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ioe ie LOE frm Maciel Cat Gl 


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porsiber OC; Wii" 




















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jLocust ‘if ove, 4] ets ounty, i 1H, 


| 183 
Savell egthat Butith LPC with: Prats 
an Collin aarhid thus — ~ hone 


fal PIO BP? | aE 7. 























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vil i ; eae YW 4 
{Locust (hrove, [eis {| ounty, i i : 


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Pay 


i (7 WP : : ih) 
{ news {rove | ewis (ownty, it i. 














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Mel 15, 84, 
Olly Dagar. Arvin ; 
Maur. fartol of. far Sts 
tray CK. apr but Thane oF 
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Wy lay 


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fkid bir Crer Load ihe eo 


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bork Waly dt Polo, 
sabre tisilee homithry, 
2€ had th Audacrly bron 3 inoby 
yurtrtay p bur vr nearly a 
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Cort COEF Yo Hosters, ey drwwer 
furrons, Milerpoya rol, Leplin te. 

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hen ty ow thea Gad Moar bid, 
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bs tprddiall dr nearly — 
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pr Shorr Oo Muapmin Ge 
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4 Kapks pwhitAr fo Hors, lar 
Redrecirany Orde V Paedt 

it fran he MK «te deey 

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a wk TU» WURA ner OC 


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CF Ms v1 Aurel, "sack + bed) 


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Purr S™ wre Anky weed. ot Cretremypte— abet 
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bod A> Ar WR % nw to (Urner + bordel) CaDo 

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4 Bak aware. Catenths prove dec IPE OD 
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i wrtalil La wiry exetiriy wt Web pUn yr barrmrervedi” co 
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OER VIN ee. ds hin, WiAand v bhi 

REAR Se hk a paper (29 prwrrbogal Caf.) mong Worrwrpren aanrhlr « 

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tre One Emrbryelgiy Ye Hin file ; Ne De ba hh GYDA Ye Huei, 
i 


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Locust Grove Wowie iss rl) onnty, N. 44. 






be ane cateal anon | 
a es jE porr eh or tar deer Rik at 
ee 

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wibhes, dass of age ALTE boride, oe ee 
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bak = sg 

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; 
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+ iyaan Ane Gales UK: trnan. Cp 


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see Te Oa Ms nai ‘ 


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ax By® | | 
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Yh pro-hect> x Fret, ALAA Cre LV Ca, ADAP aie Op phy tes of. Se Eatee 
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AA ie a eee Neo te eee bee Mg Vent q a rebar, Me FE tr0,, pron 


lr Ucn | WAL MAAN > atte bese abel toe Weog d's werd q Kiser fpu ek LK Bee nce Legere userSe_ 
EG, 2 cok MG Rit Fo Ty | Brew eae acral eee prflerr Lorre . 


oper eo COG we aor or Reet 
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de Woe lke + 2th F 


cia 
Cafprctri - aA? ahha Ned breton, AronA db De oe 4.0 
yeu CK Whe eg » aeons + Uh ee Kak uly 


ad nd tern bepew wr bfx ere Ty. Pra, 
Kthiwlh hawk lenrr Ae wf ae hark Bt che all 
Pee frien ap es you~ herfitalch, per 
travesti —— gla, 

Vil{, li, shay, Pi eg oR Rs A TR Vr 
balk + Luce Gryrovga pula a Wer dred Maaciit candle 
QWrktitiin,  Criprdowest Ge. ira + Tarn La ber, aU | 
wf GAS tele. Lee 


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Ae grure ea PEPE GE Faty lw ele / ed Nhe” 


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ofr Q- VD Fa aera a ae Yrs BS ! 1 
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deca ppsorsh beyent . Bwrdd vw 
brett ap Jaro af AR eg hah eh i 





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ie Tere 0 IS OX 20 sovere Pao ’ 





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nes hcey Barts stn ; Ae 
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fy etn SE AK OS hea fr bf ae jor— 
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peas Pe Jor aie hin oe e~tcha —Ara pn 
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= We TON, eee Rho pe ac weak 
nite" 2 Pharr Lard Anat hbase 
BAAD AL FoA~nAS . ; 
ABH Ow rafidin q #7 ie 
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yee gar CA GR af. ET eG cane Ah Bug 
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BaSicrr + C0L ole all RARAW- por 
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mMrtre KAMAL Deny AH : 
An Poi rnre. le oe 1 her ww 
Awww 7 AFLATSN eRe me ober Onn 
Mia parker ‘ Zon enue Aik, Haken 
Qn, tteela 2 pubihina in 
ta oe Oe pafpor Ofek scone 
0 oe Os A Oe ee er Cat Karn andes 
Were 5 tg whe ARs dene 


Anw~w bg birnnusdnw Y Carle TRIES, bar 
Awe LN rao ~ ef ~AW~ RA a wr 

(Ran AOA rly) Vag hare oe 
Fo ar ee" werden ttt te ferries 
ae Hn Care ty 2 New 4 
Of bor Ciriani. Cer fials (QD 
CAC eh Or tre pra pry, ©. Horber) 
anor Cre arr 








; Aw = ha_y 


Oia. 0 de Ret... terrae. 





WA do yarn Pruefuce te Caw 
Baw OS eenenhortur, ea fetit ~~ 
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tA go. yo” Sika ee a a 4 te Addin 
Onxr.x Chae Ayana Ridin ke AA ea 


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ON Want TH 4 mE <i cen pee 


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fw Dh ka. 
OIA Y RAR 1 avewue es OD ace a Cite — 
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K | a, ae 0 Aor, Rggs- 

Wwhnre we 14,4. Beg loam af 
BH rn — } i ee ahine 
Wie fe de pre of. Qn, 
birto. 
docts hear prewar — 72, — Learn. 
Aa Sey i JO AL ard An Dea 
O46 mg, of ge. 

Buc yaur, . 
aR er 
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Maen Warn, Corr, 
QB fpr Y ,(VFe. 
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bran, wt dic, ee LQeh . 
rat Og py te ae bra th LE 
Ree fe on a pees 6 hn ee. go 
Ae fet Tier bre, nvrananehi GE  t 
Then - UH CK a ACL | af. Wrnkds eae 
a eed ruty haps. XB Carr tals 


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FO Ce Ae Pe Vad i ee 
how 











5 


G& 2: aor Lec | 
oo oe yy “a needs a 230 SA: Ow Oe 
Qr.2 29. abt De. pie Poe: Dec 
Ete. che yas Ge Lace Ahir ha LSS & 
ey, greseteeeae! Ogres Wes: ' Qe AckLou a 
Aw Kare of nda ane ee a 
grad becte ~ AB — 24k brokia bP +s 
ue. 








han of Nn Yarn he oe 


RO~~ A wAwtea , Li ae Nea legen 


etlocitinee ban agers ete ee aren terre 
Afr wes {pr born— otf cee 


a ens ono te WeeG oe 
eine A, mos Lert, 


ee Corre rw peu dn OARS 


LEO POe Nee Cats et OU 
Charge herr err eon 
hi nrenad. Wee ee ee 
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pd Oa UL) Pia Bo ake, Sale 





























YWounst Un Wie ye * 
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AMMA © And, MAL RSS 
Uae Ue ars she SE an Ll, 
= eaters a) 
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Afocuss Alyvave, 


Bevis Coty, H. i)... November 22d, 188L, 


My dear Brewster; 

Your kind favor just arrived, Many thanks for 
your generous offer, but [ would not think of such a thing. [ have 
now got over being MAD shines oh. but you know how aggravating it is 
to receive things in such shape when a fellow is willing to pay the 
cost of having them done right. The Review.was as bad as the Ad. 
Addendum, and the number of the different extras was not as I or- 
dered; but its over now,so we will say nothing more about it, 

How are you off for material for the next Bull.? 

Is Prof,Allen in Cambridge? Are you never coming up here to 
make me a little visit? I do wish you would this winter, 

[ have a couple of young birds that [ want to ask you about, 


Do you ever find those gigantic Aegiothus Hoelbolli to be com- 





mon where you navigate? [ shot one the other day that measured in 
length nearly an inch, and in extent over an inch and a half, more 
than an individual of AE,linaria from the same flock,! 
we SE 
We have but half a foot of snow left,but expect an abundance 
in a few days, 


Very sincerely your’s, 


© Mande (Won Rn 








Wocuss Ajrove, 


Heivis County, H. ., .. December 2d, 168 


‘, 


My. dear Brewster; 
Glad to know that there is a chance of you'r 
coming out here after the holidays, Make it .a certainty. 

What is there to review for Jan,8ull.? 

[ am delighted to learn that you are commencing to interest 
yourself in the matter of Type Writers,although [ must confess that 
your chirography has greatly improved during the past few years, 
Used to think that you and Maynard were rivals in the mystic art! 

I was foreed to indulge in one of these luxuries,for such it 
unquestionably is,for two reasons: lst,to enable my friends to com- 
prehend what [ wanted to say to them; and 2d,to save the time and 
expense of an endless amount of proof correcting, You ask if I 
like it. To be sure I do,and wouldnt part with it at any price if 
{ couldnt get another, [. have Remington’s because [ believe it to 
be the best, The “Perfected Type Writer No,2” is the correct machine 
[t costs one hundred dollars ($%100,) with but a slim chance of dis- 
count, On no account get one of the cheaper machines,as they are 
far ester, [t takes about half an hour to learn how to use one 
correctly,and considerable practice to write rapidly. I ean now 


Hastily your’s, 
write faster with mine than with a pen, CHM. 


wat 
Mus a 9 


be and Maren 


Z Rif 2 ‘ 
Kina 2 f054) |. 























ee Sane. ee ea BL epee, Se Ce ee ee 











Office of 


C. Hart Merriam, M.D., P fea /9 93 











Qfice of C fet Mirren 
C. Hart Merriam, M.D., Foon 28,193, 














Coda, 
Wide Qa Renta 

ih Be WE es. 

‘oA ES SS 


SIWWY : 











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WA tanith geese 2 








Lfoe Aneel 
Sea bala Pie be 
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fame ia AS 


Office of 
C. Hact Werziam, NW.D., 














Qffice of 
C. Hart Merziam, M.D., 
Locust Grove, 


Lewis Co, N.Y. Ee Peedi 2 SO Dr lk 





— wn areere ee. 
oe eee 


Office of 
C. Hact Merriam, NW.D., 


Locust Grove, 





em ay oe 
wo). Sa Kida, eared, 




















ELS bp 9°? 
“eat A APR ee 








OFF ice of 
C. Mart Weriam, M.D., 
| * Locust Grove, 


Lewis Co, DW.Y. hy i 








DC. Kod Merkin 
Sept: Lo (5 fe 








0587 03 =f 








Office of 
C. Mact Werziam, M.D., 


Locust Grove, 


Lewis Co., M.Y. Nie. A, 1883, 








Office of 


C. Mat Werziam, M.D, 


vot Grove, 7 = 
Lewis Co., MW.Y. female 8. \S\ iss, 








Ages a Sok KR {es 
SM Soon  eadh 


Ne Wed dat 


ae 
tS HL, 
es, nen 


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wy Y- eo 8 As Ee ee 
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Office of a e FFP 


ST all 


C. Mact Meerziam, M.D, S-— 49 1VVY 
Z —_ 
: Locust Grove, 











Lewis Co., M.-Y. San . VA iss\. 





Office of Ml - MoM erm 


C. Hart Merriam, M.D, Jom BESELY 
om : ’ 








Oe 
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NN. Gate” MURA Anns 


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Offi ce of 


C. Mact MWerziam, MN. D., 




















Wek La ARE TK LSB YL 
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Al. S. Acpartment of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 


ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, Washington, fo 6, RAK. Sia 5. 





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Al. S. Department of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 


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ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


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Al, S. Aepartment of Agriculture, 


~ DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR: ©. HART MERRIAM, Washington, b. b., RNC, Aces eee aint sci Tie aes 


AGENT. 


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DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 


ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, ce jn. p. Oe ES ae eae 
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Al, S. Department of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 


ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 
DR. C. HART MERRIAM, 





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A. S. Acpartment of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, | ° : 4 hn Ca eee 
AGENT. Washington, B. 6, es S, 6 


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Al. S. Department of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 


ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, Wasrkingtern, p. b. PREP he nie tase Mamas Por chs LEG 


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Al. S. Aepartment of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, Washington, pb. : Sel Neck. fa Poe 
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F Al, S, Hepartment of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, . 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR, GC. MART MERRIAM, Washington p. pees 188 


AGENT. 


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DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, ae ee 2 (a 


AGENT. 


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Al. S. Department of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, Washington, b. Y dealt wt 


AGENT. 


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Al, S. Department of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


wa, Cc BART MARR AM, Washington, D. b, paeNiae sa Mac emer Re eS Eh ET! SE 8c+; 


AGENT. 


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. S, Aepartment of Agriculture, 


: DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 
ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


‘DR. C. HART MERRIAM, Washington, ©. 6. pee 





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ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. 


DR. C. HART MERRIAM, 
AGENT. 


ie 


Al. S. Aepartment of Agriculture, 


DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, 


Warhington, Fook ke gees CBee genet? eee eee 16074, 











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Deparment of Blgriculture, 


Washinglon YG, am AG 1556. 





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Deparlment of WMgricullure, — 
Washongion, D Oras 188 





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Department of BWqriculture, 


Washinglon D Gs. i Anh, 1856. 











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Is Washinglon GG... adn. 2 1886, 
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Department of BWaricullure, 


Ye, hinglen, DOG ann Se, ao Me y 188 0. 


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S- 
Deparfment of BWariculture, 


Washergin, DG, 





188, 


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Al. S, Acpartment of Agriculture, 


Op rr en ee = 


Washington, QD EC Naele & iF S856. 


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Al, S. Aepartment of Agriculture, 


Washington, DC je S896. 





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MAMMALOGY. 
Washington, D Qe ) 
shington, BD. C., ‘ | 188§ . 


LETRA AR TIN f ‘ 


Bet Nace Delis Caretta 





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DIVISION OF 


MAMMALOGY. 





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pe aes W. 5. Department of Agriculture, ~ 
Eronomic Ornithology ae ae 





MAMMALOGY. 




















— MU. S. Department of Agriculture, 


Gronomic Ornithology 


MAMMALOGY. 














iH 


4a ; ‘ } if} 
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AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ 
Union. 


TENTH CONGRESS. 


| 


LECTURE: HALL, 
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


WASHINGT ON, DC. 


| 


NOVEMBER 15-17, 1892 





PROGRAM. 


FIRST EDITION. 








TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY, 


November 15, 16 and 17. 








TUESDAY. 
BustnEss SESSION.—Not open to the public. 


Report of the Secretary. 
Report of the Treasurer. 
Report of the Council. 
Election of Officers. 
Election of .Members.* 
Reports of Committees. 
Miscellaneous Business. 








WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY. 
ScrENTIFIC PAapERS.—Open to the public. 


1. Birds of Lewis and Clarke in 1892. ELLiorr 
COoUvES. 


2. Summer Birds of Indiana and Clearfield Counties, 
Pennsylvania. W.E. Ciype Topp. (30 min.) 


* Open to Active Members only. 


3. The Geographical Distribution of the Genus 
Megascops in North America. EK. M. Has- 
BROUCK. (25 min.) 


4. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Jona- 
THAN DwIGHT, Jr. (30 min.) 


5. A Partial List of the Birds of White Head Island, 
Maine. ARTHUR H. Norvron. (30 min.) 


6. The Origin and Geographical Distribution of 


North American Birds. J. A. ALLEN. 
(30 min.) 


7. The Life Areas of North America considered 
especially in Relation to their Classification and 
Nomenclature. J. A. ALLEN, (30 min.) 


8. The Fly-catchers of the Myiarchus mexicanus 
and JZ. cinerascens groups. J. A. ALLEN. 

(10 min.) 

g. Notes on Birds observed in Cuba. FRANK M. 

CHAPMAN. (30 min.) 


10. Remarks on the Origin of West Indian Bird-Life. 
Frank M. CHAPMAN. (15 min.) 


11. A Review of the Faunal Literature of North 
America. FRANK M. CHAPMAN. (15 min.) 


12. Some Eccentricities in Geographical Distribution. 
D. G. Exiior. (15 min.) 


13. 


14. 


15. 


16. 


17. 


18. 


19. 


20. 


21, 


22. 


23: 





Habits of the Knot (77imga canutus) in Massa- 
chusetts. Grorcr H. Mackay. (15 min.) 


Migration of Charadrius dominicus in Massachu- 
setts in 1892. GrorcE H. Mackay. (5 min.) 


The Autumnal Plumage of the Hooded Warbler. 
Wm. PALMER. 


Food-habits of the Common Crow. WALTER B. 
BARROWS. (20 min.) 


A Preliminary Investigation of the Food-habits of 
Ampelis cedrorum. F. EK. Ll. BRAu. 


Notes on Helminthophila chrysoptera, pinus, 
leucobronchialis and lawrencez in Connecticut. 
Jno. H. SAGE. (20 min.) 


Additions to the List of Manitoban Birds. 
Ernest KE. THOMPSON. 


Feeding and Breeding habits of the Manitoban 
Icteride. ERNEST E. THompson. 


Feeding-habits of the Pinewood Woodpeckers. 
ERNEST EH. THOMPSON. 


The Distribution of the Genus Harporhynchus. 
T. S. PALMER. (20 min.) 


Exhibition of specimens of the Imperial Wood- 
pecker. T. S. PALMER. (5 min.) 








Ke. 


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al. Se. Department of Angriculture 


' DIVISION OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY 


Washinglen, Li CC, January 81, 1894, 


Mr. William Brewster, 
Cambridge, Mass, 
Dear Brewster: 
The map of Mexico by Gen, Carlos Parcheco we have had for 
two years and find very useful, } 

Respecting the rough tracing I sent you of New England and Nova 
Scotia: you must remember that I combined two different maps on dif- 
ferent scales and did the work very roughly and hastily without re- 
gerd to accuracy, merely getting something to cover the territory, and 
which seemed to be approximately of the size needed. I think we 
can manage to get up a satisfactory base for the purpose needed. 

I am glad to know that you have decided to go to Trinidad with 
Chapman, The trip cannot fail to do you good. 7 

By this mail I send you three specimens of Empidonax minimus, 
all of which are doubtless breeding birds, While the Pennsylvania 
specimen has a bill below the average in size for the eastern bird, 
the Brownsville and Dakota specimens have much larger bills than true 
minimus. There seem to be also some other differences suggesting 
a western subspecies. I shall be glad to know your views on the © 


subject. Possibly your collection contains material that will throw 
additional light on the question, 


With best wishes, 
Very truly yours, 


a mm Z. 











UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
DIVISION OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY 



































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BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 











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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 


INGTON, D.C. Dee. tie 








U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 


ieee sa era ae December.-10...., 1896. 


a 


Mr. William Brewster, 
Cambridge, Mass, 
Dear Brewster: 

The Committee on Nomenclature, consisting of Coues, Ridgway, 
and myself, has been in session all day, and in several instances has 
reversed the decisions arrived at by the Committee at its Cambridge 
meeting, 

For instance, at the Cambridge meeting, when J was not pres-_ 


ent, the name Dryobates montanus Anthony was considered as pot pre- 





occupied by Picus montanus Brehm, although the latter is conceded by 





all to be a Dryobates. The Cambridge ruling is.a direct violation of 
Canon 33 (page 47) of our Bode, which states: "A specifie or subspe- 
cific name is to be changed when it has been applied to some other 
species of the same genus, or used previously in combination with the 
same generic name". You will sea at once that this Canon provides 
for two distinct classes of casest ). in which the name has been 
used for another species of the game genus (which is the case in 
point), and a} when it has been used in combination with the same 
generic name. The vote of the Committee on this point today was 


unanimous; any other ruling must be in violation of our own code. 
s 


io Yec WU 


Another ease of reversal of the Cambridge decision is that of 


Dryobates pubescens. Pubescens was based by Linnwus on Brisson and 





Catesby. Brisson states that his bird came from Virginia, while 
Catesby's bird was of course from some point south of Virginia, It 
is obvious, therefore, that the type of pubescens could not be fixed 
on the bird from Alaska, and that Swainson had no right to restrict 
it as he did to the northern bird, Oberholser, in revising the east- 
ern members of the pubescens group, accepted Brisson'’s type locali- 
ty (Virginia) in onus to obviate a change in the current usage of 
the name, His only alternative course would have been to accept 
Catesby’s bird as the type, and fix the name pubescens to the south- 
ern form, which would be most unfortunate. The Committee has ap- 
proved Oberholser's course, thus reversing the decision made in Cam- 
bridge, which seams to have rested on an imperfect understanding of 
the facts. The action taken today was unanimous, 


The matter of Melanerpes formicivorus also has been settled 





in what seems to be a final and satisfactory way. The type of for- 
fnicivorus came from a place called Tamascaltepec, on the south slope 
of the volcano of Toluca, in the state of Mexico, Fortunately, Nelson 
has sent us a good series of birds from this region, They prove to 


begas IT said in Cambridge T thought they would be} the same as the 


bird now called A@ualatus by Ridgway. Ridgway admitted this at once 


ee me eee 


on se@ing the specimens. This makes it necessary to call the south- 











W. 5. 3 


ern bird (from Chiapas and Guatemala) by another name, rortunately 
no new name is required, this bird having already been separated by 


Ridgway under the name $triatiSpectus. 





Will probably write you further tomorrow, T am ina great 
hurry now to get this letter off tonight, and shall be glad to know , 
whether or not you agree with the Committee on, the points herein 


mentioned, 


Very truly yours, e 
bcd Wor nin: 





Wornranu_L Yh 


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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 


WASHINGTON, D.C, 


December 18 7896, 


Mr. William Brewster, 
Cambridge, Mass. 
Dear Brewster: 


Your letter dated December 15 has this moment arrived. 





In the case of Canon 33 have you not agreed to an interpreta- 
tion which you and Faxon think will necessitate the smallest number 
of changes, rather than with the only interpretation which the plas- 
ticity of the Rnglish language permits one to draw from the Canon it- 
self? Coues stated at the meeting here that he drew up this Canon 
himself, and drew it up with special reference to the two distinct 
classes of cases which it covers, You certainly must admit that two 
classes of cases are distinctly provided for, while your ruling seems 
to fall under the second class only. By what distortion of the Eng- 
lish language can you understand the first clause to mean anything 
different from what it says,namely,that "a specific or subspecific 
name is to be changed when it has been applied to some other species . 


of the same genus", You and Allen both admit that Picus_ montanus 





belongs to the same genus as Dryobates montanus, although it was not 





described under the same generic name; therefore, it distinctly falls 


under the first clause, but does not come under the second, which 


provides for cases used previously in combination with the same gen- 











W. B, 2 


eric name, 

I do not agree with you and Faxon that the enforcement of this 
rule will necessitate more changes than its violation, It is diffi- 
cult for me to remember a number of cases, and I have no time to 
search for them, The following, however, seem to be more or less 


parallel: Do we not use the name Tringa pacifica Coues instead of 





Tringa americana Cassin, 1858, because the name Tringa americana 








was preoccupied by Brehm's Pelidna americana, 1855, for a different 





species? 


Similarly Hasbrouck's name Geothlypis_trichas roscoe, based on 





a Florida specimen, was rejected by Chapman because the name was pre-" 


occupied by Sylvia roscoe Audubon, 





Still another case that might be mentioned is that of Auri- 
parus. As I understand it the bird was first described by Sundevall 


as Negithalus flaviceps, from Mexico, and shortly afterward by Law- 





rence as Conirostrum ornatum, from Texas, Bryant assumed that Law- 





rence's bird was a synonym of Sundevall's, and transferred Lawrence's 


specific name to the western subspecies, which he named Auriparus 





flaviceps ornatus, This action seems permissible according to your 
interpretation of the rule, but I do not know any one else who would 
be willing to accept it. 


Very truly yours, 


ei oc Wie 5 





Wes ek jpeg. 














Aes ; aes 
Swe. LEME 











U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 


Nes ARS ere ee! January..8.......... 1897, 
Mr. William Brewster, 


Cambridge, Mass, : He ' | 
Dear Brewster: 

I intended to write you yesterday but was prevented by pressure 

of other matters, | 

: The unfortunate galley 6, which has so long delayed the publica- 
tion of the 'Auk', finally turned up yesterday when Coues sent it to 
Ridgway. 

In the matter of Clangula versus Harelda; Ridgway and I had act- 
ed on the alleged facts in the only way our code permits one to act 
under the circumstances, but since you felt that our action was wrong 
I thought the only thing to do was to see the original publication, 


With this object in view I went to General Greely's house and he 


showed me his copy of the 1819 edition of Ross's Voyage. On page 154 


of Appendix IV of the 2nd volume the following headline occurs: 


"Genus CLANGULA, Gesner(Garrot)". 
This headline is followed by the statement: "Species, Clangula 
glacialis(Northern Garrot), One only of this species was shot in lat- 
itude 7£N, The vulgar name is Long-tailed Duck", | 

As soon as I saw the above headline I abandoned my position at 


once, inasmuch as the mention of the bird ‘“Garrot’, in connection with 


ee. aa ab tas a i pet ics ee, i Mie i ci 3 bho a 








Gesner as authority for the genus, fixes the type absolutely upon the 
European Golden-eye, which in accordance with our usage would become 
Cla area I showed Ridgway the statement as it occurs in Ross, 
and he agrees with me, This would seem to settle the matter in the 
most satisfactory manner, enabling us to return once more to our 
dearly beloved Harelda glacialis, 

The trouble at the meeting was that we had no copy of Ross, 
and done ianity did not know that the name Garrot occurred, but on the 


contrary supposed that Clangula glacialis was the only species men- 





tioned in any way and therefore must necessarily be the. type according 
to our rules. Both Ridgway and I have always hated to be obliged to 
use Clangula for the oldwife, and grasped with joy the chance to change 
back to the old name and at the same time reinstate Clangula for the 


Golden-eyes, 


Very truly yours, 


tt. ence. Nentnecenntin 

















U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE 


BIOLOCICAL SURVEY 


WASHINGTON, D. Cc. Thea is \S{t 


mal me a LOC Qed I walls 


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Pim Ae ee 


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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE 


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T. Ss. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


WASHINGTON, D. c. Dan \3,\900. 





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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
Cc. HART MERRIAM, Culer. 
T. S. PALMER, ASSISTANT CHIEF. WASHINGTON, D. C. 


January 27, 1900, 
Dear Brewster: 

Some of your school superintendents seem to have descended 
direct from the dark ages and are badly in need of a little mis- 
sionary work. I am in receipt of a letter from West Groton, Mass., 
informing me that the Superintendent of Schools has advised the 
school children to undertake the business of collecting birds' eggs. 
I am told also that heretofore the children of the neighborhood have 
not collected birds' eggs and that some of them entertain a just 
horror of launching on the enterprise. 

Hoping you are in a position to press the button, with best 
wishes 

Very truly yours, 
DUROTT (Wr 
To Mr. William Brewster 
President Massachusetts Audubon Society 


Cambridge, Massachusetts. 








Vee as Oe 
Jor 47, [J 0?- 





U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
Cc. HART MERRIAM, CHIEF. 
T. S. PALMER, ASSISTANT CHIEF. WASHINGTON, D. C. 


February 28, 1900. 
Mr. William Brewster 
Cambridge, Mass. 
Dear Brewster: 


It is much to be regretted that you, Batchelder, and Faxon 


were unable to be present at the meeting of the A. 0. U. Index Com- 





mittee held here last week. In matters of this kind it is almost 
impossible to arrive at the best results except by coming together 
where we can listen to the arguments pro and con. 

From our point of view at this end of the line, the two car- 
dinal principles to be kept in view in indexing are (1) the object 
of an index, which is convenience in looking up references; and 
(2—~a natural corollary of the first) that where page references 
accumulate under a given entry, they should be classified under 


discriminative subheadings to avoid, what we so often see in old 





style indexes---solid blocks of page numbers. We passed a resolu- 
tion to the effect that not more than six page references should be 
given under one heading. 

There are two points concerning which we feel very strongly 
at this end of the line, and on which Doctor Dwight tells me you 
differ from us ridically, and I promised to write you and present 

our views. The first is the generic name under which the various 
entries should be arranged; the second is the treatment of subspe~ 
cies. In the case of the generic name, we feel that the latest 

name adopted by the A. 0. U. should be the one under which the en- 


tries are arranged in the Index, and that all other generic names 








W382. 


should cross refer to this one. The reason for this is that the 


index will be used in the future, not in the past. Consequently 





the generic name sought for would be, in nine cases out of ten, the 
name last adopted by the Union. We know very well from experience 
that in a few years former generic combinations will be forgotten 
and only the current name used. There are two or three cases, I 
believe, in which the Union hus accidentally made a wrong ruling, 
which ruling may be corrected in time for the Index. Of course 
you understand that all generic names used in the text,from the 
first volume of the 'Nuttall Bulletin’ down to date, will be given 
in the Index and that each will be followed by a cross reference 
to the modern generic name under which all page references are 
given. 

Now as to subspecies: Inasmuch as an index is an index and , 


not a classification, it deals with names and has nothing to do 





with matters of rank. Therefore, in our judgment, subspecies for 
index purposes should be treated as species, exactly as in the case 
of nomenclature. In the case of subspecies and subgenera, there 
always has been, is, and always will be difference of opinion as to 
the matter of rank. The history of our own Checklist as well as 
the experience of zoologists and botanists throughout the world 
shows not only that what one man regards as a species and genus, 
another #ex regards as a subspecies and subgenus; but that individual 
authors and committees change their pointsof view from time to time 
as to the rank of a particular form or collection of forms, so that 
while names are matters of fact conceded by common agreement to be 


fixed and stable, matters of rank are matters of opinion, cannot 





possibly be fixed, and are undergoing constant fluctuations. 


W. B. 3. 

It should be constantly borne in mind that the Index is for 
future use, not for past or present use, and therefore thet par- 
ticular combinations which some of us remember, will be unfamiliar 
to the great majority of those who use the Index. But even now, 
who can remember off hand the particular specific name with which 
iced tes Fubspecten of North American birds ae associated? In 
my own case, I think of subspecies as_ units, without regard to the 
combination, and in the case of a large number of western subspecies 
with which I have been for years familiar, I am obliged to admit 
that it is impossible for me to give the full combination off hand. 
Take a simple case. Suppose a man is in search of information 
respecting the Texas night hawk. He would naturally turn in the 


Index to Chordeiles texensis under which head the bird was given 





in the first edition of our Checklist, and under which name any 

one would naturally think of it. But in the Index, if the full 
combinations are given, the name could not be found in its proper 
alphabetic order at all, but would occur on some distant page under 


the name Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. It must be remembered 





in this connection that the species and subspecies in our Index 

will Be ene in a single compact series, but will be sepa- 
rated by a vast accumulution of headings and subheadings relating 
to a great variety of subjects, so that the alphabetic position of 
a subspecific name will often vary several pages according to whe- 
ther it is indexed (as it should be in my judgnent) under its indi- 
vidual name, or weether-i+—is-—indexed under the species with which 
it chanced to be associated at the particular moment the last edi- 


tion or supplement of the Checklist happened to be voted upon. 





W.. By 4. 


There is another very much less important reason for not in- 
A 


dexing subspecies as trinomials. It is this. Printed as tri- 
nomials, they take up much more room on the line and consequently 
turn more lines, increasing the size and cost of the Index. This. 
to.me, however, is a trivial objection. The main point is that 
an index is not a classification. It deals with names which are 
matters of fact, not with rank, which is a matter of opinion. 

I had intended to ask you to send this letter to Batchelder 
and Faxon, but I think I will send it in duplicate in order to 
save time and hope you will have an opportunity to talk the matter 
over with them. 


Very truly yours, 


eae no 2 ine 




















U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Cc. HART MERRIAM, CHIEF 
T. S. PALMER, ASSISTANT CHIEF 


uo 


January 4, 1901. 
Mr. William Brewster 

Bethel, Maine. 
My dear Brewster: 

Prof. A. D. Hopkins of Morgantown, W. Va., has been engaged 
for some time past in making a special study of the relation of 
insects to forests. In June last he visited the woods of Maine 
for this purpose and did a lot of work in the Androscoggin region 
north of the Rangeley Lakes. He formerly believed (and published 
this belief) that in forest areas birds do more harm than good by 
destroying beneficial insects which live or pupate in the bark. of 
trees. But during his present investigation, he has heen over- 
whelmingly convinced of the error of his former position and now 
believes that woodpeckers are the most important factor in the 
preservation of forests. 

The destructive spruce beetle in particular is held in check 
by woodpeckers. He has just prepared a bulletin which will be 
published almost immediately on this subject, and has come to me 
to find out what woodpeckers occur in the Rangeley Lakes region 
and at what seasons the several species feed most extensively on 
tree trunk larvae. T told him that the hairy, downy, and three- 
toed woodpeckers were doubtless the ones which do most of the work. 
He thinks that particularly important work is done in winter, pro- 
bably by the three-toed species. He has found evidences of their 


work in all the infested districts and has been deeply impressed 





W. B. 2. 


by the enormous amount of work that the woodpeckers have accom- 
plished. But at the time of his visit, in May and June last year, 
he fecls confident that they were not working to any extent on 

the infested trees. He thinks they change their feeding ground 
more or less according to season, and is anxious to obtain informa- 
tion on this point. Unfortunately we are unable to give him any 
light on the subject, but I told him I would write you and possibly 
you could supply the missing facts. 

In a few days I shall send you a copy of the list of changes 
and additions to the A. 0. U. Checklist, which T have had prepared 
by Oberholser, and have submitted to Ridgway and others for ad- 
ditions. When are you likely to be able to come on here to wnder- 
take the work of revision? 

With best wishes, 

Very truly yours, 


S WOE (esse ‘ 





U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D. Cc. 


Cc. HART MERRIAM, CHIEF 
T. S. PALMER, ASSISTANT CHIEF 


March 13, 1902. 
Dear Brewster: 

From all I have been able to learn the name ‘Victoria Movn- 
tains' is now in cvrrent vse for the mountains sovth of La Pag and 
I do not see any way ovt of adopting it. Frazar's idea that this 
name belongs to mountains much farther north is not borne out by 
any maps or descriptions T have been able to find. The fact that 
the name ‘Sierra Victoria’ is printed over the movntains of the 
Cape region on the map prepared by the Bureav of American Republics, 
of which a copy was sent you a few weeks ago, is in itself a very 
strong reason for adopting the name. The bulletin of the American 
Geographic Society containing Eisen's last article can be purchased 
from the American Geographic Society, New York City. The article 
is in the December number, 1900. I wovld be glad to send you a copy 
but the only one I have seen belongs to another man and it is not 
for sale here in Washington. : 

Very truly yours, ie 
_ om Woke ere sare 
Mr. Wm. Brewster, 
145 Brattle St., 
Cambridge,- Mass. 








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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D. Cc. 


Cc. HART MERRIAM, CHIEF 
A. K. FISHER, ASSISTANT CHIEF 
T. S. PALMER, 


AssT. IN CHARGE GAME PRESERVATION Decemb er 16 r 1903 . 


F, E. L. BEAL, 
Asst. IN CHARGE ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY 


Dear Brewster: 

IT hate to bother you again, but the manuscript I sent you is 
overdue in the Publication Division, and I find myself mech embar- 
rassed by its absence. When I sent it I did not know that it was 
due at any particular date. If I knew the address of the young man 
who has it, I would telegraph him for it without troubling you, but 
as it is I am obliged to ask you to kindly send word to him that we 
need it at once. Surely he has had it long enough to edit the 
first few pages, which is all I wanted him todo. I am greatly 
obliged to you for your interest and trouble in the matter. 

The Plympton case turned out unfortunately, inasmich as his 
collection was not left to any mseum. I am now in correspondence 
with Purdie direct, and hope that some means may be found by which 
some first-class museum can obtain the collection. I asked Purdie 
if the heirs would not be willing to donate it to the National Museum 
or some other in good standing. He replies that they are not well 
enough off, and would like to sell the collection. 

With kind regards to Mrs. Brewster, who I trust is able to he 
about, I remain, 

Very truly yours, 
Neat, “e 
Mr. Wm. Brewster, 


145 Brattle Street, 
Cambridge, Mass. 











UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D. Cc. 


April 3, 1906. 
Mr. Wm. Brewster, 
145 Brattle Street, 
3 Cambridge, Mass. 
Dear Brewster: 

Your letter of March 28 came duly, and the set of 37 volumes 
of Forest and Stream (Volumes I to XXXVII inclusive), which you 
have been generous enough to present to the library of the Biolo- 
gical Survey, arrived yesterday, for which we return our appre- 
ciative thanks. These volumes will be of great assistance to 
us in the practical work of the Biological Survey. Forest and 
Stream is to us by far the most useful of the numerous publica- 
tions on hunting and popular natural history, and one which we 
use constantly in our work. 

Doctor Palmer is sending you,as a feeble attempt at an ex- 
change, our old imperfect set. 

Thanking you both officially and personally, 


Very truly yours, 


a 








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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Mareh 4, 1907. 





Dear Brewster: 

Your letter of February 26 addressed to the Hon. James Wilson, 
Secretary of Agriculture, has been referred to me for reply. 

I have read your letter with great interest and pleasure and 
wish to thank you in the name of the Biological Survey, and also 
personally, for the strong and comprehensive statement you have 
made in our behalf. Of the multitude of more or less similar 
letters which have come to hand during the past two or three weeks, 
yours covers the ground most completely and shows the greatest famil- 
iarity with the work we are doing and its relation to practical agri- 
culture. 

It means a good deal for a busy man to take time to write 
such a letter as this and we wish to express our appreciation of it. 


We shall use your letter in a report we are instructed to prepare 


for the next Congress. 
With renewed thanks, 


Very truly yours, | : 


Mr. William Brewster, 


Cambridge, Mass. 





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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 





May 17, 1909. 
Mr, William Brewster, 
145 Brattle Street, 
Cambridge, Mass. 
Dear Brewster: 

Allen writes me that the A, 0. U. Committee has decided to 
accent the names in the new Check-List. Do you not think this 
a great pity? Are we not doing enough in the high and mighty 
way by undertaking to say what species and subspecies shall 
and what shall not be recognized by American ornithologists, 
and what names they shall bear, without going a step ropes 
and attempting to dictate how one shall pronounce these names? 

Furthermore, if names are to be accented who is to be the 
authority? Do you know anyone who will undertake to answer 
this question? Coues committed numerous notorious blunders 
in his attempt, which, so far as I know, is the only one ever 
made on a large scale, How is it within the range of possi- 
bility to find authorities who will agree in this matter? 

It seems to me the action was taken very hastily iad we tog 
due consideration of the difficulties in the case. 

In other words, I make two points against the accenting 
of names; (1) that it is an additional and unnecessary assump- 
tion of authority on our part; (2) that if we attempt it we are 


all at sea for a guide as to how to proceed. 
Very truly yours, 


. oo a ‘ce 


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


February 3, 1910. 
Mr. William Brewster, 
145 Brattle Street, 
Cambridge, Mass. 
Dear Brewster: 

Replying to your letter of January 30 I regret to say that I 
do not know of any way by which the age of a duck killed in winter 
may be positively determined. By cleaning the skeleton it would 
probably be possible to distinguish a bird of the year from an 
adult, but without going to this trouble I do not know how the 
thing coula be done. 

I have consulted several persons who are in the habit of 
purchasing poultry for the table and am informed that they know of 
no means by which young of the preceding spring can be told with 
certainty from the adults. 


Very truly yours, 
£ ~~ Yost 











1919 SIXTEENTH STREET 


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