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APPENDIX F TO THE REPORT OF THE CHIEF OP ORDNANCE. 



REPORT 



ON THE 



MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL, 



CHIEFLY WITH KEFERENCE TO 



GUN COIsrSTRUCTIO:tT 



WOODBRIDGE SYSTEM. 

L 1 i> li A K Y 

, UNIVERSITY OF 



ji 

By W. E. WOODBRIDGE, mSd. ^ ^^ WiVxSlA. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PBINTING OFFICE. 
1875. 



//tci^ 



0'\ 



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INDEX. 



Page. 

Annealing at different temperatures, table of results of 68 

Annealing, changes of dimensions in 66 

Annei^ing, reasons for .* 5 

Annealing specimens for tests of hardness 242 

Atha, (Benj.) & Co., specimens from 11 

Atlantic Steel- Works, specimens from 11 

Anltman Steel Company, specimen from .• 11 

Bessemer steel, tensile tests of 55 

Bronze, test of specimens of gun-wires united with 51-54 

Chan|;esin specimens under tension 13 

Chemical ana mechanical tests compared 233 

Chrome Steel Company, specimens from 10,19 

Clamps for holding tensile specimens of gun- wires 3 

Compound wires, (iron and steel,) tensile tests of 65 

Conflicting strains, accommodation of, by their own prolonged action 65 

Continuance of strain, effects of, Table 54 239 

Copper, development of elastic resistance, and resilience in 233 

Copper employed for ^^pressure disks'' 8 

Copper, hard-drawn, gnnpowder test of 236 

Cylindric specimens, torsional tests of 80-92 

Development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion, tables of 223-235 

Drawing gun- wire specimens 12 

Explanation of marks designating material 8-12 

Explanation of tables of tensile tests 13 

Explanatory note to Tables 31 to 41 222a 

Explanatory note to Tables 42 to 51, and Plates 7.-23 2226 

Fracture, place of, in torsional specimens 67 

Gunpowder tests of specimens described 7 

Gunpowder tests of specimens, table of result 236-237 

Gunpowder tests, pressure-gauge employed in 7 

Griswold (John A.) & Co., specimens from 11 

Hardened steel gun- wires, torsional tests of 173-175 

Hardness, tests of 242-246 

Haseclever (J. B.) &, Sons, specimen of steel produced by 12 

Heat-tests employed in annealing 6 

Hobson ( Francis) & Son, specimens of their " choice " steel 12 

Hussey, Welles & Co., specimens furnished by 8, 19 

Indenting-tool used in tests of hardness 242 

Jessop (Wm.) & Sons, specimens from 12 

Lewis (A. C.,) (of Atlantic Steel- Works,) specimens from 11 

Manufacturers of the steels employed in specimens 8-12 

Marks designating materials of specimens, explanation of 8-12 

Meusnrements of elongation 3 

Midvale Steel-Works, specintens from 11 

Miller, Barr & Parkin, specimens from 10 

Moss (F. W.,) specimens from 12 

Nay lor & Co., specimens from ' 10, 19 

New Jersey Steel and Iron Company, specimens furnished by 8, 19 

Park, Brother &, Co., specimens from 10,19 

Pressure-gauge employed in gunpowder tests 7 

Qualities requisite for gun-material of highest excellence 1 

Kednctiou of torsional strains 66 

Reversed torsions, note explanatory of tables relating to 222a 

Reversed torsions, resistance, elasticity, and endurance under 190-222 

Sanderson Bros. & Co., specimens from 12 

Seams in torsional specimens 66 

Size of specimens advantageous for determining distinctive qualities 7 



IV 

Page. 
Specimens marked alphabetically, tests of— . 

A 130 

B 130.244 

C 68,130,244 

D - 27,68,130,244 

E 130,244 

F.. 70,130.244 

G 130,244 

H - 68,244 

I 30,68,244 

J .' ...30,68,244 

K , 130,244 

L 30,68,244 

M 131,244 

N '. 70,131,244 

O 27,42,68,145,215,227,238,244 

P 70,131,244 

<^ : 131,244 

R •- ^.131,244 

S 131,244 

T 31,68,244 

U 30,68,244 

V 131,244 

W 70,131,244 

X 31,68,244 

Y .....131,244 

Z .• 70,131,244 

A A 131,244 

AB 131,244 

AC : 131,244 

AD 132,244 

AE ; 32,69,244 

AF '. ....: 132,244 

AG .' 31,69,244 

AH 132,244 

A I ' 132,244 

A J 31,69,244 

AK 132,244 

AL 132,244 

AM 69,244 

AN 31,69,245 

AO 132,245 

AP 32,69,245 

BA 32,73 

BB 33,73,101,236,239,240,245 

BC 73 

BD ,... 33,73 

BE 33,73 

BF 33,73,236 

BG - 33,73 

BH 34,73 

BI 34,73 

BJ 73 

BK 34,73 

BL 73 

BM 35,73,236 

BN 73,245 

BO 73 

BP '. : 73 

BQ 73 

BR 245 

BS 74 

BT 74 

BU 74 

BV 74 

BW 74 

BX ^^ 74 

BY 74 

BZ 74 



Page. 
Specimens marked alphabetically, tests of — Continued. 

CA 73 

CB 73 

CC 73 

CD 73 

C£ 73,95 

CF 35, 37, 7rs 70,77,95,245 

CG ;?o. 37, 75,76,77 

CH 35,37,7r>,7<>,77,78,245 

CI t 36,n7,7r»,76,77,78 

C J 36, 37, 75, 76, 77, 7d, 2^3, 235, 245 

C K 36, 37, 51, 75, 76, 77, 78, 95, 170, 172, 173, 177, 180, 18:i, 21:J, 236, 245 

CL ,.r^y, 79,96,236 

CM 94,98 

CN 94,98 

(JO 94,99 

CP 94 99 

CQ : 94,99,236 

CU 94,99,236 

CS 94,99 

CT 95,100 

CU ....95,100 

C V : 95,100 

DL[H Wco 8] 102,105,109 

DM[HWco9]. ' 102,105,109 

DN[HWcolO] 102,105,109 

DO [H Wco 11) 102,105,109 

DP[H Wcol2] 103,105,109 

DQ [NScol] 103,106 

DR[NSco2i 103,106 

DS[NSco3] 103,106 

DT[NSco4] • 103,106 

Dll [NSco5] 103,106 

EFLC HcolO]: 120,242 

Specimens marked as below, tests of— 

A CO 1 111,115,245 

A CO 2 ; 39,102,105,111,236,245 

A CO 3 111,112,245 

A CO 4 111,112,245 

A CO 5 '. 40,43,111,236 

A CO 6 111,112,245 

A CO 7 Ill 

A CO 8 44,111.112,245 

A CO 9 Ill 

A CO 10 111,112,245 

A CO 11 245 

A CO 12 122,128,142,245 

A CO 13 122,128,142,245 

A CO 14 122,128,142 

A CO 15 ...122,128,143,245 

A CO 16 122,128,143 

A CO 17 122,125,143,245 

A CO 18 : 44,122,126,143,245 

A CO 19 122,126,143,245 

A CO 20 123,126,143,245 

A CO 21 123,126,143,245 

A CO 22 123,126,143,245 

A CO 23 123,126,143,245 

A CO 24 :.... 123,126,143,245 

A CO 25 : 45,123,126,143,245 

A CO 26 , 123,127,143,245 

A CO 27 K 123,127,143 

A CO 28 123,127,144,245 

A CO 29 ..123,127,144 

A CO 30 •. 123,127,144,245 

A CO 31 123,127,144,245 

A CO 32 123,127,144,245 

A CO 33 124,127,144 

A CO 34 124, 127,144,245 

A CO 35 124,127,144,245 



VI 

Page. 
Specimens marked as below, tests of— Continued. 

A CO 36 124.127,144 

A CO 37 124,127,145 

Ago 38 124, 127, 145, 24& 

A CO 39 45,124,128,145,245 

A CO 40 124,128,145,245 

A CO 41 124,128,145 

Aco 42 147 

A CO 4:^ 147,245 

Aco 44 147,245 

Aco 45 58,147 

Aco 46 1 146,147 

Aco 47 146,148,245 

Aco 48 146,148,245 

Aco 49 146,148 

Aco 50 146,148,245- 

Aco 51 146,148,245 

Aco 52 146,148,245 

Aco 53 146,148 

Aco 54 146,148 

Aco 55 147,148 

Aco 56 147.149,236 

Aco 57 147.149,245 

Aco 58 : 147,149,245 

Aco 59 147.149,245 

Aco 60 147,149 

Aco 61 147,149,245 

Aco 62 ; • 147,149 

Aco 63 149.151 

Aco 64 149,151,245 

Aco 65 149,151,245 

Aco 66 149.151,245^ 

Aco 67. 149,151,245 

Aco 68 149,151,245 

Aco 69 - 150,152,245 

Aco 70 150,152,245- 

Aco 71 150,152,245 

Aco 72 150,152,245 

Aco 73 58,150,152,245 

Aco 74 150,152,245 

Aco 75 150,152,245 

Aco 76 150,236,245 

Aco 77 150,245 

Aco 78 : 151,245 

Aco 79 151,152,245 

Aco 80 151,152,245 

Aco 81 151,153,245 

Aco 82 151,153 

Aco 83 151,153 

Aco 84 , 151,153 

Aco 85 46,47,48,164,165,166,170' 

Aco 86 53,164,165,245 

Aco 87 164,165,245 

Aco 88 164,165,245 

Aco 89 164,165,245 

Aco 90 164,165,246 

Aco 91 46,164,165,166,171,174,177,179,181,184,200,225,246^ 

Aco 92 164,165,246 

Aco 93 164,165,240 

Aco 94 164,246 

Aco 95 164,165,246 

Aco 96 - 165,246 

Aco 97 165,246 

Aco 98 165,246 

Aco 99 246 

A CO 100 167,246 

A CO 101 167 

A CO 102 167,246. 

Acolt)3 167 



VII 

Fag«. 
Specimens marked as below, tests of— Continued. 

A CO 104 167,246 

A CO 105 167,246 

A CO 106 167,246 

A CO 107 167,246 

A CO 108 167 

A CO 109 167,246 

A CO 110 168,246 

A CO HI 168 

A CO 112 168,246 

Aco J.13 168 

A CO 114. 168.246 

A CO 115 168,246 

A CO 116 168 

A CO 128 168 

A CO 129 168,246 

A CO 130 168,246 

Aco 131 168 

A CO 132 .'...168,246 

A CO 133 - 168 

A CO 134 168 

A 00 135 168,246 

A CO 136 168,246 

A CO 137 168,246 

A CO 138 47,166,167,168,177,179,182,185,190,226,246 

A CO 139 168,246 

A CO 140 168,246 

A CO 141 168,246 

A CO 142 : 168,246 

A CO 143 170,246 

• A CO 144 47,166,167,170,^6 

A CO 145 170,246 

A CO 146 170,246 

A CO 147 : 170,246 

A 8 CO 114 

BesI 55 

Be8 3 55,163,246 

Bes4 55,163,246 

Bes5 55 

Be8 6 55 

Be87 55 

Be8 8 55 

BE8 12 55 

Bes16 55,164,246 

BScol 114,159 

- BSco2 115,116,119 

BSco3 116 

BSco4 45,119 

BSco5 46,61,62,133,137,141,172,174,176,178,180,183,217,236 

BSco6 133,137,141 

BSSB[8ee BScol] — 

C 900, [from charge 900] 46,52,54,161 

Ceo I 103,106,244 

Ceo 2 103,106,244 

Ceo 3 103,106 

Ceo 4 104,107 

Ceo 5 104,107,244 

Ceo 6 104,107,244 

Ceo 7 104,107,244 

Ceo 8 104,107,244 

Ceo 9 104,107,244 

Ceo 10 104,107 

Ceo 11 115 

Ceo 12 115 

Ceo 13 115 

Ceo 14 115 

Ceo 15 115 

Ceo 16 115,244 

Ceo 17 115,244 

Ceo 18... 115,244 



VIII 

Specimens marked as below, tests of— Continaed. 

Ceo 19 115 

Ceo 20 115,244 

CHcol S : 15,19,21,24,72,242 

CHco2S 15,19,21,22,24,72,242 

CHco3S 15,19.22,24,72,242 

CHco4S 16,19,22,25,60,70,74,96.98,100,101,236,238,242 

CHco5I 16,19,22,25,52,62,72,172,231,242 

CHco6 125,128,242 

CHco7 125,129,242 

CHco8 125,129 

CHco9 125,129,242 

CHcolO[EF] 120,129,242 

CH^coSPR*j 12(,24jj 

C ji CO SPR* ? lOA 

G1.2 I - ••--•• ^^^ 

C H CO Spr* ( TOA 

G2.1 s • ^"^^ 

C H CO Spr* ? ioa 

G2.2 I ^^^ 

CH^coSpr*! 12()12^ 

g^^2^^SPR*J 12^242 

Chrome 86,92 

Crescent 84,90 

CSco5 16,19,20,25,52,71,96,98,194,236 

C Sco6 17,19,20,25,71 

CSco7 17,19,20,25,71,72 

CSco8 17,19,20,21,25,72 

CSco9 236 

C Wcol 49 

C Wco2 49,50 

EM col 64,187,246 

EM CO 2 64,187,246 

Hcol 115,178,179,185,186,222 

Hco2 116 

HE col 63,188,246 

HE CO 2 63,188,246 

H Wco4 14,19,21,23,60,72,172,173,176,178,179,219,224,236,238,242 

HWco5 14,19,21,23,29,72,242 

H Wco6 14,19,21,23,29,72,73 

H VVco7 15,19,21,24,29,73,242 

H Wco8[DL] 102,109,113,242 

H Wco9[DM] 38.102,109,113,130,238.242 

H WcolO[DNJ 102,109,113 

H Wcoll [DO] 102,109,113 

HW CO 12 [DP] 103,109,113 

H Wcol3 '. 125,129,137,141,242 

H Wcol4 125,129,137,141,242 

H Wcol5 125,129,137,142 

H Wcol6. 43,125,129,137,142,242 

HWcol7 40,125,129,137,142,242 

H Wcol8 125,129,137,142,242 

HWcol9 125,129,137.142,242 

H Wco20 125,129,1:^7,142,242 

HWcoT 64,187,242 

Ingot 838 [from charge 838] .• 153,154 

Ingot 844 [from charge 844] 153,154 

I&Sic 65 

l4fcSsc , - 65 

J col 63,188,246 

J CO 2 : 63,188,246 

JBHco 64,188,246 

Mcol 102,105,111,121 

Mco2 43,121 

Mco3 43,121 

Mco4 165,166,171 



IX 



Page. 
Specimens marked as below, tests of— Continued. 

Moo 5 166,171 

Ncol 17,19,22,23,25,26,62,53,71,97,17-2,201,236 

N CO IS (A) 27,74,230 

Ncol 8(B) 27,74 

NcolS(C) 28,74,246 

NcolS(D) 28,74,80,82,88,89 

NcolS(E) 28.74 

NcolS(F) 28,74 

NcoTl 63,187,229.24% 

NcoT2 64,187,246 

NScol[DQ] 103,106,112,114,244 

NSco2[DR] 103,106,112,114,244 

N8co3[D 8] 103, 106, 112; 114,244 

NSco4[DT] 103,106,112,114,195,244 

N8co6[DU] - 103,106,113,114,244 

NSco6 116,244 

NSco7 117,244 

N8C08 116,244|» 

NSco9 U7,244 

N 8 CO 10 118,244 

N 8 CO 11 118,244 

NS00I2 118,244 

PBcol 18,19,23,26,71 

PBco2 18,19,23,26,71,101 

PBoo3 18,19,23,26,71,101 

PBco4 19,71 

SB CO I 63,187,246 

SB CO 2 188,246 

8PRI 132,135,139,242 

SPR2 132,135,139,242 

SPR3 133^135,139,242 

8 PR 4 133,135,139,242 

SPR5 133,135,139,242 

SPR6 ^ 41,133,135,139,242 

SPR7 58,133,135,139,242 

SPR8 133,135,139,243 

SPRIO 133,135,140,243 

SPRll 133,135 140,243 

SPR12 133,135,140,243 

SPR13 41,133,135,140,243 

SPR14 133, i:i5, 137, 140, 243 

SPR15 134,136,137,140,243 

SPR16 134,136,137,140,243 

SPR17 4 134,136,138,140,243 

SPR18 134, 13!i, 138, 140, 243 

SPR19 41,134,136,138,141 

SPR21 134,136,138,141,243 

SPR22 41,134,136,138,141,243 

SPR25 134,136,138,141,243 

SPR27 42,134,136,138,141,243 

SPR29 138,141,243 

SPR31 45,138,141,243 

SPR32 139,141,243 

SPR34 139,141 

SPR36 145, 24£ 

SPR37 153,243* 

SPR38 ....153,243 

SPR39 153,154,243 

8PR40 153,154,243 

8PR41 153,154,243 

8PR42 56,145,155.156,157,243 

SPR43 56,145,155,156,157,243 

8PR44 145,155,156,157,158 

SPR45 145,155,156,157.158,243 

8PR46 57,155,156,157,158,243 

SPR47 57,155,156,157,158,243 

SPR48 57,155,156,157,158,243 

8PR49 57,157,159.243 

II 



Page. 
Specimens marked as below, tests of— Continaed. 

SPR50 : 158,159,243 

8PR51 , 158, 159,243 

SPR52 154,155,157,159,243 

SPR53 154,155,157.159,243 

SPR54 154,155,157,159,243 

8PR55 154,155,157,159,243 

SPR56 154,155,157,159,243 

SPR57 159,243 

- SPR58 56,59,159,160,243 

• 8PR60 160,243 

SPR61 160,161,243 

SPR62 160,161,243 

SPR63 161,243 

8PR64 161,162,243 

SPR65 161,162,163,243 

SPR66 161,162,163,243 

SPR67 162,163,243 

SPR68 162,163,243 

SPR69 162,163,243 

SPR70 162,163,243 

8 PR 71 162,163,243 

Tool 109,244 

Tec 2 108,109,179,244 

Too 3 39,61,108,110,129,172,236,238,244 

Too 4 108,110 

Too 5 108,110,192 

Too 6 : 61,107,108,110,172,236,244 

Too 7 108,110 

Too 8 108,110,244 

Too 9 108.110,244 

Too 10 107,1^08,110.118,244 

Too 11 118,119,244 

Tcol2 118,119,184 

Tools 118,119.244 

Too 14 118,119,244 

Too 15 119,244 

Too 16 119,177,181,244 

12 IN B [from 12" gun-tube made by Thos. Firth & Son] 139, 246 

Spontaneous contraotion of stretched compound wires 65 

Star (:^) applied to specimens drawn into wire at Washington navy-yard 12 

Table comparing ohemical vfith mechanioal tests j 238 

Table of changes of dimensions by annealing 66 

Table of gunpowder tests of specimens 236-237 

Table of tensile tests of compound wires 65 

Table of tensile tests of cylindric wires, import-ed steel 49-50 

Table of tensile tests of gun-wires quickly broken 20-26 

Table of tensile tests of gun-wires united with bronze 51-54 

Table of tensile tests of too/ «teflto 63-^4 

Table of tensile tests of turned specimens of Bessemer steel 55 

Table of tensile tests of nnannealed gun-wires 60-62 

Table of tests ot first collection of specimens 19 

Table of tests of hardness 242-246 

Table of torsional tests of gun- wires 98-171 

Table of torsional tests of luirdened steel gun- wires 173-175 

Table of torsional tests of square specimens planed from wire rods 94-97 

. Table of torsional tests of tempered steel gun-wires 176-186 

Table of torsional tests of unannealed gun-wires 172 

Table of torsional tests of wires drawn from tool steels 187-189 

Tables of development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion 223-235 

Tables of resistance, elasticity, and endurance of gun- wires under reversed tor 

sions 190-222 

Tables of tensile tests 14-66 

Tables of tensile tests, general explanation of 13 

Tables of torsional tests, (direct) 68-169 

Tables of torsional tests of turned specimens 80-92 

Tempered steel gun- wires, torsional tests of 176-186 

Tensile specimens, form of 3 

Tensile testing-machine employed 3 



Page. 



Time: inflaence of continuance of strain 13,S 

Time : spontaneous contraction of stretched compound wires 65 

Tin, employed for '^pressure disks" 8 

Tool steels, tensile tests of ^ 63-64 

Tool steels, torsional tests of wires drawn from 187-189 

Torsion ; development of elastic resistance and resilience by, tables of 223-235 

Torsional testing-machine, description of 4 

Torsional tests ot cyliudric specimens 80-92 

Torsional tests of gun-wires 98-171 

Torsional tests of hardened steel gun-wires 173-175 

Torsional tests of specimens planed from wire-rods 94-97 

Torsional tests of tempered steel gun-wires 176-186 

Torsional tests of unannealed gun-wires 172 

Torsional tests, reasons for employing 4 

Torsional tests, remarks respecting 66 

Torsional tests, tables of, (direct) 68-189 

Trenton Iron Company, drawing of wire by 12 

Trenton Iron Company, specimen furnished by 8,19 

Unannealed gun- wires, tensile test of 60-62 

Unannealed gun- wires, torsional tests of 172 

Value of many early tests impaired by disregard of previous mechanical treat- 
ment 6 

Vibration, influence of, on cohesive strength 2 

Wilson, Hawksworth, Ellison &. Co., specimens from 12 

Zinc and tin, alloy of, used in ^* pressure disks " 8 



CORRIGENDA. 



Page 11, eighteenth line from top, for ** 11 " read " 12." 

Page 14, in the heading of the table on this page and of subsequent tables, where 
reference is made to pages ** 136 to 140," substitute " 8 to 12." 

Page 65, in second column,/or '*T & 8" read ^'l& S." 

Page 94, on the line with the highest strain in each experiment, in Table 25, insertj 
in the fifth column, " (Broke.) " 

Page 98, the correction for Table 25 will apply to Table 26, where the same omission 
occurs. 

Page 103, fourth line in the second column,/or " 8 * " read *' D 8 5|c." 

Page 136, last line in second column,/or " 8 P 27 " read " 8 P R 27." 

Page 120, under ** Remarks," first line, omit ^* at standard heat." 

Page 173, under ** Remarks," opposite C K, insert " This specimen, like the others, was 
heated to a full red-heat, and plunged in water, but was not perceptibly hardened 
excepting at the ends." 

Page 176, under "Remarks" insert '^Nos. 1289 to 1295, inclusive, were heated to the 
melting point of Cu 9 Sn, and plunged in water. They were then tempered by keep- 
ing them one hour in melted tallow at the temperature of 600° Fahr." 

Pages 178 and 179, in second column,/or " H co I " read ** H col." 

Page 179, under "Remarks" insert "Nos. 1296 to 1302, inclusive, were not annealed or 
hardened, but subjected for one hour to temperature of 600° Fahr." 

Page 180, under " Remarks" insert "Nos. 1303 to 1309, inclusive, were cooled in water 
from melting-point of Cn 9 8n, and heated to the first appearance of redness in the 
dark." 

Page 183, in second column, opposite Exp. No. 1309, insert " H co 1 :|c Tempered." 
Also, under " Remarks '* insert " Hardened as above, and afterward brought to a low 
red-heat." 

Page 187, Table 30, under "Remarks" insert "All annealed at standard heat." 

Page 222a, fourth line from top,/(W "32" read "31." 



9*h®^ errors, marked in a few copies, resulting from the haste ot putting to press, will be found, 
but they are too apparent, it is believed, to be misleading. 

W. E. W. 



Appendix F. \y^^^-'^t'Oli}J T \ 

WASHiNaTOiv^o^mS^lHbazg. 



Sir : I have the hoDor to submit herewith a report on the tests of 
steel made by me in connection with the selection of suitable material 
for the fabrication of. guns on my system of construction. The number 
of varieties examined is considerable, and the experiments, it is hoped, 
will be found to contribute information of interest and value outside of 
the particular department of the arts to which they owe their origin, 
in regard to the combination of the various properties of steel which 
may be found in individual specimens, the result of the use of different 
materials and methods of manufacture. 

The value of the experiments as a contribution to the improvement 
of methods of manufacture would, of course, be greatly enhanced by 
correct and full chemical analyses of representative specimens. Anal- 
yses of a few are presented, and all the specimens are carefully marked 
and preserved, in hope that others may yet be subjected to chemical 
examination. 

It is a satisfaction to state that the most excellent specimens were of 
American production. 

I remain, very respectfullv, your obedient servant, 

W. E. WOODBRIDGE. 

General S. V. Beni^t, 

Chief of Ordnance. 



EEPORT. 

The primary object of these experiments was to ascertain, from the 
examination of such samples as might be found available, the material 
best suited for use, in the form of wire, in the construction of guns, and 
to aid manufacturers of steel in securing a more uniform excellence of 
quality, by affording them an opportunity of recognizing, by means of 
more exact tests than they have been accustomed to apply, the compar- 
ative mechanical value of their products and the conditions under which 
the best results had been obtained. 

In considering what combination of properties is requisite to consti- 
tute high excellence in a material for the construction of guns of the 
largest caliber, it is necessarv- to give attention to the manner in which 
the strains to which it is subjected are applied. 

First and most evident is the general high pressure within the bore, 
acting in a manner comparable with that of a liquid gradually injected 
and confined within a cylinder. To meet this, cohesive strength, without 
regard to susceptibility to extension or change of form, is the quality 
required. But as the pressure is applied with great rapidity, and as time 
is an element in the communication of strain, it is necessary that the 
material immediately surrounding the bore, unable of itself to oppose 
the requisite resistance, should be extensible, in order that it shall not be 
ruptured before it can receive the support of the adjoining exterior ma- 
terial, and elastic^ that the extension shall not be permanent. An elastic 
material, acted on by unequal strains, is necessarily thrown into vibra- 
tions. 

In the case of a gun, not only does the rapid application of the internal 
If 



pressure produce vibration, but an additional cause is found in tbe ine- 
quality of the internal pressures, arising in part from the variable pro- 
gress of the inflammation of the charge, and more largely from the 
changing relation of the pressure and inertia of the gases during their 
expansion and the progress of the projectile through the bore. 

Vibration, which is a necessary result of a necessary quality of the 
material considered, requires th^ addition of another property to restrain 
its unfavorable influence on cohesive strength. A.perfectly elastic body 
conserves the energy employed in. imparting to it vibratory movement, 
the amplitude of the vibrations being increased by each accession of 
energy until the play of the particles is carried, in some part of the 
body, beyond the limit of extensibility, when rupture must occur. The 
interference and coincidence of vibratory waves of difl'erent lengths, it 
should be noticed, must produce local diminutions and augmentations of 
the space through which the particles play, and consequently local 
strains, which, in a perfectly elastic material, will result in fracture, 
while the general vibratory action may be slight. If, however, the ma- 
terial possesses the capability of having its tbrm changed beyond the 
bounds of its elastic movements without rupture, or, in other words, the 
property imperfectly defined by malleability or ductility, many repeated 
applications of a force otherwise destructive may b^ endured without 
apparent injury, the excess of energy being consumed in the changes of 
form, which might be designated permanent were they not often reversed 
with each vibration of the ductile material. Each disappearance of en- 
ergy in the manner just mentioned, that is, in change of quiescent formj 
is of course accompanied by a change of properties in the material itself; 
a change which diminishes and would finally destroy its ductility. 

These facts manifest themselves in the now well-known deterioration 
of large guns from the repeated use of charges much smaller than were 
formerly used in 4)roof. 

As no limit is assignable to the fprce it is desirable to impart to a pro- 
jectile, it is impossible to define any bounds to the caliber and strength 
to be demanded for artillery. The problem is, therefore, the production 
and selection of a material combining in due^ proportions, and in the 
highest attainable degree, cohesive strength,*elastic extensibility, and 
the capability of changing form (and retaking it) under strains which 
exceed its elastic limit. Neither of these properties is found in its high- 
est degree in a material possessing either of the others also in the 
highest degree, and as yet no fixed relation is known between them. 

It may be stated, however, as a general rule, which is particularly 
applicable to steel, that, with the same material, the means resorted tio 
for increasing strength increase elasticity, but diminish extensibility ; and 
also that in the effort to increase extensibility, ultimate strength and re- 
sistance within the limits of elastic extensibility are made less. Some 
of the specimens included in these tests present the most favorable 
exceptions that have come to the knowledge of the writer, and it is 
much to be hoped that the qualities they represent may become less 
exceptional in production ; for it appears to be beyond the power of the 
best manufacturers to repeat^ or closely approximate at will, their best 
results. 

Of all the substances available for gun consttnction, some of the vari- 
eties of steel, especially when wrought to small dimensions, combine the 
qualities stated to be desirable in the greatest degree. 

The greater part of the experiments have been made upon steel in 
the form of wire* The size and shape previously fixed upon for use in 



the construction of experimental guns, three- tenths of an inch square, 
(or nearly of that measurement,) was most commonly employed. 

Other experiments were, however, made for comparison, as will be 
noticed in examining the accompanying tables. 

TENSILE TESTING-MAOHINB. 

The tensile tests were made with the testing-machine of the Ordnance 
Department at the Washington navy-yard, designed by the late Gen- 
eral Eodman, and described in his Eeport on Metals for Cannon. 

Though made a number of years ago, it is, in my estimation, in some 
important respects better for tests of that kind than any other difTer- 
ently constructed that has come to my knowledge since. It has, how- 
ever, one feature which is objectionable when used for testing long 
specimens of considerable extensibility. The -strain being applied 
through the medium of the lever which is also a part of the arrange- 
ment for weighing its amount, it frequently happens that the whole 
motion of the lever is insufficient to take up the elongation of which the 
specimen is capable, so that the machine has to be re-adjusted, some- 
times more than once. It is also unfortunate that the principal lever of 
the weighing-apparatus should change its position when in equilibrium, 
from another point of view. Some friction of the parts is unavoidable 
in making this change, and the force requisite to overcome it is not 
applied in the axial line of the specimen, as it should be. It may be 
noticed that specimens taken from the machine after having been 
strained nearly to their breaking- point, and afterward replaced, often 
fail before the previous strain has been reached. This is never the 
effect of release alone, without change of position of machine or speci- 
men. 

The rigidity of the parts of the machine concerned in the transmis- 
sion of power from the point of application to the specimen, is very 
favorable to observing some of the changes just preceding rupture, 
especially when the specimen is small; changes which cannot be 
observed in the use of machines in which the connection just referred 
to is considerably more elastic. 

TENSILE SPECIMENS. 

The tensile specimens, when they consisted of plain wires, were held, 
for testing, at both ends, by means of clamps, figured in Plate 2. ¥\g. 
1 is a longitudinal section, in which a portion of the wire is seen in situ, 
A view of the end receiving the wires is given in Fig. 2. The other 
end of each clamp is fitted to be received in the place of a turned speci- 
men in the testing-machine. 

Plate 3 presents the form of the ends of other tensile specimens. The 
screw, Fig. 1, enters a block of metal constituting a head which the 
machine is adapted to receive. Figs. 2 and 3 are side and end views of a 
portion of one of the specimens formed by uniting gun-wires with bronze, 
and subsequently turning them to a suitable shape. The squares on the 
end view show the arrangement; of the wires. . Brazing was effected 
without the use of a flux, on the principle of the process employed in 
the fabrication of guns. 

MBASUBEMENTS* 

The measurements of the specimens were taken with instruments 
made by Messrs. Brown & Sharpe, of Providence, B. I., (with a little 



pressure produce vibration, but an additional cause is found in the ine- 
quality of tbe internal pressures, arising in part from the variable pro- 
gress of the inflammation of the charge, and more largely from the 
changing relation of the pressure and inertia of the gases during their 
expansion and the progress of the projectile through the bore. 

Vibration, which is a necessary result of a necessary quality of the 
material considered, requires th^ addition of another property to restrain 
its unfavorable influence on cohesive strength. A.perfectly elastic body 
conserves the energy employed in imparting to it vibratory movement, 
the amplitude of the vibrations being increased by each accession of 
energy until the play of the particles is carried, in some part of the 
body, beyond the limit of extensibility, when rupture must occur. The 
interference and coincidence of vibratory waves of difl'erent lengths, it 
should be noticed, must produce local diminutions and augmentations of 
the space through which the particles play, and consequently local 
strains, which, in a perfectly elastic material, will result in fracture, 
while the general vibratory action may be slight. If, however, the ma- 
terial possesses the capability of having its tbrm changed beyond the 
bounds of its elastic movements without rupture, or, in other words, the 
property imperfectly defined by malleability or ductility, many repeated 
applications of a force otherwise destructive may b^ endured without 
apparent injury, the excess of energy being consumed in the changes of 
form, which might be designated permanent were they not often reversed 
with each vibration of the ductile material. Each disappearance of en- 
ergy in the manner just mentioned, that is, in change of quiescent fornij 
is of course accompanied by a change of properties in the material itself; 
a change which diminishes and would finally destroy its ductility. 

These facts manifest themselves in the now well-known deterioration 
of large guns from the repeated use of charges much smaller than were 
formerly used iii 4)roof. 

As no limit is assignable to the fprce it is desirable to impart to a pro- 
jectile, it is impossible to define any bounds to the caliber and strength 
to be demanded for artillery. The problem is, therefore, the production 
and selection of a material combining in due^ proportions, and in the 
highest attainable degree, cohesive strength, 'elastic extensibility, and 
the capability of changing form (and retaking it) under strains which 
exceed its elastic limit. Neither of these properties is found in its high- 
est degree in a material possessing either of the others also in the 
highest degree, and as yet no fixed relation is known between them. 

It may be stated, however, as a general rule, which is particularly 
applicable to steel, that, with the same material, the means resorted tio 
for increasing strength increaseelasticity, but diminish extensibility ; and 
also that in the effort to increase extensibility, ultimate strength and re- 
sistance within the limits of elastic extensibility are made less. Some 
of the specimens included in these tests present the most favorable 
exceptions that have come to the knowledge of the writer, and it is 
much to be hoped that the qualities they represent may become less 
exceptional in production ; for it appears to be beyond the power of the 
best manufactui^ers to repeat, or closely approximate at will, their best 
results. 

Of all the substances available for gun construction, some of the vari- 
eties of steel, especially when wrought to small dimensions, combine the 
qualities stated to be desirable in the greatest degree. 

The greater part of the experiments have been made upon steel in 
the form of wire. The size and shape previously fixed upon for use in 



the construction of experimental guns, three-tenths of an inch square, 
(or nearly of that measurement,) was most commonly employed. 

Other experiments were, however, made for comparison, as will be 
noticed in examining the accompanying tables. 

TENSILE TESTING-MAOHINE. 

The tensile tests were made with the testing-machine of the Ordnance 
Department at the Washington navy-yard, designed by the late Gen- 
eral Eodman, and described in his Report on Metals for Cannon. 

Though made a number of years ago, it is, in my estimation, in some 
important respects better for tests of that kind than any other difTer- 
ently constructed that has come to my knowledge since. It has, how- 
ever, one feature which is objectionable when used for testing long 
specimens of considerable extensibility. The -strain being applied 
through the medium of the lever which is also a part of the arrange- 
ment for weighing its amount, it frequently happens that the whole 
motion of the lever is insufficient to take up the elongation of which the 
specimen is capable, so that the machine has to be re-adjusted, some- 
times more than once. It is also unfortunate that the principal lever of 
the weighing-apparatus should change its position when in equilibrium, 
from another point of view. Some friction of the parts is unavoidable 
in making this change, and the force requisite to overcome it is not 
applied in the axial line of the specimen, as it should be. It may be 
noticed that specimens taken from the machine after having been 
strained nearly to their breaking-point, and afterward replaced, often 
fail before the previous strain has been reached. This is never the 
effect of release alone, without change of position of machine or speci- 
men. 

The rigidity of the parts of the machine concerned in the transmis- 
sion of power from the point of application to the specimen, is very 
favorable to observing some of the changes just preceding rupture, 
especially when the specimen is small; changes which cannot be 
observed in the use of machines in which the connection just referred 
to is considerably more elastic. 

TENSILE SPECIMENS. 

The tensile specimens, when they consisted of plain wires, were held, 
for testing, at both ends, by means of clamps, figured In Plate 2. Fig'. 
1 is a longitudinal section, in which a portion of the wire is seen in situ. 
A view of the end receiving the wires is given in Fig. 2. The other 
end of each clamp is fitted to be received in the place of a turned speci- 
men in the testing-machine. 

Plate 3 presents the form of the ends of other tensile specimens. The 
screw, Fig. 1, enters a block of metal constituting a head which the 
machine is adapted to receive. Figs. 2 and 3 are side and end views of a 
portion of one of the specimens formed by uniting gun-wires with bronze, 
and subsequently turning them to a suitable shape. The squares on the 
end view show the arrangement; of the wires. . Brazing was effected 
without the use of a flux, on the principle of the process employed in 
the fabrication of guns. 

MBASU&EM£NTS« 

The measurements of the specimens were taken with instruments 
made by Messrs. Brown & Sharpe, of Providence, B. I.^ (with a little 



adaptation,) and verified by comparison with standards. They were 
read directly, by means of verniers, to y J^ of an inch. In order that 
the instrument for measuring length could be applied with more deli- 
cacy and accuracy, it was suspended, and its weight balanced by a 
counterpoise. The measurements were nearly all made by Mr. William 
F. Dove, and carefully verified by the writer until Mr. D.'s care and 
accuracy were fully established. 

The instruments being of steel, the rate of expansion by heat must 
have agreed with that of the specimens so closely, that the slight changes 
of the temperature of the place of experiment could have had no appre- 
ciable effect, but the temperature of the instrument and specimen were 
almost necessarily different, as the one was affected by the heat of the 
hand and the other, in a greater degree, by the action of the force 
applied. 

Errors of observation probably rarely equaled j^^ of an inch ; but 
the combined errors, including friction and differences of temperature, 
could not be limited to that amount. 

TORSIONAL TESTS. 

It was considered desirable that each coil of wire designed to enter 
into the structure of a gun should be separately tested, on account of 
the variability of steel made under circumstances, apparently to the man- 
ufacturers, as nearly identical as could be secured. To accomplish this 
by any available apparatus for tensile tests would have required the 
expenditure of much labor and a very considerable amount of steel. 
About two feet of length are required for a suitable tensile specimen 
of wire, while three inches suffice equally well for a torsional test, and 
the labor involved is much less. Principally, for these reasons, a tor- 
sional testing-machine was designed and constructed. " Though it may 
not be easy to predict from either a torsional or tensile experiment pre- 
cisely what may be the results of the other, the two methods give 
results easily comparable, torsional resistance in one representing ten- 
sile resistance In the other, and torsion representing extension. 

It rarely happens that a tensile specimen is reduced in size in all its 
parts with anything like uniformity, so that its capability of elongation 
is far from being exhausted, and the final elongations in different experi- 
ments of the same material do not show a close correspondence. The 
reduction of size at the place of fracture affords probably a better 
basis for comparisons, but the torsional machine is believed to give 
more uniform results, with the same degree of uniformity in the condi- 
tions. From the greater facility with which small changes in the speci- 
men may be observed by its use, it has special advantages in ascertaining 
the altered condition of the metal consequent on the strains applied. 

The tables of experiments on reversed torsion and on the develop- 
ment of elastic resistance and resilience will illustrate this remark. 

DESCEIPTION OF TORSIONAL TESTINa-MAOHINB. 

The torsional testing-machine employed is represented in plate 1. 

Two sliding heads, A and B, are fitted to a bed-piece, 0, one of them 
carrying the parts concerned in applying the strain and measuring the 
extent of torsion, and the other the means of determining the force 
applied. 

The head A bears a hollow shaft, D, mounted like the spindle of a 
lathe, and rotated by means of a worm-wheel, E, and endless-screw, F, 



5 

the latter operated by a crank turned by hand. One hundred turns of 
the crank give one rotation to the wheel. For convenience of operation, 
the screw may be slid out of gear with the wheel by an endwise motion 
in the reverse direction from that to which it tends when applied to 
work. 

A circle on the face of the worm-wheel is divided into one hundred 
parts, and, with the aid of a vernier, G, the extent of its rotation may 
be read directly to ^0*0^ part of a revolution. One end of the shaft D 
is fitted for the reception of clamp-pieces, H and I, to take hold of the 
specimens to be tested. They are held in place and closed upon the 
specimen by means of screws J and K. 

The head B bears a graduated lever, L, attached to a rocking-shaft, 
M, (hollow and partially cut away,) so as to oscillate in a manner that 
will be readily understood from inspection of Fig. 6, on fine pivots pp^ 
hardened and polished. The shaft to which the lever is attached is fitted 
with clauip pieces and screws in the same manner as the shaft D. K is 
a wrench for operating the screws. A weight, O, slides upon the lever, 
its movement through the whole length of the scale, which is divided 
into one hundred parts, indicating a difference of one pound at the 
distance of one foot from the center of motion, a distance to which all 
the strains are referred. The lever and sliding weight, when at zero, 
are balanced by the counterpoise P. From the outer end of the lever 
are suspended, from knife-edges, in a manner that need not be particu- 
larly described, additional weights, as required. These weights. are 
represented in Figs. 7 and 8. 

An arm, Q, projecting from the head B bears, at its outer end, a loop, 
B, through which the lever passes, and by which its motion is restrained 
to narrow limits of oscillation. A scale is sometimes attached to the 
loop for reading small variations in the position of the lever. 

By sliding the heads upon the bed-piece, the clamps may be brought 
together or separated to the distance of about 12 inches, the machine 
thus accommodating itself to specimens of various lengths. Its capacity 
is not intended to exceed the test of steel specimens of one-half inch in 
diameter. 

ANNEALING. 

In order that the distinctive properties of specimens of steel may be 
ascertained and compared, it is necessary that they should be brought 
to occupy some common level of condition before the application of 
mechanical tests, a state which is best secured by uniform annealing. 
This process, as usually conducted, subjects the pieces to superficial 
oxidation and consequent removal of at least some small proportion of 
carbon from the exterior part. It becomes necessary, therefore, to give 
the specimens protection during the process. This has been done by 
surrounding them, when heated and while cooling, with a mixture of 
cast-iron borings and sesquioxide of iron. This mixture is employed 
not only to guard against oxidation, but to prevent the absorption of 
carbon, which there seems reason to suspect in the use of the cast-iron 
borings alone. 

It is assumed that the action of any carbonic oxide or other carburiz- 
ing gas, which might be formed in the process, would be expended in 
the reduction of the finely-divided oxide rather than upon the inclosed 
steel. As a further precaution, to prevent the injurious presence of 
sulphur derived from the oil with which such borings are liable to be 
contaminated, even when it would not be suspected from their appear- 
ance, they are kept at a red heat for some time, and cooled without 



6 

access of air, before being employed in annealing. Any salpbur remain- 
ing after the decomposition of the oil would be speedily absorbed in 
the production of sulphide of iron. 

The proportion of oxide mingled with the borings is about as one to 
ten by weight. 

The specimens,surrounded with the mixture, areinlosed in a wrought- 
iron tube having one open end, which is closed by an iron plug after 
the tube is charged. The plugged end is heated a little in advance of 
the other and cooled a little later. The whole tube is brought, as evenly 
as possible, to a bright-red heat, and maintained there long enough to 
iusurei a nearly equal temperature to its contents, [t is then removed 
from the furnace and buried in pulverulent lime, which so well retains 
the heat, that at the expiration of sixteen hours it is found too hot for 
the hands. 

At first the eye was depended on for determining when the proper 
heat had been reached, but a means of greater certainty was soon em- 
ployed. Little tubes, generally made by drilling a piece of gun-wire, 
were prepared, the open end being fitte<l with a tight screw-plug. These 
were charged with pieces of alloy or metal of diiierent fusibilities and 
inclosed in contact with the specimens. If, after annealing, the more 
fusible alloy was found to have been melted, while the other had not been, 
it was evident that the heat had bwm limited to the interval between 
the two melting points. The standard of heat adopted was between the 
melting-points of copper and of an alloy composed of five parts of copper 
to one of tin. When a bundle of specimens were annealed together, the 
more fusible metal was placed in the center and the less on the outside ; 
if the specimens were of considerable length, two or more sets of heat- 
tests were employed. After all the experience obtained with the aid of 
such guides and the most favorable conditions, a skillful workman some- 
times failed to judge correctly of the heat, and if either the copper was 
found melted or the bronze unmelted, the specimens were not accepted 
for tests comparing qualities. 

In the tables considerable matter will be found bearing upon the 
effects of annealing at different heats. 

Too many of the tests of steel on record have been made without re- 
gard to previous mechanical treatment, and their value as a means of 
comparing the different methods of manufacture, or, when taken alone, 
of indicating the real quality of the'material experimented on, is there- 
fore very small. This fact is mentioned because surprise may be felt by 
some in noticing that in the following tables of tensile tests the break- 
ing-strains, estimated upon the original area of cross-section, are not as 
great as they are accustomed to see given in tables of the strength of 
materials, an observation which holds good, not only with regard to the 
low steels in which cohesive strength is designedly relinquished in some 
degree for the sake of greater extensibility, but also as regards the 
" tool-steels'' of higher carburization. As sent from the works, bars of 
tool-steel are hammer-hardened in various degrees, by which their ten- 
sile resistance is increased at the expense of their extensibility, and in 
this condition, usually, the tests have been applied. Another cause has 
contributed to error in stating the strength of materials. The form of 
specimen often used, in which only a very short part was reduced to 
the diameter measured, give a higher breaking-strain than a cylindric 
or prismatic form. 

The considerations which make it desirable that tests of pieces of con- 
struction should be made upon specimens of the full size of the work 



also lead to the desirableness of ascertaining the distinctive qualities of 
materials from specimens of small size, in which internal conflicting 
strains, incident to a variety of causes affecting large pieces, are easily 
avoided. 

GUNPOWDER TESTS. 

It was considered important to ascertain the effects of strain applied 
with the rapidity of the action of gunpowder upon the extensibility of 
specimens of gun-wire compared with those resulting from the strains 
applied by means of testing-machinery. How far the well-known 
property belonging to some other materials,.of changing their form 
readily under moderate continued force, while they manifest great 
brittleness if the rupturing strain be quickly applied, might be found to 
belong to the steel examined, could be determined only by experiment. 
That ordinary steels manifest this property under the action of blows, 
was well known. To test representative specimens of the wires in 
respect to the quality referred to, an apparatus was prepared in which 
the strain upon the wire was exerted by the explosion of a charge of 
gunpowder. It is represented in plate 5. A is a hollow steel cylinder, 
within which the explosion takes place. The specimen to be tested, 
D, lies centrally in the bore, and is grasped at the ends by clamps B 
and G, (represented on a larger scale in Figs. 2 and 3,) which have an 
exterior cylindric surface, fitted loosely to the bore. The wedges a and 
&, between which the specimen D is pinched within the clamps, are 
closed upon it, as a result of their inertia, at the first moment of firing, 
and by the pull upon the specimen. 

The charge of powder employed was inclosed in a light paper box, 
its ends being perforated to allow it to slide into position on the speci- 
men, and its sides punctured to admit the fiame from an ordinary 
primer. The inner portion of the vent e was reduced to a diameter of 
one-tenth of an inch. Gas-checks, of which one is shown in section at 
ff^ Fig. 2, were provided to prevent escape of gas, either at the sides of 
the bore or about the specimen being tested. The cylinders D and E 
(fortunately found among old material) were filled with sand (retained 
in place by light boards (/A) and employed to receive and arrest the 
clamps and fractured specimens after the explosion. 

After the first few experiments, which evinced an unexpected degree 
of extensibility in the specimens, it was thought desirable to ascertain, 
with such degree of approximation as might be readily secured, the 
strains by which the work was effected. For this purpose the arrange- 
ment represented in full size in Fig. 4 was provided. A is the section 
of a portion of the cylinder within which the explosion takes place, 
drilled and tapped to receive a piston, F, and screw-plug Q, between 
which is placed, previous to each discharge, a " pressure-disk,'' H. A 
ring of leather, occupying the groove n, forms the requisite packing for 
the piston. 

The outer end of the piston is conically concave, the surface of the 
concavity being chased to form helical threads of ^ of an inch pitch 
from center to circumference, and divided radially into ten equal parts. 
One of the dividing-lines is enough heavier than the others to be easily 
distinguished. 

The disks which receive and record the pressure are made from metal 
first drawn into wire three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and afterward 
€Ut and finished in a lathe to the thickness of 0'M25. 

.The figure at J is intended to re present the arrangement of the lines on 
the outer end of the piston, and K an impression upon one of the disks. 



8 

When the piston is forced upon them, they yield to the pressure to an 
extent indicated by the number of turns of the helical thread imprinted 
upon them, from which may be read the indication of pressure. 

The arrangement may be designated a modification of Lieutenant 
Metcalfe's modification of the Rodman pressure-gauge. 

Three materials were separately used for the disks : copper, an alloy 
of zinc and tin, and tin alone. 

From imprints of the piston on disks pressed in the testing-machine 
with given weights, curves were constructed in which the pressures were 
taken as abscisses and turns of the helices impressed as ordinates. 
These were used in reading the indications of pressure in the experi- 
ments with gunpowder. Copies of the curves are given in plate 6, the 
curve for copper being a part of one of greater extent, afterward verified 
and much used in taking pressures in experiments of a different 
character. 

A comparison of the results obtained with disks of different materials 
seems to indicate that the question of time in the duration of pressures 
enters more largely into the results with some metals than with others. 
It would appear probable that copper approaches a true indication much 
more nearly than tin. 

EXLANATION OF MARKS APPLIED TO DESIGNATE THE MATERIAL OF 

SPECIMENS. 

HWco. All the specimens bearing this mark were produced by 
Messrs. Hussey, Welles & Co., and all were furnished by them in the 
form of rolled wire rods three-eigbths of an inch square, with the excep- 
tion of one bearing the mark of B.Woo'iy a f-inch square hammered 
bar of the '' best" tool-steel, procured at their Philadelphia agency. 

BA to CE. The specimens marked with two large letters, (without 
the addition of the small ones, "co,") in alphabetical succession, be 
tween and including BA and CE, are also of their production, and 
were furnished upon an order for a sample of 1,000 pounds, to be a& 
nearly as possible like the selected specimen HWco 4. 

CM to CV. These letters designate ten rolled f inch square rods, rep- 
resenting as many meltings, afterward furnished by them, and intended 
to be alike and of the average quality of the 1,000-pound sample. 

DL to DP were subsequently furnished by the same firm, and speci- 
mens of the same metal were also marked, in the same order, HWco, 
with the addition of the numerals 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. 

Another lot, containing eight samples, was marked HWco, with the 
numerals 13, 14, 15^ 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Like the preceding, they 
were intended to be of the average quality of the 1,000-pound sample^ 

All these samples were of the kind called ^' crucible steel," the carbur- 
ization of the iron being effected within the crucible at the time of melt- 
ing. 

CHco, in every instance but one, (when the mark CHco 6 I is used 
to designate a quality of iron made by the Trenton Iron Company, and 
called by them '' gun screw iron,") is used to designate "Martin steel "^ 
manufactured by the ^ew Jersey Steel and Iron Company. Specimens 
numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 were of varying qualities, furnished to afford 
opportunity for selection. 

A to AP, The specimens bearing these letters and those between 
them in alphabetical order were also of Martin steel, the production of 
the same company, and were furnished upon an order for 1,000 pounds, 
to be of the same quality as the selected specimen designated CHco 4 S. 



9 

The specimens marked CHoo with the addition of the numerals 6, 7, 
8, and 9 were made from different parts of a sprtie examined to ascertain 
whether specimens taken from the parts of the castings, so called, could 
be made available for determining with sufficient accuracy the properties 
of the " charge " of steel which they might represent. 

These sprues are the metal filling the side runners connecting a 
^' group" of ingots at the bottom with the central runner, through which 
the pouring is made. They are approximately 2J inches square, curved 
in form, and the portion furnished about 5 inches long. The sprues are 
generally more porous than the ingots with which they are cast, and 
for that reason the question of how far they might furnish means of as- 
certaining the quality of the ingots was one of doubt. The porosity of 
this sprue was chietiy central and inclining to the upper side. In forg- 
ing the rods preparatory to drawing into wire, the sprue was first flat- 
tened from above downward into a bar about 3" x V. About three- 
fourths of this was slitted into three bars about 1 inch square, and the 
remainder drawn into a bar of the same dimensions. After close 
examination and the removal of all visible defects or flaws, they were 
reduced to wire rods three-eights of an inch square and drawn into 
wires of the usual size. The diagram below will indicate to what por- 
tions the several marks were applied. 



CHcoS 


1 


CHco7 


CHco 9 


CHco6 





The bar marked 7 would, of course, be formed of the most porous 
portion of the sprue, 6 and 8 of the least porous, and 9 would represent 
the whole. 

CF to CK designate specimens of Martin steel, from the same source, 
rolled to finch-square wire rods, from ingots cast from three " charges," 
each of which was poured to form two groups of ingots. The letters 
were applied as follows : 

CF to the specimen from the first group, first charge. 

CG to the specimen from th(^ second group, first charge. 

CH to the specimen from the first group, second charge. 

CI to the specimen from the second group, second charge. 

CJ to the specimen from the first group, third charge. 

CK to the specimen from the second group, third charge. 

CL was supposed to have been taken from the lowermost part of the 
ingot from which CF was taken at the top. Its characteristics make it 
evident that some mistake as to its identity must have occurred. 

Specimens marked CHco SprG, with the addition of two numerals, 
were specimens prepared from six different sprues from the same 
" charge " or melting. The first added numeral refers to the group of 
ingots from which the piece was taken ; the second to the number of the 
specimen from that group. The groups were poured in the order of the 
numbers given. These sprues were forged entire ; that is, without slitting. 

SPR with a numeral always designates steel produced by the New 
Jersey Steel and Iron Company, the specimen being part of a sprue 
forged entire, and reduced to a wire rod, with care to secure the most 
perfect specimen procurable from it. 



10 



The relation of the 8PR numbers to the "charges" and "groups" 
with which they were connected will be readily seen by inspection of 
the subjoined table : 



Charge. 


Groap. 


Sprao num- 
bers. 


1 
Charge. 


GroDp. 


Sprue num- , 
bers. 1 


Charge. 


Group. 


Sprue num- 
bers. 




1 


1-2 


ml 


1. 


37 ! 


899 


1 


57 


838 \ 


d 


a-4 


2 


38 








i 3 


5-6 


i c 


1 


39 ' 


900 


1 


58 


c 1 
842 < 2 

h 3 

(i 1 


7-8 
10-11 . 


1 -s 


2 
3 


40 
41 


890 




50 




12-13, 
14-15 


1 892 J 


1 
2 


42 
43 


896 




60 
61 


1 


844 2 


2 


16-17 


j 






917 \ 


3 


62 




3 


18-19 


! ^^ { 


1 
2 


44 

45 


I 


3 


63 


845 j 


1 


20-21 








918 < 


1 


64 


2 


23-23 


895 1 


1 
2 


46 
47 


2 
3 


65 
66 




1 


24-25 














848 J 


2 


26-27 


. 896 i 


1 


. 48 1 


C 


1 


67 




3 


28-29 


3 


49 , 


• 919 < 


2 


68 














i 


3 


69 




1 


30-31 


897 1 


1 


50 








852 I 


2 


32-33 


3 


51 


920* i 


1 


70 




3 


34-35 








2 


71 



EF designates a specimen of Martin steel from the Kew Jersey Steel 
and Iron Company, made principally from " Bessemer scrap," from the 
production of the works of the Pennsylvania Steel Company. 

CSco, with numerals 5, 6, 7, and 8, designate "Chrome steel," made 
and furnished by the Chrome Steel Company, the several numerals indi- 
cating different meltings, intended to be of the same quality. 

The higher numerals designate specimens subsequently furnished, 
intended to combine as much as possible the quality of high cohesive 
strength with large extensibility, and to be alike in quality. 

The specimens marked GHBOME were taken from a bar marked " No. 
3," which had been procured from the same company for use in the ord- 
nance-shops at the Washington navy -yard. 

Kco I designates specimens made from the same bar of Norway iron, 
of the brand H<Pi:^ furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co. 

Kco 1 S, with a letter in brackets, designates six wire rods furnished 
by Messrs. Naylor & Co., made and imported as a specimen inteuaed to 
combine in the highest degree the properties of strentjth and extensi- 
bility. They are distinguislied individually by the different added let- 
ters. 

Kco T designates specimens of "best cast-steel," (or tool-steel,) fur- 
nished by the same firm. All the specimens are understood to have 
been produced by cementation before fusion. 

PBco 1 designates a specimen of the so-called "German steel," rolled 
to f -inch square from a cemented bar not afterward melted, furnished 
by Messrs. Park, Brother & Co. 

PBco, with other numerals, designates cemented cast-steel, designed 
to be alike and of the best quality, rolled f inch square, furnished by 
the same firm. 

Ceo, numbers 1 to 10, designate a set of specimens of cemented steel 
received as finch square hammered bar, from Messrs. Miller, Barr & 
Parkin, intended to be alike and of the best quality. 

The letters DV, DW, DX, DY, and DZ designate S[)ecimens designed 
to be alike, (also in some specimens marked Geo 11-15, in the same 



11 

order,) and EA,,EB, EC, ED, aud EE (also marked Geo 16-20) were 
rolled wire rods from tbe same firm. 

Cbescent is a specimen of tool steel made by the same parties, but 
not furnished directly by them. 

Too, with added numerals, designates specimens of crucible steel, 
furnished as wire-rods f inch square, by Messrs. J. K. Thompson & Co. 
Kos. i to 10 were stated to be each of a different quality. Nos. 11 to 16 
were subsequently furnished, aud were intended to be alike. 

NSco designates specimens of crucible steel furnished by Messrs. 
Benj. Atha & Oo. Tbe first live numbers were designed to be all dif- 
ferent. NSco 1 differs from the others in being made from a cheaper 
stock. Nos. 2, 3, and 4 were intended to differ in the amount of carbon 
only. 

A second lot took the Nos. 6, 7, and 8; 6 was their ordinary tool-steel; 
7 and 8 were of cheaper stock, 7 being lower in carburization, and 8 still 
lower. 

The third lot contained four samples, designed to be an improvement 
on NSco 7, and all alike. They were numbered from 9 to 11, inclusive. 

Aco. This is the designation of samples of crucible steel furnished by 
A. C. Lewis, manager of the Atlantic Steel Works. The first lot con- 
sisted of ten f -inch square wire rods, rolled from as many ingots. They 
were intended to be alike in quality, and to meet the results of the tests 
of other approved samples, as nearly as might be, on first trial. They 
were marked with numbers added from 1 to 10. The next lot of samples 
contained 30 rods, rolled as before, each the product of a different 
melting. They were classed in three grades, bundled separately, the 
rods in each bundle intended to be alike. The rods in bundle I were 
marked Aco, with added numerals 12 to 21, inclusive; in bundle II, 32 
to 41, inclusive; ^nd bundle III, 22 to 31, inclusive. 

Following this, another lot, containing 43 rods, was furnished, repre- 
senting as many meltings. They were in two bundles, but not sepa- 
rated as to grade. They were numbered from 42 to 84, inclusive. 

A subsequent lot, divided into five grades, was marked with numerals 
as below: 

Grade 1, 85 to 95. 

Grade 2, 96 to 106. 

Grade 3, 107 to 127. 

Grade 4, 128 to 137. 

Grade 5, 138 to 147. 

ASco designates a single specimen of cast-steel furnished. by the 
Aultman Steel Company. 

BSSB and BSco, with added numerals, designate several samples 
of "open-hearth" steel, furnished by manufacturers who, at the time, 
desired not to have their names mentioned in connection with them. 

Moo designates samples of "open-hearth'' (or Martin) steel pro- 
duced at the Midvale Works, and furnished by the proprietors in the 
form of rolled f -inch square rods. 

No. 1 was a specimen of low steel, such as they were constantly pro- 
ducing for tbe ordinary uses of that material. Nos. 2 and 3 were fur- 
nished afterward. 

No. 2 bore the stamp of one star, and was stated to be "low in carbon." 
No. 3 was marked with two stars, and was stated to contain more carbon 
than the former, but otherwise to be of the same metal. 

Bes, with numerals, designates specimens of Bessemer steel procured 
at the works of Messrs. John A. Griswold & Co. They were short bars, 
hammered to about three-fourths of an inch square. The portions re- 
duced to wire were first hammered to f-inch square rods. 



12 

SBoo is applied to two §-iDch hammered bars of Messrs. Sanderson 
Bros. & Co.'s "best cast steel," (tool-steel,) of English manufacture ; pro- 
cured at their agency in Philadelphia. The bars are marked, respect- 
ively, SBco 1 and SBco2. 

HEco designates twof-inch square hammered bars of "best cast- 
steel," (tool-steel,) English, the production of Messrs. Wilson, Hawks- 
worth, Ellison & Co., numbered, respectively, 1 and 2. 

Jco designates two bars, f -inch square, hammered " best cast-steel," 
(tool-steel,) produced by the English manufacturers, Messrs. Wm. Jes- 
sop & Sons, numbered 1 and 2. 

FMco is the mark applied to two |-inch square hammered bars of 
" best cast-steel," (tool-steel,) English, made by F. W. Moss, and, like 
the other English specimens, procured from the manufacturer's agents. 

JBHco designates a specimen, procured in the form of a l^-inch 
square bar, of Prussian steel, the production of Messrs. J. B. Haseclever 
& Sons, procured through their agent in Philadelphia. It is a so-called 
"natural steel," imported under the name of " double-refined wedge" 
steel, under the impression of its being of very superior quality. The 
portion drawn into wire was first hammered to three-eighths of an inch 
square. 

Hco is the mark borne by two specimens of steel known as "Hobson's 
Choice." They are of English manufacture, produced by Messrs. Francis 
Hobson & Son, and procured from their agent for use in the ordnance 
shops pt the navy-yard. Both bars bore the brand 

CHOICE (^ EXTRA. 

Specimens marked. I&Ssc and I&Sic were composed of iron and 
chrome steel united. The rods from which the wires were drawn were 
formed by welding together in square form, in angular swages, nine 
wires 0".3 square, and afterward drawing them under the hammer to 
the proper size. In one case the central wire and the four at the corners 
were of steel. The specimen so produced was marked I&Ssc. In form- 
ing the other, iron wire occupied the center and corners of the welded 
piece. The relative position of the iron and steel portions of the finished 
wire is shown in the sections Figs. 8 and 9, Plate 4. 

The specimens of wires not bearing the mark of a star in addition to 
the other designating mark were drawn by the Trenton Iron Company 
in the ordinary way, passing through the processes of annealing and 
pickling. The superficial portions of such wires were found partly de- 
carburized, a result manifested on breaking a hardened piece, when the 
parts would often be held together by a very thin sMn of soft metal. 

As an economy of time, tools for drawing wires of moderate length 
were attached to a strong planing-machine, which furnished the neces- 
sary power, and used in the i)reparation of many of the specimens 
tested. The rods to be drawn were first deprived of scale and oxide by 
means of an emery-wheel, and then annealed in the manner described 
as being employed with finished specimens, which rendered pickling 
unnecessary. Annealing after drawing was conducted in the same 
way. All specimens drawn in this way have a star stamped on them 
to indicate the fact. 

In a few instances the annealing of tested specimens was not done at 
the " standard heat," (between the melting-points of bronze and copper,) 

and in such cases the marks W or W are applied. The former sig- 

nifies that the heat did not melt bronze, and the latter that copper was 
melted. In either case the heat approximated the mean of the two as 
nearly as the workman was able to determine by the eye alone. 



13 

CHANGES m SPECIMENS UNDER TENSION. 

The order of the phenomena of the changes produced in a specimen 
of extensible metal under tension slowly applied may be given, in a 
general way, as follows : 

1st. Extension within the elastic limit. 

The precise limit of the extension from which a specimen will perfectly 
recover itself, on release, it is impossible to ascertain, as the limit, either 
of strain or extension, can only be recognized by passing it. 

Within those limits the continuance of strain does not result in appre- 
ciable permanent change, at least within moderate periods of time. 

2d. Extension beyond the elastic limit, permanent elongation, and 
extension of the elastic limit of strain. 

The time for which the strain is continued is an important factor in 
these results. 

With increase of strain these changes are manifested in increased 
degree within bounds varying with the material experimented on, the 
strains sustained increasing with greater proportionate rapidity than the 
elongations they produce. 

These changes lead to a condition — 

3d, in which the specimen as a whole ^ustains the greatest strain of 
which it is capable, and in which a definite minute increment of strain 
reduces the area of its cross-section in sensibly the same proportion. 

The point of its occurrence can, of course, only be known by pass- 
ing it. 

4th. Under the continuance of the same strain the area of the cross- 
section of the specimen is more or less rapidly reduced until rupture 
occurs. 

This reduction of area is attended with an^increase of strength regarded 
in relation to the decreased area, an increase which may, under favor- 
able circumstances, be approximately measured. 

The strain at which rupture actually occurred in these experiments is 
designated as '''parting strain^^^ the words " breaJcing strain^^ having been 
commonly employed to denote the highest strain sustained by a speci- 
men. 

Tables op Tensile Tests. 

Some general explanations of these tables may be necessary. 

The strains were applied in the order presented ; the greatest strain 
given being the highest strain the specimen was found to sustain. 

The strains following this were observed in the course of the diminu- 
tion of the area of section occurring after passing the highest strain. 

The last one given is the " parting strain," that at which actual rup- 
ture occurred. 

The time given in connection with the strains includes that in which 
the increase of strain was applied, together with the time for which the 
given strain was continued to produce the given elongation, unless other- 
wise noted. 

The elongation recorded is that produced by the given strain con- 
tinued until its maximum effect had been very nearly reached, except 
when otherwise stated. 



access of air, before being employed in annealing. Any sulphur remain- 
ing after the decomposition of the oil would be speedily absorbed in 
the production of sulphide of iron. 

The proportion of oxide mingled with the borings is about as one to 
ten by weight. 

The specimens,surrounded with the mixture, areinlosed in a wrought- 
iron tube having one open end, which is closed by an iron plug after 
the tube is charged. The plugged end is heated a little in advance of 
the other and cooled a little later. The whole tube is brought, as evenly 
as possible, to a bright-red heat, and maintained there long enough to 
insurer a nearly equal temperature to its contents. It is then removed 
from the furnace and buried in pulverulent lime, which so well retains 
the heat, that at the expiration of sixteen hours it is found too hot for 
the hands. 

At first the eye was depended on for determining when the proper 
heat had been reached, but a means of greater certainty was soon em- 
ployed. Little tubes, generally made by drilling a piece of gun^wire, 
were prepared, the open end being fittetl with a tight screw-plug. These 
were charged with pieces of alloy or metal of different fusibilities and 
inclosed in contact with the specimens. If, after annealing, the more 
fusible alloy was found to have been melted, while the other had not been, 
it was evident that the heat had be(in limited to the interval between 
the two melting points. The standard of heat adopted was between the 
melting-points of copper and of an alloy composed of five parts of copper 
to one of tin. When a bundle of specimens were annealed together, the 
more fusible metal was placed in the center and the less on the outside ; 
if the specimens were of considerable length, two or more sets of heat- 
tests were employed. After all the experience obtaine<l with the aid of 
such guides and the most favorable conditions, a skillful workman some- 
times failed to judge correctly of the heat, and if either the copper was 
found melted or the bronze unmelted, the specimens were not accepted 
for tests comparing qualities. 

In the tables considerable matter will be found bearing upon the 
effects of annealing at different heats. 

Too many of the tests of steel on record have been made without re- 
gard to previous mechanical treatment, and their value as a means of 
comparing the diff'erent methods of manufacture, or, when taken alone, 
of indicating the real quality of the material experimented on, is there- 
fore very small. This fact is mentioned because surprise may be felt by 
some in noticing that in the following tables of tensile tests the break- 
ing-strains, estimated upon the original area of cross-section, are not as 
great as they are accustomed to see given in tables of the strength of 
materials, an observation which holds good, not only with regard to the 
low steels in which cohesive strength is designedly relinquished in some 
degree for the sake of greater extensibility, but also as regards the 
" tool steels '^ of higher carburization. As sent from the works, bars of 
tool-steel are hammer-hardened in various degrees, by which their ten- 
sile resistance is increased at the expense of their extensibility, and in 
this condition, usually, the tests have been applied. Another cause has 
contributed to error in stating the strength of materials. The form of 
specimen often used, in which only a very short part was reduced to 
the diameter measured, give a higher breaking-strain than a cylindric 
or prismatic form. 

The considerations which make it desirable that tests of pieces of con- 
struction should be made upon specimens of the full size of the work 



also lead to the desirableness of ascertaiuing the distinctive qualities of 
materials from specimens of small size, in which internal conflicting 
strains, incident to a variety of causes affecting large pieces, are easily 
avoided. 

GUNPOWDEE TESTS. 

It was considered important to ascertain the effects of strain applied 
with the rapidity of the action of gunpowder upon the extensibility of 
specimens of gun-wire compared with those resulting from the strains 
applied by means of testing-machinery. How far the well-known 
property belonging to some other material8,.of changing their form 
readily under moderate continued force, while they manifest great 
brittleuess if the rupturing strain be quickly applied, might be found to 
belong to the steel examined, could be determined only by experiment. 
That ordinary steels manifest this property under the action of blows, 
was well known. To test representative specimens of the wires in 
respect to the quality referred to, an apparatus was prepared in which 
the strain upon the wire was exerted by the explosion of a charge of 
gunpowder. It is represented in plate 5. A is a hollow steel cylinder, 
within which the explosion takes place. The specimen to be tested, 
D, lies centrally in the bore, and is grasped ac the ends by clamps B 
and O, (represented on a larger scale in Figs. 2 and 3,) which have an 
exterior cylindric surfiice, fitted loosely to the bore. The wedges a and 
ft, between which the specimen D is pinched within the clamps, are 
closed upon it, as a result of their inertia, at the first moment of firing, 
and by the pull upon the specimen. 

The charge of powder employed was inclosed in a light paper box, 
its ends being perforated to allow it to slide into position on the speci- 
men, and its sides punctured to admit the fiame from an ordinary 
primer. The inner portion of the vent e was reduced to a diameter of 
one-tenth of an inch. Gas-checks, of which one is shown in section at 
ff^ Fig. 2, were provided to prevent escape of gas, either at the sides of 
the bore or about the specimen being tested. The cylinders D and E 
(fortunately found among old material) were filled with sand (retained 
in place by light boards ^/>) and employed to receive and arrest the 
clamps and fractured specimens after the explosion. 

After the first few experiments, which evinced an unexpected degree 
of extensibility in the specimens, it was thought desirable to ascertain, 
with such degree of approximation as might be readily secured, the 
strains by which the work was effected. For this purpose the arrange- 
meut represented in full size in Fig. 4 was provided. A is the section 
of a portion of the cylinder within which the explosion takes place, 
drilled and tapped to receive a piston, F, and screw-plug G, between 
which is placed, previous to each discharge, a " pressure-disk," H. A 
ring of leather, occupying the groovfe it, forms the requisite packing for 
the piston. 

The outei* end of the piston is conically concave, the surface of the 
concavity being chased to form helical threads of ^ of an inch pitch 
from center to circumference, and divided radially into ten equal parts. 
One of the dividing-lines is enough heavier than the others to be easily 
distinguished. 

The disks which receive and record the pressure are made from metal 
first drawn into wire three-eighths of an incb in diameter, and afterward 
cut and finished in a lathe to the thickness of 0'M25. 

.The figure at J is intended to reoresent the arrangement of the lines on 
the outer end of the piston, and K an impression upon one of the disks. 



8 * 

When the piston is forced upon them, they yield to the pressure to an 
extent indicated by the number of turns of the helical thread imprinted 
upon them, from which may be read the indication of pressure. 

The arrangement may be designated a modification of Lieutenant 
Metcalfe's modification of the Eodman pressure-gauge. 

Three materials were separately used for the disks : copper, an alloy 
of zinc and tin, and tin alone. 

From imprints of the piston on disks pressed in the testing-machine 
with given weights, curves were constructed in which the pressures were 
taken as abscisses and turns of the helices impressed as ordinates. 
These were used in reading the indications of pressure in the experi- 
ments with gunpowder. Copies of the curves are given in plate 6, the 
curve for copper being a part of one of greater extent, afterward verified 
and much used in taking pressures in experiments of a different 
character. 

A comparison of the results obtained with disks of different materials 
seems to indicate that the question of time in the duration of pressures 
enters more largely into the results with some metals than with others. 
It would appear probable that copper approaches a true indication much 
more nearly than tin. 

EXLANATION OP MARKS APPLIED TO DESIGNATE THE MATERIAL OF 

SPECIMENS. 

HWco. All the specimens bearing this mark were produced by 
Messrs. Hussey, Welles & Co., and all were furnished by them in the 
form of rolled wire rods three-eigbths of an inch square, with the excep- 
tion of one bearing the mark of HWco!fi a |-inch square hammered 
bar of the "best" tool-steel, procured at their Philadelphia agency. 

BA to CE. The specimens marked with two large letters, (without 
the addition of the small ones, "co,") in alphabetical succession, be 
tween and including BA and CE, are also of their production, and 
were furnished upon an order for a sample of 1,000 pounds, to be a& 
nearly as possible like the selected specimen HWco 4. 

CM to CV. These letters designate ten rolled f -inch square rods, rep- 
resenting as many meltings, afterward furnished by them, and intended 
to be alike and of the average quality of the 1,000-pound sample. 

DL to DP were subsequently furnished by the same firm, and speci- 
mens of the same metal were also marked, in the same order, HWco, 
with the addition of the numerals 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. 

Another lot, containing eight samples, was marked HWco, with the 
numerals 13, 14, 15> 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Like the preceding, they 
were intended to be of the average quality of the 1,000-pound sample^ 

All these samples were of the kind called " crucible steel,'' the carbur- 
ization of the iron being effected within the crucible at the time of melt- 
ing. 

CHco, in every instance but one, (when the mark CHco 5 I is used 
to designate a quality of iron made by the Trenton Iron Company, and 
called by them " gun screw iron,") is used to designate " Martin steel''^ 
manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company. Specimens 
numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 were of varying qualities, furnished to afford 
opportunity for selection. 

A to AP, The specimens bearing these letters and those between 
them in alphabetical order were also of Martin steel, the production of 
the same company, and were furnished upon an order for 1,000 pounds, 
to be of the same quality as the selected specimen designated CHco 4 S. 



9 

The specimens marked CHoo with the addition of the numerals 6, 7, 
8, and 9 were made from different parts of a sprtte examined to ascertain 
whether specimens taken from the parts of the castings, so called, could 
be made available for determining with sufficient accuracy the properties 
of the " charge " of steel which they might represent. 

These sprues are the metal filling the side runners connecting a 
"group'' of ingots at the bottom with the central runner, through which 
the pouring is made. They are approximately 2J inches square, curved 
in form, and the portion furnished about 5 inches long. The sprues are 
generally more porous than the ingots with which they are cast, and 
for that reason the question of how far they might furnish means of as- 
certaining the quality of the ingots was one of doubt. The porosity of 
this sprue was chietly central and inclining to the upper side. In forg- 
ing the rods preparatory to drawing into wire, the sprue was first flat- 
tened from above downward into a bar about 3" x V. About three- 
fourths of this was slitted into three bars about 1 inch square, and the 
remainder drawn into a bar of the same dimensions. After close 
examinati6n and the removal of all visible defects or flaws, they were 
reduced to wire rods three-eights of an inch square and drawn into 
wires of the usual size. The diagram below will indicate to what por- 
tions the several marks were applied. 



CHcoS 


1 


CHco7 


CHco9 


CHco6 





The bar marked 7 would, of course, be formed of the most porous 
portion of the sprue, 6 and 8 of the least porous, and 9 would represent 
the whole. 

CF to CK designate specimens of Martin steel, from the same source, 
rolled to f -inch-square wire rods, from ingots cast from three " charges,'' 
each of which was poured to form two groups of ingots. The letters 
were applied as follows : 

CF to the specimen from the first group, first charge. 

CG to the specimen from th(^ second group, first charge. 

CH to the specimen from the first group, second charge. 

CI to the specimen from the second group, second charge. 

CJ to the specimen from the first group, third charge. 

CK to the specimen from the second group, third charge. 

CL was supposed to have been taken from the lowermost part of the 
ingot from which CF was taken at the top. Its characteristics make it 
evident that some mistake as to its identity must have occurred. 

Specimens marked CHco SprG, with the addition of two numerals, 
were specimens prepared from six different sprues from the same 
"charge" or melting. The first added numeral refers to the group of 
ingots from which the piece was taken ; the second to the number of the 
specimen from that group. The groups were poured in the order of the 
numbers given. These sprues were forged entire 5 that is, without slitting. 

SPR with a numeral always designates steel produced by the New 
Jersey Steel and Iron Company, the specimen being part of a sprue 
forged entire, and reduced to a wire rod, with care to secure the most 
perfect specimen procurable from it. 



10 



The relation of the 8PR nnmbers to the "charges" and "groups'^ 
with which they were connected will be readily seen* by inspection of 
the subjoined table: 



Charge. 


Group. 


Sprue num- 
bers. 


1 
Charge. 


Group. 


Sprue num- '. 
hen. \ 


Charge. 


Group. 


Sprue num- 
bers. 


( 


1 


1-2 


i ml 


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37 


899 


1 


57 


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2 


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8 


38 








( 


3 


5-6 


1 c 


1 


39 


900 


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58 


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1 
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10-11 


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2 
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40 
41 


890 




59 




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12-13. 
14-15 


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1 
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42 
43 


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60 
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62 


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18-19 


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44 
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63 


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20-21 


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64 


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22-23 


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46 
47 


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65 
66 


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26-27 


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48 


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67 


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28-29 


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68 














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69 


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30-31 


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50 








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32-33 


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51 


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70 


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71 



EF designates a specimen of Martin steel from the New Jersey Steel 
and Iron Company, made principally from "Bessemer scrap," from the 
production of the works of the Pennsylvania Steel Company. 

CSco, with numerals 5, 6, 7, and 8, designate "Chrome steel," made 
and furnished by the Chrome Steel Company, the several numerals indi- 
cating different meltings, intended to be of the same quality. 

The higher numerals designate specimens subsequently furnished, 
intended to combine as much as possible the quality of high cohesive 
strength with large extensibility, and to be alike in quality. 

The specimens marked CHBOME were taken from a bar marked "No. 
3," which had been procured from the same company for use in the ord- 
nance-shops at the Washington navy -yard. 

Nco I designates specimens made from the same bar of Norway iron, 
of the brand H<PI, furnished by Messrs. Naylor & Co. 

Nco 1 S, with a letter in brackets, designates six wire rods furnished 
by Messrs. Naylor & Co., made and imported as a specimen intencled to 
combine in the highest degree the properties of strength and extensi- 
bility. They are distinguislied individually by the different added let- 
ters. 

Nco T designates specimens of "best cast-steel," (or tool-steel,) fur- 
nished by the same firm. All the specimens are understood to have 
been produced by cementation before fusion. 

PBco 1 designates a specimen of the so-called "German steel," rolled 
to f -inch square from a cemented bar not afterward melted, furnished 
by Messrs. Park, Brother & Co. 

PBco, with other numerals, designates cemented cast-steel, designed 
to be alike and of the best quality, rolled | inch square, furnished by 
the same firm. 

Ceo, numbers 1 to 10, designate a set of specimens of cemented steel 
received as finch square hammered bar, from Messrs. Miller, Barr & 
Parkin, intended to be alike and of the best quality. 

The letters DV, DW, DX, DY, and DZ designate si)ecimeus designed 
to be alike, (also in some specimens marked Geo 11-15, in the same 



11 

order,) and EA^EB, EG, ED, aud EE (also marked Ceo 16-20) were 
rolled wire rods from the same firm. 

Ckescent is a specimen of tool steel made bj^ the same parties, but 
not furnished directly by them. 

Too, with added numerals, designates specimens of crucible steel, 
furnished as wire-rods f -inch square, by Messrs. J. K. Thompson & Co. 
Kos. i to 10 were stated to be each of a different quality. Nos. 11 to 16 
were subsequently furnished, aud were intended to be alike. 

KSco designates specimens of crucible steel furnished by Messrs. 
Benj. Atha & Co. The first five numbers were designed to be all dif- 
ferent. NSco 1 differs from the others in being made from a cheaper 
stock. Nos. 2, 3, and 4 were intended to differ in the amount of carbon 
only. 

A second lot took the Nos. 6, 7, and 8; 6 was their ordinary tool-steel; 
7 and 8 were of cheaper stock, 7 being lower in carburization, and 8 still 
lower. 

The third lot contained four samples, designed to be an improvement 
on NSco 7, and all alike. They were numbered from 9 to 11, inclusive. 

Ago. This is the designation of samples of crucible steel furnished by 
A. 0. Lewis, manager of the Atlantic Steel Works. The first lot con- 
sisted of ten f -inch square wire rods, rolled from as many ingots. They 
were intended to be alike in quality, and to meet the results of the tests 
of other approved samples, as nearly as might be, on first trial. They 
were marked with numbers added from 1 to 10. The next lot of samples 
contained 30 rods, rolled as before, each the product of a different 
melting. They were classed in three grades, bundled separately, the 
rods in each bundle intended to be alike. The rods in bundle I were 
marked Aco, with added numerals 12 to 21, inclusive; in bundle II, 32 
to 41, inclusive; ^nd bundle III, 22 to 31, inclusive. 

Following this, another lot, containing 43 rods, was furnished, repre- 
senting as many meltings. They were in two bundles, but not sepa- 
rated as to grade. They were numbered from 42 to 84, inclusive. 

A Hubsequent lot, divided into five grades, was marked with numerals 
as below : 

Grade 1, 85 to 95. 

Grade 2, 96 to 106. 

Grade 3, 107 to 127. 

Grade 4, 128 to 137. 

Grade 5, 138 to 147. 

ASco designates a single specimen of cast-steel furnished. by the 
Aultman Steel Company. 

BSSB and BSco, with added numerals, designate several samples 
of "open-hearth" steel, furnished by manufacturers who, at the time, 
desired not to have their names mentioned in connection with them. 

Mco designates samples of "open-hearth'- (or Martin) steel pro- 
duced at the Midvale Works, and furnished by the proprietors in the 
form of rolled f -inch square rods. 

No. 1 was a specimen of low steel, such as they were constantly pro- 
ducing for the ordinary uses of that material. Nos. 2 and 3 were fur- 
nished afterward. 

No. 2 bore the stamp of one star, and was stated to be "low in carbon." 
No. 3 was marked with two stars, and was stated to contain more carbon 
than the former, but otherwise to be of the same metal. 

Bes, with numerals, designates specimens of Bessemer steel procured 
at the works of Messrs. John A. Griswold & Co. They were short bars, 
hammered to about three-fourths of an inch square. The portions re- 
duced to wire were first hammered to f-inch square rods. 



12 

SBco is applied to two finch hammered bars o^ Messrs. Sanderson 
Bros. & Oo.'s "best cast-steel," (tool-steel,) of English manufacture; pro- 
cured at their agency in Philadelphia. The bars are marked, respect- 
ively, SBco 1 and SBco 2. 

HEco designates twof-inch square hammered bars of "best cast- 
steel," (tool-steel,) English, the production of Messrs. Wilson, Hawks- 
worth, Ellison & Co., numbered, respectively, 1 and 2. 

Jco designates two bars, f-inch square, hammered " best cast-steel," 
(tool-steel,) produced by the English manufacturers, Messrs. Wm. Jes- 
sop & Sons, numbered 1 and 2. 

FMco is the mark applied to two |-inch square hammered bars of 
"best cast-steel," (tool-steel,) English, made by F. W. Moss, and, like 
the other English specimens, procured from the manufacturer's agents. 

JBHco designates a specimen, procured in the form of a l^-inch 
square bar, of Prussian steel, the production of Messrs. J. B. Haseclever 
& Sons, procured through their agent in Philadelphia. It is a so-called 
"natural steel," imported under the name of " double-refined wedge" 
steel, under the impression of its being of very superior quality. The 
portion drawn into wire was first hammered to three-eighths of an inch 
square. 

Hco is the mark borne by two specimens of steel known as "Hobsou's 
Choice." They are of English manufacture, produced by Messrs. Francis 
Hobson & Son, and procured from their agent for use in the ordnance 
shops fit the navy-yard. Both bars bore the brand 

CHOICE (S) EXTBJL. 



Specimens marked. I&Ssc and I&Sic were composed of iron and 
chrome steel united. The rods from which the wires were drawn were 
formed by welding together in square form, in angular swages, nine 
wires 0".3 square, and afterward drawing them under the hammer to 
the proper size. In one case the central wire and the four at the corners 
were of steel. The specimen so produced was marked I&Ssc. In form- 
ing the other, iron wire occupied the center and <x)rners of the welded 
piece. The relative position of the iron and steel portions of the finished 
wire is shown in the sections Figs. 8 and 9, Plate 4. 

The specimens of wires not bearing the mark of a star in addition to 
the other designating mark were drawn by the Trenton Iron Company 
in the ordinary way, passing through the processes of annealing and 
pickling. The superficial portions of such wires were found partly de- 
carburized, a result manifested on breaking a hardened piece, when the 
parts would often be held together by a very thin sMn of soft metal. 

As an economy of time, tools for drawing wires of moderate length 
were attached to a strong planing-machine, which furnished the neces- 
sary power, and used in the i)reparation of many of the specimens 
tested. The rods to be drawn were first deprived of scale and oxide by 
means of an emery-wheel, and then annealed in the manner described 
as being employed with finished specimens, which rendered pickling 
unnecessary. Annealing after drawing was conducted in the same 
way. All specimens drawn in this way have a star stamped on them 
to indicate the fact. 

In a few instances the annealing of tested specimens was not done at 
the " standard heat," (between the melting-points of bronze and copper,) 

and in such cases the marks W or W are applied. The former sig- 

nifies that the heat did not melt bronze, and the latter that copper was 
melted. In either case the heat approximated the mean of the two as 
nearly as the workman was able to determine by the eye alone. 



13 

CHANGES m SPECIMENS UNDER TENSION. 

The order of the phenomena of the changes produced in a specimen 
of extensible metal under tension slowly applied may be given, in a 
general way, as follows : 

1st. Extension within the elastic limit. 

The precise limit of the extension from which a specimen will perfectly 
recover itself, on release, it is impossible to ascertain, as the limit, either 
of strain or extension, can only be recognized by passing it. 

Within those limits the continuance of strain does not result in appre- 
ciable permanent change, at least within moderate periods of time. 

2d. Extension beyond the elastic limit, permanent elongation, and 
extension of the elastic limit of strain. 

The time for which the strain is continued is an important factor in 
these results. 

With increase of strain these changes are manifested in increased 
degree within bounds varying with the material experimented on, the 
strains sustained increasing with greater proportionate rapidity than the 
elongations they produce. 

These changes lead to a condition — 

3d, in which the specimen as a whole ^ustains the greatest strain of 
which it is capable, and in which a definite minute increment of strain 
reduces the area of its cross-section in sensibly the same proportion. 

The point of its occurrence can, of course, only be known by pass- 
ing it. 

4th. Under the continuance of the same strain the area of the cross- 
section of the specimen is more or less rapidly reduced until rupture 
occurs. 

This reduction of area is attended with an^increase of strength regarded 
in relation to the decreased area, an increase which may, under favor- 
able circumstances, be approximately measured. 

The strain at which rupture actually occurred in these experiments is 
designated as ^^ parting strairiy^^ the words " breaking strain^^ having been 
commonly employed to denote the highest strain sustained by a speci- 
men. 

Tables op Tensile Tests. 

Some general explanations of these tables may be necessary. 

The strains were applied in the order presented ; the greatest strain 
given being the highest strain the specimen was found to sustain. 

The strains following this were observed in the course of the diminu- 
tion of the area of section occurring after passing the highest strain. 

The last one given is the " parting strain," that at which actual rup- 
ture occurred. 

The time given in connection with the strains includes that in which 
the increase of strain was applied, together with the time for which the 
given strain was continued to produce the given elongation, unless other- 
wise noted. 

The elongation recorded is that produced by the given strain con- 
tinued until its maximum effect had been very nearly reached, except 
when otherwise stated. 



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Table 12. — Experiment an okangeit efdimenaiona by annealing. 



Square gun-wires. 


Beioite annealing. 


After annealing. 


Mark designating kind of. material. 




Measurements. 


Ofleagth. 


OferoBft-section. 


Of length. 


Of cross-section. 


B A 


Inekm. 
12 

18 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 . 

12 

12 

12 


Inches. 
. 3028 X . 3028 

.302 X.305 

.3022 X. 3046 

.305 x.3056 

.305 x.3028 

.3018 X.3034 

. 3037 X . 3038 

. 3022 X . 3040 

. 3020 X . 3017 

. 3031 X . 3033 

.3050 X. 3012 

.3023X.3031 

.3022 x.3021 

.3Q3ex.3035 

.3045X.3044 


Inches. 
12.006 

12.004 

12.001 

12.000 

12.001 

12.001 

12.004 

12.000 

12.000 

12.000 

12.004 

12.004 

12.000 

12.000 

12.000 


Inches. 
.3028 X. 3064* 

.3020 x.3050 

.3020X.3036 

.3046X.3055 

.3058X.3029 

.3017 X.. 3033 

.3029 X. 3039 

.3029 X.304S 

. 3019 X . 3018 

.9027X.302B 

.30.57 x.30a 

.3023 x.3030 

.3029 x.3021 

.3042 X. 3035 

.3045 x.3050 


BD 


BF 


B J 


BM 


BP \ 


BR 


BT 


BU 


BW 


BY 


BZ 


C A 


CO.. ,... .. 


CB 





* So large a variation (n/\Anr o£ an inch) suggests some change of form— perhaps the alight opening 
of the wire from an internal defect. 



TORSIONAL TESTS. 



REDUCTION OF STRAINS. 



The figures given in the tables, under the heading ''^Strain reduced to 
correspond to cross-section of (y\3 x 0".3/' are derived from comparisons 
based upon the assumption that with the samemiiteria], in the same condi- 
tion, resistance to torsion, in cylinders and x)risms, is in proportion to 
the cubes of the corresponding dimensions of their cross-sections. 

Confirmation of this rule may be found in Tables 18-24. 

SEAMS. 



Some of the specimens, as noted under the bead of "JSemarA:«," were 
found to have one or more seams, This was of frequent occurrence with 
specimens drawn from " sprues." 

In order that some idea of the extent to which these defects affected 
the resistance and extent of torsion of the specimens in which they 
occurred, a few experiments were made upon wires purposely prepared 
to exhibit this defect in a known degree. 

Two rods of steel, 0''.4 square, one of them of the kind indicated by the 
letters B Sco 2, and the other by M co 3, the former a very low steel, and 
the latter above the average of the faulty wires in carburizatiouj were 
selected for the purpose. In the center of each side of these rods a groove 
was planed longitudinally, designed to have a width of 0''.05 and depth 
of 0".12, and differing but little from those measurements. The form 



67 

of cross-section thus produced is giveu in figure 5 of plate 4. These 
rods \\ ere annealed and drawn into wire in the usual way, by which 
the grooves were closed, seams being left, however, in the situations 
indicated by the lines on the section Fig. 6 of the same plate. Specimens 
of these wires were tested, both by torsional and tensile strains. The 
primary record, however, appears not to have been regularly entered, 
and is (the only one so far as known) Lost. Speaking from recollection, 
the general results were as follows : 

Under tensile tests no marked variation was found from the results 
with solid wires. 

Under torsional strains, compared with solid wires, B Sco 2 gave con- 
siderably more torsion at low strains, and ultimate torsion was likewise 
in small excess. M co 3 also gave more torsion under the lighter strains, 
but the ultimate torsion fell short decidedly. Both specimens gave less 
resistance, but it is believed that the diminution was in both cases lesg 
(perhaps considerably so) than 25 per cent. 

Simple inspection of the wires after breaking was found to aflford 
very little indication of the depth erf seams : they were almost univer- 
sally undiscoverable before twisting. An expedient was adopted to 
give better indication. Across each side of the specimen a fine line wa« 
drawn at right angles with its corners. If the specimen was sound, 
these lines remained continuous, but otherwise if there was a seam. 
In the latter case the line was divided at the place of the seam, and the 
parts separated to an extent depending on its depth. This result i« 
intended to be illustrated in plate 4, Pig. 4. Figure 3^ of the same 
plate shows the continuous line. 

The space between the separated ends of the cross-lines, if consider- 
able, is noted in the ^^Bemarks^ foUowing the mention of ^^a seam." 

PLACE OF FJtAeTUBE. 

The place of fracture in the specimens is generally not given in the 
tables. In nearly all cases it was at one end or the other, as repre- 
sented in Figs. 2 and 3, plate 4. The exceptions were in the case of 
some specially hard steels, which iH'oke in a manner designed to be illus- 
trated in Fig. 1 of the same plate. 

EXT3BNT OF TOKSION. 

The length of the specimens, between the clamps or between their 
shoulders, was generally one inch, and is so stated in the tables. It 
ID ay be well to remark here, however, that the torsion occurring in these 
specimens is greater than the torsion per inch of longer ones of the same 
kind. This results from some yielding of the metal outside of the inch 
measured, which is inseparable from the torsion of the measured part. 
The relative results are not supposed to be materially affected thereby. 



68 






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190 



Table 31. — Experiment to determine the reaistancef elasticity ^ and endurance under reversed 
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast-steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel- 
Works, 

[Mark, A co 138 ; size, 0".2978 x (^'.2971.— Experiment No. 1262.] 



i 

1 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion lo the rlifbt- 


Iteouurkfl. 


k 

a 


f 


11 


1 


i 


1! 


1 






Lhs, 


m. «. 


Tum$. 




m,9. 


Turns. 




1 


0.1 


25.24 


400 


.010 


0.1 


030 


.005 


Specimen annealed at a heat between the 


2 



0.1 


29.00 

3a 10 


530 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.010 


melting-points of bronze and copper. 


3 



0.1 


30.60 
34.20 


6 10 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.0105 


Length, 1 inch. 


4 



0.1 


31.25 
34.95 


700 


.012- 


0.1 


30 


.011 


Each return to the extreme of left-hand tor- 


5 





31.50 












sion was made with safficient allowance 


6 


0.1 



35.17 
31.40 


400 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.011 


of time to obtain very nearly the whole 




0.1 


35.15 


4 30 


.0125 


0.1 


030 


.011 


extent of torsion that woold resolt from 


7 



0.1 


31.30 
35.08 


800 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 


the continuance of the strain giyen. 


8 


.0 


31.35 
















6.1 


35.30 


8 30 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




9 





31.40 
















0.1 


35.30 


7 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




10 





31.40 
















0.1 


35.30 


10 30 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




11 





31.30 
















0.1 


35.28 


5 30 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




12 





31.34 
















O.l 


35.35 


« 00 


.013 


0.1 


0.30 


.011- 




13 





31.30 
















0.1 


35.30 


5 40 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




14 





31.30 
















0.1 


35. :« 


em 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




15 





31.25 
















0.1 


35.30 


5 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




16 





31.65 












After standing 15 hours. 




0.1 


35.80 


"""8*30' 


".m" 


"o.'i' 


6'30" 


'.'oiis"' 


17 





31.47 
















0.1 


35.65 


7 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




18 





31.32 












' 




0.1 


35.55 


7 00 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




19 





31.30 
















0.1 


35.54 


6 30 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




20 





31.11 
















0.1 


35.43 


5 00 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




21 





31.00 
















0.1 


35.37 


7 00 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




22 





30.95 
















0.1 


35.20 


6 45 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




23 





30.90 
















0.1 


35.20 


7 30 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




24 





30.65 












Aftor an iatormission of about ii hoars. 




0.1 


35.20 


'"Y36* 


.0135* ' 


*'6."i' 


o'so" 


".'oiis"' 


25 





30.78 
















0.1 


35.00 


6 00 


. 0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




26 





30.62 
















0.1 


35.00 


9 00 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




27 





30.42 
















0.1 


34.85 


7 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




28 





30.30 
















0.1 


34.75 


6 10 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




29 





30.00 
















0.1 


34.55 


6 45 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




30 





29.95 
















0.1 


34.40 


5 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




31 





29.95 












After standing M hours. 




0.1 


34.45 


"'7*36' 


".0135" 


""6.'i* 


0*30' 


".'oiis'" 


32 





29.45 
















0.1 


34.10 


5 10 


. 0135 , 


0.1 


30 


.012 




33 





29.05 
















0.1 


33.64 


6 20 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.012- 





191 



Table 31. — Experiment to dei^miine the resistance^ <f c, of a gun-wire drawn from orucihU 
cast-steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel- IVorks — Continaed. 



1 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




9 


^ 


Q 




® 


g 




§ 

•s 


r-l . 

11 


li 




11 


h 




Kemarks. 


1 


tH 9 


11 


, 


11 






1 


1 


9 


F 


B 


f 


ii 


i 




J§ 


P 


OQ 


H 


& 


P ' 


H 








Lb». 


m.8. 


Tumt. 




m.8. 


Tumt. 




34 





28.64 












_ 




0.1 


33.20 


505 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.012 




35 





28.00 
















0.1 


•J2.75 


6 45 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




36 





27.50 
















0.1 


32.30 


8 00 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.012-' 




37 





26.97 
















0.1 


31.95 


9 45 


.014 


0.1 


30' 


.012 




38 





26.45 
















0.1 


31.50 


9 30 


.035 


0.1 


030 


.012 




39 





25.70 
















0.1 


30.79 


600 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012 




40 





25.05 
















0.1 


30.15 


900 


.0135 


b.i 


30 


.012 




41 





24.15 
















0.1 


29.75 


.830 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.012 




42 





23.35 
















0.1 


29.08 


830 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.012 


A crack discovered, chiefly Icmgitudinal, 


43 



0.1 


22.60 
28.25 


600 


.014 


0.1 


030 


.012- 


and partly obliqaely transverse. 


44 





21.65 
















0.1 


27.55 


620 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




45 





20.50 
















0.1 


26.92 


600 


.0145 


0.1 


30 


.012 




46 



0.1 


19.50 
26.25 












After intermission of 1 hour. 

A load " tick " heard ; crack enlarged. 


"'s'io' 


'.'ois'"" 


'"o."i' 


o'so" 


'.'6i25"' 


47 





18.25 












Buptnre extended to adjoining side. 




0.1 


25.30 


'"Too' 


'."6145"" 


'"ai* 


'6"30" 


'.'oia"** 


48 





16.60 












Each of the sides shows rapture. 




0.1 


22.83 


"'k'bo' 


".ou" 


'"6.'i' 


0*36* 


'.'613'"' 


49 





13.60 
















0.1 


15.60 


30 


.060 






(Broke.) 









192 



T<i£LE 38.— JKBp6nme»« to determine the resistance, elaaitcitt/, and endurance under reversecf 
torsUms of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast-stoel manufactured by James E, Thomp- 
son ^' Co. 

[Mark, T oo 5; size, 0".301 x 0".302.— Experiment Np. 126 



i 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




i 


1 


ll 




9 

g 


1 




1 

cS • 


"S 


!i 

to 


g 




si 

li 


. 


Eemarks. 


1 

a 




.S3 
I"" 


1 


1 


a 00 


i 








Lbs. 


tn. 8. 


Turns. 




m. 8. 


Turns. 




1 


0.1 


42.65 


7 00 


.018 


0.1 


1 00 


.017- 


Specimen annealed at a heat between the 


2 



0.1 


32.95 
45^60 


8 00 


.0185 


0.1 


30 


.017- 


melting points of broaae and copper. 


3 





33.00 












Length, 1 inch. 




0,1 


45.60 
32.87 
45.60 


10 00 


.019 


0.1 


45 


.017- 


Each retncn to the extieme of left-hand 


4 



0.1 


9 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 


torsion was made with sufficient allow- 


5 



0.1 


32.83 
45.50 


8 00 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




6 





32.80 












whole extent of torsion that would re- 


7 


0,1 



0,1 


4.*). 50 
32.60 


7 30 


.019 


0.1 


030 


.017- 


sult from the continttaace of the strain 


45.10 


7 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 


After intermission of 1 hour. 





0,1 


32.27 
44.65 












"Yoo" 


Voio"' 


'■©.'i" 


o'so' 


'.'ons"" 


9 





32.00 
















0.1 


44.12 


6 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




10 





31.50 
















0.1 


43.61 


8 00 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




11 





30.60 
















0.1 


42.80 


7 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.0165 




12 





30.00 
















0.1 


42.40 


700 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




13 





29.25 
















0.1 


41.55 


6 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




14 





28. 55 
















0.1 


40.65 


7 00 


,019 


0.1 


30 


.017— 




15 





28.05 
















0.1 


40.15 


6 00 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




16 





27.50 
















-0,1 


39.80 


6 00 


.0185 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




17 


b 


26.98 
















0.1 


39.20 


6 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.0165 




18 





26.50 
















0.1 


38. 60 


6 00 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.016— 




19 





25.90 
















0.1 


38.25 


530 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.0165 




20 





25.50 












\ 




0.1 


37.50 


5 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 






21 





25.00 
















0.1 


37.12 


4 40 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




22 





24.25 
















0.1 


36.20 


4 30 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




23 



0.1 


23.40 
3.5. 50 


5 00 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 


Cracking sound ; a small split is found. 


24 





22.51 
















0.1 


34.60 


4 00 


.019 


0.1 


20 


.017- 




25 





21.76 
















0.1 


33.85 


400 


.019 


0.1 


40 


.017- 




26 





20.93 
















0.1 


33.25 


3 40 


.0195 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




27 





20.30 
















0.1 


32.40 


4 00 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




28 





19.50 
















0.1 


31. 80 


3 45 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




29 





18.70 
















0.1 


30.95 


4 00 


.019 


0.1 


30 


.017- 




30 





17.90 
















0.1 


30.00 


3 CO 


.0195 


0.1 


30 


.ai7- 




31 





17.00 
















0.1 


29.20 


3 30 


.019 


0,1 


30 


.017- 




32 





16.10 














1 


0.1 


28.40 


3 10 


.020 


0.1 


»30 


.0175 





193 

Table 32. — JExperimeM to detemune the resistance^ ^c, of a gun-wire drawn from crucible 
east steel manufactured by James B. Thompson 4' Co, — Continued. 



0, 

o 

1 


Torsion to tlie left. 


Torsion to the right. 


Remarks. 


i 

"S 

f 


1 

il 

03 


1 

11 


1 


1 


i! 


•| 






Lbt. 


m. «. 


Tum9. 




m. 8. 


l\irn8. 




33 





15. !M 
















0.1 


27.55 


400 


.020 


0.1 


030 


.018- 




34 





14.50 














^ 


0.1 


26.70 


4 00 


.020 


ai 


30 


.018- 




35 





13.90 
















0.1 


26.05 


4 10 


.021 


0.1 


30 


.018- 




36 





13.15 
















9.1 


25.25 


400 


.021 


0.1 


30 


.018- 




37 





12.50 
















0.1 


24.50 


3 00 


.021 


0.1 


30 


.018- 




38 





11. dl 
















0.1 


23.50 


330 


.021 


0.1 


030 


.018- 




39 





11. U« 
















0.1 


22.30 


3 00 


.021 


6.1 


30 


.0175 




40 





10.00 






0.1 


30 


.Oil- 


Did not raise 20 pounds. 
Broke without uoiae. 


41 




* 























* Less than i pound. 



13 P 



Ij 






-I'^Y OF 



194 



Table ^.-^Experimeni to delermine the resistance, elMtidip, and endurance under reterecd 
ioraians of a gun-wire drawn from chrome steel manujaotured hy the Chrome Steel Company. 









tMark.CSeo5; 


»1to,0«'.2949 


X 0".29e9.-Experiinent ITo. 1264,) 


§ 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right 




« 


-g 


Q 







jj 




c 


§ 

11 


|i 


1 






1! 


' 2 


Jtemarks. 


1 


1 


5S 


1 


a 

1 


r 


a 

1 








Lbt. 


«!.». 


Turn». 




m,8. 


Turns. 




1 


0.1 



O.l 


S9.70 
S9.50 
35l40 


8 00 


.012- 


0.1 


030 


.0115 


Specimen smiealed at a heat between the 


530 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 


melting-points of bronze and copper. 


3 





8»,90 














4 


0.1 



0.1 


35,90 


630 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 


Length, 1 inch. 


30.00 
36.30 


630 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0115 


Each return to the extreme of left-hand 


5 





29.91 












torsion was made with suffident allow- 


6 


0,1 



36.40 
29.98 


620 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.012- 


anoe of time to obtain very nearly the 


7 


0.1 



0.1 


36.25 
29.95 
36.40 


700 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.018- 






700 


. 0135- 


0.1 


30 


.0135 


fkt>m the continuance of the strain given. 


8 





30.90 














9 


0.1 



37.20 
30.40 


9fN) 


.6135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 






0.1 


36.90 


8 10 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


'. 012^ 


nights. 


10 





30.10 
















0.1 


38.67 


8 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




11 





30.07 
















0.1 


36.60 


630 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




12, 





30.07 
















0.1 


36. .•a 


7 15 


.0135 


0.1 


ao 


.012- 




13 





29.70 
















0.1 


36.42 


700 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




14 





29.50 
















0.1 


36.00 


9 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




15 





29.70 
















0.1 


36.05 


10 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




16 





29.07 
















0.1 


35.90 


625 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.012- 




17 





28.72 
















0.1 


35. 47 


600 


.014 


0.1 


030 


.012 




18 





28.25 
















0.1 


35.20 


4 10 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.012 




19 





27.75 
















6.1 


34.70 


4 90 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.013 




30 



0.1 


27.05 
34.05 












After intermission of one night 


"'i'bo' 


."6135* 


"o'i* 


6 30 


.01211 


SI 





26.65 
















0.1 


33.75 


3 00 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




22 





25.50 
















0.1 


32.75 


4 20 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.013 




S3 





24.15 
















0.1 


31.55 


13 00 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013-' 




84 





22.65 
















0.1 


30.00 


4 00 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.013- 




25 





20.25 












Cracked badly. 




o.l 


24.50 


■"306 


.oiss' 


* o.'i' 


i'66' 


".'6675" 


26 


-0 065 


0.05 


4.30 
1.32 
4.13 




Broke. 











195 



Table 34. — Experimei^ to determine the resistance^ elastUHtfi and endttrance under reversed 
torsions of a gan-wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by Benjamin A tha 4" Co, 







[Marlr. N 


Soo4; 


Bize, 0".9976 X 0".2973 


—Experiment No. 1965.1 


1 

s 

•s 

1 


ToFBion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 


Beinarka. 


§ 
■s 

u 

f 


1 

il 


I 
1' 


J 


•s 


i! 

m. *. 


1 






Lb$. 


m. «. 


Tttmt. 




Turru. 




1 


0.1 


80.00 


4 45 


.0185 


0.1 


30 


.008- 


Specimen annealed at a heat between the 


S 



0.1 


82.60 
86.13 


530 


.010 


0.1 


30 


.009- 


melting-pointa of bronee and copper. 


3 



O.l 


83.50 
86.70 


4 30 


.011 


0.1 


030 


.009 


Length, 1 inch. , 


4 





83.60 












Bach return to the eztreroe df lelt-hand 


5 


0.1 



86. eo 

83.68 


18 00 


.011 


0.1 


030 


.009 


torsion was made with saiBcient allow- 




0.1 


86.90 


14 00 


.011 


0.1 


030 


.0095* 


ance of time to obtain very nearly the ^ 


6 





84.80 












whole extent of torsion that would re- 


7 


0.1 



87.67 
84.06 


7 15 


.0115 


ai 


30 


.0095 


sult from the oontin nance of the strain 




0.1 


87.43 


900 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.0095 


givea. 


8 





84.00 
















0.1 


87.40 


600 


.Oil 


0.1 




.000 




9 





83.75 
















0.1 


87.85 


13 00 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0095 




10 





83. 8U 
















0.1 


97.30 


18 00 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




11 





83.80 
















0.1 


97.30 


10 50 


.0115 


0.1 


030 


.C095 




13 





83.80 
















0.1 


87.32 


930 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




13 





23.65 
















0.1 


87.10 


18 00 


.0115 


0.1 


50 


. 010- 




14 





23.73 
















0.1 


87.40 


9 10 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




15 





83.60 
















0.1 


87.25 


9 15 


.013- 


0.1 


030 


.010 




16 





83.60 
















0.1 


27.87 


10 30 


.018- 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




17 





8a58 
















0.1 


27.85 


13 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




18 





83.51 
















0.1 


87.15 


1130 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0095 




19 





23.53 
















0.1 


27.90 


18 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




SO 





33.40 
















0.1 


87.17 


7 00 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




91 





23.40 
















0.1 


27.17 


600 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0095* 




S3 





23. (to 
















0.1 


27.38 


11 00 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0095 




S3- 





83.37 
















0.1 


87.85 


11 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




84 





83.30 
















0.1 


87.15 


10 00 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0095 




S5 





23.13 
















0.1 


87.00 


10 00 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




96 





23.00 
















0.1 


86.85 


18 30 


. 0115 


0.1 


030 


.010- 




97 





88.87 
















0.1 


86.70 


800 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




S8 





82.70 
















0.1 


86.55 


10 00 


.0130 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




89 





22.60 
















0.1 


26.50 


730 


.013- 


0.1 


030 


.010- 




30 





22.45 
















0.1 


26.35 


5 15 


.0115 


0.1 


030 


.010- 




31 





22.25 
















0.1 


26.10 


6 00 


.019 


o.r 


030 


.010- 




38 





82.00 
















0.1 


23.90 


5 15 


.019 


0.1 


030 


.010- 




33 





21.77 
















0.1 


25.75 


6 00 


.019 
*Aft< 


0.1 
9rliite 


030 
rmi88i< 


.010- 
mofabo 


nt 15 hoars. 



196 

Table 34,— Experiment to Helermine the resistance, 4^., of a gun-mre dratcn from cmcible 
oast steel manvfactured by Benjamin Afha 4- Co, — CoDtinued. 



[ 


T*j«io« to the lisft. 


TorfeioD to the right. 




1 




1 


l| 




s 






^ 


■f * 


i= 


-2° 




^A . 


•^ ^ 




Bemarks. 




51 


Is 


!l 


i 


M 


^ p. 


6 




i 


1 


1 




□ 


1 


S SB 

V 


1 






Lbs. 


m. *. 


TUT7t4. 




m.9. 


Jhims. 




34 





21.58 
















0.1 


25.60 


730 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




35 





21.40 
















0.1 


25. 4U 


5 10 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




36 





21.15 
















0.1 


25.13 


7 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




37 





^ 20.90 
















0.1 


• 24. 95 


5 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




38 





20.75 
















0.1 


24.65 


5 15 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




39 





20.40 
















0.1 


24. 42 


600 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.010 




40 





20.20 
















0.1 


24. 42 


830 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




41 





20.00 
















0.1 


21.88 


5 15 


.012- 


0.1 


30 


. 010— 




42 





19.65 
















0.1 


24. 00 


700 


.012- 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




43 





19. 42 
















0.1 


2a 45 


6 10 


.012- 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




44 





19.10 
















0.1 


aiso 


700 


.012- 


0.1 


30 


. 010— 




45 





18.88 
















0.1 


2:J.00 


500 


.012- 


0,1 


30 


.010— 




46 





18.65 
















0.1 


22.90 


900 


.012- 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




47 





18.45 
















0.1 


22.65 


6 10 


.012 


0.1 


030 


.010— 




48 





18.07 
















O.l 


22.15 


7 30 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0105 




49 





17.85 
















0.1 


21.97 


5 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.010- 




50 





17.60 
















0.1 


21. 82 


6 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.0105 




51 





17. 35 














52 


0.1 



21.65 
17.35 


6 40 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.011- 


After star ding otot night. 




o.l 


21.62 


7 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011— 




53 





16.95 
















0.1 


21.35 


8 10 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




54 





16.70 
















0.1 


20 95 


6 20 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




55 





16.40 
















0.1 


20.70 


5 30 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




56 





16.10 
















0.1 


20. .30 


3 15 


.013- 


0.1 


30 


.011— 




57 





li). 75 
















0.1 


20.15 


3 15 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.011— 




58 





15. 55 
















0.1 


19.90 


5 00 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0105 




59 





1.5.20 
















0.1 


19.70 


5 10 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




60 





14. 93 
















0.1 


19.30 


4 00 


.013- 


0.1 


030 


.011- 




61 





14. 62 
















0.1 


19. 25 


400 


.013- 


0.1 


30 


.011— 




62 





14. 45 
















0.1 


18.95 


3 30 


.0125 


o.l 


030 


.011- 




63 





14.17 
















0.1 


18. 55 


6 00 


.013- 


0.1 


30 


.011— 




64 





13. 95 
















0.1 


ia45 


6 00 


.013- 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




65 





13.75 
















0.1 


18 12 


4 00 


.013- 


0.1 


30 


.011- 




66 





1.3. 50 
















0.1 


17.95 


500 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.011- 





197 



Table 34.— Si;pmmrw« 1o ^elermine the resistance, cf-c, of a gun-wire drawn from crucible 
cast steel manufactured by Benjamin Atha 4' Co. — Continued. 



§ 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsiou to the ii;|rl,t. 




9 


« 


s 




« 


g 




•^ 
§ 

^ 


a 
o 

"S 


1 




h 






%% 








li 


II 


II 

•r C 




li 


ll 




Remarks. 


C 

1 
a 

s 
525 


^5 

a 

1 


ri 

1 


.3 3 

H 


g 
1 


■5 

a 


S OB 


1 








Lbs. 


m. s. 


Turns. 




m.s. 


Turns. 




67 





Hi. 25 












\ 




0.1 


iT.eo 


500 


. 0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




68 





13. .30 














69 


0.1 



18.00 
13.00 


7 00 


. 0i:J5 


0.1 


030 


.0115 


After standinp: over nightj 




0.1 


17. 6i 


. 3 30 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




70 





1-2.75 












;V 




0.1 


17.2.1 


500 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




71 





12. 45 












>» 




0.1 


17. 05 


5 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




72 





12. 35 
















0.1 


16. 85 


5 00 


. 01.35 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




73 





12. 15 
















0.1 


10.80 


5 20 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




74 





11.95 
















0.1 


16. 56 


^00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




75 





11.82 
















0.1 


16. 30 


5 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




76 





11. 6-2 
















0.1 


16.00 


4 00 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.012— 




77 





11.40 
















0.1 


1.5. 95 


5 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




78 





11.30 
















0.1 


15.78 


4 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012— 




79 





11.10 
















0. I 


1.5. 63 


330 


.014 - 


0.1 


030 


.012- 




80 





10.90 
















fl.l 


1.5. 52 


3 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




81 





10.85 
















O.l 


1.5.40 


5 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0125 




83 





10. 65 
















0.1 


15. 15 


4 45 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0125 




83 





10.55 
















0.1 


14.97 


5 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0125 




84 


u 


10.40 












! 




0.1 


14.90 


4 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


. 013- 




85 





10.15 
















o.l 


14.72 


330 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.013- 




tf6 





10. 05 
















0.1 


14. 58 


5 15 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




87 





10.00 
















o.l 


14.55 


4 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




88 





!♦.« 














89 


O.lOl.*) 



14.42 
9. 94 


400 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.0135 


Torsion accidentalls' .0015 too far. 




0.1 


14! 47 


700 


.014 


0.1 


030 


. 013- 




90 





9.57 
















o.l 


14.12 


4 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




91 





9.70 












After intermiRflion of alwnt 20 lionrR. 
Began to crack, piobably at tbis tui-n. 


92 


o.l 




14.22 
9.38 


"6"26 


.015'" 


o.'i 


630 


'."ois^ 




0.1 


13! 90 


4 00 


.0145 


0.1 


030 


.0135 




93 





9.20 
















0.1 


13.88 


5 30 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.013- 




94 





9.10 
















0.1 


13.70 


600 


.0155 


0.1 


30 


.013— 




95 





8.94 












After intermission of one nigbt. 




0.1 


13.55 


"i'oo 


'.'614"" 


"o.'i 


o'so' 


.6135" 


96 





P. 90 
















0.1 


13.60 


4 30 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




97 





8.75 












Crack visibly enlarged. 




0.1 


13. 45 


"5 30 


.0155' 


"'o.i' 


6*3C 


.0135' 


98 





&55 
















0.1 


13.20 


5 20 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




99 





8.45 
















0.1 


13.18 


8 30 


.0145 


0.1 


30 


.0135 





198 



Table 34. — Experiment to determine the resistance^ 4'c»f of a gun mre drawn from crudble 
cast steel manufactured by Benjamin Atha ^ Co. — Coutiuiiea. 



'l 


Tordotitotheklt 


Tbrnlun to the Hg ht. 


' 


i 

■8 


1 


2 




i 


:i 




1 


|| 


11 


il 




u 


H 




Eam.rfc., 


o 

i 


r 


u 




J 


p"3 


If 


1 




1 


1 




1 


1 




1 








JJ». 


m. 9. 


Turns, 




m.A 


T^ma. 




100 





8.30 
















0.1 


13.00 


700 


.015 


0.1 


Q 30 


.0135 




101 





8.15 
















0.1 


12.85 


500 


.015 


0,1 


030 


.0135 




102 





8.00 
















0.1 


12. 75 


4 00 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.Q133 




103 





7.85 
















0.1 


12.60 


400 


.0155 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




104 





7.68 
















0.1 


12.40 


4 00 


.015 


0.1 


0!K) 


.0135 




105 





7.55 
















0.1 


12.35 


400 


.015 


0.1 


3D 


.0135 




106 





7.35 
















ai 


12.15 


3 50 


.015 


o.l 


30 


.014" 




107 





7.i0 
















0.1 


11.90 


300 


.015 


0,1 


30 


.014- 


* 


108 





6 80 
















0.1 


11.70 


300 


.015 


oil 


030 


,0135 




109 


. 


6.65 
















0.1 


11.53 


4 10 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.0135 




110 





6.25 
















0.1 


11.27 


300 


.0145 


ai 


50 


-0135 




HI 





5.95 
















0.1 


11.05 


300 


.0135 


0.1 


D 30 


.014- 




112 





5.63 
















0.1 


10.77 


4 40 


.014 


0,1 


03* 


.0135 




113 





5.37 
















O.l 


10.33 


4 10 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0135 




114 





5.10 
















0.1 


9.95 


300 


.0135 


ai 


30 


.013 




115 





4.85 
















0.1 


9.70 


300 


.0135 


0.1 


O30 


*0t35 




116 





4.63 
















ai 


a.'M) 


250 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




117 





4.35 
















ai 


9.10 


300 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0135 




118 





4.10 
















0.1 


8.55 


200 


.0135 


0.1 


W 


.01^ 


119 





.3. 82 
















0.1 


8.5;) 


300 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




120 





3.62 
















0.1 


n 


3 10 


.013- 


0.1 


030 


.013- 


After BtandiDg throngh the diDuer-hour. 


121 


u 

0.1 


a3o 

7.60 


300 


.0135 


ai 


030 


.613- 


Would not raise 8 poonds. 


122 





3.15 
















0.1 


6 90 


3 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




123 





2.88 
















0.1 


6.61 


320 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0135 




124 





a65 
















0.1 


6.37 


330 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0185 




125 





2.35 
















o.l 


6.05 


2 35 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0135 




126 





2.26 
















0.1 


5.81 


3 30 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




127 





2.12 
















0.1 


5.52 


300 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




128 





1.98 
















0.1 


4.87 


255 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




129 





1.77 
















o.l 


3.95 


3 30 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




130 





1.56 
















0.1 


3.50 


4 00 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




131 




(*) 






.... 








Woald not raise 1.30 poanda. ' 




'6."i* 


3.20 


"*4 00 


.0115* 


0.1 


30 


.011- 





" Not taken. 



199 

Table 34. — Experiment 1o determine the resistance j cf-c, of a gun-wire drawn from erucihle 
cast ated manufactured by Benjamin Atha 4" Co, — Continued. 



i 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




« 


^ 


c* 




• 


a 




13 






1 




•S 


ll 


, 








1 


t 


«^2 


i . 


SemaikB. 


1 


1 
1 


1^ 


1 


1 


f 










iL&«. 


m. 4. 


2\er»w. 




m.s. 


Tuma, 




132 





0.87 












Sustained 0.67 yooxid a few moments and 


133 


«.l 




2.23 
0.30 


4 00 


.012 


0.1 


030 


.008— 






0.1 


1.58 


300 


.0065 


t.1 


30 


.0075 




134 




e.i 


0.14 
1.35 


«30 


.0185 












0.122 


1.50 




Failed. 








Taming eontinaed. 




0.264 






Parted. 



















200 

Table 35. — Experiment to determine the reaistanoe, elastioitffj and endurance under rerersed 
torsions of a ^gun-ioire drawn from craoible oast steel manufactured hy ihe Atlantic Steel 
Works, 

[Mark, A oo 91 ; sise. 0".3986 x 0".302.-Experiment No. 1266.) 



g 

o 

1 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right 




s 


if 

h 
f 


i 




•s 


ll 




u 


i! 


j 


n 

S 


s 


Eemarks. 




Lbs. 


m.8. 


Ikunu. 




tn.*. 


Turns. 




1 

2 


0.1 



32. 85 
34. 10 


330 


.Oil 


0.1 


30 


.0115 


Specimen annealed at a heat between the 




0.1 


4L20 


700 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.012- 


melting-points of bronae and copper. 


3 





35.52 














4 


0.1 

0.1 


42.35 
35.95 
42.65 


6 40 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 


Length, 1 inch. 


6 45 


.0145 


0.1 


030 


.013- 


Each return to the extreme of left-hand 


5 





36.00 












torsion was made with sofficient allow- 


6 


0.1 



42.87 
36.00 


7 00 


.014 


0.1 


030 


.013- 


anoe of time to obtain very nearly the 


7 


0.1 

0.1 


43.00 
35.90 
42.98 


920 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 


whole extent of torsion that would re- 


500 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 


salt from the continaanoe of the strain 


8 





35.90 












given. 




0.1 


42.95 


9 10 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.013- 




9 





35.90 
















0.1 


42.95 


9 10 


.0145 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




10 





35.87 
















0.1 


42.90 


9 15 


.015 


•0.1 


30 


.013- 




11 





35.60 
















0.1 


42.73 


500 


.014 


0.1 


030 


.013- 




12 





35.20 
















0.1 


42.10 


400 


.015 


1 


30 


.013- 




13 





34.20 
















0.1 


41.00 


300 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




14 





32.60 
















0.1 


39. .50 


330 


.014 


ai 


30 


.013- 




15 





31.65 
















0.1 


38.50 


800 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




16 





30.27 
















0.1 


37.30 


3 45 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




17 





29. 70 
















0.1 


36.00 


430 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0135 


Cracked londly jnst before holdhi|E this 


18 





28.20 












weight; split, and transverse cracks visible. 


19 


0.1 

0.020 


31.60 
23.00 
23.30 


4 40 


.0145 
(Broke.) 


0.1 


30 


.012 


Several cracks heard in raising this weight. 


■ 







201 



Table ^.—Experiment to determine the reeieiance, ela&HcHtf, and eninranee nnder rerersed 
toraiona of a gun-wire drawu from Norway irony {H^Sf^fm^mnhedhy M&ssrs. Xaylor^ Co. 

[Mark, N co I ; sqaaro ; size, 0". 2&27 x 0". 2&2T.— Kxperiiiient Xo. 1267.; 



1 

1 
1 

1 
s 

p 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




§ 

1 


1 

if 


II 


1 


u 

1 


1 




Kemarkaw 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

2d 

30 

31 

32 

.33 


0.1 



.19J 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 

o"i 

.*. 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 

0.1 


0.1 


Oil 


Oil 


0.1 



ftl 


0^1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


Li,. 

14.20 

19.90 

2-4.35 

22. 60 

24.35 

23.05 

24. 25 

23.15 

24.87 

2;i.70 

24.40 

2-2. 30 

24.27 

21.80 

23.61 

21.20 

23.47 

21.70 

24.25 

(*) 
23.:{0 
19.50 
22.60 
18.75 
22.00 

laio 

21.58 
17.55 
21.05 
1&95 
20.45 
16.35 
20. 00 
1.5.80 
19. 25 
15.35 
19.07 

14 87 
18.60 
14.40 
18.15 
laOG 
17.75 
13.70 
17.50 
13.35 
17.05 
12. 85 
16.97 
12.55 
16.62 
12. 18 
16.30 
12. OH 
16.05 
11.75 

15 90 
11.48 
15.57 
11.20 
15.00 
11. UO 
14.95 
10.83 
14.95 









Tum». 
.006 

.009 

.091 

.0105 

. 0105 

.011- 

.011 

.011 

.011— 


0.1 
0.1 
O.l 
0.1 
0.1 
O.I 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


m.«. ' 


Turm. 


• 
Specimen anneale*! at a h«at betweec the 
iBoltiBjj-poiuts of bronze and copper. 

Length, 1 inch. 










Bach return to the extrpme of left-hand 






torsQon was made with 8«ffie4ent allow, 
anoe of time Uv obtain very nearly the 
wliole ext*'nt of torHios tfiatwonld re- 












anlt from the ooutinnaBC»of the strain 
given. 






Stopped for the nipht. 
l^HHiiiuMd at* lev 15 huuva^ 






• 


.012 

.012 

.012- 

.012- 

.0125 

,0125 

.0125— 

.013 

.013 

.013 

.013 

.013 

.013 

.013 

.0135 

.0135 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

! 0.1 

0.1 
0.1 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

































1 




A crack nafght proBahTj haTe Wen discov- 
ered before Uiitk 


1- 

i 
















• 




. 
















.0135 

.0135 

.0135 

.014- 

.014 

.014 

.014 

.014 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 



































*KottaleA. 



202 



Tablv 36. — Experiment fo determine the resisfanee, <fc.y of a gnn-wire drawn from Norway 
iroHf {H^S^) furnished by Messrs, Naylor ^ Co, — Coutinued. 



\ 

34 
35 
86 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
5S 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 


l<njihju ti) thf JiHrti, 


TorMcip tfl thfl x\^\X, 


Beaiarks. 


1 i 


1 


If 
r 


i 
1 


i 

V 




\ 




ai 



at 

« 

• 

0.1 



0.1 

• 

0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



ai 


0.1 


OLl 



«.l 



«L1 



«.l 



ai 



«. I 



0.1 


0.1 



ai 



at 



at 
f 

at 



ai 



at 



a I 



a I 



ai 



at 



ai 



ai 



at 



ai 



a I 


10. cs 
14.60 

laio 

14.48 

ia3o 

14.00 
10.00 
14.00 

a 95 

13.75 

9.85 
13.6-2 

9.55 
13.33 

9.45 
ia30 

9.25 
13.20 

9.20 
12.95 

9.00 
12.75 

«Lo9 
12.67 

8.75 
12.113 

8.78 
12.55 

8.60 
12.40 

8.50 
12. 40 

8.40 
12.00 

8.30 
11.90 

8. M 
11.84 

8.00 
11.65 

8. 15 
11.80 

7.82 
11.63 

7.80 
ILJiO 

7.70 
11.00 

7.60 
11.00 

7.47 
11.00 

7.35 
10. 93 

7.25 
ia92 

7.23 
ia80 

7 20 
ia70 

7.30 
11.25 

7.i0 
ia83 

7.10 
ia83 


m.». 


.014 
,014-. 

.014 
.014— 


0.1 

ai 

0.1 

1 
ai 

ai 


»<!.#. 


Tam*, 


Badly cracked. 

Stopped at dinner kour. 

Besumed after i koHi'a inteniiiaoii. 





























.0145 

.0145 

.015 

.015 

,015 

.015 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

ai 
ai 

0.1 






























.015 

.015 

.015- 

.015— 

.015- 

.015- 

.015- 

.015- 

.015 

.015 

.015- 

.015- 

.015- 

.016 

.016 

.016 

.016 

.016 

.016— 

.016- 

.016- 

.016 


0.1 
0.1 

ai 

0.1 

ai 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

ai 

0.1 

ai 
ai 
a I 
a I 
ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 




























































































* Not taken. 



203 



Table 36. — Experiment to determine the reeiBtanoe, <f-o., of a gun-wire drawn frvm Norway 
iron^ {H^Sy)farniHhed by Messrs. Nay lor 4* Co. — Continued. 



j 


TolFsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 






1 


1 




1 


1 




"S 


if 

p o 


n 




"S 


Si 






p< 


n 


•g" 




*a . 


•S^ 




BemarkB. 


ff 
'S 


.2-5 


i 


n 


1! 


*. 




1 


1 


P 


1 


'3 
B 


53 


1 




fi 


£ 


i 


& 


1 


s 


1 








Lbs. 


m.9. 


Turns. 




in.*. 


Turns. 




67 





(*) 














68 


0.1 



10.60 
6.89 




.0165 


0.1 












69 


0.1 



10.55 

6.78 




.0165 


0.1 












70 


0.1 



10.25 
6.70 




.0165 


0.1 












71 


0.1 



10.05 
6.65 




.01&5 


0.1 












72 


0.1 



10.25 
R.-iO 




.0165 


0.1 












73 


0.1 



10.00 
6.47 




.0165 


ai 












74 


0. I 



10.10 
6.38 




, 0165- 


0.1 














0.1 


10. 03 




.0165- 


ai 








75 





6.38 














76 


0:1 



9.8(5 
6. .30 




. 0165- 


0.1 















0.1 


9.77 




. 0165- 


0.1 









77, 





6.20 














78 


0.1 



9.75 
6.00 




.0165- 


0.1 














0.1 


9.60 




.0165 


0.1 








79 





6.10 
















0.1 


9.58 




. 0165- 


ai 









80 





6.05 
















0.1 


9. 55 




.0165- 


0.1 








81 





5.1J0 














83 


0.1 



9.50 
5.90 




.0165- 


0.1 












83 


0.1 



9.19 
5.98 




.0165- 


0.1 












84 


0.1 



9.55 
5.80 




. 0165- 


0.1 














0.1 


9.33 




.017- 


0.1 


..... 






85 





6 80 
















0.1 


9.25 




.017— 


0.1 








.86 



0.1 


5.68 
9.00 




.017— 


0.1 








87 





5.65 














88 


0.1 



8.88 
5.55 




.017- 


0.1 












89 


0.1 



9.00 
5 50 




.017- 


0.1 












90 


0.1 



9.00 
5.95 




. 017- 


0.1 






After standing^ orer one day. 








0.1 


9.75 




.oio 


6. i 






- 


91 





5.78 












After standing one honr. 




0.1 


9. HI 






o.i 








92 





5.63 














93 


0.1 



9.42 




.018 


0.1 














0. 112 


9.35 






0.1 






Torsion carried by mistalce to 0.113. 


94 
95 




0.1 



5.40 






0.1 






5.40 








O.l * 


8.22 




.017 


0.1 








96 



0.1 


5.25 
H.37 




.0185 


0.1 








97 





5.2<) 














98 


0.1 



0. I 


8.39 
5 20 
8.30 




.0185 


0.1 






After standing through the dinner-honr. 




.Old 


0.1 








W) 



0.1 


5. 10 
8.13 




.018 


0.1 









* Not taken. 



202 



Tablv 36. — Experiment fo determine the resistance, <fc., of a gnn-wire drawn from Norway 
iroiif (H^S,) furnished by Messrs. Naylor ^ Co. — Coutinued. 



1 

I 

"S 

1 
i 

2 


,Torsi<»H to tke let^ 


Torsion to the rigkt. 


Ri^mukn, 


•3 


11 

1 ' 


II 


.2 


§ 

u 


ii 


i 


34 
35 
86 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
58 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 




ai 



at 
« 

• 

0.1 


o.t 

• 

0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



ai 


0.1 


OLl 


«.! 


«L1 


«.! 



ai 



0.1 



0.1 


0.1 



ai 



ai 


O.l 

• 

0.1 


0.4 


O.l 



o.l 



o.l 



o.l 



ai 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



ai 


JA>9. 

10. (-.5 
14.60 
ia40 
14.48 
10.30 
14.00 
10.00 
14.00 

9.95 
13.75 

9.85 
13.62 

9.55 
13.33 

9.45 
ia30 

9.25 
13.20 

9.20 
12.95 

9.00 
12.75 

e.e9 
1«.67 

8.75 
12.^3 

8.78 
12.55 

8.60 
12.40 

8.50 
12.40 

8.40 
12. 90 

8.39 
11.90 

8.W 
11.84 

8.00 
11.(3 

8.15 
11.80 

7.82 
11.63 

7.80 

1 1. 50 
7.70 

11.00 

7.60 
11.09 

7.47 
11.00 

7.35 
10. 93 

7.25 
ia92 

7.2.1 
ia80 

7.20 
ia70 

7. .50 
11.25 

7.-^0 

laes 

7.10 
10.83 


m.s. 



Twnt. 

.914 

.914— 

,D14 

.t)U 

.014— 


• 
0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

«.l 

ai 


.m,s. 


Twmt. 


Badly cracked. 

Stopped at dinner kour. 

■ 
























.0145 

.9145 

.015 

.915 

,015 

.015 


0.1 

t.1 

9.1 
9.1 
0.1 
9.1 






























.015 

.015 

.015- 

.015- 

.015- 

.015- 

.015- 

.015- 

.015 

.015 

.015- 

,015— 

,015- 

,016 

.016 

.016 

.016 

.016 

.016- 

.016- 

.016- 

.016 


9.1 
0.1 

ai 
ai 
ai 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
01 
0.1 

ai 
ai 

0.1 

0.x 
ai 

0.1 

ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 
ai 
























































































* Not taken. 



203 



Table 36. — Experiment to determine (he resistance, <f-c., of a gun-wire drawn fr&m Norway 
iron, {H^Sf)farni»ked by Messrs. NayUjr <f* Co. — Contiuned. 



67 



Tof sion to the left. 



a 




0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0. 1 


0.1 


0;1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.112 


0.1 


0.1 * 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



I 
if 

n 

t 

QQ 



LbB. 

(*) 

10.60 
6.89 

10.55 
6.78 

10.25 
6.70 

10.05 
6.65 

10.25 
6. .50 

10.00 
6.47 

10.10 
6.38 

10. 0.3 
6.38 
9.8d 
6. .30 
9.77 
6.*20 
9.75 
6.00 
9.60 
6.10 
9.58 
6.05 
9.55 
5.!?0 
9.50 
5.90 
9. 19 
5.98 
9.55 
5.80 
9.33 
6 80 
9.25 
5.68 
9.00 
5.65 
8.88 
5.55 
9.00 
5.50 
9.00 
5.95 
9.75 
5.78 
9.61 
5.6:< 
9.42 



9.35 
5.40 



5.40 
8.22 
5.25 
H.37 
5.2«> 
a39 
5 20 
8.30 
5. 10 
8.13 



1^ 

.ss 



.0165 

.0165 

.0165 

.0165 

.0165 

.0165 

.0165- 

.0165— 

.0165- 

.0165- 

.0165- 

.0165 

. 016.5- 

. 0165- 

.0165- 

.0165- 

.0165- 

. 017— 

.017— 

.017— 

.017- 

.017- 

. 017- 



.019 



.018 



.017 

.0185 

.0185 

.018 

.018 



Torsion to the right. 






0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

ai 

0.1 

ai 
ai 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

ai 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

ai 

0.1 



0.1 

6.'i 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 



11 



i 
I 



TwriM. 



RemarkB. 



After standing^ over one day. 
After standing one honr. 

Torsion carried by mistake to 0.118. 



After standing through the dinner-hoar. 



* Not taken. 



204 



Table 36. — Experiment fo detei-mine Ihe remntavce, df-c ^ofa gun-wire drawn from Norway 
iron (H<bS) famished by ^leMr»* Naylor ^ Co. — Coutiuned. 



j 

1 
£ 

d 

100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
.13 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 


Torsion to the left. 


Toraion to the right. 


Remarks. 


"S 

ij 
1 


1 
il. 

r 


11 


1 


H 
1 


n 

a ■ 

s 


♦^ 



0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


Lh9. 

5.0) 
8.18 
5.00 
8.13 
4.95 
8.25 
4.90 
8.05 
4.90 
8.00 
4.85 
7.87 
4.83 
8.00 
4.75 
7.93 
4.72 
7.93 
4.64 
7.90 
^.58 
7.84 
4.50 
7.82 
4.50 
7.85 
4.56 
7.80 
4.45 
7.80 
4.47 
7.65 
4.40 
7. 65 
4.43 
7.72 
(*) 
7.70 
4.35 
7. .53 
4.30 
7.5:1 
4. 22 
7.52 
4.20 
7.50 
4.20 
7.42 
4.16 
■ 7.50 
4.16 
7.45 
4.10 
7.34 
4.3i 
7.70 
4.25 
7.63 
4.12 
7.47 
4.05 
7.47 
4.0(1 
7.47 
4.00 
7.42 


fn.8. 


Turns. 

.018- 

.017 

.018 

.0185 

.0185 

.018 

.018- 

.018 

.018 

.0185 

. 0165- 

.018- 

.019— 

.018 

.0185- 

. 0185.- 

.018 

.018 

.0185 

.018 

.018 

.0185 

.0185 

.019 

.019 

.019 

.019- 

.092- 

.092 

.020- 

.092 

.092 

.092- 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

ai' 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


m.8. 


Turns. 


ft 

Resnnied after standinjE from 4 p. m. of 
Saturday until 7 a. m. of Monday. 



















































































































* Not taken. 



205 



Tablb 36. — Experiment, to determine the resistance^ <^c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway 
iron (H^S) furnished by Messrs. Naylor 4" Co.— Continued. 



1 

1 

a 

a 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 


Remarks. 






§ 

.c s 

.ss 


8 • 
1 


f 


lf 

H 


.2 


133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 
161 
162 
163 
164 
165 



0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0. 1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


Lbs. 
3.95 
7.42 
3.90 
7.32 
3.90 
7.10 
3.89 
7.04 
3.89 
7.00 
3.90 
7.03 
(•) 
7.00 
(*) 
7.10 
3.70 
6.93 
(*) 
6.80 
3.63 
6.85 
3.60 
6.85 
3.58 
6.75 
(*) 
6.7J 
(') 
6.75 
3. 45 
6.70 
3.45 
6.50 
3.40 
6.50 
3.35 
6.50 
3.35 
6.50 
3.30 
6.50 
3.25 
6. 45 
3.27 
6..43 
a20 
6.40 
3.25 
6.35 
3.17 
6.34 
3.20 
6.30 
3.14 
6.20 
3.13 
6.20 
3.11 
6.12 
3.08 
6.06 
3.03 
6.06 
3.00 
6.05 


m.8. 


Turns. 

.092 

. 0195 

.092- 

.0195 

.092 

.092 

.092 

.020 

.020 

.020- 

.020 

.0195 

.092- 

.092- 

. 0195 

.0195 

.020- 

. 020- 

.020 

.0195 

.0195 

.020 

.0195 

.0195 

.020 

.0195 

.020 

.020 

.020 

.020 

.020 

.020 

.020 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
O.I 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


m.s. 


Turns. 





































































































































* Not taken. 



206 

Table 36. — Experiment to determine the resistance^ <f-c., of a gun-wire drawn from Norway 
iron {H<PS) fm-nished by Mtnutrs, Naylor 4" Co. — (Jontinued. 



1 

s 

a 

o 


Tonim bo tbe l?ft. 


TonioiitDttittrtirbn 


E^nurkfl. 


i 

li 


1 
i| 


1 

11 


t 


i 


11 


*_ 


1 

p 




H 




J 




I 








Lb9. 


m.s. 


Turns. 




m.«. 


Turns. 




166 





2.92 














167 


0.1 



6.00 
2.95 




.020 


0.1 












168 


0.1 



5.97 
2.95 




.020 


0.1 












169 


0.1 



5.97 
2.94 




.020 


0.1 














0.1 


5.95 




.020 


0.1. 








170 





2.94 
















0.1 


5.95 




.020 


0.1 








171 





2.90 
















0.1 


5.92 




.020 


0.1 








172 



0.1 


2.87 
5.90 




.020- 


0.1 








173 



0.1 


2.90 
5.90 




.020- 


0.1 








174 



0.1 


2.87 
5.86 




.020 


0.1 








175 





2.82 
















0.1 


5.86 




.020 


0.1 








176 





2.82 
















0.1 


5.75 




.020 


0.1 








177 





2.80 
















0.1 


5.75 




.020 


0.1 








178 





2.80 
















0.1 


5.73 




.020 


0.1 








179 





2.78 
















0.1 


5.73 




.020 


0.1 








180 





2.Ti 
















0.1 


5. 7-2 




.020 


0:1 








181 





2.72 














182 


0.1 



5.68 
2.67 




.020 


0.1 












183 


0.1 



5.60 
2.68 




.0195 


0.1 












184 
185 


0.1 


0.1 




5.60 
2.73 
5.62 
2.63 




.0195 


0.1 






After standing 1 hour. 








.092- ' 


'6*i' 












0.1 


5 50 




.092- 


0.1 








186 





2.63 
















0.1 


5. 55 




.092 


0.1 








187 





2.60 














188 


0.1 



5.50 
2.60 




.092 


0.1 














0.1 


.•». 42 




.092- 


0.1 








189 





2.58 














190 


0.1 



5.45 
2.58 





.092- 


0.1 














0.1 


5.43 





.092 


0.1 








191 





2.56 














192 


0.1 



5.52 
2.55 




.092- 


0.1 














0.1 


5.40 




.092 


0.1 








193 





2.53 














194 


0.1 



5.40 
2.53 




.020 


0.1 














0.1 


5.40 




.020 


0.1 








195 





2.4H 
















0.1 


5.40 




.092- 


0.1 








196 





2.47 
















0.1 


5.40 




.020 


0.1 








197 





2.45 
















0.1 


5.33 




.092 


0.1 








198 





2.40 
















0.1 


5.30 




.092 


0.1 


•Not 


taken. 





207 

Table 36. — Experiment to determine the resistanee^^'c.i of a gun-mre drawn from Norway 
iron {H^S) furnish fd by Messrs. Naylor 4- Co, — Coutinued. 



§ 


Toreion to the left. 


Toraion to the right. 




« 




1^ 




Q 


a 






fl 


s 
'^ 






a 








1 
1 

s 




o 

ee 


if 
fl 

1 


h 

1! 
V- 


1 




r 




\ 


Kemarks. 






Lb». 


m. ». 


lums. 




m^s. 


Turru. 




199 





2.33 
















0.1 


5.30 




.092- 


0.1 








300 





2.35 












' 


SOI 


0.1 



5.27 
2.39 




.092 


0.1 














0.1 


5.27 


........ 


.092- 


•0.1 








202 





2.39 














203 


0.1 



5.25 
2.30 




,092 


0.1 












204 


0.1 



5.22 

2:28 




.092 


0.1 












205 


0.1 



5.22 
2.28 





.092 


0.1 












206 


0.1 



6.10 
2.2S 




.092 


ai 












207 


0.1 



5.08 
(*) 




.092 


0.1 














0.1 


5.10 





.092 


0.1 








208 





2.27 














209 


0.1 



&14 
2.26 




.092 


0.1 




\ 










0.1 


5.12 




.093 


0.1 








210 





2.23 
















0.1 


5.10 




.092 


0.1 








Sll 





2.22 














212 


0.1 



5.05 
2.21 




.092- 


0.1 














0.1 


5.05 




.092- 


0.1 








213 


1 


2.20 
















0.1 


5.05 




.092 


0.1 








214 



0.1 


2.17 




.092 


0.1 








215 





2.13 














216 


0.1 



0.1 


4.95 
2.17 
5.10 




.092 


0.1 






After fttanding over night. 








".'022* 


"'o.'i' 






217 





2.n 
















0.1 


5.08 




.0215 


0.1 








218 





2.17 
















0.1 


5.00 




.021- 


0.1 








219 


u 


2.15 
















0.1 


5.00 




.021- 


0.1 








220 



0.1 


2.12 
4.92 




.021 


0.1 








221 





2.12 
















0.1 


4.88 




.0215 


0.1 








222 





(*) 
















0.1 


4.8*^ 




.021 


0.1 








223 





2.07 
















0.1 


4.87 




.021 


0.1 








224 





2.00 














225 


0.1 



4.83 
2.00 




.021- 


0.1 














0.1 


4.80 




.021 


0.1 








226 





2.00 
















0.1 


4.77 




.021 


0.1 








227 





1.97 
















0.1 


4.73 




.0205 


0.1 








228 





1.97 














229 


0.1 



4.73 
1.97 




.021 


0.1 














0.1 


4.73 




.021- 


0.1 








230 





1.96 














231 


0.1 



0.1 


4.69 
1.95 
4.66 




.021 


0.1 






After standing about three hoars. 








.'o?i'* 


'o.'i' 







* Not taken. 



208 

Table 36. — Expenment fo determine the resistance, <fc, of a gnn-wlre drawn from Xorway 
irun {E[^S)fiirniithtd by Mtsurn. Naplor tf* Co. — (Joutioaed. 



s 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsioii to the right 




«> 


4> 


a 




® 


_ 








J 














1 
1 

ee 

1 
s 


o 


11 

a c 




o 


"S 






a 




1 

(A 




11 

1^ 


« 

i 

S3 

s 


Remarks. 






Lbs. 


m. €. 


Turns. 




m.s 


Turns. 




ii32 





1.91 
















ai 


4. 6ti 




.0215 


0.1 








233 





l.c8 
















ai 


4.65 




.021 


0.1 








234 




ai 


1.87 
4.61 




.021 


0.1 








tt35 





1.87 
















0.1 


4.50 




. 021— 


0.1 








236 




ai 


1.87 
4.49 




. 021- 


0.1 








237 



0.1 


1.87 
4.41 




.0205' 


0.1 








23d 





1.84 














239 


ai 




4.40 
1.8-1 




.0205 


0.1 












240 


0. 1 



4.20 
1.84 




.020 


0.1 














0,1 


4.19 




.030 


0.1 








241 





1.82 
















0.1 


4.20 




.020 


0.1 




.... 




242 




ai 


1.81 
4.34 




.0-20 


ai 








243 





l.7tf 
















0.1 


4.25 




.020 


0.1 


, 






244 



0.1 


1.77 
4.2.1 




.020 


0.1 








245 





1.76 
















0.1 


4.25 




.020 


0.1 








246 



0.1 


1.75 
4.2.-) 




.021 


0.1 









247 





1.75 
















0.1 


4.25 




.020 


0.1 








248 



0.1 


1.72 
4.25 




.092- 


0.1 






\ 


249 
250 




0.1 



1.78 
4.4-2 
1.75 













After stftnding over night. 




.092- 


0.1 












0.1 


4.33 




.092 


0.1 








251 





1.73 














252 


0.1 



4.33 
1.70 




.092 


0.1 














ai 


4.27 




.092 


0.1 








253 





1.68 














254 


0.1 



4. 25 
1.65 




.092 


0.1 














0.1 


4.20 




.092 


0.1 








255 



0.1 


1.65 
4.19 




.092 


0.1 








256 





1.64 














257 


0.1 



4.18 
1.62 




.092 


0.1 














0.1 


4.13 




.092 


0.1 








25d 



0. I 


1.62 
4.13 




.092- 


0.1 








259 



0.1 


1.60 
4.05 




.092- 


0.1 








260 



0.1 


1.60 

4.00 




.092- 


0.1 








261 



O.l 


1.58 
4.00 




.092— 


0.1 








262 



0.1 


1.58 
4.00 




.0205 


0.1 








263 





1..58 














264 


0.1 



4.00 
1.55 




.0-20 


0.1 














0.1 


3.95 




.092- 


0.1 









* Not taken. 



209 



Ta^I^ 36.— ^j^p«rtwiCM< to determine the resistance, ^c, of a gun-tcire drawn from Noiway 
iron (E^S) fur^iished hy Messrs, Naylor 4- Co.— CoDtinued. 



Torsion to the left 






|g 

fa 

2 



I. 

n 

r 



Torsion to the right 



u 



2 • 

h 
II 



Remarks. 



265 



267 



287 




0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



o.a 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



Lbs. 
I.i52 
a 95 
l..'>2 
3.93 
1.52 
3.90 
1.52 
3.90 
1.48 
3.90 
1.48 
3.85 
1.48 
3.83 
1.48 
3.73 
1.48 
3.73 
1.45 
3.73 
1.45 
3.62 
1.43 
3.62 
1.35 
3.57 
1.35 
3.53 
1.35 
3.45 
1.38 
3.40 
1.38 
3.40 
1,38 
3.40 
1.35 
3.40 
1.35 
3.40 
1.35 
3.,35 
1.33 
3.32 
1.40 
3.55 
1.38 
3.44 
1.37 
a 43 
1.35 
3.42 
1.35 
3.37 
1.34 
3.30 
1.32 
3.30 
1.30 
3.30 
1.27 
3.28 
1.27 
a 24 
1.27 
3.24 



Turns. 

.092 

.092- 

.019 

.019 

.092 

.0205 

.0205 

.021 

.092— 

.092— 

.092- 

.092— 

.092 

.092 

.022 

.092— 

.022 

.022 

.021 

.020 

.020 

.020 



Turns. 



0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 



.021 

.0215 

.0215 

.022 

.0215 

.020 

.021 

.021 

.019 

.020 

.021 



0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 



After standing over one day and night 



14 F 



* Not taken. 



210 



Table 36. — Exjyeriment io dete/rmine the resistance^ tf-c, of a gun-wire drawn from Norway 
iron (H^S) furnished hy Messrs. Naylor tf Co. — ContiuQed. 



1 

■s 

1 


Torfilon to the left* 


Turalaa to tie right. 


Kemarks. 


1 

ij 
1 


1 

tl 


1^ 


i 


i 

li 
1 


11 

■as 


* 
t 
1 


298 
299 
300 
301 
302 
303 
304 
305 
306 
307 
308 
309 
310 
311 
312 
313 
314 
315 
316 
317 
318 
319 
320 
321 
322 
323 
324 
325 
326 
327 
328 
329 
330 



0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



%' 

0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 



0.1 
•0 
0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


1.26 
3.22 
1.25 
3.19 
1.25 
3.15 
1.24 
3.15 
1.23 
3.13 
1.23 
3.10 
1.21 
3.10 
1.20 
3.00 
1.15 
3.00 
1.17 
2.97 
1.18 
2.97 
1.17 
2.93 
1.15 
2.93 
1.11 
2.81 
1.09 
2.82 
1.08 
2.81 
1.08 
2.78 
1.05 
2.76 
1.06 
2.75 
1.06 
2.73 
1.06 
2.70 
1.06 
2.69 
1.05 
2.67 
1.05 
2.66 
1.04 
2.65 
1.03 
2.63 
1.03 
2.61 
1.02 
2.61 
1.02 
2.59 
I. 00 
2.59 
1.00 
2.60 
0.99 
2.59 
0.98 
2.54 


m. 8. 



Tumi. 
.0215 
.020— 
.021 
.0205 
.022— 
.021 
.021 
.020— 
.020- 
.019 
.020 
. 020— 
.020 
.021 
.0215 
.021 
.022 
.022 
.022 
.021 
.022— 
-.02$> 
.022 
.0225 
.0205 
.021 
.021 
.020 
.020- 
.020 
.020 
.020 
.020 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0. I 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


in. ». 


Turns. 






























































































































, 







^ Not taken. 



211 



Table 36. — Experiment to determine the resistance, ^c, of a gun-wire drawn from, Norway 
ii'on {S^S) furnished by Messrs. Naylor ^ Co.— Continued. 



1 

"3 

1 
1 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 


Remarks. 


9 

§ 

1 


n 
1 


1 

r 


j 


i 

11 


V 


* 

1 


331 
332 



0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 

0°1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


Lbs. 
0.99 
2.54 
0.98 
2.-53 
0.97 
2.49 
0.96 
2.50 
0.95 
2.50 
0.95 
2.48 
0.93 
2.45 
0.93 
2.45 
0.93 
2.43 
0.93 
2.45 
0.92 
2.45 
0.92 
2.45 
0.93 
2.43 
0.90 
2.40 
0.89 
2.38 
0.90 
2.36 
0.87 
2.35 
0.87 
2.33 
0.87 
2.33 
0.87 
2.33 
0.86 
2.30 
0.86 
2.28 
0.85 
2.25 
0.85 
2.25 
0.83 
2.25 
0.83 
2.23 
0.83 
2.20 
0.&3 
2.22 
0.82 
2.20 
0.80 
2.20 
0.78 
2.15 
0.77 
2.14 
0.75 
2.12 


m. 8. 


Turns. 

.021 

.021 

.020 

.020 

.020 

.021 

.019 

.021 

.020 

.019 

.020- 

.017- 

.020— 

.021 

.021 

.020 

.019 

.019 

.021 

.019 

.021 

.019 

.020- 

.020— 

.0205 

.020- 

.022 

.022 

.020 

.020 

.021 

.020 

.019 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


m.8. 


lums. 


• 






, 333 

1 






; 334 
335 
336 
337 
338 
339 
340 
341 


































342 






343 
344 
345 
346 
347 
348 
349 
350 
351 
352 
353 
354 
355 
356 
357 
358 
359 
360 
361 
362 

363 

i 























































































* Not taken. 



212 



Table 36. — Expei-iment to determine ih£ resistance, ^c, of a gun-wire drawn from Norway 
iron (B^S) furnished by Messrs, Xaylor ^ Co.— Continued. 





Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 


!Bemarks. 


i 


1 

1 


i! 




11 


1 


* 


1 

1 


1 




1 


•3 

a 




1 




364 
365 
366 
367 
368 
369 
370 
371 
372 
373 
374 




0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 

p 

0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


0.1 


Ubs. 
0.75 
2.11 
0.74 
2.07 
0.7 

a 69 
1.68 
0.68 
1.66 
0.68 
1.67 
0.«7 
1.64 
0.66 
1.64 
5.65 
1.62 
0.64 
1.62 
0.63 
1.62 


m. «. 


Turns. 
.020- 
.021 
(*) 
.015 
.016 
.016 
.016 
.020 
.0165 
.017- 
.016 


0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

ai 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 


m.s. 


Turns. 


T^o small pieces became detached. 















































*NQt taken. 



213 



Table 37. — Expeinment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under rerersed 
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from Martin steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and 
Iron Company, 









[Mark.CK. ; size.O" 


299 X '.2988.- 


Experiment No. 1268.] 


1 

•5 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right 


Kemarks. 




il 
Ii 


1! 


£ 


§ 


1 




1 

a 


1 


i" 


53 


1 


1 


P 


1 








Lbs. 


m.8. 


Turns. 




m.a. 


Turns. 




1 


0.1 


30.05 


2 40 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.012— 


Specimen annealed at a heat between the 


2 



0.1 


30.00 
36.50 


3 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.012- 


melting-points of bronze and copper. 


3 



0.1 


30.87 
37.20 


800 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.012- 


Length, 1 inch. 


4 





31.13 












Each return to the extreme of left-hand 


5 


0.1 



37.42 
31.20 


7 30 


.014- 


0.1 


30 


.0125- 


torsion was made with sufficient allow- 




0.1 


37.42 


6 30 


.014- 


0.1 


30 


.013- 


ance of time to obtain very nearly the 


6 

7 



0.1 



31.35 
37.55 
31.10 


6 20 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 


whole extent of torsion that would re- 
sult from the continuance of the strain 




0.1 


37.50 


10 00 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 


given. 


8 





31.23 
















0.1 


37.60 


7 40 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




9 





31.45 
















0.1 


37.90 


12 40 


.015- 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




10 





31.37 
















0.1 


37.85 


14 00 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




11 





31.35 
















0.1 


37. 82 


9 10 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




12 





31.30 
















0.1 


37.82 


9 00 


.0145 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




13 





31.25 
















0.1 


37.77 


800 


. 0145 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




14 





31.10 
















0.1 


37.70 


10 30 


.015- 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




15 





31.37 














16 


0.1 



0.1 


38.10 
31.25 
38.00 


4 30 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 


After intermission of two days. 




500 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.013- 




17 





31.10 
















0.1 


37.93 


6 00 


.0155 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




18 





31.00 
















0. 1 


37.87 


7 00 


.015- 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




19 





30.80 
















0.1 


37.60 


6 30 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




20 





30.51 
















0.1 


37.35 


6 40 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




21 





30.10 
















0.1 


36.80 


300 


.015- 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




22 





29.60 
















0.1 


36.15 


4 30 


.015 


0.1 


30 


. 013- 




23 





28.60 
















O.l 


35.20 


300 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




24 





27.35 
















0.1 


33.75 


3 15 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




25 





26.15 
















0.1 


32.60 


6 30 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




26 





24.85 
















0.1 


31.55 


6 45 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




27 





23.98 
















0.1 


30. 70 


6 30 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




28 





23.10 
















0.1 


29.85 


8 00 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




29 





22.40 
















o.l 


29.12 


600 


. 0165 


o.l 


30 


.014- 




30 



0.1 


21.80 

28.50 




.. 








Seams appeared on two sides ; cross-lines 
separated about 0".03. 


'"4*36* 


'.'oies" 


"o.'i' 


'6*36' 


'."6135"' 


31 





21.20 












_ 




0.1 


27.90 


4 30 


.0165 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




32 





20.60 
















0.1 


27.35 


7 30 


.0165 


0.1 


30 


.0135 





214 



Table 37. — Experiment to determine the resistance, 4"^., of a gun-wire drawn from Martin^ 
steel manufactured hy the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company — CoDtinued. 



1 


TorBion to the left. 


ToTsion to the right. 






•s 


1^ fc 


^1 




'S 


g 
•^o 




gj 


li 


I5 




■*» . 




- Remarks. 




*s 




a 


i 


n 


11 


8 




• 


1 


1 




.§ 


1 




1 


• 








Lbs. 


m.«. 


Turns, 




m.t. 


Turns. 






33 





19.90 


















0.1 


26.80 


600 


.0165 


0.1 


030 


.0135 






34 



0.1 


19.40 
96.35 












Seam on each of three sides. 




6 45 


.017— 


0.1 


30 


:014- 


35 





1&85 


















0.1 


25.75 


6 00 


.017- 


0.1 


030 


.0145 






36 

















Taken out of machine. 












' 



215 



Table 38. — Experiment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance under reversed 
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from Martin steel manufactured hy the New Jersey Steel and 
Iron Company, 

[Mark, O i size, 0'^3014 x 0".3012.— Experiment No. 1269.] 



^ 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




2 


^ 


P 




9 


p 




1 






|| 




§ 


h 






e8 


n 


II 


t 


H 


It 


i 


Remarks. 


1 


1 


U o 


.9S 

1^ 


a 


1 


.5S 

1^ 


a 




1 


1 


s 


1 


1 




I 








Lh8. 


m.8. 


Turns. 




m. K. 


Turns. 




2 


0.1 



0.1 


21.10 
25.50 
2&45 


2 40 


.0075 


0.1 


30 


.0075 


Specimen anne&led at a heat between the 


4 00 


.010 


0.1 


30 


.008- 


melting-points of bronze and copper. 


3 





27.00 
















0.1 


29.40 


3 40 


.011 


0.1 


030 


.008- 


Length, 1 inch. 


4 



0.1 


27.70 
29.90 


8 00 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.0015 


Each retam to the extreme of left-hand 


5 





27.70 












torsion was made with sofficient allow- 




0.1 


.m 18 


5 30 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.0015 




6 





27. 75 












ance of time to obtain very nearly the 


7 


0.1 



0.1 


30.25 
87.83 
30.35 


10 00 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.0015 


whole extent of torsion that would re- 


13 00 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.091- 


suit from the continuance of the strain 


8 





27.80 












given. 




0.1 


30.45 


10 30 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.091- 


9 





27.80 
















0.1 


30.45 


7 30 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.091— 




10 





27.80 
















0.1 


30.53 


7 30 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.091— 




11 





27.80 
















0.1 


30.55 


7 45 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.091- 


• 


12 





27.80 
















0.1 


30.55 


5 30 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.091— 




13 





27.80 
















0.1 


30.55 


7 30 


.Oil 


0.1 


30 


.091— 




14 





27.65 
















0.1 


30.52 


8 40 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.091- 




15 





27.65 
















0.1 


30.55 


800 


.012 


0.1 


030 


.090- 




16 





29.50 












After intermission from Saturday evening 




0.1 


32.35 


""930 


''bih'" 


"'o.'i' 


'©"so" 


.096— 


17 





2&60 












to Monday morning. 




0.1 


31.75 


8 30 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.090- 




18 





28.23 
















0.1 


31.47 


10 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.090- 




19 





28.15 
















0.1 


31.25 


12 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.090- 




20 





27.90 
















0.1 


31.20 


8 30 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.090- 




21 





27.86 
















0.1 


31.00 


8 35 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.090- 




22 





27.83 
















0.1 


30.97 


12 30 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.090- 




23 





27.70 
















0.1 


30.92 


7 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.090- 




24 





27.62 
















0.1 


30.83 


11 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




25 





29.00 












After intermission of about 60 hours. 




0.1 


32.00 


"h'ih 


".m" 


' 6'i" 


o'so' 


'.'oio'"' 


26 





28.40 
















0.1 


31. .^ 


10 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




27 





27.85 
















0.1 


31.30 


900 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




28 





27.75 
















0.1 


31. 15 


10 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




29 





27.65 
















0.1 


30.95 


7 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




30 





27. 45 
















0.1 


30.90 


10 00 


.012 


0.1 


30* 


.010 




31 





27.35 
















0.1 


30.80 


6 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




32 





27.10 
















0.1 


30.55 


6 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




a3 





26.98 
















0.1 


30.45 


10 15 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 


. 



216 



Tablb 38. — Ejcperimeni to determine the resistance, «f c, of a gun-wire drawn from Martin 
steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company— Continued. 



1 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




9 


4a 


a 




® 


p 




^ 


§ 
"S 




11 




u 


il 




Bemarks. 


1 

B 


1 




1 


f 


.2 3 


1 
1 


• 






Lbs. 


m.s. 


Turns, 




m.8. 


Turns. 




34 





26.75 
















9.1 


20 35 


5 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




35 





2t).60 
















0.1 


30.20 


7 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




36 





26.40 
















0.1 


30.00 


6 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




37 





26.17 
















0.1 


29. 75 


8 30 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




38 





25.90 












y 




0.1 


29.60 


10 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




39 





25.65 
















0.1 


29.35 


630 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




40 





25.45 
















0.1 


29.05 


7 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.016 




41 





25.10 
















0.1 


28.90 


7 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




43 





24.75 
















0.1 


28.55 


720 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




43 





24.45 
















0.1 


28.50 


9 30 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




44 





24. 10 
















0.1 


28.07 


700 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




45 



0.1 


23.75 
27.85 












Split begins to show. 


"'■i'so' 


.'612' " 


"o'i* 


o'so' 


'."oio"" 


46 





23.48 
















0.1 


27.53 


830 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




47 





23.00 
















0.1 


27.10 


6 45 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




48 





22.58 
















0.1 


26.95 


8 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




49 



0.1 


22.52 
26,93 












Seam on two sides. 


"6-45' 


'."613"" 


'"6.'i' 


6'30' 


'."oio**' 


50 


, 


• 22.05 














» 


0. 1 


26.50 


730 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.010 




55 



0,1 . 


(*) 
17! 40 












Seam on each side. 


■"5'6o* 


.013'/ 


"o.'i" 


6"36' 


Voii"" 


60 


; 
















0.1 


22.90 


730 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




65 





15.50 
















0.1 


21.00 


7 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




70 





13.85 
















0.1 


19.37 


6 45 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.012 




75 





12.45 
















0.1 


17.87 


7 30 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.012 




80 





H 12 












On 82d twist cracked, and opened con- 
siderably. 


8S 


0.1 



16.80 
6.70 


"4*46" 


'.'615'" 


"o.'i* 


6' 30* 


.'oii'" 




0.298 


13.31 












Torsion contlnned to breaking. 






18.81 




(Broke.) 









* Not taken. 



217 



Table 39. — Experiment to determine the resistance^ elasticitffj and endurance under reversed 
toi'sions of a gun-wire drawn from " open-hearth " steel. Manufacturer's name withheld by 
request. 









Mark, BS CO. ; 


size, 


".2965 


X 0".2971 


.—Experiment No. 1270.] 




Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




® 


-s 






« 


n ! 


t 

1 

1 


H 
1 


i 

11 


n 
P 


1 


"3 

-a 
a 






Kemarkfl. 






Lbs. 


m.s. 


Turns. 




m.s. 


Turns. 




1 


0.1 


18.25 


7 10 


.007 


0.1 


030 


.0175 


Specimen annealed at a heat betvreen the 


2 





21.45 












melting-poiuts of bronze and copper. 




0.1 


24.60 


6 30 


.OOT 


0.1 


30 


.008— 


Length, 1 inch. 


3 





22.50 












Each return to the extreme of left-hand 




0.1 


23. 25 


4 30 


.010 


0.1 


30 


.0085- 


torsion was Made with sufficient allow- 


4 





22.75 












ance of time to obtain very nearly the 




0.1 


25.60 


5 00 


.010. 


0.1 


030 


.008— 


whole extent of torsion that would resuJt 


5 





23.00 












from the continuance of the strain given. 




0.1 


25.74 


5 13 


.011 


0.1 


30 1 . 008- 




6 



0.1 


22.90 
25.70 










After intermission of about 15 hours. 


"'I'bb' 


Voii*" 


'"o.'i' 


o'so' 


.0035 


7 





22.75 
















0.1 


25.60 


730 


.011- 


0.1 


3 30 


.0085 




8 





22.63 
















0.1 


25.50 


10 00 


.011- 


0.1 


30 . 0085 




9 



0.1 


22.57 
25.50 








' 


A slight seam visible on one side. 


"io'oo' 


'.'oios" 


*'6.'i' 


O'so" '.'6685" 


10 





22.53 
















0.1 


25.40 


8 00 


.0105 


0.1 


30 


.009- 




11 





22. 43 












' 




0.1 


25.37 


7 40 


.0105 


0.1 


30 


.009— 




12 





22.37 
















0.1 


25.30 


7 45 


.0105 


0.1 


30 


.009- 




13 
14 




0.1 




22.27 
25.23 
22.10 


6 00 


.011- 


0.1 


30 


.009— 


1 '^^iniAkX 

1 L^-\JV£RSiTr OK 




0.1 


25.15 


6 20 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009— 


15 
16 




0.1 



21.90 
24.98 
21.60 


7 15 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009- 




0.1 


24.90 


8 20 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009— 


17 
18 




0.1 



21.65 
24.75 
21.45 


8 40 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009— 


. ^-V/JFo,>X/ s 




0.1 


24. .50 


9 00 


.011 


O.l 


30 


.009- 


V- '*■ ' ■ A 1 , 


19 





21. .35 












"^ . y 




0.1 


24.47 


7 00 


.011 , 


0.1 


30 


.009 




20 





21.23 
















0.1 


24.45 


7 00 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




21 





21. 25 












After standing over night 




0.1 


24.43 


*'"6"36' 


".oil" 


**6.*i* 


'6"36" 


■.'669*'" 




22 





21.00 
















0.1 


24.25 


7 40 


.0115 


0.1 


030 


.009 




23 


c 


20.78 
















0.1 


24.00 


10 00 


,0115 


0.1 


30 


.009 




24 





20.70 
















0.1 


23.90 


900 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




23 





20.50 
















0.1 


23.80 


9 45 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




26 





20.40 
















0.1 


23.65 


7 00 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




27 





20.20 
















0.1 


23.55 


730 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




28 





20.05 
















0.1 


23.30 


7 45 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




29 





19.87 
















0.1 


23.20 


7 00 


.011 


0.1 


0.30 


.009 




30 





19.70 
















0.1 


23.07 


820 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




31 





19.55 
















0.1 


22.95 


700 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




32 





19.43 
















0.1 


22.83 


8 00 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 





218 

Tabus 39. — Experiment to determine the resistance, 4'C., of a gan-wire drawn from " open- 
hearth " steel — Coutinued. 



. 


Torsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




« 


^ 


Q 




® 


a 




1 


g 

o 
■*» 


ll 

flttJ 


•s ^ 






ll 




Bemarks. 


J, 


n 


ll 


t 


11 


8 




^ 


1 


1^ 

H 


1 


1 


.2S 


2 








Lh9. 


in.t. 


Turns. 




in.8. 


Turns. 




33 





19.32 
















0.1 


23.70 


9 00 


.011 


0.1 


030 


.009 




34 





19.20 
















0.1 


22.50 


5 00 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.009 




35 



0.1 


19.10 
22.50 












' The seam separates cross-liocs about 0".03. 


'■*6*6o' 


*.qi'" 


'"o."!" 


o'so" 


'm" 


• 40 





18.70 
















0.1 


22.00 


9 00 


.011 


0.1 


030 


.009— 




45 





1&15 
















0.1 


21.47 


530 


.011 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




50 





17.49 
















0.1 


21.00 


10 00 


.0115 


0.1 


30 


.0095 




55 





16.85 
















0.1 


20.44 


600 


.oil 


0.1 


30. 


.0095 


The 59th turn was carried 0.01 too far. 


60 





16.25 
















0.1 


19.30 


600 


.0115 


0.1 


030 


.0095 




65 





15.43 
















0.1 


18.97 


6 30 


.1115— 


0.1 


30 


.010— 




70 





14.75 
















0.1 


1&35 


630 


.1115 


0.1 


30 


.010— 




75 





14.00 
















0.1 


17.70 


500 


.0115 


0.1 


030 


.010- 




80 





13.25 












Began to crack transversely at middle and 
one end. 


85 


0.1 



16.95 
12.50 


""e'oo* 


'.'oiis"' 


"o'i' 


0*30* 


'."oio"*' 




0.1 


16.25 


700 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.010 




90 





11.58 
















0.1 


15.60 


5 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.010 




95 





(*) 
















0.1 


14.97 


4 30 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.0015 




100 





10.20 
















0.1 


14.50 


6 00 


.0135 









Set at and taken oat of machine. 







* Not taken. 



219 



Table 40. — ExpeiHment to determine the resiafancet elasticityy and endurance under reversed 
torsions of a gun-wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured hy Husseyy Welles^ Co. 







[Mark, H W co 4 


, size, 


0".300 


X 0".390. 


—Experiment No. 1272.1 


i 


ToreioD to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




o 


♦a 


a 




<c 


fl 




1 

1 




u 


h 




§ 
•s 

n 


s 

J3 S 




Remarks. 




n 


0>g 


s 


•2 "2 


i 




1 
i 


1 


.5S 

H 


1 


1 


y 


a 
12 








i&*. 


\ 
m. 8. 


Turns. 




m. 8. 


Tum8. 




1 


0.1 



0.1 


30.55 
2a 00 
34.40 


6 30 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.0115 


Specimen annealed at a heat between the 


2 


5 00 


.012 


0.1 


30 


.0115 


melting-points of bronze and copper. . 


3 





28.35 
















0.1 


34.85 


6 30 


.012 


0.1 


030 


.0115 


Lenf^th, 1 inch. 


4 



0.1 


28.35 
34.80 


6 15 


.0125 


0.1 


30 


.0115 


Each return to the extreme of left-hand 


5 





28.05 












torsion was made with sufScient allow- 




0.1 


34.80 


9 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




6 





28.05 












ance of time to obtain very nearly the 


7 


0.1 

0.1 


34.85 
28.15 
34.85 


9 30 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0115 


whole extent of torsion that wonld re- 


7 45 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0U5 


sult from the continuance of the strain 


8 



0.1 


28.10 
34.85 


7 30 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0115 


given. 


9 





(*) 
















0.1 


35.15 


230 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




10 





28. 12 
















0.1 


35.15 


9 20 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




11 





28.18 
















0.1 


35.10 


6 10 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




13 





28.08 
















0.1 


35.05 


6 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




13 





28.00 
















0.1 


35.00 


6 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




14 





27.98 
















0.1 


34.90 


6 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




15 





27.97 
















O.l 


34.90 


8 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




16 





27.94 
















0.1 


34.85 


8 30 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.012- 




17 





27.85 
















0.1 


34.85 


8 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




18 





27. 85 
















0.1 


34.83 


9 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




19 





27.75 












• 




0.1 


34.62 


7 45 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




20 





27.72 














21 


0.1 



0.1 


34.65 
27.65 
34.55 


8 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 


After intermission of dinner-hour. 


8 50 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




22 





27.50 
















0.1 


34.45 


7 40 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




23 





27.40 
















0.1 


34. ."M 


6 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




24 





27.30 
















0.1 


34.40 


5 00 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




25 





27.00 
















0.1 


34.20 


7 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




26 





26.80 
















0.1 


33.90 


800 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




27 





26.50 
















0.1 


33.43 


6 10 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




28 





26.30 
















0.1 


33.10 


500 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




29 





25.75 
















0.1 


32.73 


6 30 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 




30 





25.45 
















0.1 


32.40 


7 45 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.0115 


A seam discovered on the under side. 


31 





25.00 
















0.1 


32.00 


400 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 




32 





24.70 
















0.1 


31.51 


7 30 


.0135 


0.1 


030 


.0115 


* 


33 





24.30 
















0.1 


31.10 


6 10 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012— 


i 



" Not taken. 



220 



Table 40. — Experiment to determine the resist an cCf tf-c. of a gun-icire drawn from crucible 
cast steel manufactured by Hussey, Welles 4' Co.— Continued. 



i 


Xottf^aiotkeleft. 


Torsion to the right. 


Kemarks. 




1 

= t 


1 


i 


§ ■ 

"S 

H 






1 


E 


SI 

■5 




i 


1 


.5 8 


1 




1 


1 




1 


1 


E 
H 


1 








Lbe. 


m.s. 


Turns. 




m.8. 


Turns. 




34 





23.80 
















0.1 


30.65 


5 00 


.013 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




35 





23.35 
















0.1 


30.00 


600 


.013 


0.1 


30 


. 012- 




36 





22.70 
















0.1 


29.55 


6 15 


.013 


0.1 


030 


.012- 




37 





22.26 












A crack on the upper side. 




0.1 


28.85 


'"'s'so 


."6135" 


"o.'i* 


6'36" 


'.'612- ' 




38 





21.65 
















0.1 


28.44 


900 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




39 





21.08 
















0.1 


27.90 


7 20 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




40 





20.55 
















0.1 


27.18 


5 15 


.0135 


0.1 


30. 


. 012- 




41 





20.00 
















0.1 


26.68 


6 00 


.0135 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




42 





19.35 
















0.1 


26.08 


7 20 


.014+ 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




43 





18.80 
















0.1 


25.47 


8 30 


.014- 


0.1 


30 


.012- 




44 





18.20 












Cracked on all sides 




0.1 


25.02 


"s'so' 


■.'6i4- 


"o.'i' 


'6'30' 


'.'612-* 


V/ Lav AWL \/LX CALL aiXlk\J9. 


45 





17 75 












After intermission of dinner-hour. 




0.1 


24.55 


"'8*25' 


Vois"" 


"o.'i' 


'o'so' 


'.*6i25*' 


46 





17.20 
















0.1 


24.00 


5 30 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




47 





16.75 
















0.1 


23.50 


7 00 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




48 





16.40 
















0.1 


23.05 


5 00 


.014 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




49 





15.90 
















0.1 


22.65 


5 00 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




50 





15.63 
















0.1 


22. 35 


5 00 


.016. 


0.1 


30 


.013- 




51 





15. 10 
















0.1 


21.83 


5 00 


.0155 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




52 





• 14. 75 
















0.1 


21.61 


6 00 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




53 





14.35 
















0.1 


21.00 


5 00 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.0135 




54 





13.98 
















0.1 


20.95 


8~00 


.016 


0.1 


^0 30 


.014 




55 





13.60 
















O.l 


20.70 


8 00 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.014 




56 





13.20 
















0.1 


20.05 


6 00 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.014 




57 





12.92 












After intermission of one night. 




0.1 


19.86 


""'sis 


.'oiti" 


""o."i" 


'o'so" 


'.'6i45"' 


58 





12.60 
















0.1 


19.45 


7 10 


.0165 


0.1 


30 


.014- 




59 





12.23 
















o.l 


19.00 


4 15 


.017- 


0.1 


30 


.014- 




60 





11.78 
















0.1 


18.68 


8 20 


.017 


0.1 


30 


.014- 




61 





11. 42 
















0.1 


18.45 


900 


.017 


0.1 


30 


.015- 




62 





11.10 
















0.1 


18.00 


6 00 


.017 


0.1 


30 


.015 




63 





10.75 
















0.1 


17.90 


7 20 


.0165 


0.1 


30 


.0145 




64 





10.40 
















0.1 


17.65 


8 00 


.0165 


0.1 


30 


.0145 




65 





10.00 
















0.1 


17.35 


6 00 


.0175 


0.1 


30 


.015- 




66 





9.75 
















0.1 


17.28 


9 00 


.0175 


0.1 


30 


.015- 





.221 

Table 40. — Experiment to determine the reaistancef 4'C.j of a gun-wire drawn from crucible 
cast steel manufactured hy Hussey, Welles ^ Co.— Continued. 





Tornon to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




« 


^ 


g 




« 


g, 




*H 




P 


.a 
•2'S 

A 8 






l1 

•C3 S 




Remarks. 


o 




^1 


^p* 


o 


»5 


^e* 


S 




1 
S 


'3 


|l 


1 


1 


r 


1 








JM, 


m. «. 


Tmltm. 




m,s. 


T\JinnA. 




67 





9.35 
















0.1 


16.95 


690 


.0175 


0.1 


30 


.015- 




68 





9.85 
















0.1 


16.47 


9 30 


.0175 


0.1 


30 


.015- 




69 





(*) 
















0.1 


15.25 


4 30 


.0175 


0.1 


030 


.015 




70 


0.330 


19.00 




(Failed) 








Torsion continaed to 0.526, when the speci- 




0.526 


(Broke.) 












men broke. 



*Kot taken. 



222 



Table 41. — Expenment to determine the resistance, elasticity, and endurance, under reversed 
torsions, of a gun-tcire drawn from ** Hohson^s choice*^ steel {brand, choice (X^ extra,) 
made hy Francis Hohson <f Son, and procured from ordnance shops, Washiimiton navy-yard. 
[Mark, H co 1 ; size, 0".3002 x 0".2952.— Erperim«Dt No. 1273.] 



. 




lorsion to the left. 


Torsion to the right. 




9 


*» 


g 




® 


p 




1 

1 

1 


r 


1 

il 


il 


1 


f 


II 

.9 a 

r 


1 


Remarks. 






Lbs. 


m. s. 


Turns. 




m.8. 


Turns. 




1 


0.1 


34.15 


8 40 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.0145 


Specimen annealed at a heat betvreen the 


2 





29.80 












melting-points of bronze and copper. 




0.1 


38.40 


8 00 


.015 


0.1 


030 


.0145 




3 





29.70 












Length, 1 inch. 




0.1 


38.50 


7 25 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.0155 




4 





29.70 












Each return to the extreme of left-hand 




0.1 


3a 25 


7 15 


.016- 


0.1 


30 


.0155 


torsion was made with sufficient allow- 


5 





29.37 












ance of time to obtain very nearly the 




0.1 


37.65 


6 05 


.016- 


0.1 


30 


.015 


whole extent of torsion that would resalt 


6 





28.70 












from the continuance of the strain given. 




0.1 


36.80 


4 30 


.0155 


0.1 


30 


. 0145 


A seam discovered on one side. 


7 





27.80 
















0.1 


35.73 


8 00 


.0155 


0.1 


30 


.014- 




8 


. 


26.82 
















0.1 


34.75 


5 45 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.014- 




9 





2.5.60 
















0.1 


33.45 


6 10 


.016 


0.1 


30 


.014- 


Another slight seam. 


10 





24.00 
















0.1 


32.00 


3 00 


.015 


0.1 


30 


.014- 




11 





22.50 
















0.1 


30.47 


7 00 


.016 


0.1 


.30 


.0145 




12 





21.05 
















0.1 


29.35 


820 


.0165 


0.1 


30 


.0145 




13 



.09 


19.65 
25.00 


(Broke.) 













NOTE TO TABLES 31 TO 41. 

In order that these tables may be more readily understood, the oonrse of experiment they record will 
be here expressed in words, so far as is necessary to illnstrate the mode of operating. 

Take, as an example, the experiment given in table 32 : 

The specimen was first gradually twisted to the left, the time of applying the strain being 4 minutes 
and the extent of torsion 1-10 of a tnrn. The strain required to do this was 85.24 pounds, applied 1 foot 
from the center of motion, and the time of its application (before mentioned) such that the specimen 
had nearly ceased yielding. The specimen was then released fh>m strain, and was found to have sprung 
back 10-1000 of a turn. 

This statement includes all that is entered in the table as occurring under the first application ot 
torsion to the left. 

Torsion was now applied in the reverse direction, and carried to the extent of 1-10 of a turn to the 
right of the original starting-point, requiring in all, of course, 1-5 of a turn in the right-hand direction 
less the resilience before noted. The strain required to do this was applied in 30 seconds ; but its 
amount was not readily ascertainable by the means at hand, and was not taken. When again released, 
the specimen sprang back 5-1000 of a turn. 

"We have now completed the record in the first line of the table. 

Again reversing the torsion, i. «., making the second applioa^Aon of torsion to the left, it was carried 
to the central position, (in which the specimen is deprived of twist,) the strain requisite for this purpose 
being 29 pounds, and farther, in the same direction, until, in 5^ minutes, a left-hand torsion of 1-10 of 
a turn had been reached again, requiring a strain of 33.10 pounds. Again released from torsional strain, 
the specimen was found to have a resilience of 11-1000 of a turn. 

Torsion to the right was now applied, and carried 1-10 of a turn to the right of the central position. 
Time in which this was done, 30 seconds. Beleased, the specimen sprang back 10-1000 of a turn. 

This completes the third line of the table. 

Succeeding applications of torsion were conducted in the same way, and their results are similarly 
recorded. 



NOTE TO TABLES 42 TO 51. 

The relations between elastic resistance, torsion, and resilience, as developed in the experiments 
here recorded, are represented ^graphically in plates 7 to 23. The diagrams, representing each a single 
experiment, present the i>oints (surrounded by small circles) from which the curves were formed. The 
want of perfect coincidence between the points and curves of mean direction must be attributed 
chiefly to the influence of time, i. 6., the continuance of the strains by which the work was done, which 
unavoidably varied in the course of the experiments. 

In all the diagrams resilience is represented by the red lines. 

Plates 15 and 23 combine the results of single experiments to present comparisons of the characteristic 
curves of the several specimens. 



223 



Table 42. 
Wire 



—Expa-iment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience hy torsion, 
drawn from Martin steel manufactured by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Co. 









LMark, C J.— Experiment No. 1353.] 


1 • 


Torsion. 


'S 






Zi 






1 










if 


2 

• 


t 

m 


■s 

9 


a 
.2* 


Kemarks. 


1 

OQ 


1 


9i 




1- 




Lbs. 


Turns. 


Turns. 


m. s. 


Turns. 




13.15 
15.90 
16.31 


. 0262 

.05 

.100 


.0029 
.0204 
.0695 


9 23 
23 
15 


.0233 
.0296 
.0305 


Length of wire between clamps, 10 incheg ; form, 
square ; annealed at a temperature between 


17.47 


.20 


.1653 


13 


.0347 


the melting-points of bronze and copper. 


19.05 
20.76 


.30 
.40 


.2589 
.3.'>5 


16 
90 


.0411 
.045 


Measurement of cross-section, 0".2981 x 0".2993 ; 


22.14 


.50 


.452 


18 


.048 


measurement of diagonals before twisting. 


23.66 


.60 


. 5466 


14 


.0532 


0".401 and 0".401 ; measurement of diagonals 


24.74 
25.85 
26.94 


.70 
.80 
.90 


.644 
.7413 

.84S9 


^ 14 
13 
13 


.056 

.0587 

.0511 


after twisting, 0".394 and 0".394; contraction 
in 10 inches of length, 0".020. 


27.75 


1.001 


.9374 


10 


.0626 




2a 63 


1.100 


1.0339 


15 


•.0661 




29.45 


1.20 


1.133 


13 


.067 




30.05 


1.301 


1. 230 


14 


.071 




30.76 


1.40 


1. 3295. 


13 


.0705 


After intermi.ssion of one hour torsion stood 


31.53 


1.50 


1.428 


12 


.072 


1.3285. 1 


32.08 


1 .599 


1. 5269 


11 


.0721 


32.65 


1.70 


1.6255 


10 


.0745 




33.14 


1.80 


1.7241 . 


08 


.0759 




33.66 


1.90 


1.8239 


08 


.0761 




34. OH 


2.00 


1. 922 


10 


.078 




34.54 


2.10 


2,021 


09 


.079 




35.00 


2.20 


2. 120 


08 


.080 




35.38 


2.30 


2. 2195 


08 


.0805 




35. 76 


2.40 


2. 3195 


09 


. 0805 




36.07 


2.50 


2.418 


08 


.082 




36.50 


2.60 


2. 5176 


08 


.0824 




36.86 


2.701 


2. 6171 


09 


.0829 




37.23 


2.80 


2. 7162 


08 


.0838 




37.57 


2.90 


2. 8162 


09 


. 0838 




37. 95 


3.00 


2.915 


10 


.085 




38.19 


3.10 


3.0153 


09 


.0847 




38.43 


3.20 


3.114 


09 


.086 




38.82 


3.30 


3. 2136 


'0 08 


.0864 




39.09 


3.40 


3. 313 


09 


.087 




39.31 


3.50 


3. 4115 


09 


.0885 




39.61 


3.60 


3. 5123 


08 


.0877 




39.90 


3.70 


3.611 ■ 


08 


.089 




40.23 


3.801 


3.711 


09 


.090 




40.40 


3.90 


3.812 


08 


.088 




40. 68 


4.00 


3.911 


08 


.089 




40.86 


4.16 


4.0095 


08 


.0905 




41.12 


4.20 


4. 1095 


08 


.0905 




41.36 


4.30 


4.2086 


08 


.0914 




41.62 


4.40 


4.309 


08 


.091 




41.80 


4.50 


4. 4082 


08 


.0918 




41.97 


4.60 


4.5078 


08 


.0922 




42.18 


4.70 


4. 6071 


07 


.0929 




42.42 


4.80 


4. 7075 


08 


.0925 




42.54 


4.90 


4.808 


. 09 


.092 




42.72 


5.00 


4.9065 


68 


.0935 




42.98 


5.101 


5.007 


07 


.094 




43.19 


5.20 


5: 1062 


08 


.0938 




43.31 


5.30 


5.2066 


07 


. 0934 




43.49 


5.40 


5.3065 


07 


.0935 




43.63 


5.50 


5.4053 


06 


.0947 




43.75 


5.60 


5.5064 


07 


.0936 




44.00 


5.699 


5. 6049 


07 


.0841 




44.14 


5.80 


5.705 


06 


.095 




44.28 


5.90 


5.805 


07 


.095 




44.40 


6.00 


5.904 


08 


.096 




44.58 


6.10 


6.004 


06 


, .096 




44.75 


6.20 


6.105 


08 


.095 




44.89 


6.30 


6.204 


06 


.096 . 




45.00 


6.40 


6. 3037 


05 


.0963 




45.14 


6.501 


6. 4034 


07 


.0976 




45.27 


6.60 


6.504 


08 


.096 




45.42 


6.70 


6.604 


08 


.096 




45.44 


6.743 


(Broke.^ 


03 









224 



Table 43. — Experiment en the development of elastic resistance and resilience hy torsion. 
Wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured hy Husseyy Welles «f Co. 

[Mark, H W co 4.— Experimeiit No. 1354.] 



1 


Toreion. 


1 






11 


a 




1. 

'H.'eS 




r^emarka. 


^1 


§■ 


1 


l« 


i 


' 


£ 


] 


o 


=1 




1 


1 


& 


•1 


1 




Uis. 


Turns. 


Turns. 


m.s. 


TwnM. 




13.60 


.026 


.003 


9 00 


.023 


i;>eDgth of wire between clampB. 10 inches ; form , 


15.31 
15.5^6 
18.92 


.050 

.10 

.20 


.0218 

.067 

.1576 


25 
12 
18 


.0282 
.033 
. 0424 


sqnare; annealed at a temperatare between 
the melting-pointB of bronze and copper; 


21.83 


.30 


.249 


18 


.051 


measurement of cross-section, 0. 2989 x 0. 300 ; 


24.46 
26.60 
28.47 


.40 
.50 
.60 


.3416 
.43^)5 
.5295 


18 
15 
14 


.0584 
,0635 
.0705 


0. 4035 and 0. 403 ; measnreroent of diagonals 


30.00 


.70 


.6257 


13 


.0743 


after twisting, 0. 400 and 0. 401 ; contraction in 


31.45 
32.69 
33.73 


.80 
.90 
1.00 


.7219 
.bl95 
.917 


12 
10 
10 


.0781 
.0805 
.083 


10 inches of length conld not be taken becanse 
fracture occurred between measnringpoints. 


34.56 


1.10 


1. 0139 


11 


.0861 




35.43 


1.20 


1.113 


11 


.087 




36.25 


1.30 


1.2085 


12 


.0915 




36.94 


1.40 


1..3067 


Oil 


.0933 




37.53 


1.50 


1.4065 


Oil 


.0935 




3a 00 


1.60 


1.504 


11 


.096 


Saturday night. 


38.73 


1.70 


1.6033 


10 


.0967 


Monday morning; torsion released, 1. 60. 


39.68 


1.80 


1.700 


10 


.100 




40.09 


1.90 


1.785 


09 


.115 




40.60 


2.00 


1.883 


09 


.117 




41.00 


2.10 


1.978 


009 


.122 




41.46 


2.199 


2.0964 


08 


.1026 




41.97 


2.30 


2.1974 


09 


.1026 




42.26 


2.40 


2.2964 


08 


.1036 




42.75 


2.501 


2.394 9 


08 


.107 




43.00 


2.60 


8.495? 


09 


.105 




43.50 


2.70 


2.5935 


09 


.1065 




43.80 


2.80 


2.6932 


08 


.1068 




44.21 


2.90 


2.7917 


08 


.1083 




44.48 


3.00 


2.8917 


09 


.1083 




44.88 


3.101 


2.990 


0& 


.111 




45.30 


a20 


3.0915 


09 


.1085 




45.49 


3.30 


a 1898 


08 


.1102 




45.73 


a 40 


a2895 


08 


.1105 




46.10 


3.50 


a389 


08 


.111 




46 42 


3.60 


a 489 


08 


.111 




46.65 


a 70 


a 5885 


08 


.1115 




46.92 


a80 


a 687 


08 


.113 




47.30 


3.90 


a 789 


08 


.111 




47.45 


4.00 


a 888 


08 


.112 




47.91 


4.10 


a 9878 


0-08 


.1122 




48.01 


•4.20 


4.0865 


008 


.1135 




48.29 


4.30 


4.187 


08 


.113 




48.56 


4.40 


4.2872 


08 


.1128 




48.80 


4.50 


4.3b7 


08 


.113 




48.89 


4.60 


4.489 


09 


.111 


Did not again raise the same weight 



225 

Table 44. — Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience hy torsion, 
Wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel Company, 









[Mark, A 


CO 91.— Eiperiment No. 1355.J ^ 


1 ■ 


Torsion. 


1 . 






%i 










li 


a 


' i 


US 


t 


Eemarks. 


r 


1 


J 


o 


1 




Lbs. 


!Pum8. 


Turns. 


m. 8. 


Turns. 




15.10 
19.69 


0.0286 
0.050 


0.003 
0. 0159 


5 35 
38 


.0256 
.0341 


Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches ; form, 


21.10 


0.10 


0.0614 


15 


.0386 


square; annealed at a temperature between 


22.32 
24.37 


0.20 
0.30 


0. 1595 
0. 2514 


15 
15 


.0405 
.0486 


the melting-points of bronze and copper; 


26.30 


0.40 


0. 3465 


15 


;0535 


measurement of cross-section 0.3019x0.299; 


28.12 
29.90 


0.50 
0.60 


0.442 
0. 5395 


12 
10 


.058 
0605 


measurement of diagonals before twisting. 


31.31 


0.70 


0.636 


10 


.064 


0.406 and 0.402 ; measurement of diagonals 


32.61 
33.84 
34.90 


0.80 
0.90 
1.00 


0. 7333 
0.8295 
0.927 


09 
10 
09 


.0667 
.0705 
.073 


after twlRting, 0.397 and 0.399 ; contraction in 
10 inches of length, 0.035. 


35.89 


1.10 


1.024 


09 


.076 




36.72 


1.20 


1.123 


11 


.077 




.37.54 


1.30 


1.220 


09 


.080 




38.29 


1.40 


1.319 


09 


.081 




39.00 


1.50 


1.418 


09 


.082 . 




39.63 


1.60 


1.517 


09 


.083 




40. 'J9 


1.699 


1.614 


10 


.085 




40.88 


1.80 


1.7136 


09 


.0864 




41.38 


1.90 


1. 8135 


08 


.0865 




41.95 


2.00 


1. 911 


09 


.089 




42.32 


2.10 


2.011 


09 


.089 




42.86 


2.20 


2. 1107 


09 


. 0893 




43.24 


2.30 


2.2105 


08 


.0895 




43.60 


2.40 


2.3089 


10 


.0911 




44.08 


2.50 


2. 4084 


09 


.0916 




44.48 


2.60 


2. 5079 


09 


.0921 




44.86 


2.70 


2.6072 


09 


.0928 




45.17 


2.80 


2.707 


08 


.093 




45.53 


2.90 


2.8062 


09 


.0938 




45.84 


3.00 


2.9045 


09 


.0955 




46. 42 


3.10 


3.0052 


09 


.0948 




46.69 


3.20 


3.1056 


08 


.0944 




.46.99 


3.30 


3.204 


08 


.096 




47.09 


3.40 


3.3025 


09 


.0975 




47.39 


3.50 


3.4025 


08 


.0975 




47.66 


3.60 


3.5017 


09 


.0983 




47.93 


a 70 


3.601 


09 


.099 




48.20 


a 80 


3.703 


OS 


.097 




48.44 


3.90 


3.8023 


08 


.0977 




48.65 


4.00 


3. 9005 


08 


.0995 




4d.82 


4.10 


3.9995 


08 


.1005 




49.19 


4.20 


4.101 


08 


.099 




49.31 


4.30 


4.1995 


09 


.1005 




49.62 


4.40 


4.3005 


09 


.0995 




49.74 


4.50 


4. 3995 


08 


.1005 




50.32 


4.60 


4.500 


09 


.100 




50.34 


4.70 


4.599 


08 


.101 




50.36 


4.80 


4.6983 


09 


.1017 




50.50 


4.90 


4. 7985 


09 


.1015 




50.67 


5.00 


4.8985 


09 


.1015 




50.89 


5.10 


4. 9988 


09 


:T 




51.00 


5.20 


5.098 


08 




51.11 


5.30 


5. 1977 


09 


.1023 




51.35 


5.40 


5.298 


09 


.102 




51.48 


5.50 


5. 3968 


08 


.1032 




51.65 


5.60 


5.498 


09 


.102 




51.79 


5.70 


5.597 


009 


.103 




51.94 


5.80 


5. 6968 


09 


. 1032 




5A06 


5.899 


5. 7965 


08 


.1025 




52.22 


6.00 


5.897 


08 


.103 




52. 36 


6.10 


5.997 


09 


.103 




52.47 


6.20 


6.097 


08 


.103 




52.57 


6. ,30 


6. 1965 


10 


. 1035 




52. 68 


6.40 


6. i^68 


09 


.1032 




52.80 


6.50 


6.396 


09 


.104 






6.515 


(Broke.) 






Without again raising 52,80 pounds. 









15 F 



226 



Table 45. — Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by totmon. 
Wire drawn from crucible cast steel manufactured by the Atlantic Steel Company, 









[Mark, A 


CO 138.— Experiraent No. 1356.1 


. foot 


TorsioD. 


o 
.1 






Zs 






1^ 






t a 






M.B 






1 


i 


^ 


II 


8 


Remarks. 


o 


so 


% 




.1 




1 


a 


a 


1 




OD 


t3 


Pi 


H 


K 


■ 


Lbs. 


Turns. 


Jhims. 


m.a. 


Turns. 




14.80 


0.026 


O.OOl 


4 45 


.025 


Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches ; form, 


16.60 
18.00 


0. 0285 
0.032 


O.OOl 
0.0024 


1 40 
1 20 


. 0284 
.0296 


square; annealed at a temperature between 


20.49 


0.050 


0.016 


25 


.0340 


the melting-points of bronze and copper; 


21.15 
22.17 


0.10 
0.20 


0. 064 
0.161 


17 
17 


.036 
.039 


measurement of cross-section, 0.298 x 0.295; 


23.57 


0..30 


0.2558 


15 


.0442 


measurement of diagonals before twisting. 


25.25 
26.91 


0.40 
0.50 


0. 3517 

0. 4478 


12 
12 


.0483 
.0.522 


0.415 and 0.414 ; measurement of diagonals 


28.08 


0.60 


0.544 


11 


.056 


after twisting, 0.411 and 0.4115 ; contraction in 


29.40 
:i0.53 


0.70 
0.80 


0.6418 
0. 7.39 


. 11 
12 


.0582 
.061 


10 inches of length, 0.040. 


31.61 


0.90 


0. 8375 


13 


.0625 




32. 57 


1.00 


0. 935 


12 


.065 




33.33 


1.101 


1. 0.333 


11 


.0677 




34.10 


1.20 


1.1314 


10 


.0686 




34.81 


1.30 


1. 2295 


10 


.0705 




35.55 


1.40 


1.3285 


10 


.0715 





36.20 


1.50 


1.427 


09 


.073 




36.78 


1.60 


1.526 


09 


.074 




37.37 


1.701 


1. 624 


10 


.076 




37.88 


1.80 


1. 724 


10 


.076 




38.38 


1.90 


1.8223 


10 


.0777 




38.78- 


2.00 


1. 9213 


10 


.0787 




39.29 


2.10 


2.021 


10 


.079 




39.92 


2.20 


2.12 


09 


.080 




40.34 


2.30 


2.219 


09 


.081 




40.62 


2.40 


2.319 


09 


.081 




41.04 


2.50 


2.418 


10 


.082 




41.38 


2.60 


2.517 


09 


.083 




41.68 


2.70 


2. 6165 


09 


.0835 




41.98 


2.80 


2.717 


09 


.083 




42.31 


2.90 


2. 8165 


10 


.0835 




42.72 


3.00 


2.9148 


09 


.0852 




42.98 


3.10 


3. 0139 


09 


.0861 




43.33 


3.20 


3.114 


09 


.086 




43.68 


3.30 


3. 2139 


09 


.0861 




43.96 


3.40 


3.315 


09 


.085 




41.24 


3.50 


3. 4119 


09 


.0881 




44.55 


3.60 


3.5133 


09 


.0867 




44.78' 


3.70 


3.612 


10 


.088 




45.00 


3.80 


3.712 


09 


.088 




45.19 


3.90 


3.8118 


08 


.0882 




45.83 


4.00 


3.91 


10 


.09 




4.5. 85 


4.10 


4.010 


09 


.09 




43.98 


4.20 


4. 1165 


09 


. 0835 


Broke without raising the weight again. 



227 



Table 46.— Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience hy torsion. 
Wire drawn from Martin steel, manufactured hy the Neic Jersey Steel andiron Company. 

[Mark 0.— Experiment No. 1357.] 



g-a 



Lbs. 
12.43 
14.30 
14.58 
14.94 
15.60 
16.62 
17.58 
18.47 
19.28 
20,02 
20.79 
21. .53 
22.24 
22.81 
23. 42 
23.97 
24.55 
25. 05 
25.51 
25.91 
26.41 
26.77 
27.20 
27.57 
27.96 
28. 35 
28.68 
29.00 
29.32 
29.63 
29.94 
30.29 
30. 52 
30.77 
31.15 
31.30 
31.56 
31.79 
32.05 I 
32.32 
32. 59 
32.81 
32.96 
33.27, 
33.42 
33.63 
33.88 
34.02 
34.22 
34.41 
34. 59 
34.73 
34.90 
35.08 
35.23 
35.44 
35.54 

:«.69 

35.84 
35.96 
36.10 
36.32 
36.53 
36.64 
36.83 

36. 92 
37.00 
37.11 

37. 24 



Torsion. 



Turns. 

0. 0244 

0.05 

0.10 

0.20 

0.30 

0.40 

0-50 

0.60 

0.20 

0.80 

0.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.199 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.70 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

2.2) 

2.30 

2.40 

2.50 

2.601 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.40 

3.50 

3.60 

3.70 

3.80 

3.90 

4.00 

4.10 

4.20 

4. .30 

4.40 

4-. .'JO 

3.60 

4.70 

4.80 

4.899 

5.00 

5.10 

5.20 

5.30 

5.40 

5.50 

5.60 

5.70 

5.80 

5.90 

6.00 

6.10 

6.20 

6.30 

6.40 

6.50 

6.60 

6.70 



« 



Turns. 
0. 0025 
0.02-; 
0. 0766 
0.172 
0. 2695 
0.3688 
0. 4655 
0.5636 
0. 6614 
0. 7595 
0. 8583 

0. 9567 

1. 0545 
1.152 
1.2517. 
1.351 

1. 4495 

1. 5495 

1. 6475 

1. 7466 

1. 8462 

1.9435 

2.0435 

2.1425 

2.242 

2.342 

2.4415 

2.542 

2.640 

2.738 

2.8385 

2. 939 

3.0392 

3. 1385 

3.238 

3. 3372 

3.437 

3. 5373 

3. 6365 

3.735 

3.835 

3. 9345 
4.0337 
4. 1.34 
4.234 
4. 3335 
4.4325 

4. 5335 
4.632 
4.732 

4. 832 
4. 9315 
5.031 
.5. 1315 
5.2313 
5. 3309 
5.429 

5. .5305 
5. 6305 
.•). 730 
5.829 
5.929 
6.029 
6. 130 
6.2295 

6. 3295 
fi. 4285 
6.52{^5 
6. 628 



«M- 




© 




a 




o 




'43 




8 . 




'^ a 




e-'g 


, 


Hxb 




''"S 




(M " 




o 


.2 


o 




B 


'S 


H 


& 


m. 8. 


Turns. 


. 3 00 


.0219 


17 


.023 


09 


. 0234 


09 


.028 


09 


.0305 


10 


. 0312 


10 


.0345 


10 


.0364 


10 


.0.186 


10 


.0405 


10 


.0417 


09 


.0433 


009 


.0455 


08 


.047 


009 


.0483 


09 


.049 


09 


. 0505 


09 


.0505 


09 


. 0525 


09 


.0534 


09 


.0538 


09 


.0565 


09 


.0565 


09 


.0575 


09 


.058 


08 


.058 


08 


. 0585 


09 


.059 


08 


.060 


08 


.062 


09 


.0615 


09 


.061 


09 


.0608 


09 


.0615 


09 


.062 


09 


.0628 


08 


.063 


09 


.0627 


09 


.0635 


09 


.065 


09 


.065 


09 


.0065 


09 


.0663 


08 


.066 


08 


.066 


08 


.0665 


09 


. 0675 


■ 09 


. 0665 


08 


.068 


09 


.068 


08 


.067 


• 08 


.0685 


08 


.069 


08 


.0685 


08 


.0687 


08 


.0691 


08 


.071 


08 


.0695 


68 


.0695 


08 


.070 


08 


.071 


09 


.071 


09 


.071 


08 


.070 


08 


.0705 


08 


.0705 


08 


.0715 


08 


.0715 


08 


.072 



Remarks. 



Length of wire between clamps 10 inches ; form, 
square; annealed at a temperature between 
the melting-points of bronze and copper. 
Measurement of cross-section, 0.301 x 0.3014 ; 
measurement of diagonals before twisting, 0.399 
and 0.398; measurement of diagonals after 
twisting, 0.393 and 0.391 ; contraction in 10 
inches of length, 0.041. 



228 



Tablk AG.—Expenment on the development of elastic resistance^ 4'C.f of a wire drawn from 
Martin steely manufactured by the Xew Jersey Steel and Iron Company — Continued. 



(Mark 0.— Experiment Ko. 1537.] 



•»« 




«« 








§ 


Torsion. 


o 












1 








1 


If 


strain, 
od. 


•fapplica 
straiu. 


8 

a 


Hemarks. 




_c«t3 


u n 


z 


M 






1 


1 ^ 










w 





P^ 


H 


« 






Lbs, 


Turns. 


Turns. 


m. 8. 


Turns. 






37.32 


6.&f) 


6. 7283 


07 


.0717 






37.40 


6.90 


6. 8265 


08 


.0735 






37.50 


7.00 


6.928 


08 


.072 






37. .5a 


7.10 


7. 0273 


08 


. 0727 






37.71 


7.201 


7. 1275 


08 


. 0735 






37.81 


7.30 


7. 2275 


03 


.0725 








3.60 


(Broke.) 


05 




Did not raise the weight again. 









229 



TxVBLE 47. — Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience htf torsion. 
Wire drawn from Naylor ^ Co^s " best cast steel" (for tools,) ^inch hammei^ed bar. 

[Mark, N co T* 1.— Experiment No. 1358.] 



1 


Torsion. 


i 










'^^ 






1 . 






.2 fl 
■p.© 


d 

•a 




;2 a 

£1 




R. 'marks. 


.§•1 


S 


d 


1° 


i 

a 




an 
1 • 


u 


1 


o 


.2 




OQ 


^ 


M 


H 


Ph 




Lh8. 


Turns. 


Turns. 


m. 8. 


Turns. 




16.45 


0.0385 


0. 0088 


4 30 


.0297 


Lengtli of wire between clampa, 10 inches ; form, 


17.81 

18.88 


0.050 
0.10 


0. 0178 
0. 0648 


19 
14 


.0372 
. 0452 


square; annealed at a temperature between 


2t.64 


0.20 


0.151 


20 


.049 


the melting-points of bronze and copper. Meas- 


24.80 


0.30 


0. 241 


18 


.059 


urement of cross-section, 0.2986 x 0.300; 


27.71 
30.00 


0.40 
0.50 


0. 3328 
0. 4263 


21 

22 


. 0672 
.0737 


measurement of diagonals before twisting, 


32. 15 


0.60 


0. 5195 


17 


.0805 


0.413 and 0.413; measurement of diagonals 


34.03 


0.70 


0.614 


16 


.086 


after twisting, 0.411 and 0.411 ; contraction in 


35. 45 
3«.72 


0.80 
0.90 


0.710 
0. 8069 


13 
12 


.090 
.0931 


10 inches of length, 0.087. Specimen being a 


37.86 


1.00 


0.904 


10 


.096 


little winding the venier could not be set at 


38.74 


1.10 


1.002 


10 


.098 


0. ; set at .005. 


39.66 


1.20 


1.101 


10 


.099 




40.48 


1.30 


1. 1972 


10 


. 0128 




41.00 


1.40 


1.295 


09 


.105 




41.71 


1.50 


1. 3933 


. 10 


. 1067 , 




42. 44 


1.60 


1. 4935 


10 


.1065 




42.90 


1.70 


1.591 


09 


.109 




43.49 


1.80 


1.690 


09 


.110 




43.91 


1.90 


1.790 


09 


.110 




44,37 


2.00 


1.889 


09 


.111 




44.95 


2.10 


1.984 


09 


.116 




45.37 


2.201 


S. 0877 


08 


.1133 




45.69 


2.30 


2.160 


09 


.140 




46.00 


2.40 


2. 2855 


10 


.1145 




46.53 


2.50 


2. 3845 


09 


.1155 




46.91 


2.60 


2. 4837 


09 


.1163 




47.41 


2.70 


2.585 


09 


.115 




47.68 


2,80 


2.683 


09 


.117 




47.92 


2.90 


2. 782 


10 


.118 




48.42 


3.00 


2. 882 


10 


.118 




48.59 


3.101 


2. 9817 


09 


.1191 




48.90 


3.20 


3. 0815 


08 


.1185 




49.18 


3.30 


3.181 


.0 09 


.119 




49.50 


3.40 


3.280 


09 


.120 




49.77 


3.50 


3.380 


09 


.120 




50.00 


3.60 


3.4809 


08 


.1191 




50.54 


3.70 


3.5805 


09 


.1195 






3.769 


(Broke.) 


05 




Did not raise weight again. 







230- 



Table 48. — Experimnt on the development of elastic renistavce and resilience ly torsion. 
Wire drawn from cemented cast steel manufactured for test and famished hy Messrs. Naylor 
# Co. 

[Mark, N co 1 S.— Experiment No. 1359.] 



1 


Torsion. 


•3 
§ 

if 

eg so 


' 


Bemarks. 


-5 




•S*^ 


S3 


1 


o 

9 


1 




m 


rs 


1 


I 




Lbs. 


Turns. 


Turns. 


m. 8. 


Tarn*. 




13.00 
15.00 


0.0245 
0.050 


0.0022 
0.025 


4 00 

20 


.0113 
.025 


Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches ; form, 


15.31 


0.10 


0.070 


10 


.030 


square; annealed at a temperature between 


16. 76 


0.20 


0.1655 


15 


.0345 


the melting-points of bronze and copper. 


18.99 
20.85 


0.30 
0.40 


0.2585 
0.3538 


16 
16 


.0415 
.0462 


Measarement of cross-section, 0.3014 z 0.3028 ; 


22.72 

24.17 


0.50 
0.60 


0.450 
0. 5445 


15 
13 


.050 
.0555 


measnrement of diagonals before .twisting. 


25.65 


0.70 


0.642 


11 


.058 


0.409 and 0.4097 ; measurement of diagonals 


26.85 


0.80 


0.739 


10 


.061 


after twisting, 0.404 and 0.404 ; contraction 


27.85 


0.901 


0.837 


09 


. 064 




28. 85 


l.OO 


0.934 


09 


.066 


in 10 inches of length, 0.047. 


29.70 


1.10 


1. 0317 


10 


.0683 




30.50 


1.20 


1.130 


09 


.070 




31.22 


1.30 


1.228 


10 


.072 




31.90 


1.40 


1.3263 


09 


.0737 




32.62 


1.50 


1.4267 


09 


.0733 




33.00 


1.60 


1.525 


09 


.075 




33.60 


1.70 


1.6235 


09 


.0775 




34.14 


1.80 


1.722 


12 


.078 




34.53 


1.90 


nI.821 


10 


.079 




35.00 


2.00 


1.920 


009 


.080 




35.54 
35.95 


2.10 
2.20 


2.0195 
2. 1185 




.0805 
.0815 




6"69' 


36.30 


2.30 


2. 2179 


09 


.0821 




36.74 


2.401 


2.3175 


09 


.0835 




37.14 


2.50 


2.4163 


09 


.0837 




37.46 


2.60 


2.5162 


09 


.0838 




37.80 


2.70 


2.615 


09 


.085 




38.17 


2.80 


2.7149 


09 


.0851 




38.49 


2.90 


2. 8149 


09 


.0851 




38.87 


3.00 


2.913 


09 


.087 




39. 14 


3.10 


3. 0136 


09 


.0864 




39.50 


3.20 


3.1115 


09 


.0885 




39.67 


a 30 


3.2113 


08 


.0887 




40. 40 


3.40 


3. 3110 


009 


.0890 




40.24 


3.50 


3.410 


09 


.090 




40.57 


3.60 


3.510 


09 


.090 




40.80 


3.70 


3.609 


09 


.091 




41. 00 


3.80 


3.710 


10 


.090 




4L30 


.^90 


3.809 


10 


.091 




41. 47 


4.00 


3.909 


09 


.091 




41.73 


4.10 


4.00? 


09 


.10 




41. »5 


4.20 


4.108 


09 


.092 




42.44 


4.30 


4.2074 


10 


.0924 




42.57 


4.40 


4.3073 


10 


.0927 




42.76 


4.50 


4.408 


09 


.092 




42.94 


4.60 


4.508 


09 


.092 




43.20 


4.70 


4. 6076 


09 


.0224 




43.40 


4.80 


4.7069 


09 


.0931 




43.57 


4.90 


4.8064 


09 


.0936 




43.62 


5.00 


4.9050 


08 


.0150 




43.87 


5.101 


5.005 


09 


.095 




44.00 


5.20 


5.1045 , 


10 


.0955 




44.25 


5.30 


5.2043 


009 


.0957 




44.34 


5.40 


5.306 


09 


.094 


* 




5.419 


(Broke.) 


05 




Did not again raise the weight. 







231 



Table 49. — Experinieyit on the development of elastic resintarice and resilience by torsion, 
jyire drawn from iron for " gun-screw wire,^* manufactured by the Trenton Iron Company, 

[Mark, C H co 5 L— Experiment No. 1360.] 



1 


Torsion. 


i 




• 






2 a 
es g 


a 

1 


1 




1 


' Remarks. 


Lha. 


Turns. 


Turns. 


m. 8. 


Turns. 




9.23 


0.0215 


0. 0032 


4 00 


. 0183 


Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches. Form , 


10.48 
10.70 


0.050 
0.150 


0. 0305 
0.129- 


22 
20 


. 0195 
.021 


square ; annealed at a temperature between 


11.00 
11.83 


0.20 
0.30 


0.1778 
0.274 


08 
12 


.0222 
.026 


the melting-points of bronze and copper. 


12.67 


0.40 


0. 3739 


10 


.0261 


Measurement of cross-section, 0.2918 x 0.2917 ; 


13. 37 
14.00 


0.50 
0.60 


0. 4719 
0.5695 


10 
10 


.0281 

.am5 


measurement of diagonals before twisting, 


U68 


0.70 


0.668 


10 


.032 


0.393 and 0.391 ; measurement of diagonals after 


15.31 
15.82 


0.80 
0.90 


0.768 
0.8655 


10 
10 


.032 
.0345 


twisting, 0.386 and 0.389; contraction in 10 


16.34 
16.84 


1.00 
1.10 


0.965 
1.0632 


10 
11 


.035 
.0368 


inches of length, 0.032. 


17.34 


1.20 


1. 162 


11 


.038 


• 


17.79 


1.30 


1.260 


10 


.038 




18.30 


1.40 


1.3595 


10 


.0405 




18.66 


1.50 


1.459 


10 


.041 




19.10 


1.60 


1.5685 


10 


.0415 




19.45 


1.70 


1.6572 


10 


.0428 




19.87 


1.80 


1.757 


10 


.043 




SO. 35 


1.899 


1.856 


10 


.043 




22.00 


2.00 


1.957 


12 


.043 




22.00 


2.10 


2.^56 


10 


.044 




21. 82 


2.20 


2.153 


09 


.047 




21.98 


2.30 


2. 2518 


Q 08 


. 0482 




22.27 


2.40 


2.3514 


09 


. 0486 




22.53 


2.50 


2.4505 


08 


.0495 




22.84 


2.60 


2.5505 


08 


.0495 




23.00 


2.70 


2. 6492 


09 


.0508 




23.29 


2.80 


2.7491 


08 


.0509 




23.55 


2.90 


2.8488 


08 


.0512 




23.79 


3.00 


2.948 


08 


.052 




24.00 


3.10 


3.0475 


08 


.0525 




' 24. 27 


a20 


3. 1476 


09 


.0524 




24.53 


3.30 


3.2468 


08 


.0532 




24.71 


a 40 


3.3468 


08 


.0532 




24.93 


a 50 


a 446 


07 


.054 




25.19 


3.60 


a 546 


08 


.054 




25.38 


3.70 


a 6453 


08 


.0547 




25.56 


afo 


a 7453 


08 


.0547 




25.98 


3.90 


a 845 


07 


.055 




26.15 


4.00 


a 9436 


10 


.0564 




26.43 


4.10 


4.0445 


08 


. .0555 




26.60 


4.20 


4.144 


09 


.056 




26.79 


4.30 


4. 2438 


08 


.0562 




26.93 


4.40 


4.343 


07 


.0.57 




27.06 


4.50 


4.446 


07 


.054 




27.33 


4.60 


4.542 


08 


.058 




27.48 


4.70 


4. 6413 


08 


.0587 




87.57 


4.80 


4. 7405 


08 


.0595 




27.73 


4.90 


4.841 


07 


.059 




27.90 


5.00 


4.940 


08 


.060 




28.16 


5.101 


5.040 


09 


.061 




28.31 


.5.20 


5.141 


08 


.059 




28.42 


5.30 


5.24 


08 


.06 




28.55 


5.40 


5.34 


08 


.06 




28.64 


5.50 


5.439 


08 


.061 




28.88 


4.60 


5.539 


08 


.061 




28.98 


5.70 


5.639 


08 


.061 




29.06 


5.80 


5.739 


08 


.061 




29.21 


5.90 


5.a39 


08 


.061 




29.30 


6.00 


5. 9385 


07 


.0615 




29.38 


6.101 


6. 0385 


07 


.0615 




29.53 


6.20 


6.1385 


08 


.0615 




29.70 


6.30 


6.236 


09 


.064 




29.80 


6 40 


6. 3375 


08 


.0625 





232 

Table 49. — Experiment on the development of elastic resistance, i^c.j of a toire drawn from 
iron for ^^ gun-screw totre," manufactured by the Trenton Iron Company — Continued. 



.2 S 

-I 
1 

03 



Lbs. 
99.89 
29.96 
30.10 
30.90 
30.93 



Torsion. 



Turns. 
6. .50 
6.60 
6.70 
6.80 
6. 8515 



Turns. 
6. 4378 
6.537 
a 6375 
6. 7375 

(Broke.) 



I 






m. s. 
09 
08 
09 
09 
05 



^ 



Remarks. 



Turns. 
.0622 
.063 
.0625 
.0625 



233 



Table 50. — Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience hy torsion. 
Wire drawn from Lake Superior coppetf refined and rolled at the Washington navy-yard. 



[Experiment No. 1361.] 



_^ 






^ 


Torsion. 


r^ a 






5 a 


. 




:- © 






p,« 


SQ 




e.a 
«3 


CS 


C--S; 


s 


'5 


rs 


i? 


s 


S 


§ 


Lbs. 


Turns, 


Turns. 


2.25 


0. 0242 


0.015 


2.71 


0.a5u 


0.038 


3.13 


O.IO 


0.087 


3.67 


0.20 


0.184 


4.21 


0.30 


0. 2815 


4.58 


0.40 


0.379 


5.00 


0.50 


0. 4775 


5.43 


0.60 


0. 5774 


5.76 


0.70 


0. 6745 


6.22 


0.80 


0.773 


6.44 


0.90 


0.872 


6.78 


l.Oi) 


0. 9695 


7.08 


1.10 


1. 0675 


7.40 


1.20 


1.168 


7.69 


1.30 


1. 2668 


7.96 


1.40 


1. .S06 


8.24 


1.50 


1.465 


8.52 


1.60 


1.563 


8.75 


1.70 


1.6628 


9.05 


1.80 


1.762 


9.24 


1.90 


1. 8615 


9.48 


2.00 


1. 9613 


9.70 


2.10 


2.060 


9.90 


2.20 


2.1595 


10.10 


2.30 


2.259- 


10.33 


2.40 


2.3575 


10.52 


2.50 


2. 4582 


10.73 


2.60 


2.5578 


10.89 


2.70 


2.6573 


11.21 


2.90 


2.8553 


11.37 


3.00 


2.956 


11.54 


3.10 


3. 0545 


11.72 


3.20 


3. 1539 


11.89 


3.30 


3. 2535 


12.09 


3.40 


3.352 


12.18 


3.50 


3. 4525 


12.33 


3.601 


3.5534 


12.47 


3.70 


3. 6512 


12.61 


3.80 


3.751 


12.75 


3.90 


3.851 


12.87 


4.00 


3.950 


13.01 


4.10 


4.050 


13.11 


4.20 


4.150 


13.28 


4.30 


4. 2495 


13.40 


4.40 


4. 3495 


13.54 


4. vO 


4. 4495 


13.62 


4.60 


4.549 


13.74 


4.70 


4. 685 


13.85 


4.80 


4.785 


13.98 


4.90 


4.888 


14.06 


5.00 


4.948 


14.16 


5.101 


5.0475 


14 32 


5.20 


5. 1474 


14.39 


5.30 


5.247 


14.47 


5.40 


5. 3472 


14.55 


5.50 


5. 4468 


14.64 


5.60 


5.5469 


14.71 


5.70 


5. 6455 


14.80 


5.80 


5.746 


14.90 


5.90 


5. 8465 


14.98 


6.00 


5. 9469 


15.07 


6.10 


6.045 


15.11 


6.20 


6.146 


15.19 


6.30 


6.245 


15.27 


6.40 


6.34 45 


1.5. 36 


6.50 


6.445 


la. 46 


6.599 


6. 5443 


15.49 


6.70 


6.644 


15.53 


6.80 


6.743 




m. s. 
3 00 
16 
11 
17 
14 
16 
14 
15 
12 
14 
12 
12 
12 
10 
12 
12 
13 
10 
10 
10 
09 
09 
09 
09 
10 
10 
09 
09 
10 
13 
10 
09 
09 
09 
08 
08 
09 

• 08 
09 
08 
09 
09 
09 
08 
09 
09 
08 
09 
08 
08 
08 
08 
08 
08 
08 
08 
08 
08 
09 
09 
09 
09 
08 
09 
08 
09 
09 
08 
08 



Turns. 
, 0092 
.012 
.013 
.016 
.0185 
.021 
. 0225 
. 0226 

. oa.^ 

.027 
.028 
.0305 
. 0325 
.032 
. 0332 
.034 
.035 
.037 
.0372 
.038 
.0385 
.0387 
.040 
.0405 
.041 
.0425 
.0418 
.0422 
.0427 
. . 0447 
.044 
.0455 
.0461 
.0465 
.048 
.0475 
.0476 
.0488 
.049 
.049 
.050 
.050 
.050 
.0505 
.0505 
.0505 
.051 
.015 
.015 
.011 
.052 
.0525 
.0526 
.053 
.0528 
.0532 
.0531 
.0545 
.054 
.0535 
.0531 
.055 
.054 
.055 
.0555 
.055 
.0547 
.056 
.057 



Length of wire between clamps 10 inches ; form , 
square; annealed at a temperatnre between 
the melting-points of bronze and copper. 
Measurement of cross-section, 0.2946 z 0.293; 
measurement of diagonals before twisting, 
0.395 and ^0.39553; measurement of diagonals 
after twisting, 0.388 and 0.3885; contraction 
in 10 inches of length, 0.30. 

Several small seams show at difTorent places. 



Missed strain at torsion of 2.80. 



234 



T.^LE 50. — Experiment an the development of el(i8tic reeistanoCf ^c, of a wire draton from 
Lake Superior coppery refined and rolkd at ths Washington navy-yard — Continaed. 



1 

1M h 


Torsion. 


1 










C8 5 


1 

a 
t3 


1 


1* 


1 


Remarks. 


Lh8. 


Turm, 


Turns. 


m.t. 


Tumg. 




15.59 


6.90 


6.8435 


09 


.0565 




15.65 


7.00 


6.9435 


09 


.0565 




15.72 


7.10 


7.0435 


09 


.0565 




15.79 


7.S») 


7. 1435 


0U8 


.0565 




15.84 


7.30 


7.2437 


08 


.0563 




15.88 


7.40 


7.343 


08 


.057 




15.92 


7.50 


7.442 


08 


.058 




16.00 


7.60 


7.5435 


08 


.0565 




16.05 


*7.65 


(Broke.) 


*0 05 









' About. 



235 



Table 51. — Experiment on the development of elastic resistance and resilience by torsion. 
Wire drawn from Martin steel manufactured by the Xew Jersey Steel and Iron Company. 

[Mark, C J.— Experiment Xo. 1362.] 



^ 






«M 






V 


Torsion. 


1 

1= 




• 






'q.O 




11 




Remarks. 


"1 


CO 


'6 


^" 






u 


g 


e 


V 




1 

CO 




1 


.1 
H 


1 




Lb9. 


Turns. 


Turns. 


«l. 8. 


Turns. 




13.63 


0. 028 


0.003 


4 45 


.015 


Length of wire between clamps, 10 inches ; form, 


14.00 
15.00 
16.00 


0.028 
0.035 
0.052 


0.0035 

0.008 

0.0213 


01M) 
10 
15 


.0145 

.027 

.0307 


square ; annealed at a temperature between the 
melting-points of bronze and copper. Meas- 


17.00 


0.169 


0.132 


57 


.037 


urement of cross-section, 0.2984 x 0.2997,- 


18.00 
19.00 


0.2245 
0.283 


0.187 
0.^42 


30 
25 


.0375 
.041 


measurement of diagonals before twisting. 


20.00 


0.337 


0.294 


11 


.043 


0.401 and 0.401; measurement of diagonals 


31.00 


0.401 


0.355 


15 


.046 


after twisting, 0.3985 and 0.3975 ; contraction 


22.00 
23.00 


0.472 
0.490 


0.4238 
0.489 


16 
12 


.0482 
.001 


in 10 inches of length, 0.050. Annealed at 


24.00 


0.621 


0.5679 


022 


.0631 


the same time with No. 1353. 


25.00 


0.700 


0.644 


19 


.056 




26.00 


0.792 


0.7335 


020 


.0585 




27.00 


0.880 


0.8195 


18 


.0605 




28.00 


a 993 


0.9285 


20 


.0645 




29.00 


1.108 


1.040 


23 


.068 




30.00 


1.238 


1.170 


27 


.068 




31.00 


1.378 


1.3069 


027 


.0711 




32.00 


1. 526 


1.452 


31 


.074 




33.00 


1.697 


1.6185 


30 


.0785 




34.00 


1.879 


1.801 


32 


.078 




35.00 


2.088 


2.0079 


050- 


.0801 




36.00 


2.337 


2.2555 


40. 


. 0815 




37.00 


2.575 


2.4919 


34 


.0831 




38.00 


2.858 


2.3217 


43 


.0863 




39.00 


3.140 


3.0518 


39 


.0882 




40.00 


3.477 


3.388 


45 


.089 




41.00 


3.818 


3.728 


050 


.090 




42.00 


4.249 


4.157 


50 


.092 




43.00 


4.708 


4.614 


1 03 


.094 • 




44.00 


5.229 


5.1.32 


1 15 


.097 






5.367 


(Broke.) 


020 




Did not raise. 45 lbs.; contraction in length, .050. 







236 



Table Si.— GUNPOWDER TESTS 



Mark on Rpeci- 
men designat- 
ing. 


1 
s section. i 


1 




a 
o 

1 
1 


Pressure indi- 
cated— 


Elongation— 


a 

s 

M 
© 

2 

i 
1 


'a 

1 

1^ 


i 

o 

09 

•33 

C 
o 

s 


i 

1 

o 

o 


, i 

g 

a 
a 


1 

§ 

1 


j 


1 

n 


t 

-3 

a 

a 

H 


1 

2 
3 
4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 

15 
16 

17 

18 

19 
20 
21 
22 


C Q 


Inches. 

.2984 X .2988 

.2895 X .2925 
.2915 X .2975 
.3011 X .3012 
.3011 X .3012 

.3011 X .3012 
.2972 X .2992 

.2995 X .2981 

.2978 X .2990 
.295 x.297 
.3014 X .3022 
.305 x.295 
.2995 X .301 
.300 X.3007 

.2978 X .2989 
.2953 X .2957 

.297 x.296 

.2962 X .2965 

.3028 X .3025 


loz. cannon 
....do 




Tuma^ 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Inches. 
0.448 

1.014 
0.360 


Inches. 


Ncol 

CHco4S... 
BB 












....do 












....do 










0.225 
0.328 


BB 


1.5 oz. can- 
non. 

....do 

loz. cannon 

loz. musket 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do.... 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Ho 


Copper . . 

...do .... 
Zinc and 

tin. 
...do.... 

...do.... 

Tin 

...do... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 

...do.... 
...do.... 

...do.... 

...do.... 

...dot... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do .... 


2.60 

2.60 
1.70 

1.60 

1.85 
3.00 
3.00 
2.98 
2.75 
3.18 

2.58 
2.20- 

2.90 

2.62 

2.80 
3.09 
2.23 
2.60 


7,680 

7,680 

1,788 

1,710 

2,040 
1, 032 
1.032 
1,026 
906 
1,116 

834 
648 

990 

858 

936 

1,068 

678 

846 


28, 247 

28, 247 
6,576 

6,289 

7, ."iOS 
3,796 
3,796 
3,774 
3,332 
4,105 

3,067 
2,383 

3,641 

3,156 

3, 443 
3, 928 
2,494 
3,111 


0.635 
0.537 

0.682 

0.550 
0.316 
0.264 
0.350 
0. 437 
0.218 

0.999 
0.267 

.6160 

.778 
.161 


BB 


Aco2 

Aco5 

CK 


.242 and .295 

.349 and .333 

.315 and .235 
.162 and .154 
.155 and .109 
.175 and .175 
.216 and .221 
.107 and. Ill 

.492 and .507 
.200 and .067 

.341 

.3125and.3045 

.366 and. 412 
.082 and.079 
.513-f 
.321 


C Sco5 

C Sco9*... 
HWco4.... 

T co3 4t 

Tco6^t.... 

CL 


(Hard-drawn 

copper.) 
Aco56 *... 

Aco76* ... 
BP 


BM 


.3036 X. 3043 ....do 

.2989 X. 2988 ..I. do 

.302 X.299 ----do 


BSco*5... 
CR 











237 



compared with tensile and torsional tests. 



-»3 


u 


a 


^ 


gj 


a 


-o 


A 




c3 


Q 










.s 


u 






nS 




S 








a 




e 


^ 






V . 




a 






of cross -sect io 
r smaileet place. 


I 

a 
a 
bo 

Cm 

o 

1 

1 


1 

if 


B 

h 


II 


li 


1 


i 


• 
Kemai-ks. 


Measurements 
fracture o 


§ 


•si 


a 


^1 
.§1 


11 
-J 


II 

a 


1 




1 

o 


! 


§ 


1-3 


22 
5 


'i 


2 
3 




Inches. 


Per et 


Perct 


Perct. 


Perct. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 






.240 X .240 


14.91 


47.93 








48.45 


0.594 


Broke outside the marks, 
near an cater one. 








.147 X .137 


33.76 


78/41 


28.56 


59.58 


4,050 


30.74 


1.116 


Broke outside the marks. 


.274 X .2755 


11.98 


15.91 


14.14 


36.39 


8,300 


50.14 


.731 


"Was not parted. 




15.00 
21.86 

21.14 

17.88 




14.68 


24.95 


8,300 


53. 87 
55.87 

56.40 

52.87 


.761 
.785 

.759 
.712 


Broke between marks. 
Do. 

Broke outside the marks. 
"Was not parted. 






'' 






V2698x".276"' 


"i6.'78 


12.18 


"'35.36' 


"7,' 956' 


.245 X .5^44 


22,71 


31.20 


12.16 


34.47 


8,190 


53.91 


. 722 


Broke within the marks, 
near an outer one. 


.256 X .257 


18.31 


24.89 


12.35 


35.06 


8,100 


55.81 


.789 


Did not part. 


.277 X .2795 


10.52 


11.76 


9.05 


40.67 


7,800 


50.54 


.589 


Broke ; extended evenly. 


.285 X .290 
.276 X .277 


8.79 
11.65 


15.05 
16.40 








61.45 
57.26 


.373 
.730 


Did not break. 
Do. 


"'5.' 83* 


"44." 73" 


"8,m 


.236 X .238 


14.55 


37.67 


10.06 


38.56 


8,3e0 


50.70 


.472 


Broke. 


.289 X .292 


7.25 


6.67 








65.99 


.2765 


Did not break; stretched 
evenly. 








.207 X .208 


33. 30 


51.63 








40.98 


1.157 


Broke. 


.192 X .192 


8.89 


57.46 








21.01 


.929 


Broke ; little extension ex- 
cept near place of fracture. 

Broke within the marks, 
near an outer one. 








.206 X .208 




51.31 








46.46 


.691 








.220 X .222 


20.51 


44.54 


16.18 


42.87 


7,340 


47.69 


.686 


Broke in two places, out- 
side the marks, near the 
outer ones. 


.195 X .195 


25.90 


58.55 


19.42 


39.71 


7,500 


45.41 


.906 


Broke outside the marks. 


.2035 X .295 


5.36 


6.19 


8.92 


18.87 


10,180 


63.79 


.658 


Not broken. 


.192 X .192 
.194 X .195 


34.20 
21.40 


58.70 
59.34 








44.86 
41.05 


.860 
.759 


Broke within the marks. 








1 





238 



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242 



TESTS OF HARDNESS. 



Ill order that the comparisons of the several kinds of steel, in respect 
to hardness, should be freed from liability to error as far as practicable, 
a set of specimens (short pieces of gun-wires) was prepared by anneal- 
ing them together at the standard heat. 

They were tested in the Rodman machine, at the Washington naVy- 
yard, the adjustment of the apparatus remaining the same throughout 
the experiments. 

The test applied consisted in determining the extent of the indenta- 
tions made in the several specimens by a pyramidal indenting-tool re- 
sembling the "cutter'' of the Rodman pressure-gauge, under a uniform 
pressure of two thousand pounds. The proportions of the indenting-tool 
are such that the base of the pyramid is a rhomb, having its diagonals 
as one to seven in length, and its height about one-half the length of the 
shorter diagonal ; or the relation of its dimensions may be more exactly 
stated as follows: Long diagonal, 607; short diagonal, 87; height, 42. 

After the indentations were made the pieces were carefully examined, 
and a few rejected on account of imperfections not visible before the 
experiment. When slight imperfections, not supposed to have material 
influence on the results, were found, the experiments are included in the 
table, with the proper remark. In none of these cases was any defect 
in the metal discovered where the indentation was made. The result of 
the imperfections, if any, would of course be to lengthen the cut. 

The indenting-tool appears not to have suffered any change from use. 



Table 6b,— TESTS OF HARDNESS^ (^Resistance to indentation.) 
[For explanation of marks, see pages 136 to 140.] 



Mark designating materia]. 


Length of 
cut under 
pressure 
of 2,000 
pounds. 


Remarks. 


H W CO 4 ". 


Inches, 
0.272 
0.370 
0. 326 
0.250 
0.283 
0.313 
0.315 
0.329 
0.300 
0. 310 
■ 0. 314 
0.292 
0.249 

0.331 
0.334 
0.332 
0.278 
0.369 
0.326 
0.340 
0.345 
0.308 
0.360 
0.376 

0.287 
0.276 
0.276 
0.254 
0.272 
0. 285 
0.302 


Slight widening of surface on which indentation is 
made, detected. 

Slight widening of surface detected. 

Specimen not perfect. 
Imperfection ou opposite side. 

Imperfection at one corner. Probably, has no eflfect. 


HWco 5 


HWco 7 


HWco 8 


HWoo 9 


H Wcol3 


H Wco 14 


HWco 16 


HWco 17 


H Wco 18 


H Wco 19 


H Wco 20 


HWooT 


CHcol 


C Hoo2 


CHco3 


C Hco4 


C Hco5I 


C Hco6 


CHco7 


C H CO 9 


C Hco (EF) 


C H CO Spb Ct 1.1 


CHcoSpbG3.2 


SPR 1 


SPR 2 


SPR 3 


SPR 4 


SPR 5 


S P R 6 


SPR 7 



243 

Table 56.— TESTS OF BdBDNESS, ^-c— Continned. 



Mark designating material. 

* 


Length of 
out under 
pressure 
of 2,000 
pounds. 


Remarkff. 

X 


SPR 8 


IneJies. 
0.306 
0.307 
0.306 
0.311 
0.289 
0.286 
0.288 
0.282 
0. 278 
0.294 
0.285 
0.279 
0.279 
0.270 
0.277 
0.307 
0.301 
0. 345 
0. 329 
0.327 
0. 318 
0. 307 
0. 320 ■ 
0.2«7 
0.302 
0.360 
0.280 
0.284 
0.294 
0.311 
0.299 
0.307 
0.306 
0.320 
0.307 
0.308 
0.306 
0.330 
0.301 
0.310 
0.306 
0.300 
0. 302 
0. 331 
0.312 
316 
0.305 
0. 304 
0.312 
0.308 
0.310 

0.285 
0. 296 
0.331 
0.294 
0.253 
0.248 
0.285 
0.268 
0. 273 
0.262 
0.262 
0.263 
0. 262 
0.264 

0.351 
0.316 
0. 333 
0.305 

0.327 
0.300 
0.244 
0.308 
0.366 


Not perfect in plane transverse to cut. 

Slight widening of surface. 

Slight imperfection on the same side with indenta- 
tion J suppo-sed not to aflfect it. 

Imperfect in plane transverse to cut. 
Slight widening of surface. Cut not central. 

Surface slightly widened. 


S P R 10 


SPR 11 


SP R 12 


S PR13 


SPR 14 


SPR15 


S P R 16 


SPR 17 


S P R18 


SPR21 


S P R2a , 


S PR25 


SPR27 


S PR29 


SPR31 


SPR32 , 


S P R36 


S PR 37 


SPR38 


S PR39 


S PR40 


SP R41 


S PR 42 


SPR43 


SPR45 


SPR46 


SPR47 


S PR48 


S P R 49 


SPR50 


SPR51 


S PR52 


S P R53 


S P R54 .• 


S PR 55 


SPR56 


SPR57 


S PR58 


S PR 60 


S PR61 


SP R62 


S PR63 


S PR64 


S P R65 


S PR66 


S PR67 


S P R68 


S P R 69 


S P R70 


SPR71 


C Sco 5 


C S CO 6 


CSco 7 


C S CO 8 


CSco 9. 


CSco 10 


; Sco U 


J Sco 12 


CSco 13 

C S CO 14 


C Sco 15 


C Sco 16 


C Sco 17 


C S col8 


p Bed 1 


P B CO 2 


PBco3 


PBco4 


Mco 1 


Mco2 


Mco3 


Mco 4 


Mco5 



244 



Table 55.— TESTS OF HABDNESS, #c.— Continued. 



Mark designating material. 


Length of 
cat under 
pressure 
of 2,000 
ponnds. 


Remarks. 


Too 1 


Inches. 
0.247 
0.257 
0.271 
0.258 
0.263 
0.250 
0.248 
0.255 
0.244 
0.251 
0.255 
0.262 

0.329 
0.307 
0.330 
0.340 
0.345 
0.2:)7 
0.270 
0.310 
0.293 
0.288 
0. 299 
0.287 

0.273 
0.288 
0.280 
0.281 
0.282 
0.288 
0.288 
0.268 
0.289 
0.3C5 
0.278 

0.331 
0.345 
0.345 
0.350 
0.339 
0.310 
0.323 
0.355 
0.316 
0.337 
0.318 
0.339 
0.345 
0.333 
0.348 
0.341 
0.342 
0.327 
0.312 
0.334 
0.324 
0.341 
0.342 
0.339 
0.319 
0.347 
0.324 
0.307 
0.322 
0.345 
0.328 
0.329 
0.345 
0.323 
0.338 
0. 3.38 
0.325 
0.337 




Too 2 




Too 3 




Tco 6 




Too 8 




Tco 9 

Tco 10 '.^ 




Tco 11 




Too 13 




Too 14 , 




Tco 15 




Too 16 




NSoo 1 




NSco 2 




NSco 3 




NSco 4 


Slight widening of surface. 


NSco 5 


NSco 6 




NSco 7 




NSco 8 




NSco 9 




NSco 10 




NSco 11 




NSco 12 




Ceo 1 




Ceo 2 : 




Ceo 5 




Ceo 6 




Ceo 7 




Ceo 8 




C CO 9 




Ceo 16 




C CO 17 




Ceo 18 , 




Cco20 




B 




C 




D 




E 




F 




G 




H 




I 


Surface widened slightly. 


J 


K 




L 




M 




N 


Slight widening of surface. 





P 




Q 




s. ..::.:.::::::::::.:::::::::::::; 




s 




T 




U 




V 




w 




X 




Y 




z 




A A 




AB 




AC 




AD 




AE 




AF 




AG 




AH 


Surface slightly widened. 


A I 


A J 




AK 




AL 




AM 





245 



Table 56. -TESTS OF HARDNESS, #&— Continued. 



Mark designating material 

• 


Length of 
cat ander 
pressure 
of 2,000 
pounds. 


Remarks. 


AN 


Inches. 
0.326 
0.346 
0.347 

0.315 
0.308 
0.307 
0.286 

0.283 
0.279 
0.283 

0.297 
0.283 
0.290 
0.308 
0.281 
0.320 
0.292 
0.257 
0.269 
0.265 
0.283 
0.280 
0. 275 
0.292 
0.260 
0.275 
0.249 
0.299 
0.287 
0.307 
0.309 
0.301 
0.289 
0.294 
0.281 
0.257 
0.256 
0.269 
0.252 
0.247 
0.302 
0.313 
0.274 
0.302 
0.2H1 
0.299 
0.313 
0.288 
0.304 
0.284 
0.293 
0.296 
0.278 
0.287 
0.284 
0.285 
0.307 
0.296 
0.280 
0.303 
0.266 
0.300 
0.288 
0.300 
0.298 
0.288 
0.297 
0.289 
0.272 
0.252 
0.257 
0.252 
0.266 


1 Separately annealed j standard beat. 
Slight imperfection. 


AO 


AP 


C F 


CH 


CJ .. . 


CK 


BB 


BN 


BR 


Acq 1 


A CO 2 


A CO 3 


Aco 4 


A CO 6 


A 00 8 


A CO 10 


Acoll ,.. .. 


A CO 12 


A CO 13 


Aco 15 


Acol7 


A CO 18 


Aco 19 


A CO 20 


A CO 21 


A CO 22 


Aco23 


Aco 24 


A CO 25 


Aco 26 


Aco 28 


Aoo30 


A CO 31 


A CO 32 


A CO 34 


A CO 35 


Aco 38 


Aco39 


A CO 40 


A CO 43 


Aco 44 


A CO 47 


A CO 48 


Aco50 


Aco51 


A CO 52 


Aco.^7 


Aco 58 


A CO 59 


A CO 61 


A co64 


A CO 65 


A0066 


A CO 67 


Aco 68 


A CO 69 


Aco 70 


Aco71 


A CO 72 


A CO 73 


Aco 74 


Aco 75 


A 00 76 


A CO 77 


Aco78 ' . 


A CO 79 


A CO 80 


Aco 81 


A CO 86 


A CO 87 


Aco 88 


Aco 89 



246 

Table 55.— T^5TiS OF HARDNESS, ^c— Continued. 



Mark deslgnatinf: material. 



Length of 
oat under 
presBure 
of 8,000 
pounds. 



Bemarks. 



Ago 90 

Aco91 

Ago 92 

Ago 93 

Ago 94 

Ago 95 

Ago 96 

Ago 97 

Ago 98 

Ago 99 

Ago 100 

Ago 102 

Ago 104 

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