, and other infeds, that are caught by the old birds. The 
young ones are foon capable of obtaining their food in the fame way. This fpecies of Mufcicapa vifits us in the 
fpring, and commonly continues with us until late in September, when it retires foutherly to winter. 

II. The Motacilla Sialis, or Blue-Bird, feeds principally, if not entirely, upon infeds, both fuch as are flying and 
and fuch as are reptile. It is faid they eat currants. 


♦ Reverend Dr, Walker, of Edinburgh, f See the motto, in the Title-Page, t Sec the article Trochilus in Gmelin’s edition of the Syftema Naturx. Tom. I. P. 48^. 

F 





III. Mofl of our fpecles of Picus, or Woodpecker, appear to me to be very ufeful In deilroying infeds, particularly 
thofe which injure our foreft and orchard-trees. It is true, thefe birds are fometimes injurious to us, by eating 
fome of our fineft fruits, particularly our cherries, and therefore pains are taken to expell them from our gardens. 
But they devour vafl numbers of infeds, particularly fome of thofe fpecies which prove fo deftrudive to the trunk 
of the trees, fuch as the coleopterous infeds, which, perhaps, do as much mifchief as the caterpillars. 

IV. As a devourer of pernicious infeds, one of the moft ufeful birds with which I am acquainted, is the 
Houfe-Wren, or Certhia familiaris ?* This little bird feems peculiarly fond of the fociety of man, and it mull be 
confelTed, that it is often proteded by his interefled care. From obferving the ufefulnefs of this bird in deftroying in^ 
feds, it has long been a cuftom, in many parts of our country, to fix a fmall box at the end of a long pole in 
gardens, about houfes, &c. as a place for it to build in. In thefe boxes they build and hatch their young. When 
the young are hatched, the parent birds feed them with a variety of different infeds, particularly fuch as are in¬ 
jurious in gardens. One of my iriendsf was at the trouble to obferve the number of times that a pair of thefe 
birds came from their box, and returned with infeds for their young. He found that they did this from forty to 
fixty times in an hour j and in one particular hour the birds carried food to their young, feventy-one times. In this 
bufinefs, they were engaged the greater part of the day ; fay twelve hours. Taking the medium, therefore, of fifty 
times an hour, it appeared that a fmgle pair of thefe birds took from the cabbage, fallad, beans, peas, and 
other vegetables in the garden, at leafl fix hundred infeds in the courfe of one day. This calculation proceeds 
upon the fuppofition, that the two birds took each only a fmgle infed each time. But it is highly probable they 
often took feveral at a time. 

The fpecies of Certhia of which I am fpeaking generally hatches twice during the courfe of the fummer. They 
are very numerous about Philadelphia, and in other parts of the United-States. 

The fad jufl related is well calculated to fhow the importance of attending to the prefervation of fome of our native 
birds. The efculent vegetables of a whole garden may, perhaps, be preferved from the depredations of differ¬ 
ent fpecies of infeds by ten or fifteen pair of thefe fmall birds: and independently of this effential fervice, they 
are an extremely agreeable companion to man : for their note is pleafmg. A gentleman, in the neighbourhood of 
Philadelphia, thinks he has already reaped much advantage from the fervices of thefe Wrens. About his fruit-trees, 
he has placed a number of boxes for their nefls. In thefe boxes, they very readily breed, and feed themfeivcs 
and their young with the infeds, which are fo deflrudive to the various kinds of fruit-trees, and other vegetables. 

V. The fervices of the Ibis in devouring the reptiles of Egypt are well known. They procured to this bird a venera¬ 
tion and regard which form an interefling fad in its hiftory, and in the hiflory of human fuperflitions. The 
Storks are, perhaps, not lefs ufeful. Pliny tells us, that thefe birds were fo much regarded for deftroying fer- 
pents, that in Theflaly, in his age, it was a capital crime to kill them, and that the.punifliment was the fame as 
that for murder. Virgil hints at the ufefulnefs of the ftork when he defcribes it as “ longis invifa colubris.” 
In Holland, even in our times, they go wild, proteded by the government, from a fenfe of their ufefulnefs in 
the way I have mentioned. 

In Britain, if it were not for the Herons, and fome other birds of this tribe, the frogs, the toads, and other rep¬ 
tiles, would increafe to fo great a degree, as to prove a real nuifance. North-America abounds with birds of 
this order; and we even have fome fpecies of Ibis, very nearly allied to the Ibis of Egypt, fuch as the Tantalus 
Loculator, or Wood-Pelecan;| the Tantalus ruber, or Scarlet Ibis,§ the Tantalus fufcus or Brown Ibis,|j and 
the Tantalus albus, or White Ibis.^ Mr. Bartram informs us, that the firft of thefe birds feeds “ on ferpents, young 
alligators, frogs, and other reptiles.”*"^ It is commonly feen “ near the banks of great rivers, in vaft marfhes 
or meadows, efpecially fuclnas are caufed by inundations, and alfo in the vaft defertcd Rice plantations.”tt This 
bird, both with regard to his general afped, and his manners and habits, may be confidered as the Ibis of Ame¬ 
rica. In the midft of all their fuperftitions, I do not find, however, that the native Americans have ever paid any par¬ 
ticular regard to this bird. I cannot learn that any of thefe fpecies of Tantalus have ever been feen in Pennfylvania. 

In the Tables, it is called Certhia familiaris (mlhi). -|- Mr. John Heckewelder, of Bethlehem, in Pennfylvania, f Wood Ibis of Pennant. 

f 

5 Red Curlew of Catefby. {] Brown Curlew of Cate(I’)y. % White Curlew pf Cateflry. ** Travels, P. 150. EU, 











( 23 ) 

VI. Some of the birds of the Vultur-kind are extremely ufeful to men, by deflroying immenfe quantities of car¬ 
rion, which ferve to vitiate the air, and perhaps in fome inftances to give rife to malignant epidemics. The Vultiir 
Aura, or Turkey-Buzzard of our country, is one of the moil ufeful of thefe bird^. In Virginia it is protected 
by a law of that date. The Abbe Clavigero fpeaks of the ufefulnefs of the Cozcaqiiauhtli, or King of the Zopi- 
lots, the Vultur Papa of Linnasus. ‘‘ The Zopilot, fays this writer, is a mod ufeful bird -to that country (Mexico}) 
for they not only clear the fields, but attend the crocodiles and dedroy the eggs "which the females of thofe dread¬ 
ful amphibious animals leave in the fand to be hatched by the heat of the fun. The dedrufldon of fuch a bird 
ought to be prohibited under fevere penalties.^’* 


"''ofiij 

Hi 



I am fenfible, that thefe few faffs, which are thrown together without any regard to order, can be of little ufe except 
in as far as they may turn the attention of other perfons, who poflefs more leifure and information than myfelf, to the 
fubjefl, which is at once curious and important. It appears to to me be a fubjeff peculiarly intereding to my coun¬ 
trymen. Perhaps, few parts of the world are more infeded with noxious infeffs than the United-States. The 
greater number of thefe infefls are, I believe, natives of the Country, though our partiality to the foil which 
gave us birth has not always allowed us to acknowledge this truth. Thus we give to the Medians the honour of in¬ 
troducing among us that mod pernicious infeff, the Hedian-Fly, which, for feveral years, has committed, and 
dill commits, fuch alarming ravages on fome of our mod valuable grains, particularly the Wheat and the Rye. 

But this infefb is, undoub tedly, a native of America. How it came to be, for fo long a time, overlooked, will . " 

probably be mentioned in a memoir, concerning this and other noxious infefls, which I hope to publidi. 

Many of the pernicious infeffs of the United-States feem to be increadng, indead of diminifhing. Some of thefe 
infefts which originally confined their ravages to the native or wild vegetables, have fince begun their depredations 
upon the foreign vegetables, which are often more agreeable to their palates. Thus the Bruchus Pifi, or Pea-Fly, 
is a native, and feems originally to have fed, in a great meafure unnoticed, upon the indigenous vegetables which 
are allied to the Pea : but fince the introduffion of this ladf among us, it is the principal, if not the only, vege¬ 
table which fuders from the ravages of this infeed. The Hedian-Fly could not originally have inhabited the 
Wheat, the Rye, and other fimilar gramina of this kind, for thefe vegetables are not natives of America. It is 
now more formidable to us than would be an army of twenty thoufand Medians, or of any other twenty thoufand 
hirelings, fupplied with all the implements of war. The caterpillar, which has begun its ravages upon the leaves 
of the Lombardy Poplar,J that contributes fo much to beautify our city, is mod probably a native of our ^ 2 ^ 
woods. It prefers this fine foreigner to the lefs palatable leaves upon which it'lias”been formerly accudomed • 

to feed. Other indances of this kind might be mentioned. They diow how very necedary it is to watch the 
migrations of infeQis from the native to the introduced vegetables; and they teach us a truth, not I think fuffi- 
ciently attended to by naturalids, that different kinds of infeds are much lefs confined to vegetables of the fame 
fpecies, or to fpecies of the fame genus, than has been commonly imagined. It is certain, that the fame fpecies 
of imeffs, in America, often feeds indiferiminateiy, and in fucceflion, upon plants of very oppofite genera, and 
even of very different natural orders. 

Hitherto, too little progrefs has been made among us in the difeovery of remedies for the great mifehiefs occafioned 
by infers. The fubje£l has not been examined with fufficient attention. It has given place to difeuffions and 
inquiries of very inferior utility ; and I fear it will not claim all that induflrious attention which it fo well merits, 
until the evil fhall have fpread Hill farther. It is, doubtlefs, difficult, but it is by no means impoffible, to prevent 
the ravages of noxious infeds. In this important bufinefs, fomething has already been done in our countrv. 

We have difeovered a method of diminifhing the depredations of the little bug, called Cucumber-Fly, which 
proves fo deftruflive to the cucurbitaceous vines, particularly thofe of the Cucumber, and Mufk-melon.§ By 
manuring our wheat-lands, and thereby incrcafing the flrength and vigour of the wheat, we have leffened the 
evil of the Fleffian-Fiy. By fufpending to our young apple and other trees pieces of tow, impregnated with a 
mixture of brimflone and train-oil, we have learned how to frighten away the periodical Locufis (Cicada feptem- 

* The Hiftory of Mexico. VoL. I. P. 48. f Pifum fativum. | Populus dllatata of Alton. § See the Tables. Page 4. 


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C 24 ) 

decim of Linnaeus), which often do fo much injury to our orchards^* The American Philofophical Society, by 
calling the attention of the public to the decay of our Peach-trees, has brought us to a better acquaintance with 
the caufes of this decay, and with the means of preventing it. Infeds are no doubt one of thefe caufes.f We have 
made fome progrefs in preventing the mifchief of the Bruchus Pifi, or Pea-Fly, which proves fo deflruclive to 
one of the finefl efculent vegetables. But all that has yet been done is very little compared to that which re- 
mains to be done. The fubjed is as new as it is important. 

I am very far from imagining, that the prefervation of fome of thofe fpecies of birds which I have mentioned would be the 
only means of guarding againft, or of limiting, the depredations of any of our noxious infeds. In a fyflem fo 
complex, and fo difficult, as this, many agents muO: be employed. Mod of them have a neceflary connedion 
•with the indulfry of man, which is an implement that gives him an immenfe, an almoft unlimited, command over 
all the living objeds of this earth. It is in his power to increafe or diininifli the number of animals and vege¬ 
tables about him ; and even to dedroy whole fpecies. Some of thefe means mud be fuggeded, if they cannot be 
put into immediate pradice, by the ingenuity of philofophers, or obfervers. Their fpecuiations wall fometimes, per- 
liaps, be trivial, and ufelefs. Now and then, their “ wild blunders and rifible abfurdities'’ (to ufe the words of Dr. 
Johnfon,|,on a fubjed, indeed, very different from the prefent) may for a time furniffi folly with laughter, and 
harden ignorance in contempt; but ufeful diligence will at length prevail.” 

The few fads which I have mentioned will be fufficient to ffiow, that fome good in the prevention of mlfchlevous 
infeds, may be expcded from different fpecies of birds. Every American farmer’s experience will furniffi him 
with fome additional fad in fupport of this notion. If careful obfervatlons on this fubjed are made, we ffiall 
foon know wffiich are our friends, and which are our enemies: which deferve to be cherifned and preferved, 
and which it will be our intereft to baniffi or deftroy. 

~END OF PART FIRST. 

POSTSCRIPT. 

preceding « fragmentary rubblffi” (to ufe the words of Donne) is thrown upon the public with fome degree of confidence: 
— with confidence, merely becaufe it regards a country, the natural hiflory of which has hitherto been fo little attended to. I muff 
obferve, though perhaps the reader will not believe me, that I could render thefe pages more worthy of his notice. But I w'ant 
leifure. It is this want of leifure that has prevented me from publiffiing a number of trads, relative to the natural hifto'ry of 
North-America, which have long lain in my clofet, in a flate nearly as imperfed as thefe very imperfedl Fragments. Whether 
they will ever be publiffied, will depend, in fome meafure, upon the reception given to the prefent work. 

I afk, I look for, no flattering reception. All I afk, all I require, is to be informed, by thofe who love and ftudy nature, that 
my prefent labours are not altogether ufelefs, and unentertaining. Until there fliall arife among us fome happy genius, qualified 
by that union of talents, of leifure, and enthufiaftic ardour, which is neceflary to form the charader of a genuine naturalifl, every 
collcdion of fads, every individual fad, that will tend to iliuftrate the natural hiltory of the United-States, ought to be received 
with candour, and indulgence. 

I have entitled thefe Fragments, “ Part Firfl,” becaufe if this is favourably received, I ffiall publiflr, in the courle of the next 
year, two other parts, relative to other fubjeds of the natural hillory of our State. I have made confiderable progrefs in an 
extenfive work on the Vegetables of Pennfylvania, and fome of the adjoining States. But this will appear in a feparate form: 
—I will not fay when. For who does not know, that the promifes of authors are like the promifes of lovers r” 


* It is only the female Cicada feptemdecim that does mifchief to our orchards, &c. This fhe does hy making inclfions into the tender branches, to depofit her eggs. 
In confcquence of this operation, the leaves perifh. The infedl does no mifchief “ by devouring the leaves,” as has been afferted by fome refpcdtable writers. See 
Tranfadlions of die American Philofophical Society. Vol. III. Introduction. Page xxii. 

f The pcach-infedl: (It is an Ichneumon) Is ohferved to injure young trees more than old ones. Perhaps the beft remedy againfl; the mifchief of this infedl is to dig 
up the ground about the roots in the fpring-feafon, and to take out the larva or worm. This may be done without much difficulty, and the operation does not in¬ 
jure the tree. Do not the peach-trees fuffer more from our late night-frofts than from infedls? Thefe riight-fiofts, efpecially after rainy whether, in the months of 
February and Alarch, when the fap isafeending, are certainly very pernicious. They occaiion the bark to crack fo that the fap is permitted to run out. I fufped that 
this is one of the principal caufes of the decay of our peach-trees. 

J See the Preface to his Didlioaary of the Englilli Language. Quarto edition. 






































